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MiaoCOPV RESOIUTION TMT CHART

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SS". '653 East Mam Street

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i.i .vin.vlEXT OF THE INTERIOR, CANADA

Hon. Fkank Olivkn. Miniiitri ; W, W. Coir, Deputy Minister J^

FORESTRY BRANCH— BULLETIN No. « ' -^

K. H Campbill, Supenutendent of ForeBtry

t -

THE HIDING MOUNTAIN

FOREST RESERVE

BY

JAS. R. DICKSON, B.S.A., M.S.F.,

Asst. Inspector of Forest Reserves.

OTTAWA

(iOVERNMEXT PRINTING BUREAU

1909

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III. II. K«*XK Oi.inii, MiiiuttTi W. W. (■..»», Deputy Miiii^ti-r

KOUKSTUV IlKAXCir -Iiri.I.KTr.V Xo. li

II. II. CtMi'Bri.i, SujK Miitviiilciit iif Kdri'lry

TJIE RIDJNG MOUNTA'N

FOREST RESERVE

II V

JAS. U. I)I( KSON, JJ.S.A., M.S.F.,

.\sst. Iu^ll(■(•to^ of Forest Ht'»pr\<'s.

OTTAVi

GO V'KKNMEXT I'lilN
1909

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ILLUSTRATIONS.

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.Mis.-il S|)ni..' anil .hick l'iMi-;iKint,'Thoiii|.»iiii Trail, 'I'nwn-liiii'.ii, raiiRe is. . l-'i-,,iiti»iMeci'.

Party at w.irk hiirvryiliK tniil To fac.' iiap' Id

MiAiiiH ca-ii|i li,

Tyiiical hay iiiciuliiw on Littlr .SiiskatchoHaTi .. „ „ ■[■>

Ovcr-iiiatiwi' (»ppl,ir tyi»' „ ,, ]i|

Matiirt' .Asi^'ii killid by ^rt>uiui tirt- , ,, .r;

Typical park uiuntry, till' result iif past tiri'S, •_■(

Spnicf and Lanli ' hrnlf'* ,, ,, -n

' I'lmk^' or fniitiiiR Uxlii's nf r,ily|«prii< (Kiimi's) itjiiiariws 2.")

Typical ii|»ii (;rowii W'liiti' Spnici' ,, ,, 2H

Larch and W'hiti' Spruce CniH's „ ,, .»x

7(i-yiar-iil.l wtAiiil cif IS.ilrii (111 site of first ipiality „ „ ;{;(

W'llih' Hirch coppicf * ,, ,, ;(-

SawniilUtSlicirtdalc, Man „ „ :[.)

Halm IiiinlMT in pile ;^j(

Cauip on (_'lear Lake ,. ., .|.>

Large ni'Hfse in tscruli in valley nf Hiil.inson river 40

A typical »IuukIi. the haunt <jf wiM fowl ,, ,, 4^

.M.\r.

-Map shimiii); iKiiiniiaries of KidinR Mountain^ Forest Keserve

.To face page !l

-.k2i'<i£->^ SiT^ T I II III! illllllMI

TABLES.

I. Smnmary ' f Ri'ceijiti! fnnn Tiiiil«T Porinits.
II. CIas.HiKciiti.Ti (if I'lTinits iH^iicrl un tin- Htwrvc as to I'rciductn.

III. Classitication iif TiiiiUr I'trinitK liy Yi-aiK, Ac.

IV. Smiiinaiy nf Hay IVriiiitu ismiiil at Dauphin Land Office,

V. Stanii Table shutting the nuinlwr of treea |)cr acre fi.r liriU.- ty|H' in tho wist end uf tlie
reMiTVe.
VI. Stand Talile »hii«in|{ aveniir" nunilxr i)er acre iif trees .if each diameter class in [Kiplar tvpe.
Vir. .Stand Table showing the average nunilier [ler acre nf trees nf each diameter class in niixeil
tyjie.
VMI. Stand Table shnwing aver.age iiuiiilier |ht acre nf trees nf each diameter class in White
Spruce type.
IX. Stand Table showing the awrage luinilK-r per acre nf trees nf each diameter class in the. Jack

Pine type.
X. Stand Table showing average niuiiber per acre nf trees nf each diam.t>r class in Sw.ainp
Muskeg tyiie. (i^liiality I).
XI. Study nf Aspen pints shnwing the iK-rcentago nf trees diseased and habits of the fungus
PolyiHiriis (Koines) igniaiius.
XII. Decay in .\spen. .\ study nf (ilM) app.irently smind .\s]«.n trei^s.

XIII. Decay in lialm. .\ study of 177 apparently sniin 1 IKlm trees.

XIV. Frwt Crack in Balm. A study of sample pints tn show tlie prevalence nf Kmst Crack in Halm
XV. White Spruce. Table tn shnw growth in diameter and height (Uvsed nu age nf trees )

(.-Vverage tree for all sites).
XVI. White Spruce. Vnlume Table compiled frnm measurements of 4(i trees.
XVII. Table shnwing height and diameter growth in White Spruce reprcKluction. (IJased on
measurements of 274 seetflings in good soil for spruce).
XVIII. Black .Spruce. Volume Talile (based on measurements of 'M trees).
XIX. Black Spruce. Table showing growth in diameter and height (liased nn meaauretnents of 34
trees*.
XX. As])en. Table showing jiercentage of bark at different ages.
XXI. Table showing height and diameter growth in .Vsjien reproduction. (Compiled from measure-
ments nf 27- trees).
X.XII. Aspen. Volume Table, (Based on nieasurcments of Ii2 trws).
XXIII. .\Bi)en. Table showing prol)al)le future yield.

X.XIV. Balm. Table showing growth in height and diameter. (Computed from meaiurenienta of :)•''
trees).
XXV. Jack Pine. Table showing tnt.il height and clear length o.i diameter basis. (Based nn

measurements of 224 trees in ;i typical Jack Pine stand).
XXVI. Jack Pine. Table shnwing gmwth in diameter nn the basis of age. (Cnmpileil from
meajuirements of 5<) representative trees).
XXVII. Jack Pine. Volume Table showing contents of each log in cubic feet. (I,rt>gs taken to

4 inches at the top).
XXVIII. .fack Pine. Volume Table shnwing contents in Ijoard fi-et (Scribner Kule) of logs 8 feet long.
(Logs taken to 6 inches at the top),
XXIX. Jack Pine. Table showing taper of logs.
XXX. Larch. Table showing how height a> 1 dianieter growth of Larch is affected by drainage
conditions.
XX.XI, Balsam. Growth in height and dianieter, based nn age. (Computed fnm measurements
of 28 trees).
XXXII. Paper Birch. Growth in height and dianieter, based on age. (Computv , from measurements
of 24 trees).

XXXIII. Paper Birch. Table showing volume in etirds per tree.

XXXIV. Kstimatetif Saw Material nn the Riding Mountain Knrest Reserve.
XXXV. Land classification of the Riding Mountain Forest Reserve.

7

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RIDING MOUNTAIN FOREST RESERVE

The great plain* of the Canailian west are becoming more and more clwiely settlwJ,
and coincident with tho .K-cupation of the-e v-i«t wheatland* ha» at.««ix a great demand
for fuel lumber, railway ties, fencing inaU^rial aii.l other wood pn^lucta of all Icindi.

Atwnuon waH thus directwl to the sources i .in which supplies to meet such present
and future nee^la must come, and araong these sources th.- Riding Mountains were con-
spicuous, both from the quantity of timber thereon and ^^ause of their situation as
the natural supply depot and water reservoir for extent j, fertile and wellwatA-ied

** ""bv gradual steps a forest reserve of approximately one million acres was delimited
and finally set aside, but the severe ravages of flre (more or less the result of destructive
lumberinu) and the growing proportion of inferior sj*cies, with their alarming perc«nt-
ase of fungal and other defects, give the plainest kind of warning that the mere
setting aside of a forested area will do little to preserve its supplies. Kven the prosimt
rate of consumption will soon see the supply vanish unless the administration prix-eeds
to perfect the protective organizatioi supervise and encourage economic use an<i intro-
duce enough silviculture to steadily improve the forest yield in quality and quantity.

All this was foreseen l.y the Federal Government some years ago and the work
of obtaining a definite knowledge of prevailing conditions so as to form a secure basis
and guide for future action was begun on this reserve in 19(tr,,and carrie<l on t^) at
lea.t approximate completion in 1U08. This bulletin underl-ikes to present in a brief
wav he gist of this study and some conclusions arising then from. The purpose of this
bulletin is threefold : to outline the field-work done, to r.iK>rt the conditions found and
to suggest tentative lines of management.

rOB£ST 8UEVEY OF THE RESERVE.

Skasov ok 1906.

Following up the policy of taking a general inventory of the resources of the
Dominion Fo^t Reserves, initiated in 1905, the Inspector of Reserves deUilwl a party
of ten to continue the work in the Riding Mountains, during the summer of 190b.
This party, under the charge of Mr. H. C. Wallin, starte.l from Dauphm «" J»ne !«*■
and pas8«i south along Shaw's trail through Township 23 into Township 22 of Range
19. Four camps were placed and all the forest within reach of them was sample.! by
means of valuation survey strips spaced at one-quarter to one-half mile intervals, accora-
ing to the nature of the timber. From camp III in S. 28, T. 22, R. 19 a party of throe
pushed south to Clear Lake, some fifteen miles, to reconnoitre the country and find out
if the Thompson trail were passable. They found it was not.

The party was therefore forced to move north and west to the A ermilion Valley
and pass south across the reserve over the Strathclair trail, covering en route a strip
of country from six to ten miles wide. At the junction with the Clear Lake trail in
8 6 T 20 R 20, the party moved east 9 miles and from camp IX at the west eiifl
of Clear Water Lake, the' Ochre and Minnedosa traiU, running north and south
respectively, were surveyed, and the country adjacent studied and mapped from a
final camp at the eastern extremity of Clear Lake parts of the Thompson, McCreary
Danvers and Cameron trails were surveyed, and strips run from them to cover as m-ch
of the country as possible, before the break-up of the survey on September 27. Approxi-
mately 337 square miles were covered during the season of 1906. comprising parts
of 16 townships. The very wet weather during June and July was a great hindrance,
as it kept the trails almost impassable and delayed the work generally.

10

Nbaxon UK 1907.

M..c;;:^::;;.flS:':nj:t.^:,'V' '' "rr^"'^ '"- ^ «-' «"

r-«.hi„« ,h.. fourth r«,n,, .„ s. ^ ' ' :, '" 17 -.r^ '"•" "'*""' ^"'"'^ '"''•■ t-,K.„
•■nt.r fh.. .VH.rv,. atfniri farth.-r- ».,,.. ■ . ''' ""•'•'''"■«'. to cm,. „ui ,„„!

town.l,i,,K. ""^ "'> "•"""" ""'"« *"e o,.v,.ro.l, ,.,„l,r„..in« p^rtn of 8

tl... trail, W..1I ,,„,. i,n,,ns.ahl. Jl r.. ' ,;.. „.;;:T-" "'%"""' '"'-l-i-ant. makin,
Th,. rountry wo,k.-l over wh, no. , I ,| t Wh« '-•""P,f"".V""' thinlof the time
l"U,h, it *.i.s..i,h..r,uu.k,../.,rrk i r,-.l ? " T" ''.'"•'. ""'' •*'■■""• **'»• »'"'••■■•
....rt th«o,.Uit th.. p,.rty was compel J:';.;.7r:, :,'''' ' —' '''"'-• To tran,-
..-vral l.r..l«,.H. Th« .noH.,uit,... w.-re niH alii , "' '*'"^"" ''"■"J' ""'^ ''"'•'»

.Sept..ml«.r H. earlier in the .eH«,n ^ "'"" ~'""'°'^ "nuoying in mid

Skasov of 1908.

at thl':ina"of'oS^iia''i;:/ ':'•''*•"; ;" ,^''-«: °^ ^^'- J- H. Dickson, .tarM in

f".ty .nil..:.. .rki,:;' th " ^t s^vl" :;i '^ •'^■•■ir '-''»" ^''-- i-xo^;. "

."t.'r.or trails forced th., p,.rty t,^ 'Ts 1. ' ^il^ '•/""".Clear Lake the lac-k of

>"« th« Houth side .f th.' reserve but !, 1. „ ^ ? ("ili'iun settJ..ment«, l^.rder-

»l.>n«. <'nent..rinK heHirduiuX ^C'''^*''? -'^^ '" "'' 'he party moved

..ver th« height of fan,! am iali l^Tu^r?^^^^^^^ '','7.^ -"t north.iest.^passing
bus a rapi.) r. , onnai.an,.Ksurvev o^i m. s |.« LI" ""'^ """J^*''"'" t^'"'^ C">' ■ .<-tin|
1 'OH can, from the natu.e of the^«u ^ ; £ i^v^n m,;""'' •'"'^: 'Y '*'"'' '"^•"•«"' '"
Hhips were traverso,l in whole or in Part (!fi?) f ^ "I'lHOXimately. Thirty town-

the in,portant „ail« .surveyed. Of thN are.! n' I'T- ""'r ^''"^ ""PP^*'' -'"^'^d '"J
th.. west .., in luvvi.msVoars the o i ^t of ; ■„ "' '"*' '" ""^ '"'^^^ ""'^ ""d -'^^ '-'
of ti.nber re.naining, f, map the exiting tr.. if r""""^ *'"''*' "^ ""'^ ""' ^''« q"«nlitv
the rate of growth of the vl ot nJec "s^ruT he^nll ^K-r""": ""'' ^"^«*'* *>•»*«• t- ntudy
to estinmte the present use an, labTe ^ o rhi If °' ""■■«iucing better .species^

H.der^„eans for reducing the ravagrb;^^!.:atr t.^^r en S "'" ""'""• """^ *-° «=-

w^;.:trr;:^r:i':r::k":^':i:;^/' «?« p'- °^ — .-.

t.mlK.r valuation with a view to imnTfirS» T^ ^"'■'"'^' "" 0«}*n8ive survey and

H^ncetheobje..ofa!Uu vly^rka'tXtt *'^ "°* '=°"-^'''^-' "-«-»"

>.f knowlcHlge for ,,overnin« p^rese„t urZ^Z.u^l T '"'"P'^ '" '""i''"'> " ^'-"^
en.ur.„g the future welfare and perman;nTof tKS P"'''=''°"' ""'^ ^'"--i-

JfKTiioDs OF Work.

Ju.tifr5;rMLt;':^^;^iSS ^:£;„;;^ ^-e -andl^ timber wa, .ch a, to
sample Hrip.s half a ch, .„ wide w. ™'tlt " ^'^"^ '"*^'"^'' ''"« fallowed. Parallel

four per cen't of the total mhieJ^'ateinYIh^ ''""'"' T ^^■'"■^. '"" ""'"• f-'" **» '"
stands which prevail in n.ost parts o the reirve "T"'"'"*;- ^« ^^^^ homogeneous poplar
ba.H>«. Th. first work done af ead, camp vis the s^r?' ""^""''^ '"" "^ ""^''•' °" ^^is
tanl trails and .trean.s ; then in timber re 'u 1 )Z ^'"^ "-"^ .""'PP'ng "f the in.por-

W... types, and gather all other '^^^^ os,i., l^'i^ZZ:^-;,,:^^^^ ^P ^

Zff 9: ''*■ .-*■

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II

un<li<rl>ru>>h, ihf raprwluctiiin, il*int.;{R frtHii fliv or iithi*r mu<t*'», <ta<i thf mM •rtit
drkinaxn comlilionn). OwiiiK t<> lti« lininw uiiilerlinioh, twi>lvi>»cri'ii pntvml m girnd nvi-r-
•gv d^y't work. Mtoin-aniilyRio |Htrtiiw war* Mint ou* <tx iMiaxiiitt itlTerfNl.

MriKiJkNT.

A» » r<»«ull of the thri-e spmMin'i work im tlu' ri'wrv*", 1.170 w|unD< itiil«^ lii»v« U^i-ii
■tuilimi ntul mirvi-yml with tliitt <li-Kr<t' of coiiiph'lenftx whirh thn \ii\\tn i>t th" litiilK-r
or other oondilioni lipju-ared to juitify. Thi'n? an- trft wiiin* .'Iti.'i iii|ii»rtMiiil<><* ■"••tterwl
throuifh the ir"t rv." ii|Hin whirh fi.r«itt xurvity work has not IwH-ri ilone. On »t Iratt
hiilf of thi< »roa, howi-viT, • very f.iir kfiowl.'dxrt of tho pnmiihnK i-onilitions hmt Im-hh
({ilirietl. Iie)(iir<iinK thiwe portions of d-rriti '■ left nior« or \i"n untoucbi-ii hy pri'vioux
Riirveyii, it will protmhiy Ih> liext not to •t<<nil iiny npwinl party to uomplete thrni, hut
ralhi'r to wait until n more ii|M-i!itlo liHuiikinl uriir* fur iit>titili><l i>ifurni«tion.

WORKING PLAN REPOBT.

Thp puqiod* of « Working I'iun lltiport for n fortHt<i<l nrm is Ut ni-t out cl«»rly, yot
briftly, all the fftcts ami coniliti.mt iifffititi« the tiniUfr ti ic( that are likily in »ny
way to prove uwful or nece»wry in the work of layiiij{ out plani for it» future niunaKt-
ment.

Nam«, Location uid Ar«a.

Thin area, known an the llidinK Mountain Dominion I'orMt Renfrvo, co-npriiteH
I.S.'IS Mijuare miles of roush mountainoui« country in WmkI (Vntral Manitoba. As nhown
on th*- map, it extondu north and Houtli from townnhi|)s 1« to '2!S and bt-tween Hungoa
16 and 27 inclutive. It is thi< lurj{«tt of the fmli-ral n-servpH, and ii xituated in tho
mid'.t of prosperous communitiei, whow) dumandH for it» pniductii has already rn*ch«'d
larj(ts proportion)).

An ctmstitute<l by the Dominion Fore»t Reserve* Act of 1906 (0 Kd. VII cap. 14),
it consistii of tlio following town»hipn ; township IM, ran^e 10; tiiwnship 19, ranges lt'»,

17, 19 and 20 ; township 20, ranges 17, 18, I'J and 20; t .wnship 21, ranges 17, l», 19,
20, 21, 22 and 2.1 ; township 22, ranges 18, 19, 20. 21, 22, '!3, 24, 2.') and 26 ; township 2;J,
ranges 24 and 2."> ; township 24, ranges 26 and 27 ; township 25, ranges 26 and 27 ; the
following sections in township IH, range 17, namely, seotions 1, 13, 24, 2.% 26, Jlf, and
36, and the east half of section 12 ; in township 18, range 19, sections 1 1, 13, 16, 17,

18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 30 ; Mie north east
quarter of ttiwnship 18, "ange 20 ; in townshii> 20, range 21, sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9,

10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 3u. 31, 32, 33,
34, 35 and 36 ; tho north half of township 20, range 22 ; all of township 23, range 26.
except s^ction 0 ; in township 25, range 25, sections 3, 4, 5, 0, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 10, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, J2, 27, 28, 29, 30 and thfwe jxirts of sections 31, 32 and 33 not
included in the G.imbler Indian Ueserve ; the west half of township 24, range 25 ; in
township 23, rnn;^e 23, the following sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,

15, 16, 17. 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 2,3, 24, 25. 26, 27, 2S, 29 and 30 ; in township 2.1, range
22, sections i, 2, .3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
and 24 ; in township 23, range 21, nections 1, 2, 3, 4. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and the south half of 22 ; all of that portion of township 23, range 20,
lying south and east of tho Vermilion River, excepting sections 36 and that part of
section 35 lying east of the sa'd river ; in township 23, range 19, cections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7. 8, 9, lb, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 20, 27, 28, 29 and
30; in township 23, range 18, sections 1, 2. 3, 4, 5, 6. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. 16.
17, 18, 19, 20, 29 and 30 ; in township 22, range 17, stations 2, 3. 4, 5, 6. 7, 8, 9. 10,

11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and the west half of sections 1, 12 and 13; in township 21, range

16, sections 2. 3, 4, 5. 6. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16. 17, 18, 19, 20. 21. 28, 29, 30, 31. 32.
33, and the south half and northwest quarter of section 14 ; all of township 20, range
16, except the north-east quarter of .section 36 : all of township 19. range !8, except the
south-west quarter and the west half of the southeast quarter of section 3, and the east
half of the south-east quarter of section 4 ; all west of the first principal meridian.

Topography.

In a Rcneral way, the land surface may be ■ ..id to consist of two rolling plati-aus.
The lirst of thoM', known as the " Lower Plateau ", has a relative altitude of .'iOO to
400 feet aljove the surroundinj,' plains, and the upper one is at a hcijjht of 800 to 1,000
feet above these plains. The absolute altitude of the upper plateau is 1,900 to L'lOO
feet. '

The upper plateau comprises alxtut nine tenths of the wliolo urea and is divided
by low watersheds into a nuMil)er of draina;,'e Ixisins in which ri.se the headwaters of
several of the most iinportiirit rivers in Manitoba. '• bout twenty l>er cent of this
plateau consist of swamps and muskegs, which act as great sponges, feeding the streams
throughout the year. Tl e hills rise abrupt and precipitous from the prairie on the east
and slope gradually away to the .south and west. This reserve h.is a great number of
smaller lakes scatU-red through it, and several fiirly large ones, the largest being Clear
I.iakc, situated near the highest point of the range.

Soils.

As the entire range of hills is of purely glacial origin, the soils are nece.ssarily very
deep atuJ extern! from gravels and light .sandy loams to the heaviest U)g and boul.ler
cays. In some localities the well decomposed humus from poplar and spruce litter
darkens the soil to a dei.th of two f<-et. On the other hand, on the main trails and in
the west end generally, wliere frequent fires have swept through, there is little or no

humus, p'roipient bogs ,m hill sides or tops attest the imper able nature of the un-

ilerclay.,. In the typical jack pine areas, comprising probably live p(?r cent of the upper
j)iat'!au, the .sod is a light sandy loam and is too dry for agricultural purpo.ses.

Rock.

The <mly outcropping rock is shale, which appears along the <leep ravines. A large
proportion, however, of the heavy clay soils are thickly sown with gniiiiti! and diorite
boulders, which, no matter bow level or rich such soils may be, render them <|uite unsuitable
for farming purposps, with the possible exception of grazing. These bjulder clays, how-
ever, arc exactly suited to spruce and the dry sandy soils to re.l, Scotch or jack 'pines.

Climate.

The climate is extreme, though not so markedly so as that of the surrounding plains,
for, although t)ie winter temperatures are (juite as severe going to 10 below zero—
tlie summers are relatively much cooler, owing to the altitude, the cooling influence of
the forest and the heavy rainfall of ,lune and July. The mean ami'ial jnecipitation is 2l'
Indies. On the upper plateau frost may occur every month in the year, just as in the
Adirondacks, for instance. Hut these occasional light frosts between ihe first of .lunc
and the end of Septemlx-r hdve little or no efleot on the growing season for timber.
Thi. very long day.s, giving daylight from 3 A.M. till 10 P.M., make growth suriuisin-ly
rapid and the .season increment quite satisfactory.

There is, of course, plenty of snow for winter logging, though l<!.ss, as a rule, than in
the Ottawa Valley. The level open muskegs being frozen and safe for travel, it is easy
to pick out excellent roads with low grades.

Legal Status of the Forest.

Title to all the land in the Dominion Forest Reserve is vested, of course, in the peo-
ple of f'anad.i, and t!-,« r.'-.-rvA ,. free fr„i,! all l.-txation. Thank.s to the goo,l ^..ik do.ut
in 190S, all squatters have been finally removed, and, save for a half-siM'tion in S. (I, T.
20, K. 20, which is held in fee simple by one of the rangers, there are no interior hold-

I.. I-

13

ings in the rwerve. a.th dominion and provincial fire laws apply to the reserve «„d
on the whole, the opportumty for forest management is an excellent one.

Surrounding Population.

The general occupation is farming or ranching. The towns are small an'i .re hud
ply depots rather than manufacturing centres. 'H.ere are no minerals „, c^l ^,Z.
m this and district, so that outsi.le of a little lumbering in the winter se.sZ " ncuT
u,e u the one great weahh-producing industry. Within the llfty-milehm from the
boundaries ot the li.d.ng .Mountain Ueserve there is a nms. hetei^-geneo^ opZi m
In var.ous n,ore or less co.npact settlements are racial ••ommunities of French Oer.'^s"
Cifthcians and Scandinav ans, while connecting all w it »..,-,. ;„ frenwi, ueim.ins,

great b.xly of .settlers from the liri.iTXlmlK'l^^cll.h.'' "''""'"" ""'"^ " '*'''
Among certain of the foreign element there is nal urallv a great amount of i-noranco
and md.fferenee to overcome. They have neither p.triotis'.n nor intelll"ence enou to
cons.der the future. Tins fact, the ,„ore regrettable in that such set.' ^s a v Ztere
alx.ut the reserve, makes adtninistration, and .no.-e especially protection, .anly mo,^

^h /IV"'* J-^ng'i^l'-^peaking conununlty there is a general and growir • appreciation of
what the reserve does a.,d may stand for, They will be ouiek to rec ,' 2e n
approve all conn^on-sense n.easures looking toward its gtvater utility and p p?" 1™
and this sp.nt of .sympathefc co-operation should be developed to the ut.no7

Market.

fin« I?°ri ^^^ °'*^"'"^ "J f'"' '"'•'•'^hantable timb..r the market will be local and con
fined to he farmers an. the people living in the small towns. What It le " m er

.setuer. A study ot .he market situation was made in October, 190S, whei several of
the prominent lumbermen of the district were inte. v,ewe,l. Th .y cut oX s, ru ., a rl

other praine towns, none going to Winnipeg ' ^ ^.uiis.k k .md

whiclf wm"7j'" 'Y'"-^<'1\''^'} lutuberaig was made as a result of the above conditions
Sptil.^'''(i:;t:3«.)'" ''''^' ■" '''' ^""""■y "»^'"- '»- '-" "^ "^^^-''-tion of

Timber Permits.

.».cHr:l";jzr,"rLu;i'!;:,'^:Sr '"■' "'■"" '- '"■'^■"«-<-'- '■

1

-i

Porcupine Reserve 1 O -

Lake Manitoba 1 5 '

Duck Mountain "5

Hiding .Mountain 93 0 '

.O^ 'he total permits issued at ])auphin during this period on all the vacant Do

frmThSdin"" MoTf "' T'^-"^^" P"^ ^-^"^ '^"■^ '^^- '-^ thel.tur rese^T. and
irom tne Kidmg >lountains alone .sixty per cent

durin. tLe'rafrh''""'^ "^ '^' tin.ber- permits i.ssued on the Ui.iing Mountain Iteserve
during the past three years are given l,elow. That based on " ki.rd of permit " sllows
that sawn lumber >s far and away the most important class. The clasSion on a

14

locality basis may be useful in showing what ranger districts are most important, and
what settlements are drawing most heavily on the supplies* from the reserve. As yet
nearly all the permits are confined to the outside townships of the reserve. Only five per
cent, for instance, have come from the six interior townships of the east end, viz.:

Township 20 in Hiinges 17, 18 and 19.

Townthip "Jl in Hanges 18, ID and 20.

Nearly all timber permits are issued in January, February and March, the revenue
for the past three j-ears at the Dauphin oHice being given below :

TAHLK I.-8U.M.M.\RY OF RECKIl'TS FROM TIMBER PERMITS.

Month.

l!»05-l!K(ti.

IMli 1007.

$ CtH.

1907-1'J08,

July

9 CtH.

4 25

1 ."JO

1 25

8 50

27t> 80

1,225 W)

2,3r,!l 01)

2.-.'li!) 00

1,4.">!1 (Kl

43 75

<J3 no

0 73

7,752 ;«

9 CtH.

Aiifrust

I0'75"

85 40

7" !W

1,477 .SC

WH 40

ur. 42

i;o 25

OiiO
3.442 01

121 00

8 00

19 00

107 00

726 75

1,842 21

1,043 27

1,010 80

81 r-o

21 00

4 00

.5,881 63

HeptfDibtT

October

NovenilxT

Dreeinlier

January

February

March

April

May

June

Totals. .

CL.\SSIFICATION OF TIMBER PERMITS.

A. As to Product :

Five main classes of permits are considered. These are as follows :

f/'!-«. Unit.

1. Sawn Lumber Board foot.

2. ConlwcMKi Cord.

■3. Huildiriy; logs Lineal foot.

4. Poles and Rails Piece.

5- I'o'^t'* Piece.

(See Table II).

II As to Loral ill/ :

Fur this cla38ifioation tlie ro.serve may bu divided into four iiiivin districts, as
follows ; —

" West " — All Townships in "'ange.s 24 to 27, inclusive ;

" Midille Xoith "—Townships 22 and 2.3 in liangps IS to 23 inclusive;

" Midlle South "—All Townships .south of 22 in Ranges 18 to 23, inclusive ;

" East " — All Townships in Ranges U! to 17.

(See Table ill).

'!>«.

,Tj('"

15

TABLK II-CLASSIKICATIOX OK PERMITS ISMITKI) ON THK RKSKRVK AS TO

I'KO'JUCTS.

For the year July 1, 1905, to June .•», I'MM!.

I ~ ,_, _, , ' . Ai'pn.xiiiiatf

rt^, ', , '"'"' I ■^"'"»"' |i.r<ftitii;f|. ,,f

^""- niniil*r i.f an „t f„r in ^vvrajf.. total timl.. r

IH-nn.t.i. Kiv" y«ir. iK-ruiit. inTuiii* f,,r

I (tivfn year.

Sawn lumlHT 1,. ft. i,o.j, 7,7x2,(10.1 1 7 (;h|

Cordwood conm «4 | i,,,, Til 'i'' '

I'..l™ and rail, '„ ' ,;, . V;f.^, ti' ? !■ c.

""■'■i"'*''*" i-ft.: 6« 54;rro '=« :;!;:;;:

Tlie quantity r..».„v«l for whicl, no p.rnms w. r« i»«ued Ib of a,ur8.^,k,>o«n7

1

INr cent

uf

|*«riiiitu-(-M

Cflll.

iiiK for ejuli

t'Ia«s.

IH»

'C.

H

> 0.

10 1,
fil.

Fiir till' year July 1, l!K)ii, to Jun.' 30, 1'JU7.

Sawn Innilx-r b. ft. '

Cordwood cords

J*'*!*^ Iiiecv K

Poles and rail.'f ,,

Uuildiii); logs J. ft.

:<

3

1.2-.'5,(KI<(

L'.4(»i
^,3im

:>,HS(I
M 4
4Hi

l.IOO

For tlif year July 1, l!lur. to June ;t(l, I'.KKS.

»<4i) c.
12 i> c.

•-' p .-.

1 p c.

1 p.C.

!ir. PC

13 PC
2 ope,
1 ■> |) c.
1 .-.p.C

IS

Sawn lumbfT . .
Conhvood . . . .

I'ostM

PoIhh and rails
liuilding logs.. .

. b. f t
. cnnts
, pifci's

I. 'irt. !

Sawn linnl>er li. ft.

CorilwiKid lords

Posts . .
P..les,in.l rails....
Ituildui^' lo^s.

piece.
1. "ft.

flOli
till

2.()3I,2.-)0 ' \7m

leio:) 21 ;

211, IIKI 4110

3il.."K»0 l.L'lr

IIMOO WIS

Jor the averaire year.

bTX 3.;ir!i,41(p I i;.4;;7

.■iS l,i:;,.i .J.J

■"* •2\.:V.n) 4;;s

32 311,4^.-1 1141'

27 2."..7',lii ],0.,4

Approximate use fo- all pu^lHr.scs : .^;,IKiO,(),III |„„,,,| feet per .\eiir.

"4 p c.

'I P.O.
■4 .> p e.
3 ope.

no |i c.

11 p 0.

12 p.e.
5 I I.e.
4 II I.

S 1

!t.-) ,

' c.

s 1

11 1

S 1

'^ 1

4 1

3 4|

t ('.

4 1

''■ !

3.M

> . (;.

ir>

T.VBLK III.-TIMhKR I'KKMIIS IN KACH LOCALITY".

(The following t»hlH c.>ver« tin- |w»t three yiiir*.)

.itLv 1, v.m. TO .h NK.-ii), iiK).; .1, ,.v 1. i:m, to .(. nkw., i:-^. j, iv i, v.mr, to Ji xk.-ki

KMW.

DlSTRKT.

■

-—

I'lr-

IVr-

lelitatfe .M,Mt

of ImiH.rtant
Total T„wn
for ships.
Reserve '

No. ,.f
IVrniitB.

ct'iitage

"f

Total

for

Rewrve

40'

Most

InnKirtiint

'io«ii.

hhijH.

No, of
IVriiiitH.

eeiitagc
of

Total
for

j.'ieserVH

37'

Most
Ilri[«.rtioif

'loHIl

Hlii|H.

1 2n2<i

No. of

IVrujits

121

West

412

25 2«

(1*4 )

.SO

21

21 2ti

Jliddle

' (73;)

(73 )

ii'irtli

i

lt«

111

'-•3 23
23 22

31

ir,

No OMt-

standing;

107

III

Hi-\eral on
15 20

Middle

to»ii»ln|i.

Mouth

i;t!i

l.t ,

20 1!)

21 21

7«

X)'

y.> 20
iUi )

2"!

»i'.

21 21

(35')

Kiist 1

1

:ti.-.

31

]S 10
21 1« 1

27

12'

No out-
stiiiidmt<

towilsliin.

i;)0

22%

21 Hi

TuUl .

1 ,'12!*

217

Wi

An pstnnate was nmdc recet.tly by three of the ranj-ers, „f the ..uantitv of timber
remove,! trom t ho teserve for which n . per.nit.s are i.ssued and the result how that a

ar«e an.ount of n.aterta ks being thus illegally cut-fro.n live to ten per cl in .xc,s,
t^"\l\":/f'y''Y^'\^^^^^^ rails, pos,., Li .saw, urn ir

cm httv to one hundred per c,.,.t in the case of eordwo-xi. The relatively hi-h ues
e omb.ned w„h ,he ha.d fmes o the past two years, no .loubt account for 'this: t s
t.ue that n,ost of th.s niaterial goes to benefit the local settler ; but why can he not
enjoy .t w.thout breaking the law? To solve the probletn and place tl^ u e of al

eserve products on a smooth-running business basis shouM be the irst duty ."f the new
olhce of reserve adnnn.strafon in Dauphin. That done, there will 1^ v.-ry li t e n^otx-
fr.ct.on as the resuit of illegal cutting and conse.)uent seizure. ^

HAY PEUMITS.

Owing to the fact that the regulations do not make it obligatory to take out a
pe m.t o cut hay, U ..s certam that a very large a.nount of hay has bJen and is b" n-^
cu ,n tl ,s land d.str.ct ot whtch no record is available. Frotn the daUv at hand U
appears that up >. ,e present only a small j.art of the total cut has come off tl e four

rL'TmT. in".*" M "'"''■ ^'"'"^''^ Hiding Mountain Reserve, except 0 or,

cut ,n lUOs on the Duck Mounta,ns. ^

So far as revenue goes, however, the whole matter of hay usage is a trifle in the

wou dll£ Tr^f n"""^""; ';? " f"'^"".'*^ r^"-*' '^"™P"'-^°^y - "-'^^ sZe increase
would follow J he following table gives a brief sura,nary of the hay output in lecent
year-s, according to the permits issued. " ^ lui-iniecent

JAMLK IV. s.-MMAKV uK „.V .KKMns .SS,,:,. „V ,,u..„,X ,..vM, ,„K,rK.

1

T.

■til tMlM

\r:,T.

II.

'iiii
III
li

lll'lll I.IIIIIU

|l:lll|illlll
•l-trht.

-

—

IWW

r.i'Nl

IlKM

;

liHHi. .

1

-,< -■»

1!»"7. . .

4. 41 1.-.

1!IIW.

T. „„,„(,

KiillliLT
M ■lliilau

N.~iv.-.

I'.r r. nl ..f

"'.'1 l-llf nil

ll;u

• 1>-Tln

• liti.' ..(

l.i'lilii;
Jii'iilil till

1,
,\|.

Ihlii
'iititain

■MTVi-.

l,-i :'.•.

II 7ii

IL- hi

.11 .-HI

."i| -M

.■1.1 IKI

I

GKNKIIAL KKSCKIPTION uV FOHKIST (JUOWTII

"■■•"»!» '■ i"'Kr/./:;ri:r;;;* r;:,;'','™?" — "■■"• -' •' "■■'""■

THE RULING FOHhST TYPK.s

of classifying these : ^' ^^ ' ^^""''' *"* "^ '''*-'^* **-^ '"«*" ways

1. As natural types and fii-e tvpe.s.

'■i. x\a permanent and teinpornVy types.

^o.J^;:i^Zi^^:r''' '"" '"■""■"^^■^ i-c.,n..eption,ivo.anUi,.nal basis for

evolution, the end , ^M.lh S Tv " , " wl";:; "' •" "'"'" '" " '""- '"'""■■^^ "' ""^"-'
Imrned-over area.- the socaHed -''iT,., ■• « '" fT'";"' 'I'/'"- I" «''« ca.se of
the p,.ooes« to lK>gi„agair:t' lie first ""^ ^""'''^' '"'"'''^ "''^ ^*'-° -'J —

a k JitTTf' onJ^/'"'/'"'"'""' 'r '^'' "'"'"'"^' '^'•-''"" '^t' <"! t'"^ ^"-o-th factors of

three n.ain pennanei^ ty;.s ' ''"""""^ ""^ '"'' '^ ■""='' '^ f^^^^'' ''"^ ''etennines

1. That on the clays and loams (white .spruce).
That on the sands (jack pine).

L'96a

3. Thai on the inusl<egs (iaroli and lilack spi

ruce>.

18

The laHt, however, in due to [kw ilrainnjfe rathor than to aoil rariiition. Exatn«)l«'»
of all these o<cur in .liffurnnt partnof the reservo, l.ul cover at prp^rit only a minor
urea. To dt'Hcrilw nre-pnt ■■nnlitinnu >li»ri.r>.i-o li i^ n-...^^..... >„ :__i...i.. -.. ■ . .

area. To descril)« pre-ent .oMlitionH, therefore, ii is necMsary to include at leaxt two

[X"". ''niely, " Poplar " and " Mixed ".

_ ,, „^.,.^...,,, ^.^ <■■« 1 t(i*iti biifii.i, lilt

of the niorp important intermmliatc tyix-d, i imeiy, •• ropiar and •• Mixed .

Firo-»wept forest land or hnile, is, proj . ily ajM-akinK, not a typo but merely a con-
dition, iM-cause pr.Klufod tlirouali accident and not by natural Krowth. It may have
l>oen burned over wi often as to have U-como a prairie, or, on the other hand, o.ilv a
dinglo fire may have run throuKh and killed the timW, and l»etween theexti, mes overv
possible condition of repro<luction may occur, and dm-s occur, in the Hiding .Mountains.

T.VIU,K V.-HT.VM) T\Iir,K SIIOWINC TMK M'MllKR OK TKKK.S I'KK ACUK 1\ BIU r.fi
TVl'K t\ THK WKsr KM) OK THK KKMKUVK.

(CMii]|ii|„l fnini 7X ..;im|ili' plotn. arra nf iwh ,\ nc.)

Anin-n.

[inlin.

N'uiiilKr iif TiiiB |M r uert' ' l.on

I'lT cent of total Htoiid 73

»1

Birch.
1°

T..tal.

2,'2.'.l

10*1 ':,

Die above tible gives the average of young aUnds in which the trees cover more
than .TO jmt cent of the ground. This is the case on CO per cent of the total area west
of the Strathclair trail. The average diameter of this young growing stock is 1 to 3
inches at breast-height, the average height 17 ft. and the average age 17 years.

Alwut 70 |>cr cent of «he west half of the reserve is brulc—the result of the drv
seasons and large tires of the eighties— but, as th. re have been no wide spreaii Hies in
recent years, wherever drainage is ade(|eate fully three (juarters of this denuded land now
carries more or less thrifty, ten to twenty foot poplar repr<HJuction of varying density.
Ihroughout the reserve, in the poorly drained parts burned over, there is a fairlv satis-
factory larch anil black spruce reproduction. On the dry sandy soils there arc many
piniinsing young stands of jack pine but there is practically no white spruce reproduc-
iion, even where plenty of seed trees were left after the fire. The young poplar grows
rapidly, anil if the west end of the reserve can only be protectetl from fire fur the next
twenty years the resulting forest will furnish very large quantities of material foi fuel
and other purposes.

THE POPLAR TYPE.

This is the first t<'mp)rary type following briile on siii ible soils, and occurs where-
ever there are stands of poi)kr over CO per cent pure. It is conHneil to the more or less
well-drained loams, and the composition runs from pure halm in the wetter parts to pure
aspen „n the uplands. There is a sprinkling of birch, oak, ash, elm and white spruce.
J he density of the stand is very variable, and witli it varies directly the quality of the
timber. In open stands where the ground is less than half occupied, the trees are limby
and only forty to fifty feet high ; but where they stand close they rise to Ijetween sixty
and eighty feet in height, Uper but slightly and are heo from limbs. There is no detinit«
size or age limit below which poplar of either variety can be callwl .sound, and al)ove
which It may be called unsound. Occasional trees reach thirty to thirty-six inches diam-
eter breast-high, but such are always badly diseased. The average size of mature sound
poplar over whole stands is about ten to twelve inches d. bh., with an average yield per
acre of one to two thousand feet board measure. The forest «»wr consists of dead
leaves and vine.s, overlying two to four inches of black we! jecomposed vegetable
mould. The ground cover under good timber is a rather sparse growth of "violets
(Viola), .sarsaparilla(Aralia), strawberry (Fragaria) and other wood plants ; in more open
wuiidri It is uually amat of peaviue (Lathyrus) while in tlie scattered timijer of semi-
prairie lands on the upper plateau a rich profusion of mints, asters, golden rods and

.r-3»

a^fi*;*

I'l VM \

•ivT-MatMi. l',,|i|.,i tv|.r. Til. r,.!,,:,!, lint; tiinlxT «ill i„,,k,. -,. iii,H.,,„|

•-IKir. p. I'.i.

k*»r.

1 V - '

i

i

i

i

19

oth«r Con>po.it«. flourish .monR th« RfM.. Th. underl,ru,h conM.U of a mor.- or \^
.en«,n««,,rf h»«.l (C,,rylu.). cranberry (Vihurnu.n). *il,| ,,lu,n .ml .■ ."rrTTj' unu'T

(Kub.u) *„d buckthorn (llh.mnu.). It U .o cl.«,.|y m«tt..l together * UrT^'.^^Z
w tf) make progrmw thnmgh it very nIow ami iliflUuit *

.•on'jKlrthrt:^ "''Ji.ui :- •■' '"'" "^*'"" •"'^^yP"-. >'^'P".-'ing on the .ge and

1. PoloHund.

2. 8«ini Matun> Stand.

3. Mature Htand.

4. Over Mature Htand.

The«, term, almost explain them^elv,.,. The flr»t refem to a thrifty ymn^ .tand
of tree, four U, e.ght .nchen in diameter. Th. oth.-r three t.-rmn aro m m, & J^Tn
th..rappl.c«t.on Ijecaune !««.! only „„ the appar..nt nmturi.y .,f the tim It .^ n

the treM are re«,|y t.. cut, but a large ,H.rcrnU«e are ,iill U^, «m<ill. A mature .tan.l

ilZtZ'^': Tf '"^^ \ "'" !""•.''"' "'"' ''"' •^«''' ''"'^y •««' Jeteriorat on from
tie attack, of fung,, iniecta ami wind i. very rapid, making it or.rnuUnr^ an.l hen^

allbutu.eIeH,f„.mthe lumberman'. .tandrK,int. in ten to\wenty Jolr ' time Th^
type ,. an .mportant one ,n the ea.t end of the re«.,ve, there bei^g.^a. ^how^ on the
whfchVhoulVri^"'"' ^ction. now carrying n.ature to overmature .Und.of poplar
which .hould b, remove<l to make wiy for a m,w growth, a. the pro.lu.-ing power of
m..ls «, o,-cup..Hl M lymg m.,re or 1... idle, «, oon.tituting an unprcluotive capUaT

KACH DIAMKTKK CLASH IN I'OI'LAK TVPK. " ' ' ' "'''" "»

(BoiHKi on niPMuri'mrnt ot7li»enm).

I)iiini.-t»T Brr.'vi.t (null
Oiitaiil.. lUrk.

XlMBKK OK TllKK?. fKK AlHt Ti>T.\L IW 4.

liichi'H.
4

.'>...

(i ; ;;■"

.

H....

•(

10 '...[

11

12

1

13

U

l.'i.... i

Hi

i:

Total

Ahcv.i S in

Mf-rulmntalilf
PtTwnUgc i.f

"liec-inn . . ,

aU»ve
t.iUl

lu in. .

fur eaclij

IVrcent.K.)
(liasi'd on
trt-cH)

Merehantabie'
total no. of

Ai<|Kn.

2 4

2 <l

5 fi

111 f)

14 r.

14 .'i
MiV,
l(l(i

no

8 3

3 1
15
10
0 3

9ti 5
7ft 0
4t> 4

66 .'i

31 9

Bnlni.

10
13
20

3 1

4 2
4 7
4 3
4 (I
3 0
14
14
OK
0 4
0 l.'i

••n 7

24 0

IB 1

lil H

10 4

Hir<:l..

0:ik.

Kill

A.h.

.S|inici'.

OS
0 II
0 3
0-3

0 2

03"
0 1

0 1
0 2
0 2
0 1

0 1
01"

- . t

"2a65— 2|

OB
" ,3

0 11

2 0

02

14

oc

01

i

20
TIIK MIXKI) TYI'K.

ur..J'u:i:z:dz:^4:;^::Ti^^^^^ - -r-

timt on.. whi..l. ..an "„ u„ t !llll .::''' ,"":' '":"'""""".v -.Hl.li.l,... it«.|f i.

T.Anr.K VII. STAM. TAMI.I.: SH..WIN-.: TIIK AVKIfViK MMiwi! f K VCH
TllKi:S..l.KA(H I.IAMKIKK CLASS IN MIXKUTvl-|.:

!•: or

l>iaiin.t..r lir. a.t III
OutMil. Ilaik.

In>.|i.

(ilniNHJ ..|| iiifiuiirtiu, ut of 73 na-,'*).

Nl M

liKII i.fTKkKs I'HI Ac

'I'.iiAi. v,i :,,

A.i-n. Halm. | Ilircli. .S,»uc.... IUl.„„.i o.k. a.I,.

Kliii. I,.ii-, !,.

6.
fi .

r ..

8 ..
0
10

II .

1-' ..
l.i .
II..
ir> .
It;
17

IS ..
lit
•M in.

and I

T.ital

« in. anil omt

.Mirtlianiiilil.. uInik.

Uitiil f(»r

I'l'miitimr.. (if

fach HiK'i'ii.H
ri.rc..ntiij.'i.nii.ri.|iantai)li

(Ipawil nn tctal nil.).

1 H

1 4

2 4

3 7

4 4
4 7
6 5
.5 0
4 7
I :,
1 ti
OH

on
o;t

0 2
0 1

20 2

21 :t

i:i 07 [

on

1 .1
11

2 3
•2 3
2 4
2 4
17
10

10
OH
O 6

0 1

17 '.S
12 2

7 .'5

11 .->

4H

0 1 1

H 4

U A !

H-2

l> 1 -

3 7

01
0 II
0 li

to 0
10 H

70

32 C

4 5

2 I

2 0

3 .1

3 7

4 2
3 7
3 0
2 0
2 1
1 4
13

0 4

0 4
0 3

OH

31 (i
II) 0

11 7

20 4

2 1
2 tl
2 0
I ••

I 1
OH
10
llH

II 4
0 2
0 1

II H
4 7

2 5

7 fi

1 li

0 fi
0 3
0 1
0 I

0 2
o ..'
0 3

0 2
0 2
O 2
o 2

O 2
0 4
"4
0 4
0 5
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 2
0 1

11

0 « 1

0 tl

3 2

1

10

0 7

03 1

O-)

2 0

21

TMK Sl'ltl IK TVI'i:.

i^'r.:!;z:n''T;::::i,'!::^^^^^^^^ ■'-' <;.,•-... ,

- "t tin, .,...i«, .:::.r;:^!;!,;; .;; ":r M. :i; :!;"■• 7 ■• •• ^ «••

H.H,. or ,,„r,. ,I«n,| H„,| ,how, only ,|„w ai I . f..l, I ■•'-•'"'"«" "• 'N area m

. '..i-..|.r.,l>|,» ..xp^ns.. M i<iv.>lve.| „, ll,„ w iv „» \. "'"''•■ ' ''"'" '' '""

.nu..|. ,..,r.,a,.../: ,.nal ,.?.;' . . ; 1 I" IV*";'" """ '>'-' ^ '^ "»-" "'- *l'"'"

f-,rpi-. Thi. is , a ,...„„.. p:,;7,;::^:,:: ^n : .;::,7;:;r;: .*;:;r^r"; "«

^.n;.rou. ; ti... .,.„ ..., i.. ., „ .., J, ,,,,. o.^.^ii* :;i;i:::;—: ^i;

.li.M.M..,.r. (.f curs.. un,l ., Xl. „,. r '' "'" "r*"'" """ "'"' ''«'" '"''"- '"

ALl.ust|.«l,..n|',.«,„„|' .. Him If,,, ^ " *•"■'"■;■ '^ 'I""" ^I'tUfHrtniy.

t>J«> i. tl... Ht ,'.r..,si„« nee ollr, '.;;'"'■' ,■ ';"'";' "'"'"'""' "^ ""^ ^l""'"

Havo fro„, th. ax^ if ,M.ti .^ I ,n .i,„ '" " "'" "'•"' ^'"f" '" ""- '"-I '^ '"

>i.i (""■■'mil, iiK rtMiiiiiiiini; srnuif ^ccd triiw »fill .t.ri..Li i i

»n.H,. 1 |.,.v r..|,r..,..,„ tl... only ho,„. f,,^ natural r..«.'.K..alT„' "i"'"^^'"^ "*'"'• '•"«-

(IIhm^I iin III. nKiirciiK'iit iif .'X) i« nui.

3

s

^

3

I

I>iii,iii f.T Ilr>';iHr-h>){li
Oiil-iil.-lJi.ik.

Nl MIIH; ..K TiiKKr,

i>:k .». kk (roT.M. I'll Wi).

A«|«.ii. ! lialiii. ' Itirili.

IiH-'hiH. I

} «..

;; I !'

. 4 «

i I> ->

^y ■:::■?:■■■'' ■■■''■'^ n

11.... ■ ■ • -

1:; :::;::::: :1;

i» -,■.

H „s

\'2 ::■.:::;:;;::•■ >,■!

; "1

' "]

' 11 1

-" in. 11,1(1 „\,T ,11

., ,''""'''' . 4:i 0

.MiTctiaiiialili. Ill |„ ,„„|

,.."'"'^'; ■-• ii'4

*'|M'elfM 1" s

rerccntiiifB iiifrchantjii.i.'.

(l«i<«l on t.Jtal mi.i .-, ■)

*f

1

*J

(1

2

K

!l

,!

II

•_'

s

I

,'l

I
0

-

11

,1

II

."1

II

'J

II

■ >

II'

T

II

1

II

1

lit 1

>i ."1

10 II

3 ,j

1

1

4

•>

II

1

M

1
I

a

1

II

1;

0

1:

fl

1

II

4

(I 1

O I

I.-. IL'

I X

Wliit,.

>>|irmi',

1: •■>
1: 7

IS P
• rj H
1^ .!

i:l :;
ID 1
I'. ;>

11 I

1 '■*

I :i

II '.I

I 11

II .'i
J 0

ll'i'i

..s .-I
IM ;i

llaU

1 »

1 I

I I

I :!

II li
II ;>
0 2
0 :;
II 1
II I

0 1

u 1

,i :<
(' 5

I..ari h.

0

-

0

(i

'J

.t

-

II

0

;i

0

:»

M

\

r.lai'k

SjiriKi'.

0 -i

II •(

«1 I

0 ."1

II 1

II ."1

II ,'.

" I

0 III

II ik; j

10 "li

1 M

■J -jr.

i ■-'

II li

0 ;i

■i|Cw.^i»^i«„^

\im^,

s'iiAr.d;*

^.% WW

TJIE JACK PINK TYPE.

This typo is chHraot..ristic of tho sandy tracts ea^t and north-east of Cloar Lak« in
t..wnsh,,. li. ranK-s 10 an.l 17, and township L'O, ran«os 17 and 1,S. Tak.n as a whole

al.u.rirri.T^'/r'".'''- '■■'■■','''• "^'"'^ '?'"""•'' ^" """"■"••ly l«vel sandy plains that lie
alon« the h<..;;ht ot lan.l in thoso townships. Large portions of this v pe have Ix-en
burned over, but now .-arry an..ther ,|.nse young stami, ten to twent y-thousan.l trees
per acre, averaging ten f.-et SL.> \V- far the largest single area of "virgin pine still
Stan, i.ng ,s U.e traet cove, ■ u,.- „o,:h.e...s. -,„arter of tow^^.^hip 19, rang.M7,'and t
s being rapuilyutdi..ed by i,e S-andin ;m,w,- ^, the south. The lire .lan^T in thistv,,e
s alann.ng ; ,n tact, .t .s Mi,, .it to .s-e 1., w the u,,ass of debris and v,:ung growth' ,n
tho.se great brules has so fi • v.iped. "

T.MU.K IX.-STAM) T.W.UK SIK.WINy T.,1-: WVMW.V. NCMIiKK l-KI! AClii: OK TKKKS
<IH V.Xrn l.r.S.MKTKU CLASS l.\ THK .r.VCK n.NK TVI'K.

( HamMl nil iiim.surt'iui'nt» uf 1 1 5 .-uti'ii).

IliiUiirt.r
l!lr:i,^t lii({li.

.lackpiin

No. OK Thkks i'kk aciik (Tiir.M. 2ili!()).

-I"-"- ' '■»''»• I'ln h. I,ar,li. PI. S,ini,'...

.S ,•)

1'.' IJ

1

j

1

i

* *

IlK'llrs.
4

»
1

."p 0

1 il

r,

^'■■■■. . .. .\ "..'..... .

H.

:ii •_■

2S 4
L'l 4
17 2
I.-. :l

li 4

."I'O

:t 1

r.-i

:f

■I

1 ■;(

i:i:i 1
il 75

<l

1"

11

i

1:;

i:i

14

Ill

•
i

17

IS

1!) .

Tutal

I'*T rent itf r.(tfiil st;il
T<ii;il 10 ill. and o\> r.. . .

IS .->

1 :) ■■!

1 i; (1 11

m; It

Th.;.<.-Kl».,i,.s;ir.- in til., littl,. .,w:illipy <l.'pr,.»si,,n8 ,l,.lt«l all thrniirll tlli- tVI.|. .■v,-,.l,t thr \sm.ii an.l

l:;Mt:^'r±i::i::;::;r' '"''''■ -'^'''^ ''""•• ■'-'.•■)■ an. an ,.,..i..,- .2 in..i,t,.. ,i,i! -o,:;;;::..'...^-!:;!,;:;;;!

TIIK SWAMP- -MUSKKC TYPE.

Tins type IS ubiquitous, appearing everywhere, though as a rule not extendin- over
large eont.guous are.as Un,|er this type are inelu.l,.! not only the true muskegs, Tnit in
ad.lition all .suel, poorly drained areas as ...xhibit a distinetly swamp ve-etation The
range ot eondilions thus allowed is too great, indeed, to make it a .^ati.sfaeU.ry crop-unit •
hut in all pioneer torrstry work, mneh .lesirable d..tail must be sa.'rillced toevne.li,.,„.v'

.lyt^-V ij'::r^

?'li:4te^€^

I'l Ml VI.

^■.

( A i ■. V '

I

'^

rf

■i **-

i

,ri,,,i,, I., I It. I,, I ■,■„.'/.

M.a.n. M>|..-„ Kill,,l i,v :;,Mi„„i I,,,, i;,,!,,,:; M.Mntun. S, i.tr„,l„.|, |-.i.

J

:;:«;:. |. j;!.

^'im.

t €

I

23

.luction on this typo in sure a.u] abundftnt, there is no reason wliv the Imlan.e should
not bo nmrkotcl a» tiist as convenient. Over the hir-e areas of thi's type there is ,,nlv
a scattering of stunted larch, hardly worth harvesting while niueh of the true niu.kei
hoars only moss and reeds. All around the border of these s,,ha;;nu>n ho^-s there is
excellent larch and black spruce repnKiuction, which -raduallv failes out towards the
centre. Jn general, the timber of this type .learly p,„ves the unfavourable conditions
by It- sl.or , .spu.dly stunted appearance and extremely slow growth ; although on what
may be_ called site I tor this type there are in places fair stamls of two lo- trees ruunin-
up to 1.) inches d. bh. About oiieliflh of the whole n-serv,. is embraced in this tyl.,^ "

T.MUJ; X STANIJ T.M-.LK SII«)\VIN(; TlIK AVKR.VCK NtMliKK I'KU A<KK OK THI-KS
(IF KA(.;H DIA.MKTKK CLASS IN .SWAM I'Mi si<K( ; TVI-K (.ilAMTV I,

(lia-^i-d on iiica^iui'iiMiits ,,f r,ii ^n-r.-l.

H.

!l.
111.
II.

IL". .

i;t. .
u. .

I)iaiiii'tt-r nri'SKt-liijih
l)i.l»icli- li.irk.

Ilielics.

Ni Mi;i:u OK i>» I'KH .\rii-.: (T..r.\i. isl (,).

VA.Lck Whit.-
Spniw. S|pnici'.

T.,tal

Tii;al. S in. and ov.r

M'Tchiint.-ilili-, 111 in. an.l ..m r. . . .

l'lTCent;im-uf ti.t:illul-l-;,(li ^|Mcii-.-

IVrc-ntiiKB iniTcliuntiii.il- (l.a,-,-vl
en total)

an r
:.'.•) 7
17 7
l."i .'

84

II :i
II :i
If J

0 ur)

iitt t;
IS :)

1 li

O ."i

0 :i
II :i
II 1
II •_>
II 2

1 II
II .">

II I!

0 ."i

•A -4.-.

L' llj

1 S

11

Larch.

Iir:i
11 :i
'.I :i

I'l s
.■i 0
4 I

;i o
1 i;

.M II

Kir.

I I'l
1 II

(I :<
0 2

n •_"

4 1

0 1

Forest Enemies.

l'..-ilni.

II li

II '.I

o s

II .O

O II

II i;

II ."i

II -

(I :'

II I.".

.\«|.in. r.iidi.

.la.li-
|.in.-.

1 r.."i
L' '.I

II 2

I) .i

It .'i

II '.I

II li

II .'»

II :<

II t

1 II
•J 1

0 .">

11-2
II 1

II I

II

II I
0 .'i

II 1

II :i
II 2

FIUE.

The damage done to this rtn-iM- by fiie has been enormous. Large areas have
lipeii crossed and recrossed by the most destructive fires. For miles an-'l .niles alon-
-side the old Indian trails stretch open prairies or desolated w.istes of blacL-eiied stumir,
.bullions and millions of feet of spruce timber have been thus d- troved within the past
i|uarter-century by the carelessne.'^s of Indians, liiilf breeils, s, tiers and lumbermen
J-or although It IS true that, for every acre barod by the lumberman, fire has bared
twenty, yet in nearly every case that tiio started in his one-acre slashing.

West of tt'e St rathelair trail, two great tires some twentv years ago laid waste
aUiut (Opereent of the whole area. The first one simply ran throui^h and killed the tim-
l>er but three years later another fire followed that razed all, not leaving even a spruce
seed-tree over large tracts. Then, of course, both before and ^nce that time there has
been the annual infliction of more or less destructive ground fires. These are roost
numerous around the outskirts of the reserve, especially bordering the Galician .settle-
ments. In order that the gravity of present conditions and the areat necessitv for
more stimgent luetliods of protection may be appreciated, it must be remeiubereil that

Vi

24

Ou. res..rv; cl/^. , S w' i t S^^^ •'' ^ """'■ '•'^^.'-'"''i"^' '■'""■ tl-e east si,|, .,f

;;;"!i:t-j::™:i:r;;;l--'H;f>TV^

tiavell,.r.sa Im.I i„i|.rvssi„n \-„t ,)J •'"' . «'^ ■* ' >'' '' l> itumiv,,,;, miriil,,,- of

;.'"ae. I„ s,,it,' ocU ";,,;. in "r r '"" '" ""■ '^''""^' •^''"""^'i"« - I'^'-^t an,l

tive iirnnanpMt fo.vst.. '""'*'" '""' I"'"i"'> ■"* iro.l.ic-

'^'^^•^^^'!^t:^!:i'i:^^^^^ -' i" ^^ n.ost

pari..,.!, for iM.f„uv wiH V ' V ' ^ "^ >'''''/' '<">1«- It Iwis b,.,.„ Hli:;ht in co,,,-
Lauren ian'., „ V ' h a Jlf.;'::"" , T T''""i'" ''^' '"'" "' ^"""'"- '"^-'-^^ in

.l.-aina,o,satisfH,.to,-y >-•.:..« 1 ^^^tT'; Iln.J'::';;!''" '■''^"'^^f' ' j^^ "^

»l»U'^ Uk. r..soun.,.s of tl„. r. mmv- will . , " '' '"/;P""" '"'P'"^"'?,' ""J <l>-vcl-
tunity for forestry is ex.-'lL.t! "'"'' "'"' """'■"^' '""' ^'"'^ the oppor-

Inas

MHTHODs (>V I'ROTHCTIOX.

: ™;,r '^::S; =":- -'^1= i:'t!rs-sz, '■:t

ori.rmwfl t.,,Ml,r,r,. ,t fi ;• -'•' "<'P<- cinier to h,)l(i ou. ..resent area

.loin.- ■.K.d ^ HH , ,; .'"""*" ''-'^•' I';- ""<-;l""s of a ran.^.r s.-.vic-o, wi.ich l.as I.een
steps have heon .n^r/than l^n!; ,i ^ "i^ ' ^Hk?' u"' ^SI^ ""? ;^" f "'" !""* P^'

the n.o:::'u:sS,'d' : r ' t!" ;'';:^t;i,!:; 'jrir ^ ir "t Y'''\ '-"' ^'^"^'"•- -■■'

At the host it is not tiexibi e, o .M, 7^ .> "■'?' ''"'"' ''""^ ^>'-^f'''" '^'''-•' ">"-■•

an,l vot in lire pr tection i T v 1^^ ' """""'""'•">■ '^ ™"^'''y "'^^"'"1 "f^^ preventative ;
H..re.n lies tl^' " ^ w:;: 7^"::^;) "TT '' ^T'"''"" " "°''"' "^ '"" "' ""-
<lu<.s everything worhhavin 'L^fe 7. ""^ ^?'"' " '"•"•^^^ «'-'sicleral,le, hu. so

.■eriuced t„ a nn.nn.u; ' "'' ■'^^^'-^^^^'^S -f'"'"' "-t havin. the lire risk

DISEAsp;.

is pr..tie„„v nil In poplar. :S ::the;'ha::?tirt, ^ r:.: ;: :^ ^^°'" •^'^•"^^'■

detc. .n.n.n;,' which spec.es .s th." .nost useful all-round timber tree for

I'l Vl, \||

of

■A'-<i

lit

'W

Tvpical \Kuk

Unullt'V in TMU||,l,i|, 111 I; 1,,^, ,,

'V r.dirjiMi.' ti

ri-.-' Ill f h.' I.;|sf

^<^^-'-V 24. '''"""■ ^""' ^'■''"" ••"■"I"-' A -,.c..i„l .,„ |„.r. i-; ., ,„.. ,1.1,1...

,.vJ,

#w«-i:

■;i'.Ti'.

I'i VM |\

■• l'"iiU ■■ ,.,. |n„t,,,^- l„,.l , |.,,,, |„„„, , |. _^ ,.„,,,,,, I..

II" I'lllL'K- \ll

-IM.I- t|„. .\,|„

-"»i5 p. L'."..

Mi^sWWf^zY

39

II... l:Mlin,' ,M.,UMtuiM locality. Knm, ,|... .,ri,, .„,v,.y ,,,u.n. ,l„. av.r- . , ,

was „m<\.- U, litul wiml imt ...i.t „f tl„. „„„,,. .,lV TV '''"•'^"'- '^ '""'">• ••"■•> t

u.t.. |.y ,. «..,.....i ..ly'.. „..:: uk!':,:;'::;: :; X:;;: :z:zr:::^^;i ■" •

ti.m tint th.. j{..|i,.r,il si/,, for fun-tl ,il,.>-ti,,„ w ,■,... 11 , ' ' • ''i'"»--^ui..|,-

i.. .iiauu.t...., tl... r.ML'. of tre,.n; I, I. '" *'""/''"' ""•• '^ "'-'t "".• tool

r.uii.i: M. sTiiiN UK ,\sn:\ i'kcis snnwiv, im

i:.s

Area.

{ nnniliir of

A.,,..,.,

/».r.».

'Ac|»fii rri'cj*,

nil MZ.-».

vwil.ly

(ll-Cllnlil

II .")

im

II

H ,"i

S!l

(7

II .*»

■»•!

II r.

1..7

0 .".

I4i

.'■r

0 -I

H-i 1

•«;i

0 •>

llW

L'J

11 ")

ill

4il

Api'iiniillv

"■mill tiiii,

■ ti-iimlly

(liH<-a<<t'<l,

''"iiditiiiii (,f St.ihil.

T..tHlH.

:iii

j! Tl.nfrv i.i it,,,.. ,t;,M,l l.„v ,.r.M„.,|, f.i,. ,lru,„.,^....
11 M;ituiv. ii„tl||,flv. H,.ll,|,-,„,„.,i l,,„,l| "^

- iiv.-, ,„.,n„,.,,n,l.. r. Ill ,|..„.,u ; ,.,ij. ,,,1, i,,,„„

•w .Miiti.n-, t.di ,,,„i.,.,. ; r,:, ,|, „M,v: l.n.l .x,.,

'ICIIM.IU'''.

,'.'• lV'"V"'="""'"'''-^''""I'I'>'"U-: V !...,„

-' _ ,'>»'Tlll;UUr.'; (Ill 'I'llMty ; H i-il ,l,:,j,„ ,1 .|, ,

Uii j
KNII; Wci: III' M Ni;|S.

■|K.

UcKjt.

IVn-ciitage attiicktd 3;)

Kriiili'

I'ti

I'olM OK AlTAI K.

r.riik'i,

'.riik>'i, ... , ... i

liiiili. •■'"-' ""'•^ i ^lrl■»<■ar. i r„kn..

Ill

IVro..m.-,K..atf..,.t...|„> Ii,„t, <•.> ; M,.MI.., .'il ; T.,,>, Hi • Tl„-..,„.|,.,„t

Av,T,l>,'e iiiiioutit „(■ ful,^'lln ii, Asj,..,,, .-,()

TABJ.K Xn. DIX-AV IN Vsl'i:\
(A stuiiy of (Wl apparently (mjiii,,! .,^,,,.„ \„.,s.)

T>ii*,,,.'trr

I!i>-a«t 1,1^-1,

llictles.

T.'tal tr,'!'.. iv.iiii,,,..,! all ,

Hppar.iitiv »(.i,nil tn th.- -Apimrpiitly »in,i,(| Uiit
fvp. actually (li.«a»til.

I'lr rt'l,t ilixaM'.!.

37
24
•M
2<i

17

2.S

2ti

TVIll.K Mil KKiVW IN llxr.M

I \ «lmly a( 17" .i|'|wn-Illl) -..llll.l liitllii ln-.-ii,|

TmI^I tr.. -c •'miiiiiiikI itll .ii.iKirihtlv A .|.iii. nilv ..mri'l Imt aitimlly

•'Mlllll t,l 111.- |V|.. ll|« IWl'll.

IVr I tnt <Iiwtt*.Hl.

1

.•«

ai 1

.1

«• 1

•t

as 1

4

-'1

H

I.M '

il

iJ

a

M

I

r
lit

IM

ait
as
II)
I a

17

D<l |.r c. 1,1 ,,f II..- \-.|»i, i nlf.-ct..,! ; in l.iiir .,f il,,-,,. ,ifl,H-t,..| tm-« tli.. fiiiiKu- \» n.il,!.-, it li». r.-ii.h.-.|

.•.•hl.il I,,. ,.1„, ,.,,..|,....H,ll,„i ,,„ly 1,. „r.. M-iMy ,lu,.^H...|, ;ui.| uf tl..-..-ii..»,lv ..II ,il.- ..U., ,'l
Ir «iii,l lir.-iik nr ir-«t iTAck.

.-f..-l,

All Mint can 1«< il.'tinitcly Ic^incii fr.mi tin- rosiiU, is ilmt in ^'(•n<-riil «icklv nr
w.iiiM.i.d iri'i's iiiv iittarkwl, an.! hfiillliy lives iiir iii.t. Tlie wln.lr imitt.T is a liraltli
ivliilioii ; and, allliiiiii;li (liisvtmlv lias apparently yifld.-.! no dcliiiitf ri'sullH, yet it mtv.mI
it> purp.wo in Klii.wii,;; that aspi.n is very .siisccptilili- t,. tin- fun).'U>, which .lui.klv
ivii.l.Ms It iisflpss f„r liiiiiLcr and ,.f ^nall valuo for fu.'l, and that over lai),'.' ar.-as a"t
Ira-I halt' the trees have lieen attacked l,y iji.i iliseasc and are no l,in;.',r marketiihle.

It «as f.iiind inipossihlo to determine with anv certainty the p.ant wh.Te the fun-
j.'us eiitereii, hut in aspen at least lifty per cent of the infection is tliroiiLrh a knot or
w..iiiid. The halm, unlike the aspen, are usually allVcted only for four to six feet at ilie
luitt, and mostly hy way of the riKit or a frost ciack.

The ..ii.slion as to what cultural or harveatinj; nietliiKis iiiiKht lie adopt.-d to cluck
these tuM-al ra\ages is a diHiciilt one to answer. If poplar were a tolerant speci.s like

■'••■•uce, the niakini,' of improvem.'iit cuttin;,'s, which would fr time to time remove the

acked trees from amonn their fellows, mi-ht .mswer. Hut poplar is not suited to the
sel.'ction system ; it must " all grow to-.ther until the harvest ', and when the average
tree reaches, say, a diaiiiet.M- of ahout twelve inches the stand should, under aver.iKO
ditions, he cut and n.itural regeneration will at imco start a new stand. U„w much may
he (lone to check the fun,,'us hy a careful selection of small cutting areas remains t.. )m
s.'en, hut tho.i-h -some time may he re.piiieil, there is no douht .hat th.' disapp.'arance
ot o.d, ihseased and over mature staii-ls us the result of intr.l.lucin^' proper cultural and
Imsiness m,.th.,ds will ultimately reduce the loss to a nierelv mauinal one. Up-jn the
whole, a^pcn and halm are ahout of ci|ual value at present for lu-opaiiation on the
reserve, hut lioth should he discarded just as fast as such conifers as red pine anil white
spruce can he made to replace them.

INSFXTS.

\\ hile inpects ni-fl doiiij; some damage, notably t!io spruce Ixirk borers (Deiidroct-
onus) and as[,en dcf.jliators (Linascripta.and Lina lapponica), vet on the whole they
merit no special atter.li.n, for the predaceous varieties, such a.s the ground bt>etles, are
keepin,:; the others well in check. A matter for contfratulation, too, is the fact that the
drstructivo loch sawtly (Nematus erich.sonii), which has ruin.sl whole forests in Ea.s'.-rn
Canada, lias not as yet reached the reserve.

NVINh.

iiiidir «iiy, an alimist t'ii|i..,silil.- tuvk

FltOST.

1'ri.st ri'ilueoH tlin Kcncrnl .iimlitv if tli». I.tili l,,.s .r. 1 1.., . i i i

Kuuy fifty ,„. ..„nt of tho !. f,.;.j,:i, .■ 'r : .;■ 'i ;;:;\:r;, :;''^?:r

!;:::;.'""• •"" ' ""^ "'■^••'•'- ^^'"" "- - >• •• -m-;;;;.;::: ;;:;,,.,;::;:;:

TAIlI.i: \IV KKiisT cH \(K IN ]:\l.\\

lA -n„lv ,.f .„,„|,1,. |,|,„. „, ,h..w ,l„. ,,r,.v:.|,,K.,„f „.,„,, ,,„k ,„. ,.!„,,

An.-,, ,,, , T..ti.l \„, ,.

I'..h.. ir..-. .r^i. k..|, II"'

r ,,„|i,i..,i ,.f .!.,ii,l.

i;i:

T.i.il,

- —

Ml

i:)

.".I

L''J IN

.'.II

II

::ft

:'l III

7s

<i;

.■>s

.'1 111

M

Hi

.*i")

.■)7I

Airi.iK.. |«.r L.-iiT nf fi-.wt cri. I, in I,h!i,, jj

I 111' I., iin.l ll.T i„ ,.«„,-, ,,.-.k.'.| lin.l V lr...«
"*"■ '-""I. I'i.n I'Mlii, I .llin- ,,11'i

"•IMninr.j.

■'""'•"■. >"lM'.il-"!.i, .H.lui--. fiinlv
•I'MIIV. ii..l!,„^ u.il .|,:,ll„,l

IM.'IIJI.

M.iiiii.- »i;ii, 1, ,i.,,,lv l,.v,.| ...ioriir
'■i'"k.
I null. :cii I •rhiillv. -.Ti,i iujIuimI .|,i,|,| ,„

">'l'. l.."l.-l l.,.tt..l,, I.Ml.l.

- mill, ^il.il ii|.. h li,„la , „.,, ,„, I, ^,.| ,„|

iinr. I. .an,.

.V) It. :.■) var i.I ! -t:iii,|. r.d !,, i ..|.. n
anil liiMl.y ; .Jli.. r..iit ,!,i„iiv ;
^"-"l ii,h ..,,1.

-MAN.

In linvtly ,,„■.., himself, tl,r..„j-l, ..ar..|o.ssm..., ilivstruotivo li„nl».rin<. uml imliMTiim

Study of Species.
-"-! Wack Hpruce, as,,.,, (wlnte poiilar), Ul.n (black popl.,), larcl,, canoe hi,;!, • Cl.!",,!

IF .ii&lIM

2x

;::;,'„':;; !:;■;; J;;::::;';,;;;,t;:''-::,,t:; ;;",;■■' " -. ■* <-

r^;i:: ' - ™';- ™.!"-?'=i ....;;^::;;.r::x:.^!;:- ::

i.w.'".;';;;;i;:;?::;L";^::;T:'.wlr ■ • "V'"' '■ ^ ^ '^ <,.,,.

• •• '. <"• i^::' c.;,:.t:;;;':::,;;;r'::t ::;:':,;'''• "t' t'"""'"

N" -"- 1- - .».. ,-..„ ts';,f !;,:&. rw ,.:•:;;: .:::':;; 'irrr'"'"' t "•

nil I'OMipetitoM. nas ,111 mvl it, to croHil i.iit

.hr.,„«hlif.,but,,.i' LlTr» ;.,ir'' iV' " ' .-.nmUl.lv t.-l.nu.t „ .1!

11,1 1 , " """. "iw.iNi a runt li.is no ,siif|,||i,-aMc.> Iw.-c

explain .!„. rlo.,e .Umi of l,|u,.k m„u ', o Ih-' m, k ,T' 1 " "" I"""'"? "' ''"""'^' ''"'^
lin«s oov.,rin- unl.urnt ,1, shines \, U ^ '''""' '"'""' *''''" ''I""'-^' •'>^''<l-

!«■ nM„..,„l„.r;i ..Im t u n u^ , ' i ,'i r'-' X"'l T'"*' "^ '"■•'"'" '""•''*' " '"-t

of gu,.U.,., .ln.preptH.ot/ 1 /■' -^''V" '','''•' "'" ^•■'■>' ''''l'*-''""^ f-"""' l'"'-

I . 1 f^ r"'"'oii ixMii,' only alxiutone t iin ;is io.|..i( \l,...,. , .k

vvlo,.,t,y of U,.. .I.v praiiiM win.li which .•■mst-in I 1 , ■^'""•"•^•■'. •^'''''^'''''K"

-l-t^w„inj: in t^„.|,;.o. Tho --vh,. r,wi n lo« h f ■"'' ""^ ''''""" ''^ '*'^'" ^"^^

•^ ';"«'y -";!' H unt to u:::^xzJz^. :'z::';;zr- "-"'' '"^^'-^ - -^--

l.al..»„ ooul.l b^'e^.^ el frC CO in. i, ^f"'"'%'>P" I'^ve.s. provid,.! always that the
i..,' op,.nuions in'nortW,. f.?;"" "'""' '"' '" "' ^^''"''"'""y '•-"•t" "f^er .sp.uce lutulK-r-

s..nso;fl^.:^;"::;'!::;;;;^~',^l, '■'"■"'■• 'Ir' ■■'''? -^ «-wtl.. consi.l.nn« .h., short

tree on wCll .WMo^l h i 'tn:?Tl,.;rh ^ I".' """ ''''""" ^'•"*"' "' " "'"f^y
for a «r..at,.r ran«. of conditilL th i, h'. rl ebut 'v! n"'":;'" '*' '''"'" ^'-\--"«'^
.". M...eslin,Mh,. general ,,uality a. d posibl tL of t/rr^ ' T "J '""'■'' '"'""
of spruce. .^ """ ^"'"*'"'""i'' "' t""* re.so.ve for the production

j^M

-i

, f

1 -■«

j

■Z^-^'^-'M'

29

T.vm.Kxv_w„n-K sphick. tahlk kasku ..n ..kok t.kksshow.x. ,a:uuTi

IN DIAMKTKIt AM) IlK.'fillT.

(A\,iu((e tri-c fi,r all »itr«).

Ak-.

I). liU

I'.li..,lic

l)i;iiM, r,.|

'in. will.

Il.iKlit.

l".Ti..Mic

l|.-i},'l!t
< MOW til.

Incht*!-

Indies.

I'l.
•J' I.

.■*!

40.

iM).

tMl.

70..

M)

!K) .
lOii
110 .
1211..
1*1
HO .
l.'iO .

Feet.

1 II

S ."i
1« 5

•J 4 1

1 4

IS

LV« r.

19

:».">.■)

.s 0

1 it

4". 0

1 ti

11 0

14

.V.ro

l.t 1

1-2

'.1

t;4 0

IM 0

11 II

Ml

71 0
7:< ■ n

UN

■s

IT) ij

S

7 '">■">

III :«

ID S

■r.

77 0
7« 0

J 0

«0

!l «

10 0
!» ,-.

1 •>

") 0

4 0

3 0

•JO

15

10

first Jl:!r;:i^ :!:n: ,;::,r ^;ifr^ f "- --'«- ^'-e sp... tree. The

the end of each ileL"i.l, In , ^K :. '"' '""'"'"" "''' ''"*"«-'"■• l»»vist-l,mh at

tu'lh an.1 .ev.„ii,4h ya.-. it inc-eaised ir^^helght 7 I Li' "'' '""' '^'^'"'■*'" "^ "^•

TAliLK WI.^WIIITK SI-IUCK. \()LLMK TAIiLK.

■ (r,,iii|,il..,l from tliH iiipa,.urfiiii-iit.s of 4(i tn*

Age.

I

D.RIi.oiit D.lih. i„. Ti.tal
, Midc hark. .^iil,. l„irk. H.-iKlit.

IIkHI MAXTAHr.K

Lk.m.ih.

few.)

TotMl Vol-

Mkhih.wt.mii.k

VoM 5IK.

nrltloo'^rM' ""''"'"'■"• ■'.n.a".i: 'i in. a.ul
'"■•'""I'- "'••'tt..|.. over .f,,el. over-l,«,.

Years.

liiclie

Inihe

111
Lii.
»l,
40

")0 .

Ill)
70.
So
iH) .

loo. .
no..

ll!il.,
130.
1411
150.

I, riO

■J -»)

4 4r.

II ;so

H 2.")
10 10

13 70
15 4.-.
17 ii"i

ista

20 20
2170
2.M0

0 7
2-3
4 1

.") s
7 B
'.14

11 3

12 II
14 i>

Hi 2

17-7.
19 2
2il«
21 !t

Keet.

3 5

K5

IS 0

2S-0
41 (»

07 II

in .-.

72 0
7.j o
77 5
7!i o
SO 0
Kt 5
StiO
880

Feet.

C'li. Kt.

],•, H<l. Ft Scn'l>.
ner rule.

4 0

15 0

2(1 II

oi: II

43 0
4'.l 5
:"^4 5
5S 5
1 12 0
115 0
ti7 5
70 0

14 0
24 II
31 5
3S 5
44 II
■i.s 5
52 5
.Mi 0
5!l II
61 0

0 013

0 1144
II 315

1 252
3 2.5S

11 i;.-.3
iriN4
17 mill

25 3)11

32 310

411 7111

511 l!:i4

.511 I2li

tj'.l (Hill

7S 7S3

2 a."!

4 V75

III ,%,-,

111 r)(K)

23 .575

311 745

:« (17.-,

17 375

511 tiOll

nil I'.K)

75 ;i,S5

10

2.5

"ill

SO

1110

2.-1O

310

3(i0

4*1

5211

30
whiJ—rtlter'" ?pi:'^%*':%S'"°''''',> ™*« ""'' merchantable contents of the be«t

of feet of LsiZ r T *" t '"'''*:', ^' '^" *«P ; ''"' »'^"' «°l""'n «ive8 the numbe

r vi^^rcL'uTn ^ivLx t^;uii„r„; ?..;:;:: TcubS L^•';h^:^:r^^ ^'^^

gives the cubic feet of cordwood that the tree w'u make i cut to' 4 i!,I^ • T .'""

TADLE XV„,-TABI,E SHOWIXO l,E„i»- ixn ,>UMETEK GRUWTH ,N W„,TE

SI'RLCK r ., >UCTION.

(Baaed on measurements of 2". .

5 in good noil for spnice.)

s.

!l
10.

u.

12.
13.
14
15.
Hi.,

Age.

Years.

Height.

Feet.

Dianieter

at griiiind

(outHide

bark).

Inclien.

0 10

0 02

0 15

0 (K

0 27

0 117

0 40

0 10

0 54

0 18

0 72

Olti

0 90

0 20

1 12

0 24

1 37

0 2S

1 70

o;u

2 20

0 42

2 7.5

0 r>3

:< (ifi

0 70

4 (ir.

0 91

6 (HI

MS

cl

liLACK SPRUCE (Picea mariana).

TAHLK XVIII.-IiLACK Sl'Rl CK. VOLUME TABLE.
(Based ou measurements tif 34 trees.)

Uiaineter l)re;i.,<t high
(uTiu-ide bark.)

Tiital Volume

nianiejer lireastliivh
(outside liark.)

Tc.t.ll Vnlunie.

Inehett.

1
2
3
4

5

Cubic ft.

0 1
02
0 5
JO

Id

Inches.

H

9

10

Cubic ft.

2 7
4 1
6 0
SO
U 9

WW^MF'

31

TABLE XIX.-KLACK SI'Rl'CE. TABLE SHOWIN.i CRoWTH IN LI VMKTKR

AN'1> IIEKJHT.

(Boned on im-aKurpments of 3-1 tr«'8.)

Affe.

Ilialii.tiT

lirwi.-t-hit'h

((iiilMcIf liiirki.

H,.it'l,t.

10..

ai.
M. .
40.

no..

an.
70..

HO.
•HI.

loo.
no.

12<i.

vm.

140.

l.irli.s

0 ;i
11
•J II

2 8

3 s

4 H

.") li

'•.4
7 1

7 ti
K 1
H (!
II o

K..-t

1-7
."i tl
lo .-i
1.-. .-.
Uli II
I'll II
;*iH
sr. 0
,'f<ro
4-.' o
■\-, ■)

4S 0
^ill 0

."il 0

AtSPEX. (f'opuln.1 treiui(/oidr/^.)

is of Sr ilir^a,*^ rJi '° ^'l ^ ^"""^ '•''^'^'"iti"" -^^ one to the fact that this .species
18 ot Slight value as a producer of saw material, vet it ha.s plaveil a very imnorbmt n-.rt
in supplying the wood wants of the western .settler, and is Vdav, hv virtTof its uW
.,u,tous occurrence and great .a.: value, a tree of immense utility eLdX in v ew of
tiie general absence of other and better species ptti.iiiy view ot

specielTbaTrhiri? "T'' P"""" '^"''\'"- "'ore' often mixed with such as.sociating
Tufh A- . an-l/P'-"'^*'- It pi-efers a fre.sh loam, but only the extremes of

?h ou^hTilT H"?.r ^"'^''^ ''' *'"■""."' '^"'''■'''>'- ^' '^ '^ »'•«« tliat\]ema„ds light al
oSr fS'ndn^ w . ?'■■' Va """"f "^ """ t""^ "^ '" ^' ''"^ ■ '''' ^h*" tree.s mu.^t start
together torm.ng what is called an "even-aged " stand. The downv wind-borne seed is
prcKluced in June every year in great abundance, which explains wilv all t reZp a.tas
are ,so rapidly re-clothed with poplar. In close stand the a.spen hi^s a strai'h "sm oth
bole and small open crown. The size of mature trees varies ^th the mois u siTpplv
from the crooked sickly specimens of 40 feet in height and 8 inches in diameter com-
mon on the light sandy soils of the upper plateau, t^ the straight vigorous weS'e.n'l

t::^^i^z:,:S(i::^'' ''""''"''' '' '''^^ ■- '^^"«"' --^ ^ *--^ - ^-'--t-.

cllp^f^^"'^^'", ''?*'*' '°^'' ""' '"■""« ""'^ '"*'="'' t° ^'''i^on properly. It makes ex-
ness Tt l** / '"'■°"P''''''f '""f "''"' ''"^'^'''^'■' '""^ ''"'''''''^ ""O""?^ "f snowy white-
Tn all oth'erf cZbled':-^"'"'" ''''^'^' " "^^ ^'"^'^ '^ ''''^■'>- ^" '"■ ^^ ""P-^"^
Almost no figure.s have l^-en published to date on this continent as to the hei-ht

Urf'';^"'' '"'"'"" «'°^I'^°^*'^'^ ^P'^^"^''- «"" '■«'»-" i« I'- '•'■'"tively unimportant

hm . "'^''"'f ' *"'"^'""" '^ "'« g'-''** indistinctness of the annual rings, which makes

he fiel 1 n 7 ""'^ "^^n.-n^'^tifactory. Some measurements were taken ^ach voar by

dvenlilow fl'" *''^^:'i'"« Mountain,, and other neighlx.uring reserves, and the tabled

given below are compiled from this source.

is 1 •'^Sr ?n^^tl!*T' that the average annual height growth <luring the first 25 years
LVt '.r ''^'''^'"»''"'^"""^*^''' «'"''*th' 01+ inches; or if the first 20 vears

are taken the ro«p.ctive figures :uy approximatively one foot and one tenth ot an inch,
ner W n„ ! T. -i^t volume of the average trees in board feet is given by the Scril,-
ner Log Rule. It will be .seen that even if the tree were free from defect its yield of

32

«awn lu,„l«.r would l.e ,.elH,iv..ly small. Hut «. „ ,„.ittor of fur.t fully oi -hly p-r cent of
tlie m.iluiou-pon on tins n'seivc is untit f(.rs,u,„cr II... "".* ';'-;"'^J' I* "^ cmt ot

lAHLK NX. AS,.KN. TAIW.K SHoWIN,; i'VAiCESTAUK nv li.MJK AT l.inTKKVT

A(;i'X

Diiirm-tiT, )iri.i-t liiuli

l'>TiciitMi;.. .,f li.iik.

hiiiliiitir, Iii..i-t liijfl,
H.ut^idi- li.irk.)

I'l roiitat,'!' iif littlli.

Iiji'Im

ai

ir

18

10

14

111

l;i
1.1

15

TAIil.l.; -XXI. TAIir.K.SII.AVIN.iHDI.illTAM.I.IAMKTKI! .iKCWTH IX ASl'KV

KKl'Ki'DlcTiuX.
(C'i>iii|iiIiMl from niea«tirfiiient» uf 272 tiriv^.)

:V«<!. l|,.ij;||t.

, DiuirMtcr :a ! Diam.tiT
(-•nmiiil liii'u>t-l]iK'li

iiiut.«ulH bark), (uut.sid,. Lark).

Av'.-

< DiaiiiPtir at DiaTncti-r
Height. Kn.iinil Iiria,-t-lii>r(i

(cmtsid.. liark.) (outside l«rk).

4

li

S

10

12

Feet.

17
3 H

ftS

» 2

10 3

12 7

Inclirw.

0 2".

o .-15

0 IKI

1 2.->

1 :.r,

1 MO

Iticlie,.

Ke

0 40

0 73
OH.-)

1 15

M

ii;

IH
20
•)•»

24

1.-) 0
17 2
I'.CW
22 4

21! 0

2H S

Tmlics.

2 10
2 45
2 7.")

:mo
;! :/)

4 ()0

Indies.

1 .T)

1 fiO

1 iP5

2 ,S5

2 KO

3 ;i0

TABLE XXII.-ASl'K.X. VOLU.MK TABLK.

_^^^^^ (liaiMKl on nieaxureinents of 02 tre.>». )

Age.

10
20 .
30 .
40

m
70 ,

iw .

I >ianieter

Itreast-Iii^^h

(outside

Lark.)

Indies.

0 8

2 0

3 4

4 N

0 2

10 2

I >ianieter

I»reast-hi(yh

(outside

bark).

Indies,

1 0.-)

2 4

3 !(

Total
Heiu'lit.

7 2

10 !)

12 3

4»

,f)5

m

H.5'5

Mkkih.ant.milk

I'KNOTH.

Knel to 4
ill. at toll.

Logs to li
in. ,it toll.

Total
Vuhinie.

31

4!) 5

13

31 ;
3li

MkKi IHNT.AIIl.E
V(ll,l,MK.

For fuel I ,
to 4 in. at'.'^'^lV'

top.

in. at top.

Cu. ft.

Cu. ft.

Bci. ft.
Scribner.

0 1)07

0 2.31

ro4o

2 342

i 170

3 5(i7

4 l>40

5

7 fiX5

li 440

lo

10 aw

'■> 222

25

12 .-.15

11. -yo

Xi

15 Otii)

13 N,-)2

50

Hi .-JW

15 :«,-,

1)5

I'l Mf Ml.

:«-v.';u-.„M ,t;in() „f l!ali„ ,.„ Htr ,

I t.ist .(ii.ihtv. A ,

1.1 1,:.

!••< lU ll. ■1.1,1.

n..,., I.,. I, ,; 1/,„ ,/,,/„„
I" inrli.- ,11 ,|,„|||. f., 1,1, ,,st.

■■."■'><r< |.. :i:i.

-rV^^'m

3S

TABLK XXm-ASl-KN. TAHLK SHOWlX(, PKOIUBLK KUTURK VIKU).

TulJ.. ooMtnuU..! fr(,m actual a»iir<-mHnu ,,f rat^ „f im>wth ,., ,!..„. , i .

HjK^ v..y urK. area. ,„ ,.,.. F„..t K...rv.» i.. Ma„it„,..';v^^':A!i:;,;!:''i:;;.;r:!:;:' ;;;±:t:;'::f Se

Atf.

\o. Trw,*. AveraK.-
tSri'Mt'liigli.

10

20

»).

«).

60.,

80..

70..

HO .

,0«I0
,."ilJ0

,ai<»

029
425

3an

300

1 r,

•i 2

4 7

6 0

7 2
H 7

lu 1

11 1

.\vfra(jr«

Average I
Viiliiiiie i
tier Tn-c.

CT-t.

Cu. ft.

Cor(

13 5

0 1

2H II

OH

:<H II

2 4

4li 5

4 3

51 U

C-8

64 t)

11 1

50 6

14 0

68 0

17 4

Yielrl
iwt Acre.

4

22
32
41
47
B9
65
68

poplifo^'fud'p^rucS. " '"^^^ '"'' ^"^""■' -"''^ »— y -tis£actoryon.i„

BALM OF GILEAD (PojHdus balmmijera).

la ri"" s??r """^' ■'"' '""*' "»» "-• ^- ™" "^""' "■-•.::s

TABLK .V.X1V.-1,»I.M, T.WLK SI.OWIN,, ,:„mvTH IN 1,KI,;EIT *N„ M.«„nKK.

(C'uiii|mtc<) from uiiasuiiiiR'ntH of :« trect.),

Age.

Years.

10 ... .

21)

30

40 ■

50

Feet.

10 0
22 5
34 0
42 6
60 3

IKiglit.

Diameter
Bri'ast-liigh.

Inches.

10
2 6
4 2

n «

7 0

Age.

! 60

70

I 80.

I; 90.

100.

Height.

Feet.

.'m; 2

1)0 5
63 8
05 0
050

Diameter
Breast-high,

Inches.

8 0

8!t

U .">

10 1

10 0

2965—3

34
JACK PINE {/•inu» Bank„iana).

60 to .Ofeot ,n |,..,Hl. «„,| 12 to 1,. incWn in dknu-tor, will. Htrai«t.t, fairly c'«r
runk». an.l y..M ,. k-kkI Kra.ie of H,tw tinilnT ami tic mHtoriul ; hut wh. ^nTnVoZ
th,.y are a m.i.s of l.ml.s r.«l.t to tlu- ground and of little vulu.. ..von for Ha- wThkI h
oth..r words ilm tnnl.., value of a ja.lc f..,,.- varies dir.rtly with tlj densilr of ih

knotty, as a ruh-, and of low .-onuneroial > aluo or utility. This tree sliould bt , onfin3

strutly to such parts of the reserve as will not ,.ro,luce i.tter Icies """'^

Jack {..no nourishes on the dry sandy plains east of Clear I^ike.' It. nature h to

fonn an exte.«.ve pure stand after a Hre, and only where spru.e seed trees were alw

spues. The rtK.t systen. ,s deep onouxh to prevent windfall, and the defect in stendin^
t.,nk.r due to insects and dise.se is not over two or three pe; cent. A. y o the Z

1 '^'l^ If^"?' •*P''"'^'"=''"n "^ jack pine on this reserve is cood. The seedlin.,,
demand full hght on a mineral soil, just the condition found afte^rTore I-:^?. trT
moreover, .3 a storehouse of see.l. and, as the tire not only prepares thTseedbcVbut
also unlo<.-ks this supply, a .lense young stand results *^ "*

There is an area of 15 s.pmre miles in Townships 19 and 20, UanRe 17 now bearin„
such a young growth, part of which is eight, the rest fourteen yXso.lsSd a
second hre now sweep through this resinous mass of saplings anTdfbris even SeJ^d
trees will vanish and the whole tract become prairie ^""

Jack pine ditrers markedly from spruce or whit« pine in its habits of urowth The
latter grow in a slow persistent uniform way for two or three centuries but the former
Tars Thrf n'" ^'"'T >*f """P''"^ ^""."« '"''y "f" »«'' l"--«-"y M" it t "g It GoTtO

TABLE XXV.-JACK PINK. TABLE SHOWIX.; TOTAL HEKJHT AND CLEAR LENGTH

ON DIAMETER BASIS.

'**"'"''' "° ni'^'urfmcnt* of 224 tr,*» in a ty|,ical jack ,.lne stand).

Diameter
Bruanthigli.

j T.ital Il.ight

Incln-H.

Fr.t.

10
21
»)
38
44
48

Clear Length'

Keet.

20
22 r.
24 0

i >iaineter
Breaiit-hlgh.

Incliea.

TcUil HeiKht

Fict.

&4

5S 5
01 0

(a 0

64 3
(ioO

•Tl„. clear lengtli is the h.iKnt fro„, th,. Kroui.<l to the tir.t gr.rn branch,-,.

Clear Irf-ngth'

Feet.

2(; r,

27 (»

27 5

28 0
28 0
28 0

35

TAHLK vXVI. .fACK PINK. TAI

(C..m,iil«l fmn, i„.,i.ur.i,„.|,t, ,,f 30 r. pn * i,t„tn . tr. . ,.

Ann.

hi.iiiii't.T. Mr-iiKilii^l,,
(■Hit.iili. \<nrk.)

An...

I>i.iiii.t,.r, llna-t lim'li,
(.iiit.i.l.. I.ark.)

io

as
w

40

SO

OS
2H

6 4

7 3

N 8

\*t'ari

•»

70

Ml

'Ml

Ml

Iiichi-)

• i> I
II 0
11 7
IL' 2
ll> li

The volume table* below, M constructed by Mr II R M .,Mmriw~T^^rr~Tr .,

Keserve, are aln., oppli.-able to the jack cine .f th« IJ ;' I \i ■" ,^ ''" ^'""^

growth-rate an.l tape'r'ar.. practically the .aL foH ^ 1 alifi.- ''ti;::''% """"t *''"
by 8-f.K,t loK. ., a convenient.standird. whether for .Kil.ru'; tin.bi^r ;;t;' """''""
TAIU.K -^■>:^'"-'ACK I-INK. Vo,.,r.MK TAm.K S„„W,V„ CXTKNTS
Oh KACIl U)<; IN CIIIIC KKKT. "-..mm

— ^-.- <I*ir» taki-n tip I inclif» at tlir top).

Diain.'t.T lTHa«t.|ii({h, (outsido
Urk.)

Inclit

4..

6...

6...

7...

H...

!)...
10.. .
U...
12...
13...
14...

Int

0 730

1 140

1 ftW

2 170

2 7U()

3 484

4 272

5 1152
5 1124
r, R't2
7 856

TABLK

2ii<l
Log.

!

3r.l
t'V-

4tl.

:.th

lltli

7th

1

6 m

0 «fiO

. ...

I 430

0 876

....

I !»4(i

IKU

1 .-i'.Hi

2 4iHi '

0 'eii

1 2fiS 1

1-KS4 1

? i-1 '

1 loo

1

3 700

3 048

2' 400 j

1 r>44

,

4 4in

4 "24

2 872 !

2 020

1 07li

5 008

6 64U

4 IJO 1
.4 (ilO I

j

3 :i,-.2

3 7tt2

2 .M2

2 848

1 4l>i
1 832

i 020

Total.

!<•". feet.
I •

0 730

1 740

2 tilfl
4 470
li I'M
8 712

12 sro
in 744
20 332
2.1 2il2
27 r.28

■■^.vJ'""-''^^'^ P'^K. VOM'MK TAHLK SH<)\VI\(
.'KET (HORIBNKK KULK) OK L„,;.s H KKKT "...nV;
" INCHKS AT TUK TOI'.

i CUXTKNT.S l\ HOAKI)

l-<i(;.-; TAKi:\ to

Dianiitcr ISrcaat Wgh (out^iil,. I«rk.'

R

7

8.

9.
10.
U.
12
13.
14..

Inches.

CoNTE.VTs IN H,,Aut) Kkkt. (.Scril.n.r '■ l),..in,al C " U„l,.)

Butt

!(.». !"« -■ Log ?.. I T^,K 4. I I.„g 5. r^,|

10
10
20
20

:io

30

•g 6. Total.

5

5 '
10 I

10 j
20 j
20
20

1

i'

,^

5
10

10 ,
10 !

1

10

in

t

10
20

5

5

i 10
I 20

i *»
'4S

60

75

85

at",

TABI.K X.VIX .f.XCK I'lNK T Altl.H SMOUIM; T.VI'Hlt iiK l.rMlK.

l>iniiH't>-r iiiKJili Urk »t fiv.ii hi IkIiU »1i.h.. ^uiinil.

I>iji)ii*>tfr llri-ajit high
(iiuuittf bark.)

Inch.'!.

«.

7..
K.
9.

m..
II..

13..
IS'.
U.

17 ft.

1

j" ■ ft'a'" i

1 112
7 2
H'l

H H
i i» .-i

10 2 i
1» 7 1

1

•Jl ft.

i

4*" '

I'l II
7 1
7 !•

H li '

'.1 3

It'H 1

32 ft

■■■■.( 7
i: II

11 H

7 n
H ;i

<<l ft.

i

»ft.

ft 3

t) a

7 1

N 1

IN ft.

Hi)
!• fl

in ft
11 2

120

3 H j ,

6 H !.

n N

7 4

4 H
ft ft

The abiive table is the biwis fur Table XXVIIf.

LARCH Oil TAMAIIACK {/.ari.r /nriri„a).

Owing to th<» gtrenjfth of this tiinlier i»n.l its .lurubilitv in contact with the L-ruun.l
corabineil w,th gn-at cloar lonRth an.J small taper, it is a v-ery valuable stm-ioH f.,r n,«t«
raftprx f.-ncinj; an.l construction work g-nerally. Morrover, it is the faM-urite and
highest pnced fuel wood on the local inarkrts. Hut although it is for th.'so reasons a
tree of va.st utility to the wttler, yet to the mill nmn it is a " light lK),lied" tree, norinallv
of t.K, small diameter to cut inU. pn-titablo saw material. For this reason larch sh.nil.l
not be favoured over white spruce on goo<l soils, but for all th- more twrly .Iramcd
areas it is the species to be favoured. '

It occurs in small pure sUndsof limited area or more often, especially where the
drainage is tetter, mixed with black spruce. If the water table is too near the surface
It 18 of very slow growth and remains always spindly and stunted, a tree of three to
five inches in diameter and twenty to thirty feet high ; but along swamp bor.lers and on
hill sules where seepage occurs it flourishes, some specimens reaching 15 inches d bh
and (0 feet in height.

Urch does not prefer the cold sphagnum lx)gs and muskegs, but is almost confin.Hl
to such sites by the keen competition of other species. A tree grown in good soil has a
tall slender shaft and small narrow crown ; in the open, vice versa. In deep muddy
swamps the roots are long and stringy, on drier lan.l they are sturdier : in all situations
the tree is wind-hrm. Heing very intolerant, larch is always found either in pure even-
ag«i stands or as a dominant tree in mixture.

Urch reproduces only by seed borne in smsll purplr cones which mature in one
season. It is a prolific but irregular see<ler. Natural reg.neration is quite satisfactory
in suitable openings, so that in lumbering a thrifty new stand may be assure,! by leaving
sulticient seed trees. . o

Although .some damage is done by bark beetles the tree has no serious enemy the
saw -fly not having appeared as yet. '''

The life history is quite similar to jack pine. In both the early height-LTOwth is
extremely rapid, the diameter accretion beinif postponed until the stand thins out and
the more vigorous trees can .secure an abundance of sunlight.

Both larch and jack pine are short-lived, and for larch, at any rate, the most
prohtable commercial rotation will not e.xceed (10 years. The table below is from
measurements taken in the Kiding Mountains. The" growth in muskeg is seen to be
much slower but even more (.arsistent than on the higher land.

■PI

I'""'- ■'■■'• 'i 11 l.,.,t.

.17

IM>U SXX i.Ut.ll un.K Ml.aviS,; ,|,m ,h.m.11| ANt.l.UMKmi.iKn Til
"► '■^"•■" 1^ \M/. Ill, UN h.lAINM.I, ....M.ITIONS.

SllF il a. 'I'HlttMl.

Ml »iit., Svrn !>«!» Tr««»

A*f..

Vfftr:

111 .
'J I

fto..
<IA.
W..

m..

DM.

ihikuit'U-t

;r>Ti«tlii^li

III.

0 n

1 II

i; II

X (

N H

M 1

!i 2

•1 ar>

T..tnl II.

►''"<•( ,

|r. <i

•IH ■■
4'l ..
I'l fi

.'.; II

•11 0
«2 0
»3 »
83 0

I'irtiitt't.r
r.ri'iui-hiirh
■ itit»«li. tiark)

Inehf.*,

I 0

U' 1

.1 4

I I

ft I

B ti

« I

iS

I'.. 1*1 lli'irht

FcH.

t I

4 .'•
10 II
lA 6
91 »
9tn
»> ^
;:■ o
;« -,

41 II
4fi S
Al) II

lt.\h.SA.M (,|/,„, ,i/„„„,„.)

HalMH,,, ..curs mix,.,! M,„h the s,,ruc,.s in moist situations. It is loU-rai.t fairlv
-ml hrn. and a ,,r..l,fi.. ..e,!,., Tl... «routh ,H,e is vory .low, ,t resem Im , 'ru -c n
..aM.r..of .rowth l.i.t is I. .s ,,,.rsi.stent, ,vs sh. .„ by th.- f:,ll„winK table :^ '

TAhf.K .\.\.xr. l,a.SAM lil. .WTM IN HKI, IIT ANI> I.I V.MKTKk. l.ASKI) ON A.IK

'<'..rji| -iti-d f 11.111 in,.»«iir. i. ..|,i« ..fan tf,-.,)

.\ir.-.

\'t-ar«

10
SO

SO

H. .K-ht.

:\
i'l
II

IS

I'liiiiii'tir.

r.i HMt-iiiKti

((Mil-.(|.. tiark.

II 4

1 4

2 S

Ak-

.'ill

liO

7"
.so

lI,-,Kl,t

1-f.t.

*t

:«i

411
.',1

l>i.iiii».t»'r,

I'.r'-aj.t hiffli

(i>iit«c.|< llMlk.)

Inches.

4 M
« 6

H .-f
•I t

PAPER BIH'

This species prefers .a li^-ht
iiii-Tflfl in varying; proportion
about 15,000,(»0() board foef ; i
part -- too ri:;i3li .infi >i..-.ki-ti i,,,
to furnish Mooring, which st'lls a-

"Tt'i

per

-;

' I i'i ' ' ""t" aland or

-' It • i there is

= -III the reserve, im. ii.. vreater

iimits the l,<»st trees are being cut

Biroh mak».s good fire- <x)d, antl

38

no donht most of tho presmt supply will U- thus use,!. On the whol,, it is an inferior
Niicoies ,«ul, oxc„pt for tlu. nmll su[.ply noe.l,. i for Npocial uses to which it is adapU-d
will not Uj a factor in future niiina;.;i'iiiniit. '^

TAlsr.K.WXII. I'AI'KIt ItlliCII, (iKOWTII IN IIKH;HT AM) DTAMKTKI!, HASKDOX A(iK.

(('.■in|mlicl friiiii iii™»iiriiiiintB i.f 24 lrc». )

I

A«.-.

I). III..
(out-ii'li- hark)

V«'arn.

10

21)

;to

Iiicliix.

1

1 s
3 2

r. 2

li H

40

0<l

H.U'lit.

\HV.

1). Ith.
Oiitsi,!,. Unrk.

H.JKht.

Krct.

:<7
It

Vfarx.

, liO

"o.

' xit

!N»

100.

FnclirH.

X 4

!l (!

10 (1

11 .■.

12 2

>'c<'t.

411

54 r>
M
fil

112 .^

laper hir.h is intoleriint, hut l.ss so than poplar. The deep spreadini; root-
svstom makes ,t entirely wind nrm. UeppHiuetion is seeure.l both hy see'l an.l sprouts,
the coppice growth heinf; luxuriant after a tire or cutling. The growth rate is slow
an,l this faet, alon- with the weight of the tiniU-r, its serious percentage of defect from
cHHik and Its limited utility and market, makes this s,«.cies unworthy of consideration
as a cominenial competitor with the conifers. We have no measurements as vet suf-
lieieiit tor e,.nstru.tion of a volume tahlr. The foliowinfj Uhle is from (isures g^.tliered
m the New Englan 1 St.ttes .y the UnifMl Hiatus Forest Service. Hiding Mountain
i)ircli IS of poorer (|uality and .vill run five per cent less all r.iun<l.

r\V.'..K XX.MII. -l-APKIt lilU(;H. TABLK.SItcWI.Ni; VOLUMK IN CORDS "EK TKKK.

Iliniii. tor l'.ri:i,>^tliij;h {(int.-idi' l..irk).

Iiu-liP
5

t; . , ■ ' '

7

«

!»

in ]

11

12

Mkiicii- .Mll.K Lkn a— kkkt.

10.

(ro2
0 02
0 1 13
0 04
0 ItT)
0 07
OO-
0 (W

2o.

0 ci;>

0 1^4

0 0.-1

0 ii7

0 OS

0 12
0 12
0 14

30.

40.

0 0.S

0 (17

0 OH

ooy

0 11

on

0 13

0 13

on;

0 Hi

0 lit

0 1!»

0 22

In the al)Ove table th.- trees are divided into height chvsses, and for each height
.•la,.s a volume n given. Thus an eight-inch tree „f a merchantable or usabh' length,
approximately 10 feel, contains 04 ...rds of fuel, but if the usable length is 20 f^-el it
conUins O, of a co-d of fuel, and .so on.

Utilization of Species.

1.1 .mi!i:k.

(i). Si-niTK.

Commercial lumlH-ring operations are practically coufme.i as yet to this species
Xlie large nnlls may saw a g.md poplar log now and again or a little larch, but they

I'l Mt \IV

:ill(l 1. ifiiit _. 1- ...^> r ' . "I ' .* -■' 111' H

Sawn, ill ,,t Mr. .1.

iiriil II :ilililiutiir(- l.'i.lKK) f,.

I |"l il.,v.

ClAlK W

Mh.l ..rl,. I .|,t,,

Hfi^^llOT^f^-^M^^^

.'i9
About onefifth of tliig 16 000 000 f«.. J^ ? """^^ '"".'''' "^ '"*' Diiuphin district.

The wholesale .nTiori^i^^'tZ^: '^ t:r".;''%'ii""«, '!"""^»",' «—

to 9-28, depending o„ the quality The e i a ten.io.Jv t.nv .Z ' '" '"' ■■•■""' ^T" •'''''
eral the accessibility of the timber i„w cri'l. . ^n /k ■ . '"",? P"'^'"''- '" -^"^

ing and .aintcnani^ of iced r::a:i:\;:l.f ^^ ; ^'^e^: ^H .irr ".i'^'n' ''^ *''^' • *'
on the larger streams. One-horse skiddin ' is ?ho rule ol ^, ? T l^nv.n^- .s ,
general length of loss is 1-^ to Hi fM»^ „„, " \ ' ^*'" ''"■ '""""e'^t logs. Th.!

fnches at b^oaL;:^gh Im^''^ hL i^ T tir^r "%"'r ^""[""^ '" "'^'"^ ^^
from the .stump until loaded Tthe car L »et orth in .k'1 u ^•'''^'"""*^ *'" '"'"*-''
one of the largest companies - "'**' '" "'^ ^"''o^^'nfe' «*«'rn figures by

Itkm.

Ii<tfKiiiK

^^awln(;

• JmiTnineiit lines

Planing, hauling anil Uwiing ori car

Total

Aieragu cost price at car, .
Average selling price at car

Averag(' protit.

Co^T IK

i (5 12 mill- liiiul.)

;

R i«
2 75

0 75

1 m

H -M. KOK

j (■■( H mile h.iul)

$

(i 0(1

2 73
076

3 (JO

i.3;ii»

12 .-lO

12 !Kj,«.rM.

15 (» „

2-7« ,.

some!'i:;:t"e5;";t'i:rrbn^\„?:;h''°^'^'^"''';^ Pf'^-^^ n,ost generally used ;
have no occa.si;n to^J;le „ the lo^ ^iy'tn™' L the''''" """ '"T"''' *"^ ''«''-
region will run 1.5 logs per M the!scrZe^ dLim^i P l "^^ '"' ?^ ""^'""^ '" ""«

than the DoylerulelVisLscriV^Jf",.'^''"''' ^ ■■"'*"' KJ^"*^ "'"'=•' f""" results
adopted by L h-mbennen ^ (government use and might well be generally

vigorous forestry policy on the Riding Mou^ntalrKeserve" ''*"'"°"' ''^«"'"^"' ^"■^ »
Ihe best spruce .still remaining on this Hiding Mountain He^ ,. i m ft, r ■.

«

(2) Poplar.

*4a.T

10

8UCC088. Owing t<i its greater wei>{ht, slip|)ory bark and hi){h percentage of dpfect poplar
loggjng i» twenty per cent inori- lostly than spruce. With regard to a market tor this
•pecieo, a matter of some iinporUince on tiie Riding Mountain Reserve, the following
opinions of several of the most prominent local iumi)oi'riien are of interest: 'There is
aWlutely no market for poplar lumlx-r in commercial i|uantity. More money would Iks
loMt in attempting to utilize it than by lettinj,' it rot on the groumi.' Another writ<"s :
'Poplar lumbering is certain to be a losing proposition under present conditions.' A
third gives his opinion as follows:—' At present sjiruce is so cheap that any one can buy
it, and while that condition lasts the securing of a market for poplar is out of the
question.'

There is no definite data as yet as to whether either poplar has a distinct advantage
over the other in all-round utility. Opinions differ. Ifpon the whole, as the result
of experience and imiuiries made of millmen ivnd settlers, it would appear that one is as
valuable as tiie other. The respective g.Hxl and bad points of each may he lumined up
as follows : — ■' r

Axpen. Balm.

Excellent firewoo<I Very jsior flrowood

Badly affected by Polyporus igniarius(h(«if

fungus; Kot atlected by P. igniarius

Lumberlight, strong and easily worked, but Lumber light, strong and easily worked,

checks and warps Iwdly. ■. bm checks and warps badly '

Fine, white durable flooring Useless for fliH)ritig

Good cooperage and Iwx material (Jood asipe ;ge and l)ox material '.

Not subject to frost cracks Very subject to frost crack ......'.

Not subject to wind shake Frei'iuent wind shake at butt

(3) Otueu Spkciks.

Some b-'rch U being sawn for flooring, and the best l)alsam is cut and mixed with
the spruce. '< e best larch and jack i)ine also is being culled to till farmers' permits or
is cut on the limits for the production of railway ties.

CORDVVOOD.

Cordwood prices vary with tlie species. Larch is the favourite furl wood, birch next,
followed by aspen and spruce, between which there is little choice ; oak is not a factor
on the market and balm no one wants, Dauphin retail prices per long cord in the fall
of 1 908 ran about as follows : Larch •■'.xOO ; Birch .$4.50; Aspen and Spruce 14.00 ;
the farmer's delivery pric(> was alx)ut a dollar less in each ciwe. Several thousand cord.s
of wood leave the reserve each year, and were it not for the HO-mile limit clause in the
regulations, very much more would be cut and shipped nto Southern Manitoba and
Saskatchewan. If an amendment of this clause to suit the needs of these settlers, cut
ofl" as they are from any other accessible supply, can be introduced in such a way as to
relieve the present tension, while safeguarding local interests and tlie permanent welfare
of the reserve, it should be done.

OTHER T^SES.

Lath is manufactured as a log product and .sells at 15 cents per bunch of 50. Few,
if any, tie."? are cut in the Riding Mountains, hut the settlers take out each winter a
large aggregate quantity of building logs, roof poles and fencing material. They
should be encouraged in every way to use poplar and birch for these purposes and thu.s
conserve the conifers.

41

Oame on the Reserve.

Tho Riding Mountain Forest KoKcrve is the homo of n diversified and valuable
tauna, including both largo and siniill game. Of (irst importance i,s the fine herd of
wapiti, though there are also various kin<!« of deer, bla.'k and elnnumon U^ir and some
raooHe-the last named chielly in the better w(M)ded parts of the east end. The bea\er
are slowly moroasing. However, the country around the re.serve is being more and
more closely settled, with a eonseijuent n.-twork of trails ihrouKh the mountains This
accessibi ity to l.K;al attack, combined with the rapid increase of outside licenses will
soon deplete the big game unless offset by the creation of a close preserve of several
townships where no shooting or trapping will bo t«lerate<l. All th.^ local i.e.H,le inter-
viewed on the subject agree that this proposed step in the inU^rests of game, is an
excellent, feasible and necessary one. Moreover, it will !«> pro'it^ible as a.ssuring the
permanence of a largo hunting-license revenue. Nor wonl.l the purposes of a «ame
preserve interfere with the uses of forestry. Finally, the area recommen.le.l is well
adapted to the project, easily protected and gives a variety of conditions suitable for
every species of gan^e.

Value of the Reserve as a Water Reservoir

Beyond question, the forest cover on these hills exercises an important influence in
this regard. The water supply of northwestern Manitoba and parts of eastern Suskat-
chewan i.s largely controlled by the Riding Mountain runoff. The main feelers of the
Assimboine— the Shell, Bird-tail, Little Saskatchewan and Rolling Rivers- here take
,'.fj ""b, .Hence come partial supplies al.so for the well-watered Oehre, lHm,hin and
Oiltjert i-lains. The forest stores up the heavy precipiution of winter and spring for
use by the stock on the plains during the dry months of late summer and autumn. The
farmers along the reserve south of Grandview, for instance, are well acquainted with
the truth of this statement.

Use of the Reserve as a Pleasure and Health Resort.

• . T'?^r® *■■? ™*"y delightful camp sites in the reserve, but the best will be found in
the vicinity of Clearwater Lake. The people on the prairies are too usy growing wheat
as yet to think much about summer holidays, but with the growth of the towns the
eisured cla'^s is increasing, and within a few years this charming sheet of water will
have Its summer colony. The lake is at an allitude of 2,100 feet. Whitefish and
pickerel abound. The great drawback at present is the lack of good trails, which must
be overcome liefore campers will enter. It is the aim of the Forestry Branch to make
this resei've as popular and extensive as po.ssible.

TABLE XXXIV. -ESTIMATE OF .SAW MATEKIAL OX TflE RIDINC MOrXTAIN

FOREST RESKRVE.

S|)ecie«.

Biard ft^'t.

w,:i-)0,i4:i

2T,0;<2,I1!)1
42,ia''i,(l.ss

n,2(i7,.T<Mj

1.5,I72,3.W
17.i)06.1f!

:i.:i2s,o<io

I'lT ii-nt.

.Vspen

Balm

41
i:!
2'}'

."i

7

4

H

1 ,">
5

White S|inict>

.lackiiine

Birch.

Larch

Black Spruce

Balnam

Other si)ecie8

Total

210,42«,U8ti

loo 0

* H»1f nn fhn Umita ..n.l

»^/^n »..«:ui.i„

43

The ah.)vo OHtimate is b«MKl on timber iiiea.ur«R,ent« made in a forest .urvev of the
roM.ve. The e«t.«.ate .nclu.ie. ail tiu-Wr oight inches an.l over in .iSZ at^roa't

TAItLK XXXV.-LANM) CLASSIFICATION OF THK Rll.IXCi MorNTAIX FOKFST

RKSKKVK.

(Al'l'R(lXIJI.\Tl STATIi>l»NT.)

Water

Swninii ;ini| MtiidcMr

Hnll,-. " ..

SFri.i-Itrrtl*^

I'rairii' am) nt'mi'pr.iirlF
TillllMTtfl

Total area .

Aercii.

iii'iiiarka.

9f>,(K)tJ

104,073
22l,:)l!t

W2,4no

r^mwM^

^'1.-1 -,,. 41'.

?

1

-i

"■^

^.

\

=

^

j

;

s

1

i

n

/

%.,

.=

■i

?

7.

%

. !.

~

ft

lIKi". -p. fl'.

m

fi \n- Will.

A i.V|iical ,l,,.itfli, thr haunt ..f uiM fi.« I.

l-hnh, I,,, H. R. M.„M,li„„.

MJr