CIHM Microfiche Series (■Monographs) ICIMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical IMicroraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas 1 Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibllographlques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. 0 D D Coloured covers / Couverture de couleur Covers damaged / Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculde 0 0 D D D D Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps / Cartes gtegraphiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material / Reli6 avec d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule Edition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin / La reliure sen-^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge intdrieure. Blank leaves added during restorations may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / Use peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6\aH possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 film6es. L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6\6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- plaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibli- ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modiffcation dans la m6tho- de normale de filnfiage sont indiqui^s ci-dessous. I Coloured pages / Pages de couleur I V I Pages danraged / Pages endommag6es □ Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaur^s et/ou pellicultes r^ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / I — I Pages ddcoiortes, tachet^s ou piques I I Pages detached / Pages d^tachtes \\/\ Showthrough/ Transparence □ Quality of print varies / Quality in^gale de I'impression Includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 filmtes d nouveau de fa^on k obtenir la meilleure image possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont film^s deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. D D D ryi Additional comments / Commentaires suppldmentaires: Part of Illustration on page 363 Is hidden by library label, This Hani is flimad at the reduction ratio checked below / Ce document eat fllm« au taux de rMuetion ImA^u* ei-deasous. lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x J 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x »9v Th« copy filmed hare has bean reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library Agrieuiture Canada L'exempiaire film* fut reprodult grAco A la gAnArositA de: Bibliothiqua Agricuitura Canaila The imeges appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in Iteeping with the filming contract specifications. Las images suivantas ont AtA reproduites avec le plus grand soin. compta tanu da la condit' n at de la nettetA de I'exemplaira fllmA. et en conformitA avec las conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplairas origlnaux dont la couverture en papier est ImprimAe sont filmAs en commenpant par la premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustratlon. soit par le second plat, salon la caa. Tous les autres exemplairas origlnaux aont filmAs en commenpant par la pramiAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustratlon et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. IMaps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reprodult en un seul clichA. il est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammas suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miaocorv rkoiution tbt chart (ANSI arid ISO TEST CHART No 2) ^ r:J^5=!igjM^Einc a^Kfi l^^^ £oit Main Street ^^ (716) 2M - 5989 - Fo. I J I"-' ' . t^3 PASSENGER OR WILD PIGEON Female Male Ynnng THE CANADIAN BIRD BOOK ILLUSTRATING IN NATURAL COLORS MORE THAN SEVEN HUNDRED NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS; ALSO SEVERAL HUNDRED PHOTOGRAPHS OF THEIR NESTS AND EGGS BY CHESTER A. REED, B. S. TORONTO THE MUSSON BOOK COMPANY LIMITED m COPYRIGHT, 1914 IN U. S. A. UNDER TITLE OF "THE BIRD BOOK' l^^^''- ( i BARN OWL ;i«|ipijs3r: Vewer ■■'''''■ C,ON«fXS S«cox\di(x<'\«* loes ■■•,.'^\A>rr\\k ^^^^> C \vw\ev TOPOGRAPHY OF A BIRD TABLE OF CONTENTS Diving Birds. Order I. PyKopode!< K^ OrebeH. Family Colymblds U Loons. Family Gaviidte 17 Auks. Murres and Puffins. Family Alclds 21 Long-winged Swimmers. Order II. Longipennes 33 Skuas and Jsegers. Family Stercorarldse 35 Gulls and Terns. Family Larldce jg Skimmers. Family Rynchoptdae 5g Tube-nosed Swimmers. Order III. Tublnares 69 Albatrosses. Family Dlomedeide 59 Fulmars. Shearwaters and Petrels. Family Procellarlida •! Totipalmate Swimmers. Order IV. Steganopodes 72 Tropic Birds. Family Phsthontldte 72 Gannets. Family Sulidae 74 Darters. Family Anhingldte 77 Cormorants. Family Phalacrocoraridte 78 Pelicans. Family Pelecanldee 83 Man-o'-War Birds. Family Fregatidee 86 Lamelllrostral Swimmers. Order \'. Anseres 87 Ducks, Geese and Swans. Family Anattdae 87 Lamelllrostral Grallatores. Order VI. Odontoglossse 116 Flamingoes. Family Phoenlcopterldee 116 Herons. Storks, Ibises, etc. Order VII. Herodiones 116 Spoonbills. Family Platalelds 116 Ibises. Family Ibldldae 117 Storks and Wood Ibises. Family CIconiidtB 118 Herons, Bitterns, etc. Family Ardeldae 119 Cranes, Ralls, etc. Order VIII. Paludicolse 127 Cranes. Family Gruida? 127 Courlans. Family Aramldse 129 Ralls, Galllnules and Coots. Family RallidsB 131 Shore Birds. Order IX. LiraicolaB 137 Phalaropes. Family Phalaropodide I37 Avocets and Stilts. Family Recurvlrostrldw 139 Pnlpes, Sandpipers, etc. Family Scolopacidffl 14» Plovers. Family Charadriidce 161 Surf Birds and Turnstones. F iiily Aphrizidee IW Oyster-catchers. Family Hse- opodidse 170 Jacanas. Family Jacanida; 172 •Gallinaceous Birds. Order X. Gallinae 176 Grouse, Partridges, ete. Family odoatophoridse 176 Turkeys. Family Meleagridae 178 Curassows and Guans. Family Cracldce 191 7 «; CONTENTS Pigeons. 192 192 Order XI. Columb* Pigeons. rwnUy ColumMda * jg Birda ol Prey. Order XII. lUptoree American Vulture*. Pamlly CathartldiB Hawks, Eagles, etc. FamUy Buteonldw Falcons, etc. Family Palconldw Osprey. Family Pandlonldw ^^7 Bam Owls. FamUy Aluconld* g,^ Owls. Family Strlgldte Parrots, Parciuets. Order XIII. Pslttacl ParroU and Paroquets. Pslttaclda Cuckoos, etc. Order XIV. Coccyges Cuckoos. Ante. etc. FamUy Cucultdie Trogons. FamUy Trogonld* ^'^ Kingfishers. FamUy Alcedlnldas Woodpeckers. Wrynecks, etc. Order XV. Plcl Woodpeckers. FamUy Plclda Qoatsutkers. Swifts, etc. Order XVI. Macrochlres Goatsuckers, etc. Family CaprlmuIgldB Swifts. FamUy Mlcropodldw Hummingbirds. Family Trochlllda ;^- Perchlng Blris. Order XVII. Passeres ' Cotlngas. FamUy Cotlnglda Tyrant Flycatchers. FamUy Tyrannldas Larks. Family Alaudlda Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc. Family Corrlds ■ -^ SUrllngs. FamUy Stumldae Blackbirds, Ortoles, etc. Family Icterldffi Finches. Sparrows, etc. FamUy FrlngUlldK Tanagers. FamUy TanwrldK Swallows. FamUy Hlrundlnldse ^^^ Waxwlngs. Family Bombycllllda ..3-6 Shrikes. FamUy Lanllda g.g Vlreos. Family Vlreonld» g^^ Honey Creepers. FamUy CoerebldK ^^^ Warblers. FamUy MnlotUtldK ^^g WagUlls. Family Motaclllld» ii9 Dippers. FamUy Clnclld» ^,3 Wrens. FamUy Troglodytldas ^^g Thrashers, etc. FamUy Mlmldae 430 Creepers. Family Certhlld* ^jj Nuthatches. FamUy Slttldffi ^gj Titmice. FamUy Parid» ■■■■■ •^- ; •^: V„ ' / 433 Warblers, Kinglets, Qnatcatchers. F'"°"y Sylvlldse .^ Thrushes, SollUlres. Bluebirds, etc. Family Turdlde . . . . • ■ • ^^^ Index 8 19a 201 218 225 241 241 241 241 246 249 249 262 263 268 271 280 280 297 300 314 324 369 372 I i 1 i BAI.riMOilE OIU'jLE THE BIRD BOOK DIVING BIRDS. Order I. PYGOPODES GREBES. Family COLYMBIDi€ Grebes are birds having a duikllke body, but with pointed bllU. Their feet, too, are unlike those of the Ducks, each toe having Its separate web. and having a broad flat nalJ. Their wings are very small for the sUi of the body, making It Impossible for them to rise In flight from the land. They rise from the water by running a few yards along the surface until they have secured fUfflclent headway to allow them to launch themselves Into the air. After having risen from the water their flight is very swift ana strong. On land they are very awkward and can only progress by a series of >wkward hop-*; they generally He flat on their breasts, but occasionally stand up. supporting them- selves upon their whole tarsus. Grebes, together with the Uions. are the most expert aquatic birds that we have, diving like a flash and swimming for an in credible distance under watei. 1* 1. M'liTBMN OiiiBC. AfFhmopkorui ocridtntalin Ranice.— WMte -n partH of North Amorlca. from KHithern Alaika Nouthward; Bant to MInneitota •Dd Koutli In wint - to the Houthern part* of thf UnltiHl State* and Mexhn. Itreedit from the l)a kotBH and northern Catirornla northward. ThxHt- are the larieat of the American Orebeii; owlnR to their uniiKuallr Ionic ne«ki(. they are frequently called "Swan Urel)eM." They are very timid bIrdH and conceal themiielvpii In the ruahea on the leant xuHpiclon of daniter. At timeit. to eacape UIVINO HIKDS I'hiilky hlulnh wliltn. ntnlned buft obaervatlon. they will entirely aubmerse their body, leaving only their head and part of the long neck vlalble above the water. This Qrebe cannot he mlataken for any other because of the long Hiendbr neck and the lon^ pointed bill, which has a slight upward turn. They neat abund- antly In the marahea of North Dakota and central Canada. Their nesta are ma .o of decayed ruahes, and are hullt over the water, being faatened to the rushes ao that the bottom or the neat reata in the water. The nesting season Is at Ita height during the latter part of May. They lay from ^^>'<«e'-n Greba three to five egga, the ground color of which la a Hoii.oeir»orei.f •*!*.?!"*.• '*•'■ '=°'°'" '•• ''oweve"". always concealed by a thin chalky denosit and this latter la frequently stained to a dirty white. Sl.e 2 40 x 1.66. 2. Holboell's Grebe. ColymbuM holboellii. Range.— Throughout North Amer- ica, breeding from northern United States northward and wintering from tlie middle to the southern portions of the United SUtes In regard to slie this Orebe comes next to the Western, being 19 in. in length. This bird can be dis- tinguished by the white cheeks and throat and the reddish brown fore- neck. They breed abundantly in the far north pUclng their noating Islands of decayed vegetation in the water in the midst of the White, stained bufT marsh grass. They lay from three whioh !,.„ tu . . .. -. ^ *•* *™* °' ■ <"n*fy white color wnich have the stained surface oommon to Orebeg eggs. Slse 2.36 x 1 26 11 V :',\ I, ft. ;;^ .'r W-lter r.aiiii- NKST AX1> i:ii<"'S OK HitLllOKIX'S (UM-i::: I.ikH WlMnlix'K"""'- Manitol.;! DIVING BIRDS .1. HoRNBD (iRRBR. Colgmhu* aurilut, IUbc*.— Th* whole of North Amarira, braMMlliic In Ui* Inurtor from North DskotR north wmt; wlBtM* RloBg th« Oulf I'oRit. Thli iipactM U on* of th» most beRutlfut of the Oreb«>K. having In the breeding neaiion huffy rar tufta, binck cheeki and throat, and rheatnut neck, breaat and •Idea. They breed abundantly In the marahy Hat* of North Dakota and the Interior of Canada. Iliifr.v whitp. nmt ululnpil Thpy build a typical Orebe'a neat, a floating raaaa of decoyed matter which atalna the naturally whlle egRH to a dirty brown. The number of egga varlea from three to aeren. 8lxe 1.70x1.15. Data.— iM-vlIa Lake. N. Dakota. June 30. 1900. e egSK much atalned. Neat floating In 4 ft. of water, a large niaaa of rotten ruahea and weedn. Collector. Jamea 8malley. 4. E.ANKu Gnebe. t'olnmhuM nifiruolliii. lalifornicui. RanRp.- North America weat of the MUHlaaip- pi, b-««>(llng from Texaa to Manitoba and winter- ing aloRK the Pacific CoaHt of the United Statea and from Texaa aouthward. Eared Orebes differ from tlie preceding in hav- ing the entire n«ck blacklah. They neat very abundantly throuK!iout the we»t. In favorable lo- calltlea from TexaH to Minneaota and Dakota. Hnmed Qrebe Their nesta are con.'itructed In the aame man- ner as the precedia nrletlea and are located In aimilar localitiea. Ab do all the Orebes when lei i.ig the neat, they cover the egga with the damp ruahea from around the baae of the neat. This la prob- ably for the purpose of aaalating Incuba- tion during their absence, by the action of the sun'a raya on the wet mass. As they are nearly always thus covered upon the approach of anyone, this may be done also aa a protection from discovery. They lay from three to eight bluish white eggs with the usual chalky and discolored appear- ance. The breeding season Is at Its height early in June, or earlier. In the southern portion of Its range. Siie 1.75 x 1.20. Data. - Artesian, 8. Dakota. June 21, 1899. Nest of rushes, floating in tliree feet of water. Collector, P. A. Patton. 13 EJarad Qreb* U Bliitah white, atalnpcl Lari,e colony in a small lake. Wiilt.-r IliiiiU' VP.T AND KOaS or HOHNKD GUEBE SMt,....s Ma,s.,..s, As.inn,ola, June 6, 1901 t« DIVING BIRDS 5. Mexican CIhebk. Colfimhus dominirus brachfipteruii. Range— Southern Texas and Lower Cali- fornia southward to South Anierloa, hreed- ing throughout Its range. „ , „, The Least Grebe Is by far the smallest of the Grebes In this country, being but 10 in. In length; it can not be mistaken for any other, the Eared Grebe being the only spe- cies of this family found in the same locall ties during the summer. These little Grebes nest very abundantly along the Rio Grande ritil- ,ill>il ilrobe lH'cp Uiiff or rich hnnvn Valley in Texas, the nesting season lasting from the latter part of May until well Into December. Their nests are floating piles of grass and weeds upon which they lay from three to five chalky white eggs, whicli are always discolored, sometimes to a deep chocolate hue. These eggs average a great deal dark- er in color than do any of the other Grebes. In a series of fifty sets fully half were a rich brown tint. Si.:e 1.40 x .95. (). PlED-BILI-KI) (iHEBK. PodUymhus podiceps. Range.— From the British provinces southward to Argentine Republic, breeding locally throughout the northern portions of ''' 'The Dabchick, as this bird is called, is the most 7«n'>' ^J'^^^^'X^t vely of this family. It is nowhere especially abundant, nor is it. ^^f ''•'V'" Z'. J**^^ few localities regarded as rare. Consequently it is the best known bird of [hi species Tl^ey do not congregate in such large numbers as the other Grebes during the nesting season, but om or more pairs may be found in almost any favorable locality. These birds render their floating nest a little more substantial tliaii those of the preceding varieties by the ad- dition of mud which they bring up from the bottom of the pond ; this addition also tends to soil the eggs more, consequently the eggs of this bird are, as a general rule, browner than the other Grebes with the ex- ception of the Least. The bird may always be known by the shape of its bill which is , ^ ,,y^ higher than It is broad, and in the summer „. ^^ . . , „ ,.,„„u „, s white with a black band a.ross the middle. The throat is also black at this season. They lay from five to nine eggs commencing almut tlie middle of May. Size 1.70x1.18. la h PIKI'-BII.LKD <51!i:i!K 16 LOONS. Family GAVIIDAE Loons may be likened to gigantic Grebes from which they differ external- ly, cliietly in the full webbed foot instead of the individually webbed toes of the Grebe, and in the sharper, niore pointed and spear-like bill. These birds are similar In their habits to the Grebes ,exoept that their homes are gen- erally more substantially built and are placed upon a solid foundation, gen- erally upon an island in some inland lake. Both Loons and Grebes are literally "Water witches," being practically, and in the case of Grebes, actually, born in the water and living In It ever afterwards. Loons are strong fliers, but like the Grebes, because of their smaU wings they must get their first impetus from the water in order to riso; i;i case there Is any wind blowing they also make use of this by starting their flight against it. They are very peculiar birds and the expression "crazy as a loon" Is not a fanciful one. being formed from their early morning and evening antics when two or more of them will race over the top of the water, up ar** down the lake, all the while uttering their demoniacal laugh- ter. They vie with the Grebes in diving and disappear at the flash of a gun. Kii are » ve?v dark greenish brown In color, with b?ack "0018 Size 3.50x2.25. Data.-Lake Sunaoee V H.. June 28, 1895. Nest placed SnS^r' the bush;s at the -aters edge. Made of rushes, weeds and grasses; a large struc ?ure nearly three feet in diameter. Col- lector, H. A. Collins. Loop Hlack-throateil Loon Mg:':^N;rth:;::tei:'^nlf riX^'i. t.. Arct. and northern Alas- '^'^i;^^Xw.oiiw i^on ^^^j^^^x:'i^:^^j^e''^ n^ m place of the black, is P'^»'=»XV ,arKer in size. This is one of the most common Loon. It averages somewhat larger in s^ ^,^^^ anything northerly breeding birds and »t 's only xv thin ay ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ Te X^Xme thryefedl-nTexreprt'hL the lattr average a little larger. Size 3.60 x 2.25. white streaks -lown the back of the netu. us .1^ ■ ^,^g ^^^^ ^avs Sirmo?e%rr^olir^^t''^,^^^erha:i:g ^e ^«.ority of spot, at the larger end. Size 3.10x 2.00. ^^ 10. Pai-ifu- Loon, (iarin pafifira. H^nge.—Wegtem North America along the coast chiefly, breeding Trom Alaska south to British Columbia. In winter, south along the coast to Mexico. This species differs from the Black throated only In the tint of tlie head reflections. The liahlts are the same as those of the other members of the family. They lay two eggs of a greenish hrown or greenish gray hue with black spots. Size 3.10 X 1.90. Data.— Yukon River, Alaska. June 28, 1902. Nest of rubbish on an Island; found by a miner. II. Red-thro\tf.1) I.oox. (iatia ttellnla. Range.— Northern parts of North America, breeding from southern Canada northward in ^he Interior on both coasts. South to the middle por- tions of the I'uited States in winter. This Is the smallest of the Loon family, being twenty-five Inches In length. In plumage it is wholly unlike any of the other members at all reasons of the year. In summer the back, head and neck are gray, the latter being striped with white. A large cliestnut patch adorns the front of the lower part of the neck. In winter the back is spotted with white, whereas all tlie others jre unspotted at this period. The nesting habits are Identical with tlie other species; the ground color of the two eggs Is also the same. Size. 2.00 x 1.75. DIVING BIRDS tiMl lAtftn ! -'^J I'.VCIKIC I.Of).V ('fi'i'nish Iirttwn ov t^trny S f H,-' t|.*l J. A. Mun- NEST AND EGGS OF LOON .,,,,3 ^est is bulU on top of a Mu.krat house 20 UIVINO BIRDS NKST ANl. K'«iS OK rIED-BlbLED GIlEBK PUFFINS, AUKS and MURRES. Family ALCID^ Pu.„s. AUKS and Mur.es are aU sea ..rds and are on,, tound .n.nd ..«« .own tnere .. son. severe stor. ot w.nter. At ^^ —J^"; :;:; : „P act to lose their bearings and may sometimes be found with their ::::',:.:. . ,. .... ..- T".:r,:r:r :;:':.:r: so they are enabled to perform evolutions in the air. which L otLrs They stand upright on the sole of the foot and are ahie to . U parrot AuKs. Pum„s. AuKs and Murres are otherwise recognized h> pre. ence of but three toes which are webbed. 21 THK BIRD B{M)K 2. Tutted Prrnx. L'im.a :rrhaia. Tufted I Ml (tin Puffin HanKc— Pailflf CoaBt from Alaska - ithward to Houthern rallfornla. brpeding lo-ally through- out their range. Tufted PufflnH are the largest ol the Puffin*. I In the breeding plumage, they are a sooty brown- ish or black color: the cheeks are white, and a long tuft of Htraw lolored feathers extends back from each eye; the bill is bright red and green iHh yellow. They breed commonly on the Faral- lone«. where two or three broods are raised by a bird In a single season, but much more abund- antly on the Islands in the north. Their single eggs are laid in burrows In the ground or else in XVIiltr natural crevices formed by the rocks. The eggs are pure white or pale buff of dull purplish color. The eggs are laid about the middle of June. Sire 2.8C co^cto^'ro^rroV." ""'' "• ''''■ "'"'^'^ ''' """ '» "-'- »' -"«• \\^ 13. Pi-FFix. Fratercula arctica arciica. wSrVTo'l"? ""h*."""' '^°^"'- "'■""'""•^ "•°™ "■* ^*>- °' ^""^"y northward. Winters from breeding range along the New England Coast nn?** rT°" ^"'"° ""*' '•'^ '^''*^'''' ""'" "" underparts white: upper parts and a band across the throat, blackish. Bill deep and thin, and colored with red orange and yellow. They breed In large numbers on Bird Rock in the Gulf ol St. Lawrence. The nest is either among the natural crevices of the 22 1 jt! DIVING BIRDS rocks, or In burrows excavat- ed In the (round by the blrdi. \ TheK« burrows vary In lensth \ from two and a half to (our or Ave feet. Except upon the positive knowledce of the ab- sence of the bird, it U a hazardova thins to put the hand In one of these burrows for theltird can, and will nip the llnKers, sometimes to the bone. They lay but a slnRle eKK. usually dull white and unmarked, but in some cases ^''"'' obscurely marked with red- dish brown. Sise S.50 x 1.75. Data.— So. Labrador, June 23. 1884. Single egg laid at end of burrrfw in the ground. Collector, J. H. Jameson. l.Sii. L.viinE-BiLi.KD Kt'iN. Friitercula ar<'itcu naumanni. A more northerly subspecies of the taut, inhabiting the Arctic region on the Atlantic side. The bird is somewhat larger but otherwise indlstlnguisiiable from the common species. The eggH are exactly the same or average . 'rifle larger. Siiie 2.55 x l.SO. Data.— Iceland. July 6. 1900. Single egg In hole u.ider a rock. Collector, Chas. Jefferys. It. HoRNEli Pri'Kix. FralrrciiUi riirniculata. Range.— Pacific ToaHt from Alaska to British Columbia. The Homed Puffin differs from the common in that the blackish band across the throat extends upwards in a point to the bill. Their nesting habits are prt-cisely the same as those of the preceding species. .-V single pure white egg Is laid; the shell Is slightly rougher than those of the others. Siae 2.65 x 1.80. Data.— Round Is., Alaska. June 24, 1884. Single egg laid at end of burrow in ground; no nest. Collector, G. L. Kennedy. 15. Rhinoceros Ai'KLet. Cerorhinca monoceraia. Range. — Pacific Coast, breeding from British Columbia northward and win- ttrlng southward to Lower California. The Rhinoceros Auklet or Horned Auk has a much smaller bill than the Puffins; in the summer this is adorned at the base by a horn from which it takes Its name. There are also slender plumes from above and below the eyes. Unlike the Puffins, these birds sit upon their whole tarsus. They nest on islands of the North Pacific Coast from Vancouver northward. A single egg is laid in crevices among the rocks or In burrows in the ground. It is similar both in size and shape to that of the Puffins, but Is often quite heavily blotched with brown. Size 2.70x1.80. DaU.— Unak Is.. Alaska. June ao, 1900. Egg laid in a fissure of the rocks; no nest. Collector. F. Weston. 23 THE BIRD BCKJK 11). fAMiv AiKLKT. /'«.*< fciirampfcn* aUHluUM. Han«e - I'm fflf •'"•"l '••"'" Alanka to Low«r California. hr,.edlnK nearly throu«hout Itn range. A plain appnarlnB bird about » In. In len«th. with blatkUh upp.'rpartn relieved only by » while ^00" over the eye; breast and thri«t Kray and beUy white. TlilH Auklet U fairly abundant on lie Karallonen. breedlnu on the lower portlonn of e Inland. The late Mr. C. Barlow -'y «"»' " " r. uiid iu deneried rabbit burrowi. and in all Horned Puffln ^ , , . RhlnoceroB Auklet Casuln Auklet urobahlllty often exravaten lt« own borrows. II Sr«o no"tB%„,ong the clirr» placing lt« *«« anwng the rocks In any crevUe or tunnel which may offer L dark retreat during the day for they are noc.ur. nal in their habltH. The »lng e egg which they lay IB dull white In color, the In.lde of the shell being a pale green, which color can only be aeen S^y'lfoldlSg th*e egg to the "g^t. They are pn- erally slightly nest "talned. 8'" ^j*" ".^jSS- Data.— Coronado Islands, Cal., March 23. 189T. Single egg laid on the bare ground at end of • burrow three and one-half feet long. Collector. E. A. Shlves. \ RHINOCEROS AUKLET Coh.r white. Kiinietlincs heavily hlotolieU. as i)l)i)vc. iinil HKHln unspotted 24 DIVING BIKDS IT. P.\Novr»:T At'Ki.KT. I'hulerii ptillaiHln. iUnKi*. -Tho AluMkun CiHiHt, iuhuhII)' fai'lh«r xuulli in winter. Till* bird In about thf- same hIzc aK tli«> prvi't-d- InK. and the plunmiie In Hliiiilar. nxrept that It hHK no white itpot over the eye, and the lireaHt U white. It bIho huN u slender plume extendlnit from Itac'k of the eye. Tl.e bill In very peculiar, beinx ('.lite deep and rounded .tnd IiuvUik an up- ward tendeury. It Ih oranxe red In color. They 1 f-1 I'aruqiiet Auklet Created Auklet Whit.. breed very commonly on the iNlundH of iierlng Strait. Their exRH are laid in the crevlceH of the cliff, often xeveral feet In and by a crooked path 80 that it Ih Impossible to reach them. The sin- Ble chalky white bkk Ih laid in May. Size \iM x 1.45. Data.— Ro-. North I'lt'ltlc •»! tin* UlundH itnd i'iw«t i)f AUiika. Tlili« In llu- HiimllnKt of the Auklftv; Icnuth «.r> III. ThlH Hp<>i'l<»H hMH nii irenl, hut h«i thf Hlt-ndor whlif pluni^H fxtrndlnii Imrk from ihf •'Brid» of llifiii. uiiiimpttnlnd hy iliH two pri'it'dliiK »pfrl»'K. ni-Hi on Hit' rocky « lltTn of tin- IslundM of I1«tIiik Shu. Their npHtlng ImhltH are Ihi- hiuik- h» iIioh*- of thf other Auk- U'tM, tliey ithitliiK tln'lr xIhkU' whlK- t-KK on ih« Itare roikn. In irfvlics on tlie cltlTi*. SUe 1.55 x |.H>. DhIu. I'rlhMof li... AlaxkH. Junt- s. 1S»7. Slnttli' fKK '"hi In (Tfvli*-. ThoHxundH lirft-dlnK on the Ixlund. S iiiilhlilKiriimpbiia Willi. '.'I. Am iknt Mi hhki.kt. nn/ii/wH*. Itunm'. I'm l(l<- Coiisi. hrffdhiK from Hip hord- er of thf Cnlled Stuten. northward, and wintering south to sonlherii California. I...Hfi .\iikhi Aiiilitit .Miinilii Miirl.liil .Miniili-I The MurreletM have no crests • ' plumes and the hills are more sU der than the Aukletti and are not hlRhlv colored. The undent Mur- relet or Black-throated Murrelet. as It Is also called, has a gray back, white under parts and a black head and throat, with a brood white stripe back of the eye and another formed hy the white on the breast extending up on the side of th<' neck. They breed abund antlv on the Islands In Bering Sea. laying one or two eggs at the end "g'rorn^d'^n'om'ftUt.eTll.'crevI.es on the cliffs. The eggs are a buffy thlte co^or and are faintly •""ked with light brown some "^ t ^^^f ^e'ng In the shape of spots and others lengthened. Slae f ♦« " •• ,; f tit = <.„rt in « lands July 1, 1894. Two eggs on the ground under a tuft of grass and In a slight excavation lined with fine grass. l)IVIN(i I'.IKDS ■;j •i.i. Mi^HNl.KI) Mi'NNKl.KT. lirai-hiiramiiliHi miirx'urutui. Rkiii*. - North I'nrlHr CoaHt. Iirpcdtnii from V«nfouver 1»- land. Hnutli in wlnt<>r to Nouth- i>rn Caiii'irnlii. In tli«> lirpt-dInK plumitR)>. thlit \- \ Ih brownlHli lilark iilKivf. iwrri-d with runty and liflnw \* nmrlilfd with lirownlMli uruy nnd whlt«>. Uh nvHtinK habltM and fHUH ur** vnry Hinillar to ilioHt- of ih»« An. nufl l^»^. t4lnKlf I'Ktt In crfvlie on faie of lilff. Larite colony hreedlnu In i onipany with Anclcnl Murreletx. U. KlTTllTZ MiHHKl.KT. WrrtrA »r«m/»/i(M hriiiro»t riM. natiKv. North Paildc CoBHt In the Al"Utlun Inlands* and north to Unalaitk*, hrcfdlnit on Uiilatt-d iHlau'li* throUKliout ItH ranice. Thin npf- i|»>>< In vpry ninillar to the Mar- hlt-d Miirrfh-t, the chief differ- enie IihWik I>> the bill which In nhorli-d. They have been found brecdliiK on the name Inlandn Willi the preceding npeclen. Their nlntsle white eHK In laid til crtvlces In the cllffn. Size :'.4ii X l.:!l). Data, -iiianak In.. Alabka. .Inne JS, l;.-0. Nest In u hollow under a bunch of rank matted Krunn. Many ancient Hurrelets breeding on the name Inlands. Collector. I'apt. TUnon. Willi! ,^>'-'; '^'%-^.-. 2.'. X\XTf» Mt'KHRi.KT. lirachi/rainphus hi/polfiiciiii. H.in«e. Uesldeiit i lonK the coast of noutliern and l^wer California. Tills bird In blacklnh alHive and entire- ly white below. InculdlnK the nlden of the liead tielow the eye. The whole of the under nurface of the wInK In alno white. They breed on the coant Inlandn from Santa Barbara nouthward. The sin- gle eRK In laid at the end of a burrow or In crevicen amonK the rocks. It In a pale buffy white In color and thickly, but tinely dotted over the whole nurface with purplish brown, and with some larger spots at the larger end. Sine 2.05 v 1.40. l)Hta. — Oalapagos Inlands, March 2, 1901. No nest. Single egg laid in a crevice In tlie rocks. Collector, RoUo H. Heck. l'..i.- liiii. i THE BIRD BOOK •^(i. t'HAVKHl's MlHHKI.ET. Brachyramphus triinii. Kange.- Both coasts o( Lower C'alifoniiu, hreed- iiiB chiefly on the Gulf side. Craveri Murrelet is very similar to tlie last except that the under sur- faces of the wings are dusky. Ureeds iin the is- lands near Cape St. Lut's Orii.l.EMoT. Cipphus manilti. Rannp. North Atlantic (oast. inorp nortli- frly than the precedinK. hrondinK from Labra- dor to iiorthfrn Grepnhinrt. The bird differs from the lilack Guillemot only in havinK the bases of tlie coverts white also. Tlie nestinp habits and crks are identi- cal. Tlifv nest in colonies of thousands and place tlie egps upon tlie bare rock with no at- 'Mipt at nest Iwildinn. Cenerally the esRs ■:r '.,. I'.ic crevices so as to be ditlicull to get ..I Si,- .:!0xl..i5. Data. Depot Island, Hud- i.f, Bav .;une «. lS't4. Two efiRs laid on bare r(i( ).y tound. lollecior .lohn Comer. .;;/. !'i<.i:o\ Gim.i.kmot. Crppluis lolumlxi. llanKe. — Tiie l'a la.x their single egg cm the narrow ledges of cliffs, where the only guarantPe against its rolling oft is its peculiar shape which causes it. when mo^ed. to revolve about its smaller end instead of rolling oft the ledge. The eggs are laid as closely as possible on the ledges where the incubating birds sit upright, in long rows like an army on guard. .\s long as eacli bird suc- ceeds in finding an egg to cover, on its return home, it is doubtful if they either know or care- whether it is their own or not. The ground color of the eggs vary trom white to a deep greenish blue and the markings of blackish «w2 •> I.^"^'; '",/"'l'^^« patterns, some eggs being almost wholly unspotted. hr! "h«''" I'ata.-^- South Ljabrador, .June 19. 1884. Single egg laid on the Dare c litt. Large coUmy breeding. Collector. M. A. Gra':ar 29 if I r THE BIRD BOOK •M)n. t'ALiKoHXiA MiHHK. I'riii Iroille raliforiiirn. Range. — Pacific Coast, breeding from the F'arallones north to Alaska. This Pacific form of the common Murre is the most abundant breeding bird on the Farallones. Their eggs are used in enormous numbers for commercial purposes and these islands being located, as they are. within easy distarn e from San Francisco, thousands of dozens of the eggs are sold yearly, chlfhy to bakeries. Although continually robbed, their numbers have not as yet diminished to any great extent. They lay but a single egg on the bare ledge. Individual eggs are indistinguishable from the last species but in a large series the ground color averages brighter. They show the same great dif- ference in color and markings. The first .set is laid in .May. but owing to their being so often molested, fre^' eggs can be found during August. Data. — Farallones, July 4, 1S9.=J. Sing' ^g laid on bare cliff. Collector. Thos. E. Slevin. ;n. Bri'NNHII MiHHK. I'ria lointia lomria. Range. — North Atlantic Coast, breeding range the same as the common Murre. i / \';iii.-s friHTi wliiti' til Ki'i'i'iiisli lilue This species differs from the common .Murre in having a shorter and thicker bill, the base of the cutting edge of which is less feathered. They breed on the same islands in company with the common Murre and their eggs are indis- tinguislial)le. Data.— Coast of South l^brador. Single egg laid on ledge of clift'. .About three hundred birds in the colony. ill DIVfXG BIRDS .Ua. l»ALi..\!< .MiiiHK. r tin lorn I'ia arra. Range.— The Patifir coasts and Islands. This is the Pacifl,- form of Brunnid. Murre. Its breeding range is more northerly than that of the California variety. Countless thousands of them breed on the islands off the const of Alaska, their breeding habits and eggs being the same as the more southern form. 3'2. Razoh-millkI) .Aik. .Ilea tortln. Range.-North Atlanti.- .oast, breeding from Bird Rock northward and wintering south to the Middle States on the coast. ^ ; ^^: ^ r- 4. i^* lil"l\isli white The Razor-billed Auk is in torn, similar to the Murres. but the hill is very (Liferent being deep and thin, and with the upper mandible rounded at the tip. Entire upper parts bla.k shadinu- to brownish on the throat. Under parts and tips of secondaries, white; line from eye to bill and another across the middle of the hill, white. They nest in lar^e „un,bers on Bird Rock In com- pany with the .Murres and in still greater numbers off the coast of I^brador Their eggs are not pla.ed in as exposed positions as the Murres, being gen- erally behind boulders or in .reviccs. This Is ne.essary because, not being of the pear-shaped form of the .Murres, il,ey would be very apt to be dislodged if comn.only placed on the narrow ledges. The eggs vary endlessly in mark- ing 1-t do not show the dillerences in ground color that the Murres do The color Is white, grayish or bufly. But one egg is generally laid, although two are sometimes found. Siiie :{.Oit .\ -'.0(1. Data. - Buy of Fundy. ,June 17, 1891. Single egg laid on bare rock In a crevice under loose rocks. Collector A C Bent. . • • 31 r \ I j~ m THE BIRD BOOK .■;:;. Ork \t Aik. Plautux impennis. Jlunne.— Formerly the whole of the North At- lantic coaHts. Now extinct. These ureal auks formerly dwelt in lanse num- hers on tlie islands of the No'.th Atlantic, but owlnn K. their lack of the powers of fllRht and tlie destructiveness of mankind, the livinB bird has disappeared from tlie face of the earth. AlthoUKh tliey were about thirty Inches in length, their wings were even smaller than those of the Razor-billed Auk. a bird only eighteen inches in lensth. AllhoUKii breeding off the coast of New- foundland, they appeared winters as far south as Virginia, performing their migration by swim- ming alone. The last bird appears to have been taken in 1844. and Kunk Island, oft the coast of Newfoundland, marks the place of their disap- pearance from our shores. There are about sev- enty knc,*n specimens of the bird preserved, and about the same number of eggs. The immediate cause of the extinction of these .birds was their destruction for food by fishermen and immigrants, and later for the use of their feathers commercial- ly. Tlie single egg that they laid was about 5.00 x 3 inches, the'ground color was bufty white, and the shpots brownish and black- ish The markings varied in endless pattern as do tho.^e of the smaller Auk. There are but two real eggs (plaster casts in imitation of the Auks eggs are to be found in many collections) in collections in this country, one in the academy of Natural Science. Philadelphia, and the other in the National Museum at Washington. Through the kindness of Mr. Witmer Stone, of the Icademy of Natural Science, we are enabled to sohw a full-sized reproduction from a photograph of the egg In their collection. Great Auk Dovekie i;'^^^. --ii W^r^. 32 1^ RGG OF THE GREAT ATK I'h.itiiKr.iplifil from the specimen in tlie AciidfcPiy of Niituiiil mi. me. Iiil;iilelt>hi.i . II. il iimi-e llii.n ten or twelve of these eBKs iire In this ...iiiiliy; thi> on.' tlguieiJ is one of the best marked s|i.mIiiiiiis. 32 THE BIRD BOOK >M ^> >i4 >»« >;* ^ ^J^ m. UovEKiE. Alle die. HanKe.-t-oaHtH and islandM of the North At- lantic and Ka»t Arctic oceans, breeding In the Arctic reglonn and wintering as far south as the Middle States. The little Dovekle or Sea Dove Is the smallest member of the family, being only 8 Inches m length, and Is the only member of the jub-famlly alllnee. The form Is very robust and the bin 1>. short and stout. In summer the plum- age Is black above: the throat and upper breast DovBkle I'iile gr<;enl.-4kua i'ltniiirinp JiPKer Oii\-p hrown the marsh grass and Is lined with grass. The two eKKs whicli they lay have an olive greenish ground, spotted with dark brown. Size 2.75 x 1.90. .'Ki. P0.MAHINK .l.\K(iKH. Slrrcorurius pomarinui. Range.— Northern Hemisphere, breeding within the Arctic Circle, more commonly in the Old World. In the breeding plumage, this Jseger has the crown and face blackish; back and sides of head, throat and under parts pure white, excet^t the pointed stilTened feath- ers 01' the neck which are yellow. Back, wings and tail blackish, the latter with the two middle feath- ers lengthened about four inches beyond the rest of the tail, and broad to the tips. wlii"•>' •"Xtend about eigh in hes beyond the others, and from the most noti.eable distinguishing point from 'XV::r!^ urtgerr'L^i-rrrk^"" "•'^^ "'-'" "--'"«'' '- '»« "^^^ phase In which the plumage Is a near- ly uniform sooty brown, lightest be- low. The Longtalled Jwgers are the most numerous In Alaska and are even more graceful In flight than are the Gulls and Terns, floating, skim- ming, sailing, plunging, and darting about with incredible swiftness and ease. Like the others of this family, they pilfer their food from Ihe Gulls, and are also very destructive to young birds and eggs. Their eggs are either laid on the bare ground or In a slight depression, scantily lined with grasses. The eggs are indistinguishable from those of the preceding species except that they average a trifle smaller. Size 2.10 x 1.50. 37 Olive brciwn Tin, HUM) B(X'" GULLS and TERNS. Family LARID.€ UuIIm ur»> w»»l)bpd footed bIrijH IihvIiik h hUkIu liook to tli«* «-iid of thn upfer niandlblj.. Tlinlr plurnHKH Ih Ki-nerully ii Hllvery Kruy utmve and white below, rbey nt'st In larue re they ride the larKest waven In perfe< t nafety. TernH are blrd« of Hlmllur pluniane to the OuIIh. but their formn ar • lenH ro liUHt and the blllH are uenerally limner and nharply pointed. Their focwl ion- sIsIm chleHy ol Hniall (iHh which they necure by hoverlnn above the water, and then plunKinK upon th«>m. They are U-hh often neen on the nurfuHv (in l'„n„,,hUn alhtt. llanRo.— An tie i-KionM; Moutli In winrcr to th»- iinrthirn bjirder of the t'nlt^d StHfHH. Th.- nttlo Hnow Oull. UH It IH oft..n (iillod ix .'iKlit^Hn lnK Ml-I. I'\||MI klTTIH tHK. //l«»« Irilllll- Ifllii fwlliviinii. l(HiiK)-. I'lHt:*) of itiK North I'arltli', winlcrlnK noutti III t'nIlfornU. TliH I'Bcltti' KIttlwuk- hrffdK in ininienHc nM)k iTlt'H on Hoint* of tht> iMlandH In RerinK Heit. Thfy ur<> wfll dlMtrlliiited ov>>r ('opp«r Iwland wIkth ilicy ticHi In June urd July. cliiioHlnK tlif IMkIi IfdKfM whlrh ovi'rliHnK tlif »va. TIih neHtlnic liahltH itnd HKKM urt> pi.';'li(ely tin- Hanif a* thoNt- of lilt- coninion Klttlwaki>. M. I(KI> I.KIiOKII KiTTIW \KK. liimill Itrifl- nmtrin. UiiriKi . North wt'sicrn roiistM, lirccdhiK In IiIkIi lulltudi-s. This Kittlwaki* is Hlmllur to the pri^<'«>dlnR, with Ui>- cxi'i-ptioii that (he I<>km art' brlxht red, the iiiiuitle Ih darker, and the hill Ih Hhorter. ThiH spt'c leu waH found hy l)r, Leonard SteJneKer to he a very ahundnnt neHtlnx hird on ixlandH In Her- Ki'M-lt'KKi'cl KIttlwake filaiii'iMiM (iiill llrownlHli huff Inn Sea, selectinK steep and inacct'sslhle rocks and ledxes on which to Imild ItH newt. Their nesting hal)its are preciseiy the same a8 the I'aciflc KIttlwake, liut they most often nest in separate i olonies, hut ran he distinKUisJied readily when nesting together hy the durker mantles when on the nest and the red legs when flylni-' (Srass, moss and mud are used in the nest. The ground color of the eggs is fly or hrownish, and the spots are dark brown and lilac. Size 2,15 X 1.50. l-',i. (ii.ArcoiH (it'i.i. I.tirus liii[itrlu)reuf. Kange. Arctic regions, south in winter to Long island, the Oreat Lakes, and San Francisco Bay. This Gull shares witli the Oreat Black-backed Gull the honor of being the largest of the Gulls. I)eing 2K Indies in length. Mantle light gray; it Is distinguished by Its size and the primaries, wliii'h are white to the tips. A powerful Kird that preys upon the smaller Gulls and also devours the young and eggs of smaller birds. They nest on the ground on the Islands and shores of Hudson Bay. Green- land, etc. The nest is made of seaweed, grass and Jiioss and Is generally quite bulky. The two or three eggs are laid In June. They are of various shades of color from a light drab to a brownish, and are spotted with brownish and black. Size about 3 x 2.20. 40 I.ON(iVVI\<>KI) SUIMMh US k.'.I. I'lMJur Maiihi.« r^, liurroiiiiHiiD. KitiiKi*. NorthwcNt n.' ,t friiMi ll«nil> IdhI Hpfi'i<>N, hirn*' llllcH of VHKetBtlim. Iiiillowed on lop for tlip rpi»'pllon of the fKKH, Tlif t'KKs have llif same varla- llonH In color and mark- InRM aH ihe Ulaucus (lull. Size :! X :mo. Alaitka. July I mn. NVsi mad. .,f K.-aw.-.'d and gruHx; plaind on thV ground! I'ollector. U.V. I. o. StrlnRPr. White Three eKKH. t.'f. fcKl.A.NK (ifi.i.. /.rtr«. Iriiiopliru: >V*f» I <> Hangp.-- Antic rt-KJons. south In winter to the MlddU- States. This Gull In appearance Is precisely like the two precedlnK ones hut l» on- Kklerahly smaller: 24 Inches In lenKtli. A very rommon hird In the north. lireedlnn In colonies of thousiiiids on many ot Ihe Islands. It is reRarded as one iif the most common of the lurKer Oulls In Ber- JnK Sea and also nests I'ommonly in Hudson Hay and Greenland, as well as In the Kastern Hemis- phere. They nest indiffer- ently on IiIkIi rockv cliffs ot III low sandy Islands. Kx- •ept when the eKKs are laid In a sandy depression In the soil, (lulte bulky nests ■ire made of seaweed :.nd moss. The eKKs are laid about the (Irst of June; they number two to three and liave a ground color of brownish or Rreenish brown and are blotched with umlier. Size 2.80xl.s:i. Data.— Mackenzie Bay. Arctic America. June 18. 1S99. .Nest made of seaweed <>nd grass on an island in the bay. 41 nish hrciHii /^ ,' i THE BIRD BOOK /■--■' ti. Cii.Mfors-wiNOEU (iri.i.. Liiru» frlauretcrnx. KanKe.— North Pacific coast, breeding from British Columbia northwards and wintering from the same country to southern California. This Gull Is very like the preceding except that the primaries are the same color as the mantle, and are tipped with white. Length about ■n Inches. Not so northerly distributed a bird as the previous ones, and consequently better «»^ .^^ Iceland Gull Qlaucous-wlnBed CiuU Pale greenish brown known. They breed In large numbers both on the high rocky cliffs of the Islands along the coast and on the low sandy islands of the Aleu- tian Chain, On Copper Island they breed on the inaccessible dlfls overhanging the water. As In the case of the Iceland Gull, when the nests are on the cliffs, a large nest of seaweed Is made, whereas If they are on the ground, especially In sandy places no attempt is made at nest-bullding. The eggs have a greenish toown ground color and dark brown spots. Sl,.e 2,7,'; x 2,05, Data,-West Coast of Vancouver Island. June 20, 1896, Three eggs; nest made of seaweed. Located on a low ledge. Collector, Dr, Newcombe, t.i, KuMLiEN'S Gri-L, Larut Kumlieni. Range.— North Atlantic coast, breeding In Cumberland Sound and wintering *%*hL*b"rd*diff^°from*I'he Glaucous-v.ingod only In the pattern of the gray markings of the primaries and in having a little lighter mantle. is „Me ^mmon In Its breeding haunts where It places Its nest high up on the ledges of the clilTs. The eggs are not different apparently from glaucescens. 46. Nelson's Gi'li.. Larus nelsoni. Range. — Coast of Alaska. ... ■ Plumage exactly like that of Kumllen Gull and questionably a new species. The nests and eggs are not to be distinguished from the preceding, 42 I.ONG-WF NCIEI) SWI M M K HS i7- (JREAT-HLACK-BACKED (il'LL. Lams marinut. KanRe. — North Atlantic on both the American and Eluropean Hides; breeds from Nova Scotia northward and winters south to the Great Lakes and the Middle States. The largest of the Gulls (thirty inches long) and unlike any other. The mantle Is dark slaty black, and the primaries are black with white tips. The bill is very large and powerful and Ureat Klack-liarkiMl Cull Kuinlit'irs (iiill Grayish buff quite strongly hooked. They are quite abundant birds in their range, and are very quarrelsome, hotli among themselves and other species. They do not breed in as large colonies as do the other Gulls, half a dozen pairs appropriating a small island to the exclusion of all other birds. They are very rapacious birds and live to a great ex- tent, especially during the breeding season, upon the eggs and young of otlier birds such as Ducks, Murres and smaller Gulls. They place their nests upon the higher portions of sandy islands. They are made of grasses and seaweed. Tlie three eggs are laid early in June: they are grayish or brownish, spotted with brown and lilac. Size 3x2.15. Data. -South Labrador, June 21, 1884. Tliree eggs. Nest on a small island off the coast; of grasses and moss. m. Si..\TV-BACKED GrLL. — Ltirus trhutUagttS. Range. — North Pacific and Anilc Oceans. This Gull, which is similar to the Great Black-backed, but is smaller and has R lighter mantle, does not breed in any considerabla numbers on the Amerl- ?v. ly. Westkhn Gi'Ll.. /.nr«* ov rid ent alia. RanKc— Pacific Coast, breeding trom southern California to British Columbia. This bird, whicli Is the most southerly distrib- uted of the larger Gulls is twenty-four inches in lenKth. Mantle slate colored; primaries black. Doth these and the secondaries being broadly tipped with white. These Gulls nest abundantly on the Farallones. the majority of them showing a preference for the lower portions of the island, although they nest on the ledges also. Besides man, these Gulls are the greatest enemies that the Murres have to content against. They are always on the watch and if a Murre leaves its nest, one of the Gulls is nearly always ready to pounce upon the egg and carry it away bodily In his bill The Gulls too suffer when the eggers come, for their eggs are gathered up with the Murres for the markets. They make their nests of weeds and grass, and during May and June lay three eggs showing the usual variations of color common to tho Gulls eggs. Size 2.75 x 1.90. [.-lO.] SinERiAN Gill. Larus afpnit. This bird does not nest in North A- has a place on our list, by its accl' al < rence in Greenland. It is an Old \ and its nesting habits and eggs are 1. i.. the Herring Gull. SI. Herring Gull. Larus argentatun. Range.— Whole of the Northern Hemisphere, breeding from Maine and British Columbia north- ward and wintering south to the Gulf. This Gull, which formerly was No. Bla, a sulv species of the European variety, is now regarded Herring Gull as identical with it, and is no longer a sub-species It is twenty-four inches in length, has a light gray mantle and black primaries which are tipped with . __ white. The Herring -' -__-- _— , Gulls nest In colonies in fa vorable localities throughout their range, chiefly on the coasts and islands. A few pairs also nest on islands in some of the inland bodies of fresh water. Except in places where they are continually molested, when they will build in trees, they place their nests on the ground either making no nest on the bare sand, or building a bulky nest of seaweed in the grass on h' her parts of the island. ?grayirh''co1or'ma\ked with brown. In rare cases unspotted bluish white eggs are found. Size 2.8 x 1.7. 44 Wi'stcrn Hull Buff LONG-WI NGED SWI M M K HS ■V^. Vkga GrLL Larus vegae. Range.— Coast of Alaska, south in winter to California. Similar to the Herring Gull, but with the man- tle darker, but not so dark as in the Western Gull. The nesting habits and eggs are the same as those of the Herring Gull, except that in a ser- ies, the eggs of the Vega will average a little darker in ground color. It nests during May on tlie coasts and islands of Bering Sea, placing its fKKs in a hollow on the ground. Size 2.T5 x 1.65. Oraylsh brown 5.S. California Gull. Larus californi- cui. Range.— Western Norf. America, breeding in the interior. liiriK-iilllPd Ouii A smaller Gull than the Herring with the prim- falifoinia Ouii aries grayish instead of black, length twenty-flve inches. This Gull is found in winter on the coast from British Columbia southward to Lower California, but nests in the interiar from Utah northward. They nest very abundantly around the Great Salt Lake, placing their nests generally upon the bare ground. Sometimes there is a scant lining of grasses or weeds and again the nests will l)e situated in the midst of a tussock of grass. Three or four eggs generally constitute a set, but occasionally five are laid. 'I :ie usual nesting time is dur- ing May. They show the same great variations in color and markings com- mon to most of the Gulls. Plze 2.60 x 1.80. "li. Ki>i Gi-i.L. Larus (lelarvarenis. Range.— Whole of North America, breeding from the United States north- ward and wintering south to the Gulf States. A small Gull, eighteen inches in length, with a light gray mantle, black primaries with white tips, and always to be distinguished in the breeding sea- son by the black band around the middle of the greenish yellow bill. They nest in enormous colonies on islands in the interior of the country and in smaller colonies on the coasts. Thousands of them breed on the lakes of the Dakotas and northward. The majority of them nest on the ground, although on the coast they are often found on the cliffs. They commonly lay three eggs placing them in a slight hollow in the ground, generally on the grassy portions <>t the islands. The color varies from grayish to brownish, marked with brown and lilac. The height of the nesting season is in June. Size of eggs 2.M) X 1.75. 45 'U THE BIRD BOOK an. Short-billed Gull. Larvt brachg- rhj/nchuB. Range.— Breeds from the interior of British Columbia northward to Alaslca: south in winter to Lower California. The Short-billed or American Mew OuU is seven- teen inches in length, has a short, stout bill and is otherwise similar to the precedlDK species. Nests on islands in the lakes and along the river banks of Alaska. The nest is made of grass, weeds and moss and is placed on the ground. Pale KreenlBb-brown Karly in June the birds lay their set >( three eggs, the ground color of which Is greenish i^iown mark- ed with dark brown. Size 2.25x1.60. Data- Mackenzie River, N. W. T., June 18, 1900. Three eggs. Nest made of seaweed and ^rass and placed on the ground on an island in the river. [36.] Mew Gull. Larus canus. This is the European variety of the above spe- cies, breeding commonly both in the British Isles and northern Europe. This species is given a place in our avifauna because of its accidental appearance in Labrador. Shnrt-bllled Gull Heerman's Oiill yj. Hebhman's Gull. — Larus heermanni. Range. — Pacific Coast of North America from British Columbia south to Panama, breeding chiefly south of the United States border. A very handsome species, often called the White-headed Gull, and wholly unlike any other; length seventeen inch "s. Adults, in summer, have the ntire head, neck and throat white, this shading quite abruptly into the slaty upper and upder parts; the primaries and tall are black, the latter and the secondaries being tipped with white. The legs and bill are Termllion. They are found off the coast of California, but are not believed to breed there. They are known to breed on some of the islands oft the Mexican coast nesting on the ground the same as the other species. The three eggs are greenish drab in color and are marked with different shades of brown and lilac. Size 2.46 X 1.50. 46 11 : from the Gulf to Nova Scotia, chleHy on the (oast. A beautiful Gull, 16 Inches long, with ii dark slate lolored head, giay mantle, black I'^.le grayish brown Laughing Gull primaries, and white neck, underparts and tall. Bill and feet red. This bird has Its name from Its peculiar laugliiiig cry when alarmed or angry- It is also called the Black headed Gull. They nest by thousands on the islands off tlie Gulf Coast and along the South Atlantic States. The nest Is placed on the ground and is made of sea- weed. Three, four and sometimes five eggs are laid, of a grayish to greenish brown color, marked with brown and lilac. Size 2.25x1.60. Data.— TInibalin Is.. La., June :{. 96. Three eggs. Nest of drift s thrown In a pile about K 11' high, slightly hollowed on to .. low marsh back of beach. Collector, K. A. McUhenny. N ^ RING- BILLED GULL— Gray 47 I :■?! fT' THE BIRD BOOK :>(). Franklin's Gii.i.. \. Larui franklini. RanKe.— Interior North America, breedlii? from middle ITnited StateR northward. Like the last but smaller and with the primar- ies light. Underparts rosy In breeding season. Nests very abundantly in the marshes of Minne- sota and northward. Nest made of grasses and TTnnklln'sQull , _ „ Bonaparte 9 Gull Grayish limwn placed in the niarsh grass barely above the sur- face of the water. Kggs same color as the last but the markings more inclined to zigzag lines. Size 2.10x1.40. Data.— Heron Lake, Minn., May 26, 1885. Nest of wet sedge stalks and rubbish placed in a bunch of standing sedge in shallow water; at least five thousand birds in rookery. Collector, J. W. Preston. (io. Bonaparte's Gti.i.. /-""<» Philadelphia. Range— Breeds In tlie northern parts of North America: winters from Maine and British Columbia to the southern border of the United States. Smaller than the last; 14 inches long. Plumage similar, but bill slender and black. They nest in great numbers on the marshes of .Manitoba and to the northward. The nests, of sticks and grass, are placed on the higher parts of the marsh and the usual complement of three eggs is laid during the latter part of June. The eggs are grayish to green- ish brown, marked with dark brown and lilac. Size 1.90 x 1.30. 48 Pale grayish brown LONO-WI XCIED S\V I M M F. RS 1 60.1 1 LiTTLB Gill. Larui minuiui. Thl8 Gull i8 the smalleHt of the family: It U a Kuropean bird, and has accidentally strayed to our shores but a few times. Its plumage Is sim- ilar to that of the Bonaparte Oull but the bill is red. It breeds In the marshes around the Baltic Sea, placing Us nest of dead vegetation on the highest parts of the marsh. They lay three eggs of a greenish gray color marked with dark brown and lilac. Size l.'mx 1.26. (il. Ross Gull. Jihodimtethia roam. Range. — The Arctic regions, south in winter lo Alaska, Greenland, northern Europe and Asia. This beautiful bird Is the most rare of all the (lulls, being very difficult to obtain because of its pxtreme northerly distribution. It is In form and plumage like Bonaparte Gull, with the excep- tions tliat tlie iiead is wlilte, tliere being a nar- row black collar around the neck, the tall is wedge shaped, and tlie whole under parts from tlie chin to tlie tall are rosy In the breeding plum- age. The nests and eggs remain still undlscover ed, although Nansen, in August 1896, found a supposed breeding ground In Franz Josef Land, because of the numbers of the birds, but found no nests. 6'2. Sabine's Gull. Xema nahinii. Range. — Arctic regions, breeding from Alaska and Greenland and northward, and wintering Rose null south to New England. A handsome bird, having the slaty hood bordered behind with a black ring, the primar- ies black, white tipped, and the tall slightly forked. They breed abundantly on the marshes of northern Alaska and Greenland, nesting the same as others of the species. The two or there eggs are laid In .lune. They are greenish brown in color and are marked with dark brown. Size 1.76 x 1.25. Data. — Hudson Bay, August 1, 1894. Eggs laid on the ground in ■.reonlHl' iirown "'^ moss; no nest except the hollow In the moss. m Sabiii*. (iiill S V sss'i^^i^^:^^^^ 49 ■^•W" THK BIRD BOOK (i.t. (iri.l,-Hil.l.Kli Tkhn. Gfloihrliilon nilotira. Range.— Found In North Anierlca along the Gulf CoBHt and on the Atlantic CoaHt north to Virginia and <«HUally farther. . .^ , . » .1 « t„,«u TlilH Ih one of the largeHt of the Tern». 1h 14 InchPH long. haH a ithor» thltk, black bin and a short »llghtly foi.;ed tall; the trown Ih black, mantle pearly gray, white l)elow. This Bpedes Ih very widely dis- tributed, being found In Kurope. Austra- lia. Asia and Africa. They are known locally as "Marsh Terns" where they breed In Immense numbers on some of the marshes about the Gulf, particularly In Texas. They also breed on many of the Islands along the I'oast, rarely mak- ing any nest, but laying the eggs In a hollow In the sand. They nest most abundantly In the latter part of May, generally laying three eggs. They are of a yellowish, grayish or greenish buff color and are spotted W.th brown and lilac. Size 1.80x1.30. Data.-North- ampton Co.. Va., May 28, 1882. Three eggs laid on a maBS of seaweed on marsh aliove tide water. Vn\f Ki'*'*'nl!*lt ^ufT Hi. Caspian Tehn. Sterna catpia. 4 H Range.— Like the preceding species, this bird Is nearly cosmopolitan In Its range, in North America breed'"ic from the Gulf ("oast and Texas northward to the Arctic Regions. This beautiful bird is the largest of the Tern family, being about 22 Inches in length, with the tall forked about 1.5 Inches. The bill Is large, heavy and bright red; the crest, with which this and the next three species are adorned, l8 black. The mantle is pale ^ .„-_ pea-1 and the under parts white. These Terns some- times nest in large colonies and then again only a few pairs will be found on an Island. In Texas, the breed- ing season commences In May, It being later in the more northern breeding grounds. They may be re- garded as largely eastern birds, as while they are com- mon in the interior of the country, they are rarely found on the Pacific Coast. Two or three eggs constitute a com- rr.vlsh huff .t1ar;in^r:ngirhrw?cooped out by the ^^^y^^.^^'t^ ^ fa'nT'^k'e-^Mic-J^ra^' C ri^^.^-^'o'^t. ''TL'il^.'in.po.V t.. travel Fully a thoS^and terns nesting on about one acre. Collector. Charles L. Cass. 50 I.ONCi UlNdKI) SWI.MMKKS (i"i. Rov.\L Tehv. Sterna majimn. iUnge.—Temperatf North and Houtli America, breeding In tlie United State* locally from Texaw and the Oulf 8tateH northward to the northern iHiundary of the United StateH. The Royal TernH nent In great numlierH on the cDaKtH and iHlandH on the South Atlantic and (iulf StateH and In the maritheM of nouthern TexaH. Oraylsh buff Like the former upecleH they lay two or three egg8 In a hollow on the bare sand. The eggs are the same size but differ In being more pointed and having a lighter ground and with the mark- ings more bold and distinct. Size 2.60 x 1.70. 66. Kleoant Tern. Sterna elefranx. Range.— PaclHc Coast of South and Central America; north to California In summer. A similar bird to the Royal Tern, but easily'iiiii-Miiici T.in 4'itHpiati Tfrii __ Itiiyal Cream color distinguished by its smaller size, slender bill, and more graceful t'o:m. In the breeding plumage the under parts of these Terns are tinged with rosy, which probably first gave the birds their name. They breed on the coasts and Islands of Mexico and Central America, placing their eggs on the sand. They are be- lieved to lay but a iingle egg, like that of tlie Royal Tern, but smaller. Size 2.40 x 1.40. Data.— Honduras. Central America, June 5, 1899. Single egg laid on the sandy beach. i 51 I r\2 fli ■Pl fT' TMK BIRO BOOK KU'itiinl 'IVrn Ciiliiit s Tern fi7. Cabot Tbhn. Stema tandriientii avuflavida. Ilunne.-A troptial Hp«-«*« breedlnf reguUrljf north to tliP BaliBniBt and Plortda: (anually farther north. A beautiful Wrd dUtlngulnhed from the three preredlnn oneH by U» ■mailer nlxe (Hlxteen Inrhen) and by the bill whlth 1h hlaih Cretttn color with a yellow tip. They nest In colonieB on the Hhoren of InJandH In the West Indies and Baha- n.a«. but not to a great extent on the United StateH ("oast Their two or three eggs have a creamy ground color, and are boldly marked with brown and black. 8l»e 2.10x1.40. [68.] Thudeau 's Tehn. Sterna trudeaui. Range-south America; . entally along the coast of the United 8 ate. Trare and uniaue specie. . a form similar to the following but ..th th coloration entirely dlftere, About fifteen Inches In length; tall long and deepTy forked; bill yellow w.th a band of black about the middle. Whole head pure white, shading Into the pearly color of the upper and under parts. A narrow band of black through the eye and over the ear coverts. A very rare species that Is supposed to breed In southern South America. «'-" ^ ^'^^ among North American birds on the strength of a specimen seen by Audubon off Long Island. 52 I.ONO-WINOEI) SWIMMKKS ()!». Fomiitrii'h Triin. Strrna fiirilrri. Range. — Toniperate North America, brfedltiK rroni Manttoba, Maiiit., and California, iiouth to the Quit Coaitt and Texan. Lencth about fifteen Incheii; tail long and deep- ly forked: crown black, back and winRR pearl and under partM white. Hill oranxe red. Thin wpe- rlm and the three following are the mottt grace- ful of birdit In appearance and night. Their move- Komteri) Tern Coniinon Titii Brownish buff ments can only be likened to those of the Swal- lows, from which they get the name of "Sea Swal- lows." Their food conHlsts of fluh, which they get by diving, and marine InsectH. They breed by thousandM In the marHhes from Manitoba to Texas and along the South Atlantic coast. The eggs are laid in a hollow on the dry grassy portions of the islands or marshes. They generally lay three eggs and rarely four. They are buffy or brown- ish spotted with dark brown and lilac. Size 1.80 xl.30. Data.— Cobb's Island, V».. June 8, 1887. Eggs In a hollow on grassy bank. Collector. F. H. Judson. 70. Common Tern. Strrna hiruniiu. Range.— Eastern North America, breeding both on the coast and in the in- terior from the Oulf States northward. This bird ditfers from the preceding chiefly In having a bright red bill tipped with black, and the under parts washed with pearl. These are the most com- mon Terns on the New England coast, nest- ing abundantly from Virginia to Newfound- land. These beautiful Terns, together with others of the family, were formerly killed by thousands for millinery purposes, but the practice Is now being rapidly stopped. In May and June they lay their three, or some- times four eggs on the ground as do the other Terns. They are similar to the pre- ceding species but average shorter. Data. — Duck Is., Maine, June 30, 1896. Three eggf in marsh grass about fifty feet from beach. No nest. Collector, C. A. Reed. Buff 5S TIIK HIHI) HOOK 1 1. Ant Til Trnn. ^yJ^K Slerna parmCfara. Runge. Northerii H«»mli«plu-r»'. brptHUnn (roiii Nfw KnKland iiurthward to tli*' Arclli {(••kIoiik •n l«Nf >n«vt- InK In havinK the bill wholly rtn] nnd the t>-pt Ih-- liiK (tnialUT and wchIc for the »lze of the hlrd. A nior" nortlivrn hlt^ Ihiui the la»t. iireedlim abund- antly In AlaKka, both on the roa i and in the In tertor. In the Moutlx'Tn llnillH of Itx breedhiK ran^e, It ne^in In mmpany with the Coninion Tern, llH nestM and fKKi* being IndlMtlngulKhahle from the luilf-r. When their newtinK KronndH are approiK'hed, al' the blrdn arine like a (creat white clour, lUterinK their liarHli. dlxcordant "teHrrr, tearrr. " while now ind then an individual. Ixilder tlian the rcHl, will woop clofie by with an anfcry "rrnrk." On the whole they are tinild hlrdH. keep- ing well out of reach. The neHtlni: season In early In June. Kkkh like the precediuK. Data. — l.,lttle Duck U., Me., June 29, 1896. Three eRUM in a Hlixht liiillow on the beach, three feet alMive ]l^ hlifh water mark. 7'^. RoHEVTK Tkhx. Strrna ilnugalli. UanRe.- Temperate North America the Qulf, Thene are ilie most beautiful birds, having a delicate pink blush on the under parts during .Vr-ctir 'r*'rn Kost-ate T*'rn .Miutinn Ti'i-n Ciraylsh or Hrowiiisli the breeding aeason; the tall Is very long and deeply forked, the outer f»'ath- ers being over five inches longer than the middle ones; the bill Is red with a black tip. They nest in large colonies on the Islands from Southern New Kng land southward, pla<'iii»,' the nests In the short grass, generally without any lining. They lay two or three eggs which are indistinguishable from the two preceding species. 7,'t. .\i.KfTi.vN Tkhn. Sterna aleulira. Range. — Found in summer in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. South in winter to Japan. This handsome Tern is of the form and size of the Common Tern, but has a darker mantle, and the forehead is white, leaving a black line from the bill to the eye. They nest on islands oft the coast of Alaska, sometimes together with the Arctic Tern. The eggs are laid upoi, the bare ground or moss, and are similar to the Arctic Terns, but average nar- rower. They are two or three in number and are laid in June and July. Size 1.70 X 1.15. Data.— Stuart Is., Alaska. Three eggs in a slight hollow In the moss. 54 lONCl WI S-' Kroiii iiorthprn Boutli Atiiprlcu lo H.mtlicrn New KnRland. I)»kota uiid i .altfornla. br«'»'dlnK IcMBlly tlirouKlmut Itn ruinjf. Then*' Uttl*" «••« SwHlloWH arn lli* mimllHrtt or Ihf T«Tii!<, iM-liiK l»" » Imhw tn If-ngtli. Tiny have a v.'llow bill with a hlaik lip. ii l)la< k irown and nape, and wlilti- fiirehead. AltliouKli »nmll. theite llltle TernK li>»e none of the nmc e and »>eau- t> of ait Ion of their larirer relatlven. They netil Least I.iKht hiifr In (olonlM on the jtoulh Allantlr and Oulf Coastit, plai'lltK their e^K* upon the bare sand, where they are HoraetlmeM very dlllUult to see amonK the HhellH and pebbles. They are of a grayish or huffy lolor spotted with umber and lilac They number two, three and rarely four, and are laid In May and June. 81xe 1.2B x .95. Data.— DeSota Beach. Klu.. May 20, 1884. Three eggs laid on the Handy beach. Colleccor, ('has. Graham. 'it. Sooty Tehn. Sterna futraia. Range. — Tropical America, north to the South Atlantic States. This species measures 17 Inches In length; It has a brownish black mantle, wings and tall, except the outer feathers of the latter which are white: the forehead and under parts are white, the crown and a line from the eye to the bill, black. This tropical sppcles is very numerous at Its breeding grouiuls im thf small Inlands of the Florida Keys and the West Indies. They lay but a single egfr. generally plac- ing It on the l)are ground, or oi ■ nsionaliy liuilding a frail nest of (^r.isse.- The egg has a pinkish wlille or ir.aniy ground and is beautifuHy sprinkhMi witii .spdts of reddish brown and lilac. They are laid during May. Size I'.OSxl.la. Data.- Clutherla Key. Bahamas. May 28, 1891. Single egg laid on bare ground near water. I'ollector, D. F' Ingraiiam. Creamy white V ir THK BIRD BOOK [7d.] Bridled Tkhn. Sterna anaetheta. y i Range, isplieres Tern is is white in a line nion on and tlif , — Kound in tropical regions of liotli heni- ; casual or accidental in Klorida. This similar to the last except that the nape and the white of the foreliead extends over the eye. The Bridled Tern is corn- some of the islands of the West Indies Uahamas, nesting in company with the lila.k 'I'tiii .Noililv Hlmk Skliiiiiur Creamy white Sooty Terns and Noddies. The single eRg is laid on tiie seashore or among the roclcs. It is creamy white beautifully marlted with brown and lilac. Size 1.85 X 1.25. Data.— Bahamas, May 9, 1892. Single egg laid in a cavity among the roclts. Col- lector, D. P. Ingraham. 77. Blac K Tkhn. llyiiroihelidon nigra unrinamentit. Range, — Temperate America, breeding from the middle portions of the United States northward to Alaska; south in winter beyond the United States Border. The identity of these Terns cannot be mistaken They are but ten inches in length: the whole head, neck and under parts are black; the back, wings and tail are slaty and the under tail coverts are white. Their dainty figure with their long slender wings gives them a grace and airi- ness, If possible, superior to other species of the family. They are very active and besides feeding upon all manner of marine Crustacea, they capture many insects in the air. They nest in large colonies in marshes, both along the coast and in the interior, making a nest of decayed reeds and grasses, or often laying their eggs upon rafts of decayed vegetation which are floating on he water. The nesting season com- mences in May. they laying three eggs of a brown- ish or greenish color, very heavily blotched with blackish brown. Size 1.35 x .95. Data.— Winne- bago City. Minn., May 31, 1901, Three eggs. Nest made of a mass of weeds and rushes floating on water in a swamp. Collector, R, H. Bullis. 56 l>i<-|> urccnlMh brown 1^ A > LONG-WI XGED SWI M M E RS [78.] WiiiTE-wiNuKi) Bl.\(k Tehs. U ydrochelidon leucoptera. RanKe. — Eastern Hemisphert*. its addition to Amer- ican birds being made because of the accidental appearance of one bird In Wisconsin in 1873. They lest very abundantly among the lakes and marshes Greenish hurt' ut' southern Kurope, placinK tlieir eggs the same as the American spe- cies, upon masses of decayed reeds and stallcs. They lay three eggs "'* which have a somewhat brighter appearance than the common Black Terns because of a somewhat light- er ground color. *!). NoDuv. A nous stolidui. Range. — Tropical America, north to the Gulf and South Atlantic States, A peculiar but handsome bird (about fifteen inches long), with a silvery white head and the rest of the plumage brownish, and the tail rounded. They breed in abundance on some of the Flor- ida Keys, the West Indies and the Bahamas. Their nests are made of sticks and grass, and are placed either In rees or on the ground. They lay hut a single egg with a bufty or cream colored ground spotted with chestnut and lilac. Size 2.00 x 1.30. Atwood's Key, Hahanias, June 1, 1891. Nest made of sticks and grasses, three feet up a mangrove. Col- lector, D. P. Ingraham. if Buff Nod-'y 'y^ 67 THE BIRD BOOK V ll SKIMMERS. Family RYNCHOPID^ Skimmers are Tern-like birds iiaving a very strangely developed bill. The lower mandible is mucli longer than the upper and very thin, the upper edge being as sharp as the lower. The lower mandible is rounded at the end while the upper is more pointed. Young Skimmers are said to have both mandibles of the same length, the abnormal development not appearing until after fliglit. Skimmers are very graceful birds, and, as implied by their name, they skim over the surface of the water, rising and falling with the waves, and are said to pick up their food by dropping the lower mandible below the surface, its thin edge cutting the water like a knlft. There are four species of Skimmers, only one of which is found in North America. «(). Black Skimmeh. Uynchop* nigra. Rauge.— The South Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, breeding from New Jersey southward. The Black Skimmer is about eighteen inches in length, and be- sides the remarkable bill is a bird of striking plumage; the forehead, ends of the secondaries, Uil feathers and under parts are white; the rest of the plum- age is black and the basal half of the bill is crimson. Skimmers nest in large communities, the same as do the Terns, laying their eggs In hollows in the sand. They are partially nocturnal in their habits and their hoarse barking cries may be heard after the shadows of night have enveloped the earth. Fishermen call them by the names of 'Cut-water" and "Sea Dog." The nesting season commences in May and continues through June and July. They lay from tliree to five eggs, having a creamy or yellowish buff ground, blotched witli black, chestnut and lilac. Siie 1.76x1.30. Data.-Cobb's is.. Va.. June 8, 1894. Three eggs Ipld in a hollow on the beach. No nest. UufTy jfllciw 68 TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS. Order III. TUBINARES. ALBATROSSES. Family DIOMEDEIDAE Albatrosses are the Itrgest of the sea birds and have an enormous expanse of wing, the Wandering Albatross, the largest of the family, sometimes attain- ing an expanse of fourteen feet. Their nostrils consist of two slishtly project- ing tubes, one on each side near the base of the bill. They are unsurpassed in powers of flight, but are only fair swimmers and rarely, if ever. dive, getting their food, which consists of dead animal matter, from the surface of the water. HI. Bl.ACK-FooTEli Albatriims. Duimrdfii nigripei. Kange.— North Paciflc from California north- ward. This Albatross is thirty-two Inches in length; it is of a uniform sooty brown color shad- ing into whitish at the base ot the bill, which is rounded. Like the other members of the family, this species is noted for its extended flights, fol- lowing vessels day after day without any apparent period of rest, for tlie purpose of feeding on the refuse that is thrown ovi^rboard. They breed during our winter on some of the small isolated islands in the extreme southern portions of the globe. They lay a single white egg on the bare ground. «a. Short- TAILED Albatross. DiomciUa alhatnis. Ilange.— North Pacific Ocean in summer, from Lower California to Alaska. With the exception of tlie Wandering Albatross, which is now regard- ed as doubtful as occurring oft our coasts, the Sliort-Ulled Albatross is one ot the largest of the group, measuring thirty-six inches in length, and has an extent of seven feet or more. With llie exception of the black primaries, shoulders and tail, the entire plumage is white, tinged with straw color on the back of the head. They breed on the guano islands in the North Pacific off the roasts of Alaska and Japan. They lay a single white egg on the bare ground or rocks. As with the other members of the family, the eggs are Hlu, k-f.H,t.-.i Ali.atroHs fxtremely variable In size, but average about •■""■"-t..ilrcil|..l .>6. Slbnder-billei) Shearwater. Puffinut tenuirottrit. Range.— Northern Paciflc Ocean in the sum- mer, extending from Japan and Alaska south- ward. Supposed to breed in the southern hemis- phere, as well as probably on some of the Aleu- tians in Alaska. 96.1. VVedoe-tailed Shearwater. Puffinu* cuneatus. Range.— North Paciflc, breeding on the Revil- lagtgedo Islands off the coast of Mexico, and probably on some of the small islands in the Qulf of California. [97.] Black-tailed Shearwater. Priofinu$ rintrus This is a Shearwater which inhabits the south- ern hemisphere, but which has accidentally wan- dered to the Pacltlc coast of the United SUtea. It is dark above and whitish below, with black under tall coverts. It breeds in the far south. IS TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS r(M.] BLACK-cArpBD Pbthbl. MitreUta ktui- talm. Thli It not • comnon species ; It Is an Inhabit- ant of tropical seas and has onir been casuallr found on our coast-, or Inland. It Is a handsome species with white forehead, underparts and napo with a small Isolnted black cap on the crown: the rest of the upper parts are blackish. It ii a natlre of the West ludles. [99-] ScAttD PcTRBi.. Mitrelata icalarii. This ii another rare species which Is an In- habiUnt of sonthem seas. A single specimen taken in New York 8Ut« fires It a claim as a doubtful North Ameriran species. It is a hand- Home bird, the feathers of the grarish upperparts being edged with white, thus giving It the appear- ance of being barred. Its egg hav« only been known to science within the past few years. Data.— Preservation Inlet. New Zealand. June 7, 1900. Single white egg. Size 2.40 x 1.76. Collec- tor. P. Seymour. Parent bird taken with the egg. 100. FitiiKR's Pbtrei.. JEttralaia fiiheri. This Is a handsome bird known only from the type specimen taken off Kadiak Is.. Alaska, by Mr. Fisher. [101.] Bclwer's Pktbel. Rulweria bulieeri. An eastern Atlantic 8peole« which is only an accldenUI visitant to our shores. They breed on the Madeira IslandH where the eggs are laid in crevices among the rocks or in burrows in the ground. Size 1.75 x 1.B6, while. [102.] PiKTADo Pethel. Daption capemit. This is the Cape Pigeon of the southern hemisphere. It has only accidentally occurred on our coast. Illai'k-rappeU Petml Settled Petrel Flnher's Petrel /^ C7 ■ * 'a v.^i TliK HIKI> K()OK 1.1'Hnl PPtrcl HKirmy I't-trel , Ktirked-tallfMl ir.l 1 0,-1. Lkait Pktiiri.. llaliH-i/plena microtoma. UuiiK*' ~ Hurlflr cotit't of America from Lower < ullr»riiiH t(i i'aiiBiim. The I^axt I'etrel in tha HnmlleHi of UiIm fHinlly, in l<.*.*i liK'lifM, TliHir phimaKP !>• entirely dark HiM)ty. Thi-y have \H'cn 'imnd lir>'MltriK on S«n Mfiilio ImIhikI, U)wer Culifomni. an«i they prob- iihly outh lo New llrunHwh'k. Siiiull' est of the white ruiiped. hlack petrelH: 5.T5 imhen III leni:lli. Thin Hpec'leH Ih the orlK- Inally 'ailed ' ' M 'i I li e r fury's Chicken" by the sHllors. They nest abund- antly 'in many of the Ih- lands olT the coawts of Kurope and the lirltUh iHlec. laying their sinKle w mie eKR either in burrowH or crevict>H aniong the rlitfs. Data. CoaHt of County Kerry. Ireland, June I, 1N95. Sinftle epR laid at the end of burrow In a itea cltrr. Si;.e l.U&x.AU; white with a wreath of very fine dots about the larser end. Collector. (S. H. McDonald. I(»;1. l'oHKKl)-TMI.KI> I'ktkki.. Ociitiioilroma lunula. Range. -North Pacific from Culifornia to Alaska. lireedlnR In the Aleutians. These blrdii have a pluniaKe of bluish gray, the wIurh l>einR darker and the underpartB IlKhtest. The nests are made in burrows or crevices In the banks. Data. I'nlak Is., Alaska, June 10, li>00. No nest. Single egg laid at the end of a burrow. Several pairs nesliui; neur. Kgg white with a line wreath of purpllHh black specks alniut tlie large end. Size 1.25 x .S5. Tl'BF, NOSKI) SWr.M.MF.HS k-irilinui, Tliln >Td N xlmllar to Ui-ucli iviri-l. hut Ih Hiimllvr and tfu- (all In It-wit il«>f>ply riirkxd. 11k riiniie U froii Ciiltrornla ti) I'Hnitiiiu liriMHlInK Mil tlif KfVllluiclKfilu IhIhiiiIh i.ff Mi-xlni. lum. OiriiHitilr,,,,,,, Irmiir- llHtiKc North Atlantic and Nortii Tai lllf i»<^an», brp(>dtiiK from Maine and from th«« KaralloneH. northwiird to (lrnland and the Alou- (lanit. Th.'sf lire the iii..^| iiiiiinion of Ih.- I'drels I" lilt iin our roasi ihey wn- .-JKlit incht-H In \v\ d.\\\. of a HiMity hriiwn ••olor. iind liavi' n white riMiip. The torh.d tall will at onie dlHtlnRuUh tlifiii from any of the Atlanlh- I'etreN. They tii"^' In hurroms m the uround, laylnit ii pure while euK. Bometlnics with a very faint duity wreath alMiut the larK'-r end. SUe J.20x.»5. The^^e hlrd* generally take turn-< In the laMk of iti uiiailoi>. <>ne reiiialnliiK at neu durlHK the day and iflui'iliiK ,.1 > i,'lit Millie IiIm mate takeH her i.irii rnvltii! lit l)rln> dcfti In search of food. Tlic young arc fed by rcKiirRltathm upon an oily . tluld which haK u very of- MMi^ fcnMive odor. Tlil» odor ^^^^■■BMgpl' nutUeable about WliKi PetrelH and Is alwayx r. talned by the c gg- c .k>' of theHe birds. They are very rarely s.-. m ■. ;• lag Island during the day; the bird tha ,s i.i moved by hand. Data. Pumpkin Is.. .Vp : . > of a few grasscH at the end of a burrow •'■..; i.. i, KWi I GtAiMi.ri'K I'kthki,. Ortani ' ,. This gpeclea. which Ik very MJnillar i< ,!•« and more deeply forked tall, br^-eds tm Oaui . ^ Is. Their egga are white very minutely »rt.;iii i with reddish brown tbey are. however, nearly al- ways nest stained to an uneven brownish color. Data.— Ouadalupe Is.. |.rfiwer California. March 24 lt*S7. Single egg laid on a few oak leaves and pine needles at the end of a three foot burrow. Site, of t*Kg 1.40x1.00. Collector, A. W. Anthony. 6» WW ! each's pclrt'l »«»• ^^^^"^'^ at'lnd'oVa'burr^'Vone';: tor, J. Lobb. This egg is in Mr. Tha.ver-8 roilectlon. are about 30 Inches in length, of which tlieir long slender tail takes about JO Inches. They tly with the eaxe and grace of a Tern, but with (|ul<'ker wing lieats. They feed on small tish, whi<-h they capture i>y ^,- Hull piirpliKh darting down upon, and upon snails which they get from the lieach and ledges. They build their nests in the >>M>llli- J" Iteep theiii Iroiii KetlinB wet. Tliey nest, iis dn |||e |ireredlnt; ''IX'iies. on nx k.' i.siands and are said to also Imild tljeir nest- in trees or upon th. uTound. Tlie sintile entr that I hey lay lias a ( Teaniy Miroiind and is mi Is., OBlawiiros IB Sonfh P.„.H « .. Size -.40 .x 1..V,. Data. Daplione s. J. odi::r„rR 'h Lr "'^ "' "" •^-""»-""""' ">• "■•"■• —■ '--■• .\UKUst and Septeniher tliey t>reed in lartte colonies on small islands in the Soutli Seas. On Mauritius island tliey hulld tlieir nests either in the trees or place tlic on tlie ground, the nesl is made of seaweed, sticks and weeds: numbers of tliem nest on l^iysan Is., of tlie Hawaiiui Kroup. concealing their nests on the iirouiid under over lianKintf tirush. The single eRK has a pale purplish ground speckled with brown. Pule purplish Krour'l color 78 / lii TIIK BIRD B(K)K GANNETS. Family SULIDAE OHnnet« are large Ht.mtly built blrdn. Imvlng the four t.n^ j.,ined by » web^ they have a small naked pouch beneath the bill; the bill Is u little longer than the head, and the tall 1h quite nhort. The plumage of the adultH « gentr*ll? white, that of the young grayish. lU. Bi.i'E-FAtEU Boouv. Sula tyamip*. Kange.— Widely dUtrtbuted In the tropical seas, north casually to Florida and breeding In the Ba- hamas. Like the rest of the Oannets, this one Is stupid and will often remain on the nest until removed with the hand, merely hissing at the intruder. Often they lay their eggs on the bare ground, but Bometlmes the nest Is lined with seaweed or grass. They lay either one or two eggs early In April. These eggs are of a dull white color and are heav- ily covered with a chalky deposit. Size 2.50 x 1.70. Data.— Clarion is., Mexico. May 24. 1897. Nest a mere hollow In the sand near the beach. Col- lector, A. W. Anthony. 114.1. Blie-footed Boobv. Sula nebouxi. Range.— Pacific coasts and Islands from the Gulf of California southward to Chill. These birds nest In numbers on the Island of 8«D Pedro Martir In the Gulf of California. They lay but a single egg, placing It upon the bare rock. Their breeding season extends from the latter part of Mar. h Into May. The egg is a dull white, generally nest stained and Is covered with th" usual chalky deposit. Size 2.35x1.60. Data. Clarion Island, Mexi«o. .May 21. 1897. Two eggs in a hollow In the sand near the beach. Collector, ••"" -^'"•"j„V,V.'.'|'^o,..j ,.o„by A. W. Anthony. 115. BooBV. Sula lruroga»tra. Ranne.— Troiilral ,^sts and fHlandu of th» a. lawlc; north caHUally to OPorftfa '^' The common Boohy Ik an abundant hii-ri „„ some of , Me iHlandn of the Ba.rama«''a",^d tennj* ''""• ".,'« undanfly „n many on San Pedro MBrtir\I^^:"?'%"he"y"'ene;;;'irLT.w"' *'" '""""•'""1'"' vaH^t/ the bare rocks and surrounding them witlTaHn-"'^'''^^*'' "i " *"""' "P"" them In place. The ews are cha^kl w te »nJ ' ""oks and seaweed to keep hose of the other Boobies Data Xn^nerttf''"."''','^ dIstlnKulshed from >.S. .897. Single e.« laid on t"e'"and"amira"rew'"b,X'T;;as';"''''''"'''- ^*^ llfi. Red-pooted Booby. Sula pUcator. "tilers of the family Two .halkv »i i. "" *'"' "*""" «" those of the l«.. U.wer Callfornfa. May 8 ^7 '"«T„rfr "*" '"'"• ""«"■ ««" Benedi.- o grass. Collector, A. W. Anthony "^ "''*'■ '^•'*" " f-" ''*'»'^ "' rank '*■-'." TIIK HIIU) HOOK Oanat Anhlnga 117- liANNKT. Siila hiiHuaim. KuiiKf. North AtlantU'. hreedinK. in America, only on Uird Roclts in the St. Liawrence. Th.'M- iir»* tiif liirs^'st of the family. beinK 35 Inches in lenKth. They feed on fish which they cHlch l)y dlviiiK upon, from the ulr. When Hying their neck in carried fully extended. They rest on the wiitcr when tired, the numerous air cells heneutli the skin, liiuslni; them to Hit hith up in the water and enahlinK them to weather the severest storm in perfect safety. T)ie only known lireediniK place In .\nierlca Is nird Kocks, where they nest liy thousands, placing their nests In rows on the narrow ledces; the nests are made of piles of seaweed, mud and stones. They lay lint one euK of dinny white color and covered with ii ilialky deposit. On SI. Kllda Island, off the (oiisl of Scotland. tlie> breed by millions. They are very lame snii will freiiuentiy allow theni- sehes to he touched with the hand. It is said that thousands of the younn are killed by fisher men every year and marketed in Edloburg and other places. IJata. St. Kilda Island, Scotland, •June 18, 1896. Single egg laid on a large mass of seaweed on a sea cliff. Collector, H. McOonatd. Chalky bl.ilsli white 7( t'-^ TOTIPALMATK SWf M M K US DARTERS. Family ANHINGIDAE 118. Watkh TiHKKv. .tnhi„/i„ anhingu. Range.— Tropical Anieri(a, north to th«> s,,,,,!. »,io„.i ^. MlwlsHlppI Valley to Illinois "' '""'""'' '""'*"' """ »" 'he swImniHrs. ami pursue mid c»Hli HhIi under water with eaHe. When alarm- ed tl-ey have a liahlt of sin.mtiK their '•"•'>■ '""'"w water. leavlnK only their head and ne.k visible, thereby havlnu the appearan.e of a water snake. Th. V also lly well and dive from their lien li into the water with the Rreutest ■ I'lerity. They nest in colonies in the swamps. pla.inK their nests of sticks, leaves and moss In the bushes over the 'MiHlky l>lui»h white l'KI.|i-.\\ I'oM, \V asliiiiKl,.., Zi'..luKk:i| Pirli THE BIRD BOOK CORMORANTS. Family PHALACROCOR\CIDi€ Cormorant! hare ■ more bulky body than do the Anhlngai; their Ull Is shorter and the bill strongly hooked at the tip. Cormorants are found in nearly all quarters of the globe. They are very gregarious and most species are maritime. They feed upon flsh which they catch by pursuing under water. Most of the Cormorants have green eyes. 1. I ^ V- W I TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS 119. Co>MO«AMT. PhalacrocOTMi earbo. IUb««.— The Atlantic coBst breedlnx from Maiop to Or««aUnd. Th* romnion Cormorant or Shag U one of the largeat of the race, having a lennth of 3« Inches. In breeding plumage, the black bead and neck •re »o thickly covered with the (lender white plumes a« to almost wholly obscure the black. There Is also a large white patch on the Hanks. They nest In colonies on the rocky shores of New- Chalky irre \ 1.40. l-.'Oo. F.»HAi,i,..N CinMomNT. riialiirnxonii .iiinlu, allmrilinluM. Hange. This «uli sp... i,.s l.r....ds on Ih.. ..,»sis and UL.nds ..i ' ullfornla an.l "outhward. In .on.pany with <>ili..r sp... l..s „r ropMioraMi^. th.s.. I.ird, l.r i In larK- niinilHTH on th.- Karallon.-s. ph.. U.k Ir n..sis »v..|| up on ll... l.lKl.,.r ridK.-x and ro«« w..;/,«„,m. HanKe.-ltt>.,..ls ahun.lantly Iron, southern Texas, south throURh .Mexi.-o; north riir.'ly to Kansas: has reienlly li'i a round l.ri.cdlnK In lin.ited nuni her on sorr , ,,r the llaliai.ias In the Interior tl...y n..si i.i trei.s, iiic thr.'e .)r f.iur e»t|{s, Kre.iiish while in .olor and chalky, as iiilsli while are all the Cormorants. Size i;.:''. x l..'!.'l. 81 t m MICROCOPY RESOWTION TKT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) |u U£ »2£ tii MB tii Ih ■ 77 la Ih lit Hi Lb I |2.0 I 1.8 125 i 1.4 ^ APPLIED IIVHGE Inc ^^ 1653 East Main Street r^S ^oc^ester. N«w York U609 uSA ^S C7'6) +82 - 0300 - Phone ^S (''6) 288 -5989 -Fox it I H- ■ ' THE BIfiD BOOK Hi. Brandt's Cormorant. Phalacrocorax penicUUiiu$. Range.— Pacific coast breeding along the whole coast of the United States. This species is found more abundantly on the Faral- lones than is the Farallone Cormorant. Like the other Cormorants breeding on these islands, these cling closely to their nests, for fear of being robbed by the OuUs, that are ever on the watch to steal either eggs or young. Their nesting iiabits and eggs are Identical with those of the other species. Size 2.50x1.50. Data. — Bird Island, California, May 24, 1885. A very bulky nest of seaweed on the rocks. Collector, A. M. Ingersoll. 123. Pelagic Cormorant. Phalacrocorax pel- agicus pelagicut. Ilange. — Coast of Alaska. These are perhaps the most beautiful species of Cor- morants, having brilliant violet green metallic reflec- tions and, in the breeding plumage, crests on the fore- head and nape, as well as large white flank patches. They breed in large colonies on the Aleutian Islands, placing their nests of sticks and sea mosses on the rocky ledges, often hundreds of feet above the sea level. Three 120c— 122 '"' '*""' ^KK" '^^ '"'^ during May and June. The young birds' when hatched are naked and black, and are re- pulsive looking objects, as are those of all the other Cormorants. The eggs are greenish white with the usual calcareous deposit. Size 2.30 x 1.40. 123a. VioLET-OREEN CoRMORANT. Pkalocro- corax pelagicu* robutiut. This sub-species is found on the Pacific coast from Washington to the Aleu- tian Islands. Their habits and nests and eggs are the same as those of the Pelagic Cormorant, nesting on the high cliffs of the . ^ rocky islands. The eggs are the same size as those of f"""'"' the preceding. 123b. Bairo's Cormorant. agicut reiplenden*. This variety breeds on the Pacific coast from Wash- ington south to Mexico. They nest on the Farallones, but in smaller numbers than the other varieties found there. Both th j birds and their eggs are smaller than the preceding. Size of eggs 2.20 x 1.40. 124. Red-faced Cormorant. Phalacrocorax urile. Phalacrocorax pel- coast of Alaska, migrating to Range.— Southwest Japan in the winter. This species differs from the Pelagic chiefly in having the forehead bare. They do not differ in their breeding habits from others of the family. That the Cormorants are expert fishermen may be seen from the fact that the Chinese tame and have them catch fish for them, placing a ring around their neck to prevent their swallowing the fish. Their nesting places are very filthy, being covered with excrement and remains of fish that are strewn around the nests. They breed in June laying three or four eggs. Size 2.60 x 1.60. 82 I kg' I*- ; TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS PELICANS. FamUy PELECANIDyE hifa^^'^^^f^J^u "''"rt »«««e their MmS™;«ts'o':^the* So^i making ^em of sticks and weeds. They generally lay two ens hnt «?»!.„ ImT "^^e^f "V? * 2.30. Data.-Egg island, Grert '^U Lfke.^"ine iT Chalky white .-_..v/ ?. I: AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN L S4 TOTl PALMATE SWIMMERS l-,'(i. H„„wN Pk..,.a.n. PoleranuHocndenlalk. ...fJT" Pe'l'-ans are about 50 Inches In lenetli- Oey have a bla,kl«h and Krayl«h body and a n,p h» rf u"", "•"" ""•' a •"•"wn ntrlpe down h brown "th ''"'^'•- /"! P""'" '« a dark gre^n isn Drown. This species is maritime ar 1 U nn» manvof"r'i /'/^ "'««•' *" 'ar^ colonies "on many of the islands in the Gulf of Mexico and on IliDwn I'lllciiii White Pelican rimlky white Pelican island on the east coast of Florida In f?r hir'n"" S'".V^ '""^^ "^ "O'- protected from of the WhlTi P.i. •"°^i**="'^« «"««•• f»»n those ch'o^ol r^'sl^m "?he"a\V^';„rra?e,7m'IL"VJlf V"h'r.ar;ifn7^„rcrHi^^^^^^^^^ 1.90. Data.-Tampa Bay Fla May 29 llff Sf *"* ''".? •'"°«- ^Ue 3.x e. stout mangrove, made^of Bt.cKrbU'chi's'^ndTe'ie^s.Tolle^tol.! i"e,^''«a.S! ?hTs'bi7d'^irsL'ir\oX^pre«d,Srb^^^^^^^^^ '"/''^ °"'»''"'^- '^'-d- They breed abundantly on the Coronido I«?i„H. ^^'"/"'^ l''^ »*'"'=*' *« '•«<'<»'«h. nesting habits and eggs are the same », thn^n^.n ^"•"''ward. Their habits, the three or four cha»ky whUe eggi ?s ^ in^ i oi;"'*t?':°'^° ''«"^*"- ^'^^ °' falif.. Marc 1897. Three eg/s N J^^f V, I »ata -Coronado Islands. >"» »i,™ often called, are remarkable birds in many \'l ZT\ In comparison with thei? weiKht '^thet MrA *w .'"uf*"" «"'"'"*'« •" wins of auy known bird. Weighing only about four pounds they ha^e an extent of from seyen to eight feet th"lr wines thl ^.^^I'^T'-' '""^ ""•! P^'n'ed. The lengTh of prfses ab^'u?^8"fn",n"?'"^ "' ^''"^'' t''^ t«»l com' Th»v ht„ ! '"V^? '"''''^« °' this being forked They haye a large bright orange gular sac, a long." a to the South Atlantic and White hooked bill, and small slightly webbed feet Their powers of flight combine the strength of th' Albatrosses and the grace of the Terns They are very poor swimmers and do not dive' so are fl,h wMnhH?.'"'°°.™^*''' *°"'^'^ them to drop thel? flsh, which the pirates catch before It reaches the water They also feed upon flying flsh catchlnl hem m the air. whither they have been rtrfven by Man-O-War Bird their enemies In their natural element Thcv noJ. . i the Bahama Islands and on sonTe of the smaU PloHrti".^^ colonies on some of small frail platforms of sticks and twigs iSd tifi I *,'^^'"'- J*'^"" "««t« "^ and April, it is white and has a smoo h sSrface s"!'%^n^^ ,*L""1'" *'"'^" Verde. Bahamas. March .;, 1889. sS egg Nest iLni?"-. D-'ta— Key cactus. Collector. D. P. Ingraham *" ""'"'' ^^ «"cks on u 86 ly LAMELLIROSTHAL SWIMMERS Order V. ANSERES DUCKS. GEESE ANL SWANS. Family ANATIDAE 129. Meroanseh. Mergu* americanu*. E^nge.— North America, breeding from the Th'lfTh^''''"" °\ *"" F""«<' States northward The three species of Mergansers are almnsf exclusively fish eating birds. The^lforefhelr flesh Ducks." They are also sometimes called "Saw Brownish buff bills" because of the teeth-like serration on both Mw'"'^'.°'"*.*'i« »°''«'- mandibles. UnHke the other species of ducks, their bills are long slend. er and rounded Instead of being broad and flat^ Jlit*',? ^'^^^ *' *"« "P- Like the ConnorantV they often pursue and catch fish under tlw water tSllrprly!'""''^ ""' ^"^"""'^ them ?oflmly hold rtJvf American Mergansers, Goosanders, or Shel- drakes, as they are often called, are found bot 1 on the coast and In the Interior. Except In cer- tain mountainous regions, they breed chiefly north and^h^S^'H f **l^- '^''^ •"»'« ""•<• has no c?es and Leld'ThaXg towhfte fnX ^n' Tu '^rlf '"«« « '•«•»'»•«'' •"•°- "est near the water it i« m»rtf .?» *•'",■ ^^^^ ^""'^ "'^ir nest in hollow trees ers from^h^'^^ea' t ofThe fli^e^Du L"rMav'tr°^1 ""? '« ""«'' with fe'aTh' of a creamy or bull color Size 2 ?0x1^kL''^J^"'' 'f"™ "" *° '«" «««« AiiHiican MiTKiinscr l!cil-l,ip(iMtc(l McrKiiiiscT ^//>'-^St 87 IIimmIiiI Miisaiiscr M,ill;.r.l riitor vrTlZiJ''T\' '^""■'•!"'' '"•'■''•"■'K from norll.. e pr.- .•(II IK. It Is sIlKhtly smaller, belntt Ti In.hes In V f. ii'"" ."!r '."'"" '^ •■'•'■^"•"- found a", dant I.V. In the I'nlted States In winter. Hreeds ,o . '.mnly (n the Interior of Hrltish An.erl. « anil n ...l.rador and .Newfoundland. They n mkrthe Ir .■«ts on the around, near the water, eomea (nK them under ro< ks or tufts of Krass. The nlst Is made of grasses, leaves and n.oss and IneS with ■ ""l^r'- ^'"■'' ",'*■ «-"''r«">'- al«.ut ten eKKH o 1 )UlT.v or KreenisI, huff rolor. Size ^..^iOxlTO )atH Lake Vlanltoia. .V. W. Canada. Two Mrks n a hollow lined with down, under u pat.h <"f rose I'Ushes near shore. Colh-.tor. Jos. lIumaUKh. l.'il. IIool>KII .MKIKiWsKII. I.ophod)itis till iilUil lit. ,„"""^*: *'*''''■;'> '\"'<'rl< a. hreedluK locally through- out its rauKe. In tlie Interior. These are heautlful 'ii-aylsh white ^ S,f&t^f,^-,i:|:,-;^-^£^.rp:ireu.ar. eompre.seU hollow trees, m wooded distrlctTn»„n .1 **• ^''^>' '"«'*•' "i^''- nests In grasses and down. The/laftl-ii^^r Se^r.;^^i.^^^.X:;^;^l! ^^^^ l.'fi.'. M.M.L.^HI). .i„„, plat,,rh,,iichos. ^^^^"r:^S^i:i.T^'^^Zl\'Z^'}^„%t '"''''? '■^"■" """""" united ContrastinK with tL precediL p «h n^^^'" ^"^ '"*' ^^'««' "••J'es. one of the most esteemed taWe^Trds Thev efn '''"'"''?. "'^ ^''««^''«'» "« inserts which they generalh rearii hv H„J„ '^ "t^.."" ni""u«ks and marine many localities In the "TrHted ZVtl ^ l^^^^ '." shallow water. They nest in They nest In fields in co^e proximi v .o"n" """"'**,"V^ ""^"^ "' "•"• l,orders of grasses and feathe^sirthe'^tal grass Tn Af'./"" H^^'^• """^^'"^ t'"^"- "^«'« " ^T ^5'^" "f '^ """y "' "' v' olor^ Size "^f T tT "'1^ ^^Z ^^•"" «'" fornia, May 19, 1897. Nest nmrte r,f ^.. "'^'',,— » '' \--^- Data.— San Diego, Oali- of a field near a pond. ''"'""' ""^'* '^"'^ "Jo^"' Placed on the edge 8>i Lake WInnlpegosU. June 16. 1902 VU-OT 4XT^^ T-,^^ ^VBUe^ Kalne NEST AND EOGS OF AMERICAN MERGANSER Ihls species usually nest in holes In trees but on thi , , In holes under 'boulders '"""'' "'^'' ^^--^ "««""K ?3 TIIK Hlltl) RIe jJlfference in plumage between this SSd the Black Duck fs whi^h «, -1°' ".f 5'".*" ?° '•'^ '''""• '^^'^ •""'"« are the same, and the eggs smMler^SlzeTltxleo" ^•""- "^ ^"""•"- *" ^'""'^ "' '"« Blkck Vuck,T;t Kre^nlHl, ImIT In ,.ol„r. SiL J.K. x i.5S "'""' '"■" I ■•«.'. (iADWAI.... ChnNl.humuM ,1 ;,..■.„ to Monitor, .hleny in tl,l "merloi "'"* """" ' VMKI.I.IHOSTHAI. SWIMNfKHS '■llllUllll WlilK,. •'rt'iitiiy 1(11 (T and the cheHtnut X Xm "nLVr"'""' on the gr„„„d amonK fheTtl'' of maS ' orfn he long grass of borderlnr fields- they mak« lit lht.7 zx. xr/i'; ?»;"^ wl^doru'^- eggs Of a cr.amy'-buff\'or "IL^e" r.o'x*^',^ ??iSr«^*"'°"xT^°' ''*""»' Dakota. June 19 igos' Ufe! Tde^r;e^»ds'^1„fn?hT;rrne^^V. S? I 'rol/l."""^ '- ^^^^' 13«. Widgeon. .Vorecn penelope Range. -Northern H- ,here\ — - — breeding In America, on. , the Aleutian Islands; rare or ; jental '" °'ner parts of the rouniry. 11 . ^■^""•"P^an Widgeon is slm- lar In build and plumage to the fol- wiT^r*'. "'r'^"' ^'"•ePt «"«' the whole head, with the exception of hnn7.'i'®. '''■°*"' '» 'hestnut. They build their nests in the rushes, mak- Zi„ .?' °' '■*^'*'' and grass and ming them with feathers. They lay from six to ten light buff coir-- «d eggs. Size 2.20 x l.BO. P«Ie buff n I TIIK UIHD IUM)K ••»7. Hu-liPATK. M„r,;u „meri.„H,i. lUllKH. Ni)rlh Aliii-pliH. brpedlnir In (l... i. t.r.»r from T««K ,M,rtlMo HidHon C iimrKPd bird and Ih reKMrdnd »« « .rpat tHhi.. Hr«.«n-wlnBei'|«« J'Uffj- white. Six to twelve in „u„,her. 8Ue 1 "^ lAMKI.r.tRaSTRAI. SWIMMKRS I H. ClHNAM„S T«VI.. ten QueniHrilula etfannp- linnolH and HrmrrXh,a """'^ """• '" '"'"'•"• ma?k;dV;?he"Sn„i,;'' il; 7"'!""- ""■"" ""'••«■ HKh. biue^mK"?^vTt;'''^h;':i?uV' '";""" "•" The nentlnic hahltM are the HanT^ ' "!'*"• Teal«. the neHtH helna p a<-e5 nn h, """ "'.""* njar«he» or fleldM near wate? Tl 1., "'"I"" '" trn'^an7rath:.r--:;rl;r 'f7- flH.I.] Hri>I.V SlIKMlHAKK. (tmnria frrrufiitirn. I'l,%"",.."ll.^)::-'.l ••?-'- ".at ..HH a,...,. cipntally mcurred In (Jreenland d' Rliio-wlnitril Ti-al ('Inniimnn Tp 1 / »3 HK WK^mi H^»i THE BIRD BOOK 142. =^ Shoveller. Spatula clypeata. Pintail SliDV filer Range.— Whole of North America, breeding in the interior from Texas northward This strikingly marked Duck ig twenty inches in length, has a green head and speculum blue wing coverts and chestnut belly. The bill is long and broad at the tip. It makes its nest on thi ground ii. marshy places, of grass, weeds and Dull olive gray Lead gray feathers Six to ten eggs constitute a complete «t*» I^a^.^I^ Kreenlsh or leaden gray color. Sl„e 2.10x1.50. Data.— Oraham's Island. North Dakota, May 28, 1899. Nest of dead weed stems and grass, lined with down. Ten eggs. Collector, K. a. Bryant. It.'*. Pintail. Dafila acuta. Range. — Northern Hemisphere, breeding fn North America from northern United States north- ward, wintering south to Panama. This species wliich is also known as the Sprig-tail, is very common in the United States in the spring and fall migrations. It is about thirty inches long, its length depend- ing upon the development of the tall feathers, the central ones of which are long and pointed. They breed casual- ly in many sections of the United States, but in abundance from Mani- toba to the Arctic Ocean. They nest near the water, laying from six to twelve eggs of dull olive color. Size 2.20x1.50. Data. — Graham's Island, Devils Lake, N. Dakota, June 15, 1900. Ten eggs. Nest on the ground, of weeds, lined with down. Colony breed- ing. Collector, E. S. Bryant. 94 144. Wood Duck. Aij tponsa. LAMELLIROSTRAL SWIMMERS /rnm"°rr'^/'"''*'''i* ^°"'> America, breeding F^oSda ' ■■ """ '"■'"''" ^'•""'"»"« "to Bridal Duck Is a name often given to this n,» most beautiful of all Ducks ' They are beautifully marked, have a large crest and are Iridescent with all colors of the ralntow' They frequent wooded country near ponds and lUch buff lakes, feeding on water Insects and mollusks in maJ\ ''l^ ^^^ ''"""K «■•« a 'ew days old thev n^^d-'tirdrw'n^f "^t.^t --• £-- and number eight to fifteln^^lLe 2 x 1.5 [Its.] RuFOUS-CRESTED DutK. A'e«fl Tufino. Range.-North America at large, --.-^-^...-. breeding from northern United ■" ' States northward, chiefly in the in- terior. A bird conjmonly seen in the markets where ii i« often sold as thp following siM-cies i)erause of tlieir similarity. The nests are Placed on the ground in marshes or Ploughs, and are made of grasses 1 ned with feathers. Eggs from' six to fourteen in number, of a •hurry white color. Size 2.40 x 1.70. 1 1 ! I.AMELI.IROSTRAL SWIMMERS U7. Canvas-back. Marila valisineria A noted table bird, esneclallv in .i,„ where It feeds on wild celen rin hP ,i In "Tu ed from the Redhead by its darker h. in "JfJ'^' ba.k. and gradually sloping bniThevn^.; nhnin"" antly in Manitoba, their I.alZ bemg^ r am" as the precedlnB They lay from six to ten eges of 118. Scaup Duck. Marila marila. <"aiiva!<-lijiok Ailioi-liiui .Si:uip Duck Piili' Kropni.'ih Kiay as Blue-bills owing to the slatv blue color of that member. Their plumage is black and white somewhat similar in pattern to that of the led: T'lfe; n"'/."""""' ""•* "'*■ "•'""- "^ad is black Bi«fs;AteVv^'■Tt^^e'^is 3 "i- i^r-"^ "•"• '^'•"^ •" »- '"tenor or The six to ten eggs are pale ^r"Xu or greeni' 1^."™^ T "."-*"' ^'t'' f^'^t"--'" Saltcoats Marshes, N. \y. Cana.la Ju e H 190 '^tL '^'''' -;?" " l'"' ""ta.- ■^: depression lined wi.h down and irli.^^^^es.^*;^,;;^^;;;,,^^- ^^l^ -«- ^O~o-- »7 .■-.-r Hi. 1^ "(■-' -. i THE BIRD BOOK 149. Le88Eh Scaup Duck. Marila affinit. Range. — North America, breeding from North Dakota and British Columbia northward; win ters south to Central America. This Duck is distinguished from the preceding, chiefly by its size which is about two inches lesj, or 17 inches in length. The nesting habits are the same as those of the Greater Scaup and the eggs are similar but smaller. Size 2.25x1.66. Data. — Northern Assiniboia, June iO, 1901. Ten eggs on grass and down at the edge of a lagoon. Collector, Walter Raine. }50. RiNO-NECKED DucK. Marila collaris. Range.— North America, breeding in the inter- ior, from North Dakota and Washington north- ward. Winters from Maryland on the east and British Columbia on the west to Central America. H t.ef*ser ulnK-n urk eekoU Dllrk Lead gruy Similar to the Lesser Scaup in size and plum- age, except that it has a narrow chestnut collar around the neck, the back is black instead of barred with white, and the speculum is gray instead of white. The habits and nesting habits of the Rin»;-neck do not differ from those of the other Scaups They lay from six to twelve eggs. Size 2.25 x 1.60. Data. — Cape Bathurst. N. Y. T., June 18, 1901. Ten eggs in a slight hollow in the moss, lined with down. Collector, Captain Bodfiah. /' 98 « 1 LAMEMJROSTRAL SWIMMERS Clangula clangula 151. GoLDEN-EYK. americana. Range.— North America, breeding both on the coast and in the interior, from the northern bord- er of the United States northward to the Arctic Ocean. These are handsome Duclis known as "Whis- tlers" from the noise of their wings when flying, ind "Qreatheads" because of the puffy crest. The Oraylah green hnad Is greenish with a large round white spot in front of, and a little below the eye. The rest of the plumage is black and white. This species nests in hollow trees neur the water, lining the cavity with grass, moss and leaves, and lining the nest with down from their breasts. In May and .June they lay from six to ten eggs of a grayish green color. Size i.MOxl.TO. \^>'i. B.VHROW'S CioLUE.N-KYK. Clangiiln ixlaiidiia ■ Range. — Northern North America, breeding north of the United States except from the moun- tainous portions of Colorado northward. This Golden-eye differs from the preceding chiefly in the shape of the white spot before the eye, which in this species is In the form of a crescent The size is the same, about 20 inches in length. The reflections on the head are purplish rather than greenisli as in the preceding. The nesting habits are the same, they building In hollow trees near water. The six to ten eggs are ?nSJ5n*'"^S* ^'■*"" """ preceding. .Size 2.30 x 1.65. Data.-Alfusa, I.eland, June .io, 1900. Seven egps. Nest of grass and down in a box attached to a tree bv an islander. American Golden-ey.^ Harrow Qolilen-iyi- -•v:: 99 I r 'I ^ THE BIRD BOOK Bu^e-head Old-squaw 133. BuFFLE-iiEAD. Charilonetta alheola. Range.— North America, breeding from United States northward. Winters south to Mexico. Gunners know this handsome little duck by the names of "Butterball." and "Dipper." a name also given to Grebes. It is also quite similar, but smaller (15 In. long), to the American Golden-eye but has a large white patch on the back of the Buff Dull buff head, from eye to eye. It is an active bird and, like the two preceding, is capable of diving to a great dopth to get its food. Its nesting habits are like the preceding. Eggs eight to fourteen. Siie 2x1.40. Data.— Alberta, Canada. June 6 1899. Seven eggs. Nest In hole in tree stump,' 'ined with down. Collector, Dr. George. 154. Oi.D-»guAW. Ilarelda hyemalU. Range.— Northern Hemisphere, breeding in the Arctic regions; south in winter to Hew Jersey and Illinois. The Long-tailed Duck, as it is called, is especially noticeable because the breeding plumage of the male differs markedly from that in tiie winter. In summer theii- general plumage Is black- ish brown, with a white patch around the eye, and white belly. In winter they are largely white. The central tail feath- ers are much lengthened. They breed abundantly in Greenland, Alaska and the Hudson Bay Territory, placinf their ..eats of grasses and weeds on the _round near the water. It fs generally conceal- ed in the long grass. The eggs numoer from six to twelve. Size 2. s 1.50. Data.— N. Iceland, June 10, 1900. Nest on ground, lined with down. Collector, S. H. Wallis. 100 Is .1 LAMELLIROSTRAL SWIMMERS iSli. HAHLEQirm Duck. hutrionicut. Iful nonicui Range. — Northern HemiKphore In America, breeding from Newfoundland and the Rocky Mountains In Colorado, northward. South in win- ter to California and New ICngland. A beautiful and iiiost gorgeous bird, not in col- ors, but in the oddity of the markings, the colorH only including black, white, gray and chestnut. Either Hex can be recognised by the small short flHrlequIn Duck Labrador Duck Greenish buft bin. They breed mostly in single pairs along swiftly running streams, placing their nest, which Is woven of weeds and grasses. In the ground near the water. It is also claimed that they some- times nest In hollow trees. They lay from five to eight eggs, yellowish or greenish butt In color. Slxe 2.30 X X.CO. Data.— Peel River, Alaska, June 13. 1898. Seven eggs in a hollow in river bank, lined with down. Collector, C. E. Whlttaker. 1S6. Labrador Duck. Camptorhynchut labra- doriui. This bird, * ose range was from Labrador to New Jersey In the winter hps probably been extinct since 1875. when the last authentic capture was made. It Is a strange fact that a bird of this character should have been completely exterminated, even i.iough they were often sold In the markets. Only forty-one specimens are known to be preserved at present and nothing Is known in regard to their nesting habits or eggs. M «1 THE BIRD BOOK IS?. Stkllehh I)r, K. Polj/tlirta itrlleri. ItanKe.— Arctic reKloni. In America, chiefly on AlLkal" "'"*"'''' """ """hwest S of A vfry heautlful Hpecles eighteen Inches lonB- head white, washed with Kreenlsh on the fore^ hep.d and nape; chin, throat, neck. ha.k. tall and crHHUm black; underparts chentnut: wing cov crtH white, the long Hcapulars hiack and white. I breeds „n the ro' of white, narrowly bordered by bUckar„„nH.rf ^'**'"'. '*"'""« « '»•"«« Patch of spectacles. The nests are made o^ erZ »nH '' ey«t''us resembling a pair they are placed on the ground In clumn« f ^^^'^^^'^ ""O ""ed with down; stones. The five to nine eggs are an oTlve Hr«h™*" "^ ^.^^^"^^ overhanging X1.85. Data.-Point Barrow AraskaJunI,RlSQ°/ ^at*"'*'' ™'°'"- ^'''^ 2.70 and down in a hollow In dr^ tutdra."' CoHe'ctor', e' A. M^c'nhlfny. "*'"' °' '"'""' 159. NoHTiiERjj Eider. Somateria mollissima horeali,. wlSg-scuTto^New EnglTd' '"^^''"^ "•"" ^''™'""- ^° «--'-«> and di<^ermras''n"o'ed''rn"{re descrrptiorof^^^'^^ilo'"/ ^^"^ 1"^ "««« °' '"e bill northerly distribution. Thf nest ng habt'' arl^hi"'' ''P«''''«- ani with a more Elders. Cix to ten eggs ?e^e?a^^,^"o'f f ^l^^Th ^ b'cX"^ ^IVlt °''^' 102 LAMEM.rROSTRAL SWIMMERS 1 60. ElDKK. Somnlfria drmneri. i^h!irrr"'^'.'''"V''/T'''' »"••■•'«""•? ttom Maine to Labrador and wintering nouth to Delaware This Hpecles dlffem from the precedinu only In the fleHhy part of the bane „f the bill, which ex tendf. bark on each Hide of the forehead, It beInK broad and rounded In thl« specleH and narrow and t. Qreenlsh drab pointed In the Northern or Greenland Elder This spec es. but more especially the Northern Elder are the ones chiefly used for the eldei-down of ^nn^-H''*; The preceding species Is often seml- fheTlnH^n '" Greenland, the people protecting wL^ encouraging them to nest In the neigh- borhood. They make their nests of seaweed and K«t''"fh. *'.'■""'' .""^ '^ *■'"' •'"^n "•»"» their the~''is*a' cotTd"erlV»°aVnrnh„"^'^^^^ ?" °"^* ?"""« '"^"hatlon until five to ten Tnd aregrlenth"d?ab:' S^zeTx 2"'""^- '^'"'"" ^^^^ """"^^ '^"^ F'lUler Pad do Elder 161. Pacific Eider. Somatsria v-nigra. Gr^t''lt;;7^?rke''"'""^ "■°"' '""^ ^'"""»° '«•'«"'« northward, and east to lOS /^-_ THE BIHD BOOK f- ■■ King Killer Scoter \- ta XU. KiNu Eih»;h. Somoteria tptctabUi: Uanifp. -Northtrn HeniUpher^, brecdinir In land StattH and rurely farth.r on the *aHtern Hide, and to .he AleutlanH „n the I'adfi. «uS . "Hually ,o ,he Ureut Laken In the Interior ' A hundNonie and very different HuerleH frnn, any o the ror-KoInK, ha^inK the m.wSa hy bZ and the h.n^ H.Hpuh.rH hlark Instead of whUe t alHo huH H ,,n„,d V-Hlmped nmrk on the throat Uke all the other Kldern. the female h n ott^d dim.ult to separate. The nest» are «unk InThe ?U tc'llen"" ^r".,^!'" '""^"- K«KH numh.r from Alanka 3ulv r.««^*.;.?''- Data.-Polnt Barrow aiBHKa. July 5, 189S. Five eggs. Nest a hnllnw . "...'^/"""f^ "? '?.'"'™ """•» *'»• mlrand dow* , ( olle< «or. K. A. Mollhenny. 163. ScoTBR. OiWe/wm ameri.an,,. Range. —Northern North Ainerlm hf^^ji^. from Ubrador. the Hudson Bay region „^Hth« V.«tr .If'"^'"* northward: w'lnTe"rs''°Houth to Virginia, the Great Lakes and California Scoters or "Coots" as thej are generally called W.rv^'.h'""'^' '^!l'""' ••"""•«« I', almost Wholly b fls ' Th/ A™»H*°""'i"^*'"' •=°'°'-«"' ""«> »hap«d oiiis. The American Scoter is entirely black without markings; base of bll! yellow a^d orange This species nest as do the Elders, often conteat Ing the nest, of grass and feathers, under some overhanging rock. They lay from six to ten eg^s of a dingy buff color. Size 2.60x1.70 Data — Mackenile Bay. June 15, 1899. Ten eggs N^ a hollow In the sand, lined with down Buff 104 I.AMKI I.IROSTRAI, SWIMMKRS fl64.] Vblvkt StoTim. Oulemia ftitra. An Old World Kpocieii that haii aci ldf*ittaliy o«- rurred In ar««nland. ' lfi.V WiiiTH-wiMorii S< oTKM. flhlrmia ,le^lnH,li llanKf Ahundant in North Aniorl.-a. breedlnK rron. Ubrador. North Dakota and HrltUh Col." ■ hia. northward. WlnterlHK nouth to fh.. Ml. Htateit. Houthern llllnolM fid Houthern California The larRMt of th« 8coter8. lenxth 22 Inrhen dlMtlnK-Uhed by a larxe white speoulun. on thp Winn. alHo a white caniet extendlnx from under Iw-T »«|;;'"^"'«''- 't 'I"" haH a yellow eye. Like the other Sootern. this Rpeclex often feedn H/h^""'" /*"*'■ J"*"' »'•' ""••"•«• "'•t've dlv- InB birda. and are aUo utronx on the wing, gen- ewly nylng cloae to the surface of the water Their «e»h Is not regarded a» b«h1 eating al-" though they are often aold for that purpose. They under low buahea making a .oarse nest of graHseg, and Bometlmea twlgn. lined with feathers They lay fro five to eight eggs of a pale buff color. Site 2.76 x 1.86. 166. SuH? ScoTBR. Oidemia pertpicillata. „ ^ '^T:'*",',"',*'"" ^°^^ America, breeding north of the United StatoH boundary, and winter- ing south to Virginia and southern California The male of this species Is entirely black ex. cept for the white patches on the forehead 'and Sfnk' ^n^ v«r. ^"'■;^?:">"0 bill of black, white, ?i. . """^ . '^*ll°*- ^hey nest either along the wWh d^wn^n^lS *°'''"l'' """"""f » nest lined - ^ eCfrr^ '^Z ror'ed%Vg^'"'irz^2'4?;'i7r'V''7 "r "- "- '° rivor • ^^*- ^'^ *«** '" " ■>««' °f do'"' on an Island In the .Surf .ScottT WhItf-wliiKPd Scoter w TIIK BIHD B(X)K Huildy Duck MmhIiim) Duck Ifl7. Hi our livcK. Krummtmra jamnictnHi. IUn««.-Whol« „f North \m%TUm. br««dlni '•'«rty north or Ih- fnlt-d Htatf. iKiMerW^)" !«' lly on the I'milfl, ,.««Nt. Wl.tBr. .Inn. .hi ' Thu"l'"r"" "?"•■" -^ '•antral' a". "rti^"" ».y ihH hrownlHh or .he.tnut up^rp^t. bS'h 11... tall fPath«rH «r« Htlff and Mnt..d Ilka w Oraylnh while Of a Cormonnt. Th«.y build th«ir nMt« it. f«-. round'„i*JrrH"- •""«' P'-'clBK th"m"on" h: ThP^? n«!? ""' ""S"" "•■ '» 'he ru.heH over It Their ne»tB are made of ruiheg and mL^ Homet ImeK lined and ^ometlmen not with down' ix^otw-ivI'llnH "'*"•'■ '^'"' ^«'' number from 6 1801 p.7h^°"'"" Aw'nlbola. Canada. June o. i»Ol. ElKht esKH. Ne«t made of anuBti^ Kra^HeH. lined with down. Built In a iuft of ru" heH In a niar«h. Collector. Walter Ralne ri68.] M»»KKD I)i;cK. Somon^x ilominicn». In ?h': {ve*t""tt' ^rXT^^'lt Mex7rrr/h"t"?H"'°; ^•'"'-' ^--'- -" • arxA !,■„ i_ .1.— _ ." ". 'n Mexiro nor'.h to the lower nir, n.<.»j» y^]. es. The ■ey and ha. In three kno';^n"r„^la"nc"eHt?a;eTto^"oi?h^ ^o^.'^nl''^^:^, ^ general plumage 1. a rusty chestnut mottUHJ.?KKr'''uri"°"«'' ^tat and throat, with white wing taw ' ** ^'*'' "•'^kl.h. It has a bl a black face m Pl^r**^ l69. Snow (iiiimK. kjfperlmrrui. LAMKLMHOSTRAI. SUIMMKHS (ken hfiitrrlHtreut Kanie.- North Aniorlca w«>Mt nf tho ui • • . ne«t U « d.pr.HHlo„ In "thr,nm„d ired wlh Krii>iM«.H and. «""- depreBslon "ned with gra«H ot an iS' ^"m -?•.*'""'■ *'""^ «««« ""^ In a the Esqutoaux. "" '*'*"''• < ""efted with the parent birds by U7 THE BIRO BOOK Ross Snow Goose Amfrlcan Whife-fronted Goose 170. Ross's Snow GoosK. Chen rout. Hange. — This beautiful species, wlii( li is simi- lar in plumage to the large Snow Goose, Is but twenty-one inches In length. It breeds in the ex- treme north, and In winter Is found In the west- ern part of the United States as far south as the UhK of Mexico. Their nesting habits and eggs probably do not differ from others In the family except in tlie matter of size. [171-] VViilTE-FHONTKD (loosK. Aimer (tlhi- frons albifrons. This European species is exactly like the .Vnier- Ican except that it is said to average a trifle smaller. It Is occasionally found in Greenland. 171a. Ameiiican White-fronted (Joose. Inser albifroni gamheli. Itange. — WTiole of North America, breeding in the Arctic regions and wintering south to the Gulf coast; not common on the Atlantic coast during migrations. These birds may be recognized by tlieir mottled plumage, dark head and white forehead. This species is more abundant than any of the pre- ceding and nests In large colonies along the arc- tic coast and in Alaska. Their nests are made of dried grasses, feathers and do^n and are placed on the ground in a alight denression. From four to nine eggs are laid: these h.ive a dull bufl' ground. Size 3 00x2.05. Date. -Island in delta of Mackenzie River, June 10. I,s99. Kour eggs. Nest of grass and fenthers on the ground on a small island. Collector, Rev. I. O. Stringer. [171.1.] Bean Goo8e. Anser fabalis. This European spncles is casually found mosi ccmmon of the Old World Species. in Greenland. It is one of 'lie )08 I I LAMELLIROSTRAL SWIMMERS 172. Canada Goose. canadenni. Branta canailensia Range.— The whole of North America, lireeding from northern I'nited States northward, and win- tering In the southern parts of the Dnited States. This species is tlie most widely known of Amer- ican Geese and is tlie most ahundant. Its familiar "honk" has long t)een regarded as tlie signal of the coming of spring, and the familiar V-shaped formation In which the Hocks migrate is always an ohject of interest to everyone. With the ex- ception of in North Dakota and Minnesota, they hreed chietly north of the United States. They construct quite a large nest of weeds and grass, and warmly line it with down and feathers. They lay from four to nine eggs of a buff or drab color. Size about 3.50x2.50. Data. — Ellingsars Lake, North Dakota, May 18. 1896. Five eggs. Nest on an island in the lake, constructed of weeds and trash, and lined with a few feathers. Collector, Edwin S. Bryant. Branta canadensis 172a. HuTCiiixs Goose. hutchinsi. This sub-species is like the preceding except that it is smaller, thirty inches in length. It Is a western variety, breeding in Alaska and along the Arctic coast and wintering to southern Cali- fornia. Its breeding habits, nests and eggs are the same as the common goose except that the eggs are smaller, gibe .3.00 x 2.05. 1721). White-chekked Goose. Branta cana- densis occidcnialii. This bird Is almut the same size as the Canada ' Goose and the plumage is very similar except that the black sometimes extends on the throat, '■■'"■"'ii '""i.""- thereby isolating the white cheek patches, and <';iiklin«: r:. ..>«,. tiiere is a white collar below the back of the neck. It is a western species, breeding in Alaska and wintering along the Pacific coast of tlie United States. Its nesting habits and eggs are same as those of the Canada Goose except that the latter are a triHe smaller. IT'-io. ('\(Ki.iX(i (ioosK. Branta canadensis minima. This bird is really a miniature of the Canada Goose, being but twenty-tour inches in length. It l)reeds in Alaska and along the .\rctic coast and migrates into the western parts of tlie United States. They are abundant birds in tlieir lireeding range, where tliey place their nests upon tlie shores of ponds, or on islands in inland rivers or lakes. The nests are made of weeds and grasses, lined with down. The eggs which are buff colored, number from four to nine and are laid during June and July. Size 2.:fO x 1.95. 109 t i r CANADA QKESE LAMEL1.IROSTRAL SWIMMERS 173. Brant. Branta bernicla glaucogattra. Range.— Eastern North America, breedliiK In the Arctic regions and wintering in the United States east of the Mississippi. The Brant resembles a small Canada Goose, except that the black of the neck extends on the breast, and only the throat is white. They are one of the favorite game birds and thousands are shot every fall and spring. Their nests and eggs are the same as the next species. 174. Black Brant. Branta nigricatu. Range.— Western North America, breeding in Alaska and wintering on the Pacific coast of the United States. Rare east of the Mississippi. Brant Black Brant Grayish This species is like the last except that the black extends on the under parts. This species nests very abundantly in northern Alaska, laying their eggs in a depression in the ground, lined with down. Favorite locations are the many small Islets m ponds and small lakes. They lay from four to eigh grayish colored eggs. Si„e 2.80 x 1.75. Data.-Cape Bathur" Nort Vest Territory, Junes 22, 1901. Seven eggs In a small hollow In "hf \;,^^und lined w down. Collector. Capt. H. H. Bodfish. ,4# 111 THE BIRD BOOK I'arnacle Qoose Emperor Goose [175.] Barnacle Goosk. Branta leucoptin. TiiiH Old World Bpeiies occurs frequently in Ureenland and very rarely |h found on the main- land of this continent. 176. Empehor Goose. Philarte canagica. Ranxe. -Alaska, south in winter casually to Cal- ifornia. This handsome species is twenty-six inches in length; it may be known from the mottled or "scaly" appearance of the body, and the white head with a black chin and throat. While not un- common In restricted localities, this may be con- sidered as one of the most rare of North American Geese. Their nests are built upon the ground and do not differ from those of other geese. They lay from three to seven eggs of a dull buff color. Size 3.10x2.15. Data.— Stuart Island, Alaska, June 16, 1900. Six eggs laid in a slight hollow in the ground, lined with a few feathers and some down. Collector, Capt. H. H. Bodfish. .'X" Egg of Canada Goose — Buffy drab 112 177. Black-bellied Thbe-duck. cjfgna autumnalit. Range.— Tropical America, north In the Rio Grande Valley to Bouthern Texas. These peculiar long-legged Ducks are very abundant in southern Texas during the summer months. They build their nests In hollow trees often quite a distance from tae water. They lay their eggs upon the bottom of the cavity with only a scant lining, if any. of feathers and down. They are very prolific breeders, raising two broods In a season, each set of eggs containing from ten to twenty. These eggs are creamy or pure white siae 2.05x1.50. The flrst set is laid during the latter part of April or early in May, and fresh eggs may be found as late as July. They are especially abundant about Brownsville and Corpus ^l'!f.J*":„'''®''"^- Data.— HIdnlgo, Mexico, May 29 .J*"- J.®? *^^* '" " •>"'« '" »•> old elm tree on side of lake In big woods near town. Eight feet from the ground. Collector, F. B. Armstrong LAMELLIROSTRAL SWIMMERS Dendrtt- // %^'' Whit. Black-bellied Tree iluck Kiilvous Trci'-iliick 178. FuLvors TnEK-i>ri K. Dendrocygnn hicolor. t.^H?/?" "'^ "'^'■'^', '*' "■"P'''" '"^^ the last, but the suiimer range Is ex- TM M ^"T^*"; ''^^y^'ly t"« whole southwestern border of the United Staes This bird is long-legged like the ; -st. but the plumage is entirely different hab1f/«nH *^"""''^' 7^'^ ''"'°'"- ""•'"'^"'*^ 'he entire under par?rT^^,e"estin^ IJet'^r ^XTot'tt-^a^ cav^irl lllle" Tt^^^^^^^^^^^ a"sthfp'Sln'^'K?h:?r^e".r ^'^ ^"^'^ ^ ''^ --?• - -u'nd^;." THE BIHD BOOK WliiHtllni! Swan [179] WiioopEH Swan. Olor cygnut. ThiH European variety frequently is found in Ureenland and formerly, regularly bred there. It nestH In secluded Bwampy olaceB In northern EfUrope. 180. VViiwTLiNo Swan. Olorcolumhiauu*. H "f.?i^^"" '^°1["' '^"'^'•Ica. breeding In the Arc- tit ( ircle, and wintering south to the Oulf of Mexico. These birds, which are nearly five feet In ength, are snow white with the ex-eptlon of the black bill and feet. The Whistling Swan Is distinguished from the next species by the T.r"^?.."' * **?>"" y«"°*' "Po' °n either side 3f the bill near Its base. Their nests are made of a large mass of rubbish, weeds, grass, mess, feathers and occasionally a few sticks. It Is generally placed In a somewhat marshy place to the neighborhood of some Isolated pond. The eggs are of a greenish or brownish buff *^°. ,c' "I** numbe' from three to six. Slie 4.00 X 2.75. Data.-Muokenale River. Nest a mass of weeds, sods and grass, lined with feathers- on an island near the mouth of the river. Col- lector, I. O. Stringer. f| 181. Thitmpeter Swan. Oloi buccinator. Range.— Interior of North America from the Gulf of Mexico northwarrt hro^-i Ing from northern United States northward. northward, breed- Thls is a magnificent bird, about five and one-h«lf foot in i„„^i. i. age Is exactly like that of the preceding except thai the bin t ?nH J.'\'','"'2" and the nostral Is located nearer the eye Their nLtlnT hi k» ^""j^'y ••'ack. the same as those ot the WhlstHng Swan Whife a few nal^s ma^ "htin''^ he united States by far the grefter number are found'^fnth" extreme ^ort'l!" !i7heree°e3inrspec.1i':'""'- ^"^ ^'^^^ ^^ -«-«« " ^nf^Xr^r'^L'^^. 114 LAMELLIROSTRALGRALLATORES. Order VI. ODONT- OGLOSS/E FLAMINGOES. Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE 182. FtAMlNoo. Phwniropterut ruber. Range.— Troplial and subtropical AmerUa on the Atlantic coaHtH, lireedlnK In tlip Hatmnias anil Went Indies; north to Klorlda and casually to th.^ South Atlantic States. ThCBe remarkable and Krotes(|ue appearini? birds attain a length of about 4S Inches. The plumage varies from white to a deep roHy red. It requires several years for them to attain the per- fect adult plumage, and unlike most birds, they are In the best of plumage during the winter, the colors becoming faded as the nesting season ap- proaches. The birds are especially noticable be- cause of the crooked, hollow, scoop-shaped bill, and the extremely long legs and neck. The feet are webbed, but more for the purpose of support- ing them upon tlie nmd Hats than for use in swim- ming. The nests are usually built on a sandy point of an Island; they are mounds of earth, grass and rubbish from (me to two fm In height, the top being hollowed to receive the eggs. One or two eggs are a complete set. The shell Is pale blue, but this Is covered with a heavy white chalky deposit. The eggs are laid In .lune and July. Size 3.40x2.1.5. illl>ill IBISES. STORKS. HERONS, etc. Order VII. HERODIONES SPOONBILLS. Family PLATALEIDAE l«.i. Ro8E.\TE Si-ooNBiLL. Ajaia ajnja. chlefly to the Everglades In Flor°da. *"'• ""' """^ ""*' <°nfined 116 H- r THE BIRD BOOK and lieautlfui. Full plumaged adult birds have very brilliant • urmlne Bhoulders and tall cov- erth, a HafTron rnlored tall, and a leiiKthened tuft of bright roHy feathers on the foreneck. This Mpecles breed in small colonies ^ In marshy plar-es. often in com- pany with herons and Ibises. Their nests are rather frail plat- forms of sticks, located in bush- es or trees, from four to fifteen feet from the ground. The eggs are laid during the latter part of May and June. They are tliree or four In number and have a ground color of dull ore quite heavily blotched with several shades of^b/own""" f^l I'so x^'to""" ""' Pule gieenlHh blue flmlky blulBh white Kbk "f American FlaiiiinKo 116 ■! 1 IBISES. Family IBIDID/E WADINO BIRDS • ,868 are Kracefully formed blrdH having a long curved bill and a bare fare. 184. White Ibii. Guara alba, Uange.— ThiM Im u tropiial and KUlHroplcal species which is found along l!ie Gulf coast, and north to South Carolina, west to I^wer California. These handsome birds are wholly white, with the exception of black primaries. The legs and the Imre skin of the face is orange red. These birds are very abundant In most marshy localltleH Grayish along the Gulf coast, especially In Florida, where they nest In rookeries of thousands of Individuals Owing to their not having plumes, they have not been persecuted as have the white herons. They build their nests of sticks and grasses. In the niangroves a few feet above the water. In other White ihi, localities they build their nests entirely of dead .x.arl.t Il.ls [185.] Scarlet Ibis. Guara rubra. Jrnnni*^ i'""^' "? '"'''^' '''""''"" '" "'o^*' "' "le preceding' species but both the focaimes t^h """^ T nmrkings average brighter^ While stni common in sotSe ire^n^n^r fh^f^x^rrf-oiJ^us'LinXT """"'""■ ^•"^"^ •'^^^"^""^ 117 THK BJRD BOOK nioHny. IhlH W hlte-fiioed niiiHsy Ibl8 Wood IhU IH«. (iuMWY [hi-. l'lr^aM» nutumnalu. llHiite. ThiH tropl.m and HulMroplral »p«lei.. IH < hlPlty found in th« Old World. It Ih or.aHlon. ally found In »outhe«Htern United HtatoH where It "onietlnien hreedH. IIh habllH. ne»tlnK habltN and PMH an- JuHt the Hanie hh the next .peoleH. I»7. W'lllTK ►\. BiTTKHN. Hautaurut Irnligina^u* Range -United matew and .mthern British provlnceu, breeding In the noruiern half of the bnlted States and wintering In the southern por- WADING HIRDS ill lln.wnixli .Irah nittern Jahlru ing them on the gnmnd. frequently on a tusHock. en l7ely surrounded bvwaer" THE BIRD BOOK \ 191. I.RAiT BlTTCiiN. IjtibrifrkuM ejtilU. RatiRf!.- -rommon tliroughout tha ITntted 8UtM, <>)ip<><'lBlly In Ihe «B«lern part, and In the nouthrrn RrltlHli province*. ThiH Hhiall variety of nittern U very common In till' Houthern portion* of the United State*, but li'HK MO and locally dlittrlbuted in the northern portion!) or It* rangH, They are very quint and Mly liirdH, und thrlr pr<>H>-nre I* often unHUHpected when they are really (|ulte abundant. When ap- proai'lied. they will re- main perfeclly quiet, with the iMidy erect and the head and nerk pointed ■kyward, In which po»l- tlon their yellowlah brown plumaite *tronKly re*emhleR the rushe* among which they are found. Their ne*ta aro made of atripa of ruHhen woven about upright «t*IkH, generally over water. They lay from three to Hve egg* of a pale bluish white color. 8lie 1.20 X .90. Data.— Avery'* Island. La., May 1, 1896. Four egg*. Neat of atrip* of ruahea woven together to form a platform and faitened to saw grass growing on the bank of a stream. Collector, R. A. Mc'lhenny. 191.1. Cory's Lkadt Bittkrn. Ixobrgchui I ntoxenu*. • ThU rare speclex, of which about twenty specl- menH are known is proliably resident In Florida, wandering north in the summer, sppcl'n ns i. '■ ing been taken in Ontario, Canada, and in *evt.ial localities In eastern United States. It Is very different from the Least Bittern, having a more uniform chestnut < uloratlon, esperinlly on the under parts. It is twelve inches in length. Mr. C W. Crandall has a set of five eggs of this species, taken on the Caloosahatchee River, Fla., April 15, 1891, by 8. B. Ladd. nest was made of grasses and rushes placed In the cane two feet above the water. pull. blulHh gray Least Bittern Cory's Least Bittern 120 ! - im. Gmrat Wiiitr IIkhon. Ariiea onidrntalu. IUdic. — ThU Rperleii m'l'uni In the IVltwl HUtra rvirularlr. only in thf Routhern par's or Plnrlda. It In h rpHldpnt of the W«t»t IndlpM. TliU large whItH Heron In about th« nan mIm an tliH Orwat llluc HMron: It liax non*" of thf i
  • n(i«!r pluni«.) Kthopkan Hkkiin. .Irdea rinrrea. This species Is only an accidental straKKler In Greenland. It Is very similar to our Blue Heron and Is the one which was formerly used to fur- nish spoi' for the royalty when falconry was at its height. l(Mi. K(tHi:T. ffrrodinn epreita. Range. — Resident in the southern portions of the United States, straggling northward casually to the northern parts. This is one of the beautiful Herons which have been sought by plume hunters till they are upon the verge of extermination. They are entirely white, with a long train of beautiful straight "aigrettes" flowing from the middle of the back. In remote localities, (|ulte large colonies of them may still be found, but where they numbered thousands, years ago, they can be counted by dozens now. They breed in impenetrable swamps, very often In company with the following spe- cies, and also with Louisiana and Little Blue Herons, and White Ibises. Their nests are but frail platforms, generally In bushes over the water. Their usual <'omplenient of eggs numbers from three to five, four as the most common num- ber. They are generally laid during the latter part of May, but often on account of their being disturbed, nests with eggs may be found in July. The eggs are a light bluish green In color. Size 2.2.5x1.4.'). Data. Gainesville, Florida. April 14. 1894. Four eggs on a plat- form of sticks and grass, in a buttonwood hush over six feet of water, f'ollec- tor, George Graham. I!)7. Smiwv KciHKT. F.sirrllii fiindidisshxa iiindidixsima. Range. — Common now only In restricted lo- "^ --^^ callties in the Gulf States and Mexico. *;^ This species, which Is smaller than the last, being but twenty-four inches in length. Is also adorned with "aigrettes," hut they are beauti- fully recurved at the tips. Owliii;' to the merci- less slaughter to which they have been sub- jected, their ranks liave been woefully decimat- ed, and It is to be hoped that t]ie remaininu (mes may he safely protew.v KKrcl KKr.t .iktlil ificenlnh lilii 198. Red,„m. F...HKT. l)i,hrom.n,as,„ ruf,-»c,;n. nanKe.-In the United States, this sneries is ( onfmed ( hletiy to tl.e Gulf States 1 ^. 1?'n«'«:''at "arser than the Ipst spe. ies the and the bark Is adorned with •.,...., J^y-li^-Z' It also has a white phase. V.,,^ ^C^et i^ v ?,' abundant alonK the whole Gu, <.K,.i. l„ , ,,„p i. ' WADING BIRDS Pule Mulsh Kreen !.»i'»m "^.t""'- Pf ■■ "^"""B "«•"'« are Identl- Etre7, Th*"".*; "' t"« other small Herons and EKrets. The three or four eRgs are rather of a "xMB^'natl'" p"r "'^1/^« preceding" sfJe 1 9? fhVeier-.^'":rs'!'i:i.r'ar%r'ira^^st: 193. Loris.ANA Hehon. Uydrana»m tricolor ruficollu. Range.-Subtropical America, north regularly to the Gulf States and casually farther. This Heron is of about the size of the Reddish Kgret. but the neck is longer, more slender and dark, while the chin, throat and underparts are white. The plumes from the back are short, reaching barely to the end of the tail. They nest In large colonies in com- ^ pany with Egrets and Little Blue Herons placing their nests In the mangroves, only a few feet above the water. Their nests are the same as those of the other species, a KliKlit platform of sticks, and the three to live eggs are practically not distinguishable from those of the Snowy or Little Blue Herons. Size 1.75x1.35. li'ilili.sli Kurct f'luilsiaiiii Ii4>rf»n 123 Palp I .ulHh (rreen :^ THE BIRD BOOK 200. Little Blue HEnox. Florida ctvrulea. RutiBe.— South Atlantic and Gulf coasts, north casually to New England and Manitoba; west to Kansas and Nebraska. A -smaller species than the preceding, length 22 inches, plumage a uniform slat.v blue chang- ing to purplish red on the head and neck. Th-^y also have a white phase, hut always show tr ■ , ) P.nle bluisli Kreen of the slaty blue, especially on the primaries. Young birds are always white. They breed In immense rookeries during April and May. Their nesting habits and eggs are very slmiiar to the last species, although the eggs averaRfe a trifle smaller. Size 1.75x1.2.5. Data.— Avery's Island, Louisiana, April 21, 1896. 5 eggs. Nest a flat and frail platform of twigs in a Mimosa tree srowing in floating turf, over deep water in a large swamp. Collector. E. A. Mcllhenny. ■201. Ghee.n Heron. Rutoruirs riresrent rirescens. I.lttle Blue Heron^^^ ^^^^^^ Range.-Temperatc and sub-tropical Ameri.a. breeding north to the Hritish Provinces. Thla iS the smallest of our Herons, and is well known all over the country. Sometimes they breed In numbers in rookeries, in company witli the larger Herons, but In most sections of the country they will be found nesting, one or two pairs together, along the border of some swamp or stream. They have a greater diversity of building sites, than do any of the other Herons and frequently nest a long ways from water. Their nests may be found in alders, birches or even apple trees. It is the usual Heron type of platform, upon which the three to six eggs are laid. They are a pale greenish blue in color, and measure 1.4.'") x 1.10. Data.— Avery's Island, Louis- iana. April 10, 1,SS4. .'•. esKs on a platform of twigs placed in a willow tree growing on the edge Light bluish grreen of a pond. Collected by E. A. Mcllhenny. U4 WADING BIRDS 201a. Frazah-s G««en Hh:„„x. Butorides vire»cen» frazari Bpect""" ^""■" '"""" - '^-•- ^'»"f°-'»: nest,„. the «ame as the common 20,b. Anx„o.nv'sGhk.xHkhox. ««W., .,We«, a„"i;s-r A.vii r-;r,Gs OF ' «Bh from the ponds. the/LriaX^^n^r^Lh^^SLr; ZZl.":^'^" "'-" 204. Whooping C'hane. Grus americana. Range. — Interior of North Amnrina k.^.j. from about the latitude of^'lowa'^rrthwar WSf soXwaT""'^ "'"'"« '" "'^ «"" «'«tes°a'd The Whooping Crane is the largest of the fam- L'n jfh ^ xk"*'*/ '"«»«'"-'n8 50 inches or moreTn wl^fhi. I''*' P"»°>age of the adults is pure white rnd'face'a?I*"amlne''M "^ »"'«« °' '^« 'ead tributedyprcle^s"Tn'°:on.LttU^'Ll°„^^"p''ra'clr mil'' Tr7J- '"'"'" '" " "e'shboring lo*.,?,?v'" may be rated as common. They are very 'shv birds and are not easily obtainpH Th!„ „ "^ rr^^th^-at^!;^ rn"eVht^'' °1" --^^^^^^^^^^^^^ bulK;!LUTgra's''s T.Vetlt r'o^m"?^' to%;:^:^ ^ad/'^ra Ta^^ma^ t^?!^Wrfe\r^ t'a\r ^C^XIS^. ^^^, TheJj.rds^;erbX *y" 205. Little Bhoivn Chane. Grus canadensis. This uniform gray colored Crane differs from Uttle lirown Crune 137 THK BIRD BOOK Brownish buff EGG OF WHOOPING CRANE Buff EGG OF LITTLE BKOWN CRANK 12£ « ','06. Sandiiili. Chank. Oru* meiicnn. WADING BIRDS Uange.-Teniperate North Amerl.a, breediiiK tnm the Oulf States, hMally north to th/sout * em partH of the llrltlsh Province- „J.''Iri '.M''t I!'""^ '"'"'"on and the most south- erly distributed member of the family, m some se.tions of Florida and Texas it is regardtd^s abundant. They nest In marshy phues near h" . luded ponds. The nests are masses of grass weed.s and roots, generally pla'^. with .ertaintv. be distinguish. M.i\ .,1 I'M).,. > egKs. Nest on a knoll In « .nar..n, hidden by dead rushes and weeds a flat .X.^'chTForge.'"'"'"' '■"'^'"'' "■"• ''''^'- "^^ COURLANS. Family ARAMID/E ■^(•7. I.i.MPKiN. Irnmus vociferut. Uange. _^-Thls bird is a native of the West Indies and Central .\n.eri^ THE BIRD BOOK Rallu* crepitant '.'II. ('I.APPCH Rail, irepHant. Ilann^. Halt marHl ,r ,|,p Atlanll.. ..m-i rr«n, Kouthern New KnKlai.U H,mU,ward A KruyiNli colored Hull ulMnit >i.<. -i. . • witl. tl,.. n,urki„KH similar ou.," . 'u."'Km« ' ,">,'"•< •*'»" '« a frcHh water one. Wltli tiin poHHlhle exception „f the Carolina or Mora Ha I tlilH IM the nioHt abundant of all the nallH. hSL Kinn itall. <'liipp,.r |!,i|l. IliifT. AtUntir.'ouHl "V," :'"'''•' "'"""' °n "'- Soutl, ,.,,1 ,. J ; ^'"'''" "•'"t" "'■t^ Imllt of rusheH .'HI «H^ds. and are pla.ed on the Kround elt'^er In leen pkkh of a ImfT color spotted IrreKUlarlv w' i l.rown ai.d Kray. size 1.7oVl.20. "^'^"'"'^'y *' ' -'ll„. I.".iNn.NA ('..u-HKH Hu... n„ll,„,r,.„. itaiin miluratiiii. ' the (mat of Louisiana. It Is vJiJirJ,'^'.',""' ',"".,"' """ «"b«PecleH i« limited to hrlKhter In plumage. ^ similar to the proceeding but Ih Hald to be •-'lib. Flohiija Clappcu H\ii w„;; ?M *tr:.^Y**'*"' '"""t °' Florida. This bird 1« also similar to n.,,,,.,,. but Is much darker and brighter ^^ •-■lie. Wav.Vb's CtAPPKH K.u,.. «..//„, crr;„7«„,;.„y„W ?Ku-br^L^ra"Ht';?:''L%°e"; r^" ^"7""'' '^ '^'-'<'- tween that species and "«/tt'»!' 'X nesTs'and e'^*"°S"''""' "'"'^^y "«■ species cannot be . .stlngulshed from tIo:e"oT;he"co„:rn''cCef Ra^ff ^""^ 211.2. Cah,bb«ax Caphkh Ra,,.. «„«„, Zo„^,>„„,.-, ,„„.b„^„, 2fsi^JMi^tX^tpr^jf^--ri„-,s-^ MS • 'Tcaniy wlill, '.'12. ViHoiMA Rur,. ItalluM ,i,fiiHm»H, long, very Mimilar in marklnRH and colora- tion to th« King Rail. It Im found chiefly in fresh WBt«r nwampH, where It buildfi ItH neHtH In tuftn of rushen. The eggM number from Hix to fourteen, and are creamy white, or white, ., upeclcled with reddlHh brown. Size 1 'B x »n ri.... ju. i»ui. Ne»t made of marsh graoB in ru.hea e inche. Hbove the water. Collector E. Leroy King! [213.] Spottbd Crake. Porzana porsana. This common European specieM Ih canuRiiv found In Greenland. It hreedn in large numbjis '.'It. SoRA. Por-nmi rnrnlinn. Range.-Teni penile North Anier' .. hreedine from the Houthern partH of tiw I ritlNl. D,««es slons, HOuth to tlie Gulf coast POH»e.s. This abundant species of Rail may be reaHiiv '"':?Tk° 1': "» »"""' »'«■ a»>out elghf inches C« r.,;:,.,r :,'.;r .;r .s'X :,> £■ lay from six to sixteen eggs of a brlchf hu»^ Jl^ WADING BIRDS Sora Virginia (tall. ing. during their fall mi Hrlght huir. '-^^JtiK,- -,7—- lat If- If f THF, BFRD BOOK .'IS. Vri.i.ow Rur.. ('iihintin>fi» Hiiiilioriii limit, ItanrKt'. ;-' •^'■♦*'"'- T. Wyane, at eKOT have a creamy wh"re ground an?L * "."^ '"jafd '" an oat field. The Size 1.03 X .75. " ""^- "'"' "^ "P^ked all over with reddish brown. [216.1.1 F.AHAiLON Rail. Crerhru* coturnimlu,. ~Td w^;u7?he\tttsp?.:;r:Tn"ih:t.!!k.'^ ^•"'""^ •""""- '"- '" ' Vi'lliiw Uiii' niaik liall .S^ 184 [217.1 ToHN f'NAKr. CrrT rrr.r. ThU Kuropean KhII Ih .uxuully round In (irPfn Ira. It Ih the n.(M abundant of Kurop-un IUIIh ■ilH. VxHUK (iu.i.ixr,.r. /»„,.r»M m«r/,>,V.« Range. Houth Allitnllr and (Julf HtateH raiiu. >VADINO BIRDS I'lllf l.iifT A very handsomo bird with purplNh head .leck and under parts, and a Kreenlnh bark lTk« ■aly':r«"w"n"nli'r "f 'T'*'- ""« 'p- len' haf : H.aly crown plate. An abundant l)reedlnK Nperles In the Houthern parts of Itn rauKe. U« nesfrare made of ruHhes or RrasseH woven fORether and o ZH"""^'hev'", ""r '■"'".""' "' P'-'dTn'tuTtH Of KraHH. They lay from six to ten ("kks of a ' colonies In marshes and swamps, build- ing their nests like those of the Purple Galllnule. The eggs, too, are similar, but larger and slightly duller. Size 1.75x1.20. Data.— Monte- zuma marshes, Florida, June 6, 1894. Eleven eggs. Nest of dead flaggs, floating In two feet of water. Collector, Robert Warwick. [220.] EiTRoPEAN Coot. Fulica atra. A European species very similar to the next and only casually found in Greenland. Nesting the same as our species. 221. Coot. Fulica americana. Range.— Whole of temperate North America. from the southern parts of the British Provinces southward; very common In suitable localities throughout its range. .,,^'1! ^°°^ b®*""^ *"""« resemblance to the Horlda Gallinule, but Is somewhat larger its bin is white with a blackish band about the middle, and each toe has a scalloped web. They Inhabit the same marshes and sloughs that are used by the Rails and Gal- llnules as nesting places, and thev have the same retiring habits, skulking through the grass to avoid observation, rather than flv ing. Their nests are either floating piles of decayed vegetation, or are built of dead rushes in dumps of ruslies on the banks They generally build in large colonies. The MoTi'^aV"'""' '""''' «"^'^ ^''^ "^"'°-^^hirrf:'.^e;°itrair "siir Florida Oalllnule. Coot (irayish. 136 SHORE BIRDS. Order IX. LIMICOL.^ PHALAROPES. Family PHALAROPODIDAE -'22. Red Piiai.ahoi'k. Phularopus fulicarius. Range —Northern Hemisphere, breeding in the f .J"",' ;/I"l '"'^'■'*""« '° the middle portions of the United States, chiefly on the loasts The Red Phalarope during the breeding season has the underparts wholly reddish brown; they are very rarely seen In the United States in this dress, however for It Is early changed for a suit of plain gray and white. This species has a much stouter bill than the two following; it is about nine Inches in length. AH the Phalaropes are good swim- mers, and this species, es- pecially. Is often found In Orcnlsh buff '^'■^^ ""'^''^ °f the coast, ., ^ floating on the surface of he water: they feed largely upon small marine insects. Nests in hollows on the ground, lined ^ n.lK "" ^™''®^; ^^^ ^*^ss are three or tour !L» ?''®''-., ^u?^''*"y "' a greenish buff color, spotted and blotched with brown and blackish Date.-Myvates. Iceland, June 19, 1897. Collector. 22."?. NoHTi.Eiix Phalahope. Lobipes labatus. Range.— Northern Hemispliere, breeding in the northern parts of the British Provinces This is tlie smallest of the Phalaropes^belne hT/ ".""^ J""""^ '""k: in summer T' has f chestnut band across the breast and on the side Sut iUMJ''f; "« h«'"t« and nesting habits vary Mm.,!l u ^T' """"^ "' the Red Phalarope, al- IndlN'-'-^'l''^"'"'"""" .'« ^ "ttle more southerly, PpHini ?' as exclusively maritime as the pre- rnited sfnT""'-,, y " ^"""'^ °" ''"th coasts of the during ?i,t ,•.."* T'''' ';'"nn'°n on the Pacific side, turn^n. fr '""./"'» /Pr'ng. when going to or re- turning fron> Its winter quarters In the tropics. from tltf'^nl '"li?"'- "^"l' '■«''-'a"'ty. be distinguished irom the preceding species. 137 i Oreenlsh buff. THE BIRD BOOK m Male, fpiimlp. younK. WIlson'B Phalaropc 224. WitsoN'g Phalabope. Steganopug tricolor. Range.-lnterlor of teirperate North America breeding from t^e latitude of Iowa, northward.' and wintering south of the United States. This is the most handsome species of the fam- ily, being of a very graceful form, of a grayisl and white color, with a broad stripe through the eye and down the neck, where it fades insensibly into a rich chestnut color. It is an ex- cluslrely American species and is rare ly found near the coast. It builds its nest generally in a tuft of grass, the nests also belne of grass. The eggs are of a brownish or greenish buff color, spotted and blotched with black and brown. Size 1.30 x .90. Data.-Larimore, N. D.. May 30, 1897. Nest a shallow depression, scratched In the sand, under a tuft of grass on an island. Collector. T. P. Kastgate. Brownish buir. 138 SHORE BIRDS AVOCETS and STILTS. Family RECURVIROSTRID^ •i-25. AvocET. Rerurvirontra americana breeding Range.— Western North America north to Northwest Territory. The Avocet can be known from any other bird and large size (length about 17 Inches). These waders are quite numerous in suitable localities Greenish buff. throughout the west, constructing their nests in the grass, bordering marshy places. The nest Is Th7vVv"»'l!''* °'«^«« '" a hollow m The Zund They lay three or four eggs of a dark greenish or brownish buff color, boldly marked wKh ?T"/"^u*""'=''- Size 1.90x1.30. mta-^ush in the sand, lined with dry weeds. Many birds nesting in the colony. ' 226. Black-necked Stilt. Ilimantoput mexicanus. f„.!'.fJ'*®T^!?* *^^^ '"»*• this species Is rarely found east of the Mississippi, but is very abund ant in the United States west of that river A black and white wader, with ex- ' eremely long red legs; otherwise a grace- fuly formed bird. It breeds in large colonies anywhere in Its range, making its nests of weeds and sometimes a few twigs on the ground beside of, or in the "«"»'«»: Their eggs number three or four and are brownish or greenish buff w.„i, ""'"^••""s markings of brownish yl^^i /^ markings being somewhat Anrti i Vr ^''®"- ^•'^y "est during ,o^ m^the southern parts of their K«Te5. mi°'po'^r%ggstew'ona''m^7flT '"'^^- «""'•'-» C»»""- Collector, Evan bavu! ' "**'' '*'* ""^^'"^ ^«^' °° "««• 139 American Avocet Kluck-neckeil .Stilt. QreenLxh huff. THE BIRD BOOK SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, Family SCOLOPACID/E '-"27. Ki'RopEAN Woodcock. Srolopaj- rusiii ola. This Kuropean bird is .similar to thp American MZhu*"" V^'''^' '""» '« "arred beneath Their habits are the same as those of our species. 228. Woodcock. Philohela minor. BHHfh*%T^f '*™ w^""'' America, north to the British Provinces, breeding throughout Its range 1,.,^*"* }\u''^ *" *•»« ""OS' eagerly sought game »ir^^°' '^^ *""'• '^•'«"' *"sht Is very rapid and erratic, and accompanied by a peculiar whlstline sound made by the rapid motion of the wings U requires a skillful ""igs, u marksman to bring them down. They frequent J^oggy places es- pecially "runs" lined with alders, where they bore in the soft ground for worms and grubs. Their eggs are laid up- on the bare ground among nnffy di-iy. the_ leaves and sticks; they are of about the color of dead leaves, as Is also the bird, making It quite difficult to dls(.over their nests. They lay three sp.^"""" sir; ^'5"o xTll'"'"^' ^'"" >-"-'«" -own .\iiiprican Woodcock. Wilson's Snipo [229.) EiHOPEAN Snipe. Gallinago gdlinago. A common species in Europe; of casual or accidental ann<.o,.„„ „ < r. iSrsam'e'!^ ""•' '"" "°* ^'""'^ --""ally °f?oL^1'ur^l!.pTaTftrh'a"bl?sTe *--m 140 WOOUCOl.'K OX HKU NEST. 141 C. A. Reed. K'i SHORE BIRDS 280. WiLioN Snipe. Gallinago dtlieata. Range.— North America, breeding from northern United Ht>»« t.»..»i,»..j. winters along the Gulf States and to Callfornl" and southWa?^ """""""^ Another favorite game bird, but one which re- quires skill to hunt sue ssfully. Of about the same size as the Woodcock (U Inches long). This species, to a great extent frequents the same liaunta used by Woodcock, but Is especially fond of open marshy meadows, with winding brooks Their nests are depressions In grassy banks, gen- erally unilned; the three or four eggs have an olive gray color and are strongly marked with blackish brown. Size 1.50x1.10. Data.— Lake Winnlpegosis, Manitoba, June 10, 1903. Nest In a hollow on a tuft of marsh grass, the four eggs olivf Kn.y. having their points together. Collector, Walter Raine. ['.J;«).I.J Gheater Snipk. Gallinago media. A European species, only American as having accidentally occurred at Hud- son Bay; similar in appearance to the preceding species. •N'KST A.\U KCiUS OK WOODCOCK. 143 THE BIRD BOOK 2.'n. DowiTciiEH. Mairorhaniphut grurui. Range. — North America, most abundant in the eaHtern parts ; breeds In the •extreme nortli, and winters from the Gulf States to Northern South America. This species Is commonly known as "Red-breasted Snipe" In late sprlUR and sum- mer because of I the rich, rusty \ red coloration of the underparts, and ax "Oray- back in winter because of Its color at that sea- son. They are' very common along the Atlan- tic coast during the Spring migration; they can be easily IdentlBed by their very long bills, which are over two inches in length and nearly one quarter the length of the wl. '» bird. They nest during June, placing their three or four eggs in a slight hut- low, which may or may not be lined with dried Rra.ts or leaveH. The eggs have a greenish or brownish buff color and are boldly marked with dark brown. They do not differ greatly from those of the Snipe. Data. — Mackenzie River, June !>7. 1900. Four eggs in a hollow in the grass, lined with dead graKB, Va\- lector- Walter Ralne. Orenliih buff Dowltcher. M LOON. 144 2SS. ^ONO-BILLED DoWITCIIBR. Maerorhamphui Kriteut icolopareui. Range.— Whole of North America, but not com- mon on the Atlantic roB*t; breeds in the Arctic reglonn and niigrates ihleHy through the central and wemern partw of the United States to Mexico. This bird Is practically the Hame as the last, but 1» a trifle larger and the bill average* about a half Inch longer. They are very numerous In tJieIr breeding haunts, and, during their niigrationH, fly in large compact flocks. They are not very timid, and consequently fall an easy prey to the gun- ners. Their nesting habits and eggs are ClrernlHh l.uT. l^L?""* "* "l" '"' species, except that the eggs may average a trifle larger. Size 1.75 x 1.15. Data.— Norton Is.. Alaska, June, 1900. Nest a small hollow in the dry ground. Four eggs Collector, ('apt. H. H. Bodflsh. SHORE BIRDS Mivropalama himan- -i:i:t. Stilt S\n-i>pipkh. lopus. Uange. North America, east of the Rocky Mountains; breeds in the Arctic regions and win ters from the Gulf States southward. la the summer. Uicso birds may be kno-vn by the reddish colo.".it;on of the underparts, which uio nu.iierously ,)arrc;l; they are smaller than the preceding, lennHi iihcut eight Inches. Their nesting habits are tlie same as those of the ma- l.onst-iililfii. jority of the ir embers of the family. The three brown!" Xe^lVx "y """''"'■ """ "'■'' blotched and spotted with shades of 1« 10 THE BIBD BOOK Knot. Purple Sandpiper. 8S4. Knot. Tringa canmtiu. Range. — Arctic regloni In lummer; touth through th« UitUed SUtea. chiefly on the At- lantic coaat, to South America. Of about the aame aiie aa the Dowitchera, length 10.6 inchea. but with a much ahorter bill. In Hummer the entire under parta are a uniform red- dish cheatnut color. The/ are known to breed In Arctic America, from Point Barrow and Hud- son Bay, northward, but no authentic egga are known, at present to exlat In collections. One Uken from a bird by Lieut. Qreely, was a pea green color, specked with brown: elie MOxl.OO. As it was not fully developed. It was p<-obably correct neither aa to alie nor color. 285. Purple SANDPirii*. Arquatella maritima maritimd. Range.— Arctic regiona, wintering aouth to the Middle SUtes and the Oreat Lakes, but chiefly on tue coMt. A grayish and blackish colored species, about nine Inches long. It nests In northern Labrador, about Hudson Bay and In Iceland. Its eggs are a grayish buff color handsomely splashed with rich shades of brown and obscure markings of darker gray. DaU. — North- em Iceland, June 7, 1897. Four eggs. Nest a hollow In the ground Urayish burr. among grass and weeds and lined with a tew grasses. Collector, C. Jefferys. 233b. Aleutian Sandpiper. Arguatella maritima couei'i. Range.— Supposed to be a resident on the coast and islands of Alaskr om the Aleutians northward. A very similar species to the preceding; scarcely distinguishable. These Sandpipers, which are found In Alaska at all seasons of the year, breed during May and June. Their nesting habits are the same as those of the preceding bird and the eggs are Indlstlnguifhable. Size 1.40 x 1.00. Data.— Unalaska, Bering Sea, June 3, 1898. Nest containing four eggs, a depression In the moss! lined with grasses and bits of moss. The eggs were laid with their small ends together. -S2: i m iM HI SHORE BIRDS ^rf 837. PmaiLor Sandpii>kii. ArquattlU maritina plilocnemu. lUiiie. — Coast and Islands of Barlnv Ha> .nnti. In winter to southern Alaska. * ' °""* .1,'"''/' I'i"*' *''.''''' '■ '«" 'n'h"" In length, has the featheri. of the upper partx edeed with rusty, and the underpartr light with .huh- guUhlng patch Of blacken the b eart^^' gf Jji;",-- KO reddish above, and the latter harthe black t^e Pr?bllof'"'.„''H"'';. '^''7, ""'««' comZnly on L'^ttir^'r.ar afoML'tSSpi?. %tfr fo^u*; :?;^Tda'r"^rno%°i'o? ---'-"' a««. SHAmr-TAiuo Sandpipxr. Piiobia amrittt, AiS£f"i7^".h'*"''"*' "Pecles. quite abundant in ^v , '" . "•* «ummer; supposed to migrate t'hTpailfla""""' """"" "" '^rAslatlc TlSTol hn^ fli'Shfil''""^'il'' "PP^aronce, to the following, but slightly smaller and with the breast more ruddy Its nesting habits probably do not X from those of the following Sandpiper. i39. PgcTOHAL Sandpiper. Puobia maculata. .h?*?f*,T^''°.'* °' ^°'""' America, breeding in ^n.»^Q^ '■**"'"''• "'"' entering south of the 5 tht^ifnft/H 'Jf ?' "bundant In the eastern parts of the United States during migrations. n„M K ^^^^^'K '» blackish brown above, with hfw •"'"*"' *"*'?«« ^° ">« feathers, and white below, except the chest, which te brownish streaked with black. A very peculiar species,' t^atin^ the throat to a great extent, making a balloon- ike appendage, nearly the size of the bird TW have more the habits of Snipe, than do moBt of the Sandpiper., frequenting grassy meadows or marshes m preference to the seashore. Their nests are gru«» lined depressions, and the eggs are gniytsh or greenish buff, blotched with brown. SUe 7.45 x 1 00. Data.-Cape Sn.ythe, Alaska. June 1900 Fou? eggs In a hollow In the ground, lined with m»l 147 ttharp-talled Sandpiper. Prcloral Sandpiper. n ; TUB BIRD BOOK White-rumped Sandpipi-r, H«lrd"ii Hundplpcr UduRt Hitndplper. ■i >). Whitc-rumpcd Sandpipm. PUobia fuidcollit. '(» iR*. -North Amerlra, br<>««llnR from Labra- ''■<•• lid Bouthnrn UrtwnlanU. northward and win- .. , from central to Houthern 8<>uth AmerU-a, f^ "M onimon on the Atlantic coast. -I'.ill l.V ! .«f I li > 1. if I hi- aperieH l« 7.r> Inchea In length, and haH he Atlui ipp«r tall covertu; otherwiiie It Ik mark*M] ■ y to the preceding Sandpiper. Its next i)lta ara the name ait thoHe of the timjorlty ' imlly, and the thrfl«» or four hkkm that they i'lot be dNtlnRulnhed from thoHH of the fol- HIPKM. Phobia hairdi. Uaiigf. N' nh America, chiefly In the Interior, breeding aloiu the Arctic co»'nt and about Hud- son Bay. an i wintering south of the United Htates. A very similar species to the preceding, but without the white rump. Their nests arp hollows In the ground, generally concealed In a tuft of grass, and lined with grasses and a few leaves. They lay three or four eggs having a grayish colored ground, and marked with dlllerent shades of brown, and also with some faint markings of lilac. 8l!.e 1.30 x.m). Uata.-Peel River, Arctic America, June 18, 1S98. Four eggs, taken with the bird by an Indian. Kggs in a slight hollow on the river bank. ^4^ 848. Least Sandpiper. Puobia minutilla. Range.— North America, breeding from the southern parts of the British I rovlnces northward ; winters from southern United SUtes nouthward. Com mon In the Interior and on both coasts. ThiB la the smalleat of our Sandpipers, being under six Inches in length. Bxcept for sUe, they are similar In appearance to Balrd's Sandpiper, only the back is browner. A very abundant species during migrations, being found on the seashore or In marshes, nearly alwavs In company with other species of the family. Their nests are the same as other Sandpipers, and the eggs are grayish, thickly specked with brown. Sixe 1.15 x. 80. Data.— Peel River, Arctic America, June 20, 1899. Nest simply a depression In the river bank, lined with grass. 148 Grayish. SHORE BIRDS [849.1.] LoNu-ToRi) Stint. PttMa damacrntu. An Aniatic ipecteN acctdontally found on th«> VlMkan Nhore*. It In a very nlmtlar bird to the Leaat Sandplpwr, and about the name iilie. A* implied bjr ita name, it haH anunually lonn toe*. (liW. 1 1)1- NUN. I'riidnu alplna alpima. A very common Sandpiper In the Brltlnh tiile* and in Kurope. but only raituully orrurrlnx um a utraBifler alonn the Atlantic lor spotted and blotched with brown. Size 1.45.x .95. Data— Peel River Alaska. June IS, IS97. Three eggs in a depression on the ground. W •■stern Kiindiilper SiinderllnK. .M:irhli.|| Oodwit. H\). .Maiiiu.ki) (ioDwiT. Limomi fcthm. hreedinK. chiefly In the interior, from northern Range.— North America. United States northward. Godwits are large Plovers with long slightly upcurved bills. This snecies n.urh.'n'"''!'' '" '^"f"- '" "f " "-"'y "nlform ruddy color and is l.andsSmetv marbled above, and barred below with black. Their eggs are laid nnrm .iw «ga?n"Vf"ew':,;.w""^ "' '"'"''" "'• ^^"^"^ -"■ JtimL X^re^ls Jfo'linrng" in^ again a few s raws or grasses may be twisted around the depression Their eggs number three or four and have a ground color of grayish or greenish buff m?ddi7?f ' " ^^''■. ^- ^- •'""*' *<*• ^'"'S- *'•""• eKB" 'a'd on the ground in he middle of an unused road. Lined with a tew grasses. Collector. W. F Hill /■ lU im Ji!,! M 1 : THE BIRD BOOK 850. Pacific Godwit. T.imota lapponica baueri. ^J^u^^r:^J!^'**^\^°^ ''''»'"'» "' the Pacific Ocean on the Asiatic side, north In summer to Alaska. This species Is more uniform and brighter rud- dy beneath than the preceding, and the back is r.L^Y '?.•*,"* strongly. Even in Alaska where It breeds. It Is not a common species, and It nnlv occurs elsewhere on the Pacific coast of Ame.lca casually. The nesting habits are the same, but the eggs are somewhat darker than those of the preceding, but not as dark as those of the follow- ing species. Size 2.20 x 1.45. 251. HiDsoNiAN Godwit. Limoia haema»Hca Range.— North America, east of the Rocky Mountains, breeding in the Arctic regions and wintering south of the United States. Paclflc Oodwlt. Hudsontan Oodwlt. nrowni.sh. This species is apparently not as common or is ^rLVi'LTf^' 'rarrdl^ep r^e'i^d^.sh^^oZt'ol'!''^ £ 1^^. with weeds a^ddriJi^^'^^VJ "^" P°'"'« °^ «''«^n«'- »»'n»? the hollow £r Hf F^ -trbr„w^nth«^^ack^.''l,.''e "^ ^^^J^^t^^^^^H^ 5. O Sanger ' ''""'*'*• '"'"' ""'"' ""«• '" " """"^ '» ^"e ground"" cXtor. [252.] BLACK-T.ULBD GoDWiT. Limoia limota. those of the American bird. ^ "** ^^^^ """^ Precisely like [253.] Grben Shank. GIoHim nehularia. 1S2 234. Greater Yellow-leon. Totanu* melanoleucux. RanBe— Whole of North America, nesting In the British Provinces and rarely In the northern part of the Mississippi Valley. This and the next species are much sought by sportsmen during their migrations: they are commonly called "Tell-tale." the present species being the "Greater Tell-tale." They are blackish above, speckled with wliite. and below are while and, in summer, marked with arrowliead spots of black. The legs, as implied by the name of the SHORE BIRDS Greater Tellow-leKs. YeIIow-Ieg(. Grayish white. bird, are yellow and long: length of bird. 14 inches. They nest most abundantly in localities remote from habitations, in the interior of Can- ada. The eggs are generally laid on the ground, near a marsh or on the bank of a stream, with little or no lining to the nest. They are grayish white, boldly splashed with several shades of brown, -nd with lilac. Size 1.65x1.25. Date.— Whale River, Labrador, June 10, 1902. Eggs laid on the ground In an open marsh. 'i55. Yellow-le«s. Totanus flavipei. c^'^VrJl"^^ America, breeding chiefly in the Interior and eastern parts of Har t^ ;h„ i"!'' m the upper Mississippi Valley. This species is very sim- liar to the preceding, but is smaller: length 10.5 Inches. It is also called the "Lesser Telltale," a name applied because of their wariness, and because, when they fly, thev ^^^m^K^K^ warn all other species within hearing, of ^^KB^^S^M danger. Their eggs are laid on the ground, ^^HKSlP*>ia and In similar localities to the preceding. ^^K^fiS^^M Ihey are three or four in number, grayish ^^^^"••^■s-*** or buffy in color, and are quite heavily blotched and spotted with rich brown and grayish or lilac. Size 1.60x1.20. Data.— Whale River. Labrador, June 14, 1902. Four eggs laid on the ground In a large marsh. Buffy. 163 THE BIRD BOOK 836. SoLiTAHY Sandpiper. Ilelodromat solitoriu* loUtariui. Range.— Eastern North America. breedlnK rhlefly north of the ITnited States boundary, but apt to be found nesting In any part of Its range: winters south of the United States. A olrrt with a greenish gray back, barred with white, and white below: length 8.5 Inches. Solitary Sandpiper. Clay-colored. This species Is one of the oddities among the waders. They are most always met with, sing- in vnrv small fl„„v. -rfc . J "'' '" ""''"*• *"" ^^^ ^^ry rarely seen, even ^Jf^ ^°^^^- Their preference Is for small ponds or streams In wet 8p^es"'Thev ^rf^nr. •/"*'?." '"''" ""*"»■«« which V frequented by otheJ species. They are occaslonaliy seen dur ng the nesting season even In thp eggs':™ v'e^J'rar'elytunr'^^TH"** ''''' "'V**"^ TreedSrere" although °thel? bfack nlta^lim/o ?ai»nH ^? '";'"' '^f '^'"y™'"'*"', spotted with brownish .i.n "at»— Slnico Island, Kingston, Ontario, June 10, 1898. 5 eges in a shallow depression on the ground, lined with a few grasses! y^' NKST OF SPOTTED SANDflPEU 164 256a. Western Solitary Sandpiper. Ilelo- dromat tolitariut cinnanwmeut. RanKe.— North -America, west of the Plains- oTtWe! alsa'"'" '"'""""'"* '""' ^^ob^My'l^u .* J.'l'* l^'^i '^ '""' ^''« '«■■"• except that the soots .in the back are buffy Instead of white Us Mst and egKs will not differ In any respi^t from thee or the eastern form. iuu»e SHORE BIRDS Helodromat acro- [257.] Green Sandpiper, phut. Somirv^'InnHt;.'^'"'^'] """^^ •^'°««'>' resembles our Solitary Sandpiper, is common in the north«rn ^t^lS'/"* Old World. It has only accldenUl" strayed to our shores. ™w»"y 258. WiLLET. Catoptrophorut lemipalmatut lemipalmatut. i^^ll'^tiZ^^^^H'i ^""^^ «*"'««• breeding north to the Middle States and occasionally straying to Huff. Western Sandpiper Wniet. "'These'*Iar?/u°''H^'"' ^«P«'''''"y '" the Mississippi Valley. b.r'd'^'hTbr::^ ^ TaircrpaXT' ^r:"'''"; "'^"^ '»-'"' - "«-•' are covered with waler at 1 ^Hde buili^nra fraTf ^ '" *'"'!i" ^'''^•' where it will be barely out of rearh of .h^ ifi '™" "««* °' grasses and weeds. eggs have a browntJh "^r sL?ettaes g^Lnish buff'^'r' 7"" '^"« °' '°"'- ed with umber, and have fa nter n.arwTn J! , ,5 «"»""'* '^°''"' and are blotch sandy Bank. South Carolina Ma; 3 1901^\>L'"r,H ^"*' ^-S" "" ^•^''- ^^^a - >'igh grass. Made of dead mafsh'AL'"iined":)itrflne;|'rasse;.'''"*''' *" ""« •■(;! 1» THE BIRO BOOK Wanilerlng Tattler. Ruff. I'plHtiil Plovpr. •i.'iSn. WeSTKHN WlLLET. Catoptrophorui lemipahruiui inornatu*. RanKe. — Western North America, breeding uortli to Manitoba and Brltltili Columbia Casual- ly found on the South Atlantic coaRt during ml- KratlouH. A larger and paler form of the preceding spe- cies; length 15.5 Inches. The nesting habits are the same, and the eggs cannot be distinguished from those of the common WlUet. Data. — Re- fugio, Texas. May 18, 1900. 4 eggs In a grass lined depression on the bay shore Hat. ("ollec- tor. J. W. Preston. '.J.I.O. W.VNUEHiNii Tatti-eh. HeteractHu in- canut. Range. — Pacific coast of North America, breed- ing from British Columbia northward. Tills is a handsome species, uniform grayish above and white below, closely barred (In sum- mer) with blackish. During the breeding sea- son it is found on the rugged coasts and islands of Alaska, and casually south. It breeds In the marsh grass near the shores and along the banks of streams. |'i(i(l. I Ri'Ft'. Machete* pugnax. X common European species, occasionally found on the Atlantic coast of North America. It is a species remarkable for its pugnacity during the mating season; in size and appearance It is about like the Upland Plover, with the exception of the "ruff" which adorns the neck and breast of the male bird. 261. Upland Ploveh. Bartramia lon/sicamln. Range. — North America, chiefly east of the Rocky Mountains middle United States, northward. A handsome bird, 12 Inches in length. ■m^'^"'^^ generally known as the "Upland Plover," from Us habit of frequenting dry side hills, where it feeds upon grasshoppers and worms. It Is a favorite bird with many sportsmen. It builds a nest of grasses, on the ground In a tuft of grass in tlie middle of fields. The three or four eggs liave a buff ground and are blotched with yellowlsn brown. Size 1.75x1.25. Data.— Stump Lake. N. D., June 10, 1897. Nest of grass, lined with wool, under a tuft of grass left by the mower. Collector, Alf. Eastgate. breeding from Burt. 16« NEST ANI> KCJtJS OK I'PLAM* PlA^VKU. Wiiltir Uuine. i :i I • . . Si, THE BIRO BOOK 262. fiurr-BRCAiTED Sandpiper. Tryngitei *ubru/icMu. Range.— Interior of North America, breedlnir from the Hudson Bay region to the Arctic coast. A buffy colored species, with a peculiarly mar- bled back. Size 8.B Inches long. It Is an upland species like the last. The nests are scantily lined depresFlons In the ground. The eggs have n grayish white ground and are boldly blotched with rich brown and chestnut with fainter markings of lilac. Size 1.46x1.06. DaU.— Cape Smythe. Alaska, June, 1>00. 4 eggs In a hol- low in dry spot on • manb. Collector, H..H. Bodflsb. Grayish white. 268. Spotted Sandpiper. Aetitit macularia. Range.— Whole of North America from Hudson Bay southward, breeding throughout Its range. A small wader about 7.6 Inches in length, with brownish gray upper parts, and white underparts thickly spotted with blackish, especially on the breast and flanks. This is the most abundant of all the shore birds, and Us "peet-weet" Is a famil- iar sound to every country boy. It has a peculiar habit of continually moving its tall up and down, when at rest on a stone or when running along the shore; from these characteristic actions It has received the very common names of "Teeter- tall" and "Tip-up." They build their nests on the grour)) near ponds, brooks or marshes, generally conce^4ing it In a tuft of grass or weeds on the shore or in the high grass at the edge of tho meadows. The eggs number from three to five and are of a grayish buff color, spotted and blotched with blackish brown. The young, like those of all the shore birds, are hatched covered with down, and run about as soon as born They are anxiously attended by the parents and at the least sign of danger, conceal themselves beneath a tuft of grass or behind a small stone, where they remain perfectly motionless until called by the old b'rds. The adults frequently attempt to lead an en- emy away from the young by feigning a broken ' wing, or lameness. Size of eggs 1.35 x. 90. Data. — Parker County, Ind.. May 22, 1901. Nest about six yards from bank of creek, among weeds on a sand bar; a hollow in the sand lined with weeds. Collec- tor, Winfi«ld 8. Catlin. ^^^ Buff-braasted Sandpiper. Spotted Sandpiper. in 864. LONO-BILLED CURLKW. Numeniut amerieanui. lUnse.— Bre«da in the South Atlantic aUtes and northward in the Interior to Manitoba and British Columbia. Thin iH the largest of the family of ahore birds, having a length of about 24 inches. Its plumage is of a buffy color, much variegated above with black and brown: the bill is strongly curved down- ward and 1h from four to eight inches in length. Their neuts are located on the ground in meadows SHORE BIRDS OreenlHh buff. or on the prairies, and three or four eggs are laid, of a butr or greenish buff color, covered with numerous spots of brownish black. Eggs of the common Curlew of Europe, have been very fre- quently used as belonging to this species, but the eggs of our species have a lighter and more greenish ground, i.r.A the spots are smaller and more numerous, iiiae, 2.60 x 1.80. LK)ng--i)iUed Curlew. HiiilMdnlun Curlew. 265. Hi'usuNiAN Curlew, \umeniu* hudtonicuM. Range.— Whole of North America, breeding in the Arctic regions and win- tering south of the United States. This species 1h smaller (length J" InrlieK), darker, morf> grayish and has a shorter bl!! than the pre- ceding species. It also has white median and lateral striprs on the top of the head. The nr.stlng hab- its are the aan!3 a? those of the Lung-billed spef-es; the three or four epgs hsvp a brownish buif ground color end are blotched with blacki.-ih brown Size 2.25x1.60. Data. — McKen jie River, Arctic America. Nest a pile of grass, moss and weeds on an island in the river. Brownish buff. 16» THE BIRD BOOK Baklmo Curlow. ^66. EiKiMo CimLKW. XumeHiu* boreatii, RaiiBe.- Eaiitern North Anittrica, broedlng In tliK ArrtU- rvgloHH »nd wIntRrirK In South America: nilKratinR throuRh thf> muHtern half of the United HtaleH, more abundantly In the Interior than on the coaiit. A Ktlll imaller aperlen than the laiil (lenitli 14 Inches) and very ilnillar to It. A few yearn aRo thti waa considered the most abundant ot the curlews, but so persistently have they been hunted that they are now practically extermin ated. They were the must unsusiiii'ious ot the shore birds, and woulil allow the near approach ol the Runner, and the penalty may now bt> seen. Only a short while ago they were very often found, during migration. In company with ether waders such as the Qolden or Black bellied Plovers. Their nests are simply hollow* In the plains, lined with a few grasses, dried leaves, or moss. The three or four eggs are the rame as the last for color but are smaller; size 2.00x1.45. [8(i7.] VViiiMBRicL. A'amrniM* phaeopu*. A European species casually appearing In Greenland: very similar to th- Hudaonian Curlew, but with the rump white This species is known as the Jack Curlew in England and Scotland, where It is very abund- ant, and is a favorite game bird. It breeds in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, and in the extreme north of Scotland and on the Shetland Islands. The eggs are laid in hollowa on the ground on higher parts of the marHhes. The three or four egg^ have an olive or greenish brown I'olor and are blotched with dark brown. Size 2.30 x 1.60. Data.— Native, Iceland, May 29, 1900. Six eggs. Nest a depression in the ground, lined with dried Olive blown. [868.] Bristi.e-thiohed Guhlew. Xumeniui iahilienttM. . Kfose— J8'»n<>8 and coast on the Asiatic side of the Pacific: casually found in Alaska. A very peculiar species with many of the feathers on the Hanks terminating in long bristles. 160 It r. SHORE BIRDS PLOVERS. Family CHARAORIID/E Wo, .I are stouter built blrd> than thoi« of the prevlou* family, have larger head, ihorter Becki and but three toea, the bill alio la much harder and ahorter. f«69.] Lapwinu. fan .'«« vaHellut. An abundant Europen Bpecies accidentally occurrlni on the Atlanta coaat. It may read- ily be recoitniind by ItH long black crent. black chin and throat, and white under parti. It breeda throughout temperate Europe, laying jta eggi In hollows on the ground. The eggs have a dark grayish buff ground and are apot- ted with black. 8Ue 1.86 x 1.30. Oraylah. [869.1.] DoTTERKL. Eudrotniat morinellmi. eoiiit*'"'^"'^" **'"* *'""^"«^ •" '»•''• »»«•» •ccldentally taken on the Atlantic r ','"». Bl.u K-MKLLiKi) Pluver. Squdturoln »qmi(im>la. f JI^".1*T;'*.^1'"'™ "«n''«Pl'"ri'- breeding In the An tic regionH and wintering from the Oulf States to north, rn South America wmiermg This is a remarkably handsome spe- cies when in the summer dress. The up- per parts are largely white with black spots and bars on the back, wings and tall: the throat, siden of head, breast and fore under parts, black. In winter, brownish-black, somewhat mottled, above below, dull white. Young similar to win- ter adults, but the back is spotted with yellowish-white. While these handsome |i|over migrate to some extent, and some- times In large flacks, throuKh the Inter- ior of the I'nited States, they are chiefly and most abundantly found on the coast This species has a very small hind toe. It is a very familiar bird to sportsmen Urenlsli i.uff, "B^etll'S'proJIr-^Th''' ««"«"""' ""»«"»" "y th« names of "Bull-head." or -^.i, J^ Plover. They are very numerous in the fall durinit which sea- son the underparts are entirely white. The eggs are either laid "Son the bare ground or upon a slight lining of grasses of dead leave. TheyTe Ihree or Size 2°oS rAT mT."""'p^.'" f T""" ""« "• ''"'"^ "'"> """'y mSrked With buck oX\^\\irock!'Cd-w'rt':i.r'y%rs.^'"''''- ^""''- '"^^ ^•'« • — ■■ ''°"-- in 11 2 i SHORE BIRDS [«7«.] EiHorictN O01.UIC.V Plovbh. Ckarailrimi apricariut. A KiiFopean Inrd. nlmllar to th« next, caauallr found In Urt>rKi.;u. '^ '' **'''■"'' SHORE BIRDS 27S. KiLMirRR. OjTf/rchun rociferut. RaiiKe.— Temperate North America from the Douthern parts of Canada southward. Next to the Spotted Sandpiper, this bird Is the most common of the shore birds In the United States It Is rarely seen In New Kngland, but is common south of there and in the Interior of the country to Can- ada. They are very noisy birds, continually uttering their kii-deer, Idl-deer" from which they take Qraylsh buff. • heir name. They nest anywhere on the Rround. co^h! ^^ "•'"'■ ^'"r- P'"'""^ ""'"• "*«''« In fields ^12^.^,"!;. "'«?d°ws. The eKKs are drab oi^ 8l«e 1 BO x"l ,(.""" r^?'""^"'. """"^ *"" "lack. Mat li Uq .^'"-""'"bI" «ounty. Texas. It^lA \ ?'• . ^ ®'^*^ '" " depression on the •n-ound, lined with a few Krasses. 37*. Se.uipai,matcd. /EgialUit lemipalmata. lor^nJ'^r^nr'S"'"'" /""f '•■''• TeedinK In the Inter- States "'""•* '""' wlnterinK south from the Gulf Klldeer. SiMiil-palinated Plover. Small web between the bases of the two outer toes. Single broad.hlack hand across the breast l.la( k line from base of bill to eye. They are very abundant on our seacoast In H^ll. both in flocks PIPER AND NEST. »7 C. A. Iteed. m THE BIRD BOOX WtUon'* Plover Mountain Plovnr. Brownish gray 280. Wiuon's Pu>veb. Octkodromm* tnltoniut. n..u*?5!T*° abundant breeding specieo on the Gulr coast, coast of Lower California, and on the tart'hOT ''**"" "*"*'' *° Virginia, and casnallr fr^''Th«« ^f T""' '"'•'='' ""'' *^ disttngutehed from others of the genus by Its coraparatlvelv large heavy black bill, and the single br^d black band across the breast, and not ex- tending around the back of the neck. They nest on peb- bly "shingle" or In the marsh, back of the beaches. Their eggs are an olive gray color and are spotted and scratch- ed with bUcklsh brown, with some fainter markings of gray. ...„ ,.,„».„ —Corpus Chrlstl. Texas. May 10, 1899. 4 eggs laid on the ground among drifted grass on a salt marsh near town. Collector, Frank B. Arm strong. 281. MoiTNTAiN Plovbr. Podatoci/i montanu* Kange.—PlainK and prairies of western North America, breeding from the central portions north to Manitoba, and wintering In Callfomla and southward. A very peculiar species. Inhabiting even the driest portions of the western prairies It Is 9 IncJies in length, and has a pluniagi; of a pale huffy tone. It seems to be less aquatic than any other American Plover and is rarely found in the vicinity of bodies of water. It ne»t« on the ground anywhere on the prairie, laying Its eggs in a slight hollow. The eggs are brownish gray In color and are spotted and blotched with blaj-klsh !*r«]?"'\,^*"~**'""*"" founty. Colorado. May 7 1902. Nest a slight hollow on the ground, near a arge cactus bed and close to a water hole. No lining to nest. Collector. Glenn 8. White. Olive (Cray. Size 1.40x1.05. Data. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. FamUy APHRIZID^ 282. SiJUF Bird. Apkrisa virgala. ThU specieH. which i» fouiul on the Pb<1H< roast from Alaokji to (hill, mchiiim to b« the connectinK link between the plovers and the TumatoneH. having the hahlts of the latter romblned with the bill of the former. Its neiit and eggn are not known to have been yet dis- covered. Creamy. Turnitone. 283. Tc'RNSTONE. Arenaria interpret. i„^"/*'. '''''* •""ti;"'"""" "f this »petle«. which la gmyer above tb»n the fol- S.^;„H ♦''"??°*r' ^°, ^ •confined. In America, to the extreme north frcSi Greenland to Alaska. Its habits and eggs are precisely like the next 28S«. Ruddy Turnstonb. Arenaria interpret morinella. jrn1?.Sf«7r.^''*'^*i" "'!/""•■ "-Wlons. and migrates through all parts of the the ,^ni^ ^ '^"? '" 'i"* r"*""™ P"'" °' South America. This species has the upperpartM variegated with reddish brown, black ani< white the underMrts e^e a" d teck'to't'lT"' m"" " 'j'tl" ^'^ "" '"^ "'"'•'• branching up w.rdTthe Mit Ihi u i*"* "'.I.*". "' ""* '"■•*"^'- " has a peculiar, slishtly up-turned 1.111 *hUh Is u«ed. as their name Implies, for turning over pebble, and stones Hud ™ ^TandV; aT-^u ■^J'"': "7.' r°"'>"on'y '» norther^ l!i?rador. aSSS? ^!lr.nH ' ^ '" A'"»''a- '«y'ng their egg.>, In scantily lined hoUows on the ^^viKh T"" ""•"■. ^"^ ^'^«'' "« ^"y P***-"'""- "°«» beautiful. haWng a UgSt aS^ itla. Size"; fiK v"; r"n '.'""■'il"""!^ "•"""^ *'"> """-y "^ades ff brown ?S?n ?J;„ 1.65x1.10. Data.-MackenT.le River. Arctic America, June 28. 1900. Pour eggs in a grass lined depression In the sand. IM igft THE BIRD BOOK 38*. B,.^cK TuHNiTONK. .Irenaria mrlanovephaU, ie presslon In the sand on the sea l)earh. "^ OYSTER-CATCHERS. Family H.EMATOPODID/E [283.] EUHOF.AN OV.T.R-PATCH.H. Il^matopu* franan. 286. Oy«tkr-catchbr. Ilaemaiopui palliatut. Atlantic Mates and Lower ('allfornla and .vli:- ters «>uth to PataxonlB. Oyster-catrher.^ are .\piifiican Oy»tpr-eatcher Huff larse. lieavy-lMidied birds, with sto«'ky red lexH and lonK. stout red bills. The present :v>e, les buffv or h«.wn.lh I ??^ hollows scooped out of the aand. The eKf?s are of a 170 ■I 286.1. FRAZAR't OvRTER-CATrHER. IUdto.- 1 Awer California. ..r'lh-T''**.''. ••"'««'•.»'> the back than the preceding, •Bd the breut is mottled with dusky. Bill very Iom heary. compressed, and thin and chUel-lIke at^e t°p SHORE BIRDS HatmntopuB hachmani. BrownUh buiT. f whtt°/^f„**K*^' Is?" "*■•• •^"'O': """ef parts white, and f»^^ n„. '°* •*■■• ^•"'*« *■■« '»■•««• *wkward looking bird. It Is not an uncommon wader in Its somewhat restrS r^nge Its nesting habits are the same arfhose of t^ denned. The one figured Is from a set in the collection of Mr 287. Black Ovhter-catcheh. Ilaematoput hachmani. Range.- -Paclflt coast of North America from I^wer ralifornia north to Alaska. This species is the samo sire as the Oyster-catcher, but the plumage is entirely black both above and be- low. They are found upon the rocky coasts and Islands, more fre- quently than upon sandy beaches. Their eggs are laid upon bare rocks or pebbles with no attempt at lin- ing for the nest. The eggs are an olive buff in color, spotted and blotched with brownish black. Size 2.20x1.55. Breeding through- out the Aleutian Islands. British oiive buff. Columbia and south to Lower California. Three or four eggs are laid. >I7-18«.1 C. W. Crandall. m f ... THE BIRD BOOK JACANAS. Family JACANID/E 288. Mexican Jaca.na. Jacana tpinota. Range.— Tropical America, north In summer to the lower Rio Qrande Valley In Texan, and canually to Florida. •Mi'XlrHD JiirHnit. YellowlMh i>ii\<-. This InterestlnK species Huh most of Its structural characters similar to the Plovers n .. "Jl^"'"'' "■•" "PPParance and habits of the Halls. They are alnmt eight ine fore and nails, therlre eZbM to walk ^ver"H-'j^^ '° *"•'"■ '"""^ ''""* Hink beneath their welglu. otherwise Th?vhf,lM''^.h"."'"' "J*"""" "•"' '^°""' friir s--„.vVdrS^^^ -- - --"- leaf fl'oating In fr;sh w'ater 'S nlarTowr" """'' "' "•"''"' """ *"•'" "" "» NEST AND KUaw uK HOll- WHITE f" A. Heed. J 0ALMNACF.OUS BIRDS GALLINACEOUS BIRDS. Order X. GALLIN/E GROUSE. PARTRIDGES, ETC. Family TETRAONIDAE Willi.' i»9. Boa-WHiTB. Colinu* virginianu* virginiaHHt. Range.— United SUteo «Mt oi North lAtkoU and Texaa and from the Bouthem lirltliU i'rovincea to the Oulf lottni. A celebrated "gume bird" which httM been hunt- p4 to asMlduou»ly In New Euglund that It U uuun the verge of extermination, and the coverB have to be L'onttnuBlly replenished witu blrda trupued In the Mouth and west. They frequent open Belda, which have a luxuriant •«^ growth of weeda, or grain fleldH In the (all. Their nestti are built along the roadaldeH, or beside ittonewalU or any pUce affording aat Ufactory ahelter. The nest |8 made of dried graHseii and is arched overhangini; leav.-» «,. .. *"'.*'" *"'' *'""•'» <"■ They ,arfn,m"r;^ t"' twent^rrlh'.':'' *'^*''- whkh are v^ry freciuentlv nZ . T*""." ^'"">- found. .Sl«. I u X MR nfVL . ' ■""'«>«<» when are rained in aMeaHon 1.1..?, '*" "' ""«« ''"'«^'' broods art t:,;^rri.y ra£Te.;;{rer°"'' "' "'°^'' !489a. Flohiua lioB-wiiiTc. Co/ia«» virginianut fioridanut. Uanffe.- This Hul.«p».'< iaily the coniferous districts. « here they build their nests under fallen trees or at the bases of standing ones. . hey lay from six to ten eggs of a huffy color, sparsely spotted and blotched rfith brownish. Size 2.00x1.40. 2{)7a. SooTV Groi-se. Dendragapui obtcurus fuliginoius. Range. — Mountain ranges along the Pacific coast from California to Brit- *«^* ish Columbia. Like the last, this somewhat darker sub-species Is met with in timbered regions, where its habits are about the same as those of the Ruffled Grouse, except, of course, that they are not nearly as shy as the Grouse In New Kngland, Their eggs are laid In hol- lows beside stumps or under logs. The eggs are butt colored, spotted with reddish brown. Size 2.00 x 1.40. fj,p^ k n fn 178 ^ "1 GALLIXACEOLS BIRDS S97b. Richardson's Grouse. Dendragaput obicurus richardtoni. RauKe.— Northern Rocky Mountains from cen- tral Montana to BrItlHh Columbia. A dark variety with no terminal band of gray on the tail. Its habits. nestlnK and prrs are pre dsely like those of the precedlnK species. 298. HuDsoNiAN Shhii E Pahhioue. Canachites canadeimin canadennU. Range.— Northern United States and southern British Provinces; west to Minnesota. A dark species, smaller than the last (15 inches long), and easily recognized by its black throat and extensive black patch on the breast. The habits of this spe- cies and the two va- rieties Into which it has been sub-divided are the same; as a species, they are very tame, will not fly unless actually obliged to, and fre- quently allow them- selves to be knocked down with sticks. , . ,,. , Their nests are hol- lows In the leaves on the ground. Renerally under the sheltering branches of a low spreading fir tree. The six to rtfteen eggs are a bright buff color, blotched and spotted boldly with various shades of brown. Size 1.70x1.2."). BriBht buff Sooty Grouse Spruce (Irousc 298b. Alaska Sphlce Parthidoe. Canachites canadeniit osgoodi. rtange. — Alaska. w««'\Jw^*/, ll P':»^"|:?»>' »'•« «ame as the preceding, the birds not al- Tda Grouse "*'''""*^""*''*'''«= "'« "est and eggs are the same as the ("an- '298c. Canada Sprime Partridge. Canachites canadensis canare. Ran^e.— Labrador and the Hudson Bay region l.^^HlUnl'f.Ku*"* ''^'■'^'^ '" '""■'''»' '" ^^ distinguished from the Hudsonian. Its nesting habits and eggs are the same. 179 . -41 THE BIRD BOOK 299. Franklin's Grouic. Canachitei franklin franklini. Range.— Xorthweateru United States and Brit Ish Columbia. This species is very similar to the Canada Urouse, the most apparent difference being the absence of the brownish gray tip to the tall, and the upper coverts are broadly tipped with white. This species, which is very abundant in the northwest, has the same stupid habits of the east- ern bird. DurlnK the mating seas- on, the males of both this and the preceding species have the same habit of "drum- ming" that the Ruffed Grouse has I Brownish buff Their nests are placed on the ground under bushes or fir trees and from elKht to fifteen brks are laid. These are brown- ish buff in color, spotted and blotched with rich brown. They are very similar to the eggs of the Canada Grouse. Data.— Moberly Peak, Cascade Mts., British Columbia. .lune 9. 1902. 7 eggs in a slight hollow on the ground. Collector, Q. F. Dippie. 300. Ruffed Grouse. heUus. lionasa umbellu* um- Ruffed Grouse Range. — Eastern United States from Minnesota to New England; south to Virginia. The Ruffed Grouse is "King of the Game Birds" in the east, where it has been hunted so freely, that It has become very wary and requires a skill- ful marksman to bring it down. Because of the cutting off of all heavy timiier, and the vigor with which they are pursued by hunters, they are be- coming very scarce In New England, and within H few years they will probably h,> 183 THE BIRD BOOK .'»08«. Reinhardt'i Ptarmigan. T.ag^tput rupetlrU rnHhurdi. RanRe.— Labrador and Orpenland: an eaRtrm variety of tlii« prprttdlnx upeclai*. ItH hablU. neminc habitK and «m» ar«» JUKt the -tame an thoHn of Ro«-k PtarmtRan. floab. NtwoN's Ptarmioan. Lagcpui mpeitrii nelioni. Ranee.— UnalaHka, of the Aleutian chain. An abundant Rpeileii In Its reitrlcted range, making Its ne«t on the ground In the Tallera. Erri like the oiheni. .S08c. Tcrner'* Ptarmioan Lngopun rupriitrit alkheiuii. Range.— Atka iHland. of the Aleutian chain. NentK and pkrh not diHtlnctlve. 308d. Townhnd's Ptanmioam. Lagoput rupeitri* towniendi. Range.— Kyaka Inland of the Aleutian group. On account of the constantlx changing plumage of 'bene birds, while Interest- ing, they are very unsatlMfactory to study, and It Ib doubtful If anyone can Iden- tify the different Bub-specles of the Rock Ptarmigan, granting that there la any difference, which l« doubtful. .SOS.l. EvERM Ann's Ptaamihan. Lagoput evermanni. Range.— Attu Island, of the Aleutian group. Thla la, In summer, the darkest of the Ptarmigans, having little ir no rufous and much blackish. The neitlng habits and em are the ■•me u hose of tha Rock Ptannlffu. ' "^^'Jw: SOS. Wilok's Ptarmioah. Lagoptu wkki. Range.— Newfoundland. This species, in summer, is more grayish than the Rock Ptarmigan, and is very finely verm irulated with blackish. It is a perfectly distinct species from the Allen Ptarmigan, which Is the only other species found on the island. They inhabit the higher ranges and hills 'n the Interior of the island, where they are quite abundant. I'hey build their nests on the ground under protection of overhanglnic bushes. The eggs are laid In a hollow In the dead leaves, sometimes with a lining of grasseii. The eggs do not differ In size or appearance from those of the Rock Ptarmigan. Data.— Newfoundland. June 3. 1901. Nest a slight hollow in the moss, besides a fallen stump; lined with a few feathers- Collector, E. H. Montgomery. Buft GALLINACEOUS BIRDS »04. WiiiTB-T/iii.BD PTARtrioAN. Lagopu* leucufu* UucHrui, Higher ranRnit of ihf> Rofky Mounlalna. from New Mesiro north lo Ranne. Alaska. .f "^w m-"'" "*■*■ '■••"'"••''"''le bird. In that they are In an alniuHt .ontlnual »l«ie ^;.,».i ■• n^f'y /''^••y '""nth In the year Hhuwlnv them In different .tace* of ?-5?i!f*K '""n* '••»m the xnowwhlte winter dreia to the nun.nier one In which ^CiSom".^'^*" •"!::■"" ?" ^^ '""* «•'•"•«" "0 • black and gru, harred effiK-t P„ -f^i^Vif* ?'*}u^ other specie.. Notice that they are feathered to the toe*. - .1? . the feathers on tho toes growing dense and halMlke. not only protect S w.l2 ^,1 ,IT„ »* '■"'** " '^l'""'^ exrellent snow.hoes which enable them to walk with Impunity o»er i.ie (ahtest «now. t. f !?"",'""."i°'7^u"'.* *!■"'* ■■"-'''* °' *""» '"I" "orthern foxes, and were U no. ror the fart that their plumage changes to correspond to the appearance of the gniund at the various MeaHons they would fare hardly Indeed In Nprlng the little red .ombH above the eye» of the males are swollen and coni.pl.uou8. At this seaHon they strut and perform curious antics, such as all UroUKe art- noted for. vJi"" Ifu "■; «"u"*.""T ■"'^ "' "'* P''e'^^e«>'«'« 'n having at ail seasons of the year, a white tall; It Is also somewhat smaller than the Rock Ptarmigan. They nest abundantantly near the summits of the ranges In Colorado, making their nesta among the rocks, and Renerally lining them with a few grasses. During :-2*Ki^*? i"''.'.u""l"''' '° ''"*''* "«"* '"*'■'« ■ irwray background. ap«ckled and bk'tched with chestnut brown. 8ise 1.70 x 1.16. i~v»«» 8(Hit. Kknai Wmm tailed Ptarmigan. Lagopni lencunu penintularu. Range.— Kenal Peninsular. Alaska. A similar but paler (lo ULinier) variety of the preceding, The nesting habit* or egga will not dltter. " » "* •^' """'' 808. PxAiMB Ckicxiw. Tj/mpanuehut am«rica»tu amtriemui. to%r;;;?;i?£^ii?A"o': ""** "' "" >«»•"••»»'": "^"^ »• >*«»»•»». •«» Thli fwnlltar t^e bird of the weit li about II InehM In length, browBlth tbore ud tmyleh below, with bun of brownish black both tbore and below, in t^e place of the ruffs of the Ruffled Orouse, are long tufts of rounded or square ended feathers, and beneath .hese a peculiar sac, bright orange in the THK BIRD BOOK Prnlrlr rhirkttn Haath Han hrPi-dlDK NCH'on. atid tHpahlp n[ l»-lnii Intlatixl tn thf hU» i)f M Miiiall ornnK*-; IliU !■< dime when th<' bird inaki*>i IIh rHiiitllHr "tHximinK" iioImp. TliJ-y iirf VHry kimnI "talilf hirdx" and allhouifh they arw Mtllt very BliundMnt In inimt of ilij-lr runi»»'. so iiiuny arc I»n i uIImI. Thvy next any whf>ri> on the pr*lrl«. In IioIIowm on tlif Krnund iindt>r ovcrhanalnK liUMhcH nr turi« or KraxM. They lay from i-lKht to nu-vn ckkn liavli.g a huffy or ollvp b'iff Kround roior. nparlnjiy and llni-ly Mprlnklfd with hrown; mIx*- l.TOxl.L'B. 'Mh'in. Attwatkh Pmmmik Cim KK\. Tfiiii;ir,iu Chun amrricdnui attrratrri. UanK«>. CoaMi reKlon of UmlHianu and Texas. ThiH Ih a HllKhtly Hnialler and darker variety of the Pinnated OrouHe. ItM eggn cannot he dlstln- KUlHhed from thoKP of the more northerly dl.v trihuted bird. .'«)fi. Hkatii Hrn. Ti/mpanuchui lupido. RanRe.— iKland of Martha'H Vineyard. MasH. This Kpecleh 1« Blmllar to the preceding, but liax the xcapularw more broadly tipped with buit. he axlllarii barred, and the pinnated feathers on the neck pointed. It Ih HllKhtly Hnialler than the western species. It Is found on the wooded portions of the Uland, where Its breeding habits are the same as those of the Ruffed OrouRe. Mr. Brewster probably has t e only authentic bjt of the egKB of this species. They are of a yellowish g. n color and are unspotted. Size 1.70x1.25. A number of Prairie Hens liberated on the Island several years ago are apparently thriving well, and nests found there now would hi' fully as apt to belong to tl 's species. 18« I'll!., t.iirr GAI.LINACEOrS BIRDS •'*07. LkmKII l>H;tlll|K I'lllCKaN. Tjfmpanuchu* puUidirinclmi. Raniie.- I'TBlrli'- from RouthwMtorn Kan«a>« tliriiiiKli Indiiin Territory to wraiprn Texan. A Hiimller mid pulcr Hp«><'l«>it than IIih Prairie Cliiiketi. NVv^T an aliiindant aw tlii* loniiiinn Pin- niit»»d (IrouNP. thiH wimtIph appfam to \m b««iomlnK Kiurrnr eacli yj-ar. ItH hphIh are lonrraled i:ndt>r ovfrliaiiKlnK hruitli or plari^ und«*r a lamv tuft ui' pralrif xraHH, and ar«> lent^rally lined with a few uruHHfH or leaven. ley lay from eight to twelve eKKH of H huffy roloi, much llxhter than thoite of (he Prairie I'hliken, and unmarked. Hiie t.«l> x 1.26. ■ «»H. Sll tKI-TAILKD (iNOITIR. I'eduteiftft pkiitinnrtlMt phniiaHrllut. Kange. -Interior of HrltUh Amerlta. from the t'nited HtateH iHiundary northweHt to the Vukon. Sharp-tailed (SrouHe are Hinillar In form to Prairie Hburn-tiiilrrl (W ix)' Huffy ilrali the Prairie Chlrken. but are Hoinewhat Hmaller and very much ItRhler In (olot. beinp? nearly white below, with arroxhead niarklnnd on the hreant and Hankn. TIiIh Bpe. len 1m very abundant in Manltolw enpeclally «o on the plams we«t of HudHon IJay. Their iipmIh are xenerally ceaied under B thicket or a larne tuff of sraiH. and are lined w'.h graHHi .nd featherB. I hey lay troni •; to Tftecn eKKH of a drab color, vry iiilnuii iy Kpecked all over with brown. Size 1.70 x 1.25. •i08«. (ommhisn SiiAHH-TAitED (Jhoime. Pedi eteM j-haiianellui rol- umhi'iiiun. RanKe. NorthwcMtem Inlted Staten airi tritlsh loliii.ibia to central Alaska Hoth the nestms habits and ckss of thl8 . .. ety are the name as the last with which specie 1, the birds Krndually interRrade as their ranges approach. .'1081). Phuhik SllAHP-TAii.Kli (iaoisE. Peiliorifieii phanianelluii rampm- Range.- Plains of the United States from the Mississippi to the Rockies This sub-species shades directly into the two preceding where their ranges meet and only birds from the extreme parts of the range of each sho- any ma.ked differences. The nesting habits and eggs of all three are not to be distin- guished. U7 ' t'l ^■i* THE BIRD BOOK 30g. Saob Hen. Centrocercut urophatianut. Range.— Sage plains of the Rocky Mountain region from British Columbia to New Mexico, and from California to Dakota. This hand- Pale Kreenlah drab some bird is the largest of the American Grouse, being about 30 inches long (the hen bird is about six Inches shorter). It may easi- ly be recognized by its large size, its peculiar graduated tail with extremely sharp pointed feathers, and the black belly and throat. Their nests are hollows scratched out in the sand, under the sage bushes, generally with no lining. The nesting season is during April and May, they laying from six to twelve eggs of a greenish drab color, spotted with brown. Size 2.16 x 1.50. PHEASANTS. Family PHASIANID^ * * * Ring-necked Pheasant. Phtuianut torquatu*. Several species of Pheasants have been introduced into the United States, among them being the Ring-necked, English, and Green Pheasants. The Ring-necked species seems to be the only one that has obtained a really strong foothold. It being now very abundant in Oregon and Washington, and adjacent states, and also found in abundance on many game preserves in the east. The males of any of the species may at once be dlHtinguished from any of our birds by the long tail. Their nests are hollows in the leaves under tufts of grass or bushes. They lay from eight to fourteen eggs of a buff or greenisli buff color, unmarked: size 1.5nxl..?0. Greenish buff m i!f I-. THE BIRD BOOK TURKEYS. Family MELEAGRID/E 310. Wild Turkey. Meleagrii gallopavo tilveitru. Range. — Eastern United States from southern Middle States south to central Florida and west to the Misslppl Valley and eastern Texas. These magnificent birds, which once ranged over the whole of eastern United States, are being yearly confined to a smaller range, chiefly because of the destruction of their natural covers, and from per- Bufr secution by hunters. They are generally very wary birds and either escape by running through the underbrush or by flying as soon as a human being appears in sight. Their nests are made under tangled growths of underbrush or briers. Their eggs, which are laid during April and May, range from eight to sixteen in number. They are Sage Hen _„,,._. of a buff color sprinkled and spotted with brown- wiid lurKey j^^ Size 2.55 X 1.90. Data.— Hammond, La., April 17, 1897. Fifteen eggs. Nest hollow scraped in the ground under a bush on the edge of a pine woods; lined with grasses and leaves. Collector, B. A. Mc- Ilhenny. 3I0a. Merriam's Turkey. Meleagrit gallopavo merriami. Range. — Southwestern United States from Colorado south throu^Ii western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona to Mexico. This variety is abundant throughout its range. Its nesting habits and eggs being practically indlstlguishable from those of the eastern form. 190 GALLINACEOUS BIRDS 310b. Florida Turkey. Meleagrix gallopavo otceola. Range.— Southern Florida. A small variety of the Wild Tur- key, about 42 inches long. They breed In the tangled thickets lu the higher portions of tlie southern half of Florida, laying from ten to sixteen eggs of a brighter an I deeper buff color than the northern variety, and sninller: size 2.30 x 1.75. Their nests are generally lin- ed with grasses and occasionally with feathers. The female sits very close when incubating and will not fly until almost trod upon, trusting to lier variegated mark- ings to conceal her from observa- tion. Qreenlah bu I 310c. Rio Grande Turkey. Meleagris gallopavo intermedia. Range. — Lowlands of the southern parts of Texas and northern Mexico. A sub-species which differs slightly in plumage and not at all in neating habits or eggs from the common Wild Turkey. CURASSOWS AND GUANS. FamUy CRACIDiC .'•11. Chachalaca. Ortalia vetula mccalli. Range.- -Eastern portions of Mexico, north to the Lower Hio Grande Valley in Texas. A very peculiar grayish colored bird with a Buffy white greenish gloss to the back, and a long, broad tail, quite long legs, and witli the face anl sides of the throat devoid of feathers. They Chachalaca are very abundant birds in some localities, and very noisy during the breeaing season, their notes resembling a harsh trumpeting repetition of their name. They are ground inhabiting birds, but nest in low bushes. Their nests are made of sticks, twigs, leaves, or moss and are generally frail, flat structures only a few feet above the ground. During April, they lay from three to Ave buffy white eggs, the shell of which is very rough and hard. Slxe 2.25 z 1.65. 1»1 'I'll '!* '■ ! THE BIRD BOOK PIGEONS AND DOVES. Order XI. COLUMBi£ FamUy COLUMBIDAE Plgeonii "nd doves are distributed throughout nearly every temperate and tropical couniry on the globe, nearly five hundred species being known, of which twelve occur within our limits. Their plumage Is generally soft and subdued colors, the head small, the wings strong and the flight rapid. 312. Band-tailed Pioeon. Columba f'atciata fatciata. Range. — The Rocky Mountains and westward to the Paciflc, from British Columbia south to Mexico. This large species may be generally recognized by the white crescent on the nape; it Is about 13 inches in length. They nest abundantly on the mountain ranges, sometimes in large flocks, ami again, only a few pairs together. Their nests are rude platforms of sticks and twigs either In bushes or In large trees In heavily wooded districts. The two eggs which are laid during Mby or June are pure white in color, and like those of all the pigeons, equally rounded at each end. Size 1.55x1.10. ^^hite 318a. Viosca's Pioeon. Columba fatciata viotcct. Range.— Southern Lower California. This Is a paler variety of the preceding species and is not notUvably different in Its habits, nesting or eggs. 313. Red-billed Pigeon. Columba flavirostris. Range.— Mexico and Central America, north to southern Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. This species, characterized by its red bill, purplish colored head, neck and breast and absence of Iridescent markings. Is abundant In the valley of the Lower Rio Orande, where they build their frail nests in thickets and low bushes, and during May and June lay their white eggs. Size of eggs, 1.65 x 1.05. Sli. White-crowned Pigeon. Columba leuvocephala. Range. — Resident of the West Indies ; In summer, found on the Florida Keys. This species, which can be identified by Its white crown, nests in trees or man- groves on certain of t.ie Florida Keys, laying Its two white eggs on its rude platform of sticks and twigs. Size of eggs 1.40 x 1.05. Nests In April and May. [314.1.] Scaled Pigeon. Columba iquamota. A West Indian species, a single specimen of which was taken at Key West, Florida. A dark colored species, with purplish head, neck and breast; named from the scaly appearance of the Iridescent feathers on the sides of the neck. US PIGEONS J ■■•% .'US. Pahkenoer Pigeon. Ectopiitei migratoriut. Range. — Formerly, North America east of the Rockies; casually seen In the upper Missis slppi Valley, now extinct. A handsome species (see frontispiece) with ruddy underparts, grayish upperparts and a long graduated tail. This species years ago found In (locks of thou.^- ands or millions. is now practical- ly exterminated. chiefly by being hunted and trap- ped. A few pairs proliably now nest in the interior, from northern United States to Hudson Bay. Their nests are very rude, frail platforms of twigs, on which two white eggs are laid, they being longer and narrower, comparatively, than those of other species. Size of eggs, 1.50 x 1 02 Data.— Southwest shore of Lake Manitoba. June 1, 1891. Nest of twigs In an aspen tree. White PKstsenKrr rig(>i>n :U6. Moi-HNiNu DovK. '/.enauliira macroura caroUneng'ig. Range.--North America from New Kngiand, Munltoba and British Columbia southward. Now that the Pas- senger Pigeon has disappeared, this species becomes the only one found in the east, with the ex- ception of the little Ground Dove in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. While. Whit.- sometimes, small Hocks of them nest in a com- munity, they generally nest in companies of two or three pairs. Their nests are generally at a low elevation, in trees, bushes and often upon the ground. Their nests are made en- tirely of twigs and rootlets, and eggs may be found from early in April until the latter part of September, as they often raise two o.- three broods a season. The two eggs are white. Size I.IS X .SO. Data.— Refugio Co.. Texas, May 3, 1899. Two eggs laid on the ground in a slight cradle of twigs. C"o!lector, James J. Carroll. in Mourning Dove u THE BIRD BOOK NEST AND EQOS OF MOUKNING UOVK S. •! H. B. Stough Zenaida zenaida. In summer, on the Florida Keys, but not In great num- 317- Zenaida Dove. Range. — West Indies; bers. This species Is similar In size to the Mourning Dove, but It has a short and square tail, and the secondaries are tipped with white, and the underparts more ruddy. They generally nest upon the ground, but occasionally In small bushes, laying two white eggs a trifle larger than those of the preceding species. Size 1.20 X.90 The nests are made ot grasses and twigs, on the ground under bushes. 194 \ t>IOEON3 318. WHiTi-rRONTED Dove. LeptotUa fulviventrii brachgptera. Ranee.— Mexico and Central America north to aouthern Texas. Slishtly larger than the last, much paler be- low, with no black ear mark as in the two pre- ceding species, and with the forehead whitish. They build their nests of sticks, grasses and weeds, and place them in tangled vines and thickets a few feet from the ground. Their two eggs, which are laid in May and June, have a creamy white or buffy color. Size 1.16 X .86. They canot be called a common species within our borders. SIQ. White-winged Dote. Melopelia a*iatica. , _. Range. — Central Am- -' '' " erica. Mexico and the ^ southwestern border of Ab the United States. ^^■j^^ This species is 12 in- ^^|HUb^^^ ches in length, has a ^^^^^^^^^^r on the ^^^^^^^^^ coverts, white tips ^^^^^ the greater and lesser •^^,,g coverts and some of th*- secondaries, and broad white tips to the outer tail feathers, which are black. This species is very abundant in some localities within our borders. Their nests are very frail plat- forms of (Wigs placed In trees or buMhes or precariously suspended among tangled vines. Their two eggs are white or creamy white, and measure 1.16 X .86 Wl.lt.' ■fronted Dove White-wingei] Uiive 320. Ground Dote. Columbigallina patierina terrettrit. Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf States to eastern Texas. The Oround Doves are the smallest of the family, measuring but about G.h inches in length. Their nesting habits and eggs are exactly iike those of the next to be described. They are very abundant, especially along the South At- lantic coast. .'(20a. Me.xican Ground Dove. Chamepelia pasnerinun palleicent. Range. — Border of the United States from Texas to southern California and southward. This paler sub-species builds a nest of i.vigs and weeds, placing the fiat structure either in low bushes or on the ground. Their two white eggs are laid during April to July, :hey sometimes rearing two broods a season. Size of eggs. CS X .65. ^Mm^^ Whlti 320b. Bermuda '"Ground Dove. Chamepelia paiterina bermudiana. Range. — Bermuda. Smaller aud paler than the last; otherwise the same in nesting habits and eggs. 196 fit: i THE BIRD BOOK SsJl. Inca Duve. Hcartltt fella inca. Range. M<>xic'an border of the rnited Htute.* Houth to Central America and Lower California. ThU handHonie HpecleM Ih ahout the Hize of the laMt, but Itw tall Ih Ioniser and graduated L'onHequently Its length i^ greiter. It being about K Inches long. It Ih not an uncommon gpecies alon^ our Mexican border, but Is not nearly as abundant as Is the Oroiind Dove. It Is often called "Scaled Dove" White because af the blackish edges of nearly all IH feathers. They build fairly compact nests of twigs, rootlets and weeds, these being placed In bushes at a low elevation. Iliey are two In number and pure white. Size,85 x .65. [aaa.] Key West Quail Dove. Geotrygon chri/iia. Range. — West Indies, rarely found at Key West, although supposed to have been common there In Audubon's time. This species Is of about the size of the Mourning Dove, has rusty colored upper parts, and Is whitish below, the white below the eye being separatee' from that of the throat by a stripe of dusk. from the base of the bill. They nest In trees, laying two bully white eggs. Size 1.15 X .90. (lriiiin nesting habits are the same as those of the Turkey Buzzard but their eggs average longer and the ground color is pale greenish or bluish white rather than creamy. They are spotted and blotched the same. Site 3.00 x 2.00. I ^TT! ^^ ^^'tt^l 199 4) TIIK BIRD ROOK Kdil Ol' III.AI'K VII/riltK NE8T AXI> KC.OS Ol' TIUKKY VChTrilK N. W. Swayni! 3i£ BIRDS or IMiKV KITES. HAWKS AND EAGLES. Family BUTEONID/E Tln" riu-mlt«T« i>r IIiIh family are < lil..(1y iHiiriiul: ili^y uvt tlifir IIvIiik Ii» Vrt-yinti iipon xiuulli'r HnliiiHU or lilnlit. Tliey Imvf HiniiiK Himrply litMiki'il IiIIIh. iHiWHrful IfK" iiiiil fwt urmwl wiili HtroiiK, < urvt-d uiiil Nlmrply iHilnfiil tttloDH. .'I'^7- Sh ll.l.ctw TUI.KII KiT>;. I',hiniiiilr» forfiiiilmi. Hmiikc. Siiiitticrii riillfd SIuIi-n: emrth In .\"w Vork .mil Muiilti u. I'UMiiwIly S«ull.i« -lailf I Kill Thin niimt Ix-autlful Kile ■ I'lu- IHKh im ?n hi . 11 ^ .^ ' -*'"'''•'•'• A" rule "•""i" "f ihiH l.lrd are pla<..| m^n tn .he Ln h ' ^ "l,""':."?.'!''*''* '" "" """"'"'"y han.l ;oii,e imirketl s„e.|. men In the colle.tlon of Mr. C. W. Crandall. Av, thkh . i.e ol .• ;ks. l.so x l.r.... IJata.-NeKna (reek iHUtonm. Texas. April JV, U»l. Tv. ,.-.-, n,mI of si ks fe"et up""" "'"""■ '"*' """'*' '"""" *'"" '"■'"*' ""'"* '"■ ' '■ " • '•' ^"' '■'"' "•'■^ ^" .M'J8. \VlllTK-T\II.KI> KiTK. /•,7ni,,M /<«,Hr«*. ,. ,.1"*^; ''•""''♦''■n t'nited States, north to Ihe Caroljr.ds I allfornla. This species tan he reroKnlzed hv Us UkIiI hliilsh Kray mantle, black shoulders and white tall. It Is a very active species, feeding upon Insects and reptiles, and small hirds ijnd mam n^als. The nests of these species are placed In trees at quite an elevation froi. ihe ground. beinf! made of sticks, weeds iind leaves. The BKKs are creamy white, profusely blotched and spotted with reddish brown and unioer. Slz*' 1.65 X 1.25. Data.— Los Angeles. Cal.. April .». 1896. Ne»t in fork of willows about 25 feet up. Made of willow twigs and weed stalks, lined With pie<'e3 of bark, 201 Illinois and middle i Creamy white THE BIRD BOOK I*- m J 329. Mi«8i»sippi Kite. Ictinta musittippieniit. Kange. — SoutheaHtern United States, north to South Carolina and Illinois. White-tailed Kite Mississippi Kite niulsh white A small Hpecies ( length 14 irches) with th<> head. neck, and undeparts gray, and the back, wings and tail blackish, the tips of the secon- daries being grayish. They live almost ex- clusively upon insects, such as grasshoppers, and small reptiles. They build their nests of sticks and weeds well up in tall trees. The eggs are two or three in number and normally bluish white, un- marked, but occasionally with very faint spots of pale brown. Size 1.65 x 1.25. Data.— Giddings, Texas, May 31, 1887. Nest of sticks and weeds, with green pecan leaves in the lining; placed in the top of a live oak sapling. 20 feet from the ground. Collector, J. A. Singley. ;<.S0. EvEHOLAUE Kite. Rottrhamuii soiiahilis. Range. — South America, north to southern Florida and Mexico. This peculiar species has a long, slender, curved bill, blackish plumage, with white rump and bases of outer tail feather. They feed largely upon snails, both land and water varieties. They nest at a low elevation in bushes or under brush, often over the water. The nests are of sticks, weeds and leaves. The three eggs are light greenish white, spotted and splashed Pale Kreenlsh while with chestnut brown. Siae. 1.70 x 1.30. Nest in a custard apple tree, « feet from the ground, huilt of twigs, lined with small vine stems and willow leaveB. 202 F.verfflade Kite ''m NEST AND EGGS OF MARSH HAWK HI THE BIRD BOOK «, , 331. Marsh Hawk. Circu* hudioniu*. KatiKe.— Whole of North America, very abundant In all gectlons. (Adult and young) Mar8h Ifawk rail' bluish white The adult of this species Is very light colored, and young birds of the first two years have a reddish brown coloration; In both plumages .^e species is easily identified by the white patch on the rump. They art almost exclusively frequenters of fields and marshes, where they can most often be seen, towards dusk, swooping in broad curves near the ground, watching for field mice, which form the larger portion of their diet. Their nests are made In swampy ground, often In the middle of a large marsh, being placed on the ground In the centre of a hummock or clump of grass; it Is generally well lined with grasses and often rushes. They lay from four to seven pale bluish white eggs, generally unmarked; size 1.80 x 1.40. .'{.'12. SllARP-slilNNKi) Hawk. Arripiter relojr. Range. — Whole of North .-America, wintering in tlie United States and soutli- ward; breeds throughout Its range, but most abundantly in northern United States and northward. This Is one of the smallest of the hawks and in thrf adult plumage Is a beautiful species, being bar- red below with light brown, ar.'' having a bluish slate back. It is a very spirited and darinc bird and is one of the most destructive to small birds and young chickens. It.-^ nest Is a rude and sometimes very fniil platform of twigs ami Hltij.Mh whitt' leaves placed against the trunk of the tree at any height, but averaging, perhaps, fifteen feet. The eggs are bluish white, beautifully blotched and spotted with shades of brown. 204 Sharp-shinned Hawk 333. Cooper's Hawk. Accipiter cooperi. Range,— Whole of temperate North America, breeding throughout ItM range. BIRDS OF PREY Ululsh white Although larger (length 17 Inches), the plum age of this species is almost exactly the »«mt! i;ooper.H TtaWTT Therconftr^^-t ZTn'^.t in^'tt "^^ oV'tW^. '^^J^T^ iT^; trom the ground; the nest is made of sticks a^d twigs and often^1„*d^ .■J.'U. Goshawk. Asiur alricapillus atricapillut. the uTte7''strtel'" ""'""' '''"'"■'^"' ^°""' '" ^'^'"^^ '" »"« -""-" Parts of ul^i** '"i^"^'' '^"ne of the largest, strongest and most audacxcus of American Hawks, frequently carrying off Grouse and poultry the latter often In th,! Kw' "' "'^ "'"""■ " "^ « handsome species in the adult plumage with 1h ?/?'' ^T"" P""**- ""d "K'"t under parts, finely vermlculatedwUh gravis and black shafts to the feathers. Length 23 Inches. Their nests are Xe well up in the tallest trees, usually in dense woods, the nests being of Ks lined with weeds and bark. The three or four eggs are bluish white, generally un- marked, but occasionally with faint spots of brown. Size 2.30 x 1.70. American Ooshawk Hhilsli white 206 ;|i Ill Geo. U Fordyce NEST AND EOOS OF COOPEHS HAWK 334a. Western Goshawk. .Iitur atricapillut ttriatulus. Range. -Western North America from Al aska to California. hreediiiR chiefly north of the United i^tatei except In some of the liigher BIRDS OF PREY Bluish white Harrl.M's Hawk same. The eggs are quite variable In size precisely the ;l;J5. Harris's Hawk. iut harrisi. I'arabuteo unicinc- the Mexican border of the Range.— Mexico and Central America, north to United States; very abundant In southern Texas »„I ♦K.H:* »«'=""»'■ blackish species, with white rump, and chestnut shoulrfpr.. and thighs It is commonly met with in company with Caracaras Tiirkev r?., zards and Black Vultures, feeding upon carrion Thev ailn Lf^' . '^ °"^' aS/X!! T^T\ ""^ '!"»«• TlfeirTstsTre°madI'o7sflcks.'t;1g "anS reed" and placed in bushes or low trees. The three or four eeex aho i»m 7^ a ^S? ' May. They are dull white in color and generally unmfrked aUhoSKh''^ten 2 irxlir'"' °' '^'" ''"'^" ''"''^- ^'•^y "« """« variable in size averaging ^ i r ' ^- ^-Vn ^-. .. • .^ - r— .^ '■y- •I \'i .■■ ^, ■ ■■ . . . :v • -^ ' sV • \- . .'^* r ■ ., -" White 207 m THE BIRD BOOK m i } 1 ;. 1 '' 1 1 = ' i 1 II w Jl 4 '■ ) 1 9 w m. In b!. 3S7- Rbd-taileii Hawk. Buteo borealii borealU. This is one of the handsonieBt of the larger hawka, and la the Iwat known In the eaat, Red-tailed Hawk Pale bluUh white where It is commonly, but wrongly, designated as "hen hawk", a name, how- ever, which Is indiscriminately applied to any bird that has talons and a hooked beak. The adult o( this species Is unmistakable because of Its reddish browu tall; young birds are very frequently confounded with other species. Their food consists chiefly of small rodents, snakes and lizards, and only occasionally are poultry or birds taken. They nest in the tallest trees in large patches of woods, the nests being made of sticks, weeds, leaves and trash. The eggs number from two to four, and are white, sometimes heavily, and sometimes sparingly, blotched and spotted with various shades of brown. Size 2.36 x 1.80. .iH7n. Krider'm Hawk. Buteo borealit krideri. Range. — Plains of the United States, north to Manitoba. This sub epecles is described as lighter on the underparts, which are almost immaculate. Its nesting habits and eggs are the same as those of the pre- ceding. .'iM7b. Western Kku-tail. Buteo borealit calurut. Range. — Western North America, chiefly west of the Rocky Moun- tains. This sub-species varies from the plumage of the eastern Red-tail, to a nearly uniform sooty above and below, with the dark red tall cross- ed by several bands: it Is a gener- ally darker variety than the Red- tail. Its nesting habits are thu same and the eggs show the great variations in markings that are common to the eastern bird. White klRDS OF PRfiV S87d. Hmuh'i Hawk. Butta borealU harlanu RMige.— Onlf SUtM and louthward, north to KUMM. This dark ■ub-speclea la generally nearly uni- form blackish, but somettmea U lighter or even white below. Ita tail la ruaty, mottled with blackiab and white. Ita neatlng habits are the aame and the egga are not distinguishable from thoae of the other Red-taila. 389. Rio-aHouLDBRBD Hawk. Buteo lineatut lineaiu*. Range.— North America, eaat of the Plalna and from the aouthem parts of the Brltiah ProTincM southward; abundant and breeding throughout Its range. Thla species la amaller than the Red-Uiled and la not aa powerfully built; length 19 Inchea. The adults are handsomely barred beneath with reddish brown, giving the entire Red-shouldered Hawk '•?^^'rs^ White underparts a ruddy color. Like the lait species, they rarely feed upon poultry, confining their diet chiefly to mice, rats, frags, reptiles, etc. These Hawks nest in the larger growths of timber, usually building their nests high above the ground. The nest is of sticks, and lined with leaves, weeds and pieces of bark. They lay three or four eggs with a white ground color, variously blotched and spotted, either sparingly or heavily, with dif- ferent shades of brown. Size 2.15 x 1.75. Data.— Kalamazoo, Michigan. April 26. 1898. Nest a'oout 40 feet up In an oak tree; made of sticks and twigs and lined with bark. Pour eggs. Collector, J. C. Holmes. ml 339a. Florida Rbd-mhouluered Hawk. Buteo lineatut alleni. Range.— Florida and the Gulf coast; north to South (Jarolina. The nestlnK habits of this paler sub-species are precisely iilce those of the last species. 209 HIT 14 Geo. L. Fordyce NKST AND EQOS OK ItKD-SHOCI-DERED HAWK BIRDS OF PREY SS9b. Rkd-bellikd Hawk. Buteo lineatut tUgant. Range.— Pactflc coaat from British Columbia sonth to Lower California, chiefly west of the Rockies. This variety Is similar to, but darker than littrolun, and the underpartH are a uniform reddlwh brown, without bar- Whlte ring. Their nests are like those of the Red-shouldered variety, and almost always placed high up in the largest ^3»},—3i» trees. The eggs are very similar, but average lighter In markings. Size 2.15 xl.70. Data.— Diego, Cal., April 13, 1897. Nest in a sycamore 20 feet from ground, made of sticks, leaves and feathers. ;H0. /0NK-T.WI.KI) Hawk. Huteo ablireviatut. Range.— Mexico and Central America, north to the Mexican border of the United States. This species, which is 19 inches long. Is wholly black with the exception of the tail, which is banded Their nests are built In heavy woods, and preferably in trees along the bank of a stream. The nest is of the usual Hawk construc- tion and the two to four eggs are white, faintly marked with pale chestnut. Data.— Marathon, Texas. Nest of sticks, lined with weeds and rabbit fur; on a horizontal branch of a cotton-wood tree, 3U feet up. §■ W k: White 211 THE BIRD BOOK 341. SaNNBTT's Whitb-tailbd Hawk. Bulto Mieamdaitu itnntiti, Kange.— Mexican border uf the United 8tate« and itouthwnrd. A large, handsome Hawk which may ue Iden- tilled bx lU dark apper parta and white under- parti and Ull, the flanlM and tall being lightly barred with graylah: the Bboulderi are chest- nut. It in egpecially abundant In the Houthern parts of Texas, where It builds Its nests of sticks and weeds, lined with grasses, leaves and moss. They nest in March and April, lay- ing two. or fhrely three, eggs which are a dull white, and generally immaculate, but nccaslon- ally faintly or sparingly spotted with brown. Site of eggs 2.25 x l.PO. 348. Swainson's Hawk. Buteo iwaiiuoni. Range. — Central and western North America, from the Mississippi Valley and Hudson Bay, to the Paclflc coast, breeding throughout Its range. In the greater part of its range, this Is ,. , . tl>e R'ost abundant of the Hawk family. Its plumage la extremely variable, showing all the Intergradations from a unl- „•!!? *^^' Wacklsh to the typical adult plumage of a grayish above, and a White below with a large breast patch of rich chestnut. Their nesting habit* are as variable as their plumage. In some localities, they nest exclusively In trees, In others Indifferently upon the ground or rocky ledges. The nest is the usual Hawk structure of sticks; the eggs are white, variously spUshed and Mttnnett'i White-tailed Hawk White spotted with reddish brown and umber. Size 2.20x1.70. Data.— Stark Cp., N. D., May 21, 1897. Nest of sticks, lined with weeds in an ash tree. Collector, Roy Dodtl. SU Swalnaon'8 Hawk rff!:f ili 948. BaoAD-wiNOBD Hawk. Pulfo platgpUnu. Range.— Nortfi Anierlra. i>ai| of th»' Plalim, and from fh# hrttlnh ProTlnrm Routliward. BIRDS OF PREY A medium Hli.d nper|en. about 18 Inchen In lenKth, und with a Hhort tall and broad roundei *"••'''«=»'> Rouiih-le«B.-.l lUwk wlnifH; adultH have the underpartH liand»omely barred with brown. Their neHtM ^™.M "■, '' built In large treen. but generally placed againHt the trunk In th.* f.K^l . a'^HI 2' '.*■* 12!'*''' •'wn'-heH. It IH made of RtickB and almoHt Invan- »H w ?"^ J"? '?'"^- ^"^ ^V *" '°"'' ""* ■'•• °' • K^y'^h *hlte color, mark- M.K^V'l1«i"«<;K'""0r".''"^':*'!I!*, ""'''= *"•' »»<»«1.B6. Data.-Worce.ter. Ma»K.. May 16. 18»5. Ne«t about 20 feet up In a large chentnut tree. The birdt. h^^r* *"/.■'»■'*.'' "\*''"'1*"«^/"''"" **■'"" '■'■'•'*' ■'"""ding like the creaking of brancheH. Collector, A. J. White. .'!H. SlioHT-TAiLED Hawk. Buleo brarhifuru*. Range.— A tropical Hpecles, which occurH* north ti. the .Mexican border and regularly to southern Florida, where It breed* in the large cypreaa RwampH. It* eggH are pale greenUh white. Rpartngly «potted with br^wn. chlerty at the large end. Size ? 5x1.60. :H!i. Mk.\I( AN Bl-ACK Hawk. Vmhitinga anlhrarina. Range. Mexican border of the I'nited StateH and Houthward. A '-oal black BpecleH about 21! Inches In length, distinguished by the white tip. and broad white band across the tall about midway. This is one of the least abundant of the Mexican species that cross the border. They are shy birds and build their nests in the tallest trees in remote woods. Their two or three eggs are grayish white, faintly spotted with pale brown; size 2.26x1.80. Data. -Los Angeles County, Cal.. April 6. 1889. Nest of sticks, lined with ^a.-k and leaves; 45 feet up in a sycamore tree. Collector, R. B. Chapman. m Graylib white THE BIRD JOOK .146. Mrxii AN 0(MM«WK. .hlurinm pUgiaitt Rang*.— Mnxlro, ni)rth to Ih* borditr of tha rnlted ilUtDii. A beautiful, mnlluni iiUtMl Hawk (17 tncha^ lonm. slaty gnr ahovi>. white below, numer- WhllK nouich-loKKfil MHwk """'y barred with RraylHh: tall black, orosaed . .. ^, ^ . . ^y neveral whitp ban. The«e are graceful t?i II? ■ '*•«"•>« 'argely upon Hmall rodentR. and o<(BBlonally Hniall Wrdt. They neat In the top of tall trees, laylnx two or three Rreeniiih white. J^'v?** *"•• *'*• »»B»l-8<>- Data.— Santa ('ru» River. Arlxona, June .1. imz. Neet In the fork of a meMiiuite tree about forty feet from the ground: made of Urge stlcki. lined with Hmaller onett and leaves. Three eRRi. Col- lector, O. W. Howard. S47a. RouoH-LBonBD Hawk. Arrhihulm lagopui tanrti-johaHHin. Range.— Northern North America, breeding chiefly north of our bordeni and wintering south to the middle portions of the ITnlted States. The Rough-leg* are large, heavily hullt lilrds of prey, specially characerlzed by the completely feathered legs. The present species Is 22 Inchse long, and In the normal plumage has a whitish head. neck, breast and 'n'.}. '• . former hf !ii>! streaked and the latter barred with blackish; the remainder of the upper and underparts are black Ish brown. Their nests are usually placed In trees, and less often on the ground than those of the next species. These Rough-legs are very Irregularly distributed, and are no- where as common as the next. While the greater number nest north of the United States, it is very probable that a great many nest on the higher ranges within our borders. The species is often taken In summer, even In Massa- chusetts. They lay three eggs of a bluish white color, boldly splashed with dark brown; sixe 2.26x1.75. KliilHli white 214 34». PiRIIVOINOI'l ROVOH-LRO. Arrhihnl»o ftmgineut. White ThU .pecle. °«»t«v*nr abundantly .long our northern »t«te.. particularly In mmEmMmM a, April 29. mo. Ne.t built of c^re .t^r, on aMaybuUe'"^"" '"'• '*• a*9. GoLDiN Eaolb. ^fni/a chr„ta'lot. Oolden Eavls RanKe— North America, went of th« Mlaala. HippI; nioHt abundant In the Ruckleii and alone • he Paclflf coiHt rangeH. ThiH niajtnlftcent bird, which Ih eren more powerful than the Bald Eagle. measureR about .14 inches long, and spreadx about 7 feet. Ha plumage In a rich brownlHh black, very old birds heing golden hrown on I'le nape. They • an be distinguished In all plumages from the Bald Eagle by the completely feathered taraui. They hulld their nests In the tops of the tallest trees in the wild, mountainous country of the west, and more rarely upon ledges of the cliffs. The nests are made of large sticks, lined with Kmaller onps and leaves and weeds. Their eggs are the most handsome of the Raptores. being white in color, and blotched, splashed, spotted and specked with light hrown and clouded with gray or lilac, of course varying endlessly In pattern and Intensity. SIxe 2.90x2.50. Data. -Monterey Co.. Cal.. May 3. 1888. Three efga. Nest of sticks, lined with pine needles, In a pine tree, 60 feet rp. 216 m BALD RAGLE r,,, T n c ^ BIRDS OF PREY LSol.J Ghay Sea Eaole. Ilalieeetut albicilla. l«,frt''^or°°''- 352a. XoHTHERN Bald Eaolk. Hali.,e,us leucocephalus alascanu,. habits and eggs are the same, except that it morp nfton i^.ii^ .. nesting err. ,h„ do,. ,K. B.,d E..k XS. IriVrF^SW ".TiV" f"'' .« 217 m m THE BIRD BOOK FALCONS AND CARACARAS Family FALCONDIDAE .■iS.S. White Gvhfamon. Faico islnnrlim. Range. — Arctic regions; south in winter oas ually to nortliern United States, clilefly on tlie coast. Gyrfalcons are large, strong, active and fear- Gray Gyrfalcon White Qyrfalcon Buff less birds, about 23 Inches in length. Their food consists chiefly ot hares. Ducks and Waders which abound in the far north. The present species is snowy white, more or less barred with blackish brown on the back and wings and with a few marks on the breast. They nest upon the ledges of high cliffs, laying three or four eggs of a bufty color, blotched and finely specked with reddish brown, this color often concealing the ground color. Size of eggs, 2.30 x 1.80. In America, they nest In Greenland and the Arctic regions. 354. Gray Gyrfalcon. Falco rusticolus rusticolus. Range. — Arctic regions; south in winter to northern United States. This species is of the size of the last but the plumage is largely gray, bar- .ed with dusky. They nest more abundantly in southern Greenland than do the preceding species. The nesting habits and eggs do not differ. .■iSla. Gyrfalcon. Falco ruiiicolui ggrfnlro. Range.- Arctic regions; south cas- ually to Long Island. This sub-species is hardly to he dis- tinguished from the preceding; its nesting habits and eggf> are identical, the nests being of sticks, lined with weeds and feathers and placed upon the most inaccessible ledges of cliffs. 218 Bnff ,--1 1 ll IK ■; S34b. Black Gvhfalcon. Fatro rusHcolui ohwletiu. RanRe.— Labrador; south casually, In winter to LoiiK iHland. ...ti/l''^''"'"' .f'*''"''" variety. Eggs Indlstln- guiHiiai . Data.— Ungava roast, Labrador, May -'.,. 1900. .Vest a heap oi .seaweed and leathers on sea rllff, containing three eggs. 3.15. Pbaihik Fai.6n. Dr< K Hawk. Falco pereprinus anatiim. gio"n""rhr";ugho!rt t'^range.'"'""''^- •"■^'"""'^ '°^""^- ^'"«'"' '" --"'»«-"« re- This beautiful species, characterized by Its black moustache Is the most Um^: Us'rw';^'':;f"h"} '""T' °' "•^ ''?'™"«- «»^"""^ dowr'bfrdl'of'fev^e?: limes Its own weight, such as some of the larger Ducks It breeds nuite abundantly on the Pacific coast and in certain localltierin the lUotas Uylng its eggs on the rocky ledges. Their eggs are similar to those of the Prairie Falcon, but are Duck Hawk Buff or reddixh buff darker and brighter, in fact i.'iey are the dark- est, brightest marked, and most beautiful of Falcon eggs; size 2.06x1.56. 219 ■''i\ A THE BIRD BOOK 356b. Pbale'i Falcon. !i;:: l.'fi i Fnlco peregrinu* pealei. Range. — Paolflc coast from rorthern tTnltnd States north to Alaska. A darker form of the prerfding, such as oc- curs In this section with a Kreat many other birds. The nesting habits and the eggs aro precisely like those of the Duck Hawk. .'J.'iT. Pir.Eii.v Hawk. Fnlio ntliimhariun columbarius. ■g-r-MiWr"—" ■»., ^^^W^* Brownish buft Range. — North America, breeding chiefly north Pigeon Hawk °' "le United States except in some of the higher ranges along our northern borde-. A small Fal- con, about 11 inches long, often confused with the Sharp-shi-ined Hawk, but much darker and a more stoutly built bird. It Is a daring species, often attack- ing birds larger than itself; it also feeds on mice, grasshoppers, squirrels, etc. They generally build a nest of sticks In trees, deep in the woods: less often in natural cavities of dead trees; and sometimes on rocky ledges. Their four or five eggs have a brownish buff ground color, heavily blotched with brown and chestnut. Size 1.50 x 1.22 ;»57a. Black Pioeox Hawk. Falco columbarius surkleyi. Range.— Pacific coast from northern United States north to Alaska. Very similar in appearance to the preceding, but much '' 3r, both above and below. Its nesting habu. and eggs will not differ in any manner from those of the P^eon Hawk. .■».')7'». Richardson's Pioeon Hawk. Falco columbariu* richardsoni. Range.— Interior of North America from the Mississippi to the Rockies and from Mexico to the Saskatchewan. This species is similar to the Pigeon Hawk, but is paler both above and below, and the tail bars are more numerous and white. Their nestlnh habits are the same as those of the preceding species, they either building in hol- low trees, or making a rude nest of sticks and twigs In the tops of trees. The eggs have a creamy ground and are sprinkled with dot.-t and blotches of various shades of brown. Size 1.60x1.2.3. The egg figured is one of a beau- tiful set of four in the collection of Mr. C. W. Crandall. 3M Richardson'* Ptseon Hawk BIRDS OF PREY [338.1] Merlin. Falco tttcdon. This common European specieH was once acci- dentally taken in southern Greenland. Their eggs are generally laid on the ground on cliffs or banks. 359. Aplomauo Falcon. f' 'he eastern form Thereare no differences in the Identification of the two varieties. mere are no 221 THE BIRD BOOK m $ 360. Spahkow Hawk. Falcu iparveriu». Range. — North America, east of the Rocky Mountains and nurtli to Hudson Day: winters from the middle portions of thf United States, southward. This beautiful lit- tle Kalcon Is tht- smallest of the Am erloan Hawks, belnt; only 10 Inches in length. They are very abundant in the east, nesting any- where in cavities In trees. either in woods or open fleids. The eggs are gener- ally deposited upon the bottom of the cavity with no lining: they are creamy or yel- lowish buff In color, sprinkled, spotted or blotched in endless variety, with reddish brown. Size 1,35 X 1,10, These birds are very noisy, especially when the young are learning to fly. uttering a loud, tinkling, "kllly. kllly, kUly." They have a very amiable disposition, and frequently nest har- moniously In the same tree with other birds, such as flickers and Robins. 360b. St. Ll'cas Sparrow Hawk. Falco tparvrriux peninsularis. Range. — Lower California. This variety is smaller tlian the eastern, and even paler than the western form, Eggs identical with eastern specimens, [3dl,] Cuban Sparrow Hawk, Falco spnrveroides. A darker colored West Indian form, whose habits and nesting do not vary from those of the common Sparrow Hawk; casually taken In Klorida. Huffy Sparrow Ku.i'k Eee of Qolden Eagle 222 SPARUOW HAWK THE BIRD BOOK Audubon's Caracara > 'i 962. Audubon Caracara. PolyhoruM vherimag. Kange.— Bouthern border of the United SU'ei aouth to South America. RanKe.— Southern border of the United States south to South America. A RtrlklnKl) marked blackish and whitish species, much barred on the tore back and the breast, with the head and throat largely white, except for a black and somewhat crested crown. They are numerous in Houthern Texab and also In the Interior of southern Florida, where they are resident. They build bulky, but shabby nests of sticks, weeds and grass, piled into u promiscuous heap, generally locat ed in bushes or low trees. Their two or three eggs have a ground color varying from buff to bright cinnamon, and are dotted and blotched with all shades of brown and umber. On the whole, these eggs show a greater diversity of markings and ground color than those of any other species. Slie 2.60 z 1.80. r-^SS-r "•Innamon ^6S. Guadalupe Caracara. Poli/borut lutoiui. Range.^ — Oaudalupe Island and others oft Lower California. This species Is somewhat like the preceding, but the plumage is duller, and the coloration more uniform. Their nesting habits and eggs do not vary essen- tially from those of Audubon Caracara. Mr. John Lewis Chllds has a set of two eggs taken June 8, 1896, on Santa Anita Island, by Coolldge and Miller. The nest was made of sticks and situated in a giant cactus. The eggs are slightly brighter and more clearly marked than any of rheriinin that I have ever seen. ^SS' ar 2£4 S64. OtPIIKY. BIBDS OF PREY OSPREY. Family Pandionidae Pandion halUitu* caroliMtmt. Range. — Whole of temperate America from tho Arctic clrcU south to the equator, most abun- dant along the «ea coasts. Real old birds have the head whiter, and less white edging to the back feathers, than do the young. Feet very strong, and very hard and rough, per- fectly adapted t.> grasping slip- pery flsh; rut«)r tor can be used equally as *-ell, either in front or behind, when perching or grasping their prey. Probably this great fisherman is as well known from one end of the country to the other an any of our wild birds. He is protected by law In a great many states and by custom in nearly all localities where they breed. It Is one of the pleasantest sights along the coast to watch a number of these great birds as they soar at ar elevation above the water, watching for w»*'J°o^2'"1 °*" ^*'^ surface, when, with folded wings, the bird speeds down- ward and plunges Into the water, rarely missing his prey. In many localities ^.7a "'^J!'^ *"!"* ""* ?^** '° »"« *'«"»"y "f houses, sometimes even In the yard. Their nests are platforms of sticks, which, being used year after year and constantly added to, become of enormous proportions. They lay two or h^I^!f„®*^i, *'"''«*'' creamy color, handsomely blotched with bright chestnut ^40 i 80^ '' ' " d'verslty of sUe as well as markings, but average American Osprey 226 ili IS f, L OSPKEY LEAVING NEST C. A. Read BARN OWLS. BIRDS OF PREY Family Alucondidac 969. Barn Owl. Aluco pratinctUa. Range.— Cblelty In the Mouthern pitrts of th« United States: north caiiually to Maiiiachuietti, MInneHota and WanhlnRton. White Thia U one of the lightest colored of the Owls; It has a long, peculiarly hooded face, from which It Rett, the name of "Monkey-faced ....... .^w. Owl." Its pluniafte Is yellowish buff, specked and Iwrred lightly with blackish. It nests usually in hollow cavities of trees, but appears to have no objections to barns, holes In banks, or anywhere It can find a concealed crevice In whicii 10 deposit Its four to six pure white eggs; slie 1.70 x 1.30. HORNED OWL. Family Strigldae 'J66. Lo.Nu-EAHED Owl. Atio trilionianui. Range.— North America, breeding from the southern parts of British America, southward. This species Is 15 incl .s In length; It can easily be separated from any oth( . species by Its long ear tufts, brownish face. JPPI?*' -^~ •( and barred underparts. Their food consists "" " almost entirely of small rodents, which fhey catch at night. Most of their neats are fo I :■ White In trees, thay generally using old Crow's oi Hawk's neats. They also. In some localities, nest In hollow trees, or in crevices among rocks. They lay from four to seven pure white eggs: size 1.66x1.36. m !-1 a i.i i U>Nli-BA14Kl> owe ON NKST L*. S Fiortun i%WT'c:< »«7. Short-iabid Owl. Alio 0»mmtut. R«ti«e.— Whol.. of North Amerlra. hrMNilni from ih* nildi1lf> portlonii of thn I'nlt^d gtatt , mirihwtird. nni) wIntprinR In the l'nltMl«.r. lias very Mhort j-ar lufls, and Im hii»akf>d lH'n»>Btli. ItM habltH are thn Hanif pxrept that It frniiuently huntn. over the niarHheH and mead owH. on dark day» and (owardK dunk. niJ'"'"" '""';.'" "'*»'*'" P"'"'' "I'He eKKH ar.- laid upon the «r<>und in nia.»hv buiih, or done to an old Ion. 8lz« of eKRx t.56 x 1.2B. :i6H. H.tHHKi) Owi,. SIrijr viiria varia. KanKe. KaHtern North America, from the Britlah Provlnie«. «outhward; went to the Rockies. ThiH HpecleH Im the niimt iimiiiion of the larse owls, and can lie dlstlnKulKhed by Its mottled and barred gray and white pluniBKe, and laik of ear tufts; lennth 20 Inched. It Im the bird commonly meant by the term "hoot owl" uno being Mtrlctlv Whilf nocturnal. In rarely Meen flylnK In the dav time. imleuM disturbed from lt« rooHtlnx place In the deep woods. Um food con»lHtK chiefly of rats, mice and frogs, and sometlmeM. but not often, poultry. It nests In the heart of large woods, cnerally In hollows of large trees, and less ilten In deserted Crow's nests. They lay from two to four pure white eggs, averaging con- Hiderably smaller than those of the Great Horn- ed Owl: slue 1.96 X 1.65. .irtSfi. Fi.oRinA KARRRn Owi,. .S/rt.r varia alleni. Range. -Klorlda and the Gulf States; north Barred Owl to South Carolina. i_ 229 hJiii Hi BARRRP OWL Chas. W. Lone BIRDS OF PREY 368b. Texas Bariikd Owl. Strir varia albogttva, Kange.— Southern Texas. A very BimiUr but slightly paler variety than the Barred Owl. and with the toes bare, as in allrni. Eggs indistinguishable. Strix occidenlalu orci- 369. Spotted Owl. dentali*. Range.— Western United States, from south- ern Oregon and Colorado, southward. Similar to the Barred Owl, but spotted, in- stead of barred, on the back of head and neck and much more extensively barred on the under parts. The nesting habits do not appear to difrer In any respect from those of the eastern Barred Owl, and their eggs, which are from two to four in number, can not be distinguished from those of the latter species; size 2.06 x 1.80 Oraat Gray Owl 369n. Northern Spotted Owl. Strix occidenialu caurina. Hange.— Northwestern United States and British Columbia. .„ K^i . '*'^ preceding, but darker, both above and below; nesting the same m hollow trees or in old Hawk's or CroWs nests. Eggs not distinguishable .S70. Great Gray Owl. SroHaptrx nehuloMii. Range.— Northern North America; wintering regularly south to the north- ern border of the United States and (•asually farther. This is the largest of American Owls, being about 26 inches in length; it does not weigh nearly as much, how- ever, as the Great Horned or Snowy Owls. Its plumage being very light and fluffy, and dark gray in color, mottled with white. The facial disc la very large, and the eyes are small and yellow, while those of the Barred Owl are large and blue black. They nest in heavily wooded districts, building their nests of sticks, chiefly in pine trees. The two to four white eggs are laid during May and June; sice 2.15 x 1.70. .!- :ia White * ^ - THE BIRD BOOK II [370a.] Lapp Owl. Scotiaptejc nebtUoia lappomica, A paler form of the Great Gray Owl, inhabit !iiK the Arctic regions of the Old World; acci- dental on the coast of Alaska. Their nesting habits and eggs do not differ from those of the American bird. 371. Richardson's Owl. erea richardioni. Crt/ptoglaux fun nichardson'a Ow! Saw-whet Owl White R»«»Ke. — Northern North America, breeding north of the United States ; win- ters aonth to our border and casually farther. This is a dark grayish and white bird, 10 Inches in length, and without ear tufts. Breeds commonly in the extensively wooded districts of British America, chiefly in the northern parts. Their three or four white eggs are usually at the bottom of a carity in a tree, but occasionally the birds build a rude nest of sticks and twigs, lined with leaves and placed in trees at a moderate height from the ground. Siae of eggs, 1.26 x 1.05. S7S. Saw-whbt Owl; Acadian Owl. Crgptoglatue acadica acadica. Range. — North America, breeding in the northern parts of the United States and in British America, and south Iti the Rockies to Mexico; winters south to the middle portions of the United States. This small species (length 8 inches) is marked very Ptmilarly to the preceding, but the plumage is brown instead of gray. They normally nest in hollow trees. generally in deserted Woodpecker holes. In extensively wooded sections, and usually In mounUinons country, especially In the United States. They have also been known to nest In bird boxes near farm houses and In old Crow's nests. During April or Hay, they lay from three to six white eggs. Slxe 1.20x1.00. They are quiet and chiefly nocturnal birds, not often seen, and may be found nesting in any of the northern states. 87«a. NoRTHwcsTBRN Saw-whet Owl. Cri/ptoglaux acadica teotitea. Range.— A dark variety found on the co-st of British Columbia. 3SS BIRDS OF PREY 37s. ScRBKCH Owl. Otui atio atio. of the plains ProTlnces to Range. — North America, east and from the southern British Florida. This well known species, which is of- ten called "Little Horned Owl" be- cause of its ear tnfts is found either in the tjrpe form of some of its varieties in all parts of the United States. They have two color phases, the plumage being either ' vellowish brown or nd black and white; these color phases iependent upon sex or locality, as often . - -^n or both phases are found in the same nest; the gray phase is the most abundant. 'iTiey nest anywhere in hollow trees, being found very frequently in decayed stubs of apple trees. They also often nmt in bams or other old buildings which are not frequented t«. frw^ TheS- fUd ^!^n^ fl^ I °^,^y o".*'' h'L ""*••■ '""•' «««"• fe full complement of which as far as we can learn, are exactly like those o .he eastern Screech Owl- the ttaSiiXS"' ■"«""•""«•'«<»• «"» "> n.ost cases, even the WrdscMnotll^ d?s Wtllt* S7Sa. Florida Screbch Owl. Otut tuio floridanut. Range.— South Atlantic and Oulf coasts. SlM^llao X iTb "*' '"^ ^"^^' **"*" ""*"' """^ "**■ *'•"«• »»Khtly smaller. 373b. TcxAg Screech Owl. Otu* atio mccatti. Range.— Texas, and southward Into Mexico. Very similar to flnrlHanHi. S7Sc. California Screech Owl. Otut atio bendirei. Range.— Coast of California and Oregon. Size of, but darker than Mto. S73d. Kennicott's Screech Owl. Otut atio kennicotti. Range.— Pacific coast from Oregon to Alaska. This Is the darkest of the Screech Owls and averages a trifle larger than the eastern form. 1 ■i St, i ;'Ji 1 I l ■ ■ K> ' m^ 1 37.Se. Rocky Moitntain Screech Owl. Otut atio matwellvm. Range.— Foothills of the Rockies, from Colorado to MonUna. This Is the palest form of the Screech Owl. Of the same sise as the last. Its f i ' ill ■ THE BIRD BOOK 1!'^^ M'^ Wml\ m'i 1 ^''i'-: - i t* I . ■'' ■ 174— S76a 37Sf. MexicAN Screech Owl. Ottu a$io rineraeeut. thi^?:;7 «!"/*™ i*«**™. «>« »outhw«»ten» border of tht> United States. A gray form with little or no bulf. and more numerously barred below. 37«g. Aiken'i Screech Owl. Otut atio aikeni. .hf^-S^^^'wf""* County, Colorado. A gray form, with other "■'■'"''*" "'»"«•■ *°d mo'e numerous than in any 378h. MacFarlank'i Scaeech Owl. Otu* ano macfarlanei. w^i!*i!tr'*?'*i'/"i ^'^^' °' *he United States from Washington to Montana. 373.1. Spotted Screech Owl. Otut tnchoptU. MMriM*'~*'*'"°***°^ °' southern Arizona, south Into «/, *'^'"*''/P?'^'*'' 81™"" to aMo, but paler and more „?i\7 ^u**** 'o'eback- The nesting habits and eggs are probably the same as those of the Screech Owl. 378.8. Xantus's Screech Owl. Otut xantuti. ^"Ke-— Southern Lower California. HiA ?*'"''' species with the back and underparts finely Termlculated with rnd o t'kta"pe"cle*s''tiu".^ Z'^^l "^.i"''?'- " ''°°' Ukely^Zrthe haWts^^L^e^s or mis species will be found to differ from those of the Screech Owl. 374. Flammulated Screech Owl. Otu, fiammeolut fiammeolu*. W«w^«??.''™'n°*?u°' '**.*"=°' """h *° Colorado and west to California. streakedTnd BdlJ^th"" "1"° "»'"•*"«' "Sorter ear tufts, the plumage Is much nert 7n Vnn„l f^ ""* ^^'f,' *°^ *•»* *°«« »'« unfeathered to their base. They Tlnr eClre whlto*°lli^'^ '^l'''\^^^f' Woodpecker holes. Their three of its Janll "^ ■®^- ™** '••«'='«« •« uncommon In all parta S74a. Dwarf Screech Owl. Otut flammeolut idakantit tSI? «7jf.*'S'J° /*»1'°- «a«te™ Washington and California. egM ha^e not S^n hL^h'.^'" k'*!" ^^e preceding and is considerably paler. Its eggs nave not been described, but should be a trifle smaller than the last. m BIRDS OF PREY fl7d. Grcat Horncd Owl. Bubo virginianu* virginianut. Range.— North America, east of the and north to Labrador. White Great Horned Owl This species and Its varieties are the only large Owta having conspicuous ear tufts. They are about 22 inches In length, and have a mottled brown, black and white plumage, barred below. This Is also one of the "Hoot Owls," but is not nearly as abundant as the Barred Owl. It is one of the strongest of the family, and captures rabbits, grouse and poultry, and is very often found to have been feeding upon, or to have been in the immediate vicinity of a skunk. They nest very early. January, February and March. Deserted Hawk's or Crow's nests are very frequently u- \ by this bird, if they are located in dense woods. They also sometimes n hollow cavities in large trees. They lay from two to four pure white egt ^ 2.26 x 1.86. .■<7.5a. Wkstehn HoRi . Iwl. Bubo virginianui palUtcem. Range.— Western Nortn America, except the Pacific coast. A smaller and lighter colored form of the preceding, having the same habits and the eggs being indistinguishable from those of the eastern bird. .'iTSb. Arctic Horned Owl. Bubo virginianu* tubarcticut. Range.— Interior of Arctic America from Hudson Bay to Alaska; south in winter to the northwestern tier of states. A very pale colored Horned Owl with little or no buff or brownish in i-he plumage, some specimens (very rare) being pure white with only a few black bars on the back. Their nesting habits are the same and the eggs do not vary appreciably from those of the eastern Horned Owl. .''75c. Dusky Horned Owl. Bubo virginianu* *aturatut. Range.— Pacific coast from California to Alaska. This is the darkest of the Horned Owls, the extreme case being nearly black on the back and very dark below. Nesting the same as the Great Horned Owl. S7Sd. Pacific Horned Owl. Bubo virginianu* pacificui. Range. — California, southward and east to Arizona. Smaller and darker than the eastern form but not as dark as the last. Eggs the same as those ot the others. m 1 Jk m 'Hi' 2 o s o u b: c X C5 O >< «7fle. DwAHF HoHNUD Owl. Bubo virginianu* elachittua. Range— Lower California, w '.. '?, ". "''o"*'" but darker form of the Horned Owl and Is very muei. smaller than iar'Z".., ^"^ "**""« •""'"« *"' be tSe same, but the eggs may average smaller. BIRDS OF PR£Y White ^16. Snowy Owi,. Nyctea nifctea. .Snowy Owl u smoother shell than those of the Creat Horned Owl %Wo 9 •? ''?'°'' """ *"'' Point Barrow. AlasKa. .lune ,6. IS^s'^Ar^e'ergs^lI,'., .n'^^lToflo^'i^-theTosI [377.] Ei'RoPEAN Hawk Owl. Surnia ulula ulula. ^•^n!;".'^?.'''''*''" P?"'"" "' ^^^ «'<• ^^'"'■W- a<«ldental in Alaska Similar to the American spe.ies. hut lighter and n.ore brownish THE BIRD BOOK 11 S77a. Hawk Owl. Sumia ulula caparoeh. Range. — Northern North America, breeding from the central portions of UrltUb America northward: probably also breeds In the Rocky Mountains In the northern tier of state* and casually farther. White This handsome mottled and barred, gray and American Hawk Owl '''**'' O*'' "'*«•** readily be mlsUken for a American MawK- uwi HH^fk. because of his Hawk-like appearance and long rounded tall. They are very active birds, especially In the day time, for they are more diurnal than nocturnal ; their food Is mostl" of small rodents, and also small birds. They nest either In the tops of large fit .I'ees, in hollows of stumps, or. In some cases, upon the ground. When In trees their nosts are made of twigs, leaves and weeds, and sometimes lined with moss and feathers; they lay from three to eight white eggs, size 1.50 x 1.20. Data. — Labrador, May 3, 1899. Five eggs. Nest In the top of a dead tree, 15 feet from the ground. 378. BuRHowiNo Owl. Speotifto cunicularia hj/pogaa. Range. — Western North America from the Mississippi Valley west to California; north to the southern parts of British America and south to Central America. These peculiar birds are wholly different in plumage, form and habits from any other American Owls. They can readily be recognized by their long, slender and scantily feathered legs. Their plumage is brownlsli. spotted with white above, and white, barred with brown below; length 10 Inches. They nest, generally In large communities in burrows in the ground, usually deserted Prairie Dog holes. While generally but a single pair occupy one burrow, as many as twenty have been found nesting together. Sometimes the burrows are unlined, and again may have a carpet of grasses and feathers. Their white eggs generally number from six to ten; size 1.26 x 1.00. Data.— Sterling, Kans., May 7, 1899. Nest of bits of dry dung at the end of a deserted Prairie Dog burrow. White 238 BIftDS OF PREY 37**. Fmmoa Burmowino Owl. Sptotyti euniemUma fioridana. Of rSSdT'^*' •" ""• •-^•^•' Like th* last, but slightly ■maUer and paler, and with the wiJiM lesa feathered. Their habits or eggs do not differ from the preceding. 379. PyomyOwl. Glaucidium gnoma gnoma. Range.— Rocky MounUln re- Sr^Jf,"* WMtward; from Brit- ish Columbia southward. These toterestlng little Owls, which are hjit seven Inches In length, feed to the day time upon Insects, mice and, occasionally, small birds. They frequent eztensWe- ly wooded districts, chiefly in In'.i?i°I"'**'° •*"«««• They nest to tan trees, generally In desert- ed Woodpeckers' holes, laying Uree or four white eggs during May; site about 1.00 x .80. Burrowing Owl .n9a. C.uroHNM PvoMv Ow.. Glaucidium gnoma califomicun,. s«Klci;;^rrrK^^^^^^^ Th.s bird In California. They neat In thl .fn . . '*'* '■*'• " '' "<" ««» uncommon found 75 or more feet from the KrounSxh''^*'' "^""^ '"« ~°««''- often bSng the Pygmy Owl, ranging rs{ze%?om "l^O J^.86 tf 1^20 x "95! ""*' '™'» """"' "' 379.1. HosKiN, PvoMv Owl. Glancidium ho.kin,i. Range.— Southern Lower California. tha?,urann^i%rnestYn|or eTg?d1?/r In's^nt'; •"*7^"'«- '' '« »«" P^'-b.e of this genus. **" ^'"*'^ '° ""y respect from those of the othors i :t: m IP m THK BIRD BOOK Hf '. Fkniivuinovi Pvumv Owl. OluHcidium pktUanoidet, Range. — Mexico and Cantnl America; north to the Mex- ican border of the United Statee. ThU ipecie* m of the aame aUe an the taut, but la much tinged with rufous on the upper parts, and the tall U uf a bright chestnut brown color, crossed by about eight bars of black. They nest In hollow cavities In trees, from ten to forty feet from the ground, laying three or four glossy white eggs; slie 1.10 x .90. 381. Elf Owl. Micropollat mhitnegi. Range. — Mexico, north to the bordering states. This odd little bird is the smallest ^,^. member of the family found in Amer- j^^^ lea, attaining a length of only six in- -^ ches. In plumage It may be described as similar to a very small, earless Screech Owl, only with the pattern of the markings a great dei '. liner. They are said to be quite abundant In the table lands of central Mexico and in southern Arisona, where they build their nests In deserte<* Woodpeckers' boles, perhaps most frequently In the giant cactus. It is said to be more nccturnal than the Pygmy Owls and to feed almost exclusively upon Insects. They 'lay from three to five eggs having a slight gloss. Sixe 1.02 x .90. Data.— Southern Arizona, May 22, 1902. Nest In a deserted Woodpecker hole. Two eggs. SIO— 3S1 White '! I 1i 'I S40 PAROQUETS AND PARROTS. Older XHI. PSITTACI. Family PSITTACIDAE 988. Carolina Pamovubt. Conuropiii carolinrniit. RaiiM— Now rare in Florida and along tha Oulf coaat to Indian Territory. Ai late ax 1885. the Carolina Paroquet* were abundant in tbe South Atlantic and Oulf Statea, but owini to their wanton deetniction bjr man, they have been exterminated in the greater portion of their range, and now are rarely leen In any locality, an< then only in '.he moiit unhablUbIa ■wampa and thicketa. a reliable account of their neating habitt la lacking, as aro alio sm- cimens of their egga ** Uken from wild birda. They are aaid to build rude neata of iticks upon horiaontal bran- chea of cypreas trees, and to nest in colo- ntea; it la alao claim- ed that they neat In hollow tree*, laying from three to flre pnre white egga. The one figured la one of three White laid In confinement at Waahlngton, D. C, by a ?*."■ fJ ^'i^o" T"*"' '"' "'• """^rt Ridgeway. .. „ ..oi » i.„o ana July 12, 1892. This set I* in the collection of Mr. John Lewi* Child* farollna Paroqurt It Is 1.31 s 1.06 and waa laid 388.1. Thick-billed Parrot. Kh^nchopiilta pachi/rhgncha. Ti,?*1**""1i!*''^°' """'' casually to the Mexican border of the United State* Thia large Parrot (16 Inches long) has a heavy black bill, and the plumage 1. fS^filT f**" Jfll*"' '?.■■ "}" ^^^ '■«'* forehead, strips over the eye. shoulder. !« i«M*.„''„'f.?J.'"' yf »"«'«", under wing coverts. Their eggs are white and are laid In natural cavities in large trees in forests. CUCKOOS. TROGANS. KINGFISHERS, ETC. Order XIV. CUCKOOS, ANIS. ETC. Family CUCULIDAE [88S.] Ani. Crotophaga ant. Rangp.— Northeastern South America and the West Indies; casual in Florida and along the Gulf coast; accidental In Pennsylvania. This species Is similar to the next, but the bill Is smoother and without can°***ci ''^*""« ''"'•"» "■« »*»e same as those of the more common Ameri- If l;o.\i(i:r.\.NKi: CUCKOOS, ETC. 984. OauovE-inLLsu Ami. (' roUtpkaga tuliiroitrit, RanKf. .M<>xlru and tlif lM)rdi>r of tlif rnllfii HUIkh: cuniroon Id MoutliHrn TfxuH. TIiIh »nK'ed underbrush or vines. It may be distinguished wlThr^H ^hu*" *" variety by ts larger size (12 inches long), blackish Uil with broad white tips, and yellowish lower mandible. They are often regarded Cby the superstitious as forecasters of rain, and as ^. omens, probably because of their gutteral croaking ^iSi^ notes. ' . Ji Their nests are made of twigs, lined with shreds ir*i of Brape vine bark or catkins; the nests are gener- §MgS^ ally very shabbily made and so flat on the top that ^^H the egg.s frequently roll off. They are located near ^^m the ground In bushes or low trees. The three or four ^^ eggs are deposited at intervals of several days and ^ frequently young birds and eggs are found in PHle ureenlBh tiluf ''"' "«"" "t the same time. Like the Flicker, this rtrmnaV'-^Tb""'' - ^^^^^^ ^t^zixi v^lv^.^: SLXirdTrlnfl^aroJ^u^:''^''''^'^*'"'!'' '""^- ^''^^ >=»'-»»• ^^^ "- 244 •t^. ( I A. II, Spam NKST ANP lAiiis (II- VK!,I.(»\V-U1M-Kli Cfi-KCK* 1Q THE BIRD BOOK ■<)87a. California Cuckoo. Coccifsut americanu* oecidentalii. Range. — Western North America, from British Columbia, southward. Slightly larger and with a stouter bill than the last. Eggs not distinguishable. ^8fl. BLArK-BILLED Cl'CKOO. CocclfZUt erythrophthalmu*. Range. — United States east of ^he Rocky Mountains: north to IrAbrador and Manitoba; south in winter to Central and South America. This species is rather more common In the northern part o( the United States than the Yellow - billed variety. The bird is smaller, has a blackish bill, and the tall is the same color as the back and only slight- ly tipped with white. Their nests are built in (.imllar locations and of the same materials as used by the Yellow-bill; the three or four eggs are smaller and a darker shade of greenish blue. Size 1.16 x .85. All the Cuckoos are close sitters and will not leave the nest until nearly reached with the hand, when they will slowly flutter off through the underbrush, and continue to utter their mournful "Kuk-kuk-kuk," many times repeated. [S88.1.] Kamchatka Citkoo. Ciirulu* ranoruM ielephonut. An Asiatic subspecies of the common European Cuckoo, accidentally occur- ring In Alaska. Black-billed Cucknn Greenish blue TROGONS. FamUy TROGONID^E 389. COPPBHY-TAILED TroUON. Trogon amhiguu*. Range. — Southern Mexico, north to the Lower Rio Orande in Texas and in southern Arizona, in both of which localities they probably breed. This la the only member of this family of beautiful birds which reaches our borders. This species is 12 inches In length, and Is a metallic green color on the upper parts and breast, and with coppery reflections of the middle tail feath- ers, the outer ones being white very finely vermlculated with black, as are the wing coverts. The under- parts, except tor a white bond across the breast, are rosy red. This species nest In cavities in large trees, generally In large, deserted Wood- pecker holes. They are also said to have been found nest- ing in holes in banks. Their eggs are three or four in number and are a dull white in color. Size l.lOx.85. 246 Dull While 387a— 3H9 KINGFISHERS KINGFISHERS. Family ALCEDINID^E mi Bblted KiN.ins.iKH. Cergle alcyon. Range.— Whole of North America, breedliiR liT-H^ J**"" ^"''*'' S^"'««' northward and wintering from the southern parts of Its breed- ing range, southward. This well known bird is abundant in all io- calitles near water, where its rattling notes are among the.most familiar of sounds. Their food iL^iT*' ,«n"r^'y »' small fish, which they ^^\ by plunging upon from their perch on an old dead limb over- hanging the water, or by hovering in the air like an Os- prey. Their nest.s are located at the end of burrows in sand banks or the banks of creeks and rivers. These tun- nels, which are dug by the birds, gener- ally commence two or three feet from the top of the bank and extend back from six to eight n^stfne nILo tn"*''^.''^,''*,"'"' °I '■"'■''^•'' *"« «"^ '« enlarged to form a suitable n«~ Im t ;„ " *,'"'■" L?"" ^"^ ^" •"'5''' ^Kf^" "^ '"'"• They arc glossy and fhro.r^'i* '". ^^^- ^''* 1-35x1,05. Data.-Lake Qulnsigamond. Massa- remnvPrt hv°.^ *'^**,""- l^^''^ "' ^"^ «"" "' » « '»«« tunnel in a fand bank Bird removed by hand from the nest. Collector, C. E. Howe. layo.l.] Ri.vuEU Ki.NuFiKiiER. Vrrylc liirijuata. SS?*'^.;" '^^''''■°' "'"^'' • WOODPECKERS 391. Texas KmoriiHEii. Ceryle americana teptentrionalii Ranse.— Southern Texas, south through Mex- cio. This variety is much smaller than the Belted, length 8 Inches, and is a lustrous greenish above, variously speckled with white, and is white below, spotted with greenish. It is a common and resident species in southern Texas, where it lays its eggs In holes In the banks along stream.*. The eggs are white and glossy, and measure .95 x .70. WOODPECKERS. Order XV. PICI. Family PICIDAE Woodpeckers are well known birds having sharp chisel-like bills, sharply pointed and stiffened Ull feathers, and strongly clawed feet with two toes forward and two back, except In one genus. Their food Is Insects and grubs. Tm- '.''f *,*' '"' '^'■*°« '" "■««"• »"d '■•"•n under the bark, clinging to the aldJi bv'tr^f.wo,"^ under side of branches with their strong curvldna\u aided by the tail, for a prop. They are largely resident where found. TcxiiK KdiBfiKlifr 392. IVORY-BILLEO WooDPErKER. Campephilut principalu. Range.— Locally distributed, and rare, In Florida, along the Gulf coast and north casual- ly to South Carolina and Arkansas. This Is the largest of the Woodpeckers found within our borders, being 20 inches In length. But one other American species exceeds it in size, the Imperial Woodpecker of Mexico, which reaches a length of nearly two feet; as this species is found within a few miles of our Mexican border. It may yet be classed as a North American bird. The present sperios has a large, heavy, ivory-white bill. Tl can reidUy be identified, at a great distan from the Pileated Woodpecker by the large lount of white on the secondaries. They used to be not uncommonly seen In many sections of the southeast but are now found very locally and only In the largest and remote woods. They nest In holes in large trees In the most impen- m...- .. .1- « u.. . etrable swampa; laying three, and probably as piaiiy «• six pure white flossy eggs meuarinK 1.46 x 1.00. M» Ivory-billed Wno<1p«ck«r MA w^ -•"V Hairy Woodpecker THE BIRD BOOK 393. Haiby WooDPEcxn. Drgobateg villotut vUlotui, Range.— United SUtes east of the Plain* and from North Carolina to Canada. The Hairy Woodpecker or its sub-species Is found In all parts of North America. The nest- ing habits and eggs of all the sub-species are not in any way different from those of the eastern bird, consequently what Is said In re- gard to the eastern form will apply equally to all Its varieties. Except during the win- ter months, this species is not as commonly seen ^^^^KP''''i^ about houses or orchards as the Downy Wodpecker. During the summer they retire to the larger woods to nest, laying their eggs in holes in the trunks or White limbs of trees at any height from the ground, and generally using the same hole year after year, and often twice or three times during ,-_ ,,„„ ♦u » , , °"* season, if the first sets are taken. They H1^,n^TJ^'"'' *°...''"^°"'' *•'"" «W"= «"« .»5x.70. This species can be i\l oV?H .•?i^!l.f""" the Downy Woodpeckers by their larger siie (9 inches long), and the white outer tail feathers, which are unspotted. sgSn. NoHTHEHN Hairy Woodpecker. Drjohatet villoMut leucomelat. Range.— North America, north of the United States. Slightly larger than the preceding. 393\s. Southern Hairy Wooopbcker. Dri)ohatet villotut audmboni. Range.— Southern United SUtes: north to South Carolina. Similar to the Hairy Woodpecker, but smaller. 393c. Harris's Woodpecker. Dryobatet villotut tiarriti Range.— Pacific coast from California to British Columbia. Similar to the Hairy but with fewer or no white spots on the wing coverts, and grayish on the underparts. 393d. Cabanis Woodpecker. Dryobatet villotut hfflotcoput. R*"**-— Southern California, east to Arizona and south Into Mexico. Like the preceding but whiter below. 393e Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker. /Jryo- baiet villotut monticola. Range.— Rocky Mountains from British Columbia south to New Mexico. Similar to hnrrM but slightly larger and pure white be- low. 393f. Queen Charlotte Woodpecker. Drt/obaiet villotut picoideut. Range.— Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Like Harris Woodpecker, but with the flanks streaked and the middle of the back spotted with blackish. 393c— 394« 394. SovTHcaN Downy WooopicKaii. Drifobaie* puheicetu pubeteem. Range.— Oulf and South Atlantic SUtM; north to South Carolina. This apectea, which 1b the smalleet of the North American Woodpecker (length 6 Inches), is similar in plumage to the Hairy Woodpecker, but has the ends of the white, outer Ull feath era spotted with black. Like the last species, it Is represented by sub-spe- ciea in all parts of North America, the nesting habits of all the varieties being the same and the eggs not dis- tinguishable from one an- -^^^^^ other. They nest in holes In /^^^^ trees, very often in orchards *''""'• '^""^ or trees in the neighborhood of houses. They are not nearly as shy as the Hairy Woodpeckers, and also associate with other birds rery freely. The three to six eggs are laid upon the bottom of the cavity, with no lining. The height of the nesting season is during May or June. The white glossy eggs are .75 x .«0. WOODPECKERS Southern Txiwiiy Drifobatet pubeireuM nelioni. 394a. Gairdnbr'r Woodpecker. Drgobatet. pubetcent gairdneri. Range.— Pacific coast from northern CallfomU to British Columbia. i. I rti„!^ „kT t? .*■ "*i^i''.2 '".'i •"•* " ''""""^ '^' "n the wing coverts and IS a dingy white below, differing the same as Harris Woodpecker from the Hairy. 394b. BATcHEtDER's WooDPECKER. DrgobaUt pubetcent homorui. Range.— Rocky MounUin region of the United SUtes. Like the last but whiter below. 394c. Downy Woodpecker. Drgohatet puhrtcent medianut. ^atn:^?!}^ America, east of the Plains and north of South Carolina. Similar to the southern variety but slightly larger and whiter. 394d. Nelson's Downy Woodpecker. Range.— Alaska. Similar to the northern variety but still larger. 394e. Willow Woodpecker. Dri/obatet pubetcent turaii. 2S^«!'.~^*!Jf**.'"^*' except the northern parts and the ranges of the south. Similar to Oalrdner Woodpecker, but smaller and whiter. 395. Reo-cockaded Woodpecker. Dri/obatet horealit. Range^Southeastem United SUtes, from South Carolina and Arkansas southward. ...^"'.i''"'^*.?"^. ''•'"^ species may be known from any other because of the uniform black crown and nape, the male having a small dot of red on n„?,"o.'l °' i**™ ".°7"^- '*'='' °' **»* «y«- They are quite abundant in the Si.nfi-?»'« Florida^ where they nest during April and May, and In some localities in March. They build In hollow trees or stumps at an elevation from the grouBd, Ujriiif frpm tbrw to six glossy white eggs; slse .95x.70. Ml ..J 4- Ly hM «i;l«« :-»i» THE BIRD BOOK IF- Red-cockadp<1 Woodpecker TexuH Woodpecker a96. TrxAt WooDPcrKER. Drfiobalri iralarit hnirdi. RanRe.— SouthweHtern United StateH from Routhern Colorado south to northern Mexico. This species Is hrownlsh white helow. has the back barred with black and white, and the male has the whole crown red. shading Into mixed black and whitish on the forehead. Its habits and nesting are Just the same as those of the Downy, but the three or four white eggs, that they lay in April, are larger; size .80 x .65. ;*y(ia. S.*N LiTAS WuooPEcKKH. liryo- hales scalari* luraManui. Range.— Lower California, north to the Colo- rado Desert, California. Very similar to the. last: less barring on the outer tall feathers. Eggs the same. 397. Ncttall's Woodpecker. Dri/ohatet iiultalli. Range.— Pacific coast from Oregon south to Lower Cal- ifornia. Similar to the Texan Woodpecker but whiter below, with whitish nasal tufts, and the fore part of the crown black and white striped, the red being confined to the nape region. They nest in holes in trees, either In dead stumps or in growing trees, and at any height above ground. During April or May they deposit their white glossy eggs upon the bottom of the carlty. The eBK« measure .8Gx.65. .'198. Arizona VVoodpec ker. Drgohatet arizonir. Range.— Mexican border of the United States, chiefly In Arizona and New Mexico. This species is entirely different from any others of our Woodpeckers, being uniform brownish above, and soiled whitish below, spotted with black. The male bird has a red crescent on the nape. They are said to be fairly abund- ant In some sections of southern Arizona. Their nesting habits do not vary from those of the other Woodpeckers found in the same regions, and they show no especial pre- ference for any particular kind of a tree In which to lay their eggs. The nesting season appears to he at its height In April. The pure white eggs average In size about .86X.60. 262 3S8— 2S» WOODPECKERS ^99. Whitk-hxadbd Woodpkckh. Xenopictu albolarvaiiu. -J?^ur"^**'*™ U""**" 8Ute« from south- ^u. "'?/°'* '" southern Brltiah ColumbU. Thta odd gpeciea U wholly a dull bltick color, except for the white head and neck, a-- baial half of the primaries. They y ■ Are quite abundant In some localities, particularly in California on mountain ranges. They nest at any height, but the greater number hare been found under twenty feet from the tround and in old pine stubs. They lay from four r't"^«»5x.70. ';?h:y^af^.Xdr^ 2?;e silent than others of the Woodpecker family, and rarely make the familiar tapping and never $!^u " ^'' •^'"•°'«' »"« they get at the'? White Ahctic THB..-T01D WooDP«cK«a. Picoidet arcticu. MO. hn^ii.l'"'''!*'' ^l *''^*' "*«»*• tnembers of this genus hare" but three toes, two in front and one behind. The plimwl «l.h ?..'"'«''**t «" entirely black above, and whitish Mow Z^t *"" ."'u""' ^""^ *"»> blackish. The male tas^" yellow patch on the crown. They breed ahimH.n.i. •? coniferous forests in mounUinous regionT^^h?^"g^^t fheir range, laying their eggs in cavities in decayed stumps and trees, apparently at any height, from five feet Z The eggs are laid in May or June. Size .95 x .70. A,Ji'"!K."'*>«*" Woodpecker Arctic Three-toe.^ Woodpecker ^;s^^*T White 401. Thh«-toed WooDPECKM. Picoide, americanu, amencanu,. ^^r~^'*'""'*™ P*"^" °' '•>« United States north to the Arctic roilnn. ?S * HrfHl!? ""rthern United States northward. ***°°''- balk either afnSt'ch^r'l^rj'H '•')'' '"""^^'^^ ","" '"« """ •" «» »"« white on the THE BIRD BOOK IHRRT '^ 40 U. Almka Tmmi-toid Woodpicku. Picoidt* mmtricanu* frntdmim*. Rang*.— AlMka, Mmth to Brtttah Ca!ambU and Waahlngton. Uke th« iMt, but with more wblta on th« back. Eft* like tb« arrtiritK. 401b. Alpine Tiiaac-ToiD Woodpicki*. Picoidei americann* dort»lU, Range.— Rocky MounUlM from Britlab Co- lumbia Roatb to New Meitco. Mightlr larger tban tbe preceding and witb more wblte oa the back, almoat eatireir toeing tbe barred effect o( tbe American Three-toed Tarietr. Tber naat cblefly In dead piaea, lay- ing four or tiy wblte egg* that cannot be die- ttnguished from thoee of many other epeciea. Site .M X .70. 40S. YcLLow-aBLLiBD SAPet'cKKB. Sphgra pieus variui varima. Range.— North America, east of tbe Plains ; breeding from liaaeacbaavtU northward, and wintering from the Carollnaa and Illinola eoBthward. Tbti species Is one of the most handsomely marked of the family; they can easily be recognised by tbe red crown and throat (white on the female), each bordered by black, and the yellowish underparts. Tbe mem- bers of this genus bare been found to be the only ones thai are really injurious, and these only to a slight extent, to cul- tivated trees. This species and the two following are the only real "sapsuckers." a crime that is often attributed to the most useful of the family. Their nesting season is during May and June, they then resorting to the interior of the woods, where they deposit their tour to seven glossy eggs on the bottom of holes In trees, generally at quite an elevation from the ground. Sise of eggs .86 x .80. VfIIow- bellied Bapeuokar >v White 4U3a. Rco-NAPBD SAPsrcKBR. Spkgrapicut t>arin$ nuehalu. Range.— Rocky MounUln region of tbe United SUtea and soutbera Canada south to Mexico and west to California. This variety dlifers from the last, chi fl « the old. The ImI-'T '•'.'* """■*"* **"' »•■ •''">«• being clcy .Mb 70 * "*''*" '" ""°'»'«'"- »««<> niMwurlnB M)3a. NoRTHBRN KKD-BIIBAgTBD S^PHICBBR. SphjirapicM* ruber nnlkrntit. lUnte.— Padflc coaat from California to Alaaka. 404. WlLLiAMioN-. Sahm. KKH. Sphgrapicu, th^roidruM. CoSSIi. "•"'•'" "M" '""» "" ""OW" •» 111. P«l«<-; no«b lo Brlu.h They neat at high iurtudeHTmount.ln «n,M eUher'l? ^oMf**"" '?" ^"'«''- 403. P.LBATBD WooDPBcKBH. Phl<^olomu, pUeatuM pUeatH,. RauBe.— Southern and South Atlantic SUtes 2S6 s- \h . 1 .-- I SB THE BIRD BOOK mi I yorSiiSfiSR^^fSaR, Ipackcr 405a. NoMTHBaM Piliatko Wooomeckbr. PMarotoMw pU*mt»» MttieoU. RUfl*.— UmiU tbrouikottt North AoMHca, frooi th* Borthara paiti ot tba UBlt«4 Mataa Bortliwartf. Thto rartatr to oaly F«ry tltglitly largar thaa tha praGa41nf. It otharwiaa balBg tba ■ama. It la ttUI abBBdaat la awar localltlaa, bat It! ranca ia rapMIr balag radacad, oa ac- cottBt ot cttlllBc awar tba foroats. lu aaatlBg habits aad acga an tba saina a* tboaa ot tba ■oatbara vartatr. 406. Rbi>-mbadbd WoottrBcsBa. •V«{aa«f]M« »r]/tkroe»pluUu». Raaga.— Uaitad SUtaa, aaat of tba Rocklaa, •xcapt Now BBClaad; aortb to aortboni Can- ada; wintan la ■outbora Uaitad Matoa. This baautltul tpactsa baa a brigbt rad baad, Back aad broaat, gloaay blva black back, wlags aad Ull, aad wblta uadar- parts, nunp aad sacoad- arloa. It Is tba atoat abuad- aat ot tba tamilr la tba groatar porttoa ot Ita _.,. ranga, wbora It aoaU la ^■'" aajr klad ot traaa or Ib talagrapb polaa at any balgbt from tba groaad; thay also aoBOtlmaa aaat in boloa nndar tba aaraa of baildinga. Tbay ara tba most pngnaclous ot tba Woodpackara, aad ara often saan cbasiag ona aaotbar or drtv- lag awar some otbar bird. Tbay ara also kaowa to destroy the nests and eggs of many species, and also to kill and derour the young, they being the only Woodpecker, so far as known, to hare acquired this dUrepnUble habit; they also feed upon, besides anu and larva, many kinds of fruit and berries. Their nesting sea- son Is during May and June, when they lay from four to eight white egKS, with less gloss than those of the Flicker. Sise 1.00 x .7S. 407. Ant-eatinu Wooupcckbb. Melanerpei formicivonu formicivorui. Range.— Mexican border of the united SUtes, southward. This species may be identified by the black region around the base of the bill, the white forehead, red crown and nape, yellowish throat, and blackish upper parts, extending in a band across the breast, this Tariety baring the band streaked with white posteriorly. The habits of this ▼arlety are the same as the next which Is most abundant in the United States. as* R«d-bcadwl Woodpackar WOODPECKERS 407a. CALiroRMU WooDPicKni. M«imn»rpe$ formuiromt bairHi. iUnge.~C«lirorata Md Orvgon. Thto bird dlSari from the lam In ha vine f«w er wblta itripM In th« lilack breant band. Id BUitable localitiM, tbU U the most abundant of Woodperkem on the Harlfli- coaat. They havf none of the bad habltR of the Redhrailx. appear to be aoctable among their kind, ami are not •fraid of mankind. It neata indlfferf>nily In all kinda of trees at any height from \hf ground, laying from three to seven eggs. 8lie 1.00 x .75. This ape«'"*•' 'ii'lit y Hinaller and in haviiiK ine White band on the forehiad Jiurriwpi ih n^-il WcMiilpm'k).,- 408. l.cwis't WooDPCi'KEM. A.' II ml Mills ',„isi. o ^"5";.~:^****™ United states frnm Uw Rock lev to the Pacinc coast; from Hritlsh roiumbia Houth to Mexu-u. A very oddly colored specleH, 11 IncheH In length hav- ing a dark red face, streaked red and white under (wrta, a gray breast band, and gloHsy KreentHh blatl; upperparts. They are not uncomnicn Iti the greatrr part of their range, can not be called Mhy liird». and nest in all kinds of trees at heights varying from hIx to one hundred feet from the ground, the five lo nine whu«- eggs measuring 1.05 x. 80. and being lalil durhiK .Mav or June. M)9. Kku-bki.i.irii VVooiipki kkh. Crnturux rarnlinm. Range.— United gutes east of the Plains, breeding from the Ou ' States nr r in nearly all parts of their range, frequenting the more heavily timbered reglou where they nest In any place that attracts their fancy: m Hume localities thev also commonly nest In telegraph poles. They are (julte tame, and durlni? the winter months coine about yards and houses, the same ,im. and often In . orapany with Downy Woodpeckers. Their eggs, which are laid during May. are glossv white, average In size 1.00 x .75 and number from four to six iJi ^ 257 17 THE BIRD BOOK White 410. (fMMIEV-FHUNTKD \V'I>K('KEH. <'eulHru» aurifroHn. Range. - Mexico and Houtliern Texan, resident. TlilH Ih alHo one of the "zei)ra" or "laddei- bawer California. Tills Is a slightly smaller and darker variety of the Ullded Flicker. 4l.'i. (irADAM-pK l-'i.ic'KKH. Colaplei rufipilrux. Range. -Ouadalupe Island. Similar to the Hed-shafted nicker, but with the crown darker and the rump a solid pinkish white. They are common in a large cypress grove In the middle of the island, but rarely found on any other portions. The eggs have been des- cribed by Mr. Walter K. Bryant, who found them breeding on the island, to be indistinguishable from those of the others of the genus. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, AND HUMMINGBIRDS. Order XVI. MACROCHIRES. GOATSUCKERS, Family CAPRIMULCIDAE. Goatsuckers are long winged birds, with small bills, but with an extraordln- Hflly large mouth, the opening of which extends beneath and beyond the eyes. They ai p chiefly dusk or night fliers, their food consisting of insects which they c"'h on the wing. Their plumage is mottled black, brownish and white, resemb ing the ground upon which tbey lay their egga. ) / *16. (M)ATSUCKERS Cni i r-mii.l'm-wiimiw. .liilrottinuH* luroltHeHiii*. Raniie. South Atlantic uiid Utilf HIhIi'm. breedliiK north to VlrKtnlb and Indlitna. aud went to ArkBMiaH and caHterii TfxaH. Tlie»e blr^ are abundant Humnier rfsidt>ntM In the Houth«>m portions of their ranxe, but b« AM) SWIFTS ''lltlrk-WlirH- widow ftniytnh white they are silent and hIdinR In the woods duriux the day time, they are not as popularly known as are most birds. They rarely fly darInK the day time unless disturbed from their roosting place which Is on the Kround under underbrush or In hollow Iorb. Their no es. which are a rapid and repeatedly uttered wliis- tllnx repetition of their name, are heard until late In the nlRht. They nest dur InK April, May or June, layinK two eKRs on the xround amid the leaves In wikmIs or scrubby underbrush. The ckks are Krayish to creamy white In color, hkod- somely marked with shades of lilac, Rray and brownish: size 1.40 x 1.00. H7. U'lllH-i'ooH-wii.i,. .tiiiroiiti)mu» rorilirii* voriferun. Range. — North America east of the Plains; north to the southern parts of the British possessions; winters along the Gulf coast and southward. This species Is well known, by sound. In nearly all parts of its range, but comparatively few ever observed the bird, and probably the greater number mistake the Nighthawk for this species. The two species can readily be diK tingulshed at a distance by the absence of any pronounced white marking In r • • tl;,' wings, and by the white tips to the outer tall feathers In the present species, while the Night Hawk has a prominent white band across the tail, but the top is Iilack. and the tail slight' ly forked. The Whlp-poorwill. rarely leaves its place of concealment before dark, and is never seen flying alx>ut cities, as are the Night- hawks. In their pursuit of insects, they glide like a shadow over fields and woods, their soft plumage giving forth no sound as their wings cleave the air. t'ntil late at night, th»1r M'hlstUng cry "whip- poor-will." repeated at intervals, rings out in all v.ooded hilly dis iricls. Their two eggs are deposited on the ground among dead leaves, generally In dense woods. They are grayish white or cream color marbled with pale brown and gray, with faint er markingi of lilac. Slie 1.50 z .86. 268 '■"■•■Kmy while \Vhip-iiiioi-will ■K THE BIBO BOOK »l7n. STi;pnrNii Whip poor wim.. .IntroMtniiiMt vorifrrut marromjintat. Range. Arlgona and New Mexico, south throUKh the tableland of M.txiro. This Huh«pecleH Ih Mllithtly larRer and has Their ne^tlnx habits are the same and the eRKs differ only m averanlng lighter In color, with ramter marklngH, some specimens being almost immaculate. *I8. 1'ooH-wii.i.. PhaliTttoptilyt Hutlnlli nuttalli. Range.— United States west of the MIrhIr- sippl, breeding from Kansas and northern Cal- forn a northward to Montana and British Co- lumbia. This handsome species Is the smallest of the fam- Its Plumage Is r.oiu':^\^^^'^ X!\L tX drs"tlng'„Tsn^"VZlr.'?!*''.r ♦?'^«'»'«^- They'can'easfr^ f'Oiil-Wlll In length. M.Tiiri'.>. Pm:i.iui TM^;, ?"?"*" "."* '*'•"'•""«• nnwH •«> w«itern Kansas n::ist::.]^^:^^^j'-^^-j::^^ ---nd be.ow. ^ggs .„du. ■T^Xi^L fhl'oThe™:.'^ '"•""* "" "" ••'«"' »' ^'""»"'«*- •--•"* the „me nest- Ihe egg figured is of thin species Data —I.™. a.».i^ r. • . 264 GOATSICKKRS AM> SWIFTS »I9. Mrrrim.!. Parai'oir. S„rHHromu» alhimlliM mrrriUi. Thr/r:-J?-^".''"1.."'"""' •*! •'"' '^*"'" •*'" «'•■'"••' 'n "outhern Texas. Mn«u»iihed from any other of ihp family by Its tall, the outer feather on each Hide belnx black (or brown Ish barred with blark In the female), and the ne\i two having white ends for nearly half their lenKtli Their eggs are laid on the ground In open liKalltieH and generally under the protection of an overhang- ing bush. They are two In number and differ greatly fpom those of any other American member of this ramlly. being a buff or rich nalmon buff in color, spot Ur. *"1 »Pl*»hed with gray, lavender, and reddish DaU.— Brownsville, Texas, April 16, 1900 thicket. Collector, Frank B, Armstrong. .' s Kiskp NEST AND EGOS OK \VHIP-rf)OR \VH,1. 266 ri,-- 11 I THE BIRD BOOK 480. NioHTinwK. Chora- files virxinianus vit- Xinianus. RanRc. North Aniprlra, esHt of the I'lalnn and from Labrador to the Quit of Mex- ico; winterH throuRh Mexico to northern South America. The Nlghthawk or sonic of itM 8Ub-RpecleH Ih found in nearly ail partH of North America, ItH habitH being the Hame in all localities. It Ih Ur»iylH of the name Hixe as the Whip- poor-will, from which HpecieM it can readily be dlstinKUlHli- ed by its lack of mouth bris- tles, forked tail with a white hand near the end, and the white band across the primar- NiKhthawk '««• the latter mark showInK very plainly during flight. Be- )iyS:gTkr^,:,v^i!i;;r''-v'''^ '^i" •- "-" anrsumm*^r%^-srdu":k \iiTmye\^^t'..^^Mn>.?^ "wooplng over the tops of the buildings, upon ro^klT^lllsId^ or ?„ „nr!^ ^'l!?:."' *"'»'' ♦'•«"■ ««»• They nest generally on r^k Th« I^Im -J """" y'?"^"- ""ylnK H'e«r two eggs upon the top of a flat 420a. \yKsTi:RN Niohtiiawk. Chordeilet rir- ginianH$ henryi. Range.— United SUtes west of the Plains. A similar bird to the preceding, but with plumage somewhat more rusty. It frequents the more open port ons of the country In its range, its habits and nesting habits being the same as others of the former species; the eggs average a trifle lighter In color. Uraylsh whlti' 42()b. F..OHIDA Ni.iHTHAWK. ChordeiU, ,iri!i„hnu, ch„,,m„ni. v„'*w.1fJ; ^ smaller and paler form found in Florida and al.mK Ih.- (Julf mas Lhi In r" '•'"•^'f "•"'"ved In the nesting habits of thi« as compared vitMho northern form and the egcs are Indistinguishable. ^ "iparta lui in. m .1. K. Si'oltolil NK«T AMI K BOOK 4:n— IL'l of uray, hrown and lilHc, »«••«• S»:.sm:tt'» N'liiiiTiiAirK. I'ltrilrile, virgiHuinnii irnneUi. Ranxfi.— A vory palp Npoiim with IiiiIp or nn lawny; fnund In tlio Hai;»»i« .\iiiiniM»K. 'horrleilf, n,ulilifHiii.\ /,./, «*/». Hhukp. MixUo and (Vniral Ani.'rt Houthnrn Utah and ralirnmm ThP pattern of the Ik flniT and niori* mot- •^^ "* ' ^ tied with runty than Ihi' .lehthawk. ItH hahttn do 'lot differ to any «>xt«n frnm thont- of tliP i cHdlnn Kp^- rifs lh<-\ liiy th«'lr two rnoltlid Kray ckrs ii|, i-iiiMsU whii. on the hare ground, off.n on thi- dry nand uuil In iirld rfKit'ii where the> »«ri' , I'XpoKcd »it'i ' no protection, (o the Mcorch- fiiB rayn of the sun. T''e PRKK VHry endleHMl.\ In extent of niurklnKH.Honit' helUK very pale and o I h e r H very dark gray, iiioftled with \.irtouH HhaduM «i>!e 1.1 Ox. 75. SWIFTS. Family MICROPODID/E V'.".'. Him k Swift. iMirrnlin. ('npiyliiiile!) niger rtanKe.— Mountain rangen from Cntral Anier- Ua north to British Columbia, locally distribut- ed throughout its range. The plumage of this Swift Is entirely scM.ly black, darkest above; the tall Is slightly forked Hnd Is without spines: length of bird. 7 Inches. Although the general habits of this species are well known, little Is known of their nesting they are seen during the breeding season ah)Ut the higher ranges throughout their United Stali-K habitat, and are supposed to nest In crevices on the face of (Jiffs at a high altitude 2M t2; «:< 2*"'•" '" '">»wn only from > r»ti.iopi: Hi'MMiNnsiRD. ia6. Strllula calliopr. rolumba southward, and from the Rw.kT XIPnT. *•'"' *" •'"*•"' Or.Kon and Calf This la the Htnalleat of North American Hum- mem, belnx but 3 Inche. In length. It la SreenZ above and haa a ylolet roritet "howln^ the White h««e. of the feather.. They SH d thel? ne«ta In all manner of location, from "U up ?endertte.° ''tL'"" \"^' »' '"• "ound "S wfth n^.n*^ • ^v* °*"'* ■'" «■<•• Interiorly «.^ ^k'°*. ""o^nvbut the outaide la nnerally KrayUh colored ahreda and llcheaa. TTie «r« t^mtxl'' *''" ""'"•' *"'» *''°-"«' ^« iS7. J.vctnn'n Hi'MMiNOBiBn. Calothorar lucifer. and*Ari«OT2'**'''''' ""'^'' *" ■""*'"'«"»•"' Texaa rel?™! T/Jf *• '""*"' '" *""»""'» •■ P*rt« Of l,frl \. **'^- ""™'" °n'y casually north to our borders and has not yet been found neatlnR therP. They build .mall compact neat. o°Xnt or we.!d? " '" **"' "'""'" "' '•'•^''" of plM?a 438. Rkipfer's Humminobihd. AmizUU tzacatl. house, and nest apparently at all seasona of »h; ,Iil f ^**? abundantly about they are the moatTmmon%pecles oVKUts."^^" '" """'"' *'»«'"=''• ''''«'« 278 HUMMINGBIBDS ♦»9. Bvrr-RrLLiBD HrMMiNOBiRo. .Imisilit rertinivrnfru rkalrnnoia. Ranft).~Low«r Rio Orandti Vtlley In T«m» •"«< •outhw»rd throuKh Mexico. These blrdx are like the IahI hut hare the undenwrtH a pale browninh huff rotor. They fT'"*..'"i"ofT"'™ '" '•'"''■ "umnicr range In the united BUtea. neattus at a low elevation 'n .-•''•.".■"'U!'* *'•*•• ■"»• '*«> «K"" ■'• wi' ». ;.o;'« p»ta.-Brown.Tine. Texaa. May B, \'«i"-, .*'!?* ?'.".?• '*'•""'• "•"•• on the out- Hide, lined with lint from thiitle pUnt: located on limb of imall harkberry. Collector. F>ank O. Armitrong. ♦40. XaNTI'i'r Hl'MMINONIRn. Ba»Uinnn xantuti. Range.— Southern Lower California. A handsome species, greenish above, with a -S^K"^. * ?*• 'J"* ■•'•'Jlng into reddish brown 2JJ- "J'= !!'"'•.' »>•"■ ^^"r- throat meUlllr if^^^K"!? '"■"•A *••"• ■*■■••* •'«'"''<> th* ey*- «-L7.» It** °° i*"* .""«•" n>«k««>« a nlmiiar -trl "l™'^ "' ""'•'■ Hummers, placed on weeds or bushes near the ground. The eae^ rannot he distinguished from those of the ma- Jorlty of other species. 440.1. Whitk-kahri. H«'Mmin'(irird. nosilinna Ifurotit. Range.— A Central American nd Mexican er'Aiir."'"" ""'"'' "" "'« '""- '" «»-"-• on''?hV'b"r'S.T: Ihe ' foSS ' srdT,!?\':rd" '"h" !•;""'• •"•"' "«*»"^ «'-'' and a White liiie extends Uck,?oi, he eje' "" """"' "" "■"'•"'•™' ""'• 441. BnoAD-BILLKD Ht-MMINOBIRI). (t/HanthuM ItttirottTU. mJIScT"*""""""' "' '''"'*'"' ""> ""rt" to southern Ariaona and New grL*'nVh'';"Sive'a''i",Xw'"'blU brigh'jrai.d T'' .°^'"'""' '"^ •"»""«« '" bark and lichens. Th.eir^'j.gV'lrrl.ri.r/^lLrorre'H^Lre:^" "' '^''"' S» t >! THE BIRO BOOK PERCHING BIRDS. Order XVII. PASSERES COTINCAS. Family COTINGIDAE f44l.l.] X*NT.M. L CAHD. ria,f,p»„ri, agtaia- nlhirrnlri.. ZmL iHl •*9f^">'«>»te<> Becard huK li«.«n found within , Ei£S ?sVr-'- ---=^ .....V .. th. oon«=..on or Mr. " -Tv h.r Cr.amy whltr Xl'lRNor-lHllpil 444. KlNtiBiH,,. ryr««„„, ,^r„«««,. Klncbird ThiH common TvrHni ii 1. abundant in the iL?«,„ t. >^'"''l*'" '^ ""'•y Before and during the neBtlng HeaMon, their wnarp. nerve-racklnR dat ter Ih kept up all day l,mK, aiid with redoubled vigor when anyone approa.hes their neKtlng Hite. They neHt in any kind of a tree },„„"'■»" ""■ "P*"" *"<"•«• "'Id at any helehf 'Mi \ ''rinm f- THE BIRD BOOK more pairs of these jtreat Insert destroyers; If more than one pair, there will be continual warfare as often as one enrroaches on the domains of the other. Their nests are made of strips of vegetable fibre, weeds, etc., and lined with horsehair or catkins. They are sometimes quite bulky and generally very substantially made. The three to five eggs are laid the latter part of May, and are of a creamy ground color splashed with reddish brown and lilac. Size .96x.70. Data.- Worcester County. Massachusetts. June 3. 1895. 4 eggs. Nest 10 feet from the ground In an apple tree; made of fibres, string, rootlets and weeds, lined with horse hair. Collector, F. C. Clark. II. O. E. Houlthropc NE.ST AND ElitiS OK KINGBIRD 282 .^ *♦.'. Gray Kingbird. Tyrannu» dominireiuu. Range.— West Indies; north In Anril tn v\r., WM rff^rlf' '^ '"'^''"y •'"•««'• than our King- the common Kingbird, it has a concealed orango patch on the crown. Their habits and nesting habits are the same as those of our common bird, but the nest is not generally as well built, and nearly al- ways is made largely of Tarpon Springs. Florida, May 28 1802 Collector. J. A. Southley. &s^^e\'' s°•ve^slmi.a^"^"t;; '" ^rK*'^'" ^--• and breast are whit7and the 1^1^ °r* ''"* '"« throat low. Like the Xer members ^? fh?""^^ " ^^^''^^^'^ y«'- thelr nests in any ?ocatTon in trees or h„fh«"'' '"i-f « ""*"• of twigs, weeds and moss Their thriLn"*?- """''"'^ *'>«"' a creamy ground w th « „,„t,V ^*"^ ''""' ««K8 have with brown\nS lir Size !i?x 12. '" *"'' "" "'«'"«'' PERCHING BIRDS rrpdniy "rny Klnublrrt Nest of twigs and weeds in a low bush. Buff ArkaniAs Kingbird 4'47. Arkansas KmoniRD. Ti/rantiii» rerticalit. lnJ^'l^''5'''®,' '"'^ Krayish upper parts shad- ing Into darker on the wines anil ..ii j "rtter on the throat and upper breaA- th« underparts are yellow, and there Is a concea el P^t*^"! °' "ronKe on the crown. They are virv srtrsreT^^.XbrofHsE made of plant fibres weeds sTr.^^ „ **" "'"^ aSft J'SSU%Zfr i^ ^*?' ^'^-°-tTme°; cS^Sr ''^-^^^^^^ tt rstr US "eY 283 THE BIRD BOOK 418. Camin's Kingbird. Tt/rantiu* vociferan*. Range. Western United States from the Rnrky Moun- tain region to Calirnrnia, and from Wyoming southward. This sperles Is like the last exrept that the throat and breast are darker. Their Dfrby Flycatcher Huff habits, nesting habits and eggs are indistinguishable from thosa of the other Ty- rant Flycatchers, and they are fully as courageous in the defense of their homes against either man or bird, their notes resembling those of the common Kingbird of the east. 449. Derby Flycatcher. Pitangun lulphuratuit derhianux. Range.— Mexico and Central America, breeding north to southern Texas. TT„u 5 af°.°T. ''''■*,,'*, *''® '*'"«*'^* °^ "1^ Flycatcher family found in the United States, being 11 inches in length, it has a black crown enclosing a yellow crown patch; a broad black stripe from the bill, through the eye and around the back of the head, is separated from the crown by a white fore- head and line over the eye; the throat la white shading into yellow on the underparts. They are abundant in the interior of Mexico, but can hardly be classed as common over our border, where they nest in limited numbers. Their nests are unlike those of any of our other Flycatchers being large .„„ ^A uu .u . masses of moss, weeds and grass, arched over on top and with the entrance on the side. The three or four eggs are creamy white sprinkled chiefly about the large end with small reddish brown or umber spots- size 1.16 X .85. ' Creamy white k 431. SutPHUH-BELtltD Flycatcheh. Myiody- nastes luteiventris. tral America, breeding north zona^ Mexican border of Ar° ^•^"'i" peculiar Flycatcher. Which 18 unlike any other American species, can only .„. M*2'"?*'* "* " '•"'•e breed ?^l» S''.'°J5''«"'-''"^'^"«»Mt8. " 18 8 Inches in length ha* a grayish back strealfed'wlth PERCHING BIRDS Creamy Imfr Wack. the tall largely rusty brown and the underparts huI- Phur yellow, streaked on the breast and sides with dusky a yellow crown patch Is bord- ered on either side by a strlpn of mottled dusky, and Is sep^ nl? t ./'■'"" *■>« blackish patch through the eye, by white superciliary lines. Their 'TeH...,! Liycatiher 'a^^K t^s^VuVfarrrl^'j^/eTo^'^vr"'''^^^ »>'« '•>-■ 'hey nest ,„ spotted and blotched with Zwn and n«r^...^^lK°' * "^'""y """ color thlckW Tvlr^l ?PPf ranee of the C^Js^eS Ply'cat'ctrs 'butT^iul"^' "°* as.sumlng the a Cardlna : size of egg 1.05 x .75. Data -HuaPh,'..» li. ^l^f ""'"^ '"'e those of 4 eggs. Nest in the natural cav tv of « livi =^ *^' "^*- A^'^ona. June 29. 1901 the ground: composed of twigr'^^olle^tor' a^^To'^^rt' "•""' ""^ '««» '" ^' 285 th'e bibd book 493. Arizona Crxitko Flycatchkr. Myiarchut magiiter magitter. Arizona and New Mexico, soutb 4B3— 454 Range. — Southern through Mexico. Thto bird Is very similar to, but averages slightly larg- er than the Mexican Flycatcher. Its nesting habiu are SL^^^T'.u*",'*..**'® ?**' *=*'"'«'^ ^ distinguished from those of the latter, the nest being most frequenUy found m giant cacti. 4fl8a. Mkxican Crbstmsd Flycatchkh. Myiarchut magitter neltoni. Range.— Mexico, north to southern Texas. ThU species is similar to the last but is considerably paler. They are common in some localities, nesting in holes in trees or stumps, often those deserted by Woodpeclters. Their eggs are like those of the last ^K .*.T®'",S^* P*'®""- Data.— Corpus Chrlsti, Texas, May 10. 1899. Nest ... w . '" "°'8 *"» telegraph pole- madn of ''"'« ''"'' red cow hair, feathers and leaves. ' 4 ^s^'^CoUeclor? Frank B. Armstrong. 454. Ash-throated Flycatcher. Myiarchut cineratcent cineratcent. Range.— North America, west of the Plains and south of Canada. Similar to the others of the genus but grayish brown above and with the underparts much paler, the throat and breast being nearly white. Like the others they nest in cavi- ties in trees, either natur- al or ones made by Wood- peckers. Their four to Ave eggs are lighter in color than those of crin- itua but cannot be dis- tinguished from those of the Mexican Crested Ply- catcher. Buff ^86 434b. LOWBH CALirORNIA Flvcatchkr. Mgiarchut einertueent pertintu. RMte.— Lower CaUfornU. Thta aubHipecles la similar to Nnttlng Flycatcher but pal- er below and grayish above. 4flaa. OuvAcxout Flv CATCHXR. Myiarchiu lawrencei olivatcetu. R*ii«e-— Western Mexico, north to southern Arlxona. This Is the smallest of the genus found In the United States, being but 7 Inches In length. Except for slse It Is PERCHING BIRDS f^^ Butty Similar to cHnitu* but with very little, If any, rusty brown on tall, except for a slight edging on the outer web. Their nesting sites are the rnoEDe trh:4\'„n!tJe'rt\e'^.e;'atchT^^^^^^ ""^ ^•««'' ^^-^^ appear pale buffy, speckled and «nn»tort »?A. k ^ °' ^^^ "'•'«'■ members. They are Toluca, MexlcrMay 20 1T95 l^eT^ ^^ "'*J== ^'^« S* ^^ «»■ Data- in woods. Collector Fred TPrancL •" ""* '«»t»>er8. in hole in tree Phoebe 456". PHiKjiE. SatfornU pha-be. 2V7 t- ■ . ■ 'il O. K. Moulthrope PHOKIIK OX XKST PERCHING BIRiiS 4a7. Say'i Phsbk. Sagomit tagu*. Range.— Western United SUtes, breeding from southern United SUtes, nortli to the Arc- tic regions, and from KansaH and Wisconsin westward. Winters In MrxIco. This bird Is slightly larger than the last (7.6 Inches long), and is rusty brown color on the belly and lower breast. Like the eastern Ph(Bbes they are one of the earliest birds to re- turn in the spring and are abundant In the . — greater parts of their range. Like the latter, they often raise two broods a season, one In April and another in July. Their nests are gencr .fi,i ""'^ placed on narrow shelveH White anj crevices of ledges, but they also nest as commonly about houHes and farms as does the eastern bird. The nests are made of weeds, mosses, fibres and wool, and are quite flat. They lay four or five white ernes 8lie .78 X .68. 458. Black Pikkbk. Saf/oniii ninriiints. Range.— Mexico and nortli in summer intu the bordering States. This species Is of the siye of tlie last but is blackish (da-kest on the head and breast). ... with a white belly and under ^■Mtt^ tail coverts, the latter streak- JFT^i^« ed with dusky. Their habits ^^ and nesting habits are the ^ same as those c.t the eastern Phcebe, they building their '.vtilte nests of mud, moss, weeds and feathers on ledges or H^I*n„''A"'*<,''*^w°^ generally close to or In the vicinity of water. They breeJ ed from tholp^nf^T- '"'''"'' '»"' orftve white eggs which cannot be d sUngufslf eo rrom those of the common Phoebe. Size .75 x .55. '"bui=u 4j8a. W'KSTgHN Black Phocbk. .V«yor«/« m^rnrnns semiairn. Oregor^'^''*"'' *'°''*' "' *'*'"'^^° ""•* "'^ ^""^^ *''»*«''• breeding north to Its^SestZ' h«h?t'5f/ "•°'" /•>? '"«' fn having the under tail coverts pure white. Its nesting habits are precisely the same and the eggs indistinguishable. 467— I M 28> 19 I .<] THE BIRD BOOK 459. Olive-iiobd Flycatchm. Sultallomit borealU. Ranee.— Whole of North America, breedlni from the Middle SUtes and California north- rrn^-', " }u """?*=''••■• '""'h "> Mexico; winters south of the United States. These Flycatchers are nowhere abundant fnthl'L^^T *'!r?* °L "" ^unfy. especially In the mldrile portion, they are very rare. They breed very locally and generally not more than one pair In any lo- cality. In New England. I have always found them nest- ing In company with Parula Warblers. In dead conifer- ous swamps In which the branches are covered with long pendant mosM Their nests are placed high up In the trees, generally above fifty feet from the ground, and on small horizontal limbs; they are made of small twigs and rootlets, lined with finer root- lets and moss, and are very fiat and shallow roundlni thev am nn<. „» .1. "" ."'f,L"'"f ««'""*"y made to match the sur- f™7, ?. *• ? f ""^ *•' '•■* """"t difficult nests to find. They lav three or irut ?he"arge'e'?d*'ri,:''86'','«7 '^l'^ T"!) '«*""'"> ^'o.^-'^i II^J^mJ; .t"grtnVrd'"wa?rnd^'l\?c^irth:a. ^^^ -'«« »- l^Tee-nM: <'reiimy whlt*» OlIve-HldeU Flycatcher rl- :;90 > PERCHING BIKDS 460. Covu't Flvcatciibh. Mgiochanet perlinnt paUiditentrit. Ranse.— Western Mexico, breeding north to central Arifona. Thin Flycatcher bnlldti one or the moBt artistic nests created by feathered creatures. It bears some resemblance on the exterior to that of the next species but It Is much more firmly made, and the walls are usually higher, making a very deeply cupped Interior. The outside of the nest Is made of flbreH, cobwebs, catkins, etc.. firmly felted together and ornamented with green lichens to match the limb upon which It Is saddled. The Interior i» heavily lined with dried, yellowish grasses, making a very strong con- trast to the exterior. They are fairly abundant birds In the ranges of southern Arizona, where they nest generally during June. They lay three eggs of a rich creamy color, spotted and blotched, chiefly about the larger end. with reddish brown and Iliac gray. SIxe .95 x .61. Data.-- Huachuca Mts., Arizona, July 8, 1897. 3 eggs. Nest In a yellow pine about 60 feet up and near the extremity of a long slender limb. Elevation 7000 feet. Collector, O. W. Howard. 4til. Wood Peweb. Mj/iochanet vireni. Range.— Noilh America, east of the Plains and north to the southern parts of the British Provinces. Winters south of the United States. This Is one of the best .^M^^ known and one of the most ' f^^^^^k common frequenters of open Tj^^^B woods, where all summer XJ^^^^^r '"IK its pleasing notes may '^^^^^^ be heard, resembling "Pee-a- wee" or sometimes only two < iH«in .oi,,, syllables "pee-wee." They nest on horizontal limbs at elevations of six feet or over, making handsome nests of plant fibres and fine grasses, covered on the exterior with lichens; they are quite shallow and very much resembles a small knot on the limb or the tree. They lay three or four eggs of u ceram color spotted In a wreath about the large end. with reddish brown and lavender: size .80X.65. Data.- Torrlngton. ("onn., Juiu- 16, 1890. Nest of fibres covered with llilieiis. saddled on tlie branch of an oak tree nfur roadside. Collector. John Oath. ^^^^ p^^^^ > Chickadee Family 1'91 ^.•i. NE«T AND EUOS OK WunD I'KWEE Quy H, BriKKM PF.RCHING BIRDS idi. Wrutrmn Wood Prwrc. Mftinrhamei rirkarilinmi hrhartlintnf. IUn««.- WMtrrn ITnltinl RtatM from f h»« P1«ln» to thK Parinr. and from Manltoha iioulh- wtrd. wintrrlnii Mouth of the Ifnlted State*. The niwtlnK habitu of thU bird are the name a* those of the fai-llnw hrlllrrl Flyrairhcr ArndlBn Klymrrh^r 4U«a. I.AROK-niLLicD Woon Prwkk. chanei riehardtoni prnintHlir. Ranxe.— Thia upecleii which differ* from the la«t only sIlRhtly. a* I* Indicated by the name. InhabltH the peninsula of Lower California; It* nestlnK habitu and er^» will not differ from thone o' the other Peveea 46."». Ybllow-bki-likd Fi.v« ati iikh. EmpiHonax flavireniri: .ou^'hrtle^'unUed KS: ""' "' ''"' '"'""" "»" '"•"'■ »° '-'"< Thin specie* I* Hl'jrhtly larger than the Least Plycntcher and I* more yellowish above and below, the brea*t belnx oulte brlaht Whiia common In some district* It I* quite shy and frequent* thickly wooded reglong, where It Is not very often seen They nest near or on the ground among rocks or roots of fallen trees chiefly In swampy places; the nest* are made In buuches of moss, hollowed out and lined with very fine grasses. Their four r^'?! 'J" u '''■*"""' f ''"'''' *''"•'• •*P"»«'d and speckled about the larger end with reddish brown and gray; size .68 x .51. '"rurr ena wim rrpHi.iy whtf« »«♦. Wkstkhn Fi.vrAT( iikh. KmpiHonar Hifflrilh diffirilu. Range.— Western North America, from the Rocky Mountain region to the Pacific, and north to Alaska: winters chiefly south of the United State" — Th s Flycatcher, which Is similar to the last, nests In' similar n''ti T" '^u ,*■•"' ""J" \"«"y "'her*. Huch a* crevices and Assures in rock*, holes In hanks, cavities In trees, rafters in buildings etc. The npRt* arc variously made, hut consist chiefly of flne grasses weeds and fibre*. The eggs are as a rule Himllar to ircamy wliitr those of the last Kpecle* and cannot he distinguished. i^Mjd 8M niV. BIRD BOOK »rt»n. S»i« I.iTW Fi-rrATrHiR. Kmpitfnnnr tUfflrUii rinrriUHi. RaiiKo. I^w«>r ('■hfnrnla. Thl» iip^rlpn I. Hinillar to. but dullar In plvm- W than th* WMtrrn Klyratrhir. ThMr nM( InR habit* do not probably vary from ihoao of the latter. 46a. Acadian FLvrATriiRN. EmpiHnnitg riretctnt. R*"»--B*«t"rn (TnliMl 8tatm, brMKllnit from tli« Gulf to nouthem N«w RnKlanil. and In the MlHHimilppI Valley to Manitoba. ThiK Hpeciea U very pale below and RreenUh yellow oil the back. They are amonx the latent of the minrantH to reach our hi,rderii and arrive In the Middle gtateM about the lat- ter part of May, when they are quite common. They hulld nemlpenalle neati In the forkH of bURhen or over- hanRlnR branche* at helRhtR of from four to twenty feet, the neat* belnc made of rootlem, flhrea, flne RraRieM. etc., and partially Ruapended fro"!! the branch: they are quite Hhallow and loosely constructed and often appear more like a bunch of debrlR depoalted In "f, '?'■''-.'"' '*•" '*'""' ">»" '"«•' the creation of a bird. Their three or four prrr are huffy, Rpot- ted or Hpecked with brown; aiie .76 x .66. 466. Thaill'r Fi.vrAT< iikr. Empiilonat trailli Irailli. wl^^e^R;;u7htf^'he'*cu^?t:'e"• "■"•" *•"' "'"""""•"»' ^"'«' »° "- p-«"''= ThiR HpecleH IR very almllar to the next, but the back is aald n ^iT? "T?""'- ^1*/ ""^ '•°"""'"' '"'«' neRt abund." ly In thickets and low scrubby woodR, URually placlnir the neat at a low elevation, preferably In a clump of wIIIowr the nestR are made of flne Rtrlp,. of bark, plant flbVes. and ve?^ fine r Jot lets being; woven iibout and flrralv fadtennil in •...Ji.i.t Hiitfy 4*4— 4«« . _ PERCHING BIRM Ai-Dsa r LvrATcHM. F.mpuiona* Irailli alnormm. llMie ITnHed 8UtM. MMt of th» MUitMlppi rrare b«twi)#n thin and thi> pr# •••dlnn »«rli.ty In In the more >rM>nliih up|M>r part*. Thi»y ars qultn abundant In thi* hrwij InR Nxaiion from Npw Bniland and northorp New Yorh nortliward. frMiUfntinR. to a Rrfwt *'«t«>nl, aldrr thliknt* bordertn* Mrnamii. Their n«ita and oftRa do not differ apprerlahly from those of the western variety of Traill My ratrher. MJ'. I.KAIT Fl.VrATCIIC|l. F.mpiitonnjt •nininiN*. Ranfi2 W'hkiiits FI,v<^%T( iikh. EmpUonat wrinh'i RanRe.^ Western United States, breedlnR from the Mex Su"eJr' '" °" ■""' *'■"*'•*''" """th of the trnlted A very similar bird to the last but whiter /< below. It Is a much more abundant speries than the last and Is found breedlnR In open woods and thlrketi n all the ranRcs. Thp nests are built like those of the I.«ast Fly r*trher and nearly always ar« found in xvhlip ""*, frotch of trees or bushes at a low ele aflon: thf-lr nest'i. like those of the two preredlnR "^cles bear a stronR resemblance to those of the Yellow Warblers which are found in the same locali ties and locations. The egRs are pale creamy white, four In number and measure .68x.62. Whitp 4«2— 4«»— 4«».| ft' THE BIRD BOOK ground. 469.1. Ghav Flvcatchbr. Empidonax Range.— I»wer California, north to eouthern California. This Is a slightly larger species than the pre- ceding and Is grayish above and paler below, with little or no tinge of brownish or yellow As far as I can learn its eggs have not yet been taken, 470a. Bi'FF-BBEAKTKn Fi.vcATrHEH. Empt- donar fulvifron* pygmeeui. Range.— Western Mexico, north to southern New Mexico and Arizona. This small bird, which Is but 4,76 Inches in length, is brownish gray above and brownish buff below. It Is not a common species any- where, but is known to nest during June or July, on high mountain ranges, saddling its nest of fibres, covered with lichens, on horizon- rpu . **' boughs at quite an elevation from thn The eggs are pale huffy white, unspotted, and measure 60 xIbo Vermlllinn Flyrntcher 471. Vermillion FLvrAx. her. Pyrocephalu, rubinui mexiranu*. ?SI!f Tri!!*'"^';?'"^'' regulariy to southern Texas, Arizona and New Mexico This is one of the most gaudy attired of all North American birds hoin^" brownish gray on the back, wings and tall, and having a briSftvermilHonV?^^^^^^ .rest and underparts. They are quite common In southern Tews but far mZ' d.f?i'r''?r„'J".^''^ '°!I'M™ P"^^ "' Arizona. Their habits do n« " '"°'' differ from those of other Flycatchers, they living almost exclu- nntlli hT/"'*".*^ "^"^ "■"^•"•"y °' their nests canTt bldis. tinguished from those of the Wood Pewee. being covered with lichens and saddled upon limbs in a similar manner, but some i the mossy ornamentation. Their three or four eggs are mffy, bo dly blotched with dark brown and lavender chiffly in a wreath abour 899""Nest"in'?heTr=.,'"f •'".^,'**- ^^^''-San Ped'ro R^vlr ArizZ" June lo O W. Hf 4rd. * ''^"* '" '^^' """^^ '•>« «*'«»"»• i^ollector, 472. Beardless pLvrATrnER. CamptoHoma imhrrhe. Range.— Central America: north casually to the Lower Rio Grande in Texas .u^^'f fS?"*f ""'* Flycatcher, several specimens of which have been takenln he vicinity of Lomita, Texas, is but 4.5 Inches in length grayish in co?or and has a short bin, the upper mandible of which is curved. It has all the habits peculiar to Flycatchers. Their eggs have not as yet been founS as far L Ica^ m PERCHING BIRDS LARKS. Family ALAUDIDiC GraylHli [473.] Skylark. Alauda arrentin. Range.— Old World, straRKllnK casually to Greenland and Bermuda. This noted foreigner has been Imported and liberated a number of times In this country, but apparently Is not able to thrive here, a fact which will not cause much regret when we remember the experiment with the English Sparrow. They are abundant In Europe and Great Britain where they nest on the ground In culti- vated fields or meadows, laying from three to five grayish eggs, marked with brown, drab and lavender. ♦74. HoRNKi) Lark. Oiocnrif nlpenfrin alpe»tri*. Range.— Eastern North America, breeding in Labrador and about Hudson Bay; winters In eastern United States south to Carolina. This variety of this much sub-divided species Is 7.5 Inches In length, hai- brownlsh gray upper parts and is white below with black patches on the breast and below the eye, yellowish throat and small black ear tufts. The various sub- species are all marked alike, their distinction being based upon slight differen- ces in 8i»e variations in the shade of the back, or the greater or less Intensity of the yellowish throat and superciliary stripe. The nesting taabito of all the varieties are the same and the eggs differ only In the shade of the ground color. cannot be identified without knowing the locality in which it was taken. The present variety build their nests on the ground generally under tufts of grass or In hollows In the moss which Is found in their breeding range, iraklng them of dried grasses and generally lining them with feathers. The egg^ are grayish with a slight gre_enlsh tinge, and are specked and spotted over the whole sur- face with drab, brownish and dark lavender. The eggs of this and the next variety average considerably larger than those of the more southerly distributed varieties ; size .92 x .65. Horn»d Lark 474a. Pallid Horned Lark. Otororit alpenirit arcticola. Range.— Breeds in Alaska and winters south to Oregon and Montana. Tins is the largest of the Horned Larks and has the throat white, with no trace of yellow, its nest is built In similar locations and the eggs are like those of the preceding species. m t THE BIRD BOOK OIlvc bult ■♦"■tb. Prairie Horned Lark. Otornrii alpe»iru praticola. ^^-ITT.^""?^!* '" '*"« Mississippi Valley from Illinois north to Manitoba and east to the Middle States; winters south to Carolina and Texas. This sub-species Is considerably smaller than the Horn eo Lark, and the throat is paler yellow, while the line over the eye and the forehead is white. They are the most abundant and have the most extended range of any of the better known species. In the Mississippi Val- ley, where they are of the most common of the nesting birds, they build on the ground in meadows or cultivated fields and very often In cornfields; the nests -'•■■- ■"■- are made of grasses and lined with horse hairs or feathers or1±'*Tl° '"''I' '"J"'"^« •^«"«^''»y "nlS^a tuft of grass' Z.l V 7^7u '"i** '*° •"■""^^ « »e«8°n and sometimes June or July. The three or four egsts have an olive buff flzrslx'b-O."* '*""'"' ''"■'"'""'' ^ -' "'•'"' ""^ ■avender! 47 Ic. Desert Horned Lark. OtocorU alpestris leu- roltema. This species Is like pratin.la. but paler on the hack; nest and eggs the same. 474d. Texas Horned Lark. Otornrh alpeilris girnndi. Range.— Coast of southeastern Texas. ^^t^^S^r^:;^^,^:^^ -r ^^. — -- — 474e. California Horned Lark. Otocor,^ alpe^iru acli,,. ?K?* Kri^^^*; California and southern California, naje anS"'llck li^^'Sdy. '"' '"'' ""* '"^ ^^"°* "^''^ "^ ''^"'"»-- -" '^- 47 tf. Riddv Horned Lark. Oincnri, alpeilrU rubra Range.— Sacramento Valley. California, and thp' wu''«nH* *''* ''•'"'"' "'■*'*« •"■*«'"" »han In any other drsiii^uistei rmTose"/f rhrot^r^?'- ^'^ -- ™"-^ '^ ■^W 998 Ollvr htilT SBBBHW PERCHING BIR1>& ♦74g. Streaked Horned Lark. Ontocorin nlpestrin ttrigata. for'lSar"''*"'^'"'*''**"' '"'"'"' ^"'*'' '^'*'"''"«'°"' f""«K°" «nd northern Call- i«.'T„'!!L*r ^^t I'v.**' ''"i """' *•'•' "*'•'' '"■"""'y sfeaked with black, the ruddy less (ntenne and the underpartfi tinged with yellowish. ♦7*h. ScoRcHKD Horned I, ark. Otarorh nlpentrin atiutta. Range.— Western Mexico, north In Rummer to southern Arizona lltne BtreaWn' ''"'' **"* *^''^ ""^ """* "**'"''' " """"'"'n P'nklsh ruddy with but ♦74i. DrsKV Horned Lark. Otocoru nlpentrii, merrilli. Range.— Northwestern United States and southern British Columbia, winter- ing south to central California. umum. wmier Similar to prntirnln but slightly darker above. 474j. SoNORA Horned Lark. Otororiii alpentriii pallidc. Range. — Quif coast of northern Lower California. The upperparts of this variety are very pale pinkish brown. ♦74k. Hoyt's Horned Lark. OtocorU alpenlrii hoi/ti. Hange.— Interior of British America, west of Hudson Bay and east ' Alaska, th In winter In the Interior of the United States to Kansas. Much larger than the last; equal In size and similar to nitirola but with the throat yellowish and the upperparts darker and brighter. 4741. AtoNTEziMA Horned Lark. Dtocnnt alpentris occidental^. Range.— Western New Mexico and eastern Arizona, south In winter to north- ern Mexico. This variety has the upperparts pale brownish and not streaked: throat and torehead yellowish. 474m. Island Horned Lark. Otocorin alpetiris intularis. Range.— Santa Barbara Islcnds. California. Similar to xtriiiata but darker. With the exception of the three large vir|e- tles of Hop 1 Larks found north of our borders, neither the eggs nor In a -^'i cases, the ouds can be Identified without the precise location where they v. «fe taken. 2M i ' M if '!-• THE BIRD BOOK CROWS, JAYS, MAGPIES, ETC. Family CORVID.E. US. Maopib. Pica pica hudionia. RanRe.—Western North America from the Great Plains to the Pacific and from AlaRka to Arizona and New Mexico. These large handsome birds have the entire head, neck and breast velvety black, abruptly defined against the white underparts. The back, wings and tail are greenish or bluish black, and the scapulars, white: length of bird 20 inches. They are well known throughout the west, where their urayish white bold and thievish habits always excite com- ment. They nest in bushes and trees at low elevations from the ground, making a very large nest of sticks, with an opening on the side, and the Interior is made of weeds and mud. lined with fine grasses; these nests often _„„„ i„„„ .„ t r. . . reach a diameter of three feet and are made of quite large sticks During April or May, they lay from four to eight grayish white eggs, plentifully spotted with brown and drab. Size 1.25 x. 90 *™'"" -ITfi. Yellow-billed Magpie. Pica nuttalli. Range.— Middle parts of California, west of the Sierra Nevadas. This species is slightly smaller than the last and has a yellowish bill and lores, otherwise being pre- cisely like the more common species. Their habits do not differ from those of the other, the nests are the same and the eggs are indistinguishable. Size ^•^^ ' ■*'• Oraylsh whl»e MiiBIiic H B. Rockwell NKST OF AMERICAN MAGPIK • I ' J'i 477. Blub J.tv. crintata. Cj/anocitta criitala PERCHING BIRD.'. HIlK' .liiv Range.— North America, east of the Plains and north to Hudson Bay; resident and very abundant in its United States range. ^^gpMr..^ These beautiful and ^^^~ ^^ ''"'•^ mauruuders are too ^^b«jl' ^^^. ^*^" known to need de- ^^BmkuL^^^^ Hcriptlon, suffice it to ^^^^^^H^^B Hay they are the ^^^^^^^^^V of North ^^^^^^^^^^ American be- ^^^^^^^^ neath their handsome , , , _ plumage beats a heart ...■^..i,lHh i.uff ag „ug, ^„j running as that in any bird of prey, in the fall, winter and spring, their food consists largely of acorns, chestnuts, berries, seeds, grain, insects, lizards, etc., but during the summer months they destroy and devour a great many eggs and young of the smaller birds, their taste for which, being so great that they are known to watch a nest until the full complement of eggs is laid before making their theft. They nest m open woods or clumps of trees, indilTerently, In pines or young trees build- ing most often below twenty feet from the ground; the nests are made of twigs imd rootlets, lined with fine rootlets. During May they lay from four to six eggs of a greenish bufi color spotted with olive brown. Size 1.10 x .80 +77". Florida Hue Jay. Cyanocitta crittata Horincola Range. — Florida and the Gulf coast. The nesting habits and eggs of this smaller sub-species are the same as those j.f the northern Blue Jay. Like our birds, they frequently nest near habitations. 478. Stklleh's Jay. Ci/anuiitta stelleri ttelleri. Range.— Pacific coast from southern Califomia to Alaska; ing throughout its range. All the members of this sub-species are similar in plumage, having a sooty black head, crest and neck shading insensibly into dark bluish on the back and underparts. and brighter blue on the wings and tail. They usually have a few streaks or spots of pale blue on the forehead. They are just as noisy, bold and thievish as the eastern Jay and are also excellent mimmlcs like the latter. They nest In fir trees at any height from the ground and in April or May deposit their three to six greenish blue eggs which are spotted with various hniuv .ha« .1 , .V ^^^^^^ °' bTovin. Size 1.25 x .90. Their nests are more hZ^^, H f..°' ^^^ eastern Jay and are usually made of larger sticks and Held together with some mud. \7Hn. BnE-FRONTEi> J... C yauocitta stelleri fronialii. Range.— Coast ranges of California and Oregon. The nesting habits and eggs of this variety are indistinguishable from those of the preceding. The bird has more blue on the forehead. 478b. I.o.\(i-< HESTEU Jav. Ci)anociitu stelleri diademato. Range.— Southern Rocky Mountains from Arizona to Wyoming No general difference can be found between the eggs of this species and the Steller Jay, and the nests of each are constructed similarly and In like situa- tions. 303 resident and breed- 'iifcnlKh li >f:' Dr. J. B. Pardoe YOUNG BI.CE JAV3 BLUE JAY THE BIRD BOOK 478c. Black-hkadbd Jav. Cganocilla Miflleri aHntfleni, Rsnce.- Northern Kotky Mountalnii from Dorthtirn Colorado tu UrttlDb Columblu. The emiH of thiM nult-iipecteii rannut be (den- tilled rroiii thmte of the other varletieH. Like the otherx, their Dentil are made of utUkit plant ered together with mud and Hoed with weedx aud rootletn. t78d. QiEEN riiAMi.oTTis J *v. Cj/amMilla itelUri carloltw. Range. -Queen Charlotte Ulando. Brltlith Columbia. t7}). Fi.oHiOA .Iav. .{{theiovuma if/iiHra. Range.- Ixically dlHlr'buled In Florida. All the blrdu of thin genus have uo rrPHlH or decided niarklngn. are whll.- or KroyUh Wlow. and more or lew intense blue above, with the lia«k graylnh or brownlBh blue. Thin npetleB l» ll.B IniheB king, han ii pale blue crown and a nearly white forehead. It ban u very limited dUtrlbutlon, being conflned chiefly to the coaitt dls- trlctH of middle Florida, and very abundant In some locall: ties and rare In adjoining ones. They build nhallow ntruc- tures of small Htlcka and weeds lined with fine rootlets and placed at low elevations In bushes or scrubby trees. The three or four eggs, which are laid In April or May are dull greenish blue, marked with olive brown. 8Ue 1.00 x .80. ''Iiirl III Juy li|-rt>niMt) liIlM' Data.— TItusvllle, greenisn oiue, roaraea wmi oihb uiu"". i,..,^., ...... ■--■ --" ,. ^ „„„„ . I'lB.. April 17. 1899. Nest of sticks In a scrub oak. Hve feet from the ground 180. WoouiiorHn's ,}\\. Aphelofitma irmxlbouiifi. Range.— Un' ad States west of the Rockies and from Uregon and Wyoming to Mexico. This species has the crown and forehead bluish, and the underparts gray, screaked with bluish gray on the breaet. It is also larger than the last, l>elng 12 Inches long. They are very abundant in the Great Basin between the Rock- ies and the Sierra Nevadas, breed- ing during April or May in ^crub by trees or bushes at low elevations and generally near streams. They lay from three to five eggs of a. dull bluish green color, spotted with umber and lilac gray. Size 1.08 X .80. Data.- Iron County, Utah, Nest of sticks and weeds in a small ...^ KlllUh Blecn Mny 3, 1897. pine tree. 4 eggs. 306 PERCHING BIRDS 480.1. Bliti-kaiikd Jav. Apkelocomm cttanotii. Rang*.— Interior of Mexico north la th« itoutiivra boun4- ■ry of Texait. The neittlnK liabltK of thU Hp«c-ieH iire tli« luiinH •» thota uf the otherN of the KeiiUM and the eKK* lire ■imlUr but the niBrklnRH are Kenerally mure prominent an.l larger. 8lie 1.10 X .KO. mo.-.'. 'I'kwk.Iw. Aphfloiomu texana, RanKe. HnutlieaMlirn i\NNi\ Jav. califorhiru. Range. I'acItU' ((hinI of California and WaHhIngtun. TIiIh Ih a very abundant apeclex iMitli ulMiut habitation^ and in low wDudlandK. 'riiey are very bold und famlllui , Hleallug everything they nmy take a fancy to. and frv- quently robbing Hmaller birds of their eggs and young. They are said to be more tame and familiar than the eastern Blue Jay, thereby bring ing their liad habits much more frequently to the atten tlon of the masses, fhey nest most often in bushes or low trees, but not as a rule, far above the ground. Their eggs are a bright bluish green color, speckled und spotted with brownish and lavender. Slz- l.lOx.80. -4»4tt Kriulil liliilHh Kr 18l.'i. X wtikV .1 \v. .Iphi-lovoma californiva hfipolfHca. Range. Uiwer Cullfornla. The habits und nests and eggs of this lighter colored variety do not differ from those of the Cullfornla Jay. I8lb. KKi.itiNii'x .Iav. .Iphrlovoma ruliforniia obicura. Range,- Sun Pedro Murtir Mts. Lower California. A darker variety of the California Jay, whose nesting habits will not differ In any essential purllculur. 1-81.1, .Sa.\ta Chi/ .(av. .Iplirltifomii intulnrin. Range. Santu Cruz island, Cuiifurnla. This species is the iarge.st and darkest colored bird of the genus Aiiliihuiiiini. It is said to be u very abund ant species on the Inland from which It takes Its name, and to have the hahitH and traits common to all the members of the Jay family. The nesting habits are the same as those of the others, but the eggs are slightly larger, averaging 1.15 x .8f>. set of three In the collection of John Lewis Childs. taken by R, H. Beck on May 10, 1897. 48'.J. .\hi/o.\a Jav. AphrUuoma nifberi arizonir. Range. — Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south Into Mexico. 307 Ureifiiish bUi^ m -.«•- Qrecn Jay • iruylKh iHiff THE BIRD BOOK 4S8«. Couch • Jat. Aphtlotoma tuben eo»eki. iUnc*.— Easuni Mexico, north to WMtora TaiMi. 48S. OnHN Jat. XaniAMmra luauota RsDg*.— NorthMMtarn Maslco and the I^wsr Rio Urande Valley In Texai. Thin hendBone apeclaa haa a bright blue crown and patcbea under the eyea, the reat of the upper parti being green- ish: throat and aides of, bead bUck, underparts greenlab white. Thla gaudy ' and notay bird haa all the habits common to other Jays Including that of rob- bing birda' naats. They build generally In Ungled thickeU or low bushes, placing their nests at a low elevation and making them uf twigs wMds. moss etc.. lined with fine rootlets. Their four or nve eggs. which we Sw during April or May. are «r«yl»h buff In color, spotted with various shades of brown and lavender gray. 81ie 1.20 x .86. tHi Can.iiia Jav. PrruoTtui canadfn§i* ranadrntit. Rknge -Southeastern BrltUh Provinces and the adjacent portions of the "'ThUrtTe^bw'tharr.^^n'nown to banters of "big game" by varlou. n«m«s such as "Whiskey Jack," "Moose Bird." "Camp Robber." etc. Dur- Tng The winter mSnths!^ oWlng to the scarcity of food. lUelr thieving propensities are greatly enhanced and they remove everything from the camps, which lookH as though It might be edible. Birds of this genus are smoky gray on the back and lighter below, shading to white on the throat: the fore- head and part of the crown Is white and the nape blackish. Their nests are placed at low elevations in bushes or flr trees, and are usual- ly very different from any of the preceding Jays' nests. They are nearly as high as wide, and are made of small twigs, moss, catkins, weedt and feathers making a soft spongy mass which is placed In an upright crotch. The eggs are a yellowish gray color spotted and blotched with brown and grayish. Sixe 1.15 x .80. Data. -In- nlsfail. Alberta, March 12, 1903. Neat a beauti- ful structure of twigs, moss and feathers in a willow bush. 6 feet from the ground. The ther- mometer registered 32 below zero the day the eggs were taken. Collector, W. Blackwood. firaylsli Canada Jay rr*r ilu* f r aem Wltll thn tOU-i Dur vtnK PP.R(-||IN(i BIRDS 4li4ii. Knmv Moint^in J*v. PfhtnTrui raHtiihniu rapiltilu. Rang*. Rorky Mnuntalnii frnm MnnUna lo Arixona. Thli variety ha* thn »hol«> crown whit* and onl . a mnatl amnunl o( bla< kUh on the nape. \tn neoilaK habltit and eRRii are pn • liiely like Ihiwe of the laMt. NKHT ANIi KIKIS ol' I'A.NAKA JAV SlIOWINO i 'ONST 111 ( ' floX 484b. Ai.AHK.A ,}\\. PrriMoreui ranaden»i» fumifront. Range.- -AlaHka. A very Hlmllar bird tn the Canada .lay but with the forehead yellowUh or duller; the nesta and eggH are like thotte of the otherH of the genuH. 484c. I.ABRAiinii ,Iav. l'eriiiorru» canatirniiii msricapilluii. Range. — Labrador. ThlK Ir a darker variety of the Canada Jay. It8 eggs cannot be distlngulghed from thone of any of the others of the genuH. 485. Oreoon Jav. Pfriiorrut obtrurnt ohnrurut. Range.— Mountain rangen from northern California to British Columbia. Thene birdit are very tilmllar lo ntnnilniaiii hut have the whole underparts white. Like the Canada Jays they appear to he wholly fearlewH and pay little or no attention to the preaenre of mankind. Their neHtIng habits and eggs are the same as the preceding except that they have generally been found nest- ing near the tops of tall fir trees. Size of fegfs, 1.05 x .80. 309 '» PERCHING BIRDS IH.'tn. (iHAV .Iav. Prri»orru.i ohsvurus grinfiis. RanKP. HrltlHli Columbia to nnrtliprn Calirnrnia. cast of the roast ranges. This bird is said to be larRt-r and Krayer than the preceding. I-Hti. HvvK.v. Corrii-s iiirnjr niniidlnr KanRe. North southward. Anierita west til.' UoiKii-, from British Columbia l';ilr Kl'ci'lllsll whilr blotched with umber and drab. Tlie >!av n Is like a very large Crow, Ipmnii 24 nrhes. but has the feathers 111! i!ii> n«i'k lengthened and stiffened. Then i;:'' its are similar to those of tli," Crow, but more dignified, and they remain mated for life. Besides grass- hoppers and worms, they feed largely upon animal matter such as lizard.s, shell fish, frogs, eggs and young oi birds, and carrion. They nest on ledges of high inaccessible cliffs or the tops of tall trees, making larg<> nests of sticks lined with smaller ones a!"i hair or wool; the eggs are laid In April or May. number from four to seven, and are light greenish in color. Size 1.95x1.25. I-H(i;i. NoHTiiKiiN HwKN. Citrriis iora.r prinripalh. Kaiigp. Kastern North America chiefly north of the United States and north west to Alaska: south on son\e of the higher ranges to Georgia. This variety is like the last but is larger. They are not nearly as abundant as the western form and are very rare within the (Tnited States. A few pairs still breed on some of the rocky islands off the coast of Maine: more off New Bnmswick and Newfoundland, iind they are ijuite common on the cliffs of Labrador and Alaska. Their nesting habits and eggs are like those of the last l-ST. \\'iiiTK-NK< KKi) Ravk.n. Cornix iriiplolrHfiis. Range. Mexico and the border of the United States: north to eastern Kansas This small Raven is of about the size of the Crow, and has the bases of the neck feathers white. They are very abundant in some localities, especially in southern Ari- zona. Their food consists chiefiy of animal matter, the same as the large Ravens, and they are not nearly as shy. fre(|uenlly feed- ing in camps upon refuse which is tiirown out to Ihem. They build at low elevations in any tree, but preferably in mesquites, making their nests of sticks and lining them with hair, leaves, bark, wool or anything soft. During .Tun'^ they lay from four to six pale bluish green eggs, generally sparingly spotted or scratched with dark brown and drab. Size 1.76 x 1.20. 311 «^3 THE BIRD BOOK 1* h if t88. Crow. Corvut brarhi/rhtinrhof hrarhyrhffnrho*. RanKC— Whole of North America south of the Arrtlc Clrrle: most abundant tn eastern United States; rare in many localities In the west. American fimv AMUM'ii-an Haven Blulah white CreenlHll white These birds, against which the hand of every farmer is uplifted, are very shy and cunninK' as is well known, they nearly always post a sentinel in some tree top to keep watch while the rest of the flock is feedini? In the field he low In the fall and winter, large numbers of them flock, and at night all roost in one piece of woods: some of the "crow roosts" are of vast extent and contain thousands of individuals. Crows nest near the tops of large trees, preferably pmes. either in woods or single trees In llelds. Their nests are made of sticks and lined with rootlets. and the eggs, which are laid in April or May, range from four to seven in number, are a bluish or greenish white, sparingly or very densely speckled, spotted and blotched with various shades of brown and lilac. Size 1.60 x 1.15. 1.88.1. Florida Chow. Corvv» hrnrhi/rhynrhoi pa.truu». Thisf variety has a slightly shorter tail and wings than the last. i-()0. Fish Crow Corvut oiiifraguf. ' Range.— Northwe^c coast from Oregon to Alaska. This small Crow which Is but 16 inches In length, s '"""^ ""'y """;*' T-^r where they feed upon shell flsh and offal. They nest, as do 'he^ay""^' «"^" on ledges or In tree tops. The eggs resemble those of the common Crow, but are smaller. Size 1.56 x 1.05. 1.8f). Northwestern Chow. Corrun caiirintix. Range.— South Atlantic and (iulf coasts, north in Slimmer to Connecticut. From Virginia southward, this small Crow (length 16 Inches) is more abundant on the coast than the common Crow which Is often in company with this species. Their food consists of grain, berries, and an'mal matter. Their nesting habits are like those of the common Crow and the eggs are similar and have as great variations, but are smaller. Size 1.45 x 1.05. 8u Bluish white PERCHIXG BIRDS 491. C'l.^RKEH \l'TfR\(KER. .V cnhimhiann. urifrnga ti. ^i:iM RanKP.— Mountains of western North Amer- ica from Mexico to Alaska. The Clarke ("row, as this bird Is often known. Is a comniop resident In most of Its range Th>' adults are Rraylsh with black wIurs and cen tral tail feathers, the tips of the primaries and outer tall feathers helnt; white. Their tall Is short and their flight slow and somewhat undulating like that of some of the Wood- peckers. Their food con sists of anything edible from seeds and larva> in the winter to insects, ber- ' ■' Ties, eggs and young birds at other seasons, in the spring they retire to the tops of ranges, nearly to the limit of trees, where they build their large nests of sticks, twigs, weeds, strips of bark, and flbres matted together so as to form a soft round ball with a deeply cupped interior; the nest Is located at from ten to forty feet from the ground in pine trees and the eggs are laid early before the snow begins to leave. They are three in number, grayish In color with a greenish tinge and finely spotted over the whole surface with dark '^ni!!^" ""'* '^^^'"der. Size l.SO x .90. Data.- Salt Lake Co., Utah, April 25, 1900. Nest placed in pine 40 feet up on a horizontal branch, and not visible trom below. The tree was at the upper edge of a pine forest at an altitude ot about .!000 feet above Salt Lake City. The nest was discovered by seeing the parent fly Into the tree: the next day a nest was found with three young nearly ready to fly Collector. W. H. Parker. This set of three eggs Is in the oologlcal collection of Mr. C. W. Crandall. ClHrke's Nutcracker 492. PiNON ,T.u-. Cynnoce 'Vanocephalun. ru United States between the Rockies idas, and from southern British Colum- Uliiisli white Rangr and Slen bla to Ar./,ona. This Crow-like Jay has a nearly uniform bluish plum- age, and Is found abundantly In the pine belts ot Its range. Their habits are similar to those of the Clarke Crow and the nests are similarly built at lower eleva- tions In pines or junipers, i/uring April or May they lay from three to flve eggs of a bluish white color specked and spotted with brown. Size 1.20 x .85. m ^.*» THE BIRD BOOK Starllns STARLINGS. Family STURNID^ [493.I Stari.in". Stiiriiiin rtilfiiirii. Range.-A European specieB wliUh ''»« "-as uaUy been taken in Greenland, t was ber- ated a number of years aRo In Central Park. Ne* York City, and has now become abundn it there and Is sprep.-lng slowly In all directions. They build their neits In all sorts of locations such as are used by the English Sparrow, wher- ever they can find a sufficiently large crev- '" ' ' .^ , „ „,. Ice or opening; less often they build their nests In trees, making them of straw, twigs and trash They lay from four to six pale bluish green eggs; size 1.15 x.S5. Two broods aro reared In a season. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES. ETC. Family ICTERID.E 1.94. Bobolink. Dolichoni/T ori/sirorut. p.n« Fastern North America, breeding from New Jersey north to Nova music, often uttered on the w ' ' . irmch ad- mired. He sings all day long d>. ^ng May and June to his Sparrow-like mate, who Is sitt iig on her nest concealed In the meadow grass. They are quite sociable birds and sev- eral pairs often nest In the same field, generally a damp meadow; the nests are hoi- (;ravT!iTr»hitp lows In the ground, lined with grass and frequently with the top slightly arch- ed to conceal 'he eggs, which are grayish white, clouded, spotted and blotched with brownish, gray and lilac; size .84 x .62. They number from four to six and are laid In June. 495. CowBiRD. Moloihrus nier aler. Range. -North America from the Atlantic to eastern California, and from New Brunswick and Manitoba southward; winters from the southern half of the United 3Utes southward. These uncivilized members of the bird world build no nests for themselves, but slyly deposit Bobolink iva ra. their eKR n the nPHt of soidp other hird from the size of a Robin down, prohalily thf> grpiitpr nuniher hpins In VVarhlprK and HparrowH npsts; the PKKK arp hatched and thp young cared for hy the un fortunate birds upon which they are tlirust. The eRgs afe white. sp- "-^ ^^"'"-^ ^-t K\v iiKAiiKi) Bi.AcKRinn. \niilh(Ufph(ihis .rnnthncephalui. Range. North .America west of the Missis- sippi to eastern California, breeding from the southern parts of the tlnlted States north to British Columbia and Hudscm Bay and winter- ing from southern ITnited States downward. This large handsome Blackbird with bright yel- low iipHd and breast is very abundant in some parts of ttit wesi. where they nesi in large colonies in sloughs and marshes, being especially abundant in the Dakotas and Mani- "''"vlsh white toba. The nests are made of strips o' uahes. skillfully woven together and attacheu to up- right cane near the surface of the water. They lay from four to six eggs having a grayish white ground color, finely specked and spotted with shades of brown and gray; aixe 1.00 x. 70. 319 Yellow-headed Blackbird 1.r^ 198- Hlulxh white teil-wlnnfil UIhi khinl THK BIRD Bt >K __ p^^^,^„^„ b....kb.hd. Ageloiu* phifitireun phirnirru*. RanKe. North America east of the Ro^Wm and from the Bouthern BrUlnh ^'"v'nreH south- ward to the Oulf; winter In southern United These hlrds are familiar to every frequenter of the country . In their range : too familiar to many, for the enormous flocks do tonslderahle damane to grain fields In the fall. They also do a great amount of good at other stasons In the destruction »' .•"J"''*""'; /"^''^h'^ and weed seed. They breed '«•»"' '^P"^" j"„^^f southern parts of their range to May and Jun. in the northern, making their nests of grasses, woven and twisted together and placing them m bushes In swamps or over water, and some- times on the ground in clumps of grass. Their eggs are from three to five in number, blush "rc!ometer oallpers and the services of the men who separated them. «8«. SoNOHA REi.-wiN(i. .Igrlaiu„ phunirrun .«)null bluish white nests in swamps about ponds and streams. The nests are like those of the Redwings, and the eggs are similar and with the same great varia tions in markings, but average a trifle smaller; Hlae .05 z .67. 500. Trk-olohed Rbd-wino. Agelaiut tricolor. Of ?he"8%7ra''Ne"vad°ar °' '^'^"""■""' '""' "^^''""^ '"^ «-' This species differs from the Redwing In having the ?nZ'»T^lT '" ??.'•'" '■*'* »'«' '"« •"«'»'^" coverts whe Instead of buffy. Like the last species they have a limited range and are nowhere as common as are the Red-wings in he east. Their nests are like those of the Red-wings and hut fhf! "n* not distinguishable in their ma,.y variations, former '^'*®"'' '" *"' """"* °"*" ""«•> "'«" t'i»«e of the .^01. Mk.auowi.ahk. Dull hlillsh whitp !h sh SturneUa magna magna. Range.— North America east of the Plains and north to Nova Scotia ar, ' Manitoba: winters from New England southward. This handsome dweller among our fields and meadows Is frequently heard giving his high, pleasing, flute-like whistle with its variations: his beautiful ■v^ . yellow breast with its black 'fee.V ' (Tescent is not so frequently seen In life, for they are usually quite shy birds. They artfully conceal their nests on the ground among the tall grass of meadows, arching them over with dead White grass. During May or June they ,, _, lay from four to six white eggs. speckled oyer the whole surface with reddish brown and purplish: size 1.10 X .80. .'■•Ola. Rio (Ihanue >[E\nowi.AHK. SturneUa magna lioopeti. Range.— A brighter and slightly smaller variety found along U. e Mexican border. .^ 317 1^ < ■*» Z < a lb 0 X •A p. [ -i PERCHING BIRDS .lui.l. Wkhtkhn Mk.*d»wi..»mk. Sluntella nr/flfrla. Range. North AniorU-a we»t of the MtasU- slppl mid from Munltoba and UrltUh Columbia southwurd, itH raiiKe overlappluK that of thu eastern Meadowlark in the MlitHlHslppt Valley hut the two varletleH appear not to lutermlugle.' I hlH variety Ih paler than the eaBtern, but the KreateHt point of difference Ih In the songs they belMK wholly unlike, ana that of the west- ern bird much louder, Hweeter and more varied tlian the Hiniple whiHtle of the eastern form The neatInK liabltH of both va 'etU* are the same and the eKKH IndlstlnKUlshable. ;"'Olr. .SoiTiiKHN Mkaiiowi.ahk, Sturnella magna argulutii. RauBe. Florida and the Oulf coast, A very xlnillar bird to the northern form but HllKlitly Hinaller and darker. There Is no ilinerence between the egKH of the two varieties. Audubui! Orlulc ••<».). ,Vn„Ho.N M Ohiolk. /c/^rj<# mrlanovephalut auilulwni Range. Mexico and the Lower Rio Grande Valley In Texas I. Ti M '"«""'•'""' •""' t *"""y black head, neck, fore breast, tall and wings- it Is 9..5 inches In length. They are gulte abundant and resident In southern Texas where they build at low eleva tlons In trees, preferably meaqultes, making the nests of woven graBses and hanging them from the small twigs of he rees; the nests are more like those of the Orchard Thl".! r .""i '""* *""* P^"*"* '""' '*>°«« »' "»e Baltimore. Tie three to five eggs are grayish white, blotched, clouded, spotted or streaked with brownish and purple. Size l.Ot) X.70. Data. Brownsville, Texas, April 6, 1897. 5 eggs Nest of threads from palmetto leaves, hanging from llmbof mesaulte 10 feel above ground In the open woods. Collector, Prank B. ArmsUong^ *** »ov, laii aiiu wiiigs: Whitf 319 THE BIRD BOOK 3oded Oriole 304. ScoTT'i Oriolb. IcUrut panMorum. Range.— Weiitern Mexico Dorth to the adjoin iDit KUteii: north to Nevada. Thla handsome black ^^ and yellow specie* doen a' -. not appear to be abundant In any part of It* range. Their ne»t» are nwung from the under side of leaves of the yucca palm or from small branches of low trees, and are made of grass and nbres. The eggs are bluish white, specked and blotch ed chiefly about the large end with blackish brown and lilac gray. 8Ue .96X.6B. DaU.— Chlrlcahua Mts.. Arlaona. June B, 1900. Neat placed on the under side of a yucca palm leaf, being hung from the spines, about 4 feet from the ground. Altitude 7000 feet. Collector, O. W. Howard. ItlulHh whltf V X. .10.5 Sennett's Ohiolb. Icleru, cucuUalui lennelti. ' Range -Mexico, north In summer to the Lower Rio Orande Vull«y In Texa«. ™f species Is orange yellow except for the face throat, fore back wtngs and tall, which are black: the wings are crossed by two white bars. Thesn handsome birds are ths most abundant of the Orioles o. ., Lower Rio Orange wSere their pure mellow whls '-^ ' ■,^[.'1"^^^^ "r nesT« vals throughout the day Tliey t,»;.. rally bu Id thJir nesiw Irarely lined) with purplish brown and gray. SUe .85 x .60. .505a. Arizona Hoouku Ohiole. hterui cmuUatm nel.om. Range.-Western Mexico; In summer north to southern Arizona, New Mexico growing from f-ottonwood trees; "^^^/'^ °J "''«^^*„^«fi^;g%''„d ^^ to yucca., usually with some zlgxag lln' v Slxe .85 x .bO. h^k^^:;c 3:0 PERCHINO BIRDS S06. Orchard Oriole, teterus ipuriut. lUng*.— United 8Ut«u, . North AmtTlcu. w«'Ht ot tim IMulns and from HrltNIi roluniblH nouthward. winter InK In MfxUo. TIiIk httndHoni«< »p«Ml - llirouKhout IIh I'nlted SliilfH runni'. Tlifir n»-ut the Kround color Ix Kt-nerally of u i.iil«- IiIuIhIi whitf tint and tlu- murklnuH are unually llnt-r, the IhK'K runninK around the »KK" and ofti-n mak InK u vi'ry liandHomf wriMitli aliout Hit- l«rK»- end. Sire of eKUn. .94 x .«:!. Illiiloh nlill< .•.<»<». RiHTV Hi.\liiif[M» inrolinm. KanKe.-North Amerl.a east of the I'lalns. hreedlnK fron. northern New KnK land and the AdIrondu.kH n.-rthward; winter. In southern mited states. Hut few of these birds breed within our lairders. Ib<; nm Jorlty of them passlnK on to the Interior of Canadii. They generally nest In pairs, or at the most three or four pairs In a loiallty, bulldlUK their larKe substantial nests of moss. twlKs and grass, lined with line green xrass; this strmturc Is situated In bushes or low trees in swampy pla.es atjd at from :t to M feel from the (jrourd. The eggs are laid In May or June; they vary fron. three to live in nun.ber. o u _ pale bluish green lolor. spotted, blot< lied and clouded with ,ii„i„i, Bi..n ^'r»rg"' NoTth "x'!ne".7wes{^:.fn.e i'lalns. and from Hrltlnb < ,.,u„.bU anU Saskatchewan southward. .-.111. Hhkwkii's Bi,\r;.Hiiii>. Euiihiifsu* ,;iutwi,phtdu». I Kill U'lllt This western representative of the preceding Is of about the same sl/.e (10 Inches lon^M. hut differs in having .i purplish head and greenish black body. They nest ahund antly thr..ughout th.ir range either in bushes or trees at low elevations or upon the ground; the nests are made of sticks, rtlets and grasses, lined with tiner gras> and moss, and Mie eggs. will. Ii are very variable. «re i quiicuU. Range.— EitMtRrii United SUtea from tlio Uult to MaaiaihUMHtH: winteri along the Uuir. Tllil HperleH. Wliirli Ih I'uninionly known uh I'row Blackbird, noat* In tre«a or buahea anywhere In Its range, and on the couhi frequently conHtructM Its neMlM among the large HtU-ka of Oapery ncHta. Ill grecnioh I^rne pines appear tn be White favorite altea for them to locate their large neata of twigH, waeda, gruMs and traith. They are placed at any elevation from nearly on the ground to 60 feet above It. The egga range from three to five and urt- greenish white, HplaHhed, wpotted and ncruwl ed with varlouK shadeH of brown and gray, and with Htreaka of black. Slie 1.10 x .80. The neMtlng habltt, nnd eggR of the »uh»pecle» of this Orackle do not differ In any purtliular. Mke those of this varl.lv tlir .■itn-* >how an endless number of patterns of niurklnns I Hill grecnluli I'liipl. .">ll.i. I'l.oHiiiA Ohacki.k. Quimiilui I I It. HhoN/KII (ilMCKIK. Uuim-llluf Ijuisiulil triirim. Range. North America east of the Rockies. lircedliiK from the Oulf to Hudson Hay and Uilirador. Wlnlers ••.niyldti whit.! in the southern parts of the United States. This is the iiiosl •onimon and widely distributed of the Crow Hlu< khlnl and Is distinguished hv the brassy I olor of the upper parts. .'il;*. HoAT-TAii.Kii (HiArKlK. .Wc^o fJraylsli white Kvenlntf Itrostieak Like the former, they nest In bushes, rushes or trees at any elevation from the ground. The nests are built of the same materials and the eggs are similar to those of the Boat-tailed Orackle, but larger; size 1.28 x. 88. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. Family FRINGILLD^ Ranife -Western United States fn the Kocky Mountain region: north to Sas Range, western '^^^^^^^^^^. ^^^^^^ ,„ „,„ter to Mississippi Valley and cas- .MOHf^m^ ually east to New Kngland and the intermediate states. M^'- ^^^ These are dull and yellowisU birds, shading to brownisli ^M^^HA on the head; with a l)rlght yellow forehead and suspercll- ^^^^^^V iarv line black wings und tail, and white inner secondaries ^^^^^^ and greater coverts. They breed in the mountainous por- ^^^^^ tlons of their range, placing their flat nests of sticks and c.r.-.nish whiti' rootlets in low trees or bushes. The eggs are laid in May or June aiiU are greenish white spotted and blotclioil witli brown: size .90 x .65. ."ill.l. WksTKHN KvKNIS. Pine (iiiosiiKAK. leucura. I'iiiuoln enucleiitor Range. Kastern North America, breeding from nortliern New England northward, and wintering to southern New England and Ohio and casually farther. They build In conifers Pine Qrosbeak PERCHING BIRDS fnlfth Itliit' Inrh maklnK their nesta of small twigs and rootlets, lined with fine grasses and lichens. During thp latter part of May or June they lay three or four eggs, which have a ground color of light greenish hlue, spotted and splashed with dark brown. and with fainter markings of lilac. Size 1.00 x .70. Pine Grosbeaks have been separated Into the follow- ing sub-species, the chief distinction between them being In their ranges. The nesting habits end eggs of all are alike. 515n. Rocky Mocntain Pine Ghosbeak. Pinicola enurlraUtr montanii. Range. — Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico to Montana. 315b. California Pine (>hosheak. Pint cola enurleatnr californ'u-n. V\\r\<\p Range.— Higher parts of the Sierra Nevadas in California. '>13c. Alaska Pine Ghoshrak. I'inuoln rnurleafor nlanrrniii.s. Range. — Interior of Northwest America from Alaska south to British Col- umbia. .515(1. Kadiak Pine Ghoshkak. Pinicola enuilealor flammula. Range.— Kadiak Island and the southern coast of Alaska. 1 f.')l6.] Cassin's BrM.KiNfii. Pi/rrhula ca»iiini. Range.— Northern Asia; accidental in Alaska. .il7. PuHPLE Finch. Carpodacuii purpureus purpureux. Range.— North America east of the plains, breeding from the Middle States onrth to Labrador and Hudson Bay; winters In the United States. These sweet songsters are quite abund- ant in New England in the summer, but more so north of our borders. While they breed sometimes in trees in orch- ards. 1 have nearly always found their nests in evergreens, usually about three- fourths of the way up. The nests are made of fine weeds and grasses and lined •'•''•'■nixii I'I'k" with horse hair. The eggs, which are usually laid in June, are greenish blue, spotted with dark brownish; size .8BX.65. !')\7n. California Purple Finch. Carpodarus purpurrun rnlifornirut. Range. — Pacific coast, breeding from central California to British Columbia and wintering throughout California. The nesting habits and eggs of this darker colored 5l5b-5i7a variety are lust like those of the last. 32fi THE BIRD BOOK 518. Cahsin'r Pt'RPLE FiNrH. Carpndacut cattini. RanKe.— North America west of the Rocktes. breeding from British Columbia south to New Mexico. This species is similar to the last but the back, wings and tail are darker and the purplish color of the preceding spe- cies is replaced by a more pinkish shade. The nesting habits and eggs are the same as those of the eastern Purple Finch; size of eggs .85x.60. Data.— Oropnlah t Willis, New Mexico, June 23, 1901. Nest made of twigs and rootlets and lined with horse hair. Collector, K. J. Birtwell. 519. HorsE Finch. Carpodacus mejriranuii frontalis. Range.— United States west of the Plains and from Oregon and Wyoming to Mexico. This is one of the best known of western , - birds, and nests commonly In all situations /*. from trees and bushes to vines growing on «rJ porches. Their nests are made of rootlets and grasses and are lined with horse hair. Their nesting season includes all the sum- , , ,,,„,, mer months, they raising two and sometimes '" three broods a season. The three to five eggs are pale greenish blue with a few sharp blackish brown specks about the large end. Size .80 x .55. .")ipb. San I.icas IIorsE Fini n. Carpodnrun mrxiranus ruherrimui. Range. Southern Lower California. A slightly smaller variety of the pre- ceding. 5l9c. San Clemente Hocse Finch. Carpodacus t'.fxicanu* clematis. Range.- San Clemente and Santa Barbara Islands. Somewhat darker than the last. 520. GrADAMPE Finch. Carpodacus amplut. Range.— Guadalupe Island, Lower rallfornia. Similar to the House Finch, but deeper red and slightly larger. Their nest- ing habits and eggs are precisely like those of the House Finch but the eggs average larger; size .85x.60. riW.i. McGreooh's Hoi'se Finch. Carpodacui mcgregori. Range.- -San Benito Island. Lower California. A newly made species, hardly to be distinguished from the last. Eg»;s pro- bably the same. 521. Cho88rii.i,. Loa-ia rurviroitra minor. Range.— Northern North America, breedinK In the AUeghanieH and from northern New Bngland northward; winters south to the mid die portions of the United States and casually farther. The birds are very cur- ious both In appearance and actions, beInK very "fliRhty" and restless, and apt to re- main to breed on any of the mountains. They build dur Ing March or April, making their nests of twigs, rootlets, moss, feathers, etc., and placing them In forks or on branches of trees (usually conifers) at any height from the ground. The eggs are greenish white, ♦♦eH with brown and with lavender shell iki,. -' ,e .75 x ..55. PERCHING BIRDS Oreonish white .■)21m. ira ftricklandi. ..i.L. I.ojria rtirrirot- i^rosHbill Range.— Mountain ranges from central MexUo north to Wyoming. A larger variety of the preceding. The eggs will not differ except perhaps a trifle in size. Mi. Wiiitk-wi.noeh Crhssrii.i.. T.oxia leurnpiera. Range.— Northern North America, breeding In the Alle ghanies and from northern Maine northward; winters tu middle portions of the United States. This species Is rosy red with two white wing bars. Like the last, they are of a roving disposition and are apt to be found In any unexpected locality. Their nesting habits are the same as those of the American Crossbill, but the eggs average larger and the ""■rconish white markings are more blotchy; size .80 x .55. .97 x .67. 'y'iS. Ai.KiTiAN HosY Finch. Leucotticte grineonucha. Range.— Aleutian and Prlbllof Islands; south to Kadlak. This Is the largest of the genus, and can ha distinguished from the others by Its very dark chestnut coloration and the gray hindneck and cheeks. Like the other Leucostictes, they are found in flocks and fre- nuent rocky or mountain \ ous country, where they J are nearly always found ,-.:,£W on the ground. They build in crevices among the rocks or under ledges or embankments, making the nest of weeds and grasses. Their four or five pure white eggs are laid during June. Size White-winKed Crosbiii .97 X .67. Data.— St, George Islands of ^he 327 Wliit. *f u\ THE BIRD BOOK f?Si!P^:^"i 524. Ghav-cbowned Ro»y Finch. Leucotiicte trphrocoti* tephrocotit. Range.— Rocky Mountoln region from Saskatchewan south to northern United States and also breeding In the Sierra Nevadas; winters on the lowlands of northwestern United States and east to Manitoba. The habits and breeding habits of this species are like those of the last. The bird Is paler colored and the gray la re- stricted to the hind part of the head. They nest on the ground In June, laying four or five white eggs. White 524a. Hepbi'bn Rosy FmrH. Lfueotticte tephrocotit lUtoralis. Range— Higher ranges from Washington and British Columbia to Alaska. . This variety Is like the Aleutian Leucostlcte but the brown Is a great deal paler. The nesting habits and eggs are. In all probability, like those of the last. a^^. Black Rosy Finch. Leuioificte atrata. Range.-Rocky Mountain region of northern United SUtes: known to breed '"twI* species if . 'ack in place of the brown of the others: the gray Is restrlct- od to the hind Va.l of the head and the rosy is rather more extensive on the wings Thell-er^s probably cannot be distinguished from those of the Gray- crowned variety. Range.— Breeds at high altitudes In the Rockies in Colo- rado: south to New Mexico In winter. A similar bird to the Gray-crowned Leucostlcte but with no gray on the head. They nest on the ground above timber line on the higher ranges of the Rockies. Bbown-capped Rosy Finch. Leucotticte avitralii 5 In portions of their range, nesting In similar locations to mni.M, whii.. those chosen by the common Goldfinch and laying from three to «.H» Tl.T""*.'' T "l"?"" *•"* """''"y "mailer. Size .60 x 45 DaU.- RWer co«;„ •«',»■■♦'?• "M ^"- ^^^l; . ^ ^"f'''- Ne«t made of fine grasses lined with cotton; 6 feet from the ground In a small tree. 530a. Grkkn-bac KED Goldfinch. Attrttfcalinui, hmperophilut. Range.— Mexico north to the Lower Rio Grande In southern Texas Tu u u i""" '•''■^ '° *''•' '""' ''"* ''"•' the entire upper parts and cheeks black The habits, nests and eggs are Identical with those of the Arkansas Goidflnch: 5,S1. I.AWREnrE's Goldfinch. Antragalinuii latrrenrri. ?hr/^;r^f K "'^ r°"l* '^ California, wintering along the Mexican border. This grayish colored Goldfinch has a black face and yellow breast rumn TJ»?r.?r*" """ '"r'' °' '*•« primaries. They are qu te commor n th^fr' Mmiw ^^H™T' """"?'' ""*'" '" "P"""^*-' crotches or in the forks of horizontal .S^/« J^f '?"'."'■ ^'"' ^^"^ *■*"'•" •"'■y '"y "" ""■•'' white: size .60x 4S 'Data.-Santa Conjca Canyon. Cal.. April 26. 1903. est in a cypress tree 12 feet up; compose^ of grasses, feathers, etc. Collectoi, W. Lee Chambers [5.S2.] Black-headed Goldfinch. Spinut notafui. .cSaT^tr UnuTd "tllr °' ^^""•'" ^""'^^ """ ^"""'-° "-'-^ 331 M THK BIRD BOOK .-,33. Pine Sihkin. Spinitt pintit. Ranne. Breedn from northern ITntted SUtei northward, In the AlleRhanieH and tn the Rook- re" "outh to New Mexico. Winter, throunhout the United States. SlHklnH are of the slae of the OoWftn^h. <^ Inchen long), and their calls, songii and habits are similar to those of this bird. Their plum- we Is Vraylsh brown, streaked with dusky and ?he tases of the wings and tall feathers are yellow. Like the Crossbills, they frequently feed along our northern borders, but very spor- adically. Their nests are built on horizontal branches of pines or cedars at any «'«'"t|,°" J™?ioroenl.h white the ground, being made ol grasses and rootlets lined with hair or p.ne n^les, and of rather frail and flat construe- Ho^ Their eggs are laid during May or June and are greenish white, specked with reddish brown; size .88 X. 48. Data.-Hamllton Inlet. Labrador. June 17. 1898. Nest on branch of a «Pru-«. 10 f^'>\^^°^ '^^ «""•"*• made of grass, lined with moss and feathers. Collector. U Dicks. PInf ."Ogkln Snow Bintino. Plrctrnphenai niralu niralii. lirt'iMilsh whili' .'..S4. Range. Breeds In the Arctic regions, and winters Irregularly In large flock, through the I'nlted States to Oregon, Kansas and Georgia. These birds are only seen In the United States In large roving flocks. ■ . . during the winter when they feed on weed seeds on side hills. Their nests are built on the ground, being sunk Into the spagnum moss, and made of grasses lined with .,,,..■„,,. .■ feathers. Their four or five eggs are a light greenish white, spotted and splashed wltli yellowish brown and lilac. Size .90 X .65. :>fiin. PRiBii.of .^Now BrNTiNo. PUctro- phena.T nirnlU fotrnteriHi. Range.— Prlbllof and Aleutian Islands. Alaska. A slightly larger variety which Is resident on the Islands in its range. Eggs like those of the preceding; laid from May to July. snowrtake an PERCHING BIRDS Pletrophenax hyperho ilVa Uland ircM, 335. McKav'* Snow Bintino. . ....„„,„«.^ „, R*nte. Western Alaska; known to breed on Haifa island „JJ?.^H'"*"'if"' T'^i!"' '"• '" '»■""""• entl?e?y whlte'e,"c'pffor the tips of the H„^ V,*' ".K** " '■'"'if '"•°' °" «'"' "' «•«""' '»» feathers, thus being very dls hi- 1"°."Ik?^ preceding, which has the back and the wings to a greater extent lanipecles '"'"°°- '"'"'" """ """^'"^ '•'' '"°''«'' r"^emSle"7hoso o? the !iS6. Lapland I.onospuh. Calcanut lapponicui lapponicu*. '*"if"r"^r****'' '" ""'•lUern North America; winters south casually to New York Ohio and Oregon and occasionally fartTer These sparrow-like birds are 6.6 Inches long and have a blue k crown, cheeks and throat, and chestnut band on nape. Like the Snowflakes they nest on the ground In moss, but the four t.) six eggs that they lay are grayish, heavily mottled and blotched witli chocolate brown; slie .80 x .60. ww^vhcu wim .53d«. Alaska I.onospuh. Calcanut lapponicuM alaiieHttM. no^^ThV.^J^l^^"!- '^fS'l,.'^".^'''?' »»'«««»«"« "> Alaska; winter south to Ore- gon. This sub-species is like the last but slightly paler. Kggs Indlstlngulsh- Uruyish NEST AND EGGS OF UOLDFINCh""""" ^^' **"■"*'"' 333 THK BIRD BOOK 5S7. Smith'! I,oNa»pt h. Calrariut piclui. Range— Breeds In Hudson Bay and Mau- kensie River districts and winters south to Texas chiefly o nthe Plains. This species la o( the slie of the last but Is a rich buff color below, and the other marklnRH are very different. These birds together w.ih the next species are very common on the prairies lu „,.„,.,, central United SUtea In win- ur»yi»i. ter. They nest on the ground Ilka the preced- ing species but the nests are scantily made of irasses and not warmly lined like those of the last. The eggs are similar but paler: size .80 X.60. Data.— Herschell Island. Arctic Oceau. June 10, 1801. Nest built In a tuft of grass; made of fine roots and grass, lined with feath- Sinllh'ii Lonsapur .1.S8. Chebtnut-collaheii Lonhhpib. Calcnrittn orualut. Range— Plains In the Interior of North America, breeding from Kansas north to Saskatchewan ; very abundant In the Dakotas and Montana, to Baskatcnewan. v«j-^^ handsome species In the breeding plumage has the throat white, breast and belly black, and a chestnut collar on the nape They are one of the most abundant breeding birds 1 on the prairies, nesting In hollows on the ground either In th^ open or protected by a tuft of grass. The nests fe n>ade of grasses and sometimes moss; three or four eggs laid in June or July ; white, blotched, lined and obscurely marked with brown and purplish ; slie .76 x .55. lull Willi. say. McC'own's I.oNOMHiH. lihjfnrhophititei Range. Oreat Plains, breeding from Kansas to tlie Saskatchewan. This Longspur which breeds In company witli the preceding, throughout Its range, can be dis- tinguished from It by the small black patch on the breost, the black crown, and chestnut wing coverts. Their nesting habits are the same, and at this season all the Longspurs have a sweet song often uttered during flight, «ii-..yi»ii wi.iip like that of the Bobolink. Their • " »"»" «««« "'■"""r bui **• K.\m.isH Si'XHiiow. I'lumiT domrnluw. These birds. wliU h were Imported from Kurope, have Increased so rapidly that they liBVH overrun the cities and villages of the coun- try and are doing Inestlniable damage iMith by driving out native Insect eating birds and by their own df^tructiveness. They nest in all sorts of places but preferably b e li 1 n d blinds, where tlielr un- sightly niasses of straw protrude from between the ^'' ''"'' slats, and their droppings besmirch the build- ings below; they breed at all seasons of the year, eggs having often been found in January, with several feet of snow on the ground and the mercury uelow zero. The eggs number from four to eight in a set and from four to eight sets a season: the eggs are whitish, spotted and blotched with shades of gray and black. Size .88 K ,60. •A Vesper Sparrow 3» X ^ m A. It. Spaiil XEST AND Klitif <'H" VESl'KK ai-AUUOW a4l. fpaWKii Spaicuw. Pa$ieriulit» princtps, the common 8arannah Sparrow, u* OMtlnii hBbltN ar« Mlmilar I., llumr »f the lititcr ami lli* exKi ari) marked the lanip hut uveruKe larKnr. 21116 ,nO Z ■«0* .-. t'^. PKRCHINti HI HUM • Iruylwh wlill. Alkutiak S.«vanm.\ii SfAHmiw. /',„ itiiuUi ttmtltrirhfHMij, »amlniihiHi„H. Kanse — BreedN un thr AlaHkan r.««i; wi„ lew aouth to northern California. A xtreaked Sparrow llkf ili.. nwxt hut with thp yellow nuper ciliary line hrluhter and more extended. ItH nniitinK liuhltx are precisely like tlioHe <,f tjie next variety whl.h Is loiiiiiimi .and well known: tli- ficnK iir.. IndlHtlnKUlHhahle. j;^ — lnt/»"".* .7"""^ 'i? " *^' °n the loreH Th . r "Its "re c\alJ"bt",ufrH'ofTr«; ""•'•' *"^' ""•"'•'« """ «enen,ll ^."; Ta^nxif.; °irkrn;rrr:r«„e.7'rd 'X^^n.^ dX"^.:\i White'." IS. 'T.%''"''""' •"- -'""<' "•"-tintry;:!! iH-ill. WksTKM.N Su.wwii Ranne.-^ WeBtern North An.erl. a from Alaxku t» Mexi.o n« ni**"'/ '""T '"■■"' *'""*'' "•"••l"K l'"l>lt'' and not differ from those of the hint. 'llM ^ ImIi » lillf .SpAHItow. /'«.,*,r, «/«* snnilnirhrnMh „h,u • 'KKS dll ■' J'.Jc. PimMrnuliix nanihii, hrimix . Hhya-vt'ii Simhnow. hryanti. Ti=^"**;r.^'!. "'?"*'*'' "' f'o'l'omla from San ^■ran.■|H,-o Hay south to Mexiro. SIlKhtly darker and brlnhter than the eaHtern Savaniiali Sparrow and with h more slender bill. TIih es^s ar.- not dllTerent from many specimens, of s,ini„,„i: they are imht jcreenl-h white heavily blotched with various shades of brown and lavender. 81xe .TR x .55. r.M. BfiMsa's Spahhow. famerrulus hehlingi. Kangej— Pacific coast marshes of southern rtilirornia and southward. This specieH Is similar to tlie last hut darker and more heavily streaked below. They breed abundantly in salt marshes bulldini; their nests ii, the grass or patches of seaweed barely abov th- water, and maklim them of Krass and weeds, lined with hair; the eRRs are dull Krayl«h wiilte. boldly splashed, spotted and clouded with brown and lavender. Size .78 x .55 337 22 1^1 THE BIRD BOOK 544. Laboe-billed Spahhow. Patiercului roilratut roitratut. Range.— Coast of southern and Lower California. Similar to the Savannah Sparrow but paler and srtiyeT. without yellow lores and a larger and stouter bill. They are common In salt marshes, often In company with the last species and their nesting habits are similar to and the eggs not distinguished with certainty from those of the latter. 544a. San I.ucas SpAnnow. PatterculuM rotiralus guttaiu*. Range.— Southern Lower California. ,^ ., , A slightly darker form of the preceding, having Identical habits, and probably, eggs. San Benito Spahhow. l'a»irriului rotlratut tanctorum. Range.— Breeds on San Beulto Islands: winters In south- ern Lower California. , „ . . The nesting habits and eggs of these very similar sub- species are identical. 644_544c ."it.-,. B.MHDs Spahhow. Ammodramut hairdi Range.— Plains, breeding from northern United States to ;->4».c. the Saskatchewan: south In winter to the Mexican border_ These Sparrows breed abundantly on the plains of Dakota and northward, placing their nest in hollows on the ground In fields and along road sides. During June or July, they lay three to five dull whitish eggs, blotched, splashed and spotted with light shades of brown and gray. Size .80 x .60. 546. (Ihassiiopper Spahhow Ammodramuit savannarum ituslralm. Range.— United States east of the I'lalns. breeding from the Gulf to Canada. A stoutly built Sparrow marked on the upper parts peculiarly, like a quail: nape gray'"'' •^ ^ and chestnut. These birds are common in dry fields and pastures, where their scarce- ly audible, grasshopper-like song is heard during the lieai of the day. Their nests are sunken In the ground and arched over so that they are very difficult to find, especially as the bird will not Hush until nearly trod upon. The four or five eggs, laid in June, are white, specked with reddish brown. SlKe .72 X .66. AmmoJramun mtrannnrum hiiiiai-nliitiiii jKia. Wehtehn Ghassiioppkii Spahhow. Range.— West of the I'lalns from British Columbia to Mexico. Slightly paler than the last: has tlie same nesting habits; eggs Indistinguishable. m Wblt* \Vhlt< Baird's Sparrow Grasshopper Sparrow ^1} A Hi tlKAS.SllOI'l'KIS fiPAKUOW ON NEST C. A. ne«! THE BIRD BOOK 546b. Florida Graishopper Sparhow. Ammodramui tavannarum floridanu*. Range. — Central Florida. A local form, darker above and paler below than the common species. Eggs not different In any particular. !H7. Henslow's Sparrow. hentlomi hetulowi. Pa»»erherlmlu» Whlto Range.— United States east of the Plains, breeding locally from Maryland and Missouri north to Massachusetts and Minnesota. This species is similar in form and marking to the last, but Is olive green on the nape, and the breast and sides are streaked with blackish. Their nesting habits are very sim- ilar to those of the Qrasshop- per Sparrow, the nests being difficult to find. The eggs . . „ are greenish white, spotted I lenslnw |«Jparrow ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ .^j^^h brown. Size .75X.55. .liTa. Western Henslow's Sparrow. P(u*erherbulu* hetulowi accident aVm. Range.— A paler and very local form found In the Plains in South DakoU and probably, adjoining sUtes. Eggs not apt to dilfer from those of the preceding. .548. Leconte's Sparrow. Patierherbmlui lecontei. Range.— Great Plains, breeding from northern United States to Assiniboia: winters south to Texas and the Gulf States. A bird of more slender form than the preceding, and with a long, graduated UU, the feathers of which are very narrow and pointed. They nest on the ground in damp meadows, hut the eggs are difficult to find because the bird is flushed from the nest with great diffi- Whitc culty. The eggs are white and are freely specked with brown. Sice .70X.52. 549. Sharp-tailed Sparrow. Poiterher- buluM caudaeuttu. Range. — Breeds in marshes along the Atlan- tic coast from Maine to South Carolina and winters farther south. These birds are very common in nearly all the salt marshes of the coast, nesting in the marsh grass. I have nearly always found their nests atUchsd to the coarse marsh grass a few inches above water at high tide, and generally under apiece of drifted seaweed. The nests are made of grasses, and the four or five eggs are whitish, thickly specked with White reddish brown. Slie .76x.65. The birds are hard to flush and then fly but a few feet and quickly drop into the grass again. »40 Shiirp-lnilfrl Siiiirmw PERCHING BIRDS 51,9.1. Nelson's Sparrow. neltoni neltoni. Patierherbulus ,^^e^-—^rwiB In the fresh water marshes of^he Mississippi valley from IlltatS t" Mani This species Is similar to the Sharp-tailed Pinch but more buffy on the breast aSdgener ally without streaks. The nesting habits are the same and the eggs IndUtinguishable jtD.ln. Acadian Shahh-tailbd Sparrow. Patterherbulu* neltoni tuhvirgalus. „»'^°*^*'ir°r®*5* '" '^« marshes on the coast of New England and New Brunswick- winters south to the South Atlantic States uJ^^ '*?J?'" '"'ety of Nelson's Sparrow nests Ike the Sharp-tailed species and the eggs are the same as those of that bird. Seaside Sparrow Dusky SciiHlile Siiiirn Sbasid. Sparrow. Passtrherbulus maritimu* maritimtu. 3S0. wimeX~^e"souTh.*- ""^'"^ """ '"'°*'*''™ '^'^ Bnglandto Carolina and This sharp-tailed Finch is uniform grayish above and iieht streaked with dusky, below. They areTery abundant In fhe ^fS^iSf "°5S' r''*'"* *'»«"' "»«»* «n marshes in company with ^^ t^«"*;. J^^"; T*' I" *"« "«»•' »" "»«'« o' thS? spiles and the eggs similar but slightly Urger Size an t «n DaU.-Smlth Island. Va., May 20, 1900. Nwt slt^ted in iin H*W."de?!°"= '^"'' "' *'*•* 8^«s and s«wiKtuect*S" an^then Stt VcV to ^"''ner'Jh ^''tS'* *" """"^-"^ °"* over The water. Scott's Seaside Sparrow. Poiterherhulu, maritimu, peninsula: «it^SS\^hi^JJ.''. T"'**' k".* '""^'» '" South Carolina. Above blackish streaked with brownish gray; below heavily streaked with bUick. "'"''"wii 350b. TE.XAS Seaside Sparrow. Patterhethulu* maritimu* tennetti. Hange.-Coast of Texas. Similar to marMmua. but streaked above. 350c. Louisiana Seaside Sparrow. Pauerhfrbulut maritimu* fitheri. brShT^"" ''*"'*• ■"•*• '""" '" "*""" ^ peninsHU,. bat darker and more 841 ,^ THE BIRD BOOK 350d. Macoillivbay's Seaside Sparrow. Patterherhului maritimui macgillivrai. of South Carolina. Like Ranfe.— Coast ,1 fl»heri but grayer S.51. DrsKV SEAr.itK Sparhi»«. hulut nigrftcrn*. I'aiterher- WhltP Siie .80 X .60. Range.— Marshes of Indian River near Titus- vine, Florida. This species Is the darkest of tlie genus, both above and below, being nearly black on the upperparta. Their habits are like those of the others and the eggs are not likely to differ. o.'sa. Lark Sparrow. Chondeitei gramma- cut grammactt*. Range.— Mtoslssippi Valley from the Plains Lark Sparrow ^^ Illinois and casually farther east, and from Manitoba to Texas; winters In Mexico. This handsome Sparrow has the sides of the crown and ear patches chestnut, and the sides of the throat and a spot on the breast, black. They are sweet singers and vrry welcome birds In their range, where they are quite abund&ut. Their nests are g( f rally placed on the ground in the midst of or under a clump of weeds or tuft of grass, but sometimes in bushes or even trees; they are made of grasses and weeds and the eggs, which are usually laid in May. are white marked chiefly •bout the Urge end with blackish sigzag lines and spots. » 3S2a. Western Lark Sparrow. ChonHfitei grammaiut utrifratun. I^Qge.— United SUtes west of the Plains; breeds from British Columbia to Mexico. T^'is paler and duller colored variety Is com- mon on the Paciflc coast; its habits and nests and eggs are like those of the last. 56S. Harris's Sparrow. Zonotrichia querula. Range.— Mississippi Valley, chiefly west, breeding in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, the exact range being unknown. Although the birds are abundant during migrations, they seem to suddenly and strangely disappear during the breeding season. Sup- posed nests have been found a few inches above the ground in clumps of grass, the eggs Whitish iMiog whitish, thickly spotted with shadM of brown. BiM JSz.66. t4S Harris's Sparrow PERCHING BIRDS 534. Whitk-crowkbd Sparrow. Zonolri- chia leucophri/i leucophrf/t. • 'J*°««— North America breeding abundantly In Labrador and about Hudson Bay, and casual- Yt„ !" J'o^'l"™, ^^"^ England and In western United SUtes In the Rockies and Sierras Winters along our Mexican border and southward. A handsome species with a broad white crown bordered on either side by black, and with a white superciliary line and black lores; the under- parts are uniform grayish white. These birds appear to be nowhere as common as the White-throated Sparrows with which they associate during mi- grations and in the breeding grounds. They build on the ground, generally near the edges of woods or in clearings, and lay from four to six eggs similar but larger, and with a» much Whitp-rrowneri .sp^umw variation in markings as those of the Song Sparrow: pale greenish HIup .nnttori tlttr^'jle*"' lm'%^^:^T "'"'''"■ «"^ ^« « rmu'-NaXok' i^oraaor. June 10, 1897. Nest of fine grasses on the ground in a clump of grass. Xoiwtrirhia leucophryM gambeli. westward from Mexico to Alaska, breeding Its nesting habits and eggs Pale ffreenlHlt him 554a. Gambbl's Sparrow-. Range. — Rocky Mountains and chiefly north of the United States. This bird is like the last but the lores are white canaot iw^dJatiaguished from those of the former.' Zonolrichia Irurophrgi JMb. Ni'ttall's Sparrow. nultalli. CanforniT''"'"''^ '""^^ ''"^ ^""*'' Columbia to Lower Similar to the last but smaller and browner above nests on the ground or in bushes, the eggs not being distinguish- able from those of the other White-crowns. asr. Golden-crowned Sparrow. Zonolrichia loronata .hUfl"**"".^'"'.'''' '^T^Jrom Mexico to Alaska, breeding chiefly north of our borders. This specJes has the crown yellow. I ordered by black on the sides. Their hablth are like those of the White-crowned Sparrows, they feed- ing upon the ground among the dead leaves, and usually being found In flocks and often accompanied by many of the last species. They nest upon the ground or In low bushes, and in May or June lay three or four eggs very similar to the last. Size .90X.66. 84S J^^ $i ffej • ■HIPIMNC. SI'AltltOW ^58. Whiti-throatid Shabhow. chia albicoUi*. PERCHING BIRDS Xonulri- Whltf-thrc.HliMl SiiiiriiiH Range.— North America east of th<. ui.i- and breeding from the SSrthern t er'^'f Tta ^^ soilK: """"« ''°'" '"« Middle' Ct To my mind this is the moat beautiful of Sparrows, with its bright and softly blended plumage and the pure hb»o.. * white throat boldly contrast ^^"^« - * Ing with Its grayish breast and sides of the head: the lores are adorned with a ^hite -hlfiU ^f""" «l>°t- They are one of the most abundant of Sparrows In the east Hnrin- ^V hefrdZm tr ■• T"'^^ "'^'"^ -^ "'et neard from hedge and wood. They nest mn.# abundantly north of our borders Uylng t"e?r ?Xn^.%.^.r.?,"j.°^tif\eT?to^;'£rt'hf ,r — «"-- - Bwamps. in Just such pUces L they r UrtVo^'^trmrg^t^on's'" ^'''^ °' "■'Rangl-Nort-h a",::^;, ''^P'^"" :!'<>ntirola monlirola. totercti^ToLre '^o^?hl' Ro^'kfer'^Xte'r^t^^hl "r\?' ^"^ """^O «»»'- A larger bird but somewhat re8emhil.rJthI '*"'"° *1S ^""«'' states, browner above, with a bUck si^t^n »h» h^ ^J""""? Chipping Sparrow, hut They are quite hardy birdt and w n^«r .n '"^*'"»t """l "» "lack on the head, states where they may be fonSn i^ a^v " '"'*•"' °' "'^ northern on seeds of protruding weZ^ xhSr^h^ "S°" ''"*' '"°*- '««'>""5 L.bo«dor an-d about"Ur Ba^^-.a^theT^rS^^l^ !„" — hollows on the ground or moss; their three or four eggs are greenish white, abundantly speckled all over the surface with reddish brown. Size .80 x 56 I>iit« — A??Hc" A^' Black MounUlns. Mckenzie'^ ?er. Arctlc_ America, June 13. 1899. Nest on the ground under a tuft of grass on level plain- made of grasses and moss and lined with feath- a^On. Westehn Tree Sparrow. Spisella monticola ochracea. Range.-North America west of the Plains breeding In Alaska and wintering to Mexico A paler form of the last, the nesting habits and eggs of which are the same. .■560. Chipping Sparrow. Spizella ptu- ■ferina patterina. Range.— North America east of the Plains breeding from the Gulf to the Interior of Can: ada and Newfoundland. .146 iJreenUh white Tree iSpariDw THE BIRD BOOK Ar indicated by their name »orialU. Chlpplnit fPJ^^" •re Boolable blrdn not only with other, of the »>«'« »' b«- *«* with man. in all localltle. that are not overrun w"h Bng- Il8h Sparrown. you will And theae conddlnB birds ««»"»«•» tree, and shrub. In the yard and In vine, from porche.. »hlle In orchard., nearly every tree ha. It. tenant. They are .mailer bird, than the la.t (8.B In. long) and have the brown crown bordered by blackl.h and a black line through the eye. Their neat., which may be found at any height from the ground and In any kind of a tree or .hnib. ^^^^ j^,^ ^.^„^ are nmde of fine gra.. and weed .tern., Iln- . .„H.«m- od with hair: their three to five «"» are a hand.ome greenUh blue, sparingly •Pr"'* ,?»l,"'"^,??°?L*''5V end with blackl.h brown and purpltah. 81«e .70 x Ai. .■seoa. Western Ciiippino Sparrow. Spizella patfrina arizona. R,nge.-We.tem North America, chiefly jeft «" '•>" _^^ Rockies from Mexico to Ala.ka; winter. In Mexico. 55».-5«o« "•rhls varWy Is much duller colored than the a.t and ha. but little brown on the back: It. nesting habit, are the same and the eggs do not appear to differ In any respect from those of the eastern bird. Bluliih white 561. Clav-colored Sparrow. Spizella pallida. Range.-Interlor of United State, and Canada, from the Ml..i..ippl Valley to the Reekie., breeding from Iowa •?* 5^°'°?^° ^SI?!. Uke These birds can best be de.cribed a. like i the Chipping Sparrow with the brown large- ly replaced with blackl.h. Thoy breed quite abundantly in Manitoba .• d MinnesoU. plac- ing their neat, on or near the ground, and making them of fine gras.e.. The egg. can- not be diatinguished with cerUinty from those of the preceding but average a trifle smaller. Slie .65x.B0. Data.— Bamsley. Manitoba. May 24. 1»0«. Nest of gra.s sUlk. lined with fine gras., one foot above ground in tuft of gra... Brewer')) Sparrow. SpiteUa hreircri. Range.— Western United States from Mex- ico to British Columbia rarely and chiefly between the Rockies and the Sierras: most abundant in New Mexico and Arizona. This bird is similar to the last but Is paler and more finely streaked. Their nesting habits are like those of . aUida and the eggs are indistingnishable. Bluish white («1— 6«2— ES4 I I i i- ^ THE WBD BOOK . r, e .«„. 363. FlBlD BPAimOW. Spisella putilla pu*UU. br^l fnm. tht OiOf to w«t«.«r« M.nltob. and Qtt»b«:: wlnten »» the Qwt Bt»twi. ThM« M* •bundant biros •long roadildefi. In thicket*, or on dry •IdehllU. where they neat Indtfterently on the Rround or m buihee. malilni their neatu ot RTSM and weed iteme. They are the blrde, whoee high ptpins niuuh whit.' Mins l» moet frequently heard SS hot .ultry day. In aummer. Their e««K are laid In May or June; they are pale Wn « i white apecWed and blotched with yellowiMl. brown and sraylah pnrple. 8l«e .65 x M. .i68a. WiiTERN FiKLD Sparrow. SpizelLi putUla arenoeea. Ran.e%r^t"puTn. from Mexico to MonUna. breedln. In the .orthern half "TpaTe^'^Vtrir-f. '^htV^et^rUtt. and e.^ are the aame aa tho«., of the eaatem bird. Th/pale coior.^ apocl- 1- the -^^ "^/,Sta"Sl*l^S"ran'S^'ro«mon any whe'"."'f aTn'o^'iSie to And «7 materUl In re^rd to their e«i-. Mil Black-cminwbd Sparrow. Spuiella alrogmlaru. m. BLACK '="'~''" , ^^„ o, the United Statea and aouthward. ?Sta alliSl" loii tailed apecle. l» grayish with a dusky .tr™ke5 JUSShbrownVtch on'^e back and a black ace.^Wn _I^7fcJ«.* Thair hahlts are similar to those or tne neia SSrro^nd t?et nSsu'lre' made near the Kround In bushes to? the egga are plain blulah green, about like unmarked Chipping Sparrows' eggs. 8U« ."566. White-winord Junco. Jmneo aikeni. Range.— Breeds in the Black HUls of Da- kota and Wyoming; winters In Colorado ana casually to Kansas. This species Is like the next — but larger and with the wings crossed by two white bars. Its habits are like those of the com- mon Juncos. the nests are placed on the ground, concealed under oTerhanglng rocks or tufts of grass, and the eggs are like those often seen of the Slate-colored Junco; 8 or 4 In number, pinkish white specked and spotted with light reddish brown. Stae .76 x ,66. White White-wlngad Juncu '''■ "rij.rr*" •'•'""• ^— *.*— PERCHING BIRDS Thl« ipMlei !• alaty gray M A ""''••,.'*«=•«• wtaf* «nd cen MMiMi H!" tau (Mtlier.: the re»t of ^^^^W tb« ondM-^rt. are white. '^^^^^ »n«rply denned •(•mat th« While fiT"'-,, \*^*y mlfmte throaf ii i»d tre"fo";orflv: «irvre 'ihi?** ''"" ^- ;3K.rr'.«« ^iS:L -n^TT Unteut^r""' ''"'•' '"•" ^•"'«""* to AU,.W«. br,«l.„, north of the u.:^t '^^r:ii^::Tt^iz%v::: Krw*-/?'' '••'•.°« • "-«=" --«•• -k. are white, washed with plnki" brow7o^fhL'!'M '"•''"»'?'••"• »' the nndirparta hablu of thlB weatem Junco are thrLn? fu"***- ^^^ •"••'Its and neetlnc balldin, m H.mllar localH^ea^nd n.lkU tTe SLuT.^' "" '""™' "" blJ2 .167b. S„t;«LDT«JuN.«. ^«»r„A,ema/uro,..«/.«. .'.67c THLRBCR'a JuNc. j«npo A,em«/« thurben. CaKiT"'"'"' ^"'"" '**"'"'•'■ "•'"" O'^^on to aouthern eKrwu[„*o°tS':"' •"•* ««"" ■««• •-«=•' -o" plnWah: 567d. Point Pinoi Jdnc<.. Juhco hi,emalu pinotu*. ot^^c" '" '*'"''"^ '"•" '"" "•»«' ••"> •'•«>' -ilaty inatead :{49 ^ !;■ He»,ali». Their •««»'^' "»'•'; J;^" dttrtiig Mny. June or July (probably two brood, being r»l« "rJJe .Imttar to thoee of the Bl.te-. oU.red .p«l-« but ■lightly larger. StiTf MoSTANx JiM«o. Jmnco hufmalu monlaiiMi. lUnge.-Krom northern Idaho and Montana north to .h««Vand with lei. ulnk on the .Idee. Ha neeting habltH i!J.riig. do no"; imer'^from thoee of the Plnk-.ld«i J«n.o. ,3*— ^^ j;>ra 3fl7» Pink-»idbo JiNto. Jaaro hifrmiUu mearnii. I . >t^1 R,nge.-Breed» In mounuln. of Idaho. Wyoming and »-irr«>— «T1— ««-" MonUna and wlntera louth to Meilco. Sli«'hl^fMd«e.iK.tt^o^? the whole .urface but more hiSrtly ST the ta«2 e^ *«th pale reddl.h brown and gray. muMx M. on'tTrS: .V^.X'SyS.V.^to' the «'£v,'i|.r ^t?:"hey?rUd"'^^^^^^^^^ abundant In the higher «»«•« »'»""";"" ^VrtroHrchoten by other Junco.: rfh?S"or'fore.ra"r2 Xrh';'.re!rn:.r«»ed'..hle«y^.hout the large end with raddtoh brown. 8lxe .76 x .«0. .ITOa. B«l>-«A.KED JiNco. Junco ph«:»•• with nuiy |»ek •ad ildM la Ictouir conftaad to tha^auih.n jjrt. •! .». c.iir^.u p^to.'.ta' wh.'^'S": I^EMCHING BflDg .1671. TowMM^B, ji,,,^.„. Junrohfem^liM lowiundt. lUni*.- Mountain! at northern Lower Call- 37«. QirADAH'M J, .MO. JuHco ,n.ml„r„. Rania.— Quadalup* Island foniia. off Lower Call- Th'irsi*':rn.Lt,:ir?r.:fanr;h^^enh!ryrt"^^^ - -"»- --^ sue .77x.«0. ' •'"""^ *"'" •**•<"»'' I"-"*! HI til.- lure, end and Maxlco. '"mrai rexaa to Kaaaaa; wii,ier« i„ - utli. r., T^t„ .-SJcVu'^'rd' f.;v?n ^7d:^■,'"trroar"'^tr^."■r•n*'"" suss i£:{rrtVo°, itd^an- "'h'^" «™«'ona'.„rH"hr, •n. .r. bm,r wh.t.*':l'a':i/7,"?,"- Tn'M"'*" '? "*" » HlulNh whiu S .nsn. UaiKHT Spahrow. Amphiipua hUineula degerticola. RanRe.—Southweatem United Statea from western T«m« generally in sage brush and thickets where It nests In SS'ukrthSs^-^rrerst!"""' """^ °' ""'' '"-'"-''° 37*. Bbll'ii Sparrow. Amphiipisa belli. Ran«e.-8outhern half of Califomta and southward. These grayish, black and white birds are abundant In •age brush and thickets, nesting on the ground or at low ?i',« ^"? '" bushes and during May or Xne. laying from i^t.'". 'i?^ ^n "' * P"'« Sfeenlsh white color, spotted aad^blotched with reddUh brown and purplish. 8Ue .76 .ft. '. *, ,...„ t .ssmt. 1 ■ 1 TH£ BIRD BOOK S?*.!, Saob Sparhow. dentit. AmphUpiga nevadentU neva- Range.— Sage deserts of the Oreat Basin from Oregon and Montana, south to Mexico. This sub-species is abundant throughout its range where it nests near or on the ground, in or under bushes and gen- erally concealed from view. The nests are made of grass and sage bark lined with fine grass; the eggs are lllte thoHf of the last species, greenish white, spotted and blotched with shades of brown and purplish. C>7*.1&. Gbay Saoc Sparrow. Amphitpiza nevaileu- lit cinerea. Range.— A smaller and paler variety found in l«wer California. ^ wi j . The nests and eggs of this pale variety probably do not differ in any respect from those of the better known varie- ties. rtlS. PiNK-wooDS Sparrow. Peucata arnlivalu imtivnli*. Range.— Florida and southern Georgia. Tliese birds are common in restricted localities in their range, nesting on the ground under bushes or shrubs; the nests are made of grasses and the four or Ave eggrare pure white with a slight gloss. Size .76 x .60. The birds are said to be fine singers and to frequent, almost exclusively, pine barrens. S75«. Bachman's Sparrow. Peucita ae»iiralit baihmani. Range.— South Atlantic and Qulf SUtes; north to Indiana This variety is common in most localities in its range, fre- quenting pine woods and barrens chiefly, and nesting on the ground in May or June. Their nests are made of grasses and lined with very fine grass, and have the tops completely arched over leaving a small entrance on the side. The eggs are pure white with a slight gloss and measure .76 x .60. Whili- 576. BoTTKRi's Sparrow. Peucata botterii. Range.-Mexican pUteau north to southern Texas, New Mexico »»« Arlxona. They nest in abundance in UU grass in the lowlands of their range, the nesu being difflTult to Ond because the bird flushes with great difficulty. The n€«t. are on tte ground, made of grass, and the three to Ave eggs are pure white, measuring .76 x .60. 362 S78. Cassin's SparmoW8 Peuceea ctutini. from Texas and Arlsona PERCHING BfRDS Range.— Plaina and valleys north to Kansas and Nevada. arid plains, placing their grass nests on the ground at the foot of small bushes or concealed in tufts of grass, and during May lay four pure white eggs which are ?r„m?i,^'"*,"?i? ""* IndlHtlngulshablP White ™ """"^ °' ""'«" »' the genus. r»19. Rurous-wiNOBD Spahhow. Axmophila carpalU. Artt^""""" °' ''««"'™ Mexico and north to southern This pale colored bird bears a remote resemblance to the Tree Sparrow. They w»t commonly In dry arid regions, plac / ^whi?'"" """'f "' '°* elevations in bushes or cacti, preferably young mes- lined with finer. Two broods are raised a season and from May to August sets "■""■" »"i'<. of four or five plain bluish white eggs may be found. MliilHh whlli Size .75 X .60. .180. RrpoiTs-cHow.vr,, Spahhow. AimophUa mhrep. ruficevM ains and hillsides in reltric Id l^callt^s Th«v^ T' "^^l"^ '" '«""«• °° """"'t- Krass structures in hollows usuaUyaTthlZtofr.m^^^^ well concealed. They lay ,rom tL:^ t fi'^ ^'le" ru?srXe°'-e^Ss"'\re nnOH. Scott's Spahhow. AimophUa ruficep* scolli. .l«Ob. Rock Spahhow. AimophUa rufivep* eremaca. T^f/tlTw "'*i'* ""•* southern Texas and south In Mexico -h^niJn'*'^ ."■*""""'* ■■"'•''y mountain sides wherflt nests abundantly under rocks or at the fm,t of shrubs Uie nests Hni^* ZhM,"™""'^ '"■^^r" '"o^^"' twiHted t^iettr and lined with finer grass. The birds are shy and skulk m? hrough^ the underbrush upon the approach of anyone "itiaf ™re"whr.'""^ 2"",* ?'""■»" '" "»"• The thr^ to five eggs arl pure white and of the same size as those of the last •ISOc. Laoina Spahhow. AimophUa ruficep, .ororia. Range.— Mountains of southern Lower California uZ^:x^\i rpa'rt[?i;^f^„rr^;r,ra\%vvir- --- - - us Whil. i THE BIRD BOOK 381. SoNo Spahhow. melodia. Melotpiza melodia WhItP Hange.— North America, east of the Plains, breeding from Virginia to Manitoba and New Brunswick, and wintering chiefly in the south- ern half of the United States. A favorite and one of the most abundant in all sections of the east. They are sweet and persistent songsters and frequent side hills, pastures. rmtdsldes, gardens and door- yards If English Sparrows be not present. They nest indif- ferently upon the ground or in bushes, gener- ally artfully concealing the nest by drooping leaves; it is made of grass and weed stems, lined with fine grass or, occasionally, horse hair. As Is usual in the case of birds that abound about habiutions they frequently wons Bp»rrow choose odd nesting sites. They lay two and sometimes three sets of eggs a season, from May to August, the eggs being three to five in number and white or greenish white, marked, spotted, blotched or splashed in endless variety of pattern and Intensity, with many shades of brown; some eggs are very heavily blotched so as to wholly obscure the ground color while others are specked very sparingly. They measure .80 x .80 with great variations. .581a. Desert Sono Sp.\hrow. Melotpiza mrlodia fallax. Range.— Desert regions of southern Nevada, Arizona and southeastern ( all- fomia. The eggs of this very pale form are the same as those of the last. .581 b MoiNTMN SoNC Sparbow. MeloBptza melodia motitana. Range.— Rockies and the Great Basin from Oregon and Montana southward. This variety Is paler than the Song Sparrow but darker than piUax. Eggs the same. ;">81r. Heehman's Sono Sparrow. Melotpiza melo- dia heermanni. Range.— Oallfomla. west of the Sierra Nevadas. Similar to melodia but with less brown and the markings blacker and more distinct. The nesting habits are the same and the eggs similar to large dark specimens of the eastern Song Sparrow. Size .85 x .62. .'»8ld. Samuels Sono Sparrow. Melotpiza melodia tamuelit. . . _ , ^. Range.— Coast regions of California, chiefly in the marshes. ^^ . Similar to the last but smaller. They nest on the ground in marsh grass, usually in sandy districts along the shore. The eggs average smaller than those of mrlnriUi. Slie .78 X .68. .'>8le. RisTV Sono Sparrow. Melotpiza melodia morpkna. ... Range.— Pacific coast of Oregon and British ( olumbla. A dark species with the upper parts dark reddish brown and heavily streaked with the same below. The nesting habits and eggs are like those of mrlodia. U4 „., o o PERCHING BIRDS Range.-Paclflc coast from British Columbia to Alaski buta'v\'r1f;.„Tatrr^S r.*;^'r.'"k1.r!?ri7r *'""' '"« ••""■ =«^ "'"' »"« '•" .b^v"''i«er"irUn'll."on '.h^ 0«««« Sons Sparrow; said to build In cat tatln Smm. * wound: eKgg not different from others of the torato *" *""'"™ ""'""'''= **"'*>" »" «'*'''- •'''"'« Probably ■''**r1-«''*'u-" *j<'2<";'^'"\««"« Mflo,pha M,l,„tm l.e„„i,-n.si.s. Range. Kenal Jeninsula on the coastN. Uke thp last b«t still larger; length about 7 inches. Range. Kadiak Island, Alaska. Mmilar to and nearly as large us tli*. next species, hut browner. ''"pln^'^''^'""?' •'^"'''" ■^'•»"»<'»- M<-I„sp,z„ „„.lo,li„ ,„„„ka. Kadiak """ °" "*'"'' "" "'** ''*''""''* "' ""' Aleutian group. exdu.lInK This Is the largest of the Song Sparrows being nearly s Inches in length; It Is similar in appearance to the Kootv song Sparrow but grayer. It nests either on the gr.mad or at low elevations in bushes, the nest usually liflnp con cealed In a tuft of grass or ofipn placed under rock.- or sometimes, driftwood along the shores Tlie ii.sts ai>- made of grasses and w. .-H stems, and the eggs arc similar to those of the Song Hf,n,r„v. hut iuik h lamer and more elongate. Size .90 x 6n. 356 THE BIRD BOOK I. ill Spurrow r>»3. Lincoln'* Spahbow. Melo$piza liniolni Itnecliu. m^nge.— North America, breeding from northern United States north to the Arctic re- Kiona; most abundant In the Interior and the west; rare In New England. This bird la ahy and retir- ing and skalka off through the underbruali of thickets and swamps that It frequents upon the approach of anyone; consequently it is often little known In localities where it are«niBh wiiiii' la quite abundant. They neat on the ground like Song Sparrows, and rarely in bushes. Their eggs are very similar to those of the Song Sparrow, three or four in number, greenish white in color, heavily spot- ted and blotched with chestnut and gray. Size .80 X .68. .lliyll Willi. .iS.t/i. I'oHBi nil's Spakhkw. Melorpha liiicolni »tnata. liaiiK»-.—l*ar the last. ■>»t. Swamp Spahhow. Melotpisa georaiana. Range.— North America, east of the Plains, breeding from middle United States north to Labrador and Hudson Bay. This common and dark colored Sparrow frequents swampy places where it breeds; owing to its sly habits it is not .oniinonly seen during the breeding season. Its nests are made of Brasses and located on the ground usually m pla< es wliere the walking is extremely treacherous. The eggs are similar to those of the Song Sparrow but are generally r.i darker and more clouded and average smaller. Sixe .-.I x ...... .")H;">. Vox Sparrow. Paiierella iliaca iliaca. Range.— Eastern North America, breeding from southern Canada northward, and nortli west to Alaska; winters in southern United States. This large handsome species, with its mot- tled (jrayish and reddish brown plumage and bright mfoua tail, is very common In eastern United Slates during migrations, being found in open woods and hedges in company with Juncos and White-throated Sparrows, with whi«'h species their song vies in sweetness. They nest usually on the ground, but sometimes In low bushes: the ^, nests are made of grasses and ci-wnlsli wlilir are concealed beneath Hie overhanging branches of buslies or evergreens. The three or four eggs are Kreenish-while. Knotted and hlotch»d with brown. Si«e ,94 x .68. 366 Swamp ayarrow SSSh. Siidmauin Fox Spamhiiw. iliaca unaUuvhentii. t'ltmii II Ha PERCHINO BIRDS Ranxe.— Shumagin liOandH and th*- \htskii t'lHiHt to Cook Inlet. Similar to the last but palm, lieiim one w tlir weveral recent unsBtlnfactoiT subdlvwltKiv or thin KenuH. The neHtlng hahifK and e^Kx "f all the varieties are like thOMe of tke common eusl ern form. flH/il). Thick-billed Spahhow. Paxxmlla iliaca megarhtfrnrha. ItunKe.— MountainH of t«stern rallf.irriia and western Nevada: locally confined. Rntire upper parts and breaKt spots xray wlnRR and tail brown. It nests in the heavlesi underbrush of the mountain sides, buildinR on or close to the ground. 58.5c. SlATE-COLORED SPABROW, iliaca ichiHacea. Pa»»errlla Miialler. "^kb" are iiKe those of iluim. but averuKc .'iH^d. Step.ienV Spahhow. I'„.,erella iUaca stephcn^i. tornir^~ '" '"^ ^"" Bernadlno and San Jacinto Mts. in southern Call Like the Thick-billed Sparrow, but bill still larger and bird slightly so. 583e. SooTv Fox Spabhow. Pwtierella iliaca fuliaino;i wi^ter"""'^'"'^' °' Washington and British ColJmb'faT^somh to California in ''*Br;.„'^*S'**^f "* Spabhow. Pa».erella iliaca i,„ulari<,. Like the last but browner above and below. "■"urina. ■'>S5g. TowNSEND'g Fox Spabhow. Patterella iliaca totrmeuJi ..urrrru'fr XvT"* "' ^"""'"•- -'"'«'^ -"'»■ '" ^->'?^-'- l^'ke the TTpperparts and tail uniform brownish unit.er, below heavily spotted. .■^86. Texas Spahhow. Arremonop, rufivireatun Range.— Eastern Mexico and southern Texas. tHH^lfn^lTf l*" ^» " brownish crown, olive greenish upperparts. wings /J!', t? H T'*\ J'^"*' """»"Parts. They are common resi- '^ dent birds along the Lower Rio Grande, being found in tanp.ed thickets where they nest at low elevations, making their . .^1 u '^ "l"^"."' ''°""*' '^"''^^ »•"• K™«« and """'i^-times ^igs, lined with finer grass and hair; they are often partial ly domed with an entrance on the side. Their eggs are plain white, without markings; often several broods are raised in a season and eggs may be found from May until August. ^1,11,. 367 last and > THE BIRD BOOK leaves wink" sweet .)87'i- 587. TowiiEE. Pijiilo erf/lhroithlhulmUM i-rtilhrophlhalmui. KaiiKe. -Nortli America east of Uw Plains. hreedlnK from the Gulf to Manitoba. The well known Towhee, Qround Robin or Chcwink iH a bird commonly met with In east- ern United SUtes; it frequents thickets, swamps and open woods where they nest sen- erally upon the ground and sometimes in bushes near the ground. The nests are well made of grasses, lined with fine grasses and rootlets, and llie eggs, which are laid In May or June, are pinkisli wliite, generally llnely sprinkled hut sometimes with hold markings of light reddish t)rown. with great variations. Size .90 x .70. Towhees are noisy birds and at frequent Inter- vals, while they are scratching among the for their food they will ^lop and utter their fs'i'l'tar't"" ''«?""', "Tof.: ai^d then again will mount to the summit of a tree or hush and sing their refrain for a long time. he nests are well I'lirpllsh wliif or I'liiw ill k WlliTK. KVKi. 'l"•«*» «" South Carolina. , .. , . , . ^, I VarielTis like the pre. eding exce^ th«t the eyes are white In-^tead of r«r TWe is 1 .. difference between their nesting h«hlts and eggs, except that Xy ,1^ more trHquTntly. and in some l*aUitle,. alios. .!*»«. nest in trees. .\ncni 'I'oWllKK I'Inilo iiiariih lUM ariluiis. .■.«H. llange. (ireat Plains, breedii.u in.m uorthern United «a*e« t» the a«*at '"ThTs""species Is similar to the .astern Tow hut Im. 'h. Mapul«-s Md coverts tipped with white. They nest ahundantly in suit able localities in Montana and North Dakota ami more com monly north of our lioiders. Like the eastern TowIihc, t. ,•> ^est on "le ground ...Hlnr the protection of ..verhanging Susies the nests l-im. -im.ie of strips of bark and grasses aSd Hned with Hne rootU Is. Their three or four eggs *hl.h a?e a°d during Mav. .lune or .luly, are pinkish white, pro- ?;:e.y'speckle^ with reddish brown very similar to those ^^^^ ^^ of the eastern Towhee. Siae .9.' x ..0. -,H8a. SiM HRKI) I'oWiiKi.;. /'/'/"/(' imiiiiliihi!, montiitiii'. egglaie like thotoVthr Towhee. hut In some loc-alltles the nests are most often found in bushes above the ground. •tt C. A. need NKST ANI> Hi;iiS UK Tl IWHKE .-.HHli. OMKitoN 'I'owiiKK. ripilo muvnlalHM itrrgoHUM. R«n««.-P«tlflf coait from C»U(ornto to BrlUsh Colunr hi«; wtnter* to Maxtco. Similar to the l.»t but w th .till r-wer white marklngn on the back jind the '•.hestnut nankn hrlKhter. The neetlng habltK and «RRa of thiH variety differ In no eeaentlal particular from thoee of the preced- inc Towbeea. ft88o. San CtitiiiCNTr Towiiki:. Pipilo mnculaln* rlr- mentm. Kanite.— San Clemente 1h. and other of \\w Santa Har- BUrlTof niale said to be duller. !'rol»ably no difference between the enKs and othern. rtSSd. San Dieiw Towiiee. PipHo maculatm mega- lonyg. Range.— Ciyast of nouthern California and Lower Cali- fornia. Said to be darker than mriinlouiiJ: nun,. I 4DI.I»l. ANTI1..NV-. T«wi,«r. I'ipilo vri>,alU ,em,Hla. C.HtoraiT*'"""'" t-ahforau and Houth through Lower I ^.T*"" "'""»'■ bird to the laHt but "Uintly amaller and llshter below, pe habUa and neatlnic habits of tne«e birds are In erery way Identi- ral with thoiie of the c'allfornla Tow- nee and the brkm runnot Ix* diB- MnKUiahed from those of that variety They are fully an abundant in the Houthem part* of California a* the others are In the northern. UiHUii ri'pnlnli lihii SPS-I. Gmbrn-tailbd Towhbk. ■192. Abrrt's TowHn. PipUo aberii. Range.— Arliona and New Mexico north to Colorado ""Th^rM^'r^J*.?' V° """theastem Callforal. This bird is wholly bro »..uh gray both abov.. and below L-j « „• 7^^^ ■'" abundant In the valleyH of Arliona «e genrrany'wnd «Sh "h""''%1'"* "^•"••"""^ 'p*cleH Zy Vtlui^J^I^^ "'' "J"* ■'"'• ^'"■y ""*"» '" 98. Indioo Bunting, /'anserina ri/anea. ' Range.— United States, east of the Plains, breeding north to Manitoba and Nova Scotia ; winters s )Uth of the United States. This handsome species is rich indigo on the head and neck, shading into blue or greenish blue on the upper and under parts. They are very abundant in some localities along road- sides, in thickets and open woods, where their song is frequently head, it b^>- ing a very sweet refrain te sembllng, somewhat, certatiii passages from that of the Goldfinch. They nest at low elevations in thickets or vines, building their home of grass and weeds, lined with fine grass or hair, it being quite a substantial structure. The eggs, which are lalH in June or July, are pale bluish white. Size .75 x .5.. Pale bluish wliln ^ ^ .-,99. I,Azri.i Bunting. Passerina amiriin. Range.— Western United States, breeding from Mexico to northern United States and the interior of British Columbia: east to Kansas. This handsome bird is of the size of vimmii. but is azure blue above and on the throat, the 366 IndlK" Hunting breast beluK browlsh aii(' the rest of the under- partH. white. It i« the western repres^ntttti" of the Indigo BuntlnK. and Its habits and nestInK habits ar- in all resperts the sani.' a- those of that sperjes, the nests being made of twigs, grasses, strips of bark, weeds leavti. eto. The eggs are like those of the last, pale bluish white. Size .75 x .55. PERCHrXfi H' Piilf liliilsh il- is- nd fill., liliilsh wliltc Lazuli KiinllriK being like those of the labt (•<••». Vahiko Bintino. /'nsserhia veriicolor Range.— Mexico and north to southern Texas. H J V®"f"' •"'"■■ "f t'''* ""^^ '»''■«' '« purp- lish, changing to bright blue on the < rown and .^-^-.--^ rump, and with a reddisii '- >v nape. They are (|ulte abun- N dant In some localities alons i^^^^^^ the Lower Rio Grande, where ^■■^^ they nest In bushi-^ and tan- "^^^^ gled under b^u^h. the nests .,^...^ ..^^ i„„He „ bJM^*!' ""•' ,"■»""'> "'"'ve five feet from the ground. The eggs fni c ort',';:"[^rze'!Tx V""- '" """'""• ""^ ">•--- fiOOn. UKUT,rv,. BiNT.N-,. P„.,eri„„ versicolor puhhra Range.-Southern Lower Calilomia. ' SHKhtly smaller but v.ry similar to the last; eggs will not differ. W'l. Pai.vtku BiNTiN.i. PasHerinu cirk. Range.-south Atlanti,. and Oulf States; north to Illinois in the Interior. Without exception, this Is the most gaud- ily attired of North American birds, the whole underparts being red. the head and neck deep blue, the back yellowish green, and the rump purple, the line of demarcation be- tween the colors being sharp. They are fre- quently kept as cage birds but more for their bright colors than any musical ability their song being of the character of the Indigo Bunt- ing, but weaker and less musical. They are very abundant In the South Atlantic and Gulf States, where they nest usual- ly in bushes or hedges at low elevations, but occasionally on branches of tall tree.s. Their nests are made of weeds, shreds of hark, grasses, etc., lin^d with Hne grass, very much resembling that of the Indigo. Their eggs are laid in May, June or July, they fre- ciuently raising two broods; they are white or pale bluish white, speckled with reddisii brown. Size .75 x .55. 367 Whit.. V:irieil Bunting '1 THE BIHD BOOK HmimIi'iI Itiinlinu 608. Sharps'* Seed-iatbb. Sporophila morelUti morelleti Range.— Eastern Mexico, breeding north to the Lower Rio Grande Valley !n Texas. ThlB peculiar, diminutive Flnth Is but 4.5 inches in length, and In plumage Is blaok, white and gray In restricted localltleH in BOUthern Texas, they are not uncommon during the sum- mer months. They build In bushes or young trees at low elevations making their nests ul' fine grasses or fibres, firmly woven together and usually placed in an upright crotch. The eggs are pale greenish blue, plentifully speck- led with reddish and umber brown, and some markings of lilac. 8i«e .66 x .46. Data.— „ . . . . _ SirWnsville, Texas, ^-y 7. 1892. "".enish blue Nest of fine flbre-liko laterlal lined with horse hairs, on limb of small tree in open woods near a lake of fresh water; 6 feet above ground. Collector, Frank B. Armstrong. This set Is In the collection of Mr. C. W. Crandall. (tiO.'J. I Ohashqi'it. Tiarii bicolor. Range.— This small Finch is a Cuban species which casually strays to soutU- ^"^They aw abundant on the Island, building large arched nests of grass, with a small entrance on the side. They lay from three to six white eggs, specked with brown. Size .66 x .60. [603.1] Melodious Grassquit. Tiarit cannra. Another Cuban Finch which has been take. In the Florida Keys, the last. UggH like 604. DicKcissEL. Spisa americana. Kange.- Interior of the United States, breed- ing from the Qjlf to northern United States, west to the Rockies, east to the AUeghanles. A sparrow like Bunting with a yellow breast patch, line over eye and on side of throat; throat black, chf >. white and wing coverts chest- nut These sleek-coated, harmoniously colored birds are very common in dry bush-grown pas- tures and on the prairies. They are very persistent singers, and their song, while very simple, is welcome en hot days when other birds are quiet. They nest any- where, as .suits their fancy, on the grouad, in clumps of grass, in clover fields, bushes, low trees, or in thistles. The nests are made of weeds, grasses, leaves and rootlets, lined with fine grass, and the three to five eggs are bluish white. Siae .80 z .60. 368 Bluish whlto Sharp*'* S«e<<-aat«r HFBCHING BIRDS 1 a til ke (i05. Lahk HiNTiNft. Calanwapizii mrli, nOCOTjfB.. Range.— A bird of the Plains, abundiint ir weHtern Kansau to eastern Colorado uiid iiorili to the Canadian border; winters In Mexiio These black and white birds havn a sweet song which they often utter while ou the wImk after the manner of the Hobo link, all their habits beliix similar to tho;ie of this bird. except that this speeies likes the broad dry prairies wliere It nests on the ground under the protection of a tuft of HliiiMh whit.- grass or a low bush. Their .1. . , '*""■ •"■ five eKKs are like those of the last but slightly larger, sfze .8.' X .65. Data.— Franklin Co., Kansas. 4 egKs Nest in cornfield In a hollow on the ground a.' the base of a stalk; made of straw and weeds TANAGERS. Family TANAGRID/K .j| <;»:. Westkhn T^^■.^.^KH. l'iravfi„ ludoviciana. ?hr»'ta";dstre slJecits rs''m;:Vand'l"en,^w'".?H""" '" «^'"^" ^■'""""""• saddled on - ';^;^:r^:;i^'c.r^=:^r\^!°:rrsXf 'i^ ^i^;^^ -;- of bark, and weed stalk ,, and are usually frail like those of the Grosbeak-;. Their eggs, which are laid in .May or .June, are bluisij green, specked with brown of varying shades, s ze .»5 X .6.";. ^tlillsh Krccii romelns. Tliese beauMful scarlet and bla, U bi.- - frequent t" chietty. wooc ,i n d s, ; I- tll0U(.-ii rhey jie verv fif fen f( und breeding in oi- < hards and small pine groves. They are quiet birds, in a<'tions, but their loud «arbling song is heard at a great distance, and is readily recoE- nized by its pe.uliarity. They nest upon horl- i''"irilsh IpIih' Ijiik liiiniiim 369 24 THE BIRD BOOK lODUl Umb» or forki at elev»tloM of four to twenty feet, making frail ne»t« of twlfs. root leti and weeds, they are often found In P«« trew. but apparently Juit at "•<«»•""»■,.'" other kind*. Their egs^ are ■reenlab blue, specked and spotted with varlout ahadea of b?own. sue .86 x .«6. D.U.--Holdan Maaa.. May 31. 18»8. Neat on low limb of an oak. 4 feet above ground; of we«la and rootlett and ▼•ry frail. «09. Hepatic Tanaoer. Piranga kep- atica. Range. — Western Mexico, north to New Mexico and Arl- lona In summer. This species Is similar to the next but Is darker red ou the upper parts and bright vermilion below. They nest on the lower horliontal s.»ri.i rnnHKHi branches of trees, usually live oaks, making .92 X .64. UluUli Kreeii St MMER Tanaoeh. Piranga rubra rubra. rilO H«nee -Eastern United States, breeding from the Gulf to New York and Kan- „I^5rt7R.S«llv farther; west to Texas; winters south of our borders. "•Iv?"!. 5 ? i» .hr.!.., J the Scarlet Tanager, but Is of a uniform rosy red T'^'^aluei^n the tock Thiy are ^^^ »n the South Atlantic and GUK SUte," Their nStsar J located at low elevations on hori«,ntal branchen of trees In open woods, edges of clearings, or *-" along the roadside; the nests arc made of ftrlps of bark, weed stems, leaves, etc., and are frail like those of the other Tanagers. Their Trail iiae lu ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ speckled and spotted with reddish brown, and not distinguishable with cer- tainty from those of the ^^^^^ Scarlet Tanager. Slse .92 l.lghtblulah ureen X ••*• filOa. Cooper's Tanaoer. Piranga rubra coopert. Range.— Western United States, breeding from the Mexican border and Texas north to central California and Nevada. Similar to but slightly larger than the last. There are no differences between the nesting of this form and the last and the eggs are not In any way different. Summer TanuKSi' ■ * TH^. BIRD BOOK i SWALLOWS. Family HIRUNDINID.B 611. Hi HPLi: Mahtim. ■ ■iir|il<' Miti'tlii ''"'""' 5:ii."^Br".^. throuihout th. Un.fd BUte. and terop«r»t») UrltUh AmerU»; winteri In Thenfl large.' luitrou*. itwilyblue Hwsllowi rmdlly adapt thenweWiMi to cIvlllMtion and. throughout tlif e»»t. may be found nMUni in bird hoUH*-*. provided by appreciative land ownt-rn or tenant*; »onie o( these houses are beauttrul structures modelled ^ after modern residences and tenanted by twenty or thirty pairs of Martins: others are plain, unpat'ted soap boxes or the like, but the birds seem to Uke to one as kindly as the other, making nests In their compartments of weeds, _ — feathers, etc. They also, and most commonly In the west, nest In cavities of trees making nests of any available material. During June or July, they lay from four to sis white eggs: slie .96 X .85. DaU.— Leicester. Mass.. June 16. 1W3. 5 eggs In Martin house: nest of grasiea. \Vhli>- grasB. mud. Wkhtkhn Martin. I'rognr iuhu hitperia. (illn. Ratine.— I'acinc coast from Washington south. The nesting habits, eggs, and birds o. this form are identical with those found in the east, (ill.l. CiBAN Martin. Prontte rr/fplolema I^Qge.— Cuba and southern Florida (in sum Slightly smaller than the Purple Martin and the eggs average a trifle smaller. (il'i. Cliff Swallow. PrtrochrHdon tun,- froHH lunifront. Range.— Whole of North America, breeding rorth from the south Atlantic and Gulf States. These birds can easily be rec- ognized by their brownish throat and breast, whitish forehead and , bufty rump. They build one of ' the most peculiar of nests, the highest type being a flask shaped structure of mud secure- ....... ly cemented to the face of a cliff or under the eaves of a building, the entrance being drawn out and small, while the outside of the neat proper Is large and rounded; they vary from 372 .?i:v '•. ♦ Whitt Cliff Swallow bat 7« ! I -ijL°,*"A" "L'"" ■"»•• Pl«lf"rm«. fJLihZ« i„ ■""'''. "".r* *"" «'»"" ""-' r^- K. ■ .i'"'' ''^'""« ">«u»"n«l» of ih.>i.e ne»»» »«• by ilde and in tlerii. Thelp prrh iin> !,r«""/n **"« "P?"'" '^'"' "••^•Jl-I' brown: Rorkford Minn.. Jiin»nH, Hklmmlnit over tlu- ,.,.....1 lail feathers ■treeminR behind. Throunhout thflr ransp iii..v ni.«» .. lu^r .7 o? mud «7.!'.''"tl'."« •L"*"' '""^ *'" »"• »•• «'ften iil-^uXd a\r„;"\, : /^^^^^^^^^ ^„H .h '"? fi".'^'''''" "**"' '" '•"■ '•""*•■'': "'••y "re warmly lined wltlfra 1 "s and the outaide i. rough, cau.ed by the pelletn which they place o„ the eMerlnr Before the advent of civil l«ed man. they attached their ne»t» to the Hides of caven. in crevlceH ariiotiK rocks and In hollow trees, as they do now in Home localities. Their PKRH cannot he dlstlnKulshed from tho§e of the rilff Swal- whii. low. Data.— Penlkese U., MaiiH.. July 2. 1900 Nent on beam In sheep ehed: made of twllets o^ mud, lined with featherii. 614. Tner Swallow; White-bet kd Swal LOW. Iridoprorne hicolm . Itange.— Whole of temperate North America breeding from middle United States northward ' -. .nterg in the Gulf States and along the Mexl can border and southward. This Tlvaclotts and active species Is as well known as the last, and nests about hubitations on the outskirts of cities and in the country Tre»> .Swallow Whltp (il.1 THF. BIRD BOOK „^, ,„ ^„„ ,„ ,,^ „, ,u,„,p., pr«f««WP / In the Ticlnlly of w»t«. but tan. numb-rn n»w tako up ' ' thatr kbod* In hou»c» proTlded (or thwii hy man. pfoTldlm th»t Bmltar 3p«rrowi. •r# k«pt Bway. Th»>y tn«kn thetr nMt» of xlrmwi and irBiM*. lined with feather*, and lay four to »i% plain while egg*; Rtie .75 « .BO. Data.— Portage, Ml«h.. May 2«. 1«»7. Nent In a gate pout; hole about • Inthea deep, lined with feathern. NoHTiiRNV ViotBT-imnrx Swm.i.ow- 7'«./i,»ii neta Ihalaiiina lepida. IUnge.-Unlted Biataa In ">•»»«<•'«' Mountalnn ami we«t to the Pacinc roaat. breeding from Mexlro lo BrltLh < o lumbta: wlntern itouth of our bordera. Thin rery beautiful apeolea la amaller than the laxt. bin. like It, la white below, but the upper partH are blue, green ind purple without «Io»k. They are common In their range and neat, uaualty In holea In treea. Imh often In banka and under eayea; the neata are made of graaa and feathera. and the egg* are pure white, four or Hr* In number: mr. itu "l»« •" « -SO- Whlli HI. la San Ucm Swallow. Tarhnrin'ta lknla»Mina hrarl>i,pl-n,. Irtl.-H 1 Bahamas Swallow. CallirhfMon rifaiiroviridh. ?i;ry;;y^bS:StX,r,::SL*{."ri;;rt»^^^^^^ V.o,..t..reen BwUow. h. nre alao It* egfa. HlH, Bank Swallow. Riparia riparia. hankraenta digging small tunnel* from one to three feet In ^nath entarged and lined at the end with gra** and feather*. During Miy June or July, according to latitude, they lay from White four to alx pure white egga; aiie .70 x .60. rtl7. RoroH-wiNOBD Swallow. SUlfrdoptfrt,x terripennU. Range.-Unlted State., breeding from Mexico ^rth to .outhern New KngUnd. Manitoba and Britlah Columbia; winters *outh of our ^JAm^. Thl* apecle* I* -lightly larger than »h« '"»"'* "'"1"'^''^ with the throat and breast grayUh and with the outer web or «ie outer primary provided with recurved hooka. They nest In hole, in embankment.. In crevice, in clUf. or among stone* of bridge, or building.. Their -ggs are like those of the Bank Swallow but average a trifle larger: alM .7 . x *2. 174 Wblte PERCHING HIR'ls WAXWINGS. Eamily AMPELID/E uut arf larKf-r with IndUtinc) with bUrklKh liohcinlnn n'axwlnc «>l«. HniiKMUN WwwiNii. n»ml„,ill„ .- '^"••b""^';"*'" '" "•• *'■•'"« '"llonH Hx,i.pi i?«i.^ S?*;^'*" *»•••••' " •»"«"y r«i.h„ ,1... .VT. . ?«•«•"; wlnteri. nouth to the northprn ii«r of itatM. ThU handiibmtr craited. irarlnh brown Wax win« rMamblai tho common Cadar Waxwlrm but la larger (langth 8 Inrhaa), haa a black throat, much whita and yellow on th« wlnit and a yellow tip to tail, i Their neata are made of root- leta, era* and moaa, and alt- nated li. traea uaually at a low elevation. The eRR* re- aemble thoae of tha Cedarblrd. and the marking more blotchy edge*: dull blulah blotched K'ranVa1S"^«^r. w -^ with wliite outer tall feathers and ''a.^T; "^P^.'^^^s) ^nd wavy dusky lines on the ,. known by Its .arg.. sl^^ tl^gth ^e^!.:.r a^nd^^el b Js fee^ng^^^^^^^^^ in_. six grayish white eggs, spotted and blotched ' " "^ with yellowish brown and umber, size l.Uo X .76. 622. LOGOEHHEAD SlIHIKE. Lailius llldu- ijciona* ludovicianus. Range.— United States, east of the Plains breeding north to New England and Illinois, winters in Southern States. Like the last but smaller (length 9 Inches), not marked below and with the ear patches sharply defined. They nest In hedges or thickly tan- gled brush, showing a pre- dilection for dense thorn bushes, where they place _ their piles of weeds, grasses, feathers and rub- bish: the four or fi.. eggs are laid >" Apr or May; they are like those of the last, but smaller, averaging .96 x .72. ^^^ (Tr:ivlsll wliit'' Northern Shrike LOGGEUHEAO SHIilKE AND NEST I. E. Hess g0^ THE BIRD BOOK Loggerhead Shrlki (iii-iH. WiiiTE-HiiMPED Shrike. Lonius lud- oruianut etcubitnrides. RanKe— North America, west of the Plains. breeding north to Manitoba and the SaBkatrh- pwan; winters south to Mexico. _,,,„„ Like the last but paler and the rump white. ThJlr nesting habits and «8K« "f '° ^^^^ '"■ sped like those of the Loggerhead Shrike. (i^.'li. ( ALiKOHSiA Shrike. Laniui ludovirianim panihch. Bange.-Paclflc coast north to British Colum- "'similar to the eastern form but with the breast washed with brownish and with ind s- tlnct wavy bars. The eggs cannot be distin- guished from those of the others. «^^ngi-s::;^f "Kra ^Z^-^Sir-'-SX la. but smaller and darker. Eggs not distinguishable. VIREOS. Family VIREONDID/E 6^3. Black-whiskered Virko. rimwv<'" where the bottom rested on the ground; they Tre made of Btrlps of bark. "bre. etc and often have pieces of string or paper w°ven nto the "ides- they are one of the most bf«<:"«» »' bird home' and are woven so strongly that old VarTrlXrro^'ZTof^l rcromUnfedTy one of tr crblrZ 'are laid In MaTo/'June" th^e;? arf white, sparingly specked with blackish brown. Size .85 % .55. Ran Vpiinw-oBEEN ViBEO. I'ireosuliii fiavoriridm. that species. j i t • crown. Their eggs do not dif- fer from those of the Red- eyed Vlreo except in size, averaging .70 x .50. wThbling Vih«o. Fireotyha gUva gUvii. Range— North America east to the Plains. «elfke those of the Red-eye. but "mailer and ?.tter but the song Is more musical and de- latter oui uyered In a more even man- ner, as they creep about among the foliage, peering under every leaf for lurking Insects. The eggs are pure write, spotted with brown or Whitf reddish brown. Slae .72 x .62. 627. tKD-KVj;i) viItKO ON' NE! C. A. Reed .* THE BIBU BOOK t'irto- brecdlng 6!<7«. Whtkrn W*h»uho Vimo. iglva gUva iwaintoni, Rame.— WMtern Unltwl 8Ut««, from Mexico to Brlttoh CoJumbta. ThU .pecle. i« Itta the iMt »»ut mW to be a trifle smaller and paler colo';. ,"». J'""'^, habit, an.' eU> are preclaely like those or the eastern Conn. 6S8. Villow-throateil Vlreo Yid.wJw-'JHnoATED ViH»o. Lanivtreo fiavifron*. Range— United SUtea east of the Plains, breeding froin the Gulf to Manitoba and New Brunswick. This handsome m r a is wholly unlike any others of the VlreoB, having » bright ^leamy white yellow throat and breast; the nniMtr narts are greenish and the wings ana ?aT™?^™e "tteVwlth two white bars, pey are Srty common breeding birds in northern UnltJd SUt^ pUclng their ^"^•o"".**"^^^ V. ii..w-tiiroaie« Y.r»u ,,,^^ structures in lorks of branches "» " ■"' ..evatlon from the ground: the "r.r^.ruKslh^rXaf^^^^^^^ rlTrX li^m Hi ite-heaueu Virbo. Lanivtreo tolitanui tolttanu*. N^ England and the northern sUtes north to Hudson Bay. -Tss.u?if%r wrrst^t ^^^B^^t^ts^-::^^ back white wing bars and underparts, the «»«?"» °«*"*!J"°®° ^?h'' J^eenlsh /ellow. * -nsplcuous mark Is^t^ whUe eX" w.ue ^ts^f s}?S onrch^a^^ SifevL Jrk. lined with flne grasses and hair, suspended from forks. usuaU) St low eleyatlon and often In pine orttr tree. ?of some twenty nests that 1 have found in New England all have been In low branches o. ^onTferSf. Tnelr three or 'our white eggs ar. specked with reddish brown. Sl«e .80 x .60. M9ll. CaDSIN's VlBKO. caitini. Lanivtreo Bolitnriiin ill Range.— United Uates west of the Rockies; north to British Columbia. Similar to the last but with the back grayish. 629b. Plumbeous Vireo. Lanirireo tolt- Range.— Rocky MounUln region, breeding from Mexico to Dakota and Wyoming. Uke the Blue-headed Vireo but with the yellowish wholly replaced by leaden gray. Blua-ba&dad Vtreo Lamvireo loli- (imk: Moi NTAij, Vmeo. tariut alticota. proper. From all accountf.. the habltv ii«iit< ™ •««• »' ""» •!>«:'«• differ In no wUe °ro m muxr of those of the northern SollUry Vlreo PERCHING BIRDS Lanivireo toli- Wliit^ 6i9d. San Lucai Virco. tariut luctuanui. R«nge.— Southern Lower Callfomta. v-fiT^T-L" .'■"***"' ''"' "•"' 'J»e laokB mor» Jrffe7fro2;'tl:eX?f. '"""'' "' ""• '"" -' tfSO. Black-capped ViHEo. Firro atricapil- lu$. '^ , - > ■ broken bTrwhUe'e^rrinTand lor^t^t^rr" "*• -"••"' «" •>-"• below white. They aoDear t^ Si , ."?' ""•""■ P*""'" B'eonf"!'. ^^^nKe.-Eastern United State. bfeedin/rrorVhe Oulf to northeru United This Vireo has white eyes, as imDlied bv it>. name, is yellowish green on Ihe sides tnd with r« n^h^^vf"' "I"- '^''^y have no soSg.TlkJ the other Vireos, but a stranee medlev of n^ll resembling those of the Chat or Ihrtke Thev nest near the ground in tan ^^^ gled thickets, making large nests for the size of the birds and not always suspended; they are made of weeds, leaves, grass, bark or any trash. Their three or four eggs are laid late in May or early '- June; they are white. ..* • ied V . brown; size .76 X .66. Whiti- sparingly speck- (i.Sla. Key West \'ire„. yireo grUeut maynartli. \Vhlte-*yed Vlreo Range.— Southern Florida. This grayer and paler variety nests in the Zmtr^^^lr" *"« «««« ■"•« not d stint from those of the last form 383 -11 THE BIRD BOOK (tSlb. f|||j,«pe^»«»» I'irfo griieut her- BKNMt'DA VlHBU. mudianui. Thta vMStri"*"" to ^ •"«*'tly .m«n« Md to have no y«now on the .Ide.. It. e«R. .re protaWy th. ..me .a tboeu o( the other.. 6,Slc. Small VVhite-bveh Vihko. I'irrn grufui micrut. Range.— Eastern Mexico north to •«»«tt'«"». ^•""■„,„„ SaJd to be .lightly .mailer and grayer than the common White-eyed Vlreo. It. eggM will not diner. 688. Hi'tton". Viheo. I'ireo hutloni kuttoni. Range.-Resldent on the CallfornU coast; chleHy In the .outhem parta. . A .Imllar .pecle. to iiorelinrmrniiiii out ^- ^ with the under part, tinged with yellow. These bird, are quite common but shy, ne.i- iDg at any height from the ground In open woods or grove.; the nests are m»o« "J grasses and moss and swung from fo«fa limbs; the three or four eggs are pure white, finely specked with reddish brown. Slie .70 \S-Illl<- X .50. 6.SSa. Stephen's Viheo. fireo hutloni ttephemi. RanBe— Northwestern Mexico and the boundary of the United states. ol the other Vlreos; the eggs are white, specked with brown. 8tte .70 x .d«. 6S2c. Anthony's Viheo. I'ireo hutloni obirurui. Range.— Pacific coast from Oregon (and Cal. In winter) ^^rniltrngTa'bUs and eggs of this darker and smaljer variety are the same In all respects as those of the Hutton « Vlreo. (i.SS. Bell's Vireo. Fireo belli belli. Range.— Interior of the United States, breeding from TRxas to Minnesota and Dakota. Texas lo raiiiu ^^^ nesting habits of this smaller species are just the same as those of the larger va- rieties, they suspending their small graat^ woven baskets in the forks ot bushes or trees and usually at a low elevat on. .heir nests are handsome and compact little strut- White tures. being often made almost wholly ol strips of bark lined with very fine K^afe^-.TJi- eggs are white, specked with reddish brown. Stxe .70 x .50. Data. -Austin Texas, June 16, 1898. Nest of strips of bark fibres and grasses, neatly woven and swung from the fork of a low bush, 2 feet from the ground. S84 m »n- >tie ^- ^ ^'il:aj:^rj:ri r-'l '""• /'-"-• »'««CHIN0 birds nwn in gottth.™ AH»n."^ to. th.^mr . S",.^''' '*•'= ">«y .r. quit, com n'mn.l I ♦•"•""• / irro riVinior. andX.lfiroSrT' ""'•'" ""'•" "°"' "-'-n T.x... .„„th.r„ c.mornia turt. of wor.n itr Mof lirk ^nd «J^ ''* "if """Peo'lle »tru<' Site .72 X .58. "** """"•• •P«cl«ed with brown. Whlt« «s, B.„"1?.T ^'*^^''^''^' Family COEREBID^ HUpMclliary line and "POt M S^e of nHm«H-- k"!.? ^''•' """' "'« «nderp.rtH. f "=»■ •" yellow. ThS? ne .t at low e eva fo^H lun,age to the best advantage. Their gonas are HTnl;i'''l°T'"£ """■• •"»'"l''omH and the nestg are of a high order of art h"te«ure'^ "' effectively deliver^l Mniti- '" *>^ti. Hla.k a.ni) White Wahblkh tUla varia. Thtg striped black and white Warbler |g ugually seen creeplnj,' about tree trunks and branchci after the manner of a Nuthatch. They are very active gleaners and of Inestimable value to mau »,„^ ^^^ "**' °^ 'h" ground in woods or gwampg, making their nest of strips of bark and gr88.^ placed among the leaves Their three to five eggs are white, finely ? IKM V : Pa«a.- Worcester. Mass., June In It M^**' of strips of bark on the ground In an old decayed itump. WhllH Hlaolc Hnd \Vhit« Warhler J; THK BIRD IMX)K JW7 u I'HoTiuiNuTAitv Waii»i.«". Protkon- otari» vitrtm, . „ ,. a. ._ K«nie.-8ottth AtUntlc •«>«" .0«" »»"'"*' north tn ih« Jiit«rlor to !ow» >nd lllinota. Thl» ip€cie» In often known BH the Ooldtin 8w«n>p W»rl> Wr hft^auiie o( the rlrh Kolden ynllow o( the head and under- partH. They rrequent and iifHt In the vlclnlt" of iwamp^ or pond.. ne.ttni »» «he cavl- ^,,_,„. tieH of trees or ituba at low elevation., nillne the cavity with lf*»". ™°«; and Kra»*eH, neatly cupped to receive the four to neven eM». which are •'•'•'"''l^T^ "L",^'* 1 white. profUHely .potted with -eddl.h brown and .he«tnut. 8Ue .72 x .55. D.ta.-Qtttncy Mo June 1. 18»7. 5 eiM. Ne.t In hole of tt dead »tuh « feet up. In timber «ome dl«t"^ from water; made of mo.* and Kraa.ea. lined with hair. l'i..i(iMm.liir.s Wiirhlc-i (i.lN. SwMNitoN'* Wahblkh. HrliiHiiu "'"""""•'kange.-South Atlantic and OuU State., north to Virginia and In- diana, and weet to eastern Texan, winters In Mexico and the Weft Indies. ThU .pedes I. brownish above •nd white below, with a whltl.h iiiiiiHh wiiit. gupercllUry stripe, it ha. been found breeding most numerously In thlcketn and tangled underbu.h about swamp« and pools in any iocalliy. Their nests are either In bushes or attached to upright rushes over water ""er the manner of the Long-billed Marsh Wren being n aae of leaves, moss, rootlets, etc., lined with Bne grasses or hal^. and deeply cupped for the rec-p^ tlon of the three or four unmarked white or blu.oli whUe eggs which are laid dorln^ May or June. Slie 75 X .58. Data.— Near Charlestown. S. ( .. May 12. 1888. 3 eggs. Nest In canes 4 feet from ground, made of strips of rushes, sweet gum and water oak leaves, lined with pine needles. (i.Sj). WollM-EATINO WaHBI-EH. Ilelmithrrof vermirorua. Range —United States east of th.> Plains, breeding north to southern New Kngland and Illinois: winters south of our borders. ,^ _, , „ This bird can be identified in all plumages by the three light InilT and two black stripes on the crown '"' and narrower black stripes through the e>»'-^Theii habits are similar to those of the Oven-bird. the> M Worta-eatlng Warbler PERCHING BIRDS feMlIni larctly upon !ie grMnd amid dMd Imvsk. They are qnlU abundant In moat localltlea In thair raBfa. naallni In hollown on tha ground in opaii wood* or thrubbary on hill «lda«; tha nam I. madf of leavaH. graaaaa and rootlaU. Itngd with hair or ftntr Rraaaaa, and la uaually plarad under th.' Nheltar of aoma uroalt buah. They lay (In May, June or July) three to alx acga. white, marked or tihed either uparlngly or heavily » tli eheHtnut or lavender. Blaa .70 x M. «M). li.wiiMA.M'i \VAHai.BH. I ermtvora hachmani. Kange.— Botttbaaatern United 8tateH. along tna Ottir loaat to Loulalana and north to Virginia and MiMMOuri. Thla apeclea i« one of the rareat of the Wurh lers. but la jow much more n)>undant than twenty years ago. when It had apparently dlaappeared. They are greenlah above, and yellow be:ow, and on the forehead and shoulder, and with black patches on the crown and breast. They hav- Iweu found breeding In MtsHourl. nesting on tli^ Kround like others of this genus; the eggH are white wreathed about the large end and sparingly sptM'ked over the whole surface with reddNI. brown and chestnut. Slae ,66 x .50. (in. HMKwiN.iKu Wahbleh. lermhora ptnu,. edge of woods; the nests are made of strips of bark usually grapevine, and ler.ves. and are usually high and deeply cuDued they are almost always placed among "he upright sh^ts of young bushes. The eggs are white, finely sp- eked with ?^ddlsh brown with great variations as to markings Sl.e fir, x^n grass, situated on the ground among a bunch of weeds in the woods 387 lliiiliiiianN W.iililt'i' l.iiwrfiii'>-'H Warlilir i.ll'lVKIl|-» Willi. llT \Vhl(. THE BIBD BOOK (it4. C)ul.DBN-WINftRD WaMBLIH. /VrmiMira ckrgtopltr: KMia.— BMUrn UBlta4 SUtM. brMdiBg north to thB MmtbarB pBrt« of tha Brlttah Pro* InrM. wtoUM MMith of th« VnM «**••• ThU ta * very hBB4»onie iiperJw with hUnK throat and aar patchaa. and y«»llow rr«»wtt ami .Ins har». the uppar part* bein* ■ray and the lower white. They frequent low Held* or hllUldei. where they neat among weed* or vine*, making the neat of ■trip* of bark, graaaaa and Bbran. ^y,,„, •nd lotating U cloae to the ■round In clumpa of weada, low huahaa or brUM The thraa to Ot. akza are white with a rary great dWerelty of marking., either heavily or minutely .potted or wreathed wlili < he.tnut and gray. «lia M t M. 1^^ ii.,liliii«tnm'>l Wiirliler lU.'t. I.n v'k Wabblicii. /Vrmirorrt /»W fork, of low bu»he.. thi. .peclea I. .aid to plur^ the domicile. In almost any crevice or nook that KUlt. their fancy, such a. loo.e bark on tre^ trunk., hole. In tree., or other bird. ne.t.. rii^ egg. which are u.ually laid during May are while. .parlnKly .pecked and wrea'.hed with reUmxIi briiwn. 8iie .60 z .60. (Ul. Viboinia". Wabblbb. I'rrmirora rirginim. Range.— Western Mexico, north to Arlxona and New Mexico, and also le.. commonly to Colorado. This species Is similar to the last but ha. the rump and a patch on the breast, yellow. Tliey are found quite abundantly In some localltle.. usually on mounUln range., nesting In hollows on the ground boslde rocks, stumps or In crevices among the rocks: the nets are made of fine strips of bark and grasses, skillfully woven together, and the three to five eggs are pure white, specked aud wreathed with reddish I -o* •- Size ,62 x .SO. White busy's W.iblur Virginia Warbler ur til f r Ith k blci tux N*.Mvittr W»i,»L„. l-ermi^or,, rulrn- ■npilln rtihrirnpilln, •.-"ff.""""-'***"' AW'rt*"* •Nim of th«' iMitin.. Hurt^w, Itay .„d Ubrtdor; wlnt-r. .,m,|, „/.,„; ^^^^ ThU Ninall apmlrit U yxllow Im- ^^H r:"" 'r*'' """' """ "-<>« •">•*<»< ^^^^ ln« ■ i'liKiitnttl cmwn palih tiihv ^^^ «!!!?. ■•""•''•""y 'n Nrw Knul-nrt wi.u. «"»«lly on Hidf hlllH - Nunliiili,. Wurhlfr oinnit*-. i„w„,.,| \v„,.|,|rr rirnpilln nnlturalh. nnm^'t'^J^^uV F"""" "'•'-'• ''r-e.llnR .», "^urJ.rw.STnV.SfJ'""" """" '" »""'^" <^««'«> In the ihade of a Urge o^k'*- ^"* "" '"^ ^°""0 °» « »We hill; auiong weed- THE BIRD BOOK Whil. reniHNfi' Warhlcrg Ollvp WarlilPis White (iU)l>. DiKKY Wahblkr. Vrrmivora irltitd nor- (lid a. Range.— Santa Barbara iBlands, off I'allfornla. Said to be duller colored and darker than the others. The eggs cannot he distinguished. tH'. Tknnkshkk VV.*rblkh. J'frmivora peregrina. Ilange.— Eastern North America, breeding from the northern tier of states, northward; winters to northern South America. This species has greenish upper ')arts, white lower parts and super- ■lllary line, and gray crown and nape. They nest either on the ground or at low elevations in bushes, making the structure of grasses and fibres, lined with hair; they are found on wild, tangled hillsides and mounUln ranges. The eggs are pure white, spar- ingly specked with reddish brown. Slee .62 x .45. (iVH. Pahila Wabbleh. Compnothli/piii amerirana americana. Range.— Eastern United States, breeding In tho southern half. The upper parts of this handsome species are blulsli gray with a greenish patch In the middle of the back; the throat and breast are yellow with a patch of black and chestnut. They are abundant birds in tultable localities, breeding in swamps, especially those with old or dead trees covered wit t hanging moss (usnea). The ""*« "^y »>« ^"""f at any height from the ground, and are usually made by turn- ?ng and gath*=rlng up the ends of the hanging moss to form a pocket, which is lined with fine grass or hair. The four t^ six eggs are white or creamy white, wreathed with specks of reddish brown and chestnut. Slie .64 x .44. fH8n. Northern Pari'la Warbi-er. Compsothlyph americana iniu-a: Range.-Northern half of eastern t'nited States and southern Canada: winter. %";;ts^t?i;i::LHsT'thrnorthern form of the Blue-yellow-bacUed WarbUr >.r» in «I1 resnects like those of the last, and like them, where moss grown swamps are nT to b" found, they have been known to construct nests of moss .uspended from branches of trees, or to nest In bunches of dead leaves Data.-- Oxford Mass .June 7, 1895. Nest in a dead pine swamp: made In end of hanging moss about 6 feet from the ground. Large colony breeding. 390 PEH'^HING BIRDS ()«*. Sknnktt's Wahbi.eh. Comp^ollihipis piti ayumi nifirilorii. Kange.— Eastern Mexico, north to tli.- I^.wer nio Grande Valley in Texas. This species is similar to the Parula Imt is tnof extensively yellow below, and has black lores uiid ear coverts. Their habits are the same as those or the last and their nests are generally placed in ^n.r^^J"? »°^\ """^ "■■« "'''° ""'d to have hee„ found hollowed out in the mistletoe which grows on many trees in southern Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. The ckks cannot be distinguished from those of the last. (i.K). Cape Mav Wahbi.eh. Demhoua tis!- rina. Hange.— Eastern North Ameiita, breeding from northern New Eng land and Manitoba northward; win ters south of the United States This beautiful Warbler is yellow below and on the rump, streaked on »ho ».« *"* breast and sides with black; rhlstnut '"'•J^l' "'"' sometimes the throat ar* f ion wV 1^7 "^. "^^y '°*="' '° their distribu- tion both during migrations and in their breed ?fef'Tetr,h?"^ "".f '" '"^ °"'" branoher'f «wL,'^»t. '*"''' ^""e"' makfnB the nest of r„ ^, J^ .?^^ *"■ "^^ ^KK" are white, variously specked with reddish brown and lilac; size 65 Whitp %s I'iiTiihi \V;irl.lir S.nii.-IIV \\:ul.iir «)"'l. Olive WARBr.EH. Pencedramm „lir,>r,u>, TMs''^D;;l!'n-r"'^'"'.°' ^''^ "^"'^ »"" Arizona southward. 2^e rnnM^""'^ T^ beautiful Structures made of moss i ,.he„s" r?.. °.i *'" """^ Kra-sses and setting high on the limb Ike thns^i of the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. The eggs are gravisT, w hiiVw^H a bluish tinge. thK-kly speckled wi?f M^kislK^^ ze 6 ' x " nata.-Huachuca Mts., Arizona. June 21, 1901. Nest in a sui/ar pine near extremity of branch. 25 feet from he ground and "o '■"^'•^ w»'h7anrd"o;^: '^""' "' "^^ '^^- -■"'"'-' orii^c^-erarti;;: ro.,„e,s. H„e.. ^^mt^jfUM^ii Ml THE BIRD BOOK liM. Yki.i.ow Wabblkr. Dendroica vaiiva. n»tiva. UaKne.— Breeds In the whole or North America: wlnterB Houth of our borders. This well known and very common speoies Is wliolly yellow, being more or less Kreenish on the back, wings and tail, and the male is streaked on the sides with chestnut. They nest anywhere in trees or bushes, either in woods, pastures, parks or dooryards, and their sprightly song is much in evidence throughout the summer. Tlit- nests are usually placed in upright crotches or forks, and are made of vpRPtable fibres and fine grasses compactly woven together and lined with plant down and hair; the eggs, wliich are laid in May or June, are greenish white, boldly specked in" '""'' "'"" endless patterns with shades of brown and lilac; size .65 X .50. (i.V2;i. SoNOHA Yki.i.ow Waiihi.kr Drnilroivii (vstiva sonornna. w Mexico and west cm Itange.— Arizona. Texas, southward. This form is brighter yellow, especially abovf. I hap. the last. The nesting habits are the sanif and the eggs indistinguishable from those of the preceding. (i.Vil). Alaska Yki.i.ow Waiiiii.kh. Driitlroiin (Futirn niltipiiionn. Range.— Breeds in Alaska and on the coast south to Vancouver; winters south of the United States. Similar to the common Yellow Warbler but slightly darker above; its egg.^ and nesting habits are the same. Cape May Wartilers Vettnw \V'arhlti-t 392 "^ f I n 1 J. B. PMTdne NKST OK VKLLOW WAUBLKP. THE Hlltli BOOK MniiBr.ivo Wiirlilei!. mn.-k-lliioiited nii'l', WiirliUMs (ij;;. MANimovE Wahblkh. Dendroicu lir/foiili rtmlnneirrpi. Range.— Southern bower ("all fornla and western Mexico and Central America. TlilH Hpecles Is very similar to the Yellow Warbler but the cii- ,^^^^ the head and neck of the male ,,,.,.,, „|^,, „.,,,„. are yellowish chestnut. Their nesting habits or eggs do not vary In any essen- tial particular fron\ those of the common \ellow birds of the United States. (i.". i. Hl.AlK-TIIHOATEl) Bl.t K WaIIHI.EH. Dm droifii rarulegcens vttrulr»cenii. Ilanne —Eastern North America, breeding from northern United States northward; winters In the Gulf States and southward. These black-throated bluish-backed Warbler.s are abundant In swampy woodland both during migrations and at their breeding grounds; elthci sex can readily ■ Identified in any plumage, by tlie presence of . . nail white spot at the base of the primaries. Tiiey nest in underbrush or low l)Ur>r,. .Mv„Ti.K \Vahhi.e«. n,.,„tn,ira r,m>„„l.,. Runge.^-Eastern Nortn America. hreedlnE frnn, northern United States northward, w/nters the southern half of eastern United State" black Warbler can readily be ide.i titled by Its yellow rump, sid. patches and crown patch. It is on- of our most common species durinu mlRratlons when It Is found west 4.x. ». *" '"^ Rockies and casuallv fur o'urtre^s'Va'kfnr/H'l "7^^ branch^roVco'nlf: ous trees, making their homes of rootlets nlaiit of Mav^lhrf "'"?• ""^"'^ •'"■'« °' the latt;r pa or May. three or four eggs are laid- thev are «,hH, ""Z'twz'f 'r-^ orbrow7a"n^^Tr; ml ""xf t-^^n a"::.^fp"-f 'a Jut 1"fe^e? V' ».ade of fine twigs, lined with leathers! ^' filfi. AuDiBON's Warbleh. Dendroica and,,- boni auduhoni. Range.— Mountain ranges of western iTnit^n ^ TM. '^7"? ^••'"''" ^"'"""'^ °° Mexico." ''""''' This bird resembles the last In the location ot the yellow patches but has a yeUov/ Instead of a white throat, and is otherwise dilferently marked. They are as abundant In suitable locali- ties as are the Myrtle Warblers in iwuisii whii.- J,"® *»st. nesting on the outer !,„< 1.. , branches of coniferous trees at any height from the ground. The nests are made of bark strips, rootlets, plant fibre, grasses and pine Aurtubona w..,i,i.,s and mac size Is x" ^"2"* Th^/n ""^ f^^"^!" °J •""""' ^»'"« """ked with brow., O VV rr'flnri!1r! .Li ;, ^''* ""«" flKUi-ed is from a beautiful set of four in Mr (i.-.H,-.. Hi.A. K-KHONTKi, Warbleh. Dendroica auduhoni nipHfron,. 5fm«!r;*'n""*'''"'' °} southern Arizona and Mexico. Similar to flie preceding, but with the forehead and ear coverts black Thpir nests and eggs are in no way different from those of Audubon's Warbler. .Mvrllp Warblers .\ilrtubons Wiirliliis „>^W-=- V - M6 THE BIRD B(M1K H.'S'. Maosoiia Wabbleh. nolia. Dendroirn maf- ^^ Il8„ge._ North Amertca e«*t of the Roclj'«»' hre "ding from northern United Ststen to Hudson my region -nd In the AHegh.nte.. nouth to Penn- sylvania. WmterB south of our borderH. Tl Ih HPecles. which 1» one of the mo8t beautiful of the WarblerH. is entirely yellow below and on the rump, the breast and sides being heavily streaked with black; a large patch on the hack and the ear coverts are black. They build In coniferous trees at any elevation from the ground, making their nests of rootlets and grass stems, usually lined witli hair' the eggs are dull white. "'''•' Hp^iced with pale reddish brown; si|e .65 x .48 Data.- Worcester. Mass.. May 30. 1895. ♦ eff*- Nest of fine rootlets and grasses about 30 feet up on the end of a limb of a pine overhanging a brook. ()-,8 C'BHii.KA.N Wahblkh. Deiiilroica rtrrulro ' RanKe— United States east of the Plains, breed- ing oWeilyVn the northern half of the Mississippi Valley, rare east of the Alleghanles and casua In >aiiey,r» ^^^ England. These beautiful Warblers are light blue gray above, streaked with black on back, white below, with a grayish blue band on breast and streaks on the sides; they have two wide white wing bars and spots on the outer tall feathers. Thty are found chiefly in the higher trees where they glean on the foliage; they build also usually above twenty feet from the ground In any kind of tree, placing the nests well out on the horiaonlal limbs, generally In a fork. The nests are made of .ine strips of bark, fibres, rootlets, etc. lined «lth hair; the «KK«p«;f,!^'^'; "^ Dale blulsli white, specked with reddish brown; size .62 x .4S. Data. ruTKo. Ontario June 2. 1901 Nest in a burr oak. 18 feet from the ground on a hori- zontal limb. Wlllt.' Mapnolla W.ipblPrs ( •('iiili'Mn W THK BIRD BOOK ti!>i). CiiKHTNiTniiiKii Wahbi.eh. DrHilrviia pemt/lvanica. Range.— United StateH. east of the Plain*. breeU- iuB In the Middle Staten and IlUnola. north to Man- itoba and New Brunswick. Wlnteri) Houth of our tiorder. The adultH of thU handMome ipe- ( leu may readily be known by the white underpartR and the broad I'heHtnut Htrlpe on the flanka; the crown U yellow. They frequent low bruRh In open woods or on hllUldea and pasiurea, nesting at low ele- vatlonB. usually below thre« feet from the ground, and often concealing their neati beneath the leaves In the tops of low tman buahes. The nestx are made of grasses, weed stems and some llbreH, but they do not have as wooly an appearance as those of the Yellow Warblers which nest In the Hame localities and Blmllar locations. Their eggs arp white or creamy white (never greenish white), Huetked with brown and gray. SUe .65 x .60. Data.— Worcester. Mass.. June 6. ISM. Nest In the top of a huckleberry bush. 2 feet 'rom the ground; made of grasses and plant fibres. Blrt did not leave nest until touched with the hand. Whilr (i()(). H.\v-BBEA»TEO Wabblbh. Dendrotco com- tanra. r'li«>Htniit-Rl>1e neiit abuu *■"' ' '" ">e Houth AllantU- StateK. S!^ '',."' J*'""' •"«' *"her on horl ^^^^ ■ontal limbti or in buncheH of Mpan- , ^^^ (ah moaa. The neata are niBdrof '•^"•'"'"»' *'<»- •lender pletea of twigH. rootletH and ati ,h of wniie. Hpei Ked about the larRe «nd with rt-d. «*'*'«';• N. <•.. May 3. 1»»0. Nent 43 feet up on nmb of pine: made of xraaKeH and hair im-M. Sy. AMOHK \V»HH1.KH. l)eH,lr.,i,„ ,l„„,. tnica alliilora. ^.?*''"'r"*"***'"''PP' Valley, breedlna north ... Ohio and IIUnolH. and went ,o Kantui and Texa! Thla bird In pretlHely like the laHt except (hat the auperclliary stripe in uaually white T.»^i 1.^'Ac.hr of''ryr;roV;.r;.e"^"K"iir -nr^d?^ PERCHING BIRDS (Jh.xc K •« \Vahhi.k:.. I)en,hvu„ ^raritr. Yellow-throated Warl.l LI>iEN-( IIKKKEI) WaMBLKK. chriftoparia. Dendroira Range. — Central and southern Texas south to Central America. This beautiful and rare specle.4 is entirely black above and on the throat, enclosing a large bright yel- low patch about the eye and a small one on the crown. In their Whitt very restricted United States range, the bird, art) met with In cedar timber where the> nest at low elevations in the upright forks of younK trees of this varietj. Theli nests are made of strips of cedar bark, interwoven with plant fibres and spldci v/ebs making compact nests, which they line with hair and feathers. Their three or four eggs are white, dotted and specked with reddish brown and umber. Site .76 X .66. niKck-lhrimtcil Warblerit tli>l<1fn-<-hfi'k«'il V" II 111 iaaa; 402 *»7. Bl,ACI|.TH«0*TrD Okkfx W'»|,|i|.«h. Drniiroira virrnt. .oS'h««'*i*^'L""'. "".'•"'' *"•'-• h'-«»lnK from ■oothfirii New Knitland. H<>utli (■rullna In Ui» A othMlM and lllinou north to Hud«„' toy wi. ten. iiouth of th« United Hlaten. «Tbeiie (-ommon »>aHtern bird* Br*- •»mll»r to the laMt liut ih.' «>ntli>' upper pait» are oIIvh KrccnUli. u. ^ T"'/ "re nearly alwayM found, und ^^ alwaya neat, In plnew. Hither urovt-n vvtiliH ,®r "''""'J"" tov^rfd with youHK »..t .«, _ .u ' .""• ^•'" "•'"' "'■•' ""ually plured S?«.!.w ?■.•"*' •""• ""•«•'•"' *»>"- «'"'y »r*. very d fflcult to Ima e. and re.emble neiitH of the Chlu ?hVre;';r'°for-;."';L:rtir.i^n"C^ PRRCHING BIRDS Urndr <{fl«. Townubnb'i \V»hbi.kh. /oH tlu.He „r the latter. Site .60 x .50. Wlilt. 'k-lliruuti'il Orrrii WiirliliT liiwnxcnirg Wiirlilers 403 THE BIRD BOOK 669. Hermit Warbler. Dentlroica occiden- tali*. Range.— Western United States and British Co- lumbia chiefly on the higher ranges. Wlnter.s south to Central America. This peculiar species has the entire head bright yellow and the throat black; upperpart.s grayish, underparts white. They are found nest- ing in wild rugged country, high up in pine trees, the nests being located among bunches of needles BO that they are very difllcult to find. The nests are made of rootlets, shreds of bark, pine needles, etc., lined with fine grasses or hair. The three or four eggs are laid during June or the latter part of May; they are white or creamy white, and sometimes with a faint greenish tinge, specked and wreathed with brown and lilac gray. Size .68 X .52. ()70. KlRTLANU's W.\RBI,EH. landi. Dendroica kirl' Range.— Eastern United States; apt to be found in any of the South Atlanlc. Middle or Central States, and in Ontario. Canada. Winters In tlit^ Bahamas where by far the greater number or specimens have been found. This very rare Warbler Is bluish gray above, streaked with black, and yellow below with the throat and sides streaked. Until the summer oi' 1903, the locality where they bred was a mystery. The capture of a specimen, in June, in Oscodo Ce., Michigan, led to the search for the nests by N. A. Wood, taxidermist for the Michigan Museum at Ann Arbor. He was successful in his quest and found two nests with young and one egg. The nest in which the egg was found contained two young birds also. It was in a depression in the ground at the foot of a Jack pine tree and only a few feet from a ,„,. ' P^RCHIXG BIRDS Oiill whiti' «n the Gulf States and soithwVrd "•■"''= ^"""'' This common eastern Hpecles » BreenlBl, above and dull yri- lowBh below, streaked with dusky on the sides. They are almost exclusively found in pine woods either light or heavy {["■T""; ^l*""^ 'hey can always May'28 '5l9i''N'est i) fe^t'uD-i^rr*"""' **/"«• Pine needles and VooUets "^ "'"•'' """*" "' «72. Palm VVahblk... Den.hoira palmurum palmarum. .^P^ZTZ a-Sd^nrhwlK-a wKli:^ Sdles' ""^"'" M'-'^l'^IPP' Valley a'nd the West ^.. This species is brownish yellow ll?*^ *. "??:« ""^ y«''°" on the throat and breast the crown and streaks on the sides are chestnut. They are found during migrations on or near the ground on the edges of woods or thickets and along roadsidoB- Have a peculiar habit of "teetering" th^lr tall «:•-',. Y«,.,.„w Pa,.m Wahblkh. Dendroica palmarum hypochr„.ea. ?i:rs'^r.t"c;'ir?er"K?rt-b^7or^ ^t^ ?^"^?:;.^S^^^Snll^'SS^V- '^-- ..n the ground and the eggs are indistinguishaWe. "^ °' '"* ""•*• P"*"" • 'li'illiiy whitf I'Ine \Varhlpr.s Palm Warblers ^miM 406 .1: 1 I C. A. Kioil l>KAU;ll': WAKlilJQU NKST 1' i i 'er„ Florida and ufe "('4t''r„T" "'"'^'•^ greenish hark. These l.'rd' w and valleys, where ,""e'v Z ?T T^"""-^ ""'«'^"' the male w 11 be foind in?, '? '"''' '""*'"'■''• «'»' lookout trees deliver^n^'M! 'T. "' "'" t''"«'^' oullar lisping song Their „ "".'""' «"" ^'''•y P'" made of veBetable flT,r!! *'!!■*'' "" '"""i«omelv ,^*"ven together and lin^d witirhair'^rr" ''"^'"^ Is placed in the ton of i-TJ ■ ' "'''* sfu'ture well concealed by the , oner Jnif^" 'i *'"" « '« lo five eggs are whitiT i "t^^" ^'"'"' ""ree with shades of brown and J'^*!'^'*?'' and spotted ^r^ld": .ade^^orp^arfiTr'"",*' "" ^-' '-- eggs '^""" "'"^•^>' and grasses. Four bre"7iSg7ror?he'',rddre ^'*h' "' ""- '""X'-. States, north fnrJh!^*^ portions of tlie Vnited fron. u.e''^'^lf'?StaYe!:ro°;„raV'-^- ^Vinter^ GoTden-cS:^ %i/rZ Z ""^ '^"-n as the orange crown bordered wii^h^T. "'J'" '"•°»"''^" woodland birds eSivelvJnrt ^^eyare ground, archinc th» ti^ ^ 'J"'' ""^"t on the proper being "made iTZZeVlrZ'^'Vr''^- "^ "-' are concealed so effectnnliv ,, "' '^'^^'^ons. As tliev by flushing the bird "ti" ,'ur '"sir;^; "'" """''">• '"^^^ -.^l^SB9. nomed nest -th^a'sldT^e'ntf-i'r^th^roun^d-^n^ PERCHING BIRDS )v > .osT or ovKN-iunn J. O. Can Held NKST AND KOGS OF 1A>U1SIANA WATEK-THKUSH f>75. Wateb-Tiihc sii. Seiurus novehoro rrntin novehoracensiii. RanKe. - Eastern North Anierlca. hrpfriinB frotn northern rmted States north to I uds'm Bay and America "''"""■" '""" "'- «"'f '" S"'"l" This Hpecfps is uniform brownish olive above and white below strealr/ sliRhtly larKer. darker on the bacl-. and paler btiow Their nesting habits and eggs are identical with those oi the last. Louisiana Water Thrush «uter-Thrusn 676. LoiisiANA Watkii-T iHrsii. Seiurus motacilla. Range.— Eastern United States, breeding from the nnlf n^rn, . ''t';;.^,^"'!'- V'^'r'r"'! Minnesota; win^ters sout£ ot^i'; ZZtI° '"'"'''"" This species is similar to the last but is larger, grayer and less distinctly streaked on the underparts. They ntst^n swampy places concealing their home in nooks among roos of trees or under overhanging hanks, the nest being made of leaves, moss, mud. grasses, etc., making a bulky strucTure The eggs, which are laid in May and number from four to r^ai \lL^.'''^^:Tl'.^r '""''"''•' ^•"" ^"-'-^ -«> "- Whit. ^1 409 Whitf THE BIRD BOOK (»77. Kbntuckv VVahbleh. Oporornh for- moiv 1. KaiiKe.— Eastern Untied States, breeding from the Gulf to New York and Michigan: winters south of the United States to South America. Crown and ear coverts black, un- derpart- and line over eye yellow; no while In the plumage, .^hese birds are found In about such local- ities as are frequented by Oven- birds, hit with a preference for woods which are low and damp. They are locally common In some of the southern and central states. They are active gleaners of the underbrush, keeping well within the depths of tangled thickets. Like the Maryland Yellow- throat, which has similar habits to those of this bird, they are quite Inquisitive and frequently come close to you to Investigate or to scold. They nest on the ground In open woods or on shrubby hillsides, making large structures, of leaves and strips of bark, lined with grasses. The eggs are white, sprinkled with dot or spots of reddish brown and gray. Size .70 x .65. Data.— Greene Co., Pa.. May 26. 1894. 4 eggs. Nest a mass of leaves, lined with rootlets, placed on the ground at the base of a small elm sprout In underbrush on a hillside. -*« nest loosely made of grasses (wild oats Mrne^w^h'fl^// "' ^*"- ^ «■"«» blackberry vines 14 Inches from the ^rou;Vl^a^rough'',rthl'vX'' '"'''•' '" MournlnB Warblers Macfrllllvray Wiirhl^rs ti % Ai'\ 4U THE BIRD BOOK ■J WIlHi Marvlaiiil Yellow -thrums HflilliiK'M Ycllow-throul ()«l. M.Mivi.AMi Ykllow-tiihoat. dfollll fUlif Irivhtm Irirhai. UtttiKe.— Kantern United aiat»'H; tills npeclj-M ha.. re.ently been «tlll further sulhdlvldtcl ho that thl^ form 1h HUppoHed t be reKlrlcted to the mouIIi Atliintlt' lOBHt of th, llnlttU StateH. The Maryland Yellow-throat In represient.d In all parts of the United States by one of \U fornit.. They are ground loving birds, frequentlnn swamps and thUketH where they can be located by their loud, unmistakable Bonft of "Witchery, witchery, witch." They nest on or very near the ground, making their nests of grasB. lined with hnlr; these are either In hollows In the ground at the foot of clumps of grass or weeds, or attached to the weed stalks within a few Inches of the ground. They lay from three to five eggs In May or June; these are white, specked about the larger end with reddish brown and umber, and with shell markings of stone gray. Slxe .70 X .50. All the sub-species of this bird have the same general habits of this one and their eggs cannot be distinguished from examples of the eastern form; the birds, too. owing to the great differences In plumage between Individuals from the same place, cannot be distinguished with any degree of satisfaction except by the ones who "discovered" them. ()81(i. Wehtkrn Yf.i.i.i)W-Tiiiio.\T. (leothlyjih trichan occideniidh. Range.— This variety, which is said to l)e bright- er y-llow below. Is asirlbed to the arid regions of wes'8rn United States; not on the Pacific coast. tiSlb. Florida Yellow-thkoat. CieolhlgpU trichas ignota. Range.— South Atlantic and Gulf coast to Texas. (j81c. PAtiFii Ykllow-tiihoat. O cut hi ;i pill trichat arisela. Range.— Pacific coast from British Columbia southward. (J8le. Salt Mahsic Ykllow-thhoat. Geoth- lypi* trichat linuota. Range.— Salt marsUes of San Francisco Bay. 412 1 1 PERCHJNG BIHDS •J^pKe— Lower California. were Hltuated in rluniDs of v.?.».i -'v"''^'"" two and three feet atove the whup „'^***"'" were made of dry strloH nf ii, T *''" ""•"" with flbreH; the egKH were nke.hoKJ''Vfr- """'* mon Vel.ow.throat'!ri„T7aVeT! T.T.^';! H'l^- 'iN-i.l. Kl<.(ii.ANi,»: YKi.i.,.«-Ti.H»vr. (hnm- irlhli/pu polioiephala. V^rey'?;r T^a,'" """^ '° ">« »--«' "'o Grande not differ from those of the XrVe,i,.l!r^.t1;: This stranKe but handsome spe,.les is very com- w.„r.,.«,ert That mon In underbrush and thlrkets in »i, usually shy and endeavor with sm.i. T*^= '"^^ «■•« siKht. hut their strange »on^„„H?; '" ^^^^ «"" "f various whistles and squawks mln^H ?"''.. '='"""'"-"'« »' heard. Their nests are built Tn^tf *°««ther. are often elevations. belnR made of Krass HtHn , k"" ?■"'*" »' '°w lined with finer grass fherr ' eLJf "' '•"'''' »"^ 'e«ves. «h„. speckled and spotted with ^rio!fs*,h?';^ *5"«- ^^arply lavender; size 90 x 70. •*** °' '"■°*'> «nd O-S.^n. r.oN„-Tu,.Kn Chat. /./.nV, viren, lon/ticauda. C-oSr^""^*' «'"*•''' --' «" »»>- P'a'ns. breeding from Mexico to British n^n^^'^l^'^l^ui\^^^^^^ .onger tal, than the last. 4U l!l.. (iran.l.. VHIo« ..hn.u ' ' ""w-lirpiifiiert Chat »«-. vi a Wlilli- TH£ BIRD BOOK 6h4. Hoouku Wabblm. It'ihonia citrina. tUnxe.— EBatarn Unltod SUtes, btevdlDK north to ■outliern New EDRland and Michigan; wlnterH Routh of our borders. Thia yellow and greenlab apecleii can be Identlfled by Ita black head, neck and throat, with the large yellow patch about the eye and the forehead. The nieniberH of thin genua are active flycatchers, darting Into the air after paaalng Inaecta In the manner of the Klycatchera. They frequent tan- gled tUlcketa where they build their neata within a few Inchea of the ground, making them of leavea. bark and graaa, lined with hair: the four or Ave egga are whUe, apecked with reddUh brown and neutral tlnta ; alse .70 x .60. Data.— Doddridge Co.. Mo.. May 29. 1887. Neat one foot from the ground In a small buah; made of leavea. atrlpa of bark and nne graaaes. (>8.». VViLaoN'a Warblbk. H'iUoHta ptitiUa piuilla Kange.— Eaatern North America, breeding from northern United States northward; south to Cen- tral America In winter. Theae handsome little black-cap- ped flycatchlng Warblers are abun- dant during migrations, especially In he spring, being found on the edges of woods and In orchards. They nest on the ground, usually on the edges of swRmps. embedding their nests In the ground under the shelter of low branches or on the edges of banks; the nest Is of bark strips, flbrea and leaves, and the eggn are white, specked witn reddish brown: size .60 x .SO. Whllt I1ni>i)i>(l Wurhlt-rs WIlKiin'H Wiirlilvrs (JH.'m. Pii.Koi..\TKi> WAHHI.EH. ffi/ionid /)M»iHrt />. - -ta. Range —Western Cnltad States, breeding In the Rocky Mountain region from Mexico to Alaska; winters south of the United States. . . u .. Stalla. to the eastern form but the yellow underparts and greenish back are brlKhter Like the last species, ihls form ne;Hts on the ground or very close to it, ,n weed; oVrank undergrowth. In swamps. Their egga which are laid In May or June are not distinguishable from those of the last. 4U •iMb. OoLU.ll PlI.HOI.ATKI. W*hi..,,:h. Ilil. north lo BrltUh CoUnfbta tt.ounuin «ng«« PERCHING HIKDS (iXti. l^ANADIAN UahmlCN. lit. H'Umohm canaiifH- .na H„a.on\;';-:f.^;i r-"?i^ - .^.':««'- ^^^ rw-^J""" '"'"*• They frequent Willi.. El"''" «"■ °l>«"> woodH with It -Ilk rUdUh R.i,™JE,'S',f ",'?•'''"' N« o, .1,. „„s,T.mS u.»;;iul'"' ""'■ Woods: made «nfiroi„ „. 7 , °"''* '" "^aniuy "ned with fine g«8,!'^ "' "'"'"' "' '"•"■«' bark (iN7. Amemk AN Hei«T»HT. Setophag. ruiiiilla. " RoSn!'e"/d?n/ir't;^:' n^'rt'fJn T\. "' '"^ United StateH and north to Kdor "" .?' i"" wInterH nouth of our borderH "^^°' ' ^''""'" • ;,„ ■, ■ - The male of this handHomp ii,..w„ - ■ American li..,l»i,,ri white belly, and orange pZ^iet on the^ld!" "r*" "«'««•'«• '" black with a feather8. They breed abundantly In Lamn' *'"*" »'"' bases o out^r un thickets by the roadside, placing their neK,^*^^"' ."••*" *"««'« «' at elevations of from thfee to thirv f««. 'V""^*" "^ bushe. usually In an upright fork Th« n^ / *' "'"'*''' «"•»'"'<« and made of fibres and grasses flltL . '^.u"'* ^"^ compactly hair Their eggs arl whUe. v^rlL'iThMT. ''I''* ""«<« with and hair; . feet from tbeVour'l^"[h%''L^;ro?rsm:;r-he':rn''ut""^ ""-^ •'ii.ia.llan WarhliTB American Itt'dmari 416 ,i <'. A.KKED MAI.K UKDSTAIIT l-KKniNO Yol'NfJ PERCHING BIRDS -iii;i.i II II miuiiila. KtMi.sTAKr. S,l,>f>/i,n;ii M..j...thorily oi tJiniud «« huvinK ... > urred in Till:- M|„..les Is sliiillur I., ih,. i,, .he»lnut irowii p„t, h, „|„r,. red , parts, and less while on i|„. tall "I.I.. thiit their ...-stlMK habits or the lust. 'I. but has .1 oil llic under- it is not pro!) ■KB« differ ironi I'!"'. Hki.h. M. \\„„u.n,. CanlrHnm niliril rniix. riunRP. Southern ■ouihward. This attractive littli ranges o| the south, .pn side hills, (..n.ealintr tli. Arizona and New Mi.xico, Warbler Is \ri7..,.'',*'''T^ '""•'' '"""""" '>i ni.mnialn Ariz, , a Th...v nest „„ ,|„. „r„^^„,^ „„ j,,,, •Hs under overh;;n«bi«'shrul^",'.r'Z,!.s'"-n fr^"" "'"' ■•""• e,. a,Hi bioMied With imh;" ^.h^rii^iiw,/:;;;! '■^^^ "■•'• ^'"•■•'<- .t.4x.4,>. Ilata.- < liiri.almu .Mts.. .vrizoiia m,.. lavender. Siz,- 11. litOL'. .Vest "(It S feet up on 417 H '^:^ :.\^ 'j> THE BIRD BOOK \iiit?riuan Ilangp.- t^ummer. ^ WAGTAILS. Family MOTACILLID^ [tiOi.] White Wagtail. MotacUla alba. Range.— An Old World species; accidental In Greenland. These birds are abundant throughout Europe, nesting on the ground, in stone walls, or in the crevices of old buildings, etc., the nests be- ing made of grass, rootlets, leaves, etc.; the eggs are wiiiu^ grayish white, finely specked with blackish gray. Siise .76 x .56. [(is.'). J Swiniioe's Wagtail. MotacUla ocularu. Range.— Eastern Asia; accidental in Lower Calltomia and probably Alaska. (i!)(). Alaska Yellow Waiitail. IfiKli/leii Sprasue's Pipit A«'«» ala»,en»ii>. -Kastern Asia; abundant on the Bering Sea coast of Alaska in the These handsome Wagtails are common in summer on the coasts and islands of Bering Sea, nesting on the ground under tufts of grass or beside stones, usually In marshy ground. Their eggs number from four to six and are white, profusely spotted with various shades of brown and gray. Size .7.5 x .65. Data.— Kam- chatka, June 20, lS9e. Nest on the ground; made of line root- lets, grass and moss, lined neatly with animal fur. w ', ; s 1 ()!)7. I'liMT. .Iiithui rubescens. Range. -North America, breeding In the Arctic regions, and In the Rocky .Mountains south to Colorado, winters In southern United States and southward. The Titlarks are abundant birds In the United States durluK migrations, being found in flocks In fields and cultivated ground. Their nests, which are placed on the ground in meadows or marshes under tufts of grass, are made of moss and grasses; the four to six eggs are dark grayish, heavily spotted and blotched with brown and blackish. Size .75 x .65. Gray I ()fW. .Meadow I'umt. .hithua pratentiu. Range. — Whole of Europe; accidental In Greenland. This species is similar to the American Pipit and like that species nests on ihe ground; they are very abundant and are found in meadows, woods or thick ets in the vicinity of houses. Their nests are made chiefly of grasses, lined with hair; tlie eggs are from four to six In number and are grayish, very heavi- ly spotted and blotched with grayish brown. Size .78 x .58. 418 Sace Thraaher PERCHING BIRDS [099.] Rkd-throatbd Pipit. Anthut cervinut. th^f«;77'^ Old World gpecles; accidental In S.U '"""*'" "^^ Lower California. The nesting habits of this bird are like those of the others of the genua. 700. Sphaoue's Pipit. Anthu$ tpraguei. Range.— Interior of North America, breed- er! ^"*^. Wyoming north to Saskatchewan. Winters in the plains of Mexico. .atgatfck These birds are common on mS^KM/^ ^"^ prairies and breed a bund ng^^M antly on the pUins of the in- m^^^^M terior of northern United ^^^^^^ States and Manitoba. They Cra,l«l, whit,. ?*M®.* "'*.''t. '°°* ''•'*«'> *« , ... - ■*'"» to •>« fully equal to that of the famous European Skylark. ThTy nest on the ground under tufts of grass or up turned nrasse^. built In the ground atli^e Iwe of a sl^'. '""""'''• '"''' °' ""« ''^'««» DIPPERS. Family CINCLID^ 71)1. DiPPKii. CinrlMs mejriranui, unicolor. ^hefeVh'^orard! Ssrc'Slo?e?'bi^dr:rra'r„" T^''. '° ^'''"»-' ^""'-• creatures: they frequent th" sides o,„,'^^^^^ "'^ strangest of feathered aquatic insects and small fish AlthoSrhthJv HnT'."*! "^^'^'^ ^^^^ '*'«'> "P»" swim on or under water with »hi „^ . . K ^" ""' ''"*« webbed feet, tiiey wings as padSfes'' Th'eV have^ ^h'rufh-Hk: Ml anrth"."? ?'".'*"\ "'""« "^^^ Sandpiper, and they are^aid to be one o the "weefest „f s™.'^?^ '""'^l' °' '"** among the rocks along the banks nf.«,mi„r, ' ^°'*^''**'*- They nest beneath falls: the nesfs are l"ge rounrstrac^u^^^nf'''"^*"'*'' """ sometimes Cne grass and with the entrance on the sidlTh/L '^'■^^" "'""''■ ""«'» ''"•' live m numi.er. and laid dur'ng May „r Juile sLe I oT^^O. ""'* *""''• '""■• '"• WRENS. THRASHERS. ETC. Family TROGLODYTID^ 7<»iJ. Sa«k TiiHAsiiEH. Oreimoph* montanus. va&Vm'lSrtar to'^lill^reo"' ^^'''•"•" ^'''^' «^"'-- ^^ neijii.;rt: Lu'rrit'^oiJ't.rvir.jn^f rrsa-gV'or oTe-^ bushes. Their nests are made of twles roof l^tf „n^ I I CnSt'n""^' *"!'.«"« rootIets:%he three'or ?our eggs art a aSS «raT ''sr'f '"Tn"''^"'' '"«'"«'> *'"' "edd'sh bro*n r l^oT N^^%f/e/a IL Zl-^X. ^:^l ^"tw\rof^S^ (C-y^nd-a^il St^) ""•' «'^"'^- ^""-'- W.' H"p°Jrk'^r! 41» of tlie Sierra Ne- OriM'iilxh lihic t , ■J J 11' THE BIRD BOOK 703. MOCKINOBIRO. polyglottoi Range.— South Atlantic Mxmui polyglottot States, ^ MnnklnKbiril and Quit north to New Jersey and Illinois. These noted birds are very common In the south where they are found, and nest about houses In open woods, fields, and along roadways: their nests are rude, bulky structures of twigs, grasses, leaves, etc., . ^ ,, placed In trees or bushes nmi Kreenish blur ut low elevations; the three to five eggs are usually dull greenish blue, boldly ♦•ed witli brownish. Size .96 x .72. 70.^a. Western MocKiN(iBiHi). •/. . polsglottot leucopterut. nange. — Southwestern United States from Texas to California, and southward. This subspecies Is as common In its range. and Its habits are the same as those of the eastern bird. The nests and eggs are Identical with those of the last, and like that variety they frequently nest In odd places as do all common birds when they become familiar with civili- zation. 704. Catbird. Dumetella Caroline n*U. mmge.— North America, breeding from the Gulf States to the Saskatchewan; rare on the Pacific coast; winters in the Gulf States and southward. , , . .,. This well known mimic is abundant in the temperate portlous of lU range, frequenting open woods, swamps, bill- sides and hedges. Their nests are usually low down In bushes or trees. and are constructed simi- larly to those of the Mock- ingbird, of twigs and root- lets; a tangled mass of vines and briers is a fa ''""''•' «'^^^" vorlte place for them to locate their home. The!; eggs are laid in the latter part of May or during June, nnd are from three to five in number and a biight bluish green in color, unmarked. Siae .96 z .70. R "^ wl ^H^pl ^^^^^^^T" ^ (a^^^i^:^^ 420 : isC, k i m PERCHING BIRDS (iifcnlsh white -();-,. Uhovtn Tiihasi.eh. Toxo»loma rufum ,, """f.*";^^''*'"'' N°"h America, breedini: i^f^n^^y. Oulf States north to Cankda Win ters n the Gulf states and southward. brle'dWr^.lj^rSTo. ''""«'"" '« '-"" calltles as are preferred by the Catbird and the two are oiten found nesting In rte same hedge or thicket. The nests, too, are similar but that of the Thrasher Is usually more bulky be- sides building In bushes they frequently neat on •■— m-... wime ^^'Z'^TZ:^^ Z!^:l •'?l,.f sXrj.^H^i'' the spots o„ the breast rth^rh^^dges"rnd°tre''^t r"- ThtVsrsZre -"•"'-^ '" ''•^ ^-^ of the Brown Thrasher buf in « 7'^ '"""" »" ^^ose more sparingly marked -over the whor/!.„r7'"'' ^^^^^ . more deflnUe wreath al«ut tr.ar^nr^SaTa.^^^or^p'i^ I ^s^r/'^eVfn rbush^' thicket. Six feet from the groSnd Orponish white Brown Thrasher Toxottoma 'IS—IIQ 707. ClRVE-BILLED ThrASHBR. curviroitre curvirottre. New "^eVcf ^"°' °°'*'' *" '«'°''>«™ Texas and eastern wh™\Xw*%h/Mn"?"" ."•''' ^' •"«'« •no """ed hiril „ ' '''® ''*" '^ *'°"t *«»d decurved. These ^« »rf ^h"' °""""-°"8 'n the Lower Rio Grande VaUey t, "■^*^. 'he Sennetfs Thrasher, frequenting thickets where they breed In scrubby bushes and caltlThllr nests are rather larger and more deeply cupped than are those of th" last species and the eggs can easily be distinguished. They have a ground color of light blu- ish green, minutely dotted even- ly all over the surface with red- dish brown. Size 1.10 x 80 P^I^Ar^l"*""^'"*- '''e^S, April Bluish Brce,, fn I ^hicket^'^rfp^J^^'' °'.2"=''' "" *"»"•« °n " cactus m a thicket, 6 feet irom the gronnd 421 THE BIRD BOOK 1 1 ;^2Bfe 707(1. Palmrr'* Thhahheh. Tojtontoma rurvirostre palmeri. Range. — Very abundant In southern Arljsona and southward into Mexico. The nestlnn habits and eggs of thcKe birds are exactly like those of the last; they show a preference for placing their nests of sticks and thorny twigs upon cacti at elevations below five feet from the ground. Like the last, they generally raise two broods a season. 708. BKJiiHHE'H TilKAMiiKH. TosontoHiii beniHrvi. Range.— Southern Arizona and Mexico: north locally to southern Colorado. This species is not as abundant in the deserts of southern Arizona as are the last species with which they associate. They nest at low elevations In mesqultes or cacti, laying their first sets in March and early April and usually rais- ing two brooks a season; their three or four eggs are dull whitish, spotted and blotched with brownish drab and lilac gray. Size 1.00 x .72. Data.— Tucson, Arizona, April 15, 1896. Nest 3 feet up in a cholla cactus; made of large sticks lined with fine grasseB. Umyish wnite 709. San Lucas Thrasher. TojoHoma cinereum rinereuvi Range. — Southern Lower California, r . -"• ■" This species is similar to curvirnstre but the under parts are spotted with dusky. Their habits and nests are similar to those of the other Thrashers and the three or four eggs are pale greenish white, spotted with red- dish brown. Size 1.08 x .75. Data. — Santa Anita. June 3, 1896. 3 eggs. Nest in a cactus. Pale greenish white 709a. Mearns's Thrasher. Toiotioma cinereum meamMt. Range. — Northern Lower California. This species Is described as darker than the last and with larger, blacker spots on the breast and underparts. 710. California Thrasher. Tojrostoma redivivum. Range.— Southern half of California, west of the Sierra Nevadas. This species Is more brownish than the other curve- billed species and has a much longer and more curved bill. They are common in the under brush of hillsides and ravines, where they locate their nests at low eleva- tions. Their nests are made of sticks and grass, lined with rootlets, and the three or four eggs are bluish green with spots of russet brown. Size 1.12 x .82. Data. —San Diego, Cal., Feb. 7, 1897. Nest of sticks and root- lets in a grease-wood bush 4 feet from the ground. Collector, Chas. W. Brown. 422 rtlulsh green Toxostonia lecontei PERCHING BIRDS I I'illl' KMMnisIl hllil' I oxostomn Irtiiiili'i 711. Lr CONTB'g Thr AgllBH. lecontei. than the h.«t and 1ms a short,.. locally distributed in Its ran^, and nests at low elevations in bushes or cacti. The three or four eggs are pale greeijish blue sparingly dotted with reddish Phoenix. Arizona. April '.°78a-«'^| ll" " -75. Data.- of dry twigs, rootlets e.."iin2i .LTf"' I^rRe nesi and feathers: 4 feet fro, i"»i» ^Ith bits of rabbit hair ■ -.. » leet from the ground In a small shrub. 71 la. Ukseht Thmasiieh. arenicola. Bange.-Northern Lower California. ablve' «Ts°a'ferVCari;''oonfl°ne'r'- '" ^«'°« '"^^^ Rosalia Bay Lower cVuf/r.,,2 u^^ '■^'^^' '''''«''>' "Iwut -1.J r J "'""""•"" *'Kgs will not be distinctive il'i- Chissal TllRisiijrR -r , ■ , "'"live. billed Thrashers by Its grayish ,?nH ^"'^l °' *^^ '^»"'- chestnut under tail coverts tLp^^""/'" '"^ '"•'«''l abundant in suitable localUies n^nL Tf «""K«t«" are chaparral. Their nest? are l-rl*^ V^ \"Z •"•'nations in sticks and rootlets; "he egrsrangrfrom'', J*" "'"^ ■""<•« "f ber and are pale greenish^\",„lTn.(.;Xd':'%'j/riVo%T6: - - ^.. -. 71. S. Cact.sWhen. Ueleodytes hrunnci. captllut couesi. T.vo°^.^~"^^"*'"'®*'«™ United States from N:rada'Vnn'tS,^''"'°™'«-- """^ '"-""-- .nj'^.l Se? /^ l'e^g^1.-¥be^*a^VJe%"-^eo^ mon in cactus and ciiaparrel distrlcls^whe?! they nest at low elevations in bushes or TLti making large purse-shaped structures nf "««'*-;; a"1 thorny twigs. lined wihfellhe^s and with a small entrance at reamers one end. They raise two or three broods a year, the first »*" ?, *''^^'' *'^'"K 'aW early in April; the eggs are creamy white, dotted, so thickly as to obscure the ground color, with pale reddish brown. Siee 95 X .65 Data.— Placentia. Cal., Nest in cactus about 6 feet froffl-the 'ground ' bU furni;r/fn%ri'^".1 ^'"^ '«»*»■«» ^°d «b 423 dtameter, 18 Inches long. "N April 16, 1901. ■^••z \ Cactus Wren % 9 and in THE BIRD BOOK 7iaa. BavANT'it Cacti'k Wbkn. lleleodyU* brunneicapillut bryanti. Range.— Northern Lower California coast of southern CalifornlR. The nesting habits of this variety differ no respect from those of the last. 7 Lib. San LucAH (AcrrK Whkn. Ilclto- dyUn hrunneicapiUun nfKnh. Range.— Southern I^ower California. Eggs indlstlngulBhable from those of the last. 715. Rock Whkn. Salpinrtea oUmthtun obiolettt*. Range.— United States, west of the plainH, breeding north to British Columbia, and south to Mexico; winters in south- western United States and south- ward. This species appears to be quite abundant on rocky hill- sides throughout Its range; like iiock Wren most of the Wrens they draw white attention to themselves by their loud and va- ried song. They nest in crevices or beneath overhanging rocks making the nest out of any trash that may be handy, such as weeds, grass wool, bark, root- lets. e?c.? thefr eggs range trom four to eight in number and are pure white, linely specked with reddish brown. Slie .72 x .60. 716. GrABALUPE Rock When. Salpinrtei guadeloupeniii. Range.— Guadalupe Island, Lower California. k.=-i» in A slmilM but darker and browner species than the Rock Wren, "breeds In abundance throughout the Island from which it takes its name placing its nests in creWc"s among the boulders or cavities of fallen tree tonics and, as Is often done by the last species, lining the pathway to the "fst with sma pebbles The eggs, which are laid from January to April, resemble, in all respects, those of the common Rock Wren. 717. White-throated Wren, Catherpet mericanu* albifrons. Range.-Northea8tern Mexico and the Lower Rio Grande Valley '/> Texas. The hibits of the White-throated Wren are the same as those of the Canon Wren which variety is more common and better known; the eggs of this species are not distinguishable from those of the next. 424 71 7a. Canon Wh.n. Calherpe, me^,a„UM coHiper$ut. ravines, and side hilir tLI „ *Y '=»ny°n8. 717b. PERCHING BIRDS Dotted Canon When. mexicanui punctulatut. Catherpet O jar..„a„.pan.c„>r,rlr^^^^^^^^ Wren do not 718. C AHOL.NA When. Thr„othorus ludo- '^ "''^^■ vinanus ludovicianut bushes. When in exDo««H i«.il!» ... *"" '" '»™«'» o' madeofallsortsoftrS^hls^rhi?'' '''« °««t. which is are laid from March tSjJe -^5 ?,°'" =..*''*' *««•• "'"«"' eral broods are some ?me"*ear^ f„T f-V^ "'*'' " "'■ profusely specked with iieht ?Ihhi.? t 'eawn, are white. Size .74 X .60. reddish brown and purplish. 718a. Flohida When. miamermu. Rani?e.— Southern Florida. the last. °°* distinguishable from fhose of Thri/othorut ludovicianus •18b. I.oMiTA Wren. lomitensi*. Thri/othorut ludovicianut 717a— 71 »a Range.— Southern Texas. G.ISde ^^tZ^^ TlxaS're'rrits'as^^ Jf^'' «'» those of the others and the" e|^s ^re'^^'ot XlnXr *■ '" 426 'J lit'. will If Bewick'* Wren THE BIRD BOOK 719. BKWicll'i VVhbn. Thri/omane* betricki betricki. R»ng«>.— South Atlantic and Gulf St'\te8. and the MisBlHBlppt Valley north to Minnesota and locally to the Middle States lu the east. This species Is not common on the Atlantic coast but In the Interior It Is the most abundant of the Wrens, nesting In holes In trees, stumpH, fences, bird boxes, tin cans, etc., filling the cavities with grass and rootlets. Their eggs are laid In the latter part of April or May: they are white, specked and usually wreathed about the large end with reddish brown and purplish. 8l«e .65 x .60. -l.Qii. V'UJOKS'S WkKN. ThrjfomaneM beiruki ipiluru*. Ht^age. — Pacific coast of California. — - This similar bird to the last has the same general habits and the eggs are not In any way different from those of Bewick's Wren. 719b. Baihd's When. Thrt/omanet betricki bairdi. Range.— Southwestern United States, from western Texas to eastern l^all fomla and north to Colorado and Nevada. .,„ , , „„i.i„. Like the two preceding Wrens, this one nests In natural or urtlllclal cavltle.n. und the four to seven eggs that they lay are precisely alike. In every respect, to those of the others. 719c. Texas When. Thrgomane* betricki cr^ptut. Ranee.— Texas, north In fcummer to western Kansas. A T«ry abundant bird In Texas. Nesting habits not unusual nor eggs dls tlnctlTe. 719d. San Diego Wren. Thryomane» betricki vharienturua. Range. — Coast of southern California. 719e. Seattle When. Thryomanes betricki calophonut. Range.— Pactflc coast from Oregon to British Columbia. These last two sub-species have recently been separated from Vigors » Wren, but their habits and eggs remain the same as those of that variety. 719.1. San C'lemente Wren. Thrt/omanet leucophrji*. Range.— San Clemente Island. California. This species Is similar to Vlgors's Wren but Is grayer and paler above, not peculiar In Its nesting habits and the eggs are like those of friruAir. 7^0. GuAUALi'PE When. Thr/tomane$ brevicuuda. Range. — Guadalupe Island. ^ ,^ A very similar species to the Vlgors's Wren; ne ling habits and the eggs are not apt to differ in any respect 426 It Is 781. HouiiB Whbn. Troglodfftet ardon. PERCHING BIRDS ^^^ field., pastures, orchards aSd ^■■llr Zfpr frequently build about ^^^^ 5"T!l *" •"■•"» houses or any r-inkiHh "hifo npok that may suit them; they may select with" twl« ''^'^.f' /"l."'"'^* '"^^ down, etc., and lay fr^m Vv.f '^f'^ers, plant »et and fr^»ent^thM?.«u '""'"* SI?" "> "» n..de o.7wf.'s r .rSa'n^57.„r ^Mr^ aTdTat'h"e^»:"' «- " -'• '-= 5rva7.rrs%«rlVe^^;^- ',h„e Mississippi valley to eastern CallfornU. and eKKs do not differ In any respect "" *'" *""'™ '»"». but iu habits 722. W,nt«hWhbn. Nannu, hiemalU hiemalu. anger. They are ve^ sly b?M. «„h^'''' '*'"^°« excitement or *alls and under b™Th fke s^'„X3.«^« through slone w„i,.. f^nf but not as loud as that of^he Hois« w,'"' """^ * »^««t 427 ■4 THE BIRD BOOK 7'J',in. Wkhtkhv Winteii Wmkn. Sannut hirmalU piifilirut. HuiiK«. -Wpnterii Ncirtli AiiuTtfu from the KnckiPH to tljp roBut, north to Alunka. ThiH HptxIoH Ih mmh browner holh iilM)ve und »>«Iow and In more heavily liarred than tliv last; Its hubltn and eKK» are like- those of hIriiiiiliD. [.ill. KUIMK WiNTKH WmKN. hifmalin hfllrri. .\ annul RanKe.— Kadlak Island, Alaska. Said to he sllKhtly larger and paler than imrit iiim. ''2.1. Alaska Wren. S'annui alaiceniiM. Range.— Aleutian and PrlWlof Islands. Al- winter Wren aska. ,.,, . Larger and paler than the Western Winter Wren. The habits of this species are similar to those of the eastern Winter Wren; they nest be- tween boulders and In crevices of rocks or . Rtumps, making their nests of moss and rootlets, lined with feathers. The eggs are like those of the Winter Wren but slightly larger; size .66 x .51. "^^ Whitf 723.1. Aleutian Wren. iXatmns meligtr. Rtmge.— Western Aleutian Islands to Alaska. Very slra Uar to the above, both in song and general habits. They nest In the crevices of rocks or between boulders, making their nests of rootlets a- grass. lining It with hair and feathers. Usually six eg -e laid, white with a few specks of brown (.58x.46). 724. Short-billed Marsh Wren. CisMhorm aiellnrii Range.— Eastern United States, breeding from the Gulf to Manitoba and Maine. This species does not appear to be as common anywhere as Is the Long-billed variety, whose habits and nests are similar. They nest in or on the borders* of marshes, and nests being globular stiur tures of grasses, lined with hair, and wllli the entrance on the side: they are attached above the ground or water in marsh grass or reeds. Their eggs, wliidi number from six to eight, are pure white; size .64 x .48. White 428 PIBCHINO BIRDS 784. Loxo-BiLLBi, A1a«,m U'hu.v. todgtti paluitrit paluitri,. Telma New Kngland 'wln?iM T„*'' •» M-nltobo and States. • ^'nw" In southern (;nl(..,l berH ,n ^uJ^Z'Z'"' Zr.l'' "'""'"*" """' Jf tl' T'" "■•« Hlnillar to thote attached to cat-tallN or reed-. Hole In the Hide of the ruiiii woven HtruttureH and the Inter '"'"•• '"^"»'' a/r.he^r.-e'£^'itr .■at.ra!l"do:randT,a"oh'd"r';u"s.''"r*'i'' '•"— ""••'i-^M..V;,;-\vr., follector. Ueo. W Morne ' " "*■* '" "'"'• '""""' °^«r two fe« of water. r...nit-i,iil..,| MHr»h Wr^n C-opr^-'-" ""'"^ «--« on the PaH«c ..oa.; north to Br.tUh ,^T.. nesting hahlts aud e... „f ,,,, ,,,, „, , „„ ^^^^^^^^ _^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ews Of thlH paler torn, are Identical with tho.e of „„,„,,„.. :','.ic. :e. — irnl rannles of the bark for larvae. They make their nests behind loose hitnklHK bark on old tree stubs, usually at low elevations, building them of twigs bark, moss, etc., held togethi with cobwebs. The eggs, which are laid In May or June, are pure white, sperked and spotted with reddish brown; they average In siaie .iJH X .48. The nests are most often found under the loosened bark on i-oniterous trees. S"!:: WhII. 726a. Mexican Crbeprm. Verihia familiirit alhrurn*. Range.— Western Mexico north to southern Arizona. The nesting habits of this brighter colored form are the same as those ui th« others. 786b. RocKV Mof NTAIN Cheepeh. Ci'rihin familiari* montana. Range.— Rocky Mountains, breeding from New Mexico to Alaska. The eggs of this grayer variety cannot be dIstlnKUished from those of the eastern birds and the nests are in similar situations. 72tic. C'ALitoHNiA ("heepeh. Crrthia familUiriit mvidrntalh. Range.— Pacihc coast from southern California north to Alaska. An abundant species, especially on mountatln ranges, breeding behind the Urk chiefly on pine trees. The eggs are not different from those of the others. 726d. Siehba Creeper. Crrthia familiarit zeloten. Range.— Sierra Nevada Mountains In California and the Cascade Range in "vf ^similar to the last and with the same habits; eggs Indistinguishable. 4M ts^?i 787. PERCH I Vr. BIRDS NUTHATCHES AND TITS. Family SITTID^ VVlllTK-BIIBAlTleO NlTIMTC II. carolintHtii varolimentit. Sitta re.lden, throughout lU ra^e ' "-""*"" ^ •P or d„w„. ;Zr'^^ IVlVZtl^'lZ .tlffen^j lue tho«e of th" Uro*. . *■ Cre,.[,..rH. «Dd their pluraaMr/s ,i ,,1l tray and bla.k abov^ w,u, « 1^ black crown, and white be „,» Kround; they ,^LiZu"[ZTl' 'fT ""^ pecken.- hoU bu are "u?d at I?.""""? "'""«' vate their own with L^^ , 1 """"* '" ♦"'<='♦- are little adapt;d for that L "u""^!* '*""' "'"' r-'7l.. I ,.,.„,„, \VlllTK-,,„K»sTKI, N.TIMT,,, Sitln / ROCKV .MoiTXT.il N .V.TIHTIII. Silta r,irolii„n,u Hrlioni. :«J. S.,N 1.,,,,. X,„,,„„, .V,«„ „„„,,„,,,;. ,,.„„ 431 .', •i I i THE BIRD BOOK 728. RED-BREA8TED NuTHATCH. Sttta CatUt- dentU. Ueh, breeding from Mexico north to British Coluii.- bla. Resident throughout Us ran»je. This species has an olive gray crown Iwi dered by dusky, the back Is ashy blue and the underparts soiled white or rusty. They art- common In mountains of western United States, nesting in holes In trees the same as the other species of ,,-■ . Nuthatches. They lay from five to nine eggs which are white, speckled thickly with reddteh brown; size .60 x .50. Data.— Huachucha Mts.. Arizona. May 25 1901. Nest In cavity (10 Inches deep) in dead pine stump about 15 feet from the ground; composed of a mass of vegetable down; alti tude 9000 feet. 432 Whlli Brown- htailed Nuthatch ( PERCHING BIRDS 780a. White-naped Nuthatch. Sitta pygmtea leuconucha. Range.— Lower California. tho.e of the Pygmy Llhltc" """ """"^ "'' ) 731. Tufted Titmouse. Baolophu»ln,olor This species has a graylsli crest and upper parts, and i , white beneath with brownlsii sides and black forehead. These common and noisy birds nest In natural cavities in trees or In holes deserted feet's "t^h""^ ''-K^frr^ivo^XTrt^ Of he cTvltyMr.'"'- ^"k"'' "»« '"^ "^t on'^ mu,.k-,.,...s,o„ tm, White Tiift.-il Tltmoux.. Itliirk-iri-Mipil B..CK-CHE.TE„ T.T.MotsE. /Wo^-. aincri.i„tu. atru.rU,a,u, Ke.— Lower Bin nron.i» ir-.,-_ . _ " 732. • - •"((••HA U. to the preceding. U).TtheC thtse J^^^'TV^ "5"«= '"'■"*'«« """lla.- Woodpeckers' holes and natural ravltl!! ,J^ "*"' '" . Ashy Titmoi'se. Betolophut inornatut cineracrut. Range. — Southern Lower California. The habits of this variety are the same as those of the Plain Titmouse and doubtless the eggs are also. ~tiM. Bridled Titmouse. Bteolophui mollweberi. Range. — Mexico north to southern Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas. This handsome species is quite abundant In the mountains of southern Arizona, and nests in woods or about ranches, lining the cavities of trees with moss, down, leaves, etc. The three to seven eggs that they lay are pure white, unmarked. Size .66 X .62. Data. — Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, April 6, 1901. Nest in the natural cavity of a live oak, 12 feet from the ground; cavity lined with bark and feathers. White 73.5. Chickadee. Penthettes atricapilluit atricapillut. Range. — E}astern North America, breeding from the Middle and Central States northward to Labrador; only migratory to a slight ex- tent The Chickadee is too well known to need any description; sufHce it to say that they are the favorites, with everybody, among all the North American birds. They breed in holes in trees in orchards or woods, and also in bird boxes. I have found by far the greater number in de- cayed birch stubs. They line the cavities with nne grasses and feathers, and during May or June lay from five to eight white eggs, dotted with reddish brown; size .56 x .46. 434 White Chickadee Carolina Chickadee ■•^1 PERCHING BIRDS White 7Sfla. LoNo-TAiLED Chickadee. Peniheitei aiancapillui septentrionalU. luX**~"°"'"' '^°"'""'- '«*""'• »»■•«»> to British Co o^'^^!re=^c-J.-ar^^^^^^^ '"''■ ^rL- "■•^•'^*"=^- '"""*-'- "'^-H'"' ??o^^Tu'"""S •="*" "■"'n California to Alaska Jua^U"' IrlsTos"/ '„rtSro"^ «'-°''er^t^tr are the east. '*"* common Chickadee of the nVZln*" p'-^^adee '« "mailer than ^Mh-ssT-sss the same as those otZ,^Zm^''^^tth^^Vj' ''^''^ Particular tmgulshed with crtamty. bu't av^a%"e^m:,,|?fsl^.53^•::3''''' Range-Eastern and central Texas. " than the pSlng.""N^odlffereres\.fn"h''^""^"^ ""«• "»"■" whiter below and the nesting habits arL the «»;;'" "^ '""'"' '" ""- •'«'5« "' the t Jo Tartre^ 737. Mkv., AN Chickadee. Penthe»le» srlat.ri f « ^'•"yil" °f a "»fhter shade than UeuDDerihr..h''''^' t"'' ""' """^^ »"«« white. Their nests are In hollow stubs -nrt.!: '■'"eks. however, remaining those of the foregoing Chickadees '"* ^''*'' "^ "««lKtingmshable froln :••<«. MorNT.UN Ch,. KADE.. /«.„,/,..<,, ^„„,,,,/,. ^„^,,^,. C.J«mK?et^ irhTg^ S^. "■"• -«^ '» ^'^•- --'«- north to British UnI'Vv?n"g^rblack'ltr7prrhru.r.H'' ^""'' -"-^'"-y are like those of the othe? Ch^cW^Ho ""^ f"*" '^''«''- ''""Its confiding and inquislUveVelre«rran«'', '*'''''/'•' """""y in number and are either nure w?5.« ?*f /"^l"' "''*' "^ «'«''t 435 ^^ Willi 1^ nil mM \%'-t THE BIRD BOOK 739. Alaska Chickadec. Penthe§te$ cin- ctui altucenns. Range. — Northern Alaakm and eastern Si- beria. This bird, which is moat like the Hudsonlan Chickadee, nests in the usual manner and Its eggs are like those of the common Chickadee of the east. 740. HuDSONiAN Chickadee. Ai«/e distinguished either in their habits or eggs. 740c. Canadian Chickadee. Penthettrs hudtoniciu litloralif. Ranpe. — Eastern half of Canada and northern New England and New York. These birdn were formerly hinltoinicun in company with the western ones, but they are now supposed to be a trifle smaller and with the crown duller; this division does not affect the similarity of their habits and eggs. PERCHING BIRDS 7»K r„.„.....„,,K„„ CUK W.K.. /V„,A.w,., rufe..,n, ruf^cn. RanKe.-Pa,im. .oaBt from Oregon to Alanka Ji^rra„ \rr rJaVb^^ r "^^^^^^^ -."« » nut colored back and MdM Th^^ 'i"" i" «'*'""»«>■ » chest- more •'"«'' stubs. Their eMs v«pv i^n. . """'»' '"«• In holes In dead .•re.n.y white, dotted with reddUh'T ""11 '" *"«•" ""<»«?« ""^^ May 28. 1806. Nest "ortfr ^/'ft' tl^^\^, .^^rT"""- ''""'"''■ and e Js^are'tie" ame. ""°"'' °" '"« ""•- " '"e more northern one. ,.» h.bUs 7tlb. BABtow'g Chickadee. PenthesteM ruf^..... i i • Range-About Monterey Bay. CaHfora.a ' '""' like thoi:'^lThl'o?S!?r.!° ''"" "° ""*'' °°'''«' «"•»• If »>«blt. and eggs are th™Vt"he*'c^8rWren"|'«.''' ""^ *"" """^ ''^''"'"f !"»»>"« and aInUlar eggs to 7«b. CO..ST WnKS-T,T. Champa fa.ei„t„ fa,ciata. Range.-Paclflc coast from southern California north to Oregon ..^''rde''rrr"uro?rre''s rnT.^o"S>'fr"r"' "••' *•- ISfei^rtn-aCThero ^F^Ef rH^ ^ ^^^ feathers, compactly woven toe^Ser 1^5 . ^' .*5'"''' *™»««« "^ one to four feet from t^e ctS Th«'?'^'*1'' '" '"""'«« "•»"< --- «hts"rar''??estr'>?^-- «'- ™«" '^'"'oat:- .osed Of strips of ^A ^t. ^nTXVXj^^^J^,: ^^f -- com- 7*S. Bt'sH-TiT. &7.StUTt,e°'b,rt'!id' ri'hat^ir" '""^ ^-•"''«°-- • ?::i^ruSy'"a?'^o"^ ratro"„rf£ ^ -»- rpe^T'fU' made of moss. Hchlns fibres fe™^ n^A "'"'""'• '^''•' "^sts are feathers or wool; "he openlM il „„ """* ,*/«"««" «""• ""««» with typical nest averises 1°'^^?^"* In feni^h hi IfTrV^'^P' ""-J « at the bottom and 3 at the ton Th»fr o^*^ ^'^ '"u^"** '" diameter nine and are pure white; sfzeM x 5o -Jhf hf^™"^' ''"''"' '""' »" "'""'■ i-ame habits as the Chickadee. hLi„„ ^i'*' "^ "^^ »«•"▼« and have the from the ends of t^igs,' iXel?' s^r° h ?or"nS. ""''*''"•'*''• "«'•' *">™'^ 4S7 P*altriparuit minimus minimut. ■,iti. ' y llMm THE BIRD BOOK 748a. California Hudii-Tit. Pialtriparut mtHimut califomicu*. Range. — California with tlie exception uf tlie nortliern part. This BUthspecies, wliirb Ih like the laHt hut with a liKliter brown head, has the same habits, neats in the same manner and its eggs are not ditttinguiiihable from those of the others. 743b. Grinda'8 Bu»h-Tit. Pialtriparut minimui grinda. Range. — Southern Lower California. The nesting habits of this variety, which is very similar to the last, do not vary in any respect; eggs indis- tinguishable. TH'. I.EAU-COLOHKK HfSH-TlT. I'nallripnruii plumheu». Range. — Roclcy Mountain region from Wyoming south to Arizona. This species suspends its semi-pen- sile nests in bushes or trees, and some times from the mistletoe, which grows on numerous trees In southern Ari- zona. The nests are composed like those of the Cal. Bush-Tit and range from 6 to 10 inches in length. The eggs are white, Ave or six in number and measure .B6 x .42. 745. Lloyd's Hish-Tit. Piallri- pants melanotU llot/di. Range. — Northern Mexico north Into western Texas and New Mexico. This species is similar to the lead- colored Bush-Tit but has the ear cov- erts Riossy black. Like the others, it builds a long pensile nest of similar material and suspended from the extremities of limbs near the ground The Ave to seven eggs are pure white. Size .58 X .42. '^^g^'i^ K. L. Blckford lUSII TIT AXI> XK.ST 438 PERCHING BIRDS 746. V.HU.X. Auripuru, flarur,,, „„,.i,.,^„ nests are situated In bushw «< low elevations from the ground '■••o^ni.h 1,1,,.. ^eeds. softly lined with fur and Verdi n '»(• ^KNNxoTTs Willow Wahb.fi. i .l Ran.e.-Asla. ea.ally found Zs a ''"""""""'""■ ""-""'■ build their nl/ts of mS^s'^d "^"ra°se" o"„ '."h" ^°"""-"'- ^h"" woods. conceallnK them under tuft? of !', ""* ^'■'""'"» '" »PP» S^/e !?n r '^ -- "- '^^""'po?/er:t1th°^rdd^ "*^n.?.-To«h'''Zera''hr''':;r- "'""'" ""'""" -'-/"'• ^^y, ns early l„ the spring ?or his bZHinr"^ *!"'•"•« «"«» '^aves WP They are usually fou^d in clmpary wfthThrl" i"""'^ '"'^"' U..K.y lined wK;{^^Xrr^Ver^^^^^ heavUy with pale brown and Iliac Stae 65 x.«!^ °'" *'"'"""'' •=°'<""' "Potted 438 iiii, W" THE BIRD BOOK 74Ho. WeSTICRN (iOI.URN-CMOWNEI) KlNO- I.HT. Kff!ul• crown, net l«. S.TKA Klvuikt. Uefiula, .„Un,lut.. gnnnelh. ^W to be brlfhter than the preredlng vu PERCHING HFRDS 7*tfll. DlnKV KlMlLKT. obtcurut. Iirf(Hlu.i rnlrndulii prnwn .nj .1, '"""6 or the common Uubv TSI. Bli k-Ghav Gnatcatciieh. Polioptila carulea cterulea. Range— I'nitpH aiu, l"il>y-cr.)wne,l KIiikI. i all feathern. and white uiiUprpurts Thev L^ '''"''*' '"'•"•'••iid and centnil In tro Uhe^ UKualiy at quite an e levatloi ^rL, M." "•"'" Y^'""^"^ hran.hes „r resemble large Huby-tliroafi^H »;..!.!. " "' ""^ Kround; they much higher and th tke? n "v ™ ■■ J?""*" ''"' """ *«"" «'•* down, lined with co „ny subZnce' an".?*; 1 "'"U' «"'••"' «"" the outside with lichens to ma.^.h, hi. ''?''"• ""'' <"vered on placed. Their eggs are bluHhwhi 2 " 'J"V' """" *'"•'' '♦ i" nut. SIM .58 X .45 Tteta-rha.tr;"'''''''^^' "'"' '''■"''''<" 'r 7^.**. Black-tailco Onatcatchbu. PoU- optilo califomica. Kange.— Paclflc coast of •outbern California and uorthern Lower C. °!ornla. TlilK liird la very Blmllar to th» last but ban still It>ii8 whit« OD tbe outer tall (eatbera. Uko th« laiil, the aeHtH u( tfais ape Kun ar.. laid In May „r I •P°"'«« *«!' hrown „r va"y I'Hrk. 4 eg„ ■■"' "'*»>" «" redwood I'KRCHINfJ HrHI» 'flSH. Otlve BACKKD Til «irai*i«oiii. iiMii. Ilglorirhltt 'Iriiy hr»ti«i Thru.h Ollv^-harkert Thrush :.W A..%«KA HiCIIMIT TllN.HH. inw nernilt ThruMheti can rcnriilv u. hrwta i"„d *""■" I" '" "'"Jie^ .on' , ,. inrush. Which U a aub-gpecleH of tj: . ^•'S-. AfinrBON's FIkhm,, i-,„„.,„ ^ , Ai^rt^r'*"""'' *'°"»t«'" '^i^'on of th. I , '!v It: ll~''lllllUll. .('.'..'.• juttata. ■" ^i' i-. WIntera In Mexlro. ■'..I ■ ■ other by the reddish ■ ■' "■'^ back. The nentlnK ■■> or the eaatern Hernill ,*■■/'«• nuduhoni. ■M'ff. Wintern in Central -^..^.-. Tt luierH in < entral rre,t„'lrrL?at^.^•;:';•ra'\re'\^::■'i';-!;s-^L''"'' -- --"« '»- « "•- urouna. The egKH are not distinctive. 446 THK BIRD BOOK ^il: lleriiilt 'riiriish 739b. Hehmit TiiHimi. Ilfiloruhlu guttata pallaii. Ranfje.— ICastern North Amerk-u, breeding in northern United Staten and north to Labrador: winters in southern United States. This species, which is noted for its weet and musical song, frequents damp swamps and tbicltets where it builds its nest either on thb ground or near it, lllie that of the Wilson Thrush; it is made of shreds of bark, grasses, leaves ami rootlets, lined with fine root- lets; the three or four egg", which are deposited In May or June, are blu'.iih green and cannot, with certainty, be dlHtlngulshed from those of the Veery; size .85 x .65. T"i!»c. DwAHF Hermit TiiiirsH. lliflocichla f!ul!(:ln nanu*. HlulHli Kri'en ... .^ Raniie— Pacific coast of United States, from Washington, southward. ?Jle''n;sting habitrand egRs of this slightly smaller and duller colored variety are lilto those of the other Hermit Thrushes. I -(»(). ] Hki»-wi.\«eu TiiHUKii. Turtlut muiiuut. Range.-An Old World species, accidentally straying to Greenland. This common European bird nests at low elevations in bushes or trees lay ln». four or flvTmulsh green eggs, spotted with reddish brown; size l.OB x .75. Tfil. KoBlN. I'laneiliiut migratoriuf migratorius. Range.— North America east of the Rockies, breeding from the middle portions of the United States, north to the Arctic Ocean. These common birds nest In trees about houses, in orchards, open woods, in corners of fences, on blinds on houses, and in fact al most every concelvalile ^^■Pnik^,. position. Their nests ^^^P^ ''V are made of grasses, ^^^■ll^^^^ ^^ firmly cemented togeth- ^^^^^■MMiH er ^^^^^^^^^V finer ^^^^^^^^^r when in ^^^^^^^^ they are generally firm- f.reenlfli Mu.' ly saddled in crotches and may be found at any height, from on the ground to sixty feet above it. Their eggs are greenish blue; size 1.15 x .80. Eggs may be found at any time from May until July or August as they raise several broods a season. 44< Ainfi'Ican liiiliin \ PERCHING BIRDS 761 b. SoiTiiKRN RoHi.v. Plnne.tuu, mifira- toriut arhruitrrui. Range.— The CarolinaH and QeotKla 76sJ. S.\N I.rrAH R„BiN. PlanetticH* con- fiiiis. Range. Southern Lower California. VKSr ANI> KGds OK ItOBIN •* " P'Tdoe 441 THE BIRD BOOK WbMtear 76.S. V.^HiBO Timruii. Itoreuu ntfriiur Range.— Paclflf cown from northern Callfor- nta to Alaaka; BOUlh to Mexico in winter. These handsome btrds breed mbundantly in Alaska and locally in mounuln ranges south to northern California. They nest at low ele- vations in trees, roaking them of moss, twlga, weeds and grasses, forming a flat shallow strtictsre. Their eggs are greenish blue sharp- ly bat sparingly spotted with dark brown; siae , .. . , 112X.80. naU.-DelU .Iro.n.nh l.l.... of Kowak RtTw. Alaska. June 11. 1899. Pour eggs. Neat 12 fe«i from the ground, against the trunk of a slender spruce and supported by a clump of stiff twigs. 763«. NoBTHBMN Varied Thbush. Ixoreus nmvxu* meruloidei. Range.— Interior of western North America, breeding from British Columbia to Alaska. lU habiU and eggs do noj differ from those of the last. [764]. SiBKBiAN Red-SPOTTKD Buetiiroat. CgaHotglvia tuecica robutia. RRTJKe.— Northern Asia; casually to AUska. This beautiful foreigner nests on the ground and lays four to six greenish blue eggs, spotted with reddish brown; 8l»e .76 x .60. 76.'5. Wheateab. Snxtrofii a-nanthe trtianlhe. Range.— Asta; casual In Alaska in summer; nesting habits and eggs like the next. \ 765«. Obeenland Wheateab. Sarirola {rnanthe leucorhoa. Range.— Europe and Greenland; casual on the Atlantic ••obhI of North America. k,„^ This very abundant Old World species is a common breed- IBK bird in Greenland and probably also In Labrador. They nest In crevices of quarries, holes In the ground, or ston^ walls making a rude nest of weeds. mo8» or grasses, lined with hair or feathers, and during May lay from four to six ,.„,, ,,,,,o„isii i.m. pale greenish blue eggs; slae .90 x .«0. 448 tHE BIRD BOOK 766. Blukbihu. Sialia tiali$ tudit. IUiige.-K»rteni Untted StateH. breeding from the Quit to 80Uth«m CMWla. Winters In the southern half of the United States. These famllUr birds build In cavities In trees, uanallr below 20 feet from the ground, crev- ices among ledges, bird boxes and In any suit able nook they may discover about building*. nroTldlng that English Sparrows do not molest them. They raise several a:; "" broods a year, commencing In Jk^ April when they Uy from ^■|^,2^__ three to six pale blnlsh white ^^HHMU^ eggs (rarely pore white); ^^^^^r stee .80 x .60. The cavities ^^^^ of their nesting sites are lined BiuiRh white y,^^^ grasses and feathers nanally, although I have found the eggs on the unllned bottom of cavities In trees. 766h. Azure BLUEBinn. SitUia $ialiM fulva. Range.— This pale variety is found in south- ern Arizona and southward. Its nextlng habits are the same and the egg« are Indistinguishable from the last. Kliiebird 767. Wbstehn Bti'KBiiin. Sialia mexicana occidentalii. Range.— Pacific coast from Lower California to British Columbia. The Western Bluebird is as comwon and familUr in ita range as the common Bluebird is in the east. It nests in similar locations and its e«tgB are scarcely distinguishable, although averaging a trifle darker in shade; sice .80 x .60. 767«. Chkhtnit-ba* Ken Bi.rF.HiHn. Sialia mexivaHa Imirdi. Range.— Rocky Mountain region from Mexico to Wyoming. The nesting habits or eggs of this brighter colored bird do not differ from those of the last species. 767b. San Pedho BM-rBlRit. Sialia mrxicana anahela. Range.— San Pedro Martir Mountains In Lower California. The eggs of this variety will not in all probability be any different from those of the preceding Bluebirds. 768. Mountain Blikbihd. Sialia currucoide*. Range.- Rocky Mountatin region, breeding from New Mexico north to Great Slave Lake; winters in southwestern United States and Mexico. This Bxure blue species is .oran.on In the Rreater part of ^^<» rKUgeandis found west to the Sierra Nevadas in California. Like the eastern Bluebird they nest Tn^es in treen or anywhere thai they ...'...' 807 " couch! • fno texana ;;""" 3^7 woodhoustil Mil Aphrlza virgata iij Aphrlzldae 169 247 21 34 227 Alui-opratlncola 90- Aqulla chrjTHwtog «ir Aramidw 'i° Aramug voclferug .... . . ' . " ' 129 Archlhuteo ferruglneug. . . . ! . 215 lagopuH Ramt I Johannlg..' .'.'.'.■ 214 Arohllochus alexandrt 273 colubrlR 373 !i «n Ihdbx ArctonetU fl»cherl JW Ardea clneraa J" • berodiM *" tennlnl "^ w.rdl IM occtdenulto *~ Ardelde ■ "? Arenaria Interpres Interpres i»» melanocephaU "• morinella "J Arquatella marltlma coueai i«o pttlocnemlB "' martttma marltlma J" Arremonops rufivlrgatuB »t A«lo acdpltrlnuB **» •' flammens ••? '■ wtUonlanuB "{ AstragaltnuB lawrencel «|i psaltrU paaltrla 3" tristls trtatla %ti pallldua 53^ galtcamans J»J Agtur atrlcapUlua atncaplUus . . . . ^06 BtrlatalUB mi ABturina plagiaU ;J* AByndesmuB lewlsl |»' AtthlB morcoml • /!» Auk. Great ^i-a- Raior-bJUed l\ Auklet, CasBln'B Crested Least Paroquet Bhlnoceros Whiskered ■••••• .,^ Av^Miis flarUeps flavtceps. . . . . "» lamprocephalus 43» 139 ■trirrlBtatus atricrlsta- 433 433 484 434 434 434 92 Trlco;or«d 'J' Yellow-hMded •" Bluebird ♦*! A«iire rS, rhe«tn«t-b*ck«d ♦W 24 26 27 26 23 26 Meolor inoniatw toacsattts MounUin 460 448 Weatern •••■ Bluethroat Siberian Red-apotted Bobolink 814 we»llw«H[»»rl Baldpate • .- Bartramla lonRlcanda i»» naslltnna leucotta *^» xantuHi Heoard. Xantus'a Hlttern ("ory'H l^ast I^ast ■ ,17 illBi-kbird. BIcolored "< Brewpr'H »" lled-wtnged "B RuRty ^" 176 176 176 876 Bob-white \l\ Florida Masked Texan HombyclUa cedrorum • »'» BarruU "* Bombyclllld* .•• %l Bonasa umbellus umbellUB i»" sablnl 18* togata 1*2 " umbelloldes . . . i»i Booby ■ • • ,, Blue-faced ' ' Blue-footed ' ! Brewster's 5* Red-footed {* Botaurus lentlglnosuu »" Brachyramphns breTlroatriB ^< craverVs hypoleucus marmoratUB Brant Black • ,,, Rranta bernlcla glaucoga«tra ui canadensis canadensis i«» hutcblnsl i;» minima Jjs occldentalls 109 leucopsls JJJ Branta nigricans ••■••• 1" Bubo vlrglnlanus Tlrglnlanus 235 elachlstUB 237 paclflcUB 236 •' palleBcens 235 *• saturatuB 235 subartlcus 235 Budytes flavus alascensls 418 n..«41» kaojl IW 28 27 27 111 111 279 280 119 120 120 Buffle-head Bullfinch, Cassln's Bulwerla 326 bulwerl 'I Bunting. Beautiful Indigo Lark Laasull ,,, McKay'H Snow »»» Painted SSi Prlbllof Snow 3S7 366 369 366 382 462 ^ Ikdix Snow ««o Varlwl »7 Buah-Tit ■ ; ; ; • JJ^ California ','/" 4]|g Qrlnda'8 .'.'.'.'.".'! 4U Lead-colored ! ! ' ' ' 4sg Uoyd'g 4gs Buteo abbrevUtu '.'.'.'.'.'. 211 alblcaudatUB aennettl . . ! ai2 borealla borealU '.', 208 calurus .' jOt barlani 20? •' krlderl 2O8 brachyurus 213 llneatua lineatua 209 allenl ',[ 20> elegana 211 platypterua 213 awainsonl 212 Buteonidte '..'.'.'...' 201 Butoridea virearena rlreacena. ! !! 124 anthonyi 125 _, „ " fraaarl 126 Buzzard, Turkey 199 ('alamoapiia melanocorya ...... sag Calcarius lapponicua lapponicua.! 333 alaacenaia . . 333 omatua 334 ptctua '..'.'.'...' 334 CalidriH leuoophiea ......... 161 CallUhelidon cyaneoviridla . ! 374 (jaliothrua robuatua ,[ Calilpepla aquamata squamata! '.'.'. 176 „ , .. , " caatanogaatris 177 ( alothorax lucifer 278 f'alypte anna 275 costiB !!!!!!" 276 rampephlluK prlnclpalla .!..!..! ! 249 labradorlUR " " iqi CamptoHtonia imberbe .......... 296 CanachiteH ranadenata canadenaia 179 canace ... 179 oagoodl . . 179 franklini jgQ Canvaa-back [.'[ 97 CaprimulKldiF 263 Caracara, Audubon ......... 224 Ouadalupe 224 Cardelltna rubrifrona 417 Turdlnal ] ] ] 3^3 Arizona .•J63 Florida 364 Oray-talled ] 3^4 San Luraa ' 3^ ("ardlnalls rardinaiia oardinalia. ! ! M3 raniraudUH .'J64 floridanua .[ 364 Cardlnalla If neua m ■uperbva .',',[[ sm Carpodacua amplna tM caialnl 3M mcgregorl '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. st6 mMlcanua dementia S2( (ronuila .'.' 33s mberrbnua 320 purpureua purpureua 325 " callfomlcoa '. 326 ( aaarca ferruglnea 93 420 IM l»t 198 424 425 426 Catbird Catharlata unibu .......'.'...'. Cathartea aura aeptentrlonalia Cathartldc Catherpea mexlcanua ailblfroni. . . conapenua. „ . . ^ " punctulatua « atoptrophonia aemipalmatua aem Ipalmatua x66 aemipalmatua Inomatua '.' leo Centro «'y"«. .".■.■.■.:.■ 28 mandti 39 Ororhlnoa monocerata ...."!!.'," 23 Certhla famlliaria albeacena . . ! . ! 430 amerlcana 430 niontana 430 ( erthia famillarla occldentalla . . . 430 " zelotea 430 Certhilde JJJ Oryle alcyon !!!..!."!!!. 247 americrana aeptentrionalla ! ! ! 249 torquata 247 rhachalaca ..!.!!, 191 ChiPnippella paaaerina tprreatria . 195 palieacena. 195 bermudiana 196 ( hfftura pelaRica 2<9 vauxl ■ ■ ■ 2JQ ("hamipa faaclata faaclata. .!!."! ! 437 henahawl 437 ( Iiaraa>thlypl8 poliocephala.. 413 rharadriids jgj ( liarRdrlua apricariua ..........'. 103 domlnicuH domlnlcua ] 1C3 fulrua ' M3 rharltonetta albeoU ' joo Chat, LoHK-tailed ' 413 Ypllow-breaated ] 413 <'liaulelasmua atreperua gi < 'lien ca>nil(>8cpn« 107 hyperboreua hyperboreiia ! ! ! ! 107 453 Iin>u Chen hrperboreua NIvalli 107 roMl 108 Chawink 368 CbiclwdM 434 Acadian 436 AlMlu 436 Barlow's 437 California 437 Carolina 436 ChMtnut-backad 437 Hudaonian 436 UongtailAd 436 Mexican 436 Mountain 436 Oregon 436 Plumbeotts 436 < * ondeetes grammacuii srammacus 342 ■trlcatna 342 rhordeilea acutlpennia texensU . . 268 virRinianUH virRlnianus 266 chapmani 366 henryl 266 ■ennetti 268 Chuck-wili'H widow 263 Ciconiida! 118 CInclidc 419 ClncluB mexicanuB unicolor 419 C'ircUH httdRonlus 204 rtstothoruB Btellaris 428 Clungula clansula americana 99 iBlandica 98 Cocyf SB 241 CoccjriUB americanuH americanus 244 occldenUllB 246 erythrophthalmas 246 CorelMi bahamenalB 386 Cnreblds 386 minor minor 244 maynardi 244 CoiapteB auratUB auratUB 268 luteuB 259 cafer coUaris 269 CoiapteB cafer saturatlor 269 chryBotdeB 262 niflplleuB 262 ColinuB ridgwayi 176 virKlnianuB 176 florldanuB i 75 texanuB 175 ColumlM fasciata fasciata 192 TloBce 192 flaviroBtrlR 192 leucocephala 192 BquamoBB 192 Columba 1»2 Columbcp 192 Columbid* 102 Colrmblda U ColymbttB auritua 18 dominlcua brachjrptema li bolboelli 11 nlRricollla califomlcua 13 C ompaothlrpla americana ameri- cana 390 americana nana* 390 nigrilora 39i Conuropaia carolluenaia 241 Coot 136 EHiropean 136 Cormorant 79 Balrd'B 82 Brandt'a 82 Double-created 79 Parallon 81 Florida 81 Mexican 81 Pelagic 82 Red-faced 82 Violet-green 82 White-created 81 Corvidc 300 CorvuB brachyrhyncboa brai V.y rhynchoa 312 brachyrhjmchoB paacuua 312 corax principalla 311 " ainuatUB 311 cryptoleucua 311 oaalfragna 312 CotingidK 280 Cowbird 314 Dwarf 316 Red-eyed 316 Cracldc 1»1 Crake, Corn 186 Spotted 133 Crane. Little Brown 127 Sandhill 129 Whooping 127 CreclRcus JamaicenalB 134 rntumiculUB 184 Creeper, Brown 430 California 430 Mexican 430 Rocky Mountain 430 Sierra 430 Crex Crex 136 CroHHbill 327 Mexican 327 White-winged 327 ('rotophaga ani 241 Buiclrostris 243 Crow 312 Cirrlon 199 Fish 312 Ihdu Florida 3j] Cryptoslaus funerea richardtonl ! ' 23a acadica acadica 282 mearnai. 178 Datlla ucuta 34 l>aptiun capenae ! ! ' 67 narferR '....'. 77 ')»'ii«lraKnpu» obarurua obacuruB.. 178 fuliglnoBUR 178 „ ^ " richardwonl 17!> r>(-ndrof-yKna autumnalia ns hicolor JJ3 Dendrotca iPHtiva estlra 392 mblKlnosa 392 aonorana 292 auduboni audubonl 395 niKrIfmnR 395 hryantf '-astaneiceps 394 cantanea ' 39^ f »rolea '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 396 cHTulemenH cvrulexrenH 394 ca1mB> 394 I'liryHoparla 4o;» ('(■rnnata 395 discolor 407 domlnlca albllora [ 401 domlnica dominica 401 '"»<■« '.'. 399 Kraci«> 401 kirtlandi 404 inaKnolla , ,[[[ 39$ ntRreBcpDR ' 402 466 occtdantalia 4^ palmaruiii palmarim ! .' ! 4M hypochryaM 4«6 penaylvanlca jn Htrlata m tlcrlna \\[_ nj townaendi 40s Ttgorai iH vlrena "|" 403 Dlrhromanaaaa rufeacena itS Dickciaael [ 3^3 I Honiedea albatrua !..!". U ImmutablUa "" k nlgrlpea " " u Dlomedeid* ' n Dipper !!!!!!'"' 413 Dollchonyx oryalTorua .".'.' 314 Dotterel ^31 Dovp. Bermuda Ground .... .... 115 Blue-headed Quail .'. 133 Ground " ." " ^33 Inca IM Dovekle Kpy Weat Quail 193 Mexican Ground 195 Mourning 193 Kuddy Quail 193 White-fronted ' 133 White-wlnged ','. 193 Stennlda 194 34 Dowltcher 144 IxinK-bllled 146 Dryobaten arlzonv 333 horealU " ' 262 nuttalll .'.'.".'.".■.'.' 262 puhpRcpHH puhpHCPns 261 gairdneri 261 " homorua 261 medianua 261 nelaonl 261 turati 261 scalariK balrdi 352 lucaaanua 262 villo8UR vllloaua 260 auduboni .' 253 harrial 260 hyloacopuR 260 " Ipucomelaa 260 " montlcola 260 " picoW ,., 260 Duck. Black 93 f^oT'.ds^ . '...,'.'..'. 90 Harlequ.'!! ,. . , ijj Labrador jji LesRer Scaup 98 Masked -.n^ Mottled 9t Ikou Rtag-ntt ke4 Rttddjr KttfoMs-crMtad Hi'»up Wood /,, L>Ufuetf*llii carolinensU Dunlin l':Mt«. BaM Uoldtii Oiny S«« Northern Bald Kt'toptiitLM mtgratoriui Kgret Reddhih AaowT Kgrftu I'lindldliitma candldlaalmu Elder Klnii Northern Pactrtc 8p«!<'tM>)n(l atelier s Klanold« iteui Iiainnionui mlnimuM trallll trallll alDonim vlreacena wrightl Kreunetes tnaurl PUBlllUI Rriamatura jamalcenslB Rrolta (erruglnea KttdromiaD morlnellUH KuKenpH fulgenii KupliaKUH carolluuH ryanooephalU8 I'lurynorhynchus pygmeus i-'alco Ksalon columbarlux lolumbarluB " Buckleyl fUBCo-csrulesceng lalandUB mexicanuB peregrinuB anatum " pealel peregrinuB rtchardBonl nifjcolus ruBtlcolUB " gyrfalco " obBoletUB N IM U 17 >6 4S0 U» S17 115 217 217 1»3 Vi-i Ui ■.Ti 122 103 IM 102 103 102 103 201 201 2»4 203 303 296 200 286 295 294 206 294 295 151 150 IOC 149 161 271 322 322 ISO 221 220 220 221 218 219 220 220 219 220 218 21S 219 BparvarlM ■p«rY«rtiu 133 pwlnaularU 323 phaiona ^331 ■parveroldea ' 331 tlnnuncaltta 131 Kalvon Aploroado 221 Pe«le-B 2!80 Peregrine HO PraIHe 3» Kinch. Aleutian Roajr 327 Black Roey 333 Brown-capped Roay 330 Calltomia Purple 326 CaBBln'B Purple 326 Oray-crowned Ro«y 113 Ouadalupe Houae 126 Hepburn'B Rosy S8S HoUBe 31; McOregor'B Hou«e 330 Purple M6 Han Cleniente Houhb 826 Han LucaH HoUBe 320 Klanilngo H* Kllcker 268 Glided *•' Ouadalupe 262 Northern 269 Nortbweatern 259 Red-Bhafted 269 Florida ('(prulea 124 Klyi'Btrher. Acadian 204 Alder 295 Arliona Crested 288 ABh-throated 286 BeardleHH , • ■ 296 Ruff-breaHted 298 CoueB'H 291 Created 285 Derby 284 Kork-talled 280 Gray 298 Hamniond'B 296 LeaBf 296 Ix)wer California 287 Kly watcher. Mexican Crested. 288 OlivaceouB 287 nlive-Blded 290 San LucttB 294 SriBHor-talled 281 Sulphur-bellied 285 Tralll'B 294 Vermilion 296 WeHtern 293 Wright's 296 Yellow-bellied 293 Praten-ula arrtloa arrtirn 22 naumannl 23 466 " 'tsi~J^ " Inobx 136 •2 •2 <3 rurnk'UliiU j,i Krvnta aqntto ' ' gg Krf|iaild«> i^ •■'r'-BrtU RralUirl* ...'.'.'.'.'. 71 Krlumtn Hlrd m Krinmiiid* ;;;; 3^5 Kultca BinarlfaiM ijn ■Ira Kulmar Ulant farlllr ; RddRerii'ii 6a Mlpndnr-bllled gj KulniarUR RlailallH RiarlatlH 62 RlnplHc'liB 6:i rodRerHl gy Uadwall || Uatlliup ,[[[ 175 OalllnaRo dnllcata ....'..'.'.'. u^ xalllnaito 140 nsda 143 Gallinula Raleau ! . ." 136 Oalltnule, Florida 13s „ P»""P'« 136 Oannet •»( Oarla adanml it arctica Immw , ■telteU parlflca Oavlldv . . . Oelmhelldon nilotira ............ so Oeoiwoyx ralifornlanus '. . 243 beldJniiJ 413 trirhaa aiiiela 412 " trlchas 412 " ariiela 412 " Inota 412 " oocidentalls 412 " ainouaa 412 QeotrrKon chryala im montana 194 Olaucldlum imoma callfornlcam. . 23t " gnoma 28t hMklnit 219 phalvnoldes 240 OlottiR nebularta 152 Onatratrher. Black-tailed 442 Blue-Krar 441 Plumbeonn 441 WeBtern 441 Oodwit. Blark-taiM '.'.'.'. 152 HadHonlan 152 Marbled 151 Paclflc 162 Oolden-eye 99 Barrow'8 99 UiildHnrh |M Arkannaii \[\ jn lllarkhi>adiri*uti*r 8nuw '. . . . 107 llutrhlnH'H ] 109 '«""»■« '. lOM Snow 107 White-fheeked 109 White-fronted 108 Uimhawk 205 Mexican ' 214 Western 207 Ora< kle. Boat-tailed 323 Bronied 323 IHorlda 323 Oreat-talled 324 Purple 323 Uramiquit %ttt MelodlouH 3(3 Orebe, Feared 13 Holhtpll'ii 14-11 Horned ,[ 12-13 Leawt 16 Pled-bllled '.IMS Mexican 15 Western n UreenRhank \[ ij2 Oroabeak. Alaska Pine .' in Black-headed 365 Blue SM California Pine 825 EveninK 324 Kadtak Pine S2S Pine 324 Rocky Mountain Pine 325 RoRe-breaRted 3(5 WeHfem Blue Sffl Western Eveninit 334 arouse Canada RufTed .'. 182 Columbian Sharp-tailed 187 DuKky ITS Franklin's ]go Gray Ruffed ] 182 OreRon Ruffed 182 Prairie Sharp-tailed 187 Richardson's 171 467 'I MKROCOPV nSOlUTION TUT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^ APPLIED IM/1GE t65i Eost Main Street RochMter. New York 14609 USA (716) *82 - 0300 - Phone (716) 268- 5989 -Fo« Index Ruffed 180 Sharp-tailed 187 Sooty 178 Oruidap 127 Orus americana 127 canadensiB 127 tnexicana 129 Ouara alba 117 rubra 117 Ouillemot. Black 28 Mandt 29 Pigeon 29 Oulraca caerulea 366 lazula 366 Oull, Bonaparte's 48 California 45 Franklin's 48 Glaucous 40 Olaucous-winKed 42 Great Black-backed 43 Heerman's 46 Herring 44 Iceland 41 Ivory 89 Kittiwake 39 Kumlien 42 Laughing 4 1 Little 49 Mew 46 Nelson 42 Pacific KittiwaKe 40 Point Barrow 41 Red-legged Kittiwake 40 Ring-billed 45 Ross's 49 Sabine's 49 Short-billed 46 Siberian 44 Slaty-backed 43 Vega 45 Western 44 Gj^mnogyps ci.lifomianus 198 Gyrfalcon 218 Black 219 Gray 218 White 218 Haematopodidie 170 Haematopus bachmani 171 frasari 171 oatralegus 170 palliatus 170 Haliseetus albidlla 217 leucocephalUR leucocephalus. 217 " alascanns ... 21 7 Halocyptena microsoma 68 Harelda hyemalis 100 Hawk, Black Pigeon 220 Broad-winged 213 Cooper's 206 Cuban Sparrow 222 Desert Sparrow 221 Duck 220 Florida Red-sliouldered 209 Harlan'8 209 Harris's 207 Krider's 208 Marsh 204 Mexican Black 213 Pigeon 220 Red-bellied 211 Red-shouldered 209 Red-tailed 20S Richardson's Pigeon 220 Rough-legged 214 Bennett's White-tailed 212 Sharp-shinned 204 Short-tailed 213 Sparrow 222 San Lucas Sparrow 222 Swainson's 212 Western Red-tail 208 Zone-tailed 211 Heath Hen 186 Heleodyte? brunnelcapillus afflnis 424 couesi. 423 " bryanti 424 Helinaia swainsoni 386 Helmitheros vermlvorus 386 Helodroinas ochropus 156 solitarius solitarlus 154 " cinnamomeus 155 Herodias egretta 122 Herodlones 115 Heron, Anthony's Green 125 Black-crowned Night 126 European 122 Frazar's Green 125 Great Blue 121 Great White 121 Green 124 Little Blue 124 Louisiana 123 Northwestern Coast 121 Snowy 122 Ward's 122 Yellow-crowned Night 126 Heteractitis Incanus 156 Hesperiphona vespertina vesper- tina 324 vespertina montana 324 Hlmantopus niexicanus 139 Hirundinidte 372 Hirundo erythrogastra 373 458 ^- Index HistrlonUuH liUtrionicus loi Honey Creeper, Bahama 38o Hummingbird, Allen's 277 Anna's .!.".'!! 276 Black-chinned ....'..'.'..'.'..'.. 273 Blue-throated ... 971 Broad-billed 279 Broad-tailed 27B 'tuff-bellied '.'.'.'.['.'.]'.[ 279 (alliope ' " ' n-jg t'osta's ."■;.'.■ 27o \-}ic»er ;;;; 278 Morcom 8 2"(!j Relffer s 070 Rivoli's ;; 271 Ruby-throated ..'.'.'.'. 273 Rufous "'' 276 White-eared .....".'!.' .' . 279 Xantus's '[[ [ 279 Hydranassa tricolor ruflcouis. .". . 123 Hydrochelldon leucoptera 57 nigra surlnamensls .. 56 Hyloclchia aliciae allcl* 443 bicknelli ..... 443 lusceticens fuscescens 443 salicicola 443 guttata auduboni 445 " guttata '.'.■.■ 445 mustelina 442 nanus 445 pallasi []\\ 44e ustulata swainsoni 445 ustulata ." 443 Ibididff jfi Ibis, Glossy .'.'.'.'.".'.'."."■■■ 118 Scarlet 117 White 117 White-faced Glossy ng Wood ■_ " ■_ ug Icteria virens virens ..!!.!!.!.'!! 413 longlcauda ....... 413 Icteridce 3^^ Icterus melanocephalus aiiduboiii! 319 buUocki 322 cucullatus nelson! ...'...'.." 320 sennetU .'..'. 320 galbula 321 parisorum ......' 320 spurius .......'. 321 Ictinia mississippienslg ........ 202 lonornis martinlcus 135 Irid'-nrocne bicolor 373 Ixobr>chU8 exlHs 120 neoxenus '/' 120 Ixoreus naevlus meruloides ..!!!! ] 448 " nsvius 448 Jablru Hg labiru mycteria 119 Jacana, Mexican .'. 172 Hpinosa '///_ 172 Jacanidip 1-2 Ja-ger, Long-tailed .....!!."..".'!"" 37 I'arastic 37 Pomarine !..'!.".' 36 Jay, Alaslca 309 Arizona 397 Beiding's .■.■.■;; 307 Black-headed 306 ^'"« ••• .■.■303 Blue-eared 307 Blue-fronted \ 303 California .....' 307 f'anada ;; gog {Epoch's 3og {• "rlda 306 Florida Blue 303 G'-ay 311 *'Teen 3Qg lonotns dorsalis ...'. 350 " palliatus ; 350 Pink-sided 350 Point Pinos 349 Red-backed , .\ 359 Shufeldt's \[[ 349 Slate colored .,.. 349 46S Imdbx Tburber'8 349 Townsend's 360 townsendi'g 360 White-winged 348 Kestrel 221 Killdeer 165 KiiiKbird 281 Arkansas 283 Cassln's 284 Couch's 283 Gray 283 Kingfisher, Belted 247 Ringed 247 Texas 249 Kinglet, Dusky 441 Golden-crowned 439 Ruby-crowned 440 Sitka 441 Western Golden crowned 440 Kite, Everglade 202 Mississippi 202 Swallow-tailed 201 White-tailed 201 Klttiwake 39 Kittiwake, Pacific 40 Red-legged 40 Knot 146 Lagopus evermannt 184 lagopus lagopus 183 allenl 183 leucurus leucums 186 " peninsularls 186 rupestris 183 " atkhensis 184 nelsonl 184 relnhardl 184 " townsendi 184 welchl 184 Lanlid* 376 Lanius borealls 376 ludoTlcianus ludovicianus 376 anthonyl 376 ezcubltorldes 378 gambelt 378 Lanivlreo flavitrons 382 solitarius altlcola 383 casslnl 382 lucasanns 383 plumbeus 382 solitarius 382 Lapwing 181 Liaride 38 Lark, California Homed 298 Desert Horned 298 Dusky Homed 299 Homed 297 Hoyt' 8 Homed 299 Island Homed 299 Montezuma Horned 299 Pallid Horned 297 Prairie Horned 298 Ruddy Horned 298 Scorched Horned 298 Sonora Horned 299 Streaked Horned 299 Texan Horned 2»» Larus afflnlH 44 argentatus 44 utricllla 47 brachyrhynchus 4C californlcus 46 canus 46 delawarensis 45 franklini 48 Klaucescens 42 hyporboreus 40 heermanni 46 kumlleni 42 leucopterus 41 marinus 4R minutus 49 nelsonl 42 orcldentalis 44 Philadelphia 48 schlstlsagUB 43 vegte 45 Leptotlla fulvlventrls brachyptera 195 Leucostiote, atrata 328 australis 328 griseonucha 327 tephrocotis tephrocotis 328 littorallB 328 Limicoln 137 Limosa fedoa 161 hsemastica 152 lapponica baueri 152 limosa 152 Limpkin 129 Lobipes Lobatus 137 Ix>ngipennes 3B Longspur, Alaska 333 Chestnut-collared 334 Lapland 333 McCown's 334 Smith's 334 Loon 38-17-20-18 Black-throated i" Pacific 19 Red-throated 19 Yellow-billed 18 Lophodytes cucuUatus 88 Lophortyx calKornIca 177 vallicola... 177 gambeli 177 460 H ./^ -^9 f!' •— WJ.J."g^'gJg ^" Index Loxia lurvlrostra minor 327 Btrlcklandl .127 leucoptera 327 Liunda cirrhata 22 MacheteH Pugnax 156 Macrorhires 262 Macronecte? giganteuH ....'. 62 Macrorhamphus grlseus griseus.. 144 scolopaceus 145 Magpie, Vellow-billed HOO Mallard ^g Man-o-War Bird 86 Mareca amerlcana 92 Penelope gj Martla afflnis ,[[[ gg amerlcana | . 95 collaris [[[ gg marlla ,[[[ 97 valisinerla ][[ 97 Martin, Cuban 372 Purple ;; 372 Western 372 Meadowlark ." ' 317 Rio Orande 317 southern ' 319 Western \\[ J19 Megalestrls skua .' " 35 M^-gaqulscalus major major .'. 323 " macrounis.. 324 Melanerpes erythrocephalus 256 formlclvorus formlclTorus 256 angustifrons ... 267 balrdl 257 Meleagrlde 173 Meleagrls gallopavo intermedia.. 191 " meniami ... 190 " OBceola 191 silvestris ... 190 Melopelia asiatica 195 M*>lo?piza melodia caurina 355 " cooperi 365 " clementK 355 " fallax 364 " gramlnea 355 " heermanni . . . 354 " insignls 355 " juddl 355 kenaiensis 355 " melodia 364 " merrllll 355 " montana 354 " morphna 354 pusillula 355 rivularls 355 ruilna 355 samuelis 354 georgiana 356 llncoini lincolni striata Merganser Hooded ...'.'.'.. 'led-hi-HHHted Mergus anur!canua Herrator Merlin '.'.,'.'. MlcropalaniB lilmantopus ... MIcropallaH whltneyl Mii'ropodldB> MImus polyglottoH '.'..'.. polyglottoH .. . leucopteruH . . Mnlutllta varia Mniotlltlds ',',', Mockingbird '.'.'.'.'.. Western MolothruH ater ater " obscurus Motacllia alba ocularis Motaclllidae Murre \[[ Brunnich's ralifornia Pallas's Murrelet, Ancient '. . . . . Craveri's Kittlitz Marbled Xantus [W Muscivora forflcata tyrannus Myadestes townsendi Mycterla amerlcana Mylarchus cincrascens cinerascens Myiarchus cinerascens pertinaz . . crinitus olivascens magister maglster nelsoni Myiochanc pertinas pallidiven- trls richardsoni rlchardsoni penlnsulffi virens Myiodynaates Inteiventris ....... Nannus alascensta mellger , . , niemalls hellerl , . . niemalls " paciflcus Netta ruflna Nettlon caroltnense crecca Nighthawk . 366 . 36ti . 87 . 88 . 88 . 87 . 88 . 221 . 14S . 240 . 268 . 420 . 420 420 385 385 420 420 314 315 418 418 418 29 31 30 31 26 28 27 27 27 281 280 442 118 286 287 285 287 286 286 291 293 293 291 285 42S 428 428 427 428 95 92 92 266 m Index Florida 266 Sennett'M 268 TexaH 26!* Western 266 Noddy 57 Nonionyx dominicus 106 Nuoifraga i;oluniblana 3VS Nunienius amerioanus IS'J borealls 160 liudHonicus 159 phtPopUM 16u tahltlensls 160 Nutcracker, Clark's 813 Nuthatch. Brown-headed 432 Florida White-breasted 431 Pygmy 432 Red-breasted 432 Rocky Mountain 431 Slender-billed 431 San Lucas 431 White-breasted 431 White-naped 433 Nuttallornts borealis 290 Nyctanassa violacea 126 Nyctea nyctea 237 Nycticorax nycticorax ntevius.... 126 Nyctidromus albicollis merrilH... 265 Oceanites oceanicus 71 Oceanodroma furcata 68 homochroa 70 ksedingi 69 leucorhoa 69 macrodactyla 69 melania 70 socorroensis 70 Ochthodromus wilsonius 16S Odontoglossffi 115 Odontophoridse 175 Oidemia americana 104 deglandi 105 fusca 105 persplciUata 105 Old-cquaw 100 Olor buccinator 114 columbianus 114 cygrus 114 Oporornis agilis 410 formosus 410 Philadelphia 411 tolmei 411 Oreortyx picta picta 176 ■' conflnis 176 " plumifera 176 Oreospiza chlorura 361 Oriole. Arizona Hooded 320 Audubon's 319 Baltimore 321 Uullm^k'B 322 Scott's 320 Sennett's 320 On hard 321 OrcuHcoptes niuntunus 419 Oi talis vetulu mccalli 191 tJsprey 225 Octoi'uris alpestris alpestris 297 actla 298 adusta 299 articola 297 giraudi 298 hoyti 299 insularis 299 leucolvma . . . 298 merriUi 299 occidentalis... 299 pallida 299 praticola 298 rubea 298 strlgata 299 Otus asio aikenl 234 " asio 233 " bendirei 233 " cineraceus 234 ■' floridanus 233 " kennlcotti 233 " macfarlanei " maxwellia? 233 " mccalli 233 flanimeolus flammeolus 234 idahoensis 234 Trichopsis 234 Xantusi 234 Ouzel, Water 419 Oven-bird 407 Owl, Aiken's Screech 234 Arctic Horned 235 Barn 227 Barred 229 Burrowing 238 California Tygmy 239 California Screecn 233 Dusky Horned 235 Dwarf Horned 237 Dwarf Screech 234 Elf 240 European Hawk 237 Ferruginous Pygmy 240 Flammulated Screech 234 Florida Barred 229 Florida Burrowing 239 " Screech 233 Great Gray 231 Great Horned 235 Hawk 238 HoBkln's Pygmy 239 482 Index Kennlcott's Screech 233 Lapp 232 LciiiK-eared !!!!.!! 227 MacKarlane'H Screech ....." 234 Mexican Screech 2.14 Northern Spotted 231 Northwetttern Suw-whet 232 Pacific Horned 235 PyKmy 239 RIchardxnn'H 232 Ro«ky Mountain Screech .... 233 Saw-whet 232 Screech | . ] . ' 233 Short-eared 229 Snowy 23" Spotted 237 Screech 234 Texas Barred 231 Texas Screech 233 Western Horned 235 Xantus's Screech 234 Oxyechus voclferus igs Oywter-catcher 170 European | . . 170 171 171 39 127 225 Black Frazar's \ I'liKophlla alba ..', Paludlcolas \[ Pandlon halisetus carollnensls ... I'arahuteo unlclnctus harrlsl 207 Parauque, Merrill's 265 Paroquet. Carolina 241 I'arrot, Thick-billed 141 PartrldRe. Alaska Spruce 179 Canada Spruce 179 Hudsonian Spruce 179 Passer domestlcus ,', 335 Passerculus beldlnRl .'. 337 princeps 337 rostratus rostratns 333 guttatus 337 " santomm 338 handwichensls sandwlchensls 337 " alaudlnus 337 bryantl 337 " savanna 337 Passerella lllaca fullglnosa 357 " Hlaca 357 " Insularls 357 " megarhyncha . . 357 " schlstacea 357 " stephensl 357 " townsendl 357 " unalaschensls... 357 Passerea 280 Passerherbwlus henslowl hensiowl 340 " occldentalls 340 caudacutus 340 lecontel 349 nmrltlmus flsherl 341 " macKlllivral 342 " marltimuB.. 341 " peninsula.. 341 " sennetti . . . 341 nelsonl nelsonl 341 suhvirgatUM 341 nlgrescens 342 PuHHPrina amoena 886 drls 387 cyanea 3gg versicolor versicolor 367 pulchra 367 I'edlcpcetes phaslanellus phaslanel- 'u» 187 phisianellus campestrls 187 columblanus 187 Pelagodroma marina 71 Pelecanlds 83 Pelecanus callfornlcus 85 erythrorhynchos 83 occldentalls 35 Pelican, White 83 Brown 35 California Bro\« n 86 Pelldna alplna alpina 149 sakhalina 149 Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus 434 occldentalls . . 436 ** Mptantrlonalis 435 carollnensls agllis 436 '* carolinensis 435 clnctus alasceneis 436 " gambell 435 hudsonicus hudsonicus 436 Uttoralis 436 rufescens barlowi 437 neglectus 437 " rufescens 437 sclateri 435 Perisoreus canadensis canadensis 308 capitalis ... 309 " fumifrons. . . 309 " nlgricaplUus 309 obscurus obscunis 309 griseus 311 Petrel, Ashy 70 Black 70 Black-capped 67 Bulwer's 57 Fisher's 87 Fork-tailed 68 Guadalupe 69 Kapding's 69 Leach's 68 463 Indrx LeSHt 6S IMntado 67 8«aled «7 Socnrni 70 Storm 6S W'hitelH>ll|pd 71 Wliltefaced 71 WllHon'« 71 Petroclielldon fulva 372 lunifrnnH lunifronH 372 nielanoKaHtra 37,! Peuca-a H'HtlvallH a>HtlvaliH 3S.' " harhmani 352 iMitterll 352 raxHini 25.1 I'eufedraniUH olIvareuH 391 I'ewee, Western Wood 293 LarKe-bllled Wood 293 Wood 291 I'liiethon americannfi 72 Kthereus 73 rubrlcauduB 73 PhRthontids 72 Phatnopepla 376 nltens 378 Phalacrocoracidsp 78 Phalacrocorax carbo 79 auritiis auritus 79 " albocillatus 81 " clncinatU8 81 floridanua 81 vlfnia mexicanus 81 pelaRicufl pelaRiruB 82 resplendens 82 robust 8 82 penicillatus 82 urlle 82 PhaIcnopttlU8 nuttalli nuttalll 264 " callfornlcus .. 264 " nltldus 264 Phalarope, Northern 137 Red 137 Wilson's 138 Phalaropodlde 137 Phalaropus fullcarlus 137 Phalerls psittacula 25 PhaslanidBP 188 Phasianus torquatus 188 Pheasant. Ring-necked 188 Phllacte canagica 112 Phllohela minor 140 Phlopotonius plleatus plleatus 255 Pliopbe 287 Black 289 Say 289 Plicpbetria palpebrata 60 Phoenicopteridte 116 PhaMiii'optfrUH ruber 115 riia pl< u hudHonla 300 iiuttulU 300 IMcl 249 IMcIdH- 249 PicoideH anierirunuH uiiierlranUK. . 25.1 dorsaliH . . . 254 faHclatUH . . 254 arc tiruw 253 I'iKeim- Hand-tallt'd 192 PaHsenger 1S3 Ilcd-billed 192 Scaled 192 Vlosca'8 192 Wlilte-crowned 192 I'Inlciila enucleutor alascensis ... 325 callfornlca ... 325 flammula 325 " leucura 324 " montana 325 Pintail 94 Plpllo aberti 361 consobrinus 360 erythrophthalmU8 erythroph- thalmuK 358 erythrophthalmus alleni 368 fURcuR alhlRUla 360 cri8HaltR crlssalis 360 fUHcus mesoleucus 360 crissalis senicula 361 maculatus arctlcus 368 " elements 360 magnirostris 360 " megalonyx 360 " raontanns 36S " oregonus 360 Pipit 418 Meadow *18 Red-throated 419 Sprague's 419 PIranga erythromelas 369 heoatica 370 ludoviclana 369 rubra rubra 370 " cooperi 370 Piaobia aurita 147 bairdi 148 damacensis 149 fuscicollis 148 maculata 147 minutella 148 Pltangus sulphuratus derblanus . . 284 Planestlcus conflnls 447 mlgratorius achrusterus 447 " mlgratorius 446 " propinquus 446 464 ^^H Index PlataleldiP xifi I'latypsarlH aglala' ulblventrls! [ . ! 280 HautuB InipennlH 3i>.3;i riectroph' nax hyperbort'UH 33:5 nivalis nivalis 332 townnendi 332 I'leKadlH uutumnallH us Kuarauna us Plover, ma( kbellled ." ' igi European Qolden .'..'.'. 193 Golden jj3 Little Ringed 1«6 MonKollan ' 157 Mountain ] ] ' igg faiKIc Qolden !((•{ j;'P'"« '.'.'. 166 "InnPd 166 Semlpalmated 165 Snowy ■ ■ 1J7 '■Pland 156 WllHon'H igg I'odasoiys niontanuH ..,,' igs I'odllynibuN podlceps .', 15 I'olioptila cvrulea riprulea . . . 441 obscura 441 rallfornk-a 442 plumbea " ' 441 I'olyboruH clierlway ,.', 224 lUtOSUR ' 2''4 I'olysticta »telii,ri 102 Pooretes Kramineus Kramlneus!! 335 afflnis 335 " conflnlH .... 335 Poor-will 264 Dusky 264 Frosted ],[ 264 I'orzana curillna 133 porzana 133 Prairie fhicken 185 Attw"' Leu Priocel' Prioflr • Prcrell. Progne Hubi ill . 186 187 63 66 61 372 372 " hegperia 372 Protonotaria citrea 386 I^saltriparus melanotis Iloydi 438 niinlmuH minimus 437 ealffomlcus 438 grindae 438 plumbeuii 438 Psittac I 241 P»ittarlda> 241 Ptarnilgan, Allen's ] igs Evermann's 184 Kenal White-tailed 185 Nelson'n ig4 Kelnlmrdt's '. . ... 184 Hock ! ! ! ! ! 183 Townsend'H 184 Turner's ,' 1^4 Welch's ig.j White-tailed .....'.'.'.'. 185 Willow 183 Ptyt'horampliUH aleutlrun 24 I'uffln 22 Horned \[\\ 2.1 LarKe-billed o-j Tufted ; ; ■ 22 PuttinuH aHHimills 65 auricularis gs boreallK '/['_ g4 creatopuH ,[[[ gj cuneatus gg Kravis 64 Kriseus gg Iherniinieri , , [ g5 opiHthonielas " " | gg pufflnuH ' g4 tenuirostrlH [\\[ gg l'y(?opode« _'_"_' iQ 1 yroiephalUM rujlneus mexicanuw. 296 I'yrrliulu casMlni 325 Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona 364 sinuata .sinuata 334 penlnKula> 3g4 texana 364 San Lucas 364 Texas 3g4 California 177 Cliestnut Hellied Scaled..!... 177 Oambel's 177 Mearn's 170 Quail, Mountain 176 Plumed i7g San Pedro ] , , i7g Scaled i7g Valley 177 Querquedula ryanoptera 93 discors 93 Quiscalus (luiscula quiscula '. 323 aglaDUs 323 teneus 323 Hail, Belding's 131 Black ; ; ; 134 California Clapper 131 Carribean Clapper 132 Clapper 132 Farallon J34 Florida Clapper 132 King 131 Ixiuisiana Clapper 132 465 ki Ikdix VtrilnU 1S3 Wayne'i CUpp«r 132 Yellow 131 Ralltto 131 Kallui beldlncl 131 crepitans crepltani 132 Mturattti 132 scout 132 waynel 132 elegans 131 longiroBtrIa carlbaua 132 obaoletua 131 vIrslntanuB 132 RaptoreH 198 Raven 311 Northern 311 White-necked 311 Recurvtroatra amerlcana 139 RecurvtroRtrldv 139 Redhead 96 Redpoll 329 Greater 329 Greenland 328 Hoary 328 Holbcell'd 329 Redstart 415 Painted 417 Rpd-wlng, Bahama 316 BIcotored 317 Florida 316 Northwestern 316 San Diego 316 Sonora V^ Thick-billed 31b Trtcolored 317 Regulus calendula calendula 440 grlnnelll 441 obscuruB 441 satrapa ollvaceus 440 satrapa 433 Rhodostethia rosea 49 Rhynchophanes niecownl 334 Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha 241 RIparia r'parta 374 Rissa brevirostrls 40 tridactyla trldactyla 39 poUtcaris id Road-ninner 243 Robin 44B Southern 447 San Lucas 447 Western 446 Rostrhamus soclabiUs 202 Rough-leg. Ferruginous 215 Ruir 156 Rynchopldjp 68 Rynchops nigra 68 466 Sage He'i 188 Salplnct.!! obsoletus obsoletus 424 guadeloui>pnsls 424 Sanderllng ISl Sandpiper, Aleutian 146 Baird 148 Buff-breasted 168 Purlew 14» Ureen 166 U-ast 148 Pectoral 147 Prlhllof 147 Purple 146 Red-backed 149 Semlpalmated 160 Sharp-tailed 147 Solitary 164 Spoonbill 160 Spotted 168 Stilt 14l> Western 161 Western Solitary 166 White-rumped 14S Sapsucker, Northern Red-breasted 255 Red-breasted 266 Rednaped 264 WlllianiBon's 255 Yellow-bellied :'54 Haxlcola (pnanthe opnanthe 448 " leucorhoa 448 Sayornis nigricans ;89 phcEbe 287 sayus 289 Scardafella Inca 196 ScolopacldR" 140 Scolopax rustlcola 140 Scoter 104 Surf |.. 105 Velvet 105 Whlte-wlnged 105 Scot iaptex nebulosa lappontca 232 " nebulosa .... 2.11 Seed-eater. Sliarpe'» 368 Selurus aurocaplUus 407 motacllla 409 iioveboracenslh n''veboracen«l« 409 notabllls 409 Selasphorus allenl 276 platycercus 276 rufus 277 Steophaga plcta 417 rutlcllla 415 Sliearwater, Allied 65 Audubon's 65 Black-tailed 66 Black-vented 65 Cory's 64 Index Greater (4 Manx (4 i'lnkfooted jr, Slender-billed " " «« Sooty (4 TownHend'* (5 Wedne tailed gg Hlieldruke, Uuddy 93 Shoveller 14 Hhrike, California ..'......'.'. 378 '"land ]\[\ 378 I^RKerhead g7j Northern \\ 374 White-rum ppd , , 37g SiHlla curruooidfx ] . 400 niexlcana anahelo- 450 bairdl 450 o<'i identalfs 450 xlallH xlatlH 44f) " fulva .'.'.' 448 SiKkln. I'lne 333 SIttii canudenHlii ] 432 larollnenHlH curullnenHiH 431 aruleata 431 atklnsi 431 " lafninap 431 " nelHonI 431 puHilla 432 pyKnia>a pyKnia>a 432 leuconucha 433 «'»♦'«!»• 431 Skimmer, Rlnrk 68 Skua ;;; ss Skylark 297 Snakehlrd 77 Snipe. Ruropean 140 Great i4,t Wlliion'8 ' ' .' ' 143 s^nlltalre. Townsend'H 442 Somaterla dresserl , , 103 molllKNima borealln 102 Hpertahlllx ',,] 104 v-nlRra 103 Sora , 133 Sparrow, Acadian aharp-t„ '.'. 341 Alameda SonK . . 3B.'> Aleutian Souk 337 Rac'hman'H 352 Baird'H 33s Beldlng's .' ] . 337 Bell'» sni Blaok-thlnned 348 Black-throated 3B1 'lotterl's 352 Brewer's 345 Brown's Sons 355 Bryant's 37 467 ('BHiin'H US • hipping .' S46 Clay-colored 356 Dakota Sons 355 l)e»ert 861 I)e«ert Sonic 364 UuNky Seaalde ML' KnKllHh Field 341 Kl'/rlda Gra«Hhopper 34u KorbUHh'n 366 Vox 368 Gambel'M 34s Golden-crowned 343 GraHHhopper 83g Gray Sane 352 Harris's 342 HMTniann'H Song 364 Henslow's 340 Ipswich 337 Kudiak Fox 357 Kenal Sonn 365 l«»Kuna 353 UirKH-bllled 338 Lark 342 I^conte's 340 Lincoln's rsj Louisiana Seaside 3|l MacKllllvray's Seaside 342 Merrill's SonK SBn Mountain Sour 354 Nelson's 341 Nuttall's 343 Oregon Vesper 335 Pine Woods 3B2 Rolda 341 Thick-billWl Tax W TowDiend's Vox 857 Tr«« 346 VMpar 335 Wi.'tern Chipping 34« Wc.ilani Kield 348 Wmi TD Orai*hopp«r 33« Weite J Hanalow'i 340 Waatarii '«rk 342 Weateru ^^vannah 337 Weatarik Trae 345 Waatern Vaapar 335 Wbltecrovaed 343 Whlte-throaU'l 345 Wonhan'a 348 YakuUt Bong 355 Spatula clypaata >4 Bpootyto cunlcularia floridana.... ^39 hypogva 338 Bphyrapicua ruber ruber 265 notkenala 255 thyrotdeua 266 variua varlua 254 ■■ nuchalla 254 Bplnua notatua 331 pinua 332 Spiia amerlcana 368 Bplrella atroRUlaria 348 brewerl 346 montlcola montlcola 345 octaracea 345 paaaerina arUonc 346 " paaaerlna 345 pallida 348 puHllla puBllla 348 arenacea 348 arltona> . 346 worthenl 348 Spoonbill, Roseate 115 »porophlla morelletl sharpel 368 Squatarola squatarola 161 Starling 314 Starncenaa cyanocephala 196 Steganopodea 72 Stegonopua tricolor 138 Stelgldopteryx aerrlpennU ... . . ^74 '^tellula calliope 278 StercorarlldK 36 StercorarlUB longicaudua 37 paranltlcuH 37 pomarlnuH ^^ Sterna aleutica i>4 anetheta 56 antlllarttm 65 caapla 50 dottgalll 84 •lagana 8^ (oratarl 83 fuacata 85 hirundo 88 maxima 51 paradUva 84 Handvk-eniilit acuflavlda 52 trudeaul 52 Htllt. Black-necked 139 Htlnt. Long-toed 14» StrlKldw 227 mrix occldentalla caurlna 231 occldantall* ... 231 varia allogllva 231 " allenl 229 •• varla 229 Sturiiflla magna magna 317 argutula 319 " hoopeai 317 neglecta 319 Hturnlda* 31* SturnuH vulgartH 314 Sula iMiHHana " brewHterl '8 lyanopH '* iHUcogactra "5 neliouxl 74 placator '^ flullda- I* Surf Bird 1»; Surnla ulula ulula 237 •' caparoch 238 Swallow, Bahama 374 Bank H* Barn 373 niff "2 Cuban Cliff "73 Mrxican Cliff 373 Northern Violet-green 374 Rough-winged 374 San tucaH 374 Tree "S Swallow-tailed K e 20t Swan, Trumpett li* Whistling n« Whooping 11* Swift. Black 268 Chimney 269 \aux"8 270 'Vhlte-throated 270 lua. «3 Syilhllboramphus antlquus 26 Tachyclneta thalasslna leplda 374 bracbyptera 374 468 IVOBX Tmmmw, Coopar'i 170 M*p«tle 170 WMttrn Ml BcarlM H* Snminar |7o TtBgarld* 3(B TangBTfuK rnouii Involucratni 316 T«ttli»r. W'undprlng 166 Tral. Blun-wlDRnd 93 rinnanion 93 Buropean 82 Ure«n-wtnKod 9i Tflmatodytt-x paluatrli 429 KrlaeUK ... 429 marlanv . . 429 paludlcoln. 429 pleiiua . 429 paluitrU.. . 429 T»rn, Aleutian 64 Arctic 64 Black 56 BrIdM .'<» Cabot'* Caspian dO Common 63 ElcRant 61 For»ter*H 63 Uullbilled 60 Least 66 RoH«ate 64 Royal 61 Sooty sr. Tnideau'a 62 WhIte-wlnRed Black 67 ThalaHHldroma pelaRlca 68 ThalaHHOReron culmlnatUH 60 Thrasher, Bendlre'M 422 Brown 421 California 422 Crlssal 423 Curve billed 421 Desert 42:! Leconte's 423 MearnH'M 422 Palmer's 422 Sane 419 San Lucas 422 Bennett's 421 Thrush, Alaska Hermit 446 Audubon's Hermit 445 Blcknell's 443 Dwarf Hermit 446 Oray-cheeked 443 Hermit 446 Olive-backed 44,^> Northern Varied 448 Red-winged 446 RuM«tb«cked 441 Varltd 441 Willow 441 Wood 441 Thryomanea bcwickt balrdi 4t4 bewlrki bewlcki 4N calophonuB 4M charienturu* 4M " cryptus 4M "pill- •» 424 lircvlcnuda 424 l^urophrys 424 ThryoilioruH ludnviclanus ludovl- clanuH 426 ludovlclanuH lomltensli 426 mtamensis 426 TIarlH hicolor SIS ranora s«s Titlark 4ig TltniouHc, Ashy 4S4 Black-crHMted 413 Bridled 434 Oray 434 I'laln 434 Tufted 433 Totanus flavipes 153 nit>lanoleucUH 163 Towhee S68 Abert's 341 Anthony's 341 Arcil<' 353 California 340 Canon 340 nrpontailed 3|l Ouiidalupe 340 IjirRp-blllpd 340 Mountain 360 OrpRon 340 San Clemente 3^0 Sun DIeRo 360 San LucHM 360 SDurrpd 368 Whllppypd 368 ToxoHtlnui hpndlref 422 «fn«rpuni ciner-^'im 422 meanisi 422 cr.-'sal. 423 cu; • ' 1 .tre curvlronlre 421 " palmeri 422 lecontel lecon'el 423 Ipcontei arenlcola 423 lonRlrostre sennetti 421 redlvlvum 422 rufum 421 Trpp Duck. HIack liplllpd 113 Kulvous 113 TrinRa cunutim 146 469 ''■•el' Index * ! TrochilldK 271 Troglodytes aedon aedon 427 " parkmanl 427 Troglodytldte 423 Trogon amblguus 246 Coppery-tailed 246 TrogonidK 246 Tropic Bird, Red-billed 73 Red-tailed 73 Yellow-billed 72 Trouplal Tryngites subruflcollis 158 Tubinares 59 TurdidR 442 Turdtts musicus 446 Turkey, Florida 191 Merriam's 190 Rio Grande 191 Wild 190 Turnstone I6& Black 170 Ruddy 169 Tympanuchus americanus am' ri- canuB 185 americanus attwateri 186 cupido 186 pallidicinctus 187 Tyrannidie 280 Tyrannus dominlcensis 283 melaucholicus couchi 283 tyrannus 281 verticalls 283 Tociferans 284 Uria lomvia lomvia 30 arra 31 troille trollle 29 " californica 30 Drubitinga anthracina 213 Vanellus vanellus 161 Veery 443 Verdin 439 Cape 439 Vermivora bachmani 387 pinus 387 celata celata 389 " lucescens 389 " sordida 390 chrysoptera 388 luclte 388 peregrina 390 Vermivora rubricapella gutturalis. 389 " rubricapella 389 Tirginio! 388 Vireo. Anthony's 384 atricapillus 383 Bell's 384 belli belli 384 belli pusiUus 885 Bermuda 384 Black-capped 888 Black-whiskered 878 Blue-headed 882 Cassin's 882 griseus bermudianuB 884 " maynardl 883 " micrus 384 Gray 386 Hutton's 384 button! huttoni 384 " obscurus 384 Btephengi 884 Key West 383 Least 885 Mountain 383 Philadelphia 380 Plumbeous 382 Red-eyed 380 San Lucas 383 Small White-eyed 384 Stephens's 383 vicinlor 385 Warbling 380 Western Warbling 382 White-eyed 383 Yellow-green 380 Yellow-throated 382 Vireonidse 378 Vlreosylva calidris barbatula 378 flavovlridls 380 gilva gllva ^ . 380 " swalnsoni 382 olivaceu 380 philadelphica 380 Vulture, Black 199 California 198 Turkey 199 Wagtail Alaska Yellow 418 Swinhoe's 418 White 418 Warbler, Alaska Yellow 392 Audubon's 395 Bachman's 387 Bay-breasted 398 Black and White 385 Blackbumtan 399 Black-fronted 395 Black-poll 399 Black-throated Blue 394 Black-throated Gray 402 Black-throated Green 403 Blue-winged 387 Cairns'8 394 Calaveras 389 Canada 415 470 Index Cape May 391 Cerulean 396 Chestnut-sided 398 Connecticut 410 Dusky 390 Oolden-cheeked 402 Oolden Plleolated 416 Oolden-wlnged 388 Orace's 401 Hermit 405 Hooded 414 Kennlcott'8 WlUow 439 Kentucky 410 Klrtland's 404 Lucy's 388 Lutescent 389 MacgUllTray's 411 Magnolia 396 Mangrore 394 Mourning 411 Myrtle 395 Nashville 389 Northern Parula 390 Olive 391 Orange-crowned 389 Palm 406 Parula 390 Plleolated 414 Pine 405 Prairie 407 Prothonotary 386 Red-faced 417 Sennett's 391 Sonora Yellow 392 Swainson's 386 Sycamore 401 Tennessee 390 Townsend's 403 Virginia's 388 Wilson's 414 Worm-eating 386 Yellow 392 Yellow Palm 405 Yellow-throated 401 Water Thrush 409 Grlnnell's 409 Louisiana . . . e 409 Water Turkey 77 Waxwing, Bohemian 375 Cedar 375 Wheatear 448 Greenland 448 Whimbrel 160 Whip-poor-will 263 Stephers's 264 Widgeon, Ehiropean 91 Wlllet 155 Western 156 Wilttonla canadensis 415 cltrina 414 pusilla pusiUa 414 " chryseola 416 " pileolata 414 Woodiock 140 European 140 Woodpecker. Alaska Three-toed . . 254 Alpine Three-toed 264 Ant-eating 256 Arctic Three-toed 25:{ Arizona 262 Batchelder's 251 Cabanls's 260 California 267 Downy 251 Galrdner's 261 Gila 268 Golden-fronted 268 Hairy 260 Harris's 260 Ivory-billed 249 Lewis's 267 Narrow-fronted 267 .Nelson's Downy 251 Northern Hairy 250 Northern Pileated 266 Nuttall's 252 Pileated 255 Queen Charlotte 250 Red-bellied 267 Red-cockaded 251 Redheaded 266 Rocky Mountain Hairy 250 San Lucas 262 Southern Downy 251 Southern Hairy 260 Texas 262 Three-toed 263 White-headed 263 Willow 261 Wren, Alaska 428 Aleutian 428 Baird's 426 Bewick's 426 Bryant's Cactus 424 Cactus 423 Cafinn 425 Carolina 425 Dotted Caflon 425 Florida 425 Guadalupe 426 Guadalupe Rock 424 House 427 Kadiak Winter 428 471 Index Lomlta 426 Long-billed Marsh 429 Maiian'8 Marsh 429 Seattle 426 Rock 424 San Clemente 426 Short-billed Marsh 428 San Diego 426 San Lncas Cactus 424 Texas 426 Tnle 429 Vlgors's 42G Western House 427 Western Marsh 429 Western Winter 428 White-throated 424 Winter 427 Worthington's Marsh 429 Wren-Tit 437 Pallid :: 437 XanthocephaluB xanthocephalus . . 315 Xanthoura luxuosa slaucescens.. 30S Xema sabini 41 Xenopicus albolaryatus ." 353 ^'ellowlegs uj Greater ', ijs Vellow-throat, Beldlng's 413 Florida 412 Maryland 412 Pacific 412 Rio Orande ', 413 Salt Marsh 412 Western 412 Zanielodia ludoviciana 365 melanocephala 366 Zenaida zenaida 194 Zenaldura macroura carolinensis . 193 Zonotrlchia albicollis 346 coronata 343 leucophrys leucophrys 343 " gambeli 343 nuttelli 843 querula 342 472