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CIRCULAR No. 7.
\, ^ % "N
PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. ^
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (HORTICULTURAL BRANCH)
FUNGOUS DISEASES OF ORCHARD AND GARDEN.
By W. H. Urittain. B.S.A.. pATiiouxiiHT and Kntomouwist. PLANT-DISEASES.
BY till- tiTiii •• tlUciiBO In i)laiits" we iimlorHtiiiiil iiiiy cliiinee In a plant In tin- (llrn'tlon of n reduifd vigour or vitality of that plant, or, in otIuT words, any dpvlntlon from the normal hcluivloiir or form of the plant. Plant-dlsennes are of several kinds: — (1.) Those caused by flowerless parasitic plants — vise., fungi, bacteria, and
slime moulds: (2.1 Those cauReil by flowering parasitic plants: (3.) Those due to Insects and other anhnal parasites: (4.) Those due to unfavourable conditions of temperature, soil, etc.: (5.> Physiological disturbances, under which are considered troubles of .1 non-parasitic origin, the cause of which Is not very well under- stood. This article deals with the diseases belonging to the first group. The fungi are plants. Just as apple, plum, and cherry trees are plants; they are. however, mnch simpler In structure than are the ordinary plants we see about us. FnngI have neither root, stem, nor leaf, the place of these organs being taken by a mass of fine threads which penetrate the substance upon which the fungus grows and do the necessary work of obtaining U^d. These threads compose what is known as the mi/celium of the fungus.
Corresponding to the seeds of the higher plants, fungi produce bcwiles known as s(.ores. of which there are several kinds, and by means of which the siXH-les Is fieriw tuatet-
Fungi riossess no grei ?olourlng matter. By means of their green colour- ing matter the higher pliu.s are enabled to manufacture their own food, from materials taken in from the soil and air; but fungi must obtain their food already pn-iiarcii from living or dead animals or plants— If from a living i)lant they are c.illcd parasites, and If from a dead one. saprophytes. The plant or animal uiwn which a parasite feeds is ciilled the host, however unwilling the relationship may he.
For the purpose of treatment, fungi may be dlvldwl Into two main groups:
11 External parasites; (2) Internal parasites. In fungi belonging to the first
roup the mycelium Is «iuite superficial and the parasite feeds near the
'urface. In those belonging to the second group the mycelium i«»netrate8
llrectly Into the tissues of the host, and the apiiearance of the fungus upon
(
630.4 .B862 Clr. 7
the mirfnoe la uxually the laiit NtAKe of the dlneaw. Becauae of thia. external pnraalten may 1m- confrolled by Nprnyliig with rniiglcldea when they appear, while for Internal iHiraaltea we muat a<lo|<t preventive apray or. In loine caaea euttlns oat.
■ACTKRIA.
Bacteria are colourlewi planta like the fungi. Id fact, botanlata regard tbeui M» degenerate deacendauta of the fungi. They are. however, much almpler In atnicture than nioHt other fnngl. each plant-body being compowd of a Klngle cell only. Though Rporea are formed In Rome caaea, tbeae are not for purpoaea of repro.luctlon. hut almply to tide the organlam through unfavour- able cindltlona. each bacterium forming but a aingle apore. Bacteria are exceedingly amall and cannot be aeen without the aid of a powerful micro- aooiH-. They enter their hoat-plant through wounda. breathlng-porea. water- porea. and. aa la aometlmea the caae In the flre-bllght. through the neitarlea of the aowera. They Invade the tiaauea of the plant and Injure It by block- ing the aap-tubea. by robbing It of food materlala. and In other way*.
Two common examplea of bacterial plant-dlaeaaea are the flre-bllght and the crown-gall.
PRCVENTION or PLANT-DiaCASE*.
In conaldering the methoda for the cont'ol of plant-dlaeaaea. emphaala ahould be laid upon preventive meaaurea. Too frequently when the grower la arouaed to the aerlouaneaa of a diaeaae the damage la already done He ahould therefore ao regulate hia farm practice aa to prevent aa far na poealble any diaeaae from gaining a foothold In hIa orchard or field.
To do thla the following rules ahould be followed :—
(1.) Maintain planta In aa vigoroua a i»ndltlon aa poaalble by proper cultivation, etc.:
(2.) Follow clean cultural methoda:
(3.) Start with aound atock and heai*' c reed:
(4.) Practise crop-rotation where ■„-■:
(B.) Practise timely and thorongl
(6.) Report and aubmU samples .« with which yon ore not
familiar.
(1.) He should study to keep his , ..ciilthy as possible, for It is
a well-known fact that most diseases ch„.„„ gain a foothold and maintain themselves as readily In a vigorous plant as In one with Impaired vitality
(2.) Do not leave lying about remnants of crops, prunlngs. etc.. but gather and destroy by lire. Remove dead branches from your trees, scrape off the rough patches of bark, cut out and paint over all cankered areas
(3.) In setting out young trees or In planting seed or potatr^tubers. always be sure that they are absolutely free from disease. Just as a corrupt tree will not bring forth good fruit, so It Is Impossible for diseased stock or infected seed to produce a strong healthy plant.
(5.) Make spraying part of the regular orchard practice. Spraying at any time or In any manner will not produce clean fruit. To be of any value It must be done at the proper time, in the right manner, and with appropriate materlala. To do this the grower must know for what he Is apravlng and have some knowledge of the disease In question, in order to determine when It can most readily be reached. The spray ahould be aw>iled, if po«ilWe. ahead of the infection period of the fnngua. «-.»>««» i«e.
Agiiln, to Im> of nny vnlup Hprnyti ( niiiiit he dnnp thoroiiKhly. For tlie ■prIiiR Hpriiy i>ii the ilortinint wikhI a coiirmr i<|iriiy <'iin be iiwd lliiin tlint ODiployiMl III HiiiiiimT HpriiyliiK, r4ir llii'i thi- iiliji<<'t Ik only to form a contiiiK ovj-r tli«' wood. In hiiiiiiiiit npniyliiit tht olijfct In to tlioroiiKlily toviT futli and every |iortion of the plant with a t.iii' mint of tlif xpray. I>o not dri'iirli the plant neoiwarlly, l>nt let every |Hirtlon lie eovered with the tluy druplet* of the Mprny.
(It.) Laxtly, promptly r<'i«irt and »eiid In for dlnmioitlii any dlwaw with wbleb you are not faiuillnr. IKi not wait until It ban ealned micli a foothold that Itii eradication may prove dllflcult. If not lin|»>^~llile.
The follo'vlng are Home of the nioMt ImiMirtaiit illxeawa of nnhard and garden : —
APPL- ANO PEAR »CAB.
Thouich apple and l)enr wab are eonalderetl separate »|iecle(< liotanlcally, for our piir|H)i<e they may be taken together. Thin In tbi' iiiont wldeMpreiid and twdt-known apple-dlHease. It I* eBiMi-lally bad In inolnt clliiiates; and wet weather at the time the bloxKoniH are liurHtliig. ami for some time after, la eape<'lally favourable to Its developnu'iit. Home varieties are very much more Huiireptlble than otberH.
Ttiough bent known as a dlwane of the fruit, leaves, blonsoiiis, and twigs may also be attacked, t'pon the fruit small, circular, dark olive-green spots first appear. Ijiter the sjiots liei'ome , black In i-olour. and the outer skin breaks, revealing the fungus beueath. lu severe cases the tissues may be puckered to such an extent that the fruit cracks ojieu.
I'pon the leaves the fungus is more abundant ou the lower surface, where It forms velvety, olive-coloured "r black patches, at tlrst circular in outline, but later becoming Irregular In shape. The disease may winter over on the dead, fallen leaves. Growing upon the young stems of the frnit, the fungus sometimes causes it to drop prematurely.
CONTBOL.
Details of control will depend largely upon climate and season. The regular spring or winter itraylng of commercial lime-sulphur, dllute<l 1-0. Is of help in controlling the scab. Another should be given Just tiefore the blossoms open, with lime-sulphur 1-30, and still a third may lie necessary Just after the blossoms have fallen.
Prune the trees to admit light and air. When iiractlcable. destroying the old leaves by burning or ploughing under is of value. Orchards with a good air-oirriiiatlon are leas liable to attack.
BLACK-SPOT CANKER.
(See Bulletin 34 )
This disease has received various names in different localities, black-s|iot canker, apple-tree anthracnose, and Pacific Coast anthracnose being the most common. It Is a disease peculiar to moist climates, and therefore particularly severe In the Coast districts, though found to a slight extent In the Dry Belt.
Most commonly It makes Its appearance in very late fall, but In wet seasons may appear somewhat earlier. A slight darkening of the bark may appear, which later develops Into a slightly sunken, dark-eoloured circular spot, the bark beneath being soft and spongy. With the coming of the grow- ing season in the spring, the cankered area is rapidly extended, and becomes
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APPLE-MILDEW.
Tho ,„.,,l,Mull.I,.«- Is i.rrtly « l,|..|y .llslrll.ut..,!. I..it u„lv n.rHv pr-vr- „f
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Il..r.U..nix or llin,..snl|.linr spmys ,„•,. rlTrcllv... SILVER-LEAF.
Knviil liit< (tiRiltliHiM iiiiuiiH't till' (IIm'iiw with ii fiitiKHii ISIvrium pur- liiiii iiiin. III!' iii.Kiliiiiii of wlilrh llvfK iHTcMiiliill.v III llif ll»«ii''». :iiiil iiiily imiir" to tilt* Hiirfiii'i- to triilt u|H>ii till- ili'inl widmI. nlii'i^' tin- trr<'. or miiiii- |Mirtloii
of It. llllM Ih'cii kllllHl.
.Nil iiiiitrol im'iiMiiri'" l.iivi- Ih'I'Ii |iro|><Tly vol'knl out ii» >i'l. Iiilt tlii> fmt tliiit til)' friiltliiit'lHHlli'x of till' fiiii^Iiia only ii|i|HNir ii|h>ii tlic ilr^il wkmI i<iiiti;ii<t> tliiit. at IciiHt. till- itrowiT hIioiiIiI Im' niri-fiil to rfiiiovo nil ili'iol \vcii»l from uffiN'tiil tri'*'**.
Kriill-({rowcr» niiil oilii'in ulio liiivi' olimTviil iIiIh iIIm'Iim' In llrllWI' Coliinihlii lire of tlif opinion tlint only tri'im ui'Mki-iii'il liy nlnti-r Injury or othtT niiiMi' iiri- KiiliJiH't to till- iIImnihc. .\p|iar<'iitly mhmiiI trci'M. Iiourvir, miiy wiim-tliiH'" t.r iittiirkiil. In miy riiw. It lx iiil\l«iilili' to ki'i'p tlii' tni'x ii» slninit niiil liriiltliy iim |hmhIIiIi>. ,V m|hk lal I'lTort slionlil l>i> iniiili' to inaiiiri- tlio trci'M III till' fall. Iiy Mvolillnic tiKi Inir or i'Xii'hsIm' Irrigation ami riiltlvation. ami liy plaiitliiK iiiviT iTops.
TlilH i|lwii««' \» at priiM'iil iiiiiliT ciiri'fnl oliwrvatlon liy wvitiiI lim-ntl- KiitiirH. anil fnrtlii'r atal iiiori> ilclliilti' Information hIM Ih- arallalilf hi tin- iiciir fntur«>.
FRUIT-PIT OR SALOWIN SPOT.
Tlil» iIIm'iim' Im ho wi'II known to all IIhmi' •■nuaitiil In friilturoniiiK that a ilcwrlptlon siH'niN liarilly mii'Mwiry. Diirkiiiloiiri-il Hnnki'ii hiniIh. vlxllilf at tlrnt iH'iii'atli till' Nklii, apin'ar ii|Hin tin' »iirfaii' of tin- iip|>li'. Ih'Iiii! iiiori' niiiiiiTons at tin" IiIoshohi cml. Ih'ail lirowii. »poni:y arvas of tN»ni'. xonii'- tinii'H foiiiiil wlii'M till' oiitxlilo of till' apple apiH-arx ipilti' noriiial. f.xti'Uil Inwiiril fnan tin- spotK. Hoiiii'tlmi's ah 'out to tin- "orf. Si-vi'ra) fornix of the illwaw miiir, lint all hijiiri' tlio ajipi-i .. mi- anil «iili'alilllty of tin' fruit, ami may ri'iiili-r it nntlt i-vi'ii for riuiklnir. Tlif wpot m ly iKiiir upon appirs on till- trii'. lint vrry frinpii'iitly tin- fruit iijiiicarH ipiIti' lii'iiltliy until stori'il r>r Hoim* tlnm.
Till- illsi-asi' iM fonnil In all ili«trl(l!'. Irrigiii. .1 ii!"l iinlrrlcatiil. t'l-aiuli. (iM a p-iii-ral riili'. I« iiion ili'stnictlvi- I" tli»- Irrliafi-il >n'tloii- It N lo In- foiiiiil on all typi'« of moIIm. anil no \ ty si-<ni» '•- I"- alto-, lii-r InimiMii' from attai'k. <lioii|!li ihi-ri- l« a urrat iiri'iHc in i' -li'in-i"' nf tin' illffiTi'Iit viirirtii'M. Xi'ariy In' fruit on : trw m
only that or kIiikIi- iinili. Om- Ini' may liavi- li-< rriiit li^ni iinotlii-r of liii' sami' varli-ty. urowii iiinliT apiiarintly i'li'ii'ira bt' I'oinparatlri-ly Imniiino.
Si'vrral thiiirli'K liavi- lii'i-n inlvamiil to rxplaln Ih-' Olio Is that tiKi raplil trnnxplratioii of wati'r fr -m thi' iri.» liriii)^ ahmit too cri'at a ronii'iiti'atlon of the «Mp in tlu'si n result.
AnothiT attrlhuti's thi' tronhli- to tin' raplil i li.inci' in warm ila.vs to cold nights. IMirliitf tin- ilay raplil transpn iiku win ixiiir. At iiitflit this will hi- ni|ililly rhiikiil. ami a- i ■ n-nniliis inllvi-. owlm.' to ;hr wiinnni'ss of the soil, wati'r will »! to 'he fruit anil aiiumiilnti' thi-ri- to such an extent that an a<f of thi- cells will nicur.
Others l«-llevp that in dry seasons Insutllcient mineral niati'-f , the fruit, owInK to the premature ilrym-ss of the .soil, ami Ilia' on- 11-rtalii xrciips of cells will ilie of starratlon.
Lately e.xjierlniental evlileiii-e kins lieen hrouKht forward to show i pittlntt of the fruit Is, strictly s|H'aklint, not a disease at all, hut a s;
_ll*-<-plil«illl.v
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-lion xlill
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WATIIIXORK.
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Hani .a>..ry anan apin-ar In tl„. fl..,i, „r „fr,K.t,.d np,,le« «t th,. core «... ..xt..„. !,.« .„.„var.l fn.n. It, H„.ai: ar..n. ..f thin wafry U.^JSZ
Tw r, ' r'""''''';' ""■: • """"""■ '•■'"• ••■""■"" '" '"•• "-"^"' «" ^
,:;'*,' ' "'•'"'■'•• Tl..- «....l-.avUU.H UHually c.ntaln liquid, and the
m. iv , "'" r """■ """*"" """■"-■"y ""■•""" "•'»■■' I-""-', tl'*- trouble
o«ly »p,M.arln« „r„.r th.. fn.lt h«« 1m...„ ,„ Ht,.r«K.. for Ju,.. tl.u... wh.™ ntT,.M „r..aK will turn brown an.l the fruit rapl.lly break down
, ^"'' *'' "■'"""«•« -UKW'Hte.l for the control of the frult-pIt ar. nI»o
riHonini..n,l..d for thin dlKenw..
riRC-BLIOHT.
(S<f Circular 23.)
Th... hHM b„.„ kn,.wn for m..ne .vears as a m-rlous dl«.aN. of .H-nr. ,*
Of 'pitZ..'" "'"'"" ''"'""""" " "•• '" '-' "'■"" --"- «" '.'a.-^
Klo«..,n,s. y„n,„, frni,. „,,,.,, „„„,„ „,„, ,^,, Mi« .s,. a,„K.ars .., ,.,.,sso„,i„«.,|,„.. „« „ ■• ,.,..H,.,„..„ll„ht • The g^rm of the
".....,, n.s „r th. rtow..,s, a,Ml „,ay later M|,r..nd dow., Into „,I)olnl„K tw-lm
r. fl ;.nv'"r',''''' "■"""* "■ '"■" '" ""'• '»-"""« ""k brow ,r ,hu^"
ra.,l. V ,1 ^ ^ "PIK.aran.-... but lat.M- l..H.,n,es h.,r,l „„.l drv. Young
«»..,.,™ «... ,„ L»;'ur,,;:i;r;r,.r ':;.;',:; r,L'
hii> ii'iiiMMl to lH'<iiiiii> acllvc n criirk will iin. Il> hit <ni M huhiiiiI Hip iilTirtiil lu.rl. In till' i«t'iiiliiai.v liciiltliy tlHNiii- Ju"t li ' «• of '.hi* iirrji n fi'W uiTiiK miiy lurk li> nirry mi tlii> iIIm'um- fur iiiioHii'r yi-ii-. Hoiiictliiirii
till- illwiiJM' tfiH-H nil KprfiiilliiK iliinii tl iihi lliiiliM niiil trunk, cxtciiHlv*
ciinkfri'il iirwi" ln'liiu ili>v<'liiii«><l. rrmii »lili|i Mir yvllnwluli kiiiii iimy nftiMi ilrlp nhiiiiiliiiitly. Ill wviri' iiimii tlii> tr<-f miiy l». itlntliHl iiml kllli"! In ii hIiikIi'
M'ltlHIII.
f'llXTiOI. Ill flit IMIt llllU'll ! •din IIH MHIII UN till' lIlM'llw lllllK'liri, Ht ll'll"t II
fcMii iK'low till- iilTti'tc. ' ' ;
CJ. I Cut (lilt (link. till' Imw of HhiMitx iil l<>iiHt 4 <ir 5 IihIii'M Im-Iow
(lliM'iiMil piirt.
..1, t ('iirt'fiilly illalnrn't thi> toil" iiftiT I'liili mt. wllh iiirrniilvp Kulilliuiitf, l-MMMi. iir riirnmllii, 1 pint to .'{ khIIdiih.
(•J.I Ciircfiilly I'XiiniliH- tn^K iikiiIii. luiil ml imt cnnkiTx iifiiT tin- Imveii hflvt> fiillt'ii.
I.*.) ttiithtT iinil hum all prunliiKN rrmu dlwHiml tr<>eii.
(tl.l Kffp iiphliliHi nnil ntln-r liiBi'i-tn In ciiiitrol.
1 7. 1 niwuiiniiti- ti«) rnplil icroutli nf trccn by ItfiwiiiTii,' iiiiii.niit of Irrlmi- tlon mill iiililvittliiii, mill |,y growlnif <.ovcr irops. or pm on-liiinl In whI for a tluio.
BROWN-ROT OF tTONe-FRUITS.
The hronn-rot of pliinm. iipiicIicm, iiinl other Htoiic-fnilt» N «<.|I known, iintl niniiiioiily ili.>iirnnivi' whcn-vcr thiw ircfx iirc iimwn. \, irm, moist wciitlicr In imrtlnilnrly fiiroiiriilili' to tin' isronlli of thf fuMUUH thiit ciiiHt-s Ihf (llwiiK, CloiKly wptithor. with rriiiiiciit Nhowcm, In PililHumnn-r. ciiiiIiIim •lie ineuH 11 nioNt rPiidlly Infi'it niitl fNliilillNh Itwlf u|)oii llic plmil.
It In most ilcdtriirllvf iin n ml ,,f the frnlt. thoiiRh iNriirrliiK on IiIokkoiiik irt leiives. ijrw-i frnlt niiiy 1h' iitliukeil. tint not often until over hiilf- urown. The Niiweptlhlllty of the fruit liicriiiNeN with tin' ii'tcrn' of rlix-neNH. Siniill. iliirkn.louri'd clrculiir sixitN iipiH-iir on tlio Kiirfnw. whieh »preiiil until the whoh' frnlt Is iiffeetnl Diirliitf warm. moiNt weiitber n whole fruit miiy iK'come ilcenypil In lhr.i> iliiyN. fiM.ii the surface of drtayliitf rrnlls moiild- Ilkp tiifiN appear. tM-arliiir the summer s|HireN of the fiincuN. The diseased fruit ma.v either fall to the irround or It may shrivel up, formlnic the so-ialled "niiimmied plums," and remain illiiKlnit to Hie tree thronithout the season.
Krult In transit or In storage may he seriously ulTected hy the hrowii-rot.
CoNTgoi.
Spray well with llme-sulpbur. dormant strenitth. Just Vfore the tiiids ilien. Follow with another of llme-sul|phur I'lt) (or self-cooked » Just after the hlossoniN have fallen, and wllh still another as late as Is safe without InJuriiiK the fruit.
rrune out trees to admit air ai.d sunlight, and thin the fruit so that no two touch.
In [licking, exercise extreme care to avoid li ilslng or otherwise Injuring the fruit, rack no fnilt that Is bruised In th 'lightest degree. Allow the fruit to stand In a einil place overnight lieforc .ir.cklng. Collect and destroy all mumnitiHl fruit.
8
PLUM-LEAF SPOT OR SHOT-HOLE FUNQUS.
Tills Is a I'oniiiion disoasf of thi' i-licrry ami pluiii. caiising dead brown »I>citM to appear on tlu' leaf, wlilcli vf-ry often drop out. prmUiclng the «hot- liole effect.
To control, .xpray with llnie-siil|>hnr. winter strensth. Jnst before the hudu hnrst. Follow till.'* with another of llme-siiliihnr l-.-io (or nse the self-i'ooked. S-S-40 forninla). This Is usually ipilte siifflclent to control the disease, bnt In extreme cas»'S another, after the fnilt Is |ilcke<l. may be necessary.
PEACH AND PLUM SCAB.
This disease causes small, clrcnlar. dark-coloured spots to appear uiwn the surface of the fruit. In had cases one side of the fruit inny be almost completely covered liy the sjiots. and In such cases Is apt to shrivel and crack open. I,eiives and twigs may also he attacke<1.
The disease niny be successfully controlled by the use of self-boiled lime- sulphur. S-.>*-4n formula. The commercial mixture, diluted 1-M. may also be H.sed.
PEACH-MILDEW.
Peach-iuildew is-curs on the leaves and younc shoots as a dense white mass of threads. It may also occur on the fruit Itself. The disease causes an archlim and . i.illng of the leaves, and the deformation of the .voung, rapidly Krowiiij; shoots.
lu controlling this disease, self-holled lime-siilphur has given fair results. Sulphur as a dry dust spray and aminoniacal cojiiicr-carliouate have also been used.
PEACH-LEAF CURL.
reach-leaf curl Is first noticed on the unfolding leaves. It makes Its appe.iiiiiice as an arching, <urllng. and thlckenl.ig of the leaf, aci-ompanletl by n general heightening In colour. When only small areas are affecte<l. these appear .'is nHhlish archetl spots upon the leaf. Hadly attacke<l leaves become brown ,iiid drop off. forcing the tre<' to put ont a new set. Young twigs aff.Htcd with the disease are tiiiiker than normal and pale In colour. A gummy exudate may sometimes be seen oozing fnan the bark of such sla^its.
When the leaves are severely .ittack.'d. the nilt may becimie dwarfed or even drop „|T. Trees suffering from the discM-' are apt to go into winter quarters irniiroperiy matured, rendering them m.ire liable to frosl-injury.
I'ciich-Ieaf curl is particularly destructive in seasons when cold, damp
weather prevails, when the t! s are leafing out. anil conse<piently moist
climates are more subject to serious Infestations than dry ones. The illsease giiliis enlraiirc to the pliint by the buds as they unfold, and control measures
ciaislst ill giving the Is a thorongli ,o;,|iiig of spray before this time, to
prevent the germination of tiie spores of the fungus.
I.lmesnlphnr. winter striMiglh. or Itor.Icanx mixtnie. are both suitable for this purpose.
RASPBERRY-CANE BLIGHT.
Tills freipiently proves a serious disease of ra.spberrles, particularly the black-cap varieties, causing a blight of leaves and cane. Sometimes the whole cane may he affected, sometimes only a single branch. Frequently the bark
9
1111(1 \V(km1 (111 one slil(> c.f the ciiuc will Ik- bliicki'iicd niid (llscolduml by the lUsciisc. Willie the otliir will rciiiiilii liciiltliy.
Sprayliii.' liiis mil iirovcd iiltdsctlicr successful In Ireiitiin; the dlsciise. SysleiiiiitIc ciittliiKdilt (if (lid ciiiies iiiiisl lie in-actlscd, mid ciire taken to (ilitaiii (iiil.v healthy jilaiits at the outset,
RASPBErtRY ANTHRACN08E.
This alTects hotli hlaiklienies and rasjilierries. liiJiirinK the eanes, leaf- stalks, and leav<^s. I,l;;lit-((il(inred sunken spots apiiear on the eunes. givliis them the so-called " lilrd's-eye " effect.
Siirayhiii with RiinU-anx nil.xtiire early In the season has civeii i;o<m1 results. This and ciiftliiK out the diseased canes .should kivp the (lis(>ase in control.
GOOSEBERRY-MILDEW.
This freipiently liecoines a serious disease of Uoosetierries. particularly the Kuropean varieties. Tlie disease appears as ii white powdery urowtli upon .voini;: twit's and leaves, f.ater th(> fruit will lie affected. As the season advances, the threads of the fuiiiius hecouie dark hrown In colour, foniiiug dark hlotches upon leaves and fruit. In had cases there will lie a severe droppiiu; of the leaves.
I.inie-siilphur Is the most s.itistactory funtfici(U' for controliini; the mildew. Ise tiie dormant stremtlh liefore tlie liiids liursi in the sprlm:. Kullow this
with another, diluted 1-L'tl. Just liefore the lilossoius dj and another. l-:tO.
Just after the fruit sets.
LATE BLIGHT OF POTATOES.
The lute hllght of jiotatiH-s has fniiuently caused heavy loss to potato- growers in many parts of the world. It is a disease peculiarly depencU-iit upon weather conditioiis for its develoimient. .V few ('ays of warm, moist weather in inidsunimer are suttlcient to enalile the fniiBus to spread with singular rapidity over the field.
I>ark-colo«red spots apixar on the leaf, usually liecinniiic at the edt'e or tip. These spots are soft, of a dark, water-soaked appearance, with soine- tliiies a slight imrpilsh tint, and emit an ofTensive (Hhiur.
A dry-rot of the tubers, sunietlmes It; the field, sometimes in stoia;:c. is also produced by the disease. The death of the cells of the tuber, brmiiiht Hlioiit by the finiirus. creates favourable conditions for the entrance and Rrowlh of various sajiropliytic niouids and bacteri.i. which may cause a wet- rot of the jiotato.
To control the hlight. spray the plants w Itii Korih'aux inl.vtiire »h iuait
« Inches high, and iviieat at intervals of about two weeks, three or even more sprayings being necessar.v. depending on weather condltiMiis. I'lant laiiy sound tubers, anil. If possible, practise a rotation of crops.
POTATO-SCAB.
This disease, commeniing as dark-coloured spots upon the skin, finally doveloiis Into corky, scab-like blotches on the surface „r the tuber. The trouble Is not usually very deei.-seated. those tubers that have been attacked while .young lielng worst.
10
The siKiri's iif the futiisus may iHTslst In the soil for ypiirc, and are alile to iiiiss niiliariiicd tlimuKli llii' digestive tract of doniestle animals, iiarllciilarly lior»c>s.
Control consists In soaking tlie seed-potatoes for two lionrs In fornuilin. 1 |>lnt to .'to callons. then dry and cnt.
I'otatm's .should not he grown for two sniK-esslve years where the disease has (Mcm'red, and uncooked s<'al)hy potatoes should not he fed to horses.
8TEM.ROT OF POTATOES.
Various names have heen applied to llils disease, stem-rot. rhlzoctonla, potato rosette, little |iotato, and blacU-rot being some of these.
The stem of the potato at or below the surface of the ground Is attaokiHl, and sometimes <ompletely girdled. Sometimes, bnt not Invariahl.v. small tubers, either singly or In hnnchcs, appear on the .stem above the Injury, sometimes ipilte high up (vn the stem. The leaves of plants afrccled are usuall.v smaller than normal, and .velliiwish In colour. In siaue cases taking on the rosette hidilt. In bad cases the plants die and the leaves wither up.
Tubers of diseased plants will Ih? covered with small, black or dark- coloured spots, called .sclerotla, whhh are comiK)sed of dense masses of the niyifllum of the fungus. In this form the disease Is carriwl over the winter, and plants grown from smh seed .are very apt to develop the disease.
To control this disease, treat as for scab.
DRY-ROT AND WILT DISEASE OF POTATOES.
This disease produces a wilt disease of the parts above ground, but Is better known as a dry-rot of the tubers. Dlsea.sed potatm-s nia.v. to all njiiiearances. be jierfectly sound, until some time after gathere<I. They can be detected, however, by cutting the tnber across at the stem end, when a dark ring will lie seen Just imder the surface. The diseas<' may spread rapidly in storage, niouid-llke growths appearing on the surface, and the potato may shrink away to a fraction of Its former size.
To control, reject all diseaseil tubers for seed purposes; avoid lnfe<ted ground for planting potatoe.s, as the fungus lives for a considerable length of time ill the soil. Some have rejiortecl good ri>sult.'i from spraying with Bordeaux mixture for the wilt disease.
EARLY BLIGHT OF POTATOES.
This disease c(amiionly occurs on both jiotatoes and tomatoes. Though able to establish Itself on the host-plant as a true jianislte under suitable conditions, jilaiits weakened from any cau.se are particularly susceptible.
Well-detlneil drculiir or elliptical spots appear on the leaves and stems. They are brown In colour, concentrically m.irked. with ji.ile centri> and darkei border. The disease may be accompanied by a curling and drying-iij) of the leaves, thus iiinsiiig much damage to the crop.
Spraying as for the late blight will control the disease.
Vicloiin. n.(\. ncrrmhci; inti.
TIOTOniA. B.r. :
Printed hy Wa.l.lAM H. CllT.lN, Primer to the KltiR'n .Mont Kxeellent Mnletity.
1912.
i