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Canadian Institute for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas

Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques

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Bibliothiqua
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MKIOCOrV HSOWTION TBT CNART

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2)

^ >^PLIED IIVMGF

'653 Eost Main Str««t
("6) 482 - 0300 - PBon.
(716) 2«»-59a9-Fo,

CIRCULAR No. 5.

PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (HORTICULTURAL BRANCH).

PLANT-GROWTH.

I

By J. V. r->BPKXTER. AsxiSTAXT IIORTICII.TI'RIST.

rpiIE »ul>jwt ilciilM priiiciiPiiUy witli tlic pliysioloKy of plants. A simple
_L dcfliiltkiii of i>laiit-plij>JolciK.v is Kivt'U by ('(iiiltiT as "A study of plants
lit work."

TUt'se short icmrst'S, besides beiiiR of a praitlcul iiaturp, are planned to
afford an Insight Into the unclcrlyinj; principles of orihard and vegetable-
Bardeulng work. In order that the liorticultiirist may earry on his work In
an IntelliBent and systeaiatie manner, it Is to Ills advantase to a«iulre a
■•working" knowledge of the strnctnre and growth of plants iu Its relation
to aoll-eulture. budding, grafting, prnning. et<-. In dealing with plant-life we
are dealing with living organisms. Wlieu the grower has a knowledge of the
functions of the different parts of tlie plant and their conduet under different
conditions, he Is in a better position to Intelligently and eeonomleallv progress
In his work.

In the world there are two nniiii divisions of ilft^-vlz., animals and plants.
In the animal kingdom ela.ssilieatlon Is made according to differentiation In
structure, and there is a variation from anhnals of very simple structure to
those of a high degree of complexity. Such is the case iu iilant-llfe. There
are classes of plants to be fouml of very sinii.ie structure, .such ii-s the Algsp,
some of which are single <elle<l. and classes sliowing gradually increasing
complexity, such as the fungi, mosses, and ferns, until the seed-plants are
reached, in wlii<h we a,.- mor interested, and whicli sliow a great differen-
tiation of structuH' a.; cmipar. with lower i)hint-llfe.

The fruit-grower niu vegetable-gardener Is interested In nearly all classes
of life from an economic standpoint. For example, he i.s interested in bacteria
in their relation to plant-diseases, such as pear-bliglit ; In their relation to the
eultivation of the soil. etc.. fungi as parasites, sudi as ap|.le-scab. and In other
relations; mos.ses and ferns In sever.il relations: .•ind seed-plauLs, such as our
orchard trees, in many ways. The seed plants will revive most attention In
this -eiikr.

>:: fruit-trees and cultivated jilants are des.^endant from wild plants
throi , generations of cross-breeding, selintlon, Improvement, etc, until we
hove iHe large variety list of different si>ecle» of cuMvated plants of to-day.

rii.lfi- imliiral lill-ns th.' « li iiuri««,. „r „m- friilt-tr.'."* In to llv<- mid

rc|iiiKliiic tlMlr kli'.l. 'I'll.' will l« sunoiiiiclnl l.y ii iomtImb of pulp to fimiire
Its siitllil.'iit pn.tirtloii iiikI ti. iilliiirt blrils. iinliiiiiU. iK'., wlilcli iil-l In Its
aiMtrllmtli.n. Tli.- iininnit cf pulp uivr.-siir.v f-.r llilx pun"'*' l» "niall as
niiiipiiri'il wllh lli;il wlil.li Is ili'slrcil ill a n-inincnliil friilt. TluToforc. In
priKln.liitf II .c.MiimTrliil rriiil. wi- rnpiliv the tni- li> form nn nniintiinil
proiliirt thiit Is, iiii.ti- pulp ill pr..|K.i-|ic.ii Im scnl tliiiii Is formtHl umliT natural
iiinilltloiis: mill as a irsiilt ««• have to siinoiiiul our fnilttri'i'S with uniiat ral
lomlltloris. Tlius follows oiio of tlii> tirsi principals of frult-iultnri-, that In
oril.-r to iittiiiii siuvrss It Is iiiMi'ssiii-y to follow prmtlci's wlil'li an- rinllcally
(llir.Trnt to thoso follow..! Ill oiir so-call..! " ii.iiliit.'.l" orcliiir.ls of to-day.

Takliitf an appl.'-ti is an cMiinplo of a scd-plant. It Is dlvldi'd Into tliri-c

niiiiii parts viz.. r.Mits. st.-iii. ami i.-av.'S. .V r.H.t Is situiit.d under tlu- ground
an.l funitloiis In tliri'.' main ways; (1» An.liorlni.' of plant; (2) storiW of

plant fiMiil: i.'li alisorpllon of li.|iild plaiit-fo.«l fi i tin- soli. The parts of the

root that an- Instriinu'iitai in Uu- alisorpllon of i.lant-fiMMl and their comUlet

iiii.Ut ililT.T.'iit s.ill-tr.'iit iils at f main Interi'st.

If Is the siiiall white root-hairs near the t.-niilnals of the roots and riHit-
lets that fniiitliai for this purpose. They raniiot taki" ill tin' solid foinl as nn
animal iI.k'S. hut require f.MHl in solnlloii. S.illtreatniiMit which Is conducive

to the soluhillty of piaiit-f 1 is iliscrsse.l In th." .ircular on sollK'ultivatlon.

The alis<irpti..n of IImiiIiI plant fo.i.l hy th.> riK.t hair Is hrouirht about by osmotic
action, by whi.h the presence of th.' weak solution of plant-food on the outside
of the root hair (the outside layer of whi.h is a pernieahh" membrnne) and a
strong solution of (•,■11 sap on the Insi.le. the wi'ak.T soiiillon will be drawn In
by the stroiiir. There are i-on.lltloiis niider which this actl.m Is reversed— I.e.,
where the solution on the oulsi.le Is more coiicentrat.-d than the cell-sap Inside
the root-hair— wllh 111.' r.'sult that plasniylosis an.l death of the cells take
place. A g.iod .'.\ani)'Ie .>f this is foiin.t In the action of alkali soils on plants.
Tlies.' roof-hairs will not form ini.U'r vi'i-y dry s.ill conditions, neither will
they live In wat 'r-iogued soils or soils devoid of .Ir. Their development Is
Impedisl in very compa.t soils. The relation of this to soil-culture and Irrlga-
tl..n l.< of great Imiiortati.-e. Over-irrlgat.'d soils re Instrninental In causing
a dlseastMl condition of the root and Its poor i
mental to the physl.al and m.'ihanl.al eonil
lllwratlon of pliint-f.MHl, A prop.'i system ot
nient of a larg.' root system capable of olitali ^
of soil. r.Hir .ultivatloii r.'siilts In w.'ak soh.
waste of water In supplying the plan! with the required amotmt. It also
results in a waste of wa'.'r through evaporation, and a root system will not
develoji well In a vt>ry dry soil. The iiitlniate relation of nnderdralnage, soU-
cultivatlon, supply of humus and plant-foiHl. pro|H'r irrigation methods, etc.,
to the ilevelopment of the root system and the economical growth of plants
cannot be over.'stimafe.I.

Uoot-prnning. both of tin' old and young tree, r.iot-graftiiig. etc.. can also bo
discusstHl III tii.'ir jiliyslological relation to th." plant. The stem and branches
of the free. Iiesid.s forming the structure on whi.h the fruit and leaves arc
prodii.ed, contain organs for the conduction of foi«l. the growth of the tree,
anil the storage of plant food. One of the most ini|Mirtant organs from a
practical staii.lp.iiiit is the cambium layer, which Is the only part of the stem
and Iiranchi's of the tree In which new cells are forni.'.l and growth t.lkes place.
(When a tree is barked during the raiild growing seasim it usually separates

hi'sldes being detrl-

ill and the proper

■suit-! In the develop-

! from a large area

,ilant-foo«l, and thus a

3

111 tin- <'tiiiililinii liijcr. I Tlic ri'Uilliiii of tills to tlif prartlics of hii.Mliitf. (triift-
liii;. dr.. In iiiiiMt liii|i<>rtiiiit. Tlir iipiiroxliiiatf ItM-titlciii of tlir iiuMim for the
I'liiKliii'tlim (if iihiiit-fixMl mill sap Is liii|i<iitaiit ill Its rfliition to llio riiiKini:
of the trc'f, iHi'lliig of tlio biirk. iiiltiii); iiImivi' niiil Im-Iow Imils etc.

Tlio leaf is (iii<> of tlic most liilcri'stliii: aiitl most I'ssciitlil parts of tin-
irw. It Is licro that the raw plaiit-fo(Hl as It iimii's from tli ■ soil Is triiiis-
forniisl into i'arlioii,v<<rati>s, ctr.. whlcli aii' usi^l for tiic tfrowlli if tin- tret- ami
lilt- lU'Vi'lopiiiciit of Its fruit. M itiioiit Iravcs dnrimt tiic srowliiK season a plant
nmltl not live any Icnittli of timo, as tin- plaiitfisNi. as It is alisorliiil from the
soil, Is of little use for the Rrowtli of the phint. The outside accessories to

tlie elaboration of jiIant-fiHNl in tlie leaf are mainly I t, IlKlit, and nir.

Situated on tlie leaf are iiiimeroiis lireathiiiK pores, which. iH'sides fniictlonln-
for the takimt-in of air, ijlve off liy transpiration tlie exi-ess niolsinri' from tin-
plnnt-fiMHl ill the leaf.

The huds for the following season's crop of fruit ,.ni! leaves are formed
In the n.\il where the iietlole of the leaf Joins tlie t«l«s. branches, etc. The
amount of iilaiit-fo<Hl elaborated In the leaf seems to intliience to a large extent
the character of the buds; and as llKht accelerates the buililinK-up of i>lant-
fcWKl in the leaf, it is ne<vssary to the formation of R'shI stroni; bud.s. The
relation of this to the formation of fruit-simrs Is evident, for In order to favour
their formation low down on the branches, it is niM'ssary. especially In tho
humid ellinates, to keep the tree well tliliined by iirunln«. to allow plenty of
llRht to reach the parts where fniit is desired. A knowledRe of the functions
of the leaf are liiijiortant to the fruit-grower in its relation to pruning, fruit-
hud forumtlon, maturity of wooil, etc.

The strni'ture of the bloiisoDi. formation of fruit and seeds, "hanges in
fruit and vegetables in storage, can be discussed under the heading of " plant-
physlolog}-," but owing to the limited .-ipace are only u 'iitloned here.

A study of plant-growth Is of great Interest and value to the fruit-grower,
as It is relatetl, either directly or Indirectly, to all operations in the orchard.
The subJiHt might appear at a casual glance to be too si'ientiflc for the prac-
tical hortlcnltu^l.^t to listen to. hut with the man who is Interested in his
orchard we have not found this to be the case. On the other hand, the subject
offers, when discussed from the fruit-growers standpoint (there are readable
books to be had on the snbject). interesting and n.-. fill Information, which will
place him In a better position to carry on his operations with pleasure ami
Iiroflt. We trust that the liiforniatlon as given here will be the means of
interesting some fruit-growers to the extent that they will secure some avail-
able bookii on the subject, and make use of them as opportunity offers.

i

I

Victoria. B.C., Dcrcmhci; lOti.

riinted \*y William II. Cii.i.

VICTORIA, B.C.:
V. rrlntiT lo the KlngB Mc«f Eicrllint 5Iii]i.|i(y.
JO 12.