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REPORT OF THE CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION 1913-18 VOLUME III: INSECTS PART K: INSECT LIFE ON THE WESTERN ARCTIC COAST OF AMERICA By FRITS JOHANSEN ( 670 I 'i 1 3 C2t V . 0<">3 pt .K irriAWA THOMAS MfLVEY PRINTER TO THia KINGS MOST EXCELLENT MAJIOSTT 1921 ;hh'H'd NoVili.bei 7, Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 191.^-18 >OI,l MK i: .>ARK\TI\I': 0» TIIK KXPKIIITIOS. I.Tt . F'urtA. Noirrill-HN l-AUrV, l:»l.l Iv Hv ViII,mlniurSti(BnH*m i/n nrrimrnlmnl. I'art U. .SorniKUN I'AUrV, UM) Hi. lly Ituilolph Mnrtin Amlcmon ,lni„,i„„,iii,m>. VOLl'Mi: II: MAMMALS A\D BIKDM. IVl A. MAMMALS Ol' Wl.STl.iiX Aid TIC AMKUK'V. lU Umli.lpl, Ma.lin Aii,|,.|-.,n. . f hi i"t imrulnin '\ I'lirl U mUDS 111- WlSTI-KN Ali' IK' \MK1U< \. liv I!. M. Aii.l.r-.ii ami V. \ 'iavcrni r . . Ain iirtparatwn). VOM MK III: INSMTS I\ I HKDICllnN. Hv i'. (,,,r.|,,n ll.wiif ih-iir.l llnumh.r to, i:i2|'|IA(iA A.N'li ANdIM.I KA. Mali.ipliaKa. I»y A. W. Huknr. Auiiphira. By (J. 1'. l-.rri- iin.l C. H. 1'. Nun all ih-iird S, iiUmlnr (?, lUlln. Part i;. COLLdl'IKHA. I'iirr>i Iii,-i i(s, iiirluiliiiK Ipiilii.'. CcraiMlivi iilar. aii.l iiupri'.-liilai . liv .1. .M. S«aini'. ('iiriiliiilai' mill Siiplijiluiv Ity il.C. I'all < uninc'lliilai', Llutcridui', Clirv.'oiiiic'lidui' ami liliv mliiipliura. dvuludinK Ipidad. »y C. W. l..hK. DvliKiidac'. Hy J. n. SlirTinan, Jr Part I IIKI'IITKUA. Hy Kdward P. \ anDiuc, Pan ' . IIVMl'.NOPTKKA ANO PLAN I' (iAI.I,.'^. SawMil•.^. ( Tcnllip'dincjid.-a). Ity AIia. I). Mac< •illivray, Para-iitii' llymimiptiTa. IJv < '|,arlc.-i T. liriics. Wa^piand ltci«. ISv 1'. \V. I, .Sluiiiii. Plan; (;ull9. Hv i:. P..rt.-r I'llt. . . . Part II SPIDKKS, MITKS AND M V UlAPI >I )S. S|iidiTi. by. I. 11. KniiTton. Mitf-. lly Nathan Hai.k.-i .MyriaiicMU. My Haipli V. ( 'liaiidM-rlin . il^suiii juhj ;.;, I'juh . , ,(/>.««(■(/ July 11. ItnO} Part Purl Pan Pari Part Part IV t Part I'arl i'art Part Part Pan Part Part Part Part Part Pan Pan I'arl Pari Part I'arl Part I'ait (/6M/ii/ .\u,iiiili( I 3, lUlU). (l.-siifd Jiihi i;. i;il9). I I.KPIDOI'TI'.KA. liy Arlliur (iilison th.-uiiljiinuan Id, lOSfit. I ORTllOl'TKKA. Uy K. M. Walk.r il.-..u>;! Krpliwhrr .i. lanx. K. INSKCT l.lli; ON THi: \M:sri;HN AI!( TK ((lAsr ol AMKKKA. Itv Fril- .lolian-rn . Un preaa) VOLl.MK IV: BOTANY A. I HL:.-iH\\ATi;i{ AI.tlAK AM) I HtSIlWATl.U l)|AToM.<. Hy Clmrl.s W. L..«c. iln prepnratttjrt). li. MAHINK AUIAK. By P. S. Collins i/n prfporaliowi. C. I I N(il. Hy John Dcarn'v.^ (/n preparaljim). 1). I.ICJIKN'S. By C. K .Merrill lU iireparalhmK i;. MOSSi:s. By l{. S. .iilliaiMs Cnxucd t'rhruary 8, lOll). VOLI'ME V: BOTANY .v. \.\.SCri,.\U PLANTS. Hy ./anus .M. Maroiin and Til. o. Holm ./«;»■<■.«). B. ( iiNTIUBlTlONS TO TllK MOHPHOLOdV, SVNONVMV. AND C.KNERAL DISTRIHITIOX OF AUCTK PLANTS. By Th.-o. Holm (/norm). C. (:I;N|;KAL notes on arctic VKCKTATION. Hv I ritsjoliansen. iln jntiiamtwnl. VOLl ME VI: FISHES, TIMCATES, ETC. A. I'ISIIIOS. Hy r. .lohansi n ihi iircparalwn). B. .\S( IDl.SNS, ETC. B.\ A. (i. Hiint-iiian i/„ iirrparalwn). VOLl.ME VII: t'Rl STACEA A l)i;( APOD CHrSTA li. U il.-^.n t^hfued August b. 1920). M.CIRRIPEDIA. Hyll. A.Pilst.ry (.In pnpaniHonl. REPORT OF THE CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION 1913-18 VOLUME III: INSECTS PART K: INSECT LIFE ON THE WESTERN ARCTIC COAST OF AMERICA By FRITS JOHANSKN fes3F^ n 11 .\^\ A TllM.MAS Ml'I.ViOV PKi.NTKi: TO Tin: kiN'js must i;m- ■!.i.':Nr mmisi-y i65;»-i I--*.-u*?(l *'ovember 7, IWl Insect Life on the Western Arctic Const of America l».\ I Kll» .|ii||AN>K\' lllhnlllliU fr I'll.' I .riiiury rovrnd |,\ i|h.( :iii;i.liMii Ani ic Ia|h ,||ii,,h, I!i|:{ Is ,ir.t,| ■oiii Wriiim.ll Ul:,iiil ijilMti'it htitii.lr 71 ■l.-m \Vf«l ' < III. I. inuitiH r MI,.TI:i lu lirlicu l:,ll.| roiiii.l liorl li of th.' (alia.lJMll Alrtir .ir-llil..! (fthoiit li.titii.li' SO lUuri Much of iliis ,ii(',i, liM« Kni-. iii.itli, loiiu'itii.li' KM) ticjjrn ^i w»'^t ilruri'i'!. :i|l£.. i'X|M'ilitioii>. iiiKl frimi mihh' l.ic:,iii ••\iT \v:i!4 pis-cd (inly on ,|ii|i or iliiriiii: sIimI inut. Imt tin- f owiiiK to the jijdli l.ijti III' tiorlliiTii pirt 1 III 11*11. till' I'olll'l <'o;«t 'r. .1; IK'>. Owinij to till- iinfor- Mi vith tlii '•w -(Mcinit'ii^ rollci'ti'il l.'.iir h-.v iiiiili' up to then liv that l{i'|H>rts on nil the nili in w hiiji fhi'v were I'minil r .-I rol)-iii|(.r:ili|c v.-illli im. xpi'riiiii'nts u-.-rc ni.'i.ic with mori' thin n hunilnil ».m— ij (Sec Vul, V, Part A, Vascular 1 pri^sent paper are from collections determined by lantH. ) 4k Canadian Arctic Expedition, lOlS-lS BOUTH SIDE OF SEWARD PENINSULA. ALASKA (NOME AND TELLER) in i^s\l^':^:liZ^.Z::.:^^^^^^ ^° "^" ^^^'•"»-^ ^'^'^ ^-^^er description two sandspits on the smithern of which Teller is slated^ia'rk he entr^^^^^^^^ Grantley harl.our, which s continued by a channel to Imuruk lake wither!/? i"" T«' •'"•^: "" ^T ^''^^ '^^"^'^ t'^^ ^•''i' «o"S'«ts of Kravel and sand xvith grass-tufts and flowering plants including Papnver niidimule Chamaerium i^tifohu^>,ArUmis,a and Honckenyia peploidfs; the tundra, best deve opedT &!"'/' characterized by creeping willows, Varcx, etc A few Targer depressions (some artihcial) contain water even in August (PI V fie 1) W west o the town a large lake stretches almost across^he sandspit^" separated fe fT""^^'-' ^'''^'T ^y ** '^'""P' '^»d ^^O'n Port Claimce by sand Sis This lake IS a case of recent marine formations, for marine dbtoLs are found wi h' an1,uUc4To Port n°"'P''^ ''^f * "' '^' ^l'^' '"^''^ '" IsSsh^ws a lagoon witn an outlet to Port Clarence and connected at high tide with Grantlev h-ir hour, bince that time the ends of the lagoon have been E in bv be^^h pSaa/e^ncfS/'" ""''' "'' ^'^''^ '''^ '^'^'^^ ^ -"P'« «' "-^^ - the :„f On the other slides the lake is surrounded by low hills and elevated tundra ntersected by small streams, which carry the melting snow rnspSt^me but late^are dry The depressions of the higher tundra enclose a fewSsn which are mosses //ipp«ris, Utricularia, etc.; and in the gulches amonL the hml and m shelter of the banks, willov^s attain a fair size, thotgh not sH^ as at Xomo Hippuns, Carex, etc., cover most o.' the lake shore, growing on mud or ErZl" ?P1 .,%.T) ''''"'''' "''"'■ *"'*''''" *^' '"""^ ""^^'^•^ surrounding tundra. Insects were very plentiful here, but some of the plants olentiful .t \'nir,« were absent, owing, perhaps, to the higher altitude. ^ ^°"^ fr. th V .^ ''''*^ ^°'f °^ this part of Seward peninsula may besL be comnared but mtl^fs'?'"' '"T^ '"■*^'S.;j"*? *h^ Mackenzie delta beyo^nd the tre"Et but little IS known of insect life in either of these districts: ' „r« Si- ^"'I'u l'?u' phmate, and general nature of the Nome and Teller area or adult< and 'a great number of flies are seen, among which the caribou bot-Hv, ()tdrmu,i,nn [Hypoderma) iarn)id),\i> perhaps the most interesting, owing to its l)iimbl..hee-like appearance and life history. Various species of bumblebees (liombiisk[ibi/dlux B. polaris, li. sylvunla, li. plenralis, li. liiconim, B. Jrigidus) are all attracted to Lpilobmm spicalum and other flowering plants (Iris. Aconitum, Ddphin- lum, Leguminosa;, Campanula, I'alladaris, etc.), when the male willow catkins have fallen off. The plant which attracts most of the insects at Nome hi, how- ever, the impo.sing Heradeum lanatum, which in protected places is more than SIX feet high and spreads its enormous, sweet-scented cymes towards the sim On Its flowers a number of different Hies collect, the tipulid, Dirranomi/ia alas- caensis, a phryganeoid {Lunnrphdiif: sp.), Vespa marqinata, and the big green saw-fly, Rhodogasler religua; also various ichneumonids, butterflies, and moth* as bun/mus palacno chippewa Kdw., Eucosma sp., and other microlepidoptera. lew fmtterflies are seen at the end of August, but an easilv scared geometrid inotfi {Lygns destmata L.) is very common at that time. Hwarms of mosquitoes {Aedes sp.) make themselves felt rather forcibly in the shelter of the gully- banks or over the various ponds and pools on warm, quiet davs. Theshrubin- wil- lows harbour a variety of insects. IMites and saw-flies make galls in the leaver or thr latter are fastened together by a small lepidopterous larva, which skelctomzes the sides of the leaves thus turned inwards. Lithecolldis C) larv;e mining in the leaves of Petasitr.s, Artemisia, Saxifraya, etc., were also oi)served, and a spider with its web between plant leaves, spinning some of these together as a breeding chamber, where the eggs and recentlv emergeil voung may be found at the end of August. " . « j On the tall willow-bushes in the gullies inland the leaf-eating or gall-forming sawfly larva; (sometimes infected with chalcid parasites) are foutul. A grey, ball-shaped nest of Vespa marginata is occasionally suspended from the lowl-r branches or trunks of these small trees, and partlv hidden bv the foliage or vegetation, but may be obtaineil with less risk from the inside of old tin (lans or boxes which may be lying around. Vegetation and insect life in the hills back of the coastal tundra are scantier than on the lowland. Apart from flies and mosquitoes, everywhere present, the most characteristic insect is the bumblebee, but spiders, mitcs, collembola' small beetles., moths, and cranefi; s are also found. Various small arthropods are also found under driftwood and other washed up material on the beach. The wingless parasites (mallophaga, fleas and lice) on birds, mammal, and human beings, and the foreign insects introduced bv whites during the last two decades complete the insect-life in this region. FROM BERING STRAIT TO POINT BARROW, ALASKA Little is known of the insects in this region, and no collections were made by the Canadian Arctic Expedition. The flora and insect-fauna of this region seem to have the same gener.al character as that east of Point Barrow, except perhaps the inner part of Kotzebue sound, where the flora is said to be unusually luxuriant, and the insect life cor- respondingly richer. 6k Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 A few insects were collected at Point Barrow (ciipe Smvth), hv the Unitcfl States International Polar Expedition (Murdoch), and have lucn provisionally identified by Hiley, in the report of the said exjiedition (Washington, 1884), as follows: — f'hirotiuuitus sp. Srntophaf/a sp. Tachlnld (Euphorooeral) .in'ftomyifi s[). Tipuli'1 {Ctrimithora sp. ) fan, Entomol., 1917-1918. 'I inula foracinn Alex. Conlylurtl sp. Ocitcmayrna tnraiuH T*hrMr:it}t'(iid Porlid {Leptocerita sp.) Itonthiis tHodrral lift " fijilricoltt t^rorrni.t finwcuntis Dnsychira roasi A mttrtl obtiitia <.'hrysonielid y Dipli ni I N*»'Mrnpl..lHJ(i.«. 1 V IIynu*noptt'r;i. Lepiiloptpra. { Co;.?optes to the southwest, so th.at the mountains jire within 12 miles of the ocean at .i i)oint east of the 1 Ust meridian, and the foothills sometimes usurp the place of the i)lain. The rivers, some very large, of this part of .\laska and Yukon receive many tril)i!taries from the foothills, and when these lateral creeks have finally been left behind, the watercourses run fairly straight to the ni)rth. for the hills along the Mackenzie delta im'vent an eastern outflow. (Iround ice is f(Min*t;ripf on s< -Report Canair.-lS. III. G. 1919. p. 236, J. J. O'Neill. Insect Life on the Western Arctic (Joasl of America 7k Apart from mosses and p;rasses and Cyperacse whose first new loaves arc less easily noticed, new leaves and buds were found on plants as follows:— rAMDKN BAY TO DEMAHCATIOX roi.vT, 1914 May t-JO f'rrasfium alpinum Hmprtrv.tn nigrum f.fdum paliifttre C iiri's aljiitn'<< Ciirrr sinus. PriuiHln borrnlis Fhnii ii.t }n<>liis Epilobium latifoliuvi May 11-20 Vacdnium cacftidtosMyn Oxytropi.'i nigrescent '] Betiila glandulosa (-Iraf-bu-ls only. I'l '/.'!(. (irj.y hinata J Saxi/ratjn opiiftsiti folia (new leaves. I Mm .'.-V.t.rl.rd). S. hieraciifolia h> yds intitjtifolia June 1-tO. New Ir;ivea : Viirious r.'iryoiihyllacea s(ili- piitrhiit I o?i!y bills I i(ip}ivris LHlif'irui iou!\ I'Uds) JiDic -H-yt. New leaves: XfcUaria I'wiiipi s > 'Ir^tf fira}4iis Pnlcnioiiium borcale PetasUea frigidn Lloi/ili'i .-^fi <,i inn I' iihii.s t ha null i.nn us f\ nipt ' rum niifiinn .ili! JIM (trrt ica I'niiiinriiiits ftntph nrrus Caltha palusfris I'ftasiihs frifjiila S(ii;.r mit ulata Sn.rifritga nt'ist>inil)i,ius v'uitkatcnsis Phaca frigida Parrya macrocarpa 8k Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 July It Artcmiula vomala July rt Taraxacum lyratum Alopecu-ma alpinua As;rauutu3 alpinus S. hienicmolia Snww rea anauttifolia I'f *' '■■iilaHn riipitata Eutrema eiluardaU sitlldriii humi/iuia Sa.i !fintja rrrnua /.iit'hvis aprtnln 8rn€cio at ropurpureua Bierochloc pauciflora Carer rcdHtta. C. stana hii^ula spicata Hippuria vulgaria July «fi-f» (Martin point, Alaska) /--'''y/mirs niollia aiyceria (enella Svdum rhotHola ^■'f ftti-'f UtnniinR Br.Hanthua peploidaa Carex riituria I'tircx incurva Inipoiitia Fhcheri Mtrtensia maritima etc. \iii/i'.it .! I fey reef, Alaska) Draba nivalis AiTliinroslia lati/olta f'rrpls mi, HI Epil.ibinin laiifolium Festuca ovina var. brevifoHa f'ofi iirrlirn Androaace Chamaejaame Flowers of Enipetruin nigrum were found on 'Shw 6, 1914, but this niav navc hcen a 1013 flower. Observations on flowers were also made at Shingle; point and on Ilersehel island, \ukon, in the beginning and middle of Augu.-t, 1014 and lOKi. The vegetatit)ii at these two loealities, and at others equally close to the Mackenzie delta, IS apparently a week or more earlier than along the coast west of the International boundary line. No new flowers were observed west of :Mackenzie delta after August 21. The Compositae and grasses are the dominating ones in the end of August. From the beginning or middle of September the frost gradually kills off the flowers and green leaves, and about the end of September, when the first snow has fallen, the dead fruit-stems and !ei-,(-s are the main plant parts observed, though hibernating leaf-buds are sometimes seen. INSECT LIFE ON ALASKAN ARCTIC COAST Ocluher, 1913, to April, 1914. Insects are scarce along the Alaskan Arctic coast after October and are found only under stones and driftwood, or by digging in the frozen tundra or cutting h(jles in the freshwater ice. Entomological investigations in northeast Greenland have shown that the hibernation of insects in that region' is very similar to that of insects in northern Alaska, though the American Arctic is richer in the number of species, which are mostly ilifTerent from the CJreenlandic. The main objective of the hibernating insects is to find, before the snow and frost come some place where the spring w..ier can best be avoideil. They therefore take every advantage of cover especially of those places likely to become free of snow in the early spring. In this, not all are successful, but they are more likely to be found, during the winter, on such exposed localities thar on lower ones that have a better vegetation (PI. Ill, fig. 1). An exception is, however, formed by ce.Uin larva;, such as large diptera, e.g., tipuhda, which hibernate down in the ground until the medium surrounding them thaws. Aquatic insects and larvae that inhabit water all through the year endeavour to bore themselves into the mud, and failing this, are killed, and hibernate only as eggs when the water freezes to the bottom. Insects hibernating in the latter part of September, of course remain in that state during the winter, though probably in decreased numbers, a great many being killed when the temperature falls to zero Fahrenheit. Most hiber- nating insects can withstand temperatures down to HO degrees below, and the mortality may be ascribed rather to factors in the life-cycle of each particular insect than to the cold. •See Meddelelaer om QrSnland, Vols. 19 (Delchmann) and 43 (Johnsen). Insect Life on the Western Arctic Coast of America 9k In the fresh waters of northern Ahiska insects and larva> are almndant, even in winter, as compared with those on hind. They were ohservcd in frozen ponds and lakes and in a warm creek, a tributary to Sadlerochit river, back of Camden bay. In a pond only 4 f<'et deep, on which the ice was 10 inclii s thick on October 9, many copepods, Limnocalanus jahanseni Marsh, ostracods, and other minute animals, and a numlier of midpe larva; were found. Fond-; such as this would, of course, freeze to the bottom later in the winter. From a neiph- bouring stream a perlid nymph was obtained from beneath the ice. Examina- tions of the lakes and ponds in spring and early summer led to the conclusion that the following forms hibernate in or near fresh water: — Aquatic dlptera -larvire (espocially tipulicU and muscids), DytlBcld— beetles. Tiichoptera — larw and perlid larvte. MuMijuiioea — fctnalt's, ;i u-w (Attics Various niidKe l.'irvaj. llydrachnid mites. sp.). The warm creek back of Camden bay has its source in three sjirinjiS, at the foot of a mountain about 2o miles from the coast, and flows for a few miles nearly parallel to Sadlerochit river before joining it. Its rather luxuriant vegetation consists of grasses, sedges, anu green alga;' on the sandy and muddy bottom, and of an algaj-crust and mosses, as a carpet, on the subnierged stones. Parts of stones just abov(! water carried a white crust of siliceous or calcareous alga;, and stones above high-watermark, had a luxurious growth of lichens. The water at the source was steaming and had a temperature here of about GO degrees F., but became colder as the stream was descended. The steam and the open character of the strf^am contrasted strangely with the surrounding snow-clad, silent tundra (November, 1913). In this warm water (above 3o degrees F.), a .lUmber of grayling, Thymallus signifer Rich, and trout were seen feeding on the rich invertebrate life, which consisted of larvce of midges, perlids, and phryganeoids. A species of phrygaiieoid larva; typical of streaming water, was living inside gravel cocoons attached to the underside of the stones. There were also many aniphipods (Gainmarus limnmis) and small clams (I'/sliUiiin) and hundreds of snails (Lymma capernta) were clinging to the mosses and alga;. All the.se, with many microscopic forms, made an unusually rich animal collection. Apart from the insects found in the warm springs and creeks which keep open all winter, there appears to be no difference between insect life in the up- land ;uid that at the eoa.st, except that some species {Hombu.f, Vcsjia, and ants) take advantage of cliff-crevices or old bark on the taller willow trees, to build their nests or to hibernate as larva;. Ob.«ervations up the Sauierochit river were, however, made in November, at which time the cold had killed most of the insects, and much snow covered the ground. In the reports of the various specialists, information is given concerning the seasonal occurrence of the various insects in their immature stages; and it will be seen that the life history of insects is much the same in the Canadian Arctic as m more southern latitudes. The following tentative table summarizes very roughly the facts concerning the hibernating of arctic insects, not including parasites: — ' Sea this series of reports. IV, Part A. Freshwater Algae and Freshwater Dieatoms. ^ IOk Canadinti Arctic I'Jxfjedilion, 1913. 1 8 dnl.r Kaniily < intiopipra. . . . Neuropterolda. l/'liiiliijitrra. )'.|>i.T.-i '■"I."|it..ra... "> "■> "■'lUiTa. Uhyniliot.l. ^•enus \lTiiliil I., . . . I'M'i.l:!-, . . '•^r'li' iriprldpp ^'••c iloptcra I'rii ho|itfr:i. . Miill, rili.s . Sawflipii ' 'S MM. I »,IS|.S I'.'irrtjjtjr uaspH li'itiii^'.ra 'I"iiifp|it,.ra ''I* robins. Hlbiinaio as VyniphM:" Larva (N'ympliK) Larva (Nymi.hs) Larva (Nymphs) -arva (I'll),.,;) |"'rva. Papa (y). i„m^.„ , o, '.arva Larva (Pupa?) I Ml tlu.s.. „i,h i..,,.va and pupa Mae, H in frosh water and .n til,. t'r.,und, pxi>.j,t mo.s-, '|Ult<„s. JAll othrr., and mosquitnes. , ImaRo. '. Larva, pupa, o- Tmago ' i..arva or pupa. A few queens. l-a-\a? -N'ymph.s7 .N'ymiihs j, i spcnrs not yt f.,,,,,,!. \..r A , , 1, /♦ ^P<'''»'< nrv ont. ..m,! ..,|s„ „1 I ♦h.' .I,.,t. «iv,.„ an. ...rml ,';. .';;7;'i'' '•""'•'tions. I„ tho r„,.,i„, l„nvovo '■'", <>Ii(i.iii\ tor Hi(. nioro c.mnii.ii f„rn,^. licciinning of Ma,/, i.n, tho n,„„t!,. Proluhlj m1..o invsent. hut wtc not .,oti,.,..l until l.,t.'r in' 'PL,. ..»l 1-1 still fmnttl in plaCt tul^sL^'^n.^'^n^'Hll "''•/"?• ^"'''•''■^- ""'' ""'"^ '"•<' -.' the winter, keepin, innn....,!;: ii ! ^^^ ^ lil'^' t.n,:::':;;;f ^-'-""- .l/»V/f//p of Mn,/^ ii.>i pletely and l,cK,.,n to crawl •iroinV/l' 'T-ff" V'T '""'"■. "'^■*^'"«l "P con f"l. The tlav w,:.. .-.Im .,,1 «?'.■- /^'^'""^V*" ■•';"• >t were unsucce^s- Coar. hut warn.r .3. .,ree« K.} One! l^ Jii .5^l4^ Hiei'^C;^^;;::^ ! 1 I> (?) Insect Life on the Western Arctic Coatit of Amfrira | Ik kopt to the south »u\v of the house when' tho tlicrinorncfcr, himKiiiK fr''i>, sliowcd ♦C (h'grccs F. at 2 p.m.; on the rcfu.sc ht-aps oufsidi- the house the two siimlliT siM'cics (Fuccllin aririiformin and Sc^itilln bniiinipeniiiK) wvrv I'oninion; all of thcin were very much alive. Karly in May owin^ to the snow and hihernation period the tundra |>rovi(U'd poor results in in.seets, Itut a few days htter, l)ettei result.s were ol)taiiied. I'uder driftwood many coliembohi of different sizes, white, orange, and violet were found, a ! various small spiders, wifii ckk eoeoons of spiders and mites. The small fly, Saililln lininnliuinn.t favoured speeiallv the driftwood on moist, sandv Kround earahid I.eetles werv se(.n, and youn^ h.niiptera (Chil<>x„iitln s .si, lhit,is\ eoloured as de.ad >;rass and difheult to catch, as were some smaller flies wifli a siniih.r haliitat. .Muscid l.'irvip iRhiimiihiiniiiiii sp.), oniiine or ureen sawflv \\\\\w (.Xiniuinni, . mniKH ciKjilaliis). in traiis|)arent j)Ui)atin>; c()ci;ons in a special'littl.' ci I! communi- eatniK with the a'- various beetle larva' or pupa', and sm;dl staphvlinid and caraliid heeths, et> .. were found in snow-free in()>s-pillows; and, on the tundra plants, the hairy larva- of ;dl sizes, and cocoons ivith larva' or pupa' of the niotli GiliKuphorii riisai and prol>ai)ly, jiLso, of Hijphniiiiii (il/iinii. Sometimes these cocoous contain only the larva- or pui)a' skins or e^Ks i^on the outside) from previous years, or the pui)a- cases of the i)arasitic tiichinid flv, iEuiihoron ra (ji'hilii). Spiders and leafhop])ers tChilo.rdiilhi s) are common in the crass. A sm;,ll Icpidopterous larv:. is also seen. It has ji hrown colour, hut is p.der on the veiitr;,! si.lc; it his ;( chitinous-l.rown head and necki.and and .l;irk thoracic feel. It sjiiiis two willow le.ives toyether and skeletonizes them, rcniiiin- inu in-ide where the l.irva' evidently hihernate. In the now completely melted tundra ponds ,ire smaller, loiisidcupil fijes (Hnilrophonis/) and a numl.<-r of diflVn'at '-ollemiiola (r„il,ii„ miiini.nt. l^aU.m.i pah(Ktn.s, etc.) wliii-h ate of three sizes. The sm.dlest and most common are Mack- Idue; some, a little hir^er ,are Rrey-I rown, and .1 few the largest— are grei'ii. Smaller dyliscid oeetles (.{(inhiis- i,firiiiiili,is. //yilrojinni.-^ fnimimlis, II. t„r- UiricHs) are husily investiKatinjj; the mud. Tiny,' dark red water-mite^ move rapidly around 111 the water, propelled hy their li:.irv legs, and seircliiiic for tlieir pn-y, of which the l.rownish midne hirvu- (Tiini/pu.-: s)).?) which wrinjrli' alo-ij; ne.'ir the surface are i)r()l)alily the most important. Cravviinn ,,„ the muddy bottom .are other somewhat iarger watermites with tile-red bodv ;ind dark l)urph' legs: and dark coloured ■nidnc larva- inside mud tubes. .Most conspicuous are the bi); (ii|)terous larva' uipulids, etc.); one species (St!i