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DEPABT¥EKT OF AORICULTITRE DAIRT AMB OOLE STORAGE OOlOCnSIONlM OTTAWA. CANADA.
CO-OPERATION AND; FRUtT GROWING
BT
A. McNeill,
Chief, Fruit Biamtm,
■i
BULLpilIN NO. 38-DAIRV 4ND COL D STQRAGfe COMMISSIONEirSr^ERIES
PafcUahed Iff Dlrecttoa t tbe Boa. HMvtlCliKlfl^^MIHMMr ft MjfUmttmf*,
DKPARTMEN f AGRIClILTrRE
DAIRT AND GOLD STORAOK COMHISSIONER'S BRANCH.
OTTAWA. CANADA.
co-operation and fruit
GROWING
■*
A. McNeill,
Chief, Fruit Vivition.
kfcf?
BULLETIN NO. 38-DAlRY AND COLD STORAGE COMMISSIONER'S SERIES
raMtalM« hj Bli«c«lMi 9t the ■•■• HarUB Barrell, miBiiMv mt AsriralUir*,
Ottawa, Oat.
FBBRUiVKY. 1913
37230—1
IKTTEn OF TRANSMITTAT^
Ottawa, Fobniorr 21. 101*. To the Iluiiounblo
Tho Mini»ter of Auricuhiire.
Sm.— I boR to submit for your approval tho manuscript for a new bulletin on ' Co-operation and Fruit CJrowing," by A. McNeill. Chiof of the Fruit Dirision in thia Branch. Bulletin W. ' Co-operation in the Marketing of Apples.' published in tOOT, is now out of print. The proposed bulletin is to somo extent a revision of Bulletin 18, but it also contains much new matter relating to the subject.
I have the honour to recommend that it be publishetl for distribution as Bulletin S8 of the Dairy and Cold StoraBe Series.
I have the honour to Im>. sir,
Your obedient servant,
J. A. RirDDICK, N
Dairy and Cold Storage CommiuivMr.
S7M0— II
iBtrodiiftory KntM , 7
A|ipl« Growing in ('aiiailu 7
Nova S«oti« Export Truil. S
Raecnt Dcvvlopnwnu *
ConuBcrcicI Orcha^lk 0
A Hm for th« Small Orcb«ni •
Tha De%elopiMitt of Co-op«ratiou 1
Compotition vertu* (.VoiN-rttlion lU
fnud.
tl II 11 It \i
WmU
The Kritifxly
Funrtioiii uf Co-opcmtioii
Ethical Principlai IdtoIvi-iI
ConiUanca '*> Leadvr*
Loyalty. . .
ITnMlilthnaw "
Leadenhip 1'
Go-<q)eration in Practire ^3
Manafcmcnt and Control 13
Diviaion of ProUto ^^
Tha Preaant Sjttcm of Packing and Hvlliim '^*
Mlinff through ComuiiMion Agentt ^^
Bhortcomingi of Indiridual (Irowera ^^
Co-operation and the Fruit Merchant 1^
Co-operatira AaaociatioBi and New Marketn 1*
Hafket Bequirementt ]l
G»«peratioa in Production and Marketing
Large Qaantitiea
Uniformity in Packing and Grading. .
The Beputatiop of a Brand
Co-operatiTe Ifcthodt and BramK
Economy in Harresting and Ma.'keil-t;
Picking Fruit when Mature
Utiliaing Special Varie n,= 1*
TheColvert 20
The Graven»U'in j^'
By-productn 20
Improven:int in the Grade of (Srcn Fruit 20
Aa»ociation and By-product FaHories 20
Storage Facilitiea 21
Warehouiea in Nova Scotia 21
Improved Methods of Selling 21
Packages •_ 21
Purchasing and Using Implements in Common 22
Securing Expert Businees Men 22
Educational Value -p
Cash Advances 2:J
Distributive Co-cperation 2.1
The St. Catharines Cold Storhge and Forwordinjf Cuipuuy. . 23
1" 18
^H II)
10 19
Page
94
The Labour Problem o^
Benefits to others than Members
The Rise in the Value of Land '*
Suggestions with Beferenee to Organization
Forming an Association ._
Guarantee Bonds __
Auditing _«
Membership ' ■ ..
Equality of Tntcri'sta
Outside Dealing „
Association AssotH
Co-operative Bookkeeping
Incorporation „_
Central Packing House
Central Association-.
The United Fruit Companies of Xova Scotia «»
Organization Among Existing Ontario Associations 29
Co-operative Legislation
Propaganda g^
Appendices • •• ••••••, oa
Appendix 1— Constitution and By-laws ™
Norfolk Fruit Growers' Association o»
Forest Fruit Growers and Forwarding Association 84
Kelowna Farmers' Exchange (Limited) 86
Island and Gypsum Fruit Company, Ohio 87
Form Recommended for Ontario 40
'Appendix 8— List of Co-operetive Fruit Associations in Canada 48
Appeadiz 8— Statistics **
Apple exports from Canada by years 46
« « " periods 46
" " North America 46
Imports of apples, bananas and oranges into United King- dom **
CO-OPERATION AND FRUIT GROWING.
By A. MeNeiU.
INTRODUCTORY NOTES.
Co-operation, in all Hues of agricutural production and distribution, has de- veloped rapidly during t*he last few years in nearly all the Countries of Europe. Tho development is less marked in America, but even in Anierieu certain lines of co- operation have reached enormous proportions, such, for instance, as the co-operative acl!in|{ associations for citrous fruits in California. Agricultural productive co- operation, too, has made great progrrees in the States of Wisconsin and Minnesota III other parts of the United States cooperative selling associations have become fuirly common and have worked out principles that can be adopted now with con- fidence.
In recent years there have been some remarkuble developments of co-operative effort among Canadian farmers. The Northwest Clrain Growers' Association bids fiiir to revolutionize the selling of wheat in the northwest. Distributive co-operative stores ore being established throughout the Dominion, and so numerous have they become lately that it has been found desirable and possible to organize a Dominion Union of Co-operative Associations that will exercise a great influence on the distri- butive side of the movement.
Not less important has been the development of apple selling associations within the last few years, and it is with these that this bulletin is particularly concerned. But it is necessary to emphasize that the general principles are the some and it would be impossible, even if it were deemed expedient, to attempt to disassociate the co-operative apple selling movement in Canada from the co-operative movement ii> pll agricultui'al lines in many countries. The history of co-operative apple selling associations in our own country is sufficiently interesting to demand special attention and it appears to be the line along which co-operative effort can be most easily intro- duced in many important sections of the country.
To outline in moi» or less detail the principles of co-operation, the more desir- able methods to adopt in putting these principles into practice, and the objects to ho gained by their adoption, is the purpose of this bulletin. If its perusal tends to en- courage more economical methodb of produfction and distribution, And a more equit- able division of the proceeds from sales, the object of the bulletin will have been attained.
APPLE GROWING IN CANADA.
The apple industry of Canada originated in the orchards of the earliest settlers, planted primarily for their own use. These orchards, planted for this purpose on a somewhat generous scale, supplied not only tlie needs of the family, but also those of the nearby markets. So prolific were they that even when local demands were met there was still a surplus. This formed the nucleus of the long distance and export trade. Merchants and the more enterprising growers began to ship a few barrels to the markets of Great Britain and found that the fruit wag acceptable and the profits large. Thb created somewhat of a boom in orchard planting and developed the long distance and export trade to its present proportions.
7
TIm luuMDing of die crop naturally fell into the hands of dealers who Tery quickly Bonopoliaed the trade connections, to such an extent that they could practically dicUte the remuneration returned to the growers, and in this condition the trade haa continued almost to the present time.
Of course, the form in which this monopoly existed was in a measure dictated by slightly different conditions. The net results, however, were the same. The grower was in the hands of the middleman and was powerless to secure a fair proportion of the prices which his fruit brought in the ultimate mariiet. In Not« Scotia the dealers were usually associated with some strong English firm who made advances on the applet ia their possession and who eventually built warehouses at the points of production in order to secure a better hold upon the fruit. Kot content with this, eerUin dealers often secured control of the transportation facilities, so that rival shippers and independent growers had great difficulty in moving their fruit. 8ome of the shrewdeet men among these growers, too, were employed to act as soliciting ag^ents, and by these devices the dealers secured almost absolute control of the trade.
In Ontario, apple orchards were not so concentrated, and it was somewhat more difficult to secure such oontroL However, the distance from the maritets and the iitability of the English firms to become aoqnainted with the local conditions, enabled a comparatiTdy few men to pose as exporters. There grew up a large army of local buyers more or less under the control of the e^iorteri, and at times the competition among theee kept prices fairiy well up to • point corresponding with the price m the foreign market In later years the competition betwewi different buyers became merely nominal and the business in Ontario was so shrewdly organized that the apple grower got just a little more for his fruit than his actual expenses. For this reason there was no incentive to increase the orchard area. In fact after this regime had more or leu complete control, the orchard area began to fall off most seriondy, and it was no uncommon thing in the decade beginning 1800 to see splendid orchards chopped down for firewood. It was under these circum- stances that the co-operative movement began. It was adopted by Ontario as a sort of last resort. In this it follovrs the history of co-operation in every land and in connection with every industry. It is seldom indeed that it has been adopted during good times or while industries were fiourishing. But though adopted with little hope it has never failed to improve conditions.
jr«T« Scotia Expert Trade.— The development of the apple trade in Nova Scotia IK similar to that in Ontario and it began about the same time. About 1870 shipmeuits from Nova Scotia to London were in large enough cargoes to attract attention. Many of these apples were sent in sailiupr vessels from local ports and, ar might be expected, the condition on arrival was variable. There was no provision for ventilation, and even if there had been none of those delays so common to sailing vessels, it would have been a difficult matter to have lauded apples in I/>ndon to do justice to Nova Scotia. Steamers sailing from Boston were then induced to come to Halifax for a part cargo of apples, and this helped the situation considerably. Later, of course, Halifax secured a direct line of steamers that has served the needs of the trade more or less satisfactorily up to the present time. The exports in 1880 were only 24,000 barrels, and in 1886, 177,500 barrels. The phenomenal crop of 1896 gave a surjJus of something like 500,000 barrels and the 1011 crop gave an output for export and long disUnce shipments of 1,600,000 barrels, representing a total yield of about 2,000,000 barrels. Briefly this is the history of the apple industry, both in Ontario and Nova Scotia, the only provinces that have yielded a large surplus for export.
Becent DeTelopmenti.— Tlie phenomenal increase in the crop of Nova Scotia has been the result partly of increased plantings, but partly also of the better care which ia taken of the orchards.
The increase in the acteai^e of new orchards in Ontario in the last ten yean has probaUy been as great as in Nova Sootia, but these new orchards are not concentrated to the same extent. Nevertheless, they are by no means aa widely distributed as the older orchards. As a mutter of fact the decrease in the number of trees in the older •mailer orchards in this province has been quite equal to the increase in the number of new trees planted in larsrer areas and, perhaps, in more favourable situations. Modem orchard culture is also the rule in theae new Ontario orchards. The outcome in both Nova Scotia and Ontario is a very large increase in the exporUble surplus.
British Columbia has been planting very rapidly of late years but the 1012 crop was the first that seriously affected the market outside the province.
Commercial Orchard*.— Recently there has been a marked change with refer- ence to apple growing, brought about for the most part by co-operation. The older home orchards are ceasing to be profitable. It is doubtful, indeed, whether orchard- ing can be recommended at aU, unless it be for home use or for the local mariiet, except where co-operative methods are used. Under the stimulus of such methods, growers are turning their attention to orcharding as a main source of income, where formerly it was only a side-line. The effect is to group the orchards in particular districts and to increase their sixe. It means, too, the application of businees methods to this branch of horticulture. In modem phrase, orcharding is becoming ' commer- cialized ' in Canada. The change is now taking place and we see the extraordiiiury spectacle of men in one part of a county receiving $2 per barrel for apples, while in the next township apples are being allowed to rot under the trees. The old order is passinR awaj' and the new is not yet thoroughly established.
A Plea for the Small Orchard.— At the present time the small grower, in ueigh- bourhuods where orcharding is not a special feature, would ap!>ear to have received a setback. A little more experience will show these small growers that it is quite possible, even in districts where apples are not a specialty, to orKanize co-operative selling associations so as to dispose of the fruit without difficulty and at a fair profit. It must be admitted that of late years the small orchard, as an adjunct to the fami, has not been remunerative. All attempts at growing four, five or half a dozen trees, which would be sufficient to sui^ly the needs of the home, have failed ; the trees are not numerous enough to receive proper care in the busy life of the ordinary mixed farm, and very quickly succumb to gen ^1 neglect. Apparently the smallest area that can be recommended in general prac.cc is five acres, and there is no reason why, with co-operative methods, there should not be a five-acre orcharfl on every ftrm in the apple districts of Canada. This would not interfere seriously with the laifior interests of the farm, and yet would be sufficient to make it worth while to se<ure proper implements, spray at the right time and pay some attention to marketing. With the pas-^iuR of these small orchards would go many of the pleasant recollections cf fami lite. The old orchard is the memory that lingers longest and liiiks m nioet closely with the land. It would be worth while, merely fs a partial sidution of the depopulation problem, to institute a propaganda for a five-ore orchard on every farm.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CO-OPERATION.
§0 far as Canadian fruit growers are concerned, they benefitted compariiiively little by the experience of co-operators in other lands, and co-operation with them is decidedly a native growth influenced little or not at all by the theories and prac- tices of older countries. The result has been that our growers have looked upon co- operation largely from the material side and have counted its benefits in proportion to the direct increase in returns for fruit. Naturally, too, the by-laws and regulations imder which the first associations operated did not correspond to any set prmciplea similar to those evolved by the co-operative societies in other lands.
37230—3
10
The fact that the independent Canadian erolutioa of oo-operation doea not differ mattrially in methods from co-operation aa practiced in the older lands, should in- spire confidence in Canadians to accept more readily the teachings of pioneers in this system of conducting trade. Everyone who aspim to be uaeful in a co-operative way should acquaint himself with the history of co-operation in the older lands. Particularly valuable is the history of co-operation in Germany and Denmark, but scarcely less so are the recent developments in agricultural co-operation in Ireland under the leadership of Sir Horace Plunkett. For genernl principles nothing can be better than the history of diMtributive co-operation in (ircHt Britain.
I emphasiiie the importance of reading co-operative history for the reason that not all the Canadian apple gelling associations have been successful. A careful study of the causes of their failure wUl show that in every case there has been a violation of some of the principles that are now regarded by those who have studied the subject M fundamental to co-operation.
Perhaps the greatest mistake which Canadian fruit growers have made in refer- ence to co-operation is to regard it as an isolated movement for the purpose of secur- ing them a few dollars more than they would otherwise obtain, in its broader out- look co-operation is a friendly society or a benefit association. European co-oporatom have rec(^n«ed this and have taken for their motto, ' Each for all, and all for each.' laking this view, co-operation implies not only getting something that you did not have before, but aUo^giving something: or helping some one whom you could not other- wise help, and the giving or helping end is quite as important as the receiving end
COMPETITION VERSUS CO-OPERATION.
Few Canadian co-operators recognize that co-operation is an entirely new method y dOjiK business. It is not merely a modification of an older method but something founded upon a different if not antagonistic principle. The prevailing system of marketing H founded upon competition, the practical motto of which is, 'Every man for himself. The natural result of this is that a few individuals receive most of the prizes. C. E. Fay in Co-operation at Home and Abroad' defines a co-operative so- ciety as an auooiatioB for the purpose of joint tradinir oripnatinr unonr the weak and conducted altroyi in an unMlfidi .pirit, on such temi thit aU who are prepared to asmme the dutaee of membenhip may share in its rewards in propor- tion to the degree m which they make use of their issooiation.'
It will be necessary, in the course of what follows, to point out some of the vviU of the ordinary competitive system in connection with the apple industry, and in doing so It must be definitely understood that individual g.owors and buyers cannot be hold a together responsible for the disabilities under which the apple industry undoubtedly labours. It is the system under which they are working that is moat at fault. It offers at every turn incentives to untruthfulness and misrepresentation. It places m the hands of unscrupulous growers and unscrupulDus buyers an effective instrument of fraud and renders it more difficult for lionest mon to conduct a legiti- mate business. TmU-ed this fraud in the apple busim.s becamp so serious in Canada that It necessitated the paa^iiiR of the Fruit Marks Act. now merged in the Inspec- tion and Sale Act, which has done much to correct ?ome of the grosser evils.
Waste.— Even if tliere were no misrepresentation between the buyer and the grower, yet from the conditions under which the buyer works he is obliged to nick and pack tl... fruit and bring it to market at a much greater expense than that in- curred by co-operative methods. Under the present wasteful competitive system it u not too much to say that from 50 to 76 oents is added, on the average, to the cost
u
of evonr barrel of apples before it leaves the shipping station. The dealers are aot particularly anxious to change this if they could, so long as these additional chaiiw are uniform in the whole trade, since each is in as good a position as kia competitor, and all may shift the burden upon either the producer or the consumer.
The want of economy does not nop at the shipping station. If the grower at- tempts to ship to the ultimate market on his own account, the competitive system of marketing accumulates upon the fruit a number of charges, some of them perfectly li-gitimate, others quite unnecessary, or, if necessary, exorbitant. But whether these eliaiTBes are right or wrong, the individual shipper is helpless. He has no way of in- vestigating tlioir Correctness.
The Eemedjr.— C'o-opcrativo methods substitute for this a more economical method of picking, packing and marketing. They also take awny most of the incen- tives to fraudulent packing and marking. The economies that can be effected will be noted more particularly in what follows. Here it is sufficient to direct attention to the fact that this economy does not consist in supplanting one person by another to whom a lower fee or less wngss is paid. It is a method whereby one man without undue exertion can do th<} work that i* now being .lone by two or three. So. too. co- operative methods do not propose to make men honest by law or rule. They simply take a"vay the present incentives to dishonesty.
FUNCTIONS OF CO-OPERATION.
The aims of co-operation, as applied to the fruit industry, are:—
(a) To bring fruit products as directly as possible from the producer to the i-ou3uiiier.
(<>> To encourage the best methods of production.
(e) To encourage thrift in the fruit grower, and economy, intcllipenoe, enter- prise and honesty in the packing, grading and marketing of fruit.
(d) To make it possible for a number of small growers to establish a commercial standing that will be a guarantee for grade marks or contracts.
(e) To act as a credit organization to make advances on products in the pro- cess of being sold.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES INVOLVED.
« j'^u"'* '* ■?,int*';K;We sometUinit tliat is dpmanrted hy co-op«ration M essential " and th.8 ,8 evideneea by feelings of fellowship, mutual devoUi); TnTfaitllh^tne^ '• <o.O|.eratiou doe« not exist ondurmsly trithout thf*e. O. K. Holmes. Uiiit«l "
'States Department of Agriculture, Roporl No. 98." "•" ". v.ikto
Confidence in leaders.— Co-operation is founded upon mutual confidence, loyalti' to prineiple and unselfishness in action. In an association the uembe --ust have confidence in their leaders and in thei:- fellow workers. Without this *noe no
progress can be made; no oihcr virtues will compcusute for its absence uch con- fidence is not the blind faith tliat follows witJiout reason, nor yet is it ^e cold and calculating sureness that comes from perfect knowledge. The confidence which one lias in leaders and in his fellow workers in this democratic age, doe« not di.spense with all the mechanism of personal oversight and close auditing. But it docs con- sist in unreservedly placing our interests in the care of others who are wirking with us and whom we have no good rea.son to suspect of fraud-ilerit and f^lfirh intent. The milennium is not yet come, hut it is safe to say that nincvtenths of the sus- picions of the average man are without good foundation. The criminal code in cer- tain countries is founded upon the principle that an accused man is guilty until he
37230— »i
Vt^mhiumH innocent The British courto of juUioe consider a m«n iun*.-ent until he M proved guilty. Applyhiy this principle to the working of co-openitive ■Mocmtions, we should consider our fellow members as worthy of our confidence until It IS proved otherwise by unimpeachable evidence.
4 ^Tf**?"^ co-operative society cannot be fully succeuful simply because a lew of the local growers are keenly interested. It is essential that e>«h member of a .•o-<.porative association should bear in mind that the success or f. lure of the or- wniiaUon depends upon the combined efforts of its members, in giving every pos- sible support tothe movement. The ultimate success of ic-operation depends largely upon the cheerful optimism and enthusiastic loyalty of the association members. It IS assunted that the leaders of the movement in any s«^>tion ate men of greater executive ability and better training than the average grower. Such men are capable oJ doing many things well. But at the same time every member must have his miml permeated with the thought that unless he gives every possible assistance the .Tortn of the leaders are necessarily limited.
Oireu good feeling among the growers, earneet endeavour on the part of each member, and enthusiastic and well trained leaders, the success of the movement i. aatured.
TTnielflihlUM.— Selfishness is a relic of a primitive civilization. Enough remaiii« however, to make it a disturbing element in everjday life. One of the main charnn of modern social life is unaelfishness, but the ordinary methods of business appear to have no place for it Co-operation, on the other hand, endeavonra to eliminate sel- ^ness and its success depends largely upon the extent to which this is accomplished No co-operative association can possibly succeed if the memben are determined to act upon the ethics of ordinary business methods. If the few who have power in an association exercise that power for selfish ends, then there can be no re«l co-opera- tion; and though rules and regulations may be carefully drawn up to offer no temptation to the selfishly inclined, yet after all is said and done we must, in a large measure rely upon the broad moral education of the members rather than upon direct Hnd diRtinet prohibition. Have by-laws and regulations by all means, but it shouM be understood among the members that there is a higher code of morality than can possibly be embodied in these.
It is for this reason that the co-operative methods limit the dividends that may be paid to capital and exclude share voting. In ordinaiy joint stock companies the influence and power is proportional to the money invested, so that the rich become richer by appropriating selfishly, through the power of money, the fruits of the labours of others, the unearned increment of values created by society, and the natural resources that in justice should be shared in due proportion by everyone. Co-operation distributes wealth in proportion to the just earninK of each worker, prevents the accumulation f large profits, and shares unselfislily all natural resources
LEADERSHIP.
The apple growers of Canada are ready for co-operation. They are far from being fully informal upon the far-reaching effects of the co-operative movement and far indeed from feeling with full force the spirit which should animate true co-operators Nevertheless, they are alive to the vast significance of the movement in other countries' and they are also impressed with the success which has so far attended the co-opera- tive marketing of apples in our own country. Those who are closest in touch with the Canadian fruit growers realize that what is needed most at the present moment is wise leadewhip in each locality. A few men at least in each neighbourhood are fairly well grounded m the social problems that affect agriculture. In every agricultural
district there it • wealth of Icnowledce uiA publio spirit unorgauiied, which might be applied under wise guidance to the problems of that particular locality. It is not -<o much trade iuTestigators as sympathetic leaders that ore needed aud the importance of these leaders at the present juncture can hardly b over-estimated. There may be Mtg farmers in a neighbourhood, all of whom would make excellent members of a co-operative society, not an blind foil' «<t» of a leader, but as intelligent co-workers, yet among those fifty it is very often impossible to find a single man possessing the ability and combination of virtues that go to make up the qualifications and character of the successful leader. Those who have the co-o[)orHtivp movement most at heart cannot do better than organize some means whereby leaders may be trained to help in this good work. ^
CO-OPERATION IX PRACTICE.
ManagemeEt and Control. — The principles of co-operation arc few and extremely simple. Nevertheless, co-operators experimented for many years before evolving them and acting on them with confidence. Perhaps the main reasons for this are their simplicity and the fact that they are fundamentally opposed to ordinary business methods.
Ordinary commercial associations, whether they are partnerships or joint stock companies, are formed for the purpose of securing dividends from the partnership or company. Co-operative associations are formed, not for the purpose of securing dividends through the association, but for the purpose of benefitting the industry.
Joint stock companies, banks, loan associations and business partnerships are essentially autocratic. In these institutions the great majority of the shareholders take little or no part in the association. Co-operative associations are essentially democratic. The management is in the hands of the members.
In ordinary business associations voting is upon a money basis and the men with the largest moneyed interest control the affairs of the association. In co-operative associations each member has a vote and no member more than one vote. To still further guard against the concentration of power in the hands of one man or a few men, no proxies are allowed.
In commercial or industrial concerns no limit is placed upon the amount of remuneration received by capital, and capital is eni))]oycd for the sole purpose of eecuring this remuneration in the form of dividends. In co-operative associations the nmount that is earned by capital is as strictly limited aud as definitely stated before it is engaged as the wages of employees, aud capital is used not for the purpose of securing dividends, but for the purpose of carrying on the business.
In competitive business, capital is master; in co-operutive associations it is the servant.
Di'Tiuon of Profits. — ^Nothing marks the difference between co-operative asso- ciations and joint stock companies so clearly as the division of profits. In an ordin- ary business association, if it should appear, as the result of the year's business, that there was a surplus of $10,000 after payinp all just debts and niukiiis a proper allow- ance for depreciation of property, a distribution would take place in direct propor- tion to the capital invested and the amount which each memlicr would receive would be announced as a percentage on the stock which he held. It would be called a 6, 7. 8 or 10 per cent dividend. In a co-operative association the mode of distributing this $10,000 would be altopether different. An account would be kept of the use each meni- lior made of the association. This would be represented in the case of an apple association by the quantity of fruit sold for him by the assdciation.
To make tlii*> luattcr clewrer let us take the case of thrci; iiit-nil)ers of an apple- selling joint stock company. Mr. A. a well-wisher of the association, perhaps, but a pure investor, puts in a thousand dollars of capital. Mr. B. an investor with a small orchard yielding 200 barrels, also iiivi'sts a thousand dollars. Mr. C, having a large
Lidla!"^ !* ^ on hJi "PPfe*. or NM in M; C would receive for ctpiUl dividend* IS and for hi« appleH $4,000 or H006 in alL
Now, it ctn be understood that with auch men at Mr. A and Mr. B ir the
n'^v! lo"'„! ''T***!? '"'''!" ""^ ''""y P"» '""'•«' 'Wumenu that capiUl ,tmM n.ec.ve 10 per cent, and a. they are voting by .ham it might require very few men
£ IdoS ^A ?u f^i!!' •'^ "'"Prtitire buy^. Let u. .uppow that thi. Jicy h- been adopted and that the incieaw on capital 3\Tidend. reduce, the return, for appha Lhl *k*' *^"''- ^",'" P~»>*»>"««y thi. could be done and yet the $1.76 wouW be frfbutii „° ?• ""u ^ •PP'-i'.'j»-'««l ^ ««>wer. out.ide the'a«ociation The di^
o.TlLS>?„ fc*" *"• /"""^J.-^-eiPf-: Mr. B would receive $100 on hi. capital, b" Mr f^in^' h" •PPlw. Hi. total n-tuma. howerer. would .till be the «L, $460.
The pure capitalUt ha. hi. income doubled. The income of the email orchard
.•-piulut remain, the .ame but the producer .uffere a lo«i o? $495. And H wm
he apple, owned by h.m and thow who are aimilarly .ituated that made it poLib"
lonro^riato /l^'^th'' "a ""; '' *^ '""''''""'=^ °' incorporation enable, a few ^ to
induUiS «'l^«t««« of co-operation. . very grave inju.tioe i. done to the
he Jil f^^"!"^^!" " r^^' Jvpothetical, but even more .triking cam might be given from the history of «.veral defunct fruit ««ociation. in Ontario, which for obnoui reason, are not mentione«l.
to f.™!fJ''i^'•*^'•* ^•''^ d"".*^" If'k in the joint .took nrinciple when applied
of investors, but to force it on a group of producer, often works a great hardship
THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF PACKING AND SELLING.
namd^^ "*"'' method, of selling apples may be classed for criticism under four head..
♦1.^^'u '^^^ '^"^^ °' **l^ *™** '""•^ ^'"'^' P"**'' """i »^" »n hi" o'TO account or tnrquKh a commission merchant.
2nd. The grower sells by the barrel, picking the fruit, the buyer doing the grad- ing and packing. "
3rd. The grower sells by the barrel on the tree, the bu.ver doing the picking, grading and packing.
gradJigthe^fi^h''^' """' ^^ ^^^ '"""'' *"" ''"•''"' °^ '''""*" P'"'"'"*' P""'''''* '»"'' The first method does not enable a sufficient quantity of fruit to be gathered together to impress the market. The expense of securing n suitable market -nd the impossibility of a single grower being sure th«t he has reached the best market, render. this method impracticable except for local markets.
The second and third methods permit a larger quantity of fruit being gathered under one brand with some degree of uniformity, but the degree of uniformity is not sufficient to constitute a brand and the cost of harvesting and reaching the market ia excessive. Of course this coat mu.st nltim8t<>ly be borne by the grower
Selling by the barrel where the buyer doe. the packing and grading, i. Mldom .atisfactory to either the buyer or the grower. It is almost impoMible to .o fix at in- dards before the packing is done that there will not he a large margin for mlsunder-
•(undiiMT between the buyer and the grower. It not infro<)uently happens that tfc* bii.M>r will set a rery high standard for his No. V» and 2's. with the rMiilt tliat the (rmw<>r finds himself with a larip- number of culls on hand, and comparatiroljr few Xii. I's and No. 9*s. Uiually the«o culls, no matter how Rood thejr may be, find a very poor market, if thojr ore not entirely wasted. The presumption U, of coume. that tlieM* extra (cradrs are shipped by the buyer to special cuvtoinen, where they realise a price much above the ovrratre.
On the other luiml. tlie buyers are often deceived by thi'ir own workmen. These workmen may be iH'rMDiiul fripinlit of the grower or the ){r<>^vcr niH.v, and often docs, cajole the workman liaviuK cliurKi' of the packing to put in ii iwnriT i|ualily of fruit than the grade ealU for. The liiiyer havintr coniiili-nce in hU mhmi fn«|uently r.hips these without iiis|>eetion, and suffers the cuuseqtien'.'e in haviuft to make a rebate to his customer or it iiiny bo to puy a fine under th<> lns|HN-tii>n luid Suit' Act. If the grower wishes to sell by the barrel the more satisfactory wu.v ii< for hiin to offer the apples for sale in barrels graded by himself.
The fourth method most in vogue in Uuturio, has little to recoinmi'iMl it. Tb« buyer is of netvssity better informed than the grower to estimate (lie lumntity of fruit on the treef, because his faculties have Ix-en shiiriwned by yeur» of cx|ierienc«< in buying orchards of different varieties and at different times. The grower, thero- foiv, is not on equal terms with the buyer.
Unfortunately, there is no profituble outlet, as the trudu is at present orgaiiizud, for low' grade apples, and the temptation to work off as many as imsgible of these in 'lump' bought orcliards is often too strong to be resisted. The Dominion Fruit Inspectors now regard the fact that apples were packed in a ' lump ' bought orchard as sufficient reason for examining them, and experience shows that there is an abnor- mal number of fraudulently packed apples from this source.
SELLINO THROUGH COMMISSION AGENTS,
The selling methods so far considered have all prmumed that the fruit was sold to a buj'er who came to the fruit growers. Ontario apples are sold almost exclusively in this way. There are a few, however, especially of the larger growers, who coiiaign their fruit to commission merchants in distant cities. In Nova Scotia it has been much more con^mon for individual growers to consign on commission. A small army of agents could always be found there, most of them representiuit English conimiiM«ion merchonts. Selling on commission has proved a most unsatisfactory way of dispos- ing of the fruit crop, but until co-operative organization is much more complete than it is at the present time, selling on commission will he a necessary- evil.
The perishable nature of fruit «nd the uncertainty in the quitlity and (|uantity of it until it is packed for nmrket, innkes it very difficult for individual Rrowcrs to ^ell except by consignment. Consigning fruit is a necessary evil as the fruit trade is now organized. One of the objects of co-operation is to do away to as great an extent a-t possible with this method of selling. It is perfectly tnie that there are many reputable commission niorilinnts whose record for fair dealing is unimpeachable, but it is abso- lutely impossible for the individual fruit grower to determine whether or not he has been fairly dealt with. He cannot audit the accounts nor follow his fruit to the con- sumer, and practically he is obliged to take the word of tlic commission man for all facts connected with the sale of his fruit. He simply places the fruit in the hands of his commission agent unconditionally, and it would be strange indeed if some com- mission men did not yield to the temptation and send returns below those received for tl.e fruit.
It is not a question of the financial standing of the commission merchant. Ilis standing may be high, but if he wishes to be dishonest he need not want for a plausible excuse to return almost any sum to the grower.
BHORTC DM IN08 Of INDIVIDUAL 0R0WEB8.
But It mutt not l» luiipcMMl that all the fraud under iion-co-operatiT* attkoda
r i7":"T' ^. **^ «««*••»••» mcu. Uiifortunatt-ly many grower, ar* aa fraudu-
I^Htbr jn.hiied in tb*ir metbodt of packinv Hud doinir bunine** a* it i« poaaible to b«.
Well dMpaaed merchant* from the Northwest have time and again att«iiipt«l to dMil
dirf-ttly with gro««-r«. and there are many .a.^^ when- inch arrangenH-nts hare bean
fairly .ati»fttc-t«ry for a tune. Apart from all fraudiileiit intent, it i> extnmely diffi-
• ult for even the larirmt grower to supply the need* of even a aiiiall ivtail buii-
i.«. every year, and with all the varietie. require<l. Hence Mifh coiiuectiona art irre-
Kular and have never prov.^ innnanently .ati^fac-toiy to eitlMr dealer or grown. But
lir* '*;^ »*'*•«'* •»*"'«'ty »» t»» P«rt of the grower., even this irregular trada
culd have been a great advance on the ordinary mode, of .elling. Unfortunately.
^owever. the dealer, found a great muny gr,.wer. whdM^^ p«.k could not be tm.ted. It
^ITulL*""^"^!' \l i«ve.tigflte the character of every man from whom apple.
jw^ught. and after th« fraud wa. di«Jovered it wa. u.ually impo..ible to gat any
Co-operation among the grower, of Mppleg for the purpoM of kUiuk will remedy
ation among the coiuumert a. well a. among the grower, of farm produce.
CO-OPERATION AND THE FRUIT MERCHANT
Co-operative aMociation*. therefore, do not aim to mII to tlie individual can- iuiner. The process is too .low. But all good co-operator, hope that tha time will come when the ronnumen will be to organized that the producer.' apple adling a..oci- at.ons can deal directly with the con.umen' distributing auodation.. But thii ideal toml, ion of thing, i. yet far in the future, ond until the consumer, an better organ- i«.l. the co-operative apple wiling association, appreciate the fact that they cannot oomr into contact with eonaumen in large number, except through the fruit merchant
r'O-OPERATlVE ASSOCIATIONS AND NEW AIAKKKTS.
!t may be well here to emphasise the fact that private dealers do not as a rule dtvflop new markets. This development requires time and money. Both of theae til. Iruit merchant, are loth to give, and in most cases it must be a«lmitted that it i. Ktldora an individual merchant can hope to reap an ade<iiiatr reward for a large outlay in the development of new markets. This work properly belongs to the fruit growers vpith what aid and assistance they can get from the consumers concerned. No bettei use lun be made of a surplus stock than applying it to the developir. nt of new mar- kets. It is a common experience that after a year of extraordinary production in fruit and consequent low prices, the demand in many quarters has increased Market .l.-.tlopment is the work of fruit growers as a whole, and thus falls under the clasa of work that can be done by a union of co-operative associations better than in any other way.
This is not merely u matter of theory. The best organized stalling co-operative
vnations have recognized the development of markets as a most important part of
ii.eir work, and large quantities of surplus fruit are frequently used for this nur-
pose by such associations as the California Fruit Exchange and Georgia Peach
Growers' Exchange.
In 1908 many of the young peach nrchnrds of Georgia, iliat luid been planted during the peach planting boom a few .vi-ars brfore, came into bearing The growers were not organized and the crop went tliroiiKli the usual t: nieis to the lar™ fruit dirtributing centre.*, with thp result that the oonmiissioi, men were overwhelmed
IT
w iUi fruit, Mpoci•ll.^ n cvHain dajri, mhI u neither die BMrebanU nor Um ooiuui •atk'ipated k> heavy « ttcM-k much of the fmit wm told at ruinous prioea, aad toat of It could not be lold at all and wa* iiiiaJljr ooademned by the health authorities. At the ««nie time there wprr iloMim i.f miiailer outlyiiiK ••itien, towns ami villages containiiic ia the aggrpgato a ?ery large number o£ peaoh ootuumura, who had au insuflaient •upply of fruit or had none. R<-iiiR a perishable commodity no time wa« afforded for • oiniiiuiitcatioa between the distributing reiitrea and those outlying t. vus. It is ".•.tikiMi. to say that the returns to the peaih groweeri in Ueoncia were estrmnely dia- ap;iointing. Xeverthelesa, it had this gcwl effect, that it proved bejoud a queetion that some improvement must be made in the mode of selliuA Georgia peaches. The fiillowinir year the cro \» still larger, more or hards had <'«me into bearing, and if wn* a gcKxl peach year. But in the meantime the peach gi mm were thoroughly or- ganised into co-operative associations with a central selling association, and hundred* of carloads were carefully route<l, so that the large distributing centres received only what they could consume; and if there was a surplus, one or more cars were wut to agent* who had been selected in these sinnller towns and village*, where an independent buyer would not have risked to perishable a consignment. The result was that, al- though the crop was nearly doubktl, there was no glut of (ienrgia iwarhe^ upon the market the second year, and a large number of new markets were opened uo t prac- tically no cost to the fruit growers, inasmuch as these smaller towns usua. ade a fair return for the fruit shipped them for the first time. This incident is only ono of scores that might be cited to einphnsite the fact that ' gluts ' can be avoided onln at the grou-0ri$' ind. V.rrchants can (!• little to prevent gluts and are even more helpless in turning an over supply to any good account.
MARKET REQITIREMEVTS.
Though the average frnit grower may be quite comp.'tent to meet the needs of the local market, the case is <iuite different when it comes to the long distance and the export market. Complications arise in tht-sc markets that render it practically impossible for single growers to compete with success. In the local market it is largely a qui>gtion of the individual buyer catering in small quantities to the likes and dislikes of single individuals. For the long distance and the export trade fho requirements are altogether different. Among these none are more important than the following, namely,
1. Lnrgo lots of fruit,
2. F'ew varietieo,
:i. Uniform packing, grading and marking which implies:
4. Skilled labour retained for the most part from year to year.
The underlying principle in ail tlicse is uniformity, and uniformity is asked to
enable men-hants to deni in large <iuantities. Skilled labour is necessiiry to ensure
this.
CO-OPEHATION IX PHODITTION AXl) MARKPTIXO.
For the ordinarj* methods with which we have been dealing, it is proposed to substitute co-operation in packing as well as in selling, and incidently in any other phase of apple growing that will lend itself readily to this mode of operation.
The following advantages will be gained :
(1) Large stocks will be controlled by sellers who will act as a unit.
(2) Uniform packing, grading and marking will be pr-icticed.
(3) A reputation associated with a permanent brand or trade mark will be established.
(4) The coet of picking, r' ' 1 marketing will be reiluccd. 372.10—3
M
(•) rnit win b* piHiMi and paoiwd at the propOT tiaik (•) LtM ooonnon ntktim osb ba ahipped proAtabi]
I ihipped proAtably. (7) fijr-ptoduvU can ba utiliaad. (•) BtoriBf fa«ilitira will ba better providad for. (•) Diiaet Mlliiic at tha point o( pruductioa will ba encourafad. (10) Parkacta will he bouvfat in laria quanlitiaa or nMaufaoturad on tha pramiaoa with a material rpduntion in coat.
(U) The co-operative uw of tpra/inr apparalua or other esppiiiire orrhvd iupla- mt'iita win ba encouraced.
(li) The purely comnMnial part of the industry will b« placed in the hands of the moat competent men whoae interwU are idtmtical with thoee of the other membera of the asaociation.
(la) The maiia«er and better growert among the patrons will hare every induce- niwit^ to stimulate the less pro«ressive memlM>n< to better work.
''I) Facilitiaa for aitendinf credit or making cash advances can be easily and clM'aply furnished to fruit irrowers.
(15) The distoibutiva sidM of oo-operation avan beyond orphan! suppliaa will bt vncouraiad.
lUft ftuuititiM.— The influence of what merchanta call ' long tinea ' is seldom appreciated by the individual grower. The cost of selling is almost as great for a small qnaatity of produce u for a large. Where each iadividual fruit grower makea Ini. own shipnicut?. these way vury from two or three barrels to, iwrhsps, two or three hundred, but the smaller number is much more common than the larger. It is naces- iary, therefore, for the merehant in selling, to open a sample of each h\ i.id and make a sjieiial effort in the sale of this brand. This takes time which mw. be paid for out of the procfcls of the fruit. It also injures the fruit to a oerUin extent. "Hiis t a becomes a chorge. Hence the advantage of co-operative aaaooiationt with % common brand and a uniform system ofgrading.
But when we approach the larger markets of the world there are always merchanta whoae trade calls for extraordinary quantities of fruit. It cosU these merchants a large sum of money to aggregate this from the ordinary small-lot consignmenU. If, then, they have an opportunity of getting this extraonlinary quantity of fruit in one lot, Uiey are willing to pay on advanced price for it and save themseUes at least some' of the cost of aggregating umall lotn. For this reason, iw well as for many others, it IS always advisable for the individual co-operative associations to unite aa soon aa they are niimerous enough, into large bodies, and thus secure aa lorjr .i aggregation of fruit 88 possible.
Uniformity la Paokinc tad Ondiiiff.— Of course the value of a lurge stock h lost to a great extent if the sample is not perfectly uniform throughout. As the size of a co-operative assoc-iation increases, the difficulty iii(Tcu.-<es in keeping the brand uniform. A co-operntivf association shoulil be limited U> the number of members that furnish a unit for a single overseer. Hence also the necessity of adopting the central packing house Hystcm where the packing will be done by a single gang of packers. Uniformu., in trruding and packing adds very largely to the price of goods ijuite independent of its intrinsic merits.
The Bepntation of a Brand.— There i» a quick recognition in the markets of the world of brands that are ■ liformly wJl peeked and such brands have a value quite apart from the merits of ilie fruit. A case in point is) thot of an Ontario dealer doing a large business in the better gradea. He had graduated from the employ of a good apple packer, and when ho started in business for himself, gave five cents per barrel for the privilege of using bis employer's brand. Thouph he has paid his old employer thousands of dollars for the use of his brand it is only a small amount wmpured with what many growers are making or losing aa the result of reptitation.
1»
C#-o •»«r# JffMW* M4l Bfmndt.-Th^n' i. ■ diAculty. of cotirM. in Mia- Uiiiiiig • iigh itaiKlaH of brand. ThK diffnilty it much gtrntm in the oaa* ij' ^"" ''^'''''*"*' '*»■ 'n ♦•>• ca«e of a «>-«|N>rativ» aiMwiation. A private indi- vidual baa ertry incvntlre to trad* upon hit rn>uutioii onco it ia mad*, and unkaa h« l« paHioularly foni>oi)>ntiou» and ■tronc-miiui«><l Im i« apt to ovorloolc <«rtain d«f««to ill the frail that place it below the ttandard of the brand under which it U ahippwL 1 uricr cooperativf niethodn there it no tiuh iiirentive; it ia r8th«>r tlie other way. Tlie ttianaiTPr i* proud of hit brand and hat everything to Iom and nothinc to gain by l..wertiiK this ttandard. He ownt none of the fruit but he hat hit own reputation to maintain and thia cat. only be dona by maintaining the reputation of the brand. I iider the central packinic houie tyttem he hat direct (MTifoiial ov>>r«isht of all the work of the packcn and thua ia enabled to enforce uniformity not only for a aiuRle •eaaon but from year to year. It it not too much to tay that the axtraoHiiiary pric-ea procurci l>y tlic Rrowera of frait on the Pacific Coatt are the retult lancely of a reputation tor perfect uniformity in grading and marking. It mutt be added, how- aver, that only good fruit it thipped. but the quality totted by the eye or by the palate »i eartainly not better than the fruit grown in the ea*t. graded with the tame car.. If there were no other inducement* t!ian tlmply the tecuring and prctcrvation of ;i reputation for a brand, co-operation would juttify Itself.
Xoomoajr ia Hanretting gad Mtrkttlaf.— The ».yi.tcm practiced in Ontario by private deulera ia mott extravagant. It ia teldom that a huyer can tccure all the orohardi in a particular neighbourhood. More frequently the orchcrdu of any par- ticular buyer are teparated by long diatancea. Since all the growert will not pick their fruit, the buyer* are obliged to k»>ep gangt of pickers and packort. At thia aeaton of the year labour ia particularly tcarce and apple packcrt have found it impoatible to tecure the kind of labour they would like. Tliey are obliged, however, to take what they can get. and it ia no tlander to hay that the lahM?iir mcured it fur from being efficient.
The transportation of thete gangt from orchard to ort-liord take* time and ia otherwise very cxpeniive. Rainy wciitlicr intor^encg, when the appio buyer ia obliged to pay heavy expeiitet for board billt with no work whatever uoing on. Kven with lii.4 best endeavour* grove mintaket will be inadi-. the eo^t of which mutt ultimately doprraa the price which the apple buyer can pay. The apple buyer alto it not tlow to ataert that where orchards are bought the grotver not infr» :iiently failt to protect the fruit between the sale and picking time, and thut adds b- her formidable lost which fallt upon the price of the fruit.
It is not too much to aay that the fruit could be picked ond packed bv the grower of the fruit for one-half what it costs the ordi".iry apple dealer.
Fiekiur Prnit when it ii Xatnre.— One of the s^ources of trouble with packed apples ia to be found in the fact that the varieties arc not picked at the proper time. Under the old system of if .rant buyert this evil was a mo»t pronounced one. The packer could not usually aiTord to visit the onhard more than once, and twice would bo -Kceptional. In the meantime certain varieties of apples had become ever-mature. Other varieties were picked before they were quite ripe, inasmuch as another visit could not be made. The packing of immature fruit and over-ripe fruit, often in the same lot of applet, accounts for many cases of poor condition at the market end.
Under the eo-ojwrative method this evil may be conwted. Varietien are taken just as they mature without extra cost, and there is no temptation to pack immature apples.
TTtililing Special Vgrietie*.— Tn Tuany of the older on-harH* a grr.it variety of apples were planted and to long as the grower used only the local market thia pro'cd an advantage, but for shipping purpoaea these odd varieties proved very detrimenUl. Many shippers allowed them to remain on the tree, rather than break a brand for a few barrela of this variety or that.
37S80— ."H
to
Tk» OWr«W — ^Under co-operative inetfao<)s many of these varieties have become •meedugly valuable. A case in point is the Colvert apple in Western Ontario. The eolvert la a prolific apple, of excellent quality and, though not as attractive in colour M a red apple, is very acceptable where it is known and where it can be obtained in good condition. The ordinal apple buyer, however, found that there were too few in •ny one orchard to make it worth his attention. They were rather soft to ship with full or winter apples and so usually proved a loss to the grower. With the establish- ment of co-operative associations the Colvert has become one of the most valuable varieties for its season.
The Gnanenstein.— It is not at all unlikely that co-operative methods have given * "**.""«•>' 'i'e *« ♦•>« Nova Scotia Gravenstein. For many years before the establishment of co-operation in Nova Scotia the Gravenstein, for several reasons, was falling into disrepute with the growers. Coining as it does early in the season •nd demanding the very closest attention in picking, packing and shipping, the ordinary methods of private dealers seldom proved satisfactory so that, although the iiuahty of the fruit was unsurpassed, it did not prove profitable. Under co-operative methods all this is changed. The picking is done at the proper time, the packing is better, the shipping is much more prompt, and the markets are better prepared, so that the fruit goes into constiiii|>tion immediately, when it is at its best. As it is now handled by the co-operative associations it is likely to prove one of iie best pav- ing varieties that Nova Scotians can grow. .
By-prodnctl.— Among the inan.v advantages of eo-oporatioii not the least is the OM>ortiinity to utilize the lower (rrades of fruit and culls a.i a marketable product. As the orchard business in Canada has been conducted in • he past, what are ordin- arily known as the waste products have indeed been a positive waste, and it is not toa much to say that if the by-products of the orchard had been managed as successfully as the by-products of the meat packing industry, the results would have been equally satisfactory. The orchards of Canada should be turning out, in addition to the choice Kreen fruit, large quantities of canned apples, apple jelly, ev.i|K)rated apples, cider and cider vinegar.
Improvement m the Grade of Green Fruit.— The advantages would not all be put under the head of iiiero ' suvinsr.' If tiu-r«' wii* n rcn^.mnlil.v proHtaWc outlet as canned or evaporated pro<luct8 for the lower grades of fruit, there is no doubt what- ever that a much closer grading would be the result. No. S'a would practically dis- iipiwar from the public markets, and a better grading of No. 1 and No. 2 would soon b(! established.
I'nder the old methods of ninrkcting Canadian apples it was practically impossible to utilize economically the orchard by-products. There are a few evaporators and a small quantity of cider is made, and some cider vinegar, but none of these prodr ♦? c<..i inHiid the highest position in tlie open market. Our evaporated apples be) tg almost exclusively to the lower Krades, and our production of cider and cider vinegar is so small in quantity as scarcely to make a showing.
AHgociatioii ami By-product Factories.— Under co-operative methods conditidni will be much improved. Privately owned evaporators, eantiing factories, etc., are undoubtedly of some advantage to fruit growers, but tlie lower grades of apples and the culls will never be utilized to the greatest advuiitage. both as regards the financial returns to the producers and the quality of the product, until all these establishments arc owne<l by eo-operativc associRtioii><. It is only then tlmt the supply can he definitely calculated upon and the quantity of it definitely known. One of the first effects of the establishment of evaporators, for inftanee, would be the manufaeture of the highest grade of evaporated fruit. For litis it would be m rcssaiy to use the very highest grade of No. 3, or possibly a large part of what is now packed as No. 2. There would be no temptation, if evaporators were established at all convenient apple-shij)-
91
iac poinU, to uae anything but the highest grade of No. 1 and No. 2 as green fruit, inaamuch aa the lower grades would probably bring a higher vtu-o a8 extra choice evaporated stock than they would as green fruit in barrels.
Unfortunately the great advantage in this is not yet thoroughly understood by our an>]e growers, and there is a reluctance on the part of associations to ifudertake what they regard as an outside line of business, involving considerable expense. In this, however, they are mistaken. We hare enough examples of co-operatively nion- ag.'d evaporatora and canning factories to show that the advantages in this line are quite as great as in the shipping end of this business. The financing of this enter- prise should not be a difficult matter, once growers have confidence in their own institutions. A comparatively small amount of ready cash supplied by the growers would induce outside capital to come in at a moderate rate of interest.
Storage Facilities.— No feature demonstrates the value of co-operation better than the establishment of storage facilities at the point of production. It is very true that in Nova Scotia and Ontario large warehouses were put up by private dealers that were an accommodation to the growers, but in all such cases a heavy toll was exacted, if not directly by way of a storage fee, then indirectly in the control which the warehouse owner obtained over the selling of the fruit. Many private growers found it advantageous to put up warehouses of their own; smaller growers, however, could not do this. By co-operative methods one or more storehouses are built that accommodate the fruit of all members. The same accommodation furnished in a number of small houses, built by individual growers would, of course, cost consider- ably more than one built large enough to accommodate the fruit of the whole associa- tion. Such a warehouse is always open for the reception of fruit and i. usually conveniently situated for shipping it.
Warehoutet in Nova Scotia.— The co-operative associations of Nova Scotia have appreciated the value of warehouses and nearly every one <if tli" societies has erectetl its central packing house. The popular size is 100 by 40 feet with a basement and attic for storage. Such a warehouse will store 10,000 barrels of apples and will accommodate quite easily a crop of from 20,000 to 25,000 barrels. Great improve- ments have been made lately in the matter of insulation. Ventilation also receives more careful attention. The cost of such warehouses will vary according to the local price of material from (3,000 to $3,.'500. Some larger warehouses are being built 150 by 40, with a reduction, of course, in cost in proportion to the storage capacity. So far all the warehouses have been built of wood. It is just possible that, where lumber ia very dear, brick or concrete would be the cheaper material.
ImproTed Kethods of Selling. — Enough has already been said to show the very great advantages, in a general way, of selling collectively. One or two points, however, may be still further emphasized. It must be admitted that wImii the best has been done it is difficult to designate the quality of apples with perfect accuracy by a grailc mark. It must be admitted, also, that the contingencies of shippiuK are too numerous to be definitely foreseen niid estimated. It is therefore partiiiilnrly important that tiic buyer and seller should meet at the point of production. This is made possible by co-operative selling. Even a single association will accumulate iiiough fruit to attract buyers in sufficient numbers to secure competition. In this way any difference of opinion with reference to the quality of the apples can be settled on the spot when both buyer and seller are present, leaving no room for misrei>resentations and rebates as is too often the case where the fruit is accepted only at the market end.
Packages. — Fruit growers use large quantities of packages. Indeed in few lines of fruitgrowing is the cost of the packages less than twenty per cent of the gro-^s proceeds. It is then apparent how important it is that this ciul of the business b<! closely watched. Private growers cannot always g«>ciire their packages conveniently. At best each must give a small order with the result that hi^h prices prevail. By
co-opeMtlve methods theae small orders an assembled into one large tder, with very great economy in the buying. This economy is an essential one. It is an adrantage to the cooper or the basket maker, inasmuch as it enables him to ptaoe his order for stock early m the season, enables him to hire men and keep them at work during the usual slock seasons, and it also does away with any losses by bad debts.
Many associations have gone a step further and manufacture their own packages. A set of cooper's tools for making apple barrels costs from $20 to $75, according to how elaborate the fixings may be. Any existing building having a large floor space, will do with very little change, for a cooper shop, and men may be employed during the slack months, and barrels may be manufactured here anv time during the year JSot only does this enable the growers to obtain their packages somewhat cheaper than they could get tl.em from a cooper, but it also helps to solve the problem of labour on the fruit farm. Any intelligent labourer on the farm can soon be taught to make an app o barrel as well as the ordinary cooper. In winter time and on stormy days when work outside is impossible, these men can be employed inside.
Pnrohasin; and XFiing Implements in Common.— The orchardist is subject to heavy expenses for implements, spray material, and general repairs. These can seldom be purchased by private iudivM lals satisfactorily. Prices to individual growers of course must be retail prices, wiih frequently very heavy profits added. Dealers, trust- ing to the chance purchases of individual growers, can not accurately estimate the number of implements or the quantity of material required, and to be on the safe side usually order less than the needs of the neighbourhood, with the consequence that some one is short. But the experience of the last few years has shown that co-opera- tive associations can reduce the eon for implements 15 to 30 per cent, and a very great reduction is made by several neighbours using a single high priced machine instead of each purcliasing for himself.
Securing Expert Bnsineu Men.— It is scarcely to be expected that every fruit- grower should excel as a business man. Not the least of the advantages of co-opera- tion 18 the fact that the best business ability can be secured for the purelv commeicial end of the nidustiy The advantages of this are self-evident. A man may be a most excellent grower of fruit, but it would be phenomenal indeed if he could form a proper judgment of market and prices, without an expenditure of time and money totaUv disproportionate to tlie value of his crop. The same time and monev expended by the Manager of the Association would enable him to sell the products, not only of one association but of several associations.
Educational Value.— Perhaps no single feature of co-operative work has con- duced more to the benefit of the industry than the educational work that is bein« done. Under the old system there was little incentive on the part of anyone except the grower to improve the product. The buyer was not sure of being able to secure any particulnr ordiard .-. second year, and so he wasted no" time in giving instruc- tions; the better class of growers did not come particularly in contact with other growers in such a way that they could bring any pressure to bear upon them for improvement. All this, however, is changed under co-operative methods In a pro perly managed association, the manager is constantly on the alert to avail himself of cverj- means of scc-uring better fruit. His reputation as a manager is at stake and for this reason ho ha= a definite interest in the improvement of the brand It has bcome the practice of nearly all the associations to issue special literature givimr instructions in the care of orchards. Demonstrations are arranged for in snravin- and the more backward members are urged by their fellow growers to improve their methods m order that the g.-noral brand may be as high as possible. Every feature of the bu..iness .., an n.cent.ve to the grower of the poorer grades to reach the standaixl of the better growers. The effect of this is very marked. Many example? could be
II
Kiven where orchards that yielded a comparatirely small sum of money before the ndrent of co-operative awociations Imre greatly increased in output and in the .juality 01 me fruit so that the revenue is sometime* quadrupled.
Cuh AdTUieei.— In looking over the difficulties that have beset ezistins co- operative associations, few have been so serious as the neccMity of making advances Tk a1 *• V'* ^'"* "^'P'^- Unfortunately many of our apple growers are not forehanded in the matter of money. There can always be found private dealers who. in consideration of a reduced price, will buy apples for ready money and there is a strong temptation on the part of many growers to accept this lower price for the sake of securing casn. It is the duty of co-operative associations to meet the neceHsities ot these men. In the incorporation of the companies, however, provision is seldom made for a large capital for immediate use. most of them depending upon the returns from the apples to meet their needs. In the case of many fruit growers this is satis- factory enough, but fails completely where help is most needed. It must be accepted, tnerefore, that part of the work of everj- association is to act as a credit association for the convenience of its ...embers. This can be done easily if the directors will proceed in a busiuess-Iike way.
Although co-operative associations are not yet sufficiently well established to command capital from ordinary banks up«n the credit of the association alone, yat there are few associations where the personal note of the directors will not be accepted for any reasonable amount as security for an advance. The directors in this case liaving charge of the business of the association, run no risk whatever. They regulate the advance up to a safe limit on the quantity of fruit shipped bv each member huch an arrangement has been worked satisfactorily for many years by several of the associations, and in no ease has any director or anyone connected with the association lost a cent by these transactions. Simple as the process is, a great manv of the associations have lost valuable members because they failed to provide for their legi- timate and reasonable iinaucial demands.
Distributive Co-operation.— Distributive co-openiti,.n has bi-con:e a strong fea- ture among a few apple selling associations in Canada though the great majority have made little use of the organizations for this purpose. This is particularly true with reference to Ontario, where the associations are widely separated, preventing any constant interchange of ideas and pin. -. Another cause is that many associa- tions are not large enough to get the full t. ..efit of buying in wholesale lots. Never- theless there seems to be no good reason why distributive co-operation should not be extended till it includes practically all the supplies that orehardists need.
St. Catharines Cold Storarje and Forwarding Company..— An exception must be made among Ontario societies in the case of this association wiiicli is one of the older societies and from small beginnings has become one of the larjtcst. It has Wn fortu- nate in having a inuiiugor more than ordinarily intelligent and public spirited. The following is a list of the supplies distribut(>d by this associntion in 1012:— Boxes, apple 2 _r,QQ
" P*""' ."." .'.' '.'. '.'. 600
^"•^ 40,800
Crates, berry g 4/»«
Baskets, 11-qt 27g'20O
[[ ®"1* 780,900
.„ ' , ^^ 80 000
Basket fasteners, packages _ 2.000
Spray pumps, large 30
" hand gQ
Rubber hose, feet ^ q^^
Aneuate of lead, pounds 28J34
Paris green « , ' ' 33
Blue .tone. « '.'.'..'.'.'.'. 9.480
Sulphur, " 420.200
Muriate of potash " 54 000
White arsenic " 'jgj
Nitrate of iO(l» " '.'.'.[['. II [[ 15,000
Acid phosphate " Hi.OOO
Lime, bushels ^'"OO
Lime and sulphur, barrels _\ , _ 425
Manure, carloads 60
Sugar, bags !............... 100
Bone meal, pounds j j j ffffff
Mixed fertiliiern. pounds Is 400
ll.vdromc'ters and tu\ic-i .'.'.'.* 03
Binder twine ' ] -joo
Grape twine .. .. ],noO
Tanks, boiling \ ' jj
Ladders '.'... J 13
Posts, grape and fence C.'jMB
Paper, wrapping, reain-. {^qq
Oats, bushels ' • ■ • • o '«,>«
Tile, drain V. .'. '.'. '.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.[ Toicioo
i ertilizer sowers g
Tacks and nails, pounds 4 ^ifo
To this list must be added many articles for houseliold use, punluised through the association in wholesale quantities. The value of supplies distributed in 1912
would agnregats about $75,000. The manager estimated that the members of the" •aaociatiou have saved in one year, by purchasing in this way, not less than $15,000.
The Itlwur Problem.— During the season of 1011 the associations of Xova Scotia bad a most forcible demonstration of the value of co-operative effort in solving the labour problem. They had an extraordinary crop of nearly two million barrels, which le twice the normal crop for the province. As will be inferred, when picking time came few people were prepared for the emergency. If each individual grower had been obliged to provide for his own labour, it is not too much to say that a very large percentage of the crop would have been lost for want of help to pick and pack at tlie proper time. But the Central Association came to the rescue of the intjirirjual growers by advertizing m the labour centres for a small army of pickers, and lli.- result was that the labour difficulties were not at all serious. Even if tlie growers ,„uld have secured these labourers individually the cost would have been many times a« great As it was, few of the growers belonging to the co-operative associations had any labour difficulties.
BENEFITS TO OTHERS THAN JIKMBERS.
One of the satisfactory things in connection with the apple selling co-operative movement is the influence which it has upon the trade generally. The co-operative associations have undoubtedly improved the (luality of the apple pack, and at the same time they have secured a hipher price for their apples than could have been obtained by individuals. But these advanta-ies arc not confined to members of associations Others have benefited greatly in the matter of price through the work of these organizations. The Norfolk County Fruit Growers' Association, for instance, has put up an excellent pack and has received prices much above the average. ' The effect has been to increase the price of all ...phs that can (•I;tim to h^ Norfolk County apples.
THE RISE IX LAND VALUES.
In many caaet the price of the vrvhard laudM has iii(-rca«ed very rapidly m th« result of the worit of these a»soi-i«tioiM. The value of th* fe^i-hard land ia the neigh- bourhood of St. Catharines, OiitHrio, has at least doubled. Those who are thoroughly competent to form an opinion upon thi^', matter assert that this is dye, in a larg« measure, to the work of the 8t. Catharines association, and if it is so, this a^Mociation is a most valiiahlo a«iet to the n»'i|rhboiiriujod.
The Coimty of Norfolk is «n(i*h<r example of the powor oj fruit selling »*ti»- ciations to benetit a ntighbi.urho<«l This county is one of ««v(rMl borderi^ig on the north shore of Lake Erie and it is no disparagement to say that it poeseases no advantages in the matter of soil and climate over any of the other counties in that tier. Y( t the v.iliie of fruit land in Norfolk county, quality for qualitr, is much higher Jliiin in tli< otlw r counties that do not possess co-operative associations.
It is difficult to say just what co-operation has done for the value of real estate ilt the three principal fruit growing counties of Nova Scotia: Hants, Kings and Annapolis, but the fact remains that there has never been so rapid an increase in the \alue of real estate as has taken place since the organization of co-operative associa- tions in recent years.
The effect of co-operative associations is equally marked in British Columbia, where 76 per cent of the iruit is now handled co-operatively
I
SUGGESTIONS WITH REFERENCE TO ORGANIZATION.
Forming an AlMciatioil. — The details of orgmiizing jiu association are com- paratively simple. After the wholr matter has been discussed in an informal way among those who are interested, a meeting is called to elect the necessary officers. The officers iisiiallj- sclecte<l consist of the president, vice-president, secretary- treasurer, and five or more directors. At this stage the secretary should write to the Provincial Department of Agriculture for details in the matter of secnnng a charter. Full information will ho given iis to the procedure, .step b.v step, i-.ntil the ciiiirtcr is obtained. The expense of this is very slight. After receiving a charter the associa- tion is then ready for business.
The office of secretary and treasurer i.s often conibincil.
In a small association it is usually better to combine the office of the secretary and manager. The manager creates the correspondence mid has time in a small society to attend to all the secretarial work.
Officers should not be selected except for ability in the line of work required liv the position.
Ill the cii.se of a large association it is often b<'tter to liire an outside man us manngcr, in which case the engagement should be a yenrly one.
Onarantee Bonds.— In nil the Inrncr iis-.,<iiitioii.s miy offiejiil hiiinlling money should be required to fu.-::i.h bonds. In most eases the guarnutet> of two or three good men in the neiglil)OHrho<«l may be accepted, but ordinarily it is Ixfter to secure a guarantee bond from some corporation making a spwialty of this business.
Auditing. — A strict system of auditing should be insi.-ted lipon. In the case of
smaller associations where the business is somewhat limiw«J. some members of the
association will, in all probability, be ip .te competent to act ii< auditors. But usually
in cases of this kind the business should be put in such a form tiiat every member of
the association may know the receipts and expenditure in considerable detail. In the
case of a larger asso<'iation it is better to call ill an expert accouiitanl to make a yearly
.ludit. The cost uf thi.s is not Jarre. It gives Weii disposed nienibers h further con-
leuce in their a88o<.iation and effectually stops a great deal of pernicious criticism
.ely to grow up «ven in a well conducted association, where there is not the utmost
. blicity.
MembmUp.— Aa f«r as pouiMe erery aHooiation should open iu doort to the widest possible membonhip. Nev(>rthe1«M, it is seldom satisfactory to secure members by orer-persuasion. It is a irreat mistake to think that all the large growers of a district must be in the association in order to make it a success. It is usually desir- iiMc that the large growers should be in the association of the neighbourhood, but a» they are likely to benefit less immediately than the smaller growers, they aro some- times loath to join. Not infre<]uently it is bettor that large growen do not associate with the smallcT growers.
Equaliiii of Intereth.—The ideal aimed at in every ansociation should be to have members with equal interests in every way. It is exceedingly diiHcult in some cases to harmonize the interes^ts of a man who has fire acres of orchard with the interests of the man who has a hundred acre*. It is often better to form two associations in a neighbourhood if there is a sufficient number of two distinct classes of growers. Small growers may unite in one association and the larger growers in another. There should be no difficulty in harmonizing the interests of these associations in that cose. Of course it is understood thp.t this recommendation is made only where the organi- zations are conducted in the spirit of mutual helpfulness. Such associations can conduct much of their business as one association. In the California orange districU it is not uncommon to have three or four co-operative associations at a single shipping station, in some instances, occupying a common building. In these associations ^re is not a semblance of rivalry except the friendly rivalry of each association to outdo tlie other in benefitting the induatty. The spirit of selfishness is just as reprehen- sible in an association as in an individual, but its power for evil is vastly multiplied.
Outside Dealing. — One rule that should be considered fundamental in all associations is that members must sell all their fruit of a special kind through the association. In the early history of the associations it was thou^t imnracticable to draw the line too close with reference to this and almost without exception an amend- ment had to be made to the rules. It waa found that growers who were allowetl to sell some of their fruit outside of the association and some of it through the association, sometimes at least took advantage of tliis arrangement to the detriment of tho interests of other members of the association. If the higiier grades were sold by private sale and then the rest of the fruit ' pooled * with the association fruit, there was a manifest injustice. Better exclude a member altogether than allow him to sell any fruit without the permission of the association.
Auooiation Auets. — One of the difficulties in connection with co-operative associations, especially the smaller associations, is to hold the members together from year to year. An important factor in this connection is the acquiring by the associa- tion of a certain amount of assets. This can be either as paid-up capital and in cash, or it may take the form of investment in warehouses, evaporators or other appliances for the use of the association. This gives the association a stability that it would not otherwise have, and it should be the aim of those who wish the movement success to secure these hostages to continued membership as early as possible in the history of the association.
Co-operative Bookkeeping. — Co-oi)erative bookkeeping; doe* not differ in gen- eral principles from bookkeeping of any other kind. THany associations, however, will have their bookkeeping done by those who have had little experience in book keeping involving the interests of others. To such it may be said that every material fact should be a matter of record. Contracts should be in writing. Verbal ajfreements should be confirmed by letters. An entry should be made immediately of money paid and received. Receipts notine exact amounts of quantities should be taken and given for money or produce interchanged. Whenever a transaction is at all complicated a written statement of all the facts should lie on record in addition to the bare entries in the regular accounts.
It will utually be found that muih time i« saved and inoro satisfuitorv work is done by having printed form* for receiptu, stock lists, packing Ubie noords, etc. In the cate of receipts for fruit they may bo padded so that a carbon papt-r between two leaves w>U give duplicates, one of which can b« filed at the office and the other given to the patron.
Itwill usually pay an association to consult an expert accountant who will sug- gest books and forms to ouit the special needs of the circumstances. Each association has somethinK peculiar in its mode of working that needs a »i)e.ial provision, but n., device will take the place of conscientious carefulness on the part of the bookkei'p<T and a record of all material facta.
Inoorpontion.— Of course, it is quite possible to do a co-o|)erative biisinesa with- out incorporation. Where the members have perfect confidence in each other nnd where the business is not complicated, the association can often be conducted just a.< Wi.ll without incorporation as with it. It is, however, a dangerous mode of oonductinn iui>.iiuw where large amounts of money are conwrned, where liabilities are incurre.1, nn.l where the memlwrs are not familiar in detail with each other's affairs. Such an nssociation would, in all probability, be regarded at law as a kind of partnership wheru ea.li one would be responsible for the acts of the association as a whole. It might be even pcv^sible for some indiscreet member to incur liabilities involving rather incon- venient (onsequonces. It is urged, therefore, that every association «eek incorporation The advantages are numerous. The liability is limited to the amount t,f sto.-x held. J«o member can create for aiir.ther a liability. The association can sue and bo sued without trouble or inconvenience to the members, and responsibility is plac-d upon individuals who can be held accountable.
CENTRAL PACKIXG HOUSE.
In the earlier history of the -o-operative assotiatioiis the central packing hou.-a was not usually adopted. It was the almost universal custom for each farmer to toka his fruit, graded and packed by himself, to a warehouse at the railroad station where tho manager of the association assembled the different varieties and grailcs and shipiK^i in carload lots or quantities to suit his purchasers. It was very soon found, however, that while this improved the uniformity of the pack somewhat, it -still left a great deal to be desired. This is not due always to fraudulent intent on the part of the nicn-.bers, although it must be admitted thqt there were few associations practicing this method^ that did not count among their members some who wore fraudulently iiK-lined. Nevertheless, with the best intention it was simply impossible to get 10. 15 or, perhaps, 50 growers to observe the same standard, with a sufficient degree of uniformity to meet the needs of the market. To overcome this difficulty the central packing house system has been adopted by practically all the newer co-operative asso- ' itions.
The central packing house system consists in having a common warehouse, usually at a shipping station where the apples can be loaded on a siding. The apples are brought from the orchard in barrels unhcaded or, if headed, unpresscd. It is abso- lutely necessary that they should be drawn to the packing house on spring wagons although a few of the similkT growers substitute for a spring wagon the ordinary hav rack filled level with liay or straw. On this the apples are placed and carry with comparative safety. These are delivered to the central packing house and a receipt is taken. In the central packing house a gang of exix'rt packers are employed who have no knowledge of whose apples they are packing. The result is that the apples of the whi.lo (Association pass through the hands of a single set of graders s .d uniformity i.s secured. "^
Jfany growers who have not given this matter proper consideration object to hav- ing the grading of their fruit taken out of their hands. Nevertheless, it must be admited that few men can be trusted to pack their own fruit. Of course the more intelligent
*• Ihih imren ar* tha oiora capable they are of pwkiu,^ their own fruit Yat aves UMog crowera m intelliitent a« thoae in Hood Bivet. Ore»on. the expert paokan of IT* "T*"**"®" fM* "d p«<-k all the fruit. I neeo wt go into the fea«>n< for this. Upon the moral .ide, I think it wiU be admitted that fruit growen. on the average, •le eonatituted with enough telilahiMM to induce them to look c- " themaeWea, •nd the line between looking out for themadTea and giving tb-^ public a pro-
perly packed box of applea, ia ao indiatinct that people who .eir own u^lei
often yield to the temptation of overatepping the mark. On the ouwr hand, men who are employed to pack up to a certain atandard and who are working d. by day with applea belonging to many different owner.. who«> fruit they do not diatinguiah and in Whom th«8r have no special interest, have no temptation to grade below the proper JimiU. There ia alao a purely economic reason for adopting the central packing liouaa ■yjtem: individuals who pack and do nothing else become extremely expert at Uua work and can do more and better work, and so not only reduce the cost of pro- duction but actually improve the grade of the product
la the eaae of early applea and soft fruits that will not admit of being readily taken to a central packing house, an altemaUve plan U adopted, namely, sending the central association expert paokers to pack the fruit in the orchard of the grower. \ jwmbination of the two systems is found to work satisfactorily in the Norfolk Fruit Urowers Association, where the greater part of the fruit is packed in the central warehouae but. in addition, expert packers from the central packing house, are sent 10 put up the fruit of gQiwera in certain outlying orchards.
CENTRAL ASSOCIATIONS.
Single asaociationx are experiencing some of the evils that formerly met privuta ■hippers. They find that a single association is not large enough to cope with the problem of selling fruit in the distant or in the foreign market. This has led to the formation of unions of local associations. This form of organization has been found absolutely essential in the marketing of citrus fruits in California, and the California Fruit Growers' Association may be taken as a good type for organization. The membership is composed exclusively of associations, and the business is confined •ntirely to the selling end. All details with reference to the fruit up to the time it ii ready for market are left in the hands of the local associations. Of course, pre- cautions are taken to enforce proper grading and marking. In this way it ia possible to place this, the most intricate part of the business end of fruit growing, in the control of experts who are in the employ of the association. Owing to thj large quantity of fniit under a single control, such a central association has great power in regulating the supply for different markets and thus increases the con- sumption as well as improves the price to the grower. They are able, also, to cope with many problems too large for a single association, such as questions of transpor- tation and distribution in foreign markets.
The United Fruit Compaiiiei.— The best example we have in Canada of a central selling association is the United Fruit Companies of Nova Srotia. The memberghip of this company consists of co-operative associations operating ia the Annapolis ami Comwallis valleys. They operated for the first year with a very imperfect organization in 1910. In 1911. the organization was much better and did splendid work under most adverse conditions. The crop of Nova Scotia was a phenomenal one. A largo crop was expected, but even the most sanguine calculations were exceeded by 25 per cent In all probability there were not less than two million barrels grown in Nova Scotia in 1911, nearly three times the average crop. The transportation companies were unprepared for the task of moving this enormous crop and serious con- sequences threatened. Fortunately, however, the central association was iulSciently oxganized to materially assist in the work. In the early part of the season, soon after
tt« mam nop Iwvan to lnoT^ it waa found that than were huadnda of carioada of %_'■» u ''" ^^ ^ ^'*" •"'•♦•'""»' '" <••. hot tun. with th* rtramfhip oapa.ity mumjukm up. Of ooune, theta apples could not mnain In the yrit lone without aerioua detriment to the fruit and aa a temporary remedy the aiaociation tucceeded in inducing the railwayi to tend out four lolid train loads of applea to Montreal, pon- neotin* there with the oeean steamships tearing for European porta. This, however, '"^'^^i"^ A temporary relief, and the managers of the co-oiwrative associations proc-eeded to American ports and oharteretl four steamships that were loaded inime.li- aiely and sent to Europe, carrying altogether something over forty thousand barrels uf apples. This relieved the situation greatly, and it is not too much to say that liaa It not been for the efforts of the central association thousands, if not tens of thousands ci barrels, would have rotted in the orchards for lack of transportation facilities. No private dealer, nor any probable combination of private dealers, could have solved this transportation problem as did the United Fruit Companies
rhe usual markeu for Xova Scotia fruit would have been greatly over supplied if the older market ii.etho.ls only had been used. The co-operative a8*ooiation. how- ever, sent agents to the Northt .t and sold many thousanda of barrels in a mark.t never before supplied by Nova Scotia fruit. They also succeeded in opening up a large direct trade with Germany, celling the dealers there nearly one hundred thousand barrels of apples.
t J^iS «• •ufflcieut to illustrate the great value of a central association. Without It the JSorthwest market tould not have been exploited even by the strongest single association, nor could the (lemiun market have been opene<l up.
On the distributive side the central association has proved that it is able to make • ^at saving in orchard supplier. One of the larKcst items in the running of Nova ?*^!!f,**. . ."i^® fertilizer bill. The central ass<Kiation bought for their patrons
in 1911-1:?, nearly fifty thousand dollars worth of fertilizer. The saving upon this waa 93 i^r ton. or a total of $«,(iOO. It should be empha«ired here that this saving could not have been made by the associ.itions working separately. The fertilizer companies made a determined effort to maintain the system of sales through local agents. Thie they could have done if they had had to deal with individuals or individual associa- tions. It would have been a case of a unitwl army of fertilizer inanufaeturers against unorganiM<l fruit growers or of small organizations. The fruit growers would have l«en beaten in detail. The United Fruit Companies with their superior organiza- tion won out, but rot without a hard struggle.
ORGAXIZATIOX AMONG EXISTIX(J OXTAIilO ASSOCIATIONS.
As has been noted, cooperation such as we have among our apple sellers, is in its details a local development. It was not a complete system imposed from without, but simjily a general idea, the development of which came from the fruit growers themselves. Under these circumstances it is but natural to expect that the form of organization would be almost as various as the number of sncieties. One of the largest and most successful co-operative associations in Ontario is not incor- porated. Officers are elected at the bcftinning of the year, and ea.h season's biisinesa is closed and disposed of and the association nominally disbanded.
Other associations make provisit.n tor continuity of e-vistence without b«"ing incorporated. The officers hold their positions until their successors are elected, but the business is practically conducted in the name of the manager or some other individual.
In a few cases a small number of growers have united as a joint stock company,
-and this company own the warehouses and other property. They have, however, a
general organization that includes all growers that work, so to s|)eak, in harmony with
80
lU!,i^"*. "f^ "•°*^- *"•*• !»«"«•» •miiiiieim-iil wm adoptpd b* an OnUri* •oclely that for wreral yean worked quite iucoe-fully. but unfortunately a laiM quantity o^ the .took wa. held hy towBH»opl. who S^r. not »S. but wIS intemted in promotinc the adrancement of the nei«hbourhood. The apirit of
J^'. o'^Jrt*"?, "^ '""• »^ ™««««»«'»- The rental for the wa^Aou!^ ykuh *■• owned by tlie oompany and the expen*ea ai determined by the company, wen co„„.i,red too lane by ~me of the grower.. The di«ati.faotion apnadTd flnX irri';T'^ '"'^"-^ "' no...producen. found iUelf with I waXu^and u^it™Il" « • .t^T'""'"' "*""•• "'"* """ 'i't>'id«ti..n. Unfortunately IzJZl^r^- ,^ thH n..*m«nage.nent with o-vopention ..nd no effort. Imf. IT^II^^^ 'i"*? *" .«'*'"•■'""» ■ Pui^'y eo-operotive selling association in that
.a eiwtence of tuccesifnl co-operative a.Mciation,. several places .imilurlv situated w.ll own.« again but on better linea. Practically all the .„««sf„l a.W
I^Z t?"""" ""*» "I •r'P?~'«'' "• ""'•'^ i"'"* .tock^pani" and ltnZl7lfJl""^V *" '•*• '?.*,' *•"? .*^ intluenti.l .uemben have adhered to co- ZTlZ^!^^ JL^ /•" ".P""'"' •"<• »"'• T »••««» "dTinta^ of the powen which c^ZJ^tJ^T" "".*"*•, •'i'" ** *!"" *•»• ••wci-tion into a diridend-makinB concern Indeed one or two of the Anociationi hare gone to the other estrenie and
u7jt Tf l'-'';'-/", »^«P'»?' '"'«««»• Thi.. however, was so ZZfX th.t «.w * ir ""^'^'^'H ^}\^'>^ fumirfied capital much beyond tl.c averu«;.
t'OOPKRATIVE LEGISLATION.
None of the provin<-cs have special Acts that provide for strictly co-opentiv. incorporation. There arc, however, means by wl.i,.h faruuTs' nss<ooluti..n^ .-an be incorporated. New Brunswick and Ontario have each a joint stm-k company Act which, however suitable for industrial concerns, is not at all suitable fur o-one'rativf purposes.
The Prince Edward Island Aasocistion was incorporated l.v an Act of the lo.al legisloture. The Nova Scotioii Act for the Incorpon.tior, of Farmers' Associations 13 drawn up olong the lines of the usual joint stock company organization and is <,{ counj.. objectionable on that account. It, however, serves the purpose fairly vvll
The United Fruit Compnui'-s of Nova Scotia was organized co-operatively bv •. Special Act of the local legislature. Quebec has an Act under which farmen' ass^i- ations can incorporate wit'i some co-operative features, but with share voting The Act for Incorporated Farimrs' Associatioiis in British rohimbia permits associations to organize conveniently on the joint stock principle.
PROPAGANDA.
A most notable feature of English distributive co-operation is the vor.v larjfe sum of money devoted to educational purposes. In the year 1010 this amounted in round numbors to one hundred thousand dollars. When the societies vere few and the wholesale organizotion was struggling for existence, it was of vitol importance to organize more societies. But now that the societies have become numerous and the wholesale society unassailably strong, little individual benefit can come either to the societies or their members by new, organizations. The educational fund of the British co-operators is conceived in the purest benevolence and with a cordial recognition of co-operative fraternity.
In the case of Canadian apple =e11ing assoeiatious wc do not need to appeal to this spirit of altruism alone. Further organization is absolutely essential for the material interests of the industry. The numerous plantings that have been mode in British Columbia of late years are now beginning to put fruit upon the market
81
OiiUrioi output U iiicn>.iin( rtpldly ■nd Nov. Hootia k eertain. und«r Ik.- uiuiuliu 01 Iwr «>-op»r«tiro omaniMllon, to conrinuo planting at an incn>aiieii rati*. It muat not bo w^tton. too, that thora hat been an equally riguroua Kvival o{ apple mowinit In tho Inited Htatea immediately to the louth of u*. and It <• but natural to eipecl Milllaqrer quantitie* of fruit from thia aource. For market purpoMM the apple cMp • "I* •^""M Static nMd Cnnnda ia practically one. Theiw it a turplua for export lu both eruntrie. and both countriei are lookinv to the lame foreign markeU an outleU ^r thia aui-plua. If wo do not meet the oomiK-tition of Ani.ritan grown applea in Wmnipeg, Ho»kat«)on, Regina. Calr'r* or Edmonton we munt oertainlr meet it in J-iverpool, Ola.gow Ix)ndon and Ha iburg. Huc«.» will come to the beit organiz.-.! force*. Brttith Columbio. Nova 8cotia and Ontario will meet in competition within our own border*, and without organiiation among the apple growora many of th- wortt feature* of competitive buying and nelling will be intennitied. A frank recogni- tion of tho community of intere*t* in thew three provino-ni. at leaat. t '11 go far to iniurinur the continued prooperity ot the apple indu«try. notwithRtan ing greatly increa««d production. Thi. happy atate of afTuir* can oaly come ah.)ut bv a thorough organiiation of the grower, in each prorinoe. It u apparent, therefore, that Novu Mootio with her f.:-ly efficient orgxnizition m ritally intrrexted in the thor..uttli co-operative organiwtion of Britlth Clilumbia and OnUrio. and juyt a* each provin... u interested in the thorough organiiation of all otiien. »o communitie* that have tne advantage of local a.«o<iation*, aro vitally intercted in having every other part of the province efjually well organized. .
For thi* pun)o«( each local ataociation ahould devote a certain iiercentage of it, return* to the ed.pational or propaganda fund, and every effort should b« made to plan carefuUy the expenditure of thi. fund. Co-operative marketing will not .how It. full etfert until the apple grower, of the Dominion are organize,! from the Atlantic to ttio t^aciiic.
APPENDICES.
T .e form, for Con.titution and By-law. given in Appendix I are .imply «ug- gestive. Local conditions should be consulted. In matters of detail considerable latitude may be allowed to personal prejudices, within the limits of the governing legislation. There are usually many way. of accomplishing the same object, and any rigid adherence to a wt of words or to a particular method i* likely to introduf . friction. As far as possible it is recommended, of courw. that the co-operative features be safeguarded.
Attention i- dirrctcd to the By-law* of the Forest FruitRrowers' Aagociatioi. They are .implo. direct and have worked satisfactorily. The By-laws and Constitu- tion of the Norfolk FruitRrowcrs' Ass.wiation are quite suitable for most small Bs^^ociations which arc confined exclusively to apple selling. The Constitution and By-laws of the Ul.iiid & Ctypsum r'niit Company contain features that will be of interest to associations that intend to have mixed shipments of fniit, and where tho output from the different members varies Rreatly in quantity.
Special attention is directed also to the model by-law.^ recommended by the Department of Agriculture for Ontario. It will be noted that clauses 2o to 24 pro- vilo 11 very convenient mechnnism for raisiiijf money on capital account. If this mechanism is adopted, and if the association is organized under tho general clauso of the Company's Act for Non-Share Capital Stock Associations, there is no reason why Ontario associations should not be strictly co-o|K<rative. that is, tho by-laws might ensure a fixed remuneration for capital, one man, one vote (there would be no shares) and the distribution of any surplus on the basis of the valfc of the buginess done bv the number of the aw^iation. This device, although not . convenient nor m safe as the best eo-operntive legislation of European countries is yet better than that of any of the other proviiu-es. (Juarantee note*, however, may be adopted in anv of the provinces in lieu of share capital.
NORFOLK FRITIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.
f».V*mVTIOM ASD IV-LAWS.
t Tkli AMoviatiou tliaU be known •• Um Norfolk Fruit Urowen' AaMciatton.
"• *~ •'«5«* •' tW» AMOfi«tion tball bo to onoourve tbe Fruit Growers in th* lounty of >orfolk who are intcreitad in the improTemtnt of thr quality and quantity oj iruit, to co-opmla for tho purpoM of toourinc a better and more unifom lyitein of pMktnf and nurketinff of tMr Fruit*
•; ^"y l»»on in tba County of Norfolk in the fniit-Browiuf industry and it Mooaoiended by the Exeoutiro Committee, may become a niembvr by payiii* to the Bwrttary-Treaaurer the aum of One Dollar, on or before the Firat day of April in wy year, and luch payment aliall entitle tuch penwn to all the rightt and privilesea of membership the ensuinc year.
4. The Annual Meeting of the Association shall be held on the fint Wednesday in iebruary of Mch year, at audi place aa the Association may select The Business ^ the Annual Ifeetiuc shall be the receiving and disposing of the Auditor's Annual «W)rt upon the business of the preceding year, the Annual Election of Offlcers and •Bch other buaineas as may be brought forward by the tjiecutive Committee.
6. All elections shall be by ballot, plurality electing, and shall be conducted l.v two scrutineers appointed by tLe (duirman.
6. At the Annual jfeeting fire members shall be elected aa an EzoouUTe Com- mtttee who will hare the general management of the Association in buying. «<>||ing and any other business of imporUnco. At any meeting of the Executire Committee tkrae shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Two Auditors shall'
u^ "S.^ '* **" Annual Meeting who are not members of th' EieouMvo Com- mittee. Three members, not members of the Executive CommK *■ shall als.. Im- eleotad at the Annual Meeting aa Investigation Committee, whf*p duty it will be to investigate all complainU.
7. Specia' meetings of the Association may be held at any time upon call of the President, by written notice mailed to each member at least five days before tho meet- ing.
8. Special meetings shall also be called by the President, whenever requir«l to do ao in writing, by five per cent or more in number of the moiiil)er,. of the As8,)cia- tion.
». At any meeting of the Association 15 per cent in number of the members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.
10. The OflScers of the Association shall consist of a President, a Vice-President who shall be chosen by the Executive Committee from ainoim thtmselves, at the first board meeting after the Annual Meeting, the Manager and Secretary-Treasurer to be appointed by the Executive Committee. Special meetinjfs of the Executive Com- mittee may be held at such times and places as they may select.
11. The President, or in his absence, the Vice-Presidtnt. shall preside at all meetings of the Association. In the absence of both, . chairman shall be chosen from the members present.
12. The Manager and Secretary-Treasurer for the Association shall have chanre of the business in detail, but cannot rlnv any dealings tttilc-vs axnhorutd to do so br the Executive Committee. '
13. It will be the duty of each member to so care tor liis or.knnl as to troduce the very best quality of fruit.
«.. .'il'i ^" "^ hamling »t^ gr,mu by roembtn of tho AHn.iaii.,ii d scrpiiM
di.p«.iii« of hi. or brr own apfilM •ball pigr to ih« AtMH-i.ii.... ih.. ..im of M) «.tit« VT tmml,
>3. All iwinbrn miwl inmIi th<!r fruit for •hipmrnt in a nrit worknanliko manner. «»<! if ....t mrmbrr !■ not i'»tmhU' of puikinir hi* Nin>U in thii numnar hf in to » WP'".* •" '•"P'-rt pii.k.r .n.l all fruit niiiM b.. iMMlctj in ..•.•..r.l«M.-c with tho rtiLt ol th.. .Norfolk Jniit (Jrowrr* A«Mi..i«tion h.vinir m.-h nu mUrV n«nM) or numb.r ..<i ryery P«<-I««ire. Kinpty barrel. mii»t b« kcfl in th.> .Irv mi.l «U, .11 parki-H barnU murt br |>la.«d m the dry e»wy day in a well ventilal.-d biiihlinK nntil .hipnient i-
le. Ka.h member muit order from th« Her.ii.ry all the barrels he will n-.|iiir.> for bii own iiw not Liter than Aniruit lut of each year, tame to be paid for by him not later than Xorember 10th.
17. Any mrinlier peraiitinic in injurioui conduct towardi the Auociation or any of iU o«.-eM nia.v lie tu^pended by the Inveatiiration Conii.iittee until Mme liii« ImhIi aubnittcd to tlu. nest aeneral meetintt and each offending mimber shall receiv,. thn^. days notMc of mnh ii mcctmir. and the membem preient have the power of cxrollina inch member or otherwi>M<, an they sec lit.
1«. The book* of the Amiociation (hall be audited before the date of the annual meetiiiK in facli vmr. und the report of the rd-ciptu and disburMnnenU, prop<rIy •linied. •hall U- rwi.l iit such annual meetinK. The nu-nibers may order a •ix'.'ial audit of the book« to U- made at any time, an<i the Auditors shall report theretm with- out unnecesiiary delay.
1». When from any cHiiie a Tacancy occurs in any of the offices of the A»H.Hia- tion, it shall be tilled by the Executive Comn)itti<G at their next meeting. Abneniw without leave fr«.m three ctmsccutive nw-ctings of the Execiitivu Committee shall create a vacancy.
2W. The So-retarj-Treasurer shall keep a reconi of the |>n><)'<>,liiigs of all mei-t- iii«» of the Associati'Hi. or iui Executive roniniittee. of all r«H-ci,.ts and dicbuntenientH, and hi" shall r«'|x.rt the coiulitioii „f the tiniiiireN iiiiiiiuilly or »* often as tho Execu- tive (.'omuiitU>c shall desire. He »liiill aNo attend to the uorrespi.iidcnce of the A«*M>i. iition and keep Mme on tile.
2\. Every dispute Utwit-n nieniWr* nii.l ili.- Asx.Mlation. or any |>ersoii claiiiiini; throiiKh or under a member, or under I lie rules ..f the AsMM-iutioii. and the Exe.-ii- tive ("i.niiiiittcc. TreiiMirer, or oth.-r nttinTM fhin-of, xhull be .It.iileil bv arhitratii.ii III thr innmier following: The paity eoinplaiiiiiiK >liiill i,i„ke ii st.itemeiit in writin;,' of the mutter eoiiiplailieil of or in <lis|.iite, mid ,h.ill tli.reiii iiiiine the |*.n<oii lie upiioihts us Arbilr.iti.r, nml shiill pl.iee sii<-h statement in the IiiiikIs ..f the Se,.r.iiP.v of the Ass.«iatiiiii. Within ten days of the n-.eipt of such stiit.nieiit th." Presi.K iit Hhall name a m-ond Arbitrator, unless he is a i>nrt.v f> the dispute in which cnsc tlio Exe<iitive Committee will ni>|ioiiit a siciid Arbitrator. The two Arbitrators will
me<t and appoint a third Arbitrator, and the Arbitrators so i inted shall iiiift
without unnwesaary delay and hear and determine the matter in dispute, mid tile an award with the Secretary- of the Association, which award if siRned by nt least two of the Arbitrators, shall be biiuliiiK and conclusive on nil parties without apiieal NothinK herein contained shall be coustriieil to prevent both parties affreeing upon one Arbitrator, whose ilc<-ision in such ease would be tinal. All Arbitrators appointed under this .Section niust be hh inUrs of the Association.
22. These rules may be amended at any regular or spiH-ial ineetin»t by a vote of the members present. Xotice of any proposed amendment must be given each member by letter or otherwise at least Hve days previous to the meeting.
Si
THE FOK^ST FRUIT GROWERS AND FORWARDING ASSOCIATION.
'The Forest Fruit
/ C0X8TITI TWN.
1. This Association of Fruit Growers shall be known as t.rowors and Forwarding; A»so«-iution.'
2. The objiH-t of the Association is the better production and sale of fruit nown ii.v Its menil ers.
'!• '•"I'^' Annual Meeting of the members of the Assoc-iation ahall be on the fint
the call of the President by written notice.
4. At the Annual MeetiuK the Directors of the Association shall be elected .»,„n''' \-!'l "'^*'"*' "^*'«' T>irectors a two-thirds representation of the Directors Bhnl' constitute a quorum f<,r the transaction of business.
0 The Officers of the Assm-iation shall consist of a President. Vice-President and ^cl.•^etary- 1 reasurer.
7. Immedintely after the Annual M,-etinjr and the election of Directors it shall be the duty of the Directors to elect Officers as named in by-law six, the President and V ice-Presideiit to be chosen from the Directors.
of tt Vf ^'^••'^»* »' i° his absence the Vice-President shall preside at all meeting, thoSe p^enT '^ "*'' " P''"*''^'"» »<«''<•' "''a" ^ ^-hosen from
„f tK ■ ^^ S«'«"taor-Trea8urer shall keep a record of the proceedinRs of all meetings of the Directors and the Association. He shall also keep a record of all the S' and disbursements of the Association. tw^eipn
la Any Fruit Grower within a radius of eight miles of Forest shall be eligible to be<on^ a member by a two-thirds vote of the Directors of the Association
11. The constitution or by-laws may be amended at any regular or special meeting upon a two-thirds vote of the Directors. meeting
THE FOREST FRUIT GROWERS AND FORWARDING ASSOCIATION.
BY-LAWS.
,. I- '^}'^ ^""'■^ "^ Directors shall meet senii-nu.uthl.v or monthly or at the call of the rresident, such meetings not later than July lat cf each year.
2. It shall be the duty of all officers to attend regular or special meetings of the Association and hold office until their successors shall be elected. I. n^L ^n*°j * vacancy shall happen by death or resignation in any of the offices, it shall be hlled at the next regular or special meeting.
4. At the annual meeting of the Association in each year the President shall render a statement of tlie business of the season in full.
:.. Each and every member of the Association shallpick his fruit in prime -oii- dition and deliver same ut Packing House or shipping p. Int.
(!. .\.i Inspector or Manager of tlie Association shun be appointed by the Direc tors to supervise the work of grading and packing of the fruit of the Association the salary of the said Inspector to be determined at the time of appointment
.. The Manager shall give personal instructions in their orchards to every shipper shipping through the Association how to gra<le and mark their fruit according to the Fruit Marks Act. *
8. That he wi 1 see to the ordering of and securing of cars, and will obtain what- ever necessary Re iigerator cars, which he sees are properly iced.
9. He shall keep in constant communication with the Salesman, and shall receive orders and conauuiiicate them to the members of the Association
10. He shall see to the making up of Car Ix>ts and notifying members when to P80k and deliver fruit at Packing House or shipping point.
as
,.„. **j ?• *■." '"*'' * '^^ "* """^ •'"* »""• " ^"''t of wwh shipper m Mch ••or and forward a copy to purthaser.
«i.d iimnediately before shipment in order to ascertain if the Fruit Marka Act haa Knllt%"f T: t'"* l^K^"^. **"*' '"^ "••'P'^' '"«' intentionally disobeyed th" HP ! ,r"'v* acceptance of fruit and held responsible for
i >• filK iiVr^n^*^"^' ' """* ^^^^^'^ *''"" **** responsible for space ordered in car whether
n f IV " ^l!*"^-" "■^*'"" '^'««K'«'■^«'i* shiPPew regarding grade apples, for the settle- both IntT^H^T"*.*"! '*'"" '"•'""r ""^ ^'"^*»'- *•*« «'""P«' "n" Director and Fruit Marks Art '*'""*^'^*^ P*"°"' *''» «h"» "leoide. J'a'inK their decision on the
loctol°kv^?i'"*"'"^^* '"Vf"** T^t *° "^ P"'*^ '^■^"''^ "" ''*"*'«'• ««''' charges to be col- lected by a levy on each barrel the car contains.
16 Each and every mon.bor shall have the right to give away such fruit of his
IZ^ilZf]^" T 1r'- 'r ""' '•""' ""* ""'^- '"^'^ "^ *'"" -t-^^J" the Associat cS A "f '■""«•:'>''" "' «"y f'nit that may not be accepted by the As*.-
cmtion. Any member ,o doing shall pay into the Association treasury the m.m of 50 cents per barrel for all 1-uit so sold excepting grades aforesaid. ♦„ "•. ™^^-^'" 'n the cpinion of the Directors it is impossible for the Association to receive at .ts packing bouse all fruit grown by its members, they may perm "t ind. vidua members to grade and pack the same for shipment through the AsLE
the AiMr:' '"'^'""" *" "^ ^"'^^^^ *° '""^ "'^'^'=''°" °^ *•»« ins,L.tor\p^r,:rby
and Isoftenlyo^d'^thltt ttrdim^te" '''"' ''''" ""'""^ "' ''"'' ^""' *'""^ two-^rd^^^vJ" ofXDitt.^ """''^ " " '"'""^' "' *•'•' ^«-"«^'- --"' ^^ -
KELOWNA FARMERS' EXCHANGE (LIMITED).
CO.NSTITlTIO.f AND BY-I.AWS.
1. The object of the Kelowna Farmers' Exchange is the inarketiiiK of all kinds of produce grown by the Membors of the Exchange.
2. The points of shipment for the produce shall be decided upon by Members of the Exchange.
3 At the Annual Meeting the Members shaU elect a board of 5 (five) Directors who shall at their first meeting elect the President, Vice-President, and 2nd Vice- President from their number.
4. The Directors .«hall be elected annually by ballot and shall hold oflSoe for one year unless reiiiovea for cau.se.
5. Any Director may be removed from office at any time for anv cause when two- thirds majority of the Members of the Exchange consider the removal of such Director in the best insterests of the E.xchange. In the event of such removal of a Director the vacancy so made shall be filled by the election of another Dirc.-tor by ballot at' the •ame meeting, for the unexpired term of oflice.
C. The genera! work of the Exchange shall be carried on by a Secretary, chosen by the Directors, whose work shall be.the general management of the Exciinnge the soli- citing of orders, over-seeing the receiving of produce and inspecting the same, loading of caw for shipment, keeping of accounts, and shall receive all sums of tnot.cy duo or payable to the Exchange, and shall deposit all moneys received in some chartered Bank approved of by the Board of Directors; no payment to be made without the written order of the Secretary-Treasurer and the Prc'iident, or in the case of his absence of
Ihe Vice-PrwMent, or in his aimetu-c „f Uie iud Viee-P««i,l,>..» . • i ...
«» meetiiigij of the Assotiatin.. «nJ „r ' "'^^ .«"a v lee-lTesKleiit ; ^ivi- .Iu«- notice of ceedin*, of Mme^ write «H1p«?^ ° ^"'^ "' D.n^tors; keep a record of all ,,ro-
Bori rf'j.&.r " "'""'^ '° "'" '<■"* •» •" •"»"' »>"'"•"'' «. .b.
9. Each member shall have a number or mark nK;-!. =i,,ii u i , ««k, box. crate, or other parcel or thing ship^bv'hTmTfn-^ J''"*^ ?," ."^'^'^ how such mark shall be placed '^'^ ^ "• ^*'* I>'«^tor8 shall decide
ordei^i -irp^fo^t ^re ^in/rii'^ch^^rb:^^^^^^ ;j-
P«per^filh„, of orders and convenience of shipper .il^^.'^^lZ' ;L^[Z1
prod;tl,f^^Svctr„?";h:tS^^^ •- -.idered um.. such
^«d found «t for Shipment, or h..f S'T^^^t J^i Xr^fd JXt
bcea or other packages nsed, .hall be decided b/th "'CS of Ctr^' ""'"'
-uutd^;;7b;^'h:Votro/Dit.S^. *- ^'-^ ''■'''^*''^- "••'"""^ ""'^- «-'« r.
17. Three members of the Board of Directors shall form a quorum
18. Any member of the Exchange obstructing the work of the Ex,.b«n«. « • lots or mconvenience. may be suspended by the Se-retarv until «.,uh'^' I'",? h«Te been dealt with V the Board of Directors \„vn.»" J '(»osUon shall represenUtive of the :ixcha„ge or the Bor^DirttL on S' S'he ^^.^ far any certain produce shall not disDose of it «t a„Ju ■ ^ "® ^''^ ^'^^^ to thelExchange the refusal of the same ' ^""" ""'*'" *'^fi'«* ^"•^^
19. All complaints must be made in writing to the Board of Directors.
20. Two Auditors shall be elected annually who shall aiiHit ♦»,« k« i, j
L"S.fD?s."' ''' "^ "' -^ •'-- -"•"•ll*;,!^;;;„T^•^x• .nl». U,, B..„l ..t ni„,,„„ .„ i, i. i. u»' ,„^ ™„,"^ ;!;S^' ,o d.™* '""
23. The expense of the Exchanire shall Ik> mPt hv » «,...r.„r,t„
S7
memh^rA7th«"^K *° *^f? '"'*" "'^ '^ ""**'*' ^' * t^o-thiHs majority yote of th.
no vote?),.^! *'J ^- 1"'!**'*"*^ " 1"°'""' «» »ny Shareholders' meeting, and
capitS iiLJ^L^il^!"*' t"" ''":,«,.P«*" t«. J«^y «nd collect as^samenta on the capital stock the same to become delin.iuent in thirty days from day of notice in local paper of such assessment. The Directors may sell such delinquent st^k^n^blic aucuon to the highest bidder for cash, first giving thirty days' S of Tuch sK a local newspaper, such sale to be mac', at the door of the office of the E, Im,^
26 (c) That no dividend of more than 5 per cent be paid on the stock of tha Kx..hange any surplus funds to be applied to tke running e^pensL oTIhlSchLi
noltiig vlte^Stte"' ^-''"""""^ ^''*" ^•'^ •""" «" ^"^'"'^ »"^ "•'•» »'-e first In^arin^iu'Sl^/e.lteaf"'^'''^ ^""""' '^'^''"'^ """' "^ ""''' »» *'«'
CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE ISLAND AND OYPSnw toitit COMPANY. INCORPORATED TNDER TEffi^WS OF Omo mPT TAL STOCK, $5,000. ACT AMENDED JUNE 13^ 1900
CONSTITUTION.
> in^'^'n'^i t*"'" ^''*^'"**''" f* fruitgrowers, being incorporated und.r the laws of
..:Sinthetmri;..^.*'"' ''"''' «"" "^-'■"' ^-*' ^— ^- -P'tal eto4'
Section 2. The object of its organization is for the sale of the fruits grown bv ita
members, also to buy and sell such fruits during the season a. opportunit^'rlsents
♦I, .^^;'°" 3 The annual meeting of the stockholders of this company shall be on
the hrst Saturday m December of each year. Special meetings of the sto^kholde™
Tafh LSldeVoTrr^l.""" ''' '''' '' ''' ^-^^''^^ '^ ^^^ -'- ™S^o
electS"''"" ^' ^' '^' """""' '"'''""' °* "^^ stockholder, five Directors shall be
Se<.ti.,M 5. At any meeting of the stockholders a two-thirds representation of the
tiof ;;buH'"""" " '" """"' '''''''' '''"" """*"*"*«' « '^-"™ f- the transac!
SecrS7ryTnd%l"r '' ^'^ ""''"'^ ^*'"" ™"^'''* °' « ^-■''''"*' Vice-President.
t^«. !!!*'? L^T^u 'n*^u^ \^'*' ^''^ """""^ "•^^'""« "f tl'e stockholders and Direc- S S^«o 6 ' ^"'^ "^ '^' ^'''''^'' *° *''^^* **"« "ft*^^" " »am^
«. /*^^"^ ^: -^1 «!«'*'■««'« of this company shall be by ballot, plurality electinir conducted by two tellers, appointed by U.e President. wecting.
Set^ion 9 The President, or in his absence, the Vice-President, shall preside at
:wrrrheit;rkhStr ^"- ^" ^'^^ «'•-"- «^ '^^'- - ^-'•^^■^ -"'^ ^"a" ^
38
in^^H^d^'iA^^ Swwtaty thaU keep . woorf of tho proceeding, of aU th. fT^^oh ^ """ «.d director.. «„d shall woeive as remunerati,,,, the sumot $ for^each and every meeting, when .uch «,rvic« .hall be duly rendered h, aaif icre-
Section 11 The Secretary shall keep • oorrect record of all the receipts and dis-
Drr«VarM:r ''- ^'"•'^"^"" -' ^'^ «•"-- •--»- or^rorn-L' t
Committee) to have general charge of the affairs of the cor,K>raUon during the fluh
Ste tie ~r 'r "'"" "^^ t!? ''"'"•'•^ "' """P'- The Kt rs S regulate the amount of compensation this committee shall receive.
Section 13 Any fruit grower in Ottawa County, this State, shall be eligible to become a member by a two-thirds vote of the stockholder, of reOoiS at U.e fme th^ application ,, made, also, a two-third« vote of ,„e.nbe« shJl d^e™i"e So vX. of
br:dS:disrmrtr ""'' ^-'^ ^''" ^^ ^- *•-' *— ^^ ^ - ^^
.rwvfr**""*-^*" ^''^ Constitution or By-laws may be amended at any regular or special meeting upon a vote of two-thirds of the stockholders or stock in t^e aTmJive
By-LAW9.
Of f.ih'*sWl ^Sft^"'"^ *^^ Directors, during any season when there is not a failure ?uly IsVof eaTye'^r."""" -""--'"^' •-^--ng such meetings not later than n,«.»^^*!f ^ '^^^ Executive Committee during the fruit season of each year, shall
Artick 3"^e%'''-/' ''rri" ^"^ '"'^"''^ "* *»'« ^^P"^- «•>«» demand company ' *'*""'' supervision of the business of the
Article 4 On or before the first of May of each year, when the fruit crop i. not a failure the Directors shall meet and name their Manager for the season. ^
deUit'untrVet^^^^; SIL'pi^siT °' ''' ""'^"^'^ °^ ''' ^ ^ ^ ''^
acceplE'toVJ Df^U"' ^""""' ^"'" "^'^^ """'*' ''* ^^^'^ » -" - «'''«" ^«
Article 7. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys from the Manager and denosit
the same m such bank to the credit of this company. Such depository of the funK
he d«ngnated by the Directors. The Treasurer shall check the same upon order ^m
wrSTheTrTcro'r '^ ''- ''-'-' - -- -"- '-- ^^--- - »i ^
Article 8 It shall l>e the duty of all officers to nttencl all regular and special dS^^ ff>nn.any, and to hold office until their successors shall have been
Article »• Wh,-n a vacancy shaJl happen, either by death or resignation in any of the oftces established by the constitution or by-laws of tho conipanv. it shall be filled at the next regular or special meeting '
.». li'^'^'^i'^ ^"' A* ^^"^ "'T^ f*^*'""^ f *'"' 't^x^l^holders each year, the Manager shall render a statement of the business for the season in full.
Article 11 Any member of the company may withdraw at anv time between December or the fir«t day of April. Such notice of withdrawal must be given in writing to the President or any Director of this company. Thereafter it shall be the privilege of such retiring member to sell and dispose of his or her fruits ns thev shall elect, but this company shall not take or handle any of such member':, fniit thereafter during that season, nsless it shall be determined by a two-thirds vote of all member^ m the affirmative. • <riuw:ni
Article 13. In poniideration of the MTeral asMMments which hare been placed upon the present stock of record, previous to 1900, to each and every member holding Buch stock there shall be issued (sratia) another share ($60.00) for ererj share so hold.
Every member shipping not more than 5,000 bushels of fruit shall hold two sharea ($100.00) of the capital stock for increased output, at follows:—
1 share for all over 3,000 bushels up to 6,500.
1 share for all over 6,000 bushels up to a,500.
1 share for all over 8,500 bushels up to 18,000.
1 share for all over 12,000 bushe'- up to 16,000.
1 share for all over 16,000 bushels up to 20,500.
1 share for all over 20,500 bushels up to 25.500.
1 share for all over 25,500 bushels up to 31,000.
Article 13. The stock shall pay a dividend of 7 per centum, leas incidental expenses, as repairs, insurance on buildings and taxes. This 7 per centum shall be collected from each member's fruit account in proi»ortion to the number of bushels of fruit with which each has been credited.
Article 14. Dividends on stock, as provided for in the preceding article, shall not iipiily in time of a failure of fruit crop. In such times dividends shall be void.
Article 15. No transfer of stock shall be lawful unless duly recorded upon the books of the company.
Article 16. All peaches, pears, plums and quinces grown by each and every intmber of this company shall be delivered to the company's packing house for grad- ing, packing and shipment.
Grapes and other small fruits may be delivered to the company for sale or dis- posal, and shall be disposed of for the grower on commission of one cent per basket.
Article 17. Each and every member shall pick his fruit in prime condition and deliver same promptly to the co: ipany's packing ho—e. In case green and immature fruit or overripe fruit, or windfalls, be delivered -v any member, same] may be accepted uiid said members shall be credited with average price such fruit may bring.
Article 18. Each and every member shall have the right to give away such fniit of his own raising as be or she may elect; but shall not seek, solicit or make sale of fruit outside of the company, excepting windfalls and cull grades of any fruit that may not be accepted by the company. Any member so doing shall pay into the com- pany's treasury the sum of fifty cents per bushel for all such fruit sold, excei>tiiii? sales of aforesaid grades.
Article 19. All fruit delivered each day shall be <'redited to the person furnishing the same at the average price which the fruit brouRht that day.
One-third of the amount so credited may be retained by the company until the close of the season for find settlement, and from the aggrejfate of the amount so retained from each person there shall be, at the end of the season, before paying the same over to the respective members of the company, deducted all expenses and 1<»m'.-.. All expenses of handling, packing and marketing fruit shall be borne by the several members of the company, in proportion to the number of bushels of fruit with which each has been credited. All losses and rebates shall be deducted in proportion to the money credit of each member. ""
Article 30. Whenever, in the opinion of the Directors it is impossible for the company to receive at its fruit house all the peaches grown by its members, they may permit individual memWrs to grade and pack the same for shipment through the house, such period to be limited by the Directors. Reasonable compensation will be ullowed for such itradins and packing.
Article 21. Permanent or temporary additions, extensions or any new buildings from time to time that may be constructed by the company including the present ice house, the cojt of same shall be paid by the stock of issue by a fund sufiieient to meet •uch costs by an assessment upon the said stock as it shall appear against each an 1 •rerjr member, and not as an item of general expense.
Artid* M. The cort of ice and cost of putting same into ice houae aa it now ««MJa, and each and every wason when the said ice houie shall be filled, shall fo into the general expen*. ...d be paid for as named in Article 19 of the By-laws.
if th.-'! f if L "? l^ /•""]••! "^*''*' " ""^ " '^'''"* 3 of the Constitution.
the Board of Directors th«,. ,f ,„ their opinion it shall be deemed best, can order a
f ^'" i!"*^ ^ be declared and paid to ea.h stmkholder of noord up to the first day of December of each year. r «< ■-« "«i. u«y
FORM RECOMMEXDKI) FOR ONTARIO.
This set of by-laws was prepared by the District Kepn-scutatives of the Ontario DepRrtment of Agriculture, in consultation with the .M.„.u«er« of Co-Operative
pSaT^reui'Xi^err"^ '' '""^ "^'-""'^"^ '' ^«"^"""'^ ""'' '»'«
1. This Association shall be known as the Marketing Association.
J. J he objects of the Association are for the production, gradiug and selling of i^'hL' L'fu u' T '"*•"'*"' to Purch-M supplies, packages, machinery, etc., to buy and .ell such other products during the season as opportunS pre-
3 The annual meeting of the Association shall b© held on..., in in each year. ....•«
««.«; ^""'^ i"' ^^t """"'' '"^*'"'^ "•"•" ^ «"^» «"«!» 'nember in writing by the becretao- not less than one week previous to the date of the meeting.
„«tJ~; ''PT5' f"'*'"'^ ""y *>« ^^W "t "ny t'«« upon call of the President by written
Te^lil'l! "^K %""'^'"''"'^' *^'« •'"y" '*'°'^ tl*^ •"«'''"*'• SP«='«1 meetings sSl
6 It Lv n, 7'^''""^ whenerer required to do so in writing by any ten rmbew!
•hnl' ^* ^^^ "TiV ""**•"* • ^"^ "^ Directors shall be elected, of
'"'*'™ V •*""" constitute a quorum at any Board meeting
8. The officers bhall consist of a President, Vice-President and a Secretary.
fi™t KJi^,^^!^^ ff ^ chosen by the Directors from among themselves at the nrst ijoard meeting after the annual meeting.
10. At the annual nieeti»j< two auditors shall be elected
11. All the elections shall be by haUot, plurality electing, conducted by two B.rutincers appointe<l by the Chairman.
12. The Board of Directors shall employ a business Manager, who shall also act as Ireas.irer of the Association. The business Manager shall not be a member of the Koartl of Directors.
u '^ J^. P"**"'^"* **"»^I P'^side at all meetinurs. He shall call meetings of the Hoard of Directors and members when necessary, and shall advise with and render such assistance to the Jlanaser ns nuiy be in his power. In his absence, the Vice- 1 resident shall have and exercise all rights and powers of the President
14. The Secretary shall keep a record of the proceedings of all meetings and of all receipts and disbursements, r.nd report the condition of the finances annually or as often as the Din»ctors shall desire.
1.5. The Manager shall have charge of the business in detail, under the direction 01 the rSoard of Directors.
16. The Manager and Treasurer and Secretary shall give bonds in such sums as may be acceptable to the Association.
• ^"^^ The Director? may select three of their number to act as an Executive Com- mittee (the President to serve as Chairman), to have general charge of the affairs of the Association.
'41
k 1^'J^ ' vacancy shall oocur through any cauie in any of the offit>.« mtablished Uy the by-lawg of the A»»ooiation. it shall be filled at the next n-Kular or sneoial meeting. '
.K i"; ^1;^ "•"""> ''"«' "f Hi'" Assoc-iation xhall be payable on or bifore
the date of the annual nie<'fiiitf.
20. Each member at the time of unitiuK with the AswK-iation shall give a i.romis-
•4.ry note, pi^yablc on demand, to the Aasociation. for the sum of dolla's, and
an additional. ..... . .for each and every owned by the membir at the i me of
joining the Association, but m no cane shall the promisnor,- note be for less a sum >"«n dollars.
„„o J^'/* ^ •*'"'*' °^ ".""'"•^ "^'^^ *•'*' Association and at the , i.d of each three iTI^ J*^ the incorporation of the Association, and not le»« than ten days previou. to the date of the next annual meeting, each member shall tile with the Secretary a
true stat«nerit of the number of own«) by the member at that time.
iii^r t » "^".''^''« «fte' the annual meeting at the end of .mh third year the JJirector. shall require each member to sign a promissory note payable on demand to
the Association, of the sum of dollars, and an additional for ea.h an 1
w7L' V ■ ■ "T" ^ *•*! """**' '* *•** *'"•• '•»* ^ »*> «•« **" the promissory
■ ^J^r V, li a'v *"•" *•""•• -i "^*'"'"- ^° «>n«d««tion for the san... th'
Sv .-,7JK J'?' *!!^' *" *»>«: °»«Kt^ note previously given by the me.nb,.r. duly cancelled and stamped with the seal of the AsaocUtion.
he ,,!il It*ir*n"' ^^^ '°*'"'^r' "'"." ^ ^ P~P*"*y ** ^^' Awoeiation and shall be usoil by the Directors as collateral security with which to secure nee,led <>apital for the transaction of the business of the Association.
^-J.^^liiTi!'^"*^**'!,*'"' r!r. °/. '."^ "* ^ member, m deposited as security for a r^ ! .•"«•»**"»''«" individually share the liability ia proportion to the value of the note given to the Association by each member.
«n..,?«t11l ^'"^ ""'T'lus moneys in the possession of the Association to be divided aniongst the memU-rs shall be proportioned to each member on the basis of the value of tlK> business done by the member with the Association.
'i^- ^y ....producer in county «hall be eligible to become a
mem^r by a two-th.rds vote of the members at the time the application is made.
1 ^'!; ••••:■• f"^"*'*^ '"' *■'* **y ^^ membera and acceptable to the Wan- Zdit 1 / I^ ^ ^t Association as directed by the Directors, and in prime
eondition for grading, packing and shipping. Other products may be
delivered for sale as determine by the Directors.
mpetiS; IJ^*^"" "'.**'«. ^^''"^^'".tion shall be audited before the date of the annual
^t^ « ? Al!"i. 1^ J " "'*"!"' * ^""**^ statement of the receipts and expendi- tures as audited shall be presented to each member.
♦I..J/' ^^^* ^r'""" T^ ^ amended at any regular or special meeting by a two- thirds vote of the members present in the affirmative. Notice of such amendments must be given each member by letter at least five days previous to the mS
30. Any member havinR a grievanoe or cause of complaint as to treatment of *"' *"■ hy the Association, may appeal to the Directora.
AFPEKDXZ I.
The following is a list of the co-operative asaooiationa operating in CaaaJa. eorrectod t» «lot«' :— •"-•<—,
Prince Edward Itland —
The Co-operative Fruit Co., Charlott4>town.
Nova Scotia —
Aiibiini Fruit Co., Auburn.
Aylesford Fruit Co., Aylesford. •Bear Kivcr. Bear River.
Berwiclc Fruit Co., Berwiclc.
Blouiiiloii Fruit Co., Bloini<lim.
BriilKetowii Fruit Co.. Bridgetown. *Brool(land Fruit Co., T^iwreiieetown.
Canard Fruit Co., Hillaton.
Central Fruit Co., Clarenee.
Clarence Fruit Co., Clarenee.
Comwallia Fruit Co., Waterville.
Enterprise Fruit Co., Clarenee.
Orrad Pre Fruit Co., Grand Pre.
Granville Fruit Co., Upper Granville.
Kentville Fruit Co., Kentville.
Kingaport Fruit Co., 'Kingsport. 'Kingston Fruit Co., Kingston. •Lawrencetown Fruit Co., liawroiieetown. Maple Leaf Fruit Co., Canning. May Flower Fruit Co., 'Kingsport. Middleton Fruit Co., Middleton. New Minas Fruit Co., Sunnyside. Paradise Fruit Co., Paradise. Pleaaaat Valley Fruit Co., Berwick. Port Willinmg Fruit Co., Port Williams. Round Hill Fruit Co.. Round Hill. S. B. ChuU' Fruit Co., Berwick. Sheffield Mills Fruit Co., Sheffield Mills. South Farmington Fruit Co., South Farinitigton. Starr Fruit Co., Paradise. ♦Fnion Fruit it Produce Co., Williamston. Waterville Fruit Co., Waterville.
Mbotatford Fruit Growers' Society. AbSotsford.
MvrMoek Fruit Growers' Co-operative Association, Havelock
Soci*^ Co-op«rative Agricole de» Fruitiers de Saint Hilnire, St Hilaire
Soc.^t^ ( o-op«rative Agricole de Kamouraska, Ste. Anne-de-la-Pocati«re
^'■l^A n'!:^\'''^ t ^»"'"''«'« <»« »*• Joseph-du-Lac, St. Joseph-du-Laa
Soci^t^ Co-op^ative Agricole de Rougement St. Michel tb, Rougemoat.
♦A* these societiw with the exception of those marked with an asterisk an membew ^ tfae United Fruit Companies Limited, of Nova Scotia, Berwick, N.8.
Qvthee—CoaclmM.
*Oii<arto —
Alvin.ton F. O. A., Aughrim.
Aiitastor V. ({. A., rfaii.ilioii.
Arkona F. CJ. A.. Arkona.
Brant F. (i. A.. nurf..nl.
Brant Packing F. A., Hurfofd.
Brighton Co-operative F. (i. A.. Brighton.
burgeMvillc F. O. A., Burgossville
Burlington F. O. A.. Burlington.
Byron F. (J. A.. Tanihling Cornor*.
Curadof V. (i. A.. Fn Icon bridge.
Chatham F. O. A., Chatham.
Clarkaon F. O. A., Clarkson.
Cobourg F. O. A., Baltimore.
Durham F. O. A., Port Hope.
Forest F. G. A. t Forwarding Co.. Forent.
0<jorgotown Co-operative Aosooiation. (Jeorgetown
(.eorgian Bay Fruit Growers' A8..n.. Ltd.. Thornbury.
Olencoe F. 0. A., Appin.
Gore F. G. A.. Norwich.
Grafton F. O. A., Wicklow.
Granton f. G. A., Granton.
Hageriville F. G. A.. Tlnircwville.
Hatcbley Station F. G. A., Uatohley SUtion.
iluldiniBud F. <}. A., Duniivillc
Huron F. O. A., Goderich.
nderton F. G. A., llderton.
Inwood F. G. A., Inwood.
Johnson F. G. A., Forest.
Jordon Co-operation Asan., .Tordoa.
Lambton F. O. A., Sarnia.
Hilton F. G. A.. Milton.
Mount Nemo F. G. A., Nelson.
Newcastle F. G. A.. Newcastle.
Norfolk F. G. A.. Simcoe.
North Brant F. O. A., Cainsville.
Northumberland Co.-operative F. O. A., Brighton
Ontario & Western Co-operative F. O. A., Grimsby
Orono F. O. A.. Orono.
Oshawa F. O. A., Oshawa.
Owen Sound F. O. A., Owen Sound.
Oxford F. G. A.. Oxford Centre.
Pelham F. G. A., Fonthill.
Port Burwell F. G. A., Vienna.
Prince Edward F. G. A., Wellington.
Simcoe Fruits Limited, Barrie.
Sparta F. G. A., Sparta.
• Nearly all these Ontario associations are members of tiie Co-onent}.. If^ Growers of Ontario, Limited, Toronto. " "» we M>-operBttT» Frail
OHlmrio—CuiluM.
Ht. r«Uiiiri»« CoM Ht„n0, k PorwanH..
TilUnbunr F. O. A.. TilliMbunf.
WBllawbiinr F. (J. A.. WallBeehnrg.
WardMill,. F. O, A.. Wanlivilfc.
Watford F. O. A.. WHtford.
Wi.||«nd F. <). A.. .Vl,ir.,hvillr.
Wcntworth F. (J. A.. Hannlton.
Wiiioim F. O. A.. Winoim.
Wyoininir F. O. A„ W.vi.niiiiif. BrUuh Columbia—
rnp«toii Fruit I'nii.ii. Crwiton.
Oraiid Forkt F. O. A.. Urui.d Forka.
HMmi.ioi„| F. O. rnioii. Mgmu.oii.l.
Ilauic F. O A.. HaUio.
Kelowna Farmer.' Exchange, KVIownn.
K<H.fa.na.v Fruit »!r,.w«.r.' Inioii. N,.U„„.
Miaaion Di.trirt F. O. A.. lliMion.
Okanagan Fruit Tlnion. Ltd., Vernon.
Balmon Ann Fannem' Exchanip-, Salmon Arm.
Vernon Fruit Co., Vernon.
Bt Catkarini%
Tam.k Nu. 1. __^AmM wi,K,rtf,l fr,,,,, r,„«d, hi the 7Mn 1898 to IMl inolutiT..
IWI VahM
C»»* Ymt. <nnl V««. ,<j|„^ Briuin
i.«Hro
MI»4U
n*,tu umtm i.iiti.n4 Ltar.Ma i,ti7.aM
tn.Mi
1.IW.U» 1.0*1(M
i,«M,<n
I,«M,1«5
1,410,470
ien.itt
l,48S,n7
i.a«t,tiM
Il7at,734 4,aOII^7W
a«/,4«T 4,a«i,4i« i;ns4,«M 4,an,6M
S.a04,(»7
i,w,m
l,7a«.H4 5104,107
*f lUOBtbs.
- U"^lt thoTSfnVf i^'*r'*V"""'' to the eiport t«d. .nd h.«^f„„ «!Li-^!.r^. T ''■•'>*/' ♦■■"•>« »•>«« fiinirw •• • criterion for the proRreM of th«
rILnr«ljr^/S!!r"°"^" our home m-rketo-notobly in We.tem C.nad.-within
^^i^lZ^nLT "' '""^*"' '"^ •" "*•- - »»' • '-'•' of »-' •»«»
Tabu No. 8. KKporto of Canadian Appleg by period» for the Years 1906-07 to 1911-12. incluaive.
Ymt.
1906- 7.. M07-8.. 1S08-9..
iso»-ia.
1910-11..
nii-ia..,
From Jalj
Utto Sept. SO.
Pnemt of Total Trado.
Brb.
8.S70
e,<M6
33,743
I3,S4A
u,.iog
98,407
0-88 040 3 16 083 S45 8-78
Fran Oat.
Utio Dee. 31.
PeroMlof Total TtBdA
BrU.
6:7,991 «<IO,787 739,774
1,002,366 ni,836
1,000,430
•SIS 40 13 69 36 6004 6406 6166
FfoB Jan.
latto Job* 30.
IWl Trade.
Brb.
367,00 97ai990 304,034
903,109 148,233 660,436
36-97 60-47 37-60 34-13
.-«-49
Totnl for Twelve Month*.
094.3M( 1,046,431 1,068,061 1,(18,000
502, "OT 1,718,263
*.. * ^^~'^ intention of the above toble is to divide the exporto into thiee periodi ^t will gynehroniae with the three main diriaions of the crop, viz., Early Fall and Winter applea. Of course the last two diriaJona particularly arc not cl4r cut aa winter vanetiea may be ahipped before the end of the year and fall varietiea mav be carried over mto January. The Ubulation is intereatinir, however, in that it showa the heavy volume of experts durinpr October, November and December— equal to two- tt- rds of the total trade— and the growth of the export trade in early applea.
Tamji No. S.
AmM» Tf.Hy Riporti ef Appk;. f»m (.„«d. .nrf the r«ri«| Atatot in Fi»« Ycr
PrHmb from ltl93 to 1»1S.
AfMiw* YMriy Kainrto.
MMIMT
uw-im iMt-uer
INT-ltU
OMMd*.
» " lUieh «t, Vr to 'U
Brh.
•14 tM
7n,l«
l.IM,SU
Uaitod
YMnnuM JumMi
BrU.
S7I.IM
T*i»r.B No. 4.
Showiiw Quantitie. of Apple. B.n.na. and Or.n,r« Imported into th. rnited Kingdom in the Vrar» named.
(Tean ended Daoember Slat).
Ymtt.
Applra.
im.
IM.
law.
UM.
WW. 1808. 1MB.
laia
1911. UUL
Cwti.
oflUlba. l.l»,»ll
i.83ano
a.S43^17 4.aM,6M 3.771,7(11 S.4H6aO t,8(k>,73S S.Bail.» S, (78.079 a,ll»,6« 3,MS,»)6
a»ss3;6i8
ilWl,947
BundiM. 1.9R7.44t
l.MM,7W 3,(M7,5U a.S10lSlt
^7sr.Bl4
6.4IB,7IM <I,»11U
6,SS8^0«B fl.0W.679 «.714,<79 «.I>78,8S7
OnHi«n.
Ovii. of 11311m,
S.»l,8a7 •,178.7nt
4Hni.iM ^om.5M ^8ao,uii M»,ii«
5,IM4,IHI
s,4>m,an
\3IH.14a » MI6I,719
..d o«,.„ import^ ,S wV; iSi liur T" . . "■■;'!"•■■■''■' "' >PPl»
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
or TBI
DAIRY AND COLO STORAfiE COMMISSIONER'S SERIES.
Dmta iMsea. Ko.
1005 lOOS 1906
18d6
1»0«
IBOT 1907
loor
1907 1B07 10O» 1«10 1910 1910 1910 I9I1 1911
1911 1011 1911
1913 1912 1918 1918
1910 1911 1911 1919 1919
1907 1911 1919 1912
I
7
11
IS
IS
14
17
• 19
•80
•M
99
S«
»
96
97
99
90 30 91
•39 33 34 85
1 8 3 S
e
HEPOBTO. **»^|*,»' **• ^^irr ComatlMtomev, JunaiT, 190B, t* Karak,
10O7, 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911 iSftltT^^^^ ^
BDI.I,BTIlf8. TltU.
i^A H £^" Bxltlalt layortwa of >teM rrodasto. Wrt •< fsPfrtm of 9<w«Omm«1» IMMtaT
B«ttw '••*•" **•* •«*»•> »>»«r W«U» OMtea* of "'•<^"'S?**f**5? ■■»•>«*' P*'* IX »• •■louded im 1907-S.
"•"JS-^Xi^-iSSSS!* '^** —• "•*- - **• — »"-
9w««t OrMm Bmtter.
The FaakiaK of Amloo ta BamU aad Bas««. »o Vm of loe o» StTrnxm.
n* OpvUac of XUk for caMOMaaklna. OaUMorace aad th» Cold 9toMca A«t. "•»•** «B 9oao Trial 9M»»omti of Cold Otovaco As^a^
- ■Wp5»«»t» of roaohoa, 1910. Aei^^ Iada«t»|r, aa HUtorUal aad D..ori»ttM
Notoa fMP Faotory CkooMmakon. Croaai Cliooae.
* '">&* VffitfiTSlir*^ O^amoH.. ^ C..d..«« Tba Can of Cnam for BattanaaJdac. 0»^y«r»tloa aad Fratt Ovowiai!
9aiall Cold Storaaroa, Jto. ^^
OIROOXABS.
laad Ofceoao Cara, 1910. Tko Milk Taat Aet.
s:d'*5:ir.:jLa'?»*'c*^^tSr**'~ *• *^* ^*^'
OroaoMry Cold Stovaice Boaaaoa.
8PECIAI. PVBUCATIOir9. ''•'•.r'e."^"8.1Vdi;°°'**'" •' ""^^ raatoria. aad Craaa..
"'''rce'j:b\\%^tr.'L?'7Tir*l"91?""''''"*' " "''"^ ="-'*- ProceeUiaB. of the Tltird CoatareaM of Frolt Grower, of th.
Domialon of Csnnda, FsbroATr 14 1012 """^ "x tao
Ropopt of a Special Inontrr lato the Frtat 'orowiac Coadi.
tloM. In Canada. 1911. by Wm. H. BnatJiiB. *'"»«»-
„ ,*«3^ •£ *^S* P'Wi'M'tlo" wiU be »ent free of oharse oa au<ill«.f<^. . x.. Oatrr *«« <Mb| 8torWKe Comn, ; .,ioBer, Ottawa. Oat. •VP"e»t»oa to the
•A valllllBt ana*1>er of balletina 20, 28 »«<? 32 will !>. .._« ♦ ^^ •f .Byakooa. faoiopy or oreamaP, to aap^oif tJ eieh^^JSJa.*" *"'