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(716) 28S-5989-Fa« BULLETIN 186.1 [NOVEMB t^t'' i Qntaiio Department of Agpcultuie ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Little Peach Disease By Lawson Cabsas, Departmknt op Biotoc^. The object of this Bulletin is to give peach growers the most up-to- date information that I have been able to obtain on the disease known as Little Peach, and at the same time to warn them of the danger of allowing trees attacked by it to remain in their orchards. Some do not need any warning, because they take no chances with diseased trees, but by far the majority are careless, largely because they have not yet realized that Little Peach is a very destructive disease, much more destructive than Yellows. Trees attacked by Little Peach can probably be found here and there throughout the entire Niagara district and the other peach-growing dis- tricts of the Province. If there are any districts where the disease does not occur to-day, it may be expected to make its presence known in a few years. Hence this subject concerns every peach-grower in the Province. In some districts the disease has already made such progress that whole orchards have become diseased and worthless and many trees in orchards nearby attacked. To make the symptoms of Little Peach clearer by comparison, I shall first mention those of Yellows. Symptoms of Yzllows. (l) The most characteristic symptoms of Yellows are the premature ripening and red spotting of the fruit. It may ripen from a few days to several weeks before the normal time. The surface of such fruit is regul- arly highly colored and mottled or spotted with red. Inside, reddish streaks extend through the flesh from the skin to the pit, and the flesh around the pit itself is redder than normal. Sometimes only one branch or even one twig will show these symptoms, but the presence even of a single fruit is enough to prove that the tree has the disease. Cutting off sudh brar-hes will not save the tree. The first year the fruit is often somewha ' wgtr than usual, but after this, as the tree becomes weakened witli the >. .sease, the fruit tends to become smaller. t^\ ^J^^^^ "* ** "''y «*««e8 of the disease. .fcJi^ '"'.P"*"**"" bursting of buds in the axils of the leavM th»t ihoald remain unopened until next year. *** vellol i?or*'''J^'^"^/**«*' °' **»' *^"~>« *« l«vc» become a sickly l.i^*u ?y "'"."P^*''d« somewhat, and droop. In early staies hVJ- Symptoms op Littlb P«ach. thai nnJif./^l"*!S^* indicates, the fruit is usually considerably smaller uiSkr^I^i °u*^ sometimes the difference in size is not veryXt mo ?^^ '• **°^*^''r' •* ^^' "ot ripen prematurely, nor have thrred der^2?aS A? oT'l°'..*'' '*"*''"^. '"^'^^ ^^ ^^'^ abn't^auS weeks li^Sf,* ^ • ^u** ~°*«^. it ripens from one to several and insfde ^. fl ' *"^ v*' ** ~'°^ °^ » ''«'*y P^^-^h both outside b^ fafrlv LThiS ^^ T^ ,'^,P°?''' " •" *' *^"* °f Yellows, or it may r2? TWii r"f ''"' '•*.*''; '' *"y' *^°™ *»* °f healthy peaches. ^ row sckT? vdW t^^'J"^:?] "'''^"^^^ of *oots. with Lill. nar- i^7j,^u./. '**''" '°'"*** frequently on the trunks and lower main ^rfi^w/"'* " '",*''* *=*" °^ Y*"°^s. there is not uncommonly a con- and fol ""T* °' ?'""''*"'"^ ''""*'"^ °f buds in the aSuT^he leaves Jote^ nott:;^^' '^T'^^^^buds on the main branches suli bud .' rYrrri^ •^r*,'"'^ '^' ^"*J^ ^owths refe^ed to above (4) The leaves m the lower and central parts of diseased tre« r^a„t ouf rT f '^""''^ ^'"°^'^^ °^ reddish-yelW cdo- 'k'wh^^^^^^^^^ out on the tree remain green. As the disease a coloring of the leaves gradually extends outwar ' i. itie branches, and in severe cases the whole of the fc ^ m tills way. cnJ£.J^^ If*"""' "P*<='*"y '" tbe inner and lower parts of the tree commonly roll somewhat upwards, then by the gradual bending of the biicS tlZ;,'"mlS:r''?': ^'^ curling iwnwardsaTo'und th l^^ J^' -^ ^'^'^ * clustered appearance to the leaves on manv brandies and twigs, and when accompanied by the sickly yXwan^J^ Yeltews it^Sie Fo/lAri' 5?f ^ ''^v^ "P°" ^°' ** identification of xeiiows, It IS the FOLIAGE that must be our guide in identifying Little f e yellowish •s the tip of .mes affected Peach. The fruit in this case often helps, but everyone should study the chanc Ac appearance of the foliage, especially as described in 4 and 5 above, liy careful comparison of diseased trees with healthy ones, a grower can learn more about the disease in half a day than any amount of pnnted descriptions can teach him. Most cases of Little Peach are easily sdentified with or without the fruit. Some cases, however, take a good deal of study. Frequently one is at a loss to know whether trees without fruit are attacked by Yellows or Little Peach, and sometimes it seems impossible to distinguish between them. But this need not be a cause of worry because trees attacked by either disease must be removed. OTHBK TboUBUSS LiKKtY TO BE CoNFUSED WiTH LITTLE PEACH AMD YEUX)WS. (i) When root aphids (tiny, shining, black insects, found on the roots) attack a young tree they cause the foliage to turn reddish-yellow. Such attacks, however, can be fairly easily distinguished from Little Peach by the fact that the foliage in the former case shows the reddish- yellow color on the outer or terminal part of the trees first and the central part still remains green, while in the latter case the reverse of this happens. So far, however, as I know, there are very few examples of root aphis attacks in Ontario. (2) Leaving the wire to which the tag was attached on young trees will girdle them and cause them to turn yellow. (3) Borers at the base of trees frequently girdle them and cause the foliage to turn yellow. (4) The foliage of trees turns yellow whenever there is lack of avaik able plant food in the soil. This is nearly always the case in sod orchards and in poor soil that is not manured or fertilized in some way. Careful study of the leaves will show, however, that they lack several of the char- acteristics of Little Peach and also of Yellows. (5) On trees that have been severely attacked by Leaf Curl and have lost most of their foliage, numerous concealed buds on the main branches will burst and form little rosettes of leaves. These leaves, however, are quite green and need not be mistaken for either Little Peach or Yellows, especially when one observes the traces of Leaf Curl still on the trees. (6) Powdery Mildew often attacks the terminal leaves and gives them a peculiar rolled appearance, sometimes causing them to have a rosetted look. This should not confuse anyone if they examine the leaves and see the white, powdery substance formed by the Mildew. Wherever the Mil- dew works on the leaf, development is retarded and the leaf, in conse- quence of growth in other parts, becomes distorted. nojL^i ^^if******* imperfectly fertUiied peache. are fooad atoot with nii«talten for Uttle Peach because of their imaU tiae If hoiMw th** are cut through with a knife it will be werSat Ae dt i. iTHid tS £Sf^ ^ i"' ^ *^1 "'"^'^y' "°°ot ^ «>» through in this way wd when broken, the kernel i. found to be developed noriSally ''V* •«<'. when Lmrut PtACH in Michigan. Aat Sute for a very long time and more has probably been d^etheJ^ m Ae way of combating it than in any other pkce On the way 1 called at Unsing, where I interviewed several of th<. ssS's;: mV'o^er • "^'t ^' ^^ -^^n^st^'tht SwwSc TLt .« • '''" Vi*" Pfo<=««d«d to the Township of baugatuck, about 40 miles west of Grand Rapids. Here, thev said I jhojUd find out more ateut the disease than in any othefJS of?he Sute It was in this district that Prof. Waite. of Washington DC carri^ on an eradication experiment in the control of LittleTi'h im'^nW m extent. Mr. Horace Welch, who assisted Prof. Waite in Ais exn«i ment and who is believed to be the best authority in Michi«^ on^e" ^J^l^'aid "'"/': '"*"'=' ^" "'^ ""-^ ' at^nce (^lleTon Mr Welch and was fortunate enough to find him at home. He verv kindlv vohinteered to drive me around through the orchards and to he7p me k every possible way to gain the knowledge I was in search of Thtc^Jte^ part of two days was spent with m visiting orchards obse- thl degree of the prevalence of the disease, its peculL ZpToms^ t^^ .th^! oT£!.^:^°cr*^°"^"^ '' ""' '^'"'^ ^' ^"^^ ^^STn'd otrS What is Known Aboux the Dissash in Michigan. obtaTni:!!!""^'"^ information applicable to Ontario peach growers was mJnliya^li^u^^ '' * ''^'^ destructive disease; in the opinion of the majority of Michigan growers it is several times more destructive thai' Peach YeUows. Wherever affected trees have been allowed to rLab Ae whole or^ard. m » rule, hu tecome hopelessly disetsed in four or !!1Z*^ ^'- ^•*** *^ *•"**»«" "^ "o** A»n ICO orchards thus aestn^ea (a) So far as known no variety of peach tree is exempt. (3) Japanese pltuns are quite subject to the disease. I myself saw three plum orchards with several of the trees attacked by Little Peach. It it dear, therefore, tha* they must not be overlooked when takinc Pleasures for the control of the disease. (4) Little Peach attacks trci from two years of age upwards. (This IS also, of course, true of YeUows.) (5) The diseve has been successfully controUed in Michifan and other places, but only by the removal each year as soon as possible of aU clearly diseased trees and also aU suspected ones. It is absolutely neces- sary to remove the suspicious cases as weU as the clearly diseased. (6) Co-operation in control measures is necessary, and, wh«rt orchards are close together, as in OnUrio peach districts, is imperaUve; for no person can thoroughly control the disease in his own orchard bv the removal of diseased trees if his neighbor only a few rods away fails to remove his. If, however, the orchards are half a mile or more apart, one may hope to be able to keep his own orchard fairly free from the disease. even mdependently of his neighbors. (7) Where trees have been removed because of the disease, young trees may, if desired, be set in the same place next spring. Such trees are not any more subject to Littie Peach and Yeltews than any other trees in the orchard. Prof. Waite, of the Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D.C.; Prof. Blake, of New Jersey, and several others, agree with this statement. (8) The cause of LitUe Peach (or of YeUows; is not yet discovered. (9) It IS not definitely known in how many ways the disease may be spread. It is probably first brought into a district on nursery stock, and once in the orchard it certainly spreads from one tree to another, but just how no one knows. Many think that the time .f mfection is dunng the blossoming season. A numbtr of things point that way out tHf evi- dence is not conclusive. u i'°l ■^^* ******** *^ ** pr-pagated by budding, as has been p,u*en by Dr. Smith and Prof. Waite in the case of Yellows. Mr. Weich ^4dc more than aoo bud« from trees showing symptoms of tittle Pea «H inserted some in young seedlings and others in older trees. The* took just as well as those from heakhy trees, and in every case the developed, but not until the second year, and in some cases the third (II ) Whether the pits from Little Peach will grow and produce me disease is not yet proven. (Prof. Phillips, of Virginia, believes a percentage of them will do so.) {«rl.?.lT^* ordii«nr tystem of intpcctton lor YeUowt (u practieed L??„ JH' "°V,"?'r '°' ^'^'^^ ^«~''' - »»"• *-"« often dowSS •how m trees until the latter part of September. Therefore intrection work .hould continue up to the coloring of the leaves by fr«i7 ""^'^^'^ »««;'«# i\l! "S^ •? ^'"-^l"*"* occurrence to find trees with all the sym- T*. ♦K w ! ^*!lf'' **"P! ^ '^"^ '™'^ "P*" -omcwhat prenuituJely Thf. u n? 2 •' "^ ^^^^- Such fruit shows no signs of Yellow. ^ i »«PO"'bly an abnormal case oi Little Peach, though some think i time" Wh^tlv^S'tS."'' ""^Yellows attackini the SeTtl^T^e tune. Whatever be the cause, these trees must be destroyed just as if they had typical LitUe Peach or YeUows. ^ ' RvCOMMINOATIONt. P.A**fu°^x n '^^ '^''** ••** *'**° mentioned above in regard to LitUe Peach, the followmp recommendations seem desirable — vJ^^ ^*'?T-*'^ ?I''*r^ 'y**"" °' 'n»P«ction of orchards for Peach Ye bws and Uttle Peach be improved (a) by appointing more inspectors, so that each man will have a smaller area to cover and the-efore te able 1? ll«f?J ""ore thoroughly; (b) by having each orchard inspected at least twice and preferably three times a year, the first beginning about August ist or the last week in July, and the last continuing^nto Oc*oS until the fros 8 color the leaves. This late inspection will be found mosi h2«fh ill "'' i'^ **^.^^'"5 '"P''^*^" ^""y encouragement lot thorough both m markmg diseased and suspicious trees and in enforcing heir removal withm a reasonable time, in no case permitting such trees to remain until the next season. * (a) That if it is not found possible to enforce the removal of trees uL u ,/'""*°*, '"**^°^ °^ appointing inspectors, the peach-grower, should hold^a conference and endeavor to get such changes made as wiU overcome this difficulty. * ,«„^^^*TiI'*V***'*' P«ach-gTower make himself famiKar with the symp- toms of the disease and help his neighbor to learn them, and by his own inspection supplement the work of the regular inspector. This is the way ttie best men are doing to-day in every district where Yellows or Little r'eacn is to be found. J ^^^ ^?** nurserymen, recognizing the importance to the peach in- dustry and to their own reputation of supplying perfectly healthy stock lake every precaution in their power to secure buds from trees that ar^ undoubtedly free from the disease. To do this means that they must entrust the work only to very reliable and intelligent men. It is not safe to take buds from trees in orchards where there is a considerable amount of the diseue. because some of the trees from wh? > .Iiey are taken may be just contracting it and not show the symptoms ■• later. It is neces- saiy to go to orchards that arc known to be free from this disease and Yellows. In this connection it should not be forgotten that the disease seldom shows up m the nursery rows and that it is not tr.til the trees are set out m the orchards that it begins to make its appi.arance. This is . because it takes from two to three years from the time the buds are inserted before Little Peach has sufficiently deve?" tain«> by S local «^!!? Y^'""*"*" '° ^''^ ^°"^ ""^n' '^Jch was 1906. and the ?Sf ^ ?!',"» *"" '*•" '^'^'^'''^ »" ««xl condition wfar as the Yellows and Little Peach are concerned. « « uie «,h«;i wmflar eradication test was started by the Department of Agri- m^f^r* ^r" Y^*' *" *^o-oP««tion with the ComeU State Experi- ment Station, through arrangements with Professors Bailey and Craie Inderal it may be stated that from the eradication tests where careful I^ «? iuIX^ Tl* °T * <=°n«d«'»Me area, and from the experi- ena of the best-worked orchards, of which there are a large nwribeVin Mwhigan and a good many in New York, it is considered that when ordin- IPL? 2?**°' '*^**'°' ** ^"""'^ '<^» f««" **»« YeUows should be reduced 10 less tnan i per cent per annum where prompt and careful eradicatkm IS done. »,.„!*!!! *" *'""*' "^T* **' ** peach-growers of Saugatuck Township have bMome overconfident and careless, with the result that these men's ^^J! « J? *°i*^ '^'" becoming diseased, while those who have kept up the fight are keeping their orchards healthy. OnfariS%A " ^™'" ^''*''' ***"*"" '^'°'* ** ^™** ^™^«" Assodrtion of