CIHM
Microfiche
Series
(IVIonographs)

ICMH

Collection de
microfiches
(monographles)

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Canadian Institute for Historical Microroproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibllographiques

The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original
copy available for filming. Features of this copy which
may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of
the images in the reproduction, or which may
significantly change the usual method of filming are
checked below.

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Coloured covers /
Couverture de couleur

Covers damaged /
Couverture endommagte

Covers restored and/or laminated /
Couverture restaur^e et/ou pellicul^e

Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque

Coloured maps / Cartes gdographiques en couleur

Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) /
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)

Coloured plates and/or illustrations /
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

Bound with other material /
Reli^ avec d'autres documents

Only edition available /
Seule Edition disponible

Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along
interior margin / La reliure serr^e peut causer de
I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge
int^rieure.

Blank leaves added during restorations may appear
within the text. Whenever possible, these have been
omitted from filming / II se peut que certaines pages
blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration
apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela ^tait
possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6\6 film^es.

Additional comments /
Commentaires suppl^mentaires:

L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a
6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem-
plaire qui sont peut-dtre ur^iques du point de vue bibli-
ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite,
ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^tho-
de normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous.

I I Coloured pages / Pages de couleur

I I Pages damaged / Pages endommag6es

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Pages restored and/or laminated /
Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul^es

0 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed /
Pages dteolor^s, tachet^es ou piqudes

I [ Pages detached / Pages d6tach6es

[•I Showthrough / Transparence

I I Quality of print varies /

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Quality in^gale de I'impression

Includes supplementary material /
Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire

Pages wholly or partially obscured by en-ata slips,
tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best
possible image / Les pages totalement ou
partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une
pelure, etc., ont 6\6 film^es k nouveau de fagon k
obtenir la meilleure image possible.

Opposing pages with varying colouration or
discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best
possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des
colorations variables ou des decolorations sont
film^es deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image
possible.

This Kern it fiinwd at tht reduction ratio chocked below /

Ce document eat film* au taux de rMuctlon Indlque cMleaaoua.

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30x

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The copy filmtd h«r« ha* be tn reproduced thanks
to tha generosity of:

L'exemplairc film* fut reproduit grice i la
gAnArosit* da:

Library
Agriculture Caneda

Tha Images appearing here are tha bast quality
poasibia considering tha condition and legibility
of the original copy and In keeping with tha
filming contract specifications.

Bibliothiqut
Agricultura Canada

Las Images sulvantas ont iti reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compta tenu de la condition at
da la nettet* de rexemplaira film*, at an
conformity avec lea conditions du contrat da
fllmaga.

Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with tha front cover and ending on
tha last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original coploa are filmed beginning on tha
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.

Les exemplalres originaux dont la couvarture en
papier est imprimta sont film<s en commenqant
par la premier plat at en terminant solt par la
darniira page qui comporte une empreinte
d'Impression ou d'illustration, solt par le second
plat, salon la cas. Tous les autrea exemplairea
originaux s^nt IWmit en commen^ant par la
premiire page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impresslon ou d'illustration at en terminant par
la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain tha symbol -^ (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.

Un des symboles suivants apparaTtra sur la
darniira image da cheque microfiche, selon la
cas: la symbolo — »- signifia "A SUIVRE", la
symbola ▼ signifia "FIN".

Maps, plates, charta, etc.. may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in tha upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:

Les cartes, planchea. tableaux, etc., peuvent Atra
filmte i des taux da reduction diffiranto.
Lorsqua la document est trop grand pour §tra
reproduit en un seul clichi, ii est filmi i partir
de i'angia supirieur gauche, de gauche i droite,
et de haut en baa, en prenant le nombre
d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivanta
illustrent la mithode.

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MICIOCOfV RKOIUTION TI$T CHART

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2|

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^ ^jPPUEDjyMGE

B^ '653 Eost Moin Street

^^ Roctiester, New York l4Bnq nc*

•■^ ('16) *82- 0300 -Phone "^

^B (716) 288 -5989 -Fa.

CIRCULAR N*. W
(Ntw HortlcHttuMit t«ri— ).

PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

(IIORTICDLTDBAL BbANCU),

APPLE-APHIDES.

rERE are four diflFerent species of aphides which occur on apple-
trees in British Columbia. They are known as the European
grain-aphis, the rosy aphis, the green apple-aphis, and the woolly aphis.
[The general external characteristics of the first three species are
similar, and although differing in certain phases of their life-histories,

winged and wlngleu forma of the itreen apple-apbia. (From U.S. Dept.
of Agr. Bar. of Ent. Cire. No. 81.)

they are sufficiently alike, for the purpose of this circular, to be taken
collectively. The woolly aphis of the apple will be treated in a
separate circular.

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Occanonally these pests are controlled by parasites, predacious
enemies, or other natural agencies to such an extent that they cause
little Mijury. In commercial orchards, however, annual sprayinn arc
necessary to ensure the crop against any possible loss.

Apple-aphides, in general, pass through four distinct stages during
their hfe-histones. They are as follows :— -o s

- i''L^*' £99 Stage.— Tht winter is passed in this stage in our lati
tude the eggs being attached to twigs or being placeflninder bud-scales
and flakes of bark of apple-trees.

(2.) Stem-mothers.— Forms known as stem-mothers hatch in spring
from the over-wmtering eggs. These are all functional females,
which, without direct fertilization, give rise to living young. These
young, m turn, reproduce in a similar manner, so that if climate and
food conditions are favourable there will be a constant succession of
new generations produced throughout the growing season.

(3) Spnng Migrants.— Winged forms may be produced in the
early sunimer. These also are females which migrate to other host-
plants, where new colonies are produced.

(4.) Fall Migrants.-ln late fall winged forms may again appear
I^'l!:!"'^^*^*° "*"* ^ost-plants, where they give birth to young
which develop mto true males and egg-laying females. The eg« laid
by these sexual aphides form the over-wintering stage

The eggs o' these three species of aphides begin to hatch within a
tew days of each other, commencing about the time the apple-buds
are showing green and continuing over a period of about fourteen
days The appearance of the three species on the leaves and buds of
the fruit-trees is so similar that they can only with difficulty be told
apart. Their life-histories, however, vary. Consequently, for the
purpose of illustration, their habits may be briefly mentioned.

The European grain-aphides are the first to become abundant in
the spring. They remain on the apple, curiing the foliage to some
extent until the end of June. They then migrate to their sunimer
host-plants, which are the common grains and grasses. Tne fall

iTf^^'cie ''*"'"" '" *''' *"'""'" *° *^^ ^''P'^' *^"' <:o'"Pleting their
The rosy aphis appears at about the same time in the spring as the
European grain-aphis, but does not develop quite so rapidly A
A ^cuharity of this specie which renders it especially injurious is its
preference for the leaves of the fruit-clusters. Although the fruit is
rarely directly attacked, the effect on the apples from the injury
caused to the adjoining leaves is such as to produce a remarkabk-
stunting and malformation. The leaves are also more tightly curied
by this species and the fruit-clusters are frequently so badly injured
that they may entirely fail to develop. About June this aphis

migrates to it« summer host-plants, and by the en i July it has
completely left the apple. In the autumn winged fall migrants return
to the apple and deposit eggs.

The green apple-aphis begins to hatch a few days later than the
European grain-aphis. It docs not appear to develop as rapidl/, only
reaching its highest point of infestation duri.ig the summer months.
In contrast to the two preceding species this aphis remains on the
apple during its entire life-cycle, the migrants in summer and autumn
going from apple to apple. This aphis also aflfects the hawthorn,
(juincc, and, to some extent, the pear.

.cf^rS'^t.Wr' 4Sirthe*°«5.« „«^noT/h.ll?'a're KV(. ?U?

minated from'the "apple-treea to aoine other food-plant
S f ^It of an early spring attack. ' •'— "'-»'»'"''

uiu« iu<n.-F"»"- The Injury, aa aeen,
(After Treherne, B.C. Ent Hoc.)

Control Measures.

The injury caused by aphides in favourable seasons is very severe.

The curling of the leaves and the subsequent withering of the parts

affected prevent the proper conversion of the plant-food into available

lorm. In severe cases this greatly retards development and acts as

a serious detriment to the vitality of the tree. Control is not difficult,

rovided that sprays are thoroughly applied at the right times. In

..;. pie-orchards the first application should be made when the buds have

Icveloped as shown in the accompanying illustration. The second

uplication should be made just before the blossoms open, or shortly

alcr that stage in the development of the apple commonly referred

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Curltag Of le.Te. .ad -e^oHa^tlon Q^y^ Pjeen^ IPPle-aphU. (From BulleUn

to as the " jrink rtage." Thete two applications will usually be found
sufficient to give thorough control. At times a reinfesUtion of the
green apple-aphis occurs from outside points in the early summer. In

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sue . an event an extra spray would be desirable when they are

observed.

Thorough and well-directed sprays, applied at the proper times,
before the leaves curl, are the essentials for so-xessful aphis-control.

^^feUowfaf lommto wW b. Io«kI very dRcknt ^ tuy to

Formula i (rcconmended lor alt iphidei)—

Nicotine wlphate. 40% ly^ p|„t,.

PormlH «oU.S.g.lIon.

Nicotine lulphate, 40% i pj„t

wTttr^ ''***' ''*''**'^ 6 to 8 lb.

Nicotine lulphate i>4 pints.

Ar.en.te of lead 4 to 6 lb.

Lime-sulphur dilution aoo U S nlloni

For requi.ite dilution, of limcsulphur see Spray Calendar iwued

•eparately by Department of Agriculture. ^'«'«»^ '"ued

N.B-Soap mu«t not be uMd in combination with lime-.uli>hur

owmg to the resulting advert chemical action. '•"•-•u'Phur

Some Important Suggestiona in AphiaHwntroI.
In commercial orchards, use a power spraying-machine a fairlv
"^ZT ' '"''""' ''•""''• •"' »''"*' ^' forceli'to ,^t

be^e^ rsLrrAi" '-" "--• ^^^y ^^^ --^ »P-X iu.

end'J^to":;:;';::^'* ""'• * "~"' *^^""'°" ^* » ^"^-P^^' - ^^e

STrJ^M!'* ""*" *'^„'"'" "''• •^'°'"* y°" "^J^* the applications.

tou^h^^a/'tXi^^Vr^'"'^^^"^ ^^^ ^"^^^^^-' -^^^" -

. J*;?'- '''°"^*' ^ "**" P™"*^ *>^'°^« »P«»ymg. Water-sprouts
should, m particular, be removed as they carry Islof the e^
Bum all prunmgs before the aph-des hatch '

n^'^^tT"^""^"'^""^ '""" '*'" " ■ Th^y "^^^ «<=«"«"* breeding-
places for many msect pests and are a constant menace to the trefs
where fire-blight exists.

Victoria, B.C., issued March, jpi8.

■ja*afA«rfa

Tbii droitor hu btta prcpartd kr M. H. Rabnwn. AMittant Ento-
molofist. ProvJiicW Dcptrtmciit of Afriealtnrc, M Ui« rtqatit of tht
Hortteiiltairal Brtneb.

CovUi of this cIrcoUr m»y be obtilned fr«« of cbargt on aiijuHeilioii to
the Hortlc«k«r»l Branch, Dcptrtmcnt of Agrlcult- re, Victorw. B.C., or
from IockI brancb officct of th« Department

nOrOBIA. 8.0.:
rrtatcd bj Willum B. Ciilum, Prtotn to th* Ktn«'i Most Bxcellcat V

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