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MKXOCOrV IBOIUTION TEST CHAIT

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2;

^ APPLIED irvVlGE In

^K '651 tjs? Mo-n '.(-e«I

S^S Rochesle-. Ne« *ork U609 uSA

-^ ("^16) ".82 - 0300 - Phone

IWXIKIOM OF OAMABA

DKPARTMENT OF AORirULTURK

EXPERIMENTAL FARMS

PLUM CULTURE

DISTKK'T LISTS OF PLUMS SUITABLE FOR CANAHA

DKlSCHlFriOxVS OF VARIETIKS

BT

W. T. KACOim,

Dominion NorticuUurist, Central Experimenfal farm.

BULLETIlSr No. 43

(UVUID BDtnOM)

1918

!>ubl>shed by direction of th* Hon. MARTIN BURRELU M.'Mictor of Agriculturo, Ottawa, O.

Exp. t'artns
Service

bul.

DOMINION OF CANADA

DKPAHTMKNT Ol' AflRlcri.Tl KR

EXPERIMENTAL FARMS

PLUM rULTl HE

DISTRICT LISTS (»F PLUMS SUITABLE FOR CANADA

WITH

DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETlb^S

W. T. MACOTJN.

D'lrnininrt Horliciiltunst, Cnitral Kx peri men ill Varm.

BUT.T.KTIX T^o. 43

(.RKVISKIi KHiriON)

J

Publithcd by direction of th« Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, MinliUr of Agrieultur*. OtUwa, O.

480i;'.t— 1

Tn thr (("11 .urali!«

Tfii- Miir-tor nf Aeri''"'""'''-

Sin. 1 Urn lo -111. Mill 1.., >..iii- ;i|.|.r. val hullriii, No. IM of til. KxpiTiiiifiital Farm
,.Tir* "1.1. ti lin- ir.ii r-M-iM .iiMl.r inv .lin ..ti..!! I.y Mr W T \Ih."miii. I>..inini..ii
(|orti''ultiiri«t.

Til. Milpj.rt tri'iitiMl .1 is I'limi Culiiire :iiul tin' iiit'..riuatiuii '.nv-i'iito.! Iim, been
latufl.v .!• ilvoii rr..iii til'. «'X(M.|i( i.cf (.Mimd in .•..nin'Ctioii with r'lii'" wrowiri'.' at the
Ccntrul Ex'.crini.iitiil I'lii-iii .liirimr ihr la-t nvnty-tivc .\<Hr^. In tliin bullrtin infor-
•;i,ili..ii l> ;.'iv<ii ii' I', tlio lH-.t iii..|li...!x of ni'|'iiri;iK the soil tor a |.!iiiii orchunl. with
imrticulurs al».. «s t.. thi' pluniiiin aii-l -ub-.'-iiutit rare of the tr.'fs. Iti-tni'iioriK aro
al.-o gi\en IS to methods of pniniiiir. aiiiftitiu and on many oth.r l.ipi''s relatinu to
■hi- Iranili ..f fruit industry. I.i-t- .f virictie* of plmn- suifah'. for pi "itin« in

.I'.rforcnt purl« ..f Canada nrf triviMi witli

iptions as to thi' cliatailir, ipialit^ and
t nif ..f riiipninn ..f each sort. Some of tli.' in-«.'t-i and disci-i'- to whi-h the plum
i siibii>ct arc als., referred to and mtthod- ■<< treattn.nt -ui.'»fesied, A ohapter ha.s
; ,..n ! r.'pared ly Mr. K. T. Sliiitt. f>nmini..n Chemi-t. .n fiTtiliz-r- for the plnin
ori'lnird.

It IS hoped that tlie information .-uLinitl. .1 \m1I \>- useful t.. ili'^Sf interested in
:h. niltivatio- ■.( this fruit in Canada, i hat it will prov- a stimulus to the further
plantini: ..t , s and that it iiia.v' .liil in maliini: tlio urowinj; .>f this usefnl twit
more suecCs-. md nn.re pr..titabl,. in tlii- .■ountry.

1 haTo the hntmur to lie -ir.

Y.'iir ..l.edi.nt -rrvant.

.1. H. (iKI>l>ALK.

l)inrt(}: l>(tinniw)n Krp- n,>" ii>il Farmg.

( Ulna, .\ui; in -"■', l''l-''-

4««)«W— li

TABLE OF COMTEirrS

I'aok.

rliiititiHrutiiin (if pliiiiiK 7

Kiif'ipeon pluiiH 7, .13

■liipiiiieno pliinm 9,40

Anirriciiiiit pluni!) li), 10

N'l^rrn pliiniH 48

Flybriil pliirus 11.49

(iiltiirc in ditftTi'tit proviiiceg of C'linuda 12

Kx|)crimciit!( witli plums at thr Crtitral F.xporimoiitiil Furni 13

Si'cdlinir varieties 14

rrona-brpedinc. ■ 15

I'ropupitiiin 13

St .pIjk 18

Itiiiidiu): 16

(irnftiiip IS

Miiterial iici"li>d in uriil'tiiiir mid lnultiinu 21

(irnffinjr WON 22

The ni.rscry 22

Tlip nrchiird 23

Siiil and exposure 23

I'rcparntion of land 2't

l.iiyinfr (lilt of till' ori'hanl 25

Wiiidbrouks 2.'>

Kind of troos to phiiit 26

I'liintiiifr -"

V:,ri..ties 27

Variotifs for tin- ilitTiTciit [irnviiii'i "f t'aiKi<la 2H

DiM-riptioM of varit'titf ^'2

Kufoppan viirictios. , :>2

.l:ipanc?:c varieties

Aiiici

Nifrrn varieties

Hybrid varietie-

X'arieties of plums lieiiij tested at tlio t'eutral Kxprriiueiital P'arm.
r 'llination of plums

10
10
Is

.M
.■>:)

Season of blooniiiiff of Anierieaua unl Nijrra plums 57

4S069- 2

Pac;e.

Pruniiin

Fcrtilii'.i'r> fcr till- I'lii I" <"■'■'""■''

.1.*

Cultivation . ,

>'•>

Cover crop- ^.^^

Piokiiifr. piK'kiiifi. ^toriiii.' mill iiKirk.tiKi: tlir Iruit ^

r»o

Thiiiniiit: ttio I'ruil

Prunes

Cunning' and rriMrviiii: Aii;eri. MM l>lui'-

Sprnyin?

Oj

Discuses of the plnni

. . , , il>'. 71

luscet:" most injurious to Ilie plum

Inseetieidi's luul I'unfxieitles

PLUM CULTURE

BV

W. T. MACOTJN,

Dominion IlorticuUuiist.

l( every iiiciiiber of every fuiiiily in L'anuda had a plentiful supply I'f plums of
the best quality for home use, and if enough of tlic fruit were exported profitably
from Canada t;) supply tiie demands of tlie peojde of other lands there would be less
neeessity fur publishiiifj a bulletin on Plum Culture; but unfortunately this is far
from b(!ing the ease. Comparatively few people get goo<l plums to eat, espe<.'ially
in the fresh condition, and the export trade iii pluir.s, whatever it may be in the-
future, is practically nothing at the present time.

Past experience has Ix^en that the consumption of fruit increases almost, or
quite, as rapidly as the supply, provi<ling the latter is projierly distributed, and it
is not too much to expect tliat it will do so in the futurt', at least for some time.
The desire for fruit grows on the consumer, and the better the quality of the fruit
supplied the greater will be the desire for it.

The plum has not been as profitable to grow in Canada as some other fruits,
but with a careful selection of varieties and good oare it will be found to give fairly
good returns. In those part-s of Canada where the European plums do not succeed,
the improved native and American varieties have been found very profitable. Some
of those ripen before the European plums coii'.c on the market and they sell at high
prices.

In preparing this b\illetin, it has been necessary to correspond with many fruit
growers in Canada to obtain accurate information in regard to plum culture in
different parts of the Dominion. This, with the knowledge gained from ex|X'rience
at the Central Experinu^utal Farm, has cuiilihd the writer to make this liiilli'tiu
much more useful than it otherwise would be.

CLASSIFICATION OF PLUAIS.

There are five species of plums from which are derived most of the cultivated
varieties i :' to-day, nan.ely, the European, derived from Prunns domcxiiea, Pruiins
insitilia, and Prunus carasifcra: the .Tai'anese, from Pruniis iriflora: and the Ameri-
can, from Prunun amcricana, Pninits niijra, and Prunus horlulana. A Chinese
species, Prunus .s'lmoni'i. has given at least one variety and has been use<l extensively
in cross-breeding, and the so-called Western Sand Cherrj-, Prunus pumila Bessryi. a
native of North America, has also bei'ii used as a parent in plum breeding.

KlIiOrF.W PI.IMS.

This class of plum has reached a higher stage of development than either the
Japanese or American, which is due to the fact that they have been under cultivation
from very early times and that more systen.atic and intelligent labour has been
spent on their improvement. It is thought by some authorities that the European
plums have gradually developed from the Damson, and that the latter originated

4S0C0— 2i

8

from the European sloe, I'runm mnosa. The Damsons, however, are so distinct
uTre^ and S from other European plun>. that other authorities have a separate
! oup of them. There is such a wide difference between the D^-son -d the 1 «nv
'•laudo or Green Gage groups tnat it seenas reasonable ^/^^^'''lt,l^'"^Z
of the two was different, and indeed they have been rcRarded as different tjpes at
U-ast sinee the Middle Ages. Both the Damson, and the ^/^ . ^^^ , ! p^^.
true from seed. The following elassitication is the same as that given in th. 1 lum*
„f New York' (Hedrick) and • Plums and Plum Culture (\\au}rh>:

Yellou, Egg type.-TW.. includes s„mc of the largest Kun.pcan plums and is
represented by Yellow Egtt. Golden Drop, and Grand DuUo.

n J ■ * »„ TV,« nnlv vurietv of this type which is jirowi. in Canada, to the
.rite^rfk3eJre:■;:th':F;'i^re:l^tdri.J.^ ^y .».e Trappist Fathers,

Oka, Que.

-iderably from the type, mifrht be p\it here.

Jirn^.haw Ivve-ViidcT this tvpc, Profossor Wauph iuchules Bradshaw, Victoria.
Pond ltd Duane Purple, OsweW and Giant Prune. These varieties, ho™
,',:;:« 'not a' m?nyeharact'eri.tics in common as those of the previous lypes. In the
•Plums of New York' they are included iii the next.

N-icholas of Budd would also be in.'hidcl u, tins type.

Prune Gro«p.-Ueprcscnu..l by ItaV.n, Prune , I-Vllenbcrg). German Prune,
iuiynes. Agen. and Ungarish.

Damson Group.-I.. this are the Dam..,, ty,,. and Mir.boll. t.vpo.

Damson ,y,e.-TU. bost known vaiicU,. of this typo ,„c Shiopslurc. French.
Frogmore and Cluster.

vMdi, i„.-n<- '"''«<- «'"-'■" ." '■"""■ '■• '"'"'"■"'■ '"■■■'■'"■'■ ""' "•';'"

;-;SS s.;t^sz::;£.=;="wS.J«:::..' 1;.;™. >.i-- ■-'-

( ;age and Queen May. i i., t i,, Ontirio in the countios Itordprim.'

Vlums of the Europcm cla^ ^''i:^^^;, " ,^' , ; "rgian Bay to the Thou-
,„ the great waterway southwaid and ' •^; ^;" "^ "'^ „^. ^^u -,,,„„„,, .„uth-wcstern
-.nd Islands. They may be grown ^el^ '-"■>, ^"^ ^;,„,^i,,, ,„ ,t,„.,.
„„tario and the Niagara P-^'; ^ •;;;: J^ , ;' .^J % Sol Ire grown within
'--^-"l^/"; Sv" r^f L S- On,!,r North and east of these areas, only the

-r Ft ri Q^^^^

9

riMicc river, below the city of Quebec, in the counties of Levis, Bellechasse, Montmagny.
LMslet, Beauce, Kamouraska and Temiscouata, most of the finest varieties of European
riums ca". be grown with Rood success, and along the north shore in the counties of
I'ortneuf, Quebec (Island of Orleans, especially), and Charlevoix, some of the hardiest
sorts succeed. It is, however, near the river, and where its influence is felt, that these
plums succeed best.

On Prince Edward Island, the European plums do well; also in many parts of
Xovii Scotia, and they do particularly well in the southern part of that province. In
Xew Brunswick, some of the varieties succeed in the warmer parts of the province,
particularly along the Lower St. Jcihn river and near the south c^ast.

The European plums do cxccpti'nially well on Vancouver Island and the Lower
Mainland of British Columbia, and also in the Okanagan, Kootenay and other
valleys, and no d' .bt in many of the northorn valleys of that province with tempernti'
climates, where tl.oy have not been fully tested yet, they will be found to succeed.

In the Prairie provinces, the Eiiroi)pii?i plums have not been found sufficiently
liardy. the trees being winter-killed.

The hardiness of the European plum appears to be governed partly by the
moisture of the atmosphere, and partly by the temperature. At Ottawa, very few
varieties will fruit at all, and most of these bear a good crop only once in three or
f.iur years. It is not the wood which is killed by winter, although winter-killing of
tlie tips does oc(!ur when the temperatures are very low, but the flower buds an-
destroyed. This killing of the buds appears h> be due partly to the dry, cold weather
'if winter, and partly to spring frosts. Good crops of European plums have been
l>roduced at Ottawa after the temperature had been lower than 20° Fahr. below zero
the previous winter, showing that toniper.Tture alone is not the cause of failure. Along
the south shore of the St. Lawrence, below the city of Quebec, where the temperature
t'al'= 30 degrees Fahr. below zero, good crops of the best varieties of European plums
;!re regularly produced. The moisture of tin- air in this case appears favourable
lo the preservation of the flower buds, even though the temperature is low. There
is a groat difference, however, in the lianliness of the different varieties, and in
time seedlings may be produced which will have flower buds capable of surviving the
eiildest temperatures which occur in culd districts in any winter. Sudden change-
of temperature are hard on flower buds, but near large bodies of water the temper:i
tnre doe> not change suddenly.

.lAI'ANKSK ri.l MS,

Owing partly to their introduction being comparatively recent, partly to their
vigour, productiveness and good shippii'.g qualities, and partly to the way they have
been boomed, the .Tapauese plums have been widely planted on this continent iij
recent years, .\lthough introduced into America as recently as 18V0, this class ot
I'limi is now almost as well knowh as the European. The origin of the Japanese
plum is unknown, but it is thought to be a native of China. The Japanese were
not very systematic in their nomenclature, and wlicn the plums were introduced into
America tiiero was great confusion of n;une~. They have, however, been fairly well
worked out, and the best known aiul most ]>rotitalile kinds can now be obtained true
to name. Many see<lliiigs have been grown in the T'^nited States and a large number
••■( hybrids originated, some of which have great merit.

The fruit of most of the varieties is only medium in quality: a few, however, arc
pood, and a still smaller number very good. The iiDKluctiveness, firmness, appearance
and good keeping qualities are what make these plums valuable. The majority of the
■lapanese plums are not as hardy in the flower bud as the European and some are nuich
tenderer. They bloom verj- early, and on this account are more likely to be injured
by .spring frosts. The Burbank and Red June are. iierhaps, the hardiest.

The Simon or Apricot plum Primus Simnnii, Carr., though not a Japanese plum
has some of its characteristics and may be classed with the Japane.se here. Thi>

10

Plum is thought to be a native of Clmu. au.l wn« introduced into .^^^Zl'Z
? a" CO aiout'twcnty years a.o. It has not ..eon planted to "ny - en m ^^-f^-^

u;-e(l as a parent in cross-lireeding.

AMERICAN" IM.l MS.

These l.hun. have a wide ra.iire on tl,e Anurioan cmtinent. heinp tound wild
from Mexieo "th to tl>e province of Manitoba, and fron. the At anfe to the Pac.hc
oeens They are represented over this Rreat area hy seve.i d.stine. spee.e. and 8 x
re i, bed groups or types. Of these, the eultivated varieties or.g.nafng from the
Arn^ n v^^ld Phnn I'rLs ..nira,,,,, Marsh, and the Canad.an plum. Pn^, Mi,-
include nearly all the Au.eri-an plums that are "-"-''''''f. "f^;^- ^. ^ij '"f. , . \t
more southern iiroups, ..f «hieh a few varieties are partially sueees^tul, are. tnc
^Z^^^vyn'nusl,oH.i.u,a mincri, Ihiil.,-, whi.-h. is closely re atc.1 to Pn-n«.
a rLnm but has some nsemhlanee to the Wildgoose group; and the W. dgoo e
Z^Pn,n^'l.orMana. 15ailey. It is. Imwever, only in the m. dest parts of C anada
tin the- are even fairly satisfactory. At Ottawa, tl... ilower buds are injured ad
he crop light. The varieties of .he Wayland and Chicasaw groups of p ums,-two
other important group.s-are too t.ider for most districts ,n eastern ( anada.

reaching ^'^ ^^-^^^^'^^J^l^, ^i^ZJ:t\ does not occ . in Texa.. but

,., winds when laden with frui,^ or by hcaj^ ^■-;^--.- ^'^^ ^; ^wlom

MTious drawback to some varieties especialb. lHo varieties oi ims i

,.t than the Canada plum. P. n,na, and sometimes escapes f^Vw m T e

Ltive species suffer, an example of which , urred in Ottawa in 1002 and 1913. 1 he

ur'a;n:S^rod;etive and the fruit is much improv.l ;; -,^^,!^--^:^ ^
Irnit varies greatlv in size and the colour ranges from yellow to re.l. I he skin is gen

r lly to"gh'a"d;ften thick and astringent, but the tlesh is moderately hrm or hrn .

•J iuicy weet. and sometimes rich and high flavoured. 1 he stone usually chngs.

.ut'o e S:.naTly s almost or quite free. ^Vhel. growing wild, this tree is found hriv.
be!" 1 rich and rather moist -wl. but under .niltivation it succeeds very wx^ll e^en

V rs tl^ cXvated and nam«l varieties have iorrcascd so fast that th.ro are now over
r lindr d of them. The size, appearance and .p.ality are also very much nnpro^^
rdetll. the improvement is remarkable considering the short t,„u;^iu ^^^
l,een m-ide aii.l we may h..pe for still greater improvement yet. The apparance ot
HiImZs Widl that could be desired, and the best varieties are almost large enough,

11

but thero i^* tfreat room for iniiirovcm<'iit in tlip cliiiriictcr of tlic skin nn.l lliivuiir of
the fruit, although tlie li>tt.-r is good. Enrlior vari.tirs aro also wanted. Tho iircsent
fruiting season of the Ainerirana plums at Otti-wa i^ fron-. the fourth week of AuRust
until about tho last of Sept.miber. Some vari.ti.-s of this L'voup are liixl.y. \\ olf ,
Ilawkeye, Stoddard, Braekett and DeSoto.

yiflia (iVoup.— From this group of plums, of which I'runu.'i nifjra is tlie sp.'cies,
will probably be orijlinated the varieties wl h will be of greatest value in the noitheru
parts of Ontario, and the eoldest parts of the province of Quebec. This is the wild
plum of Kastern Cainida, having a range from the Maritim. Provinces westward to
Lake Huron. It is found in :Miehigan, in 'lorthern New York and in the Xew Eng-
land States. It is also for.nd in Newfoundland. Altliough in some iilaees this species
can scarcely be distinguished from /'. annricann. into wliieh it seems to merge in
some districts, in the colder parts of the jirovinces of Ontario and Quebec tho tree
is very distinct, and for this reason we prefer <'onsidering it a separate specie,
although some good authorities n ke it merely a variety of i'. amrriiniui. It is a
more upright grower than P. aiiuriraiia and the wooil is darker and tougher. Tho
tree seldom breaks down like P. <ini,ricana, which i great advantage. It blooms
earlier and has larger flowers than the Americana. •- flowers also have a pinker

tinge, especially wlun opening. The serrations of the leaves are rounded, not acute
as with Americana and the leaves are broader than the latter. The fruit ripens early,
and on tliis account is soineti- .es more prorttable, as it can be marketed when there
is little comp'-tition with other plums. .Vlthough the named varietiw which are now
upon the market are not as high in ipiality as the best of the Americana group, some
. ; the wihl M'edliii>,'s are fully as good in (piality, though not as large. The skin of
,iie Canada plum is thinner than the other si>ecies aiul breaks up easier when cooked.
The colour of the fru-t varies almost as much as /'. ami ricaiia, but is more often
entirely reil with little or no bloon.. The shape varies, but the fruit is more reg\ilarly
oblong and oval than P. amvricana and is not flattened like that species. The Canada
plums begin to ripen about August 1 at Ottawa, and the season extends to September.
Very little has yet been done either in the United States or Canada to improve /'■
nigra, but as good results are as likely to ha obtained as with P. ameritniin. Some
of the varieties of this group are Carstesen, Aitkin. Odegard, Cheney.

ilVURID PLUMS.

During the pa>t ten years a nmnber of hybrid plums have been i)laeid upon the
umrket. Most of tho more prominent of the-sc were originated by Lutlu r I'.urban'i, of
(California, who has devoted much time to 'his work. Few of his hy;iri<ls, however,
which arc now on the umrket have prove<l .aluable in Canada. Tho parents of most
of them are varieties which ilo not pro' e siu^vs.sfnl where the climate is severe. The
warmer parts of Ontario, Nova Scotia and British Cohiinbia. where the Japanese
I)lums do well, ure where they are most likely to succeed. JIaynard is one of the most
useful. The Omaha, a hybrid origimUcd by Willinius fpf Nebraska, i^ proving ver>-
valuable at Ottawa on account of its earliness. Hansen has originated some hybrid
plums which are proving hardy in the colder districts.

There is a wide tield for work in jilum bybridi/atii>n. If blood of the European
and Japanese varieties can be introduce*! into the Americanas and Nigras and the
ha.dincss of the latter u;aiutaiiieil. plum iHlituro in th>; north will receive a great
in.,,dtus. It is r.ot too much to hope that this will soon be acconplished, and, in
the case of the Japanese and .\merieana. the Omaha is a-, example of a combination
of these two.

12

PLUM CLLTIHE IN TllK UIKKUKEM 1-UoVlMKS OK

I \\.M).\.

A circular was sent out to leadiuj,' fruit growers in tlie different provuces ,.t
Canada, in whioh certain uue.tions were asked relating to ,,lun. culture m each prov -
ince. r-om the rerlies. the ^!!..wiMf,' sum.,u.rie. have been made, wh.ch it .s thougla
may prove useful.

Prince Edward /,Wa»J.-The Kuropean pl...n.- succeed well in this provinr. .
The Japanese varieties are too tender, an.l natives are not d.>Mred ll.c q<'""t'ty "'
plun.s frrown on the I.-land is limited as the home market is not larve Plun>s haw
been shipped with ^-od su.eoss to the mini, f: towns in Cpe Breton n..d Nova Scot,..
Late spring frosts sometimes affect the crop. The tre^s. as a rule bear heav,,v
every .''her vear. hut are not louK-Hved. lila.k Knoi is th,. most troubh^somo disea^ .
and Shot-hole fundus als,. causes injury. Plum culture is consulered profitable.

.Yoia .V<o<i(i.-Tho elimale of the Annapolis ami adjacent valleys and pi.ri. oi
the south coast is admirably suited for the culture of the European plu.n. and so.,,.-
of the Japanese varieties .lo well also. I-ar^e quantities ot plums - u.ld be Krown.
but. owin^' to the small si/e of most of the towns, the market is ..nuted at pr, -
sent Cold, wet weatlier in spri.if.'. opecially <lurin« blossommsr time, and seveiv
winters, affect the crop occasionally. Very early and very late varieties are profatable
as they do not come si, much into competition with O.itano tru.t. Black Knot and
Brown Kot are tnmhlesome. hut the latter i. .^t >o prcvnlent a- m son... other pa- -
of Canada.

.\,-w ZinuKsuu/.-.--Exrcpt near the Lower St. John river and in^.r the coast ii.
Charlotte and son.e of the other cunties. where a few of the hardier European pl..n>-
do fairly well, the chief depe..de..ce must be in the Native and Amer.cana var.et.c-.
Severe wi.iters a.ul late sprin,r frosts are. occa>ionally. hard on the European plum-
Bl.ek Knot is the most prevalent disease: and of inserts, the Curculio. Local market -
are pood but they are n.ainly supplied with i-lu.ns from other provinces.

()ui-htc—\\i\h the exception of the south shor of the Lower St. Lawrence riv.r
where there is open water in winter as a result of which the European plums succe.-.l
admirablv. it beini; pc.ssible to urow many n.ore plums than is beint,' done at present,
the t'rowi..s of plums is cuiHncd mainly to the Native and Amer.cana va..et.e.-
AlonK the Ottawa Valley, in the vicinity of Montreal, and in the Eastern '1 owniship-.
European i.lums pive crops occasionally, but the winters are too severe to make the.n
« commercial success except in the i!>ost i.rotected places. In L Islet and KamourasU.
counties where most of the European and Dome^tica i>lums are prown, the prowers ar.
now eanninp their plums with pood success. The seas.,n is very late, some varietu-
keepinp into November. C.ood prices are obtained for native plums in local market>.
but the larper c .es and towns are supplied with Europea.. plums irom western

Ontario. . t. ■ i

Black Knot is the commonest and most injurious disease. I here is also soni.
Brown Rot. Scab and rhim Pocket affect the native i.lums very badly and in son..
places they rarely mature because of these diseases, unless sprayed. Curculio is ofton
injurious unless the trees are well sprayed.

Onlarij —Tha climate r.{ a h.rpe part of western Ontario is suited to the cul-
ture of both European and Japanese plums and preat quantities are prown in tli.
Nia-ara district especially. Alonp Lake Huron further north, the European plum-
do well Sometimes low temperatures in winter or spr.np frosts lessen the crop. In
Eastern Ontario, only the hardiest European plums need be tried and .t is only i.i
an occasional vear that there is a full crop of thc^^e, even in protected places, th.-

13

winters being too Mvcro. The Native iiii'l Anurieiinu varietie: do well in eastern
an(l north eentral Ontiirio anil enrly varieties hrinj; Rood p. ices. In northern
Ontario, the earliest native varieties slioiild he tried.

In the plum <li>trieis, the Urnwn Rot is the nu.st .serious dibcase. but some
varieties are not nnuh affecte<l I'ureulio is eontroUed by sprayiiiR.

Whore the Native plums are relied upon, the Scab and I'lum Poeket make the
erop very uneertain uidejs the trees are thoroughly si)raye.i. Tahin^r one year with
another, there is a fuir protlt in plums in Ontario.

I'rairU' I'mi'mrrs. In liie Prairie Proviuees the winters are too sivere V.t any
l.iit the Nipra and Ainericai. vmietii-. the Native varieties and the hybrids between
the plu!r. and the Sand (lien. v. Karly varieties aro the n:ost de«irabl«' ns the later
.Vinerieanas do not riptn. Spriu;.' frosts often prewnt the r •ttinif of fr iit of even the
Native sorts, (lood prii'es are .irivin f^.r Xalive oluins when they can be obtained.

Hiilish Cuiiniiliid. l.ari^u quautitie- ..f plun ^ eaii be frn.wn in Hriti^h l^)hiinbia,
a- the elimate is admirably .suited to tlieir eultu-e in many parts. The varieties that
-hip well are the most protitablv. i ho ItMlian I'-nne (Fellenbere) is the variety most
lartfely ;rrowii. The .Jaiianese varieties sueeeed in the warmer parts. In the dry
"listrii'ts. there is little injury from disease, but on the lower mainland Pirowu Rot
often eauses trreat loss. Sprinjr frosts soii:etimes lessen the erop. In the moist dia-
triets, nios^ on trees is sometime^, troublesome tmle*s the trees are well .-iprayed when
dormant.

1 Xl'FRIMMMS WITH I'l.lMS \T TIIlv CKNTRAL KXPKRIMENTAL FARM.

OTTAWA.

Fxperiiuent-s with plums were bejru.i at ihe Central Experimental Farm in 1888
and have been eontinueu ever siuee. The testing of varieties t determine their hardi-
HISS, produetiveness, t'lul other ip 'ities has been one of the most important ixperi-
mmts, and a larKo number oi variet.vS have been tested. Experinu-nts have also been
earried on with various stoik-, to learn whieh w^'f the most satisfactory for the various
.-lasses of plums, and ditierei-l ua'-iiods of frraftius have also been tried. The
■ lirayin^ of tlu- trees with varioii- mi\tur.> and solutions to eontrol funirous diseases
.I'ld inseet pests has also been a important part of liie work. Carefid records hav*
i'een kept of the dates of blooming of the ilifTereut varii^ties, and th(^ infornuttion
thus obtained is very usefid, as it has been proven by Waufrh and others that few
\arieties of American plums aie m If-i'ertiie, and it is thus necessary to ha\o, in
most eases, some other kind blooiuins; at the same time in order that fruit iii-y set
Well. A table showiiifr the blossomiiii: period of the different varietiis will '^o found
ii; this bulletin. The yields from each individual plum tree are kept >ep,ir,itc. ami
il is thus possible to tell whether one tree is bearing' better than anotlier. Much
wiirk has been done in tcstiufr and orifrinatiiifr secdliiifr plums, especially of the
.Vmeriean varieties, and a few very proinisiuK sorts iiave been iiroduced and intro-
duced. ^More attention is now beinj? paid to the Native species Priupf.'-- muni. Some
.xperiun'iital work in eross-breedinp: has al.-n been earried on.

The soil in the iiluin orchard i^ not as suitable as it mi^ht be. luiiii; a light,
-.iiidy loam but jrood pluirs are rai-ed. The trees were oricinally '20 by iil* feet apart,
but iuterplantiufr ha- been earried on and the trees are now 20 by 10 feet apart and
0 liy 1,'. fi>et. Till re are now :'il':? trees in the on-hard. In addition there is

p or cla-s in the orchard and

larpe number of
Followimr an

dliiijrs planted 10 by 10 feet apart
ic number ol varieties of eaidi yrou

ISOlSO-

14

Number
Griiti|> oi Cla*'.

Kiir<>|M>an

AiinTuani"

Niura '\ '\ \\ [[ ''

Miner

Wiivlaiid-like

llvhri.l

T,.tal vari.tii-

it Vurietie*.

BA

8
o

1

19
119

M.i:iii.iMi vMnh;rii>.

While there are uum.v tine nmne,! varieties of pl..m> xvhieh smcccchI '" /»'« ;!;''[^:
fuvourahle par., of the ..n.vi.wes of the Do.niuio,,. there -">-'■-. '^ /;;fj'£.

..f BettinK .oinethin.' In-tter. In th. Uler ,n.rt> ol the V^^vn.ce., wh re _ « f^^

beUor plun.s .ueeeed, there U a ti.e opportM.uty lor .levelop.ns •'•'^;'^f . '" /'^' ^."^
kinds. One of the easiest and hes. n.ethods of ohtanuuK new var.efcs i. b> gn «
inr:^..llin«s fro,„ the .tones of the hest plun.s whieh have r.,."ned "' » - j-
trfet where new kinds are desired, a.wl if no plun.s have ye. been •-'r;'^" J^^ ,

.hould be ..roeurnl fron. the nearest pla..- where they ea,. '•^V;';''''"^,, '?J; 2' "
plun,s have bee., i.nproved f,>r so n.any eentur.es that .t w.U be ^l* f '^ "f;"/
seedling plun. of this ..h.^s whieh will be better .n .p.al.ty tha.. the best now .
Siatio!.. but the pr„spe<.ts for obtai..i... trees with l-^- ./ ■; ''^ 1^ "'' ^^
briBl.t. The ..ative and An.eriea..a plnn.s have bee,., re at.vely spoak.i (.' t.U
np m'.l as vet. n.,d there is a wide field for devel.,pn.e..t here Stones shm.ll be
aved fron tiu. ar«e.t pl,....s fron, the n.o.t p,-odne,ive tree of the variety of wh.eh
^S,^ are d..siml. The.e sto,.es should, wl.e.. possible be f-^^ --^ '^l
nf.er the fruit is ripe, as if the stones bee,„n.. dry .lay w. not «^^"''" •';;";
a,.d so...etin,es will ..ot ,row at all. If they are pl,,..te.l at he *■"- ? J '^\^„ ^j
,t is not n.H-,.ssarv t.. remove the pulp. If tlu' stones .......ot be eo.ne...entl> p anU.I

., ths tine the; should ,.ot be allowe.l to b. ...e dry. '1 hey ,nay be kept -v

witter i boxes ...ixed with sa..d. wl.i.d. sho,.ld be n.oist b,.t not wet. A la.vcr o
r:^^b:.t one i,.,.h i.. tbiek,...-s is put i., the bot,o,n of the |"-.-«l - J-f ^°X
with a laver of sto..es. the latter are the,, l.irhtly o.vered Nv.th sa.id a nd ano h, r
hver of stones on top. a,.d so o,. nntil the box is filled. Th.s ,s called strat.hea-
;. The box sho..ld be b..ried outside where there i. ...od dra...a,'e a,..l ..o danger
frl snail a,.in.als. or kep, i,. a eellar. If the s,o,.es fr.v.e whe.. ^l-X a- >>
moist in sand they will eraek a..d seedlings , row .p.n.ker -/l- ••'--^ ^^J ^
is a dansrer of their dryi.,« out when .'xposed to the f.-ost n..less t he box .s bur. .
St,me' spread outside i.. the a..t,.,n.. i.. a well drai..ed plaee a..d l.«htly eovered w.tb
soil will ofte.. eon.e throufrh the wi..ter i.. )i..e eoud.t.o...

The stones should be planted not n.ore tha.. one ...eh de, p fofte. tl.c.v ar.
plant^>d too de..p> in frood loamy soil. i.. rows three feet apart and dropped from one
t two nohe.s apart i.. the rows. These ns,.ally germinate ..> the spr.np but .f
tie to... have be..on,.. dry before planti..K few. if a..y. will ^ermmate he first year
t 't ..' ..ext v..ar. if they have n.t been too dry before plant,...' they w.U frerm.nate
wel f not dist,.rbed. The soil sl.o.dd be kept thorou.'hly eult.vated d,.r.,..' tV..-
u nmer to i..duee a thrif.y growth. The next spr....' or the o,,c follow...^ the
voZ trees sho,.ld be pla..ted out ..bout ten feet apart a,.d eft t^ fr,.,t wh.eh the>
V 1 do i.. from three to six years. Seions may then be taken rom the prom.s.n.^
•a eties and grafted. Stones pla..ted from the best of these w.l be l.k.-^y to prod...-
methins stiH better. As many of the se..lli...' pl..m., os,x>e.ally o the Amer.ea..:,
a,.d natiu. varieties arc a.s Suod a. their pa.-ents. the =xro„n.I on wh.eh they are grow-
ing is not lost as the fruit ean be sold to advantase.

CKOMK-UIIKtlllMl.

New varii'tiivx of plum.-' nuiy
lit' ohtuitiiil by iTOHS-browling,
and by this imrthwl one i» even
morn likely to obtain tlie kind
of plum de8ire<l, but the time
for this Work in no limited.
Iifiiii.' only n few dny* wlieii the
flowers are opening, thnt oidy
-peeinlists enti very well under-
take it. The method of iM'oi.>-
inff i* explained in Uiiliitin
N'o. :17 fin .\pp!e (^ultnre.

I'KliPAliATlO.N.

The plum is propagated prin-
I'ipally b.v budding and graft-
ing, although a few varieties
will strike more or less readily
from cuttings, and some kinds
when on their own root- are
in<Tease<l from suckers.

STOCKS.

While it has not yet been
ilciirly proven that the stoel; on
which a scion is grafted will
materially change the flavour
• .r season of tlie fruit, it doe>
iitTe<!t the vigour and fruitful-
ness of the tree iu a greater or
less degree. If a scion is
grafted on a dwarf stork the
tree will be dwarfed and will
<'ome into bearing sooner than
if grafted on a thrifty stock, as
anything which checks the
SiTowfh of the tree promotes
early fruitfulness. It is piissi-
lile, however, especially in top
grafting, to have such a slow
growing stock that the graft
iiutffrows it ttK) much and the
tree becomes top heavy a:<d if it does not die owing to a poor circulation of sap, the
graft is liable to be broken otf by wind. The tree in the iiccoinpanying oit (a Euro-
pean plum top-grafte<l on /'cioii/*' nii/ra) was killed U^causc there was not a free eir-
cidation of sap. The stock also, if it is tendir, may be winter killed, and a tree whi<-li
may be jierfectly hardy abo%-e ground is ruined by being grafted on such a stock.
Nurserya:en find that the .-cioii inlliieiieen the rout system of the stock, but it is not
80 clear that the scion or graft makes the scion any hardier.

If a tree is planted deep enough, roots may be thrown from the scion and the tree
will eventually be on its own roots, but t'.iis =boiil<l not be depended on as a rule, nnd
48069—31

}'ur(>i«'an plimi top->fnift<'H en Nigra plum tlirpp feet
fiuiii gniuiul.

16

• ttoek thould be uied thnt will he lumly. grc a Roml union, and nmke a thrifty tn*.
The two m.in .took. u<.c.d in Kruftin^ m.d hu.lding the plum .re the Myrobol.m
•nd Mariann*.

Myrobolan.-ThU i« a Eur..i.o.in pl.nn. Prvnu* eera^iferc. and i. imported prin-i-
pally from France. It unit«-s rciulily with the *oion and thn.w, few M.cken.. wl.i.h
make* it a very desirable slo,.k. wh.ro thr wintrrx are not v.-vy .evor.v It is use.l
reTirenerally in An^-ri.-a. but .nor- in th.. north tluu> in the s< uth where he
Ma^ianna i. ehiefly u,ed. The M,vr.,....h.n ,.lu,n i. not n sat.^factory sto.k for the
.•older parts of Ontario and Qnvhv: ,,- it is liable to winter kill.

Marlanna.-T\ve Mariauua plu.n i.» n.M larp-ly in the southern States as stock.
where it propagates fr.vly iron, ..uttin^rs. It i. thouRht to be „ hybnd betw.M.,, tie
Myrobolai. and the Chickn-.nv plum.. This «l*o, i. not a desirable stock for the
eolder parts of Ontario iind I, "bee.

Peach -The peach unites r.'mlilv with the plum und is used very largely in tli.'
Tnited States as a stock for it. It <•.», be «row,i cheaply, and strong young stocks
are midily obtuined for pni.tin*, mul bn.l.lin,^ It lu... however, the d.sndvnntnp.
of not being hardy enough in tmniy parts ot Canmlii.

SI. ,/u/icn.-The St. .lulicn i^ a K.imrcan sto.k that is used to a liniited extent
in America for propagating .ho K.r..,..an plum, but the^'y-bolan and Mamnna
stocks can be obtaine<I so .•heaplv that ,t .s not used nn.cb now. The St. Julien i>.
however, the safest stock f..r Furopcan plums m the north.

Am.nrana and .Va/nv. Anuricaua an.l Native plum seedlings f-"'i'»J^ »»'«•' ';^:'
-locks for the colder parts of Ca.uula. The young trees make strong growth and arc
vei^su table as stocks for grafting and budding. This stock is not usua ly saf.-
alrv when the European plums arc top graftc.l on it. a, the top outgrows the stock
and eTther breaks off ftom In-ing t..p heavy or .lies from lack of nourishment, ns the
"aJ^^v ieties. especially, .row much n.ore slowly. No bud results. »>-;-';.-;
fallowed from root grafting' .he Kurop.an plums o„ American stock, and good thrifty
tre<'S have been obtained.

Hand Cherry (Fvun.. /.umda). The Americana plums have been successfully
root grafted on the Sand C'herrj- at the Kxporiu.on.al Farm, and trees which had be. .
S,^ ninet«>n years were still in .ood condition with a ,*rtect Xi"v,!lis sto
well when they had t.) be remov.-.!. riie trees a-e consulerably dwarfed by this stock.
The Sa^yCherrJ mav prove v.ry useful wher^^ close planting is adopted, as many
,„ore t i Luld^be plan ed on an' acre wb,,, .Iwarfed by t hi. stock. Tnvs grafted on
Z stol however, are not as Hrm in the ground as we should like, an.l strong w.n<ls
have a tendency to loosen then..

HI 1)1)1 NC.

The favourite method of propagating plums i< by Shield budding and the best
.eason for doing the work is in late summer, sou-.e time during August being he best
, mo n Ontario and Quebec. At Ottawa the trees have been fo-- •"?«'<! J.^nd'-
,ir during the second w.K^k of August. In some parts ol Canada he time w.ll be
earner and in other part* later. Young stocks one or two years old are the most

''*'tuEg is best perfortned when there is .till suflficicnt sap beneath the bark to
oermit of the latter being easily raised with a knife. On the other hand if the work
Td^e whe^the tree is ftill growing vigorously the bud is '''''''e to be ' drowned o.^
or, in other words, forced out by reason of too much sap and growth of the stock.

The KtDck which in to frccivc llic l>ii4 -tmiilil hv at It-nxt thrcHj-cighth* of an inch
in (lian oU>r t^por the irrmmd. Thi> Ic.wcr Uiivih aro rubtM<(l off to • height of ttvp or
■ix iiicht'o to Pliable tho lnuluer to w..rk inorp frpply. A ixTpendicuUr cut i* now
nind- in thp sto.k as iiPiir the Rroind a* |)o«xililp from an inch to an inch and a half
lonjf iind prpf.-rabl.v on the north m<1p ot tlip tr..-, lu* thp bud will not bp »« readily
drip.1 out by thp •••n on that xidr. Thp Put nhould only extend through the bark.
Aiiotlifr put nhc.ul.l now bp miidp upriw" thp top of thp pprppndipular one. The two
puti* when nuide will npiH'iir thus: T

Tlip bud* urp put from well dpvploppd and ripeupd »hoot» of the current icB«on f
growth of thp vnripty it U dp4.irpd to iir<>i>MKat4'. H.fore the buda are removed the
Iphv.'s Hhould b.- put off thp *luM,t«; a pipp.' . I thp pptioie or leaf it<-m is left, however.
l)y wbirb thp bud may be handip<l iiftpr it lui* Upu rpn.ovod. A very «harp. thin-
liladp<l knifp i» np<'p>«arv in rPUio\ intt ili> I'ud. Univps are iipc<'ially niadp for thi*
purpoM'. 'liip bu.l U put ntl thp >li.«.t .i.wiiwnrdi- ( r upwar.l*. whiphever is. more pon-
vpMi.'tit. thi' itpuprai pni.tiip. howpvrr. w to put ui.w.ird*. The length of the piPPt-
rpfuovpd with the bud should I'P about one inph long, and the cut Burfa.v smooth.
It siiouhi bp quitp tiiiu, as but littlp of the wood ix tatvPU with the bud. Thp buii- .^r
twigs should lip kppt where tliev
will not dry out while the work of
budding is going on. Thp bud is
iiiMTtpd under the luirk by r:ii-iuy
the lattpr with tiip blade of tlie
knife or the part of the buddiuir
knife made for that purposp. T'lp
bud is tliPU push.d <lown and
uniler the bark with thp tinpir-.
aiul finally thp pippe of leaf stopk
which was left when it was
removed from the twig i» i)rpsspd
with the blade of the knifp to
bring the bud into thp iToper
jhisition. The biirk on eaeh sidp
ot thp bud. whieh should now be
under the bark of the stock, will
bold it in position. In order to
bring thp bud and stoi'k into close
contact and prevent the forir.i r
from drying up before the union takes plaee. they should be tipd tightly together
with raffia or '>ine soft string, taking pare not to e vpr tlip btul with it. Thp bud
-lioiild unite Willi the stock in two or three wtx^ks. and after that time flip string
:.liou!d be cut, a.' otherwise the bud may ln' injured. It' the proper spnsi>n has bcpii
cli( MMi for thp work the bud should rpmain (l.>rnuint until the spring. If it starts in
the autumn it may be killed <luriufr tli.' winter. In tlip following spring the stock
should lie cut off just above the bud wliieli will cause all the strength of ttie stopk to
be ilireeted into the bud and produce rapi<l growth, three to five feot not being an
eM-eptional growth for the tirst spascui.

liuddiiig is now a very popular method of propagating plums. The tirst 8ea.son'»
^rowlli is greater than from root-grafted trtt's and there is a larger proportion of
straight trunked trees by this mctli.d. If it is desired also to prevent trees from
irrowinc on their own roots, building i.s preforable. as trees propagated in this way
may be planted so that thp stock is just at the surface of the soil and all roots are
thrown from it. Wp have not found roof-g-afting "^ .uccpssful with plums as with
ai'iilps and budding is rccommonded.

Siim|ile iif Shi. Id.biidding.

IS

HulU may iil-.' U- iii««'fUHl in llu' bruiicli.'. •>( tnv* with kikhJ m>»iiU». WIimi tlifl
l»i(U hiivo uiiittHl iiiiii trrown the top miiy Iw •haiH'.l up nx if top irrnfttMt. Init thi« in
-i-liloiii iliino with pliiiiiK.

URAtTINO.

Scion». A* iiui.li ..f the Micnw in tjriiltiiiK il.'iHn"! - <'i' tho coiiditioi. and
.limli- of tho «-ioim. too inuoh ^lr»-»* ««iiii"t !«' i'liJ "H fm- imjiort.tiKO of huviiiK
tlu'ii, .f th»> Unit q\iulity uikI in the U<*t I'on.litioii iit tho lime of Kriiftiiijf.

Soioim may lie cut any time iiftor th.- wood i» woll riiM'iuMl in tho aiitiiini. niul
l...forc the hudi Kifin to hwoII in tho M'rinK- l"'"' »"*t «'""'• ''"wovor. i* in th.-
anturan, .in thoy nniv then |m- kopt iu the condition dcirc.!. If tiuy are cut in coUl
wouthiT, in winter, there in \vm wip in tho ncions nt that time iind thu» the chance
of their dryinn up Ih " vutcr than if they wcr.' cut in tho autumn. One eunnot tell
very well, either, in winter whether the younn woo.l ha» kfu injured or not Scion.,
should Ik) cut from h.althy. bearintf tno-. The wood of old trees is lahle to be
diseaMtl. and if diseaw-.! wowl is u«d it is likely t.. produce a diM^is.-.! tret< when
urafte.1. Scions should also U- cut from the mo.t pro.luctive tr.i-s. Occasionally,
„no or more trees of a vari;'ty will pr.«lucc more and h.-avlcr crops than the others
If scions an- taken from thcM- trees, there may U- a larKcr pro,H.rtion of the jfraftcl
tn-es pro.lu.re crojw lik.- the tre.-s from whi.li th.^ ..ions wcr.- taken than th.<y other-
wise would, though thi.s is ,.ot yet .•on.-lusiv..ly proven. The scons should be cut
from the wo(m1 ..f tho current seasons growth, as older w..od is not satisfactory. I he
bu<ls should be well dovelo,Kxl and the wrH.d tlmrouBhly ripened. It is not wise to
M.0 the water sprouts or yound shoots which spring from the main bnnich..s or trunk
t„r this pun«.«'. Th.cy may not l..- thoroughly ri,H.n,Ml .mrI it is al.o ,H.ssible that
-proutinK propensiti.- may be thus m..re .lev..lo,H..l in tl... «ra te.l tnH-s. Tho entir..
J.ason'8 growth may b.- cut of! an.l pack.'.l awav until r ..uir.Ml for «raft,n« when
.hould be .-ut into pi..-es from four to six inch.- m l.-ntfth having thnv well

ili'veloped bii Is. i . i ^ . i .,.,.^

Scions inav Ik. k.-pt in p.o.l .■on.lition in moss. «aw-.lusl. sand, or forest l.ax.s.
■1-he la.t named are fnun.l very sutisfact,,,, :it Ottawa. Th.-s,. materials should be
-liKhtly moist. 1 It not wet; the object Winp to k.^ep tho -.■.on-, fr.-sh at,d i-lump
without their I 'npr any dnntjer
-if their rottinjf. Tii.'y should
b.! kept in a co.>l cellar whi.li is
not too dry, and siioubl n-niaiii
(Idrmant until ready for use.

Hoot (/ro/<in(7.~-riums are
propanated successfully by root
'.'raftinc although biid.liiiK is
more general and triv.^s. as a
rule. much Is'tter r.~ults.
Stronst one year ol.l or two
year old stocks are heeled
ill' duriliK the autumn i"
a cool i-ellar in moist sand,
iiruftiiid may be done any
time during the wiiit.-r, but it
is usuidly not stated until
.lanuary or February. Whip
or toiipuo Rraftim,' is the
method usualiy cmplo.ved. As
only tl»o root is ref|uire.l. the
trunk and branches are cut ( '
and thrown away. As there is

Kx.ami>Ie nf K.xit IIi-iftiiiR.

20

but little advuntuKC in u.ii.K tl... wlu.l.- root, it mny !,.■ divided int., -several piece,
much d..iK.n.lin^' on its size, l-a.-h pioro .l.ould be at least four indicn lonR. A
smooth, slupinir eut upwards, about tw.. inelies lontr. is made across the mam part
of the ro<.t most niitable t- re.eive the scion. The scion is prei-ared hy cuttinp off a
piece of the wood procured for this purpose in tlic autunui from four to six inches
loiiL' and with about thr.'C well deve1o,)ed buds on it; u smooth, slopuip cut do>vnwar.N
mid across it is now made of about the same lensth as that already made on the sto.'U.
Clefts are now made in the slo,.inR surface of Imth sci.ni and stock, in the former,
upwards; and in the latter downwards. They are tlicn j.,ined to^tcther by forcim^
the tonfjue of the scion into the cleft of the stocU. The inner bark, or cambium, ot
b.,th scion and stock, should be in contact with one another on at least one side ot
the praft, as it is at this point of contact where the union begins to take place. In
order to ensure a speedv and successful union, waxed cotton thread is wound tiprhtly
around to hold the parts together. Amateurs are also advised to rub graft m-wav
all over where the two parts are joined, as with this treatment, success is likely to \.e

more certain. , , i •

The operation having been completed, the grafts are packed away in moss oi
sawdust until spring. They are then planted out in nursery rows about three feet
apart and one foot apart in the rows, the point of union being al out three incu-s
below the surface of the soil. The ground should then be kept tb..rouglily cultivatcl
throughout the season.

Crown Grafting.-Croysn grafting is usua.'y done on young stocks in the
nursery row in the spring. The trees are cut off at or ju.t beneath the surtaco ot the
soil at the crown or collar. A sloping cleft is then made in the sue of the crown
and a scion, cut wedge-shape at the lower end. is inserted in the clett ''« same
precautions should be observe.l as in root grafting, of having the inner bark of both
stock and scu,n touching on at least one sid.>. The grafted part should then be well
eovere.1 with grafting wax. in order to exclude the air. The trees usually make a
stroll- growth \vhen grafted in this way. but as the work lias to he done in April
before growth begins it is often incouvcnient to do it at that busy season .,f the year.

Tov Grafiiny. -V\mn trees are not top grafted as frciueutly as apple treis. but
thev can be verv successfully grafted in this way. When tl.ero arc trees whi<-li pro-
duL-e poor or unprofitable fruit tluy may be made to bear g.KHl fruit by t.,p graltuiL-
other varieties miou them. An uu.symnietrical top may also be improved by top
grafting. European or .lapanese varietirs shouUl not be top grafted on Ainerieaua
or Nigra stock. In our experienoo at the Central Experimental Farm it has l.c.i,
f.,iiiiirtliat although :i good union i- made, the Eiir-peaii will outgrow the Americana
.^o much that the top will die a lV-w years aft<T grafting, the trunk of the sto.^k
.xpanding too slowlv. In top graltiug plums it is best to have both stoek and se.,.ii
..s noarlv related Imtanically as possible. Top grafting is do„e in the spring before
growth begins, and early grafting is more important with the plum than the app.e.
\s the shock to a large tree would be very great if all the brau.'hes, on which leaver
d..v,.lop, were cut off the tirst season, abmit three yoars should bo devoted to changing
the top of the tree Cleft grafting i.-tiie melli.ul usually adopted m top working
plum trees, it being simple and satisfactory. , , , . ■ ,

The branches to be grafte.l should not exceed <.ne inch and a hall or two inche>
in diameter. If lliev are larger, it is so long befon" the stub heals ,,v,t. that disease
may set in. It is possible, however, to graft larger branches by putting in unu-e
<e'in]is The top grafting of a large tree should be done with a view to having the
new' top as -vmniPtri.'al "as possible, and .i-'rcat care should be taken in .selwting the
branches to be grafted njioii. Aftir the braneh is sawn off it is cleft by means of a
mallet and strong knife to the depth of an inch and a half to two inches. It is held
ojien to receive the scion by <lriving a wedge in it. Scions for ii-^e ill top grafting

n

are cut I'ruiu duriuuiit wuod which Laa been kept in good cundition in the manner
already described. They should have about three strong buds, and be cut wedge
shape at the base, oue side, however, being a little thicker than the other. Two
scions are now inserted in the cleft of the stub, with the wide side of the wedge on
the outside, and thrust down until the lowest bud is almost on a line with the edge
of the stub. The inner bark of both scion and stub should meet at some point, so
that the union will take place readily, and this is more easily etfected if the scion is
given a slightly tiutward slope when insortal. When the wedge has been withdrawn
from the cleft tlie advantage of having the wedge-shapeil end of the scion thicker
on one side will be apparent, as it will be held much more tightly than if both sidc-t
were the same. If the scion is not a tight tit all along, there is something wrong
in tlie way it has been cut or the stub has been cleft. The cut parts should now be
covered with grafting wax to exclude the air and hold the scion in place. Cotton
is also sometimes wrapped around the wax in order to more effectively hold the
scion in place. If both of the scions grafted on a stub should grow, the weaker one
should be remove<l after the other is well united and the surface of the stub at least
partially healed over.

It is often desirable to top graft young trees, and this may be done very readily.
The main branches are cut tick to within a short distance of the trunk, and the

scions grafted on, either by cleft or whip

^^_^^____ grafting. The closer the grafted part is Iv

the trunk, the better, as tho tree will be
stronger than if tho union occurred further
out on the limb, since the growth of graft and

I scion may not be equal. It is possible to cut
otf the whole top of the tree and graft success-
fully on the main trunk, when the tree is
young, but unle.<3 one is sure that the union
will be perfect and tho top not outfrrow the
^tock, it is better not to run the risk of losing
the tree. Furthermore, if the whole top is cut
off there will be such a growth the first season
that tho scions are liable to get broken off. In
top grafting a young tree tliat ha» been planted
from throe to five years, it is better to take
two seasons to do the work, as the results will
ho, as a rule, more satisfactory.
It is necessary to examine the grafted
trees during the summer and remove any
youiiur shoots from the stocks which are inter-
fering with the scions. It is not wise, how-
ever, especially when the tree has been cut
I back severely for grafting, to remove all the

slioots until tho grafts have grown oonsiderahly
and furjii*h a enod h'af surface.

MATi;uiAi.-i M:ni)i;i> i\ ckaktimi and niDDiN(;.

done
1 8et

harp.

Wliile grafting implements and appliances are numerous, the work can 1 .
with a few, and as it is not often convenient for the farmer or fruit grower
.1 Isrgf outfit, only *'"' n;il!y neccs-:ary thing!? .ire mentioned. These are;— A
line-toothed hand saw, to be used for sawing off large limbs, or for making tlie stub*
..n trees to be top-gniftrd where the limbs are too Urge to be cut with the pruning
knife.

48000—4

22

A strong pruninp knife for cuttinp the s^uiall.T lin.l)s; lor >nuM.tliinK the wounds
made by the saw or pruning shears; for trimming off torn edges of branches, and
for pruning roots of young trees when planting. , , .

A budding knife, with a thin steel blade, for removing buds, having an ivory
haiullo which is made thin at the end and is used for raising the bark.

A grafting knife, which is used in top-grafting trees, llonio-made grafting
knives can be easily made. A strong, sharp blade is the chief requisite.

Pruning tii.ars. which arc intermediate in their uses between the saw and the
pruning knife. They are used for cutting off branches which are too large for the
latter and too small to need the saw; for rough pruning and for cutting scions.

A wedge and mallet are also necessary in top-grafting large trees.

Uaftia, which is one of the best tying materials. It is very strong and very
pliable and is particularly useful for bandaging when budding.

Cotton varn, which is used for tying root grafts, and is one ot the most satis-
f.ctory materials for the purpose. The size known as Xo. 18 knitting cotton is the
best It is bought in balls, which should bo soaked Iv,. a few minutes
grafting wax before using. The yarn may also be drawn through melted wax, which
ensures its all being thoroughly soaked, and is, verliaps. on this
to soaking the ball.

RRAITIM: WAV.

in melted

■ax, which

unt preferable

There are many kinds of graftin- wax recuinnieiided. but it is uiuiceessar.v t,.

enumerate them all. One of the cheapest and best is miul.^ as follows: -

Formula I.-Kesin. 4 lbs.; beeswax, i' lbs.; tall,.w. 1 lb. Melt tngether and p .uv

into a pail of cold water. Th..n grease the hands and pull the wax until it is ne_irly

white. A good wax for either indoor or out.loor use. This should be heated before

using if too hard.

Formuli lI-UeMU, -'* lb.-.; beeswax. \ lb.; boiled paint oil, 10 ounces. Make

up as in 1-orinula 1. This wax is more suitable fur outside in cool weather than

Formula I, as it remains more pliable. , i ^i

The prineii.al value of grafting wax is to ex<-!ude air from the wound, and thus

prevent the wood from drj-ing before a union takes place. A good graltw.g wax should
not crack when on the tree, else the air will reach the wound and the w-iix prove ot
little vilue Many materials may be used instead of grafting wax for this purpose,
one of the simplest being a mixture of clay and cow dung, but gratt.ng wax is much
to be preferred. Strips of cotton arc often u^ed. especially in top-graltmg and eruwn-
..raltin- for wrappin^r around the wound after the wax has been app led for tlie
ini'roo-rof helping to exclude the air. and al.so to a.ssist in holding the scion in
,o-ition until the union takes place. This cotton is unnecessiiry it good graltmg
wax is used; but if a very valuable variety is grafted it is safer to use th<' cottoiK
as when the growth of the sciou is rapid there is a chance of its getting broken off
during the tirst season before it is thoroughly united with the st..ck. Large wouiu.s
on trees should be covered with some material that will protect the c.'t ?>;rfa<e from
the weather, prevent disease from setting in, and which will not peel off ea.ily. A goo>l
dressing of white lead paint is probably the best material to use lor this puriK.so.
Grafting wax may be used on smaller branches.

THE si;rsi;uv.

xMtliough, as a rule, it will be the most convenient plan to buy tieis fr in the
professional n'urserj-mcu. yet he who propagates plum trees by ro.it grafting, crown
grafting, or budding, for his own use, should have a nursery in wliich to grow tlieni
until they are ready for the orchard. A good sandy loam soil, which does ii<rt bike

23

and is well dniinod, is bc.-t suited for this purpose, and will grow the strong, healthy
trees which are desirod. ! he ground should be thoroughly prepared and the young
trees phintcd about 1-2 inches apart, in rows about 3 feet apart. Cultivation should
be thorough up to about the middle of July, when it should cease, as in colder
climutes, i's|)ocially, it is very desirable that the wood ripen well, and lute cultiTation
would encourage late growth. It will be necessary the first year the grafted or
budded trees are growing in the nursery to go over them carefully and cut out any-
shoots which may be coming from the stocks, and also to reduce the graft to onci
stem should more develop. If any side branches grow, however, they should be left
intact. In small nurseries it is sometimes advisable to tie the young trees to stakes
the first season. This will make them straighter and will help to keep them from
being broken. These trees may be planted in the orchard the following spring if
one-year old trees are to be used. By the end of the second year or the beginning
of tlie third, after the branches have been pruned to the proper height and the top*
shiiped, the trees will be in the best condition for planting in the orchard.

THE ORCHARD.

> jU and exposure. — Plums will succeed well on a great many kinds of soils, but
some appear to succeed better on certain soil than others, the best soil depending
somewhat on the climate in which the plums are grown. In those sections of
Ontario where the European plums succeed best, well drained clay loam has {jiven
the most satisfactory results. Along the south shore of the St. Lawrence, below the
city of Quebec, where the European plums succeed well, these plums do better on
sandy loam soils. The Japanese plums on the whole give better results on warm
loamy soils than on clay loam. The Americanas and Nigra plums succeed best on
clay loam soil, but also do well on sandy loam. All soils should be well drained or
success need not be expected. The more severe the climate in wliich the plums are
srown the warmer the soil should be.

If there is danger from spring frosts a northern or north-eastern exposure would
ho likely to give best results, as the flower buds would not develop as soon as on a
southerly exposure. The flower buds of the European and Japanese plums suffer
badly in the north, and there is no doubt that a northerly exposure would be best
f'nr these plums.

Preparation of the land. — It very often happens that the fanner or fruit grower
-uddci ' I' I'ides to plant an orchard. No previous thought had been fiivon to the
matter, or il there had, nothing was done to get the land into better condition for
the youn^ trees set out to take their chances. No after cultivation will fully make up
for uc^lei't uf the thorough preparation of the land. Trees should beiiin to prow
thriftily from the time they are planted if they are to obtain a sood size before they
begin to bear heavily, and if the land is not thoroughly prepared and in Rood con-
dition when they are planted, growth is likely to be slow. It is much better, if one
has no land in good condition, to delay planting a year, and frive the soil the neces-
sary attention. The time will not be lost, as the trees will do nnich better, l.and
which ha? been well manured for root crops, ploughed in the autumn, and nfrain
plouglied in the spring and thoroughly levelled and pulverized with the harrow sliould
be in good condition for planting the trees. If the subsoil is near the siirfiu'c the
subsoil plough should be used after the ordinary one, loosening the soil from four to
six iiu'h(>s deeper than the former.

Sod lain! ploughed in the autumn, top dressed in the spring with a good coating
of barn-yard manure and then ploughed again and thoroughly pulverized with the
harrow, should also bring the soil in good condition. A green crop, such .ns dovcr

48()(!n--lJ

^:

^

==^

r.>^iiMB»agB

Tt-iiiiyiWin

s

^«.^

''•v.- '

V, _ ^

^^^^^^HsIk

i<iS.

m}

"

•> ^

X

1'

-,•

• '■ -vi..;^ •

i^ ■

1

1<

, - ■.■•.^•'•^•'''

.jfe-

i

■)

§

■a

■•■■,\ ^l^l'.-

i6

ploughed under iu the spring and the
good method.

L-nd thoroiiuhly hiirniwcd. wouk] »le« be ti very

Laijing Out of the Onhard.—l'lum trees riMiuiro thorough spraying, )u>d Uiis
^ihould be tiikcn into consideration when planting, so that the trees will BOt he set
too close. Trees should also have abundance of sunlight to thrive best and producv
fruit of good colour, and they cannot obtain this if they are too crowded. There are
several good methods which may be adopted in laying out the orchard.

If the trees are pliint«>d the .i^anie distuneo apart each way vth a view to iBOviujr
them all as permatient trees, ihey should be planted from 15 to 20 feet apart,
depending on the varieties chosen. If, however, the branching and ui)right growing
varieties were mixed as niiglit be necessary for good pollination, 1."^ feet apart would
be a very satisfactory distance to plant.

Another good Uiet' id is to plant the trees a greater distanw apart one wi»y than
the other. This is a -atisfaetory system when properly carrii>d out. By this plan
trees may he planted successfully 10 feet apart in the rows with the rows 15 feet
apart, the latter distiuice braving ample room for spraying. When the trees become
crowded, every other one may be taken nut, tliu> leaving the [nTnianeiit Ireoe :*J l.v
15 feet apart.

A third method in to phmt the triH>s in an apple orchard with the objeot of
getting some profit from the bind before the apple treia come into f uU bearing.

If the permanent apple trtvs were 35 by 35 feet apart, a row of plum trees l"i
feet apart in the row could be planted between the rows of apple treea. Pluiu trees
could also be planted betwifn the apple tre<>s in the rows. This would leavi- tlie
plum and the apple treiw IT* feet apart. I'lanted in this way, large crops of pluu*
can bo produced before it is necessary to cut the trees out As pium treee require
weaker spraying n;ixtures than apples, planting plums among apples If not recom-
mended.

Win'Uirenks. — If the orcjiard is not natur:iUy protected from the wind by tre«»i
or by rising grounii, a windbreak may be planted with good effiH-'t along the nor. b
and west sides, or any other side fn.m which the greatest injury conios. the object
being not to stop the wind altoirether. but simply to check its velocity, as if a wind-
break is lii^'b and very dense it stops the I'irculatiuu of air in the orchard to a Iargi>
extent, and this gives very favourable conditions for the spread of both insect \xt-\y
and fungous di.-eases. On tiie other hand, a projier windbreak lessens tlie foroe of
the wind and thus protects the trc<'s, which wi" grow straighter and ahai>elier; it
will also very materially lessen the amount of v
ing varieties wliiih will not succeed under <-
most important factors in dryiiipr nut the Ian
checked by a windlmak the evaporatinn of n
great.

One of the l'i'<t trees to iilaiit for ■. windbrtNil: is the Norway siinice (Picia
cjrWva'). It is a rapid growing evergreen and is hanly almost everyw' ro wher^
plums can lie grown siic<M>ssfully. A ^insrle row of these trei^s i>lanted fron: to 10
feet apart is cpiite sutlicieiit. They should iirow. if prot.erly rared for. at the rate
of from 2 to ^ fet>t a year until tiny reacli a height of .Ml to ti" feet. In very
exposeil plae<v it nuiy be desirable to plant two rows of trin-^. the trees fonoing the
second row Ix^ing planted between aii<l > or 10 fivt behind the tre«»i i„ tbr tirpt row.
The first row nniy be eompos<>d ..f arbor-vit;r. which are rather slow growing, and
the row behind made of Xorwny spruce, if dtvirable. White iiine aii'l Kuro()ei\n larch
are tayn] pri-wing trfv-= whi'h may Ik- iisoti for this purroso. S'/ntch pine k^ inclinnd
to l>e irr - in growth, and is. on this account. son:etime8 not outisfartory. If

'le trer dy niention(>d cannot be obtained there are other native tP«»s which

uill giv sati-facti"n. '-> windbreak should n<^t he iilaiite<l netirr-r than 4ft

Ifalls. ami it will pern:it of grow-

e.xiK>sure. Wind is one of the

•aiising drought. If ite force is

ire friuii the soil wi'i not be .so

26

fee-, from the first row of fruit trees. The trees iu the windbrcuk inuy be thinned
out gomewho* Inter on if desiriiMo.

Kind of Tni« lo Plant -Plum trees one <>r two years of ijRe will ^ive the best
satisfaction. If the planter does nil the cultivation himself, small trees will be more
satisfactory, as they start more readily than larger ones, but if hired help is
employed, a Rood sized tree is important, as small sized trees are liable to be tramped
down or otherwise injured. The paragraph on stocks should be reiul rcfuUy, ns
the stock of the plum plays an important part in the growth of the trei.

Planting. — The spring is the best time to plant plum trees, and the earlier it is
done the better, providing the soil is dry enough to work without puddling. Plum
trees suffer more from 1. to planting than apple trees. The trees may be planted
with success in the autumn if the work is done early, as they will throw out roots
before winter, but if planted late they are very likely to be killed by drying out. As
it is of the greatest importance to get the trees planted early in the spring, and as
when ordered from nurserymen in the spring it is difficult to get them as early as
required, a good plan is to order them to be delivered in autumn and when received
he»'l them in well drained soil until spring. After the trees are taken out of the
soil great care should be taken to prevent the roots from becoming dry before
plantinp. as if they do the tree is almost sure to di3. Dipping the roots in a thin
mixture of clay loam and water will protect them somewhat, but wet burlap, old
batfs, or wet straw should also be used. Before exposing the rcots of the trees,
however, the holes should be made. Many planters seem to have the idea that if they
dig a hole barely large enough for the roots to be crowded into they will have jjood
rteults. Sometimes they do ; much of tener they do not. If the whole field has been
subsoMed and is in a thorough state of tillage it would not matter so much, as the
soil all over would be in the same state of friability, but this is very rarely the case.
Po that, as a rule, it is necessary to make the hole somewhat larger than will accnm-
modatc the roots, spread out to their fu,i extent. It should be made about 18 inches
deep, after v.'hich tlie subsoil should be loosened a few inches more, but not removed.
In digging the hole, the surface soil should be kept separate from the subsoil or that
of poorer qiuility. Sufficient surface soil should now be thrown back in the hole to
make the tree, when planted, about an inch deeper in the ground than it was before.
If a tree is n ■». planted deep enough, the roots may become oxpoM'l and the tree die.
On the other hnnd, it should not be planted too deep. Before it i.- planted perman-
ently in the hoi. . tlic >oil wliich has been thrown in should be raised and rounded
oti in the centre. If this is done, the roots of the tree can be spread out nuiLii rinre
readily and i)la<'ed more in their natural imsition. Roots of plum trees have not
many fil -os, and it is neces.sary to spread what are left on the tree, carefully, in
O'der to get the best results. Broken or bruised roots should be cut off befi re
planting the tree.

The tree being now placed \iprinht in the hole and the roots carefully spread out,
the surface soil is gently thrown in and worked in among them, by the hand, if
necessary. It is very important to have the soil come in close contact with the rout
fibres, in order that the best conditions may be afforded the tree to begin gro\vth
promptly. When the roots are well covered, more good soil should be thrown in,
and whan the hole is abo\it half full it should be well tram|)ed with the feet, after
which the hole should be filled level with the surface of the soil, tramping being
done while it is being filled. The surface of the soil should be left loose, as this will
help to prevent evaporation of moisture from the soil which has been thrown in. It
is not necessary to water any tree if planting is done at the prujx;r si-aNiu and tht-
soil fairly moist aiul well I'ompacted about the roots.

xf one year old trees are used all side branches should Iw removed and the trunk
pruned back to a height of two ur three feet above the ground, leaving the tree a

27

incrp wliip. Thu brunches of two yenr old trees should be pruned bnc-k so as to kove
only ubout four buds on each, but from four to six brnnohcs are all that arc nfces-
siiry to make a good and gymmetrical top, and others should Ik? cut back to the trunk.
The Strinufellow method of plantinu, which consists in cutting back the roots to a
stub and the top to about eijrhtcen inches from the (rround and plantinK in a small
hole, should be practised with caution in Canada, and is not recommended.

If the orchard is in an exposed position and the trees large and with hiwh
trunks, it will pay to tie stakes to them to keep them from fjettinc loose.

In districts where drought is liable to occur, or even in places where the soil is
likely to become rather dry, and thorouifh cultivation cannot be frequently given,
it will bo wise to mulch the newly planted trees to a depth of from 4 to <l inches v.-iih
manure, ^traw, sawdust, or anything of that nature which will not become a compact
mass. If this is placed about the base of the tree and left duriiur the summer it will
keep the surface soil loose and prevent evaporation of moisture, and the growth of
tiie trees will be much more rapid. A good mulch may be tlie means of preventing
a tree fnmi dying if the sea.on is very unfavourable or the tree in poor condition.
If the mulch is loose when v.inter sets in there may be danger trom mice, aiul this
should be guarded against.

V.\B!ET1ES.

Although a large number of varieties of plums is now offered for sale by nursery-
men, the number which can be recommended and suggested as worthy of trial is
comparatively limited. Few additions have been made of late years to the list of
best Kuropean plums, the greatest number of new named varieties having eume
either from the Japanese and Japanese hybrids or the Americana plums. .Mueli
improvement has been made in the Americana and other North American plum-,
and a great many named varieties have been introduced, no less than IIm, exclu>i '•
of hybrids, having been tested at the Central E.xperimental Farm. The total nimiber
of named varieties of plums tested is 314.

The plum season extends over a iK'riod of about three months, beginning about
the 1st of August, and ending late in October or early in November, although along
the Kiver St. Lawrence below the city of Quebec some European varieties will keep
until December.

l?y a judicious selection, varieties may be planted which will give an unbroken
succession of ripe fruit during this period. The market to which the plums are to be
sent shcpuld also be carefully considered, as if they are to be sent long distances the
tirnier varieties will be the most satisfactory.

Although the varieties recommended are likely to be the most suitable, the infeiiJ-
iug planter should learn what varieties are proving the most profitable in his vicinity.
This is important, as the districts are large and conditions will vary somewhat from
one end of a district to the other. The lines dividing the districts are not arbitrary.
It is not possible to make an exact dividing line on one side of which a variety will
do well and on the other side of which it will prove a failure. The ooundary lines
are suggestive only. It is often the case that there will be especially unfavourable
locations for orchards in a milder district in which it would be safer to plant the
varieties recommended for a colder one. The planter should use his judgment in
the matter.

The varieties recommended in the following list are arranged, as far as possible,
in order of ripening, beginning with the earliest. It was only through the kii\dness
of a larsro number of Canadian fruit growers that it has been possible to ))rpp:ire a
list of the best varieties for the different districts. These men have given the results
of their experience most willingly, and I take this opportunity of again thanking
them publicly for their assistance.

28

I-HINC'E KDWAltl) IMI.A.ND.

Commtreial.—\nU^; Brudsliaw, Lunilmnl, Field, (Jiiackcnbo-is «t Claw. YeUow
Eggr, Grand Duke. Monarch, Shropshire I)aiii«on.

Addilional Varirfux SuunpsleJ for Home. {/«*•.— Washington. Tiriiuriiil Oaif*.
Victoria «nd Keine (.'hiude.

.liipanv'^L' plums are not reliable.

NOVA SCOTIA.

Counties of I'umberlund, Colchester. Pictou, AntiKonish, luverness, Victoria,
('ap«' Hreton, Richnumd, Guysborough, Halifax: —

CommvTriul and Domexlic. — Arotic, Hraiishaw. Imperial Gage, Oucii, Shipper'*
Pride, Yellow Kgg, Quaekenboss or Glass, Shropshire Damson.

liurbunk pliiiiis succeed in the protected and most favoured localities.

Countitis of Hants, Kinifs, Annapolis Dif,'h,v, Yarmouth, Shulb.ntrne. Qiiecni,
Lunenburg:—

CdtiimiTriid. ~ l!r;i4s!mw. Itiamond. Y'ellow Kgg. Archduke, Grand Duke. Mon-
arch, Ooldcn Drop (Cocs), Shropshire Damson.

Additional Varieties Suggested for Uomr Unc. — Hradshaw. Wasliin.L'ton.
Inipcriul <int.'e. Reine Claude.

S,iiiic of the nidst desirable Japanese and hybrid plums arc Kcl .Iui:i. .\l>und-
ance, Burbank, Shiro, and Apple, but these are not so reliable as the European plum.

NKW BBL'N»WICK.

I»wer St. John Valley, Cliarlottc, and Albert Counties near the ci'a-t : —

Commrrrial and Domrntir. — Arctic, Lombard, Green Gage. Ycll-.w Kg;;, (^uack-
I'libims. (JIhss. Mount Royal, Raynea.

Rem.Tinder of Xew Rrunswiek: —

Amiricaiia ami .Vi'/ru. — Aitkin, liisbv, .Maukato, Oujalia. CliLiicy. Wull', Schlej,
Hia'kett, Hawkcye, Stoddard.

ONTABIO.

Counties of K^sex, Kent. Rr'tliwi'11, Klgiu, \oi-f..lk. Ilnldiuiand. Wcllaud nm'
Lincoln, rind the southern part of the counties of I.unbtou. Mid llcscx. Oxford anl
Wcutuortli.

]'ariitifs Rerommended for ildrkel: —

J'urnpenn. — Hrnd>hnw, Imperial Ga.L'e, Shijiper's I'ride, T.nmbnrd. ^'cllnw V.'x.
Reine Claude (BavBy), Golden Drop (Coos'). Italian Prune. Grand Dukr. Sliropsl.rr
Damson, Monarch.

■hip'ini'xo. — Red .Tune. Abundance. Rurbank, Chabot.
Additional Varieties Suggested: — Shiro (Hybrid.)

European Variet''^ Recommended for Uomr, Use. — Washington. Burbank. P.rnd-
5li.iw, Inijicrial Gage. l{eine Claude (Bavay), Italian Prune.

Counties of Wellington, Duflerin, Waterloo, Halton, Peel and Brant and the
eastern part of O.xford, the northern part of Wcntworth, the western part of York
and the southern part of Simcoe.

St

Varietici Kecommendtd for Market: —

European. — Bradthaw, Oueii, Imperial Qage, Shippcr'ii Pride, Lombard. Pond,
Yellow Rmr, QUrr, Reine Claude (Bavay).

Additional Varieties. — Mount Royal, Raynea.

Varieties Recommended far Ilome Use. — Washington, Burbank, Bradshiiw,
Imperial GaKe. Lombard, Reine Claude (Bavay).

Tho northern part of Lambton, Middlesex and Oxford; the counties of Perth,
Huron, Urucic atid Qrey and the county of Simcoe, with the exception of the extreme
soutliern portion.

Varieties Recommended for Market: —

KuroiH'an. — Bradiihaw, Purple Eirg, Imperial Oage, Lombard, QuaokenboM or
Olass, Yellow Egg, Reine Claude (Baray), Monarch, Grand Duke.

.Jniiancoe. — Burbank.

\'arielief Recommended for Horn* Use: —

Wiisliington, Burbank, Bradshaw, Imperial Gage. McLaughlin, Monarch, Reine
CLiiiilc (liavay).

The county of York, with the exception of the extreme western portion, and the
eounticH of Ontario, Durham, Northumberland, Prince Edward, I^nnox. Frontenac.
to Kingston, and Ilnstings and Addington, within thirty miles of the St. Lawrence
River; also the southern portion of Victoria and Peterborough.

Varieties Recommended for Mnrket :

European. — Bradshaw, Gueii, Imperial Gage, Lombard, Quackenboss or Glass.
Yellow Kgg. Kcine Claude (Bavay), Monarch.

Japanese. — Burbank.

Varieties Recommended for Home Use: —

WaHhinpton, McLaughlin, Burbank, Brailshaw, Imperial Gage, ^fonarch. Rcino
Clniide (Bavay), Shropshire Damson.

Counties o" Leeds, Grenville, Dundas, Storraont.

Varieties Recommended for Market and Home Use: —

Americana and Nigra. — Aitkin, Bixby. Mankato, Omaha. Cheney, Wolf, Schley.
Hra'kett. Il.nvke.ve. Stoddard.

European, for trial in most favourable locations: — Early Red Russian, Lunn,
MoiMit Koyal, Uayues, Richland, Gueii, tilass, Arctic, Lombard, White Nicholas.
YcHhw Egg.

N'one (if tlie European phiin." are very ?ati.«factory in this district, as the fruit
I iiih of most varieties are usually killed by winter.

Jtipiiiiese Varietie.i. — Not hardy.

The counties of Victoria, Peterborough, Hastings and Addington, except the
piiMihern portions; Manitoulin and St. Joseph Islands, and the counties of Renfrew.
I.rt;i:(rk, Carleton, Ruasell, Prescott, Glengarry.

Varirtiis Recommended for Market and Home Use: —

.\merirana and Nigra. — Earliest and best native seedlings, Ai«kia, Bixb.v, ^I.iu-
katn. Omnlin. Cheney, Wolf. Sehley. Brackett. TTawkeye, Stoddard.

isnco— 5

KurttiMiin, Suyw'ilfil for Trial in .Wo«/ Fnroiirahlr /,«ru/ion*. — Karly IW

Itii-siiiii, Kowlc.v, I.iiiiti. M t U.'.vmI. Kiivni-, IJii'lihiiiil. (lln^i*, XfinitiiK rciicy. White

N''rliciln!i, Yftlciw Kirtr. l'iTilritri>ii, rn«iiri»li. Xniic tif tlir KiirM|>ciiii iiliiins nro vrry
-iili!.|;ictcir.v ill tlii^ (li-trict. 11- the t'riiit Imils if nimt viirii'tic> iirc u-'iiiill.v killiil li.v

willtlT.

•Ininuisf Ynriilira, \.it linnly.

Mll»T Mi|ITIIKHI,\ IIISIKIITH.
\'/.(;n'. H(-l iMrlv unlive •icciiliin;?', AitUiii, CliciKy.

(JIKIIKC.

(•(.uiilics «{ I'liiitiiu. \Vri;rlit, niul ()tl;'Wii, .<inith ^f 'i.tituilf 4'i'. iiUn tin- (•(.iiiitit's
r ArK'iitcMiil, Two Miuiiitiiins, TcrrclHiiiuc. l/A^'Miiiiptiini. mil Mmitcaliii. .lolii'tti.
ni-rthiir, Mii-kiiiniiiri-, nn'l St. Miiiiriic. witliin :.'."p miles i.f the St. I.iiwreiice Kiver.

Viirirtii's Hicommrnilcil for Markil ami llomr l.'.sr:--

\i:iinrann and A i.i/rd.- Karl ie>t iiliil \h'*\ ii itive M'e.lliin.'!'. AilUiii. Hisliy, Miiii-
l;;it... Oiiiiihii, Clieiiey. Wnlf, Seliley. Hriu'kelt, llnwUeye, Stncl'lnnl.

Hiiro/wan, Siif/f/rslid for Trial in Most Favoiirahlr l.oialioiis :

K;irly Itc'l Kiis-iiiii, Ki.wley, I.iiiiii. Mount Keyal, IJayiu's Uii'hiii.iu.l. C,l.\-^<, Mmit-

!ii-reney White NielioUi-, Yellow Kt'i-'. I'<Tilrin riiKiiri-ti.

N.iiie of llie Kiiropean pliiiiis arc very satisfactory in llii.- ili-lrl.I. as the tniit

liu.ls of most varieties are usually killod hy winter.

Japamur \'ari<'lic.i.Sot hardy.

Counties of IIuntiii}.'(lon, lieauharnoi-. ( lKit.'aii(.'uay, .lae.ine- I'artier. Uival.
!|.„hela(;a. Chainhl.v. I.aprairio, Napierville, St. .lohns, and thr western part of Iher-
\ iiie and Missi-o_noi.

Variftiis llfrommvndtd for Mnrh;t and Home Use:--

Amirirana and A'l'ffni.— Karlie.st and hest native ^eedlinKs. Aitkin. Ui.vhy. Man
k;.to. Oinaha, Cheney, Wolf. Sehley, Hraikott, llawkeye. Sto<ldard.

For Trial or llomr L's,' in Most Favourable Locations :—

Enroiieati. (^leeii May, Brodio. IVrdrijioii. I'ntfHrish, Lnnn. Mount Uoyal.
Itaynes, Monlnioreney, Aretie. (ilass. Veil, w Kjrff. Uichland, Karly H.'.l Hussian.
White Nicholas l.oinhard. Damson.

Japanese rariV/i'tw.— Not hardy, except in moKt favcnirahlo places.

Counties of Vercheres, Richelieu, Yamaska. St. Ilyacintho, KoiiviUe. Hapot.
Dnimmond, Kichmond, Shefford, Sherhrooke, Hrome, Stan-tead. and the eastern part
..r Ilierville and Missiscpioi, and the western part of Comptim.

Variefiia Urcommrndid for Market and Home Use:—

Amerirana and Sigra.-ML'^t early native seedlinns. Bixl.y, Mankato, Omaha.
( 'heney. Wolf, ScJdey, Ilawkeyc, Stoddard, Hrackctt.

European, for Trial and Home Use in Most Favoiuahlr Didrids— Woimt
Royal. Ruynes, Montmon-ncy Glass, Richland, Kurly Red Russian, White Nicholas.
Yellow Kcp. Damson.

Japanese Tariefies.—'Sot hardy.

Coimtios of Nirolot. Arthahaska. Wolfe, the enstern part of Coiiipton. and the
.■oiinties of n.aiicv. Meiranti.'. Dor.'hcstor. T-othinierc. L.'vis and Rollechasse.

31

VarUlien ItfctimmfHtlfd for Market and Ilnme Use: —

Ami-ricana and Sigra. — Hont curly iiiifivr <'C(><lliii|ii*, Aitkin. Hixby, Miiiil<uto,
Omnliii. Chrncy. Wolf, Schli-y, nrnclcptt, Iliiwlicyc, StiKltlnrcl.

Euro^ivan, Snyijratiil fur Trial ami llomr I'm- in Must Favourable Localion.%. —
Mount Hiiynl, Ruyncs, Moiitmurency, I.iinii, Qiichmi Miiy, Kiirly Hiil lini^sinn. Whit*
NicholiiH, Yt'llow Ekk. Arctic, Unirarith.

Ja/ianrHf Varietifn. — Not hardy.

('i)iiiitips ()' 'fdiitmnfrny, I.'Inlet, Kamouraxkn, iinmt of Tcniiin'ounta. Ttoiiavpiitiir*,
iitid (iuspo, oil 'ny of Choleur Hide of Onspp Ilasin.

Varictien Recommended for Growing near the St. Lawrence River: —
Euroitian. — Ari'tif, Wiisiiiii)(ton, liruditbuw, Green Gage, Montmoreiify, l.omltard,
Kmifli Damsiiii, (Jmii'kpiibosis Grand Duke,

Additional Varieties Suggested. — Mount Koyiil, Kayncs.

Varieties Recommended for Home Die: —

Miriiliflle prt'cooc. Wafiiintrtiin, Imperial (ini^e, (^ireen Gaffe, Montmorency,
Ari''"o, l.iitnburd, French DuniMin.

\'ariefie>i Reommendc'd for Growing Inland: —

.imericar.a ami \i()ra. — Best early native seodlintr!'. Aitkin. Bixhy. Miuiknto,
< )nialiii, ( 'licney. Wolf, Schley, Brackctt.

roiiiitic« of Chuniplaiii, Portneuf. Qiielxx*, Montmorency, ("harlcvoix, and Chi-
I'liutiiiii, cast of the St. Maurice River, and Routhwest of T>ake St. .lohn and the St.
Lawrence IJiver.

Varielieii Recommended. -Best early native seedlings, Aitkin, Omaha, Cheney,
Bixhy. Mnnkato, Brackett.

Xcar the St. T.nwrciice River, especially in the vicinity of Quebec and below and
on the Island of Orleans, the following Eun pean varieties would give more or lew
satisfaction;- Washington, (Jreen Gage, Arctic, Montmorency. Mount Royal, Raynes,
I.MniI)aril. Damson.

North of latitude 4fl° as far as plums will grow; also the northeastern part of
rcmiscduata, Rimoun'ki. and Matane.

Varieties Sugge.ited.— Host early native seedlings, Aitkin. Odegard, Bixby, Man-

iiatii, Chciii'v, Omaha.

MANITOBA.

^'al■i(tils Rrcommended. — Cheney, Aitkin, Odegard, Assiniboine, and best seed-

iing.s of Manitoba native plum.

SOL'THESN MANITOBA.

Varieties Recommended. — Cheney, Aitkin, Odegard, Assiniboine. and best native
.scedlin^rs; also Sand Cherry and Compass Cherries, which are more like plums than
chcrrie.s. There arc a number of promising varieties among Hansen's hybrid plums,
such as Etupa, Ilanska, Opata, Sapa, Kaga, and Owanka.

SASKATCHEWAN.

Varieties Recommended. — Cheney, Aitkin, Odegard. Assiniboine. and best seed-
lings of Manitoba native plum.
4 .000—5*

ALMRT*.

V*ri»lie» Rt>eemmt*nd*d.—Bmt Medlin«a of Mnnituba native plum, Chenef, \U-
kin, Odcvard, ud AM;niboui«.

Mmni atLUMBiA: v^ncoitwi »i,*Nt>— hoitiik.hn paht.

rrowjiKTna/.— Mo«t proflubl. : FnKlelxTt, lUiliun Prune. Otlur*: Di.iinond.
I'ond. tloKI«m Drop (('oe'«). Urniul Dukp.

Additional ''(irt>M>» for Dninentic r»c,- Peach. W i^liiiiutdii.

LOWrn MAINLAND.

. imm-T<i<i/. .> . MrofitHhlo; Mnnurch, Itnlian Priiiio. Otlur^: linuUhnw, Din-
mimd, (JciMpii Drop (('<«'n), (Irand Duke.

Additional Vari.Urt for Home t'*c.— Pench, (Iropn Ohitp, linii.ri.il (Ihk.-. Wnnh-
inirtnn.

D«V msTHi. rs, Wi. /.«/,),;/ I.ytlon. Lillnnrt. Sprnre'^ Rrid-ir. A'rtm/oo/w. ni.ntui,,an Lak-r

Keltlf Ritvr ValUy.

Commrn-ial.—Mont profitnMp : Itnlinn Pnino. Otli.T^: liriid-liiiu. I'mm.1. I»i..-
mond. Oneii. Monairh, Grand Duke, (loldpn Drop (Cop's).

Ad<Utional vofiuUet for Home r»c— Peach. Vii'torin, Ycllnw E^.

WKIIT KOOTRNAV.

C(jmm«rr»a/.— Hrndshaw, Pond. Diiitnond, Monarcli. CmikI I»mI<,. It:,li::i, I'niiip.
«np of the most profitable.

Additional Varietien for Home Hue £'.«/)prw//.i/. -Pp,i.-li. \Vaslniii,'tMii, Victoria,
and Keinp Claude.

Japiinofp vnrietioH succeed.

SIIIISWAP LAKK niSTTlK T.

Oommi'rr ' -Hradishaw, Yellow Etrif, Oiicii, r.onilmr.l, l'..ii.|. Ii.ilijn rnm,..
• for Home Use Egpecially.— VcaLh, Washiii^'ton, Vioton..

Addifit.
Ruinc Claude.

NKWKR AND COI.nF.R niSTnlCTS.

ITardifst Varieli,^ for Trial— Arriic, Brndshaw. Cu.-ii. I.omhMrd, Yellow Eptr,
Quaokenbof!) or Glass.

DRSCUIPTIOXS OF VARIETIES

Ttip following dcwriptions wero. most of them, iiuido l.y tlu> aullior from siwci-
man.< cithrr ffrown at l-ho Cciitral E-xiifririii'iilal Farm or in othi-r parts of Canada
In some c.ises, howcTer, especially among the European plums, the descriptions wef'
obtainetl from other sources which are considered reliable. Where these descriptions
are uned t-he author's name is given. The varieties which are described are dividi^il

luto the wrioun irroupt to which thcjr Mong. They are limited t» thoM mentiunwi
in the dmtri.t li.U. with the exctptitm of • few new kiadi ooniiderad proiuiMiic, but
whii-h h»»n not been teatcd lung enouKh to Mcommend, and a few of the older
varietiei,

El ilUPKAN VABIKDES.

AbfUwiit. riuro leedlinR fr.)in Hniry E. Wriicht. Suminemide. 1'. K.I. -Form
round .)v>.I; Hir.e liirin-; cuvity medium d.-pth and width; diiturc dintim-t, slightly
dcprtiiH.Hl; npex slightly dcprr«i«pd; colour yellow, well coTenil with ,Wp nxj-
dot* obacuri'; bloom, none on »pccinicnfi rwi-ivod; iikin moderately thin, rntli.-r U)UKh'
floHh .vi'ilow, jimy; xtmie inodiiiin to Im-!,.w. ..vnl. fl.ittene«l. plinu; nwcot. rich fl«Tour!
quality v.r.v jfood. A hniidsoni)' plum nnd oni- w..rth twtinp. Hiii«p,| from ntnne of
a ptui.i frMiii Cilifornia. Bor.* firxt tim.' in 1!HW. Tr.v n fn»t Rrowor. Hipen* ■.\ f.w

(6)

is:

(^)

V

Sli.iwinmaii iiioii, II, ,f,,n,... „f viirietifM ..f .ViiirTi.»iiu iiliiiiis : 1 1 ) W.ilf, (2) Van liurt-n

W » "'■»" •'*'<'lliint. (4) Wy.mt, (".I V,«.Miiit.- YHInw. (i!) Yosfinit.- Curi.l.-

(7) !>•• S,it.i, (SI K<,lliii({,ti.ii.-. (Ill 'lawk.'v.'. '

days later than Moore's Aretie and earlier than l.oniL.>rd.
seed in 1!)03. Domestica group.

•)■

'I to I years old from

Ayen.—\ very old French variety of unknown orign..

' Fruit late, season short ; one and one-half inches by one and ono-eiRht inches
in size, obovate. the base necked, halves e<iual, cavity shallow, narrow. Harinir; guture
very shallow. ;iidi.-.tinet ; a|>f\ roundish or flattened; color, reddish or violef-pnrple,
overspread with thin bloom; dots numerou.'* small, brown, obscure, clusteri-d about
the apex and interspersed between russet fle«-ks; stem thick, seven-eijjhths inch lonR,
glabrous, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tough; flesh gnvnish yellow, tender^

34

inct wiiifr; ddrsnl

sweet, aromi.t,,-: very ko.mI t.. b.-xt; .stone scnii-frco or free, sovt-n-eishths inch by
one-half iii.-ii n, s,z,.. „v,il, Hnttcn.-.!. witii pitted si.rfn.vs, nith.T nbriipt i.t the hi.se
and aiwx: vnitnil suture somewhat narrow, furrowed, with distil
suture widely grooved.' (Plums of New York.)

The tree is an uprifflit. spreading variety, and v.'ry Drodn<'tive, and one of the
best fur prunes tiioiif;h the fruit is rather small in some j-laces.

AmnniUis (Seedliug of Mirabelle).-Fruit above medium t,. large, roundi.-li to
heart-shaped; cavity medium depth md width, abrupt; stem medium to lonfr. moder-
ately stout; suture distinct, slightly depressed; apex rounded; eol.,ur ^'reenish vellow;
T!f moderately numerous, indistinct; skin moderately thick, moderately tender;
■ilesl! yellow, juiey; stone medium size, oval, eling; sweet, rich flavour. ,|ualitv verv
*«h1. Crown from seed of Mirabelle in 1890. Bejjan to bear in 189C. Tested Sep-
tember 30. 1!>1-.'. Originated by Au^'. Di.puis. Villa^'c des .\ulnaies. P.Q.

Airlii (Moore's Arctic).— Fruit medium to below medium in size, roundish or
somewhat oval; colour, dark purple, almost black; bloom thin, blue; suture indistinct;
flesh greenish yellow, juicy, moderately sweet; quality medium; season early Septem-
ber. Tree vifrorous and a good cropper. Hardier than some KuroiH-an plums, but not
desirable where the best varieties succeed, as it is too small and not good enough in
quality.

UnuMiaif (Niagara?).— Fruit above medium to large, obovate; dark purplish red
with a ' 'sh blu,,m; dots few; cavity narrow. sh.ilUiw; stem medium l.'iigth moder-
"tt'ly ■'t'lrt' <ii:<tiiiet but shallow; apex rounded; skin rather thick, tough:

flesh yellow, juiey. moderately firm, sweet, with a rich flavour: sfoiip scnii-

«■''"*-': .-■ f-'ood. Season middle of August to first week of September. Tree a

stroii;; ii|, light grower, and very productive.

/^WiV.— Fruit below medium size, almost round; i-olour. dark purple with a blue
bloom; dots olwiire; suture merely a distinct liii.'; skin thin, tender, flesh grwnisli
yellow, juiey. moderately firm, sweet, rich flavour: stone small, roumlish. semi-ding:
quality good to very good; .season se.'ond and third weeks (,f Sept<inlier. A good
dessert i>li.m. but rather small for market. Siieciniens received from K. Hrodie.
Montreal. Que. Tree has been on .Mr. Hrodie's place since his grandfather's tini.-.
Thought to be a .seedling.

/-'lamonrf.— Fruit medium to large, oval; colour, dark blue, and a h.avy blue
bloom; dots obscure; cavity narrow, abrupt; stem short to medium, rather stout ;
suture merely a distinct line, not depre.ssesd ; flesh yellow, moderately juiey: (luality
medium. Season medium. Tree a strong grower and very jiroductive.

Karly lied A'uAsmn.— Fruit mixlium size oval; cavity narrow, shallow. abru[)t :
stem medium length slender; suture an indistinct line, no depression; aiiex roundeil ;
colour dull purplish red; dots moderately numerous, yellow, distinct; bloom thin.
blue; skin fairly thick, moderately tcTider; flesh yellowish green, juicy; stone medioin
size, long. oval, cling; moderately sweet with an loid aftertaMe; .juality niediuni
Season late September. Of the Lombard type. Imported from Russia by I'rof. Hudd
from Dr. Kegel. St. Petersburg, during the winter of 1,S81--J. Prof. Budd. writing in
ISiMl, >aid of th:> plum: 'This was sent out quite extensively eight years ago marked
"lli.\e<l Arab." The sorts mixed were Early Red. White Nicholas and Black Arab.'
Most of the trees proved to be Early Red Russian Xo. .'J. There is still s„inc doubt
regarding this plum, which may be the variety sent out by Prof. Budd as White
Nicholas. Another variety, ••ailed Late Red. somewhat likc> this one. whi 'h may be
the triii- Farly K.-.!, ripcn= Ht Ottaw.. during the la^l week of Augu.st.

A'mcrri/-/.- Fruit above medium size, oval; colour yellow; suture distinct: flesh
yellow, juiey. sweet, good, rich flavour; stone free; quality good to very good. Speci-
mens received on .\ugust Ith. from E. U. Smith, Winona. Ont. Said to rijien by thci

3S

^"l^La'ii. '"■'"''""^■' '" "" '"'' ''"""' """""• """""""• ""t- ri- not

1.00 „ro.I,K.tn,.. A ,.„o.I .hippi,,^ p,„„, .,„a j,,;,,^ ,^.^.„ ;„ Wo'tlr,: "„.!.,,,,
/••/<7./. -A sccllins cf «n,dshuw ffrown in Sclu.l.nrie ( ,.unty, Now York

,)u.,.,y. swe.„sl,. „„1.1: of f.ir „ualit.v; stone clin^^int one in^b ft itl. 1 "'

This v.iriot.v hiis done well on Prinee Edu-ird Klu„l ..„,l i

flower l,Md ll,.M >o,n,. other K„rone.,M viri.tle T^ V '''^"'■' ''""""^'' '"

I.^.I'it a.Ml ,,ui,o produetive. "■'" '^ "^ "" "■'■•i"'>t-spn.,din.

(.Mm^in /',/(,»■.— 'Fruit sninll t,, medium; l,,ii-ovil- euitv vnr^ l li
*.',''i-A aiias^ swilliiitt). Kniil hiivi' vunilMi. .I,.,-, ....l,. ..i,,, „ ,.,

■;"""■ ]:■" ■'■""'■'■ '■> 1^ - "•■■li- ,.=ii,,'.i,' ; ,: ■ , ; :;;;",;

dohhr, Drop iC.r- (Jolden Drop).- • Fruit hir",. t„ v, rv l.,,„ ,. i • i

ueek. the two halve, uue.pnd: e.vitt very -h:di,;;:';,d ;;":;:,:;;;;,! ' '! ^'";;'

stout, suture d..ep; apex son,ewh.t dejuv h eolour .nil, ;il '. '""^''•

yellow; bloom yellow; flesh firm, men v; .tone medi m^ I- . " ^ '^'T T' ''"T'
flat...„ed. rihhed at the ed.e. half free; Mualiu '"Id ; "l^ : ";;,^:; lll^^t" T '''
jrood ^row..r with larL- .•.■arse. ro„,^.h f.!i:.j.v; nVanph> "

Gm«rf /J„/,r.-' Fruit larjre to very lar-e ..hovate; eavitv ,u>rrow 4edln«,. .
an ,neh Ion.; suture rather deep; eolour very dark hlne; i.l.lnm I^^vy. bluo; S

yellow, finn; stone oval, hardly tiatteneil cling; quality (tood; season late. Tree
moderately vifforous with a oprendinjr open head. Regarded by many as one of the
very best late shipping plums.' (Waugh). This is u favourite plum in Bome parte of
the best plum districts of Ontario.

Orrrnfield (seedling No. 1, from Samuel Greenfield, Ottawa East. Ont.).— Form
roundish oval (broad); size large; cavity shallow; suture indistinct, no depres-
sion; apex rounded; colour dark purplish red; dots numerous, small, yellow; skin
•Ma. tough; flesh greenUh yellow, juicy, sweot; stone large, oval, cling; swivt. good
fl«rour; (piality good to very good. A plum of the Bradshaw type. Promising.
Dom'vtica group.

Ourii. — 'Fruit medium siie; oval, cordate; cavity shallow; stepi an inch long,
pube-^cent ; suture shallow; apex somewhat pointed; colour blue; dots not visible;
bloom blue; fiesh greenish yellow; stone medium size, round oval, oblique pointed,
cling; «)u»lity fair; season medium." (Waugh).

Imperial Oaffc— Fruit mi"diura to above medium in size, roun<Ii-h; colour
yellowish green; dota indistinct; cavity narrow, medium depth; stem medium to long,
modemtely stout; suttire distinct but very slightly depressed; skin fairly tbirk.
rather tough; flesh yellowish green, firm, .iuicy. sweet, rich flavour; stone tne.liiim
size, oval. *emi-cling to almost free: quality very good. Po;ison early Soi.teiiiber.
Tree a strong grower and very productive.

Italian I'riine (Fellenbcrg). — 'Fruit medium to large, elliptical, straighter on one
side and longer on tlie other; cavity very shallow; stem nearly as long h* th,. fruit:
suture shallow: colour dark blue; dots nut many, dull yellow; bloom blue; skin thin;
flesh greenish yellow; stone me<liura size, oval. p<iinti><l. rcvugh, ridirwl at e.lee. .niitc
free; quality gooil to extra; sea.^on late; tree rather spreading.' (Waugh).

This is one of the most satisfactory European plums both for home use and for
market.

JiiJcrxon. — 'Fruit me<liuni to large, round or round oval; favity very sliallow;
stem medium short; suture, hardly any; apex very slightly depressed; colour greenish
\clliiw; (lot* many, greenish; bloom white; -skin thin and tender; tlrsli vcllnw . <u<uv
medium size, blunt, with a short nock, slightly flattened, rniigli. free: I'jn.n.r. ri<li
and sugary; quality good to best; season medium late; a good tree.' (Waugh), One
of the tine.-Jt varieties for home use.

Kingston Sugar, from U. A. Marrison, Catnraqui, Ont. — Heart-shaped; above
medium size, li by IJ inche.>: cavity shallow, tnediura width; <tem medium
length; moderately stout; suture a distinct line, very slightly depressed; apex
rounded; green with traces of yellow; dots indistinct; bloom moderate, bluish skin
moderately thick, moderately tough; flesh yellowish-green, juicy; stone medium size,
oval, cling; flavour sweet, good; quality very good.

Said to be hardier than Lombard and stmie other sorts. A proiiii-ing plum.
Heine Claude group.

Lomfcan/.— Fruit medium size, oval, slightly flattened at ends; colour purplisli
red with a thin blue bloom: dots fairly numerous, yellowish, distinct: ■item short,
slender; ^utiire shallow, indistinct: skin rather thin, tender: flesh yellow, iiiiev,
sweet, but not rich, firm; stone medium size, cling; quality medium: seasnn second
and third weeks of September. Tree vigorous and a very heavy b«'arcr. One of the
h;!rdiest of the European plums.

I.iinn (Montreal No. <>(>).— Fn;it recived frwn W. \V. Dunhiit. OMticutntit (Jue. ).
— f-niit large, oval, broad (round oval) : cavity shallow, medium width, slightly flnring:
»tcm medium Icrigfli. J-iiich, stout; suture a distinct litie. wry little if any depres'^i.'ii ■

•tout; •<iitiire
flatterip(

jrr

appx rounded, very sliRhtly flattened; colour dark purple; dots fairly nnmerou*,
irrepiilnr. indintinot, brnwniah; bloom moderate, blue; skin moderately thick, tough;
flesh yellnwis (jreen. very juioy. fairly firm; stone larpe. oral, clinir; gweet, rich;
quality very ^'udd. Roason eurly to middle of September. A fine dessert plum.

Moiuirri,.—' IVi,,, i.irt.,;, rc.indish oval; cavity deep, broad rounded; stem short
• nd •ifoiit; suture hardly visible; .-Dlour dark piirpli-h; bloom hoavv bluish; flefih
yellowish; stone fri>e: .|>"ility L'ood; season late. .\n RnRlish variety lately intro-
d.ic.'d into this .•(niiitry. an.lth.niKhtto bea valuable lateshipping plum.' (Waugh).
This plum is well worthy of trial.

Monlmorriiry (Reine ('li)ude de Montmorency).— Fruit medium size, almost
round: .'.ivity narrow, abrupt, rHther shrtllow; stem short to medium, moderately
"ndistinot. sometimes very sliphtly depressed; a\>ex ro\inded or slijrhtly
1; <olour yellow and irreenish yellow before ()uite ripe with a light orange
bliisli or dots of onintre on sunny side; dots ohseure: bloom thin, white; skin moder-
atidy tliifk. toiiirh; Hesh v.-IIow. very juicy, moderately firm, sweet, rich; stone small,
ov;il, almost free; quality very pood.

J/o,,i/a/n.— Fruit received from W. W. Dunlop. Outremont. Quo.— Fruit
mediiiiti to .ibove meiliuiu siz.% roundish, flattened slightly at ends; cavity medium
depth and width, sliirlitly flaring; stem medium to long, moderately stout; suture
distill. ■!. usiiidly sli«flitly depr.-sse<i; apex slightly flattened; colour greenish yellow,
more ur less ovcispreud with dull <oppery red; dots numerous, yellow, distinct; blooin
tliiii. l)liii,h; skin Mi(»li-ratrly thick, toimli; flesh yellowish green; stone above me<lium,
bro.id. roundish, .ling; -w.H-t, rich; <iMiili,y very p,„,d .»«pa.son early to middle Sep-
tenilicr. .An exi'ellent dessert rilniii. Well worth propagating.

M.nnt! h'oual (Hiinlup .>•,.(). — Fruit received trom W. W. Dunlop, Outremont,
Que. Krult medium si;..o. rounrlish flattened at stem end; cavity medium to open,
mediuii, ,|,.ptli. s„tnewli,it tlarint'; stem short to medium, moderately stout; suture
disiinet. r,.ry slijrl' ' I •nre^MMl ; ape.i rounde<l. slightly flattened; colour diirk purple:
dot, ninii.Tou,, i di-liii.-t: bloi.iti blue, modernte: skin imwl.Mately thick.

fiiirl> ifiider: ties h yellow, juicy, firm, sweet, inmlerately rich flavour; stone

below ru.Hliuni. ro .„i. c!ii,^.; ,|unlity good. .Season early to mid-September.
Should be a L'ood shipping plum.

^r/,„,/v/i/»n.— Fruit medium size, round or even oblate; cavity shallow, with a
rii.'Ke around the stem; stem strong, rather long: suture very shallow; apex very
sli-htlv depn-ssed; colour ifreenisli .vellow with a pink blush; dots many, greenish;
blooMi white; -kin tliin; flesh yellow; stone me<iiuni size, oblit|ue oval, slightly flat-
tened, rough, cling; flavour rich, sugary; .[uality ex'ra. Season medium. Tn-e hardy
nu'! u fairly good urowcr. (Waugh.)

One of the he.st v.iriefies for home u.se, the cpiality being e.xceptionally good. It
is of the (ireen (iage type.

/'(«(/,.—• Km 1 1 earlv; thick-set, without a neck: one and seven-eights inches in
diamctir; roundi^h, sligiitly angular, halves «|ual: cavity deep, wide, compressed;
suture .shallow, distinct; apex flattened or depresse.1. color dark purplish-ri>d; over-
spread with thin bloom; dots numerous, large, conspicuous; stem eleven-sixteenths
in.di loiiK, glabrous, a.lheriiig well to the fruit; skin tough, adhering; flesh golden
yclUuv. lurdiuni juicy, firm, sub-acid, mild; good; stone free, one inch by three-
quarters inch in size, roumlish oval, flattened, with rough and pitted surfaces, blunt
at the ba.se and apex; ventral suture wide, prominent, often distinctly winged; dorsal
suture with a wide, deep grove." (Plums of New York.)

The IVhcIi is nn old variety of unknown origin. In CaiKida it is grown mainly
01. Wncouvcr Island and the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, where, though

.•IM

very .us..,.ptil,l.. to r.,t, it succeeds very well. The tree is a very vigorous grower an.l
moderately iirnductive.

P./,,-,- (IVters- Velluw 0;.pe).-Fr.,it n...di.nn t„ lart'o; round oval; cavity
meduMU >].,l„w. al.rupt; stem lon^. ,.ul„ -,e„t ; -„ture shallow; apex .sli^htl'v
depressed; eo!„ur f;ree>n-li yellow, sometimes with a shjrht hlush; dots manv. vellow;
.l..om wlnt,.; sk,„ tlun; tiesh ;rree„i.h yellow; stn„e me.lium. oval, pointk' hardlv
Hattened; rUuK: .piality ;;ood tn host. Season early. Tree moderately vifroro„s noil
iipriKlit. .\ -,„„! iiinate-n- variety of the (ireen (hvjr t ••. . (Wauph.)'
This h.is .-lUM'ceded well in District .\i.. ;;.

l'ou,l (P..nd-sSeedlin;.M.- -Fruit very l.,r«v: nearly oval, Imt tapers -li-htlv
t.nvanls cavity; clour purplish red; l.joo.n imr,.lish; dots numerous, dull vollow
distnu't hut n<.t promin.^nt; cavity narrow. shall.,w; sten. nuMlinm lent'th. fairly' stout ;
suture dist>n.-t and hut sli(;l>tly depres^.d; skin thick, rather touph; flesh' vellow
jui..y, sweet. Kood flavour; ..t.a.e larjje. ruu-h, elin^-; .pndity pood. Season earlv
>ci,truilier. 1 ree a stron;.' -rower and quite productive.

(Juarl.;nhusx.~Vrmt medium size ..r lar^vr; roun.l oval; cavity shallow, flarin;.;
-tern rather loufi; suture a line; colour hlue; dots hlue; hloumhlue; skin thin; fle-h
frreenish: .st,.ne oval, pointed, flatfued. cliufr; ,„„litj. f^.j^ to p.,d. Season n.ediiun
.\ frood rapul t;r..win>r tree and fairly pr.,dui'tive, (Waufih.)

Kipens in Ontario in second ,i'id third weeks ,,f September.

V'".'" -l/a/Z.-Kruit lai-r. roundish. ahno,t pcrlectly round; colour ^n-cenish
ye low splashed with pale ^-recn when not ripe; hhuun thin, p.de bluish; d..ts small
pale, indistinct; cavity narrow, medium d.ptii; sfm me.lium l-.n-tl. to rather h.nir'
tairly .stout; suture indi. et; apex rounded; ^kin mo.lerately thick. touf,'h; fle^h
f-'reeiiish yellow, very jui.y. moderately tirm. sweet, rich flavour: stone medium si/e
nimost oval, cliuff; quality very ffood; season September. Tr.'c a strong, moderateu'
.pieaum;.' firower. Iruituip heavily when younff. hut do.-s not live very long A vcr'v
pn.mi-nii; dessert plum. S,,ecimens received from \. K. .lack, rhateauguny Uasiil
^le.. who ,s Kvown,..' tr.vs reccive.l from Thos. Clark. Chateauguav. ThouMit to
oe a seedling.

/.V-|/m,s- (I)u„I..p .-.;:). -Fruit ceived Iroiii W. W. Dunlop. Outreniont. Que -
■ru., .bovo niediuni t„ lar-; oval, long, flattened on si.le of suture; cavity medium
' .-l.th an. u ulth. abrupt ; -.eni medium length, moderately stout ; ^uf ur,. distine slightly
•Icpn--,, ; apex rouudod; ..olour ,lark reddish purple; dot, .inall. numerous, in.li^-
tinet; bloom moderate, blue; skin thin, tender; flesh yllowish gre,.„. firm fiirlv
Jiucy: ston.. ab,,ve inedium to large, long, oval, free; moderately sweet; .luality ahovo
"..■dinin. Soaso,, ,.,,-ly to mi.ldle of Septcmlor. .\ proli,;,. bearer and >liouM be a
- ' -liipiirr. .\ prune plum.

/:■;„. rinu.l. (liavay).- Fruit lar.c. iou.hIM,. .licbtiy flnttcncl at cuds; colour
=:recu,,b vellow u„|, .rcc, -pl.-ia-,; bloom ihiu. p:,!c: MitMrc medium depth; sten.

>liort, ^tout; Ib'sli yellow, .luicy. meltin- ^w,■et. .-ich. vrv - 1 ilavo,,; ■ .t,,ne free'

Mi^dily ;ery good; .-.-a.-on hit.. S..pte ib.-r to ..arly O.-tob,.,-. Tr.v vigorou< v,.ry pro-
■luctiv... One oi the best both for lioiii.' us., an.l for marki.t.

/:irhhn>./.-~Vnut medium to iibov,. mdiuni si.,-. oVal; cavity narrow, medium
■Icpib. abrupt; st.-m m..,inim h.ngtii. Mu.-h. sN.nd,.r; suture a distiu..t line, no depres-
-iou; ap..x rouml... ; ..olour .h-ep purpli.h red ; .lot. fairly „um..rous. y.-How. iii.listin..t •
b oom mo.lerat,.. blue; skm thick, fairly t.n.h.r; flesh gr,.,.nish yellow. jui..v, moder-
:>t..,y hrm. sto,,.. m.. mm .iz... ovai. flat, .-ll,,;:; Mv,.,.t but not ri-'h; quality above
me, nnu. .S,.ason mi.hlle ,d S..pt..mb..r. Ilanlier than most Kuropean sorts 'Ori-iu-
ated ,.u th.. farm of Han.lall Fl.len. |{i..hlan.l, IVnn-vlviniM

39

/i»«7(i/. — Fruit :[\i, ■• nic'liiiin
(lots oliM'iirc; -ii'.iin n., .l(li^till(•t
Mesli yclli.w, iiKidiTiitel
tlatt

>i/.o. r.iuiKl. (lark iMirpiish red witli a bluish hi

loom ;

.V Jiucy. tiriii. >wi'ct rii-li lla\

• •iii'il. chiifr; nuaiit.v

•SflltelllhlT. A

to very Ki"'<l. Si

prniiii.-iu- MM.lliiii; uriKiiiat.'d hy Jos. IJowlcv, (

I>cx_ rounded; skin thin, moderately toiiph ;

ir; stone medium size, ovnl, slijrhtlv

d of AuuM-t and first week of

■innniin;r> lirid>:(\ Out.

easou em

(near Ottawa). Sai.l t. fruit well nearly evry year

U.lit7f ',''''■ '';"'"''■ '^- -''■•";• ^"V'"- -■"'• ""V'ty. hardly any; sten, ahout one-
;,.''','''''-• :""'-""""^-: eolourdarkl.lue; dots, n.me visil.le; bloom Mue; .skin
rm 11,.,1 ^.reen.sh. .s„„r: stone .-n.all. oval, tur^-id. ,.|in,r: ,,n„|ity fair. Tree ...

tfroH-er and enormously productive. (Wau-h.! i -'«' "

This is a popular dams,,n in Cinada.

Splnulor. -Was oriwinated by Luther Hurbank in Iss.: f,„„, , ,.,,„, ,„..,,,,,„

St.>rk l.rother>. Lou.Mana M,>sour.. who intro.hued it the fo'lowin.- vear nn.l. r i N
I)resent name. he fruit s twiee the si/e of \,r.,.. ,. -i oi .M.ir and. r it-

:;r™;::;^;,.S.?''';^.;;;^7x:;ls:r^^''="^''-

Kos.rr';'ir •\r'l'"'; "^ 'r' ■^"■" "'""' '"•'-'""•i"'^ with Lutla.r Hurbank. Santa
lu.sa. ,,,,1 I'nnt intern, .hate ,n tune and lemjth of ripenin- «ea.on- sne.ll
.>.• oval, have, e.,ual; eavity ,h.l|„w. narrow, abrupt; sutui ^hi; •„!;"; ',
ape.x roundish or po,nt,..l: ...Un dark reddish-purpl.. ..hanuin.^ to m i / 1 1 '
<'J.vere.l with thiek bloom; dots numerous, small, li^ht russet, i^e u.s,' • ,us , ^i

slender, „n,^ pubeseent, a,llierin.^; skin thin, temler, s,.paratin.^ re di v I './

.vellow, juie.v, eoarse. fibrous, temler sweet mild .r ','"'"- '^'■'•^"Y "oh jroldeu

in-e a vi;ro.-,.us .,Mvadin,^' jrrower an., ..ro.h.elive where it su-xveds w.-li I, i-
used -luite ..xt,.ns,v,.ly ui prune makim; in .1,.. I'aeiri,. Sf,t.^s .,„.l h? l i ■

to a limit..! ...Nt..nt in ISritish Columbia. ' ' •"" '"""" '''^""'■''

..nj- dotsni.b,ra,lynum..r,;s.^n:li;;:n;;;:i:r;::-
tuirly thi.'k. t,.n.hr; ll,..h ffr.vnish yellow, firm, fairlv iuiev stone 1 l /.
ree; mod,u.a,,.!v sw,.,; .pndity .„ove m..,liu,n. Soa:,^":;;!,;,, 'Ts^r.. ^1:;;; "
dneod by I'ml. Uiabl tnun C. I[. Wa^riu'r. liiira. Ru<-i., M t< ml.. . Intio-

on ae':::u';':7i;:;i;;;;:;'^'^ '''" •'"■ '^^'^-^ "'-'•- ^-■'- a ,,,.1.. ph.,,,. .....anisiu.

llW,,».„^.„.-Fruit la,-... .■ouu.li,h. >ii!,|,tly tl,,t!,.u,.,l at .aal- ..olorr ..-,■, ' 1

>x.llow w„h a pmk blu>l .Minny .-i.le; .lots ol,..ur..; o.vitv , r.'.w ll ^ T

s^mrt. stout; Mitu-v diMimt au.l sli.htly .lepr....!; .km tou.h K^^l ^^ ;.,^S'

hrm. ju,..-. .ve..t. n,.i,; s,o„e .nediun, .i... ..uudi-h. al.nost or .,uit; fZ ;^;

..tur..disti,i,.t. sn.h,iy .iepr..ssed; ski.i ,iii,:k: :::.h::;^: ;:h 1 1 ^^i":;;:' s;?' -f ";'•

stone lar.... oval, .li.i^; ,uality .oo.l. S,...,, ..,,,1 ..( Au^.s; to .' H v sX ; fr
vigorous and productive. ' 'il'iimi..,. i r.'..

40

JAPANESE VARIKTIKS.

Abundance. -Fruit larpe. r-^iuidiVh; bright to .lepp red with » yellow Krom.d:
dots numerous, yrllow. prominent ; ru»ity n.irrow, abrupt: nom modiiirr. U-nRth rather
stout; 8uture distinot; apex pointed; ckin thin, moderi.tely fender: flesh yelb.w juicy
firm, sweet, rieh; stone oval, elintr. Quality poo<J to very ^ood. .Reason AupuBt 10 to
-•. 1 ric a stronsr upright jrrower, an early bearer and productive.

Hurlmnk:— Fruit larire to »cry larjre. roundish; colour deep red with dark red on
sutiny sule and about cavity, on a yellow ^ound; dots numerous. «mall. distinct
jellow; .tern me.iium lenpth; suture merely n di.-^tinct line: ape.T »ometi.n,«. Pointed'
«km thin, moderately tender; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, (rood flavour- stone
roundish. .'Iinff; quality koo.I. Reason latter part of August, a few days after Abund-
ance. Tree an eiceptionally vigorous grower. ver>- branching, .itvl hear- c.rlv and
heavily One of the most, if not the most, satisfactory of the Japanese plums The
flower buds appear hardier than most European varietiw.

C/,a6o/.-Fruit minlium to large, roundish, heart-shaped; colour deep, rather dull
re,]; ,loLs numerous, -mull, yellow; cavity narrow; .tern short, stout; s.iti.re fairly
di.-tinct; apex u.sualj.v rounded: skin moderately thick, tough: fle«h vellow juicy
firm, sweet: stone below medium size. oval, cling; .lualitv good. Seiwou lule Tree a
strong upright grower ai.d bears well. This v„riety is one of the later introductions
and has proven one of the best of the Japnne«e plums.

Ovu7»« (geeilling of Re<l .Fune).-Foriu roundi^h to broad oval: si.e medium-
ravit.y narrow, lu.-dium .lepth. abrupt; suture a distinct line, not dopres.e,!- apex
rounded: colour deep re,J all over; dot. obscure: bl.,nm thin, pale bluish: skin moder-
ately thick, moderately tender, bitter; flesh .vellow. firm, juicy; stone small, oval
cling; sweet, not of rn-h flavour; .|ualit.v, medium to above medi.im \|av be -iseful
on accHM.t of hardiness of fruit buds. Triflora group. Ori-.-inate.l at the (Vntral
Fxpenm iital Farm.

AV,/ ./,;,„..— Fruit luedium to h.-iow in si.e. ro„i„ii-h. somewhat (lartened: clour
deep to dark re.1; .lots small, vellow, uumeioos: cvity deep; stem short, omderafelv
stout; suture dustmct bu, shallow; skin thin, tender; flesh pale vellow. rirtn ioicv"
bn.-kly s„h.ac,d »i;h little ncnes.; s,„„e .-mall, roundish, cli,,^: .,M«litv im-dium'
Season last week ot .luly to first week .,f Augu.t T.ee moderafely spreading A
uiedium hearer. This plum is valuable on ac-onnt of its extreme' earlines. This

vane^v wa^ rw-eived at the Tentral Kxperimental Farm under the na ,f Rotan

and Sh,r.^sm.,mo. The flower bu.ls are hardier than .n*t Kuropcau varietie- but
« though there is usually mu- n blo,,m c.n.paratively little fruit sets, prohahlv because
blossl>m^ arc self-sterile.

7'<;,;o (seedling of Red .June,.-Form ro.uidisi,. somewhat heart-sliape.l -. ,i.e
above mejlium; cavity uarnnv. medium depth. al,r,„„ ; suture a„ indi-tinc. s„n,;,iu,os
uistimt. me. u« . epress.ou; anex slightly tfattce,!; colour deep red: dots numerous
small, indistinct; bloom moderate, bluish; skii, u.oderately thick, tough- flesh vellow'
firm juicy; st.uie UKMlium si.e „val, slit'hlly M.ttened, cling; sweet, acid ue^t skin'
•luality goo,l. A promising plum. Larger than I{ed ,lune and better in quality'
Ilau.l-ome. Named logo August :il. I1..14. i„ houonr of Admiral T.,go Triflora
yro'iri. (»rr iiiafed at the Central E.\perimeiital Farm.

AMI:RIC.\N.\ X MitKTlKS.

AUa (Caro seedlingV-Oval ; large. 1? x Ij ins.; cavity narrow, abrupt, me.liutn

depth: s,e„, slender, mediun, length, A in.; s.,n,„. . distinct line t de,.res:ed- apex

roundel; vellow thinly washcHl nearly all over with bright red: .lots few. sn.all
yellow; bl„,.m thin bhMsh; ktn thtck. tough: Hesl, vellow. juicy; st.me above mcliun
=.^e oval, flattened, chng; flavour sweet, rich, but skin slightly .stringent an.l a," 1 •
ipiahty -rood. Americana group. A handsome plum.

41

American Eagle. — Fniit aboTp mpdiiim iiiue, roiindUh; cnvity narrow, nindiiim
depth; »urure n fairly distinct line; apex rounded; colour deep pii ';«h red; dots
numrrous. small, yellow; bloom moderate, pale blue; skin thick and tou_'h: flesh deep
yellow, juicy; stone medium size, oval, slightly flattened, clinu; sweet, rich fliivour;
quality good. Sea.son mid-.Septcnibcr. Would bi more promising if colour were
brighter.

AMiiniholn (seedling of Wild Plum of Manitoba, originating at the South Dakota
Experiuiental Station).— An early, large fruited variety. Fruited and ripened at
Indian Head. Saak., 1!)12.

DenJer.—Fiuit large, oval, slightly compressed; colour dark red; dots, very many,
dull yellow; bloom thick, blue cavity shallow; suture obsolete; akin thick, tough:
fleith yellow; stone large, oval, flat. .|uite free; qualit.v good; season rather early; tree
very vigorous, with very large, fine healthy foliage; very productive. (Waiigh.)

Planted at the Central Experimental Farm in 1900. Has been highly praised by
Mine growers.

Hijcbi/.—Fruit above medium to large, roundish: cavity narrow, medium depth;
suture rather indi..5tinct, slightly depressed; apex rounded; colour yellow, more or less
covered with bricrht red; dots numerous, small, yellow; bloom fairly heavy; skin
moderately thick, rather tender; flesh deep yellow, juicy; stone medium size, oval in
outline, considerably flattened, cling; sweet but not rich in flavour, no astringency;
quality good; season late August to early September.

A very handsome, early plum. Chief fault is iinevenness of ripening. Makes
good preserves.

Bomberger.— Form roundish to broad oval; size very large; cavity shallow,
narrow; suture a distinct line; apex roun<led; colour yellow, more or loss covered
with deep lively red; dot* few, sriiall, ynllow, distinct; bloom mwlium; skin thirk.
toii^ii; flesh deep yellow, juicy; stone medium size, oval, flat; sweet and rii'h; .iiiality
\cry good. A very handsome plum. More attractive than Ilawk^e. Promisia.?.
Anier'cana group.

y.'ou/ircr.— Fruit very large to large, roundish, somewhat heart-shaped: cavity
mediLm width, shallow; suture a distinct Vi-^c; apex pointe<l; colour uniformly deep,
purplish red nil over; dots numerous, yellow, distinct; bloom moderate; skin thick,
tough, flesli derp .vellow, juicy; stone large, flat, oval, cling; sweet, rich, very good
flavour; iiuality very gooii; se -on mid to late Septembsr.

A seedling of Yosemite Purple, originated at the Central Experimental Farm.

A rather late variety.

lirarlcptt. — Form roundish, flattened at end.?; large to very large; cavity medium
width, shallow; stem * in<'h. slender; suture a distinct line, no depression; apex
flattened, indented: colour yellow almost entirely overspread with deep purpliish red:
dots numerous, yellow, distinct; bloom moderate, bluish; skin thick, tough: flesh
deep yellow, meaty, juicy; stone above medium, roundish, flattened, cling; sweet, rich.
good flav,iur: nuality pood.

Of the same character as Oren and Bouncer, but is better than either of them.

Cflro.— Fruit large, roundish; cavity narrow, medium depth; suture fairly
distinct; colour bright red, showing .vellow in patches: dots numerous, .vellow, distinct;
bloom light; skin thick, moderately tender; ilesh deep yellow, juicy; stone larse, out-
line oval, considerably flattened; sweet, rich, ?ood flavour; quality good; season early
to mid-Sepfember.

A seedling of Wolf, originated at the Central Experimental Farm.

A promising seedling. More attractive than Wolf and better in quality.

42

TiVj/. -Fruit iil«)\
niediimi width, dci'ivr
.Vfllow, uliiiost covorf
iiiudrrate; skin tliid,
^Wfft; stiiiio liU'diu
^(•iisiiii iiiid-Scptcinl'

Comfoi-f.—Frnit .

'fdiuin .size, ruuiidi..!.. ...nn.whal hc",irt->liuprd; nivitv

ino>t: suturoadiMi lin.-. Hlitthtly cmprcsed; colour

.l.-..p rod: .lots nunuTous. small, .vdlow. .listincf; bloom

rateiy trndir. .li^^htly astrin«,.nl: t!...l, d...,. yoilnw. juicy

•. (AMI cou.M.Tahly flatt.n,..!. s..,ui-.-liutr; qualitv Rood.

^"""'f-' •'"' f-' I l^i"-"^. l""l 'luit. a inin.l«.r ,in. Letter.

i; ,; , I- iiiirn siz... r,,iiiidi-li: <Mvity narrow, shallow: -i' urc inorclv a

nuJ'Z!'!'';,!^'''; ■■ 1''"''= T'V ""■'•""■• ""••"'"" ''"""'^ '>'""•" " <•-'""•'

llVliM-b ..,"'•', ''■'■ '"■'= ''"♦' n>"-l.'rat,-ly uuiu-rous. yllow, distinct:

i ov I ■'" ? 7 "'"•'^•, •""•-'''= «-•' 'l-I. .vcliow. juicy, swcrt: sto„ ■ mc,li„ n

V I, r, IK ,.;..''■' ':' i'^, ^^"' "''^"""♦"'' "' *'"^ •■'■"•■•^'1 l':xpcrln,..,!tal Favn,.
"Ill pr..i,,ii)l.\ pr<i\c a us.liil late pluni.

- I w t hi 7rT • '"!'"'''"' "•-"/'"■'''•'-'• i"-»--l.-r: Krcc.ish .vdlow over-

s , hi- , f ■•.'''; l';':'''""".ant our rod: dot. in.listinct; bloom moderate:

^ V V ;;',;':'';/'''■" '"V- "'•'^'' >""-^- •■' ^-Teoni.li ydlow. tirm. juicy, meaty.
Npte.nher. <'rnrmated at the (Vulral Kxperiine,„al Farm.

prove, o'!" ';'"""V"f.''''^"'- ''"•'^'■- "'" ^'"^^'-••'^- -IM-aranee. „f tin,, ,ex,„re. Sh„„|,I
prn\e lo !),■ ,•! pntnl sl,,pper.

Colt,:/'. Fruit al,..ve u„-.lii,,„ to larps ol,lo„..
'•Mvity narrow. naMliuu, d.plh: mature a distinct lim.
almost covere.1 wirh hri^h, red: d.,t~ rather nunierous,
sku, n,..,lerate!y tl„Vk, f,.„der: lloh pale yellow, juicv

ronisii,^. makes a ^..od preserving plum and as attractive-looking-.
(>.t.,vi"'i m""'' i<r"nn.iuK seedliiifr plums that fruite.l of tho.,. ,.rifri„;„e.| at

Ihiswi:;.::: "'"''"' "' ""■ """• "''"'' '^ ^ '^"•""i"^ "^ "- ^^..i^; =. des.;iption of

M,t,,n'Tdi'lir;i''''''"'''^-^,'^'';'''':'' '" "''^'- '"■•-'■= ■•^'^i'^- ""••"• ""■■'"'>'> j'^pti.;

". thini w ;.'''^' ''':-''" v'"'"""^~*"'= """^ ^""'"'"'^ ••"'""■•• >"'i'-- '"''tied

i '-v ," : 'r ■ 'V' r''^'"^"^ ^'^"' ^'''■•'^- ""■d.>rat..ly tender: flesh yellow.

Muah.v. A Knod lat.. plum. ()nt.Mnated at tl„. Central F.xpcrimental Farm.

^li.ip.d. sli^.htb flattened: cavity narrow, mciium de,,th: suture a distinct line-

ov'd "nside^;- ':;';':' ^"r'^.^""-'-^ "-'■ 'l-I' ^''l"'-. juicy; stone medium Le.

at Sptemher. A ..o,,d plan, on account of its .p.ality an,! (.real pro.lu..,ivcness. 1,,,,
Is not as lar-e as it shouM h,. t.. he <me of the best.

/>o«.-Fruit lartr, . r..un,Ii>l,: cavity narrow, nuMlium d,.pth : s„ti„-c a .listinct
me; col,,ur uniformly ,ieep. livly re,l all over: .lots nu.n,.,.,:s .,,. 'u ,,t ; ," !

nnl. somewhat tlatt,.ne.i. cliuff; sweet. ri.F:. froo.I flavour; quality vcrv .r„„d Seisoi.

A verv promising plum. 0„c of tl„. best late plums fruited here.

ami rounilish to heart-shapcil :
; ajiex rouMilcd; colour .vellow.

small, yellow; bloom meilium;

stone nieiliuin size. oval, much

43

Dr. 7>(>nni*.— Fruit nbove mcdiiitn to liirRo. sonirwhnf lR'iirt-^<}inped, fliittoned*;
••iivit.v nnrrow, nirdiiim drpth; Mitiirc ii di-itim-t lino; npt'x rounded; Cdioiir dcrp red;
dots small. iiutiuToiis. distinct; l.ldom nindcnitv, -kin thirl;, nitli.T tcniirli , flesh d.'.p
yi'llinv. juicy: stone liiri.'c, fliif. hr(i:i.I, clinir; niochTiitdy >\vi'.t, slightly iistrintr<nt ;
i|iiii!ity nhovc niciliiitn. Senson mid ti. laic Scptciiil.( r.
|>r(imisinL» ns some.

A iKM^d varii ty hut not a-
sliirhtly lopsidid; cavity

Finnntin (('..nsiil sccdlint.'). I-art'c: oval, wciluc
mi'dinni to larirc. tia'diiim ih'pth; suture indistini't ; jipcx tfattcned. yellow, motthd
iiiid wasli.Hl with .•armine-red : predominant colour carinine-r.Kl; dots f.-w. niediun.
-ize. around apex: hloom moderate: skin medium thick; tlesli yellow, lirm. somewhat
dry; sweet to iuMpicl flavour: ipiiilily niediuin; stone larjic, hcan-shapeil. thittened.
're..; season Iati> Septemher. Ori^rinal.d at the Central Kxperimental Farm.

A plum p,-se";n'.' p-. emiiuutly tlie eharacleristies of a piod shipping fruit.
'I'eii fruits wei),'liei. ten oujiccs.

/••(7:ro// (IJcillin-r-tone sccdlinL'V-Form rouuilish. sli;;litl,v heart-shaped, flatten.'.!;
-iz.- ahove mi'dium to hirj;.'; .Mvity narrow, shallow, nhrupt; suture a .listinct line, no
di^pri^ssi.in: apex rounde.l; eo|,,ur y.llow. well washol with de.^p red; dots numerous,
-mall, y.llow. distinct ; hlo.>m moder.ite; skin thii'k. moilerately tendi-r; flesh rather
pale, y.llow. jiii.-y; st.)ne nhov.- medium size, flattened, ronnilish to nvnl. praeti.-ally

tree; sweet; .piality g I, A p.M.d plum, hut cracks some, which mu.v he nfrniiist it.

{•reene-s ,,f stm.' a (foo.l p,.int. .Vm.ri.aua trn.up. Oriuinate.l ut the Central
l'",xperimental Farm.

hiinsi ditnlrii. -Fruit m.'dinm siz.'. r.iundish; cavity narrow, medium d.'ptli:
-utur.' a distin.'t lin.-: ap.x roun.l.'d; c.l.iur y.-llow. almost entirely .-over.-d with.ilark
purplish red; .lots small, nuinenaiv, yellow; M.iom nio.lerate; skin thick, toui^h ; fle.sh
.leip yellow, jui.-y, sw.'ct ; st.me nii'dium size to small, ..val, eonsiderahly llattened,
cHuk; ipialily jroo.l. Season early to mi. I Septemher. Plum not attractive enounh
to he pr.imisiri^'.

(iailldi;/. — Fruit ahove medium to larjre. roun.lish. somewhat liearl-shapcd: cavity
luuTow. shallou ■ sutur.' a distini't line, very sli^rlitly depres'scd ; apex pointed; colour
d.ep. .lull red ••]! y.'llow ground; dots ohscure; hlo.im moderate; .skin thick, rather
tonj;h. sli(;htly astringent; tiesh deep yell.iw. jui.-y; stone me.lium size, oval, cnsider-
ahly llattened. semi-. •lint:; sweet. ji.hmI flav.mr; .pnility good. Seas.m mid-Septoiidi.'r.
Would ho pr.)inisintt if colour were more attractive.

Gloria (Wolf s. , iinir).--F.irm oval to ohhuifr. somewhat flattened; size lar(,'c:
cavity narn.w, shallow, ahrnpt; suture a distinct liiu'; apex rouniled; colour
iiiiifurmly hrifjtht red all ..ver, ..r yellow mottled with red: d.jts few, yellow, small,
distinct; bloom thin, hluish; skin thick, toiiKli ; flesh deep How, juicy; stone large,
almost or quite free, ohlong, considerably flattened: swe." .piality g.iod. Owing to
its large .size and the almost freeness of stone, this is a pi nisiiig variety. Americana
group. Originated at the Central p]xporimental Farm.

Hammer. — P>uit large, r.iundish to oval; cavity narr.Av. medium depth; suture a
line, rather indistinct; colour uniformly deep red all over; dots nuixierous, yellow,
distinct, prominent; bloom heavy; skin thick and t.>ugh; flesh deep yellow, juicy,
meaty, sweet; stone below medium size, oval, considerably flattened, cling; quality
good. Season late September. A very handsome plum having more the flavour of
Miner than Americana. This variety cracks badly on the trees, otherwise it would be
one of the most promising.

Ifauleyc- fruit large, roundish; cavity shallow, narrow; suture merely a dis-
tinct lino; apex rounded; col.iur yellow, more or less overed with purplish red; dots,
small, indistinct; bloom medium; .skin thick, moderately t.)iigh; flesh deep yellow,
juicy; stone large, broad, much flattened, cling; sweet, good flavour. Quality good.
Season mid to late September. One of the best.

44

^2; "-'-I- ^--" • ul.S..pt™,H.r. (.ri;,in..od a, .he (V-ntrul Kxp..;ir.t:i
A voty uttmctiTe plum of coMidertblo promiw.

!;.,« ... I 1 '■'•fe. caviiy t.iallow, mctJiiin) wiilth: sutiirp h rli>>in..t

be. f:.;u:iir'v^;r;^iL;:'^'^^ ^'^- '^•"-"- - «'-- -<« •- -^ «^

dozen plu„«. Measure., 1* i.u-he* around ha.-e UMH. X„ Amrriran p un. r .er„err
but „.ay l,uTe prown from . pit of American plum. Sopte, "ber 24 £".

n.rr„*w"*haTlnw"", T"'' """"*»"" ^eart-sLaped: si.e above milium fo larRe: c.vit,
",rvelIo!i;, ''.•'' f ""'■' ''r- "•" '^''P"-'-'; apex rounded, nln.o-, p„l„te,l

.wn!, .' ''r "''''' '^'P •■'•"""• J"»-y; •=»••"'' "'•'■'""" "i'^e. roundish elin^ flarou;
•weet. n.h; ..uality pood. Not as pood as some others.

. mn deep \fi|„w. juicy; stone below medium .-> zo. semi-elina ronnHi h , „„
■^-o""'-— Form roundish; size larRe; cavity shallow narrow <,n»„ro «„ ■ j\-
Americna Up ^■"''"'""" "'"" "' '^°"'' •^'""''y- f^-""**'-

n;;t;;i;;-'- rl;,:,:™ ■!{-!-, •;;;* -r-s, ""•" '- •'""-"™"

48

Marlrr (r«ro Kmllin-K— R.,iini)i«h tn nviil; Jarirp for Atii.ri. onn. \\ % IJ ir' ;
riiTity ihallow, nio.llum wi.fth; M.-rii ni.vlium lonirfh, mo.l.Tiit.'lv Mout; intirc »
.."VT '."""■ ""* ''••Pr.'f.-o.l: pfoft. rnnrP rx-rnistrnt than with moit vnrirfips; .f.-^
•Iiphtl.v .irpr,.s.,.,l; yrllmv. .-.ivrnMl witl. hnVlit rriniM,,,; .lot, nllnu.^.ll.. vpI1.,w. con
• I.K'Uoiix; blnnm piiiLish; skin tl.i.k, hut fii„.I.THIi.Iy fiTKlcr; fl..*ili yellow, firm juirv
•l..t.o m...lium nh.c. ofnl, rlitiff; flnvour nvoft, rieh, irood, aci.l next «kin; .mality good
Amprii-niin fc'r..iip. Orifritiiit.'.l nt tli" Cntriil K\i^rirri..iitiil Furtn.

A lnridMiin.. ]. Ill, „n.I on nn'oum of tirnincs-. iind good .pcilitv $\\o\M bp \ue(\\\
u»np* on frco well.

J^i//un.— Fruit mrHliiim to Inr;:.', „vii!. l.riirlit to rHtlior dorp red; dots niinipronn.
•mall, yj-liow, prominent; suturo inonl.v n .]i»tin.-t lino; skin thin hut touph; flpsh
yt'llow, juicy, su-oct; ntniic nudiuiu size, clinir: qunlitv medium to tr,,nd. Sen^oii last
week of Au-u-t. Tree n .iroiii; ltowit ntid very produftive wIi.t.- fruit hu.N nn no'
injured by winter. Wihl^oosf jrroup.

A»i/' r/m.— Fruit Inrfre. roundish, imintrd or «om.-what licart-shnped; pnvitv
narrow, shallow; suture nieroly n di^tirirt lino; npex rounded, iihuo^t r"!n»P'l: (-"lour
yellow, more or less eover.-d with hrlt-ht purp ish red; dot* nuuiemun. ruiull. vellow;
bloom moderate; nkin thi.'k, toujrii; flesh den .vellow. juiey. oweet ; utone mrdium
•ire. oval, oonsi.lerMbly flntteped, elinp; .|Unlity ^nod. Seii^on early to midSrpteniher.
A firm plum, and nhould make n piod nhipper. Too thiek and tout'h in the -kin for
home ufe.

OeAfe</;(.— Fruit medium to ahovc medium si/A-, roundish to heirt-'ihiiped: em-ity
narrow, •.hallow; iulure a distinct line; iipi-x almodt point. mI; ,-ol.)ur. deep red nil over.
dnU numeroiis. aniall. y.Ilow; hl....m rather henry; skin tlii.-k. molenitely t.n.ler;
fle?h deep .v.dlow, juiey; stone nicdium fiz.\ r.run.li-li, < unsiih-rahly flntfened, elinp.
-weet. jrood flav .or; fpiality (rood. Season e^irly to mid-September. A firni plum nn-i
should ship well.

Queen ((iolden (Jneen).— Fruit ver>- Inrp,'. r..i,ii.li<h, ohlunp. hripht pcMen y.-llow
anil of the most .l.>liei.juJ flavour: quite unexeelled for ennninp. and very fine for
■Mtinp out of hail. I or for slieinp and servinu with Bupar and .T.-Bm, as for peaches
Ripens latter part of Aupust to SeptfMiilx^r 10. Tree is r.inarkahle f ,r iu unusually
fine, upripht prowfli. f Intro.luc.T's d(«er;ption.) Originated yith Tl. A. Terr.v.
Crescent, la. Tlaii piren pood satisfaction elsewhere.

Srhlrt;. /. \,lmiral>.— Form roundi.sh; size very larpe; cavity narrow, shallow;
•uture a distinct line; apex roiinde.i; .'olour yell.iw. well washed with .l.^-p bronjry
red; dot.s numerous, small, yellow. di-tii,.-t: bloom thin, bluish; skin moderatelv thick,
touph; flesh deep yellow, juiey; st.^ne larpc. oval. flat, cliup; swct. of h rich flavour:
quality very poo.1. 0„e ,)f the best Auiericana plum.i y.t tested. An iinpi-ov.'ment
oTer Ilawkeye. Ameri.-ana pr.iup.

Silas ll't'ijon.— Fruit larpe. roiin.lisli: cavity ncrrow, shallow; suture an ; Htinet
line: apex rounded; ..-olour yellow, more or less mottled with purplish red; .lots verv
small, yellow, gpar.se; bio • m.',lium: skin rather thi.'k. mo.leraf.'ly tender: flesh
di.') yellow, juiey; stone medium l„ .diore. roundi.sh. br.iad. eousi.leral.ly flattened.
<<n:i-clinp; sweet, rieh. pood flnvour; quality very pood. Season nii.l to liitc S.ptem-
b' r. One of the best Amerienna plums.

Smith.— ToTtn roundi.sh to broa.j oval: size larpe: eavity narr.iw, shallow; jiitiire
a (liatinct line; apex rounded: eolour yellow, mottled and washed with red; dots
oUspure; bloom lipht; skin thick, mo.lerately touph; flesh yellow, juicy: stone rather
Isrse. oval, nearly free; .sweet, rich ; quality pood to very pood. A poo.l phnn. Promig-
nip. Americana group.

4it

r ""'""■';■"'• "•-'' ''•■"'' .V"I'"W. J"i<-.v; '....>.. ......lium si/... I.r ll,„. ,.!in«:

^'^•''•"•'^'"■^>f>^^-<'r- .,M.lit.v v..r.v „.K«|. S,.„..,„ |,.t.. S..pf..ml,..r. (), f tl.r

.I..,.r!?ri'"' ''"'" ''ri"" '":''• ""'"•'■ """""■• ^'"'""^= -"•""' " '""•!'■••' "!"••■ ""l
. w ;: :, "p/'"""7'= ••"I"'" .v.-".-. m„r,. „r I, v.t..,! with l.rid.t r.-l: ,l,.ts

J..Vwl;."'"'\ '''""'" """"""'• ^'"" "''"'*• '""-'••^'"'•l.v '-ul.: tl..«l, .1-,,, v..||.,w.

slLZr \ ,'"''''• ""'• ■""'• '"••"•' i-"l".V fr.v; .,.:.l.t.v «„...l. S,...„„ .Mi.l-

I •■■'Hr. A M...|l,„„ „,• I),. S„t„, ,.ri«i,mt...| „t (V.itral P\,„.ri,n.n».l Knrm
I loiniMiiK "WiuK til trf<"ii,.,M „f stuiif..

...rr'^^'^Vn*'" ■''"'" '""''•"'"»^- f'""-"' '"•■■ml ..v„l, inu.-h H„tt,.n..i; -i/.,. larp'; .-avitv
.row. «|u,low; s„t,.r.. .m.t.I.v nn in.li-.in.t li,,,.; apox >li«l,ll.v ll.ttrn..,! , n.lonr

."■■«. mot.l,H] ,,M,| .va,lu.,l with .1....,, r.-<l; d„U ..l^.-uro; l.l„.„n nli^l.t : .kin thi.k.
■■■•< rau-ly u,u^\r. (Ir,h nitl.rr palo ydlow, juicy; ntoiic hIk.vi. im'.liuin. oval, s.-iiii

'.""■''.'" "' '■■'■'■• ""*'""■ *^»<'^'t. ploasant. A «,„..! plum nn.l worth pr..p;,K'ntiML'

.\iM,ri..,„. . tfrou|.. Oriuinat.-a „t th.- CMtral KxiM.riin.Mtal l^.nn.

r'TrMFr..,. Silvr). Kruit !nr«,., r..«ular. oval : surfa.v -n.o,„l, h„t „ot shi„^ ,
A r ''r' ""'^ 'iV;;.-.ll. Kn.y; hloo.u thiu. lil....; .,,vity mu.,11. >h:,l!ow.

.>-n.«ont .l...h hrm l.ut ,n,.lt,M^': .tono l,.r«... ovat,-. point..,]; .latto,,...! i.l ,„.x,

!■■ >ton... a. Iu.r..n,; llavour a ,niu«liM« of Aui-ri-aua an,l A.i.^.stirolia; ,|„alitv p,o,l

;;;';i -^ v..ry pro„„>,„K ».. .rrai.-.) PiaMt.-l .t (Vutral lvxp,.riM>..Mtal K.'nn

r.,s'.-Furm rouu.lish; lar»r.-; -avity .hallow. ,m..li„„i width; s„tur. , .li,,i,„t
'n-; „p..x roM.i.l..,!: yi-llow alm,.-t ..ntirc.jy .M^vrcl with .Irop purpii.]. ,..,|- .!„,,

'n.nanm,. y..||,„v. .liMinct; hi „l..rat... hlui.h ; sUii, thi.-k. loud, ■ tl...h'v,.||o»

JMiry; -toMo ,m..ln,m s,z... oval, .•liuir; -wc-t. u,,,,,! flavour; .luaiitv ,. |

Of the M.nu. typ.. as Or-ii an.l Houio-.t. hut not as ijoo.l ns ..itlar.

I-"" Ih,nu.--Vrnh na.limn to m1,„v.. u„,liu,n si/o. ,,Iu,ost roun.l; ...vitv ..arn.w

mottl.,1 an.l washed w>th hn^ht r.>d ; ,lots numerous, .„,all. vellow; hlo.un li.-l„
-km tln-k. touph; t o.l, ,h.,,, yel!„«, jui-y. ,inn; -ton., ahov,. u.'o.llu.n ,1,... roundi-1,;

'I'o!;!" "" "'■ """'• " ""•■'"■^ '" '^- '' '■ ^'•-"■' "'i'l-Septetul,,.;

A han.Uome i.lum. On,. ,.f the latest an.l hest k.vp.rs.

y^sta ((Gloria se,..llin.,.---Lar,e to very lar.. ; oval; euvity m..,liu,u to h.rp..
sh,, low; suture shjjhtly depress.Ml. fairly ,.|early lu,.^; apex swollen op,K.site .sutur.-
y..llow overspread hy hriKht pink to dark, earmine red; predominant eolour li-ht'
.•arnnne red; dots medium to lur^^e. distinct, ,vell.jwish; hloom moderate; skin thh.k"

slightly hater; flesh yeWow. jui.-,v, lirm. meaty; sw.vt. .listi.utive flavour; p 1 ,,ualitv

st.,ne lar-... flattened, oval, nearly free. Season late Soptemher. Ori>:inate.l .,t tlie
< "ntra! I'-xpefimcrjlal Farm.

One of the hest. Ton fruits wei:rhe,l 12 ounces, Attra.-tive. Inr^,., firm, of (roo.J
qnahty; >kin .somewhat toufih.

«

Wrairr. Fruit (iIh.v, m<-<iiutii •i/.o, r..iiri.li»h. »' riicwhiit ln'iirt-!.hnp<'<l ; cavily
nurr..w. nu><liiini .lf|.tti: mitiin- ii .lisliiirt liiif. (•.l.-iir yrllow. n.'iirlv .•i.tiri-lv -vrr-
>«r>r>'ii<l with l.riiflit r.Ml; .|.>t« iniri».TMii». .malt. |mn>l.>; I.I.M.m |i„l,t: .kin ino<i,.rati-l.v

thick, tuMtfh; (hwh .h'.p .vfll.,w, jiiir.v. ,wi>.-l; xton.- iiifHlliim .iz.', „mi1 i-iih-mMv

thitl.Mifil. nlni..-.t fr.'.>; i|imlii.v ui..,.|. S.-iis„i, mid-SfptciHlHr.

All iittniftive plum, hut imt hirfc'i' .■mmirh ti> hr pMmixiiit'.

W.homr (.M-dliiiK "f !)•• S.,t,,). Kruit iiImiv.. iii<'<liiiin h[/,; ..viil, Ihitt.uc.l imii-
i.i«l.rahly; civil.v ,„irr..w. -halluw; <.,,l.,iir ri.l, y.How more or !.<»=* wii«h.-.| with nil;
<..N v.T.v -iimil, .vfll.nv, iii.li>iiii<t; hl..<.iu iliiri ; -kiu mo.lfriitfl.v thi.k. fuirly t„nitU:
tU'U ,v.llo«, jui.-.v, ,w,^.t. u plrumiiit hut u«t ri.'h (lavuiir; .|iiii!ity ko.mI; „.ii*.ii iuM-
S.'|.t,iiihcr. A vory hMiiiUumr [.liiiii. Tr.r viifon.u-. ami iim.lii, tivr. OriKiiiat. .1 at tlic
Oiitral KxiKTitnciital Farm.

U7ir7fi/cr.- Fruit iartto. .ival. -..iiirwliat li<-arr-.ii,ip,Ml: colour hritfht rcl; Miliin
merely a .ji.fiuct line; ,l„f. iiuiiuroUH, ycll,,w pn^miticnt; i.l,M,m thin, hlui-'h; .kin

thill, (Muirh; tich y. IImw, jiii.'v. mu.h.ratdy Hrm. ^wi-ct, i:,h,i| Havoiir; st.uic i liiim

Mzc. loin; oval, clin»f. iiimlity k.kmI. Scacoii first anil ^i^-<>ui\ wrok in Scptcmlicr.
<l".'s n,,f ri|H'n cvci.ly. A h.in.lsomo plum. Tree viirorou-. spn^atlintr and productive
where Iruit hinU are not i ijured hy winter. WildfroofT Kroiip.

W'-lf.- Fruit 1 undi-h; cavity n:.rrovv, -hallow; Miturc shallow, fairly di-

linct. not .hpro-c , rounded; clour .hep red; dots fairly numerous, imall.

.vellow. distinct; 1 .„ moderate; skin thick, touy:h ; t'esh .hep vcMow. jnicv. sweet.

rich. Koo.l llavoiir; stone above medium size, outliii, oval iisiderahly flattened.

'•Iliiu:; (luality n I. Season early to inid-.S'ptemh.-r. One of the hcst. This doe.

not aiiMver the .l.scription of Wolf jnven hy -ouie aiith..ritics. lioth. ho.,v<v,T, arc
Uood plums.

ll'/<ir,/. Fruit larp.. oMon^, tlaUcne.l; cavity narrow, .h'ep; suture a distinct
line; a|H-.x alino,i pointed; c.lour ,hvp r.^l ; dots numerous, small purple; hh.om
mcliuni; skin rather thick, ^onicwliat U.uuU. a-trin-euf; thv^h >hrp v.'lh.w, mialeratelv
juicy, t.urly ,w«.t; -..iie lar::e, much tlattcMcd, oval, - uii-elin;;. almost free; .„ialitv

im mi.l-Septemhcr. (Quality not wood enough. This plum i-

hisrh

meiliuiu. .^

nvouinau.hMl in the \Ve,t..rn .States, hut has :iot proven ii^\'.„„] as some others h.'n'.

' Fruit , irjie, roundish, somewhat tlattc.nd; cavity medium
itiire au iudi-tinct line; colour (h. j., dull purplish rod ; dots numer-

)'o\»ii7<' /'/()/
(h'plh aild width ;

..us. small. y,.||ow, .listin.-t; hlo.un nio.h'r.itc; -kin thick, hut tVuili^n th'sh dc.'p vel'liiw,
JUK-y; >tone ni.dnim siz... ,.val, .■oiisiderahly tlatteijod. s,-mi-clinir; swi-et, rich fiavoiir
hut sonawhat astringent; .p, ,lity ah..ve meiliiim. Season mill t.i late Sepfudier.

V.ilrra (se..lliiiK "f /'. l»irriV,/„„),--()rij;inatcd l.v X. V.. Hansen I!r..ok-
in^'', S,l).

Tree har.ly an.l a strontr -n.w.'r. Fruit roundish, lar-.-; .Mvitv medium wi.lth,
shallow; stem hui^, sK^uh^r; suture a .listinct line, n.it depr.'sse.j ; apex rouu.led;
yelh.w, almost covered with lively crimson; .hits num.rous, vellow. distin.-t; hh.om
m.Mlcrat... hluish; skin thick. m,,dcrat..ly t..utrh; flesh yelh-w. firm, jui.'v ; st.uie m.'diuiu
SI7..., n.iMidish, .-cmi-.'liuK; llavour sweet, rhh; quality pood. Aineii.Mna ^Toup.

An aftractive-hiokirij,' plum .>f j;ood quality. Rather promisinu'.

MnR.\ VARIETIKS.

.li<tin.— Fruit large, oval; cavity narrow, medium ilepth; suture ohscuro; apex

P'jinted; colour uniformly deep red all over; d

its noMc; bloom nonn: skin thin; fli

- ,. E- .... ..... , ......^ ii"!i._, i-i.^'um i:oi:ir, sh.iu laiu; lie--;:

dei'i) yellow, juicy, moderately sweet, not rich or liiiii flavoured; stone InrRe. flat. oval,
seiui-.-liiiff. no astrinpeney; .piality medium to ahove. Season, lust week of Aujrust
Tree only fairly productive. XiRra proup. The oarliness ,,f this plum i.s the princip ,1
point for recommendation.

48

CViene^^.— Fruit large, round to somewhat oval, uneven; cavity narrow, iiiediuui
depth; Buturp merely an indistinct line; apex rounded; colour unifonnly deep red
all over, sometimes paler on one side; dots none; bloom none; skin moderately thick,
toufrli. not astrinjjent; flesh deep yellow, juicy; stone medium size, flat, oval, cling;
sweet, moderately rich flavour; c|uality good. Season late, August to early Septem-
ber. One of tliL" best. It soon gets soft, however, after ripening. Tree a strong
rruwer. moderately productive. Nigra group.

Car»/«f'n.— Fruit medium size, roundish, somewhat uneven; cnvity narrow,
iiicduirn .lopili; suture obscure; apex rounded; colour yellow, nearly cov^rrd with de«p
red; dots obscure; bloom none: skin thin, tender; flesh .vollow, juicy, eweet, good
flaToiir; fUme flat, roundish, somi-cling, almost free; quality good; fca.»on early to
nii.)-Aupu.*t. Tree vitrnrou-s. productive. The parlif«t native plum tested, and valu-
tl.lo on this account. A Nigra seedling, originated by II. P. Parstesen, Billings
Uridge, Ont. (near Ottawa).

fihoda (Theney seedling).— I^rge; oval (regular); cavity broad, moderately deep
to Phnllow: suture slightly depressed, fnintly lined; apex nniiided; dark red; pre-
dominnnt c.lnur dark rcl; dots small, numerous, indistinct: bloom none to slicht:
•kin fairly thin, tou^'h, pee!.«! when ripe; flesh rich orange-yellow, firm, juicv: eweet.
rich, plo;isanf flavour; good nunllty: ?toni" broadly oval, dark colour, semi-free.
Season nii(|So;,t,.rnl,er. A good plum. Originated at the Central Exporiiiuiital Farm.

Tro» (Phcney srcdlinir).— TJoiinilish, large; cavity narrow, pli.illdw: future a
fsirly distinct line very sliehfly depressed: apex rounded: .vellowi^li. well washed with
deop r.d: dots numerous, small, yellow, distinct; bloom m.HJcrate, hl'.iish; skin rather
thick, moderately ten.lor; flesf, ,le,.,, vollow. juicy: .tone above medium, oval, flat-
tened; sweet, tjood flavour; nunlity good to very good. Season mid September.

A i.niinissini; .si^nlling. better in rpiality than Cheney. Originated at the Central
Kxpeiiinental Farm.

iivurtii) \Aiiii:TiKs.

Amtrira {Prunux Munsnniaua x /'. ^iV/r-ra^.-Origiuatcd l.v Luther Hurbank,
>aiita Uos;., Ciilif.

■I'ruit early, season of tnclium length: one and three-ei!.'lil.hs in.Oies i„ diameter
roundish oval, halves e.|ual: cavity shallow, flaring; suture shallow, a distinct line"
^■■■x roun.lish; color clear, dark. currant-re,l over gnlden-v.-llow. mottled, with thin
bloom; dots numerous, small, whitish, inconspicuous; stem slender, one-half inch long
uu. „on> H.lherinc to th, fruit; skin thin, litieri>li. s,,purBting readilv from Uie pulp-
.lo.^li yellow, juicy, fibrous, s.imewhat tender, sw.Hjt. not high in flavour; fair in
■laality. Htone clinging, seven-eighths inch by one-half inch in size, oval, pointed

mh rutted surfi s. broadly rid-ed along the ventral suture; dorsal tut.ire grooved'

I liims of New York.)

Tree ^.trong, spreading grower an.l very productive. ITas been found compara-
livHy free from rot in New York State. Would be hanly only in the warmest parts
of I anH<la.

Climar (I'runns triflora x Pniuus .<n,io,nO.-()riginatcd by l.utlicr Burbank
^aiita I{()sa. Calif.

" '""!'! ^''f-^ '■•"•ly- *=<^ason short: ,me and three-.piarter in<-lies in diam.'ter, cordate
or roun.lish slightly mmprr-ed. halv.s uneriual; caviry deep, abrupt, regular, marked
with faint. re<ldi8h, radiating streaks; suture deep, broad; apex pointed; color dark
red, mottled; bloom of medium thi.-kness; dots numerous, variable in size ri».et
conspi.-uous. clustered about the base; stem thick, nine-sixteenths inch long, filal.rn.n

49

partini? rejidily from the fruit; -kin I nick, bitter, with a teudency to crack, separating
e*«ily from the pulp only when fully ripe; Hesh yellowish, very juicy, somewhat fibrous,
tender and melting, sweet, pleasant flavoured, aromatic; good; stone adlierinff, seven-
eighths inch by five-eighths inch in size, somewhat long-oval, pointed, rouphish, eon-
»picu,.u>l,v winged and grooved on the ventral suture; dorsal suture sliKhtly grooved"
(Plums of New York.)

A very handsome plum. It is succeeding well in Southwestern Ontario, but is
not as productive as some others. The tree is a strong grower, but somewhat
straggling in habit. Would be hardy only in the warmest parts of Canada.

Inpka (Primus americana x Prnnus Simonii, .ffanjen)._01obulap, flattened; size
raisdmin, 1,\, x li ins.; carity large, wide, fairly deep; suture distinct, depressed:
apex (.light, depressed; dark plum colour (i.e.. dark crimson maroon); dots numerous
»:-ry distinct, whitish; bloom slight; skin thick, tough, but not astringent or bitter;
fl«h buff colour to whitish; stone small, cling; very rich, velvety, pear flavour, sweet
find pleasant; quality gocd.

A very distinctive flavour which might be objected to by some people, otherwise
« cood idiim for both dessert and culinary purposes.

Kaga (Prunua americana x Prunus Simonii, //an.«n).— Somewhat heart-shaped
•bout size of Lombard or larger, li x IJ in*;.; cavity deep, abrupt, medium width
•uture a d-«tinct line, very .slightly depressed; apex rounded; yellow, entirely over-
'pread with deep crimson; dota numerous, yellow, distinct; bloom bluish; ,^kin thick
tough; fleib greenish yellow, firm, juicy; stone below medium size, roundish, cling-
quality above medium to good; sweet subacid, acid next stone and skin, spicey, pear-
like flavour. '

An attractive-looking plum with many Japanese characteristics. It is highlv
perfumed. Appear, hardier in flower bud than most European plums. Should mak'e
a good shipping plum.

Mancheno (Cheney x Manitoba «.m).-Ov«l: size li x IJ ins.; cavity narrow
medium depth, abrupt; stem medium length, i inch, slender; suture indistinct; apex
rounded; yellow, almost entirely covered with deep red; dots obscure; skin moderately
thick, moderately tough; flesh yellow, juicy; stone large, flat, .ling; briskly suba.«i.i
•omewliat astringent, little flavour; quality medium.

An attractive-looking plum, and earlier than Cheney. May be useful en this
account. Cross by Dr. Win. Saunders.

Nebraska* * ^^' '""'''''""" "" ''■ ''•'/'"'•<»)•- Originated by Theodore Williams, Benson,

Tree hardy, a strong grower and productive. Fruit buds hunlv. Fmit rnun.li.h
almost round; as large as largest Americana, li by li inches; cavity narrow, medium"
depth; stem short, i-ins.. moderately stout; suture an indistinct lino, little, if anv
depressed; apex rounded; yellow, entirely or almost entirely covered with attraetix-e
red; dot^ numerous, small, distinct; bloom bluish: skin moderately thick, tough-
flesh yellow, juicy, i-nder; stone medium size, oval, cling; flavotir sweet, goo.l except
tiPTt stone and skin, where acid; quality good except next skin.

Appears to be a blend of Americana and Japanese. Fruit has perfume of .I„nan-
e^e. Jroliage of tree somewhat like Japanese.

Snpa (Prunus Besseyi x Sultan, //anson).— Roundish somewhat heart-shaped -
'ize li X 1 in.; cavity open, deep, abrupt; stem slender, J in. long; suture a distinct
line; SKS rounded or very slightly flattened; purple, washed with dark purple- dot*
diiii,«n>ii». very itnall, yellow, iadi.tinct; bloom bluish, thin; skin thin, moderately

r.o

tousrh; fl.>>li dark purple, very juicy; stone medium size, oval, .'ling; flavour briskly
subacid, sprigbtly, acid next skin, slightly astringent; quality above metlium.

Tastes a good deal like the better sand eherries, but is larger. Fruit buds
evidently hardier than most Japan varieties.

Shiro (Frunm Simonii x /'. Iri/lora x P. CTuiifcra x P. .Uunso»iana).— Origin-
ated by Luther Uurbank, Santa Kosa. Calif., and said to have in it the blood of the
l{obin.-.un, ilyrobolan, Apricot and Wickson plums.

•Fruit very early, season short; one and one-half inches in diameter, roundish-
.•oiiic, with halves equal; cavity intermediate in depth and width, flaring, reg\ilar;
suture an indistinct line; ape.v roundish; color light yellow becoming deeper yellow
as the season advances, occasionally with a blush of pink, with thin bloom; dots
numerous, very minute, whitish, inconspicuous; stem three-eighths inch long, adhering
to the fruit; skin thin, tough, sour, occasionally cracking, separating readily although
a thin coating of flesh is left clinging to the skin; flesh light yellow, semi-transparent,
the stone being faintly visible, very juicy, fibrous, somewhat melting, sweet, mild,
hicks character in flavour; good; stone clinging, seven-eighths inch by five-eighths
inch in size, broadly oval, flattened, slightly elongated at the base, with rough sur-
faces; ventral suture faintly ridged and furrowc.l; dorsal suture very slightly
grooved.' (Plums of New York.)

The tree is a strong grower of an upright, sprciidiiig habit and |)ruJiictive where
it succeeds well, but it is too tendei except for the warmest parts of Cani'.da.

'I'ohi (J'lunii.t amciicana \ P. ^'imonii', //an.«cn).— Fruit roundish to
heart-.-hnpcd; below medium in size (1 x IJ inches); cavity narrow,
incdiuni depth, abrupt; stem medium length, slender; suture an indistinct
line, very slightly depressed; apex rounded; colour yellow entirely covered with deep
red; d, i- very small, iiulistinct ; bloom thin, pinkish; skin moderately thick, tough;
llesh yellow, juiiy. moderately firm; stone nie<liuni size, oval cling; sweet with a
I)eeu!iar aruuiMtie, pleasant llavour. acid next skin and jiit. (Juality good. Season
niid-S<'pteniber. .\ decided and rather Mnusual flavour. Not large enough to be very
lifouiisiiig uiili'ss very hardy.

T(>l,r;ja (>'-i(i,/ t'Acrrv x Cliiiif.sr Ainiiols. //,j),,v, „ ).— Houndish, almost oblate,
lliitlei.e.l at elid^; si/e 1 x Ij ins.; cavity deep, luedium width; stem moderately stout,
Miieh I ing; .-ut'.ire an indi.-tinct line, .-lightly depressed; apex flattened; dark red;
doLs i;iili-tiiii't; l,lo<,ni thin, l.hii.-li; skin thin, moderately tender; flesh greenish,
juiey; >1 -n. iMediimi -ize, roniidi>li. eliji,-; ;iei(l, bitt.-r llavmiri ii'iiilitv below niedinni.
ilylirid yroiip.

.N.'t at :ill aiinealile to <Mt on ircmrit of liitteriiess.

iro/,'.v„„ (/',„„,-v trlHora x /'. .Sn/i-;,,/; J.-Ori-inat,-,! l.y LutluT Uurbank. Santa
-1. ( alil. lie (•n|,>i,l,.re(l it a eros> betwei'U Kel-,.y anil liiirbank. but it is lliought
itiicrs to liave the blood of rniiiis Siiuouii.

•Fniit early mid-season, period of ripening' 1.,i,m; variable in size, tli.- lar-cr
Iruit- almiit two a , one-ei-hth inches in dianie.er. ..|,li,,u..|v eor.late. halves nne,|,ial-

■•avii.v deep. abru|,i. with yellowish eone.-ntrie rin-s: .„tui fte,, prominent and

deep, with a prolong..d tip at the apex; clonr dark red over a vellnw grouiul indis-
luietly -plashed with .l.irker hmI, mottled with tliii, l,lo..ni: dots nnnier..ns s„,.,ll
ye.luu, n,r,„,s,,;e„o!ts. ,len,iy .-luMered ab.uit the ap.-x; stem thick. eleven-sixt...'n'ths
meh I, ,11-. glabrous; ^kiii tlnn, tender, separating easily; |l,.-h amber-ye'lou- joirv
eoarse. -nuieuhat tibroii-. linn. >w.vt. plea-ai.t la,; not hi-h in flav.nir ;' g..od • ■^tone
ehuL'iMg. one ,nel, l,v llve-ei-lith-. in si/e. ova! or ovale, pointed, with pitted surface-
ventral -ulnre winged: dor-al suture grooved." ( riiiiii> of .Vew Vork.)

61

Ottala"^"'' °^ ^'"""' "■^'''' """ ^'"'^ '^'^"' "* *^^ ^'^"*™' Experimental Farm.

List of Varieties.

Names of V'arietiw.

Date of Planting Oldest Trees.

KriopcAN PLnMs.

Abeswpif

Amaryllis

Arab '. . '. \\ ''

Arctic tMoore's Arclic)... ..

Hivkpr I'nine

Ilrniit,, „l NapUa = Naplc«*!! '.

Benedict

Heioiinipres '

Biuipiniiin

lionnp Ste. Anne..

liraH»liiin "

Hrodie

Canada Orleans

Cliatanqiia ..

Col II ni hi a

Cocliet |iere

(?ommiinia

Ciar

I)enni.itnn Superb

I'iamnnd

Dunne (Oiinne'.'! Purple).

Knrly Red Russian.. ..

Kmerald

Kinpirp "' '

Knfflplprt (Prince Eriijleberi)'.'.

I'livnrite Hative

Frjiryb, ' = Italian Prnne.]

Field

(U-iirrnI Bond = Hand.. ....'.'.' .'.'

Onrman Prune

01n«« (6''o»j Seedling)..' .'.' ^.

nrond Duke '.

Orepnfip'd

(lippn Gage

Onpii ^'

n;ind (^o'rrni'fl'o'nd).. '.."..'!.'.' " "

Hiin^znpt^clie

Horrican

Iiknorth (Irktrorth Imperatrice)

Iiiiiipriiil Gage

Hainan I'riine (Felleribern)..

.liiimp tr6s hative de Bnbond.

.Inhn A ' "

,Ji;Ir Green Gajfe {Beiiic ciaudcim't'iv'e)

hiiiff-^ton

Kr'knn '. '/. '.'. '.■. " "

T.iicl'irie

T,ntc'iford

Trf»iri«ic [[ '[

I.im-oln '_

r,<inilard

T.iiiin.

Mcl,iiin;hlin

Ma'Uird ;; ;■ ;■ ;• ;; ;;

M'f!ib..llp precore do Ploton

Mnlc'avka (Hlur Miil,lnrl;,n

MciM.vka (Yelloir Mnldinkn. I'or.inrWiV

A'onnrcli

Mnnrnc

Mnnlii-orencv (Beine ciaudr "deMoni.
mnrrrtrtf).

A/fxirc'j Arctic - Arctic

Mniirit Royal

Moiinla'n .

Naiiles {Rrnittu nf Xaplei).. .. ''
Niagara (Braihhair t)

1905
1902

1898
1899
1899

190(i

1901

1893

1895

1899

190)

1898

1899

1898

1901

1906

1900

1902

1900

1895

1895

1901

1900 !

1898 I

1908

1900

1895

1898

1898

1905

1899

1898

189S

1900

190.1

1901

1900

1898

19fts

1895 I

1908 I

1900 j

19K)
1907
189S
1900
1900
19fl!l
1900
1903
1908
1K9.-.
1897 I

1900 I

1901 I

1893

1901
1903
1900
1898

I Date of Planting Oldest Trees.

Names of Varieties— ContinMcd.

EnoPEAN Pi.rM8— fon/iHi/cd.

I

; Oiitromont ,90.3

; I'anline SclilcitiT 1901

; Perdriffon " ]9fl;|

Pond il'iiiid'.i Sridlimi).. ... 1900

I Princf Kriff/cdcrf -. EnglebiMt ]'

I Quackenboss jsj^

i Q"^n M«.v '.m

9"»»>«- 1902

S^y"** 19ft1

I Ke<l Esu igijj,

! Arine Clmiilr dv Montinorvnty = Mont-

I _ morcncv

i Beine Claude doiw. . .. loni-

i Richard Trotter \'^s

I Richland V. '.'. isss

Rowley '' ifu)'i

I Saratoji.i " ' " jpo'j

ShronshiK' i,Shyii;)shirc Damson)'.. ' . " jiiis

Smith !« I-jirly jsp-

Spanish Kin;;. ,tMe

Smith's Octoh '■.; ji,-

X»'«*-.- , ;.■ infl:i

UnKariKli j^j.^

Voronesh Blue '' '/ jt^.^

Voronesli YelUiw .'. '[ ijoj)

I Wangenheim jjq'.

, White Nicholas ism-.

! VeHoir AfoWai-fco =^ Moldav'ka;.'

j Victoria ;• jsg;;

.Tapancsc Pldus.

Abundance ,„„,,

BerckmanV ••..••. ^^"

Botnn = Ited June. '"'^■^

Burbank ,„„,,

& •.•.v.;;::::::i^

Kerr ?Ji!

October (Uctobvr Purple).. I'ri,,

^ •T'""> .. :; ISO,

Shirn-SiiKimii ^ IUhI June

^'^^""^ :: 1900

A.M»:Kir\N» IVrMs.

Admiral Denev -jw.,

Admiral Schlev.. ],Z',

lfc^::.v.:^•• ■•••••••■■ ■■■::£;

American Eagle ,^i

Anderson ,„._

Atkins W

Railev ?^

Bendo; ?^

Bi,bv ^

Pombersc! • ,^,'

Bracket! l'"^

BiittlPwoiHl N„. !. ^V

nrifll,;rn„d V... ■> V k '■*'

B^°«klyn ;; -JSSJj

62

Litt of Varieties. — Concluded.

DaU of PlantinK Oldest TreM.

Names of Varieties— Continued.

AM>:Kir\Ni Pldim— Continued.

Bryan (H'. J.) 1903

Budil {Pni/.j 1S03

Cttro 18S»

Champion 1894

City 1W»

Coiuaue IMS

Colorado (Colorado Queen) U<9S

Coliiian 1901

Comfort ISn

Coiitui ms

Cook Choice 19M

Corona 1907

Cottrell isn

Craig (Prof.) igfts

Cyclone 1901

U»r« 1913

Deepcreek 189S

DenniM (Dr.) iggj

De Soto ISMtt

J>'»n» IMl

Don Iggo

Dnnlap (Dunlap't So. 1) 189&

Eldorado 190]

Emma 1901

Etta 1901

rirm><riii 1907

Fit»i 17 1907

Forw.; Garden iggo

Fr«»;t(ine 1901

Free .Vilrer = Terry

Galena ' ]; 1895

Oaylfird 189$

Gloria I907

Golden 19^,

dolilin Queen = Queen

Hammer [ igf}

Hiui«on 1901

Hawkeye 1898

Haf»l 1»0»

n»"; 1901

Hunt lj«3

Ii-ene.. 1894

Ironclad 1894

Jwsie 1894

•'•""'II '.'. 1913

Jo^pph 1»1S

Jul'» 1901

Kennedy Ked IK97

Ki(kai>oo 1900

Kifth 1903

Kilmore 1000

Lambert (Lambert's Red) I897

tarr;# Red .Street = Plunk..

Leatherskin 1907

Legal lender 1901

Leonard 1897

II*'." 1909

L'l'ie 1901

Lottie 1901

''""'fa 1901

Mankato I895

HarcellaK igO)

Muriorie ',', ]903

^/xn-r 19,,;

)[">; , i»ni

}I"''i' 1901

Ml"" ISM

Date of I'lanting Oldest Trees.

Names of Varieties— Continued.

AuEUCANA IYdms— Concluded.

Nellie 18M

Nellie Blanche 1901

Newton Egg [[ 1897

New Ulm .. iggj

IX'heeda igg§

Old Gold ■■ :; ■■ 1897

Umeiia 1901

}«•;■■'••„ 1901

I ener Premium 1894

Plunk (Laru* Red Street) 1897

' Pnrpls Yosemite (Vojcmife PurpJe)..

Quaker 1894

Uueen (Golden Queen) 1901

Reel. 1901

Itockford IR92

liollingstooe iggs

K"J>y 1903

oada 1901

Sila« Wilson isfg

Smith 1901

Speer mgg

f'*"''?-- • 1903

Stoddard ]g9i

Sunrise .. ;; 1395

Swift J907

Terry's De Soto .' .'.' .'.' '.', 190S

Terry (Free Silver) igoo

D. 8. (Brittleirood So. «)..' .'. 1901

^^'ue. 1903

Van Bnren 1x90

V'an Deman " 1895

J'"*t* ;; 1909

S""*" 1901

Weaver jggs

";*«""* 1907

S°"-; 1888

wyant ]g99

Yellow Americana 1907

Yellow Sweet " iggs

roiemite PurpJe = Purple Yosemite..'

Yuteca 1907

Niou PLrM.i.

Aitkin ,897

AugUBt ig99

Brand ■ Uubr 1903

Carstesen («or/ie«t).. . .,900

*^,heney '; jsgo

Oopon J907

Manitoba No. 4 [' JS93

Manitoba No. 5 '' [\ 1895

Mill* Seedlini; ]jsgo

Odegard ]; jgo,

Kboda jgo;

Smith Eed V. '.'. im

'^."•■■'"iK IMi

Victor ]907

^^•"yte ;; 1893

MiMEt-I.IKE PlISIS.

BestoTall jc),,

^f."" '■'. '.'. '.'. '.. \hn

Clinton fsfit

CoJ. Wilder = Wilder..

g"""'-- 18!li

rorest Rose |g<^

53

List oi Vnrietitw — Co . tinned.

Date of Planting Oldest Trees.

Names of Varieties -r«)ifini/pd.

MlNBr-l.lKE Vl.Vm—CniirllllUd.

Mall (lilnl) ,-,.

Miner ^??

P-airiP I'Nnv.r.. . . ?S"

•^-''-! :::::: :; :: ;;

Mi-r (lliri-s tar;,c fl.dK. .'.' .'; '.'. kTo

WAy|,<.\D-l.IKF. Pl.tlMS.

Benson (Mnllir) iqn,

Holden Beantv oS!

Mdienian ' ' ' ' Joic

"--' :. :. V. v. ;; ;: :; :: 1^^,

Wn.DfloosE Plcms.

Milton ^"i

V;in HoiitPi, S^'?

Wilder (f,.;^ J2J

«■"''«''-'■ v.;::;;:; ::]??J

lIvnniD Pi.iMs.

Am Mica (llotni, .r Ili>hi,nnn) . . iqa,

t""^'* '.n- '""'■'•'■'•'""« -T P. iriflornV'. ' jiifl

Atiple (/"nrcntn^,. i,,ii-,o„„). . . ' S>.

nartlett n.I„,r„rc x /'. \,„„„„-,K ! ' . ; i Ml

] '»l(n (P., Vim" nil a- Biirhiuik) . . " iqni

< .nre-oto (P. Bessriii r DrSnM . . . " ,ii.

Climax («o/aii t I>. Simnndi!) ... ' on

f 'nihmation (P. Iriflnrn .r 7). " {Sj.,

r„n.,K,« Clieriy <Pr,n,ns Brslc',,: 'r

■''""■r* 1%1

jl.in- (Pnrriitnfir „nl no,,-,,-'. .'. ,nm

I'nke (P. Muiisnniann .r >\ '. ;' Jjjij

Date of Planting Oldest Trees.

Names of Varieties runr/iid,.,;.

HvBRiB Pi-iMs-Coiir/iid. d.

Excelsior ^Ke/vitf t I?-;M,,„,„r) jm

E/nptan (P. Br^scui x Snltan).. . 9,3

J-irst (/'(iroiMffP i/iircrMii?). . ion.,

fourth of Jnly J*"

1' reeche. i^m

Oolden '('Gnid)"(Robi„m'„ r ilotan' " i%1
Qoo»*dye (Wildooo>e x /)„//„,',"" r/ierl

^y ' ' 1 QA-i

Oonzales (Parenlngc 11 11 knnir'ti).'. igoh

Holland (Ar/sr,/ i tone Star).. . i!Ki.i

Jnkt»a (P. nmrriVaiia x P. Simnnii)... mi
Kajra (i'. amenana x P. Simo,iil\. ]9(i<i
Kebalan (hrluy x Jfor^t, Cherryt. ]>)(«

Kelmvro (AWje// x Anr/y Cherri;).. .. imi
Mancheno U henn, x Mnnitnhn Plumt
Nona (P. Inflnra x P. anuiistifolm 'i.. 190.1
(lerident iParentnnr iinknnwn).. . 1903

thnalia Mbinidanr*- x Rrittleun,,,!) .. 19nf;
Opata (P. B..«pj,i X Oo(dK. .. 19' >■

Ovamn <ffr,/ ./i,,„. x P. aiiier/rnHri '1" lotr
Pendent (PnUnunltaniie x f„r, vf ^nr-

,,'''•"' ]9(ii

I reserver tA-W.«ey x EnrI,, R,d .',.. '.'. 190.1
naghuul (hihry x Yrll,„r Transpar-
ent) jgf,.,

Red Gla-^s (Minir x Qiiarkr„'h,ii'.ti' " m-
Ked .May (JftiiiidnHfe x lVil,lti,„>sfi liinn
Kniipft (Pruniis piimila x P. amcriva-

„ no' ion,

Sansoto (P. Bi-ssryi x DrXnln, iq,

Sapa (P. Ii,r<.^ryi x Siilta)i).. ,. ' ' ]i)oq
Searlet (Tri7dfl(,o,sr t Clir„pii>... , " iflfl:
Mnro (Hobinsnn x Miirnhnliln r \Virk-

'»") ,9fl,

Six Weeks i-thinidance x ri,irknsn,r). ISO.-!

.VH/ton - Ooeident ,31),

ToRo (Red .Iiiiir x P. anirrirniiii ' " ijvx;
Watson (Krl.^ry x I.nne Star !> " lon-i

Wfinsh (Chabnt x Wa„lnt}d\. .. ' jq^T

» lekson (P. triflora x P. .Simmiiii " 1903
nA*^^ ''»<■'"'// r Lnne .Star >)... " m^

loka (P. nmi-riraiia x P. .•iimmiii) }'t]\

lukeva (P. Il,i.iryi x P. Simn„ii\ .

l'l»l.l,INAT|()\ (i|- I'M Ms.

A.S a rosnit of l.is ...xpcTimenf.s he f,„nul tlu.t of all tho varieties of nl„n. f

Cheney Plum. {Prunvtyivmi.)

.0 tfertil«. .r*" ','.*''";■ ''"^^ "''""^"" ^^^'•^ P'"'"'^ "•»'«''«' i*^ flowers could
TfJ^it «luld .»'■ -n 't " """," *■■"" "^ ""'"*'" ^""^'y "» f'"it »' practically

IVh t^ , ^'"^ Japanese plums w. re almost as self-sterile as the American

but the fcuPopean plum, were more or less self-fertile. It will be seen from the above
that many vanetio. of plums are not fertilized at all or only partly fertiHzLl byS
own pollen It .s necessary, therefore, that varieti^ be so mixed ^n the ord.ardhal
.roper polhna .on and a good netting of the fruit will be ensured, 'wericla

X^e Xi ' u/''""A'" •"'""'^.f'' P'*"*""'^ ^-«'-'«"' varieties N'Sa to
pollenize N.ur:,. although Amencana will do. Japanese to pollenize Japnnesrand

Americana Plinn. {Pninuh amenninit).
Kuroixja.i t.. poUoui/e European. Varieties should be planted near each other which
.loom at he san,o tunc Thi. i. very important, u. if the var.otics do not b oom ^t
the same tune polhnat.on cannot take place. The nurserymen do not as a rule give
m their catalogue, the relative time of blooming of the different varieties bought
from hem l.ut it .. neces.=ary for the fruit grower to know this before planting i
ha IS to ol.tM,n the best re.ulu The value of bees and other insects in the orchaii
tor assistin^^ .u po lenizing the flowers cannot bo over-estimated, and where no^ible
colonics sliuulil 1)0 kept for this purpose. ' ""*^'

S6

Tlie dates of blooming of pliiiim in diffenMit piirts of Canada wen- rroorde . I.y
fruit (tr.wcrs for the Horticultural divi-ioi, of th.. Central Experimental Farm for tive
41*"^^ These dates have been c.mpile.l and the average of encli variety thus obtained.
The following is a table of varieties of Aniericuio and Ni^tru plums reeon; mended in
this bulletin. giviiiK their soaaon of blooiiiiiiir. This will be of assistam-,. to fruit
growers when planting. A table of the Kuroponn varieties is not given as the

Kiirn|K'iin Pli.iii, (I'runundomettira).
information obtained was not full enough to be perfectly reliable, and furthermore
the intermixing of European kinds is not so important as with American as mon'
of the varieties appear to be self-fertile. The Japanese varieties described in this
bulletin iiro all extra early and early bloomers, and will thus pollenize one another

There is ten days' difference between the time of blooming of the earliest and
latest viinetics in the following table, so that it would be impossible for the earlv
blooming varieties to pollei.izo the late ones, but the early might polleni/e the mediuni

mid the nifdium the medium Into. The pistils or fcmnlc organs of the plum blo^wmg
.>ft<<n mature tirst, often as nmeh as four days before the anthers containing
tlic pollen. The stigmns may nmnin in condition to receive the pollen for several
days. Aj poll, u is not all shed at the same time, the difference in time of maturity
of pistil and anthers is not so imi«irtant as it otherwise would be.

AMKUKANV AM) M<;|1A Pt.r MS — SKASON lif UI.noMIM;.

I'JjIia A'aW.//.— Aitkin.
/v'uWj/.— Cheney, Maiikato. Odegard.
Miilium.—liM y. Admiral Seliloy. Oinuha.
M.'iliiim Lair. Hnick.tt. Wolf. Ilawkeye. Stoddard.

Tim pruniiit,' of tlic trees is not nearly as imiKirtant in the indture of the plum
MS ..f till! apple, and there i.s more danger of injury by over-pruning than too little
pniniiig. While an apple tree will, as a rule, recover from severe pruning, plum trees
often neve, reeover from it. In plum eultiire it is much better to err on the .side of
under-pruning than over-pruning. The tree should be pruned when youtig to a
^vmmctrieal top with the main branches so di.-imsed that there will be no bad crotches,
litter v.hich very little pruning is necessary beyond cutting out deiid and broken
branches and thinning out where the top is very thick. Some varieties will require
more priming than others, some of the Japanc.-c being especially rampant growers.
Iliere is a dilTerence of opinion and a difference of results in regard to the heading
back of plum trees. As a rule, very good results will be obtained witliout heading
back. A 1 -w strong growing varieties, siuli as Burbank, however, have to be kept
■ •ut back to keep them within reasonable limits, and .■^ome of the Americana varieties
will break down in winter unless headed back. When trees are headed in, the work
r-hoiild be done early in the sprinir, at which time the ordinary pruning can be done
to best advantage. Wounds should be covered with lead paint or grafting wax.

The following note on useful fertilizers for the plum orchard has been prepared
for this bulletin by the Chemist of the f:xperimental Farm.

Ki:itTii.ii;Kit.s Foil Tin: i-llii ohiiiakd.

Hv Fhank T. Siiutt, M..\., Dominion Clicmitit.

Ill common with other orchard crops, the rciiuiremciits of the plum tree, as regards
plant food, are chiefly nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, and these essential
elements must be present not only in fair quantities but in more or less readily avail-
able forms if vigorous growth and an abundance of fruit are to be expected. In
addition, lime is frequently of value, since all stone fruits make a considerable demand
upon the available lime of the soil, a.id this, owing to natural causes or exhaustive
'•ropping, may be reduced to mere traces.

Further, all rational systems of fcrfili?;iit!nn mu=t include the renewal, from time
to time, of the vegetable organic matter of the soil, and this may best be attained
when the supply of barnyard manure is insufficient, by the growth and turning under
of green crops.

M

\il,ogen and Oruanic .Va«, r.-Siiif« the*-, from .... ..Kri.ult..r..l point of view.

r„ ? °V'"-'/""""' "'"^ «--"n<'m.v. a. a rul,-. diotuti.iK th.MP u»o i,. orrhap(U in such
hcad.^ "'' *" "^^ conveniently co..»idor their oppli.M.tion ..nder the Mine

Har..y«rd n...,.,..^ ....doubt^xlly Mt«„dH tir« „„ th., - jority .,f f„r„« „f enrioh-
Zit „n „'. ."k "•""«t""""t« «"<1 improviLK iu phy.i,.ul condition. In com-

Hh ,^;;7 '"'■? '" *■" 'f -',' •* extremely variable, but Kood avruffo sample, of

LTa^hTTv"' "t; '•°"''.'J^''^'» '•^ -""«"'= >'it"'^-" '>-5';^. phosphoric aeid O-'iflrj.
S 25r, ""^"""' '"""'" '" ^''''' "'"""'*' " """""y '" •»"' ""iKhbourhooa

With many on-hurdi»t8. however, the available supply of manure is insufficient
and .,.ade<,„.,tc .or the . r«a to be fertilized, and it is for .uW. that the system of
K . .. man„r.n^.-a.s by the growth and t,.r.>inff u..der of a .ovor ■roi.-is es,K.eiallv
valuable. The ,n„.,rta..t role of the cover crop in the .no-lcr,. sv.t.„.. of orchard Hoil
,n..uaKen.c„t ,s set forth iu another place in this bulletin and' the whole ,.Sto

Ao. 40 of the tx,H-r..ncntal Farms series. It will, therefore, only 1h3 nec^sary here

hnnlTh!'"' V"'V1 •»'"."'"«•'»"' '"'— - why clover or son.e other of the leiume.
should be employ.Hl for th.s pun«.se of enriehi,« and improving the soil

roots -'^"'""' '''"'' "^ *'^°*'" "*'" *^"*'''" "* " •"™'"""' estimate, in its foliaffe an.l

S""'T""- ■•■, ^""» "•♦^ •"' l'"' >'•- 1'-- "crc.

1 hosphonc iicid.. '. 30 to 4".

^°*"*»' !! " 85 to n.%

It is evident, therefore, that by this use of clover we can with a single crop furnish
m.r To e" Th" '"" • -t-'^-' n-ould be supplied by a dressing of lolns of ma" ur.
Ptr acre. he Rreater part of th.s nitropen is taken by the clover from the ntnios-

itr-it" trurvrK'"''"f. "''i'r '" i^" •^'"- '^^^ p"""^"^"- -'^' ^''""h -i

A Vr',*"'\« ^''^\" obtained from the soil, but have largely been drawn from

S„.ent"s of .r' -f ^V-""'/""' ^'''^ "^f"^ "^ *••" '^^'"^•^ •"*>*« ^"^« "11 these impor^,^
Clements of plant food m forms readily utilizable by trees

One or two words should also be added resarding the value of the organic •, ttc.-

so suppl.cd. Th.s evinitually is converted into humus, the importance o~ ' ,

S0.1 consftuent .t is ditficult to over-estimate. It not only lilLat "s Lwl^ con

t.nuousl.v ,fs plant food, but vastly improves the soil texture, whether it be ..h.y or

a sandy loam. It .ncroa.ses the soil's power for nWrbing and retaining moisture an,

■ t furn.shes the best material for the development of microl.ic life. wWch.s not

kn.nn, plnys so important a part in i..crensing a soil's fertilitv

tl,- rn *" "\."-^ '■""'^'i'u" P^^f'^'^'ty "f *o° ffreat an enrichnient with nitrogen l«-
tins means: th.s would be indicate.! by lux,.rious and excessive growth, dark gre^,
fohage and poor fru.t.ng Under such circumstances, the use of organic and X
jrenous fert.hzers should l)c discontinued.

To furnish immediately available nitrogen to young trees showing a deficien.'v
of th.s element (.nd.'cated by a sparse development of foliage of a vellowith-i^een
colour), n.trate of soda may be -d as a top dressing, at th;rate of 'lOoT 20^1""

Phoxphnric Acid. Potash and /..m^.-Thcre is probablv no better medi,.m for
suppy.ng these elements to orchard soils than unleached hardwood X The ,^
should c.nta.n from 5 t<, 6 per cent of potash, in the neighho„rhn.>-l „f 2 to 3 per cent
c^ phosphor,e ac.d. and from 30 to 35 per cent of lime. Not only are these con
sftuents .„ wood ashes .n a condition that renders them readily assimilable but n

5»

many parU of C.n.aUa they an- cheaper than in any other form of coinimn-iul f.rtil-
uer. tifty to eighty bushels per aero it the usual application.

Bono meal .hould contain from 3 to I per cent of nitrogen, ami 2<» to 24 per cent
of pho.phoru. acid. Since it. plant foo.1 i» only «l»wly liberated in the »oil, it i.-s
considered a lasting fertilizer and one well n.lapted to orchard vim: The application
i» usually nh..ut 300 lbs. per acre. SuiH.rpho...pl.nte will contain from 1.'. to 20 per
cent of phoiphor.c acid, the jrreut.-r portion of which should be in a soluble (nvail-
abi.) condition. The application is from 200 to 400 lbs. per acre.

1, • ''*'!?''.*' ''"" '"' "'""'"•'•I '" »»>"• ^"'■>" of muriate (.".0 per .ent actual potash) or a-<
kiitnt (12 p«.r cent actual pot«^h): 100 to l.'O Ihs. of the former and 2(M) to 500 lb«
ot the latter arc the limits for ordinary application.

Voorhc.-^. in his work on fertilizers fwUKoMi the followiiiR n.ixtureH for orchards-
1 T^ ''"'■*••"'■ "^ '^- *■"'■*'• "' '''■"""•• •"""'• f"'P^'Pl'o«ph«te. and muriate of potash i

",1k" T*'"""^ T "'"'," ''"'^ '""•■'• '"■ '•■'* "'"•• "f '"""""> l'""^- «"«• ""» P«rt.
or KH) Ibi.. of muriate of potash.

Soils differ so (freatly as to their fertility tbut it is impoRMble to state dcHnitelv

he amounts of the.e fertilizers that .-ould in all ca.i^ be u«e,l with proHt. From 3oi)

t« 500 lbs. of such mixtures ,m r a.Te on fairly koo<1 s-.ils woul.l. no doubt, be ample.

bi.t on very poor soils these amount., aceordii.fr to the experience of many orchnrdists

miKht be considerably increased.

iim..— Where lime only i. required, by r.'ason of natural defieiencv in thi-
element, the excels of buir.u.. .onme-. or the n-fractory character of the soil, it mav
be applie<l at the rate of 1 to 2 tons per acre.

ri'LTHATION.

, . !'!'"« o'-'-hards should be kept under a lii!?Ii state of cullivatiuu ..r Mh.rwiso th.
Iruit IS likely to lie small. The plum requires a large amount of ni,.i -e. The
surface soil should be stirretl ab.,nt onee a w.'.k or after everv heavy rain ui.til Julv
111 order to conserve moisture and to open the -oil so tliut the air can get in freel'v
and assist iii nitriHeation ami help promote a thrifty growth ..f tlie tr.-es Trw^
sometimes produce Rood crops of plums when they are prowiug in -od but this i-
not the rule. It has been found that there is more than twice as inueli moisture when
tbe ground is eultivatinl than where there is sod. Furtherir.or, . the eureulio be^-onu-
very troublesome in sod orebar.ls, and for thi« reason, if for no other, the on'har.l
should be kept cultivated. Cultivation should be di<.-ontinii«l towards the middle of
July, "» order that the wood may riinn in pood time and that a Rood cov.r crop mav
be Mtab isho.1. Whore trees ar.. plautiKl eloso and cultivation is ditfieult it will !»■
preferable to mulch the trtx«. with Rras. or «traw than to leave them in sod. n< tie-
fruit will bo larjrer and the trees more thrifty.

COVKR CROPS.

A cover crop is a crop of some kind the seeil for which is planted for the purpose
of having a growing crop in the orchard after cultivation has ceased, in order to help
use up plant food which has '..cmi made available during the summer and which
might each away if the soil were bare. A more iniportant purpose still of this crop,
especially m some localities, is to have a covering which will prot.K;t the roots of the
trees and help to hold the snow in winter. A third important use of the cover crop
IS to have some veget.-iblo matter to plough under in the spring to improve the =-".11
both by adding humi.s and by adding nitrogen where leguminous plants are used

Experiments with cover crops have been carriwl on rather ixtensivlv at the
Central Experimental Fann for the past eighteen years, and it has been found that

eo

tlio niiwt KBtiitfm'ti r>- plant 1' r hi« inirpo«> in t\w inmmon ft-d tlovrr, »<iwn not later
limn tlu> midill.- ot July nt .li rntc c,f 10 to I-.' lb«. |>«T ncrc. no nuw cri>|> in-h^g uted
;i« n ruh'. The hairy v»'t h ( ' ' < vUlona) hat givon (food Bati»fttCtion in snir.o placM,
f!<pfcinlly in tho Niaijnra p* i isnlu. ami hnn tlio ailviintujtt< of jrrowinjj vtry lotc in
thp niitiimn. Thi* miiv bo ho\ i at tie rule of 40 or .10 lb«. per acre with jfood result*.
Tiie ««hh1 of thp Summer Vi't<li •: ■ ret i* nnich chnipfr, nml where it «uof<>«tl» nniv
Im> plantotl ijistoail. Where it if > ' papcfinlly dogirinl to add nitro(rcn to tl"- wil
rupo inukcs u pood i-over cr'< nt tho rate of from 4 to fl lb*, per nerc. It is

not noecHsnrjr that the plant i- 1 n» i cover cnip nhoiild live over winter.

I -ii I to dry wenther, to K^t a (t"od cover crop l»v

111,' of July. Kxperimentft nt the Central Fxperi-

1 h(..' ^atisfurtory plni.tg in drills two ft-cl or ti,or<-

<. 'I'l object ot plantiii? fhii way i.« t - nt the M'ed

0 :i iioo<l crop and yet tho soil be enhivated until

iSon-etimes it is not r •-
-iiwiiur iiloiit till" middle t !
iiientnl Fiirm were tnn<le *• '>
iipart would prove a» eovei . '
may bo snwn enrly eiioiiifh '"
flie n>uiil time. Sojn benii ' ■ m- In ■ ».
This metliod U Riiid to hii ^i>en k "h1
iiiil !-iitf<r- fnuii liii'l< of i , .i-itur,> in • .
under ii< enrly in the spr,,. r i' 11'
..f the iiioisturi' which would ilierwi ■ i^
Iiliiiit- Hi'uld 111' I'liMM'rvcil.

and ''ni;v vetrh were nwxl for thin piirpow.

whcie it has heon tried. If tlie

inir. the eover erop nhonl<l e plcnghed

■' ; eulli ;ition befTiin. liy doiimr this, much

•■•inspired through t^e Itiives nf the jirowinfl;

IM< Kis<;. I'M ki.m;. stoui\'. .\mi mmikkting tiik kih it.

K.'vlM'rieiuc only will I. ;ti|i tlu' fruit urowiT ilie pri'in'r time to |>i' U ■ acli Viirniy
■ ■! pliitn fi.r storiiijT or shipp na. as s.ime may he pieked greener iind sonu' riper than
• ther>. As n role, however, the FuroiM-ati phims -ihoiild l>e picked when tliey are well
coloured but still (piite firm. It is* particularly doiral'le to pick those varieties which
are f>,ilijtH.-t to rot, u little on the Kre<<n side. The Americana varieties are so juicy
•lint they iiUit have to be t ickcd het'ore fully ripe if they are to b<< shippctl far. T^e
!apanc.-ii' varieties m.ny he picked earlier than either of the precedins as the i-olour
uid flavour will develop well even though harvctcd when i ilhcr on the jrreen «ide.
I'liims should be picked with the stems cm when it is possiiilf to di> so, and on no
account should they be shaken from the tree when intended for shipment. A step-
ladder fn >t;iiid on and a stronp basket to put the fruit in are necessary. I'lums are
usually sold in medium sized fruit baskets, the six (piart basket^ beintt preferred. It
is sometimes advisable when tho fruit is especially tine to face the basket, thus givin*
the fruit a still more attractive apiicarnnee, but if this is d' no the fac«:> should repre-
-ciit the kind of fruit to In' foniul lower down. Some varieties of plums will keep for
-cvi i'al weeks in cool or cold stornjre. A temiK>rature of fr«'in :!C to 42 deerees F'al -en-
liiit has been found the best for storinp this fruit.

The marketiiur of the plums will dcpcinl very much on the location of the or h;iril.
llie frreatesf cure should be observed to have the fruit reach the market in prim, 'on-
dition, and if i' is consiirued to a commission ii erchant he sboiild be one of reei.LriiZed
integrity.

Thinn.no the Fniit.—V\\\\\ (piite recent years the thinninf; of ! hints on the trees
bad not been pra(iieed ver>- extensively, riuni orchards have increased so much,
however, in size and numlx>r that the eompctition has been keener and the (rices
lower, and in cusequenee the nvist advanced frrowers arc now thinniiiK their iniit.
and *ind it pr ritable to do so, as the prices obtained for the lartrer fruit more than
rr.mr-f-nsate '--r the labour rcqjsired in tb.ie.r!!!)!?. Furtb: rTiiore, if p-.ir? nf the frui!. is
liieke«l when preen it does not have to be picki^! when ripe, so there is littlo extra
handlinir. Some varieties of plum trees bear very he.<svily, and this is particularly
true of the Americana varieti(=. Tn consequence, the friit when "iitbinnis! is ir, 'h

-.

.roull« than it woiiUl be if there werr lc»!» of it, bikI the driuii uinm thf vitality of
th* trt-e from thr production of «. much nee*! shows itxlf lK«foro loii(t. mid it froqtientlv
Ubpih-iis. cupcciullv in poorly tiliol mi<l [Kxnly ffrtiiizcnl orcJuinN, tlint tri>i->t lit«rall.v
brar I ftcmodvcit to 'lenth.

The timt" to thin is after th«' fruit is w«'ll wt iiml when it i« fairly certain whiit
thf . rop i* Bninsr to he. Thfrp n iilwiiv* n ilroppiiiir of plnnis durintf the month ol'
Jiuie, enuM'd priiiripully hy ini|iro|)cr pnlliiuition. iiiitural tliisiniuK unil injury from
ruroulio. iitiil ii> -non us [m-sililo oftcr tiii'M' tinvi! tliiniird tin? iTop. hiiei'l thinnilii;
-hould Ik' (lotio. Tlio Aincrii-iiiui piuiui fruit oa heavily, tluit in an > ixTiment con
ilurtcd at tlie Wi^i-onsin P'.xpcrimout Stiiti.ui, it was found tiuit noariy lour-Hfthi* of
the crop should 1h» removed in order to (ret really snti^faetory re*ui'<. When Amen
eana plunw were tluuiic«l a< hi'in ily as tliis the J'ruit waf> left about two inelies apart,
whiih was fiuitid a nood diitan-e in tiio expi— iment, hut n rreater distance wu
■'ufTKei'leil Exp<'rit!ients in thimi.im .Anierieana plums sit the Central Kxpirinientii'
Farm re^iUed in the thinii'tl fruit wlieii rip*- heinit <'on-ider;il)ly lartrer tlin'i tlnii
unthinne'i.

Some varieties of Europ<Mii an.. .T»pi>ni-<' pluiuA arc left as much ;is -ix inehe-
apart by friit irrowers, and at this d -laiici' protitabli- crop-i :■•■■'■ saiii to !«■ obtained ol
fruit 'if till' best (puility. Froi i one-, iirth to one-liMlf the er.ip aho 1 I removed ii.
thinning. Phe nio.^t profil!ib!i- dift:o,' .■ apart !•' ' iive the plun «iii be larirei.v
(fovenied by the variety. Km vari- - will n .t need thinning nil, and evej.
where trees .ire beariuir heavily, the .-. fL-ity aii cist of labour lu.iy prevent tl •
profitable tlinnintf of t; o fruit.

Whili pi -iC- .ire uiit likely I- lie mniuifintured eomnierei.. !ly hii a lartfe -eal'
<'ttii:ida, It will be <if inlirci't to reader- "f lbi< bulletin to kieiw souiethiiif; f I.
they tire made.

.V pi-iuie is a liried plum. Si.nie varieties of plums, owiiiK '■' *he -nui ! prop, rtii

There are Severn

Xinonp these m:i'

I. and Kaynr-

une iilunis.
isons. The
moisture ie
.1 larffc pre
;i.d is to dry

if iuiii', are csj 'lially adapteil ti. ln' manufactured ii, ■ prum

.:i eties, soniewiiat like <iiie anotlu r. known as tl.e Prnin irro
be meiitioneii the Italian Prune ' KellenberK), d "man I'ruui

California and Ored'u mauufactu • most of the p .inos ide in Anu-riea. The dr>
districts of Uritish Columbia an' very suitable for the
I'Ut it has not been found [irilitable to manufacture thei
price of labour and fuel are too hijili. iid then" is a lurjti
the plum;- than in those }."• wu in t'.i.ifornia or Oregifn.
port II n of the prunes are i ide bv i vaifi them in the .* ii
them in eapcrators. The plum- art- not harv. ted un'
to tiie ground. They are t-'iaded first "f all, l. ■ -iSuri
are eiilicr dipptHJ lu lye lor about a minute or I'vie od 1
in order to allow the moisture to e>eape. Auer lli "he
to a temperaiiii" of l-'n'l x„ 14<i i'. at ti.'-t ani
IGO'F. to ISO"! . tht ttm!"'rature beinsr lowe-inl

It re()uires troui one to fo r day- to dry m, ....

plums are. if the plums arc no; thor cure'. tl«-y arc liable to mould and

fermeet. ('.ii-ilerahlc experiem-i is n. e^^. ,;- le a (lond grade of prunes.

After they liuve p)iie liroiiKh tin- evapur ttor ;l\i are piled in order that they may
sweat, which take- fmn. onf to tliiee wee \fter this "iiey .ire -ifiKlpd and p. kcil.

r.idui tion '•'-

!..r -eveni.

pri rti'Mi

r i .ifi.ni

...ther m.

vy are ; po enough to fall

mess i curiii; and theii

. : s in a pricking machine

re rinsed, and thcTi subjecteil

:,) tl 'Miier.itures rauginp fron'

the iirunes are being removed.

.-. iieuding partly on huw large the

Ml

CA.N.VIM. A.VU CUESEttVlNl

All good housrwive?
plums, but the Ameriea!

re familiar with
variet 's require

.1 can and preserve Euroiiean
'reatment in order to ;ret tin-

most satisfactory results. Some vnrioties nri- thick in thi> skin, while others ore more
or less nstringont, nnd for these rensoiis ppeeinl iiietliixls are employed to make the
fruit more palatable. The akin of many varieties may he readily removed by pouring
boiling water on the fruit ;\nd then pw'ling it. Preserves made from fruit thus treated
is very good. The skin ni some varieties will not break down in cooking, nnd peeling
is especially desirable in such cases.

American plums are not as good for canning as the European, and, if they are
canned, are best for n:aking pies.

The following eight varieties of American plums were preserved, in order to
learn what differences there were in these kinds for this purpose; — IJixhy, Cheney,
Xew Ulm, Mankato, Cottrell, Bouncer. American Eagle, Silas Wilson. These were
preserved with and witiiout the skin. In nearly every case the peeled fruit made the
boat preserves. The Hixby, however, cooked with the skin on was the best of all those
tistwl, having a better Havour than any of the others both iH-eled and unpoeled.
With some varieties 1 lb. of sugar to 1 lb. of fruit was fouiul to make the preserves
too thick ; on tiie other hand, ij lb. sugar to 1 lb. of fruit, in some cases did not make
them (piite sweet enough. None of the varieties tested were found markedly
astringent, tiiough n.ost of those eooketl with the skins had a flavour, not unideasant,
liut iKK-uliar to the American plums. The proper proportions to be used in i)reserving
each variety will have to be learned by experience. The following are some of the
notes nuide on the prcs<^'rves, arranged in descending order of merit: —

liixby.-A 11). sugar to 1 lb. fruit, uniHi'liil; good colour, good flavour, skin tender.

Chvniy. — 1 lb. sugar to 1 lb. fruit, iH»eled; attractive amlK-r colour, good flavour.

Cotlnll. — 1 lb. sugar to 1 lb. fruit, ptn-led; amber colour, sweet, rich, good.

A'cic Ulm. — 1 lb. sugar to 1 lb. fruit, peeled; attractive, pale, good flavour.

MaiiLato.- 1 lb. sugar to 1 lb. fruit, peeled; pale, clear amber, gmid flavour, but
too sweet.

Bouncir. — 1 lb. sugar to 1 lb. fruit, pe<'led; attractive, but too thick, good flavour.
B'uhy. — 1 lb. sugar to 1 lb. fruit, peeled; too sweet, not as good as unpeeled.

Colfrctl. — 3 lb. sugar to 1 lb. unpeel(Hl fruit; attractive colour, not as good as
peeled.

Silas W'ilxon. — 1 lb. suga.- to 1 lb. fruit. iH'eltMl; dull amber colour, good, but too
rich.

liountvr. — 3 lb. sugar to 1 11>. fruit, unpeeled; altriu-tive ciilmir, good flavour, but
skin tough.

Mankalo. — 1 lb. sugar to 1 lb. fruit, unpeeled; fairly attractive cdlour, but too
sweet.

Xcir Ulm.-l lb. sugar to 1 11>. fruit, unpeeled; attractive colour, good flavour,
but tough skill.

Silas Wilson. — 1 lb. sugar to 1 lb. fruit, unpeeled; good flavour, but skin tough.

Amcricnn EaiiU'. \ lb. sugar t<j 1 lb. fruit; deep red, rather tough skin, medium
quality.

Clicniii.-l lb. sugar to 1 lb. fruit, unpei'led; unattractive colour, but skin breaks
well.

The following r»>cipe> for canning anil preserving American plums, publishtid by
the late Prof. (iotT. of the Wisconsin Experiment Station, were cons\dted and in part
adopted in making the preserves: —

" The native pluMS, especially those with firm pulp, after lieiug treated by ui.y of
the methods mentioned below, are well adapted to all purpos'* for whii'h the foreign

«8

plums are used. As a rule, more sugar is required for the iintiw inums, but the pre-
parations are rich in proportion. The harshness in the skin and stone of some native
plums is readily removed by steaminf? them in an ordinary eoukintt steamer until the
skin cracks; or pour over them boiling water to which has been added common baking
soda in the proportion of half a tcii»iM>onful to a quart. The thicker skinned varieties
may bo readily peelel by placing them in boiling water two or three minutes. The
recipes follow: —

Canning.— Pick the fniit when well coloured but a little hard, steam or cook in
a porcelain-lined kettle until tender, put in cans that have first been treated to boil-
ing water, and cover with boiling syrup made of equal parts of granulated sugar and
water, filling the can to the top; then run a silver knife around the can inside and
lot out the air, and seal at once. Plums cooked in the syrup are likely to be tough.
Canned plums may be used for pics and for mixing with or flavouring other fruit.
Plums are ofti'u canned without sugar to be used in winter for making fres^h plum
butter. The juieo of canned plums makes excellent jell.v. One lady recommends
splitting native jilums to the stone on one side k'fore cooking, to avoid crumbling.

Drying.— 1\- Soto, Wyant. and doubtless other varieties, may be pared, pitted
and spread on plates, lightly sprinkled with sugar and dried, first in the oven and later
in the sun. Cook like dried peaches.

Plum .7r//.i/.— The friiit should 1k> gathered when only part ripe— about half
.oloured. This iM)int is verj- t'ssential. Put plums in a largo granite or porcelain
kottle— the li., ir is best— with barely enough water to cover them. Cook until tender,
but not until they are in a pulpy mass. Having previously covered a large jar with a
cloth, strain the fruit in and ''t the juice drop through, but do not squeeze. When all
lias drained through, strain onre or twice more through ai "ther cloth, until the juice
is perfectly clear. To one measure of juice proviile one measure of granulated sugar,
luit do not put together at once. A very import, it point in the making of all jelly is
that only a small quantity should be cooked at one time. In n mtxlium sized kettle
put, say, four tumblers of juice, let it boil briskly fifteen or twenty minutes, then add
the four tumblers of sugar, and in a very short time, usually from three to ten
niiuutes, the jelly will be finishe<l, light, clear and delicious. To test the jelly, dip a
si)oon into the boiling juioe and sugar and hold it up; when the jelly clings to the
spoon in thick drops, take it off quickly and put into jelly glasses. The plum pulp
which is left can be put through a cullender and used for plum butter.

Another recipe. Plum /'reserves.— Take equal weights of fruit and sugar, place in
stone jar a layer of fruit, then a layer of sugar, alternating thus until quantity
desired is reached. Let stand over night; in the morning drain off the syrup that will
have formed, into a porcelain kettle, place same over a fire and let syrup come to a
boil, then pour it over fruit in jar again; repeat this every day until the fourth heat-
ing, when fruit and syrui> are both put in kettle and boiled for a few minutes. Place
same in glass jars while hot. seal and put away in some cool and preferaDly dark place.

Still another recipe.— To each imund of plums add a [lound of sugar, put the
fniit into boiling water until the skins will slip; peel and sprinkle sugar upon each
layer of fruit in a bowl, allowing them t.) stand o: .r night, then pour off the juice.
l.riiW? quickly to a boil, skim and add the plums, cook very slowly till tender and
i-lear, which will take about one-half hour; take them out carefully and put into a
pan, boil the syrup for a few minutes longer until it thickens, pour it over the fruit,
seal or tie them up.

The following recipe for preserving Cheney plums which would, no doubt, be a
good Olio for other varieties, was furnished the writer by Mrs. Dora M. Robson,
Ottawa, Ont., whose jam made from the Nigra or Americana plums was the best we
have ever eaten.

64

" The plums were not quite ripe, being partly red and partly yellow. No ripe or
all red plums were used, and to this is attributed part of the success of this formula.
The fruit was weiifhed and put into a preserving kettle at the bank of the range, a
few of the plums being crushed. The fruit was left here until the slow heat drew
the juices out, then the preserving kettle was drawn forward and the plurag cooked
slowly until they were thoroughly done. One pound of heated sutjar was then added
to one pound of the fruit, including stones and skin. The fruit wns then left on the
range just long enough to he sure all the sugar had melted and boiled up once, p..<b-
ably about three minutes. No water was put with the plums.''

The skin of the plums in the jam had apparently dissdlved, and one would
scarcely know but that the skin had licon removed before preserving, which was not
the case.

Another good native plum jam was sent to iis by A. E. WiNon. Clarence, Ont .
ably about three miiintcs. Xo water was put with the plums.""

SI'R.WINC.

It slhjuld not niAv be iicii«>;iry tu p.uiit nut the advnntufjcs of spraying to control
insect eiiein'.i> and fuiigou,- diseases, as so much has been said and written on thi-
Mibject. The beneficial results where spraying bus been t'loroughly done and thi
conditions have been favourable liave also been so marked tliat the advantages of
spraying need no further proof. It is, however, found necessary to continiuilly advo-
cate this practice. Fruit growers become discouraged after an unfavourable seasoi;
for spraying, when the conditions are favourable l' r the development of fungi and
rainy weather prevents the application of nii.ttures altogether or which if applied are
washed off by the rain almost as soon as the work is done. With an experience of thi>
kind fruit growers are often inclined to stop spraying and let Nature take her course.
It s<)nietimes happens, Iiowcmt, that the mixtures and solutions hove been improperly
made or the wrung mixture has been used to destroy a certain insect or disease and
'he fruit grower wonders why he docs not get good results. It is more fre(iuently the
ea.sf, however, that the spraying is not thoroughly done. The object of spraying is to
c-over the leaves, fruit and bark with the fungicides and insecticides in order that the
latter may destroy the inse<ts or diseases which come in <'ontact with them, and in
order that the materials may be distributed evenly over the tree it should be forcci!
out of the pump in a fine mist-like spr.ay, to accomplish which it is necessary to have
a good nozzle. If the trees are not covered with the ini.\tures and solutions at all
times when the insects and diseases may be affected by them, the trees and fruit may
1)0 injured just m proportion to tiie thoroughness and continuity with which the work
is done. It is, therefore, important that every frui' grower should know the life
history of every insect and disease which injures his ocs or fruit, in order that hi
may know tlie best time to spray for eacli enemy. A >praying "-alendar has been pub
lished at intervals at the ( entral Kxpcrimcntal Farm, in which are given full diret
tions for the preparation of the ditferent formulas recommended and the time whe'i
each spraying should be made. Tlie.se caleiuLirs are .if great value to fruit grower-
and sliouid be in the hands of everyone. Although a certain number of application-
are reconiinended for the prevention and control of the different insects and disease-
referred to, it may be necessary to make more. If, for instance, a heavy rain cami
on, .siiy, within 24 hours after a spraying hail been made, which washed most of tli.
material otT, another application should be made as this might be the very time when
the disea.se or insect which it is desirable to control is making the greatest headway
It is often too late, also, when a spraying for a certain purpose is made, and labour
and material are thus practically lost. Spraying is rather expensive when there i-
a large orchard to cover. It is, therefore, very important that the right mixtures and
solutions are used; that they are prepared properly and applied thoroughly, constantly

65

;md at the right tiiiie. mid that the trce^ be kept lovered with the mixtures and solu-
tions during nil the time when injury is likely to ocour.

As the mixtures and solutioiw mny have very injurious effects on the trees if
improperly made, and as they may prove of little or no value if not applied at tiie
ripht time, tlic fnrmiila' reeommendtd in this bulletin should be closely followed.

DIHKASES OK THE Pt.l 51.

liii-K UuT. Huows ItoT. Sclcrotiuia (Munilia) fructiyvna. — The ripi rot cauaes
serious injury to tlie plum crop every year in sou;e partii of Canada. It.-, spread is so
rapid that a fine crop of plums is soon rendered almost worthless. The disease is
usually first noticed on the ripening fruit by a discoloration of the skin, which l)ocomes
Iirown or black and is soon covered by small pustules or clusters of spores, tlio fruit
rotting and fallinjf to the ground. If the weather is damp and sultry the conditions
nre most favourable to the rotting of the fruit, and a large proportion of the crop
will be destroyed in one day. Sometimes the disease does not show when tin- fruit is
liieked, and infected fruit is shipped and rots before reaching its destinat'n.n. causing
-erious loss to shipper or buyer. This disease is often not recognized in the spring,
at which time it attacks the twigs, fruit spurs and blossoms, causing thoni to blacken
;md wither. At tiiis time, also, there is often an exudation of gnim from the twigs
:ind spurs, brought about by this disease.

Remedies. — The ripe rot fungus spreads by means of spores which germinate
early in the spring and penetrate the twigs from the leaf and fiower buds on which
they alight. In order to destroy as many of these spores as possible all diseased fruit
should be gathered and burned whethei it is on the ground or on the tree This fruit
harbours myriads of spores, which endure the winter and are capaWo of infecting the
trees the following si)ring.

Tile trees should i)e 'Jioroughly sprayed in time to destroy the si>orts before they
-:L'rminate in the spiiug. The first spraying s^hould Iw made with poisoned Hordeaux
uilxture or lime suli)hur wash, shortly before the flower buds open. This is an
important spraying, and should be very thorough. After the trees have l)looired
they should be thoroiiglily sprayed again with poisoned Bordeaux mixture, and again
in about two weeks. The trees should also be sprayed with ammoniacal '-opper car-
lionate when the fruit is beginning to ripen. This will destroy the spores wliicii appear
in great numbers on the mature plums, and not discolour the fruit. Plums whic'ci
touch one another on the tree give very favourable conditioiis for the spread .if the
disease from one fruit to another. Being close together, moisture is retained uii the
skin :ind the spores which may be on one fruit germinate readily and soon infect tlie
next, and thus the disease spreads rapidly. Thinning the fruit would make the con-
diticms much less favourable for the development of the disease. All discoloured or
<lead wood should be cut out and burned in tlie luraiitime. If spraying is llioroughl.v
done the injury from this disease should be much Icssenctl; but soiretimes, unfor-
tunately, the results do not seem to justif,>' the expenditure in endeavouring t" ennir.,)
this disease by spraying.

Black Knot (I'lowrightia morbosa). — The black knot is more feared In- some
fruit growers than almost any other disease. Its development appears t,. tiiom
mysterious and its control imptissible. Many orchanls liave been completely ruined
by the black knot, which spreads very rapidly once it has gainecl a I'notliold in the
orchar<l. If trees are treated properly and well looked after from the outlet i' mav
be kept in check and even eradieat<>d altogether, if infeetion <bpcs not take place frum
neighbouring orchards or from planting trees from infected nurseries.

The black knot is a fungus which spreads bv means of spores. .\ ^pore i- Mown
through the air and alights in the axil of a leaf, on a spur, or on sonie other part of

66

the tree when- it <'aii Ki-t a ri'stiinf pluco. Wlu'ii ciiiulitions urc liivnurable tin; npore
jroritiiimti's, iH'i.itnifiis the trco and jrrnws in it. In tho sprinp yi'll(«wi.sh swcUinjis
iipponr on tli<> lirnnclips, the first visilile in«li<'ntioii of tho discnso, iiinl during thi-
months of Mu.v un'l Jiine b»M'onip darker in colour with a velvety surfaee which is
causeil l>y inn I'.iierabie spores wliieh rover the expo»e<l part of the lump or knot.
These spor s Mre soon hlovvii away and allprht on other hranehes and trees. These
trenninate und penetrate the tri'e as already deserihed and new knots develop in tiire
from then:. A steond erop of spores is produced in autumn or early winter, hut
these are not liherated from the kiu)t until the latter part ol tiie winter or oarl.v
in tlio sprinf? when they are distrihuted, ami aliRhtiuf; on the trees (reruiinate as
tlie others. The m.veelium is not nil exhausted by the production of the knots in
sprinp, but is capable of produciuft more from the same knot the following year. The
ilisease is also liable to be carried from imv orchard to another, which makes it difficult,
to control sometimes. To tijiht a disc.-i-c which is provided with such sure mean- of
reproduction and di-iseniiiuition require- \v:itchfulnt>-s, thoronphnc-- and cnutinuous
effort iintil it is eradicated.

Hemidii. — If the trees are already badly afl'ected with this disea-c the best plan
is to cut them down and l)urn them. If moderately utfecteil, tlie knots should be
removed and burned and the orchard thoroughly eultivatwl aiul sprayed. Vigorous
trees arc not so subject to the di.s«'ase as those nnikii.^' little growth, and vigorous trees
will recover more quickly from wou".'s made by removing the knots.

As the parly spores appear in tiit latter part of spring or early in sunnuer, the
knots should be removed as soon us possible after they appear. When they are on
small brunches these should be cut ofl three to si.\ inches below the afTecte<l part and
burned innnediatcly. When this is not practicable without badly injuring the tree
the knot should be removed with a sharp pruning knife and the wound given a
thorough painting with pure keroseiu', after which it should be covered with grafting
wa.\ or lead paint. Great care should be taken to prevent the kerosene running on the
brunch us it nuiy injure it. Old knots which cannot be removeil with the knife should
get a good painting with kerosene. Hy putting some colouring material in the kero-
sene, one can more readily si'e when a wound has been painted well. All knots should
be burned. The treatment already descrile4l is only for the knots. I'nless the life
history of this disease is known a fruit grower might imagine that if the knots were
removed as thi-y appeared that it was all that was necessary. This might be all, if the
knots were removed before the s' ires were forni(>d and distributed, but if one knot
were missed it wuuhl be capable of prodiuing myriads (if >pi>res which would soun
re-inf<ct the ordianl.

The advantages of spraying with linrdcaux mixture were clearly demonstrated
in an experiment comluctcd at the ("ornell K.xperinient Station, tlu> result,< of which
were publishetl in IJullctin No. 81 of that station. It was found that the number of
knots was reduced from i',(XM) to ltJ5 by spraying.

A large |>roportioii of the late spures which are exposed in late winter or curly
spring and are ready to germiiuite wl'.en conditions are favourable, w iidd probably be
destroyed by an appli<'ation of lime sulphur wa-h or Honh'aux mixture when the
trees are still marly dornumt in the spring. A sci'ond spraying of poisoned Bonleaux
mixture should be muile just as or Ufore the buds are bn'uking, which would also be
a good tin:e to spray for other diseases of the plum and for insects, and a third spray-
ing should be nuide nt the time when the ki\ots are at the velvety or spore producing
stage in order to destroy these'^ spores. A fourth application would also probably be
well worth the expj-nsc. Kvery precaution should be taken to prevent tho spread of
this disease whi<'h has destroyed so many plum trees in Canada.

SfoT ou Bi.KJliT or Tin; Natim: Pl.t m (Vladosporium carpophUum, V. Thumen).
— The almost complete absence of native )duiiis during recent years in the Ottawa
distrii't and elsewhere in eastern Ontario and the province of (^iicIhk", is due in u

67

largo measure or almost entirely to the diseaso known as blight. The fruit forms
and rciches more than half its size, but colours prematurely. When affectea by the
disease it ^hrivels and falls to the ground without riix-uinif. If the fruit is examined
when half Rrowu or later, small imle green or yellow imt.^hos will be noticed. These
(iradually enlarge until finally they are about half an inch in diameter, at which time
the blotches are darker in colour, of more irrcg\ilar outline and uro raised in the skin.
The Amcricami plums are not, lus a rule, seriously affected with this disease, which is
principally confined to the Nigra varieties.

Jiimctly.— The fungus is nearly related to the apple sjxit and can be satis-
factorily ircatcd in much the same way. The tri-es should be sprayed with Bordeaux
mixttire just after the blossoms fall, again two weeks later, and a third two weeks
after t!ie second amilication. It is also advisable to spray a fourth time with ammo-
niacal copiK-r carbonate just when the fruit is beginning to colour. The native
varieties ripen early, and if the ordinary Hordeaux mixture were applied the last
time, the fruit might remain stained, ''"he amnioniacal copper carbonate does not
leave a noticeable stain on the fruit. This reme<ly has been very satisfactorily used
by one grower in particular near Ottawa who has thus been able to grow native plums
very i)rotitably. The Americana varieties may be top grafted on the mitive ones with
the' result tl'.at there will 1)0 less disense. as the latter arc not as much affected as the
native. All other plum trees not looked after or bearing iHuir fruit should be burne<l;
al.so all fruit which is diseased.

.SiioT-IIoi.K OH LKAF-Seor \(' nUnihosinirinm tnuli). — The first indications of this
disease are snndl, yellowish spots with reddish margins, which appear on the young
leaves. These spots increase in sizr and finally reach a diameter averaging about
one-eighth to one-sixth of an inch. When fully grown, the central part dries up and
drops out, leaving a clean cut around the margin, very suggestive of a shot-hole, aft^r
which the disea.-e is named. When the-e si>ots occur in large numbers, as they
friMjuently do si> much of the leaf is destroyed that it drops prematurely. The early
dropping i>f the leaves jirevents the fruit, twigs and buds reaching their full develoii-
nient, ami on this account causes serious injury where the disease is iroid)lesome.
Ti> control this di.sease Bordeaux n>ixture is recommende<l, the first spraying to be
made about ten day- after the blossoms fall; the second, three weeks later, and the
thiril, three or four weeks after the sc<-ond. At the Central Kx|KTimental Farm,
.Americana and Xigr;i phinis have be«>n thoroughly sprayed with Bordeaux mixture
from three to five tunes, without satisfaetor>- results. Some varieties are more
^usceptible to the disease than others.

I'n .\l I'oc'KKTs (h'joasvuii I'niiii). — The <lisease of plum known as " i»lum jKHikets '
does not cause widespread injury, but in some places does occasion considerable 1
The mycelium of the fungus which cause, the pockets lives year after year in c
same tree, and thus it is not necessary for a tree to be infected by the si)ores every > r
in order to iHTiH^tuate the disease. The fruit is affectiHl soon after the trees have
blossonic*! and is indicated by the unnatural swelling and bladder-like apitearance of
the fr\iit and by its unusiud yellow colour. When the spores of the disease which has
been working inside the fruit ajipear on the surface they give the iwckets n gray
apiH'aranee. Later on, the jHiekets turn almost black and fall to the ground. The
leaves and twigs are also notici'ably atTei'tcd with this disease, the former becoming
curle<l and mihealthy looking and the twigs swelling uniuiturally. There is no known
effective remixly for this disease, but it will probably be mui'h lessened if the affect«l
parts with the pockets are cut off and burned. At the (."entral Expt>rimental Farm
there is no troidile with this disease where the trws are spraywl with Bonleaux mix-
ture, and we would suggest as the most effective spray, that before the flower btuls
ojK-n the trees be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture or lime-sulphur wash.

(1I1.MMO8IS. — The exudation of gum from plum trees, which is known as gumming
or gummosis, is quite common in plum orchards. It has been given careful study and

n

is not nttributcd to niiy one disease. The conclu^tiun reached is that any weakeninr
i>f the tree by severe pruning, by winter, by injury to the trunk or branches, or by
ili»eii.«es or insects of different kinds will cause Kumminpr' It is often very noticeable
when trees are affected with the Ripe Rot fungus. It appears to follow any breaking
"r injury to the wood tissue.

Mice. — Mice often girdle the trees in the orchard in winter, esjiecially when it i*
ill sod or when there is rubbish lying about in which they like to harbour. Every-
thiuK in the wiiy of rubbish should, however, be removed before winter. Their depre-
dations nuiy be prevented either by wrapping the tninks with building paper in
:iutunin and banking up the enrth about the base to the height of about a foot; by
encircling the trunk with fine galvanized iron netting; or by using the veneer pro-
tectors used to prevent scalding. Where the latter are used the earth should bo
lianked up a little at the base to prevent the mice from going underneath.

If a tree is girdled by mice it usually dies. If, however, as soon as the injury is
noticed, the wound is cleaned and covered with grafting wox and wrapped with cloth
-o that the air is excluded and the wood prevented from drying out, the sap which
rises through the soft wood will continue to do so and returning through the inner
liark, growth will be mu<lc all around the upper part of the wound, and if the latter
lie not too large there is a chance of its healing over. If, however, the wood become.-
ilry before the bandage is put on it will almost certainly die. When the wax and
lianduge arc applied the tree should be headed back considerably to lessen the amount
"f transpiration of moisture, as there will not be as much sap rise us if the tree were
uninjured. Girdled trees are sometimes saved by connecting the upper and lower
I'dges of the girdle with scions, which are inserted all around the trunk. Mice may
lie destroyed in the orchard by using a mixture of one part by weight of arsenic with
three parts of corn meal. To use this safely nail two pieces of board each six feet
!ong and six inches wide together so as to make a trough. Invert this near the tree-
to be protected and place about a tablespoonful of the poison on a shingle and put it
near the tniddio of the run, renewing the poison as often as is necessary.

INSECTS MOST IN.M'RIOIS TO THE PI.IM.

The insects which affect the plum and other fruits may be divided into two
'•lasses according to the nature of their mouth parts. Those of the first or larger
liivision. Biting Insects, arc furnished with mandibles, or biting jaws, by means of
which tlii'v consume the substance of their food, as caterpillars, Ix-etles, &c. The
-econd class. Sucking Insects, have, instead of niamliblcs, a beak or ttibe, by means
■ if which they suek up their food in a liquid form from beneath the surface, as the
true bugs, i)laiit-liep, 4-e. As regards the insects of the first class, nil that it i-
iiecessary to do is to place on the food plant some poisonous material which will be
• aten with the food. With the second class, however, this would be useless, for they
would push their l)eaks through the poisonous covering on the outside of the foo.I
lilaiit and extract from the interior the juices \ipoTi which they live. For this class,
therefore, smiie substance must be use<l which will kill by mere contact with their
liodies.

INSECTICIDKS AND KfNCIflDES.

follnwing are the formulic of remedies recommended: —

T. — Arsenate of Lead.

For Biting Insects.

.\rsenate of Lead .'' lbs.

Water 40 gallons.

69

II.— PaRI« ("iREEy.
For Hiliiiy lu.ircU.

Pari« green ^ '°'

Lime (fresh i 1 '*'

Water ^^ (?allon».

For dry application.— I lb. Paris green with ".0 Ib^. fli'ur, hiiul piaster, glalted lime
or any other perfectly dr.v jiowder.

III.— KkBOSENF. KMtr.MKN'.

(nii.K\-Hi iiHAHi> Kr.inii i.A.)
For Scale Insrcts and Flanl-lice.

Kerosmo (coal oill 2 pi.Ucnf.

Rain water 1 K""on

Soar * ^''•

Di.-solve soap in water by boiling; take from fire, and, while hot, turn in keroiene
and ehiirn briskly for five minutes. To be dilated before use with nine parti of water.

IV. — Wii.M.K-ou. Soap.

For scaie-in>e.ts (yoiintr') 1 lb. in 5 gallon? wiiter.

For Bpliis 1 lb. in 6 (tallons w^.i. r.

v.- ToBAtco AND Soap Wash.
For Flani-lice or Aiihis.

Soak in hot "ator for a few hour;; 10 lbs. of toliaceo leave.* (home (frown will do) :
strain off, and add 2 lbs. of whale-oil soap. Stir until all is dissolved, and dilute to
40 jralloii?. Apply early and two or three times at short intervals.

For aphi-:

VI.- Bl..U K I.KAK 40.

1 ounce ill t!t pailons \\;iIit.

VII.— l'<>l>oNKn Hi'HIiKM X .MlXTl UK.

For Fuiiiji ami liisfcis on I'lum-frees.

Copper sulpliate (biuestonei •"> H';"-

Lime (fresh) •♦ '''■•

Arseuato of Lead (or I'liri.-; (ircen 4 ouiue-'") ■"■ Ib^.

Water (1 barr.-n 40 xnllf.n-.

Dissolve the co|)per sulphate (by su.-pcndin^' it iM?iile u wooden or i aiiheii vc-isel
coukiiniug 4 or ,1 nr more gallons of water). Slake tiie lime in aiiolhir ves.-el. If the
lime, when -hiked, is lumpy or uraniiliir, it should Le .strained throu.irli coarse sackinp
or a tine sieve. I'our the copper sulphate s^olu'Jon into a barrel, or it may be dissolved
in this in the tirst place; half till ilio b.irrel with water, add the slaked lime, fill the
barrel with water and stir thoroughly. .\dd the poison and it is then ready for use.

Stock solutions of dissolved copper sulphate and of lime may be prepared and kept
in separate covered barrels tliroiichout the spraying season. The qtiantities of Wne-
stone, lime and water should lie carefully noted.

VI IT. — CoiTKH Si i.I'imti; Soil ii.iv.

For Fiinoi.

Copper •iiilpliate (blue:<toii(<) lib.

Wiitrr 2.^ (rallont.

A^ soon as disaolved it ii ready for ii-io. For unc onh/ before the budt open.

IX. — Ammomacai. ("oi'fKB Carbon ATK.

For Fiinni.

Copper carliiiiiatt' .1 oz.

Aiuiiioiiiu o 'J i|uarts.

Water (1 barrel) 40 gallons.

Hiasoh'c the copper carbonate in the uinnionia. The ammonia and concentrated
••iiliifion should be kept in plnss or -tone jnr.s tightl.v corked. Tt is ready for use as
-I'Oii us diluted with tlie 40 gailon-i water. To be iMe<l when Bordeaux cannot be
jpi'lied on account of staining the fruit.

X. — LiME-StLiMii n Wash.

For San Josr Scoh' and Funijoiis Disnixis.

Lime 20 Ibi.

.Sulphur, powdered 15 lbs.

Water to make 40 gallons.

Sliike the lime with only enough water to dn it thoroughly. Add the sulphur l>y
'lusting it over the lime while slaking; stir well and boil for at least an hour, adding
only -o mucli hot water as i- iieee-sary for easy stirring. When thoroughly eooktvl,
strain thrnugh sacking, and apply hot. For n.se when there is no foliage.

When concentrated lime-sulphur wash is used it should be d;lute<l for u-se, wlien
I here are no leaves on the trees, to 1 gallon of the concentrated wash to about 9
L'allnns of water varying with the density of the wash. For use when there is foliage
the linii •sulphur should lie diluted to 1 gallon of the I'oncentrated wash to .'W to 40
gallons of wafer. -\ hydrometer may h"' used to determine the density of the wa-h.
.Vrsenate "i lead is the lie-t poison to use witli the lime-sulpliur wash. Arsenite of
lime will injure foliage.

Till \\ol;~l KN'Mlr:

iF TIIK l"ir\ TliTF.

MTMKi.Mi rill': i(H.i.\(,i:.

1. I'Ir Kvh-.-i'oiiLii liiiiMoiii I'iini ti<i ■ in o'lUniuiK Small, dark brown c'.''.r-
pillars, \ of ail inch in length, with black heads and collar>, destroying the buda ■ '■
just unfolding and lator attacking the loaves, two or three of which they att >
together, feeding inside. T'e y also sometimes bore down the centre of the twiv
yfemci/i/ - Spray early with a^^enate of lead, '^ lbs. to 40 gallons, or a strong I'ari-
green wash (Paris green 1 pound, fresh lime 1 pound, water 100 gallons).

i. The t'liiAR ( 'ask-bkarkh iColcoiiliora ltrlclipr( Ihi l.~'^mn]\ orange-colour, il
caterpillar- with black heads, encased in brown leathiTV cigar-shapoil cases, whi'h
they carry ; bout with them. They pass the winter a« caten>i"ars on the twigs, and
cluster .■irouiiil the opening buds, injuring the foliage and llowers. /^fmcf///.-— .Spr.iy
<\arly with tl»' wash nientioneil under No. 1 above, or with kerosene emulsion (For-
I,.!i!';l HI.).

71

3. Tkvt ( 'mkhi-illarh (Malavtisuiim),- Two kiniN iiltin-k tlif f<ilitiK<' "1" th<- plum
0'* well n- iDiiny utlicr tr<>o». Tlir Appir Tent ( nliTpillnr I'urnis a tnit in tin- fork i>f
two twijrr.; the Fori'i't Tent Cuterpilliir i!ip«'« nut niukn a tont luit ^piii^ ii llut mat of
silk nil the *'u\f of a liraiirli cir on tho trunk; lo tlu'st! re»tin({ plaiu-i the .vouiiK <'at»>r-
|)illarH rriort win n not fiixliinr. The mature inreeti* are thii-k-lxMlieil. re<l<linh-brown
moth^i e.xpaniliiiK from 1 to iiImhiI IJ iiieliex aiTo--!' the wiiikh, whi'-li are ero-'-isl ohli-
Miiely hy t\\" I'iiiiiU. Tlie»e liiimis are pale in tlie iirst iiameil. hut ihirk in tlie moth "f
the ForiHt Tent Caterpillar. Durinu July the femaloH lay rinn;* of ahout -tJ<> ojo»» on
tlie twins of the tree.", in wliieh state the iii»e<t pu<*»e« the winter. Hi nn-dim:— Collect
liuil (h'-ilroy the v^n eius^lers ilurintr the winter. Spray the lre«'s with poiMui I Formuhi
I. or VII.). direetly the youii»; i-aterpillurs are iiotiee<l. All tents should alco Iw cut
otT and dolroyi-il early lioforc the leaves hide them.

4. I'l.ANT-l.HK <m Ai'iiii>K> i.l;</iM ptunifoUir). — In apiHaranec and halpit« mueh
the same as th(» Apple Aphis, chwtiriiur on the underside of leaves, suekiiuf out the
juices anil eau^iiif; the leaves to lieeome wriukleil and twisted. A'l Hici/icf.— Whale-
oil soap 1 ll>. in <i millions of water (Formula IV.). or tohaeeo and soap wash (For-
mula v.), or kerosene emulsi.n! (Formula III.), or Blaek Leaf 44) (Fonnula VI.).
Ht«in to spray when the plant-lire are first notiei-d. (hiee the leaves have curled it
will be almost iin|Mis>ihle to reach them all.

' Thk 1'kak-tiiki; Sue on Cm iiiiv-tiii-:i-; Si.h: t Kriuramimiilis /ihkici/cji.-Iu
June and AuRust. .slimy, Kreenish-hrown. sliin-like cateri)illars, i inch I.hi>;. fei'dingon
the upper surfai'c of the leaves, often doiiiK i-onsiderahlf damage to plum trees. Remf-
,/,',.,,■ — Spray with arsenate of lead, a Weak solution of I'aris xri'cn. or dust with
freshly slflke<l liuic, or I'aris jri'een diluteil with .10 times its wcielit of -ome dry
/iQwder.

fl. Pn M Leak Cateri'II,i.\rs.— There are other kinds of loaf-eatintr caterpillars
which OLi-asionally occur in sufiieient uumb«-rs on the foliajre of i>luni tree> to do
serious injury, lienudii: — Spraying regularly with Formula VIl. will prevent
inj-.iry from these insects.

ATTACK I. \<l THE W00l>.

7. Till' Siioi-lioKKii ( Xyli'huius dixpar). — Small l)lackiah beetles, which bore into
liic trunk- and limbs. eausiiiK -erious damage in apple and plum orchards. Remedy:
-Wnsh tin trees liable to attack three times, early and late in June and once in July,
with the followiiiir: -Soft -oap. 1 sallon: water. U gallons.; <'arb<ilic acid, i pint.

UCVLR]:i.\0 0.\ TUE BAllK.

S. Till S.\N JosK SiAl.K i Asfiidiolus pirniciosus).- Minute, almost circular
5cule-inse;'t-, one-thirtieth of an inch wide, shaped like an inverted saucer, with a
depressed t'mit around a central Doint; inside this ring, blaek or dark coloured. This
viry inconspicuous insect wiieu in small numbers is easily overlooked, but when
abtiudant t;i\cs to the bark a dirty, scurfy and grayish colour, as lliough dusted wif'i
ashes. /»'. »i<(/i/; - Liim-sulpluir wa-li sprayed on the tn'es when there are no Icav, .
in the proportion of about 1 gallon concentrated lime sulphur to 0 gallons .'f wjt.r.
bus proved the be-t remedy.

!». Tbi- Xnw YoiiK I'll M SiAi.K (Euliiainiim ceraniffx). — Conspicuous, dark brown,
heml-idierical —ales. al)oul ,'. of an im-ii long by J of an inch wide, oeeurring at all
time- of the year, dustircd along the small branehcs. particularly along the lower
si(|(-. The presence of this enemy upon a plum tree may be detected especially in
July iHid Auu'u-t and al-o in the -iiring, by the filthy blaek condition of the bark due
to the growth of a fungus upon tiie copious deposit of honey-dew which is emitted by

tlia younii »ca]c iii(i<K?ti (liiriiiK tlie time of thoir growth. RemeJu;t:—ii\)ras tin-

irew during the winter with kprosen iiihinn (Formula III.) ililiitoii with four

parti ot wati'r, or with the whiilc-oil toap xohition (Foriiiuta IV.).

ATTACK I Mi THE FRUIT.

10. Thf Pi.i'M t'cBiixio (Conolraihclut nenuiiliui). — Smull. rough, Krayiuli
lieetlea ulioul J of mi iin'h ioiiK. The fcinuli's. in tlic oiicratiDii of nuB-lnyi'iK- tnakc
upon the jtidr- of iilimi" miiall tTc-«Ponl-MhiiiH'd iniirk?i, with a siiiglo hole in thi' <'cntri'
of each. An r(r« i-. iaiil in the <'fntrnl spot, from which luitrhes a white itnth; thi<
•toon dentroyi" ihr fruit. Iteineiliis. — (1) The mature IiocIIph feed in curly -iprintj
upon the unoiMMicd buil- anil nftcrwanls upon the young leaves, and may bo rcachtnl
by gprayiiiK the trees U-fure the liiid» o|M'n with arsi-nate of leail (Fomiida I.) or
I'aria grean (Formula II.), repeatinK thif us i-oon u* the fruit hn* formed, and -ipray-
inS ten days later with tlw poiitoiu'd Hcmlenux mixture (Formula VII.). (-') The
bastlet arc sluggiiih in the early iiiorning and drcip from the tree* if a sudden jar be
givan to the trunk. This jarriuK, if repeated every day or two over u "heet or other
receptacle, will he the means of trreatly le->eiiinn the number* of the mature inM'i-t*.
Th« beetles drop readily mil lie <|iiietly for ■> >ine timi>. when they eaii bi> easily
eollected niiH ili-tn.vtd.

NolK.

The oporatiiin of • sprayinj.' ' eon^ists of applying li(|u!d8 by means of a fiiric>
pump and spraying no/zle, with such force as to break up the liquid so thorouglilv
that it foils upon the plants treated as an actiial mist or spray. The word ' spray injr.'
however, to many who emli'uvour to practise this operation, has still little mori'
meaning than <loiiiir souietliin^' in any -ort of a way, to fruit trin-s with a sprayiim
pump. Su<'h term- as '-prinklinp' anil "^howiTing' are innecwiate fur the operntion
here intended, rnfiirtniiatelv. nuieli of the so-called spraying as usually I'arriod out.
cenld mori' accur.iteiv be desiirnated ii- sprinkling or showering, whii-li desiTilic a
niuch le-is careful and le-s even distribution of liquids.

The above inforuiatinu on insect. \va- prepared for the tir^t edlti.iu of tlii-'
bulletin I'v the lali l*r. -lames Fletcli.-r. Cliangcs in the formula; rceomnicndod hove
been m.Tlc vvhcic iiccc— .iry.