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DOMINION OF CANADA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURt
ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH

C. GORDON HEWITT, DOMIlflON ENTOMOLOGIST

THE APPLE BUDMOTHS AND THilllR CONTROL
IN NOVA SCOTIA

BY

G. E. SANDERS, Field Officer

AND

A. G. DUSTAN, Assistant

BULLETIN No. 16

(Technical Edition.)

Publhhtd by .uthority ot H«n. T. A. CRERAR. MinUter of Agricultur., Ott.wa, Onl.

OTTAWA

J. DC LABROQUERIE TACKfc

PRINTER TO THE KINO'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY

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DOMINION OF CANADA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH

C. OORDON HEWITT. DOMINION ENTOMOLOQIST

THE APPLE BUT MOTHS AND THEIR CONTROL
IN NOVA SCOTIA

BY

G. E. SANDERS, Field Officer

AMD

A. G. DUSTAN, Assistant

BULLETIN No. 16

(Techn'ual Edition.)

Published by authority of Hon. T. A. CRERAR, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont.

OTTAWA

J. DE I.ABKIMJUKKIK TACHft

PRINTER TO THK KING'S MOST EXCKLLENT MAJESTY

1919

51731—1

ISSU..I Marih 1. iai9.

T

NOTE.

I|--

All inquiries relating to in8«ct pests, and packat^es (up to 11 ounces in weight)
containing specimens may be mailed "Free" if addressed to the Dominion Entomo-
logist, Department of Agriculture. Ottawa.

In all cases where it is possible, living specimens of the insects should be sent
inclosed in a strong wooden or tin box to prevent damage in transit. Living insects
should be supplied with a liberal quantity of their food plant, and in all cases they
she d be carefully packed.

.1. e name and address of the sender should be written on the outside of the
package, and a letter giving as full details as possible should in all cases accompany
the injects sent in for report.

Fanners in the Maritime Provinces may communicate with either of the following
Field Officers: Mr. J. D. Tothill, Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Annapoli^^
Royal, N.S. ; or Mr. G. E. Sanders, Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Frederiotoii.
X.B., regarding inspot injuries, particularly in cases of emergency. Letters and
packages to these officers must bear postage and cannot lie mailed free.

Pkpartment i>k Agrici i.ti be.

Ottawa, July 20, 1»1S.
Tin- Hoiiciurnble,

Tlif Minister of AKriciilturp,
Ottawa.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit herewith ..)r your approvni Entomologi' '
Bulletin Xo. 16, entitled: "The Apple Bud-moths and Their Control in Novn Seo' ^:
whicli has been written by Mr. Georife E. Sanders, Field Offioer, and bin assist. •
Mr. A. G. Dustan.

The Bud-moths cr i.- tute the most important insect* affecting generally the
orchards in Nova Scotia, where, it is estimated, they reduce the crop in unsprayed
orchards by about 30 per cent. These apple pests are by no means confined to Nova
Scotia, but are generally distributed and injurious throughout the fruit-growing
regions in Eastern Canada and British Columbia. Consequently, while this investiga-
tion was conducted in Nova Scotia, where it was begun in 1912, and the recommenda-
tions in regard to control measures are based upon the local conditions, the general
features of the life-history and habits are applicable to the insect in other provinces.
It i.s necessary, however, to determine for each region the facts concerning the local
behaviour of the larvse in order ;hat the con»rol measures may be correctly adjusted.

It is gratifying to record the increr.sed attention that is being devoted to spraying
in Nova Scotia, with a consequent impro. -ent in the qut /v a"d quantity of high-
grade fruit, as a direct result of the work that is being cone 1 at our Entomological
T.iboratory at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, of vhieh 5lr nders has charge.

;i

-J ■

I liiivf tiic honour t ■

SI

ir.

Ynur o- r('ii'nt servant,

c. (;oui)().v nKwiTT,

Dominion Entomologist.

CONTENTS

Paoi

Summary 5

Introduction 5

Liffi-historieg — General accuimt 7

Relative number and importance of species 1^

Susceptibility of varieties of apple to bud-moth injury g

Average infestation jq

Injuries caused by bud-moths I0

Injury t'> buds and set of fruit 10

Injury to the set of fruit by bud-moths ill spring 12

Fall injury to the fruit by the newly hatched larvjB 12

Relation between fall and spring injury 12

The Control of Bud-moths I4

Spraying Experiments I4

Former spraying recommendations 20

Control measures recommended 21

Natural Control 2.'{

Insect Parasitch 2.'i

Other Natural Kneniies 24

Birds 24

Descriptions of the Common Bud-moths 26

The Eye-spotted Bud-moth T iiietwnii orrlUiim D. & S 25

The Oblique-banded lenf-roller ('acwcia rimnriiina Harris ,"jo

The Lesser Bud-moth W'CKcnino «ffHr//ff, Hh x\

The (Treen Ilt':l-W'iiriri Aii/iintiiliiiv riinniiiiiiuiiiiimi VVlsrii.. .. ;(«

Acknov loilgiiiinits 39

ILLITSTRATIONS

Fi-,'. I.— Apple buds showing stage nt which hud-moths enter theii: U, greatest numbers.

Arrow indicates webbing from hibernaculum to bud, occasionally found.

Fig. 2.— Apple blossom cluster nltncked by bud-moth, torn open to show (a) larva in

the act of feeding, (b) pupa.

—Apple blossom cluster; arrow .shows opening blossoms damaged by InrvB.

—Apple leaf shoot; arrow indicates where bu<l-moth larva bored through base.

-Young apple injured by bud-moth larva soon after setting.

-Apple injured by biid-iiiotb Inrva soon after setting, after the injury had healed
over.

-Apple showing leaf tied to it by bud-moth larva.

-Apples from which leaf has been removed showing foil injury by the larvip.

—Buds from Rihston a|iple tree, l(K) p.r cent infested by the larvte of the Eye-
spotted bud-mot)i. and tlie blossoms borne on a similar twig from the saine
tree.

.—Eggs of the Eye-spotted hud-iiiotli 011 the underside of the li'af. soon after
deposition.

- ChisliT of r,",-s of til ■ Kyi-.spotte,i l)ii.i-iilutll deposited ill eonrilieiuent, show-
ing larvse almoist ready to emerge.

—Apple leaf showing fall feeding of the newly hatched bud-moth larva.

—Two apple lein-es tied togef'<er by Inid-moth larva. Larva feeding between the
two, off the surface of each.

Vijf. N.— Adults of (a) Eye-spotted hud-moth; (b) Oblique banded leaf-roller and
(c) Green bud-worm.

Fig.

.'!.-

Fig.

4.-

Fig.

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Fig.

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Fig.

7.—

Fig.

8.-

Fi:;.

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Fig.

10

Fig.

li.

Eii;.

12.

Fig.

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THE APPLE BUD-MOTHS AND THEIR CONTROL IN

NOVA SCOTIA.

BY

G. E. Sanders, Field Officer,

AND

A. G. DusTAN, Assittant.

SUMMARY.

The bud-moths are probably the oau«e of more loss in the apple orchards in Nova
Scotia than all of the other insect enemies combined. Four different species have
been found destructive to the apple in the Annapolis Valley, N.S. The life-histories
and injuries inflicted by the four species are similar, in general. All are small winged
moths which ily during June and July and deposit their eggs on the leaves of the
appla Three of the four species injure the apple in the fall by occasionally
attaching the leaf on which they are feeding to the fruit, and under the attached leaf
eating through the skin of the apple, marring the surface, and injuring the appearance
and keeping qualities.

All species pass the winter as partly grown larvs under bits of bark or in crevices
about the fruit spurs. In the spring the larvaj emerge from their hibernating quar-
ters as the buds swell, and eat into the opening buds where they feed on the eximnding
flowers thus affecting the set of the fruit.

It is estimated that the bud-moths reduce the crop in unsprayed or poorly sprayed
apple orchards in Nova Scotia about 30 per cent. About 75 per cent of the bud-
moths can be destroyed and the crops increased about 22-5 per cent by two thorough
applications of poisoned spray applied before the blossoms open, with a nozzle throw-
ing a coarse driving spray.

Open planting and thorough pruning help in the control of the bud-moths by
allowing the wind to blow away and destroy many of the adults when they are on the
wing in June and July.

INTRODUCTION.

The following are the four most conuuoii and injurious species of bud-moths in
Nova Scotia : —

The Eye-spotted Bud-moth Tmelocera ocellana D. & S. This insect, of European
origin, now occurs throughout America wherevpr apple trei's are found. It is the
most important from an economic -tandpoint of the bud-n)oths heroin treated.

The Oblique-banded Leaf Roller Caroecia rosaccana Harris. This species which
has a large number of native food plants has found in the apple a very much favoured
food. It is foimd throughout Nova Sootin and docs a small amount of injury
to apple trees in all sections almost every year.

The Lesser Bud-moth Recurvaria nanella Tib. Like the eye-spotted bud-moth, this
is also of European origin and of comparatively recent iiitroduetioii into North
America. It has already spread over the eastern half of the continent as far west as
Michigan, and in 1916 was discovered for the first time in Canada, having been reported
both from the provinces of Ontario and Nova Scotia. Spcoimpiis were reared by us
from apple in 1913, at Bridgetown, N.S., but they were not identified at that time as

B1781— 2 B

•■a

this serious pest. In Michigan the lef er bud-moth has been recorded as infesting
more than 50 per cent of the blossom buds of the apple, and even in Europe, the home
of the insect, where its natural enemies are present, it is looked upon as a serious
pest. So we have in this insect what will very probably be an important pest when
it becomes fully established in our orchards.

The Green bud-worm Argyroploee consanguinana Wlsm. This insect was not
recognized as an economic insert until it was found feeding on the apple in Nova

Fig. 1.— Appli- buda Rhowiiig stage at which Inid-inoths enter thrni
in KK»tfc«t numbers. Arrow indicates wtbliing frtiin hiberna-
nulum to bud, occsHionally found. (Original.)

Scotiii in lOiy. As it has never before been given u iHjpuliir name, we propose that
it be known as the Green bud-worm, from the distinguishing dark green colour of
the larva. The native food plants of the green liud-worni huve not 'eon determined.
Adults have been taken throughout western Nova Scotia, but it has 1 en found attack-
ing the apple in a comparatively restricted area only, namely, in the eastern end of
the Annapo'.is Valley. In this small district centering about Kentville, N.S., it is a
pest of considerable importance.

LIFE-HISTORIES.

In general, the lifo-hi.stories, injuries, methods of control, etc., of the various bud-
moths are similar. In Nova Scotia all of the species pass the winter as half-grown
larrae in small webs (ir hibernaeula, seeretcd in crevices of the fruit spurs or under

old bud Bcalee. In the spring when the buds begin to swell and show green at the
tipa, the half-grown larvK begin to emerge from their hibernating quarters and
bore into the tips of the opening buds. The emergence from the hibernating
quarters often covers a very long period in Nova Scotia, and shows the futility of
attempting to control bud-moths by spraying the rapidly opening buds when the larrte
arf; entering them. In 1912, the first larvae entered the bud on May 2„ and the last
o'.i May 11, emergence thus covering a period of ten days; in 1913 the first larwe
entered the bud on April 25, and the last on May 6, giving a period of twelve days:
in 1915 the first larvee entered the bud on May 9, and the last on May 23, a period of
fifteen days.

Hit.

■ ;!■

Fig. 2.— Apple bUwHom clutter attacked by bud mnth, torn open
tu lihuw (a), larva in the act <>l feeding, (b), pupa. (Original.)

As the bud coiitaiuiiij; the young bud-motli opens, the larvu confines its attention
to one or two leaves, tying down additional lonve.s to its cluster, as food is required.
At this period the Oblique-banded leaf-roller anil the flroen bud-worm do not feed under
cover to such an extent ns the eye-spotted hud-moth nnd the lesser bud-moth.

During June and July, the bud-moths pupate in the leaf cluster on the tree, and
in a couple of weeks the adults emerge to deposit their eggs. In clean, open wind-
swept orchards large numbers (jf the adults perish at this time by being blown from
the trees into open fields, pastures, etc. The eggs of all four species are deposited on
the leaves ; those of the eye-spotted hud-moth and grccn-hud-wnrms singly on the under
side of the leaf; those of the oblique-bonded lenf-roller in o cluster on the upper side
(if the leaf, and those of the lesser bud-moth in a row on the under side of the leaf in
the suture next to the midrib.

The larvae of the Eye-spotted bud-moth and Green bud-worm on emerging feed as
M'mi-lc«f miners next to the midrib, during the late s\immer and fall. The larva of
the Oblique-banded leaf-roller, although it feetls under a protecting web, may almost

.M731— 21

m I d

"

be regarded as an external feeder during the fall while the larva of the Lesser bud-moth
is, during the late summer and fall a true leaf-miner. With the first frosts the larre
leave their feeding places <uid crawl back to the twig or fruit spur, there to spin their
hibernacula in which to pass the winter.

RELATIVE NUMBERS AND IMPORTANCE OF SPECIES.

Generally speaking the only species to be seriously considered from an economic
standpoint in Nova Scotia is the Eye-spotted bud-moth, over 90 per cent of the larve
infesting buds usually being of that species. The Oblique-banded leaf-roller cumes
next in importance, throughout the province, while in the district about Kentviflle,
the Green bud-worm comes into second place. The Lesser bud-moth is at the present
time the least important of the four in Nova Scotia.

i<

Fig. 3.— Apple blonom cluster. Arrow ihowing opening bloBsonn
damaged by larva. (Original.)

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VARIETIES OF APPLES TO BUD-MOTH INJURY.

The varieties havini? crinkled twigs, such as the Ribston Pippin and Nonpareil,
are almost invariably found to be more heavily infested than varieties with smooth
twigs, such ns the Golden Russet. This is apparently due to the former varieties
offering better and safer hibernatinK quarters for the half-grown larvB. Observations
were made in two orchards to determine to a certain extent the susceptibility of the
various varieties. Orchard No. 1 had been sprayed twice after the blossoms fell for
two years previous to the counts, while orchard No. 2 had received two sprays after

ft

the blossoms for three years, lime sulphur and lead arsenate being used in standard

strengths in each ease. ...

Table showing percentages of bud-moths infesting buds in different varieties in

two orchards: —

Orchard No. I.
variety- Per cent Infested.

Rlbaton »'

Kins of Tomkins J"

Graven«teln J;*

Ben Davis "'

Fallawater ?*

Baldwin "

Golden Russett *;•

Welllnston ??.»

Wealthy " "

II

Fib 4 — Aniile-leaf »hoo' . .\rrt>w indicates Mihere bud-moth mrva bored
throuRh base. (Otipinal).

Orchard No. t.

„ . Per cent Infested.

Variety — 47

Blenheim ^^

Ribrton 44

Nonpareil 43

Fallawiiter 42

King of Tomliins 40

Pewaukee 3g

Northern Spy .... j5

Wagner

10

Oreki.'^ ITo. I — Continued.

VartMy—

Ontario

Cooper Rusaett.

SUrk

Baldwin

Gravenateln. . .
Kins Pippin . . .
Golden Ruasett.
Aatrachan ....

^ann

Ben Duvls. . . .
Grimes Golden. .

'f*t OMit inf Mted.
14

ATKRAOE INFESTATION.

Counts were made in '.tiirty orchards to detenni'ie the average infestation on the
Baldwin apple tree. In all casee the orchards had been sprayed for at least two years

Kig. 5.— Young apple injured by bud-moth larva
■oon after oetting. (Original. )

previous to 1913, when the counts were taken. The average showed 23-3 per cent
of the buds infested, the highest being 51 per cent and the lowest 15 per cent. In
some cases where poor or no spraying is done in thick orchards of susceptible varieties,
the infestation may become very severe. On May 28, 1914, an ungprayed Wagner
orchard showed 601 per cent of the buds infested, from a count of 1,000 buds. On
June 1, 1916, a sheltered, thick, poorly-sprayed. Early William orchard showed 90.46
l>er cent of the buds infested from a count of 14,000 blossoms.

In a general way the infestation of bud-moths depends on variety, location, thick-
ness of planting and pruning, as well as on spraying. Unsprayed orchards will as
a rule average 40 per cent or more of the buds infested.

u

INJURIES CAUSED BY BUD-MOTHS.

INJURY TO THE BUDS AND SET OF FRUIT.

When the bud-moth larva emerges from its winter quarters, and bores into the
tip of the opening bud, its feeding does not prevent as a rule all of the blossoms
in the cluster from opening.

In 1913, 100 clusters of blossoms of Wagner apples infested with bud-moth were
examined, and only 35-8 per cent of the blossoms in those clusters were found to be
noticeably injured. The actual injury, however, resulting from the weakening of the
duster, due to the larvae feeding on the cluster of leaves surrounding the blo«f.om, is
more than this, ee the following coimts of the set show. Soon after the <ruit set in
1913, an examination of I' ^ blosson clusters of thj iVagner anple was made to determine
ihc exact reduction -n set caused by the buc'.-moth. One thousand blossom clusters
free from bud-moth were found to have set ?,205 apples, while one thousand blossoms

Fig. 6.— Apple injured by oud-inoth larva aoon after aettinfr,
after the injur' i,ftd been healed over. (Original.)

Clusters of the same variety in the same rchnrd infested with bud-moth were found
to have set only 305 apples, or the set i i the blossom clusters infested was reduced in
this orchard by 74-3 per cent. Jn 1' 15 another observation was made in another
orchard of the tame variety to verify t' is. In 100 blossoms clusters free from bud-moth
'.'23 apples were set, while in 100 clu ters infested with bud-moth 45 utnles were set,
or the set was reduced in the blossom clusters infested with bud-moth by 79-9 per cent.
In addition to the diiforence i . set, a marked difference was noted in the sixe of
the apples in clusters free from bud-moth as coniparwl with those in clusters infested
with bud-n> " . To determine the extent of this, measuremients were taken in late
June on 100 apples from each. The 100 apples from the clusters free from bud-moth
averaged -536 inches in diameter, while the 100 apples from the clusters infested with
bud-moth averaged -464 inches in diameter.

IS

Ocoasionally we find the bud-moth larva boring into the base of a fruit bud, or
even throuiirh the bud scales to the base of the bud, instead of entering at the open-
ing tip, in which case the bud is invariably ruined.

Again we rarely find the young larva boring into the aid ' of the growing leaf
siioots one or more inches back from the tip, killing the gro 'tng tip, beyond the
point of entrance. Such injuries are very uncommon.

INJURY TO SET FHUIT PY BUD-MOTH LARV.E IN THE SPRING.

After the blossoms fall, the bud-moth larva occasionally includes in its cluster
of leaves a small apple set into whivh it may eat a small hole. Young apples injured
in this manner usually remain on the tree, the injury healing over and forming a
small circular cavity lined with quite thick oorky pulp. Often this corky pulp m
covered with a white mould caused by the cluster of leaves about the injury holding
moisture.

Fi(f. 7.— Apple ■bowing leaf tied to it by bud-moth larva.
(Original )

FALL INJURY TO FRUIT BY THE NEWLY HATCHED LARVjE.

The feeding of the young bud-moth larva in the fall is of very slight economic
importance as affecting the leaves. Where, however the leaf touches an apple the larva
of the Eye-spotted bud-moth and Green bud-worms will, whenever possible, tie the leaf
to tlie apple and feed off tlie surface of eacii, breaking through the skin of the apple
and so marring the surface of the fruit as to prevent it being packed as Fancy, No. 1,
or No. 2 fruit.

RELATION BETWEEN SPRING AND FALL IMJURV.

An observation to show the relatiion between the spr'ng infestation in t ->. buds
with the marring of the fruit in the fall was made on Early William apples. In the

IS

spring 77-7 per cent of the buds were infested, a> »hown by counts on 2,000 bkMsom
buds, and in the fall 33-46 per cent of this fruit from the same trees was found to
have leaves tied to them, and the surface marred by bud-moth larrs, <showing the
relation between the buds infested and the apples damaged to h-i about a» 7 is to 3.
In less heavy infestations the relationship between the spring infestation in the buds
and the percentage of apples injured is wider. This point is well illustrated by com-

i ',

Fig. 8— Applfl from which Inaf h»a been reiiiovKl, BhowiuR
fall injury by the larva. (Original.)

paring the figures given above with figures from the check plots in the experiment in

bud-moth control carried on in the orchard of Mr. U. S. Eaton of Kentville, N.S., in
1912 and 1913.

Percent Percent IVr Cent Percent Percent

Infestation Dam.iBed Infestation Damaged Infestation

In Buds. Apples. in Buds. Apples ^^^"^

Plot No 1912. ini=. 1913- ""■ ""■

B n 4 13 74 52.6 16. B 68.1

7 ;; 16.6 !>'.0 43.4 5.7 60.2

ll.! '■. .. 22.6 10.3 46.2 6.34 52.4

The relation between the percentage of buds infested and the percentage of fruit
injured depends to a great extent on the crop of fruit produced, the width of plant-
iiip. density of trees, size of the leaves and size of the fruit, and is not all constant
That one-third of the fruit may be reduced to an inferior grade by the fall injury of
the bud-moth is 2 fact worth noting.

.11731—3

^L

14

THE CX)NTROL OF THE BUD-MOTHS.

■PRATING EXPERIMENT!.

Our experimental work on bud-moth control in Nova Scotia was coiimipnccd iii
the orchard of Mr. R. S. Eaton of Kentrille, N.8., in 1912. A ten acre orchard ol
Wa«ner applet, planted 8 feet 2 inches each way was selected. This was divided into
12 plots, three of which were used as checks, the remainder being sprayed at different
dates to deterr.ine the sprays which were most effective. A combined spray of lead
arsenate, 5 pounds to KK) imperial gallons, and lime sulphur 1 to 40 was used, the
■pray being applied with a hand pump.

At that time it was open question as to whether the spray applied when the buds
were opening and showing green at the tips, was the best spray in bud-moth control.
The experiment was carried on for two years. The following table gives the results
obtained : —

Fig. 9.— Bud» from Ribston apple tree, 100 per cent infested by larvie of the
Ey»potted bud-moth, and the blosMima borne on a mmilar twig fnnn
the «ame tree. (Original. )

Spray A. in table No. 1 means the one applied just when the tips of the buds
wi-re showing green.

Spray B. about three days before the blossoms.

Spray C. immediately after the blossoms, and spray D. two weeks later than
spray C.

These results shown in Table No. 1 indicate that while thorough spraying as in
plot No. 4 was preventing the increase of the insects in an infestation which was
rapidly becoming more intense, there was still plerty of room for improvement in
methods of controlling bud-motha. The hand outfit with low pressure was not givinjf
the results that many growers wore getting with power outfits.

The life-history of the bud-moths was studied at this time, and it was found that
a period of 10 days elapsed in 1912, and 11 days in 1913, between the time the first
larva left its winter quarters to bore into the bud, until the last one emerged from
winter quarters. This, and thn rosults from Plot 1 to 2, showed the futility of depend
ing on our early spray to control bud-moth.

In 1914, the drive nozzle which throws the spray for a long distance at hipli
velocity, was used for the first time in the Annapolis Valley by Mr. Fred Johnson df
Bridgetown. The coarse driving spray produced by this nozzle appeared to 1"
especially adapted to bud-moth control, and in 191."), an orchard very heavily infesteil

15

with bud-moth was aecured from Mr. S. B. Chute, of Bc-rwick, for experimental pur-
poses, and the additional testa were also made in a domonsttration orchard on the
property of Mr. Geo. Hoyt, o^ Annapolis, and in the on-hard of Mr. A. FitsRandoIph
of Bridgetown.

In the S. B. Chute experiment, the orchard consisted mostly of WaKners and Early
Williams, both very susceptible varieties of apples. The trees were about 20 years old,
planted 20 feet apart, and in a somewhat sheltered location. Two rows of trees were
used in each of the seven plots, the first three plots being sprayed twice before the
bloetMimi opened ; once when the leaf was the size of a ten cent piece, and again immu-

•

Fig. 10.

-Egg of the eye-«pi)tted budinoth on the unclpmide of the leaf
aeon after depoaition (OriK<nal. )

diatfly before the blossoms opened; and twice after the blossoms fell. Lead arsenate
at the rate of 5 pounds to 100 gallons was used in each spray. The second set of plots
4, 5 and 6, were sprayed once before the blossoms, about half way between the two
early sprays applied to plots 1, 2, and 3, and twice after the blossoms fell, the solution
bi (f the same as that used in plots 1, 2 uiid 3. The plots were divided crosswise and
a midt nozzle used on the west half and a drive nozzle on the oast half. Plot 7, two
rows, was left unsprayed as a check. Two hundred pounik pressure was used in all
plots where sprays were used.

Table No. 2 compares the drive with the mist nozzle and also two applications
of spray before the blossoms, as compared with one. In this fable the best results are
shown from the use of two sprays before the blossoms, and the drive nozzle which gives
from fiS.5 to 755 per eent reduction in injury to the picked fruit by hnd-moth. The
next best results are from the drive nozzle used onec about four days before the blossoms
open, giving from 60-6 to 74-8 \>ct cent reduction in bud-moth injury to the picked
fruit. It would also appear from this tabic that one ppray applied with a drive nozzle
four days before the blossoms, is about equal to two sprays before the blossoms with a
mist nozzle. This is borne out by examining table No. 3 of the same experiment

51731— 3J

16

Table No. 8. howerer, ahowing the actual number of bud-moths which eraergad from
1,000 leaf dusten oollected in each of these aame plota, ahows that the two sprays with
a mitt nozzle aotnally kill more bud-moths than one applird half way between the two.

Table No. 4 beara out tables Nos. 2 and 3, in showing the su|)eri»rit]r of the drive
nocale over the mist in bud-moth control.

Table No. 4 giyes the work in the Hoyt orchard at Annapolis. In this orchf rd
arsenate of lime was tested against arsenate of lead as well as the drive against tbe
calyx nozzle. In comparing plots Nos. 1 ard 2, the drire nozzle shows itself superior
to the calyx nozzle in bud-moth control, and comparing plots 1 and 3 shows apparently
a slight superiority of arsenate of lime over arsenate of ' J. In table No. 4, where
the arsenate of lime is testwl agninDt the arsenate of lea ' we fiud when we consider

Fitf. 11.— Cluster of eKg» of the eye-it>otted budmoth deprwittxl in ooniine-
ment, showing lanae slmoHt ready to emeiite. (OriKlnal.)

the original infestation, that the arsenate of lime is again slightly superior to cTsenate
of lead. This point is more strongly brought out in table No. 9.

From tables Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 5, we have convincing proof of the superiority of the
drive over the mist type of nozzle in bud-moth control. In table No. 6 we have
counts of the number of apples set per 100 blossom clusters infested with bud-moth
in some of the plots in the S. B. Chute experiment.

17

Tabu No. 1. — Experiment in K. 8. Eaton's Wacner orchard, plota H acre, treea S
feet 2 inches apart, sprayed in 1919 and 1918.

Plot Na

I

IftIS

Oricinal

Inlntatitm

mr cent in

buds.

31 S
1> 1
31.4

ao.a

31 9
17.1
17 6
14 3
21 »
2ft B
22.«
14.4

Spmjrt
used.

A

A

None

AUCD

B

BC

None

C
BCD

CD

1- me
D

IMS
Infustatian
per cent in

buds.

40 1
4S4
52 A
19.4
33.»
11 6
43.4
33 1
293

aH 1

46.3

41 7

1914
Infestation
percent in

bods.

lift.S

ws

66.1
16.3
41.6
17.8
60.6
40.1
33.8
4».4
034
44 6

•Parte Oreen used on Plot

Table No. 2.— Experiment on Early William Apples in 8. B. Chute's orohnnl.

Counts on 2,000 apples.

Plot No. Spr»ys used

1

1231

12:i4

1231

1234

1234

1231

234

234

234

234

234

334

None.

None.

Nozile used.

Original

infestation

in buds.

% of apples showinft

bud-moth
injury when picked.

%

Drive.

81

Mist

83

Drive.

'.•4

.Mi«t.

9?i-

Drive.

■M

Mi»t.

95

Drive.

94

Mint.

96

Drive.

".#>

Mist.

!fi

Drive.

92

Mist.

H6

KmII,

76

West i

79

Drive nuxzle. Mist nonle.

9 9

12 7

»j3

14H

iti'2"

' 10

ffl 7

16 OH
i3«
28 2
25 '5

is '
11 3

28-3'

Keductinn in injury to
picked fruit l»sed on
unsprsyed plot in rela-
tion to infection in buds.

Drive noultlMist norjtie.

{

%
755

68 5
70 i
63 5
BOB

74 8
None.

Table No. 3. — ^Experiment on Wagner Apple in S. B. Chute's orrfiard.
Experiment. Counts on 2,0<y^ apples per plot.

%
.V
fi6
35
38
559
19 4
Won*.
Bud-moth

Plot No.

Type of nozz;

Sprays used.

1234
1334
1234
1234
1234

12:«

2.34

234

2:<4

234

23J

234
None.
None.

Peroentage of

Wagner apples showinK bud-moth

injury when picked.

Drive nosile.
12 B

■ ' ii 75'

10 7

li 3

io-6

■ " 15-4

379

Mist nozxle.

1
1
^

8
S
3

4
4
5
6
6
6
7
7

Drive,

Mist

Drive.

Mist

Drive.

Mist

Drive.

Mist

Drive.

Mist

Drive.

Mist

Drive.

Mist

17-25
14

14 6
13 2
11 8

15 4
57 2

18

Table No. 4. — Besults from A. Fite Randolph's orchard, Bridgetown, N.S.

fruit. Counts on 2,000 applee.

Picked

Spraya oaed.

Poiaon naed.

Nozzle uaed.

Original

infestation in

(iravenstein

buds in s|:~ing.

Gravenstein
fruit injured
by bud-moth.

GoldenKusaett

% fruit

injured by

bud-muth.

la34

1231

Arsenate of Lime

M ••

Lead Arsenate

Drive

Mist

%

167
12 7
11 9

8-9

%
19
2 2
1-3
2 1

1-4
3 5

1234

1234

Drive

Mist

19

2 7

Table No. 5.-

-Experiment on Nonpareil in Geo. llo.vt's orchard, Annapolis,
uu 2,000 apples.

Counts

Plot No.

Sprayn
Used.

1234
1234
1234

Poison Used.

Lead arsenate. . .
I.iead arsenate. . . .
Arsenate of lime

Nozzle Used.

Calyx .
Drive .
Calvx .

Original infestation

in buds in B|iring.

Per cent.

32 0
26 3
2.'5 9

PercentsgB of
Nonpareil apples
injured by bud-
moth when piclced.

2 2
1 8
18

Table 6. — Set in blossom clusters infested with Bud-moth, comparing Drive and Mist
Nozzles. Taken on Juiy 1, 1915, in S. B. Chute Experiment.

Plot.

Sprays Used.

12.34

231
1234

234
No siiray.
1234

234
12:M

234
No spray.

Nozzle.

Variety.

No. of Applet- per 100

blossom-clusters

infested with

bud-moth.

Drive

Drive

Mist

Mint

Drive

Drive.

.Mint

Mist

Wagner

Wagner

Wagner

12000
122 00
52 00
51 00 •

Wagner

FUrly Williams

F^arly Williamn

46 00
50 25
3«-75

Karly Williamn

Karly Williumn

1475
12 75

Karly Willianm

13 75

Table No. 7. — Yield per tree in barrels in S. B. Chute Experiment.

Sprays Used.

Nozzle Used.

Wagner.

Karly Williams.

Plot No.

Drive

Nozzle.

Mint

Nozzl...

Drive
Nozzle.

0 47
■ (j'lii '
"n 79 ■■

Mist
Ntfzzle.

I2:u

1234

1234

12.34

1234

1234

234

234

284

234

231

234

None

None

Drive.
Mint.
I>rive.
Mint.
Drive.
Mint.
Drive.
Mint.
Drive.
Mint.
Drive.
Mist.

0 on

0 l«i

■■■■027'
' 0 125'

0 64
"0 50
"064'

'■"o't)«""

0 7«

0-73

■'■■o4i'"

0 10 '

0 81

0 68
" 6'67"

0 58

0 r>2

0 63

"6a6

0 60

0"1

0 40

0 25

0 so

10

Iff:

Table No. 8. — Bud-moths and Parasites emerging from 1,000 bud-moth leaf-clusten
collected on July 1, 1915, from Wagners in S. B. Chute's orchard.

Plot No.

Sprays Used.

Noule Used.

Adults.

83

64

13M

140

289

PuMte from
which no

adultx
emerged.

Parasites.

1.2,3

1,2,3

4 .5 (i

1234
1234

234

234
No spray.

I'rive
Mist

Drive
Mist

54
Wi

1U4
49

120

14
9
38
26
69

4..\C

7

Table No. 9. — Bud-moths and Parasites emerging from 1,000 Bud-moth leaf-clusters
collected July 5, 1915, in the lloyt's orchard, from Nonpareil.

Sprays
l'ii«d.

ViM

12:)4.

1234

N(i spnty..

Poison Used.

Lead arsenate . . ,

Ijead arsenate

Arsenate uf lime

Nozjile Used.

Calyx.
I)rive.,
Calyx.

Adults.

24

12

16

150

Piniae Trom
which no

adults
emerged.

Parasites.

4r

27

h

210

:i I

These counts were taken on July 1, after the false blossoms had dropped, and
when the second spray after the blossoms, or spray No. i, was being applied. We found
tliat the mist nozzle increased the set by very little as compared with the plots which
received no spray, but that the drive nozzle to this date, when we remember that the
orchard averaged about 90 per cent bud-moth in the buds throughout, more than
doubled tho set.

This increased set at this period was very weak, and the apples in clusters which
iiiul been infested with bud-moth, averaged only -464 inches in diameter as compared
with -536 inches in clusters free from bud-moth. Therefore, no one could reasonably
expect all of this increased set to remain.

The season of 1915 gave more burning from lime sulphur than ever before in
Nova Scotia. In many cases a 1008 sp. gr. solution used ten days after the blossoms,
not only burned from 20 to 50 per cent of the leavi«, according to the thoroughness of
the application of it, but it removed « certain proportion of the fruit as well. Exaini-
tiation of Table No. 7, shows the effect of IOCS sp. gr. lime and sulphur on the super-
ior set of fruit and had been secured in tho cast end of the plots by use of the drive
nozzle, resulting in a smaller crop per tree im ahiiost every case where the drive nozzle
was used after the blossoms. Plot No. .1 in Table No. 7, in which a less caustic sulphide
than lime and sulphur was used, shows, with but two exceptions, a larger set through-
out than the lime sulphur plots, and does not give the same decrease in crop from the
use of the drive nozzle that most of the other plots show. These two tables ehow that
the use of the high velocity driving spray before the blossoms, caused many more
apples to set, and continuing the same spray after the blossoms with a 1008 sp. gr.
>^oliition of lime sulphur, the increased set was all removed and tho crop brought down
to Itss than that in the plots in which the nii.''t nozzles were used. The drive nozzle is
recommended, therefore, for the sprays before tlie blossoms only, if lime sulphur is used.

Table No. 8 shows the number of adults from 1,000 clusters of leaves spun
together by the bud-moth in feeding. This table shows plainly the superiority of two
■■(prnys before the blossoms, over one spray, and tho superiority of one spray over none;
l)iit it does not show any marked superiority of the drive over the mist nozzle. This
is due to the drive nozzle blowing from the trees clusters of leavm gathered by bud-

20

moths, which hnd been poisoned by the first and second spray, while the mist nouir
did not 80 disturb such uninhabited leaf chwters. The earlier tables show the excel-
lence of the drive nozzle. The discrepancy in the fiRures in this table explain them-
selves.

The results shown in Table No. 0, which givcu data similar to Nu. 8, were taker
from hifth, old Nonpareil trees, and tlu; ehniicea of the uninhabited bud-moth leal
•"lusters beinn blown from the trees by the driviiiK spray were much less than on tht
Younp Waftner and Karly Williams* in the Chute orchard. In Table No. 0, we see thn(
the drive nozzle kills very many more bud-moths than the calyx nozzle, corroboratinji
the results of the earlier tables. In comparing arsenate of lime and arsenate of lea<i
in this table we find that where both were applied with a calyx nozzle, the arsenate
of lime is as Rood, if not a better poison than arsenate of lead, wh'jn used in lim<
and sulphur solutions.

^1

Kig- 12.— Apple Waf Klmwinf; (all fceiiinjj of the newly hatched
Inul-iiioth larva. (OriKinal.)

FORMER SPRAYIXQ RECOMMENDATIONS.

In summing up the methods of controlling bud-moths we must first give n lin-
ing glance at some of the methods formerly and even now recommended. The .li
standard remedy was to spray just when the blossom buds were showing green at the tijx
In Nova Scotia in 1912 it took 10 day= frnm the time tbp first h\id-mf»th entered 'i
bud until the last one entered. In 1913 this period was 12 days and in 1915, 15 d.iy.
As the buds are opening rapidly during this period, rendering a spray applied on ■ n
day useless the next, the best control that could be expected from any spray nt ti.i
period would be about 10 per cent.

Occasionally one hears of a dormant spray being recommended to kill bud-ni. 1;
in their hibernating quarters. So far as we can now determine this spray is uselesj ii
Nova Scotia as it does not kill any larvee in their hibernating quarters.

21

Scott and Paine,* recommend a soluble sulphur of lime sulphur dormant spray as
a control of the lewer bud-moth. This spray does not injure the larvse in the hiber-
nating quarter* at all, but the larvse on emerging drop to the ground rather than bore
into buds haTing the odour of the spray material on them. The lesser bud-moth is
only one of the four species in Nova Scrjtia and the treatment recommended for it does
not, so far as we .- re awarf, affe<>t the most important spef ies the eye-spotted budr
moth so is of no economic value in Nova Scotia.

H. F. Wilson* recommends summer spraying for bud-moths to poison them as
they start eating into the lowrr surface of the leaf. In Nova Scotia we have four

Kig. 13.- Two ap|>lt- leaves tiwl togetliir liy bud-iiiotli larva;
larva feeding betwef-n th>- two. nlf tli.- fiurfact- of i-acli.
iOri^nal.)

species of bud-moths. From thf time ti,.' first green bud-worm lurva emerges from
tlie egg until the Irst eye-spotted bud-moth emerges, usually occ-'moh a period of more
than two months, the emerging period of the eye-srK.ttwl bud-moth alone covering a
period of i^ days. Considering this long period of .inorgence from the egg it is
impr-bable that summer -prays will ever be of use in controlling the bud-moths in the
Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia.

CONTROL MEASIRES RECOMMKNtlEn.

The control of bud-moth, in the orelmrds of Nova Seotia is essentially n si)riiying
problem. The two sprays apr)lied before the blossoms, the one when the leaf is the

I Bull. No. US. US. Dept. of Agr .... , ^ ii_

>8wond Biennial Crop Pest and Horticultural Report of the Oreson Asrlcultural Colitff*
EUp«rim*nt Station, p. lOK-lOT.

-I. u.

-tit

•>

■ 1

;

L

size of a ten-cent piece, and the second immediately before the blossoms open, are the
two sprays which destroy the greatest number of bud-moths.

The method of application, or to be more exact, the velocity of the spray when it
touches the leaf, is the most important factor in the control of the bud-moth, the insec-
ticide being secondary. In this connection it may be said that the spray gun is fully
equal if not superior to the drive nozzle in tlio control of the bud-moth. One of the
best points in regard to the spray gun is that the spray from it can he varied. Where
bud-moths are numerous it can bo so operated as to give a strong driving spray, and
where bud-moflis rre not numerous, by standing a little farther from the tree and
simply turning the wrist, a fine mist can be obtained that will control fungi and at the
same time not result in spray injury and mechanical injury which sometimes follow
control measures for bud-moths, green apple bug, etc. In the control of serious out-
breaks of bud-moths, which usually occur in either thick or sheltered orchards, the
most important point in control is to have the spray strike the leaf wi "'. suffici-nt
velocity to drive the spray well into the cluster of leaves gathered together by the cater-
pillars, so that more of the spray will be found on the inside of the cluster than remains
on the outsida. Such procedure is only necessary and will only pay in serious infesta-
tions, as for instance where 30 per cent or more of the buds are infested. When less

^

Fig. 14.— AdultM of (a) Kye-»potted bud-moth ; (b) Oblique banded leaf-roller, and |c) Gret-n bud worm.

(Original. )

than 30 per cent of the buds are infested the meclmnical and spray injury, if lime
sulphur is used as a carrier, will sometimes overbalance the benefits derived from the
control of the bud-moths, and a spray more nearly appronehing the ordinary mist spray
should be used. In other words, the method of applying the two prc-hlossora sprays
should vary with the intensity of the infest.ation.

As is indicated in the discussion on table No. 7, and amply proven by experiments
;n the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia in 1915, 1916 and 1917, when lime sulphur
is applied to tlie underside of apple leaves t-s invariably happens when it is forcibly
applied with a drive nozzle or a spray gun, it will have a varying tendency to retard
photosynthesis and cause the dropping of the fruit. This injury varies with the
season and the period Iteing most intense late in the season, particularly in sea.-iona
having lt»<s sunsliine than normal. We have not as yet been able to attribute any
retarding of photosynthesis to the use of Bordeaux, straight lead arsenate or sodium
sulphi'' , (sohible sulphur and sulfocide) although some purely lueehanienl injury
results from the i"»e of apparently any solution at too high nozzle velocity for the spray
immediately after the blossoms, and to a slightly less extent for the spray immediately
before the blossoms. This slight mechanical injury to the blossoms or sets is inevitable
in properly controlling bud-moths and will not cause nearly so much damage as a 30 or
40 per cent infestation of these insects.

Lime sulphur and arsenate of lime, 2 pounds to 100 gallons, may be used with
safety for the first spray fnr hnd-mnfh, hut n= a se<'on<l spray, or that immediately
before the blossoms, if applied in the manner recommended, causes some injury. For
use after the blossoms, from 10 to 12 pounds of hydrated or water-slaked lime should
be added to this coiiibiiiation.

Bordeaux mixture and its various modifications may be used with safety ns a
carrier for a number of poisons. It must be remembered, however, that while lime
sulphur reduces the killing value of the r 'sons used with it by 19 per cent, Bordeaux

L

reduces the killing value of the SMne poisons by 43 per cent. For this reason 2i
pounds of arsenate of lime to 100 gallons with Bordeaux are about equivalent to
2 pounds of arsenate of lime with 100 gallons of lime sulphur solutioa. Two and
one-half pounds of arsenate of lime may be used to 100 gallons of Bordeaux mixture
for the two bud-moth sprays. The equivalent value in arsenic oxide, namely, 1 pound
of arsenic oxide, when combined with a number of bases other than lime may be used
with safety in Bordeaux mixture. To secure this quantity of arsenic and so obtain
approximately the same killing value, one may use any one of the follov.ing poisons:
7 pounds of standard or hydrogen arsenate of lead; 8 pounds of triplumbic a: senate
of lead; 2i pounds of arsenate of zinc; IJ pounds of Paris green; IJ pounds of fused
arsenate of soda or 2i pounds of crystal arsenate of soda. The last four poisons will
bo found more active thmi the first two in killing. Leaf injury by the tw^, bud-moth
sprays from the type of Bordeaux now being used in Nova Scotia on apples, consisting
of from 5 to 8 pounds of copper sulphate and 20 to 30 pounds of lime to 100 gallons of
water, is negligible, but some slight russetting and paling of the fruit results from
using Bordeaux immediately before the blossoms.

Sodium sii ihide (either soluble sulphur 2 J iwunds or sulfocide 2J quarts)
and arsenate of lime IJ pounds with freshly slake«l stone lime or h.vdrateil lime 12
pounds to 100 gallons of water, has proved one of the most rapid killing combinations
ti>sted and has proved particularly harmless to foliage when applied as a drenching
spray. The effect of the sodium in hastening the action of the arsenic in the combina-
tion allows the decreasing of the arsenic. This combinr-tion is one of the cheapest and
most effective for biting insects.

Probably one of the most satisfactory sprays in the control of serious infestations
is straight paste lead arsenate at from 10 to 15 pounds to 100 gallons of water to which
from 5 to 10 pounds of water slaked, or hydrated lime, has l)een added to prevent
yellowing by absorbing the free arsenic. At these strenptlis arsenate of lead is as
good a fungicide as lime sulphur.

In his work on the Green-Apple Bug, Professor W. H. Brittain, Provincial Ento-
mologist for Nova Scotia, found that a contact spray consisting of soluble sulphur
2 iKiunds, nicotine sulphate 1 pint, fisli oil s mii 4 pounds ami water 100 gallc .is, applied
as a drenching spray immediately before the blossoms gave almost perfect control of
bud-moth as well as canlvcr-work. fruit->vornis and many other lepidoptcrous In.rvnc.

Thorough pruning, opening up the trees, clearing out useless trees in the irchard
or the removal of hedges and wind-breaks, help in the control of bud-moths by allowing
the wind to blow freely through the orehard and carry away to ojicn fields or jiastures
many adults while they are on the wing.

The prevalence and damage done by lud-moths is an argument against close
{lanting of orchards in Nova Scotia, particularly if r j orchard is to be located in a
slielteriHl position.

The wind as has been mentioned pr« . lously, is an important natural factor in
bud-moth control and can be turned lo the advantage of the orchardist in many cases.

INSECT TAIIASITES.

f

I

In the course of the rearing of the various bud-mutlis a few hymenopternus para-
sites were reared. From the eye-spot'ed bud-moth, Micni'Iiis ocellaneti Rich, was described
from material from Kcntvirc, N.S. by ('. H. Kiehardson.i .Tr. Two other species, one
Anomalon sp., and the other Chelonux sp. were reared from the same host. Many
specimens of Peniarthron minutum Riley, and one specimen of a Mymarid were reared

Ent. Vol. XLV. No. 7.

84

frou etm of the esre-spott«d btid-niotb, at Bridgetown, N.S. From the green bud
worm, Pimpla alboricta and Meteoru* communu were roared. "* iree other species oi
bymenopterous parasites were reared but not determined. T two most nuineroui
peraaitea were Chelonua sp. bred from the eye-spotted bud-moth, and an undetencinec
species which seemed to be of considerable iniportance economically in controlling thi
oblique-banded leaf-roller.

In addition to the above, the following parasites have been reared from the eye
spotted bud-moth:—

Phyiodictua vidgaria A. Femald, Bull. No. 12, Hatch Exp. Station, 1891.
Pimpla sp., near P. alboricta Cr. Slingerland. Bull. No. 50, Cornell Univ. Agri
Exp. Station. 1893.

Microdut laiicinctua Cr. Slingerland. BulL No. SO, Cornell ITniv. Agr. Exp
Station, 1893.

Ihiporte* records the following species: —

Pimpla conquititor Say and Bassus earinoidea Cr. both from pupe.

OTHEB NATURAL ENEMIES.

Several other natural enemies have been found in North America attacking the
cyr-spotted bud-moth. Slingerland in the above-mentioned bulletin records that the
mud dauber wasp Odynenu catskiUensis stored the larva- in its cell.

Moznette,^ in Oregon, has found a carabid beetle feeding on the larvee and in
addition a species of Triphleps and the mite Anyitia agitis Banks.

Bmos.

Birds probably play some part in the control of bud-moths, but owing to the
larva; in the spring feeding u'.der cover, practically all the time, iit is probable that
the bird? play a less important part in controlling bud-moths than they do in con-
trolling many other kinds of leaf-eating insecto.

> Duporte, E. M., Ninth Annual Report, Que. Soc. Prot. Plants from Insect and Fungoua
PiseasPS, 1916-1917.

2 Second Biennial Crop Pest and Horticultural Report, 1913-1914.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE THREE COMMON BUD-KOTHS.

THE EYE-SPOTTED BUD-MOTH.

Tmetocera ocellana D. & S.

Past History.

In Bulletin No. 50, " The Bud-Moth," by M. V. SHngerland, issued from Cornell
University Agtr. Exp. Station, we find the following account of the past history of this

l«'-t : — t 1 ■

•• This insect has been known for more than half a century m Europe, before it
was recorded in this country. The bud-moth, therefore, like many of our insect pests,
was no doubt an importation from Europe. The insect is common in nearly all parts
of Europe, and there became of economic importance about 1S40, or about the same
time as it was recorded here as injurious by Dr. Harris."

" Dr. Harris' account (1841) seems to be the first notice w.- have of the appearance
of the pest in this country. It had probably been imported, wl.ile in hibernation, from
Europe, upon nursery stock some years before. After 1841, we have no record of the
insect having been injurious until 1869. Then Dr. Packard (Rept. Mass. Bd. Agr. for
ISfjtt) found it to be ' the most injurious enemy of the apple tree, next to the canker-
worm, that we have in this (Mass.) State.' In the same year the pest did some damage
in Pennsylvania. (Am. Ent., 1, 251). In 1870, the insect damaged plums in Ontario,
Canada. Although Dr. Fitch mentions the insect as an apple tree pest in his Third
Reiwrt (185C), he does not recird it as found in our State. And it is not until 1880
that we find any record of the occurrence of the vest in New York Slate. Then Prof.
Comstock, while United States entomologist, received the insect from nurserymen at
Union Springs, N.Y. In the previous year, as the notes of the Department at Wash-
iiifftoii show. Professor Comstock found the pest had rcachp<l Nova Scotia, where
Dr. Fletcher found it hibernating on the twigs. (Kept. Dei-t. Agr. of Cana.ln for

18s5)."

"Dr. Lintner records the pest as quite injurious near Rochester, N.Y.. in 1887.
In 1S88 Prof. Harvey (An. Rept. Maine Expt. Sta. for 18S8, p. 160) found the pest
doing considerable damage to apple buds in yfumo. and in his report for 1890 he records
a very serious attack of the insect upon blackberry buds at Rockland, Me. Through-
out Massachusetts, New York and Canada the pest appeared in increased numbers,
and was very destructive in 1892. (4th. An. Rept. Mich. Agr. Expt. Station, 1891)
December 17, 1892. Dr. Riley wrote us regarding the distribution of the pest ns fol-
lows: ' In the last two or three years I have received it from several localities in New
England and the Middle States, and the labels upon the specimens show that it has also
l)een received from Missouri.' " j • u-

" It is thus seen that this pest whieh seems to have first appeared in this country
in Massachusetts about 1841, has now become widely distributed over the New Eng-
land. Middle States and Canada, and it has spread southward to Washington, D.C.,
and westward to Missouri."

Life History anp H.xbits in Nov.\ Scotia.
Without doubt this is the most common and destructive bud-moth found in Nova
Scotia, where it annually does an incredible amount of damage to the fruit crop, by
boring into the buds and destroying the blossoms, in addition to causing a limited
amount of foliage injury in both early summer and fall.

A typical bud-moth, winters over in the characteristic manner, as an immature
larva, concealed under bud scales or other convenient shelter at the base of, or near a
dormant bud. The nests of hibernacula are ?'i6 in. in length, and vary greatly in shape,

25

Jl M

96

some beinfr perfectly linear, others larKcr at one end than the other, and still othen
oddly twisted and angled so that they adhere closely to the curled up larra when at
rest. The silk which lines the nest is white, quite tough in texture and spun into a
closely woven web which seems to protect the caterpillars from cold and dampness.

With the first bursting of the buds the tiny larvae may be seen leaving their winter
nests in search of food. They quickly attack the opening buds, feeding first on the
tender green tips, but soon bore their way into the centre of the blossoms where they
feast upon the more tender flowers, destroying great numbers of them and reducing th«
season's crop materially. If after the larvse have emerged, and as they are boring
their way into buds there occurs a snap of cold weather, the caterpillars seek shal-
ter again in the old hibernacula. In such cases the partially eaten buds as well as the
old nest are covered with silk threads, while a series of these threads is woven between
the two.

When the blossoms have fallen, the larvse feed upon the expanding leaves tying
them together with silken threads. The petiole of one of the leaves is often nearlj
severed, when the edge of the leaf is rolled into a tube and lined with silk to form a
nest ill which the caterpillar lives during the summer. While feeding, it draws other
leaves towards it aud fastens them together to form a loose bulky nest, rendered quite
conspicuous by the partially eaten leaves wilting and turning brown.

Occasionally an apple may be drawn into the cluster of leaves composing the nest,
in which case the larva feeds on the apple as well as on the leaves, eating a small hole
into the apple, and causing an injury closely resembling the work of the green fruil
worms. The injury differs, however, in not healing up so smoothly thereby leaving a
thick scab, and on account of the thick covering of leaves there often develops a
growth of mould due to the collection and retention of moisture. This type of injur>
although occasionally found is by no means common.

In 1916, the first larva emerged from winter quarters on May 9th, and the last
on May 23rd, giving an emergence period of 15 days. In a small percentage of cases
the larva; emerging late in the season and after the tips of the buds have expanded, do
not enter the apex of the bud but tumiel their way into the side at the point when
the leaves and the bud scales meet, or into the bud scales thcinsclv(>s. In cither case
the larva bores into the centre of the new stem and kills the whole shoot.

Between June 24 and July 19 pupation took place, the lan'a> transforming within
their nests to shiny brown pupae, from which the small greyish or whitish moths com-
meticed emerging on July 11th, and continued to do so for 33 days.

In captivity the first eggs were laid on the u;ider surface of the leaves on July 15tl
and after incubating thirteen days, commenced hatching.

After gnawing its way out of the egg, the young larva wanders over the undei
surface of the leaf within a short distance of the egg. At the end of twenty minutes oi
half an hour feeding commences, the tiny caterpillar eating a small circular hoh
through the lower epidermis. Very soon after hatching the larvae commence to spii
occasional silken threads, although up to this time no regular shelter has been con-
structed. Feeding is spasmodic, the larvse feeding and rc^sting alternately. About an
hour after emergfence they commence to weave roof-like shelters of silken threads closi
to their favourite feeding grounds. These shelters, however, they use for only a shorl
time, soon leaving them to wander more widely over the leaf, usually in the neigh-
bourhood of one of the larger veins. After several hours of feeding and resting, tht
caterpillars select a suitable spot, preferably near the midrib or one of the largci
branches of the midrib, and there they construct a tubular shelter, open at both en>^
and parallel to the vein. The adjoining area over which the larvse feed is covered li>
a flat web-like shelter which is extended from time to time as new feeding grounds
are required.

In the fall when picking the fruit, the orchardist often finds an apple with oiu
or more leaves securely attached to it. Upon removing the leaf, it is found that tin
surface of the apple beneath has been attached by some insect and shows as a result, n

I

27

series of small, round, shallow holes which are often arranged in a straight line. These
shallow depressions, and in fact the whole area of the apple which comes in direct con-
tact with the leaf are covered by a white waxy "bloom." This is the fall work of the
bud-moth, on the fruit, and is quite common, causing a large percentage of apples
which otherwise might have been classed as No. I's or No. 2*8, to be graded as No.
3'b. a similar injury, traceable to the same source, is often noted where two apples
come into contact with one another while growing on the tree. In either case the
injury is done by the larva which liven either between the leaf and the apple as noted
in the first instance, or between two apples as described later, feeding on, and to a cer-
tain extent tunnelling under the skin of the fruit.

With the approach of cold weather in the fall, the larva seeks a protected place
and there hidden away in a crevice or crack, or concealed under a bud scale or other
sheltering object, it comintnces to weave about itself a delicate silken cell A very
interesting fact in connection with this nest-building is that when the shelter is about
half completed the larva moults, and as it anxious to conceal the fact from curious
investigators, builds the old exuvia into the wall of the hibemaculum by spinning a
second layer of silk between its body and the cast skin. It is also interesting to note
that after the nest is complett-d. the lar»-u lies with its iHistcrior cihI towards, and
anterior away from the ecdysed head.

In 1915, the first larva was seen hibernating on August 26 and on October 20 the
last larva was found among the foliage. In other words, it took 55 days for all the
caterpillars to hibernate.

To find out the percentage of bud-moth larva> in their winter quarters at different
dat<»s during the hibernating i)erif)d, counts were made and the results tabulate<l as
follows : —

Percent of
Ijjrvae In
1915. Winter Quarters.

September 29 IS'fi

October 7 7«-7

9 72-2

13 S2'l

ir, 9«'3

17 94*fi

20 'J'rl

In order that the reader piay ?ee how a drop in tempiTnturo accelerates the
hibernation of the liirva'. a daily record of minimum tem|«'r.iturc l)ct\v,-en September
29 and October 20 is given below: —

Minimum.
1915. Temperature.

September 29 <.-." F.

3n 40

October 1 3S

2 26

3 42

4 . 43

5 J9

" t 53

"7 40

»'.'. '.'.'. '....'. 52

9 ■>-

10 45

11 37

12 35

13 32

14 tl

15 S2

1« 27

17 33

IS 2"

19 37

20.. .. : 52

S8

Summary of Periodt. iti l.ife-histury of the Kye-spotted bud-moth.

Adult moths first seen flying July 3. last seen August 27 ; 54 days.

Longest life of adult 1'5 duy«, shortest 3 days; average 8-39 days.

Age of adult when oriposition takes place: youngest 2 days, oldest 12 days; .>orage

7-66 days.
First eggs deposited July 10, last deposited August 24 ; 46 daysi.
Period of incubation: shortest 13 days, longest 17 days.

Number of eggs deposited by one adult: Largest 121, smallest 86; average 75-7.
Percentage of fertile eggs: highest 96-5, lowest 33.3; average 50-37.
First larva emerged July 23, last September 9 ; 48 days.
First pupe found June 11. last July 20; 39 days.
Longest pupal period 26 days, shortest 17 days ; average 20-36.

Smfrgence of Lnrfa from Winter mbemating Quarter*.

First Larva Last Larva

Tear Ehnerced. Itaarsed.

1912 May t. May 11.

1913 April 25. •• «.

1915 May 9. " 2J.

Shortest period of emergence 10 days.
Ix)uge8t period of emergence 15 days.
Kgg deposition always extends over two days and often over three days.

Description of Tmetocera ocellana D. & S.

THE EGG.

.\verage length -87 mm., width -70 mm.; shape when Ir.id round to oval, flattened,
waxy-white in coloiir resembling a small flat drop of translucent wax. Completely
encircling it is flat flange like area averaging -07 mm. in width. The surface of the
chorion is finely pitted ntid divided into irregular closed cells by many fine and incon-
spicuous ridges. As the larva developes its black head and prothoracic shield can be
clearly seen through the trnnspnrent epg membrane.

.V very large percentage of the eggs observed in the field proved infertiln.

THE LARV.\.

Sldfje I. JA;ngth upon hatching 1-5 mm. Head -22 mm. wide, dull black; mouth
parts much lighter in colour. Prothoracic shield small, dark grey. General body colour,
shortly after hatching, dirty white, soon turning to yellow, then to light brown. Anal
plate at first coneolourous with body later turning to a darker grey. Thoracic feet and
prolegs coneolourous with venter.

Staf)e II. Length soon after moulting 2-5 mm. Head -32 mm. wide, shiny, black.
Prothoracic shield very dark brown, almost black, shiny. General body colour light
brown. Tubercles district, light brown in colour, each bearing a single hair. Thor-
acic feet black, prolegs coneolourous with venter. Anal, plate shield-shaped, dark-
brown.

.'■'tn(7e III. length soon after moulting 3-2 mm. Head -41 mm. wide, shiny,
black ; ocelli black. Prothoracic shield jet black, shiny. General body colour vandyke
brown. Body finely granulose. '''ubereies same colour as body. Spiracles small,
round, ringed with black. Thoracic feet black, prolegs coneolourous with venter.
Anal plate dark brown, shield-shaped as before.

Stage IV. (autumn). Length 4-75 mm. Head averaging -55 mm. wide, black . nd
shiny ; ocelli black : mouth parts dark brown. Prothoracic shield pitchy black, shiny.
General body colour vandyke brown, as in Stage TIT. Tubercules roundish to oval in

•hap«> more coanely granuloae than the surrounding body surface. Edges of spiracln
raised but not conspicuous. Thoracic feet shiny black in colour, prolegs concolooroui
with renter. Anal plate shield-shaped, darker brown than body.

The majority of the larrte entered winter quarters when in the third stage, a few,
however, moulted a third time before hibernating, and are described under Stage IV
autumn.

Stage IV. (spring J. From ;ip«'<;inien!* us tliey enicrgi-d from hilicrimting quarters
: gone into hibernation in Stage III. l^ength upon emergence from winter
vjuarters 3-5 mm. Head -i- -5 mm. wide, piceous, shiny. Mouth parts prominent,
paler, being light brown to yellow. Prothoracic shield slightly paler than head,
jreneral body colour vandyke brown. Thoracic feet dark brown to black, bearing many
bristle-like hairs. Edges of spiracles raised, pimple-like, (barker than general body
colour. Anal plate markedly shield-shaped and coloured a rich chocolate brown, with
the exception of the posterior tip and a narrow anterior band which are mucli lighter.
Tubercles prominent, spreading, each bearing a yellowish hair varying in length accord-
ing to the position of tubercle. Prolegs concolourous with body. Head, prothoracic
shield and anal plate bear silky hairs.

Stage V. Length 5.5-6 mm. TIead -65 mm. wide, black and shiny. Mouth
parts and prothorjicio shield the same as in Stage IV. General body colour vandyke
brown, velvety in appearance. Tubercles same colour as body, shiny at tip, each bear-
ing a soft silky hair. Thorac'c feet black, prolegs conculourous with body. Spiracle*
round, indistinr-t, surrounded by a shiny black ring. Anul plate shield- jhoped, darker
brown tnan body colour, especially the anterior half.

Stage VI. Length 9.0 mm. Head -82 mm. wide, pitchy black, shiny, iloi'th
parts very dark brown. Prothoracic shield jet black, shiny, divided into two halves by
a narrow brown line arising at the anterior margin and extending caudad. General
body colour vandyke brown. Tubercles inconspicuous, flat, spreading coarsely pitted,
each bearing a fairly long yellowish seta. Skin of body finely granulated. Spiracles
round, small, ringed with black. Thoracic feet black and shiny, prolegs concolourous
with body, ornamented with black markings. Anal plate shield-shaped, blackish-brown.

Stage VII. Length after moulting 10.5-11 mm. Head 105 mm. wide, pitchy
black shiny. Mouth parts very dark brown in colour. Prothoracic shield concolourous
with head, divided into two halves by a narrow brown medio-dorsal line. General
body colour vandyke brown, in some specimens darker brown. Tuberciiles oval to egg-
shaped, spreading, slightly darker in colour than body, coarsely pitted. Body finely
pitted. Anal plate very dark brown. Thoracic feet black, prolegs concolourous with
venter. Spiracles conspicuous, round, ringed with hlnck.

ir'

THE PUPA.

Length 6-3-6.5 mm.; width nt widest part 1-5 mm. General body colour light
brown, the abdomen being a shade lighter than the rest of the body. Wing covers
slightly wrinkled. Spiracles prominent, round, raised, pimple-like, darker in colour
th.an abdomen. Abdomenal segments finely pitted. Each segment of the abdomen is
provided on the dorsum with two rows of small tooth-like processes pointing caudad.
Cremaster absent ; the anal segment, however, bears eight bristles which are in-curved
at tip. Four of these bristles are arranged singly on the segment, while the remainder
are present in two pairs.

THE ADULT.

Syst. Verx. Wien.

Original description of the adult Spilonota ocellana Schiff.
ISO, 7775.

Unbekannt Raupe. Weisslichter Wickler, mit grauem

Eucken und innenwinkel.

\ II

I 3|

The foUowins dMcription of the adult hu been preiwred by Mr. Arthur Uibaon.
Chief AiaiaUuit Entomolofiat : —

Palpi cream coloured, irrorated with brown, darkened at tipa. Antennae bead and
thorax brown, abdomen paler of a oreaiqy brown colour. Forewing*: outer two-third*
whitiah partly luffuaed ':*ith gnv •■><! irrorated more or le«t with brown, particularly
alone the co«ta. Towards the centre of each wing, there i« a conupit-uou* velvety
black, rather triangulur-shaptHl, dorsal apot, crossed by two or three bars of the
surrounding colour of the wing. The markings on the outer portion of the wing, from
'he tip of the dorsal spot to the apical area are as follows : about midway there is a
series of elongate, velvety black dashes, three or four in number, thoae nearest the
apes being the longest; between these spots and the dorsal spot is a conspicuous metallic
gray band and between the same spots and the margin is a similar metallic band not
so conspicuous. Apical area dark brown, margin dark brown, close to which are spots
of the same colour. Cilia brown, darker at tips. Basal third of wing dark brown.
Hind wings brown. Under a lens the tips of the scalea are seen to be darker brown.

Wings beneath brown, the primaries with whitish costal spots. Body benonth piilf
creamy-brown. Legs brown, outside irrorated with cream and crossed by bands of
the same colour; pale cream inside.

Alar expanse 13-5 to 15-5 mm.

THE OBLIQUE-BANDED LEAF-ROLLER.
Cacoecia rotctceana Harris.

UrR-IIISTORY AND HABITS.

Although a leaf-roller by name, this insect in Nova Scotia is just as truly a bud-
mjth as any of the other 8i)ecie9 discussed in this bulletin. It is responsible for two
distinct types of injury which are apparent at different seasons of the year. The most
destructive type of injury although perhaps not the most evident, is seen in the spring
when the larvse have just emerged from their winter quarters and are fei-diiig on the
blossom buds. The second type of injury becomes apparent in the late summer, after
the eggs have been laid and when the young larva; start feeding on the under-leaf
surfaces.

This insect winters over in the larval state in typical bud-moth hil»erntuula,
skilfully concealed under minute bark flakes or more often under dead bud scales.
In some cases the larvte are found hiding in cracks or crevices iu the bark, surround('<l
and covered by a delicate silken covering. The nest is constructed of fine, soft, whitish
threads closely woven together to form a structure, very similar to that formed by
E. ocellana, yet distinctive in not having the exuvia of the previous moult woven
•" the nest, as is characteristic in the case of the eye-spotted bud-moth.

!th the coming of warm weather, the small caterpillars become active, and when
>f the buds start to unfold they leave their snug nests ana -^mmence to feed
>n bud tips. At first they attack only the external exposed portions, but
vfci. .ley eat their way into the centre of the buds where they feast on the tender

unopening flowers, destroying a large percentage and greatly reducing the set of fruit.
Here the larva- feed, tunnelling through the dormant blossoms until the buds hav(
fully burst, when they attack the expanding leaves.

When not ."jctually feedinp. the larvse rest in shelters formed by rolling over, nni'
tying down the edges of the leaves with fine silken threads ; which habit gives to them
the name of leaf-rollers. Until the middle of Ji'ne the caterpillars can bo foun.l
on the foliage, in the majority of cases in distinct shelters, but occasionally wnndcr
ing freely over the leaves. In this particular the species differs from the eye-spotte^l
bud-moth which is always found concealed in its leafy nest. If disturbed when feedinp.
the larvtB usually drop very quickly from the leaves, moving backward with quic1<

tl

wiggling motion and lowering themselve* down by mflana of fine silken tbreada.
This action is very characteristic, and i« resorted to when the lurv* are diKturbed
by any exterior stimulus.

On June 18, the first pup* were noted, the caterpillars transforming nmong folded
leaves, and by July B, all the larv» under observation with one exception had pupated.
This one moulti'd onoe more than the others and did not transform until Ju'y 17,
when it was in the seventh ir.'tar.

The first adult emerged on July 0, and by the 13th of the month all of those
reared on the winjj. On July 1.3, the first egg cluster was deposited, and by the
20th the eggs commenced hatching.

The behaviour of the larv« at the time of hatching is most interesting. In one
egg mass of over ISO eggs, 90 per cent of the larvK emerged in less than ten minutes.
It is a noteworthy fact that out of 150 ejrgs after an incubation period of two weeks,
135 of them became mature within ten minutes of each other. The regularity of
their emergence is marvellous.

E. Dwight Sanderson and Alma Dyer Jackson, in the Journal of Economic
Entomology, Vol. II, page 391, December, 1009, state that the average number of
osK* i)cr mass of this species as found by them in Ohio is 117, and that the average
number of eggs deposited by one '-"male is 3<>5.

Almost immediately after chiirr, the tiny caterpillars spread to the lower
leaves and limbs of the tree, th ..ajority letting themselves down by silken threads,
a ie\. crawling down by way of the petiole. During this change the larvie hang
suspended in great numbers, and for long periods of time by delicate silken threads
from the margin of the leaves, when they may easily be blown to the ground by even
moderate winds. By this mctins and by their inability to find limbs or foliage, upon
which to alight while descinding. large numbers of them are lost in weeds or loose
soil at the foot of the tree. This is an important factor in their control.

After wandering over the leaves for a few hours the larvie finally settle down,
choosing the under surface in preference to the upper, upon which to feed and live.
While feeding they spin on the side away from the leaf, loosely-woven shelters which
are flat and waxy white in colour. After thi>sc arc fiiriu'>il the caterpillars lie, in
almost all cases, with their dorsal surfaces towards the leaves and their ventral
turfaces next to the rtch. Thi, position is maintained throughout their whole larval
life in the fall, even when lutually feeding, the larv» at such times bending their
hend^ back until the mouth p^rts tome into contact with the leaf „.:rface.

The fall injury cousi-t- uf a j.iir'ial sk.lctonizing of the leaf, the larva-, however,
coufiniiiK themselves altogether tn the lewer surfiu-c. Hidden securely under the
silken webs they gnaw away the underlayers of leaf tissues, censing before the upper
surfioe is reached. In this wa> a greater or lesser amount of injury is done to the
foliage, depending on the deurree of infestation wiii<'h results in a diminished food
supply and weaker fruit buds for the coming season.

The lar\a! remain on the leaves for nearly four week'. Towards the last of
Aupust they enter their winter charters, and by the end of the month few are to bo
found on the leaves, the ohl shelters ami feedinu' prrounds alone showing where the
caterpillars have been at work.

There is only one peneration of the oblique-banded leaf roller each year, in
Xova Scotia.

Description of Caroeeia '•osarfn. TTarris.

'• ■

The mass is oval in shape, 1-2 mm lon-i, -S n.,.. nidc: the eggs laid overlapping,
shingle-like, in flat irregular pale green masses which appear as though covered with
a thin film of wax. The membrane enveloping the <'ge is very thin and transparent
and is traversed by a fine network of ridges which divides the surface into many
irresriilar cells. This membrane is finely pitted. Five ejjg masses collected in the field
in Nova Scotia gave an average nuniin'r of eggs per mass of LW.

32

THR LABVA.

'1

^

1

i ■

I ^

5teije 7. Leniirth after emerpring 1 -7 mm. Head -24 mm. wide, shiny blaclc. Mouth
parts light brown. General body colour pi\le yellow to lemon yellow. Prothoracic
shield slightly daricer in colour, shiny. Tubercles raised, also pale yellow, eaoh bear-
ing a short yellow stta. Thoracic feet, prolegs and anal plate concolourous with body.

Stage II. Length soon after moulting 2-6 mm. Head -34 mm. wide, light olive-
green, shiny; ocelli black. Prothoracic shield also light oliye green, somewlint darker
on i)03terior third. General body <'olour dark to dirty yellow. Tubercles now more
distinct, being still concolourous with body but more prominent, each furnished with
a single hair. Anal plate, thoracic feet and prolegs all concoloiirous with body.

Stage III. Length 4-0 mm. Head -4.3 mm. wide, light brown in colour, shiny:
ocelli black. Prothoracic shield slightly lighter in colour. General body colour dark
yellow, the intestine showing through as a darker band. Tubercles more distinct,
raised above and concolourous with the surrounding surface. Each tubercle tipped
with brown and bearing a short seta. True legs black, prolegs dark yellow. Anal
plate shield-shaped, concolourous with general body colour. Hibernation takes place
in this stage.

Stage IV. Length 6-5 mm. Head 57 mm. wide, jet black or brown, shiny;
mouthparta prominent, greyish, tipped with black. Prothoracic shield piceous or
brown, bearing an anterior yellow band varying in width. General body colour yellow-
ish-green. Tubercles darker, tipped with blnok, each bearing n silky hair. Spiracles
•aised, surrounded by a dark ring. Thoracic legs black, prolegs concolourous with
oody. Aiinl plate comp.iratively small, shield-shaped, very light brown in colour and
furnished with long hairs.

Stage V. Length 8-5 mm. Head -95 mm. wide, piceous or brown. Mouthparts
varying in colour, in part light yellow tipped with black, the remainder wholly black.
Prothoracic shield concolourous with head. General body colour a shade darker thim
in previous stage. Tubercles tipped with black, each bearing a moderately Ions;
silky hair. Spiracles raised, circular, with dark rim. Prolegs concolourous witli
venter, each Ijcaring two dark bands situated on their outer lateral surfaces. True lepr
piceous. Anal plate darker green than general body colour.

Stage VI. Length 15 mm. Head 1.75 mm. wide, shiny black or occasionall.v
brown. Mouthparts very light brown. Prothoracic shield concolourous with head
divided by a medio-dorsal green line. Dorsum dark velvety green, with a narrow-
darker green, dorsal line extending along its entire length. Venter much paler green
Tubercles lighter green than dorsum. Spiracles round, ringed with black. True lep>
black, prolegs concolourous with venter. Anal plate large, shield-shaped, a shndt
lighter in colour than dorsum.

All the larvB! reared with the exception of one, pupated in this instar. A sint'l'
individual moulted a sixth time, and did not pupate until the seventh stage was reacheil
when the body measured 18-19 mm. long and the head 2-2 mm. wide.

THE PUPA.

Length 13 mm. Width where widest 3-2 mm. General body colour rich brown
darker on dorsal than on ventral side. Wing covers slightly wrinkled, more marked))
so on posterior third. Abdominal segments finely pitted on anterior half, coarsely .-(
on posterior. Dorsal segments bearing two rows of blunt spines. Spiracles oval, raised
darker brown than general body colour. Abdomenal segments bearing many yello«
silky hairs. Cremaster black, much wrinkled, bearing light out-curving hooks, foui
of which are situated at the apex in a cluster, and the remaining four are borne ir
pairs a third of tho way down, on opposite sides of the cremaster.

33

THE ADULT. '

The following description is taken from a "Treatise on Some of the Insects
Injurious to Vegetation," by T. W. Harris, pages 480-481 1862 Edition:

" The moth closely resembles the Lozotaenia} oporana of Europe, but differs from
it in having the fore-wings broader at the base, more curved on the front edges, and
more hooked at the tip, but its markings are also somewhat different. It may be called
Lozolaenia rosaceana (Fig. 238), the oblique-banded moth of the rose tribe, for to the
latter the apple tree be'o'v .i- well as the rose. The fore-wings of this moth are very
much arched on the' ■uU-r L-<J,!a, '.r.'A curve in the contrary direction at the tip, like
a little hook or shor lai!. Thuy art: .u a light cinnamon-brown colour, crossed with
little wavy darker-br wj- '.-ics, iind vil: three, broad, oblique, dark brown bands, whereof
one covers the base >-f t !,c win;?, and is often times indistinct or wanting, the second
crosses the middle oi -it "s^ ind the third, which is broad on the front edge and
narrow behind, is near the outer hi^J margin of the wing. The hind wings are ochre-
yellow, with the folded part next to the body blackish. It expands one inch or a little
more."

THE LESSER BUD-MOTH.

M '■

Recurvaria nanella lib.

In the summer of 1916, while working on the life-history of the eye-spotted bud-
moth J), ocellana, it was found that all the larvae being reared did not belong to the
same species. Some of them, although in the same instar, were smaller than others
and showed marked differences in colour and width of head. These also pupated when
much smaller and formed pupal cases differing in colour and size. Upon emerfjing
it became clear that the adults developing from the larger larvte were true eye-spotted
bud-moths, while the moths formed from the smaller caterpillars belonged to an
Imported species, namely, R. nanella, the lesser bud-moth. The larvse of both species
had been gathered at the same time in the opening buds, before the differences in size
and colour, which develops later in the season, had become apparent. As far as can be
ascertained this is the first time this species has been reported from Nova Scotia.

This accidental intermixing of species spoiled to a large extent our work on
T. ovellana /or the year and although revealing the presence of R. nanella, neverthe-
less prevented us from getting a true account of its life-history as well. Hence the
iiifornintion herein contained Ims been taken from bulletin No. 1i:l, I'lMtcd S'Mti's
Department of Agriculture, " The Le=ser Bud-moth," by E. W. Scott and .1. H. Paine,
and from J. T. Houghton's paper, " Contriliutions to the Life-history of fJelecnia
nanella."

LIFE-HISTOBY AND H ABITS.*

"The first months issued in rearing cages at Benton Harbour, Mich., on June 22.
Some individuals may have emerged in the orchards before this date, for they were
found there in considerable numbers on June 23. In the rearing cages the maximum
emergence took place on June 30, and the last moths to appear issued on July 10 ; the
period of emergence thus covered was 19 days.

" During the first few days of emergence the number of males issuing was greatly
in excess of the females; towards the last of the period, however, the reverse was true.

>Thl« word li probably a typoKi-anhlcal error In the "CatalOKUe" of Mr. Stephens, by
whom th« Kcnus wa« proposed. It has, however, been copied In several other works by other
:Lulhors, without correction or comment. Loxotaenia meanlnB oblique band, seems to be »•
right name for ths moths of this genus, which are distinguished by the oWlQue tends on their
fore-wings. Harris " Treatise on Some Insects Injurious to Vegetation. ' 1882 EMItlon.

» Bull. No. 118, U.S. Department of Agriculture, by Scott and Paine

34

TV

i

I '
ii'

■i

"In the field the moths were found in large numbers resting on the trunks of trees
They remained motionless until touched, and even then often flew only a shor
distance, taking a new |)0:<ition on the same trunk. As many as fifteen were countei
on the shady side of the trunk of a Kieffer pear tree. However, the insecta did no
confine themselves to the trunks of the trees alone, but were occasionally found restin)
upon near-by weeds or upon the branches and, in a few cases, upon the leaves.

" All attempts to feed the moths in captivity failed. They apparently refused t<
taste the brown sugar syrup offered them. Nor were attempts to obtain eggs in con
finement more successful, as the insects would not oviposit under the unnatural con
ditions of the rearing cage."

THE LARVA.

" It is in the larval stage that Recurvaria nanella spends most of its life. Ii
IScnton Unrbour t'- cgsrs commenced hatching about July 15. The larva? at thi
time are very small, measuring scarcely more than 1 mm. in length. They at onci
bore through the epidermis of the leaf on the under side and commence the construe
tion of a most curiously shaped mine in the inner tissues of the leaf.

'• The lorva first eats its way in a small circle, then constructs a main burrov
wiiich soon divides, the branches in turn again dividing, often ofter the manner o
the branches of a tree. The form of these mines, however, is by no means regular, bu
shows considerable diversity. The insect does not finish the construction of an;
branch of the mine iit once, but feeds at will in all parts, keeping the whole min
open and ejecting all excrement at the point of entrance. Thus, if the larva, whicl
can be seen through the epidermis, be disturbed, it will rapidly crawl to another par
of the mine; and if followed, will escaj)e at the entrance hole.

" The larvff show no preference as to the point of entrance, eating their way inti
the leaf tissues at any point from the midrib to the edge.

'' One or many mines may be constructed in a single leaf, according to the degrei
of infestation. Where the insects are numerous, the mines form a networ. coverinf
the leaf. It is evident that the adult female in depositing her eggs lays a number a
one time on adjacent leaves, iis the mines usually appear in groups, several affectc(
leaves occurring on the samp Aigs or on neighbouring twigs.

" Upon the arrival of the first cold days of fall, the larvie begin leaving the mine;
to construct the small silken hibernacula in which they pass the winter. The desertioi
of the Irnf mine- <'oniinenccd about September 12 (191;1), the teuipcratuii' showiii)
the first considerable drop of the season at that time. B.v September 17, practically
nil the Inrvir had disappcard from the mines. However, up m picking off -mall piece
of loosened bark, or lifting up old bud scales, the larviP were discovered spinning tin
minute cocoons which were to be their winter shelter.

" No preference was shown in the selection of a place for hibernation, the Inrvii
taking possession of the first available protection. On large trees they c -ifinc tliein
selves to the twigs and smaller branches, but on small trees they may he found ii
abundance on the large limbs and trunk. The hibernating larva* on large tree-!, evei
where the infestation is severe, are difficult of location, being very small and ineoii
spicuous. However, after a few days in the spring the larvir begin to appear in gre:ii
numbers as if spontaneously.

" As the weather warms, and the hxuh on the fruit trees swell, one may discover
upon close observation, minute masses of reddish or greenish pellets upon the buds
This is the cxi-rement which the larva within has deposited at the entrance to if-
burrow.

" The first larva" at Benton ITarbonr were observed working in the buds in con-
siderable numbers on April l."), when the buds were just beginning to swell. Tin v
probably began emerging in small numbers one or two days before.

" The insect appears to show little preference as to the point of its attack on tlif
bud, for it enters either at the side or at the tip. .As a rule those entering at the siik

1

do so just at the edge of the bud scaler, although somctimi-s one will pierce the scales
themselves, lu a few cases larrs were noted entering buds which bad not begun to
swell, but which were still in a dormant state. Uver the entrance to the burrow, the
caterpillar spins a fine net-like web. The larva burrows to the centre of the bud both
by means of eating itii way in, the material passing through its alimentary canal, and
by biting ( ' and carrying bits of leaf to the outside. The latter method is used when
the insect is piercing the tough outer layers of the bud.

" Should the temperature drop after a warm day has tempted the caterpillars to
come out of hibernation, but before they have had the opportunity to enter a bud, they
will seek shelter under loose bark on the limbs. Many larva> were found under the
bark on April 16, but by April 2:i all had apparently entered bud>.

" As before mentioned, the larva upon entering the bud makes its way directly to
the centre, there feasting on the tender ovary of the unopened flower, a few only
attacking leaf-buds. It ie this habit which causes tlie greatest amount of injury, for
often every bud on a large limb will be affected. After consuming the inner portions,
the larva- feed upon the leafy tissue of the bud, remaining within '<iitil the bud expands
an<l the leaves begin to unfold.

" As the first leaves open out, the larva fastens them together, spinning its fine
strand of silk as it crawls about. It now constructs for itself a shelter or cocoon of
silk, often rolling over the edge of a leaf and constructing '!t from within, or bringing
the tips of several leaves together and spinning it in the midst, or making a combina-
tion of the two methods. As a rule, the larvsB during the day nre to lie found at rest
within this cocoon, giving evidence for the supposition that the insects are nocturnal
feeders.

" On May 15 it was noticed that some of the nests in the leaves were empty, and
by the next day a large percentage of the larvae had disappeared. However, a search
revealed the caterpillars under bits of loose bark on the limbs and trunk constr\icting
cocoons in which to pupate. On large trees where there is a great deal of roughened
bark the cocoons are difficult to locate, but on smaller trees they will be found clus-
tered in the crevices on the trunk ; this is especially true on young pear trees, where
most of the bark is smooth, affording the insects no shelter. A search among the leaves
and debris on the ground beneath the trees revealed a few larvw transforming in the
shelter there afford"o.

'■The las) ig larvsp in the orchard were found on June 10. Thus the larval

stage covers a ■ > period of about 10 months.

" The firsi )f the lesser bud-moth were found on May 18 under the loose

bark op tiie tru..iis of young peach trws, encased in their small, white silken cocoons.
The last larvae to pupate in the rearing cages did so on June Ifi. The average time
spent n-i a pupa is about 19 days, varying, however, from lit to .30 days."

Ill Nova Scotia the following facts regarding the life-history of the lesser bud-
moth may be of interest to orchardists. All data were collected in 191.").

May 10. — LarvH" first entering buds.

■July 1-12. — Larva- pupating.

July 2!>-August 4. — Adults emerging.

Late August. — Larva- hibernating.

Desciiiptiox of Recurvaria nnn-clla Tib.

" Some of the eggs received had been loosely deposited among the hairs on the
underside of an apple leaf, singly or s( veral sticking together, for the most part along
tlie veins of the leaf. Another lot had been deposited on a twig under the edge of a
small scale. The egg is oblong, inclined to bo cylindrical, though irregularly so. and

1 Bull. No. lis. U.S. D»partment of AKflculture, by Scott and Paine.

PIT

^Hl

is flattened where it comes in contact with another in the cluster. It is minute in
size, measuring about 0-32 mm. long by 0-2 mm. broad, and is pale shining yellow in
colour."

THE LARVA.

The larva, which is a characteristic gelechid, is when joung, russet-brown in
colour, with the head, upper surface of the legs, a plate on segment 2, and a small
plate on the anal segment Vandyke brown. Soon after issuing from their hibern-.tion
in the spring they lose the anal plate, ai.d as they reach their full growth, many of
them turn from brown to pale green, while others exhibit various shades between the
two. This colour variation of the larva has ." effect on the appearance of the moth,
for both brown and green larvae have been isolated and reared, resulting in adults of
a imiform type.

Upon hatching, the larva is very tiny, measuring a little over 1 mm. in length.
Growth is slow, for at the time of hibernation it measures only 2 0 to 2-5 nmi. and
when full grown is from 8 to 10 mm. long.

THE POPA.

Shortly after transforming, the pupa-, as did the larva;, vary in colour from
brown to green; in a few days however they all turn brown. Length 4 to 5 mm.

THE ADULT.l

The following technical description is th^ ijiven by Mr. August Busck for R. cra-
taegella, which species is synonymous with Geiechia nanella:

" Vntennae, whitish, with indistinct, narrow dark-brown annulations. Labial
pa'- whitisli, with two black annulations, on each joint; tip white. Face, head and
...jrax white suffused with fuscous.

" Fore-'-^ngs white, thickly sprinkled with fuscous. From near the base of the
costa is aii outwardly directed, oblique, ill-defined black streak, which does not reach
the dorsal edge, and which is more or less interrupted at fold and bordered on tho
outside with white scales. From the middle of the costa is a similar, parallel, inter-
rupted dark streak still less clearly defined. At the end of the cell in the middle of
the wing is a short, black, longitudinal streak : below this on the dorsal edge is a small
black spot, and on the costal edge are two similar black spots, one at the apical third
the other just before the apex. Cilia white, speckled black, and fuscous. Hind wings
light silvery fuse jus; cilia a shade lighter than wing; male without costal hair pencil.

"Abdomeri dark fuscous, anal tuft silvery gray; legs white, with black annula-
tions; hairs on posterior tibia silvery white. Alar expanse, 12 mm."

THE GREEN BUD-WORM.
Argyroploce consanguinana Wlsm.

LIFE-HISTORY AND HABITS.

Although found generally throughout Nova Scotia this speoiee of which the host
plant is unknown, strangely enough, has been found feeding on apples only in Kent-
ville and vicinity. In this district it is a common and serious pest, materially
lessening the set of the fruit, as well as damaging the foliage in fall and spring. To
ascertain the comparative seriousness of this bud-worm and Tmetocera ocellana, counts
were made in 24 plots, where it was found that 78-65% of the infested blossoms har-
boured larvffi of tho eye-spotted bud-moth, while the remaining 21-46% of the infesta
tion was due to the green bud-worm.

iBull. No. 113, U.S. Department of Ajrrlculture, by Scott and Pnlne.

f:

rr

The &■ o!i iirtially g^own larvK pass tlie winter in silken neets, hidden uway
under smal ■ .'es of bark, bud-scales or in minute cracks or crevices. The nests
which are ^ Uy roundish-oval in shape, on an average are about 1 mm. long
and -6 mm. wide The silken threads of which the nests are composed are very tine,
waxy white in colour and woven into a web of soft texture. As a rule the nests are
solitary, but are occasionally found in groups of two or three. Apparently the larvie
moult just before closing themselves into their winter nests, for with one exception,
in all cases noted the ecdysed head was found resting on its base, on the outside of the
liibernaculum. In t. single instance a larva was found completely enclosed in its
winter nest, with th3 exception of its head, which protruded through a smatl hole in
the web. Evidently while in this position the larva makes its final moult, and
leaving the ecdysed head on the outside of the nest covers over the hole and settles
down for the winter. The p'vsition of the moulted heads, always resting on tlieir
bases on the outside of the hibernaculum, points to thi> ^ruth of this.

When the tips of the buds show green, the larxa; leave their w'nter quarters and
ciiinnience feeding on tlie tender foliage, bor-ig their way into the centre of the buds
where they feast on the tender Uossoms, killing great numbers of them and materinlly
reducing the crop for the coming season. When the blossoms have burst, the larvie
continue feeding on the expanding leaves which they draw together into a loose nest
by means of fine silken strands. Some of the partially ea'.en leaves soon turn brown,
rendering the work of the insect much more conspicuoi"..

Like the obliciue-banded leaf-roller, this bud-moth is not so dejiendent on its nest
iis is the eye-spotted bud-moth, for in the majority of cases it is found in a much more
(>ix.<n, loosely built nest, and occasionally wanders freely over the leaves without a
siielter of any kind. Ihe green bud- worm, also strongly resembles the oblique-bandi-d
loiif-roller in its habits and actions. It is very active wlien feotiing, quickly travelling
over the leaf surfaces, and if disturbed, exhibits great agility in dropping oflf the
leaves to the ground by means of a silken thread.

The larv» become mature in the second and third wei'ks of June, transforming
within the folde<l leaves to naked black pupiD. If "the caterpillars are isheltered on a
nest at the time of pupation they usually transform there, but if wandering over the
t'oliiifr,, they fold over the edge of a leaf, binding it down with strands of silk, and
pupate therein.

lietween June 2nth and July 13th, or about three weeks after pupation, the
ndults emerge. Mating now takes place, and in three to sevtn days the minute, trans-
iueent eggs are to be found, laid singly for the most part, on the uniler surface of
the leaves; in this respect they are similar to the eggs of the eye-spotted bnd-moth,
wliieli are generally laid on the under surface.

The incubation period is from 9 to 11 days and the Inrvir after hatching at once
start to wander over the leaves, confining themselves for the most part to the under
-urfiiee. After about an hour fading ei)mmenees, the eaterpil'ars cutting small
• iroular holes through the lower epidermal and mesophyll tissues. During tiie v>roeess
iticy weave nbove themselves a fine network of silken threads to form a ''at-spreading
>lielter. Soon after this, the larva- once more begin to wander over the leaves
at riindoni, feeding and spinning temporary shelters ns they go. After four or five
liiiiirs the lar\tr selwt suitable spots near the midrib or one of its larger veins.
niul there build permanent shelters which are roughly tubular in form, open at both
ends and produced to form a flat spreading shelter above the insects' feeding ground.
Here the larvm rest and feed devouring the lower half of the leaf tissue, acting
as partial miners.

Like the eye-spotted bud-moth this species damages the surface of the fruit in
the fall by tying one or more leaves to an apple, and while living between them gnaws
mall circular holes into the side of the fruit. The tendency of this injury is to
it -ease the No. JJ's in a cron nt the expense of the higher priced grades.

On the first cool 'liirhts of August the caterpillars become restless, and as
e.Tily as August 14th. a tew have !>een found busily spinning their nest^ under minute

y

- iKk

38

iti I

&

flakes of bud scales, preparatory to hibernating. By August IS, all the larva: in the
rearing cage had deserted their shelters on the leaves and were *to be found snugly
housed in their hibernacula, awaiting the opening of the buds in the spring.

DfsrBiPTiov OF Argyroploce comanguinana Wlsm.

THE KOU.

Oval to pear shaped, some more irregular. Average length -86 mm., •( j mm. wide.
Naturally laid singly on the under surface of the leaves, but in captivity sometimes in
clusters of three or more. The eggs closely resemble a small flat drop of wax. In the
mpjority of cases the edge of the egg is flattened into a flange like area which varies
in width with the different eggs. The upper surface is closely marked with netted,
vein-like ridges which converge into each other to form many irregular cells. General
surface finely granulose, while the whole egg is translucent, in parts almost transparent.

TlIK l.Aln A.

Stage I. Length soon after hatching l-0^1.>s mm. Head ■•20 mm. wide, black
and shiny. Prothoracic shield olive-green. Upon hutching, tlie lBr\a' ure of a '.If
yellow colour. After a short time, however, this deepens until a shade between an
orange and lemon is reached. Tubercles very distinct, slightly raised, each furnished
with a short yellow hair. Anal plate and all legs concolourous with body.

Stage 11. Length 2-25 mm. Head -27 mm. wide, black and shiny. Mouth parts
light brown. General body colour a shade darker than ohrnnie yellow. I'rotlioraeit
shield brownish-orange. Tubercules concolourous with body, inconspicuous, raised
slightly, each furnished with a short yellow seta on the venter. The third thoracic and
first six abdominal segments each bear a single, round, reddish brown spot in the
centre; these spots are not superficial but lie below and show through the skin.
Thoracic feet and prolegs concolourous with body; anal plate a shade darker.

Stage III. Length 2-70 mm. Head .33 mm. wide, pitchy black, shiny, anterior
third a shade lighter in colour; mouth-parts much ligliter. Prothoracic shield olive
green. Gem ral body colour pale orange. Tubercles indistinct, slightly raised, con
oolourous with body, each bearing a short yellow hair. Spiracles round, ringed witl;
black. The reddish-brown spots described in the previous stage still distinct. Tlioracii
feet and prolegs concolourous with venter. Anal plate shield-shaped, much darken
than general body colour. Hibernation takes place in this stage.

Stage IV. Length i-!> mm. Head -51 mm. wide, jet black, shiny. Month parts
for the most part very light yellow. Prothoracic shield also black and shiny, (ienenil
lM)dy colour dark green, first and second thoracic segments a shade darker. Tubercule>
distinct, darker than body, tipped with black. Spiracles raised, bounded by a jel
Mack ring. Anal plate shield-shaped, much darker than body. True Icps, blai'k
markedly so at tip. Prolegs concolourous with body. The large reddish-brown ventrn
spots on segments 3-10 are also distinct in this stage.

Stage V. length C mm. Head -79 mm. wide, piceous, shiny. Mouth parts trans
lucent, brownish at tips. Prothoracic shield very darg brown. General body colour
dark green. Tubercles a .'^hade darker, tipped with black, each bearing a single hair
Spiracles slightly raised, surrounded by a dark ring. True legs piceous, jirolegs con
colourous with body. Anal plate shield-shaped, very dark green, almost black. Tin
ventral reddish brown spots are now very indistinct.

Stage TI. Length 11 -.I mm. Head 1-9 mm. wide, piceous, shiny. Mouth part-
light brown in colour, in part translucent. Prothoracic shield, pitchy black. Genern
body colour very dark green. Tubercles distinct, black. Spiracles slightly r.iised
circular, bounded by a dark-coloured ring. True legs jet black, prolegs concolourou-
with body, posterior pair marked with blsek. Anal plate shield-shaped to cir^ubir
black. Ventral reddish-brown spots only faintly discernible

THE PUPA.

Length 10-5 mm. Width at widest part 3 mm. General colour pitchy black,
thiny. Wing-cases shallowly wrinkled, more marked on posterior third. Abdomenal
segments more or less coarsely pitted, dorsal half of each bearing two rows of short
spines. Spiracles prominent, pimple-like, rounded to oval, jet black. Cremaster
furnished with numerous reddish-brown spines, each terminating with an incurring
hook.

ORIGINAL DF.SCRIPTIOX OF ADULT.

Olethreules consaguinatia Wlsm. ///. Lep. Hel. Brit. Mua. IV. SO, 1879.

"Penthina consangn ^ana." — "Palpi short, obtusp; antennae slightly pubescent;
thorax mot*'ed white ana brown fuscous, with a raised umber brown tuft behind it.
Fore-wings with a costa evenly arched, apical margin oblique, not indented, rather
yellowish white, with an oblique narrow fascia near the base and a rather oblique
broad central fascia, convex at its outer edge and much widened towards the dorsal
margin, mottle<1 with brownish fuscous, the spaoi; between them as well as the base
of the winK being almost obscured by brownish fuscous streaks and mottlings; three
small costal spots are conspicuous between the fascise; beyond the outer fascia are
four or five grey costal spots and a triangular grey shade at the apex, which is con-
tinued in a broken line along the apical margin; before this is a greyish fuscous
horseshoe-.-liaped spot, conspicuous upon the plain ground colour of the wing, some-
times connected at its outer edge with the apical margin; a pale fuscous line runs
ivithin the base of the cilia, the points of which are also touched with fuscous. Hind
wings whitish stone-grey, with paler cilia. Abdomen and anal tuft slightly ochreous.
.1, 2. Expanse of wings 21 niillims."

" This species differs from P. variegana Huhn. (No. 937, Woche's Cat.) in having
no grey shading on the plain apical portion of the wing, with the exception of the one
horseshoe-shaped spot, also in the larger and more diluted costal spots and more defined
fontral fascia. It lacks the strong ochreous tint of P. ochroleucana Hubn. (No. 939,
Woche's Cat.) and has paler hind wings than that species; and it may be at once
distinguished from P. capraena Hubn. (P. moestana. Woche; No. 931, Woche's Cat.),
Iiy the convex (not concave) outer edsre of the central fascia. In a considerable series
from California obtained in May, June and July, I have found no specimen which
could not at once be separated from the numerous nearly allied European forms, at
least so far as I am acquainted with them.

" Penthina nimbatana Clem., which is the Penthina contratiana of Walker, differs
from consanguinana in its smaller size and in the almost unspotted white apical portion
of the wing, which contains no horseshoe mark."

'

ACKXOWLED( iMEXTS.

The writers wish here to acknowledge the work of the late Mr. J. C. Shipton,
who acted ks assistant in the laborati(ry in 191:!, and who lias since died while serving
with Canadian Expeditionary Forces in Franct>.

To Mr. C. II. Richardson, Jr., they arc indebted for determining hymenoptera,
and to Mr. August Busck for doterniiniiig reared siKH'inicns of Argi/roploce cousan-
ijiihinn and Recurvaria name la.

To Messrs. S. B. Chute of Berwick, X.S. ; R. S. Eaton, of Kentville, N.S. ; A. Fitz
Randolps of Bridgetown, N.S. and Geo. Iloyt of .\nnapolis, N.S.. they are indebted
f"r tlic \i6e of orchards for experimental work.