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D D D Additional comments / p.g. 393 f . I«»rr«:tly m-b.r«l p.g. 93. Comnwntaires suppWmentaires: i~ii" "• This Htm is f llmtd st ths rsduetion rstio chseksd btlow / Cs doeumsnt est f ilm« su tsux ds reduction Indiqui ci-dsssous. lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12x 16x 20x 24x 21 — 1 i 1 L__J IX 99v Th« copy fllmad h«r« has bMfi raproducad thanks to tha s*(^arosity of: Itafvm^lt* da Nontrtel Facuitt dB atdacliw vttirimira Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha baat qualhy poaaibia eonsMaring tha condition and lagibility of tha original copy and in icaaping with tha filming eontraet spaciflcationa. L'axamplaira filni* fut raproduit grica k la g4n«roaiti da: Ufilvm^ltt da Itoiitr«a1 FacHltft da aidacliia vattrlnalr* Las imagas suivantas ont it* raproduitas avac la plus grand soin, eompta tanu do la condition at da la nattat* da raxamplaira film*, at an conformM avac las conditions du contrst da filmaga. Original capias in printad papar covars ara fllmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tho last paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- sion. or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or Illuatratad Impraa- sion. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or Hluatratad impraaaion. Tha laat racordad frama on aach microfleha shall contain tha symbol — ^^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol V (moaning "END"). whichavar appliaa. Maps, platas. charts, ate. may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thoso too larga to ba antiraly included in ona axposura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand comor. loft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha mathod: Laa aKamplairaa originaux dont la eouvartura an papiar aat ImprimAa sont filmte sn commancant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit psr Is domlAro paga qui comporta una amprointa d'imprassion ou d'illustration. soit par la sacond plat, salon lo cas. Tous las autras axamplsiras originaux sont filmto an commandant par la pramiira paga qui eomporto una amprainta d'impraasion ou d'illustration at 9n tarminant par la damiAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Un daa symbolas suivants spparattra sur la darniira imaga da ehaqua microficha. talon la cas: la symbola —^ signifis "A SUIVRE '. la symbols ▼ signifis "FIN". Laa cartas, pianchas. tablaaux. ate. pauvant «tra film«s i daa taux da reduction diff«rsntt. Lorsquo la document ast trap grand pour Atra raproduit an un saul clich*. il ast film* * partir da I'angla supdriaur gaucha, da gi.ucha A droita. at da haut an bas. an pranant la nombra d'imagas ndcassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mdthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MIOtOCOrY RESOIUTION TBT CHAtT (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) tmm ■ 23 Ui ini l» |U 13^ IB IS |4^ ■ 2.2 ll ^ ^ /APPLIED IN/MGE 1653 east Moin Street Rochester. Ne» York 14609 USA (716) 482 - 0300- Ption. (7)6) 288 - 5989 - Fa« Th< Horseman's Friend AND Veterinary Adviser BY PROF. JAMES LAW, V.S. CORNELL UNIVERSITY A Complete and Handy Treatise on Domestic Animals To which i> added an article by J. G. 1UTHERFORD. Chief Veterinary Inspector. ON 1 ne Breeding in Guiada of Horses for Army Use. ILLUSTRATED. TORONTO THE MUSSON BOOK COMPANY. LIMITED. «:»„^i, J! T ' P™** °* immense benefit to the Farmers and Stock Owners on this continent, and, at the same time' ft wiH b^ of great service to the Veterinary Practitioner. --Dr A Smith VS Prtncipaloftke Ontario Vtlerinary ColUge, Toronl ' ■^" CONTENTS. I.- II.- III.- IV.- V- Vi.- VII.- VIII. IX. X. XI. XII.. XIII.- XIV.- XV.- XVI.- >CVII.- XVIII.— XIX. XX. XXI.. XXII.- Index, •History of the Horse, - -Contagious and Epizootic Di;>eases, '~f arasiteS| • • - . -Dietetic and Constitutional Diseases. - -Diseases of the Respiratory OrgansV " Heart, - - _ * . Blood Vessels and Lym- phatics, - . . ■ " M Digestive Organs, Liver, - - - . : " ;; pancreas and Spleen, - Urinary Organs, - M Oi'gans of Generation, Mamma (Udder) and Teat^ - - . • :: " Eyes CI • T^• *' Nervou. -System, - bkin Diseases, - - . . General Diseases of Bones. Joint's and Muscles, - - . . •Special inju-ies of Bones. T^fnts and" Muscles, - -Diseasesof the Foe, - . T " -Diseased Cirowths, '- . Explanation of Terra*. - I ' Drugs and Doses, . . " " -Education and Training of the Ho'rse, -' How to Break up Bad Habiu and Vices ol the Hors^ - . . . ^ PAOB. »/ 39 87 95 104 136 '47 '54 205 221 223 256 260 267 2S3 305 325 364 3«9 396 403 410 42s The Breeding in Canada OF Horses for Army Use. While the supply of horses suitable for military use has always, even in times of peace, been a serious ques- tion, the experience of our South African troubles has given it an importance altogether new and somewhat startling. It has now been cleariy shown that troops under modem conditions of warfare must be able to move rapidly from place to place, and that the mounted soldier has thus an immense advantage over the less mobile infantry man. • u «^^^ development has led to the purchase by the Brit- ish Government, during the recent campaign," of a very much larger number of horses than would otherwise have been required. Nor has the lesson been learned by Britain alone; all military nations have been closely watching the operations in South Africa, and there is no J'oom /or doubt that the general demand for horses suit- able for army purposes will be much greater in the future than in the past. Of the horses purchased for use in Africa the Dominion has by no means furnished her fair share, although in addition to those taken by our contingents, a considerable number have been picked up in Eastern Canada by Lt.-Col. Dent of the Remount De- partment of the British Army. It is, however, an easy matter at present to obtain in this country any large number of horses altogether suitable for army use No encouragement to produce them has, until very recently been shown to breeders, and there being no very active home demand for any but the vest best of the sorts now asked for, they have not been bred to anvthing like the extent of which the country is capable. After the visit of Colonel Ravenhill in 1887, the western ranchers in BREEDING OF HORSES FOR ARMY USE. 9 expectation of a market, went to much trouble and ex- ftock and^r^^r^^ ^'"P^'^'"^ ^"^t^ble foundation fiiS ;i«« V^u^ '"'''•' successful in producing many first-class cavalry horses. As however, beyond a limited ?eTb; 1? V"' North-West Mo^;nteJ Police and a V. fv. u^'^^ ^^y^^' there was no sale for them as o?her and'll'".^"^ '^'^''^ *"™«^ ^^eir attentrn To of stcick ' circumstances, more profitable lines ■ sl?d ""ml^w conditions in Canada are, it need hardly -e said, most favourable for the production of the ani ma s wanted, while in the .vent of serious "nternaLnal disturbance Canadian horses would always be available ttml^T"'"''' ^^'^^** "'^^ht be impossMe to procure them m foreign countries. Again, through the Sum of our great trans-continental railway thev cmiW S shipped from either Atlantic or Pacific porte to any pa^? of the world where they might be required ^ ^ uJ^JT"^, P^ t*^® ^t*"""^ possibility that the deman,! ?he b;e';S if 7i!' " '""l '"*"^/ /-«h as to wZant iiie oreeaing m tair numbers of the hnmpa noori^^ t military use, a brief description of tLseZifi-ht for «n ^ purchased by the agents of th. Rriti7wroffice and a ouTote. '' '"^' '''' "'"^ '' p-ry straight in their backs and qiiarters with tail set on hio-h ' To get good cavalry horses the Thoroughbred sire is almost mdispe isable, as in no other ^vav can the lenethy rem, sloping shoulder, deep chest, stn'ag loin and long quarter so necessary in this class, he obtained with any certainty or regularity. Freedom of movement is essent- ial, but high action and great trotting speed are neither required nor wanted. Horses of this class should stand not less than la.l nor more than 15.- and should meas- ure at least 8 inches below the knee and 70 inches in girth. The first prize at Toronto was taken l)v a brown geld- ing named 'General,' said to bo by a' Thoroughbred Horse. He was a remarkably well proportioned wei.^ht- carrier of considerable lensrth and frreat substance His measurements were as follows :-heipht 15.3, cannon bone 8 inches, arm 21 inches, crest to withers 37 inches withers to croup 33 inches, croup to tail 15 inches, girth ti inches. Horses of this stamp can best be procured by the use of selected Thoroughbred sires on strong half-bred trom Hackney or Coach sire-:, provided they show some I™ Ti T^'^li On mares bavin- a preponderance of «arm blood or those showinf? any inclination to weedi- uS ^ Hackney horse mi-ht be advantageously T^iE MOUNTED IXPANTRY HORSE. r..J^" Ta""}^ infantry horse, for which such an un- precer ented demand has recentlv arisen and which is Hitiin. ^.«^^" »«^^ ^".V'^tt «fter if present war con- ditions continue to prevail, is a smaller and cheaper ani- 14 BnOEDINO or HOBSBS FOB ABMT USB. mal than either of those already described. He is in faet a cob, a strong pony on short legs, with as u.nch qoalily as can consistently be looked for in conjunction with the substance required to carry an armed man. He must have a fair dioulder and a good back, be deep through the heart and stand squarely on good l^s well furnished with bone. In height he may be from 14.1 to 15.1, but 14.3 is the favorite standard with Lt.-Col. Dent Stroigth is the great desideratum, but a reasonable amount of activity is indispensable. The little horse 'Hero' which took first prize in To- ronto, stood 15.1, measured 7% inches below the knee and 191^ inches round the ann ; from crest to witlwrs he was 34 inches, withers to croup 27 inches, croup to tail 15 inches. He girthed 73 inches, and as the measure- ments show, was an excellmt type of the weight-carrying cob. Such horses can be obtained by a stout Thorough- bred sire from French Canadian or other strong pony mares, or by the judicious use of the Hackney horse o^' the smaller roadsters and on those little mares too com- mon in Canada, resulting from the ill-advised use of the racing or rather sprinting type of Thoroughbred on light mares of trotting blood or other mixed breeding. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. In times Ox peace no horses are bought at less than four nor more than seven years old. As regards colour, bays, browns, chestnuts and blacks are preferred ; a few grays are required for special corps, but odd coloured horses are not wanted. No unsound or seriously blemished horse will be taken ; the veterinary examination is fairly strict but is also strictly fair, Un-docked horses are preferred and no horse with a very short docked tail will be taken. In time of war, however, when the demand, as a rule, exceeds tiie available supply, purchasing officers overlook many minor defects, provided the animals oflFered are sound and serviceable, while conforming generally to the requirements of the service. BUEBDINO OF HOB8B8 FOB ABUT VSM. ADVICE TO BBEEDEBS. 15 4* «?SJ^!r ^J*^!.^"'.*®™ "^^^ "^^ no m It is tlirough the bible also that we I^™ n, * »u horse was first domesticated about r^BC InH .?! from EijyDt his use ran./ii„ V^ • ^•» *"° ^''^^ countries P'*^'y 'P^^*^ *o the various i8 THE FARMER'S VKTKRINARV World. He is also found wild ranging the Pampas oS South America and the New WorU. and on the plain* ^^^S^'herds are all dcar'y denrendants of those which have escaped from the slav ery of man. Those of South America being the numerous progeny of a few horses left by the Spaniards durmg their early **m troops of wild horses in South America have been described by travelers as immense, and one writer affirms to have seen as many as ten thousand '\°^^X\^^^t herd is headed by a leader, who appears to be the noWest and most courageous of the flock and whom hey mipl.c- itly obw, "His head clothed with thunder and -the elorv of his nostrils is terrible." It b sometimes dangerous to fall in with these troops of wUd horses, as it is with the utmost difficulty that yoi - horse is restrained from answering to their frantic calls, by a leap for liberty. It has already been stated that the eariiest records we have of the horse trace him to Egypt, from whence he eradually found his way to Arabia and Persia, and thence to the other parts of the Old World. Therefore in giving a brief account of the various breeds most useful to man at the present time, we will begin with those of tgypt, and dewribe only those which Jiavc contributed to the exceUence of the English and American breeds. The varieties of the domesticated horse are the Barb, Dongola, Arabian. East India, Chinese, Persian, Toorko- manT Tarter, Turkish. German, Swedish and Norwegian Iceland, Flemish, French, Spanish. Itahan, English and American. The Dongolian is described by Bessman as being the most perfect and beautiful in the world, being most beautifully symmetrical in their parts, nervous and elastic in their movements, and docile and affectionate in their manner. The Barb from Barberry is remarkable for Ws fine and graceful actions. Is about 14 hands i mch high. ■BTORT OF THE RURSK |. tod ha, a remarkably beautifiil head and chert. Th- ^rb has contributed to the excellence of Ae^ngSk horse The celebrated Godolphin Arabian wu a |*?K The Barb gave to the Span«rf,*^ho«e its ^elSJcS .nJ!!* ARABIAN.-The type of beauty, spirit «ace and docility we will speak of at some lemrtK m f»S?Sf * .nga model for our,S«i whilel^tim^g'^S.ttn tte" others suffcientiv to instruct them re^ardinir theiri^S* T^';?a^^i±"ff iL**^"* i4Tnds7inch« hSJ: Sfv K.^'*'** '° ^ '^'^ varieties, viz.: * breS ^V'kTJ'T^ **' pure breed, Attachi or inferior the Arabian pretends to trace back 2.000 veatJ^ A mH careful account is now keot ^th^J^^^ • ^^^ minenceand briUiancy of hiJeves tS .rff'*' ^''Vf^ swelb out erandlv hrf.Ii.j mT.^^^^' """."■« barrel play for thf ?u„^ "^ the arm. and give suffident nicely jdj„«ed.h«ri^f„''°'f b^t"* "."^ « edge ofthehame never ™fflMVhl.M„ V? .'"'"1 " «« and .i^. while ^.TuS^L' tjelo^'e^^S 'pS?' THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. feet. He is gentle, docile, even-tempered, intelligent, courageous and speedy. He presents the true combina- tion for speed and bottom, strength and courage. The horse is treated from a foal with the utmost considera- tion and kindness, made the companion of the children, all of which has had the happiest effect upon his disposi- tion and temper. The Arab who tlius lives with and loves his horses, and regards them as the most priceless jewels of his possessions, yet puts the young horse to a severe trial, in order to establish his reputation. " Prob- ably the filly has never before been mounted ; she is led out ; her owner springs on her back and goads her ovrr the sand and rocks of the Desert at full speed for fifty or sixty miles without one momeni's respite. She is then forced, steaming and panting into water deep enough for her to swim. If, immediately after this she will eat as if nothing had happened, her character is established and she is acknowledged to be a genuine descendant of the Kochlani breed. The Arab is not conscious of the cruelty he inflicts. It is an invariable custom, and cus- tom will induce us to inflict many a pang on those whom, after all, we love. " The East Indian is a beautiful and graceful animal. The Chinese Horse is weak, ill formed and without spirit The Persian Horse is next in rank to the Arabian, and possessing many similai' pointst. The Toorkoman Horse is large, i6 hands .ligh capable of immense endurance with great speed, yet lacking a graceful action and form. The Tartar and Calmuck Horses resemble the wild horse of America, being more vicious. The Turkish Horse is a beautiful animal descended from the Arabian horse, and has contributed some to th« improvement of the English breeds. T lie Byerley and Helmsley Turk are samples. The German Horse is slow and heavy. HISTORY OF THE HORSE. 3, .r7"^ Swedish, Finland and Norwegian Horses anVspSl^^'' ''^"*''"'' ""^ ^'"^'^'^'^ for their speed rZr^ Iceland Horse is small, strong and swift. lence of the English Draught Horse S3 THE FARMER'S VKTERINARV ADVISEE. most useful. Therefore we find the American horse unequaled by any other horse on the globe, in all that makes an animal such truly valuable in every kind of service. What is sought for in this country is speed, strength, endurance, sagacity, beauty, gentleness and graceful motion. We want trotters not runners, and some of our best breeds of horses are unequaled as fur- nishing the best combinations for these various qualities. The celebrated Moigan breed is an instance of this combination of qualities. In the General Ma.^agement of the Horse, the common-sense principles which direct the daily manage- ment of the affairs of the family, should be brought to bear upon the care of the hors^ especially as to food, air, light, exercise, &c. i\iR. — ^The horse should have in his stable a proper amount of pure air, admitted in such a way as not to constitute a draught The common error is to exclude as much as possible every breath of air and to have the atmosphere of the stable hot, contaminated and unwhole- some. A stable should neither be too hot nor too cooL It is equally an improper habit to take the horse into a very warm stable from the cold air, or to keep him too warm indoors and to then subject him to the colder atmosphere out doors. Putting the humanity of the thing out of the way, it is unnaturally absurd treatment, to thus subject the ani- mal to catarrhs, rheumatism, and inflammation of the lungs. The stable should be roomy, and not less than 12 feet high, especially when the hay loft is directly overhead. In ordinary stables, to keep the manger clean and sweet, quicklime, sparingly used, isofmudi benefit. The stable should be kept clean, every portion of litter which has been wetted should be swept away, so that the air be not contaminated by the foul gases emanat- ing from the rapidly decomposing urine, which are pre- judicial to the health of the horse. MANAGEMENT AND PEEDWa a^ A sufficient quantity of Utter should alwayi remain in the stall for the horse to stand upon. Light.— Light is an important but neglected branch of stabie management It should not be too glaring, but artniitted so as to make a softened half light when the stable is occupied by the horse. A plentiful supply ot the sunshme at least once a day when the weather is favorable is highly beneficial to the general state of the stable. The stable should not be too dark, as the sud- den changes from the dark of the stable to the bright- ness of the open air is injurious to the eye of the horse, being a frequent source of inflammation of the eyes and starting habits. Grooming.— To the highly fed stable horse, this is a matter of much consequence. Good rubbing with the brush and curry-comb opens the pores of the skin, and arculates the blood to the surface and extremities of the animal. No horse will cany a fine coat without either heat or dressing Exercise or dressing effect the purpose, as the insensible perspiration is promoted and the healthy ac- tion produced arouses all the energies of the skin «r??^ cuny-comb should at all times be lightly applied. With very sensitive horses its use may altogether be dis- pensed vith, and even the brush need not be too hard. A half jloth while it will seldom irritate and tease, will be almost sufficient with horses that have thin hair and have not been neglected. Whoever would be convinced of the benefit of friction to Vac horse sskm and to the horse generally need only observe the effect produced by well hand-rubbing the l*!Sf 5. * *'•'!? ,''°'^- ^'^''*= ^^^'y enlargement sulfides and the painful stiffness disappears, and the legs attain their natural warmth and become fine, the horse is evi- dently and rapidly reviving; he attacks his food with Ap- petite, and then quietly lies down to rest M««i^ffl^'""^''*rL'\'''°"^^ ^ somewhat proper- Honed to the age of the horse. A young one requires »4 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. more than an old one. Nature has given to young ani- mals a disposition to activity; but the exercise should not be violent. ' It should be given in such a manner as to preserve the temper and promote the health of the animal, and there- fore should be moderate, at least at the beginning and end of exercise. A rapid trot or gallop may be resorted to in the middle of the exercise, but the horse should be brought in cool. The owner should exercise a supt -vi- sion of this part of the horse training, and if possible have it done within sight, and not trust to the management of boyd. Food. — In this country there is less general variation In the food of the horse than in Europe, where the beet, carrot, turnip and b:».ley, wheat and beans compose a large part of his food. Therefore we will simply give what we believe to be fundamental principles in the di • rection of the food and keep of a horse. The time of feeding should be as nearlv as convenient at regular intervals, three times daily ; and when it is likely the horse will be kept longer than usual from home, the nose bag should invariably be taken. The small stomach of a horse is empt'ed in a few hours, and if he is suffered to remain hungry much beyond his accu'^lomed time he will afterward devour his food so voraciously as to distend his stomach and endanger an attack of staggers. The true origin of this disease is in the major- ity of cases, irregular feeding. When extra work is required from the animal the system of management is often injudicious; for a double feed is put before him and as soon as he has swallowed it, he is started. It would be far betfr to give him a double feed on the previous evening, which will be digested before he is wanted, and then he may set out in the morning after a very smali portion of corn or perhaps only a little hay is given him. One of the most successful methods of enabling a horse to get well through a long journey is to give him only a little at a time when on the road and at night to give him a double allowance of com and hay. In ordinary i PRINCIPLES OI BREEDINa ^ hTXTcIe?;'^'" ^''^"'^ -' ^^ ^ven more than Insl/nTl^rpeS^- "^llZT ?"' "^' '«> ~'^- this, for he wiH never drink Sfr/ j"*""^ *'°"*"°»« «' has access to soft water "le Sjini"^ 'S^^ ^^'^••' '^'^ parent and pure water of fi. ^'", 'f ''^ *^* *"<>«* t«»s- the water m^ay be tu/bid InS T" ^^I! * "^*^''. although Hard, cold /ater acts on ^he T ' v "^"^^'*^ ?*«'• stomach iniuriouslv 5f.n ^ * sensitive coat of the three timeTa Z^any " f b«f S'*^ °' '°'="^- Water to let him get ?^dV Where h^ ^""f "'^^ " "*^^^^ water he requires le« u/ * i"* .^.^ ^""^^^ access to meals at 811?^ The h^^^' K ^°,"J^^ ^iVen before down before feTdL NeS^rT^i ^K ^"^ '^^^>'' ^ ^"^^ed without a good gi^ming *^ * ^^"^ •**»** °^'' ««ht dowS'Sfom'''th?tir«?r'^s *^'" ^y ^-y-s progeny will .Srit tJe ^^^^^^^^^^^ f^ ^' 'hat thf the parents. There is sclrci J? ^- "^t"* qualities of is affected with that L foaT ini ^tf^'• V^^' '^' ^^'^^ a predisposition to it VSalirritv nfV"^^"^'''' *' '*^^' tion will be inherited. tS Senior'' '°"^*'^"- much a point of importance as thi h« ^^ S^ '"^'"^ '« «« mare, let the horse iS^^ neSi^ u^^' ^"' °^ ^ ^"^ will rarely be prSuced In «^ .-^ ''^ "'^>'' ^ good foal there is .fonsi&iifficX'aTU^^^^ ^^^^'"^ necessarily be somewhat dSnfr ^ ^'t»es should carcase should beT^^ to 'Tve " °'"r ^^^^^'^' Her there should be comSctneTs o ^ ^^^ 'he /oetus. but too much length of back oX ' "'''^ ''^"' ^"^ "<>* breed. The points of bInnH I ^^u""^ y°" ^^^'^e to should be rig.X examLd n*'^"''? ^"'^ disposit.... tance that the parentTshouId K 'f °r 11° ''"'*^ ^P^^" ^helr natural strength and in.„^ *" ^r'" .possessio/, of error that because a mare h-.fr"- u ^' '* * ^'nnion 'or hiding when l^"^^^:^- ^^i^ THI TAMMUCS TBTERINA&V ADVI8BI I Her shape and size may insure a good form, but tht foal will be sure to inherit some of ue worn-out consti- tution from which he sprung. A mare is capable of breeding at three or four yean of age. Some injudiciously commence at two yean, before her form and strength are suffic ntly developed. The mare comes into heat in the early spring. She b said to go in foal eleven months on an average. The stallion should be perfectly calm when brought to the mare. None of your tearing , plunging, vicious kind ; while the mare should be prepared by previous heatii^ by means of a gentle exercise. Other things being equal a good foal will be the result Moderate exoicise only after time of ooverii^ b desira- ble. When neariy half the time of prq^nan^ b elapsed the mare should have a little better foml. After fosiling the mare should be turned into some well sheltered pas- ture aiid well fed. Nothing can be gained by starving the mare and foal at thb period. It is the most impor- tant time in the life cl the animal, and if from want of sustenance his growth be arrested, his puny form and want of endurance will ever afterwards testify to the error that has been committed. The care of the colt should be guided by patience and kindness. Breaking should commence at onc^ and the colt be familiarized from birth with the assodations with which he will be connected through life. The period at which castration should be performed depends much on the breed and form of the colt and the purposes for which he is destined. For the common agricultural horse, the age of four or five months will be most advisable, or at least before he is weaned. Very few horses are lost when cut at that age. For the carriage or heavy draught, he should not be cut before he is a year old. If not well developed, six months later b advisable. Castration should be performed late in spring or early m fail, in order to avoid the heat and fiies of the sum- mer. The mode and operation b best left to the veter* uary surgeon. Seven Years Old. Eight or Nine Years Old. ILLUSTRATIONS SHOWING THE AGE OF A HOUSE BY THE TEETH. AGE— SHOEING — POINTS. The Medical Treatment of the Hnp« a trouble wiS thTaid of 1^2 '•""'* i''"f •"" "' «■« and unbound horses a„ ^ade^ le'ce^Lly'air plainly bXr°ee,hu"S~"''7'^ ?""' *"' >«' their terth, havS be^™ '.T °i=«'« »' "'"«. »l.™ Irow longer and "ore "L ?'j"' »'PP"» " 8radually from the Spp^ and |ou „ if * "l W™'!' "ch other There is Z%Tci'?flCeS'lS'.rr'="""?'y- them to hanp down :« Tl V*. '"^ ^'P^- causing hollows ovr,Lt;:s"bSor;e':^„?d.'^'- ^" "^ The frog, «"ch if^"f„',^° ",""?' '''>"P« "f the foot and essen&l to the stL«h' o? ?l 'f' ?'"" "' "« ''"'« of the fooMhonS'nTblcut Iwav'Th"' ''"'="??»« be of the proper size to fiVth, f„^ ^' l ^'" '"">« ''■""'W of the ouWde of the hoof aJd »°, ;r"'r',"'"'='' "»?'"« wider than the foot so^h,, ?k •" '"'"'' ™»<'« a littfe over the edrofTh^fho'e'Voo's'oor" """ "*"^* »« for?hr^^.*ft^ k'oo".?""; '"'^''T'- T"' -f«' and the nai. .he-;d^^e:„n„redTuicjS;t-.S'eS. The Points op a Hor«:p aa/^ • sider the constitution and fort^fu""'^ *'°'"^ '° c^n- hi:, strength soeed Lf?^ u °^* ^°''''^' ^'^ich decide to point fuuKostrmr; ^?"'^ ^"^ disposition, and •ppearlnce; ^'^P****^''*^ *nd value, from his form and so THE farmer's VETERINARY AD^SER. Being satisfied of his soundness and age^ the first thing of importance is his temperament and disposition. By temperament we mean the constitution of the brain and nerve forces, which affect and modify the whole phy- sical structure, and determine the quality of his bone and muscle, as it does in a great measure his form. We will not speak separately of the nervous tempera- ment, which is characterized by quickness of movement and delicacy of feeling, resulting from the development oi the brain and nervous system, or of the bilious tem- perament, which gives large bones, overlaid with heavy muscle and fibrous tissue or of the purely sanguine tem- perament, characterized by good digestion, lai^e lungs, heart and blood vessels ; it is a combination of these three temperaments that we want. Brain, muscle and blood — activity, strength and endurance. The preponderance of either of these temperaments will help to decide his character, but the more perfect and highly developed he is in all of these the better. These are the qualities which indicate his inner life and con- ■titution. To observe these we will examine first the — Head. — ^A low and what is called a phlegmatic tem- perament, and (which may only be an absence of the others) will be seen by a dull inexpressive eye, a flat narrow forehead, and general flatness of feature every- where, with movements awkward and stumbling. But on the contrary, if he has a highly organized nervous system, his head will be the glory of the whole structure. In his countenance will be expressed energy, fervor and vivacity, intelligence and courage; and, unless vicious, gentleness and amiability. The head should be o* moderate size, the muzzle fine, the nose thin, enlarging suddenly, giving broadness and fullness between the eyes, and rounding out towards the ears, the part which contains the brain. The eyes full and brilliant, oyelids fine and thin, with- out asiy wrinkles undc the eyes or about the corners. Fine, wiry and compressed lips, sensitive to the bit and giving good depth to the mouth. The lips being the TOM KECK. ^ hands * n^tlessXt attentive and "nervey." Much can be told of whkt il going on m the mind by the motion of the ea« M when med.tating mischief he lays them back. The? SnSS ^ii''iU"nT^**'l"-'*'"" ^"^ ^''^'' hisblindne^"'T2B eyes, too, mdicate his temper. fo ^ ^""^ *^^^ ^''T* ^^^ ^hite of his eye much is aot to be tncky, a sunken forehead, with ears far i^S mdicate bad memory and bad temDer T« S^ ^^' inTt?^^'' fi«t get"; good fronrvTe';rob^"n.f^^^^^^ ance between the ears, the length and curva^u^afS^ same .the space between them%nd the eyes JheeJl! mSTt^iLi* heavy muscular neck is considered bv ■ore parts, while it u an advantage to the draught hone Sa THE FAKMS&'S VETERINARY AI^SER. but for fast trotting I do not think a very slim neck has shoulder, length and curvature enough to secure beautv hVve mSei „l^U^°'^* °^ ^r"' *^" American trotters have model necks, and a refutation of the idea that advantage m speed is gained by a n^ck too slim for Sb beauty and graceful appearance of the animal h Jr^^fin^^*""?* ''^^**' ^^^'y ^'hw** contains the drruUH^nl "?^- '^^ '"^*"' which have the function of the ^owth W J "x ^ -^"^ puryifying the blood, on which ^InS^^Il'iiL*?'*'"^*";'*^'^*' whole organization de- ESi^W **^ 't"^*^-.. ^" »"i'"als.as well as in man. a large chest not only indicates great lung power but vigor ?uU hre.T^ of constitution. In the dm't^.ht ho«e his IfL^tK ^*"*i *"'^* '■°""^ <=^^«^' '"dicate his great ?n .c! .^". *"?."''^".«. but as in most horses spe^d is an essential qualification, the shape of the chest becomes mportant as well as its size. It must not be so broad iLn!^". *! }u '"'^'^^':* ""'^^ '^^ f""«s' action of the shoulder, at the same time it must be large and have the S^Tan !?n nf T^ "^ '^ "P^°^' '° accommodate Z -xpansion of the lungs m extreme accon, ^ur speed is ^er'' ''"^ want strength in the Ld^ In'n ^ ^"''^^ ^^^^ • "^^e strokes in I straight hnf"«,MK i°T' *° **^"^«^ t^eir and handilytlJS ,^L";•br^ak5^MonL'^^^^^^^ '»"'^'* recovery ;" " not the J ?««» * '.j °?^ **"^^ ^"^ q"'ck long un5;r thTLlky" t"f .^*^,t"2^^ '^''^'^^' evidence that the Wse ^.ii n u "^ ^^^'^ '« » sure distance and not «r^ no wSS le t"'T '^"^ * ^^^^^^ under fast driving" ''*' ^'^''^ ^^^'^n easily the'tighT?f\t\tJS;' also depends much upon which if regula ed bv th "r"^ ^'"'''^^^ °^ '^^ 'oi"«. shoulder an?bySe s^lumh"'''ll'^*'^^ °^*^' ^''^ which afford laVe surface for ?h?^'f t"^ ^'P ^"^• strong muscle whirh ^ ^ i r *"^ attachment of the 34 THE FAR1C£R'S VETERINARY ADVISER. B I over the kidneys giving breadth of loins and hips. At- tention should be given to the curvature of the back ; its curvature downward enables a horse when ridden to carry the weight with greater ease to himself and to the rider. This curvature should not be too great or abrupt from the withers, as in the case of some horses, or what is worse, at the loins. A rouched back horse may in some cases be a fast trotter; but such formation is dis- agreeable to the eye, and not fit for the saddle. Too much attention cannot be given to the length and forma- tion of the back for if a horse fails here he fails every- where. The Shoulders and Thighs.— We now come to the machinery of locomotion, the running gear of the horse. In comparing a heavy draught horse with a fast trotter, leaving out the great difference in thickness, they will be found to differ much in two very important things, 1st. In the obliquity or slope of the shoulder blade and haunch. 2d. In the length of the forearm and large leg bone. In the trotter, the knee and hock joints come very low down and the distance from these joints up is very great, while, on the contrary, the draught horse has a straight shoulder and is square across the haunches, and has a short, thick forearm and leg. bringing the joints alwve mentioned high. It will be easily seen that this difference is what gives one the advantage in speed, the other in pulling, and can be easily demonstrated on purely mechanical principles. The straight shoulder, the upper part of which with the neck is generally thick, allows the shoulder to bear on the whole length of the collar, and more of the horse's weight is thrown into it, or forward of the line of sup- port, in the fore-legs. There is also an advantage gained in strength in the short fore-arm, for when the knee is bent, as in pulling, there is a greater leverage. The same is true in regard to the liind leg ; but horsr>« thus built are necessarily slow. It may be well to mention some of the advantages gained in speed, by the slanting shoulder and haunch, THE KNEE AND HOCK JOINTS. 35 JlStVSLr R^if"^ °^ ** ^'"ff^^"' bones connected with toese. By this construct on the elbow and stiflT^lJ. part of the h<,c!y,5na to sustain him through a lone slridt at the sanj. time he can cme nearer tothemgnd h? g._us^h„f,.,„n be thiown straight fortaKek t Lv^s»i?£i^r"BISF4T- tinn tn t>rki<.k 4.U '"*»«=^ pan oi it, that the une of direc- are attached project. outl-r^^S jl* * '^ '"'"'"' game's in "i^^r^iiif aX"?o*'tS e'r *" r" " Se-lSl^' *• ■>«* tin?' ThLV't^ete fe™ ;"'«"'"« fo'""™ i. lndis|^'ibr^Bu,fo?'.'^;"va?r^ •irauBhl hone theVk^ir? ''°'^' ?" " "''<' '" tha The Knee and Hock Ioints — Rnfi. «f *u • . «. subjects. „«,.,. . Jn a'nf^e^^It'&JrS I 3'J THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. the diseases that produce lameness. These joints should be large and symmetrical, and show a decided swelling at the knee and hock. However small the bones, it is a mark of strength and activity to have sharp and promi- nent processes at the joints, where these bones come togetlier, to furnish sufficient surface for the attachment of the tenddns. The hock bone should be as lai^e and as long as symmetry will admit of. The back cord standing - .t as in Goldsmith Maid shows a strong joint. The cannon bones or ankles, for a speedy horse should be flat and wide, looking fine and thin from the front view, and showing heavy, strong chords from behind; not bound down too close under the knee joint, as in the case of some horses, for this causes friction and loss of power. A clean, smooth ankle indicates solid, elastic bones. These bones in the slow dray-horse are large but more porous. The fetlock, composed of the three bones called the pasterns, will also depend on its length and position, upon what is required of the animal. A short, straight pastern being best adapted for heavy pulling, as it wi'l have greater strength and enable the horse to press harder on the toe ; but this would make him more liable to stumble if driven fast, and with the straight shoulder would be very unpleasant to ride; while on the contrary, a longer and oblique pastern is more elastic, helps bring the heel first to the ground, and is better adapted for s[)ecd and graceful movement. The pasterns are always more oblique In the fore than in the hind leg. There is not much to be said upon the foot, without ckscribing its anatomy. But a medium-sized, well-pro- portioned foot, smooth in appearance, slanting down at an angle of about 50° is the one most desirable. A com- pact, solid, tough looking foot, looking strong about the quarters, and well united to the frog, and having the sole of the foot well arched. General Remarks. — We have now gone over the principal parts of the horse, and endeavored to .show GENERAL REMARKS. 37 briefl the proper construction of each, for strength and h^^i' '"^'■^ P^'-t'c»Ja'-Iy in regard to his framf work but we would not overlook the fact, that unless these ZtltFTil' ^"" '°"""*=*^^ ^"'^ ^^^--'^'d ^vith strong muscles, the bone structure would be useless .Jj^!^^'^J^T}'y ^ ?"^J^^* *° ™«"tion in detail the vanous parts of this animal, which make up his wonder- lul and complicated muscular structure. thPl'T T" ^•'"P'y, say that it is in accordance with the external fitness of things, in the workmanship of God throughout nature, that the best and most perfec development of muscular power in the horse is that which clothes him with the most perfect beautrand sym TrfJf f ^S''"' ^"'^ 8^'^*^ '° ^'"^ movements the S graceful and easy motion. In buying a horse, act on your own judgment Let eye and finger alike contributeSo your deS Fee of the bone, muscles and sinews. Never purchase a oarMf hrrH^fi"-^'" •"* f -^"^'^ developm^entofone So[nts K^Lt ''^" r '^"'*'"S in other important points. Keep in mind what you are buying for and trv J'?J^.°TS'''y^'-the service required.^ Do not buy ^ S^thl°t fr ''-"t^'.P'^'?'"^ ""'^^^ ^^ '^ "°We himsdf of tie h. ^^ th^t hi '^' 'r p '°.*^'^ ^'■^""^ ^^^''^^ thev werr h • ^°"! ''"'' '""'*='« ^''^e look as if ■^li^A ■ • ''^'^^ ^"^ strength, and so admirably and^Jo alUh"'"" P'T"" P°^'*'""' '^^^ they can endu e and do all things; and see that he is especially adaoted for what you want of him. by applying fhe rls he'dn froIf^'theTron/ St-^'" ^"'' ?^* ^"^* t--^"" ^^en viewed breTst i^ /h»?^f ^'"5 '" *i? ^•■'^^••^ shoulders and S, ?'*! ^*' ^^ * '^'^Sf*- The more perfect this shaoe brSst «ho"Wers. and proportionate width of 3« THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER See that he is well buttoned up behind, and that the evacuations are frequent and little at a time. Such horses have both nerve and pood health. A horse should have a fine glossy coat, which indicates good blood, good care and good temperament. Attention should be paid to '':« color of ahorse; dark bay, chestnut and brown are the most hardy colors; also a deep, dark, hazely brown is the best color for theeyet. Verj' light colored eyes are not so strong. A good horse has the following TWELVE points: Three like a Lady, Three like a Fox, Two like a Grey-hound, Two like an Ox, An ankle like the swift- running Deer, And a wai dor's spirit which shows no fear, Like a Lady in be Ay of form, And her movements of grace. In the intelligence and gentleness That are seen in her face. Like a fox, in his sharpness of ear And his splendor of tail ; .Vnd also in his lightness of foot, Having speed like the g^e. Like the hound in the form of his chest, Made expansive and deep, In the length and shape of his quarters Giving greatness of sweep. Like the Ox, for his fullness of eye And his shortness of back ; 4 sign of his endurance and stren^tk VVhich he never should lack. I Ik 4 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. CATTLE SHEEP, HOG, DOG, FOWLS, ETCT" BV PROF LAW. CHAPTER II. COHTAUIOUS AND EPIZOOTIC DISEASES. anat parka. In the first half of the eighteenth centuiy, 40 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. rt is estimated that 200.000,000 head of cattle perished in turope m connection with the Austrian wars These plagues again entered Italy in 1793 with the Austrian troops, and in three years carried off 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 cattle in that peninsula. More recently, rapid railroad and steamboat traffic and extended commerce have taken the place of war in favoring their diffusion Free trade between England and the Continent since I842 has cost the former $450,000,000 in thirty years, and as much as $40,000,000 in 1865-6 during the prevalence of the Rinderpest. A similar importation cost Egypt 300,000 head of cattle (nearly the whole stock of the country) m 1842, and others have caused ruinous but unestimated losses in Australia, Cape of Good Hope, and bouth America. On the other hand, some of the most exposed countries of Europe— Norway, Sweden, Den- mark,Schleswig.Holstein, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg, and bwitzeriand— have long kept clear of these plagues by the simple expedient of excluding all infected animals 01 their products, and promptly stamping out the disease by the slaughter of the sick, followed by thorough disin- fcction, w-hen they have been accidentally introduced. Exclusively breeding districts, in Spain, Portugal, Nor. mandy, and the Scottish Highlands, into which na strange cattle are ever imported, abo keep clear of ncarlj all of these destructive pestilences. It is unquestionable that the animal plagues are propa. gated, m Western Europe and America, only by the disease germs produced in count!r.s myriads in the body of a diseased animal, and conveyed from that to the healthy. It follows that the destruction of the infected subjects, and the thorough disinfection of the carcass manure, buildings, etc., is the most economical treatment oJ all the more fatal forms of contagious disease in live stock. For the less fatal fonns, the most perfect sepa- ration and seclusion, and the thorough disinfection of aU with which they have come in contact, is still imperative. To the first class of exotic maladies belong : Smaii- pox, tn sheep and birds ; the lung-fever or contagious plnero- pneumonia of cattle ; the Rittderpest ox cattle-plague ; the DISINFECTION. 41 malignant disease of ikegeturaHve organs in solif>cds: and 7Jr^ '^^^ '" I" ^?''"^'^- These demand sep^ iJrf,?»?^r*^'7' ^"^ d'sinfection. To the second or Jess fatal class of exotic maladies belongs : the AphthZ ^rdSn^r^i^^f'""'^'^-'- This/emandsse^cluS wi?S'S inffnliS^ r'^'^'L*^*' "* ^^••^•g" *° °"' «o" and II*;f« ^ ' 1° ^/'=a''«l except as the result of impor- SnSL-I"'"..,**''''*^^ *"^ subsequent transmission*^ by contagioa. there is a very important class which are K^rnn^S ^""T"'* '" AmericTand thereafter spread by contagion. Among these may be named : CUnders i^.vS fJT "^""'^ contagious foot-rou tuberculosis, *^^«««/a«/W, Tezan-fever, intestinal fever of swin^ oLfet.^'*' '"^r"''' ^"''''''^^'•'' ^«' distemper, and foSion 1°?''^'^ '^°?" *.° i'^'^stinal fever of s^ne, like S^S^SL- "*^?!u"l aff^^'Jons, demand separation and disinfection, with destruction or not of the diseased according to the severity and diffusibility of the par- are eTth^rf/" ^m' [^'"-'•"der. from influenza onw? d. are either too mild to warrant such measures, or too easily spread to be satisfactorily controlled by them It is beyond the purpose of this work to enter into the special legislative enactments necessary to prevent i.H-rr'^^''^" ""} ^^""^'^ P'^&"^«' or the spread o to the ««/hT°?^ °""'- , ^'"'i'^'^ '^« '■^ader is referred to the author s larger work. A few words on disinfec- tion are, however, indispensable. aisiniec- DISINFECTION. n.S;^*'?* *r*^ main Object in disinfection is to secure CSS^ slTn*; '"n ''• ^™^ '^" '^^MXr.^s, cars. loadi^Jg banks, ships, quays, yards, manure-pits, drains, cesl pools, harness, clothing, utensils, etc., all decaS S^r "•^'J^' '^°"'l^ "-^"^^^d W scraping, wis theffi^wS ^i; ^ T> ^<^^/"»PO«ng organic matter !^ out ^yXi '"'i?'"* *i!^ preserves the disease germs full ,5^ ^^' • ^''^" *^f ^^'^'' ^"'^ ^'^ "'"St be care- fully sect to, since m close places they are usually 4» THE PARMER'S VETERINARY APVISER, charged with invisible particles of organic matter in a state of decay, the most suitable field for the growth of contagious principles. These, too, tend to purify them- selves m a fi.ic circulation of air, and ventilation maybe largely relied upon for this purpose, unless the delete- rious supplies are too abundant from some adjacent putrid accumulation, as dung-heaps, cess-pools, leaky drains, or soil saturated with filth. Purity of the sur- roundings kills many contagious elements on the prin- ciple of starvation. Of agents reputed to be disinfectants, some act merely by changing the physical condition of organic matter without any abstraction from, or addition to, its con- stituents. Thus, heating to the boiling point (212° F ) coagulates albuminous matters, and destroys infectious properties generally. But it must be prolonged for a variable time according to the size of the object, to allow of the heat penetrating to all parts alike. Clothing may be heated in an oven to 300'' F., or safer, boiled, and even the prolonged application of hot transparent steam directed fro^ a hose, upon wood-work, etc., previously well cleared found very effectual. Some poisons, like that of fexas-fever, are destroyed by freezing, while others are unaffected. Other disinfectants act by changing the chemical rela- tions of organic matter, and hence of contagious princi- ples, by uniting with them to form new compounds, by abstracting some oJ their constituent elements or by adding a new one. Thus the alotropic state of oxygen called oBone, produced abundantly during thunder- storms, is supposed to be one of nature's most potent disinfectants, acting by hastening the oxidation of oiganic matter. Yet, at times, its excess seems to be without effect, as in the influenza of horses in 1872. Camphor and many of the odorous essential oils are sup- posed to be of some slight use by reason of their dcel- oping ozone. Burning is an effectual mode of disinfecting organic matter, old rotten wood-work, clothing, fodder, manure &C. It may even be used on the air by moving a DISINFECTION. 4S plumber's charcoal-stove from place to place over t^- entire infected building. It may also be used over the opening of drams, or as a lamp in the ventilating ofoutlets of infected buildings. "*«"ng Chlorine, set free ^ om common salt, by adding oil of vitrol and a little black oxide of mang;ne^se. is annexed lent dismfectant of the air. but can only be u^d in vaaited bu.ldmgs,and is most effectual in a full light ^ HMchlonne, ^ compound of chlorine and oxygen. maV be obtamed by adding, at frequent intervahC a little chlorate of potassa to a glass of strong muriatic acid. It may be used m occupied buildings. Sulphurous acid is another excellent disinfectant for the air. and can easily be , Produced in any amount by burning flower of sulphur ou a slip of paper laid on an iron shovel. Like chlorine it is mostXeJrin 5ay- ight. In occupied buildings it may be burned care- fully p.nch by pinch without inconveniencing the stock CarboluaadrmyaXsohc used in occupied buildiW being allowed to evaporate from shallow basins, alone or' mixed with ether or alcohol, from saturated rugs hung bLr V"*«'y*'5' or from cloth-lined ventilating inlets, kept saturated with the acid; or, finally, it may be Carbolic and cresyhc acids may also be used for disin- fecting solids and liquids, being poured into drains or sprinkled on the floors, walls and other parts of the buildmg. For the latter purpose, the strong acid may be «.iluted with one hundred times its weight of wLter The cheap impure acid is usually preferred for dune-' ?!r£^i"'^^*"'* °*'J^^'" ,°"*''^^ purposes ; but it is dil agreeable indoors. Coal-tar and wood-tar, from their foTr-?oor ts' ^^'^ ^"' ^"'^^ P^°^-^' "^ ^>- ^^ liqSl/°"°'^'"^ *'* especially applicable to solids and -'^W^1S'.'?nf- H r' sprinkled on floors, yards, dung-heaps. . etc, or applied to walu, wood-work, etc, or poured into (fuA «'*«'»'»«» of nnc IS equally efficient but more expensive, ' ' 44 THE FARMER'S VETERINART ADVISER. JStent^*^ */ aluminium {ckaratum) i. «,mewl»t kit an^^S*** "C *T- erckloridt of iron are efficient but much more expensive. ^^ ^ "^ satisfactory for wood-work, harness and utensil*, but absorbmg the water and uniting with the organic^lebS P^r^.^^^^^2:?'^ " * ^"^^"^ disinfectant. ^ fermanganaU ofpotassa promptly changes Dutrefvimr rtTr^T-*"*!;/"?^""".^^ it sweet and wiolSJ,^^^ Utt questionable how far it can destroy living oijanic SV^ ^^"'^^ "'i'"y *>^ '^^ contagioui prindplS^ probably composed. The same remarks apply fo^ coa^ animal and vegetable, and to mrth, efidally tiSIt containing a considerable portion of day orWrl. bein^!?5S"^I^S'' Pfob^bly identical with cow-pox, being indistinguishable when inoculated on men or catSe It most frequently attacks the limbs. buTnSy affeS tfie iftde'^f.v-;'' P^^t °^J^^ ^y- Th^^re is u'^bT^S: o^er Th' ^^'<=h'. however, passes unnoticed by Se owner. Then swelling, heat and tenderness supervene commonly lo a heel, and firm nodules form^ncSrto tles'io a„°d^r^S^^^J'!"^ *" diameter.'thel^bris^ ties up. and the skin reddens unless previously colored f?o"m tL"'"*^f '° ^\ '^''^^^ ^^y * """Pid fluid ^"« .oJL ^i"'^**"* *"^ agglutinates the fairs in yellow scabs, on the removal of which a red raw deprwSon S seen with the scab fixed in its centre. In thSe oTfour days the secretion ceases, the scabs dry up and^he parts ?olr."?"'°"''y- ^' 'V^"y trans^.it?ed from hC quilS "*"' *" '"^ '^* ~'*'- ^° treatment i. re J^^^^JL'^'^^ V^": ""™* ^'^^^ appearing in the Ottw. There » a preliminary sl^ht fev^ usually over •HKEr-roz 41 coamtoWity of the milk and the appearance ofST^ :s^'2sl^s'l:.'3?'e5,ss';s.J:t?:sL^Eoi punctures on different part* The Hadd a^fiSfS ' chang<» to yeUowish wWte^us) a„K dril In^tS ■^ feJr^nJk '^"^ "* *"'y ruptured and raw M^ f<«n. oft.^ proving very obstinat^*^ and even 1ort''on. o' death. omT' o^iTl^ ever demanded further than to ^t howe^:^. tu rdes^^r ThTt^rts^^^^a^S smeared with an ointment formed of an oun^e c^ S cah^"hS?el?f ^^^*; ^i*"* *PP<=*" 'o »11 newly. S^^^r^u-H^Kl-JrS^^^^^^^^^^ ^T^roniytfs^^i^ a^ri4i::^nS Sr^^^^'ifilf tt"n "^'.^e*' *"^ stiffnessTS »T' S-^ -S^^t In VriTnd^^^ ^a^l'^'%''''" °." *^'^ '"« «»Pfon usually Ses place, loss of appetite and rumination, costivenL iS ^cTof ^n'lfi^''?' li^"' '"^^ "°^i and thetS>e^: ance of red patches inside the limbs and along the 46 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. abdomen. Soon minute red points aupear, and ixn rcast to papules with a firm base, extending into deeper parts of the skm. These are flat on the summit, (rarely pomted or mdented), and become pale or clear in the centre from the effusion of liquid beneath the scurf skin, with a red margin. With the appearance of the en.ption the fever moderates, bot increases again in three o/four days, with the development and irritability of the vesicles These may remain individually distinct (discre/t), in which case the attack is mild, or they may run together into extensive patches (eonfiueHt) and the result is likely to be serious. The pocks will even appear on the diges- tive or respiratory mucous membrane. The eruption passes through the same course of exudation, suppura- tion, drying and dropping off as in cow-pox. The dura tion of the disease is three weeks or a month. The mortality in the milder forms may not exceed seven per one hundred, m the more severe it may destroy almost the whole flock. But the losses of lambs by abortion, of wool sight, hearing, hoofs, digits, flesh and general vigor, often render recoveries anything but unmixed tuessings. Tnatment.—Kttpln cool, dry, well-aired and littered Sheds, shelter from rain, and feed roots, or. if very weak oat and bean meal gruels, with a drachm of saltpetre to each sheep. Common salt may be supplied to be licked. v?nl^?r TK "k^ water may Be slightly acidulated with vinegar. The bowels should be opened by injections of milk-warm soap suds, or 30*. sulphate of soda if neces- sary. Avoid heating agents. In the advanced stages support by quinia, gentian, nitric add. and nutritious ^lu fi.*^'" *"""*' '"*°*'^'- '^*»« pustules may be treated with the ointment advised for cow-pox, or, if unhealthy, with weak solutions of chloride of «inc. /^mwi-w//.— Nothing short of general infection will justify the treatment of this disease. It should be ex- eluded from our country by the most stringent supervi- won over the importation of sheep and their products !"?K fr 'i ^°«» »PP«»'' should be promptly stamped out by the destruction and disinfection of the sick and COAT-POX-SWINE-POX-DOG-POX-BIRD-POX. 4; the purification of all with which they have come in con- tact. Inoculation as a measure of prevention is uowtr rantable except in the case of wide-spread TnfS a contmgency which ought never to arise in tKintiy GOAT-Pox.— This is a rare and mild affection with an r^^Z" % t^'l '"^*^^*^ *^»°-'y rJembU^g thS 01 Cow-pox. It has been thought to be spontaneous in ' "^r^^f^Sii^s L-:^d '^r.x '^^ and the seventy corresponds. The duration of thernild traTo/'iwL'^ fifteen days. Treatni.nt is simHaT o ttiatof.S^^/ar and the same precautions should Iv. taken to prevent its dissemination ^'^""°'" *^°"^^ ^ pox or :i/tep>.pox and have been supposed to have their own tpecific form besides. The youC suffer mo.ff qucntly and severely. Thefe Is^riuaf LTn „a.t" fever with an eruption on the sides and Lily nS from pimples to vesicles and pustules, and finalfy X^ ing up mto crusts which drop off Th; erupSon mav7e dtscret, or confluent, the lattJr being very faS SSl ? prevaun^ measures are demanded^a. i^the otheff^m; but verrsLhdv ^ Ithas proved very fatal in chickens, "ui very siigntly SO in pigeons, turkevs and irees* TkJ «n.p..on.pp«„ n,.inry%„ ,1,. h^'S -ndr^' J^ 48 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. on the tongue, or in the phanmx. In fatal casM rf«ft, m;.?H K^'!' ^'^ ?''*'^* P°'"* '^»"g to Stamp out 5 e malady by destroying the diseasedlnd disinfcctilS 2e Aphthous Fever._Foot and Mouth Diskase.- A contagious eruptive fever, attacking cloven^J^?^ a^ mals and communicable to other warm-bloodoTMima"!' Includmg even man. Its special feature is tS SoS 21 wfc fl "• °"'^ ''"'*''" *" communicated by conta ftwi, whether m western Eurooe in GrMi- Br.>,;« -i freland, where it was introduc^dln^J^!, or n No-lS and South America, which it reach^ in i^Ay imS stock. Like the other animal plagues it folbwSK^ TSe^.nir"'T'"*"^ •" the^h^annebo/comme^' The contagion does not readily spread on the airTri^r' or common road being often sufficient to SS? ThutZ poison .s more certainly transmitted by contact dir^o? ^lut^A^ «"edi"m of human beings, tame or wid^nt Sc 'et^ v'lt"""' ""^Tt' ^•°*'''"& drinkingCughl etc etc. Milk is one of the most frequent sourcef of Se XV° P'^'' ^^' ""^ ^^<=" ^° infants. prSng ^bm^ft>»»j.-_The poison may remain latent in the svs- tem for one or two days, or, in exceptional case! ^ hapsasmaay.- six. Then there is roughneJs^f ^he coat or shivering, increased temperature, dTmSzk hot red mouth, teats, and interdigiS spa^Tamen«S in Thl*2^ '2 "'• ?^^ »hrinkinglom the^nd SSi^ The second or third day blisters arise, on any wrt of {£ b.^HV"*'"^'' f '^^ '»°"*»» one-hil? to on^^fnch t oiSw; °' ?" '''* '"^ *"** ^^^^^^ the digits aboil one-half inch across. Saliva irivels from the moutff iT mlSe^Tth""??, r'"'"''}''' "P^ *"<* • loud smSS !wT t:u ^ ^^^ •'P'. »"^ tongue. Swine champ thf JdWf. Sheep and swine suffer more esoedallv iS S! fcelj^often losing the hoofs or evTn L dSCes ! conHngency not unknown in neglected catlfe. ' RINDERPEST. ^ dain, cows it is much moSs. » « to $10 ; in water I qt, or carbolic arH t a^ u "J^"' * °*- each ; after cleanl^gThe sptceV^^^^^ "£f^r:i^\'' '^?'^- cloth through it) jSr Hrw ? "°**^' ^^ dewing a banda« ¥hi L-^ r ^'^*'^«'n& t^* "P the feet in a tor be rigidly secluded fi^mtfik*';,. ^'^eased stock should A~££ ass- S5== litter, etc. mav be K..rnl5 VT L- P ?* • "manure, infected moved until fifteen d^t^ «fS? ? fi^"**** *"""*' ^^ould be fi^tbespongedTver^^hl^^ii;^^^^ . RUMIAN Cattle Plague. Rinderpf.!t a ■i>cn.bran«, but a^ve allVi^^ "?!!!."°" °' "« """««• . 50 THE FARMER'S VETERINARy ADVISEU. oaifo?rT ^^y^PP^-^ around ILTe and oJo^her parts of the skin, espec ally the teats Th«« ,1 i-5 a?e eS^d^tachS^ '^'^ ""^?fS° fatty softeSng and rteShrliJ 'i^*'''"^/'"^" pink erosions, and by the sixth day a great part of the mouth and muizle maJ- tbe averted gut appearing of a deep red or port-wine h, e .ion of the e^uTrHody o b?\Tafed°r.^ '"^. '°"^"''- laf^r «r.•f^ , ""uy, to DC exhaled a second or two THE LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. f« Sl^^il"";?^^ the ?recursor of f^eatli. which happens on the seventh or eighth day. ^^ !!«««"' K^^ff^'^P*?™^ ^PP^*"" '" '^"^ outbreaks, with de- whrin thl ;:?i/"''^""^ ^"** tenderness of the loins, while m the milder cases the peculiar cruphon mav be almost altogether confined to the skin. ^ fnl«l'"°'^"*^°"*?^ '^ "*'»^ ^**>'*at usually amounts to forty per cent, and upward. 7>w/iw«t/.--.The treatment of this plague should be legally prohibited under all drcumstances. All the aV- tempts of the different schools of medicine and of em- SUtSJ^j* ?*"*^ *""*, '^'^*"^** **>** have vigorously Stomped It out and excluded it have saved their pr2^ vlt^^~il^^ f^"""' ""^ ^^'^ P^^S"*^ should be pre- vented by a sufficient supervision of our ports and fron- tiers and a quarantine of stock. If admitted the victTms should be ruthlessly destroyed, deeply buried^ and Til places and Uiings with which they hive come iA contact disinfected in the most perfect manner. KO^NEUMomf ^''a'' ""^ .Cattle-Contagious pleu- ^:^^^}'^9^^—^^^'^^f^cconUg{ous fever of cattle Like IhT'.lf''"'^?'^^"' '"'^ '^«^'^«' ^"d lungs ^"*' Known in Eu^ooYi'nHT' ^^"^^^ noticed, this is only Known in Hurope and America as a contagious disease Ite importation into the different countri^ of Eu^' /.!fM r? I " '"vaded Ireland in 1830-40 bv Dutch cattle, England In 1842 by Irish and Dutch cattfeSwe • «r« • ^>^hires, Oldenburg in 1858. and Schleswi? in 1859. m each case by Ayrahires, the Cape of GoS^o^ t l^t f^??"* ^Vt^t ^y ^" EngHsrcowrBSokly^ ^ lyn 1843 by a Dutch cow. and again in 1850 ." w 52 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. English one, New Jersey in 1847 by English stock, aod Boston, Masi^ by Dutch cattle in 1859. In Sweden Norway, Denmark, Oldenburg, Schleswig, Massachu- setts and New Jersey, it was stemped out, in the last case by the importer, Mr. Richardson, sacrificing* his whole herd and voluntarily assuming the loss, but in the otl.wr places named it was left ti. itself and spread disas- trously. '^ Symptoms.— The period of latency of the poison in the system is from four to six weeks, and in exceptional cases perhaps two or three months or as short as ten days. In- creased temperature of the body i;sually appears a week or two before other symptoms. Then there is a slight cough, erection of hair along the back, sometimes shiver- mg and always tenderness of the back to pinching, the animal crouching and groaning. Soon breathing and pulse become accelerated, bowels costive, urine scanty and high^olored, milk diminished, appetite impaired, rumination irregular, nose alternately moist and dnr, and legs and horns cold and hot If in the field, the sick leave the herd. The cough increases in harshness, depth and painfulness, and all the symptoms are aggravated until the animal stands in one posture, with head extended on the neck, mouth open, and every breath accompanied by a loud moan. From the eariiest stages the ear applied to the sides of the chest detects an absence of murmur overparticular parts of the lung, or lungs, with a line of crepitation (fine crackling) around it, and occasionally rubbing, wheezing, and other unnatural sounds. On per- cussion over the silent parts the natural resonanceis found to have given place to dullness, and the animal winces and groans. Other peculiar sounds may follow later, into which we cannot enter here, and exhausting liquid discharges from the bowels and kidneys, tym- panies and abortions are frequent results. Death may take place early, from suffocation, when both lungs ara involved, or may be delayed six weeks or more. pe percentage of deaths and permanent destruction to health IS fifty or sixty, or when all the more suscepti- ble animals have perished it may be reduced much lower THE LUNG FSVZR OP CATTIX 53 Trmlmmt. — ^This disease is much more amenable to treatment than Rinderpest, but to preserve the sick is no less reprehensible, as the poison is more subtle, more diffusible through the atmosphere, is hidden unsuspected for a greater length of time in the body of its victim, and when manifested is far more liable to be mistaken for other diseases (pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis). No treatment should ever be allowed, except in perfectly secluded buildings, far from roads, where no strange men or animals can get access, and in a constantly disinfected atmosphere. In the early stages, refrigerant and diuretic salts (liquor of the acetate of ammonia, nitre, bisulphite of soda) with aconite may be given ; injections of warm water or mild laxatives (Epsom salts) used to r^ulate the bowels, and blisters applied to the sides of the chest (mustard and oil of turpentine). Later, when prostra- tion sets in. stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre, wine, aro- matic ammonia, etc) and tonics (gentian, cinchona, cas- carUla, boneset, sulphate of iron, or copper, mineral acids, etc) are called for. Antiseptics are useful, especially such as can br inhaled in the air (sulphur fumes, carbolic acid vapor c. spray) and thus reach the seat of dis- rhe hydropathic treatment, by a rug rung out of water applied next the skin and covered by several dry ones kept closely applied by elastic surcingles for an hour and followed by a cold douche and active rubbing till dry, has proved very successful, but demands intelligence, enthusiasm and activity on the p«rt of the attendants. The pack is repeated as often as the temperature rises. Prevention. — Importation should only be allowed from countries free from the plague, in ships that have carried no suspected stock for at least three months, and after mspection and, if thought necessaiy, quarantine, at the port of entry. But the disease already exists in New York, (Connecticut.) New Tersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and District of Columbia. This ought to be rooted out by measures executed by the central government and defrayed out of the public treasury 54 THE >-ARMER's VETERINARY ADVISER. publireo<3 Thfr^ ch« !?H.*°>^^*'' *"'"»«»<■ for the " S^itiiS tgrrt^ 1""- ""^'"' "«'■»«■•. fecteA ' """'^ " ""y generally in! ATwi'^r"'''?™"''^'' "> VOUNO Horses phatic glands^ ^ • ^^^^^^^''e '" groups of lym- irritation 6f 'eetwfc ?n^ k "''^ f,° *'^'='""g ^^^k, the and languor Then tlf » ' ™' °' condition, dulness nasal meinl, ^^*'" ^T "Wh, ?dnes» of U« eyes, slaverin? acc3,„7i17 .?" f™"" ""« ""« and niss scanty t-rtci^?"? breathrng and pulse, costive- Soonas»cLgfisSi°E^J,7h!'K=^'' '""?»=='< 'hirst. ho. .«.der. anil un^fSrAfn^^-^-Lilta-fe STRANGLES— DISTEMPER IN HORSES. 55 Z% «- *!r I r ^'."S' ^^'^ throat may even be clo*#^ months. If proneriv tr^i^^^^^^^^ '"^^''^ protracted for does well, bu?X^^Sr1:5fj;'^ vitality of the or^raflfeSeH t '" Proportion to thi in thSe su^ectTto TmTut; air InT^'f '^'' *"*^ ment, dropsiil and Sn^KsTweSfn^t'Si^ """"J- ent parts of the bodv i&ur^fJll^ ^^^ the depend, quent result. ^ iP^^P^ra hemorrhagica) is a fre- promote ^r^Cn""?™! t^S^J^^en 'tSe' •"^' ^J^ and sewed up alSe ^th. 1*^^^ ""*^^^= o^ the face points it should be fr^Ii/ J^S^ If • , * ^'**" matter ■■J f6 THE VAKMER'S VETERINARY ADVBBft. in the middle of the neck, and a tube inserted to breathe tnrough. Medicine is rarely required. Yet costiveness may be counteracted by warm water injections, and weaknen by stimulants (muriate and carbonate of ammonia) and tonia (gentian, columba, willow-bark). Complications must be treated according to their nature. INFLUENZA.-.A jipecific epizootic fever of a low type, associated with maammation of th« respiratory muraiM membrane, or less frequently of other organs. It has prevailed at intervab over different parts of the world In man, horses, dogs, and even cats. CtfKMv.— Nothing can be definitely stated as to the primary cause of its development, as aU peculiar condi- tions of sod, volcanic action, atmospheric electricity. a;nal moisture or diyness, density or levity, season, tem- peratur^ winds, calms, ozone, and antozone, fail to account for its appearance. The great American epizootic of 1872 was preceded and accompanied in Michigan by an excess of ozone, but the excess did not determine its appearance m other States, which it invaded by a gradual progress and with a rapidity proportional to the celerity of communication. Again, insular and sequestrated places escaped, as Prince Edward Island (frozen outV Vancouver s Island (quarantined), Key West, Hayti, St. Domingo Jamaic^ La Paz, by the non-importaUon of horses (Cuba suffered through imported A»-erican ho^). It stopped at Panama, where there is ( liorae traffic owing to the state of the country. ee the author s report to Government, and report of Iv ;w York Board of Health.) Symptoms.— Th^ disease comes on suddenly, with ex- treme weakness and stupor. There is often pendent nead, half^losed, lustreless eyes, great disinclination to move, with swaying gait, and cracking joints. Appetite is lost, mouth hot, clammy, bowels costive, urine scanty and high-cobred, pulse accelerated and weak (sometimes hard), a cor-h, deep, painful, and racking, comes on, crepitation c harsh blowing sounds are heard in the INFLUENZA. S7 cheat, and the membrane of the nose assumes a brleht pink or duU leaden hue. The ears and limbs are alter- nately cold and hot, the hair rough, the skin tender and frequently tremblmg. Soon the nose discharges a white, yellowish, or greenish matter, and the animal may recover, or an increasinelv heavy breathing, depth and painfuhiess of cough, uid changed or absent respiratoiy sounds in the chest, with dulness or percussion, show that the lungs are seriously Involved. Thus there may be the symptoms of pneumol nia, pleurisy, bronchitis, hydrothorax, pericarditis, hydro- pericardium, etc. Qots sometimes form in the heart modifying the heart sounds and proving rapidly fatal In other cases the abdominal organs suffer, and with great torpor, stupor, tension, and tenderness of the ab- doniinal walls, there are colicky pains, ardent thirst coated tongue, yeUowness of the membranes of the nose and eyes, yellow or reddish urine, costive bowels and dune m peUets thicklv coated with mucus. * Sometimes rheumatic sweUing and tenderness take place in the muscles and joints of the limbs, and may even last for months. > others, paralysis or deliriu ^ ensue, or, finally, severe inflammation of the eyes. Treatm^nt.— Overcome costiveness by injections of or aloes. Give mild febrifuge diuretics (liquor of acetate of ammonia spirit of nitrous ether), withlnodynes (ex- tract of belladonna), and when fever subsides or eSt prostration comes on stimulants (nitrous ether, aromatic Counter-irritants (ammonia and oil, equal parts, mus- tord^tc.) may be used from the first to the t^ s"d« or abdomen according to the seat of the inflammation boft mashes, roots, or green food, pure air without thmu&f ' "'"" '^°'^'"^ ^^ '"^^^^^ of trrtS If the abdominal ,>rgam are the main seat of disease. supplement the medicines above named by demuS (slippery elm, mallow, boiled linseed), wd lw«J^« V !'•'• 5« THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. l^T'JZf'^'^^f"' a«dX With, in some cases, a gentle ctotha to the head, Misters to the sides of the neck our etiv«,unlesscontra.indicated.and bromide of Sii^m The rA^umi/ic complication must be treatS iJk^S' naryr rheumatisn., ^vth colchicum. propyfa^nj^^^^ •KelSJo'"- ^'""'■•^" '''^'^' <=0"n?erffirn^!'etr^ ^nl^Vo^7 f^''''™ of treating the epizocltic infiu- " r;^ 5 ^ "" wll-known veterinarian : u&M fiS I^«. '^ lollowing prescription has been cSa^o! ^ '"'*^ '" ^'°"' N*^^ York and POTASS^ Nitrate.. ■.'.■.:U:::;!S: / Ma PU1.VERI2ED Ginger t^ > this Pulverized Digitaus. ..'.'. "lol ) *«^ subsides, the catarrhal indications grow iS^ 3,e^2^r ceases and appetite is resumed. ^ ^ * ^^^' If the throat is sore and swallowing difficult it will be necessary to app^ a counter-irritant to thrthroat or if the lungs are affected, to the chest Th^ iWuS never fails to give immolate relief: "^^''^"^ Spirits Turpentine. ,«. / Linseed Oil... *• F. F. F. Ammonia.'.*;;.;;;;*;;;;;;;;;;;;;; -J ^ Mix well and apply to the affected parts thoroughly.- Tympoid, Gastric or Bilious Frwp tu- TYPHOID, GASTRIC OR BILIOUS FEVER. 59 aometimes occurs in the same place at the same time. It 5£ !?*^" 'ndependently in horses weakened by shed- ding their coats in spring and autumn, in those kept in LuffiH^J^?' ""P"'L!1?** unwholesome atmosphere" fed insufficiently or on badly preserved, musty, or othemise injured aliment, supplied with wa.er containing an e^eS of decomposing oiMnic matter, fed irregularly, subjected to overwork, etc. Vinally. it proves cSitagious in con- fh^. ^rf """T, ^"«»d'"S». a«l. to a 1^ extent, in t^^ JS Z^- ^V'5«"ne and well aired. Some unknown generaUv actmg influence makes it more virulent at one season than another. tJ!*Tu'^'7V'^ *** * ^^ ***y* of dulness and lassi- tude, followed by the general signs of fever :_Staring fai' ?'T"^' *^'f"*? ^"^^ *"d ~Wness of the su^ face, restlessness, hot dry mouth, and elevation of the internal temperature of the body. There is a ye 'wish tinge of the mucous membranes, costiveness. colicky hard pellets of dung covered with a mucous film, urine and wjak. and there may or may not be sore throat excited breathing and discharge frJm the nose In ^e more favorable cases, signs of improvement are notice able in eight or nine days, and a perfect rec ven^^i, made. In the unfavorable, the pul^ become small weak and rapid (eighty to ninety ,£r minuSHie . .outh hotter, more clammy, and covered by yelloish. bro^ .h or greenish blotches, the abdominal walls more te^ r the bowels more irritable, sometimes with a ftrMd d^ ^r^ U^^'! .1^^ '*''^"^** '^ '■^P'dJy exhausted ;hc h \d L^ f"^ P^""""*.' *^' ^y^ ^""'^<^"' the ^..pres^ion of n^S r""*' t"P'^ ^"^ haggard, an. Uie stupor o msensibility may become so great that p nching oVeven pncking of the skin may pass unnoMce by thf animaf Death usually takes place from the te,.nVl^^^ tielii day. iwen- 7>^tf/«^>«/ English veterinr ns rely much on calo- mel, and .,th a firm full puis.. „ot toe, rapid' a gene al warmth oi surface and extremities a urigh e^e. chS t 60 THE FARMER'S VSTERINARY ADVISER. countenance, whitish foetid dung, and much yellowness of the eye, nose or mouth, a few doses of calomel (10 era.) and opium (30 grs.) repeated twice daily, may be u^ful in stimulating the liver and throwing off injurious agents from the blood. But it is to be avoided when there is a weak, rapid pulse, and great prostration and debility, and m no case should it be given over two or three days, or until the system is saturated with the drug. Severe cos- tiveness may be obviated by 2 or 3 drs. of aloes and a drachm of calomel, or by a daily dose of 2 or 3 ors. of Glauber salts until relaxation occurs. Soft feeding and copious injections of warm water must be continued to maintain the bowels in a healthy state. A drachm each of chlorate or nitrate of potassa and muriate of ammonia may be given three or four times daily with the water drunk, or in case of great dulness and debility, an ounce of oil of turpentine, sulphuric ether, sweet spirits of nitre, or carbonate of ammonia, may be given as well. Great ten- derness of the belly may be met by persistent hot fomen- tations and mustard poultices, and if necessary by half- drachm doses of opium. Tympany is treated by hand rubbing and by aromatic ammonia or oil of peppermint During recovery 3 or 4 ozs. of tincture of gentian or Cinchona maybe given twice daily with muriate of iron and stimulants. Feed throughout on soft bran mashes sliced roots, boiled oats or bariey, green grass, oil-cake' etc, giving from the hand if necessary. Secure pure air and water, cleanliness, warm clothing and general comfort until restored to health. Canine Distemper._A specific fever of the youne domestic carnivora. affecting the respiratory organs, and It inay be the abdominal viscera, the brain, the muscular system and joints, or the skin. One attack usually oro- tccts from a second. 7 f^ a«j«.— Connected, like strangles, with domestication. It IS most severe on pet dogs kept in hot, close rooms on ■piced food, or confined in kennels. Change of climate. SH!^* contagion, are other causes. gffo»J— Dujnesy, pee vishn ess, loss of appetite, dry MAUGNANT CHOLERA— ASIATIC CHOLERA. 6l nose, w atery ey es, ele -J^figJaJawTsensitivei llairyWyellowish dii UttWsparf -■ysraaranaTften followed by vomittn? the .wi ^^"^ thechestsounds on auscultation and percussion Sc'ut^n? d? H^* "J"** '? ''*^^• dcbimated anS emacuted, and duyrhoea, ulceration of the mouth and •ji^aiQ^ftojAiaUy precede-aST" ' The compireSflHin JUm luukMl Ilj^ Sj^^ms of bron- dti^'' Jir.r^^ enteritis^ hepatiti *»d skin-enaSa^T ceedingly common In the advanced stages. The emotion ':^ir;^^^S&f'-^' blisters^UainX^X^; shmjld not be so exclusive in dogs haviSg had animd foS (ciof inrSfv »S;"/'r'!!!i^^'"'^^' ^-^ » »«?ht Uxativr icascor oil) may be followed bv tonics teentiari auinia^ fcbnfuges (saltpeter), and expectorant (ScSnhJ' with perhaps an anodyne (belladonna). As/^sXdS: K?i?er«iu^ii.'r%^'^i^^^^^^^^ M for 2 A ^: J"" *" *^^ ^"°'" complications treat H?i 'ne d'flerent diseases, but avoid weakening reme- dies and keep up tonics, stimulants, and ^d!^tt atl^ttSe3«lJ;"°''''if^--^«'^"C CHOLERA.-Thl. wiS^ ™in ^;5""«^q"*drupeds and birds simultaneously l^lnTfl* i^ A" ^? produced experimentally by J^^E In '?"^*^ *^^*^ ^^^*'^»- ThSewerefoM increase In virulence from the nrst to the third dav 3 to t^^^T' '^ ''^' ^'^ ^^"'^ the?we.:*f JStS Ioi^"K«7'"~**""*^"^^'' ^^'"P'- ««»' prostration, partial tosjof motor power and excitability, great lowerinff^hi tremifcs, viscid taraily-flowing blood, and lastly, violem ii .-. r «» THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. abdominal pains and fluid bowel d^iiTtiAn. ,jk v . the »pcafic7i»^to.ap|K«^""'°^ '*"'"™« 7>»iift«CT/._The disease is mainly important as nr>.r» gating a poison so faul to the human Wah™?!^^' most perfect disinfection of all bowSfci^fi.! •" *' hour. I"the«riy,tag.,add^o^m"S^h2dkdSrA^ te^in-^af^rriteHS SS^n,.^'*"^ "'""" °" "»"'" <"«■»»»■? »Pe» "»« bowels come relaxS a^uJ^^e tWrf^rf??^^^ foetid diaiTheea ensues. T ^u ^ u,°^ J^ exhausting the dung. jSforc Tath^i^Stf**.'*/^ "^^ P«« ^^ hind limbs, Md is often tlST^^ *T **"*~* ""^^^^ muscular^cSSC ieJkma^d in^TP*?* *'"P«^' '^th thebowek ^'^ ^*"** «nvoluntaiy motions of fauSrS^I'^J^^iIjnK."^ by contagion, though The poison wHlbTowlS?? T^ **^* '*» ^«^«loP 't. stanthr didnfeSd atm^pWr"F^'^eif Sl^* ~"; ofbariey orrve, or. in caU t^ SI *t r ***8^** starch made ^Ui b^mn^tw-^'S^ j^* JT\«>"- water. slightly aciduffi SS ' ^^ '°**""^ ^''«*» c«>l early conftipa^tion rivt a mM ?"iP^""<= ««d. For the barb.) and SyecSoS of%^ SftS fol SS' «*^' *"" fever medicini (nitrate of ^ta^a-i?w"?T?* "P '^'b If the patient '^^^th^k^t^^Z''^'^''^- of ulceration of tb<» bowHiT /mJ^ 5^ *"° mows signs giv. oil of tu,p.„to. «ft^^'^j;,*:»f;jS"'^^'^i jects with tlie IhSSMittSln SS !!L•"'"»P'°<'''••"l>• soon as distinct siVna «f n.1 -« ^ '*» ?e«troyingas mTcI, or •uiph.tc of Iron tott". £S5f ^ "'j"**"' '»''»«= diseued IimS aii -I™! *•■" *WcB hat nm near a I"*""! at.iS. di«i,S„f"'^r' f^ "■»""' •* *«da„U until their heSth h\. bS^^IISr "P"" "" 64 THE FARMER'S VKTERINARY ADVISER. Mexico and communicable to the cattle of the elevated laoda of the same and other States in a more fatal form. It ia characterised by an enlati|red spleen, pfx>found changes in the blood, escape of the blood elements into the substance of the various tissues and with die urine, causing bloody discharges from the kidneys, yeUowness of the mucous membranes and fat, great prostration and delnlity. Symptoms. — ^There seems to be an incubation of four or five weeks, ending in elevated temperature (103' to 107*) and followed in five to seven days by dulness, lan- guor, drooping head till the nose reac'ies the ground, arched bade, hind legs advanced under the belly arid bent at the fetlocks, cough more or less frequent, muscu- lar trembling about the flanks, jerking of the neck mus- cles, heat of horns, ears and general surface (limbs cold — in exertional cases) and impaired appetite and rumina- tkui. Soon weakness compels l)rhig down, by dioice in water, eyes are glassy and fixed, secretions lessened, dung hard and coated with mucus, or with clots of blood, and the urine chaiu^es to a deep red or black and coagu- lates on boiling. The mucous membranes are of a deep Sellow or brown, that of the rectum seen in passing dung I of a dark red, as in Rinderpest. All these symptoms become aggravated, weakness be- comes extreme, and the patient dies in a state of stupor, or sometimes in convulsions. The disease usually passes unnoticed in the Texan cat> tie, but is exceedinglv fatal in nortnem beasts. Contagion takes place through the bowel dischargcik and roads, pastures, water- courses, etc, become efficient bearers of the virus. It is destroyed at once by frost, and has never been satisfactorily demonstrated to be conveyed from one northern animal to another. Sucking calves rarely suffer. One attack does not protect against another. Prtvtntum.— It should be enforced by United States law that no Gulf-coast cattle should be moved north ex- cepting after the first frosts of autumn, or before the last frosu of spring. Then would the traffic be safe for all CANINE MADN»»-RABIES— HYDROPHOBIA. 6$ the North. The time would vary for the different States. K S^J^^'^if. °' '**'='' ^''^^ ^o' the extreme north should be by direct route without intermediate unload- ing. A general restriction of this sort, with the expense levied on all the States, would be more economical and S)nti^**^ * supervision by each State of its own Treatment should never be called for. It may how- ever, be resorted to with less danger than in the case of a 23^?^*\»'l?°'".^ *j*^*"»°"»«n' drinks and enemas, ■oftfood and stimulating fever medicines have been fol- lowed by recovery. Chlorate of potassa, nitre, iodide of potassium, and carbolic acid have evidently been of ad- S^^Skoi!^*'"^^"^' ^^'''"^' " f^"" Lung-fever, should be beneficial, and refrigerant or stimulating diuretics Sy.^*? "*• !r- "'f""* *^*^*'''> according to the indica- dons of the particular case. Peculiarities in different 5K? T*"*^ i^'^^I't * Xa"a«on of treatment The diet tef^t'^offLTg^S^V^^^ .n5?fi'l'!!?**'^^^~-?^'=*'-<"YDR0PH0BIA).-.A specific disease supposed to arise spontaneously in the Shirh"?" ^^?i- *°^'"' '■r'> *"^ '" the cat, but t«ism.V «ble by inoculation to all the domestic animals and to Sonal La '"*'•'"'* )'>' ^^*'''^*^" °^ intellectual, emc^ tZir ."^.TV' .'^""Ctions, altered habits, irritable itTra °Pi"^^ delusions, .spasms of the muscles of Se eyebaU.«,d throat. paralysS. and more or less fever. • »?,**"•— Inoculation by bite is the usual (almost invat- mo?^^S'*^""*"''r>'^"»* spontan^^'uir/n water Co«^ fn£f"''"' f""^*"' *^"»^' P^^^tioJ of SiJl thin fS^ ^°^' """hng, etc.. have no effect fur- Srii^? ^^ "*"^*^*» P^'^duce a febrile state and hasten Je development of the disease when the seeds are already implanted m the system. A constantly increasing m^s of t«»timony ooints to the conclusion that the restraint^? SrSy'ST'h •5*"'^ ^""'r " ^"'^ «»"»« of the gene?: ttioa of th« malady, and it i. even supposed thit the 1 ' ,, « THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. maternal instinct has had a similar effect after the pop. pics have been removed. Males chiefly suffer, partly/no doubt, from their special liability to naturalexcitine causes but mainly because the rabid dog is far more likely to bite a m-*le than a female. The poison is resident in the saUva and blood, but not m the milk The saliva of rabid herbivora, omnivora. and men IS equally virulent with that of camivora, though in all uUmals it varies in intensity according to the stale of the disease Of animals bitten by a violently ra^ dog neariy all contract the disease, whereas among men the proportion is five to fifty-five per cent This ap- parent immunity is laigely due to the cleaning of the teeth on the dress before thev reach the skin. IneubatioH varies in dogs from five to eighty days, the majority showing symptoms thirty to forty days after the bite ; m the horse fifteen to ninety days (usually thirty) • in cattle twenty to thirty days ; sheep twenty to seventy- four days ; swine twenty to forty-nine days. In man it ranges about the same, exceptional cases extending over years, being manifestly instances of disease resulting from fear, a common occurrence in the human being. Syn^toms—Iu the Dog.— Any sudden change of habits, orinstmcts— dulness, restlessness, watchfulness, tendency to pick up and swallow straws and other small objects, constant desire to smell or lick the anus or generative organs of themselves or others, to lick a stone or other smooth, cold object, to rub the throat or chops with the fore paws, silent endurance of pain, rubbing or licking of a scar, the seat of the bite, liability to sudden passion and attempts to bite at sight of another dog or cat, may be looked on as very suspicious, if rabies exists in the country. Soon the characteristic howl is omitted. The voice is hoarse, low and muffled, and there is one loud howl, fol- lowed by three or four more successively diminishing in force and uttered without closing the mouth. Some dogs appear unusually fond of their owners and fatally inocu- late them by licking their hands and face. Others turn the head and eyes as if following imaginary objects and snap as if at fliea. Barking without object, a constant CAKINB MADNESS— RABIIS—HTDROPROBIA. 67 warching, or tearing of wood, etc, to pieces, » seeking of darkness and seclusion and a disposition to rnent dis- turbance, or a pilgrimage of several days' absence fnxn nome are among the most common precursora of the ^"'^Mw-^fWw.— FoUowing some of the above symp. toms there is a redness and fixed glare in the evM jquinting roUing of the eyes after fanded objects, monl frequent howhng, and Increasing irritability with a ten- daiqr to wony aU animals that come in their way, the respect for and Immunity of former friends being ibst in 2^1**1*"'*^!L*,P^'^'?- The victim can no longer rest, but undertakes long journeys at a slouching trot ready to fly at all that cross his Jath. espedally if S^y make any noise or outay. He mVy dieduring oneTf Sf^ffl"*!*'^ or return dirty, careworn and sullen, with fc«Si^!t" hM eye and ready to resent any inter- 5 If ^ iT*** Pawacysm of violence or wandering is followed by a period of depression and torpor proSo" tionate to the preceding excitement, during Which dark and sedusion are prrfened, though any difturbance will arouse to vjoW From the folrth to the eighS Sy f^S" T'^ ^t^ i" ** ^'"d ««'»»». 'hen « the jaw d^th? *»ilarF,Uaau^l name thcM bcexin of the evil ■Ml* W THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. results of entertaining them. i. Mad dogs have no/Mf of water {hydrophobia). On the contrary, they swim nvers, plunge their noses in water, or lap their urine widiout hesitation. 2. AfifieHU is not lost, only depraved, and the stomach after death is found to contain an end- less variety of improper objects. 3. There is nx^y froth at the mouth, though saliva may run from it when the jaw IS paralyzed. 4. The tail is not carried between the Ugs but is rather held erect during a paroxysm. Foxes and wolvts have symptoms like those of the dog, the animals losing their natural shyness or fear, and attacking man and beast indiscriminately. Cats attack with claws and teeth, flying at the face and hands, and utter hoarse loud cries, as in heat The horse bites, kicks, neighs, draws his yard, rolls his eyes, jerks his muscles, and dies paralyzed. The mischievous propensity dis- guishes from delirium. The or is restless, excitable everts the upper lip, grinds his teeth, bellows loudly and as if m terror, scrapes with his fore feet, and butts and kicks all who approach. There is jerking of the muscles and finally paralysis. Sheep are similarly excited, show sexual appetite, stamp, butt and bleat hoarsely. They die paralytic. Swine are excitable, restless, grunt hoarsely, champ the jaws, bite intruders, tear objects to pieces, gape, yawn', become weak, and die paralytic. Recoveries are so rare as to be extremely questionable. Treatment.— This can only be warranted in the lower animals in hope of discovering a curative method for man, and then with extreme precautions, and in iron cages. Theoretically, vapor baths, with sulphites and antispasmodics (datura, atropia, chloral-hydrate, etc.,) would promise the best results. The boasted curative agents have all broken down when tried on well-marked cases in the lower animals, in which diseases of the imagination are not to be looked ^tv. Prevention.— When bitten, at once check the flow of blood from the part in the limb, by a handkerchief re- cord with a piece of wood through it, twisted tighi ' around the member a little higher than the wound,— in other parts by sucking or by cutting open the wound to MAUONANT ANTHRAX. 69 it! depth and saueezing or wringing, as if milking, to keep up a free flow of blood, soaking it meanwhile in warm water, if available. Drinking liquids to excess will also retard absorption. But as soon as caustics can be had apply them thoroughly to all parts of the wound, making sure that its deepest recesses are reached. The compression by handkerchief or fingers should not be relaxed until this operation is completed. A hot skewer, nail or poker serves admirably, and if at a white heat is less painful But oil of vitriol, spirit of salt, nitric add, caustic potassa or soda, butter of antimony, chloride of xmc, nitrate of silver, blue stone, copperas, indeed any caustic at hand should be at once employed. The wound should be thoroughly cauterized, though some time has elapsed since the bite, as absorption does not always take place at once. AH dogs should be registered, taxed, and furnished with a collar, bearing their own and their owner's names and that of their residence. During the existence of« rabies in a country all dogs found at large unmussled should be destroyed. Suspected dogs should be shut up under supervision for three months, unless rabies is deve oped eariier. Dogs that have bitten human beings should be similarly shut up for a week to test the exist- ence of the disease or otherwise. Malignant Anthrax.— A constitutional disorder arising in rich, damp localities, in herbivora, swine and birds, and communicable by inoculation to other animals and to man. It shows uself by many different forms, all characterised by extreme changes in the chemical and vital properties of the blood, breaking down of the blood- globules, extravasations of blood or albuminous fluids in different parts of the body, with a tendency to gangrene, yellow or brown mucous membranes, enlargement or wen rupture of the spleen (milt), and a very high mor- GwMM.— It is propagated hy contagion but tends to die out when produced in this way only. It is transmitted by contact with the blood, liquid exudations, portions ol >» THl rARlOR-S V«TK»n«ARy ABVISEll. l«^th ttehXrkkiSTf "nuct of the« nut- enough to p4d^^d'SS«Thl'^f*''"' "'•J'" I" when Kceijed ftom m ani^'..A?f r"™" ■» '»<»t potent dead, ««1 JSTw iS^D^SSiS^ ''""^r^^y-^^ly »PP«atus n^SS.ttl.'SMvteo""* P^?"*"* ^ «ny Ml CMC. inman occur on MipoKdpart.of the ricl.''.SS^^Si'? ""«'"?>"■•«'= >. By the flesh muums.--Tht malignant anthrax may be marSed SS^f JL^ Jr/^ *^^?."^ *^* carbuncular eV^ SSJi^^Tf^^-^^^^ Ualigmia AnUnx wUk Bsurnal Laicn. ftom Slbma IS not unknown in other lands. A^lSJi •M«nng Md few ax toUowed by a roSllne oJ%^ odder, sRealh, breast, throat, or elaeWhat^hSf ^S^ toaj^ «m«in,.. to theW -rfTSStad'" aJ ^s.ii:;Soi''^inrnronT.iS^ ? «i- occur under U» l.^fSi^':^ttir« UiTSS 79 THE FARMIk'S VITBRIirAftT ADVISES. i1. Iron or other caustics pushed to the depth of the tumor, and mineral acids internally. (2) MaiigMomt Anthrax nitk Diffused Lttai SwelUmgs. Tjfkus.—Tlm Is usually confounded with the fi^^trm fimmorrkagutt, which is in no sense a contagious aflfcction. but occurs in weak conditions of the body, as a sequel of debilitadng diseases (influenza, bronchitis pneumonia, etc). Our limits forbid extended treatment, hence the general symptoms will be named, and the observer left to distmguish the two diseases according to their origin, communicability, and prevalence. ,^y^!'^'--^^wenDs, lassitude.stupor, impai-^ appe- tit^ whitish discharge from the nose, accelery ' pube and breathing, costiveness with slimy dung o. sc uriig: htgh-colored, odorous or bloody urine, swd'' - • sIm of a walnut or closed fist on different parts » f body or a continuous swellinij beneath the chest t ocUy, or extreme engorgement of the limbs or head. These are at first hot and tender, and easily indented with the finger, but soon become hard, the skin gets rigid and exudes drops of a yellow serum or pure blood. They may render the patient unable to walk, see, feed, drink, urinate, or breathe, according to situation. The mucous mem- branes become swelled, pufly, dusky or yellow, with red spoto and streaks, and a viscid, bloody, and finaUy foetid dischai|ge flows from the nose. Breathing may become labored and quick in connection with exudations into the chest, or violent colics may supervene from effusions in the abdomen. With internal effusions, death ensues in forty-eight hours ; with external only, the effects may last for weeks or months before ending in recovery or death. In the latter case the swellings may suddenly disappear to reappear elsewhere, tiiey may subside permanenth- in connection with free action of tiie bowels or kidneys, or they may slough, leaving extensive and sluggish sores and scars. (IJ) In TOE Ox. -(I) Black TaHgue.^Als0 im tim /i^st.— This is manifested by the eruption of blisters, red, purple or black, on tiie tongue, palate and cheeks, MALIGIf ANT ANTHBAX. 73 Increaxfng individually often to tne me cf a hen's egg, bursting, discharging an ichoro!d water, and rub actively till dry. Rub with camphorated spirit or oil of turpentine. Give tonics (quinia. salacin, etc), antiseptics (mineral acids, nitro-muriatic acid, tincture of the muriate of iron, chlorate of potassa, carbolic acid, bisulphite of soda, tinc- ture of iodine, iodide of potassium, bichromate of potassa). In the Genesee outbreak of 1875 I had admirable results from the use of nitro-muriatic acid sixty drops, bichromate of potassa three grs, and chlorate of potassa two drachms, twice daily by the mouth, and two or three drachms of a saturated solution of sulphate of quinia, iodide of potassium and bisulphate of soda injected at equal intervals beneath the skin. Of fifhr veiy sick oxen onUr four died. In the advanced and weak conditions, stimulants (alco- hol, turpentine, ether, valerian, angelica, camphor, etc.,) are useful. L lower jaW. whe4 L pJlte i^s^S^^^^*"^', '•"'^^ *»»«^ •nd nodular, like a mW^f Jt ' u "* ^nlai^ed, hard •ionally firaly adhe«S?.^ S?** V- ***?"»• ^^ *'« occa- law-bone il^'SatiS an'.fr '^V°"«"e or the cords. An occLffl coSh ?, t* ^!S* ^'^^^ "^^ " ^^ detecU crepitoSoTS? whe«L in ^t"^' u'"** auscultation */ M*uon or wneexing m the chest. The ulcers THE PARMER'S VETERINARY ADVmR. i IP k: ili increase in number and depth, often invading the f^ristle or even the bone, the glands also enlai^e but remain hard and nodular, the discharge becomes bloody, foetid and so abundant and tenacious as to threaten or accom- plish suiTocation, and the animal perishes in the greatest distress. Syn^Ums of Chrome Glanders.— This is characterized by the same unhealthy deposits and ulcers in the nose, varyit^ extremely in size and number, often, indeed, situated too high to be seen ; by the same viscid dis- charge but usually much less tenacious than in the acute form ; by the same hard, comparatively insensible nodular glands on the inner side of the jaw-bone ; and a cough, which, however, is much more rare. Excepting at the very outset, the animal usually appears to be in the best of health, with the apparently insignificant draw- back of the nasal discharge, and hence he is often kept and used till he contaminates a number of horses or even men. The case is easily recc^ized, unless where the ulcers are invisible or the enlarged glands removed. It is sometimes needful to inoculate a useless animal to decide as to the nature of the malady. It usually proves fatal to the inoculated animal in about ten days. Symptoms of AatU /^a ny.— The premonitory symp- ^toms resemble UiAM W atute glanders, of which \\ iVhnt Mother manifestation. The local symptOihs cuiisiinP thickenmg of the lymphatic vessels, which feel like stout cords, painful to pressure ; and the formation of rounded inflammatory swellings (farcy-buds) along the course of these corded lymphatics. There follow ulceration of these buds, raw sores, discharging a glairy, unhealthy pus, and dropsical engorgement of the limb or other part aflfected. It is usually seen to follow the line of the vems on the inner side of the hind or fore limb, but may appear on any part. The cording usually extends from the feet towards the body, and is most likely to be con- founded with lymphangitis, in which the swelling begins high up in the groin. It usually proves faUl, becoming complicated with glanders before death. Symptoms of Chronic Farcy.— -T^Aa may follow the -/ 1 1 -\kA^ 4-^ i GLANDERS AND PARC7. f | • ■^"tf. fo™ w come on insidiously. First there i* «om. hfJS. i j° "J"" "»>' "^ '=!«• "hich gradually sX„s anS dsJiifile alT'f ^ T""'!)^^ ^PP«^^ '" the limbs fJll l^ ^*' ^"' ^o*^ 2i"«* removable by exereisT Tu/S,'/^ G:^«^rj_The acute disease is fataL The chronic form occasionally appeare to recover thonJh more commonly the symptoms aVe c^verS^T'to ?,^^ I' or glanders the most successful aecnts have hee« Treatmettt of Chronic Farcy.— Active local ?nfl=.n„«, ixS^d L J^T fomentations or astringent lotions. xerciscand a soft non-stimulating diet. In the absen(S ,v W TH« FARMER'S VSTXRIMARY AOVUIR. oftudi indications uw tlie tonics advised for fflandeiiL choosingm the order named. Tlie corded lySiphaUa ^u ?^, *" farcy-buds may be blistered Jr fubbS With iodine or mercurial ointment The raw sores shouW ^^^ ^? ««»^« carboUc add, nitrate of siW corrosive subUmate, chloride of ainc; or even the hot uon). Use iodine, diuretics, exerd^ rubbing, dtl. to reduce tiie swelling and feed UberaUy. »' "=^ «» Pmm$H0m^i. Destroy aU glandered horses, and all mth acute farcy and open so/U and burydeeiy? * TT«re riiouM be a high pemdty attadied tothe «^,i of glandered horses in pubUc places. 3. SuspeSSI^S "^ S°"^^ be jeduded uncfer veteriliary JSSviston untU tiiw can be pronounced sound, or destrw^ I Jritii wluch the disease has come in contact, should b2 tiioroughlv dismfected. 5. Neither strange animals no5 m«, should be admitted, and attendants should dSJf^ before leavmg. f ,^ directly in the median hne, the sheep elevates iti no^e and advances in a straight line until stopped by some obstruction. When located in the back part of the brain, vcerebellum), the host lifts its limbs in a jerking, uncer- tam manner, sets them down in a hesitating way, stum- bles perpefially, falls and struggles for some time inef- fectually in its efforts to rise. If situated in the spinal cord, difficult breathing and paralysis are marked symp- toms. The disorders are often extreme at first, and after\vards undergo a temporary improvement, the re- missions and aggravations being probably due to the varying activity of the parasite at different periods. Sim- ple tumors, maintaining a steadily increasing pressure rarely give rise to such intermittent symptoms. The coenurus mostly affects sheep under two years old and those that are out of condition. Yet the finest ani- mals, kept for show, will sometimes suffer. So it is in cattle, the young, weak and ill-thriven are the most ex- posed, but all may suffer. For the same reason, poor, c amp and exposed localities suffer more than the rich dry and sheltered. J'revaf/mi.— Destroy the dogs, or, if they must be kept, deny them sheep's heads until cooked. Examine them at frequent intervals i nd expel all tape worms by vermifuges, (oil of turpentine, male-fern, kousso, areca nut, etc.) Keep the young sheep at all times in good, thriving condition. Drain all wet pastures, shelter ex- posed ones. /V^rt/ww//.— In rare cases, spontaneous recovery may fohow rupture of the cyst in connection with a blow on the head or a fall. Hogg passed a long knitting wire through the nose into the brain, and Youatt advises a small trocar for the same purpose. But the cyst is more easily punctured and extracted through the upper part of the skull. In advanced cases, the internal pressure of the cyst has sometimes caused absorption of the bones and the formation of a soft spot on the upper part of the skull, rhis should be laid open with a sharp lancet or penknife, just enough to introduce a trocar and cannula 90 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. one-eighth inch in diameter, through which the liquid may escape s owly The animal may be turned on its back to complete the evacuation, but held firmly so that no s rugghng can take place. As the cyst is emptied, a E. S'l"""/'" ^ found prrjecting through it, and should be slowly drawn out. This is the parasitic cyst, and from Its mner surface will be found projecting one hun- dred to two hundred little elevatiJns^ likeyn-he«ls. each representing the head of a tape-worm and beioJ capable of development into the mature parasite if swal- Wc' by a dog The wound should be covered wXa fn f H^u^ ^'■•*!"^ ^ l^^^^r ^°'^' ^n*l the patient placed we^k "^ secluded box. on soft, laxative diet for a If the bones are not softened the point to be perforated must be ascertained from the symptoms. If the sheS turns to one side, open a little in front of the corresponcf the skull. If the head is elevated and the walk straijfht forward, without much terror or disorderly movement; open at the same level but in the median line. If S in^^"". \'r' '>"'t^t'"g "movement, much terror, flurry and stumbling, open in the median line further back A flap of skm IS to be dissected up from the bone, large enough to ad Tiit a trephine one-eighth inch in diameter in an emergency a gimlet will do), with which the bone IS to be perforated After this the cannula and trochar IS used as above advised. irwcnar If more than one cyst should be present the operation may require repetition, and with care recoveries often Tape-Worm of Dogs—A tape-worm of the dog no exceeding one inch in length, lives in its cystic form A. the cystic form of this parasite has the power of increasing its numbers almost indefinitely, and mow- ing into enormous multilocular cysts, it become! ex- tremely injurious and even deadly to its brute and above all, to its human v.ctims. One-sixth of the human mortality in Iceland has been attributed to thsparaSte i 11 MEASLES IN SWINE, 91 and a fatal case in a child has recently come under my notice in Tompkins Co., N.Y. Many of the cyslis of water found in the liver and other internal organs of the domestic animals are specimens of echitiococcus, and that they are not more frequently fatal may be attributed largely to the shortness of the lives of the animals raised for slaughter. They may inhabit almost any org^n (liver, lungs, spleen, abdominal walls, kidneys, brain, eye, etc.,) anu the symptoms will vary acco -dingly. Treatment. — Spontaneous recovery may take place from death or rupture of the sac Otherwise the true nature t>'i 'lese fluctuating tumors can rarely be recog- nized, out if they should, they may be punctured with a very fine needle-shaped nozzle, the liquid evacuated with a syringe, and compound tincture of iodine injected into the sac. Prevention. — Destroy all superfluous dogs. Keep others from slaughter-houses, and deny raw flesh, and especially offal. Examine frequently, and if segments of tape-worm are passed clear them away with vermifuges (see gid). Bum the dung of all dogs suffering from tape-worms, the contents of evacuated hydatids and all offal containing crystal Measles in Swine.— The bla Jder-worm of pork is the immature form of the tape-worm of man, and is only caused by pigs having access to human excrement, or to places near priv'es, etc., from /hich the segments of the human tape-worm may travel. The cysts, respectively about the size of a grain of barley, are found in the mus- cles, in the loose connective tissue between them, and under the skin, 'n the serous membranes, in the eye, under the tong n the brain, etc., of swine. They are also found in .s undeveloped form in the muscles, brain, etc., of man, causing disease and death. To man the parasite is usually conveyed by eating undt/done pork, or in the cystic form he receives it as the egg in his food (salads, etc.,) and water. Symptoms. — In pigs the cysts can usually be seen under the tongue or in the eye. In man there are the I** [I f ; 9* THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. general symptoms of intestinal worms and the passace ^ the npe segments. Other symptoms may attJndX presence of the cysts according to the organ which thev invade. Thus when passing into the m^^rle^ there are pamsand stiffness resembling rheumatism; when into the bram, coma, stupor, imbecility, delirium, but when they have once become encysted they may conSue thus indefinitely without further injury ^"""nue 7V^«/»/«»/._The cysts scattered through the body are beyond the reach of medicine. ""oy are .\f'^^^'^''~^^^?^ ''^'"e* harboring tape-worms should be compelled to take measures to exS them mLTraf Tc^d,'''^^^^- ^ I'^'lfj'' ^^^^^^'^ wiSJ stfong mineral acids. Swme should be kept apart from all teed'L'a"t':;r,*^^'!''"^"'' "° ^"^^ nfanureTouW "sed as a top-dressing on pasture open to swine o- on land (market gardens, orchards, etc.,) devoted oth; raising of vegetables to be eaten raw. Avoid raw meat especially pork, even if salted and smoked, and under- done meat and sausages, also well-water from gravelly soils m the vicinity of habitations. graveiiy Measles in CATTLE.--This consists in the presence in the muscles of cattle, especially young one^f I cystic parasite, two to four lines in"^ length^ which as a mature tape-worm, inhabits the human bowels When the eggs were given experimentally to calves, they caused stiffness, wasting and death in three weeks cJ improvement began at the end of a fortnigh' ' ' mmated in apparent recovery, the live cysts remaining in the muscles and ready to de \ v] their adult form when eaten by man. Under prevention and treatment might be repeated :^lV'''''^ -^^rr^'^^' '^ ^4 merei; subsJf- tuting the word cattle for pigs. The current practice of eating raw beef ham is especially reprehensibll Tape-Worm of Siieep and CKTTLZ.^Tama Ex- pansa is the name of this worm, which causes great bss ... some localities in An.cric, as udl as in AustraHa LARD WORM OF THE HOG. 93 Germany, etc Its cystic form is unknown, therefore we can only check its increase by watching what sheep pass the ripe, detached segments, shutting them up, expeUing the worm by vermifuges (oil of turpentine in milk, male- fern, etc,) and burning both it and the sheep's droppings. Lard-Worm of the Hog.— This worm is from one to one and three-fourths inches long by one-thirteenth inch broad, and is found in almost all parts of the body of swine. It is frequent in the liver, kidneys, and the fat about the spare-rib, but has been found in the air-passages, the heart, the veins, the mesentery, and elsewhere. In many cases, no impairment of the health is observed. But irritation of important organs like the kidney or liver may lead to weakness of the hind parts, diarrhoea, or even blood-poisoning and sudden death. It seems not im- probable that the attack of this worm in the liver may produce a disorder which is confounded with Hog Cholera. Its presence in the kidney may sometimes be recognized by the existence of microscopic eggs in the urine. But without the observation of such eggs weakness of the hind parts cannot be ascribed to the kidney-tvotrn. Treatment is unsatisfactory. Small doses of salt and oil of turpentine may be given with no great hope of success. The favorite dose of arsenic only escapes killing the hog because he rejects it a »y vomiting. If bene- ficial at all it must be taken in sn ^11 doses, one-eighth to one-sixth grain, so that it may be taken up into the system. Prevention is to be sought by keeping the healthy and diseased apart, and especially by raising young pigs apart from the ground occupied by the old. Trichina Spiralis.— This worm, which is capable of being reared in all the domestic animals, is especially common in man, the hog and the rat. Trichinx are almost microscopic, varying from one-eighteenth to one- sixth inch in length, yet they are among the most deadly worms known. The mature and fertile worm lives in the mtestines of animals, the immature in minute cysts in 94 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. the muscle. The latter can only reach maturity and re- produce their kind when the animal which they infest is devoured by another and they are set free by the diges- tion of their cysts. When thus introduced into the bowels they grow and propagate their kind, giving rise to much untation for the first fortnight, diarrkaa,enteHtis,or per- ttonttts. The symptoms caused by their boring through lu il?-'^*?^*"*^ '"i? *^* mv^K\^^ last from the eighth to the fiftieth day. There are violent muscular pains like rheumatism, but not affecting the joints, a stiff, semi- flexed condition of the limbs and sometimes swellings on the skin. In man the affection is often mistaken for rheumatism or typhoid fever; in the lower animals the symptoms are usually less marked, but are the same in kind. There are loss of appetite, indisposition to move, pain when handled, and stiffness behind. If the patient survives six weeks recovery may be expected, because the worms no longer irritate after becoming encysted in ♦u ^r'^^fTl'*"!" *^^ ^"^^ ^'^ ^^««^«s« b"t especially for the fir^t fortnight, use laxatives and vermifuges. Gly- cerine, benzine, Diippel's animal oil, chloroform, alcohol and picric acid an fatal to them in about the order named. Prevention --^ftv^x eat underdone meat. Trichina survive 140'» F Hams thoroughly smoked are safe, blightly-smoked hams and those steeped in creosote or carbolic acid are most dangerous. Pigs should not be kept near slaughter houses, ard especially should th- waste of these places be forb. 'en them. Such hog- pens, indeed all piggeries, should be kept scrupulously clean and dear of rats and mice. The carcasses of swine fed near slaughter-houses or where rats abound should be subjected to a thorough microscopic examination before passing into consumption. Wherever a case of trichinosis occurs in a human subject the pork should be traced to l!f '°u'?f J P^'^y^' ^"? *^^ P'^^ '■^^'•ed in the same place killed and subjected to long boiling. The rats and mice^hould be eradicated and the hog-pens and manure CHAPTER IV. DIETETIC AND CONSTITU rrONAL DISEASES. Ergotism.— From time immemorial animals and mer have suffered from eating the cereal grains which hTv been attacked with ergot. This was especially the cas when agriculture was in its infancy, for then^ a damp cloudy season would cause this affection to spread aftS the manner of a plague. The same holds still to a les- extent, and m the New World as well as the Old. Not only theer^ofhut even the ^/«.v/ of maize will bring abou untoward effects. These results may be div Sfd i^u three categories according as the poison acts on theV^J^ producing convulstons paralysis ox profound Uthargy; or he^.«,*tendmgto«/J.r/^;orontheextremiticfckus' m% dry gangrene. Symptoms of the Nervous /^?«w.— Unsteady gait a ereal endency to lie down apd to remain in a torpfd sta ? St tie conscious of what is passing around, loss of lustre ol ha,r or feathers coldness of skin, dilatation of the pupik early stages. This may go on to paralysis or deep lethargy without an active nervous excitement. Ox I oxysms supervene, during which the special sense be. ?nT%?i!"'^ ^"""^ '^^ ^"'""^^ ^^'y excitable, and twitch- ing of the muscles or spasms like those of lockjaw or So ?h?f'°"''"^'f '^" P"''^"*- Then there is a rellpi Mnd .^i°'"'"? '*?.' ^!?^ drowsiness, with palsy of the hind limbs or knuckling forward at the fetlocks. Death ZL^^"!^^ '"-^ ^l'^ ^^^'^ °'' d^y^' °'- the affection may become chronic, the patient remaining with variable ap- petite, but getting no good of his food, with spasms oi (95^ 9t> THE FARMERS VETERIITART ADVISER. the phaiynx, vomiting or diarrhoea. He usually passes on m a convulsion. Symptoms of tJu Abortion Form do not differ from those of abortion from other causes. (See Abortion). '^:'mptoms of the Gangrenous irorw.— Nervous symp- toms may or may not usher in the disease. Then follow swelling, heat and tenderness of the extremities, usually the hmd feet but sometimes the fore, or the tail, ears, or roots of the horns. Lameness usually first draws atten- tion to this condition. Soon the extremity becomes cold, insensible, of a deep brownish-red appearance and dry hard, or almost homy. The swelling, heat and tender- ness persist higher up, but the lower part is dead, includ- ing even tlie bone up to a given point At this level a red, circular crack appears in the skin separating the dead from the living, and if the patient should survive long enough the whole gangrenous part drops off. It usually occurs in winter from the dry hay fodder, but is distinguished from frost-bite by implicating the deep as well as the superficial par's, and attacking the feet m preference to the more exposed tail and ears. Treatment is only successful in the mildest cases, and the earliest stages. Change to wholesome diet, includ- ing plenty of roots or potatoes. Clear offensive matter from the bowels by laxatives, and give tunics (cinchona, gentian,) stimulants (ammonia, valerian, angelica, musk,) and antispasmodics (opium, chloral-hydrate, chloroform, or nitnte of auiyle). Use soft, warm poultices contain- ing camphor. Prevention.— Ergottd hay, known by the black, spur- like growths out of the husks, should be withheld, or fed only in limited quantity in conjunction with roots and potatoes. Be careful in selecting seed clear of ergot. Seed may be protected to a large extent by sprinkling with a strong solution of blue-stone or bisulphite of soda before sowing, and drying with quicklime. Contaminated soil should be used for other crops. Drainage and open sunshine are conducive to healthy growth.. Hay from afiected pastures must be cut early, before it has run to seed. ! GOITRE— RHEUMATISM. 57 r.,SE^T^'! u * ^^"^ enlargement of the Mr- animals and in man wherever the water is charged wit'i the p oducts of magnesian-.mestone. Ht ice its fr •- quency on the limestone formations of New York P'^ r sylvania and parts of Ontario. Weakness from nv disease, poor feeding abu^e, over-work. etc.. aggravates tJie affection. In solipeds there are two distinct swel- lings, one on each side, but in other animals, and, above 21:*"^^?". •?• '""l"'"? '' ''"^'^^ ^"d •" the median t^tfirir '* " «of'.^"d even doughy, but afterwards rt w firm t se and resistant, and if cu* into may even be gntty. In iambs it may lorm a gre ii ifrorgement from the jaw to the breast-bone, and th. v. he e prSuce ofT year may be still-born or die soon c ..r birth Treatment.— Give r^in-water and use iodine freely, both internally, on an empty stomach, and over the swelhng. Persist in this for months. Weak solutions of iodine may be thrown into the tumor by a hypode"! mic syringe, or th*. nutrient blood-vessels may be tied The destruction of lambs by goitre may be obviated by giving the ewes rain-water, good-feeding and plenty of exercise in the open air during the winter. ^ attac"wrthi' fir*^^''/' ^ P"'^""*'' ^°^"^ of inflammation attacking the fibrous structures of the body (muscles tendons, joints, burs^. etc..) and dependent on^a constat!: spring. It often t.-ts from place to placef rare! v results fataS?"vf "",' '"^ "T'^ ^••^^' ten^dencVto iJipncat: hAi^ « Z^^'^tt ^"'^ ^'h^'' ^^'•°"« structu.es of the ^' ieve?on."T/^' constitutional predisposition, it owes V rnul V"" accessory causes, such as cold and V. . cold draughts, and disorders, especially those of the digestive and respiratory organs which load the blood with abnormal and probably acid elements ^J'r'/foms.—Acute Form.~Du\ness, le^nsuor or indis T^nV? r^^' !r"^^"^ "^y ^^'^'^^ lameness in on; StoTtendn^ ^ ^""^ ^eat. swelling and tenderness of a jomt, tendon or group of muscles. If this tenderness 9« THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. moves from joint to joint or muscle to muscle it is very characteristic. The swelhng is at first soft and after- wards hard and resistant ; it may fluctuate from excess of synovia in a joint, but rarely from the formation of matter. With the onset of the inflammation comes active fever, with full, hard pulse, increased temperature, hot, clammy mouth, dry muzzle, hurried breathing, cos- tiveness, and scanty, high-coloured urine, sometimes with a neutral or even acid reaction. Cattle often remain down and refuse to rise. If the disease extends to the heart, the pulse has a sharp, often intermittent or irregu- lar beat, and one or other of the heart sounds may be accompanied by a hissing or sighing murmur. (See diseases of the heart.) Chronic Form. — This resembles the acute, excepting that it is less severe, usually unattended by fever, and may even appear only on exposure, and disappear in the warm sunshine. It is liable to induce fibrous and even bony enlargements, and in cattle suppuration, espec- ially about the joints, and in such cases the disease is more stable and less inclined to shift from place to place. Treatmettt. — Give a laxative (horse, aloes ; ox or sheep, Epsom salts; pig or dog, castor oil,) with anodynes (opium) if pain is extreme, and follow up with alkalies (bicarbonate of potassa or soda; acetate of potassa or ammonia; cream of tartar,) and diuretics (colchicum, muriate of ammonia, nitrate of potassa). Sudorifics (hot room ; warm clothing ; rugs rung out of boiling water closely applied to the skin, and covered with dry ; bags of dry grain, bran or sand ; rubbing with hot smoothing irons over a thin covering ; hot air or steam baths ; aconite ; acetate of ammonia ; guarana, etc.,) are in the highest degree beneficial. Some agents, like propyla- mine and muriate of iron, have been very serviceable in certain hands. Local treatment consists in the applica- tion of warmth, etc., as above indicated, and also blisters (strong aqua ammonia and olive oil), which may be applied several times a day, and the inflammation fol- lowed up as it recedes from structure to structure. ACUTE ANASARCA— PURPURA HiBMORRHAGICA. 99 Acute Anasarca.— Purpura HiEMORRHAGiCA.— The affection to be described here is altogether different in its nature from the dropsies which result from the ob- struction of veins, in phlebitis, or because of pressure by a diseased structure, as also from those dependent on suppresion of the secretion of the urine, on heart-disease or a watery state of the blood with deficiency of blood globules. It is not at all inflammatory, nor of the nature of malignant anthrax, as is generally assumed. It is exceedingly common after influenza and other affections of the respiratory organs, in ill-ventilated stables, where animals are compelled to use rebreathed air, and in very open cold bams, where they are liable to be chilled after being heated at work. Sudden excessive lowering of temperature or exposure to cold rain or wind storms, especially when hot and perspiring, are efficient causes by reason of the sudden check to the secretions of the skin. The disease is much more frequent under the ex- treme vicissitudes of temperature of Canada than in the more equable climate of the British Isles. Symptoms. — The disease is manifested abruptly by appearance of tense, painful, rounded or diffuse swellings on the nose, lips, face, neck, inner sides of the limbs, belly, or, indeed, anywhere over the body. These tend to enlarge, to run together and to gravitate downwards into the limbs and the lower parts of the trunk, where they form extended, tolerably smooth swellings, pitting on pressure and subsiding abruptly into the sound skin at their upper margins. The membrane lining the nose usually shows dark blood spots and patches, ineffaceable by pressure, even at this early stage, sometimes indeed before any swelling of the skin, but always as the disease advances. Similar spots may be seen on the skins of white animals. The urine is usually dense, thick, ammo- niacal, and often brownish-red. Shivering often marks the period of effusion, but there is at first little change of pulse, temperature, breathing, or appetite. As the swell- ings increase, the animal becomes unable to see, to eat, or even to move, almost, and breathing may be carried on only with the greatest difficulty, through the swollen and < BfflUOTIirQUE miSdecine III!: M .1 -, t J jl 100 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. closed nostrils. Transverse cracks and yellowish liquid oozing, appear in the bends of the joints; little blisters with yellowish or bloody contents rise, especially in the hollow of the heel behind the pastern, and, bursting, con- tmue to discharge. Yellowish serum or dark blood may ooze from the general surface of the swelling ; patches of skm die, drop off, and leave unhealthy, weak sores with a serous discharge ; the exudation may even soften the muscles, and loosen and detach the tendons from the bones, leading to turning up of the toe or other distor- tions. Sometimes the superficial swellings suddenly sub- side, and unless a critical diarrhoea or diuresis occurs serous infiltration of some internal organ like the luugs of bowels is apt to ensue, cutting off the patient suddenly with great oppression of breathing, or violent and persist- ent colicky pains, and, at times, a bloody foetid diarrhoea. The symptoms and dangers vary with the seat of the effusion. The result is most favorable when this is under the skm, the main danger then being from suffocation extensive death and sloughing of skin, and softening and detachment of tendons and ligaments. Unless improve- ment is shown by the third or fourth day the disease will usually last over twelve or fourteen days, and the result- ing sores even for months. Prevention.— Kc^o in strong vigorous health, and avoid the various causes (exposure, etc.,) known to precipitate the malady. Drainage of damp localities is not without Its influence. Lastly, avoid weakening treatment in diseases of the respiratory organs, especially such as are attended with a low type of fever like influenza, and. above all, avoid exercising such animab to fatigue or exposing to inclement weather. ' Treatment —GWt a mild laxative (olive oil, linseed oil. aloesp and follow up by diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre oil of turpentine, buchu, nitrate of potassa,) carefully graduated in amount to the strength of the patient, and use freely ajrents calc ilated to increase the viscidity of the blood (tincture of muriate of iron i dr., chlorate of potassa 2 to 4 dr., bichromate of potassa W grain,) with bitter tonics (quinia. cascariUa, camomile,) and if neces- ANEMIA. lOI saiy to moderate suflfering, anodynes (belladonna), or in very prostrate conditions stimulants (alcoholic liquors, oil of turpentine). Locally, the swellings should be often bathed with tepid lotions of tincture of muriate of iron, carbolic acid, or chloride of zinc diluted so as to be non- irritating. Astringent solutions ^ould be assiduously employed about the head, and, if suffocation is threat- ened, tubes of gutta-percha may be inserted in the nostrils to keep them open. Tracheotomy is to be avoided if possible, together with scarifying of the swell- ings, because of the risk of unhealthy sores resulting. Modified Forms.— The mild forms of this affection have been described as scarlatina, the distinction being based on the punctiform nature of the blood-staining, the severity of the sore-throat, and the more moderate exu- dation. But there is no contagion, nor, indeed, anything that seems to warrant the distinction claimed. This form may be especially benefited by poultices and counter- irritants to the throat, by the mhalation of warm water vapor, and by astringent electuaries (chlorate of potassa 2 oz., vinegar 2 oz., linseed meal 5 oz., syrup sufficient to form a pasty mass. Smear one-eighth of the mass on the back teeth twice a day). Otherwwe the treatment is the same as for purpura. Anemia.— This term is used to imply a deficiency of red globules in the blood, a result which may be deter- mined bv a variety of causes described in other parts of this work. Among these may be named : profuse bleed- ing, excessive secretions from the udder, kidneys, bowels, etc., chronic diseases of digestion, or of the mesenteric glands, feeding on aliment deficient in some essential element, on what has been grown on poor, sandy soils, restriction for a length of time to one kind of food, staiyation, diseases of the jaws or teeth, damp, dark, badly-aired buildings, seclusion from sunlight, etc. Some cases, however, are not traceable to any definite cause, and it appears th^t they set in and progress in spite of good hygienic arrangements, and in the absence of any obvious disease of structure. Mi r ' i 6 1 1 5-i lOa THE farmer's veterinary ADVISfeft. Symptoms.— Great and increasing paleness of the mu- cous membranes, and in white animals of the skin (paper rfanh lack of fulness or roundness of the veins; slow, weak pulse ; heart s beat slow and heard with difficulty vr„l!^f 'i ^- P^'Pi?"^" ^hen the patient is subjected to VnlT ^^Tu""" \^^^''' " S""*^^* ^^^'^ of life and energy, and hurried breathing, perspiration and fatigueare easily nduced, As the Wood becomes poorer all these syrnp^ toms are aggravated, movement becomes unsteady, the hair or wool is easily detached, appetite fails, the ding is ?^ «V" "?^" qyant'ties and very hard, and a very dlar unne of a low density is secreted in excess. In the advanced stages the pale, dull, sunken eye, the pufly appearance of the membrane of the eyelids, the dropsical SSf ^*^"5?th the aws or body or in ihe limb?, the mab hty or disinclination to rise, the staggering gait the humed breathing becoming quick and wheeziL^on the itftr ^'■"°"\*"? the palpitations are highly character, istic. Towards the end the urine may pass involuntarily elrlv^Jf ^ *S^ supervene. Death sometimes occura S^n ^r. • u ^^^"^ '^ "*"** emaciation, and horses will even die m harness. J^eveHtum.--Avoid everything calculated to reduce the tystem unduly. Severe depletive treatment of disease (bleeding, purging, diuretics,) should only be resorted to ^f^Z.T'^T'l!^' ""** ^°'"^' excessive yield of milk, «nH'j^«°" ^ ^t ^™nted under a rich, ab.-ndant food Sinn *" t^'T^.f ^?'''? P?.^*" of digestion and assimil essenrial ^ ^" ^ *" "^' ^*'«""g ^nd work are rarTl!fn5''*''.'if 5'P*'**'^?**' *^<=" •" idleness, must be carefully watched as w^ .1 as a long continued feeding on one variety of plant. If evil ejects are shown. tSerS should be a prompt change to natural hay orgrasL, coi! «stingof a variety of plants grown on a dry soil, ^d a liberal supply of grain. / , «iu a In casM due to parasites or other removable causes at^tention to these is manifestly the first step to prevS Treatment.— Afttt removal of the causes, support by ANiGMIA. 103 nourishing, easily-digested food in small bulk, to avoid exhausting the powers of the stomach. Ground oats, barley, oiUake, and a little natural hay, may be espe- cially mentioned, though, for weak subjects, thick, well- boiled gruels and beef tea (even for herbivora) may be resorted to. Tonics are all-important (iron, gentian, quassia, cascarilla, cinchona, common salt, pepsin), but should be given m small doses to the weaker subjects." Iron and gentian, given in tinctures, are especially useful. In extreme cases, health may be speedily revived by the transfusion of blood from a healthy animal. In all cases the pat!ep«-. should be allowed to rest in a dry, warm' weU-aired place, and should have light, sunshine, and gmommg »««« SHowmo TH. Co«M. or T« fi^^^nmc^m m H.*.t. A.T«n» CHAPTER V. m DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORV ORGAMSt General causes of diseases of the breathing organs, ^ysical examination of these organs :— Auscultation, percussion. Need- ing from the nose. Nasal Catarrh. Cold in tne head. CoUectioa ot matter in the nasal sinuses. Abscess (rf^ the felsenostriL Abscess m the gutturaj pouches. Tumors in the nose. Malignant catanh of cittle. Sore-throat Croup. Roup. D'nhthena. Chronic roaring. Bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis. Ghuderhnaves. Acute congestion of the lungs. Pneumonia. Inflammation of the lungs. Pleurisy.^ Inflanmiation of the membrane lining the chest Pleuro- pneumonia. Broncho • pneumonia. Broncho - pleuro - pneumonia. Hydro-thva/MA»/.— Trephine the bone to one side of the me- dian line of the forehead, in the interval between the eyes, and again, an inch above the end of die bony ridge which extends down beneath the eye, and wash out daily, at first with tepid water and finally with the injection re- commended for the nose. In the case of parasites these must be rinsed out S'^metimes a slight collection of this kind will recover under injections for the nose and the persistent use of sulphate of iron or copper, or other tonic If there is a diseased tooth it will be recognized by the dropping of food half chewed, by the swelling and ten- derness around the fang of the tooth, and by the intoler- able foetor which clings to the fingers when a balling iron has been placed in the mouth and the tooth examined with the hand. Such a tooth must be extracted with laiige forceps, if already loosened, or if not, an opening should be made upon its fang with a trephine an d the of- fending tooth driven out with a punch and mallet But there is much danger of injuring important vessels and nerves unless the operator is thoroughly conversant with anatomy. Abscess of the False Nostril— This is common m young horses and appears as a slowly increasing, inac- tive, tense, round swelling in the outer partof them^riL ?:«E.v no THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. Ifc '■ 3 It is K &m u to fMl solid but coUansa at ofu» -i..- ^or may not be sw.Ui,,gb.„«Siie«r M^tteh Tumors in the NoSE—Tumors of aknost every kind grow ,n the nose and must be removed by surgSf^ean, Malignant Catarrh of Cattik T^;o vitalit)- IS impaired, or m unusual seasons. In the coM Sir- « - -" " ^StKaK 5^^^„._.A shght diarrhoea may be followed hv costiyeness the dung being black, firm^and i?an^ T^^ Jr^'tt* ^t'^^'l.^hrring^nsues^tKeTeaS^i^ pressed, the roots of the horns and forehead hat ZL •otoance of light, muKle diy and liot, mouth hot with SORE-THROAT. Ill much «lhra,tiie membranes of mouth, nose and vaeina ^^^J^' P"J* ^P'^' '"P"^ «f h«^ weak. breS of 7;?'hS"^^*""* '^"^^and high-coloredind surfaci hLSf oW; alternately hot and cold. In twenty-foS ^^Zf ?* symptoms are aggravated, the nosi dfa^ charges a slimy fluid, the forehead is warmer, anddullcr on percussion the mouth covered with '. ^k-^d blotchw «om which the cuticle soon peels off leavingraw sorS! appetite is completely lost, d^ and urine l^^^ Sid i„s;;;i^/;^ ''["'"'"«^' ^'i? *^^'^ » geneKffreS and indisposition to move. Froe the fourth to the sixth day ulcers appear on the nose and mu/.zle, sweUines take fch^t?**' '^^ jaws, chest and abdom'en, aSdTn the legs, the skin may even slough off in patches, a foetid saliva SiTcitiXi' ™o"th andastlnkiSidia^hcefsucSSr to thftJlfh T ^«*th usually ensues from the ei>hfK to the tenj day, preceded, perhaps, by convulsio signs of suffocation. The di^ strongly Sble ue Jiussum cattU plague, but is rarely contfriouT irtatmeta.—Z\t9x out the bowels by a laxative felive oil and laudanum), following this up by s^SSrs ?n u lating diuretics isweet spirits of nitre, HquoVof acetate of ammonia,) with antiseptics (chlorate of ^t^a b£h romate of p .tassa. hydrochloric acid). Wrt cSs mav be kept on the head, the mouth and nose sponged ^th very weak solutions of carbolic acid, and Inlv ^oft mashes and sliced or pulped roots allowed ^ SORE-THROAT.^ This may be confined to the larvnv nL« r.K r"" P^"? '*'''°"e^ ^h'ch air and fo£i S pass at the back of the mouth (pharvnpitis\ nr ^J^\ may be involved (/.^^^^A,^i^^-^4S^^^^^^^ ^eril Sr *'°""'^'"^ r*^ ^P^^"^*^ diseasesTroup dSh! ?£ ;?"^"**' ?'^"&'<». distemper and purpurS ^ The CAUSK of simple sore-throat are the SL as Sh^r^.'*^"''"''''^^ Bots in tho throat may «uLu h.3"^''^'~T^^ "°^ 's '^a'sed and protruded the head being carried stiffly and more in a line wIa SI 113 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER neck than usual, and there is twdling- of the throat ot beneath the roots of the ean. There js cough, hani it laryngitis, and dry and husky in pharyngitis, and, later looM and gurgling in both diseases. With laryngitis tiiere is much tenderness to touch, and, in the early stages, a loud, harsh blowing sound which may become loose and rattling as the disease advances. With pha- ryngitis there is a little tenderness, but difficulty in swallowing, chewed morsels being often dropped again and water rejected through the nose. The discharge from the nose is more glairy than in nasal catarrh or bronchitis, and on its appearance the active fever usually subsides in great part If there is much redness of the membrane of the nose, and high fever, the case ia likely to be severe, and the same is true of cases with a painful paroxysmal cough. In Chronic Sore-throat there may appear to be general good health, but a cough comes on in paroxjrsms when the patient comes into the cold air, drinks cold water, eats dry oats or dusty hay, or undergoes active exertion. There are also more or less tenderness and wheezing or rattling in the throat, and sometimes slight swelling. Treatment. — Rest in a clean, dry, airy stable or box. Clothe warmly and flannel bandage the legs if cold or tending to shiver. Tie a rug or sheep-skin with wool in around the neck. Steam the nose as for stran^es. Un- less the fever and pulse are low or the affection of an, inflMenMa type, a laxative is usually beneficial (horser aloes ; ox and sheep, Glauber salts ; dog and pig, castoe oil ,) following up with nitre or acetate of potassa in thf water, and anodynes as electuaries. Solid extract o bfcl'adonna 4 drs. ; tannic acid i dr. ; bisulphite of soda 4 drs. ; honey or syrup 5 ot. ; n.ix. Dose— horse and ox a piece as laige as a hickory nut ; sheep one-fourth, dog one-tenth of this bulk, thrice daily. To be smeared on the back teeth and swallowed at leisure. In most cases, a thin pulp, made with mustard and water, should be well rubbed in around the throat as ioon as the bowels respond, and covered up for two hours, but, in the most severe, this may be preceded for CROUP— CROUP OR ROUP IN FOWLS. II3 a day or two by a linseed pouuice. The diet through- out must be green, soft mashes or roots. Croup.— Especially seen in 3roung animals (calves, lambs, foals,) in cold and damp or high exposed locali- ties. The symptoms are those of severe sore-throat {laryngitis) coming on very suddenly with hard croupy cough and dry wheezing, breathing, worse at one time than another, or heard only at particular times of the day (morning, night,) when spasms of the larynx come on. But the most characteristic symptom is the forma- mation of albuminoid false membranes as white as films or pellicles in the throat, and which are discharged in shreds on the second or third day. Fever runs very high, pulse ninety to one hundred, temperature I07 , and even higher. Treatment.— Give a warm, well-aired building, with water-vapor set free in the atmosphere, if possible; warm clothing, a laxative (sulphate of soda) with anti- spasmodic (laudanum, aconite, chloral-hydrate, lobelia) : follow up with small doses of sulphate of soda, chlorate of potassa and antispasmodics, giving each dose in well- boiled linseed tea, slippery elm or marsh-mallow. Blis- ter the neck actively (mustard, with or without oil of turpentine,) and, if necessary, swab out the throat with a solution of nitrate of silver, ten grs. ; water one oz., ap- plied by a small sponge immovably tied on a piece of whalebone. In the worst cases suffocation must be ob- viated by opening the windpipe in the middle of the neck and inserting a tube to breathe through. In horses a ring must not be completely cut across, but a semicir- cular piece cut out of each of two adjacent ones. Some- times stimulants (wine whey, carbonate of ammonia,) and tonics (gentian, cinchona,) must be used to sustain the falling strength. Croup or Roup in Fowls.— Ca«j« —Probably simi- lar to those acting on quadrupeds. Exciting diet (wheat, buckwheat, oats,) seems at times injurious. Newly ar- rived fowls are most liable to contract it, yet it does not t I i ■ 114 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER ent m soil, locality or conditions of life. Jy*«/rj«j.--Dulness, sleepiness, neglect of food, ruf- fled feathers, unsteady walk, quickened breathing, with a hoarse wheeze, and an occasional loud crowing noise. On the tongue, at the angle of union of the beak, or in the throat appear yellowish white fL\m%( false membranes, firmly adherent to a reddened surface, and raw sores where these have been detached. The nostrils may be completely plugged with swelling and discharge so that breath can only be drawn through the open bill. The inflammation may extend along the windpipe to the 5n'i T fu ^"f ""^^' °/ ^^°"e *^« &""«t to the intes- tines In the first case, death may take place from suf- focation, and m the second, from diarrhcea, and as early as in twenty-four hours. Toward the end of an out- break, the malady may last twenty days and sdU prove rfoi fll^J^^'^l^^''^ ""^y ^°™ on other distant parts of the body, but especially the comb, wattles, eye. or on accidental sores. ' ' ' Jr^.r/««»/._Disuse raw grain, and feed on vegetables, and puddings made of well-boiled oats, barley or Indian meal. Dissolve carbonate or sulphate of soda, or chlo- rate of potassa freely in the water drunk, remove the false membranes with a feather or forceps and apply to the surface with a feather the nitrate of silver lotion ad- vised for croup m quadrupeds. If diarrhoea supervenes give a teaspoonful of quinia wine thrice a day. It is alU aTFeast"' *° ^^*"^* '^'^ *""" **^ '^® chickens for a time piPHTHERiA._This is seen in pigs, and it fs even claimed to occur in horses, but the false membranes in the latter animals rarely amount to more than thickened mucus. It appears to be due to the locality rather than contagion. Close, filthy pens, and want of wrThaJe at^ peared injurious in some cases. 5y/«/>/<»»M._Sudden illness, with sore-throat and ex- treme weakness and stiflfhess of back and loins. The oi^ moves slowly and crouchingly, with raised head, open dry CHRONIC ROARING IN HORSES. "S mouth, hoarse nasal grunt, h'vid tongue, and r«d swollen throat with grayish-white patches of false membranes. The eyes are dull and sunken and the appetite gone. In a few hours all the structures of throat and nose are in- volved, there is much swelling and threatened suffocation, and shreds of false membrane are coughed up. The patient remains down, sits or. nis haunches, or leans on the fence, and usually perishes in a fit of coughing. Treatment.— Must be early to succeed, hence, examine the throat for false membranes in all cases of sore-throat in pigs, holding the animal with a noose around the upper jaw. If white patches are seen, apply at once and freely the nitrate of silver lotion advised for croup, and repeat as often as may seem necessary to keep the diseased growths m check. The bowels may be freely opened by a puta- tive (jalap) and twenty drops of tincture of the muriate of ir«i, and ten grains nitre given thrice a day in a table- spoonful of cold water. Great attention must be given to the comfort and to secure soft, easily-digestible food for sometime. Chronic Roaring in Horses.— This Is a wheezlna whistling or hoarse rasping sound made in the upper part of the windpipe (larynx) in breathing, and especial- ly when excited. It is usually due to paralysis and wasting of the muscles on the left side of the larynx and which open the channel for the air, and in such cases the noise is only made in drawing air in. But any ob- struction in t:K large air tubes will give rise to roaring, heard most commonly in both inspiration and expira- tion. Thus palsy of the nostrils, fracture and depres- sion of the bones of the nose, tumors in the nose, throat windpipe or bronchi, faNe membranes extending across the air passages, dropsical swelling about the throat and in stallions undue accumulations of fat, may give rise to It. In the typical form with palsy of the laryn- geal muscles the animal grunts (groans) when led up to a wall ; or if a feint is made to strike him on the ribs. II galloped up a steep hill or over a newly plowed field, or even for some distance on level gound, the roaring 1 II f l6 THI FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISBI. It strikingly brought out The same holds good if mad* to draw a heavy load or one with the wheels dragged. Tuatment. — In incipient cases with simple thickening of the mucous membrane, benefit may arise from swab- bmg out the larynx with nitrate of silver solution, as re- commended for croi^, or firing the skin over the throat with a red hot iron. But if the muscles are wasted and fatty these means will be fruitless, and we must look to mechanical or surgical measures for help. Pads attach- ed to the nose-band of the bridle and so arranged that they will lie on the false nostrils and check somewhat the mgress of air will enable many roarers to do moder- ate work with comparative comfort In the worst cases in which the animal is rendered useless, tradmUmn may be performed and the animal made to breathe through a tube mserted in the middle of the neck. Or finaUy, the larynx may be laid open with the knife, and the flap of grisUe (arytenoid), which is drawn in, valve-like, over the opening by the current of ■ •, cut off. Some cases of roaring due to feeding on vetches, [Lathyrus Sativa or Cicera) may be cured by changing the feed, and giving some doses of nux vomica. Others due to dropsical effusions appear intermittently and may be benefited by tonics and iodide of potassium, with hard, dry feedmg and exercise. Tumors and other mechani- cal obstructions must be removed with the knife. Finally roaring is often hereditary in horses with a narrow space between the jaws and thick short neck, 't'lth badly set on head, and such shou'd be rejected for breeding purposes. Bronchitis.— Inflammation of the lai^ air tubes within the lungs. It may be looked upon as an exten- sion downward of nasal catarrh or sore throat and fre- quently supervenes on one or other of these. Otherwise It owns the same general causes with these affections. It may also attend on influenza, strangles, contagious pleuro- pneumonia, distemper in dogs, tuberculosis, and parasitic diseases of the lungs. Symptoms,— Iti mild casts there are dulness, Impaired m BROMCHmSt "7 appetite hot dry moutli, red membrane of nose, accele- rated pulse and breathing, and a cough at first hard but becoming soft and rattling as dischaif;e is established from the nose Such may recover in a few days without treatment In JMwr# caus there is dubie35, inappetence, hot, dry mouth, increased temperature, rapid puls^ labored breath- ing, with loud Itlowing sounds over the lower end of the windpipe and behind the middle of the shoulder-blade. The cough is diy, hard, sonorous and painful (barking), often occurring m fits and seeming to come from the depth of the chest Peratssim detects no change of re- sonance at any part of the chest, as in pneumonia. The membrane of the nose has a dark red or violet hue, vary- ing in proportion to the general implication of the bron- chial tubes and especially the smaller ones, and there is drowsiness and drooping of the head in the same ratio. From the second to the fourth day a whitish dischai^re sets in from the nose, the cough becomes soft and rat- tling, the noise over the windpipe and behind the shoulder- blade less harsh and blowing, but with a slight rattle from bursting bubbles, and the syi.;ptoms of fever abate. From this time improvement dates, and recovery may be complete in two or three weeks. Solipeds stand obstinately throughout the disease, other animals may lie. There s no tenderness on punch- ing the ribs, as in pleurisy. Treatment. — Rest m a warm, dry. airy building, clothe warmly, bandage the limbs In cold weather and give warm sloppv mashes of wheat bran. A laxative is often useful, but it there is weakness, small pulse, prostration or any yellowish tinge of the mucous membranes, is to be ^ and warm water injections used in place to move Tf ti jwels. Give frequent diuretics (nitre, sweet spirits of UiCre,) anodynes (belladonna, lobelia, aconite,) and ex- pectorants (liquor ammonia acetatis, oxymel of squill, guaiacum, ipecacuanha, antimony). The nose should be frequentlv steamed, as it for strangles, and inhalations of sulphur fumes mixed with the air, and not too strong, may be added. Muatard or other blisters should be ap- f i III \\f »I» THE FARMER'S VRTERINARY ADVISER. plied to the sides of »'ie chest, and repeated if anv r^ fever has nearly subsided, and there is left onlv a whff2 discharge from the nose, tonics shouTd be uieA rSee those recommended for glanders.) ^ When there is much prostration and weaknw* «f;«,.. in exertion ; and a mucous rattle in the luncs. Peraulinn Tht"i"''f CONO^TIOM OF THE LONGS IN HORSES or otterwUe S?h:o" dS^nUZs^ "" 17rnta?,'^E '.\'" Stood idle in the stahl«. nr h,- k . ^^"""^^ *at has sal. when .akt ri'„?d''„^.'„7r ria?K/°J ?;i^^dro.'-A?p^^r=s;^,:ra';rdi,?-^^^^^^^^ PNKUMONIA. 119 pulse, often almost imperceptible at the jaw. Auscnlta- ticn detects a loud respiratory murmur and the finest possible crepitating sound. The heart is felt behind the left elbow beating tumultuously and the limbs are cold, though perspiration may break out at different parts of the body. If blood Is drawn it flows in a dark, tarry- looking stream, and the lungs after death might be com- pared to a dark-red jelly. 7>va/M«r;/.— Remove girths, saddles and whatever may hamper breathing, turn the head to the wind, give an active stimulant (alcohol or alcoholic liquors, ammonia or any of its compounds, oil of turpentine, ether, sweet spirits of nitre, ginger, pepper), the first that comes to hand, m a full dose, following up with warm water injec- tions and active hand rubbing. In extreme cases prompt relief may often be obtained by bleeding from the jugu- lar, but this should not replace the measures already ad- vised but should be added to them. An excellent resort when available is to wrap from head to tail in rugs wrung out of hot water and cover thickly with dry ones, the limbs being meanwhile actively hand-rubbed to bring the blood to this part of the skin which the rug cannot reach. If the patient survives and does not at onceenti- iy recover the case becomes one oiptieumonia, Pneumonia—Inflammation of the Lungs.— Causes.— The same as in other acute diseases of the chest. Also the result of over-exertion and acute con- gestion, or of parasites in the lung. Symptoms.— 1{ not following an acute congestion as above described there is shivering, more or less severe according to the gravity of the attack, and usually a dry cough. This is followed by hot skin, with increased temperature, quick but deep labored breathing and a full but oppressed rolling pulse, redness of the membranes of the eye, nose and mouth ; the cough is deep as if from the depth of the chest, but not so hard or so painful as in bronchitis. The horse always, and the ox, in bad cases, obstinately stands with legs apart, elbows turned out, nose extended and usually approached to a door or laO TRB PAMIERS VBTBRINARY ADVISE! i i :i. i f : J window. In cattle expiration is generally accompanied by a moan. With the fever there Is costiveness, high- colored, scanty urine, in cattle, heat of horns and ears and dryness of muzzle, and hidebound. Auscultation de- tects a very fine crackling (crepitation) over the affected part of the lung, or there may be an area of no sound encircled by a Tine of crepitation, and beyond yhaX by the normal murmur slightly increased, dr cv«r the dull spot the blowing sounds from the lai^^rer tubes or the beating of the heart may be detected. PercusskMi causes flinching or even groaning when the affected part is reached ; the space where sound was wanting in ausculta> tion sounds dull and solid and the remainder of the chest retains its healthy resonance; There Is no tenderness on merely pinching the spaces between the rib& By auscul- tation and percussion the increase mr decrease of solidifi- cation {hepaiiMotum) of the lung may be followed from day to day excepting in the parts covered by the thick, muscular shoulder. In this way aggravation and improve- ment can be noticed. A yellowish or whitish discharge from the nose comes on as the disease advances. TrAf/Mfm/.— Give a pure, dry, airy box with windows or doors turned to the sun or away from the direction of prevailing wlnds^ clothe warmly, and flannel bandage Ae limbs, or even rub them with ammonia and oil. The hot rugs advised for congested lungs may be applied, and when removed let it be done a little at a time, and the part rubbed dry mid covered by a dry blanket Oi a mustard poultice may be applied to the sides of the chest Laiije injections of warm water and drinks of warm gruel may also be given. A laxative is often beneficial in the more active forms of the disease, but should be given cautiously as in bronchitis, and rejected when there is low fever, and much depression. Neutral salts (nitre, acetate of potassa, bicarbonate of soda,) should be given with sedatives (belladonna, henbane, tincture of aconite, digitalis or white hellebore ; in pigs and dcgs, tartar emetic,) or if there is much prostration, or when the fever has in the main subsided, stimulant diuretics (sweet sphits of nitre, liquor of acetate of am- FLBURISV. ISI monia,) repeated three or four times a day. The sides ^ould be blistered with a pulp of the best ground mus- tard in water, or Spanish flies, or in cattle and swin^ mustard and turpentine, and the blister may be repeat- ed with advantage in protracted cases. When in severe cases the blister refuses to rise, the skin may be first wanned with rugs wrune out of boiling water and then the application of the blister made. Or a hot shovel held near the blistered surface may determine an ac- tive flow of blood to the skin and the rising of the blis- ter. When well risen the surface must be kept soft by sweet oil or fresh lard to favor healing. In chickens it is advised to open the bowels by a teaspoonful of castor- oil, and shake one-twelfth grain of tartar emetic on the tongue twice a day. If very weak or prostrate give a teaspoonful of sheriy thrice a day. Pleurisy.— Inflammation of thi Membramb Lining the Chest and Covering the LuNUSir— This is common in all domestic animals and particular- ly in cold, exposed localities, which suffer at the same time from rheumatism. Otherwise it owns the general causes of chest disease. Symptoms. — Shivering, followed by heat of the skin and even of the limbs, and partial sweats of the surface uneasy movements, pawing and sometimes looking at the flanks, lying down and rising. If one side of the chest only is involved that fore limb is often advanced in front of the other. The pulse is rapid, hard and in- compressible, and the breathing highly characteristic. It is hurried, carried on chiefly by the abdominal mus- cles, and has the inspiration short and suddenly checked, while the expiration is slow and prolonged. This ^r- acter of the breathing may be well observed with the ear placed on the false nostril, on the windpipe, or on the side of the chest There is a prominent ridge on the abdomen from the outer angle of the hip bone to the lower ends of the last ribs. By handling the spaces be- tween the ribs a point is reached which is exceedingly tender, the patient flinching and even groaning when ft f _■ !-■■ i iJ» •A li': 122 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. Is touched. The ear applied .« the same soot d«tiN^. a soft, rubbing sound during tne mov^Tnts^ ij^! tK>n and expiration. There is at first no other See emits a short, hackmg, painful cough. ThVre is . n tis, less heat of the expired air and no nasal dischaiee thi «T'^"/?J *° thi'^-^Jx hours effusion Insifr in the cavity of the chest, the rubbing sound ceases the catching breathing and ridge on the belly disa^Slr the r;iv a^nr '?-^*' :^^ *"^'«'y of counWn^rpasses away, and the patient may begin to feed as if well But soon the pulse loses its fulness, and gahs i^raniditv nfthe Z^Tr'^-^'-^^ ^"^ attendfd with "^ft n^g nf the flank and loins, the nostrils are widely dilated thf aose protruded^he elbows turned ou^the sk sw^^ts i^i i^ *" T^y ^ "'^"^ of imminent suffocation Aus bultation detects no sound over the lower part of the level tS?re°is ZT '^°"'°"'^' "".^' *"^ "P to the 1^: levei tnere is dulress on percuss on. This shows the extent of watery effusion. The pulse becomS weak w^th of^h^ih' I*^"" f^^chbeat. thelimte andTower a^^ct rJnJj^''' ''^'!f '^^ ^ff^^ion is re-absorbed and a good fXtoVtSf.1,'- ^" T''' '' '^^ *° increase^b^ fans to be taken up and remains as a cause of shorJ wind ; It may even give off gases, in which case a m,m hng sound may be heard in the c^ror a sound^asl; riseffr^^TfJ^'^ ^ li^'^ ^""P^y '^^^'^'' -ft-' the pa£n rises from the recumbent position. In other cases stHI there remain false membranes attaching the lunTto the mner sides of the ribs, or enveloping the lung if whSe TrLf^^l^'''^^' '^ •'"P-'""ff respSr'"'' fi, .n? ~^."'*' *f^ ^-'"^ &«"e'-al ^are as in bronchi- tis and pneumonia. In the early stages of chill tre t « fnlin^il^ •! P' ^'.^u^' '*'*" ' ^«''"e and dogs, castor-oil following It up with neutral salts (nitre, acetate of jJotas PLEURO-PMEUMOMU— HTDROTHORAX. 123 M, liquor of the acetate of ammonia,) in Aill dosea^ and anodynes (digitalis, aconite). These may be used in the fullest doses after effusion has taken place, and in weak subjects stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre, ether, alcoholic liquids, tincture of gentian,) should be added. Iodide of potassium may also be given internally, and tincture of iodine rubbed on the chest In very severe cases, a large linseed poultice may be applied over the chest, or it may be shaven and subject- ed to dry cupping, or an active blister may be applied as for pneumonia. If there is extreme effusion threatening suffocation the liquid must be drawn off by a small cannula and trocar (see Tympany) inserted at the anterior border and near the lower end of the ninth rib, the skin having first been drawn aside to form a valvular wound, and great care bemg taken to prevent the entrance of air. The liquid should be drawn off only in part at first to avoid shock, and the operation repeated in a day o- two. It should be followed by tonics (sulphate of iron, tincture of gen- tian,) stimulants (sweet spirits of nitre) and diuretics (iodide of potassium). Pleuro-Pneumonia. Broncho-Pneumonia, and Broncho-Pleuro-Pneumonia are common complica- tions of the three diseases, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pituruy, and their respective symptoms and treatment may be inferred from the description of the uncomplicat- ed affections. HvDROTHORAX.— Water in the Chest.— Besides the effusion of liquid into the cavity of the chest in pleurisy, dropsical effusions may take place into it in connection with weak, bloodless conditions, as in flukes mtke Itver, disease of the heart, enlai^jed bronchial lym- phatic glands and other morbid states. The symptoms resemble those of kydrothorax following pleurisy, only thc^e is ro fever, and there are the indications of those other diseases on which it is dependent. The treatment IS essentially the same after the morbid condition which t i m M ^■^ 114 THi FABion'ft YmaaiAMY Aimsn. has eaiMed the effusion has been removed. If that bin cunble neither can this be remedied. Pneumotorax.— Air or Gas in the Chest.— This often attends on hydrothorax when the contained liquid has undergone some decomposition. More frequently It is the result of a wound penetrating the walls