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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
STUDIES

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BIOLOGICAL SKRILS

No. 12: ASCIDLAXS FROM T'.".". COASIS OT t.vNADX.
i;v A li H'sr^MAN

(i: CRlNr'-:- KROM TKANSAtTION"; Oh HIE CkNAPIAN Ill»iT1TrTE. VOL IX.l

THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY: PUBLISHED BY
THE LIBRARIAN, 1912

n

3

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TRniverditi? of Toronto StuMce

COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT

(^atrman: Robert Alexander Falc * . Litt.D., LL.D., D.D.

"- -,<. ,. the University

Professor W. J. Alexander, Ph. .J.

Professor W. H. Ellis, M.A., M.B.

Professor A. Kirschmann, Ph.D.

Professor J. J. Mackenzie, B.A.

Professor R. Ramsay Wright, M.A., B.Sc, LL.D.

Professor George M. Wrong, M.A.

General Editor: H. H. Langton, M.A.

Librarian of the University

■<ip

I9II1

AaaoiANS r«oii the Coasts or Canada.

lit

ASCIDIANS FROM THE COASTS OF CANADA.

By a. G. Huntsman,

Biological Department, Univereity of Toronto.

(Read 8tk April. 191 1.)

Tm AsaouNS of thb Makinb Bioijocical Stations or Canada.

The writer has spent a portion of each ■ummer for the last three
years at the Marine Stetions, in 1908 and 1909 at Departure Bay,
British Columbia, and in 1910 at St. Andrews, New Brunswick. As
the cdlections and observations were made during a very short time in
each year, little knowledge has been acquired as to t lie annual and seas-
onal variations. However, sufficient has be- ' learned to give »me idea
of the forms that are available for study at ae two sUi ona.

(A). The Atlantic Sution.

The month of July, 1910 was spent at St. Andrews. Se al rocky
points were visited repeatedly at low tide and much mat. rial obtained.
The most favourable places are rocky ledges on precipitous si - whi : c
can be found plenty of flat stones. The lower surfaces of
ai« usually covered with Asddians. The shores on either
■Ution wharf and the shore of Sand Reef Poii.t were the mos
of those that were visited. All the species that were found ai
occurred in the dredgings as well, but the majority of them
obtained more easily and in greater quantity at low tide.

The facilities at the station and the willing co-operation of
tion staff made possible a large amount of dredging. The write
especially indebted to Dr. Stafford, the curator of the station, foi
erous assistance in every way, both in dredging and in other collectt^
Dredgings were made at various points (i) in the St. Croix River,
in Passamaquoddy Bay, (3) in the approaches to Passamaquoddy B
(Letite Passages, Quoddy River, Indian River &c.), (4) near L'Eta.
and (5) out in the Bay of Fundy around and near the Island of Granu
Manan. It was only in the last locality that any Ascidians were ob-
tained from muddy or sandy bottoms. Neariy everywhere, they were
obtainable on hard bottom, stones, shells and gravel.

Of Compound Ascidians, Amaroucium glabrum, Tetradidetnnum
[Leptoclinum] aUtidum and Holozoa [Distaplia] clavata were gencrall)

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tide,

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Tkansactions of thb Cakadian Institutb. (vol. IX

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uwtributed. Two colonies of A^idium spittbertemt were obuined near
Grand Manan. Didemnopsis tenerum occurred at Grand Manan and
in the approaches, though sparingly.

Of the Cumidae, a single specimen of Ciona intislinalis was drHged
near Grand Manan. Verrill has reported it as abundant in the L^ of

Fundy.

Of Phallusiids [Ascidiids], Ascidiopsis prunum was obtained in
quantity at low tide and conuderable numbers were taken in the dredge.
Phallusioides obligua was common at Grand Manan and a few specimens
were obtained in the approaches, but none near the station.

Of the Chelyosomatidae, a single specimen of Chelyosoma maclea-
yanum was dredged in the approaches.

Caesirids [Molgulids] are very abundant. At low tide were found
Caesira papillcsa, C liUoralis, C. canadensis and C. retortiformis. In
addition to these, the dredgings gave in the approaches, at L'Etang
and near Grand Manan a fifth species, C. pannosa. At the last locality,
a number of Eugyra pilularis were dredged in lo fathoms, sand.

Of Styelids, Dendrodoa carnea was rather numerous at low tide,
and occurred sparingly, but well distributed, with Coniocarpa ptacenta,
in the dredgings. Two specimens of Cnemidocarpa mollis and numbers of
Pandocia fibrosa were fond near Grand Manan.

The Tethyids (Cynthiidsl are well represented, f 'tenia ovifera,
B. hirsuta and Tethyum pyriforme anuricanum occurred in large numbers
at low tide and were found generally distributed on hard bottom.

To sum up, the following are obtainable in fairly large numbers
near the station : —

Amaroucium glabrum,

Tetradidemnum albidum,

Holoaoa clavata,

Asddiopsis prunum,

Caesira papulosa,

C. littoralis,

C. canadensis,

C. retortiformis,

Dendrodoa carnea,

BoUenia ovifera,

B. kirsuta.

Tethyum pyriforme anuricanum.

The following can be procured less easily (those found at Grand
Manan only are not included) : —

Didemnopsis tenerum,

Phallusioides obliqua,

■911]

AsaoiANS rwou the Coasts or Canada.

• »3

nd

Cktlyoioma macUay ;■> ^.

Cauira pannota,

Goniocarpa placenh-

In addition to the above tpecies, the following; have been found or
are to be expected in this locality, but were not obtained in 1910: —

Apiidium palUdum Verrill,

Lisseclinum aurtum Verrill,

JotrylUndes aurtum Sara,

PtUmaia ccrrugala F. & G.

The fauna ia aubarctic, consisting 0' species that are peculiarly
•ubarctic, most of which are closely related to, •' not ioc-ntical with,
European species, and other species that are found in both subarctic
and arctic regions or that have their nearest allies in arctic regions.

(B). The Pacific Station

From June to August of both 1908 and i'''>9 were spent at the De-
pv -e Bay Station, and in the latter year .hree days were spent at
Uc. et on the outer coa»t of Vancouver Island as the guest of Prof.
Ma .^un.

At the station, the best colIeCtng places at low tide are the preci*
pitous shores of the small rocky islands in the bay. The roofs o( snail
caverns, the under surfaces of projecting rocks and the under surfaces
of flat stones that are to be found on many of the rocky ledges are the
favourite spots. A considerable amount of dredging was done at vari-
ous depths ranging to about 95 fathoms. The curator of the st.ttion,
the Rev. G. W. Taylor, assisted me in every way and through his conrtit.y
I enjoyed several dredging trips to Northumberland Straits on the otiii^r
side of Nanaimo and one trip to Burrard Inlet near Vancouver. The
best dredging places were the channels, where the bottom was stony,
shelly or gravelly, although the sandy bottoms frequently yielded an
abundance of a few species. Much of the bottom gives poor results,
because of the absence of stones, &c. of a size that can be brought up by
the dredge, although these same bottoms are doubtless well populated
with Ascidians.

Compound Ascilicns. A species of Amaroucium occurs in quantity
at low tide and is occasionally dredged. A very dark Trididemnum with
few or occasionally no (?) spicules was taken several times in the dredge.

Cionidae. Ciona intestinalis occurs rather frequently as shown by
the dredgings, but not in quantity.

PhaUusiidae. Ascidiopsis Columbiana was growing in large num-
bers at low tide and was occasionally dredged. A . Paratropa, a large
handsome species, occurs sparingly in 10 fathoms or more and 3 speci-
mens of i4. nanaimoensis were found outside the bay and at Northumber-

|i

, u

1 ,1

.h}

114 Transactions of the Canadian Institute. [vol. ix

land Straits. PhaUusia ceratodes grows in large beds in the bay south of
Brandon Rocks and also in a sponge bed near the entrance to the bay.
Elsewhere only occasional specimens were obtained.

Chelyosomatidae. Chdyosoma productum is occasional at low tide
and abundant in deeper water. C. columbianum was found in from 10
to 20 fathoms but was not abundant. CoreUa inflata was growing m
numbers near low water mark and C. rugosa in deeper water.

Caesiridae. Caesira apoploa and C. cooperi were dredged m sand
in about 10 fathoms in front of the station.

Styelidae. Katatropa vancouvermsis and Cnemidocarpa joannae
were abundant at low tide and tlie latter occurred frequenUy in deeper
water. Goniocarpa couodes was dredged in small numbers from stony
and shelly bottoms and with it was found Styela gibbsii. The latter
was very abundant in many places in from 5 to 1 5 fathoms, sand.

Tethyidae. BoUenia viOosa was growing in quantity at low tid "Uid
was abundant in the dredgings. Pyvra haustor was found in large masses
in from 5 to ao fathomfe. sand and occasionally elsewhere. BolUnta
echinata, Tethyum aurantium and T. igafioja were obtained only very
rarely and in from 10 to 85 fathoms, stones and shells.

The list for this station is as follows:—

(i) in quantity.
Amaroucium sp. A,
Ascidiopsis columbiana,
PhaUusia ceratodes,
Chdyosoma productum,
CoreUa inflata,
C. rugosa,

Katatropa Vancouver ensis,
Cnemidocarpa joannae,
Styela gU>bsii,
BoUenia viUosa,
Pyura haustor

(3) occasional.
Trididemnum sp. A,
Ciona intestinalis,
Ascidiopsis nanaimoensis,
A. paratropa,
Chelyosoma columbianum,
Caesira apoploa,
C. cooperi,
Goniocarpa coccodes,
BoUenia echinata,
Tethyum aurantium,
T. igaboja.

The completion of the railway from Nanaimo to Alberni will make
it possible to reach the outer coast of the Island in a short time by means
of the railway and the Alberni Canal This is of importance, as the fauna
of the outer coast appears to differ markedly from that of the inner coast.
The following account is based on collections made at Ucluelet on Bark-
ley Sound near the mouth of the Alberni Canal by Prof. Macoun and his
assistants in 1909 and by myself at the same point at the end of July
and the beginning of August of the same year.

The rocks at low tide on the exposed coast are rich in Ascidians,
especially the compound forms. The following were found :—

igii]

ASCIDIANS FROM THE COASTS OF CANADA.

«»5

(i) in quantity.
Amaroucium sp. A,
Synoicum (?) sp. A,
Trididemnum sp. B,
Sycotoa [Colella] sp.,
Holotoa [Distaplia] sp. A,
Polycitor (Eudistoma) sp. A,
Clavelina sp.,
Perophora annectens,
Katatropa yakutatensis.

(a) occasional.
Corella rugosa,
Chelyosoma productum,
Caesira pacifica,
Katatropa vancoueerensis,
Cnemidocarpa joannae,
Boltenia villosa,
Pyura hauslor.

Styela montereyensis.
Dredgings made in a few fathoms (5 to 10) yielded the following. —

(i) in numbers.
Amaroucium sp. A,
Synoicum (?) sp. A,
Trididemnum sp. B,
Clavelina sp.,
Ascidiopsis columbiana,
A. paratropa,
Corella rugosa,
Chelyosoma productum,
Caesira apoploa,
Cnemidocarpa joannae.

(3) occasional.
Amaroucium sp. B,
Synoicum (?) sp. B,
LeptocHnum [Diplosoma] (?) sp.,
Holozoa [Distaplia] sp. B,
Polycitor (Eudistoma) sp. B,
Katatropa uclueletensis,
Styela gibbsii,
Pyura haustor,
Tetkyum aurantium,
T. igaboja.

Boltenia villosa.

Dall has remarked that the fauna of the inner channels of the
British Columbian archipelago is of a distinctly more northern character
than that of the open coast. This is well shown in the Asddians. The
list from Departure Bay includes arctic forms that are not represented
at Ucluelet and among the Uduelet species are a number of southern
forms that do not occur at Departure Bay. It may be noticed that the
arctic species of Departure Bay are not as plentiful and are not found in
as shallow water as the corresponding species of the Atlantic Coast at
St. Andrews.

(C) . Some general features of interest.

Material for studying the early development of many of the Asd-
dians can be obtained very easily, as in many cases the eggs are retained
in the parent and only the free-swimming larvae escape. This is the
condition of affairs in practically all of the compound Asddians, (those
found at the stations). In the majority of the simple forms the eggs are
not retained, apparently because the oviduct opens into the atrium very
near the base of the atrial siphon and the strong current present at that
point carries the eggs out. In some genera and spedes the oviduct opens

, -I

II

h

IV'' 'i>i:

ii6

Transactions of the Canadian Institute. [vol. ix

at some distance from the atrial siphon, where the current is not as great
and as a result the eggs are usually retained. This retention of the eggs
may be quite constant in a genus, may be characteristic of certain
species only of a genus, or may occur only in occasional individuals of a
species. In some cases the eggs are, though retained, laid in lots, so
that practically only one stage can be obtained from one individual
and all the individuals of one locality may have their eggs at the same
stage of development. The following is a list of the simple forms of
the stations that retain their eggs: —

Genera,— Dendrodoa, eggs produced continuously.
KateUropa " " "

Species, — Caesira cooperi, eggs produced continuously.
C. canadensis, "
C.lUtoralis,

Occasional individuals of

Ascidiopsis prunum, eggs produced in lots.

CortUainflata,

BoUenia kirsuta, (?)

Yotmg individuals, for studying the post-larval development, can be
obtained in the case of the commoner species by carefully examining the
free surface in individuals of those species which have a roughened test.
Individuals, that were anaesthetized with cocaine, killed in the extended
condition and well fixed, have furnished me with an abundance of stages
of some of the commoner species. A series of sections made of an adult
Dendrodoa cameo, yielded in addition, (i) an almost complete series of
stages of the same species from the fertilized egg up to the free-swimming
larvae, (a) a 'young adult' of the same species, (3) two 'young adulu'
of Ascidiopsis prunum and (4) a ' young adult ' of some species of Caesira !

As is well known, the Asddians harbour many commensals. Pro-
tosoa are to be found in the pharynx and atrial cavity in many of the
simple forms of both coasts, the majority being attached to the oral
tentacles. Various kinds of Copepods and Amphipods are to be found
in the same cavities. Pea-crabs occur in the atrial cavity in most speci-
mens of Tethyum igaboja, Ascidiopsis paratropa and Phallusia ceratodes
of the West Coast. A hydroid* is abundant at Departure Bay, coating
the prebranchial zone of certain species of Asddians and small colonies
were occasionally found on the wsJl of the atrial cavity. Nearly every
individual of Phallusia ceratodes contained this form and it was also found
in Ascidiopsis paratropa, Ciona intestinalis, and Tethyum aurantium.

*Mr. C. McLean Fraaer has recently described this iam (Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ.
Iowa, vd. VI, No. 1) as the type of a new genus, belonging to the family Twridat.
He hits given it the name Cry^^ f

igii]

ASCIDIANS FROM THE COASTS OF CaNADA.

117

Parasitic Protozoa occur in the glandular folds of the stomach in
most species and in the 'liver' of Caesirids [Molgulids] and Tethyids
[Cynthiids]. An Isopod was found in the endostylar vessel of Styela
gibbsii and Pyura haustor.

Although Ascidians are not used for food on this continent, there
are a number of species that might be so used. In most of the forms the
musculature is so small in amount that when the test has been removed
the great bulk of the animal consists of sea-water. In the Styelids and
Tethyids, however, the musculature is well developed and frequently
quite thick. Two species of Tetkyum, very similar to or the same as
those of our coasts, are, according to Oka, eaten by the Japanese. The
inhabitants of Peru and Chili use as food two species of Pyura that occur
on their coasts and species of the genus Microcosmus are exposed for sale
in the markets of southern Europe (Grube).

The Hoi-osomatous Species of the West Coast.

The complete account of these species was sent in July, 1910, for
publication in the Report of the Biological Stations of Canada. In
the following account it is intended to give provisional diagnoses of the
new genera and species, as well as some notes on the other species. The
full extent of the variation noted in the various species is not always
given in this account. Further study has shown that certain changes
should be made in the original account and these have been incorporated
in this article.

The writer is indebted to the Rev. Mr. Taylor for a large amount of
material from Departure Bay, Hope Island, Banks Island, Goose Is-
land, Lowe Inlet, China Hat, Stephen Island, Port Simpson, Prince
Rupert, Rose Spit and Hecate Straits. Prof. Macoun communicated
to the writer the collection of the Geological Survey, which contained a few
specimens collected by Dr. Dawson in 1885, and a large amount of ma-
terial from Departure Bay and Ucluelet, collected by Prof. Macoun and
his assistants in 1908 and 1909.

Many of the Ascidian genera are inconveniently large and hetero-
geneous, e.g. Tethyum [Cynthia, Halocynthia seu Pyura], Styela, Caesira
[Molgula], and Phailusia [Ascidia]. It would be a distinct advance to
have these genera divided into smaller natural groups, so that the re-
lationships of the species would be shown. I have attempted a division
of Tethyum, Styela and Phailusia as far as the material at my disposal
would permit. Some of these groups are quite small and it is question-
able whether they should have the rank of genera. If they are given
generic rank temporarily, it will call attention more forcibly to the char-
acters which seem to be of importance in separating these groups. Many

ii8

Transactions of thb Canadian Institute. [vol. ix

\B

of these characters are entirely neglected in descriptiont of new species.
The final determination of their rank may be left until our knowledge of
all the species is such as to make revisions of the various families possible.

Family^Perophoridae.
Peropkora annectens Ritter. Proc. Cal. Ac. Sc., ser. a, vol. IV, p. 37.

In numerous colonies from Uduelet the zooids differ from Ritter's
description only in being yellowish-orange instead of yellowish-green and
in having a maximum of 24 stigmata in a row instead of 18. These
differences seem unimportant. The individuals in all cases formed
typical social colonies and in no case were imbedded in a common test.

Family — Agnesiidae.

The genus Agnesia Mchlsn. should not be placed in the family
Corellidae {Cordlinae) or Chelyosomatidae {Chelyoiomatinae), as has been
done by Michaelsen, Seeliger and Hartmeyer. The position of the in-
testinal canal on the left side of the pharynx is of major importance
and shows that its closest allies are the Cionidae and PhaUusiidae. It
differs sufficiently from either of these groups to warrant its being placed
in a separate family.
Agnesia septentrionalis sp. n.

Shape oval, laterally flattened. Dimensions of largest specimen,
15X11X8 mm. Oral aperture terminal, atrial at anterodorsal angle.
Surface entirely sand-covered, sand adhering to filamentous processes
of the test. Apertures indistinctly 7- and 6-lobed respectively.

Dorsal and ventral bands of transverse muscular fibres in addition
to the usual siphonal musculature.

About 30 simple tentacles, varying in size, scattered over inner sur-
face of oral siphon. Dorsal tubercle apparently behind peripharyngeal
groove, its aperture transverse and slightly bent. Six very large dorsal
languets, with long 'roots.* No longitudinal bars. Transverse vessels
carry a number of large sickle-shaped processes. Stigmata forming
short infundibula, as many as three turns in each spiral: two rows of
infundibula between successive transverse vessels.

Stomach large, smooth-walled. Intestine with the usu?l forwardly
directed loop on the left side of the pharynx.

Ovary a rounded mass in the intestinal loop. Testicular lobcrt
scattered over the intestinal loop near the ovary. Gonoducts accompany
rectum.

Collected near Stephen Island in 1906 by Rev. Mr. Taylor.

This form differs from A. glaciata Michaelsen (Zoologica, Bd. 13,
Ht. 31. p. 6), the only other species described, in details concerning the
surface of the test, pharyngeal wall, &c.

( ■

1 1

191 1]

ASCIDIANS FKOM TBE COASTS OF CaNADA.

119

Family — Cionidae.
Ciona iHtestinaUs (L.)

Specimens were taken frequently in and near Departure Bay, but
never in quantity. They seem to differ from European specimens only
in the small number (5) of muscular bands on each side of the body.
To judge from the published figures, the number is variable in European
specimens (6 or 7).

Family — PhaUnsiidae.
Genu»—Ascidiopsis Verrill {sens. run.). {^Ascidia seu PhaUusia
auct. partim).

The type species is Ascidia caUosa Stimpson {"A. prunum M tiller).
Verrill instituted this genus for the type because of the plicated condi-
tion of the pharyngeal wall. This is a character common among Phal-
lusiids and one that cannot be used as a distinctive feature. The diag-
nosis may be changed so as to include those forms with the pharynx ex-
tending beyond oesophageal aperture but not beyond the posterior side
of the stomach, longitudinal bars bearing papillx and intermediate
papillae, and renal vesicles occurring over intestinal loop and in the ad-
jacent parts of the body-wall. Also the ganglion is close to the dorsal
tubercle. This genus is intermediate between AscidieUa (as restricted
by Hartmeyer) and the typical Phallusiae (e.g. P. mentula).

A. nancimoensis sp. n.

Oblong, laterally flattened; attached by left side. Up to 27 mm.
in length. Oral aperture terminal, 7- (or 5-) lobed; atrial, distant from
oral from one-third to one-half length of the body, 6- lobed. Surface
nearly smooth (minute papiL ver part of surface). Musculature
practically confined to right side 01 body.

From 45 to 105 tentacles. Prebranchial zone with indistinct pa-
pillae. Aperture of dorsal tubercle crescent-shaped, opening between
horns directed forwards. Ganglion is the width of peripharyngeal groove
behind tubercle. Dorsal lamina prominently ribbed, its margin with
coarse teeth corresponding to the ribs. Longitudinal bars, from 41 to
50 on the left side and from 48 to 66 on the right. Plications fewer than
the bars. From 3 to 6 stigmata in each mesh.

Stomach with 17 shallow folds; intestine without typhlosole. Ovary
in intestinal loop and on right side of first part of intestine. Testicular
lobes in intestinal loop posteriorly, on both sides of first part of intestine
and on right side of stomach. Gonoducts pass along posterior side of
last bend of intestine.

Three specimens obtstined at points near Departure Bay.

This species somewhat resembles in appearance Ascidia adhearens

^^9

w

I30

Transactions of thk Canadian Institute. [vol. ix

Ritter from Alaska, but differs f ron it in the number of stigmate in each
mesh, in the number of plications between successive bars and probably
also in the number of bars.

A. Columbiana sp. n. . . , . . ,t »

Oblong, laterally flattened, attached by the entire left side. Up to
4.5 cm. in length, 3.5 cm. in width and 2 cm. in thickness. Apertures
placed as in last species. Surface more or less roughened, with numerous
short papilla, which differ greatly in size in several varieties of thjs
species which occur. Those near the apertures are always very distmct
and longer than the others. Musculature as in last species.

From 20 to 45 tentacles. Prebranchial zone smooth. Aperture
of dorsal tubercle horseshoe-shaped, the horns frequently bent inwards
oroutwa-ds. Ganglion directly behind tubercle. Dorsal lamina strong-
ly ribbeu, its margin with teeth corresponding to the ribs and occasionally
from 1 to 5 indistinct intermediate teeth. From 19 to 24 bars on the
left side and from 21 to 26 on the right. From i to 2 plications be-
tween successive bars. From 4 to 20 stigmata in each mesl; .

Stomach with from 12 to 22 shallow folds; intestine usually with
typhlosole. Anus at level of anterior end of intestinal loop or somewhat
behind it. Ovary chiefly on right side of first part of intestine. Testi-
cular lobes on left side of loop and on both sides of stomach. Oviduct
passes across lower (left) side of last bend of intestine and then along
posterodorsal border of rectum.

Numerous specimens from Departure Bay, Ucluelet and Port Simp-
son. O J •

Differs from Ascidiella incrustans Herdman from Puget bound in
the plain prebranchial zone and the toothed condition of the dorsal
lamina. Ascidia adhcerens Ritter is without the papiUated surface and
the peculiar course of the oviduct. Its closest ally is A . prunum (Miiller)
from the North Atlantic, which differs from it chiefly in the absence of
the papillae of the surface, and in the smaller number of bars (rt. 18 to
80, It. 15 to 19).

A. paratropa sp. n.

Short cylindrical, attached by small area at posterior end. Up to
II cm. in length and about 4.5 cm. in diameter. Oral aperture terminal,
7-lobed, turned toward the ri^ht side; atrial aperture, 6-lobed, at the end
of a short siphon which extends from the anterodorsal angle to a point
in front of the level of the oral aperture. Surface with large irregular
tubercles. Musculature, extensive on the right side, consisting chiefly
of longitudinal fibres ; on the left side, longitudinal fibres from the
siphons extend nearly to intestinal loop.

«9"1

ASCIDIANS raOM THE COASTS OF CANADA.

lai

From 15 to 30 rather short tentacles. Prebranchiail zone smooth.
Aperture of dorsal tubercle as in last species; horns may be slightly coiled.
Ganglion about width of peripharyngeal groove behind tubercle. Dorsal
lamina ribbed on left side, its margin irregularly toothed, the largest
corresponding to the ribs. On right side of oesophageal aperture and
extending posteriorly is another lamina also toothed. From a8 to 34
bars on the left side and from ^a to 4a on the right. From i to 1.5 pli-
cations between successive bars. From 4 to la stigmata in each mesh.

Stomach with from 40 to 46 shallow folds; intestine with typhlosole;
intestinal loop directed forwards but not bent toward dorsal side. Ovat y
in intestinal loop, on both sides of loop anteriorly and on right side of
stomach. Testicular lobes in the loop and on both sides of posterior
part of loop, as well as on both sides of stomach. Gonoducts pass along
posterior side of last bend of intestine.

About 30 specimens from Departure Bay, Ucluelet, Banks Island
and Goose Island, in from 5 to ao fathoms.

No Phallusiid that has been described seems to have the peculiar
shape and tubercles of this species. Ascidiella griffini Herdman from
Puget Sound may be near it, but, as described, it differs in shape, char-
acter of surface, number of tentacles (60-70) and the presence of pre-
branchial papillae.

Genus — PhaUusia Savigny {sens, restr.)

Syn. Ascidia seu PhaUusia auct. part.

Tliis genus may be restricted to those forms that can be grouped
around the type species {Ascidia mentula Miiller ?) and which have the
pharynx extending behind the poeterior border of the stomach, longi-
tudinal bars with papillae, dorsal lamina extending behind oesophageal
aperture, ganglion a considerable distance behind dorsal tubercle and
renal vesicles restricted to the intestinal wall (or absent ?).

P. ceratodes sp. n.

About twice as long as broad, laterally flattened, attached by greater
part of left side; up to 7 cm. in length, 3.a cm. in width, and 1.5 cm. in
thickness. Apertures sessile or on short siphons; oral 6- or 7- lobed,
terminal; atrial 5- or 6-lobed, placed about half the length of the body
back along the dorsal edge. Surface irregularly wrinkled and minutely
roughened. Musculature practically confined to right side.

From 50 to 150 tentacles. Prebranchial zone smooth. Aperture
of dorsal tubercle horseshoe-shaped, horns incoiled, with one turn in
each coil; opening between horns directed forwards. Ganglion from 3
to 7 mm. behind tubercle. Dorsal lamina ribbed on left side, its margin
finely toothed; from a to 5 teeth between successive teeth corresponding

i

-fi

•ntAHSACTlONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. IVOL. IX

.« thp rih. Bars M to 54 on right and 33 to 51 on left side. Papill*
It m^ctn,. b«t"no't'bl°tw'tn. ^ne plication or le» between .ucces«ve

'^IntS llltru^t'r^Tto' y^ of left side, leaving fro.
V4 toTof length Of ph^nx uncovered at both anterior and poster^r
^A ^.«!,»rh with alwut 17 folds. Intestinal loop bent forwards

inJe l^er side of the body (test removed) only a short ternunal part

°' ^^'^dSSrlSe^tTu'JeBay.infrom xo to 30 fathoms, locally abundant.

S,Tl^ aUy^rpears to be P. lonpstriata Hartmeyer rom Jaj^n^
from whicH coffers Shaving the margin of the dorsal lamma toothed
and in the situation of the gonads.

Family— Chdyosomatidae.

As is shown farther on. the intestinal loop in the genus Chely<>soma
is always onXright side of the pharynx. Whether it .s on the ngj. <>
left ^de of «! arbitrary median plane, is of little moment. W.th thts
genu brougrt into nZ we have the utmost constancy - Jhe pos.t on
S the intestinal loop with reference to the Pha^nx^n each ojti^e^^^^^^^^
of Ascidians. The only exceptions are those •"dmdjf th^J^ '^^neZ
invcrsio viscerum. It seems right, therefore, that the genus Agnes
should not be placed in this family.

Corella willmeriana Herdman. . . w-, ^ =«„ ;« i rr«

One specimen from Elk Bay was collected by Dr. Dawson, m l88^
The s'llrface is smooth. The .^t^aUperture .s not on a d.s^^^^^^^^

riohon. There are 24 bars on right side of pharynx and 22 (?) on left side.

SpS of inf undibula are for the most part broken up mto short sfgmata.

^' Xn" C^meriana Ritter. Ann. N.Y. Ac., vol 12 .P.604.

Oblong, laterally compressed or more or less <=y»'"d"*=i-^ j^t^^^.^.
by posterio; end or by right or left side. Apertu- on ^me lev^^^^^^
anterior end; atrial often at the end of a short «^°"- ^^rf^^^^ •'J«8J
lariv wrinkled and rough with fine irregular processes of the test, up to
lariy wnniucu a»m » j , - ,_ thick Musculature consists of the

ons for a short distance back over the body.

191 1]

ASCIOIANS FKOM THE COASTS OF CANADA.

"3

From 50 to 80 tentacles. Aperture of donal tubercle varying from
a tranivene slit to a horsethoe-shaped opening. From 14 to ao langueta.
From 30 to aa bars on each side, with a few rudimentary ones near dorsal
and ventral margins of pharyngeal wall. Stigmatic infundibula deep
and nearly square; the spiral of each with 5 or 6 turns, often slightly di-
vided into shorter stigmata, the divisions occurring at the angles of the
square.

Intestinal loop of the usual form, placed across posterior end of
pharynx. Rectum long, reaching nearly to base of atrial siphon. Gonads
on both sides of intestinal loop, the testicular lobes, but not the ovary,
usually extending to beginning of rectum.

Numerous specimens from Departure Bay, Burrard Inlet, Udue-
let, Banks Island and Hecate Straits.

This species differs from the last in the more anterior position of the
atrial aperture, the roughened test and the smaller number of longi-
tudinal bars.

C. inflata sp. n.

This is very similar to the preceding species. No intermediates
have been found. It was obtained only at Departure Bay, occurring
there in quantity at low tide and in very shallow water (8 fathoms or
less). The most characteristic feature is the great enlargement of the
atrium (the median part of the peripharyngeal cavity just beneath the
atrial siphon). As a result of this, the shape is more nearly cubical than
in the last species and the rectum is very much shorter (less than half
the length of the body). There is a smaller number of tentacles (40 to
60) and also of longitudinal bars (16 to 18). Many of the latter (es-
pecieilly dorsally) are represented only by T-shaped processes, the pharynx
not reaching, even in large individuals as complete a stage of develop-
ment as that of the last species. The testicular lobes do not extend as
far as the beginning of the rectum. The apertures are at the same level
and the surface of the test is roughened with small irregular processes.

Genus — Chelyosoma.

There have been divergent accounts of the position of the intestinal
canal in members of this genus. The most recent statements are that
the loop is sometimes on the right side of the body and sometimes on the
left side. As its position in other genera is quite constant, this seemed
rather remarkable. An examination of a large number of specimens
belonging to two species which occur on the West Coast and of a single
specimen of the type species from the East Coast has shown that, in all,
the loop is on the lower attached side of the body, which in this case cor-
responds for the most part with the right side of the pharynx, as the

:^

1 . 4

,,4 T«ANSACnOM8 Of THE CaKADIAK INSTITUTE. [VOL. IX

endctyle ha. been di.pUced toward the left ^^J. .^f J/^..^
«,metiL.more to the right. 'T^'TJ^'^.^^tll^X^
through the aperture, perpendicularly to the di.k. it i. «*»>« .

m"phological right .ide of the pharynx. ,ust a. m Corella. It U
direrted forward, however. in.tead of uan.ver«ly.

'•^5rer«'';S^:n.fromI>part«reBay

"^L«ct".tic of thi. .peci^ are the.ymn.et^ of^di.^ 0,e 1^^^
«ie of mature individuals and the absence of mu«:le band. acro« many
of the line, between the plate, of the dwk.

d„r»uLSe . mnlv.,« dit. Funnel a.ymm.tricd. the due. ««-
JSJL. Stigmata more or l«.coilrf.«A»m«.y».Xt»n»">'
""■G^rlfrte m». pan longitudinat ."«««"'«•'-

■°"^i;*rg'JS.^t'ra.tb,th.pr«en»o..he„H»o.n,t»-

I^lf. in *. i^^tyTt^ mu^Uture, in the coiUng of the ..!,-
'irUS * tiTt^u^ of *. don«l tubercle being tranaver^ .n..e«l

of longitudinal.

Family— C<w»ndo« liftf/£Mi*<»o«l.

^'^N^^lfTpheri^. Usually free in the sand. Siphons equal in
leng^^ut £f the diameter of the body. Surface covered with^nd
p^% the exception of that of the siphon and a janable part o
S^ surface near them. Long simple radicoid filamenU over the wnd

191 1]

AsciDiANs nou THE CoASTS or Canada.

>H

covered surface. Up to about 15 mm. in diameter. In addition to the
usual siphonal musculature, there are two circular bands (deficient ven-
trally) of short fibres on either side of the median plane.

From 18 to 37 tentacles, the largest bi-pinnate. Aperture of dorsal
tubercle horseshoe-shaped; horns slightly inturned; opening between
horns directed backwards and slightly towards right side. Dorsal lamina
narrow, its margin smooth. Seven folds each side (in one specimen a rudi-
mentary eighth en right side dorsally). As many as 4 bars on a fold, on
the ventral side only. Stigmata forming the usual infundibula, each
stigma formin, from }i to H ot a. circle. An occasional small accessory
infundibulum between folds.

Intestinal loop very narrow, bent into a semicircle, the concavity of
which is entirely filled by the left gonad. Anus with thickened smooth
margin. Gonads oblong, massive, with central ovary. Testicular lobes
massed along upper and lower sides of the ovary. Oviduct short, pro-
jecting upward from posterodorsal angle. Several (in one case 6) vasa
deferentia of medium length projecting inwards along the middle of
each ovary. Renal organ about equal in length to right gonad and of
the usual sausage shape.

About 30 specimens from Departure Bay, Uduelet, Alert Bay and
Hecate Straits.

This form appears to be more nearly related to the following species
than to any other.

C. hecaieia sp. n.

Rounded oblong, laterally flattened. Apertures rather close to-
gether on dorsal edge near anterior end. In the contracted condition,
they are at the bottom of a shallow furrow. Apertural lobes pointed.
Surface (except a narrow zone around each siphon) closely covered with
sand and fragments of shells. Up to 32 mm. in length, 20 mm. in depth
and 15 mm. in thickness. Musculature as in preceding species, but
the circular bands of fibres are more numerous (a to 4 on each side) and
irregular.

Probably about 35 or 40 tentacles, the largest bushily branched,
bipinnate or slightly tripinnate. Aperture of dorsal tubercle horseshoe-
shaped, directed toward right side. Dorsal lamina rather broad; its
margin incised, .I'senting about 7 large teeth or lobes, which are most
distinct posterioiiy. It extends behind oesophageal aperture. Seven folds
each side. Up to 6 or occasionally 7 bars on each fold, on the ventral
side only. Stigmata as in last species, but the accessory infundibula are
more numerous.

Intestinal loop narrow, horizontal, nearly straight. Gonads much

ia6 TtAMSACnOMS Of THS CaMADIAN iHiTITUTB. (vOI,. IX

M in iMt •pedet. Eight tasa drfertntia were counted in the right gonad ot

one individual. ^ • i. o »«.

Several apedroena were collected in Hecate Straito by Rev. Mr.

C putetUtuis (Herdman) from Puget Sound differa from thie apeoM
in the extent of iu muacuUture. in having fewer longitudinal bara (3 104).
and in the direction of the donal tubercle (backwaida).

C occuUa (Kupffer) of Europe ia lUU nearer thU tpeaea. but tlia
abort deacriptiona that have been given of it permit of only a few pointt
of difference being given, viz. the ahape of the body and the poaitiona of
the aperturea. These leem unimportant, but it would be beat to keep
them aeparate until they can be more doaely compared.

' "a small apedmen waa obtained by Dr. Dawaon in 1885 b«t*««»
Cortex and Hemand Islands. It appears to differ from the two prec^ng
apedea in the extent of the muaculature (the drcular or transverse fibres
covering practically the whole body) and in the condition of the doraal
tuberde (a longitudinal alit).

C. pacifica sp. n. . .

Nearly spherical, 15 mm. long. 13 mm. deep and 10 mm. thick
Attached by lower surface and part of right side. Siphons contracted,
atrial the longer. Surface overgrown with seaweed &c., the lower half,
at least, with radicoid filaments. In addition to siphonal musculature,
there are irregulariy scattered fine, sho.t fibres over the surface of the

body. . .

About 40 tentocles. the largest slightly tnpmnate. Aperture of
dorsal tuberde horseshoe-shaped, directed toward right side, the horns
approximated. Dorsal lamina short and narrow, its margin smooth; it
extendsonlyashort distance behind oesophagealaperture.Sevenfoldseach

side. Bars on both sides of each fold, as many as 1 1 on a fold. StigmaU
form the usual infundibula. each stigma extending from K to >i of a
drde. No accessory infundibula.

Intestinal loop narrow, bent into a semidrde. Renal organ and
gonads as in C. apoploa, but only a Msa deJermUa could be seen (right

A single spedmen was obtained at Uduelet at low tide, attached to

Fock

It differs from the preceding spedes in having bars on both sides of
each fold, and from C. pannosa of the East Coast in the direction of the
dorsal tubercle. There are other differences in both cases.

«9««1

AlCIDIANS nOU THB COASTS OF CANADA.

•■7

C. cocptri tp. n.

Nearly tpherical or flattened agaiiut the obir^t of ^nachroent.
Apertures with tmall pointed lobet. Siphons very Surface, in*

duding that of siphont, entirely covered with cl ^ced «and grains,

which adhere to the usual filamenU. Up to i, ». in length. In ad>
dition to the usual siphonal musculature, ther> '• an almost uniform
layer, continuous with the circular fibres of the siphons. It is thin over
the intestine, gonads, &c.

About 7S ( ?) tentacles. Aperture of dorsal tubercle crescent-shaped,
turned toward the left. Dorsal lamina narrow, iu margin smooth; it
doM not extend beyond oesophageal aperture. Six folds on each side,
their posterior ends fringed. Up to 14 bars on a fold, occurring on both
sides of each fold. Stigmata forming the usual infunolbula, with :o
or more turns in each spiral. Each stigma represents K of a circle, so
that more or less regular transverse ro\ -s are formed, such as are character-
istic of tl • genus Ctenicella as defined >y Hartmeyer.

Intestinal loop narrow, bent into a semicircle. Margin of anus
smooth. Gonads much elongated. The left is in the concavity of the
intestinal loop and anteriorly bent over the tip of the loop. It is thus
closely applied to the intestine for a considerable distance. The right
gonad is much longer than the renal organ, to which it is closely applied.
The latter is of the usual shape. Each gonad consists of an axial ovary,
with the testicular lobes scattered along its upper and lower margins.
The vas deferens runs along the inner side of the ovary and projects up-
ward with the oviduct from the posterior end of the gonad.

Several specimens were obtained in 5 to 15 fathoms, sand and gravel,
in Departure Bay.

This species is doubtfully distinct fro'i C. ;<«. Jen* (Ritter) from
California. From the data available at pr 'ent, thcic a'^e the following
differences, — a smaller number of tentacles !0). the abtsenct of siphons
(?), the aperture of dorsal tubercle a longitm" -xxl !'^. Mhkb 'm i,ot curved,
and the larger diameter of the stomach in C. '<:;iri..- .s.
Rkitomolgula globularis (Pallas).

Syn. Ascidia globularis Pallas, Nov. Act. / ■
/ Rhizotnolgula gigantea Redikorzew, Mem,
vol. 18, no. II.

Laterally compressed, somewhat elongated parallel to a line joining
apertures. Largest specimen is 19 mm. long, 17 mm. deep, and la mm.
thick. Apertures about 7 mm. apart, not on distinct siphons. Surface
sparsely covered with sand grains. On the side of the body opposite
the apertures there are usually a short 'roots,' each with numerous long
branches. The usual siphonal musculature; on each side near the

>. v. . a, p. a4i.
i-i. ireters., ser. 8,

1 1

5-

.Jui-

ipife

Hi

I

I-

,^ TRAK8ACTI0MS OF THE CaMADIAN INSTITUTE. IVOL. IX

^T^ n ^nTTJuIar row above the middle of the gonad on its inner
Se Ren^ S l^rt^mach. Heart along right side of renal
o Jan. Glands small, disk-shaped. Ectodermal processes of mantle few

"' 't^eral spedmens were collected by the Rev. ^O- Stringer at Hers-
K»i uiInH Arctic Ocean and communicated to me by Prof. Wnght.
chel I^and. Arct^^ a ^ RHizomol,ula. The .dent.fi-

cation'^th^le f^^ens with his species rests upon ex^-Uha c^^^^
alone. He has given very characteristic figures. Redikorzews K.
giganUa appears to be the same speaes.

Family— 5<yrf«te.
Subfamily— Poiyw*"*-

Metandrocarpa dermatina sp. n. ,. , . , T..^i

Colonics thin, encrusting, dark red or purplish in colour nd -
vidu-Tls irregularly disposed, about 2 mm. distant from each other,
xty areTaUen Jpara^el to the surface of the colony or elongated ix=r-
JendicuLly to it. depending upon the thickness of the cdony. T ey re
irom 4 to 5 mm. in length. The colonies are up to 10 cm. m length.

^'' Xn ZS::'%^ of dorsal tubercle a transverse slit^
DorsaUamina narrow, its margin smooth. Five bars on each sdejhe
SS^ppermost approximated. Small transverse vessels cross stigmata.
Stigmata narrow, about 50 in a row.

191 1]

ASCIDIANS FROM THE COASTS OF CjMKDA.

tag

About IS gastric folds. Apparently about is atrial tentacles. Up
to 10 or II tentacles grouped at anterior end beneath pharynx. A row
of testes on each side posteriorly and ventrally. In the right row there
are from 6 to la and in the left from 3 to 3. They are imbedded in the
test.

Several colonies were obtained on the beach at Hope Island, by Rev.
Mr. Taylor in 1906.

This form is doubtfully distinct from M. dura Ritter from Santa
Barbara, California. It differs from the descriptimis of the latter, given
by Ritter and Michaelsen, in having a smaller number of oral tentacles
and a larger number of gastric folds. The differences in the reproductive
organs are probably referable to the greater maturity of the colonies
from Hope Island.

M. taylori sp. n.

This is a social species, the individuals being connected by stolons
alone. The largest individuals are 7X5 X4.5 mm., in shape more or less
hemispherical. Apertures are transverse slits. The suHace is smooth
or slightly wrinkled. The test is thin.

The structure of the pharynx is the same as has been described for
the last species.

Thirteenor 14 gastric folds. Atrial tentacles minute. In one individual
there were counted 1 1 ovaries, 9 testes on the right side and 1 1 testes on
the left.

This form is so nearly identical in anatomical details with the pre-
ceding species, that one considers the possibility of their being different
forms of the same species, just as Ritter has considered that Perophora
annectens may form either social or compound colonies. With our present
knowledge we must consider this form distinct from M. dermatina, the
differences being, — 'social' instead of compound colonies, larger Individ*
uals and colonies white instead of dark purple.

Subfamily — Stydina*.
Genus, Katatropa nov.

Syn. — Styda auct. part.

Sii^ons with spinules.

Four folds on each side, the second from above smaller than the first
or the third. Aperture of dorsal tubercle horseshoe-shaped, directed to-
ward left.

Normally a gonads on each side, placed obliquely; the anterior ends
which bear the ducts, being directed downward toward endostyle. Ovary
tortuou», rather short; testicular lobes grouped along either side of ovary,
iitde (if at all) branched; their long axes are perpendicular to plane of

n

I

hi

tjo Transactions of thk Canadian Institute. [vol. ix

body-wall and not bound together, but each projects freely into periphar-
yngeal cavity. Eggs retained. ....

Siphonal vela narrow, adnate to siphonal wall, the atnal with scat-
tered short filiform tentacles on its lower (inner) surface. Alimentary
canal more or less Z-shaped. Anus with lobed mar ^in.

Type species— JC. vancouvtrensis. u \u t

This genus comprises a small group of species all from the west
Coast of North America. In the current classification they would be
placed in the genus Styela.

Short cylindrical, length being about twice the diameter. Attoched
by posterior end and part of ventral surface, therefore ascending from
the attached surface. Surface minutely roughened, with indistinct
tubercles on siphons. Up to 05 mm. in length and 9 mm- m diameter.

From 10 to at tentacles. Formula for longitudinal bar8,-€xample,

Right side, a (10) i (6) I (9) i (6) i.

Intermediate (internal) transverse vessels. From 9 to 13 long

narrow stigmata in each mesh. 4.:„.,u,

From IB to 18 gastric folds. From 8 to la anal lobes. Testicular

lobes chiefly along the ventral side of the posterior part of each ovary.
Numerous specimens attached to rocks at low tide mark. Departure

Bay and Ucluelet.

K. uclueletensis sp. n. . . j- -a

Cylindrical, attached by posterior end, which may have radicoid

^'*^ pJ^m 30 to 36 tentacles, for the most part two sizes which alternate

with each other. ^ . , , u 1 »„

Eighteen gastric folds. About 16 anal lobes. Testicular lobes along

both sides of posterior part of each ovary.

In other respects this species is the same as the last. They are
doubtfully distinct, but as yet I have seen no intermediates.

Two specimens were obtained in a few fathoms at Ucluelet.

K. yakutaUnsis (Ritter).

Syn. Styela yakutatensis Ritter, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sc., vol. III. p. aSQ-
This is a stalked species, with smooth surface, and the oral aperture

bent ventrally. »it.i..^

It occurs in numbers near low tide r -. k. attached to rocks, at Uclue-
let

" K. gredeyi (Ritter) of Bering Sea is another stalked species of this
genus. It differs from this one in having a shorter body, a longer stalk,
longer testicular lobes and spinules which are adcular. In the three

igii]

ASCIDIAKS r&Olf THE COASTS OP CANADA.

13'

British Columbian spedea the spinules are short, channeled above, with
truncated toothed extremities.

Genus— 5<ye{a {sens, reslr.).

Dorsal tubercle directed forwards or to left.

Gonads very long, ending just beneath atrial siphon, hence directed
dorsally. Testicular lobes large, more or less branched. Eggs not re-
tained. Otherwise as in last genus.

Type species — 5. canopus (Savigny).

This genus is widely distributed in the tropical and temperate
cones. 5. canopoides Heller, S. variabilis Aid. & Hanc. and S. partita
(Stimpson) belong to the genus as thus restricted and probably many
other species as well, which are too insufSdently described for one to be
certain of their position.

5. gibbsii (Stimpson).

Numerous specimens from Departure Bay, Ucluelet and Banks
Island, taken in from 5 to 30 fathoms sand, gravel or shells.

5. ft'ontereyensis (Dall).

The sulked form of this genus.

Numerous specimens taken at low tide, attached to rocks, at Uclue-
let and one specimen from Hope Island (Mr. Taylor).

Genus — Gopiocarpa nov.

Syn. Styela auct. part.

Dorsal tubercle directed forward or to left.

One gonad on each side, bent more or less in the form of a right
angle. The vertical limb of the gonad ends in the gCD c i du.ts, just be-
neath the atrial siphon. Ovary tortuous ; testicular lobes grouped around
horizontal limb of ovary, each one lobulated, the lobes bound together
into a biscuit-shaped mass. Eggs not retained. Otherwise as in Rata-
tropa.

Type species— <7. Uneni (Sars), as described by Hartmeycr (Fauna
Arctica, Bd. Ill, 1903)-

The species of this genus would currently be placed in Styela. It
is apparently a northern group and includes G. rustica (L.), G. arntata
(Lac-Duth. & Del.), G. granulata (Alder), G. coriacea (Aid. & Hanc),
G. northumbrica (Aid. & Hanc.) and G. placenta (Packard).

G. coceodes sp. n.

Exceedingly variable in shape, from scale-like to elongated oval.
Surface pebbly, awing to the presence of rounded tubercles, from 1/16
to 1/8 mm. in diameter. Siphons short. Up to a cm. in length.

From 85 to 35 tentacles. Formula for longitudinal bars, — example-

I

m

wmim

i,

:

^

r

fl

»3«

Transactions or the Canadian Institvtb. [vol. ix

Right side— 4(19) 4 (") 4 (18) 6 (9) 4-
From I to 3 internal transverse veswb crossing each stigmatic

row. From 3 to 7 long narrow stigmata. From 30 to 36 gastric folds.

About 13 anal lobes. Testicular lobes chiefly ventral to horixontal

limb oi ovary.

A number of specimens from Departure Bay, Burrard Inlet, Lowe

Inlet, China Hat and Prince Rup v> , in from 10 to 30 fathoms, stony or

shelly.

Most nearly related to G. placenta of the East Coast and C. coriacea

of England, from which it seems to differ in certain detaib. Further

study may show the necessity of uniting them into one species.

Pelonaia corrugata F. &. G.

A few specimens were obtained by Rev. Mr. Taylor at Rose Spit in
1906 in a few fathoms, sand. They do not appear to differ in any re-
spects from the descriptions of European and Arctic specimens.

This form does not deserve to be placed in a separate subfamily,
the only respect in which it differs markedly from its nearest relatives
(e.g. Styela, Goniocarpa &c.), being the absence of folds in the pharyn-
geal wall. This condition may be approximated in other forms when the
pharynx is expanded (e.g. Styda gibbsii). The current statement that
the intestinal canal is behind the pharynx is only partially correct. It is
distinctly on the left side of the pharynx and only slightly farther back
than it is in Styela gibbsii.

GenuB-^Cnemidocarpa nov.

Syn. Styela auct. part.

Spinules rudimentary or absent.

Gonads variable in number, 3 or more on each side, elongated, tor-
tuous, radiating more or less from atrial siphon. Ducts at upper ends.
Each gonad consists of an ovary on the inner side and a layer of testi-
cular lobes on the outer side. The vas deferens runs along the inner side
of the ovary.

Siphonal vela broad, applied to walls of siphons a: hing nearly

to the margins of the apertures. A single row of ta^ ^ atrial ten-
tacles at base of atrial velum.

Having examined only two members of this group, I am unable to
give more characters. The members of this genus are currently included
in Styela. It includes Pciycarpa finmarkiensis Kiaer, Styda dsa Hart-
meyer, Glandula moUis Stimpson, Styela vestita Alder and probably a
large number of other species, but it is difficult to be certain in most
cases because of the incomplete descriptions.

19"]

ASCIDIANS FKOlf THE COASTS OF CANADA.

"33

C. Joanna* (Herdman).

Syn.—Cynlhia coriacea Sdmpion, Proc. Ac. Phil., ann. 1864, p. ifm.
Styela Joanna Herdman, Tr. Liv. Biol. Soc., vol. XII, p. 064.
Siyela stimpsoni Ritter, Ann.N. Y. Ac, vol. XII, p. 60a.

Numerous specimens from Departure Bay, Ucluelet, China Hat and
Banks Island, attached to rocks &c., from low tide mark to at least 30
fathoms.

From the abundance of the material in my possession, all, as far as
examined, agreeing with Ritter's description, I judge that Herdman's
and Ritter's species are the same and that Herdman was mistaken in
describing the dorsal lamina as being a 'plain membrane.' Stimpson's
name was preoccupied by Alder & Hancock in 1848.

Family — Tethyida.

[HahcynthUdtB sen Pyuridce, auct., non Tethyida Hartmeyer, 1909I

In my opinion, the valid type of the genus Tetkyum Bohadsch is the

Ascidia papillosum of Linni. Cynthia and Halocynthia will then be

absolutely synonymous with Tethyum and are to be replaced by it.

Halocynthiida and Pyurida are to be replaced by Tethyida,

Genus, BoUenia (sens, nov.)

Syn. Boltenia auct. part. + Halocynthia auct. part.

Body elongated parallel to a line joining apertures. Surface covered
with simple or branched spines. Short, channeled, siphonal spinules.

Aperture ot dorsal tubercle bent, opening between horns directed
toward right side. Dorsal groove with languets. At least 6 folds on
each side, the second and sixth, counting from above, being the smallest.
Stigmata transverse, arranged in longitudinal rows, which are traversed
from end to end by the longitudinal bars.

One gonad on each side, the left in the intestinal loop. The ducts
are at the posterior end of each. Each consists of an axial ovary and
peripheral testicular lobes.

Type species — B. ovifera (L.)

This is a very sharply defined group and inchidc? only a few of the
stalked forms that have been referred to this pciius. It appears to lie
confined to the Arctic and Subarctic regions. In addition to the species
mentioned in this article, it includes B. thompsoni Hartmeyer of Bering
Sea. Some of these species have been placed in the old genus Boltenia
and some in the genus Halocynthia or Pyura.

B. echinata (L.)

Syn. Cynthia echinata plur. auct., not, Boltenia echinata Ritter, 1907.

A few specimens were obtained in 10 to 20 fathoms, stony or shelly,
at Departure Bay. Hartmeyer has recently (S.-B. ( ts. naturf. Freundc

i

134

Transactions of the Canadian Institute. [vol. iz

r !
<

Berlin, ann. 1910, p. a.'^i) come to the conclusion that the seriea of forms
which have been referred to the Ascidia echinato of Linn6, cannot be
divided into two distinct species. These Pacific specimens agree well
with the descriptions that have been given of Arctic specimens.

B. vUlosa (Stimpson).

Syn. Cynthia villosa Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Phil., ar.n. 1864, p. 160.
Cynthia castaneiformis v. Drasche, Denk. Ak. Wien, Bd. 48,

P- 373-
BoUenia echinata Ritter, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., vol. IV, p. 14.
Numerous specimens from Departure Bay, Ucluelet, Goose Island
and Prince Rupert, from between tides to 30 fathoms, attached to rocks,
sea-weed &c.

In a series of specimens taken at one locality such a range of vari-
tion is shown, that it seems impossible to consider the species listed
above in the synonymy as distinct.

Genus, Pyura (sens, restr.)

Syn. Cynthia, Halocynthia, Pyura auct. part.

Surface rough with irregular warts, corrugations &c. Test usually
more or less encrusted with sand. Siphons usually rather long.
Siphonal spinu'js acicular (always ?).

Aperture of dorsal tubercle bent, directed forwards. Dcrsal groove
with languets. Six folds on each side. In very young specimens the
second and sixth folds are much smaller than the others. Stigmata
longitudinal.

One gonad on each side, the left in the intestinal loop. Each is
divided into (usually) two rows of hermaphroditic masses, the genital
ducts passing back between these rows and ending near the anus.

Type species, P. chUensis Molina.

Michaelsen has described what purports to be Molina's species (Mt.
Nat. Mus. Hamburg, Bd. XXI, p. 15). It would be included in the group
of species with the above characters and hence becomes the type. Other
species are P. dura (Heller), P. jacatrensis (Sluiter), P. riiseana (Traus-
tedt), P. karasboja (Oka) &c. I have been able to examine only the one
species of this group and consequently the diagnosis given above is more
or less tentative. Further study will show the correct limits of this
group. The most important characters seem to be the irregularity of
the surface, the number of folds and the division of the gonads.

P. haustor (Stimpson).

Syn. Cynthia haustor Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Phil. ann. 1864, p. 159.

Numerous specimens from Departure Bay, Ucluelet, Hope Island
and Banks Island, from between tides to 30 fathoms, usually in sand.

4

19"]

ASCIDIANS FROM THE COASTS OF CaNAOA.

«3S

Genus, Tetkyum {sens, hoc.)

Syn. Cynthia, Hatocyntkia, Pyura auct. part., non Tetkyum Hart-
meyer, 1909.

Oral aperture terminal, atrial on dorsal side. Siphonal spinules
acicular. Surface with simple or branched spines.

Aperture of dorsal tubercle curved, usually forming two cone-shaped
coils; opening between horns directed forwards and to left. Dorsal
groove with languets. Number of folds variable, increasing with age,
at least 6, the second not smaller than the first and uiird. Stigmata
longitudinal.

Two to many gonads on each side, those of the left side placed across
the inner side of the intestinal loop (which is transverse to the long axis of
the body). The two genital ducts open at the anterior end of each gonad.
The gonads of each side are fused together posteriorly. The testicular
lobes are grouped around the posterior ends of the ovaries.

Type species — T. papillosum Gunner.

Hartmeyer (Zool. Ann., Bd. Ill, 1908) has indicated Ascidia rustica
L. and A. guadridentata L. as the types of Ttthyum Bohadsch. He
seems, however, not to have considered Art. 30 of the International
Rules, in which we find the following:

"(e) The following species ate excluded from consideration in se-
lecting the types of genera.

(a) Species which were not included under the generic name at the
time of its original publication."

It is possible that he may interpret this to mean only those species
that have been named binominally. In that case he would neglect the
four species of Bohadsch. Following Sherbom, he has accepted the
species of Gunner as validly named. Gunner (Trond. Selsk. Skrift.,
Ill) names three species which are identical with three of the species
described by Bohadsch. Hartmeyer states that Gunner's article ap-
peared in the same year as the 12th edition of lAnni' a Sy sterna Naturae
(1767), and considers that Linni's work has the priority. He has evi-
dently not seen the original article by Gunner, which (according to Sher-
born and Hopkinson) appeared in 1765, but only the German translation
(Dront. Gess, Schrift., III). That it antedates Linnaeus is shown by a
reference of the latter under A. intestinalis, viz. "Act. nidros. 3. p. 81,
t.3. .3, 4. Tethyum." This refers to Gunner's description and figures
of Tethyum sociabile.

As Hartmeyer has not indicated a type from among the species
originally included in the genus — either practically (those of Bohadsch)
or binominally (those of Gunner) — a type remains to be indicated. Of
the species of Bohadsch, th( one which we can identify to-day with the

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Transactions of the Canadian Institutb. [vol. ix

'il

greatest degree of certainty is Tethyum coriaceum, the T. papillosum of
Gunner and the Ascidia papillosum of Linn6. This may be taken as the
type of Tethyum.

Heller has indicated the same species as the type of Cynthia Savigny.
Halocynthia Verrill and Lais Gistel were instituted to replace Tethyum,
All three are therefore absolutely synonymous with Tethyum.

As defined above, this genus comprises a group of species, which
differ from all other Tethyids in the position of their gonads. It in-
cludes T. pyriforme (Rathke), T. aurantium (Pallas), T. rorettii (Drasche),
T. hilgendorfii (Traustedt), T. igaboja (Oka)and probably a number of
others which have not yet been sufficiently described for one to be sure
as to their position.

T. aurantium (Pallas).

Syn. — Ascidia aurantium Pallas, Nov. Act. Ac. Petr., vol. II, p. 140.
Cynthia pyriformis Dall, Amer. J. Conch., vol. VII, p. 157.
alt. auct. (Pacific).
" superba et deani Ritter, Ann. N.Y. Ac, vol. XII, p.
590.
A very few specimens from various points — Departure Bay, Uclue-
let, Banks Island and between Cortez and Hernand Islands, in from 10
to 30 fathoms.

T. Pyriforme from North Europe and the Arctic Ocean has, accord-
ing to Hartmeyer (1903), 4 gonads on the left side and from 4 to 6 on the
right.

All the Pacific specimens, that I have been able to examine, have
3 gonads on each side. They seem to be for that reason, quite distinct
from T. Pyriforme. From Traustedt's account (Vid. Meddel. Kbhvn.,
1885, p. 34), I conclude that his Corean specimens had 3 gonads on each
side. That would make the Asiatic and West American forms identical,
Pallas' name, being the first one given, is the valid one for this group.

*3

m

T. igaboja (Oka).

Syn. — Halocynthia igaboja Oka, Ann. Zool. Jap., vol. VI, Pt. i, p. 45.
? " okai Ritter, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., voI.IV, p. II.

A number of specimens from Departure Bay, Ucluelet, Lowe In-
let and Prince Rupert, in from 10 to 30 fathoms shelly or gravelly.

These specimens are in accord with Oka's description and differ
from Ritter's only in regard to the inroUing of the horns of the dorsal
tubercle. The gonads are quite variable, there being from 2 to 16 on the
right side and from 5 to 14 on the left.

igil] ASCIDIANS PROM THB COASTS OF CANADA. 137

NOTBS OM THE SPSaES OF THE ATLANTIC COAST.

With the exception of «-he compound forms, which have been re-
cently thoroughly treated by Dr. Van Name (Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H.,
vol. 34, No. II. 1910), the species of the East G>ast have for the most
part been only imperfectly described. It will be necessary therefore
to give an account of the anatomy of many of the species. It has been
very difficult in many cases to refer, with much certainty, my specimens
to the species that have been described from this coast, owing to the im-
perfect descriptions of the older authors. As many of the specimens
have been obtained from or near the localities which gave the types of
the species, the identifications should have a greater probability of being
correct. Dr. Van Name, who is at present engaged in work on the simple
Asddians of this coast, has been most kind in giving me help in the iden-
tification of my specimens with Verrill's species. He has corrected some
errors into which I had fallen and confirmed some of my surmises.

:i?

Aplidium spiitbergense Hartmeyer, Fauna Arctica, Bd. 3, Lf . a, p- 34^ •

A single capitate colony was obtained in Long Island Bay, Grand
Manan, in about 8 fathoms. This species has been previously reported
only from Spitzbergen. The agreement with Hartmeyer's description
seems, however, to be periect.

The colony is 15 mm. by 10 mm., with a thick stalk 8 mm. long.
The test contains very numerous sand-grains.

The zooids are about B.5 mm. long. Oral aperture 6-lobed. Atrial
aperture round, at the end of a short tubular siphon, placed opposite
the interval between the first and second stigmatic rows. A long atrial
languet is present a short distance in front of the siphon. Four stigmatic
rows. Four gastric folds. Abdomen and postabdomen together are slightly
longer than the pharynx. Ovary small and no embryos present.

Another colony, not capitate, so mm. long, 9 mm. wide and 6 mm.
thick, seems to be referable to the same species. There are much
longer and narrower zooids with the ovaries well developed, embryos
in the peripharyngeal cavity, and the postabdomen nearly equal in
length to the thorax and abdomen together. The colour of this colony,
when living, was decidedly greenish.

This second colony was obtained off Long Island. Grand Manan, in
about 35 fathoms shelly and muddy.

Of the characters which distinguish Aplidium from Amaroucium
the only one possessed by this second colony is the small number of
stigmatic rows. It might be best to place it in the genus Amaroucium,
near A. diaphanum (v. Drasche).

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Transactions of the Canadian Institutb. (vol. ix

Amaroucium tUUfrum Verrill.

Numerous colonies, apparently belonging to this species, were ob-
tained at nearly all points at low tide and in the dredgings.

Tetradidemnum albidum (Verrill).

Both the white and salmon-coloured varieties of this species werp
found generally distributed at low tide and where dredgings were made.
Didemnopsis tenerum (Verrill).

Syn. Lissoclinum tenerum Verr.

Several colonies were dredged in the approaches to Passamaquoddy
Bay and one off Swallow-tail Light, Grand Manan.
Holoaoa clavata (Sars)?

Soft, light yellow, encrusting colonies of Holonoa were obtained at
low water mark and practically throughout in the dredgings, though
never in large numbers. Dr. /an Name has referred all the colonies
from along this coast, that were examined by him, to Sars* species.
None of the colonies in my collection show even an approximation to the
davate condition.

Ciona intestinalis (L.)

As only a single small specimen was obtained (off Grand Manan),
no detailed study of it was made. It doubtless is identical with the
European species.

Ascidiopsis prunum (Miiller).

Syn.— Ascidia callosa Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H., vol. IV, p.
338.
Ascidiopsis complanata Verrill, Amer. J. Sc., ser. Ill, vol. 3,
p. 289.

Characteristic of this species is the small number of longitudinal
bars (from 15 to 19 on the left side and from 18 to 3o on the right), the
presence of intermediate papillae and the crossing (slightly) of the last
bend of the intestine by the genital ducts. Eggs ^nd larvae were found
in the peripharyngeal cavities of some of the breeu.ng individuals. The
large individuals seemed to be uniform in having undeveloped repro-
ductive organs.

Found in large masses at low tide mark, it is gcr ully distri-
buted as shown by the dredgings. At Grand Manan it seems to be largely
replaced by the next species.

Genus PhaUusioides nov.

This genus is formed for the reception of Ascidia (seu PhaUusia)
obligua, which differs from PhaUusia in that the pharynx and dorsal
lamina do not extend beyond the oesophageal aperture, in this respect

■'t

«9««1

ASCIDIANS FKOM THE COASTS Or CANADA.

"39

#

retembling AscidieUa. From the latter it differs in having papillx on
the ban and in not having renal vesicle*. It is thus intermediate be-
tween PhaUusia and AscidieUa. The ganglion is close to the dorsal
tubercle and there are no intermediate papilUc. In the absence of
renal vesicles, it resembles some PhaUusia. As if to offset this lack of
vesicles, there is a very great development of what appears to be the py-
loric gland. This forms a thick layer of coarse branches, covering all
parts of the intestinal canal.

P. obtisua (Alder).

Syn. Ascidia moUis Verrill, Amer.J. Sc,, ser. Ill, vol. 7, p. 409.

This can be distinguished from the preceding species by the thinner
test (which is more collapsible), the more numerous (about 50) longitu-
dinal bars, and the course of the genital ducts (not crossing last bend of
intestine), as well as by the differing generic characters.

Large numbers were dredged at various points and depths near
Grand Manan and occasional specimens were obtained in the approaches
to Par>jamaquoddy Bay.

CMyosoma macUayanum B. & S.

Syn. Ascidia geonutrica Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H., vol. IV,
p. 939.

A single specimen was obtained in the approaches. It is rather
unusual in the asymmetry of the plates of the disk. Those of the left
side are larger than those of the right and two additional plates are inter-
posed between the middle and posterior marginal plates. In both these
respects, it approaches C. columbianum of the West Coast.

Caesira papiUosa (Verrill).

Syn. Molg.ila papulosa Verrill, Am. J. Sc., ser. 3, vol. i, p. 57.

Surface with numerous radicoid filaments, those on the siphons being
quite short. Siphons quite variable in length, frequently as long as the
diameter of the body, nearly equal.

From 15 to 35 bipinnate tentacles. Aperture of dorsal tubercle
horseshoe-shaped; opening between horns directed backwards. Dorsal
lamina of medium width, not extending beyond oesophageal aperture ;
its margin is coarsely toothed. Six folds on each side of pharynx. Pos-
terior end of each fold coarsely toothed along its free border. Bars on
both sides of each fold, as many as 8 on a fold, the dorsal bars weak.

Intestine forming a double loop. Outer lip of anus with about a
doren rounded lobes. Gonads elongated, the right horizontal, the left
oblique and filling the secondary loop of the intestine. Oviduct of me-
dium length, projecting upward from posterior end of gonad and ending
at base of atrial siphon. Each ovary with an upper and lower row of

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TtANSAcnoNs or rm Canadian Institvtb. (vol. ix

I.MJ.

pi

pouches. From the outer ude it hat the appearance of a double row of
rounded lobes. Testicular lobes scattered along upper and lower ntar-
gins of each ovary ; usually on the right side the lobes are above anteriorly
and below posteriorly, whereas on the left they are more variable, the
ntajority being below. From I to 4 Mia diferentia on each side (usually
a) opening not far from the centre of the inner side of the ovary; the free
part of each vas deferens is extremely short and can be seen only with
difficulty.

Specimens obtained at the roots of eel-grass have very short siphons
and Gcemed to fit Verrill's description of Molgula punhattensis better
than that of Af. papulosa. In internal anatomy they agree with speci-
mens obtained beneath stones at low tide and in the dredgings, which
correspond with the description of the latter species. Some of these
specimens have siphons as long as those figured by Verrill for Eugyra
piluiaris. Specimens of M. manhaUensis from Connecticut and Rhode
Island, kindly sent me by Dr. Van Name, <»••' distinctly different from
all northern individuals. They have, as Dr. Van Name suted to the
writer in a letter, a narrow dorsal lamina with smooth margin. Other
differences are — a smaller, more rounded dorsal tubercle; the testicular
lobes are not scattered but massed, being confined to the lower side of
the ovary and the inner side of its anterior tip (on the left side, seen from
without, the testicular mass appears to curl around the anterior end of
the ovary, as figured in 1847 by Van Beneden for his Ascidia ampul-
loides, a related species); and the free portions of the vasa deferenHa
are much longer than in C. papulosa.

The nearest allies of the latter are Molgula sim^ex Aid. & Hanc.
and M. siphonata Alder of the coasts of England. In both of these the
testes are in the form of one or two large masses, confined to the inner side
of the ovary. It is interesting to note that the English forms are short-
and long-siphoned respectively, corresponding with the extreme indi-
viduals of the series of specimens of C. papulosa taken at St. Andrews.

This appears to be the Caesira that is most abundant and most
generally distributed near St. Andrews.

C. canadensis sp. n.

This is the North American representative of the group to which
Lacaze-Duthiers gave the name Ctenicella.

Body nearly spherical or flattened against the object of attachment.
Attached usually by the right side. Up to about I cm. in diameter.
Apertures fringed, each oral lobe with 3 teeth, each atrial with from 6 to
8. Exposed surface always more or less dirty. Along the margin of
the attached area are numerous irregular radicoid filaments. If the

«9«0

AkIDIANS from TBI COAtTS Of CANADA.

«4«

•ninwl it Mnd-covered, these are present over the entire surface, in-
cluding that of siphons. If not sand-covered, the free surface has numer-
ous minute adhesive tubercles.

From IS to 95 tentacles, pinnate or slightly bipinnate. Aperture
of dorsal tubercle varying from a simple slit to the shape of an imperfect
S, which Hartmcyer suggests is characteristic of the genus CUnktUa.
Dorsal lamina with tapering distant teeth. Seven folds on each side of
pharynx. Bars on both sides of each fold, as many as 4 (or occaaionally 5)
on a fold. Stigmata in infundibula (divided once), each stigma usually
representing K of a circle and simulating the longitudinal stigmata of
other groups.

Intestinal loop narrow, more or less bent. Anus with smooth mar-
gin. Gonads some distance above intestinal loop and renal organ re-
spectively. Ovary short, bent with the concavity ventral; oviduct
passing from itH anteroventral angle ; testicular lobes along the upper side
of the posterior end of the ovary or in a semicircle around its posterior
end; the single vas deferens projects from the centre of the inner side of
the ovary.

The species to which this form is most nearly related, and the re-
spects in which it differs from them are as follows : —

Molguia compianata Aid. & Hanc. — 7 folds on left side instead of 6,
smaller number of bars and larger infundibula with the stigmata in trans-
verse rows.

Ctenicella lanceplaini Lac.-Duth. — more teeth on each atrial lobe,
deeper infundibula, more regular transverse rows of stigmata, a larger
number of bars.

C. morgatae Lac.-Duth. — the smaller number of bars, the toothing
of the posterior ends of the folds and the position of the testicular lobes.

At first I referred this species to Verrill's Molguia littoralis, but
Dr. Van Name has informed me by letter that the latter (from his pre-
liminary study of Verrill's specimens) has the long bent oviduct of the
next species. He also states that he has not yet found any Ctenicella
among his material. He suggests that it is something new to the region.
There is the probability that it has been introduced from Europe sine, the
time that Verrill collected in the Bay of Fundy region. Its derivation
from C. tenax (Traust.), a nearly related Arctic form (occurring in Green-
land) with usually only 6 folds, and its subsequent extension down the
coast is another possibility. It is possible that further study will make
it necessary to unite this species with the three from Europe into a single
species.

Hartmeyer has retained Lacaze-Duthier's Ctenicella with an alter-
ation of the diagnosis. His group does not seem to be a more natural

Pf;

14a Transactions of the Canadian Institute. [vol. ix

one than that of the latter author. Savigny's Cynthia dione, the type
of the genus Ccesira, doubtless belongs to this same group. His descrip-
tion of the oral aperture as being 4-lobed and of the dorsal lamina as
being smooth-margined was probably due to faulty observation. In
that case CUnicella will be synonymous with Casira.

C. littoralis (Verrill).

Syn.—Molgula littoralis Verrill, Amer. J. Sc, ser. 3, vol. I, p. 50-
Surface usually clean, at least in the neighbourhood of the apertures.
Few radicoid filaments on surface. Siphons quite variable in length,
usually rather short. Rows of papilla on the outer surface of the
siphons, corresponding with the apertural lobes. The papillae are usually
small and few in each row. Neariy globular in shape, somewhat later-
ally compressed. Siphons on dorsal edge, nearer anterior end.

From ao to 30 bipinnate tentacles. Aperture of dorsal tubercle
curved, the horns usually approximated so as to form a circle; opemng
between horns directed toward the right side. Dorsal lamina narrow,
not continued behind oesophageal aperture, its margin smooth. Seven
folds on each side, their posterior ends with smooth margins. Bars on
both sides of each fold, as many as 10 on a fold. Stigmata in the usual
infundibula (once branched), each stigma forming from K to K a arde.
Intestinal loop rather narrow, bent with the concavity dorsal.
Anus with smooth margin. Gonads in the usual positions close to in-
testine and renal organ. Ovary small, narrow; oviduct, which passes
from its posteroventral angle, is long and bent so as to form a right angle,
the terminal part passing up toward atrial siphon. Testicular lobes
variously disposed, usually ranged along the upper and lower borders of
ovary, sometimes forming a large mass covering the greater part of both
inner and outer surfaces of the ovary; the free portion of the single vas
deferens is of moderate length and projects from near the middle of the
inner surface of the ovary.

A large number of specimens were obtained at low tide beneath
rocks and in the dredgings from stony and shelly bottoms.

This form is very close to two European species, Molgula ctlnna
Aid & Hanc. and M. echinosiphonica Lac.-Duth. The former has fewer
bars (6) and fewer tentacles (12 to 14). The latter has very conspic-
uous spines on the oral siphon whereas the atrial is smooth and the testi-
cular lobes are placed at some distance from the ovary. It is doubtful
whether these differences are important.

C. pannosa (Verrill).

Syn.—Molgulc pannosa Verrill, Amer. J. Sc, ser. 3, vol. I, p. 55-
Surface, except that of siphons, with numerous fine, long filaments

and entirely covered with shell-fragments, sand-grains &c. Siphons

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ASCIDIANS FROM THE COASTS OF CANADA.

1

143

short, rather c' se together near anterior end; when retracted they oc-
cupy depressions, which are surrounded by projecting ridges or collars.
Apertures with the usual lobes; the oral lobes occasionally have more
than the single tooth or process and the atrial appear to have regulariy
4 or 5 teeth, just as in Lacaze-Duthier's genus CteniceUa. Body elong-
ated, laterally compressed, up to a}4 cm. in length.

About ao (?) bipinnate tentacles. Aperture of dorsal tubercle
horseshoe-shaped; opening between horns directed backwards. Dorsal
lamina narrow, its margin smooth. Seven folds on each side. Bars on both
sides of each fold, as many as la on a fold. Stigmata rather short, each
forming only about i /8 of a circle at base of inf undibulum. Infundibula
branched dichotomously once or twice.

Intestinal loop narrow, horizontal. Each gonad a large oblong mass,
with ovary central and testicular lobes chiefly above and below ovary.
Oviduct directed upward from posterodorsal angle. There are as many
as 7 vasa deferentia projecting from the inner side of the ovary m an ir-
regular row. , ...

This species was obtained at most pomts where dredgings were
made in gravel, but never in quantity.

It resembles C. pacific^ in the structure of the gonads and pharynx
(7 folds, bars on both sides of folds, smooth dorsal lamina), but differs
from it in having the surface covered with radicoid filaments and the
dorsal tubercle directed backwards. From C. oculata (Forbes) of Europe
it differs in having a smaller number of bars on the folds and the horns
of the dorsal tubercle not rolled in.

C. retortiformis (Verrill).

Syn—Molgula retortifromis Verrill, Amer. J. Sc., ser. 3. vol. I, p. 56-
This species occurs sparingly at low tide beneath rocks new- the
station and was dredged at various points in the approaches to Passa-
maquoddy Bay on stony and shelly bottoms.

It is by far the largest Caesirid occurring at St. Andrews, the majority
of the specimens being about 3 cm. in diameter. ....

Characteristic of this form are-its thick test, long atrial siphon
(when extended) and the separation of the testes from the ovary. The
latter has the usual position— above the intestinal loop on the left and
above the renal organ on the right. The testes are below the renal or-
gan on the right side and rather extensively distributed below the ovary,
on the inner side of the intestinal loop on the left side. The oviduct of
each side is long, ending just beneath the atrial velum. The vasa d«-
ferentia are very numerous. In one specimen 12 were counted on the
right side and aj on the left. They are scattered over the inner surface
of the testicular mass. Their free portions are extremely short.

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Transactions of the Canadian Institute. Ivol. ix

iii

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Eugyra {Bostrichobranchus) pilvlaris Verrill.

%yn.—BostTichobranchus manhaUensis Traustedt, Vid. Meddel.,

ann. 1884, p. 22.

No specimens were found in the vicinity of Eastport (where Verrill
obtained it). But in 10 fathoms sand at Grand Manan numerous speci-
mens were obtained which seem to be referable to Verrill's species. The
tubes are strongly retracted in all the specimens, but the 'collar' at the
bases of the siphons is very distinct.

This is very evidently Traustedt's species as well. The only dif-
ferences apparent are explicable as due to a difference in size. Trau-
stedt having specimens with a diameter twice as great as that of the
largest in my collection. There is one exception. He describes the
margin of the anur a smooth. In two specimens examined, the margin
is reflected, but distinctly lobed (about 16 lobes). Evidently h" has

overlooked this reflected margin.

In £. g/M<*na»M and £. o<if»a<»co the entire margin of the a;i. "^

and free. I n this species the inner margin or lip is fused with ti e c yn-
geal wall and the line of fusion seems to be represented by an irregular
row of about 16 papilla, placed just in front of anus on the outside of
the pharyngeal wall.

There are 15 tentacles, the largest bipinnate. The dorsal lamina is
broad and continued back behind oesophageal aperture and downwards
toward endostyle.

Infundibula as in typical Eugyra, consisting each of two stigmata
spirally coiled and not broken up into short stigmata. They are not in
regxilar rows. In a very small specimen not more than one row can be
made out between successive longitudinal bars. In one 8 mm. in diam-
eter there are two irregular rows and Traustedt has figured a larger
number for a much larger specimen.

The oviduct passes along the left side of the rectum and opens only
a short distance from the anus. The testes are along the upper and
lower margins of the ovary. The iw«» deferentia are numerous (9 in
one specimen) and their free portions short, opening at various points
along the middle of the inner side of the ovary.

The irregularity in the arrangement of the infundibula is not of
enough importance to warrant the formation of a genus for this species
as Traustedt has done, especially when there are as many points 01' agree-
ment between it and typical Eugyra as the following:—

Musculature reduced to siphonal region, with the exception of short
fibres arranged in one or two rows encircling the be:./ in the median plane.

Dorsal tubercle horseshoe-shaped, opening between horns directed
toward left ude and slightly forwards.

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ASCIDIANS FROM THE COASTS OF CANADA.

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Dorsal lamina with smooth margin, extending behind cesophageal

aperture.

Pharyngeal folds represented by single longitudinal bars, which are
very thin and broad. Infundibula as described above.

Margin of anus lobed.

Only one gonad and that placed on the inner side of intestinal loop;
oviduct accompanying rectum; testes peripheral, their duct or ducts not
accompanying oviduct.

It might be well to retain Bostrichobranchus as a subgenus, if there
prove to be species more closely related to E. pilularis than to the typical
members of the genus (£. glutinans, E. tranducidc and E. adriatka).

Goniocarpa placenta (Packard).

Syn.— Cynthia placenta Packard, Mem. Bost. Soc. N.H., vol. I,

p. 277, part.

? " pulchella Verrill, Amer. J. Sc, ser. 3, vol. I. p. 99-

Easily recognized by the small, rounded, granular elevations that

thickly cover the test. Near the apertures they are almost papilliform.

I have not yet determined the differences (if any exist) between this form

and the nearly related European and Pacific forms. It is as variable in

shape as they.

Verrill states that Packard's specimens belonged to two different
species and the one which he does not name but describes appears to be
this species. Verrill himself probably confused this with Dendrodoa
carnea, if the latter was as abundant and widely distributed in the Bay
of Fundy v.'hen he made his collections as it is now. His Cynthia PyJ-
chella appears to have been a rounded form of one of these species,
probably G. placenta.
Cnemidocarpa »toUis (Stimpson).

Syn.— Clandula mollis Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vol. IV.p.

B30.
" " Traustedt, Vid. Meddel., ann. 1880, p. 4aa.

" arenicola Verrill, Amer. J. Sc., ser.3, vol. Ill, p. a88.
Tethyum arenicolum Hartmeyer, Zool. Anz., vol. 34, p. I47-
The two specimens obtained came from 10 fathoms sand not far from
the locality from which Stimpson procured his specimens. They corres-
pond with the descriptions given by the authors listed in the synonymy.
I have placed this species in the genus Cnemidocarpa, as it agrees in the
condition of the gonads and atrial tentacles with the type of the genus.
It belongs to a group, consisting of forms with radicoid processes of the
test to which sand-grains adhere, including Styela vestita Alder and S.
viUosa (Kupfifer).

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4.

146

Transactions op the Canadian Institute. [vol. ix

Dendrodoa (^Styehpsis) camea (Agassiz)?

Many specimens were obtained at low tide near the station and by
the dredge at nearly every point, but never in large numbers. I have
identified this with the Ascidia camea of Agassiz with some hesitation.
Har'tmeyer, after examining specimens of this genus from Casco Bay,
Maine, has considered Agassiz' species to be synonymous with D. ag-
gregcUa '!X<tUike). I have not been able to find in my material any sped-
mens that would correspond with Hartmeyer's description of the latter
species. They are all more nearly related to D. (.Styelopsis) grossularia
(Beneden). They differ from it in having a very small number of lon-
gitudinal bars. This form shows, in fact, a much greater reduction in the
number of bars than any other member of the genus. In nearly every
case the formula is,

Right side, o (4) o (i) o (i) o (i) o.
Left side, o (i) 0 (i) o (i) o (1) o.

In one specimen the formula for the left side is
o (a) 0 (i) o (1) o (i) o.

In another specimen, which may belong to another species, the
formula is —

Right side, o (4) I (3) o (3) o (l) 0.
Left side, o (3) i (3) i (3) o (3) o.

This specimen differs from other individuals of the same size in
having an immature gonad and no eggs in the brood-chamber.

The shape varies greatly — from scale-like to elongated oval, occa-
sionally attached by a small base. Shallow-water specimens are a bright
red. Those from deeper water are paler. As in Cnemidocarpa Joanna,
the test in the living animal is transparent and the pigment is confined
to the 'mantle.'

In a specimen 8 mm. m diameter there are 35 oral tentacles and 34
small tapering atrial tentacles. From 16 to 35 stigmata in each mesh.

The single gonad is similar to that of D. grossularia, the ovary
forming the inner part and the testicular lobes a layer on the outer side.
There are several vasa dtferentia. The eggs are retained in a posterior
brood-chamber into which the oviduct opens. There is a distinct py-
loric caecum. The anus is two-lipped, its margin indistinctly lobed.

Pandocia fibrosa (Stimpson).

Syn. Clandula fibrosa Stimpson, Proc. Host. N.H., vol. IV, p. 930.

Specimens agreeing with Stimpson's description and obtained from
the same locality as his specimens (the Hake Bay, off Grand Manan),
prove to be closely related to the Cynthia comata of Alder. According to
Hartmeyer, Pandocia conchilega Fleming the type of Fleming's genus
Pandocia, is the same as Cynthia comata. Heller has specified Glanaula

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ASCTDIANS FROM THE CoASTS OP CANADA.

147

The latter genus is consequently synony-

fibrosa as the type of Glandula.

"°"two ha^sljthe dredge made at a point off Long Island in about
xK fathoms, mud, brought up numerous spet-imens of this spea».
^' The shape is spherical, and there is a thick coating of mud. wh ch
adheres to long fibrous processes of the test. These cover the enure
surface, with the exception of a small area near the siphons. They are
TtZe kinds, which intergrade-(i) simple threads most numer^s
ventrally. (a) numerous threads arising from small tubercl^ of the teat
I^d (3) long processes with threads arising from each at different levels
in a vertidUate manner. Siphons verrucose and rusty.

From 45 to 55 tentacles. Dorsal tubercle horseshoe-shaped
openbg between horns directed backwards and slightly towards the left.
D^^l lamina narrow. Four folds on each side From 9 to 15 barson
each fold and from 1 to 4 bars in a space. Intermediate transverse vessels.
From 5 to 8 long narrow stigmata in each mesh. ... .^.

Diameter of stomach scarcely greater than that of intestine. About
OA uastric folds. Intestinal loop narrow, horizontal. Margin of anus
with about 80 rounded lobes. Gonads hermaphroditic, about a mm. in
Tength and i mm. in width. The end of each, that bears the ducts, is
directed in most cases toward the atrial siphon, but occasional y down-
wards. From 10 to 15 gonads on each side, more numerous on the right.
Endocarps numerous, many with enlarged opaque summits.

Siphonal vela narrow, free from wall. Atnal tentacles small, fili-
form, irregular in size, placed in an irregular row near attached edge of

''^'"This species differs from P. comata (Alder) in having larger, verticil-
late processes of the test, more numerous gonads and a habitat in mud
instead of sand.

This well-known species occurs at neariy every point and frequently
in large numbers.
B. hirsuta (Agassiz).

Syn.— ^5c«f«i hirsuta Agassiz. Proc. Am. Assn., vol. a, p. 157-
Cynthia (seu Halocynthia) echinata auct. amerxc.

Hartmeyer (Fauna Arctica. vol. 3) has queried whether or not the
North American form that has gone by the name of Cy»«fcta (.»uH,^
ocynthia) echinata is identical with the Arctic and European form for
*hich the same name has been used. The study of a number of spea-
mens from St. Andrews has shown that we have on this coast a distinct
form which differs from European, Arctic and Pacific specmiens in hav-

I4«

Transactions of the Canadian Institute. (vol. ix

i

ing rudimentary tentacles and very short gonads. The spines of the
test are somewhat similar to those descrilxd by Hartmeyer for sub-
arctic European specimens, but in this case we have large individuals
with spines of this character.

Ascidia hirsuta Agassiz appears to be the only name that has been
given primarily to Eastern North American specimens and is, therefore,
the valid one for this species.

Specimens of large size were obtained at low tide near the station.
It occurs generally distributed as shown by the dredgings.

Tethyutn pyriforme (Rathke) subsp. americanum nov.

Syn. — Cynthia {seu Halocynthia) pyriformis auct. americ.

In contrast with the great constancy in the number of the gonads
in the Mediterranean T. papillosum and in the Pacific T. auranlium, the
number in T. pyriforme of Arctic and European seas is sUted to vary
from 4 to 6 on the right side and to be constantly 4 on the left. An ex-
amination of a series of individuals from St. Andrews, shows a variation
of from 3 to 10 on the right side and from 5 to 14 on the left, the number
on the left being usually greater than that on the right. It seems best
to consider this as a subspecies of the Arctic T. pyriforme.

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