^<4u.

V\*

.%

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

/.

A^.

w

:/.

f/^

^

1.0

I.I

11.25

|S0 "1"^=

Hi

Ui

m '""^

140

|M

2.0

1.8

U IIIIII.6

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

«^

'"•\

' \

^.\

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

'^

U.i

CIHM
Microfiche
Series
(Monographs)

ICMH

Collection de
microfiches
(monographies)

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

t\r\

wvfir^

Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques

The Institute has cttempted to obtain the best original
copy available for filming. Features of this copy which
may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any
of the images in the reproduction, or which may
significantly change the usual method of filming, are
checked below.

D
D
D

Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur

Covers damaged/
Couverture endommagee

Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculee

□ Cover title missing/
Le titre de couverture manque

rn Col

I ICai

D
D
0

Coloured maps/

tes geographiques en couleur

Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)

Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

y

n

n

Bound with other material/
Relie avec d'autres documents

Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/

La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distorsion le long de la marge interieure

Blank leaves added during restoration may appear
within the text. Whenever possible, these have
been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'oiit
pas ete filmees.

Additional comments:/
Commentaires supplementaires:

L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il
lui a etc possible de se procurer. Les details de cet
exemplaire qui sont peut-£tre uniques du point de vue
bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image
reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification
dans la methode normale de f ilmage sont indiques
ci-dessous.

□ Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur

□ Pages damaged/
Pages endommagees

□ Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaurees et/ou pellicul6es

0 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
Pages decolorees, tachetees

□ Pages detached/
Pages detachees

0Showthrough/
Transparence

ou piquees

varies/
inegale de I'impression

□ Quality of print Vi
GualiSe inegale de

□ Continuous pagination/
Pagination continue

□ Includes index(e')/
Comprend un (des) index

Title on header taken from:/
Le titre de l'en-t€te provient:

□ Title page of issue/
Page de titre de la I

□ Caption of issue/
Titre de depart de

The
to t

Uni
Van

The

POS!

of tl
film

Orig

begi

the

sion

othfl

first

^ion

or ill

The
shall
TINt
whic

Mapi
diffe
entin
begir
right
requi
meth

ivraison

n

depart de la livraison

Masthead/

Generique (perlcdiques) de la livraison

This Item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/

Ce document est filme au taux de reduction .que ci-dessous.

10X 14X

18X

12X

16X

20X

22X

:'fiy

J

24 X

Tin w

28X

32 X

The copy filmed here has been reproduced thenks
to the generosity of:

University of British Columbia Library
Vancouver

L'exemplaire filmA fut reproduit grace d la
gAnirosit^ de:

University of
Vancouver

British Columbia Library

The images appearing here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract apecifications.

Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first psge with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.

The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol -^^ (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.

Mapa, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:

Les images suivantes ont iti reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition ot
de la nettet« de I'exennpiaire film*, at en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.

Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprim^e sont filmis en commenpant
par le premier plat at en terminant soit par la
derniire page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second
plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
origiriaux sont film^s en comm&npant par la
premiere page qui comporte une en'preinte
d'impreasion ou d'illustration at en terminant par
la derniire page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbole — •• signifie "A SUIVRE", le
symbols V signifie "FIN".

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent etre
film^s d des taux de reduction diffirents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre
reproduit en un saul clich6, il est film6 d partir
de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche A droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'imeges n^cessaire. Les diagramrnes suivants
illustrent la m^thode.

1

2

3

32 X

1

2

3

4

5

6

Hi

CENTRAL 1:XPHRIMHXTAL FARM.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OTTA.W^.

CA.:isr^vr)^.

UULLEIIN Xo. 23.

'* ^^Sts^Ts^E^^ ™^ PREVENTION OF FUNGOUS

2. INJURIOUS INSECTS.

3. POTATO BLIGHTS.

4. BLACK KNOT OF THE PLUM AND CHERRY.

Pum.lSI.KD liV niHKCTlON OK THE iloN. A. U. ANGERS, AIlM:jT

KB OK AOHlCLLTCat.

t!"

I' I

c

* in

To the Honourable

The Minister of Agricrlture.

Sir, — I beg to submit for your approval Bulletin No. 23 of the
Experimental Farm series which has been prepared under my direction
by Mr. James Fletcher, Botanist and Entomologist, and by Mr. John
Craig, Horticulturist.

During 1894 it was deemed advisable in order to meet some pressing
demands for information in certain districts, to issue, in limited editions,
circulars and " Experimental Farm Notes " containing matter bearing
on the subjects treated of in this bulletin. These publications were sent
to the press and to persons residing in those districts where the informa-
tion they contained, was most urgently needed. Further experience has
since been obtained on these topics, and as the subjects treated of are of
general interest, the additional facts gained, together with those contained
in the circulars and '< Notes" referred to, have now been brought together
and condensed in Bulletin 23 which will be distributed in the usual
manner, to all those whose names are on the mailing lists of the
Experimental Farm.

In the part written by the Botanist and Entomologist, a few of the
most injurious and destructive insects are treated of, such as the fruit
grower can best deal with during the spring months by the timely use
of the insecticides recommended. The principal diseases to which tlie
potato is subject, are also explained and the best remedies given.

In the part written by the Horticulturist, the question of spraying fruit
trees and vines for the prevention and destruction of those fungous dis-
eases which are so detrimental to fruit growing, is discussed and the best
methods of treatment explained. The life history of the " Black Knot"
of the Plum and Clierry is also given and remedies recommended.

This bulletin is issued with the hope that it will be of service to fruit
growers and farmers generally throughout the Dominion.

I have the honour to be

Your obedient servant,

VVM. SAUNDERS,

Director Expen'imental Farms.

Ottawa, April Ist, 1895.

SPRAYING FOR THK PRKVliNTION

OF

rUISTGOUS DISEASES

5t John Craig, Horticulturist.

This bulletin is issued in response to the growin- deinanrl hv fr :
growers and farmers, for definite and concise tnformltiow ,oL '
he practice of spraying, for the prevention of diseases in u oust ,
fru,t-bear,ng trees and plants of the orchard and galdej ' ''"

ihe results of experimental work upon this subiocf hn u

1891 Each year has marked an increase of interest iu snr.v^ 7
furnished additional evidence of its value and 1 .1 i '^"^ "^'' ^^'

operations now included in th. annual programme of t^^ V '7'

wma, neat and cold, have a marked influence on f}.« .«„ u

trees, it should rather be viewed hv tli« -..„u j- • "^

o,an a«.o„al„eapo.,a.U./;toIc:w[ :rkl,t:rr

by mating ttem vigorous a„d\ealthy a^d .h„rre°'.a„T 7 '''''"■'

attacks. ■'^ resistant to parasitic

' i!

1 1:

*.'

k:

Fungous diseases, however, in accordance with natural laws, will in
all probability increase in number, in proportion as the food plants upon
wiiicb they prey, are multiplied, and as climatic conditions are favour-
able to their dcvelojiment.

In order, in this age of keen competition, to obtain from a given area
the largest possible product of the highest quality, the best means of
preventing injury from these pests must be adopted. After giving good
cultivation, spraying, therefore, must be resorted to in order to secure
this result. If we would derive the greatest benefit, it should be generally
practised. The value of the efforts of one man who faithfully sprays his
orchard, is greatly lessened if his neighbour neglects this preventive
measure, and so allows his orchard to serve the purpose of a breeding
ground for the spores of fungous diseases, of which we have such well
marked examples in the " scab" of the apple and pear.

NATURE OF FUNGI.

A brief consideration of the principles underlying the practice of
spraying, may enable the growi;r to understand the nature of fungous
diseases, and this will be of service in directing an intelligent application
of the remedies which are recommended. A glance at the character and
habits of parasitic fungi will throw light upon the system of treatment.

The word fungi is used to designate an exceedingly numerous class
of plants of simple organization ; we must never lose sight of the fact
that they belong to the vegetable world and are therefore subject to the
ordinary conditions of plant life. Some of them derive their nourish-
ment from living plants or animals, others from dead plants or animals.
Those which draw their food from other plants more highly organized
than themselves, are termed parasites, and it is with this class that the
fruit grower is chiefly concerned. These plants ({)arasitic fungi) have
not the power of assimilating food from the soil or atmosphere, and there-
fore must obtain it in a prepared condition through the agency of the
higher j)lauts upon which they feed. The vegetative part of a fungus —
that part corresponding to the root, stem and leaves of the higher {)Iant8
— is made up of delicate thread-like tubes, usually more or less matted
together ; these collectively are termed mycelinm. The term hyphn is
apjilied to a single thread-like tube. Parasitic fungi bear no seeds or
floweis, but are reproduced by spores which are borne upon specialized
branches of the hyphae. These spores are produced in great numbers
and are the principal, though not the only, means of spreading disease.
The hyphte-threads of the parasitic fungi penetrate the tissues of the host
plant — a name applied to the plant upon which they feed.

The spores are exceedingly light and easily carried by currents of
air. When one falls upon a leaf and is sup])lied with moisture, it
germinates by sending out a slender tube, which effects an entrance into
the tissues of the leaf through the breathing pores (stomata), or inter-
cellular spaces. After the parasitic fungus has thus entered the interior

Pu!l il /' Tr '■''^''^'•'' '' '^' ^^P""''^ «f *•'« tissues of the latter

.ifri, . '"•'' .P'"'' '^ '"""'^ "»P^i'-<^<>. or its life destroyed. Some of
the pr„K.,,aparasme diseases attack both foliage and the fr'it of u" os
plant, as ,„ the case of the - mildew " of the m-ape - scab " of M T

. t.uct vc. If th.s destruction were conlined to a few cells, leaves, oi- even
to a few p ants, the loss would be trifling ; but the extraordinWra .idiu
wnhwlHch fungi n.ultiply, and the ease with which t • L
t.ve bod.es (spores) are carried from plant to plant, render r

extirpation a very didicult matter. 't, renaeis then

valuable germicidal properties. One of the commonest and chle.t "
them copper sulphate (blue-stone) has been used for many "el to
kill the spores of smut infesting seed wheat. Bordeaux .m" JJThich
IS composed of blue-stone, dissolved in water, combined wfth J ias
proved to be the most effective and the cheapest preventive agnt' Z
d ..overed. A very concentrated mixture was used at first, wh cb was
dxfhcult to apply and rather expensive. This has now been abandoned
for weaker mixtures as hereafter explained. '♦"^naonea

EXPERIMENTAL WORK.

In the spring of 1890, the f . year of the appointment of the
writer as Horticulturist to the Ceu.cal Experimental Farm, Ottawa

Zbr^ The""' ''""'' ^°' r'''' °"^ - orchards at A^boMo.;
Qncbcc. The experiments were designed to show the benefit of spraying
with ammon.acal copper carbonate in varying pronortions 11
sulphateofvaryingstrength,aswellasthevaluLf''oth'e^r^^u^ g^^^^^^^^^^^
variety of app e treated was Fameuse, and the results gfined demon
strand the profit of spraying with ammoniacal copper oa/w., ofTe
stiength since recommended by the Horticultural Division of he
Experimental Farm. Experiments have been continued each year up to
the present all marked with more or less success according o 2
character o the season. In the initial stages of this work, the importan
questions of economy and ease of application, in addition to the ffe
iveness of each mixture, had to be studied by the experimenter so that a
remedy when discovered might be practicable and thus commend its i?
generally to the public. ®^

These experiments have covered the trial of over thirty snravina
mixtjires, and among the fruits included were apple, pear, p lum ^e "^
peach, and the majority of the small fruits. ^'

'

! i

»

Owing to the difficulty of applying and the cost of making the
concentrated Bordeaux mixture as first prepared, many other copper salt
compounds have been tested, with the result that many were discarded,
while a few were recommended for trial. Copper sulphate, or blue-
stone, having entered into all mixtures giving favourable results, the
number of formuloB recommended has gradually lessened with each
year's experience, till at the present time the fruit grower needs not
burden his mind with a bewildering array of receipts or formuhe,
almost as numerous as the legion of enemies which attack his orchards
and vineyards.

Ah a result of experiments conducted in 1892, the writer recom-
mended a modified formula for tlie preparation of Bordeaux mixture. This
was given to the public by means of a bulletin and by circulars issued dur-
ing 1892 and 1893. Prof. Green of the Ohio Experimental Station also
recommends this formula. The formula is as follows : — 4 pounds of copjier
sulphate, 4 pounds of lime and 50 gallons of water. The cost of this need
not exceed one-half cent ])er gallon, and it admits of the addition and apj)li-
cation of Paris green at the same lime. Ammoniacal copper carbonate was
also recommended at that time. This will not be used as freely as Bor-
deaux mixture on account of its greater cost and the increased labour of
preparing it. For spraying late in the season, when stains on the fruit are
uirlesirable, copper carbonate is the most useful agent yet discovered. In
copper sulphate we have the base or foundation of both the above mix-
tures, and a very effective fungicide to apjily before thefoUaf/e appears.
With this trio, backed up by intelligence and perseverance, the fruit
grower may largely increase the revenue derived from his orchard.

As the treatment is entirely preventive, in order to make spraying
effective it must be commenced early. All parts of trees or plants, must
be reached with the preventive agent. Drenching is not necessary and
is expensive. A thin film or coating of the fungicide deposited upon tlie
foliage in the form of a misty spray will prevent the development of the
spores better than a complete soaking which will runoff like a shower of
rain ; but it is important that all the leafy surface should be well covered,
and on this thoroughness of the work will depend the ultimate success of
the undertaking.

SPRAYING MIXTURES.

The following fungicides are those which experience leads me to
recommend : —

Copper sulphate 1 lb.

Water 25 gallons.

This should be used only before the foliage appears. It is easily
applied and acts as a general germicide and disinfectant. In simple
solution Copper Sulphatg is very injurious to foliage. When lime is
added as in making Bordeaux mixture, its corrosive action is neutralized
and injury to the foliage prevented. In this way a larger quantity of
blue-stone may be used, and it adheres to the foliage better by the agency
of the lime.

T]

ing prt

To

use 3 11

account

Wl

a coal-o

stone).

copper s

contain!

place.

of water

strained

the copp

it is read

Wh(

plan to 1

can be di

gallons ol

In anothe

50 galloni

of lime. "1

ture, take

the same (

will be sul

slaked or :

ferr.^. yani

rated solut

required fc

cyanide of

will turn b

potassium i

sure that tt

Copj

Amn

Wat.

This is

and diluting

bo poured ir

in glass or si

' ■ ■ ^ ^ ^ ■ T . ' ' ' . -
DILUTED BORDEAUX MIXTURE

Copper sulphate ^ ,.

Lime. .

Water..., * "'*'•

-eSlbs. each -pper s^ate ^ ^ : •1'3'':^T"- .^^-I..'a.hc.
account of the tenderncHs of the foliage ^"'^ S''^*"'' ««

Whenasinnjle barrelfnlnf F^r... 1 "
a ooai-oi, harre.'pa..tly ml ^^^''i::: ^TZ '' "^"'^"'' '^^^'^^ -
«tone). Hot water facilitates th oj. ^ on Tod T'' ""•''"*' ^'"-
copper sulphate in a cotton bag or ba k 7^^! ' ?''"''''^'^P'^^« the
-tainin.thewatersothatitit^a^X-J'^
place. Inanother vessel slake 4 lbs of flTi , ^^.'"t'°" '•••'I'i-H.v takes
of M-ater. If the lime when sl.ked i« ""^ ^''^ ^^ "^^"^^ S-''"ons

gained through a fine sieve o ties r^^^^^ '' «^-'^' be

tbe copper sulphate now in solut on t .. fi.i' T '^' ^^'''^ containing
it - .eady for use. It should eu.Jdoi;. "' "'^'^ ^^"'^•- -^
When a large amount of "''''.'•'"" ^^^^' be.ng prepared.

plan tomakestofk solutrslrter '^ r'"'^'"^"' '^ ^« "^ «-«^
can be diluted as needed .-Dislolve oi n 7 '"' "•"■•^^^"''' -'-'^
gallons of water; two gallons when dissoll'-n '''^'^"" '"'''^'''^^' '" ^0
In another barrel slakt^ iOO lbs. of 1 hn I "'"'"" ' ""• "^ ^he salt.

5U gallons of water; when well st red t' 'n' "'' ''' ' """"^ ''>■ ^''''i"^'
of lime. When as bJfore, itlde , l*:? k"^ ^'""" ^=""^-"" ' "-
t.n-e, take two gallons of' the strrLrt": oV. ''^^ '', ^'^'•''^^'^""^ ^^^--
tl.e same quantity of the milk of lime if he li^^''" 7^''''"'' ''"'' ^^d
will be sufficient in order to neutralTze'if . '" ""^ ^'""^^ •^"^''■^7^ it

slaked or impure, the right n a ity can b""' ^'^^' '' ""' ""^ '^i'-
fer... yanide of -potassium t'T A woo "'T'"'' '^ ^'''''>''"g ^he
•■ated solution of ferro-cyanide of pot sTurZ- T "^"^"'"'"^ ^ ^^u-
required for a.eason's work. If the iCe i tfi '' ^' T'^ ''^ ^" ''''' "'«
cyanide of potassium (yellow pru'siate ' ^f'T''"'^''''^ ""' ^^^^ ''^''^o-
will turn brown. Ad^the mil^ t ' i l/ilU ^^ ^^''T; ^'^ ^^'^ "-^"-
potassiuzn remains colourless. Then a^a it ^ '^^'•'•o-cyan ide of .

sure that the strength is uniform.rd^i: ^ ir ^i^ ^Ir " '"^^^

Ammoniacal Coppbb Carbonate.

Copper Carbonate

Ammonia . . ... 6 oz.

Water 2 qts.

This is prepared bv dis«oIvmjr -hn o. ', ^° ^^^'

and diluting with wate; to 50 ga fons The" "'" '' ''^ '^^ "'""i^'

bo poured into the water. Cafe shouid be tak^rk^' 'T'''' ^''^"^^
m glass or stone jars tightly corked. ''^ *^^ ammonia

This mixtuip Ih more expensive than the fi)inuM', bill is more easily
applied and may he used as a substitu'ie, osjieeially in the ease of !j;rape8,
cherries or plums, where late spraying is necessary, and when Bordeaux
mixturt' might, by adliering to the fruit, injure its sale.

HOME iMAls'UFACTlTKK OF C'OIM'EK CAIMJONAIE.

As the precipitated form of Carbonate of Co|)per is not always
oi)tainable from druffgists, and, unless freshly j)rei!ipitatod, may not be
readily soluble, the following directions are givi'u, for the easy prepara-
tion of this material at a cost much less than the usual wholesale price.

In a vessel capable of holding two or three gallons, dissolve 1^
pounds of copper sulphate (blue vitriol) in 2 ipiarts of hot water, using
the crystalline form. This will entirely dissolve in fifteen or twenty
minutes. In another vessel dissolve If pounds of sal soda (washing
soda), also in 2 quarts of hot water. When completely dissolved, pour
the second into the first, stirring briskly. When etfervescence has ceased,
till the vessel with wiiter, and stir thoroughly; then allow it to stand five
or six hours, when the sediment (called the precipitate) will have settled
to the bottom. Pour off the clear liquid without disturbing the precipitate,
till with water again, and stir as before ; then allow it to stand until the
sediment has settled again, which will take place in a few hours. Pour
liie clear liquid o£E carefully as before, and the residue is carbonate of
copper. Using the above quantities of Copper Sulphate and sal soda,
there will be formed 12 ounces of copper carbonate.

Instead of drying this, which is a tedious operation, add four quarts
of strong ammonia, stirring in well ; then add sufficient water to bring
the whole quantity up to 6 quarts. This can be kept in an ordinary
two-gallon stone jar, which should be closely corked.

Each quart will contain 2 ounces of the carbonate of copper, which,
when added to 20 gallons of water, will furnish a solution for spraying,
of the same strength and character as that obtained by the use of the
dried carbonate, and one which can be prepared with little labour, and
kept ready for use throughout the season.

EQUIPMENTS FOR SPRAYING.

The necessity of spraying as an annual practice has created a
demand for suitable appliances. Many kinds of hand and horse power
pumps, specially designed for this purpose, are now to be found upon
the market. Up to a comparatively recent period there were no spraying
pumps of Canadian manufacture offered to the public. I do not know
of any horse power pump being manufactured in Canada at the present
time, but there are a number of strong force pumps now available, and
lack of suitable machinery can no longer be urged as a reason for no*
spray'ng.

There are three principal classes of sprayers besides the small
hand pumps suitable to limited garden areas : 1. Knapsack, 2. Force

I'liinp, fitted in a barrfll a v ..

ionsof liquid, each supplied wi;;ro^:^^^^^^^^^ ^-'- ^" «- ga.-

be adjustable so as to allow of its bein ?'',, V^' '^"!"'' ''•■"'<"« '^'^o-'I'l
prevent cloK^M,K^ the discha J • f , ^'^ ^^ "''''^"'' ''•■^"•'' To
Tbe price esthete ^.Hes t: o^H; "'":^::r ''T) ^^ ^^'^ ^P"
Ton or tin. while much cheaper and n .^ 1 / "''''^' ""^ g.-^lvanized

other in.so.ticide,s, will soon I'll , 7 '^^'^'"S ^'''^' ''"•^-^ •"•

'Bordeaux miKtur;. For: a llaZ f^", '' ' ^'"^' '*" "^^'^ " '^''P'v
is rough and uneven the ^ Lri' l' ''"'"'%'."• "''^" "'" ^-""'i

-. ^^rce j-t,mps,jafe(f in Han-els This sfvl.. >f

the requirements of the maiori.^ .f f • "'y'''' "^ l"'mp will meet

barrel and a good strong foT '.In p tI' ^Z:\ t""^^ ' '''' ^''
•.n.ngs should be of braes, which will res st th 2; Z '"^ ^''^^ ^'"^
copper salts much longer than iron tT *'' V"'^'"- ^''t'^" "f the
i«gs should be strong^ d hea V nd th! "1 ''""'"'-^ '""' ^" -•^^■
character. In some Respects dLflaTel' Tnd .V ' ''' ""''' ^'"^^'"^
turn advantages over suction pi musTl-« ^ ^'^ '"™P' ^'''^^^^ ^^'"■
annoying and nothing acts morri! a d to ^nu^tT- " .1"'"^^ '' ™'*''«
practice of s graying, than the .< bLkl^s -' wh^' "'''" *''^

with n-ritating frequency at the be.innin "of thel I "T'"'"" °^^'^'-
.^arable pumps than wer« formerl/p" Ible arl" "k •'''" '"'""
Canada, and a list of Cana.iian Lrflc ur rs Is f ^^ "^'^ '»

sent, is subjoined. ""uiacturers, as far as known at pre-

convriLe:^;:™^ 'ITXZT %!' - '^'^ «^ ^ ^--'' -

the lengths proKorti^uUe to the hei^^,'^^^^^^^^^^^^^ T '!"" "^ ''^-"

a stop-cock and nozzle. In case of cllr!. u ' '"'^ ""'^^ ^^'^^^ ^'^^
be appreciated. In spraying taUe^aTambo^ '^^^^^^^
i-erted a t-inch brass'tul,^ to Te:olZZlT^^^^^^ 7'''' ''
plied with a 8top.cock and is very usefdl" . r ! " "'*' '''^■
extension may be from 6 to 10 fee 10^ 1 ^"^ '^' °°'='''« ' ^^«

may be substituted for the bamboo o f n et ^f, ^'P?' ''^' ^'™^ '«"g^^
and the nozzle elevated by ITus' ^a , ole': S^^^^^ T '''''''''
one has, the more thoroughly the work will' L H / *^' ^PP^'^""'^

more decisive the results obtained ""'' '"'^' *^^^°^«^«' t'^^'

machL^sTsururdrvr^lyCal o^f • ^'^^r ''' '^^^ '^ ^^-
the revolving wheel of the ca^I \'"^ «Procket-wheeI, from

For extensivf orchard: vit:rS pT^^i^,' ''' '^^^ '^ «^-
Bprayer will be found most economical The ol'T' '""•\'"™ '' P^^^''
had personal experience, is the < • Nork^o;- mi' 'r ' '^^«

Force Pump Co., of Lockport, N ^ U S '^^""^^^^^^^ ^y the Field

F , i->.i., u.b. This was used last year

1<

11

V 10

with a fair degree of satisfaction in the orchards of the Central Farm.
In i.ureliasing a power machine, the buj'or should see that the castings
and working parts are strong and perfect. It is also advisable to secure
extras or duplicates of those parts whicli are most likely to give out.
Before jiurchasing a pump or sprayer, the grower should also carefully
study his needs and conditions. If his orchard ground is rough and
uneven, or apt to be soft in spring, a power pumj), may not be as suitable
as a barrel pump mounted upon a stoneboat or wagon.

Home-made sprayers are frequently found to be more serviceable
and better adapted to existing conditions than any that can be found in
the market. Some large orchardists use home-made box-like tanks, the
length of a wagon box, holding 200 to 250 gallons, sujiplied with hiiud
force pumps, and claim for them superior durability. The motion of the
wagon assists the agitator in keeping the liquid stirred, but it is some-
Avhat doubtful whether it can be successfully agitated in this way, owing
to the form of the tank operating against the work of the agitator.

AGITATORS.

It is important that all spraying liquids should be kept thoroughly
stirred while beinc ajiplied, in order to maintain a uniform strength and
to prevent the clogging of the nozzle. Most force pumps are supplied
with a return discharge pipe to stir the liquid. As a general rule, these
are unsatisfactory and inadequate. There are tew pumps, if any, which
possess sufficient power to throw a desirable spray and stiir the liquid at
the same time by means of a return stream. A mechanical agitator,
operated by an attachment to the pump handle, will usually be found
more satisfactory than any other stirring device. The agitator in most
of the power machines now upon the market is usually a weak point.
The liquid should always be well stirred by hand or some other means,
before beginning to spray.

NOZZLES.

The distributing agent is one of the most important parts of the
Bpraying outfit. The nozzle should throw a fine spray and thus be
economical of fluid, and also be easily freed from any substance which
may clog the passage.

In the experiments of the past year, the nozzles which gave greatest
satisfaction were the " Vermorel" and the "McGowen." The former
uses a minimum amount of li(iuid, and may be used with the greatest
advantage where the trees are small, or upon the lower branches of large
trees. Of course, it may be elevated with a pole, bamboo or gas pipe exten-
sion. The McGowen is a valuable, instrument for carrying the fluid to the
upper branches with a minimum degree of waste. It is a great mistake
to use for spraying purposes such instruments as the "Boss" and
" Graduating " nozzles. They are useful for watering lawns, but are
entirely out of place in an orchard. Trees should be sprayed, not
drenched.

11

in the Canadian Horticulturist, p.,blisl,e,l at Grimsby, Unt.

i'UMP MANUFACTURERS.

The following firrnn are main.lacturers of spraying pumps .ann.loH

a cT!?, '" Y" ''""^ '"•"^'•''^"^ •" "- Expelini.J.'VZ Vo H
and which, in the main, have given satisfaction :

Holmes & Holladay, Clarksburg, Out. ;

Goold, Shapley, Muir Co., Brantford, Out •

Ontario Pump Co., Toronto, Ont.

.on n ""'^^'"'T '" '^' ''''"'^'' P'™^' •'^'•^ manufactured bv J. W. V,,,].,-
-. Bar- Ont., and The Parker Excelsior Spray Pump Co., r;:,,!::,

Donlion "" ''" '' '''"'"' ''""^'' ^'" '"^'""«' --'^'"- -^ ^^^^

DISEASES PREVENTED AND PROFITS O^^ SPRAYING.

As already stated, experimental work along .his line has been ..oin.
on for some years at the Experimental Fa.m, with results eachlear
corroborative of the effectiveness of .spraying. By means of tko ovneH
ments planned and carried out in conjunction with the Fruit Grc^v"'
Association of Ontario, during the past season, by authorization of e
Minuter of Agriculture Cor the Dominion, the value of the work
received such emphatic confirmation that the resulting impetus will pi."
the utility of the practice of spraying to lessen fungous injury as .^1
as insect attacks, on a plane well out of the reach of controversy

These experiments were designed to show (I) the practicability of
he remedies recommended for the prevention of fungous diseases "Ind
(2) to urnish to fruit growers instructive and convincing object lessons
ot the benehts of spraying.

The following is a brief statement of the most important results
obtained as stated in the Report of the Horticulturist for 1894 •_

The unprecedented and continuous rains which visited southern
Ontario during May and June of last year, coupled with the scorching
heat and drought of mid-summer, combined to form a season with con
ditions most unfavourable to obtaining even .average results. Never to
my knowledge have apple trees-foIi.age and fruit-suffered so severelv
from the apple spot fungus. The disease coming before the fruit had
much more than formed, attacked the foliage so severely as to cause U

,?!'

12

to resemble and be easily mistaken for the ordinary "twig blight." Most
varieties lost a large proportion of their leaves, which of course resulted
in a corresponding loss of the fruit. This visitation had the effect,
however, of emphasizing the value of spraying as a factor having an
important bearing upon increasing the yield of apples in seasons of severe
fungous visitation, as well as improving the quality of the fruit. To
sum up briefly, untreated trees lost their foliage, and consequently their
crop of fruit. Spraying prevented the growth of the disease uj)on tlie
foliage, which was thereby retained, and with it a large proportion of
the fruit.

Peaches, cherries and plums were treated with the object mainly of
preventing loss from fungous diseases, causing the fruit to rot on the tree.

PEACHES.

The crop of peaches in the Niagara and St. Catherines districts,
where the experiments were carried on, was one of the heaviest in many
years. Rot was not severe even on early varieties. Sprayed trees of
Early River's and Early Richmond showed 3 to 4 per cent less rotten
fruit than those unsprayed. The fruit on sprayed trees was better
coloured and finer in appearance than that on trees not treated.

Formula for peaches, 3 lbs. each copper sulphate and lime to the
same quantity of water. {/See Calendar).

PLUMS.

The principal fungous enemies of the plum are the " shot hole
fungus " (Septoria), causing the leaves to drop prematurely, and Mbniiia,
or fruit rot. These were satisfactorily controlled by spraying. The
foliage of the treated trees was retained till the close of the season, and
the fruit was 20 to 30 per cent larger, than that on trees not sprayed.
The sprayed plums would easily sell as good "firsts," while the un-
sprayed, owing to small size and lack of colour, could hardly be classed
as " seconds."

CHERRIES.

The cherry suffers from the same diseases as the plum. The follow-
ing are results gained from two series of experiments in preventing "rot "
vn Yellow Spanish cherries :

(1.) Spray 1 1 tree yielded 90 lbs. of fruit. Unsprayed tree yielded
30 lbs. of fruit.

(2.) One selected sprayed tree yielded 130 lbs. of fruit, which
netted $9.25. One selected, equally good, unsprayed tree yielded 17
lbs. of fruit, which netted $1.20.

Spraying cherries not only prevents " rot," but prolongs the ripen-
ing season. They should be very carefully sprayed with Bordeaux
mixture after the blossoms fall, making two or three applications. The
last application, a few days before picking, should be made with am-
moniacal copper carbonate.

I

isrjsiss-sn

i

j^i

■vk;i

I'l.Aii; 1.

NdliTllKKN Sl'^. SI'KAVKI).

riintiiyrai'hcil in the .nvliaril

,1 Mr. !•:. .1. \Vi»)lv<Tt(.n, < iiiuisliy, Out., Sept., ISiU.

Pliotogr

«?i*

PliotogiapliL'd

I'l.A'n-; II.
NoliTIIKIi.N si'V. NOT Sl'li.WKI..

-'<l HI the ort'liMnl of \Ii' p.' I w I . ,, ■

Ml. I.. .1. \\„„h,.,loM, (huM.shy, ()„t., .S,.,,t., l.SDI.

Pear tre
ing and spot
Flemish Bee
fruit than th
results. Th(
trees unspraj
results than
important.

Apples \
from the f ung
moth.

Varieties.

H

A. G. Russet . . Sp

A. G. Ruaset . . Vn

Baldwin

. 'spi

i

Balilwin

. Un

Greening

Spr

Greening

iUns

Northern Spy.

5>pri

Northern Spy.

Uiis

Averngo
of above.

Sprn

Unsi

18

PEARS.
Pear trees were sprayed to prevent " leaf blight » and the " crack-
ing and spotting » of the fruit. The best results gained showed that
i'lemish Beauty pears sprayed, yielded 75 per cent more marketable
truit than those unsprayed, Beurr^ Giffard gave practically the same
results. The foliage of the treated trees was vastly superior to that on
trees unsprayed. Two sprayings before the blossoms opened gave better
results than three sprayings after that time. Early applications
important.

APPLES.

Apples were sprayed in several orchards, mainly to prevent injurv
from the fungus causing '* apple rot" and the depredations of the codling
moth. °

AVERAGED RESULTS.

Gained ly Spkavikg Four Leading Varieties.

PERCBXTAGE SCALE.
Grades of Fruit.

«j 50] 6o{ 70J 8o| 90; 100

Second Quality. I Third Quality.

A. G. Russot .

Unsprayed....! 1st Quality.

Second Quality. I Third Quality.

Baldwin Sprayed I

First Quality.

2ndQual.|Q3;d

2"^''"''" Unsprayed.....! First Quality.

Greening.

Sprayed.

I

G reening j Unsprayed I ^^*'.

Northern Spy.

s<prayed.

I Firft Quality. I Second Quility. I q'"''^! I

Northern Spy. |ui,spniyed. . . . .jlst Quality.j Second Quality. 1 Third Quality. I

m:

' ..

AV9!'!i£<!

of above.

Sprayed.

rl

First Quality.

Second Quality. I .3rd Qua!.

I 3rd Qua!. |

I Unsprayed list Quality.j Second Quality.

Third Quality.

14

Averaged Results from all Vakietiks.

Percontago Scale.

10

20

30 40 50l 60 70

80 90

looi

Sprayed.

First Quality.

Second Quality. 13rd QuBlityl

Unsprayed.

First Quality.

Second Quality.

Third Quality.

The results gained show that the sprayed trees yielded 24 per cent
7nore of first-class fruit, 6 per cent less of second-class and 18 per cent
less of third-class fruit than the same number of trees unsprayed.

The effect of this improvement in quality alone upon the gross
receipts from an acre of bearing apple trees may be shown as follows :
Supposing the yield to be 50 barrels we find according to results gained
that spraying would give at ordinary market rates, $2.50, $1.75 and
$0.75, for first, second and third class, respectively, $56.75 worth of
No. I. fruit, 131.50 worth of "seconds," and $6.97 of "thirds," or a
total of 195.22. The same area unsprayed would give of No. I. fruit
:&26.75, of No. II. 137, and of a third class, $13.64, or a total return of
$77.40, leaving a balance in favour of the sprayed acre of |17.82. This
is suppo,sing that all the " seconds " and " thirds," which in the case of
the unsprayed is very large, could be sold. The cost of spraying an
acre of apple trees will vary according to the size of the trees ; using
diluted Bordeaux mixture and making five applications, it need not
exceed $6 and may be under $5. There would thus be a net profit of
$10 to $12 on the basis of equal yields and improved quality. As a re-
sult of the experiments referred to, and looking at spraying as affecting
the yield, we find that the sprayed trees give 74 per cent of the total
yield. This return added to the improved quality gives a difference in
the net receipts of $51.53 in favour of the sprayed acre.

The general results obtained in treating " apple spot" are shown in a
graphic way in the preceding chart. The following illustrations engraved
from photographs taken at the close of the season give a relative impres-
sion of the appearance of sprayed and unsprayed trees in the autumn.
The improvement in the foliage of the sprayed trees over the unsprayed
was very marked.

There is also added a spraying calendar, which will serve as a work-
ing guide to the orchardist throughout the season, giving the time and
method of treating the various injurious pests which affect his crops.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Information embodying the results of actual experience in spraying is
solicited and will be gratefully received, and further information at my
command on this subject will be cheerfully given on application.

16

SPRAYING CALENDAR.

Pliint.

Apple.

Appl" siKit fungua, cod
ling iiiolli, bud uiotli.

iBt Ai>plication.

Copper Sulphate.

Before liuds start.
( Jjiifiorlant. )

2nd Application.

Cherry.

Hut, Utaf diseaHes and
iujuriouH iuni.-ut8.

Urapc.

Mildew, rot, loaf eating

iasuctB.

Bordeaux.
JuHfc before bloHsoms
ojM'n.

(Important.)

Bordea ux.
Before flower buds open
Kiriisene Einuhion lor
aphis.

Copper Sulphate.
Before buds start.

3rd Application.

Bordeaux.
Paris Oreen. — Sooii afti

bloBBOIIlH fall.
(Jinportant. )

Bordeaux.

Paris r/r.r?!.— When

fruit has Bet.

(Important.)

Bordeaux.
Paris Oreen.— 10 15 days
later.

(Important, i

Bordeaux.

Paris Oreen. — When

first leave.H are half

grown.

i^ each— Apricot.
Rot, leaf curl, c\ircuUo.

Pear.

Scab, loaf l)light, cod-
ling luuth.

Copper Sulphate.

Paris Oreen.— 'Bafore
buds start.

Bordeaux.
When fruit has sft.

Copper Sulphate.

Before buds start.
(Important.)

Plum.

Rot, shot-hole fungus,
curculio.

Currant.

Bordeaux.
3 lbs. coptx-T sulphate
Si's. lime.
, 50 „alH. water.
Paris Oreen (iozY—JuHt
Viefore blossom.

Bordeaux.
.Tust before blossoms
open.

(Important.)

Bordeaux.

Paris Oreen. — Soon aftir
fruit has set

Bordeaux.
Paris Oreen.— HtKm after
blossoms fall.

( Iinportaiil. j

Copper Sulphate.

Paris Oreen. — Bcfort^
buds open.

Bordeaux.

I'aris Oreen.— Soon after

blosBoins have fallen.

(Important.)

Pant Oreen.

Kuncous di:iea.es, "cur-' ,^ Paritureen.
ri.^t worm. " iWhen worms appear.

Gooseberry. \ Bordeaux.

Mildew, "currant worms'" ^aris Oreen.— A% soon aa
: leaves expand.

Hellebore.

When fruit is fully

formed.

Hellebore. Bordeaux.
10-15 days later.

Bordeaux.

Paris (Jrccn.- hi 12days
later.

Bordra ux.
After fruit is picked.

Am'iaonia':al
Copper Carbonate.

10-15 days later.

Raspberry, Blackberry, Copper Sulphate. Bordeaux.

Ijiicbcrry. Before buds burst. ,10-15 days later.

Antlirac'uuse, ru.st.

Strawberry-

Bordeaux.

Bordeaux.

Rust.

After first blossoms have After picking season,
fallen.

Bordeaux.
After old cauc.-> aif cut
out.

BordeSiUX.
10-15 days later.

Bean,
Authracnose.

Copper Sulphate. 1 Bordeaux.

i oz. to 1 p.il. water. ,\Vhen rough leaves ap-
Soaklluiur. ' I)ear,

Bordeau.r.
8-12 days later.

..1-

Potato.
Scab, rot, insects.

Tomato.
Rot, blight.

1 Corrosive Sublimate. Paris Oreen.

2 oz. to 1 J gals, water. ! For Col. pot. beetle. Bor
Soak li liours. | deaux for flea beetle.

Bordeaux.
From Ist August till end
of season, 2 weeks apart.

Bordeaux. '■ Bordeaux.

First appearance of rot, : When necessary-.

Bordeaux.

Same.

^

4th Applieat

Bordeaux.
Paris Oreen.— 10-
later.

Ammoniaea
'■opper Carbon
10 1.") days later.
(Important.

Bordeaux.
10 todays later.

Bordeaux.

Paris (iVff;j._8_]<
later.

Bordeaux.
Paris Oreen.— XQ-X^
later

Bordeaux.

J'aris Oreen.— 10-15
later.

Bordeaux.
10-15 days Liter.

Copper sulpl

Water

For use 0/4/// 6(/o
dissolved in the wate

Copper sulpl

Quick lime. .

Paris Gretii i

^ Water (1 bar

See page 7 of bull

1 otato rot G lbs, of co

As

Copper carbo

Ammonia . .

Water (1 ban

. F or use lato in t

fruit. It is also beat

preparation given on p

Kerosene (coa!
Rain water, . .

Soap

To be diluted befoi

]

Paris Green . .

Lime (fresh)..

Water ' .

For insects which e
2

17

SrUAVIXG CALIiNDAll.

4th Application.

Cth Appliciition.

liorjfaux.

JiorJt(iu.e.

<liH('ase iH severe.

^mmoniaeal
,. ';<W'«- Carbonate.
10-15 dayH luter.

(Jmpurtant.)

SorUeaux.

)0 loduya later.

Utii .Vppliuiitidii.

iA.,r '■'"''{"""■ I Ammomara:

10-15 days later. Copper Carbonatr.

It cIiHPa3t) iHjrHJstH, Ifdi;

Bordeaux.

Jistase persists.

iiordtau.r.

Ptrif Grecn.—a-n davq ?,^^ ''i'^'^ '*'*''',
later. ^ " rot ih nr«vul(

Horilr.a ux.

l'ari.H f'W,i.— 10-12 daVH
later •'"

prtivuleiit.

Bordeaux.
10-15 days later.

Amnwniacal
Copper Carbonate. I

10-15 days later if re it
18 prevalent.

Bordeaux.

/'«r^^Jr/wn.-10-15days
later. "'

Bordeaux.
10-15 days later.

I ■^''^>"f>n"teal j Amrmniacaf

10-15Xv« I^r ""•J"'-. ■ L ^'W'^'- <'>'W..,^,^,
prevXft '" '^ '°' ■« ,10. iiOdays later if rot
pre\aitnc. is iirevalent.

f^

i i
i i

FtrWGICIDES.

CoiTER SULPHATK Sor.LTIO.V.

t/oppersiilpliiuo.

Water .

^uJ^:dintii^^:t:''^^'^^^--"^^'i^ rea<iy for use-^"^n as

UK
20 galls.

Copper sulphate
Quick lime

Bordeaux Mixture.

4 lbs.

M^t:/;rts ''':'' ^^'■°^"--'«)-^ ^o-

I'otato rot «-ibs:-o?';;;pp^'^;;i,;i;U;;';:-^-<^^f p.e,^u;^;^ ^^•

See page? of bulletin' Xo.' i';if,

prevent

• IS used instead of 4

AUMONMCAL COPfKR CaRPONATE.

Copper carbonate...

Ammonia.. '5 oh.

Water (1 barrelj'; •/..^qt'..

fruit' "^,ra^^ii^^'^--;j^::i-^^;;^-uxniivr;.ii^

preparation given on page 7 of BulleUn 23 " «praying. Klethod of

INSECTICIDES.

Kerosknk Emulsiox.
Kerosene (coal oil), .

Ram water ',

Soap, , .

To 1. diluted ^^^'^^^^^^^n..^..r. Tor Peking insects,
i-A,,!), ureen a.vu Water.
Pans Green . . .

Lime (fresh). 1 1^>.

Water 1

2 galls.
1 "
41b.

For insects which eat foliai

age.

.200 galls.

If

IXIURlOrS INSI'CTS.

r-'s

IJv James Flktcmeu, F.U.S.C, F.L.S., Entomoloyist ami liotunht.

ItiscctH may l»e dividdl into two classes by the nature of tlnir mouth
parts. In llie first or larger division,

Uitincj Insects ( Fig. 1 ), tlicy are fiiniishcd , — "yT^ '"

uitli niaiiilil)les or biting jaws, by means
of wliicli they consume the substance of
tlielr food, as with cater|iill.vrs, beetles, Fig. 1.

etc. In the second class, Sucking Insects (Fig. 2), they liave,
'X^k^^ instead of mandil)lcs, a beak or tube, by niean.s of which
they suck uj) tlieir food in a liquid form from beneath the
.1 surface, as with the true bugs, plant-lice and flies. It is
evident that Avith the insects of the first class all that is neces-
sary, IS to place some poisonous substance on the food plant,
which they \vill eat together with their food. With the second cl.ass,
however, this would be useless, for they would push their beaks through
the poisonous covering on the outside of their food-plant and would
extract the juices upon which they live, from the interior. For this
class, therefore, some substance must bo used which will kill by mere
contact with their bodies. Now, for both of these classes of insects,
we have cheap and available remedies.

BITING mSECTS.

For biting or mandibulato insects, Paris gukkn is a sure remedy and,
on the whole, has been found sup.'rior to any of the other materials
which are soirotimes recommended. IL i?, of course, ■« ery poisoi.uus to
man, as well as to all other anim^Js. Care must, theruiore, be taken to
keep it out of the reach of children, lynurant ])eople and domestic animals.
If ap|)lied too strong to the foliage of plants, it is also very destructive
and must, therefore, be mixed with some diluent both on this account
and for the sake of economy, only a very small quantity beiug necessary
Lj destroy any known leaf-eating insect. The most convenient diluents
are water or some dry powuer. For a liquid application, mix one pound
of Paris green in 200 gallons of water together with one pound of fresh
liip;. This may be applied to all plant:; without danger of injuring the
foliage, if proper care be taken to break up the liquid into a fine ^prcnj.
Too much emphasis cannot be laid upon the fact that it isof just as much
importance to apply these washes i)roperly — in the form of a spray — as
it is to make them of the proper ingredients in the right proportions.
This shows the necessity of exorcising great care in the selection of a

good 3pr
much an
CO u rage n

From I
and thus
the great
of scienti

In mix!
quantity

'arger am

In spra'

every fiarl

begins to

For df)

plaster, ai:

utmost ini

state of d

to allow ol

powder. '

ferent insei

to which tl

of the dihu

There ai

bellows, in

body to be

soon becon

application,

waste as li

kej)t in its

to be distri

necessary), i

freely. It

stick held i

much bettei

back.

Dry mixti

still weathei

spring mont

periods of se'

becomes nec^

material mai

not blown aw

spraying is tl

After cons

will repay an;

procuring a p

in spraying foljajje, tl,„ „,

b'Ki... t. drip frou, .1,0 loavr ' Pl«"= — »"" •■ Iiq«i,l

For dry appliiaitioiu, .uitable diliiivil .rill l.„ r , • „
l.la».or, air.,laked lime, and li„„l, .if ;, ,4 „ „."";"';" """'• ''"''■

powder. The |.ro|.e, „„a„tit7of ih. iT ' ^ "'" "' " ''"J' «""

to which thcyaream, e"-,,r,^^ , """"' '° "" '™'"'' "»'' «» Van..

body to be kept for a Ion J ^ ' '"'■''*'°" rer,,urin<. tho

-o-f beoo.es tt^::;^LZ^" ^ t^^" '^""'"^ ^'^"^ ^^'^'"^'
application, to devise so.ue IZ: . di^ ', -! ^r'^^:^^^' ^^^ ^^'^^
waste as little as possible of thp m... ^ " ^°"°"' '« ^•'' ^"

^ept Ln its natura niitt'^T^^^^^^
to be distributed in a small b.c, of vl H , ''"'"" '^' P*^^^^''

-eessary), and then tvinl h :io , e L of a':: ,' 'T "r'"^'^'^^^' ''"
f'-eely. It will be found ^, \7 *"^ ^"^ ^^^ short .ck so that itswint^s

stick'held i. tl, ' oSrl^ 1 t ;' "'"^ ''' '^^ ' -'^'^ "'^^ -"th^r
much better work than bll T'"''" ''" "^^"^ ''''''^ ^^'^ -l"

back. '° ^^ ''°"^""= "'°"S «^^'- '"« -'op w.th an achinc.

Dry mixtures should be applied whpn nlonfo

still weather. It is found Z '^ '"' """' ^'''^ •^^'^^' "'' i"

11 is touna by experience, however -h^f ri., ■

sprmg months, when insecticides are most nleZl' . ^"^ ""

periods of several days when these conditir do no oJcu ■ ll Z T"'
becomes necessarp to ai.olv th,. «^- • ""otoccu,. It, therefore,

material may be e,el d 1 , T "t '°""' "''"" ""y' "^ "'»' '1"^
not blow,, away b/ hXild ' r ,r" ''''"" '" '' l"""««' »"''
■praying i, .heC,t Ivrlnt'^L' ' ''"'■°"' '^'''•'" ^''^ -- -^

p.oc,,ringapair of proper beiK/. for r;t;,'3::dtf:r°;r;

1

m

lor li<iui(l applications. Suitable bellows and pumps can now be obtained
IroMi most of our Canadian seedsmen. Such make-shift contrivances as
ordinary watering cans, whisks, wisps of hay, or bunches of leaves,
which "are frequently used, actually cost far more in wasted time and
materials than would pay for the best special instruments ; added to
which, when such work is done, it is neither so satisfactory nor so
ciTectivt*.

TiiK CODLING MOTH {Carpocapsa pomonella, L.)
There is no more striking instance of the good effects of spraying to
prevent insect injuries than is shown in the case of the above named

insect. The caterpillar, commonly
known as the "Apple worm," hatches
from an egg laid by a small brown
moth in the flower of the apple, pear,
and quince. Soon after hatching, it
eats its way into the core of the form-
ing apple and destroys it. The annual
loss from this insect is enormous ;
but the satisfactory results which
have been obtained whenever system-
atic spraying has been resorted to,
show clearly the great importance of
bringing this useful remedy promi-
nently before Canadian fruit-growers
FiK. 3.— TheOoaiitiKMoth. at this season of the year. The

experience of the past enables us to state positively that Paris green in
the proportion of 1 pound to 200 gallons of water, to which 1 pound
of lime has been added, sprayed over apple-trees at the time the eggs are
laid, is the best, cheapest, and most effective remedy for the Codling
Moth. In Eastern Canada, there is only one regular brood of this insect.
West of Toronto, there are two broods, the latter of which is by far the
more destructive. Where there is only one brood, spraying once or
twice early in the spring, immediately after the flowers have fallen, is
all that is necessary. In the region where there are two broods, banding
"the trees in autumn with strips of burlap, wisps of hay, or one of the
many contrivances known as " tree protectors," will be found necessary.
The caterpillars resort to these shelters when ready to spin their cocoons
and may be easily destroyed at any time before the following spring,
when the moths emerge.

Spray ii"? for the Codling Moth should not be done before the petals
have fallen from the flowers, as such a practice is very injurious
by poisoning bees, and there is no advantage whatever gained by it.

Besides protecting apple trees

from the attacks of the Codling Moth,

m2

with Paris green immediately after the flowers have fallen will

spray

destroy many other

worms, Tent caterpillars, etc.

enemies which fcecion the foliage, such as the Canker

larva hatchc

cations. T

is by poison

immunity o

Curcuiio ; I

trouble and

growers has

cal of all tli;

The beetl

of i\[ay and

take place I

with Siilphat

ounces Paris

fungons dise,

ing should b(

subsequent s]

suflicient, 1

and water mi

The foliage

larly suscepti

until the neut

spraying thcs^

this simple m

remedy for al

In addition
and fruit of
difl'erent kind
of course, var
laid by the fen
remedy agains
season of the j

year

green is, on the wholo, ibo best remedy for

this pest also. On emerging in sprin-, the

gUlIlT, \;^S^ "'^^"'■" ''"^tles feed on the yo.n.i. twi^s

y-mUm WM I"^^'''' ^"'^ ^''^' °f tlie trees. Later on, the

•^^^Cr** N^m '^'^^e*^ and flowers are attacked, and the

eggs are laid in the young fn.it, i„ a little
larvi l,.,t,>Ho= 1 .i u ^'''^' *""' ""^ ^^ ^^^ "'0^''<^i' l>''etle. The

at on The :'r^' ^'"^ ^'"■/^"'^ '^"^ =^ '' ^ ^'^ -^1^- reach of appli
ca ions. Ihe only chance, therefore, for controlling the Plum Curculi«
.3 by po.somng the perfect beetles. Opinions differ as to thc-exten of
unmumty ot a crop sprayed with Paris green from atta k by tlpt m
Cnrcul.o ; but there is, no doubt, sufficitnt benefit to we 1 .-epav fo^
trouble and expense, and the experience of many of the leadir,! pi ™

sr:;::ir w ;;:r:;Lr ^^ ' "" ^^^ --- - --^'-

take |,lacc before the tlowe,-. „„„, .,„,| ,„o rrrK L. f

with s,.;,,.«e of co„„e,. ,i„' („„:"„;,'::, ^: ;r"oZ,,t" "r

onncc, Pan, g,.e..„ ; t.ve,„v-,lve gallo,,, of water, so a, to at 'bo

tungoM thseases and the Croulio at the same time Tl,. Z T

i... .l.o,.M be m,„„ ,,,e„ the p,„m» are .W Tal-ge a 'p ? t^;::

M.I .e,e„l. ] he apphcatmn, ,,ho„M he ,„acle with the Pari, ,.ree„ Z°

ii.iat- or peacbes and some variet es of plums is so n^-f;
u y^sceptible to injury from the caustic effect^ Pa . 3^:^
untd the neutral.z.ng effect of lin,e upon this causticity was dT eo" ed
l.ray.ng these w,th Paris green was impracticable; norhowevi bv

rZ:::t7Z^T ^••^^" '- ^-^-^^ - avaUabJ'a^^ ; li^
lemedv fo, all leaf-eat.ng insects, even upon delicate plants.

BORERS

and" f|!ufl7o' )'','"'■"'■"'' '''"'' '^ '"^^°^ ^^••^b ^"-''k the foliage
ami fuut of orchard trees, n.uch loss is occasioned by the .rubs oJ
d flerent kmds of beetles which pierce the bark and wood Th se
of course, vary in habits, but for the mo=t part devel f '

laid by the female beetles or in crevices oft^^:!^. t^^o "^^e^
remedy against these is a deterrent wash applied ./i°.T'/^"^*\^*'
season of ♦' ' .. » . '■^

■

year when the female

s resort to the trees for the purpose

of egg-laying. These waslies owe tlioir efficacy to some alkaline or
malodorous substance which they contain. The best known of these
are the following : —

Alkamnk Wash. — A wash largely used in Canada is that noted by
i'rof. Saunders in his "Insects Injurious to Fruits," and consists of
" soft soap reduf-ed to the consistence of thick paint by the addition of
a strong solution of washing soda in water. If applied during the
morning of a A-arra day, this will dry in a few hours, and form a tena-
cious coating not easily dissolved by rain."

Cakbolic Acid. — Prof. A. J. Cook has experimented extensively
with this substance, and claims that no fruit-grower or lover of shade
trees can aford to bo ignorant of the Carbolic Acid Kiiuilsion. lie says:
"I make it just as I do the kerosene emulsion, only stronger. One part
of carbolic acid — I use the crude material — to from ;> to 7 parts of the
soap solution (1 quart soft soap, or I lb. hard soap in 2 gallons of water)
is of the proper strength. This is the best pre))aration I know of to
protect against the apple tree bark-lice and apple tree borers."

It is applied to the trunks and larger limbs by means of a stiff
brush or cloth, about 20 days after the trees blossom.

Cakuoi.ic Acid Wash. — Prof. Cook also recommends for radish
maggot,; a prejiaration made by addiiig 2 quarts of soft soap to 2 gallons
of water, to which, when heated to the boiling point, J pint of crude
carbolic acid is turned in. For use, one part of this mixture is mixed
with 60 of water and sprinkled directly upon the plants once a week from
the time they appear above the ground.

SUOKIK"G n^SEOTS.

For the large class of insects, such as the true Bugs which have their
mouth parts modified into a sucking tube, instead of jaws, Paris green
is useless, since these subsist only on the sap of plants or the blood of
animals, which they suck up from beneath the surface. For such, some
material which will kill by mere contact with their bodies, is necessary.
The sim}>lest, best known, and most convenient of these is the "Kkrosexk
Emulsion" which is the standard remedy for all plant-lice, scale-insect,
true bugs, animal parasites, red sjiider, &c., as well as several biting
insects which from one cause or another cannot be treated with Paris
green.

The best formula, which is known as the Riley-IIubbard formula, is
as follows :

Kerosene (coal oil), 2 gallons.

Rain water, 1 gallon.

Soap, -^ lb.

Boil the soap in the water till all is dissolved ; then, while boiling hot,

turn it into the kerosene, and churn il constantly and forcibly with a

syringe or force pump for five minutes, when it will be of a smooth,

creamy nature. If the emulsion be perfect, it will adhere to the surface

2Jl
of glass without oilineKs. As it vooU it tl,;,.!-

This ,ivos ti. stock emnlsio,.. w^I^ !„ . ^^ ^:;r:;;^"'l^-"^^ --
measure of wann water belore usiugoa vcl ■ o T' !'"" ^"""^ '''
of 3 gallons of emulsion will n.ake 30 ..iCn^oZj '".^'^^['^.^-'^•^'y
tl..-ough s,„all opening, along their ..i.l^s The eff " c.f K "'^''"

«- ^ to «u,lo.ato then., h, stopping up these^,^u " 1 ^;::r'"^ ^"""■

Soap.,suds u.ade from whale-oil .soap, i 11, to 8 ....IM p
a useful n.n.ed, for the clestructiou of ill^.^H^^ ' ='"'"^ '' ^^^^^^' '^

24

The a

POTATO DI^

ES.

By .Tami;s I'^uviriiKii, I'Mt.S.C, F.L.S.

J'OTATO HLICrriTS.

Tlioro aro few diBeases of field crops which are the direct cause of more
loss to Iho farmers of Caiiaila than Iho (wo blights which have been aptly
termed by Prof. L. 11. Jonus, of Vermont, the Early Bliqut and Latk
J5i,{onT of potatoes. These aro usually confounded under the various
names "Potato rot," ''Potato blight" ar.d "Potato rust"; but, as a
matter of fact, although somewhat similar in general appearance, they
are very distinct, and are due to the attacks of two different -.egetable
parasites.

Fia, 5 — THE EARLV Hr.lOHT.
{Kindly lent by Prof. L R. Jonci.)

1. The Kaui.y Bi-uiiiT.— This disease is caused by the fungus Macro-
sporiurn solani, K. & M., and shows itself during the months of June and
July, when greyish-brown spots appear upon the older loaves. These
soon become dry and crisp, and in bad cases the whole loaf is affected, so
that nothing is left but the stems, and the tubers stop growing.

2. The

due to tl

phthora i

follows: '

planted \

shoots, th:

stems, an(

abundance

but are pi

appeai'anc

duoed on 1

shape of d

the drying

coiiuonts.

the spoi'cs

adjacent p

ground arc

produce th

the form oi

diy-rot wl

result of d£

hard, whit!

In the 01
about tho 1
in the fieic
first ; bat, i
H pores earri
field may b(
potatoes be

26

The appourunco of ihis disuii^o i.s woli sh

own in li^-. 5.

FKJ. ()— TIIK I.ATK lil.KlIIT.
{Kin. lilt li-nt Ini l>rnl\ L. Ji. Jones.)

2 The Latk BLrariT or Potato Ror.-TniH diHoano of tl-.c r.v .(o i.
due to Iho atlack of a parasitic fungus, known hy ih. nnuu: oiFhyto-

'ZZyt T' '■ '''" ''''' '^''^'^ '' ^'^'^ «--^^ - briefly «

tlTZ' ^^l?'!':'^^'''^ "'« ^'•'*«^ inside the potato tuher and is
panted with ,t ,n the spring. A« so,,,, u. the potato thrown out its

H torn ''n ^ r"'''"u '^''''^' "^''^ ''' '•"""•"- "P ^'''-'^"^l^ the tissues of the

8 ms and Irom about the end of July p.-oduces beneath the leaves an

a undanoo of s,,ores, or seed-liko bodies. These are exceedingly minute,

but are produced in such numbers that they frequently give I Lst-l ke

appearance to the under sides of the leaves. When this! spores are pro!

shnln7. 1 r"'' '^" appearance known as "rust" shows itseli in the

hape of dark brown spots, as represented in fig. C, which are cause<i by

the drpng up of the tissues, owing to the parasite having used up their

consents. Fnn. the rust stage all future infection takesplace. Som of

he spores are carried by the wind, and, falling upon the leaves of otlr

adjacent plants ,m.duce more rust spots, while others falling to the

g 0 nd are washed beneath the surface, and reaching the forming tubers

tl for' f H l'^""- ^'' "°'""^' '' ^*'"" '" -^"-" '» t'- ^^Xi^
th 0 m of t is disease which is best known; but potato rot is reali; a

d 3 ot which kihs the tubers, and in autumn the wet-rot follows fs a

h '^ wf v7V ^'T' '^' '^'''''''' ''^^"'■^ '" "'« ''^^'^•^' -« Patchesof
hard, whitish, diseased tissue.

about the 1st ofAugust, and is the tirst evidence that blight is present

f « , bat, If ho weather be favourable, the disease spreads rapidlv from
.po t, earned oy the w.n.i iVom these centres of infection, so thatalariro
.e may become diseased in a iosy days, and as a result .the crop t
potatoes be ruined. '

I ,i

2G

Remedy.

Caroful experiments have shown that if Iho Bordeaux Mixtuhe i«
sprayed over the <;ri)wiiig potato phvnts, it will in a largo meatmro hold in
check both of tlie injtifions diseases mentioned. For Early Bliglit the
first application should be made early in July, and a second one a fort-
night later. For Iho Potato rot, the first spraying need not bo applied
before the Ist of August; and two subsequent applications at intervals of
two weeks, will generally carry the crop past ail danger.

The formula for making the Bordeaux mixture, which haa given the
best results in our experiments at Ottawa, is the following: —

Copper sulphate, 6 pounds.
Lime (fresh), 4 pounds.
Water, 45 gallons.
The method of preparing tho mixture is described in detail on page 7.

To apply this viixture to the foliage, undoubtedly the best and cheapest
way is to use a proper spraying pump and nozzle ; but, if these arc not
on hand, good results which will well repay the trouble, maj' be obtained
by applying the mixture with watering cans 8up))liod with fine roses.
There are several ditl'erent kinds of spraying pumps in the market; per-
haps the most convenient for this work is a force pump attached to a
barrel on wheels, to be drawn through the field by a horse. Smaller
machines, known as Knapsack Sprayers, consist of a reservoir containing
a small foice pump, whicli can be carried upon a man's back. Both of
these kinds of pumps can be purchased for about $10 to §20, and are now
for sale by most of our seedsmen. It will be necessary to spray the tield
two or three times to protect the crop thoroughly. There is no danger
of injuring the foliage with the above mixture.

A great advantage of this mixture is that Paris green, the only prac-
tical remedy for the Colorado Potato-beetle, can be applied at the same
lime. To do this, mix from a quarter to half a pound of Paris green
with a little water, so as to make a thick paste, and then add it to the
43 gallons of Bordeaux mixture ; that is, it is used in exactly the same
strength as with plain water. "

These mixtures must bo kept constantly stirred while being used, as
both the lime in the Bortloaux mixture and the Paris green sink quickly
to the bottom of any mixture if left undisturbed.

7'he time to apply, — The Bordeaux mixture is a preventive remedy, and
the time to apply it in any locality is just before the blights treated of
usually appear there, the object being to keep the plants, during the
whole of the time they are liable to injury, covered with the fungicidal
preparation.

The Early Blight in this part of Canada generally appears at the end
of June or parly in July. The Late Blight or Potato rot seldom shows
itself until August. Therefore, spraying should bo begun early in July,
■md repeated every two weeks at least until the end of August.

Ano

Bpocial

causes

attackf

soil, ox

" scab '

Oospon

potatoe

Many e

apracti

by treat

Sublime

this trej

" Pro
faucet,
sublima
oarllicn\
the barr
and mix

" Selec
immerse
thirty jn
vessel. '

Cautioi

care canii

recomme

externall'

finished v

purpose, fi

obtain an^

to be used

any other

potatoes t:

It she

by plantii

scabby crc

of the disc

kept in ba;

of the scab

four years

be present

ently clean

carrots and

possible, pc

27

POTATO SdAB.
Another disease of the nntnfr> ,.,i • i
Bpocial treatment, i^ l!::STu:'::t::^ 't '^''-'y -"'-'^"' h-
causes have been assigned for th s d ea ' "■^'^™ «cab." Sovenfl

attacks of insects, the chemical act on OHon/''t T '"^"'"'^'^ '^'"-^ ^« ^''"
Boil, excessive moisture &c • but f n "^ '''° '"^-'^'dionts of ib.

" Hcab " is due to the p ese'n o " TT ""' '"'"' ''^^'^'"^^^ ^-m o
0..;,.ra...^,., Tha.teVXUfe." dV^?T''" ""^"^ '— -
potatoes and which produces he woi 'n^^l ^'^^t "" "'"■^"^ ^'"^' -''^'''■v
Many experiments have been nl7e d\ • „ J ,'";''^' ^"''"^ "" ^'''' ^'"-'^•-
a practical remedy for this disc- e In 7 ' '^''' ^'''^ '"> •^'^^"v.r

by treating the sfed potatoes .X'e'I::j;:"'^r T '"" '''--^
Sublimate. Prof. Bolloy, of North D ?^ > "'"''"" o''^^<'««osrvE

this treatment, recommetis as fblio,^ '•!!"' "'" "'^'^ ^'^ ^^^^ to suggest

f^u:':^r:;i:i;;:'ir;s t^?^ '"^°;^^ ^^- « -'"->- -den

Bubiimate. Empty this "Hnto 2 . o^Tof ,tt '^^ T'""'"^^^ ^«'---
earthenware vessel, and allow it tott nd tilf • 1 '' "" ,'" '"' ^""^'°» "'•
the barrel 14 gallons of water • tl L . ! " 'I'^nolved. Place in

and mix thoroughly. ' "^°" ^-'""^" "^ ^^o two gallons of solution,

thirty minutes. It th^ n; tlir:;; 'e'^^ S''°"' '^" ^"^ '^^^ »-^
vessel. The san.e solution .r.yZ ^li:' ^ o^:/!;^;:;";;"— "-
Ca^^Wi .- Corrosive sublimate is a verv «„ 'f necessary."

care cannot be exercised in its use. ^ The st en""t^h Tf T"' '!"^ "" ^''^'
recommended is the same as that used in " ''' '"'"''<^" ^' ^'^'^

externally on the hands, but is .deld . "• ''^7^'; ''''^' ^'" ^« "« ''^rm
«nished wi<h, the solution ^h^Mtp^.^j^r^t^'inr: ^rr'^'' '"'^'^
purpose, away from wells or str-ams orwW ■ ? ^'"''' '^"-^ ^o^' ^ho
obtain any of it. Ko more o he ^ J 7?'^ °'' '^••"' '^^"'^'^ '^o-^'^
to be used at the time, and the ve si ^ . ^'' P"''^'^^^'^°'' ^han is

any other purpose b; which arll"r "'' '' '^"'^"'^'^ "^^^ ^-■
potatoes treated must be planted or destroyecr^""'"'' '"'" ^'^""•- ^" ■

scabby crop. Smooth, clean-lookt' . .o<l '"'^"^"-^"^ Produced a
of the disease, if they Lave been mil,, wt m"^ ^'''' '•°''^'' ^''° ^^^''^^

kept in bags or bins';h,.re eh h d be n ':: '{ '"^r"' "' ^^"^'^ ^-"
of the scab fungus are known to ve remrneTln ^/'""t' 7'" '''"^^
four years after an infested cron hJ ,"'"''' '" ^he soil for three or
bo present in the soil, t^e crop '"luco " T""' ""' '' "^''^ ^^^-^
ently clean seed was ^sed.Tis' S^e^' t":f thV" f ^ ' "^''""^^'^ ^^^f^'^'-
carrots and cabbages is due to the " r t, ' ."'Ihart,'"!-' "^^'^"'
possible, potatoes should not follow these cropV ' ^^''''^'''^' ^^''«"

i !

28

BLACK KNOT OF Till: PLUM AND CllLRRY.

PLOWRIGHTIA MORBOSA (Schw.) Sacb.

By Joun Craig, Horticulturist.

The object of publishing this bulleii.i is Mol to give to the public the
results of new experiments in treating a destructive enemy to fruit-
u-rowerH but to stir up and create a wholesome feeling of the danger ot
allowing this disease to multiply and spread the contagion, and of the
necessity of united action in stamping it out. Why should wo not exer-
cise the same precautions in preventing the spread of contagious
diseases affecting plants, as are employed in checking the spread of
diseases of a similar nature affecting animals. Every inducement
which incites a desire among orchardists to study this enemy in all
its bearings, is a source of congratulation, as a study of its habits

cannot fail to

^,„„^, ,. reveal its dangerous character, nor fail to point

out the only remedy known thus far, by the thorough application of
which it may be successfully prevented. It is for this reason then, viz.,
that of dii'ecting attention to the necessity of combined and cooperative
action in fighting this enemy, that it is deemed advisable to review
briefly the life history of this disease, stating at the same time as con-
cisely as possible the facts upon which the belief in the fungous nature
of this malady is based.

The disease known as Black Knot was carefully studied by Dr.Farlow,
of Cambridge University, about twenty years ago, then and now the
leading mycologist of America. We are indebted to this eminent scientist
for much valuable data regarding its habit of growth and multiplication.
Not the least important part of his investigations was that which at once
proved its fungous nature, and the possibility of transmitting the disease

by inoc
orchard
tnte, issi
that the
duco the
theory m
ing the 1

Black
the bran
cherries,
row and
menace t

Writin

time, Mr

a most tr

plum-tree

course."

Station, c

looked in

existence

whole CO

strong wc

of the des

know the

proper roi

he advoca

shown he

He also gi

vail on yoi

your labou

work of bu

dertaken a

public sen

the favoun

might hav<

of present]

It was b(
knotty exc
been clearl
abundant 1
been found

20

by inoculation from wild forms of ..hordes to cultivated garden and
orchard vanot.oH. Dr. Farlovv .tato« in a bulletin of the liLey I J-
tuto .HsuodMarcl, 187Mhat "we have made direct experiments to show
that the spores of the knot on the c-AoA«cA.my will germinate and pro-
due. the knot .neulthy plum-trees." These expe'n.cnts disprove'le
theory which held the necessity of insect agency or assistance in develop-
ing the knotty growth, uuveiuj)

Black Knot is an exceedingly troublesome disease, found attacking-
the branches and stems of sweet and sour cherries, bird cherries, choke
chernes and all varieties of plums, including the wild plum of the hedge-
row and thicket which frequently is a prolific source of infection, and a
menace to neighbouring orchards.

ti J'" m"" A''^*^n "^'^^ ^'"'' ''^'^ ^^' ™"«^ prominent horticulturist of Ih.
! Z' r;'"' K, ^'^^"'"fc'' -^'"^ '^'^' " i" «omo P'lrtH of the eour.try this is
a most troublesome disease, and has even destroyed the whole race of
plum-trees r neighbourhoods where it has been sutfered to take its
course." Prof. S. A. Beach, Horticulturist of the New York Expenme,;
btation, commenting on this in bulletin No. 40, says: " Could ho h-ive
looked into the future and seen the plum industry literally wiped out' of
existence by Black Knot, not only 'in whole neighbourhoods,' but i,
whole counties along the famous Hudson Eiver Valley, doubtless the
stmng words quoted above would have seemed to him a faiut statement
of the destruetive character of this disease. Although Downing did not
know the rea cause of the trouble, yet ho urged upon his readers the
proper remedy, namely, the destruction of all affected parts by fire- but
he advocated burning as early as possible in spring, while, as will be
shown hereafter, it is advisable to burn again just after the leaves fal.
He also gave the following sound advice: " It will bo necessary to m-e'
vail on your neighbours, if they are near ones, to enter into this plan or
your labours will be of little value." Had his advice been followed and the
work of burning all Black Knots wherever found, been systematically un
dertaken at that time and enforced by wise laws, supported by stron-
public sentiment in their favour, there is little reason to doubJ that ir" '
the favoured localities along the Hudson Eiver commercial plum orchards
might have been paying good profits fertile last twenty vears instead
of presenting as they do discouraging pictures of loss and decay.

It was believed by early writers on this subject that the characteristic
knotty excrescences were caused by insects, but this erroneous belief has
been clearly disproved by many investigators. Where the disease is
abundant the knots are as a rule much infested by insects. It has also
been found that they are inhabited by various insects belongin.^ to dif

Ijk

80

II

forciit orders. Prof. Wobstor in Entomological News for October, 1893,
rocordu hiivin/^ Ijrcd nino 'Ustinot specieH from one lot of
knots collected in u win^'Io garden, and thin collection did
not include the plum ciirculio well known to breed in the
knots us v7oll 119 in the iVuit.

In an oxcollont bulletin on this subject I'lof B. D. Ilalsted
(Now Jersey Ag. lOx. Sta. Bui., No. 78), the life histoiy of
this parasite is given ut length and an appeal is made to
fruit-growei'8 to induce them to malco greater efforts to
eiailicate so pornioious a foe.

Prof, llaisted says : — In the tir;j(. place let the reader get
a clear understanding of the nature of the enemy that i; is
proposed to conquer. There is no question whatever ubout
the black knot being caused by u low form of vegetable
growth classed with fungi, which sends its minute threads
tiirough the substance of the twigs and branches. It ia
therefore, necessary to gain a knowledge of this fungus,
and for this purpose the accomi)anying engravings have
been prepared, (i^hese engravings have been kindly fur-
nished by Dr. na'.sted.) While it is gonei'ally assumed
that the appearance ot the disease is familiar to most of our
readers, it has been thought well to give some illustrations.

The beginnings of a young knot are first seen in a mani-
fest swelling of the young twig, which is soon followed by
a cracking of the bark, and in the rifts thus formed the
threads of the fungus come to the surface and clothe it with
a covering of olive filaments bearing multitudes of spores.
A young branch is shown in figure 1, which exhibits the
characteristic swelling of the initial knot and the crack in
the back in which the spores are borne. A highly mani-
fested portion of a rift in the bark is shown in figure 2, in
which the superHcial stalks and their spores are seen.
These spores are carried in all directions by the wind, and
failing upon the surface of young shoots, germinaie, send
their filaments through the bars into the growing ring of
^'^f/- 1- soft tissue beneath and institute another knot.

As the season advances the young knots and the fresh growth of older
ones lose their olive, velvety appearance turn a dark colour, and develop
a hard incrustation upon the surface. Within the substance of this black
and brittle layer many supherical pits are formed, as shown in fig. 3, and
as winter advances, minute sacs are produced on the wall of the cavity,
that toward spring bear each eight oval bodies that are known as asco-
spores. These escape from their long sac* and pass out through a pore
at the top of the cavity, and are then ready to be carried by the wind to
the surface of a young cherry or plum twig, and thus begin another knot,
which, in the course of time, produces a new crop of summer and another

•u

HUt« With tho c:ght iiporos in oacli. A fn-o

O^^ggSR^^

J mtniion^lhejact ol Uiou'oxistoucuouly ytreiigtens

t»* I'

'f' I •

I -i.

i

8U

the piovioim conviction that the black l<not wo have a funguH poronnial
in itH chaructor. ami won.lci-ruily proviclea with inoih.xlH ot nporo lorma-
tion for tl.o rapid Hi.i'oading of I ho mahuly at all soaHotn of tho yo:ir."

This poHt is known to atta<'k at, least eight npecics of tho genim primus
—plum and cherry family. The appcaronco of the knot varioH somewhat
among the various species, but, as Dr. Ilalsted points out, " it has be-n
demonstrated by diroet inoculation that spores from tho knot ot tho
chckc cherry will prodneo the (juite dissimilar oxcresccnces common to
the garden plum," u fact that in this connection it is important to know.

Many of the.fungous diseases which attack our field and garden crops
may now bo countroUed by the application of Bordeaux mixiuro. This
is made of equal parts of copper sulphate and limo disholvo and diluted
with wale- Ammoniacal copper carbonate is also quite ottectivo in pre-
venting tho same diseases. Tho peculiar method by which this disease pro-
pagate itself, together with its perennial nature, mililatcs against the
usefulness of the copper salt remedies, as the above mixLuros are called,
although there is no doubt that a thorough application of Bordeaux mix-
ture to^'aftected trees at; the time of the dissipation of the summer spores
would in a measure provont the spread of the disease. liosulls of experi-
ments conducted by Prof. Lodoman, of Connell University, N.Y., recently
published, indicate that Bordeaux mixture may bo used in preventing the
spread of Black Knot with considerable success. The best remedy how-
ever is to cut off and burn promptly every knot which taakes its appearance
on plum or cherry-tree. This remedy is effectual only in proportion as
it is .'enerally applied. A public sentiment is needed which will

call for C(

oaiofully

tho sprin;j

When t

tliom by

att'eclod th

tho knotty

'^'l or turp

ft shouh

on the groi

tho tree.

equal lac Hi

main limbs

with a mixi

with keros(

and ifappji

J" many i

and thicketf

spores of bh,

ing orchard

covered wiii

of spores h^=*

trees which ;

It has bee

of emphasis,

cherry will f

and infect an

and if united

ing of Buitab

results.

The disease

Ontario. It i

Manitoba. It,

The provinces

laws which, if

from this disea

The folio win

this disease nc

of the Union h;

In Ontario at
Knot Act." Tf

3. " It shall b
unoccupied it si

"(1) To cute
trees ou his lai

33

call for conooited mul „„i(od action ri

--ofullvex,.,ninc,| ,o. Icno s t vo r th.t ■''^""' P'"'"""""''^ "'-"'' bo

f- '.y «..«. ::,';f r ;;:^ ;" ■;;«'-; to .u ,he,n ,..,. ..,, .,„,

tho knotty portion. Tho .ut ^^^^u!^;^!: '^^"^ ''^ '^ "" '-•'«.- '-l-v
«'l or t.a-p..„tine. ''"" '^'""'"' ^hcn bo painted with linsood

ft (shoul.j b„ romoml)ore.l that nn nfv , . .
on the .round wi,i l>o junt an ,^ ■ " ."''^"'^^°'\. '^^"'-h cut olf, and thrown
t''« tree. The sporoB^vi ript ' , 'T''"^' ''^^ ^''««"«« «« if loft on
oq-1 /acili.y. si'nglo IaK,t/X ho rt :„"''"'""'"'' '^--'"-vith
mam limbs of troon nhould be ca 0,11? ^ "''''"'"' ^" tl.o trunks or
wuh a -ixtureonin.oodoil n 0 ' ^, ::; ;'^ '^"^ ''h'' ---i Seated

covered with icnots. and^prod cinXolh t"; " '^''"' '' ^^'^ ^"^ trees
of spore, by^which thodi'ease i« mC 2, '? ^'""' ^'^ ^'^^ '^"t a crop
foes which act as broedin,. groun i!^ b" • '^''""'- '''''' '"'-toi

It has been already pointed o n- '■'^'''™"'^'^' ''«-^troyed.
o; emphasis, that a si^e h d, t :' ZlT'ff "''''' '^'''^ -'-
cl'en-y will furnish sufficient spores or s'f "^ ''""''>' ^^"'^ P'-" «,•
^^nd .nfect an entire nei^^hbourhoor Tb ' " "^''''"^ '''' ^^^'^^^ -or

and if united action co.nd be i cS" and . ."1"^''' ^ "''"'"^ ^"<^ ««-tive,

--«-abie,aws,suchaco:::t:-t:^-i;t-^^

O^^T:,: trn^P-^^ P^>vi..ees of Quebec and

Man,toba. Its presence in British Co nbiah";''"","'' '"""''"^^^ -"^ -
The provinces of Ontario and britisb Coin ' h 1 " ^''' ^'''' ^'^P^'-t"^''.
laws which, if strictly enforced w 1 o^vl M . ''' ^^""^ ^^'*'^«'>' P'^««od
from this disease. ' ' '"''^" ^'^« ^''^^'t growers little to fear

thrdi::r;;ri:::r:;^:;:^°^^--'-in.to t.o suppression of
ofthe Union have laws of :::^:z,j^:: :^:^:j^ ^-^-^ «-"

BLACK KNOT I.AW

" (1) To cut out and burn all black knnf. f .

t— on his land so often each yet ^ nhallt " ''"" '''' ^'^'•^^■

^ as It shall appear on such tree; "

IP

'I'll'

i&

"•mi

S

34

and in rch.tion to the yellows, a fungous diseaHe of contagious character,
attacking pouch-trees, owners and occupants are ordered—

« (2) To cut down and burn any poach, nectarine or other trees on his
land atVected with the disease known as the "yellows" and to destroy
all the fruit of these trees so infected."

Municipal councils have the power to appoint district inspectors whose
duty it is to enforce the law. A fine of " not less than §5.00 and not
more than S20.00 " may be imposed for every ol^enco or case ot non-
compliance with the requirements of the Act.

The Act also provides for an appeal from the decision of the inspector,
as well as outlining the duty of municipal councils.

RECAPITULATION.

A few of the salient points in connection with the nature of this disease,
and the measures which should be adopted for its prevention, may be
briefly enumerated as follows: —

1. Black Knot is due to a fungous disease and spieads rapidly by
means of spores.

2 Several species of insects have been observed inhabiting the knots,
but' none of them belong to the gall-producing kinds, and most of these
insects arc also found upon other trees which never produce knots.

3. The ,«ame fungus attacks the wild species of plum and cherry and
may be communicated by them to cultivated forms.

4 The only sure remedy is to examine cai'cfully for knots all plum
'ind cherry-trees twice each year. The first time two or three weeks
after growth begins in spring, and again after the leaves fall in autumn.
Bordeaux mixture is worthy of trial to prevent dissemination of summer

spores.

5. Cut off all knots five or six inches below the aifected portion, and
paint the wounds with turpentine or linseed oil.

6. Burn all prunings and aftected branches which are removed.

17' United action on the part of all fruit-growers is necessary in order
to secure the best results from the enforcement of these recommendations.

Liis