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REPORT O MEMI

This Rop.

_ Slate of oi — r'ite— Fires — Deprediition square timher- \from jnanufarti ■Hon of trees for

In tho di\ ture, the subjc and a dclicato better handa t, try and do m^

Before en it appoiir.H logi

Though M would ho tieeir public, /orests, as it will bo lb complicating t foreHts. One

Our publi( ing ground rer

Thoy cont to tho pine am the produce o\ nearly all conn veiy little of o

For some interest in the rapidly exhaus over t'vcntymi twontv-five mil will Hl.iink do\ Thinking i especial r- to oi likely to prove The onquii was startled wi rapidit}', »be n( calculatod theii of coals hiufficiei

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APPENDIX No. 1.

REPORT OX FOHI-STRY AND FOIIKSTS OF CANADA, BV II. (i. JOLY MEMB;«]Ji OF THE DOMINION COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURE.

This Report refers to the following subjects :—

Fhl''*'vlTiuTm~'^'Z''% *^''Li"'lf^'ri,himnt of our forests and proposed remedies,

-juie-Fnes byMtkrs-Fires by Limberwen-Fires\by Hunters- Fins bu Fishermen

-Depred.,t,oH-msfe of timber-Waste from over product ion- Wa J LvimaS-

. square tmber-Wostefrnn felling undersized trees and destroying gron^n- t Zr-wSe

Urom manutarture of extract of hemlock barkfor tanning-Plaitiijofpre.^^tr^

I -tion of trees for plant ing-Sugaries or maple orchards-Study offiUry

8TATK OF OUR FORESTS.

f„.. ^". *''° \''7''/"" '^ '"''''»•• '^•n""'? tho Members of the Dominion Council of AL'ricul inrf '. r.r"^'* "^ ^""'^7 ''"^ ^'•'"■^'^^ ''"« ^""«" t« ™y 'ot. It i8 a (litHcult question hetw hinT ^K*"""' ""'''*'":T 't« ff'-«at importance, it deserved to be entrusted to try and do m dut"-""'' ^"^ "''^ ""^ '^''"° ''''*''*° ''^ the Council, and will

' if a™.'''''i!"^'"i".*^' '"*'* ^''^ quostion of Forestry, or the management of our forests, I It appears \og^n^^\ to enquire, first, into their present state.

wnnli /!!'l '''^^'*'■«^V' Canada, tracts of forest lands owned by individuals, which

r£ T^^ <;onsMlerable in Europe, my enquiries will be mainly directed to our

■ L if w f f' '''. 'l-ij;^''u'^' ^^' '"!'•■' *'"^ '"'•«««' proportion of our timber exj>ort, and

onmX r T^ 'I'fflcult ono..gh to deal with them' in a satisfactory manner without

foSs n f« h'^"'' '''':-''^ attempting to regulate the management of oui- private loiests. une thing iit a time. '

intr LM-ounirlinf^'^nT'^ '""^ '"""'Y ^^' ^^"^ lumbermen under a license system, entail- ing giound rent and stumpago dues.

to the nTnrn^rL'l:^^'*"*^ ^If '^*? of timber, but I will principally call your attention Jho nroZ;o r ;°' "'. ^'^^^ ^r'"". "?'''-^ "" «"'• «-^P«'-t ^ ^"'-OPO. «"f» ^'o really near V a I conl r . ''*V f''^\l\^'f'^^^oA we export, especially the fine oak,

Ty iitlll oS cnviriT*' '"" ''" "^"'^ "'^'^"^ ^^ ^'^^ United Statt,., as we have interIst^nThVnZ,.K'ft.''' i^*-'" ^as been gaining ground, among men who .aUe an mnX oxhfl"st«H «-? f 1 ? ?T'^i *''"' ""•■ «''*^"^ P'"« ""^ Hpruco forests are getting : over C^tvTiMl. V. ? ' '^'^'"'•" '-"'f .« V'**''' ^"*''^''' «»"'^'«« "« »« «-^PO'-t ""mmlly twont\T/rmr • SL"''T^ of timber (nearly twenty-seven millions i« 1874,

^Hstul Sn f '" ^^n''"V''^"*^ ""'"'""^ t'^'-^^' »'"«^'-«*i thousand in 1876) win Hi.iiriv down to wofully reduced proportions.

esneciall {o^nm"«i'"''''' ''''''"".•'' """"^ "^'^ ""'« ^^ "•«•''" J w« owe it to them, but

niT/'rpi.:ve\;:e:"' " " ™'""' *" '''^^ ""' '"■' ^^"^ ^-^^ ^- ^j^-^- p--«'-- -^

was stoKled'wIX'fTr^f !? considerable difficulties. When, a short time ago, Kngland

caFci l«u;d hJ r^olE? ."? '' ^'■' .'"'""^' V'"^'^i"««'-8 ha.1 me.vsi.red'^hor coal fields, ofSls suffiden to m^^^^^^ a'lU showed that there was still in England a supplj^

ot coals sufficient to meet a regularly increasing demand, and last for conturios.

But wo cnnnot calculate the yield of the foi-est of our days with the same facilitv *• and accuracy with which mining engineers can calculate the yield of ihocoal S *"°*' Tr" the forests of past days. What is a coal bed but a mass of trees and plants S '^'^.f,^'' growing more or less scattered over vast tracts of the old world, collected, broS '

together, piled up and compiessed into a small volume by the michtv hand of G^ ? come over How much easier it is to measure off the contents of a forest, condensed into such a *"** ^'fu' "' email volume, whatever di.^nppointments and errors may arise from faults and di^I"*""® *•"*" turbances in the coal beds, ( ban to calculate the contents of growing forests scattemi *** *"^T''u over half a continent from the Atlantic to the Puaific. ' ''^*"®'^®" But, b<

Apart from our timber lands, a largo portion .of our territory consists of fertile ^^H. ®'^'*'"" prairies, with rare clumps of hno trees; in swamps without valuable timber and in '^"'l "?'* barren regions ot rocky soil, with only a dwarf stunted vegetation. In those part. , ^' T^'-" of Can* a where the soil, and other circumstances are known to be -enerallv «ntomliofi.

£T/?h' *?/,''" ^""'"^^ ^^P'"u' "";^ ^Pr«co,and where a pretty accurate^ldea can ?« *^*^"'^: be formed of the quantity of timber already taken off by the lumberman, who can say f?'* ^^^ ' ' without oontinn.-.lly renewed investigations, how much is getting swept awav overv *?® Matawa year by our great enemy, the tire fiend ? fe c i <- .iway overy ^^^^y ^^ ^^,

Let us now try and make an inventoiy of the timber resources of the Dominion ... ^".*^® beginning in tho west On the Pacific shores of the Dominion, in British Columbia' tributaries ( the bountifu mfts of Piovidnn.'n nrAafill a.-.,.«-i „..«•«-... „„.i . :' r. "'. , ^o'umoia, ... X, J

On the

the bounUful gifts of ProViden;e'a"i;";tilT;T,;;d^^ with the Je,

been atl.-iekod by the lumberman. How long those treasures willla.stus and what JSJ^'"'''"^' ^^ advantages ^^o shall derive from them, depends, in a great measure, upon ourselves Tomiscamin liet us now tui-n eastward, and see if we can learn there, an v lcs>on that will heln ^" '"^^

tomannge oj^r forests of the west. " ^ the river ; i

Croche, hav

• ;;. X ", '"•;~" ^""^""i'«""' »'»• i"oivutJiy lyjoiimains. I inat Umber will be i x- required for the local wants of the people who are now only beginning to settle our fer- botweer tile prairies, and it will never, I think,contribute to swell the bulk of our timber exports ™'s»io"ers I

Xho givnt forest of Canndu, par excellence, is spread over that vast territory «";]•""' "■ watered by the Ottawa, the St. Maurice, the Saguenay and their tributaries, over one St®- Margiic hundred thousand square miles in extent; before drawing your attention more ^*- "'"""• *''* particularly to it, I will mention our remaining timber limits, that cannot compare If .' '^^ *''°'* Tu \i T^i^'' *'''■. ""Vf °'" ••«80urces. They are found in the Georgian Buy country • *^®"* "''l*""^ theMuskoka and Nipissing regions; the Eastern Townships of Quebec and south ^^S''^,'''*' f"" shore of the St. Lawrence, to the Gulf; the region on the north shore of the St ^^"* *^"

Lawrence, from the Saguenay down to the Bersimis, and, perhaps, still lower down' f«Pa''»tefl (''' aa far as Mmgan ; an.) tiie country watered by the St. John the Miramichi, the ?7 "^^^^ '^* Kestigouc he and thoir tributaries. Those limits, in man^ places, are scattered and ^brough and isolated ; they have, with few exceptions (such as the Bersimis at the east, and some^° the shoref newly discovered pine tracts at the west, on Lake Superior), been worked for a lone ^^°^® ^ time, and cannnt be expected to supply, much longer, any considerable quantity of**"«^i" g" " first quality ]mic, but they still contain an immense quantity of spruce, principally r^ -Not voi-, .n fhA «««t Mnffi.;.„. fi. . if caref\illy worfced ancf protected. «^<>''«« "^ ^'"

m the east, sufficient for a great many years' supply

The spruce, unlike the pine, reproduces itself with wonderful ease, and a good spruce 8° ^^''J *««" ' country^ carefully worketl, whore you leave untouched all the trees under a certain ;!^«t«r-8hed fr siBe, sa.y twelve or thirteen inches at the foot, can be worked and worked again after ^"®™ '^ ^*'" a very f ow years' rest, I might say almost for ever. waters of th(

1 . .'^^.* ""^'^^^ ^ ^^^ limber wealth of British Columbia in the west, there have been t'°»ber, until lately discovered at the extreme eaat of British North America, in the recent exnlorar "^ent o^ the g tions through the hitherto unknown interior of Newfoundland, magniticont forests • ""^® "^^ iet us. hope that, before long, they will take their place among our Canadian forests! *','l® ^"^^^ "P''^ 1 will now return to the Great Canadian Forest, our great pine country, with its*" ''"" ^^ 7® wonderful network of streams, and its three great arteries, the Ottawa, the St. ?^P™^?"*®^-" Maurice, and the Saguenay. o , ,

Does it begin to show signs of exhaustion? Is it possible that, in such a short

;rowth. The lupert, the JJ \y, and taki 9-lJ

lions of

i?of ^tKa? bidt tSi "ZS?*^*''' "^'^ ^ "**'''' "*" impression .:pon those millions and milli(

rcoUect^Tb?;S^„JLi*'!K^ exhaustion, what i. the mean^n^ of the complaints that

ghty hand of G& <»5»« o^^'" }'>« «<>".« *« "«./'Von- year louder and louder, about the falling off, in oualitv

idensed into such a ''"l%\';fn^'n'r"'' ''''''"''r-""'^'^^'^' ""^ ^''« '^''''' "' ^''« ^vorld?^ Ari thev no from faults and di"*^^^,*^^ " ^'^" *''''' ""'"^ complaints of the purchaser '! I leave it to our lumbermen

ng forests. scattere<l But, before they answer. I will ask them why are they compelled to go now to

7b.nitt;'/r/.T"^

n. In those part^' , „, ^'li "^ n!" T^'r^^^'^^ «7"t W'», and you will see how litllo of it is now left ti to be generally T*';:;''iL ;>""'«Ontanos,do, all the most accessible tributaries ol the Ottawa. y accurate idea can $:! Si Th:"i, . "i ^"""^'^'"-^'•«' Mississippi Petewawa, and others, have been worked rman,whocan8ay,f?'^^L"4*J^J"'"''°'■'"t""'^^V**"'''^^''*' ^"'^^^'•" ^"^^ «^ I^«'<« Nipissing, with swept away every J^® ^f^T^u !'"" f r'lL''' ^"^ 5'' ^"r^'"' ''""' ^•'"' °"'>' ^ ''cached by a land road ; ' ^ J' they are still much further north, on the shores of the Montreal T?iv«.. "^

swept away every IZ '."n ' " ."■^"".'l'"'' '" ",'" "'•'^»*>". i"""- ^un oniy oe reached I

^ J' they are still much further north, on the shores of the Alontreal Elver

s of the Dominion, ♦.-w "•!. „??u'' n.f '^''' *^u^' !T?. ""'^t'."'^ '-"eached the head waters of all the gi ia: :.\"?kT 5J^n.? !!?^/r'^!.l^'^ ^'-. ^l--- ^u Lievre, the Gatife

eat ineau,

British Columbia :;!°.T/'''t^^^^ me uttawa, the K.y.ere JJouge, the Riviere du Lievre, the Gatineau. .rests have scarcely T*^ ^^^ f r" '^" ^"T ^""^ m "''u .^Y'^^b'-'y" ""^ the Lac des Rapides they are now ill last us, and what Z*"''^^'"^' ^.''™*' I'undmi miles higher up than Ottawa, as the river runs, on Lake i-e. upon ourselves. Tomiscam.nguo and the Iveepawa.

5s.on that will help ., V" "'^'.f '• Maurice, th«y are as far u]. as Lake Manooran, on the western side of

1' the river; its great tributaries, on the eastern side, the Bostonnais and the Riviere

are scattered, here S"°f ®','''''''^ ''ee" deprived of the greatest part^of their fine pine; it is now sought at

.r Macoun's sketch , ^V ■'* 'i'' S«g»e"»y.'-egio>i; it still contains a good deal of spruce, but there is 'hat timber will be ?">' " ''?l'*'i*'f ^^.^ I'^P'"'' '^'." ""^^"'^^''cJ. or nearly so, south of Lake St. John, ig to settle our fer- between the Metabetchouan and the head waters of the Riviere Croche. near Com- )ur timber exports. ™'f' ""^rs Lake and Bouchette's Lake. There is a little pine left north of Lake St hat vast teri^ry Jl"^"^""' "" '?;^""\1"»"l'ty «" the River Shipsha, and in the Lower Saguenay on the ibutaries, over oni I^V^'^ir'nu ""'' ^?^'^ St J^^^xn, &c. As for the largo rivers that flow into Lake r attention more ^^- J"hn. the Chamouchoua, Mistassine and Peribonca. the pine that was on the lower

at cannot compare Hf.* *!/.?"■? '""'T "'' ''®''" "?'*''^' *" ''"^' ''"^^ ^^^ remainder of their course from pan Bay country; their distant northern sources, is through an immen^o burnt up wilderness, where the Quebec and south ^egotnb'e «o>l has been consumed by fire.

h shore of the St. ^ ?"* r^^ ^l"" °^ '"'"'^.®'' ^o^n^ry, between the Ottawa and the St. Maurice, that

still lower down, f Parote'^ ('^'' '"'ther appeared to separate) the lumbermen working on those two rivers le Miramichi.thef/ '^^'"^ ''Tl^^ ""u ""^•;^''«»**5'ble and endless forest.-that huge tract is tapped are scattered and ±^^^^\^"'^ *^'Tf ' ^"'^ ^^^ 0«awa umberman has met the St. Maurice lumberman the east, and some**'' **?^.'''''''^^*'^^!'H\?"fT'*°- .^ S'an'e at the map will show what that means worked for a long |.^°^® who think that there will never be an end to our timber may say • " Wo 9rable quantity of **° ^T^" SO north. ,, ^ ^ *

pruce, principally „, ^ot very tar north. From Lake Temiscamingue and the Montreal River, on the kedancfprotected.'^''^'''^^ of which the lumberman is plying his axe at this very moment, thoy cannot ind a good 8pruce|°'7f''y 2\'"„""^t''' •^*?'« ^^"^y ,^,t"te the height of lands, dividing the St. Lawrence

under a certain ;^"*«''-^*^®**..=',':<"" *•»« Hudson s Bay, and the country is generally poor and barren, orked again after t. '^ /Vu "Jl*^® ^"e pine there, in what (luantity is not known, along the head rl^' .-f^ ^""""'^ •'"^ '* '?"^^ V^ •'''""^'^^ •^•^^" to market, at least as squa!^ it,therehavebeen*''"'f' '"li very extensive and costly works have been executed for the improve- le recent explorar ^^ent of the great Rapidc des Quinze. *'

gniticont forests : ^ JP"^® *^^®,': **^« heights that divide the St. Lawrence and Hudson's Bay water-sheds Canadian foresta.'^^® *''*'™ 'JH'^'her, the ftreums, without which timber cannot be brought to market country, with itsi' ''"" *? ^J»« "O'lth, to James' Bay and Hudson's Bay. Those regions are generally

Ottawa, the St. FfP^'^f ®"t^ «8 » .h"ge barren wilderness with little timber and that mostly of a stuntea

fcrowth. There is, doubtlesB, some good timber, but the idea of driving it down the

t, in such a short &^"' iTr^^'^'^l' **i« narncanaw and all those long rivers, to the slTores of James

"9 n"'^ Hudson's Bay, eight hundred miles long and through

mustconelii for iinj)rovt

Whut I

CAUSED

Tho fjn Ivi

the dangerous Hudson s Strait, does not appear very practicable. Whatever timber 18 there may a« well be considered as out of our reach for the present; in the course of time the scarcity of timber fit lor export may become so great as to ciicouraS thi lumbermen to turn their efforts in that direction, but t..a, region may salary be left ' out of our reckoning oi the present available timber supply. •> ^'^ "« 'eii

In a very shori time, since the beginning of this century, we have overrun ourwoste forests, pKknig out the finest pine, and we have impoverished them to a seHou 7 extent, and what makes it worse, impoverished the country too, for, owing to the force ot circumstances which we shall consider later, our timber expo t trad? has not given Canada such a return as she had a right to expect. There still remarns to us ^^"^ '"" a great deal of^ sj>ruce and second rate pine, which for generations to come will be in^^''"' ^"^ "'" excess of our bcal want>., if we are careful; but the really fine pine, required to keeoF^^^®"*^ ^'"^ np our great timber export trade to its present standard, is"^ getting very scarce anf""^'^"''""'^'' inaccessible, and I fear that we must prepare for a sudden anJ cor iderable f»ll-"«t'^''« ''"M ing ott. ful white pi

While every one admits the great value of the timber trade to Canada no oneP'"®' ''^'■'"^' would complain in a new and scarcely peopled country like oui-s, if the finest nine^'^'^ " «''"'' forests were to disappear and make room for fine farms. Bui, unfortunaielv we ^' '" ^"'

cannot comfort ourselves with such hope; tho soil of the pine region is notgonemllv J««*' ^''"' ' Javourable to agriculture, and when the pine disappears, the farmer does not often *«*"' '^"^ ^^ laKe us place. all the yoiii

^ffJ^tV'*" ^''° ^•'""*' l",?"^®'' ^''? '^'''''^ ' *^^y "«^®'' ««* ™«ch vaJ»o upon the free *'"'* ^?'^''''*' gitls of i'rovidence, and disregard them in proportion to their abundance -timber *^° P'"^"" *'f tish and game have been destroyed everywhere in tho same way. When what The dit

appeared to be inexhaustible becomes exhausteiJ, it then begins to be valuable • *^ enormous we must pay for our experience. ° vumaoie , ^^^ ^ ^^^^^

Our neighbours, in the United States, have applied to the destruction of their ^'''® " «'""^ wdr ■ '•'" ''"P^-'-''"'""" activity and energy, and they are now worse off than wa '«'h'-'» l^'ouK has eai

quotation __ „ .^ ^». ...„„. ^^ ^„. ^, „i i„„ ,

thoroughly they appreciate the gravity of the situation :—

" The rapidity with which this country is " every thinking man. P has been estimated by j^uuu uuiuo.uy, mac ii we go on at " l?«„rT^? '■"*•'. ^•^^ f '^P?'^- of timber in the United States will, in less than twenty yeais, fall considerably short of our home necessities.

.< i." I' '" ^''®.'*'g!»«^t time that we should turn our earnest attention to this subject wnich HO seriously concerns our national prosperity." '

I do not fear so much on the score of deficient supply for our homo necessities •f'tion.. Dut It IS our great export trade that is in jeopai-dy. We have still got an enormous barren heap quantity ot common timber on the Crown Lands, and our people, betfiniii.r to annre- ^''<'"t^^ *iate the value of the wood that grows on their own farms, have "generally «"d "'"'"^^ ceased to look upon it as an incumbrance, to be got rid of at any cost. But it was P»'o'ected not a yviiys so nor is it so everywhere «ven now. As far back as the year 1696. the '^''"

attention of the French Governors of Canada was drawn to the wastetiiil destruction ,

01 the forests and they were called upon to check it. Nothing, however, was done ^"'^ ""^''■'>' oy iheni and little has been done since. The result stares us reproachfully in the face ^^'^^ ^^'' '"''•^ especially in the Province of Quebec, the oldest in the Dominion. Tho old settle-' ^" ^''■""

menis are painfully bare of trees ; you can sometimes go miles without seeingany tree ^°"S. whore wortli ooking at and the passing stranger fancies himself in a country more «>"nJ>) ^^o ( aeniidcd of trees than the oldest parts of Europe. There is a large district of very t»'ai»«d by k good agrioi.|Jnr.al land, south of xMonticul, where the scarcity of firewood, which is g«iJa««eof' a matter ot life and death in our climate, has compelled many a farmer to sacrifice a «'»wtion of nne tarm and leave the country; there are many other spots in tho Province nearly g®"<^^ ""^' 1" as bad and unfortunately the process of destruction is going on even now in morei ^*^^» ^^'^' ^ piaccs tfiQii one, I

To sum up this first pait of my Report on " the present state of o.ir forests " I '

situation : — ' of perfeetioi

is stripped of its forests must alarm f!"o«n ""otlie by good authority, that if we go on at ^'^j*' •*^"^^, '^'

■enforced for aetrous firos them, as is t

Coiisitlo rations in tli barren heap: created l)y n and must be

ected.

The pe( with more o

roust eoneluJo liy flaying that it is very far from satisfactory, and leaves much room 'for improvemoiit.

What ai'o the main causes of that unsatisfactory slate, and is there any remedy ?

CAUSES OF IIIE IMPOVERISHMENT OF OUU FORESTS, AND PROPOSED RKMEDY.

•. Whatever timber

esont; in the course

as to encourage the

u may salely be left i

The groat causes of the impoverishment of our forests are fire, tlopredation and

ve have overrun ourwaute. 1 will begin by tire.

them to a serious j

a, foi', owing to the j -^'"■<'-

export trade has not ,^ -.u . i n • ^ . *i i . .1 i *.

still remains to us We can cope with waste and pilliigo in our forests, the}' are hut the work of

s to come will bo in*"''"' ^"^ ^^^^ "'*^ terribly helpless against tire. It is, in every countrj', tho IP ronuircd to keani?'^*'"''''"'*^ enemy <>f the forest, especiall}' the jiine foi'est, on account of its resinous and iir very scarce ana "^"^"'^'^ riatme. It is ubiquitous, you find it exercising its ravages wheiever

id cor iiderable faii 'i'*'^'i''o has planted its grand virgin forests ; in North America destroying the beauti- ful white pine, and at tho Antipodes, in New Zealand, sw eping away the noble Kawrie to Canada no onoP'"®' throutrh India, the Russian Kmpire, Sweden and Norway', it throws around the H if the tin'est nine^^'^''*' " g'l'dle of lurid flames, only broken by the groat oceans.

unfortunatelv we ^' ''^ estimated by those who are most competent to form an opinion on the sub-

ion is not ifonei-'allv J®^^' ^'"'''^ '"'"^^ ^'"^ tiinher htts been destroyei/ by fire than kis been cut down and mer does not often ^^'^'^ "^"^ ^^ ^^"^ lumberman ; not only is the large ripe timber destroyed by tire, but all tho young trees too, upon whoso growth wo must depend for the re-stocking of aluo UDon the free **"'^ forests. It is not practicable, in our Canmlian woods, to plant trees to take

bundance-timber, *^° P'f ^*!('„^^''*" ^''"^ '''■«,.^'»t ^«^y"- . ,. , ,. . . ^ .

way. When what Tiie dilnculty of guarding agamst nre in such immense and distant forests as ours

I to bo valuable • *^ enormous, and as for extinguishing it when once fairl}' started, the power of man can- ' not do that. It will sweep onward as long as it can find food, leaping at one bound

jslruction of their ^'^® * ^'''"'^ "^*^'^'"^'' '*^ *■'*'"'* *^'^*^ ''""'''^ ^'"^^''^ '""' ^^'"*"^''''^'' ""*^ ^^'" *^*"'-^ '^'^^P worse off than we ^^^'^ brought to bay by large lakes, or when it reaches rocky or barren ground with nothing to burn ; it will riot for weeks, until starved fbi want of fljod, or drowned under torients of long expected rain.

In France and Germany, where the science of forestry is brought to a high state of perfection, wliero the forests are much smaller than ours, divided and i>olated one orcsts must alarm ^'"'"" ""other, kept as much as possible free from riibbi itiid dead timber and all tho ;hat if we co on at ^'S'^* ^turt" that can ies on the flames so rapidly, protects 1 -y stringent laws, strictly in loss than twentv '*"^'^'"''<'^ ''^'' generations ; watched over by large siatls of loresters ; even there dis- ^ aetrous fires are of f'ie(iuent occurrence, and they call lor such an elVort \o suppress on to this subject *^*^™' '''•'* ''^ totally bo'ond our power, as the following example will show. —

■' ' Considerable ])ine foi-ests have been created within tho last two or three gene-

large regions that were once

n his last message, ind tho following itorior, shows how

homo necessities ■^''^'^"** '" *''*^ south-west of France, and now cover trot an enormous b*"'®'' heaps of sand rolled up far inland by Ibo aclii

b^ininctoapDr^ created b}- man now yielding a large and ever-increasing revenue, are highly valued have "generallv *"^ must bo protected, one would think, as well as any forest can ever hope to

)n of the sea. Those forests,

ed .be cost. BiTr it" WM P^'o'®^'*'''^'' ^«Jvertlieless, tires aie frcfiiient among them, the year 1696 the- ^''" P'-''*P'*' do there what we cannot do here an i generally conquer tho tiros, istcful destruction ^^^^ more or less lo.>s. But a short description of their mode of warfare will show owever was done ^^^^ utterly inapplicable it is toour circumstances, and make us fool, more than ever, ;hfullyin theface th<^t o^f onl y hope is in Prevention.

1. Tho old settle^ ^"^ Fiance, as soon as it is discovered that the forest is on fire, (which cannot take

' _i ..... itivcly small, and tho country thickly settled all

the neighboring villages. Tho whole population, trained by long practice, turns out, with axes, spades, shovels, rakes, &c., under the guidance of aeknowledyed leaders. They combine their movements according to the

)ut seeing any tree long- whore the forests aro comparti a country more *^"nu.)>no church bolls ring in all 0 district of very re wood, which is

mer to sacrifice a I Province nearly fen now in more

of o.ir forests " I

direction of the wind and other circumstances, and dispose their forces with intelli- gence and promptitude. A mode often resorted to, is the centre feu, fighting the fire with tire, something not unlike what the hunters practise when overtaken by

grow) OP to the most lavo?uEUl Z'^iu °^ ^ or Hhrubs are allowed to*"- The ti,

ahead ofit, form an extended line oftoJk^-H Cder than t'ff^ ? * ""^'""' dintance'ap runn.ng remove as much of the inflammable nVaf ,ri. lu « -u? ^'^^ ^'•«» and «et to work toV«*'iwood ti

and trample and Hhovel eJb an,? S^^Jy a^arsStc ' 157 T 'T-^ ^"^ burn *em,catch ,

miles away from man's dwellings "'""* wilderness, olten hundreds of (^^It^ you

^^rnAi^:'i::n^^^^^^ «ometbingto,revent it, and toP "^-t"

Britain too, (.^here the™ e o? L" W be" om^^^^^^^ «"^ in G?eiti-»nd mor,

preventing the 8i)readintr of the « « nvi.. n i '**-^"'"'"g »« object of serious study) for *P ^^^' "*■ '^^' out of thefr foresl. a«!l !i vL ng the„?ln to i Xd In")' "' \^' ^l!?"'"^' '« ^he lilting , m^Ji^"^ thesa/tf^»sen>«oreo«»e.fe«, ft.r «."L .T i '"dependent blocks, by meaas oT'o^lei-sfronr

has bie.f fou-id tha'TCouid often Su-rv^nflaiTr^'" '''' ^^"'^ '« virj^stron^ U whole, for tl c ear over «v«..^»k;„„ «„„ A- .""''" ^'"'> "nnammable matters, suoh «« «ino „*'„: that now in

of having it ruin}' fo

."'• ""«""voi- uie wina is vorv Mtmrnr u wnoie, lor i

clear over e^emhing to^aZtanoTor"''"^' mflammable matters, such as^pine co„'e ' 1^"' "«^^ '" where they fallf S wfutTeSlK. SeJ'^ia rvThosTw/'" ""'^ "^^'"'^ ''-'' ""^ ff *'«'' 'T' fires have swept over the Oitawa iSivor ^ "^^^ remember how easily ff.a« "\''f

s' s sitr' ?"■ "-""'°f '^««s wL''„"e" „„'iTS ""^li,."-".*''" ir,

make them, would

h'a:eroS''kijfcTel";frnrwT?w"L W^'cinnouhrnk'r^'^i'' «ffi--yrt»^e;"wouId ,,

work, at least in our large and mnV forests ^ *^\- "u

do in Eui^pe, to clear the undei-hZt aoH ;em^ve th'^ TT "'J'^^'take, If they v«th such o

dn Jf ?ScftS;K £.t?:'l" ftS """■ Iff ">• ""»'»™°" ""« loeomotivMi by lighti.in,78ometor ivon hv.!?™ "",'' "''"'T'' ■ ^J' .parks from one aKai».t another in gal', of wllid ^ "''"' '"'''''"« °'' ''='«' branches

tivea can kecp'do»r„ ■heir.ZrkTwS.TZ. ifjl I'll"*' '" T '''•"^ *« I"""""- companies are interested in every wav in S!.n„! . '■' ™'?''«»'«=l<s. Tlie railway .0 take sumeient precaution, SyZ^ZSA^ZZl'ZSfJ. ""^ "''«"°'

mcnts, . .. still avnilabi " answer to " well know " covered to " easily don " pearl ashe " make ther " clearing.

" In sot " that /ires d " chiefly prei "fires have t " latter." I To shov forests onjoj

A trequent cause of disastrous fii-fis in ih^ ,„ ^ • i ^'^^ ^^^^^^ ^

now generally followed by se E Of bourse Zf '' l\' ""^^ °^ ^>«^""g I«nd approaches ,

order to clear wood landsf Ju« ftreouahttoZn^/r ^ Tf ^^^^ '''^^^^'^^ to tires ia P>^^ th.-ougl

not ow master. ' ^ ''"^'^' '^ *^ ''"'^ ««'''^««^ ^ept under continued control ™ay "K^t t

Fires by Settlers.

practical experience), if the settlers wiMnnirh ^*f"t' V" "''^ ("« ^ k/iow from &!L^"-' - ^i^«^"t themlrn:"'LSa'rod*tf„tt.' J!!''-'^-' '«-es and

customary t kinds of tn

kavng .^e a ^e^„ f„ ,» .'^Ln^ta cS,gX!'r .:'"yl:l.'t\t;; °'™tf ^'u^

irect their foicos toi»on the fire at onco ; children will help immeriHcly with tholight Mturt", and willingly rubs are allowed to*"- "^^^^ *^'"® °^^° ^®'' started, everything will burn up, the green wood with the I sufficient distance^P running out, and the green leaves too, not only those of fir-trees, but of every , and set to work to"'"''^'^""*^ ^'■®®- ^^ ^'^^ throw in the branches the whole of the green leaves upon cut down I'hon the d at Just,

,'08, the alarm bollsbe apprehended ; the larger branches and trunks of trees, if you nnust burn them

i, olten lumdreds of (which you ought not) present little danger of fire in dealing with them. When

you get inconveniontly distant from your ♦irst fire, you light a second one and let

|)revent it and toyo'"" ^^'^^ ^^^ "'"'■" ""^ ' ''' '■* remarkable that those tires generally burn down to the

lance and in Great^'***""^ ™*^™ thoroughly than the carefully constructed piles that have been drying

ound.

es is not the only advantage that would accrue to the

Take tliem as a

f serious study) for**? ^°'" " ^'^'^'^ y®***'

d, is the laviDff Increased safety from fin . „ -, . - . , j

locks bv means nf 'fillers from the adoption of this mode of clearing wood lands,

. 18

iuch d star!

very stronu- it whole, for the hake of comparing them, and this mode does not give more work than

MS pine c(^'as *^"' ""^^ '" "''®- T'""''' >""" •'*^'' ^^^ ^^' ''""^'oy ^^^ stuff you intend burning a little

art fresh tiros further, because one single fire, continued and replenished for some hours, will dispose

resh tiros,

cicss, of

I entail

> to prolong them,

er felled down to

y up and increase

iency, they would

ng such a gigantic

much stuff as would have made one or "two dozen average piles, but then, link of the advantage of having got all that rubbish out of the way at onco, instead

lember how easily **^ '^^

' thi „ „ „

great ser *•*" baving it to cumber the ground until next year, when perhaps the season will be

incredibla *<^° •""'">' ^"'" l^omi'ig, or so dry that you will run the risk of setting tire to your own farm and the whole surrounding country. As the work is now done, oven in a small clearing, no settlor can keep all his tires under absolute control ; ho is obliged to wait for dry weather and then he has got twenty, thirty and more fires going on at once. A sudden gust of wind, which is often produced by the intensity of the fire itself in the stillest weather, and off the fire goes, reaches the woods close ly, and meets there

ndertako as thev ^''*^ ''"*-"^ encouragement as to get very soon beyond human control, d and rubbish It ^** " further precaution against the d:inger to th^ forest arising fron

ree from cost but "^ '''"^'* ^^ ^^'^' ^ would recommend that ihe Government should contii

cost, but as every man

ess, not going o lo a great deal to

umbermen whist : by sparks from of dead branches

annot remove all St. But locomo- «. The railway i if they neglect int.

af clearing land lurse to tires in 'ontinued control,

'ra fire, and b s I k/iow from jhes, loaves and art with, after you cut throw

om the clearing contine tlio settle- ments, as'raucli as possiblo to the hardwood lands, of which there are largo tracts still available. " As a general rule (to quote the words of Mr. Allan Gilmour in " answer to questions of a Committee of the House of Assembly of Quebec) it is " well kiiown that they are of much better quality for farming purposes, than those " covered to any great extent with pine, while they are at the same time much more '' easily cleared, and will give, as a tirst crop, a good return, in the shape of pot or " pearl ashes from ', • l/urnt timber, should the parties clearing the land choose t..> " make them— a be -art which cannot lo had from pine burnt in the proceed of " clearing.

" In settling the hard wood lands, there is also the important fact (o bo considered, " thatyfrps do not spn-ad through them to anything like the same extent as where pine " chiefly prevails; a>,d. indeed, from a very extensive obiervation, I am of opinion that "fires have little disposition to spread in the former, while the reverse is tl\e case with the " latter."

\ To show how generally it is acknowledged, among practical men, that hardwood forests enjoy a greater immunity from fire, than pine and other coniferous forests, I will select one striking case, out of many. In Hanover, (where the science of forestry approaches nearer to perfection than in any other part of Germany) where railways pass through tir forests, and it is feared that the sparks flying from the locomotives may light the accumulated fir leaves, dry heather and other smaller plants, it is customary to guard against this danger by means of safety stiips, formed by other kinds of trees, not coniferous, that are planted along the line of railway, as for instance birch, coppice woods of oak, &c.

Before concluding this part of the question, viz., bush fires lighted by settlers, io clearing the lands, I would recommend :

let. Such a study of the soil of our unsettled lands, as would enable them to bo

2n.l. L ; ; o,:"^^ ;r ^'•" «« '- the public goU. ""^ " '"^"-^ ""^^t to be kejdriv^H. wl, necessary n mJ . ." u""^'."' "'« «^"P»'"" "^ ovorf preeauZ.u.K ".'"'>"' f'^uncilighto-l on

„ "^ •»-'jin;u iijo uanjifer

ities more wit ^ 1^ ^'"' "''^''"'^^ "^ d"ty, which woul. n I *'''' *" ^'' '"^^e^ i, A n.o

tioHH. ^ "'''''"'' «"^' P'-«pare the poople\r a ^0"^ ^^0^^!: •'' '"""'^'l"" '^"^h' forest that

«'<l. In new sotth.,n« . ^'"K'reement of .eguhjbe tiacecl ,

regulations w.,uT| T v^„ Ti "^^^^''^ ""T" ^•'" ^''° ^""ieinal Hvs.om .K r- «<■'«" '■« '

is not a loM./r ,". , • . ^"^ «"ft>'-fe.l by wood rariL'tM^' L^ *""• '''®<^'"^-c'-nmen(|t is o-.ly 1

a lun.. o,.e ' ^""'' ''"^•''' *" "^^''''i- ^h.4 vigila.u.e n 'ell i 'S ?"'' "'« ^->ver,ULplos Ti.oIVovincor.fn u ■ "*""'*•" l« this matter, is n.». J/««^

Dominion, but "i^ « n •?" .'" '" "''^ance, not only of all tb., ,.,K u ■ «'•« ^o >Ih

Interior) ,,Hsin.!|ll^*r"^-;^''''''"^ •"" f^«« lasf Rep t • L^J '■"'''''''^"'^ °^ »'' *^^ '^•

1870. Cap. I' r/'^.it "^ '^"■^'"'' protection of the «S fL ^''«/''o.'-ctary ofth ing such ,

were thJy car iii 1 Zr'""J".'"'^' *^'"'»<' P'-«visLrw .X . 'id ir\-"'''' ^''* ^'«' *«^'^"'-' ^^•

interests'atslai;:^.;!:^ '^ •""^«' ^^-^" '- ^-i-- ii:artS3'i::;:i;x:;^s^ °"^^;;;^,

„. ruift th-: (/.I

^.m 63, £«,„6em.„, Hunters, and tMemen ^Y"''

The origin of m-inv fii h u oimmen. mean to c

foot ill oil,. ?,„;„ ■,',',"?. "» ',™ contrast liclwi-oi, m, Km-oiw.,.,, ik « ■ of 'b" ™"

to»c.u.il vcSii'iiiri I, I,"''?"' """*l""- "ill' 111. wXl' • V",'.'"' '""» l'« "«'• I" «■■

fell, til. ii"ctx u, i^ ? '" 'Tu'™'' "" "lii' ■"•«.• .i.»"t" till :.""; r "c- "■* '» '^ -'■■>■

that thoVln'ust'V;ok";;-;ertb'^.:"f^«" the foremen, as one of tbei- mo., unn.H .^ .-

are veiy | They ordt vegetable clearing a fire to lie

down a lij Tiio c the tisiiiii The \vo()( acre ot foi become at would ket cai'eiess i) Tl.o 1 tion of I h( circulars, | liberally, ot thetn \v 1 will great ie:si

,* il'^^ "'® "t'ttlt'i-H ougHion ; or h ftovornmont woodrangor might bo detailed for each drive or group of

<?!■« ought to he kojdriveH, when «-i<wo enough for that purpose ; or, should that bntnil too niucli exponHe,

f. . . each wocxlrangor might wjtch over a corluin length of the river. The tiros are only

". ."'""f ipal Councilighte<l on the hanits of the streams, during a drive, not inland ; how easy it would be

w iich they may dcerto throw the buining sticks or roll the burning logs in the water, with so n«iny men

i"n<J and to impo.««t hand round a camp fire.

"■ought to bo added :t A moment's reflection ought to convince all those who make their hviwj hy the

« ine munici|m| auf h(fore5< that it is their interest to let the forest lice. When the origin of a bush tire can

'niorcenient of reguh4>o tiacod di»tinrtly to the men employed or; a certain drive of timber (which might

often Ik) iiccinipiished, with a good s^'stcni of supervision), I cannot helj> thinking

em, fhefioyernment'it 18 only fair that their employer should bo made to feel his rosnonsiiiility, and bo

■"if**''"ir"V '"' ^'"■""•(deprivcil <d his timber limits and license if he cannot make goo<J i j damage. A few

I'J^W'hKh the Goveniexamplus of just severity would produce the best results.

o this matter, is ni» Uiihfers. — .Men who live by liuntii.g, Indians and white men, do not often sot-

, . fire to ilie f )rc.-«t ; it is their home; noithor is much to be feared from amateur

ner I rovinces of tL' hunters ivho ronform to the Game Laws. All ovortho Dominion, the season for shoot-

10 .^eirotarv of th ing such i;anic as is found ^l the forest, opens generally, about the begini ing of Sop-

••garnet tire, (Hi Vict tember, when the driest season is over and the autumn rains besrin. This is a point

hoof giviit honefi'fupon wliicli much stress is laid in the Forestry regulations of J njpe, and perhaps

•cs thjin the provinc our game laws might bo slightly inoiliricd to insure greater safijty here

Jiut tli"S'' who sh'Mjt in the woods, out of seasm, owjht to be doubly punished, as thty ruin th'' ijame and may he the cause of ruin to the forest*.

Fishrmen are more dangoi-ous ihun hunters. It is not their fault, and I do mean to cast any asper-ion on their character ; for when wo see them exercise, in the pursuit of their avocation, so much piilience and coolnos:), wo are bound to credit them with the sister qualities of caution and prudence; ii is the season during which tishing is allowed (and during which only it can be allowed) the driest part of the summer, that makes it so dangerous.

In granting louses for the right of fishing rivers, it would be advisable for the Govern men t toincieasethostringciuy of their regulations, so as to cause the lessees to be very cureful hovy they thomselv. -., their friends and those under them, light and put out their fires.

The precautions indicated in the Quebec Act already alluded to, 34 Vict, cap. 19, especially those in Section 4, for lighting and putting out of fires, in the A'oods, are veiy practical aud effective, and ought to be adoptcii and enforced everywhere. They order a careful selection of the locality, where there is the smallest (in;uitity of vegetable matter, dead wood, branches, brush wood, dry leaves or resinous tnos; the clearing away of those inflammable materials, within a radius of four feet 1. .ua the fire to be matle, and the total e.xtinguishing of the fire before quitting the jil ice. Anj •\i "i'^"*'^*'*^ ' ■ ^^"®'''' <-''>nscientious man, with u liead on his shoulders, ought to take tlio-e precau- ne Will deny that tion.s, and be as careful of the property of others as ho would be of his own. There are times, in the long droughts of summer, when a man is just as guiliy, who throws down a lighted match in the woods, as if he threw it in a barn full of hay.

The enlorcemont of regulations nuKle for diminishing tho danger of fire, during the fishing season, would not entail such oxpoudituro as might be expected. The wtjodrangor? and fishery inspectors would not have to watcii over every s([uare acre of forest, an armj' could not do that. An officer, well up to his woik, would soon become ac(iuainted with every goixl fishing pool where tisheimm are likel}' to ,i,'0, and would kceji an eye on those spots; in his rounds, ho might watch, warn and arrest cai'oless j)cople, if necessary.

The forest rangers, fishery inspectors and all officers connected with the protec- tion of the forest and its contents, ought to bo proviJod with a numk'r of i)rinted cii*culai's, postei-s, &c., warning tho people in the strongest terras, and to distribute them liberally, posting them up wherever there is a chance of their being seen ; the sight of them would act as a reminder with those who could not road them.

i will not apologise for entering into all these details^ wo cannot achieve any great lesults if we ovei'Iook them.

tho magnitude of th-

fise have I heard o "^'less, and they mus

thoHrst time he set; feeling, aniountint l>oun(tlo.ss forest, the •0I-, rotting whore it eliictance at leaving ; on the o^hoi-side. to tho scenes with

entthe workof the '>>;, and fo open the idiiuro than is now ideiably one wil i amount), is "it not C to fsuch purpose a iblic hlxchequer ? lile carrying on all 'f the timber; the 'P''"g and often in f the rivers, to diy mutes of rest, or, Before tho tire is the loose logs dai-t L,'o with the swift

I important duties, • As tho lumber- I men ought to be ith every precau- ■

10

DBPBIDATI0N8 OF THE PUBLIC P0BZ8TS. ,

is a robber, and ought to be treated as such ^ ' " "^ *''*"'®^ '' "'^^J^'

Nothing is easier than to discover depredations on nnvfliinn. i.-l-o, „ i i

in the pubHc forests of Canada, and to trac^e out the ^^Strp^ai tie! * '*'^' '""'"' floo* H ! u *'"° *'"'^' .''® removed in winter on the snow roads "and as it must Ha

floated down the streams in the spring, it must of necessity bo pi^ed up on the bank! of those streams; the woodranger can follow it everywhere £ lone «s it L, n!^ been hau ed out to the settlements, which is impossible^rn ou; di taft foresu Thl mark of the snow road over which timber has beeu drawn throuXthi wn^'- ™?n remain for the who'e winter, whatever amount of fresh 'snow X^ tn?^^^^ along the road with their bruised, broken bark, and lower b.anche^ThohD;c« off wUl ht dlSZy!'''^"'"' ''' '''^'''''"'' ''''' ^'•«"- «"«°* '^'^^^ certSfn to leaJ to Once discovered, how is the depredatoFto be dealt with ? 1 thoroughly sympathize with the views of the Secretarv of tha. Tr>f„ • * ^ ^i. y"l*«1^^r'1i'^?^^^ T. Schurz, and will q.^te a itw H^eTS^m^L ^'J^XoJf pages 17 and 18: " 1 desire to make those who hitherto have carrL on tEe demS dationswih profit, understand that, in the attempting to la timber fi^mTl^ public lands they will, in any event, lose the valul of their labour and their expenses and expose themselves to criminal piX)secution." .< *i. * :l u*^^*'"** *^ ^^^ criminal prosecution of depredators. I would repommAnrf

" the greatest profit,"

«n»J^*'^^''^*''■^"•''^ ^'i".'^^^ ^ ^^^ ""'"be' of prosecutions 'lately instituted and answer, to complaints of injury done to bu.inass b'y a strict adherence t hit n'oHcv

^fS r''t^ h^%*" the injury done to business, if that business con^^^stsi vvnnS

taking timber from the public lands of tho United States and ma, ufac?uH « ft into

lumber and selling it, ,t ,s just tho business whid, it is the duty of this I) artme^t

to suppress for the protection of public interest." ^ partment

«,in7,''*' ^''^iffl^'j'ty attending this question, is for a Government to make ud ita

mmd to stop depiodation on its forests: its mind once made up it is siromr enLyJ

protect Its own property. With rigkt and might on its side^he resi t Lnot f^

Cdeia;xt>ropS;'*'^ ^^"••"'"^"^ ''^"'^^"'' «'*^«^' ^^- in':;.red"t^

WA8TB OF TIMBER IN THE PUBLIC FORESTS*

SQua.^tTmllL.T.ml.^i''"''''' '!! °"J: J?"'''^" ^""'^'^ ^'•«™ over-productiou, making Sing,&c.r&c ^ undersized trees, manufacturing of" hemlock bark fof

Over-Production.

nroduolion ''TfTa\,5!*fu*^'' '^'^^ ^''""^ marketable commodity than over, production. It IS unavoidable, as the extraordinary success of a iriven branch of industry is certain to pi^uce it, but. generally, it dL not take bnl^ after IlLfti

11

our forests. Wasto nd there is a cure for

[oea on the Crown ■nd carries it away,

', like a large scale,

and as it must be 3d up on the banks ong as it has not itant foresu. The gh the woods, will lay fall, the trees 1 chopped off will i certain to lead to

he Interior of the

a his laHt Keport,

ed on thoise depi«-

timber from the

labour and their

rould recommend lly cut timber on 3II and principally d the Mtealing of criminal practice

ly instituted, and ice to that policy iftH in wrongfully lufacturiiig it into 'this D -partment

; to make up its is sirorig enough result cannot be it is called upon

iuction, making nilock biirk for

i

dity than ovor- ^iven branch of ig afler its fatal

effects are felt, before the evil cures itself. Unfortunately, our timber trade is an exception to that rule; in the face of a glutted market we persist in our over-pro- duction, as if we expected to relieve the market by glutting it more and moro.

Over-production, in the timber trade, is a greater evil than in any other business, as the raw material cannot be replaced for generations.

How ought it to be dealt with ? People who dwell on abstract theories, and trust in the providential interference of the groat law of demand and supply, as the only source from which relief may flow, say : " What is the use of Canada attempting to " decrea<so her production cf timber, it will make no difference in the prices, as other " countries will rush in, and make up for the deficiency in our produce ? They will " benefit by our abstention, we won't."

First, it will be of use in preserving our forests. Secondly, the other nations that might come in, to make up for our deficiency, Sweden and Norway and Russia (I don't speak of Germany, as its excellent system of forestry places it in a much more favorable position) are destroying their forests just as fast as wo are, and, as they began long before us, they are more atlvaiiced than we are in their work of destruc- tion. They are producing as much as they can produce; to. keep u|) the supply in Sweden and Norway they are now cutting their spruce trees when they have attained six or seven inches dii ler, killing tlie g(X)se with the golden eggs; wo uro not reduced to that yet. Even in the mattor of spruce, they cannot ship deals us large as ours ; as for ))ine, where is the white pine (or yellow pine as it is called in England) with which thej' could replace ours?

It is idle to pretend that, if our productioi for next year were to bo reduced, say by one half, especiallj' in pine, that diminution would not produce a serious ett'oct on the prices in England.

Those who offer such arguments against the reduction of our production of timber are the same who relying on the law of demand and supply as a panacea tor all evils, say : " Let it alone, it will adjust itself soonei' or later," It will be later, I fear, in thia case.

The lumbermen are more practical ; they know the only remedy is to decrease the production; they acknowledge it in their Conventions; they try, earnosily, no doubt, to apply the i-emedy, with what result is known to every one. With a few exceptions, the lumbermen of Canada, as a rule, cannot stop their production of tim- ber; they can scarcely curtail it. Without meaning any disrespoct to a qI ass of hai-dworking, hotiourable men, I think they may be considered (with the lew excep- tions above alluded to), as not being free aijents.

At every step they must feel their dependence on the will and caprice of others, from the obtaining of timber berths to work u])on, the hiring of men, the 8ui)plying of provisions, the sending men, stores and horses hundreds of miles away, into the wilderness, down to the cutting, squaring, hauling, driving, booming, rafting, culling, loading and shipping ; and this is why i use the unpalatable expression that tfiey cannot be considered as free agents.

Their relations with the advancers of money, the banks, the brokors, the pur- chasers in England, are of such a complicated nature, that it is difficult for thorn to realize, at any time, what their financial position is ; ihey know they are dependent upon others, they have been so from the beginning, and they continue so, until at last, after long years of harrassing, desperate work, with both body and mind worn out, they find themselves poorer than when they began".

If this is not an overdrawn picture, if there is any truth in it, it will naturally be asked : " Why are there so many men who still cling to the lumber trade ?"

They cannot help themselves; if they could shake off all connexion with the trade, what would thoy do next? How gItKlly many of them would taUo xwy other occupation, if they could get it. See how many of the Ottawa lumbermen are now turning their eyes to the great phosphate deposits recently discovered on the Ottawa; they see there a now opening for their energies, and let us hope that many more such openings will present themselves before long. Our mineral wealth is great, and we might find in our mines during the long winter months, an outlet for the activity of

12

able To7.p;r;t"TUT"ai1nr;tBf; -medy for over-p,^uction, but have not been Govoinrnot.tato interfere the rSthl„.» Ik ♦• l^^u\^^^ "^"^ *'>^ ''"^^ «f those

toonl^StlTSl^^^Va't'te^o^lTLSi.V"™^^ - -"-«

is bad enough that so much raonr«ho.?^^ ^ '? P."'"''* "^'^^ « '•^''^°'* quantity. It for no good ; but, if th^re w^an .n« f '^^^If^®'^ ^^7 in cutting down timber Lands^.he Gove-nLnt -ece^Wnra Ian !!!"'' f^'^l ""i "™^«'" «" ^''^ Crown otherwise, would norbo likolv fn f.Pp "°""' of t.naber due. than it might him.self. '^ '•'^"'''^ '"^ interfere, to protect the lumberman against

a loB? t 'canXtnSlfttTuSS;"'^'"!"^ rS"*^ ---'"-^ '• '* is

inte..e,.e. Will they do il'^ndTan'thi do H in justic'r '" *'^ «~nts to

the (.vlrSt'was^o^^^^^^^^^ timber, in so far as ^

Lai.d.s rcoeii.ts. I won't c^lMf .Cl. '0'''e«ponding decrease in the Crown

in tho use ..!• that 3, we L; -it to fano^t'h.n'rr '^"'^ '' '^"'»*''^'"« ^«««P«^e it) '• the income or anJal pro^? roeS f om lat^"^'' ""T"' ^'"' ^^'"•«««t«r has nothing of the kind in this o,«a w T ?^ '""'^^ °^ ^^^^'' P'-"poi-<y." It is

protit (ff our b.es"s bu iL -orn t^^' ""r "''^ ^''*" "r"^'"^ ^he income or annual

^ It will boTdlha^Shout t£ t.''r uT^^^^^ '^' '!i''^''''! ^^"^ ^'^« <="•••''*'• timher on our Cr, wn LaS the h.illd 'Jl . -i ™°"«J:il«»-'vod from the cutting of as it has l,eon. Notlu"ng can contrih, mT^m " "'"^' ''^^ ^ "^* ^"^"^ l^^^" encoura|ed railway c-arefaliy oated so as to sa istv ^t new country more than a

for sacrifices l,eyonatrfarcrso7theioZ^^

benontiobedoHvedfrom t thocos?mn . /^.\ *;• "^^l^"" '^^^'"^'^ ^^''^^^'^ *<> thi

fioingourlores^stbrtZalVof oTrXns'' ^ '"''«""'"• ^^« '"^^''^ •^-» ^'^^ri"

cont^^iuiy'^^ri^'oIn^lS'';;^^:!;,;' Kit"! •^W"^ *''"* '^ Government can timber t.afie, wi.hout Sf Usolt- o en f H t' ^^T"™."" '"^ '■"" ^'••"'''o' t^e businosV. 1, this case the Govon m« r ,. '? charge of undue interference with

they are the owner^JJ^^JSr t^!;^;!;:!!^^ S^"^^ '^ ^"" '"'^«' «'"- exist ,;^'ant.^Sr £ ;;*;3r" "^^-'^^ rights; nor interference with psses.^'ovortirrovnpXmy Xnol'e^^^ ^""*'"'^' ^"^^ ^^''vernment

If 1 am not mistaken, KfocJ^rZi. ^ u i'?" ''''''^' ^^ '-^'^^'■^'•^« *''"t control. Governmcts. Tho GoCnme^t o O. nil. . *"'* ^^^-'"^ y^'"' ^" ^'""^ Provincial for a wise i.in-pose tint ofZikin^t; ''."/^ever, is.m an exceptional position:

" growth." -^«™'n»on, so.as to balance the yearly cutting with their annual

^iil^'iL'Zlt.tGo?^^^^^^^ if it does not rest

if matters a,ocomXSbvth?f..T/ ♦?•""'• adopt them. I cannot help it, can ti.e quostio'X'^^oSeiS i^^ ''^^ f'rr' "*" ^''^ ^^'"'"•«°

as it ,t were an i.ohitrQue.lio to h« f , ""^- P^'"* ''^ '''^'^^ ""^ ''"'»'* with ditle..nceuUhetinancS,Sisot^^^ --•^^«' -ing to the

«o.e e«.-:; TS^-r "^i- itv'-iini^^^^ -1£^^ ■

every yea our tbresti of course,

To su the ovcry preservini

Opin

• right of tl

i they can

■ and CO nip

861 vo our

I woi thousand he bhould of his wlv mile. Of tion and

In n interestir the prod I ofNowTi neverthel

I wil vincial G they will relieve tl

13

Jse, in the manufec-

n, but have not been every \ear must bo considerably i-etluceci, if we wish to balance the j-early cnKini,' C

ilpof the Pi-ovincial qq,. forests with their annual growth. The revenue of our Crown Lands must shrink' d the duty of those - - -- ... ., ■

> the Province— the

?hbour) is cutting (Bsor quantity. It ting down timber er on the Crown ie.s than it might imberman against '

ce sacrificed ; it is e Governments to

inibor, in so far as - aso in the Crown mcthing deceptive (as Worcester has pr.)porty." It ig income or annnal but the caj)ital. :rom the cutting of e been encouraged untry more than a y, without calling ^ forward to the j have been sacri- i

Govern tnent can 1 can control the

intorforence with the trade, siaoe

ntorleronce with tho Government I'ciso that control.

0 the Provincial * ptioiia! position ;

1 of their limits, ^ jnsos until April duos for cutting

t autumn. ' to suggest such nt of the timber ith thuir annual

it does not rest cannot help it, f the Dominion, and (ioult with , owing to the

t application of ^ ot timber out

our loresis « iiii inuii uuinn. j^.>/..i... ....v. .^..^ , , — ■■- — -

of course, but it will become a bond fide revenue upon which wc can permanentiy rely

To sum up, the Provincial Governments can do a great deal towaids cbecUing the over production of timber, improving thereby the tone of the timber market and preserving our forests.

Opinions will bo divided as to the best and fairest mode of action, and as to the right of tho Governments to interfere. If they can alter the amount of timber dues, Uhey can inteifere most effectively, and without exceeding the limits of their ])ower, and compel, if need bo, the lumbermen to submit to such just restrictions as will pre- set ve our foiests fr<>m destruction.

I would recommend limiting the lumberman to a maximum cut of so manj' thousand feet per square mile of his limits. Let it be understood, I do not mean that hefchould have to cut so much on each and every individual square mile, but that, out of his whole limit he should not take more than at the rate of so many feet per square mile. Of course, any plan that may be adopted will require very careful coiisideia.

tion and adjustment. _ .,,,,.

In relation to the checking of the over-production of timber, it will bo found interesting to study the plan proposed to the Pennsylvania coal producers for limiting the production of coal to certain projjortions. ( Vide EiKjineering and Mining Journal of New York, of the 15th December, inst.) Thou!;h the two cases are not identical, nevertheless we can derive some useful hints from what is proposed there.

I will not presume to say more on the subject, feeling confident that the Pi-o- vincial Governments duly appreciate the importance of this question, and trusting they will find moans for protecting the public interest, while they at the same time relieve the timber trade.

Square Timber.

In making square pine, t*he waste of timber is generallj' estimated at one-fourth of the whole, and tho best part of tho tree, too, that part which in saw logs gives the splendid broad deals, for which Canada i. famous. As it is not every tree thai is sound enough for squnre timber, many a pine is cut down and left to rot. There may be something wrong about the heart or in the length, that would not have prevenied it from being turned into saw logs, but won't do for square timber, and so it is condemned.

Chips miidc in squaring trees considerably increase the danger of tire. In summer they gel very dry and inflammnble, and the way in which they are disposed in straight lines, thirty, forty, and fifty feet long, like trains of gunpowder, appears well calculated foi- spreading the flames through the dead pine leaves, dry branches and

moss. . T^ ,

But, perhaps, they cannot do without those huge beams of timber in England ? In most cases, the first thing they do, when they got them there, is to cut them up. Those splendid beams, fit for giant's works, upon which wo Canadians are wont to gaze with so much pride, and which have caused us to waste fin order to maintain their noble roportions) so much valuable timber in squaring them, so much trouble in hauling, andling, stowing on board ship, are cut up, past recognition, as soon as they land. It is quite right for the buyer to cut them up, if he likes, in order to produce the smaller sized lumber he requires. Bui why don't we send him that smaller sized lumber instead of huge sticks ? It would give employment to our people, and save the good timber that is now wasted, in squaring.

I think it would come cheaper to the consumer in England Square timber is not invariably sound all through ; when cut up, unexpected flaws and rots are often discovered, that were invisible from the outside. Those flaws would have been discovered, if the timber had been sawn up here, and the defective parts would not have been sent across.

The difliculty ;- ia reaching the consumer in England, but the distance is notthe greatest obstacle, ilotween the consumors and the Canadian lumberman stand a few

I

14

S5^e^iSir^ll:SlS^^;, ]^'^^ «t«- -nis that out up our big reduced by us to .uchdimrn'iinrrwo^^^ ^ °"'' ««"ding timbe'?

BtrenuouMytUMiUroduclionToL twShdS/ ""'^ ^^'y <>PPOs«

No ono can blame tliom for btanZo- h«tri X A '"'f. P'*"^«' "'"™^ deals, etc. consumer, and for maSng money of t of b^th ^"°"'^'"" P''"'^"^^^ '^"^ ^^^^ Britisb

^^^tX^^!^::<itj:^^^^^^^^^ ^^ out

over to En^.land, and keep assortments of thom 2 tf™"^ '" u''®1"««*' ««"d tbem Wby should wo condLn ourselves to paTwl h iur'ZhT-'' ■! t^«T''"'"«™' we may consider square sticks, or thr^e and two /n h hLV ? •" '^ ™"S^ ^'^^e as pofit of working it? Why can we not send T^nS t ' '^""'-^ ^ ""^^^'^ «" ^he length required, liora railway timber beams fohn! ^"'^''^ "^*'' «"^ '^'^th. and flooring, ready to lay down, do^ frLe^ wTndow s^^^^^^^^^^ '^ ^P''"«« f«'-

increa»<o of work and help us to disnose Jiihl^^aT t^ * ^^"''^ S'^® "« a large

sidingH, cuttings, ends, .fabs hat Te now bs^ AfsLS*''^ "^ pieces of timber, most entorp.imng manufacturers have beir sendiS J "' ^'®^'"' ?**'*' «""« "^ ^^^ to South America, Australia etc h Jt wf. ii. ^^*u''°'® ''^^^"^^ «^ ^^o^ked timber unmanufactured, to England: W summe '1 OnthtT'^l ^'^^ "^ ""•' P'-oducti?n'

log, nme inches in diameter, is Snside^ed as a laL '? ' 'Z" '^''J ^^^''^' * ^P'-^ce Huch a log would bo too small to^a s thigh ou'^a^^^^ ^«'-«'

cutting spru^'e for the English market siu-h a« ^1 IT ' ^'*'' ^^'^ '^'^^^^ ««* for

As Ar. Wm. StevenS sa.^ [n oA! .V^k^ "^^/''^T ourselves to be limited to.

TMsr rr.^.7«;.„a7of sTd Kch las^ " One'ofTht;!^^ ^T'"' *"^ *'™'^«'-' '"*he " the wood trade of Norway is the small ^i^-nff^ ^ «iost characteristic features of " for miles along the banks of such fmnor3 i ^ *'®®' ' * ^f'^^^''^'' "^^ JO»rney "unable to distinguiranything arKr Sn n^^^^^ the Glommen, "'and Z

Norwegians manage to tui^ thp^r Sn P. P'^P^. ^^^ t'^'egraph poles." The

England in narrow strrnanLlnLni ^^T^ ^ S^^ *^««»"t, and send it to 6orl of manufacture K' *""^"''* ""^ ^'■"^^«^' '•^'^^ ^«^' fl«o"«ff. and in all

them'gr iLtrnTpltt^VeS^^^^^^ ^ZTl *^-^^^' ^"^^^ «^ >«"-#

quite the reverse. But I stronfflv anmov^ of Vh«.-, ^ •^' "' °"^ ^'^ ^« followed can,athome,andof usinrove?vn«K„* ^u^^^^^ ™"«h ^^o'-k as they

time is not far di tant wE?n wellmU do the rmr'^'nr'' '' '' ^''^"' ""^ '^^P^ the little square timber when that tfme comes "'' ^^ '""'"'"' ^^-^'^^^ ^^^^^ very

" r^^^^^::\S^ - - about; it pays us to

i-o.l'e:'oftzis^:^^^^^^^^ What i

lumberman pay for it ? Does he niv fnt «ii fk . '''**. J" *.''® squaring ? Does the on account of some defect which ^hf moL ^^^ fees that he fells andleaves to rot, making saw logs ? ' '" "''''^ ''^°«' ^^^^^^ "«' have unfitted them tor

oftimb^rdVeraKS^ -model the tariff

an export dut^onThlnSe Ste sWe Ei^Ti ""'^ *"'" V« ''««°' ^^'^ ^^^'-^ Pas? the Federal P-liamenttut':X7d'utVntq& "^"^ ^'^ ^«««' '«'

After

Brunswici

the only!

lowable to

'^' Crown ]

" stump."

This;

•would be i

as would 1

spruce ol

intelligeii

best pine

you now i

Why

our other

one growl

dulge in '

must we '

*mall for

of diamet'

of twelve,

Inth

Lands of

found, in

lands, the

^' timber.

Vagi

such a CO

have ovei

than that

The

forests.

diameter,

of all inv

and then

by the lu

lumberm'

not be he

small one

and prudi

I wo

tion to tl

require t

more,

IS

lat cut up our big ur sending timber , and they oppose narrow deals, etc. Ber and the Britisli

lid we not find out , •equest, send them i of the consumers ? I its rough state as f g to others all the | 50, and width, and I trips of spruce for ' Id give us a large <f pieces of timber, 1 past, some of our of worked timber ; of our production, | t pine boards, one ' 1 to continue and * e country. |

ind than the whole ' hey limited th3m- '- export any sawn There, a spruce > average. Here, the saws set for L» be limited to. on timber, In the eristic features of ler may journey ; iommen, and be i raph poles." The and send it to soring, and in all

istead of letting to be followed, h work as they n, and hope the hall make very

ut ; it pays us to

' large? What ing ? Does the id leaves to rot, fitted them for

aodel the tariff

iber, as will, if

' they cannot do

(jeforit.

i\ Governments

, for years past,

I pine logs ; let

FELLING UNDERSIZED TEKBS AND DESTROYING GROWING TIMBER.

After comparing the regulations of the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec and Now Brunswick, and the Dominion Law for the Public Lands of the Dominion, (^u-'bec is the only Provmce in which I find a limitation as to the minimum size of timber al- lowable to be cut, on the timber limits : " It shall be no longer permitted to cut, on ^' Crown Lands, pine trees measuring less than twelve inches, in diameter, at the

"stump." ^ ,. ^.

This wise regulation ought to be extended to the spruce, where its application would be infinitely more frequent, and to every other timber, with such moilifications AS would best suit the dittercnt kinds of trees. Our spruce forests arc lull of young spruce of every age and dimension, suflScient to keep up an everlasting supjfly, if intelligently worked ; but, strange to say, you scarcely find any young pines in our best pine lorosts ; ask those who have seen most of our pine groves, and they will tell you now scarce the fine promising young pines are.

Why does not the pine sow itself and reproduce itself with the same facility as our other native trees, especially the spruce ? It drops its seeds in the same way. Is one growth of the giant pine enough to exhaust the soil ? However, I must not in- dulge in useless speculations; the scarcer our young pines are, the more anxiously must we watch over them, and I think that twelve inches diameter appears much too «mall for pine. From that size they increase so much in value with every extra inch of diameter that I would suggest sixteen or eighteen inches as the minimum, instead

of twelve. . , -n LI-

In the Dominion Act of 35 Victoria, Chap. 23 (An Act respcctmg the Public Lands of the Dominion) the provisions of whicli are now in force in Manitoba, is found, in Section 51, as a condition of the permission to cut timber on the public lands, the obligation of the lessee to ' prevent all unnecessary destruction of growing *' timber, on the part of his men."

"Vague as this is, it is a step in the right direction. I have not been able to find such a condition in any of the timber leases of the Provincial Governments, but I may have overlooked it; at all events, it is pretty certain. that none of them goes further than that ; and we must go further.

The growing timber must be protected, for upon it depends the future of our forests. Next to valueless now, it will increase in value in a wonderful short time, in diameter, girth and length, without any trouble or expense to any one ; it is the best of all investments. Its .protection calls for the strictest regulations, strictly enforced, and there ought to be severe penalties for the wanton destruction of growing trees by the lumbermen, even in their limits, as there are already, by law, for others than lumbermen. Of course this does not apply to cases of necessity, nor where it could not be helped, as in the foiling of trees for lumber, when a large tree will crush down small ones, making and straightening of roads, &c., as long as carried on with care and prudence.

I would respectfully suggest the immediate consideration of the subject of protec- tion to the growing trees, as every year so many of them are destroyed, and we require them now, more than we ever did.

IIANUFACTURE OP EXTRACT OP HEMLOCK BARK FOB TANNING.

It is impossible, in a Eeport of this kind, to enter into a minute detail of all the causes which contribute to the exhaustion of our forests ; I will only mention one more, because it threatens to have serious results, not only for the forests, but for one of our important industries, thatof the tanning of skins, and would affect, as a natural consequence, the manufactui-e of shoes. It is the waste attending the procuring of hemlock bark for the manufacture of tanning extract.

A few lines taken from the Report of a Committee of the House of Commons in 1R68, will help to explain the question : "The bark consumed in our local tanneries *' is applied to a legitimate use that is beneficial, both to the settler and to the country

K

' at lai

, tlie settler in profited by the sale of that which wouM otherwise be vahifrt'^* ""'*^

less to him, while, at the !,ame time, he may bo able to utilize the timLi in X normous

;• erocuon ot his farm buildings, and in locnlitL situated! t e neiirbo ooc of mi 1.' ■ " ^ -

01- Jiav.ng aceoss to marl<et, by river or rail-a large proportion of the hnber mav ^^''^'^ ^^'

• jnum Tl. clearing of the counti/in7iii;;;;;y i^fol^^l'V^a S^SC!,^^;

nivi:!!?/ "'^?'''? ^'"'^ long remain a wilderness, a^nd the e hi e tend"*'"P'''"'^' 'to advance the material progress of the country." ^'^""c, lenas -.

, *'"'.'u "^' "^' ''°'"'','^''* '""•'^. carried on in accordance with these views can onlv- '»'«2:<?m<'

'ri^lvLnr ^''w""!^'' b"^ V*'" ^"^ '" ^'"^-'^ t''« ''onilock forests aiTd^CTto f«"''3- '^ pply material for the manufacturing of extract for exportation, calls (o^Te JtTon? •"">«"'' ' t protest, it was est rnnfAH Jn fl,« on.-^ r> ^ ii. ' """")<-•*""'"' i'>e stiong-

do

supp._^ •■■"•-'.". .". ii.u ijinimiuciunng oi extract for exportation calls for the strong 1"""*"'"

estproes^t. it was estimated, in the said,Eeport, that an^xtenrofX. ten tVos^^^^^^^ ^^'•"™«"'

wi Tbii ihr;.''r' ""Vf"*^ ^^^ ^^^PP*^^' ^^^^-^-V 3-^«'- <«•■ the m^n! of ^uppl^^^^^^ '^^y thou- Thn^p f "■'*'' ""i tanning extract, the timber being left to rot on the .m mnf 't'''«'')- So

rru„. ij * , ."•■•■■& -""">-i| "'V iinuiur uouig leiL to rol on the

xTt irU"' "S'A-"'!; ."it"."'':™ ».«~ •-">-*- ".o».nd'

at all thii

t'U_

I cib not

See Avhj

For

i(

i<

Best

i(

la long lii I Could \v( |1 will nc late of oii ])ing up a Iking the hilation.

ofex^exi,ortcdMn]§T6n^?tw;;;;;;:;^^

fortj-three housand cords of bark, so that it will bo seen that the product on has not *'''''''"^«<^

all brttT'V-^'^-'V^'i'V'^P?'"*.' "A"' the destruction must have '„ going on all this time Pive-s.xths of the whole Dominion export is derived from the Vastern

S.k w Vl^.l?V^"'^''' ^"^'' '' '"^>' *?.^'*"^->' ^' ^l^"* « eostof vaLl le t mber her

The best way to protect it^would be to lay an export duty on hemlock bark and extract of that bark, as we have already on shingle b.5ts,stavlbolt7o 1 pmcoand

oC^he^^ubficTomfin'^.^ ''' ^'^'"^ ^'"^' P'"'^^^^^ ^^"'-'^ - '^^ P"-'^ ^^^^

offo iTl'''"'./"'^-*'? ^"gg«st the adoption of the following condition fwhich is

attached to the fmber 1 censes of New Brunswick) in license! gZted in the ofhJr

Provinces : ' And on the further condition that the trunk as lei 1 as he bark of

any hemlock trees to be cut under pretence of this license, shall bo removS and

taken beyond the limits thereof, before the 1st of July next otherwise tlocuttlS^

of the said hemlock trees shall be prosecuted and dealt whh as a TrS^pas! in Ef

" same manner as if this license had never been granted." ^ '

THE PLANTING OF FOttEST TREES.

foresSare';!l„''n"fL'"-?''^ •''""*"?•■ """^ ^"^land, France and Germ.any, that new Aust aliin r2nfj f '«.»« countries younger than Canada, in New Zealand and the Austial.an Colonies, for instance, where wood is not such an object of first necessity as with tis, and where it is not so scarce as en our Western Prairies and 1 am soirv to say, in some of our old Eastern settlements ' ^

«i„.?°'''^'*''''?"'^'*''®^l''*'"'''*"^'<'''^"'e«' a"'l In<iia have taken active steps for

~Ze7Jn?r'''"°?'"pr''/""r' ^^« ^^"''«^ SUtes Government „,7Svin| encouiagement, by grants of land and otherwise to those who are willii..' to nlant

fTam'^nn '^■T'l?''''" "^ S««i«tiesar. working in thosamedirecln m^liaveSy

f 1 am not mistaJcen, one Society in the Dominion whoso only purpose is toencou.aie

the plantation of forest trees (I do not speak of orchards.) ^It is Tn the Pmv nfe

a ce%n";;„ir of tre?"' "' '' '' ''''r'^ '''' ' ^"^'^ "''"'^'^' ^inds himself to >S ment S Jn h? .kI «very year Government will have to give soiyoencourage-

rm^t^^l^i^^rL^nrS^^^^^ ^^^^'■™«"*^ on a larger sca.o, before afy

It IS especially in our Western Prairies that the attempt could be profitablv ?aH«'. R« ""n '^"'^ "'^"f^ «^ «"'^«««- P™f««««»- ^^^^oL (vide Mr. & en iS H^if! M P>'V 'Tl.'" 'P'*'''"^ «f *^« «'•«* P™'i« Steppe, which comp isos in fts Imits Mam oba : ' From a careful study of its rainfall and' its natur^Tp Sc ions

" JJirorti^rrarsTp^er ''' ^-^ ^^^^^^ '"^'^ -'" ^« easHy gL.ion aSJ

An impo

llantod.

ition, but

ilitferent

are foui

1st. The

2nd. The

3rd. The

l4th. Con

1 have m

fts, and th

ion of th<

lidorablo c

icts and i

^ tft such q

*The gene

.a» haixi wo

Ifdulity, e

If you tal

m growori

t? there i

ui ; but,

rears. Ih

a,) that I

P— 2

Ill otherwise be value-' !e the timber in the neighborhooil of mills, on of the timber mav hus Veduood to u mini y actual settlement in md, therefore, tends

n

In >-po!iking of tlu' secoiul Prairie Stopijc, wliicli Ik'i,mii

jast, and jfoes as far as Missouri Coteau or Tiiiiiiler-bn.'f'.i.i^- ii.!l

normons le^ion stretching,' over olovcn doirrccs if l(ltl^,^itudl•, I'r.

" I am quite :-afe in sjiyiriy; that at ioasl two-ihirds of iho wh pered with fuic-t, at the bet;inninL' of this century, and that i;!l tiii-. IS suitable foi- cultivation. Further, I am quite t-afe in comin<>- \o ilu at all this region can be again covered with foie>t, by jilamiiu ,;upying the country, so as to cause the extinction of prairie i: (•>;' I do not expect the (fovcrnment to do everj'thing, but I hope i' will otter some

these views, can onlyf"'"^*^"^^"^ '*' ^''""■^' ^^'''""'■®^'"'"^' t" '^<'n''" ""^' P'-*'"^ trees, on the Prairies; osts are destroyed to ''""''.V s^tni'^ed, it will go on of itself, and tl;e success of ilie uiiderlaking will n, calls for the strong- mn^end it to all intelligent men, for its own s;,!cc. Last year the TJnilcd States of about ten thousand '^'■""^®"* ""'"^ special giants of land to the amount of ti\ ' ' ' means of sunnlvimr ' '^*J' tlioii>and acres for that purpose. (See the E

:it Pe'',!i:!';i Miniiiltiin at • •n tiio west, esMir Macoun ;i !e area was forest land ci inclusion eiicing and

]

Eeport of the '>•

es

hundred and

retary of the

forest trees.

nianagomont of

means 01 supplying ." I c. .....^ j,„,|jw„v;. ^._-vv.- m,i: jkcjjurt ui uie .

. to rot on the .'round' "'*'^''''- '^" "^""•>' ''^^^'^^ ^^ ''""' *'"'" ^'^^ planting of a certain arci i ree tbousand'^barrelsj^'^*^ ^^"''"^ '* *'"^'' '" ^^^ ''^'"^^ of Mas.saehu^seN. Under the Is were exported and*"*"/ "PP"'"^"'^ trustees, the following pii/.es are open to all land "owners i» "*'achusot8 : —

For the best five thousand White Ash trees $ 250 00

"ext " " " 100 00

" best one thousand " " lOO oo

Best five acres of White Pino raised from seed 250 00

next " 10i» 00

a long list of similar prizes for Scotch pine, Pkiiopcan larch. &c. &e.

Could we nol follow these examnles?

1 will not dilate upon the beneficial ett'e t, the planting of trees mav have on the

0 production has not' . have been going on 'ed from the Kastern dnable timber ; hem- ' we must do our beat

m hemlock bark and olts, o.(k, spruce and ivate lands as well as

londition (which is :ranted in the other veil as the baik of [ill bo removed and lerwise the cutting < a trespass, in the

rermanj', that new

late of our Western Prairies; how much it would tend to help ti-'riculture, by bing up a more regular supply of moisture, what effect it migiit have towards kking the ravages of the grasshopper; all this may be considered as matter for lulation.

SELECTION OF TKEES FOK I'l.ANTINd.

An important point in making plantations, is the choice of the kinds of ti'ees to ilanted. Of course, the nature of the soil will have a groat deal to <lo with the ^jjtion, but leaving aside that consideration, for one moment only, and judging of tWift'erent kinds of trees, on their own merits, I would say that in choosin"- trees, i|e arc four main points to be considered : *

list. The value of the timber,

ew Zealand and the |Ci t"« va.ue oi ino timnor.

3t of first necessity f^' ^F^ '''*?'?•*>' ^igvov^ih.

es and 1 am soi-rv l*^'^' ^"° greater or less ease and ccrtaii

,08 ana, l am sony l^^j^ Comparative immunity from fire.

n active steps for rnmont are giving 0 willing to plant on. We have only, pose is to encourage is in the Province

^ .- tainty with which the troos can be grown. Comparative immunity from fire.

|I have made experiments for several years ]iast, to try and solve these different its, and the conclusions ariived at b}- me are so much at variance with the general lion of the experienced men to whom I have communicated them, that I feel a lidorable degree of hesitation in making them known. However, they are founded \i-\n and not mere theory, and no harm can result from awakening public atten- tf> such qacstions, excjpt. perhaps, exposing my ignorance and want of judgment, ds himself to plant .T^®f ""*"■"• opinion is that sof^ wood, say pine and spruce, grows much faster ve so!7 eencourace- 1','",'^ '^'^' " . ""'^ '{''^^'' ^"'""*^ *^"'' '"stn"<"e. I have met with the greatest • scale before anv ^^^^^y> everywhere, when stating that it was exactly tho reverse.

' ^^^^^ *"'*® the Douglas pine, (abies Douglmi,) which is described as one of the most

.uld bo prolitablv f S™^^'"'"? of tho coniferous family, making about one inch in diameter in four ide Mr Flemin/s "^ u® "^"*'*' ™"^" difference, to what there is is in favour of our oak and black 1 comnrises in its '"'' ' ^tV " ^^1? ^"'^® our white pine you will find that it grows about one inch \n itur^l pr.Ki,'ic.ion8, J^",'. I if !f ** ^''" '®^" Canadian oak, {QuerciisAlba,) and black walnut, {JugUins isily <n own on any '^' V " ^™^" °"® '" '" '^ ^®*""^ ""'' " ^*'^- ^^ ^^"^ '^'''*® '*P''"«^»' '^ '«

18

«nwheio as compared with eitheroak or walnut or pine ; men who have handled it nil «br the splent ??1 h vcs have rvor thought of ascertaining what its rate of growth was ; ,f they 'y^y, n, the s

1 - .^Iv wmnt the annull rings from the heart to the circumference, or even one Ttto ;;;cl.eriong tf Uiem. they'would be surprised to see what a slow grower white

spruce is

If Mr black walnut and oak do really grow faster than the p ne and spruce (aa

1 think thev do and it is very easy for any one who chooses to find out for li.mself ), 1 think the) ao, anu n is y j j ^^^j^^. ^^

generally pla gain time. ^ getting them trequire stron their largo ro inder wliich

lumbers; th( (vith their gn A cheapc f you go to a 'round i> gov

* ". -.•' . .' ,,_:,, f,,„„i- A second uoint is that they are easier to grow trom

'* ''. T'*!,^! ; To nThln p ne, and that they bear transplanting better ; the drying

nffn/ he tlr.otsofat^^^^^^^^^ trees as it is t!, conifers Haying sown a

?. . nnv o'cuth kin.l I have often noticed that the oak and black walnut acquire

TclJigth ami vigour ".fliciont to protect them against ordinary accidents much .oonor

^'%^^aCS 'i'SrS o? olira".;^ wZt is tt exposed to the same danger fro^ por/an;. fire asa .h c oi' e^t is ; I would refer to the chapter of tires by settlers, in the first part. |hem if the . r*u- I?.. -^..( ♦•m-iivoois of the correctness of this assertion. , Plant the

'^%V rtimberK e blmk walnut and oak is much more valuable than the pine ,wo feet ap.rl As the t'n'ue' " .n-owth is more rapid, and more secure, and as they are leas .ate, nine thoi and «P!-"^«'/;;^\'^i^' ^;"oI.' ,;' Ue^^ appear to be entitled to preference over pine mrsery suftici exposed to / '« »^^^ f ^^ who ever tho so I is favourable to them, as it is in the western ,f a farmer a ^:;iSr:^jS^^^^^^-^>^ where, as Professor Macoun says, all our luri„g the su,

"^'V^; :;ndy\^.n; on'o="tHe conifers must have the preference, . ' ^ Voty

in diy, *' ' "j'y ;' ' ' . u,injjin„ hardwood timber to market, as its weight pre- bot, and the t

..nt^UWmifi i^M The Lofulon Timber Trade Journal contains some hints on a aaple seedlin,

yents It lioni " ' ' V^-- ^ of India, for floating heavy timber, even teak; it ib ause but the ;

process employe I in some paust m^^^^ all around the tree. The tree dies ozen, and tlui

called girdlnuj -^ nn^ />* ^aUc is ^^^ .^.^ ^^^ , , , ^^ ^^e grour.d. ,hen'it is dan

very soon and l^/ ^^ ' '^ t« d i ^ .p ™^'^« {'^b^,^„*^^/,i ht enough to-'float. and then it is Ofcour.se

After a certain t .N apj^a" « ^^J a Dcco ^f'^ ^^,.^,^^\i„j, •,,^,,^ i^,t winter ad remained

'"'/Ti;« 1 iB to HcLSnnex spring, if their specific gravity has decreased suf- rt',?lv ^o nlw 1,1 to float It may impair the' quality of the timber, especially iTouUloor i al "t is more exposed to rot ; that will have to be ascertained ;

foi o'}^-'^.'^'*\ "'"^°' ,° „,.,, it materia Iv, it would bo an advantage and render _,

SssIblJ a ';:at"qu3;'V ha"dwood,\;hich is now left in the forest on account oi .v. and take

^^^ ^;,f r C^llr S\K'ieS:;.SjeSlhe Canadian poplar (comn^nly .t Ji^r Vt

,1 ? . l^/r.,ui nSr^^^ will, un.ler favourable circumstances, grow about on« ,te ; but then

called '7"'''«""^1'^^';;.7„!:,-! 1 plan ed myself, three cuttings of that tree nineteei jcustamed to

inchinduunctereve) jca^^ ip^^^^^^^^^^^^ J ,^ .^ circumtlrence at the foot; th< re solittle hu,

years ago, one "^^^'^^J ,, I'^^^hJuiird fifty-three, with length in proportion. ,-owtl, is very

''"'1 1 rSr. 1 0 value whe^ pi.u «pruce a^d hem'lock in abundance .„nsi^ .„ting,^

it''^V'"^f'.''^"' 'Eurono nearly all the packing boxes, cases, &c., &c, are mad. ,rme^ can afl ^" ' Ti^iarwhose w -od B^* r^^^^^ like that of our Canadian poplar. O: 3 might

*''' iff r;;s wSd b"ve?y uilul in a denuded prairie, to start with ; they wou |ok t m print

Such tiees wouiu uo y plantations of more valuabl* no Auntry i

give shade at once, biea. the win^^ by fire as conifers. an<l when bettelen vlS> ean%.

Saie mvdy to take tff place, they could be%ut down and their wood turn ed incluion of m good account. |

BUGARIE8 OB MAPLE ORCHARDS. I ^i-equest

ppear to weal ot run under lere are no st good sized bi

19

:e handled it all .h was ; if tliey ce, or even one w grower white

and

6>"

ter; the drying

Having sown a

walnut acquire

nts much .'Oonor

me danger from

ce.

generally plantPthem toS large^rd^r^Srrorou t™?^^ ^'l'"'

gain time. They are at a great deal of trouhir^H AvrT.,!^ • . ®^ will thereby,

letting them out of the wofdsanniantinrfhn,^^^^ '" selecting them and

, and Bpruce (as Require strong staking to steXVerSiist^hl wJnf ™ r''^»«ons; large trees

,ut for Cimself ), ^heir large roots brolfen, theKoSs Tn ,^5171^ .^rn'*'" a ^^"'^ l''^'' ""'^^

n- to grow from ,nder which they were born and have alwavK ' ™ ^o ^"^^^ f"''™ *^« ''''«'^'-'

■ " ''""=- lumbers; the survivors lingeSr ylarfblroThev^an'.v.^-^P"'';'^ '"^ "^'^ '" «''«"^

^ith their growth; all this is rathe^i di^coSlrini ^ recuperate enough to go on

A cheaper way to raise a maple orchard ?8 this- In the fill I oft»„ „ i f you go to any mapio grove, you will finri th-n thV«!„..i ™';.^"®'^ ». '^eavy rain,

jround i, covered, as with a tSk carnet wi n.fll .?i„ '"'''' m^'' "^'^^ ''^'''^ ^^^

,u.u„..f,. 'carcoly any damage to the little rootleteinnlPKi ^ ' easily as carrots with

,inthotirstpartlh«m,if the ground is sufficienUy wet an^ ^'''"'"" '""''' ''""'*™'^« °^

,le than the pine :wo SaVairearw^^' if%Vu'^^^^^^^^^^^ -«"- g™-^. about

as they are leas .ate, nine thousand two hunSed and s Seen so. .M n ' ''''"" ' y'^'? '"" ?"* ^^ t^^at erence over pine mrsery sufficient to supply ti-eos fo «m ™ ^ %'" ""? superficial acre,-a fine is in the western ,f a farmer a little corEf h.s <Srde AvH hn L.^ffi'-''^ .""^Pi" ^'"f "*'"'^ ' ^°'' '^"^ ^'""^^ oun says, all our ianng the summer with a Hch hoe it l^^^ L n """IV''"^- ^l^^"^ *^° «'' ^^^^^ t^os .thf little trees growu;,';fl'2m7ntoSot^^^^^^^^

sits weight pr. eet.L'ZSlTora maS's'thumrPout"^' f "t-,-f™g« '-i^'»t of five

some hints on a aaple seedlings, treated as I K just It riSf ?hT .T^'^'^ ""'^ "^'^^^ «*' those

, even teak; it is ause but the gnawing of the bark*^ Iv hVM ^^^^^^^ '■ T"^ 'T I*""' ^™'" ""^ other

. The tree dies ozen, and tluU can & prov'dS t.-Snst bv t?an!nr'"'T,: "'^"'^ '^'"^^' "'^°"t half a

g on the ground. ?hen it is clamp ^ against b> trampling the snow round the stems,

';kTfas?wil^, ad r?m3ii^ttToSr cCSnf ^;^^^^^^ ™r ''^P'^'^' *'-" '^ ^'^ey

,as decreased suf- ppear to weaken them Tht ,1s fo til M«^^^^^^ ^""T"^ ^"'"^th does not

imber, especially ^t^-un under those of big tree as when jl tS ZTf 'r^P'^"*'"^' their roots do

0 be ascertained ; ,ore are no stones nor stumnrtrinTnS vl *''T/"i' ^"■'"^"' ''"t of the woods ;

tage and render good .ized ball as you d^a^ -oei d^^^^^^^^ 7nU '''"^'^' '^"!J "P ^'"^''^'''y' «"^ ^ith

■est on account oi -.and .ike them L frotiVnSLltM^^^^^^^ *'>« «-'

,oplar (commonly >etiS;. I cS^i^retTss^^^^^^^^^

3s: grow about on« ,te ; but there are tron^g groZs foi^xnecS; fL'?^''^^^ «*" *«" '^te a

;hat tree nineteei ^customed to dispense with the sheuLnK? 1 ^^'* ,"''" ^^ «^' ^^'^''"^e they are

at the foot; thi re so ittle hurt fy thelafe wl'y in whinh ,k'^ t^ ^'^"J^'S" ^""'''^ *'•«««' and they

roportion. .-owtl is very little ch\S T'hi e t he ^m^M ^.f^T ^T f?"«planled, that theiV

3ck in abundance, -ans^ ,nting, if the operatS is not rar£^ Jt ''"'^^ ^'^^ '^ seriously checked by

&c., &c, are mad( ,rme. can afford. '^P'"^*'"''" " "°t carried on with more care and expense than our

;:S; -they woulLk^; In^pSlTiXToVw^*^^^^ ^^ ^"' V^^ '« ^ ^"^r

of more valuablf no luntry is that book written ?n rr«nrf'~:u ™ean the great book of nature.

and when bettef en vl3) can^ead it. and trach us hol^^^^^^^^ we want

,ir wood turn ed Incl.ion of my Report, the study of forestry ' " ' "' "**"''^''"^ *" *^«

it what appears -orwhards) and

bo planted witl •ecommends itsel

STUDY GFJfoRESTKT.

i^itTX^.Z.^^^^^^ r-^^ Of measures in thi»

r nev^Aes. fiut how can the8rmn„«,t! ' **" V*''® ^^^ «'^™® hints for the planting -- -^ TiTiedout wXfi^he heK me« fe?^'? '^^' '"''^ ^« deemeS prefer^ h-y question connected Tith^SJfo':!'^'^^^^^^^ «<• ^-e^try?

cers, such as they have trot n K,,^ ' ®®' .^'^® ^^""t of a good staff of ..^ iey nave got in Eiu-ope, m- trained spcciall/in Ibi-cstry

20

Hcl.cols and ncadamies connec-le 1 with the best innnagod forests in the world In India thori'avc Imw got such a staff" of officers, and they send them to huropo to perfect iliomsclvcs amonir the «rej»t foresters of (Icrmany and iMante.

WecannJvel^ expect to see our old forests properly n.anagcd and new forests started on our prairies, and wherever their want is felt in other par « o the 1 omiidon wuUut experienced foresters to take charge of the work. I thmk no Ti;; coldlbe more (>rofitahly spent, and hring larger returns, than m eslabhshmg

^^"^ZtSmeSe'SSe good results of such an institution can n.ke then, helves felt I would recommend that competent men should be procured from old «stabliS schools abroad, and that intelligent Canadians should be selected and sent tfC-op^ to sSy there the best systems ^f forestry, with a view to their apphcatioa to our own country.

The whole respectfully submitted.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

H. G. JOLY.

To the Honourable

The Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa.

Ki: ;i I

Bji]

In India () ))erlect

w forests t« of the ! think no ablihhing

kc Ihem- fiom old ! I and «ent [iplication »!

|lJ[(i^Ooy«r

Z'\^t;'; I ■>^r -y. .nr .a— —

■sftjj

it''i-'.-Yi -. "i rr. .s^i