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L'axampieire fiim4 fut foproduit grice A la g«n4roait« da:
Biblioth^que Agriculture Canada
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1 2 3
1
6
'''' im, f^ms
E V I r) K :n^ c K
OK
r^K. JAMES FL ET( TIE I J
KNTo.MoUxasT AXI> BoT.vxisr
I1KI..IIK ,,„..
•^'•-''<;CTsTAN„,.v,;<;o.M.M,TW:,.;
ON
A(;i{IC[ILTLiRE AM) COLuX/zatIOX
190()
^''^'^rK^ »y OHI.EH o, j,tii„^^e^^
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.nil in „j tin tomiiiitta n /■;
>i'it Beporl
OTTAWA
PKrNTK,>:Hv:«. E. DAWSON. PRINTER
KXCELLKNT MAJESTY 1900
TO THK QUEENS .\U)ST
TheSe day at 10.;^(
Dr. Jaj( Farms, was
Mr. Ch.
the opportui
culture and
in carrying
contact with
have to serv
out breaks of
the good offl(
to many whc
assistance, ui
too late, or a
the value of
have to be de
happens that
taken on 8ud(
cultural pest.
As is nat
jccts, there is
both from out
the Dominion
who may nev(
they may brei
regular occuri
duty of the ofl
these, or with
advise prompt
There is r
or plants durii
previous years
the aocumulati
of this knowlei
thesftJencsof j
years, or with
investigation oi
gai-den, with 1
romediei.
F-IJ
DH. JAM as FLUTCHER.
1900
a
mm fra, mm m in,
CoMMITTBE KoOM 46,
House op Commons,
Thursdajr, March 1, 1900.
da. a^a-^giX:^I-?";^Sf^-^gnc^ XS^-'-O" - .0. this
the op;;Sm tTo? ^^otfnXSlc™ «^ ™y Jear'a work is
culture and Coinization^NStoXsUnol'nf'?.?^""^ in carrying oat the work of my LpaH^
contact with the ropresontativesJfthriSfrnr^^^^ it brings me directly into have to serve officially. In my work it^?« « L Ti,*" g*'"^« "^ ^^o country whom I
1.0 good offices of gentlemen of thisiommittle anrf T .1 ^"^ (^•«q"e'5"y through to many who would not themselves ha^e thlu^ht of *". '•*'"' ."*''« *° be of servfce assistance, until the pests had made soTuch hetiwat?hP'r°^ ^""Z- information and too late, or at least much less effective than tht^T^^VA"* ^®P>odial raeisures were the value of prompt and definite advic« of „^ m-ght be. In no class of work U have to be dealt with by the piacUcSl IntomL ? '!,'T""' ^^'^^ ^^^ subjectT which happens that much money m^bi saved bTteiir"* u'''*'""^*' '^'>«r« itZqJlSSy JSraTpr^"-^ une/pectJ, m^^^l'^Tu.f^'^.r^Zl^^^^^^^
.i..^^^^^^^^^^^ the study Of these sub
duly of the offloers of Ihe Bi vi»°raofP„t^L5f„ '"^. H?""" ^r '""•"'ere. It is th, IhoM, orwith the goneralBrrrDf«foinS*^'°1.'^°'*°?«°'»Mqniir.ted with adW.o promptly wbf , .houlfK™ S°a™td K" """'• '"^"•' "^ "Sich"!./.'.'!;
.rri^KL''"' •™^%-i ";i-^.'nr n1oT„"
DR. JAMES FLKTCHKH.
ERADICATION OF THS SAN .1081 BCAIiC.
With your p«rraiBsion, Mr. Chuirmun, I will refer briefly to some of the iuhjecu of greater intoroHt whicli have Ix'on brought ofllcially under the notice of the (iivi- sion Binoo 1 last had the honour of addressing the committee. Of the«e not one perhaps was ot greater interest to everv fruit grower than the work of the Ontario Government in trying to control the San Jos^ softie, an extremely injurious insect which attacks almost all kinds of deciduous fruit treeH iind ornamental shrubt), and with regard lo which I addressed the committee at some length last year.
By Mr. Wilson :
Q. Has any other province been bothered except Ontario ?
A. Well, no sir. nut bothered; but the »scalo occurred in BritiMh Columbia in t.vo districts; steps were however promptly taken by the Government inspector of fruit pests, and it was wiped out entirely.
Q. By the local or Dominion Government 7
A. By the local government. It occurred only in a few isolated places, and the trees were at once out down when it was discovered, which stopped the infest- ation. In Ontario it was a much more serious matter, because before its discovery it had already made considerable headway and there was naturally a great objection on the part of the fruit growers who did not understand the serious nature of the introduction, to have their trees destroyed, or even to go to ony great cxpen>4e in treating them. In one or two districts the insect obtained a foothold and spread rapidly, the fruit growers throughout the country could not be made to understand what a serious infestation this is, and consequently strenuous enough eH'orts were not made at first to control the scale, which is, as has often been stated, by far the most difficult insect enemy we have ever had to combat. However, after three years' experience the fruit growers of Ontario have learned its true nature, and the very men who at first maintained that the danger from this pest was unduly magni- fied by entomologists, and that for this reason no Act should have been passed by the Ontario Government to control it any more than man^ other insects found in orchards, now claim that the insect is so firmly established that it can never be eradicated, and therefore the government should treat infested trees instead of insisting on their total destruction. It was known at first that it was going to be a hard, long fight to control this scale insect, and that any measures adopted would have to be Kept up continuously, if any good results were to be obtained. The Ontario Government was hampered by public opinion, from the beginning, and finally during the past summer had to relax their wise efforts in behalf of the fruit growers and give up the plan which they hod at first adopted of destroying all trees found to be infested by the San Jos^ scale.
I have recently read in the newspapers that the provincial Minister of Agricul- ture is now going to allow fruit growers to treat their trees instead of having them destroyed by the government. This is in response to widely expressed opinion that the fruit growers do not wish him to persist in carrying out the drastic measures which he had adopted for the eradication of the scale — measures which I believe, from all we know of the nature of this enemy, were the proper ones tor him to have adopted if control of the insect was to be secured— but governments, of course, are not like ordinary individuals; they merely represent the people and have to bow to public opinion when this is found to be the will of the majority concernod.
Q. These measures were to destroy the trees?
A. Yes, the destruction of all infested trees. I think if that step had been taken at first and bad been adhered to strictly, this insect could not have spread because it was not widely established, and the Federal Government soon passed the San Jos^ Scale Act, of 1898, which has been stringently enforced. Therefore, no new infestation was possible, and, though statements are made to the contrary, I do not believe there has been any fresh introduction of the scale on infested nursery stock from the United States. Of course, there are always some people
who will
in this c
Both the
fr«>m the
for thems
OS careful
adopte<l ir
selves, anc
suffer fion
H' By
A. Ye
by treatme
remedy.
specifics wl
to be BO wh
coal oil and
•t will if pi
quickly cov
"hat is ne<
claimed for
a roaHonabh
Now, w
still maintai
against. It
and even wli
bark is the (
an<l it 18 thu
to thoroughl
it breeds ver
season the iri
increase, and
control it, be
a short time
may spread t
the San 3ot-4
largely owin^
domestic inte
was disposed
legislation loo
find that the ii
liave to do wh
to treat infesl
fruit growers i
extent to wh
the case in On
would be such
be unjufttifiubic
this state of afl
tiio consequent
nui-sery stock 1
the danger of a
"roviiioiai Gov(
country from |(
what was best i
'gnorance, supii
suffered ; but th
/.»i-cr /.«v,,v. .vMssi,,. .i.v/; ,k™,,, * ^°°
Both the Federal and the ProvinoiKnM^^^^ I believe to be accurate
^i' A/r. Sproule: Q- By«p,ayin^rv
a "«»on.ble v„l„„ „f n, troe to Kvcd '^ ""'' "' » °°" "''i"'' "I" i-ol exooe!?
bark in the ..nly indical"5„ of it! orZn '"l * «u*"«'''" «PP«"'anoe of gr.y, os, on S
reason the ^ncvSlnnrntrlfT " T"^^^ '«••'"« '"male there IvL' . t^*""' increa«o, and i t^^i ncSn^rcS^L^'n'utrrV rL^^ "^^^ l^hin mr^eUouH -iwer o?
contro it, because if a Lit growe. wh'oTnds'h!' '' '^^^ 'J^- '^^ «'««*«« ditfi^caUy to a short time a8 to whether he wUlrlthrHr ""1^^"^ '"*^""^«^ hoMtatCH for on I v may «proad to other treeHor ou/eroXrdVarin°'" '^r^''^^' ^bem outright, the nTec^ he San Jo^^ H,,ule has spread with Jreat S ''-'"'' '" *''« U"^«d Se,
to treat .Dfested treen, in short, to Zke h«'^ ♦Vr*''^' *'''>^ ^^ui fruit growerHsav that 'treatment by Te leSat,rr« °- "^ "^'^ •'"^- '" ««»"« states t ho ?hl? *• ^•''•'^ ''^« "««'« has spread tS Tk f ."«\ K'-»''ticable owing to the the case in Ontario. Thev eav ilat th^ -l hie what ih claimed by many is Hl«n
would beHuohanenormoi^Heiynttolea'^^^^^^ '%"T ''^ «^™'y en^abThed that t he unjustifiable; now howeverTtho fS? . l'"' ^'^ Ir*'"^ ^^«^'-«««. ^hat it woJid thi« state of affairs, having taken tlfom^? fe'rowerH themselves are responsible for
iZsZrrrT' -"atovfrlhesV ma7b7 '"p^^sf of Z\'"'''''' ''^y E atp nuisery stock from states which were known to I • f *',^7 P«'"si«ted in buying the danger of allowing this insocrTo heT"^.!^,, > '?*"-''*'^' *^«° ^^ied to boli t"5 Pruvinoiai efoyernment rolinquishingTts'effoVt^Tn ""'^ "/"""^ ^*^® 'n«i«ted on the mintry from loss. It seems hard h*lweverth«M°°^'"°'u' '^"'^ «»^« them and the what was best and right in controlling ^hf' ^ '''?^® ^^"^ t''«d strenuously to do Ignorance, supineness. or carSels^^oall •. ^T '^'^"''^ ''*^« ^o suffer from tS suffered ; but that is frequenUy the cL ' ''*"'' ^"" '^'"' ^^ '^t''^". who had ioJ
l)R JAMES FLETCUHh.
Kvei y .^rtort ha« boot, inmlo by entom..lo«iHtH to put before the public the be- meai.H to adopt in order to Hubduo and control thiH iuHOCt. and wo have endeavoured rj^^ike knoW what an oxcee.linKly dangerous insect it h. Noth.nK wo huvo leaS about it up to the late«t ra..ments justifieH us in considering it other than a most dangerous and mucli to be dreaded enemy.
By Mr. Clancy: Q. Is it not a fact thut trees in the foiobt generally are infoBtod as well as fruit tieen 7
q: w;int'!a"b°ld;y';;a?eathatbas.wood and some othei- kinds of foicnt trees
"' "l! Thlltatemcnt thut they are generally alTected is «"^''-«'>'.»"'f"V"^,";:;; J have never found it or seen it in Canada on forest trees and, tvin 'n New Jnuey^ the only Htate whore it is stated to have .pm.d to the forest (reoH. it has been dis. iove^" fin a few localities only. It was stated two years a^o that the forests m New Jerney were so badly infested that there was no chance of ever eraJ'cat'ng tl e BcaTeThison examination was, I am told, found not to bo the case In Ontario ?hi8 i's oeHainly not the ca.e. Mr. George E. Fi»he^ the Ontario Gov omment Inspector 0 San Josd scale, who is a very offlciqnt officer and a conscientious woTer. has carofully and fWquently examined trees close to infested orchard., and up to !he i.resent has not beei able to discover the pest in any instance on forest or ■hade trees.
A. no iJapm-ticttl fruitgrower living at Freeman in ;.>7 "7^';"" ^^"^^^^^ He has been known for many years as an expert and succeB^f ul fruit ^^o^e^ ^nd J believe is now from his experience, one of the best experts we have 'n Canada on the San Josrf scale; for the last two years Mr. Fisher has studied the San Jos« caloi. Ontario's orchards with great assiduity and being al.o a good tnicroscop st i'e ha^Htudi^d the insect in all itt stages of development -diH.ow undoubtedly one oftho best authorities upon the subject in Canada. Mr. ^'^her te Is me hat he has not found the scale on firest trees; still of course, if neglected, it will in time spread to them and then little can be done to check it except in «';<;hard8 I has Ken found to bo characteristic of many imported insects ^h'vt where they feed o.oo^ class of Diants it generally takes them a longtime to spread from that c.ass of plants ?o othow t^en where these are closely allied with the cultivated forms. Not only s this L cJse, but frequently an in.ect which feeds in one p acn ^hfy <>n oV tent of tree does not do so in another. As an instance of this, the two kinds ot tent caterpillars which destroyed the aspen poplar groves ^^^"^S ^^^ OUawa n^nd Mi them as bare as poles in June last, were found m many places in the pi ovince of Quebec to bo most destructive to the sugar maple trees, ^vh.le here even when the maplo trees were growing among the poplars .^^ey were not a tacked and in most places the red maple was left un ouched as '«"? *^„ ^'*«' ?„ JJ*^^ anything else for them to eat. There are aberrations in the habits of all insects !f this nature, which we cannot explain. The same insect in one place will ?eed on one J^ee and in the other ,!pon quite another. The «ameUung applies to an insect when il is introduced into a new locality. It very seldom spreads for some yl-s at any rate, to any other class of trees, «ven although that cLsTtiees may in another district bo atiacked by it. I^ .^^^s Jiopod that he Smation we could gather from the large amount of published accounts o the depreTtions of the 3an Jos« scale in the United States and the different trees Xket would allow us safely to exempt from the .ist of tree«. -»«'lyj'r;"l!.1 irora the United States, many that were useful lor ornamental i;uipv=^= V"\"""U'" i been attacked by the San Joii scale ; but we found that almost every woody-stemmed dSous tree and shrub was attacked, and, therefore, we had to include wuhiu The provisions of the San Jos^ Scale Act, all trees except those of the pine and orange
1
I
familiefl. membtn the imp(
S'eons w oSan forests w the <lrast been don there wa affecte<l t trioted tc Goreinm
Thet
not be ant
and impr«
until now
ago. Man J
appiioatioi
caterpillar
interest to
three year
Ontario an
British Col
known mai
Several poi
during the
of those si
and copper
green, whic
of iime, gy
probably \x
remedy whi
acetic acid,
But wit
do not myse
cheap and ef
a great avan
perfectly eff
poisonous na
green for all
well known
it; there is ^
consequence
from people ;
were to al!c?
and of a whit
m«ny serious
and farmers i
l^'SKt'T J'A'STS, fiHASSh's IXn tt K/i/KS
fruit
I
1900 7
Sri < Jlrpt' .t?,r T!^z;:::r':i^:'': ^""-" r^^^^^^ ^^^ ""^«-"t
greon. wh.ob do not belong to the pino family tL^!..'*' ""'"^ '^""^'^ «*«^"
the .IraHtio and offensive measure Ir^ZVZZllil^'' '"""'d /.avo boon proved, l^een done away with, for, if tho Hcalo wer7« "fhoJoSv f u^^l ^r"' *'"'"^' ^''^^ there was no hope of con lolli,,., it iherrwn.itf*^^ ^ ''"''' '"^'''' '" ^""«»^" ^^at
.overnn,.nthaAadoen<j;-^S:;:-:-'--;>r^0.^r^
MIXTCRKS FOR 8PRATINO,-CAB. T.V DStNO T„EM RKQ.hh.D.
ago. Many n/w ma o ia « ^avi C'^^l^l^ « '"^ th«y were two o/thr?e yeJ^J applioationH, mostly of ar'Z^ul.pZZZ^l^^ '".V'" ^'^"^ of poiH.J.ouH
catorp.lIarH. Among thiH claHHofSr he Ton^P. «leHtruct,on of foliage oat ing interest to many ; tbene are th^ca tfl,nSl „r . ^"•«'l>ill»rH are ju.st now of special three yearn have been , xtrcmely abit^? M^^^ '."• ^"^'^'' ^"'' »''" '"-^
Ontario and Quebec and withTn allfed slden in h„ P.^ • •" n **r'^''^« Pr-vinceB. British Columbia. Up to iho VroHent timn fnr v • '^""'" P'^^'nc"-* and through known material, PariH green iJtbo hit nAi •"'"'"" '"'*"""•'' ^ consi.ler this wfll Several poisons have bfen st d Id cX?u| ^rr''''"?^!?''*^"^'""'^ '« '•^'^-"''"«nd during the past year, and have b«en i«nnr ^ '"'V^ "' '^'' experimental stations of (hose stStionJ:. Pa"i Kree„ 1! VXmtaToJ'^l'''^^^^ '" ^^« »^""«tin«
and copper. Green arnoiiitV is h mi ar wTtbout Tm " .''''k '^f.«''^^'"'«. "^'^tic acid «ieo„, ^hieh allows it to be product at le exue.r T '^" '"Kredients of Paris of lime, gypsino, &c., &c., a I of wh k vf1C!l ^ ^''«""fe""n <hoie is arsenate probably be largely used' instead of 1 ris leen lt7"'"" ' '"•"" "'" '^"^'^ ^'» remedy which has been lately introduced differs Li P ^"■*^" " ."*"'^ proprietary aceticacid. and has been foun^d "^S^ti^'^^^h^cL"^^^^^^^^ «'
DANGER FROM SUBSTITUTE POISONS.
But With all of those there is still
ffreen for nil f«i;„ .- " »e»son yei to change the i
^T.Jrj\txr;s°irsif;'iri:s- 1^\ ' "•'° -"^ ■ ■■•- -
«t; there is very little danger of it be n /!?•?! "." ^T*"" ^« Pirchaso and uee consequence I /nd that duf'ing the pas ffwvea^^^^^^^ ^ub.>tances, and as a
from people mistaking it for other tKysT/I.,'\?'® ^"^^ *»?" ^«'J^ f«^ accidents were to »i!lnw tK« -.,i.°*:....= . "'I?^'^ ^"'"gs. s'^oh jis tho various food product" t*" w«
aud of a white colour, such as white areoLThl-^^"^ mu**';'*' "«' «« ^«" known, many serious acciden'ts. We c^n neveThTne foTlh?."'"^ ''" ^^^ *u'°"« timedanger of and fanners who use insecticide?, ^Z^^TjZ'^^i^Z^^^^^^^^^^^
JJH. JAJUKfi FLKTOHKH.
wl... u«o» poiHon Bhould tuko. I am convinced that aay whUo «""*»''* """'^■"J'^^'i; •rHonic, would b« far too danKerous to recommend for wholoHale application, and a^ wo have mich a cheap and effective remedy an PariH ^reen, for the Pf««»"<' «^ «»y rale, I recmm.nd it for Konoral u.e. UnJonbtedly even PHriH g.oen m UHod In mucb uroi^ter HtrcnKth than is unually neoeHsary ; or than it ih sale to apply to he foliage of many trees One pound with one pound of ft-e.h lime in 200 gallonH ol water, in all that le neceHMary for mo»t InHectH, If uned when they are small.
THE T«NT OATE»riLLAB,— WHEN AND HOW TO TREAT IT.
By Mr. Clancy :
Q. Will that kill ihe tent caterplllaiH? , ^ . «:„„
A. YoM, When they are small ; but unfortunataly most peopU- do not notice them when thoy are Hmall. It l» only thoso who know their hab.ts ihat are on the lookout for thorn ut the proper time, when thoy flret hatch The tont caterpillar- hatch from oggn in the lant week of April. Tho egge arc laid in July, and within a month the yoTng catorpillurs are fully formed inside the egWH, although thoy do not emerge from the eggs until the following spring The warm wf«^h«r oi spnng revives them when they eat their way out of the shells and attack tho buds an soon as they burst.
By Mr. Macdonald, {Huron) :
Q. What is the proper strength to kill the potato bug?
A. The potato with its coarse leaves ia able to resist injury better than some other plants, and one pound in a hundred gallons of water is not too st'ong it an equal quantity, or better, if double tho quantity of fresh lime is put in the water this neutrali/.cs the arsonious acid and reduces very much tho danger of burning the leaves without lessening its poisonous proporMes. f always now recommend that an equal or double the quantity offrosh lime should be used with Pans green and then there is little danger in using it on all foliage. When the young tent caterpillars first hatch they are much more easily destroyed than when they become larger ; l)ut usually people do not notice them till they are larger and then they arc not so easily destroyed. This is the reason that you hear people say that Pans green will not kill th« tent caterpillar. It will however; but if tho caterpillars are a lowed to grow to half their full s^zothey are much harder to kill, and in order to make the mixture strong enough to kill tho caterpillar, you run the danger of killing the foliage also. The use of limo in the proportion of one or two pounds toa hundred gallons of water prevents injury to the foliage. Last season the tent caterpillars were very bad in raanv dislricti*, and, in some cases, whole dictricts were overrun. In the Quebec province their attacks on tho .^ugar maple-groves have given nse to much anxiety and many letters have lately been received asking if sugar bushes which were stnpped of their leaves last year can be used for tapping this season. I judge that the ravages were more serious among the sugar-maples than uponanyother trees except perhaps apple-trees in orchards. The tont caterpillar i. not really a very hard enemy to hght and there is no reason at all for those who grow fruit trees in orchards allowing them to be destroyed by this post. Lust year I was in many of the infested districts and I saw many careful fruitgrowers who saved their trees by strict utteiition to spraying at the proper time. Moreover, this same strict attention to spraying paid them very well indeed in the returns they got from their orchards. The labour and first expense of spraying should not be considered at all; what a fruit grower should consider is the question, whether the cost is commensurate with the proper- tion of profits. Some remedies pay better than others, and that remedy which pays us best is tho one we should adopt. When a remedy is f eeoramende^ 1 am trcqnenu told that it costs too much. That is a very mistaken idea, for nothing costs too much if vou make money out of it. Few in this country farm for amusement ; most want to make money out of it. No matter how much a remedy may cost, it pays to use
It if itg proHt, bi last yea I oj)eratloi
Q. V A. \
c»terpi|la
young oa
probably
open.
Q. Ai
A. Y.
of May mi
must s'top
great bone
killed if t
brought up
whether th
spraying «
ers, b»'cnu84
the flowers
to be sprai
«nd filling'
proves very
oloHsom is I
disk of the
delicate.
The gen
"1 the wintei
remeciy for t
on large trjei
«ggs during (
|cal u.so. All
in many jnsti
from which tl
few inches frc
«ny one will
whether there
have very sht
would not rec(
spraying early
"ot one in half
oggB in winter
spraying with
tt'id strip whoh
'ood. When t
Jences or paths
This accounts f.
it does not lake i
and insects, and
will be enough
<'epth of tent c,
nv
ch
/A'.VAV7',.AWr.V..;/,,.,vAW,.w, ,,,.,.,,,
19UJ
By Mr. Cochrane t
Q. Aa soon aa th« i "^ * '*''"*' '''« fl«'^«'>«
^ Y • loaves are out ?
b'ou^ht unLThJV'^'",*^"."'' "''>«" thoLo7«rnrhln "^^^ "'i'l bo certainly
er«, boc^fusri haireM T '" '^ °''u"'" '"^ < be protection of So hV" ^"i"!'" *" P'«^«» the flowers open Th ^ -"""^ f''"^ *>««« "'« eortainlr k.lip., f''^'* "."^ ^''« ^•■..itgro^v to be ^rlySr^nlu^u 'r"^" ''-"ct we knoNv of forV^ k^^
proves ve.^ iniurio'ir' fil^l"^' P.'!'/ "'" the flower where ^T^fTI. •"'. '"-«'«
killed brouu
«Wing^;?iir,Z.";' ^■' " P'«^-'"C'«l Aot*7krrhrt ;« fir"- "V^^^'-K '«st winte^, er«, bocfusrit hnsTeenT '" '^ °'u"'" '"^ « be protection of So hV" ^"i"!'" *" P'«^«» the flowers open Th ^ -"""^ f''"^ *>««« "'« eortainir k.llp., f''^'* "."^ t''« ^•■..itgro^v. to be sprayed "lun^f.";r "* no innect we know of forV^ k^^
proves veiy iniuriouH ^nt •"'>' P"''' "'" ^he flower wS'e th<!rl •^'''^" "^ '"'"^'io bloHsom is httS r.i ''m^'"^ '^"'^ P"i8 green the. fff.! T " 1'" epidorinis- di«k of he pTtfr Tl I'-'^'^r™^ ^'•*>"» 'bo Cid fal in^ . ''n'" '''« ^'•««'' '""e in delicate. P'*'"' ^'^'^ '« the central portion' of Sr^^pl^ twr ilurit'T;,;;
cal use All L • ''®" 'bo trees jue boimr n,.,.„l?- ^' ^becollect on of the from which Ihe tent clrpS/fc/" ""' I?™"'"" »<l™taffo''°^,*''«,^''" k""".
havcT/rv Zn „r^ ok,. cl„„er, „„ a r^'„'"Vv,° «""?",,""" b" "We tot,™
would J ,tZmS .ri:,' ™" 11:'?'^ °f K™»' "S „■ 'io""^ t,;. Tib ■" * ■ "'••
fences or Shs «ni *'P'"'"*f ''""«'' down or dJon fJnm t^ /'*"" '** '««k for more
This uccoCL'rttr.i«?:.^-^-.'-;'y ^onro/;"3k?nVr .:^«i:.-'^^' «-^'
^ill be onougS to nrevon^";? '"'T"'. " ^^'^ '«»t cate" p lars cmi^? "'^'^^^^ '^^ ^^^^^^
-'epth of tent ca?efnm i*"® '^''«®''* ^^''^ *?''ippinff bu fh^^ '*''''"^^^'o"^ the rails
caterp.„ar« along the tracks b^S tt^s'^Lr btn l^.'^^H^
}l
■ti
10
DR. JAMES FLETCHER.
probably enormously exaggerated. I can quite understand that a comparatively amall numboi- of tent caterpillars \/alking close together along the rails, when crushed by the wheels, would speedily prevent a train making good progress. When theHe caterpillars wander they are in search of food, and that is a practical point for us to know about them. If vou have taken the proper means to preserve your orchards and have kept them clear of insects, j'Our trees are fcovered with foliage in good condition, so vou may expect that they will come to you. ^hore- fore you must take means to protect your trees from caterpillars which will come from outeido and crawl up the trunks. Some of the Niraplo mechanical contrivances are of great use. One of these is an inverted cone of wire netting which is placed around the troe, and when the caterpillars climb up they are kept there and do not seem to have sense enough to crawl down to the edge and crawl up the outside ot the cone, but tl.ey gather together in masses beneath it. This will prevent ihem from getting up long enough to allow the fruit grower, who is on the look out, to destroy them. A syringe with coal oil is a good instrument for this purpose. Another plan is to use bunds with some viscic'. material, such as a mixture of castor oil and resin. These have been used with good effect, for when the caterpillars reach this band painted on tin, cai-dboard or paper, they either get caught in the viscid mixture or will not crawl over it
By Mr. Sproule
Q. I saw farmers using wool with tar on it HO and 40 years ago.
A. Yes, or what is less dangerous for the tree and is a very good method ;8 to tie a band of cotton batting around the tree, as it stands out loosely and the cater- pillars cannot crawl over it. j i •
Q. Wool is better than cotton, as the cotton sags and is soon matted; wool is
undoubtedly the best. ... ,. u ui k
A. Yes, that would be better. I never taw wool used, but it would probably be better than cotton batting, which would need to bo kept teased out. Every one knows these remedies, but the trouble is they do not use them, so their trees become infested and ihey lose a large percentage of their crop. Aboui the time these pests are due to appear, we send out articles to the newspapers, little squibs, and the papers are glad to publish them. Still 1 must go back to my first statement that the damage done bv injurious insects is due to the fact, not that people do not know the remedies but that they put them into operation too late or not at all. It is a prompt appli- cation that is effectual.
VALDE OF SPBATINO.
Occasionally we find new insect enemies, either new altogether or new in the sense that they are extending their range to the Dominion from some other country and these introduced insects are frequently the worst pests which attack gardens and farm crops. Injurious insects have now been studied suflSciently for us to prevent attack or minimize the injury, so that it may now be said thatin almost all instai.oes Eomething may be done to reduce the loss. The operation of spraying is now so well known and adopted so generally by wise fruit growers and other farmers that it is not worth while taking up the time of the committee to-day with it. Every sensible man and every good business man now knows that for certain crops you must spray. The apple grower knows that to get clean, whole, sound fruit, ho has to spray. Systematic experiments have shown that we can save 75 per cent of our apples by spraying at the proper time. In fact all fruit oropscan b'» incieiised by spraying at the proper time. All these facts are now known and can be found in the reports of this coinmiltee, in the esperimonial farm reports, or in the spraying calendars; so, there is no excuse fur any one in Canada who wanto to Know how to protect his craps or to cope with many pests which they may know, or even with those which they may not know ; for they can get information easily, which will enable them to fight in the best way most of their insect enemies.
Tl years ; Canada tion tb potato of leaf-( poison special them fi work tl them.
sidering
A. J
have soni
The remi
all ovei- I
petrokur
petrolcun
with gas
the action
exceeding
this gas fi
Q. Ti
that has
troying tb
A. Y
way and t
overcome.
visitations
son of Mar
anyone elsi
the whole
success, bu
Q. la
the farmei'j
A. No,
trtibted to a
gas is so in
recent occa
thoroughly
poisonous gi
8hut up clos
is of course
, Q. I pr
have to be a
A. I do that it canno now largely has to be dor and method
lysECT PESTS, BRASSES AXD WEEDS.
1900
y^^^'^l^^^^^^ Within the ,a«t ten or cwelve
Canada every year. Every ftSkgrowo kuol'^Tjl '^^'""^ P"'"?^ «>« «oTd In tion the same as he has to prunlnt Zl L fif.r?- • ' 'l® ''"« ^» attend to this ooera po nto beetle. Every farmer no^knot^t Jut hi'''^ '^' 'f' '^^^' ^"^ «^ampleTe of leaf-euters for which w« h.,.T« „ , '""^ '"sot^t be bngs to a r«.»«;r„i
lUi from speeial stuiy; buf it peon e Tf r" ^^'^^ °"'^ f'^*" one who knows ^^ these o„t for them and they kn^atlh^r o^n r^-J^y^^^^T^t';- H
SAN JOS£ 8CALE,-.R.MEDr POH FOMIOATION.
Bi/ Mr. Clancy :
sider^Ai'^JSSertyoTr^a^ht^"?,;^ ^UlliT"^''^'' '^^ '^'^^ '^- ^-^ -ale con-
A. Not for the San Jos^ scale which Jm J ^T- ••««'^'»''nend Paris green ?
hav6 some remedy applied vvhS dit mv 'tLT ""^■'"'''^- '^^^ «^">« ^""ects must
The remedies are of two kinds : either Tvt S / '*",!!" '^"^^^^^ ^'^^ their bores
all ovei- their bodies and suffocate them hi 7 ^""^"^^ '"^'^ ^^ oils which will ran
petrok um or the various emulsions of i,^ stopping their breathing po.es Zch ««
petroleum, now conndered one orthe best'Z?."'" "'f '^'V^'^^ 'ecomrended crude
with gas sue h as hydrocvunic ac d gas wtir h t ';, ^"^'*'«'" ""^^^od is suffocatS
the action of sulphuric acid on cyinide VnoJ-c • "'"^. Poisonous gas is liberated bv
exceedingly poisonous gas to 'ff Sni m U K?o WK "^ ^'**«'- ^luis is generated m
§%^or 45 minutes ft does not i j™' i t tiels but e^in "? ^J^""'' '^'^ «^p"«'^ 'S
thattt•^a-™..^^^^^^
way and by specialists. Itla ^"ffliurt mn'; '^ f ''''^" '^^''^ npplla in the proper overcome. In^ California an I mi?rilhr nT' '^"' "H^ matter of difflcultyS'^S; visitations ot these insects this Ts has be/n n^T.^'^T '^""'^ ^ave been Sua
the f ;erca7';^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^"formSr Can yon suggest a remedy that
ti'usted toaWl;whUu^d\;g:J^•\"i7trr''^^*'"K^ ^'•^ --^-^ry farmer can be gas .8 so intensely poisonous that it oHnnfi ""' ^^ '""'^^'f- The hydrocyanic acM recent occasion, (he rolling stock ^/r-^ •■««?'"'»«nded for general uC On a thoroughly infested with bV bui ft «,!" r^Jl ^^''^'^ ^''^''^^ having become poisonous gas. They closeSupZ 'ears put tTA M '""l'«"^^ ''^^ carslith Jhi^ shut up closely. Within an hiur evervth?ni in • . ^k"^ ""'^ ^^""'^^^ ""d left them .B of course necessary to watch carefS ?y thai nonZ^^ ""'■'' «« ^''^^ted is dead S
Q. I presume that application of thfs i.?« K^ ? ^^'^^ '"*'' ^'^^'^^ «ar8. have to be abandoned ? ^*^ ^""'^ ^"* "^^ farmers, considering the cost, would
. A. I do not know that, r iTCMiid nrf ««-»},* •
wunoui danger; and now the ordinary
IS
iJlt. JAMES FLETCHER,
farmer knows that if his peas are infested with weevils he simply procures a coal oil barrel, puts his infested peas in it, puts some bi^alphide on the lop, closes it up tightly and leaves it for two or three days and the bugs are killed. Many farmers know this, but they do not all practise it, and consequently the Pea-weevil is still very destructive. The stand I have taken about the San Jostf scale-is that we have not yet got a practical remedy which the oidinary farmer of the country can adopt.
By Mr. Cochrane;
Q. If that is a perfect cure, I look at it this way: supposing 1 had an auplo tree worth so much, and this remedy is perfect. If you could apply it, the remedy would not bo as expensive as it would be for me to cut down the tree ?
A. No, but it would bo exceedingly expensive for you and your neighbours to have an accident or to try a remedy that failed.
Q. I am not talking about that, but I understood you say that there is a remedy which is costly and would not be safe for farmers to adopt, but is safe when properly handled ?
A. Yes, that is true. But everybody in the district suitors if the pest occurs
there at all and spreads.
By Mr. MacLaren i i
Q, Are there specialiste, who could apply it safely ?
A. There are not enough specialists in Canada to do all the work. The Govern- ment of Ontiirio has had to allow the treatment of trees and the country may have to suffer for it. There are a great many things that have to bo considered, and there are a great many difficulties rhat have to be overcome. The treatment of trees is not so easy as it looks, and my only reason for saying what I have said this morning is that I do not want disappointed people aflerwaids to cay : ' You gave us a remedy for the pest, that was no good and hundreds or even thousands of trees have been deitroyed b.- being cut out that could have been saved if treatment had been allowed.' We have done our best and pointed out the dangers.
By Mr. Cochrane :
Q. How far east has it got yet ? A. Not quite to Toronto.
TREATMENT ACCORDINQ TO CLASS OF INSECT, — QREENHOL'SES.
I wa3 speaking a few minutes ago of the different kinds of insects, those which bite and. those which suck their food. Those that bite can be killed by placing poisonous matter on their food. Those that do not bite their food,— such as the San Jos^ scale, which is provided with a very minute tube through which it sucks its food in a liquid form, must be treated in a different way. The most useful substances for treating these are oils, such as kerosene and emulsions of it, which suffocates them, also poisonous fumes or gas, bi-sulphide of carbon, when rendered gaseous, and hydrocyanic acid gas. Fumigation with this gas has been expoiimentcd with at Washinglon, very carefully, during the last two years, and has been found to be the best remedy for use in greenhouses where many insect pests are sometimes found. The business of growing plants in greenhouses is now becoming in Canada a very important industry, and as plants when grown under giassare not subject to many accidents which may occur outside, they are frequently attacked seriously bj' various 'nsect pests, and are very difficult to treat on account of the delicate nature of many of these plants.
It has been found that the treatment with hydrocyanic acid gas is valuable for greenhouses. When it has been learnt by experiment what strength of gas the
diflfereo
green h(
There ii
pracMci
Pui
gieenho
which ii
industry
United {
Black V
Slant wb ut by t houses, escape m danger, u I bet the i'umi^ bed-bugs, A Kaffir i watching car, he m unconscio so you car cyanic aci( withstand! stress on tl lisature of may bedoi
I have
less there a
ance. The
one of the f
before had t
80 we had ti
provinces ii
to the south
south, and ii
pea crop alo
the loss in oi
amount of in
in Canada, bi
should have
year ? Fron
need for serii
Q. How
A. It sue
Q. As th
A. Yes;
the injury, bu
greon plttnt.li(
this year is th
lys^cr PESTS, ,.ffASSt's AXD ,rKBos.
a
1900
».CE»T« *„.„„ ,„.,o«,_„, „, ^„„,,
-fly Atr. Cochrane :
Q. How does it affect the crop ? A. Jt sucks the san f.-nm th» "— -i.
14
DR. JAMES FLETCHER.
lice In some places this pest was so badly infested with parasitic insects that on one farm in Maryland the farmer gathered up twenty bushels of green worms when hurvesting. These were parasites of the plant-lice. Each one of these worms would require many scores of plant-lice for a meal, so that I hope we need not have much fear of many of them being found next season. In Canada we have aUo several kinds of these parasites, and doubtless owing to their good work there was not so much damage as further south. Not only was this pest found in the open field, but it was veiy bad in gardens, and I think there wore with us more complaints from growers of the flowering sweet peas than from farmers. Farmers are apt to take an outbreak likethisas a calamity which has no remedy, but to grin and bear it, but gardeners have not to complain of such posts so often, and therefore there was more complaint heard from them.
TREATMENT FOB PLANT LICB.
Those who grow flowering plants and looked afier them very carefully were very much troubled and were sending frequently for remedies. The ordinary reniiedieB for plant-licc we found to be perfectly effective for these, and the simplest remedy for plant-lice is whale-oil soap, now a well known remedy for this class of insects in the proportion of one pound in six gallons of water. This remedy is rather expensive, and except for garden or orchard work is not perhaps a practical remedy. I should have mentioned, when you asked if there werfe any practical remedy for San Jos6 scale, that the preparations known as whale-oil soaps are merely fash oil soaps made with jiotash after a definite formula. Those soaps made by W. H. Owen, of Catawba Island, and the J. B. Good Company, of Philadelphia, are good soaps, and the use of these if done as recommended becomes a practical remedy. The proper quantity to use is two pounds in one gallon of water. When bought in large quantities these soaps are not very expensive— about four cents a pound, but even eight conts in one gallon of water will be thought by many to bo a very expensive remedy when it has to bo applied to largo trees. If the soap has been properly made with potash, it is not too thick for spraying when diluted, and can be applied with a spraying pump. It is also claimed to be beneficial to the trees. Trees which have been sprayed as a general experience showing greater vigour. This is due to the amount of potash which they receive in the soap. The insect can bo almost entirely eradicated with this spray. If two or three applications are made the trees will be fairly clean of scales and much improved in appearance. j ..... r. ..
An insect which has not yet given us much trouble in Canada, but which fruit- growers in the province of Quebec must expect to be troubled with before long, is the apple maggot, which is very prevalent in the states of Vermont and Maine. It is a worse pest for the apple-grower than the codling moth, the caterpillar of which attacks the apple chiefly at the core and then only eats il« way out, leaving much of the apple uninjured. The Apple Maggot is the maggot of a fly which perforates the apple and pushes her eggs inside the flesh of the apple. From these eggs maggots hatch soon after, and eat their way through the apple in every direction, spoiling it utterly. There is no remedy which we can apply as a spray to reach this insect. The remedy which has given the best results is collecting the infested fruit after it falls to the ground and destroying it with the maggots inside it, so that they do not mature to destroy the crop of the next year. The most profitable method of destroying this fruit is to keep sheep or pigs ip the orchard to eat up all windfalls as soon as they fall, and in seasons when the crop is small this remedy is very eflfeclive. When the apples are not abundant the animals all run to the spot as soon as an apple falls and pick it up immediately. The collecting by hand and destroying it in someway sounds easier than it turns out to be in actual practice. When there is a small crop it is easily destroyed, but in years when there Is a large crop nothing is done, and consequently there is a large increase in insects the following year. It is sometimes thought and claimed that in a season when the crops are small it is not worth while treating orchards, but that of all seasons is the time to treat them most carefully, because if you can koep your apple crop clean when it is small, yon will get a much
higher
coidling
will hav
small or
it and (
Thorefoi
best con
account
The
and for t
ex peri m(
States to
gaining
there anc
our Araei
these ins
country i
ters of lif
of insects,
being abl<
tion avail]
An in
ago did 80
beet. As i
United Stt
and were fo
resouroeu i
parasites it
in keeping
muls louuy
Piobably 8<
recommend
emulsion w
trouble is tl
that 8ucoee<
they apply
herds clean,
At this time
These are t
originate frc
in the year i
these disgUB
the animals.
the backs of
destroyed by
and leaving a
of the swellir
which may b
wastes away
reraedies, if a
Q. What
A. The 8]
one part to te
'.rsMCT m™, ,,«.„,,., ^_^.,, ,,,^.^.^^,^
I90Q
States to the south of u5 TJ" '"?^^°* ''^^ «P'««S up ii°o 0,31-' "'P^'^ **^*he country in the wnrlriL-;k ■^''® V°'^®<* States is undouht«HitMP '*' ^^"^^7 of a"
«™ THAT ,„„,, 0*m.,-,„„„,„, „.,.
»«o did :;'r„"h ."j;;?^ sn^Uc r^ "i ">• -'«» "-".«. which . r
imouroeJiQ C.„.5a ™-. J!'" '™ "took inlere,t i, of ™°,eM. „f7 """ "^ " """^ !.. keeping .Wek, even Sih,®!'"'''' f".™"''""! fw"* t^omZthT '"'"y '>J'
these disguatiDfi parasites i«^«l--"'® be^i'inlng to aooea • Tk ^ *''"®
the animals. Thev can ?1 k ?7 '"J^'-'ous to the Ht?ck oS ^n^ ^^ presence of the backs of the aJiml f K^f ^^'^'^y^^ «* this time of the^Lr r"" p'' .?*'"f"' *<> destroyed by DlaclnL on «K 1 ^"""P" ^'^^ ^ detected and fh-" ^^ ^««''n'? a'ong and leaving a SuSr^nnr-. ^"'"t'* * '"'*"'" of laVd and llnh^, ""^^u^-^ "^^'^'^'d bf
which may be used h.^? tVk- ^^t ^^^ "^^Sgot breathes Thr,.l„ °"°'* *'*^« ^op
wastes awV^h^''wtuU tl 'Jri^''?.^••"P'««'^^^^^^^
remedies if aV-phad -s-f • • '" "P ""d the skin is not in?? w ^V ., °® faggot
t a phed .ady u .s most effectual and thrioss 8, 4;r ^'^« «» other Sy Mr. Cargill : » 'east.
A T?AM^ '?* '^'^^^^^ ^«'' tl»e Horn FIv ?
•■'"«-"•-- Arcs s-Jra-r;
I*. I
16
DR. JAMES FLETCHEH.
treated in the puHturo by the herdsmen putting u little on euch animal when the fly was tnoHt troubleaomo, and the annoyance Hoon stopped. It was put on n'itb a cloth and rubbed down the neck, chest, back and loins. For bulU which are shut up in the stiills we found it simpler to spray them with coal oil emulsion, a mixture of coal oil and soapsudt). This Ih on the whole better than the tar, but it is not a nice thing to make and we find many people prefer to use pine tar and lard.
By Mr. Cochrane :
Q. I don't know how expensive it may be, but I have very often seen pine tar used on calves,
A. Do you not mix it with lard ?
Q. I just buy a little tin of tar and use it with a swab on the end of a stick.
A. It is more easily put on when you mix lard with it and just as effective.
Q. Yes, but spraying is not so effectual ?
A. Your remedy would be more expensive and more trouble, and would mat the hair together more than the other does, which would make the animals uncom- fortable 88 well as look very dirty.
THE PEAB-TEEE FLEA-LOCSE, — TREATMENT OF.
t
An insect which should be better known and which has been treated of in the experimental farm reports is the Pear-tree Flea-louse, a Hraall flea-like creature not very general in Canada as yet, but which should be known by fruit growers. This is one of the insoctA which pusses the winter beneath the flakes of bark on the trees, but only on the pear tree. Where the trees have rough bark it is a good method to scrape it ofl^ with a sharp hoe not only to make the orchard look neater, but to prevent insects from passing the winter there. This should be done daring winter over canvas spread at the foot of the trees. The insects are of course all torpid then and it is not so much trouble to exterminate them as in the summer.
By Mr. McGregor :
Q. Has your attention been called to orchards which look all right but won't bear fruit ? A man in my Hection has a beautiful orchard with magniticont trees, but he has never been able, with all his attention, to make it produce frait?
A. Perhaps his trees are all the same variety ?
Q. No ; I think he bus thirteen varieties.
A. We now know that with some varieties of fruit trees there are some which cannot be fertilized with their own pollen. This is especially the case with plums. I have heard of some oases where the trees proved absolutely barren, or, at any rate, could not be fertilized with their own pollen. This is the case, to a large degree, with pears, and also, to some extent, with apples. As you say, however, that there are other varieties in the orchard you speak of, that theory will r^ot explain the difficulty. I think if you ask Mr. Macoun, the horticulturist ; he has had that matter brought before him. There was one orchard near Windsor and one in Quebec which I heard of lately where no fruit could be obtained, but in these cases, I think the orchards consisted of one block of apples of the same species, but that is not the case hero. I will speak to Mr. Maoonn about this and ask him to speak about that matter when he comes before the committee.
Q. Does the soil have anything to do with it?
A. No ; an unsuitable or sterile soil would have the effect of throwing the trees into fruit. A very fertile soil, on the other hand, would induce a growth of leaves and branches. When a tree is placed under adverse circumstances, it endeavours to overcome these in a special way, viz., by throwing all its energy into the production of flowers and fruit, so as to save itself from extinction. This fact is taken advantage of by horticulturists when propagating new fruits. A large number of seedlings are grown from seed, of which only a /ery small proportion will bo found to produce
fruit of quality! ntitij aft Beedlingi circumst g«'o»vth, would ra naent ant
Ade
with rega
With the
It is a rt
regard wi
looked unl
is to spraj
Batisfactor
and again
attention \
sprayed w
be a mattei
for spreyin
ash and soc
has been sp
a useful rei
has been nc
Bordeaux n
were not so
it was thou^
after sprayi
the time the
this insect ii
insect hatch
remains stat
like beak. ]
their eggs a
although the
rapidity, so i
as evenly as i
seldom recov
course kill th
Sy.
Q. Did y( A. Yes, a
course contair ever, aie hard
% J
Q. Do the . A. Yes, at •n the most uni the trees with i
would me.ol/;4S ha T.n"'' /-^ '"'-' thLsolvin p odt?^'' °*' ^''^^'^'^l^S
ooked until it i« too W.o ^I'vol^''! ^"^P'e^ouH tou ,h fo'^LT P'"'«°" '" '^rs' J8 to spray the trees witk t 'nfested trees. The nan^i / °® *»equent|y over
«ati8faUofy. The ' mvtnt'J^''?" «'""^«'«». but thfs ha.ln;?''"""^ •^^commenSed and again later d^^nTSeVoilhTT"""'^''^ '^O'^e befX the & ^"^ ^l^ogeth:; attention with the obient "^^°"^b of June. The matter i« «„ • ^^^^^ '» m-in^
be a matter of great intere8r'oth?iKfP'"**'"°a'"«niedy can b^^^^ Treaa will be for sprey nff trees with ,„k .. whole countrv Ar-Y "® discovered it will
ash and soda jye? 15 JI.u"'®"'' ' '°^P« °»ade w tTbofh nn^^T^"'" ''«^« been mlie
has been noticed for eoofe Tea •« t! ^"^^ ''^ «0"ethiDg 'in £ ''^ *''^'«^«8 ro be Bordeaux mixture to prevent .h u* V^^'^ "'^'ch haveL^sn. '"««««"on, for it
were not so much atta^cked bwK*'- ^" '^°' °^ ^'^'^ apple and^n^'l. '■"^"'"^V with It was thought was probablv d. nt ^J^^tr^heJI Bark-loWe as oth^'' '^"a,".»°"« diseases after spraying, whiSh i?T„: .u*"" ^^^ ''™« which would "i''^^^^- This immunity
J f.lri^«AeT:rookS!J^^^^^
te^^SS??- ^^^^^ - - -h^
■i
2: ?itrhenL?beCn"tS^'^!.- ^-- ?
% Jfr. Cochrane : ^'■"''"' "' '"^ ''"^'^y-
18
DR. JAMES FLETCHER.
Q. Yes, but lam talking about the lice? .... l x.- a
A Yes all over the trees. The beat of results werecluimed to have been obtained by a farmer who took hia cart into the orchard with the ashes in it and simply shovelled them up into the tree. .
By Mr. Sproule:
Q. That is what we have done ?
A. The material does not touch one quarter of the tree and a tremendous pro- portion is wasted ?
Bif Mr Cochrane :
Q Are the trees not more vigorous where the ashes are used ?
A Yes but the advantage is gained from getting the potash on the ground where'tho roots can feed on it, and the chief advantage I think in the case of infested trees is from the vigour which the tree gets, owinir to the ashes which fall to the ground. The hiah cultivation of the soil in some orchards has been productive of greater vigour in the tree, which has enabled it to throw off the effects of the injuries done by its insect enemies.
ROOT MAOaOTS AND BBMED^ FOR.
Another class of insects which wo have been unable as yet to find a satisfactory remedy for is the class of insects called Root Maggots. Of those, those which attack the different members of the mustard family, such as cabbages, cauliflowers, radishes, &c., are the worst. When radishes are grown in gardens, tjiese may be nrotected by a mixture made some years ago by Professor Cook of Michigan and known as the Cook Carbolic Wash. This is made of two quarts of soft soap boiled in one gallon of water and one pint of crude carbolic acid. This makes the stock mixture of which you put one part in fifty of water when using it on vegetation. As soon as the radishes come above the ground this mixture is watered freely over the foliatre and applied twice a week for three or four weeks, when it has the effect of pre- venting female flies which lay the eggs from which the maggots hatch, from laying their eggs at the roots. This remedy has been more successful with radishes than with onions, cabbages and cauliflowers, which is possibly due to the greater amount offoliageclose to the ground, where the eggs are laid and which would have the effect of keeping the odour of the carbolic acid confined more nearly where the ])ro- teotion is required than would be the case with the other plants mentioned.
By Mr. Cochrane :
0. Do they get in at the top ? « .
A Yes ; the eggs are laid just at the soil line, and the maggots at first burrow under the skin of the root and work down until thev eat all the root away. They are very destructive to cauliflowers, more perhaps than to any other kind of cabbage
^ *" There are a good many other kinds of insects which have been studied during the year, but perhaps the committee has had enough for to-day.
CUT WORMS ON CORN.
By Mr. Sproule .
Q Is that the same grub which eats the corn off when it comes up ?
A No • that is probably a cutworm, a kind of caterpillar. The best remedj for these is the one I mentioned before the committee last year— the bran and arsenic mixture— which is very useful in gardens. Corn, of course, is grown in large areas which increases the difficulty of applying remedies ; but in gardens a mixture of' Paris green and bran has given very good results indeed.
Q. V
A. T
green as i
all who h
pays U8.
Q. W
A. Tl
attention.
deal of inj
making ol
through ti
forests wor
of the case
their appea
they can bt
oil soap, as
Q. Will
A. Yes,
Norway spr
other spruce
•J^ Q. 1 ha
others of a s
A. That
a certain pla
planted ?
Q. My b
A. Thev
Q. No, t
A. I tho
Q. The 1
touched. Th
"HcA. Atth<
20 or 30 feet I
ByJi
Q. What
stripped of the
A. About
Q. Will tfc
A. That M
not stripped ag
of tapping thei
and has been si
advise that eoir
"ot io6e the wh
Q. There ii
A. Yes. I
of the trees th
extent, and wh(
F-2J
IXStVT PESTS, ^PASSES AXn WEEns. By Mr, Burnett: """^^ ^^^''^^ "''' tdbwips.
1900 29
n ,„, . "*^ «''«^<^« «ALL LOUSE.
^. What 18 the Hpruce louse ?
By Mr. Gould .- A S iS'j; "« "'? f" '^''"^« of spruce ?
A. They were not planled this yeaf? ?• r Pi "™. "f '■» y ™ ago.
.tr.pJdJi'hVliK;^- "«•"""« "» -P'e tree, that have he.- „o™p,e,e,y ;*• 4^" topping them? mplelely
not ='44Slnthl';t°;£r^^?;V!i,"S^^ «- -^foliated. „ ,hey «„
DR. JAMES F LETCH EH.
were ublo to laj- up a goo.l supply were probably not much Btnnped, and thwo miuht be rifely tapped ; but where thoro is little HUgar thiH will all bo required for the trees and taking even the small percentage of about tivo per cent which is usually drawn off when trees are tapiH.l, might be very injurious to them.
By Mr. Burnett : Q. Would you recommend scraping the old bark off apple trees ? A. Yes certainly it would do no harm and would deprive some iiiHeclM of a place to pass the winter.
Q. And washing the trees? , , .
A. Yes, as good a thing as any is simply to whitewash tho trees.
Q. With lime? _ , ,., t , ev>
A Yes but that is an idea that some people do not like. In some parts ol J^ing- land it is a regular practice to whitewash the trees, and often too this is done for nothing but the neat and clean appearance ; but it has also the effect of killing the eggs oi many insects In answer to your question as to scraping trees, it would be very useful airainst tho Codling Moth which passes the winter as a chrysalis in crevices in the bark. Whitewashing the trunks also prevents moss growing on the trees.
ENEMIB8 OF FOREST TBEES.
There are a few more insects I intend to speak of to-day bat I will merely refer to them briefly m case any member wishes to ask Tjuesttons about them. In the West tho spruces were injured last year by a sawtly like the one which destroys currant bushes here In addition to this considerable injury was done by the maggots of a gall cMiat which attacked the ash-leaved maples in the streets of Winnipeg, disfiguring the leaves with fleshy swellings. I am of tho opinion that spraying the trees with whale oil soap in spring will prevent the female flies from laying their eggs on the leaves.
THE NEQUND PLANT-LOUSE
has been treated very satisfactorily in some places with whale-oil soap and kerosene emulsion, the standard remedies for all of the plant-lice. The aspen poplars in Mani- toba were stripped entirely of their leaves in many localities by a small beetle shaped somewhat like the Colorado Beetle and belonging to tho same family. This is the Pallid Aspen Beetle. It has a green head and fawn-colored wing cases. It may be treated satisfactorily with Paris green and water where this mixture can be applied.
By the Chairman :
Q. There was a severe attack here in Ottawaand vicinity upon elm trees which bled sofreeiy it was like tarouthesidowalksand grounds. Was your attention called to that?
A Yes, that was late in the season, it was by one of the Plant-lice or Aphides. It was not actual bleeding of the trees but tho fluid came from the Plant-lice on the tree. They emitted little drops of honey dew and these shot out like rain and ihe side- walks on some streets were rendered disgusting. Around houses where these trees were planted as shade trees, it was quite impossible to sit on the verandahs or walk on the paths with comfort. I do not think anything practical can be done to stop this on large trees, but anyone who can look back for a number of years, will remember that we have had no such visitation before, and I do not think it probable that we shall have a repetition of the trouble for some time. It was an unusual visitation by a Plant-louse just as was the case with the destructive Pea Plant-louse. Thisinsecton the elms was a gray plant-louse which multiplied inside a distorted and curled up leaf. This made it impo8<»ible to get at the colonies by spraying. It is a well known aphis on the elm but one which does not often occur so abundantly as to injure the tree.
AWNLESS BROME QRASS.
Before I sit down, Mr. Chairman, I should like just to mention a few facts about Awnless Brome Grass, a very valuable grass for all districts but particularly for the North-weet. It has now been reported on by some thousands of farmers to whom
We have fiivorabl of produ only iH hard trei well on t found a i
Q. V A. }f
Q. V A. T
Q. H A. Y
this grass being belli letting it h Awnless E grass has i better thai Island it it intendent,
Q. Car A. Tb(
iJself; how ing it dowE
Q. Whi
A. Pro
enormous oi
Q. Hav
A. Yes,
many other
parts of Out
Q. We I
A. It mi
is now being
Sy.
Q. How A. I dou
should judge Q. Some! A. Very Q. Is it c A. It is \
to about 18 ce
IXSECT ri'^rs. O^fASSKs AND irjsEDs:
1900
hard tr.«mo„t a„d will ul^l^h Tnlr L vtt';.'''' '"^ """ » ««" "'•'■"S wv well „„ dry bill.ido,, and in tl,°pX|L™{,"g,?' ° "■"'J'S"''- '" "'• ««« i°«mZ found . ,„.y ^00, «r.,. for .^n-S^y/r:,,"; ^^^ ^'jf " """"""'k " ha^K
^y-3fr. 5/Jrt>M/e■ Q. Y08.
A. Twenty pounds t.. the aero.
% Mr. Semple : A Yn" '^^''l^ f'lttoning properties ?
f^!^^-<^^^^z::t:'i:^izt.:'zrf- ' t "'--^ «^--^i to taik about
be.n. bolioved. A remru-kabloS is TLt th' i' '*'•"' ?"" '""'^ ^'^^ Bangor ^'o le ung U Htand tilltho Hcod. ripen ;h.chMth«"^o '" ' ".'« ''^^"^^'^ i" value by AwnlesflBrorae Grass thiHi^flnlTA ? ^°® ^'^*'" ^^'l'' very few LnnsHns fT
gra,a ha, many „,l™,tT;:^' "["'^n, " "^1 S'"","' .""' f™'' roo " Cr'Thi':
i=i'i5T'i;z^t!:^K:,aHv"f "'^^^
■-"c.»^ Mr, B'i.eniiA'Ct r;';-^.;, -,f,:'r,f:y";roe\^^
% .Tfr. Cochrane : Q. Can you seed it down with grain?
i;sei,v^t:^^T:inr^j:5^:,-^^^^ -^^^^ .-in but to .wit by
•ng >t down with wheat quite succSUy ^''^ "" "''*'°"°t «f » 'armor seel
Sy Mr. Campbell : Q, What sort of a crop doe8 it yield ? enoriusr^' '' '"'" ''" ^^ ''« "^^ ^"^- •-'Ration at Calgary it gives an £y Mr. Cochrane :
A Y«r\^*T'A"^ '■^P'''"*^ ''^°'° Ontario ?
many otL'^/lL ^^ 'k "ot' It ViH t^o'^S, '" ^"^--' »>«-»- there are bo parts of Ontario. ^^^' ^* ""•" probably prove valuable in the western
Q. Wo have found it difficult to get seed in Ontario ? Sy Mr. Henderson:
.ho„ldJudgeitwonldTetbo„T°"n''',°," ',«J "^ f""""' ^r it i. a light .eed. I Q. som«HiiaK like orchard grass ?' ^'
.0 a^n/{J^:z "TSrsr?-sr zs^ wate
ii
22
J>*. JAJ< V IfLETCUBB.
huiidreii namplesot ^ '«(! left, nod I Hbcild beglad toitend fiotuetuuDyono who would liko to try it
By Ml. Mumfh
Q. Ono pound Hamplui*, 1 suppose?
A. YcH.
Q. How much will ono pound sow?
A. Ono pound will how onc-twonticth of an acre.
Q. I would 1)0 jjlad to got a naraple ?
A. You Hhall have it with pIoaHuro.
By Mr. Sproulc :
Q. What lime iii tho best to how this graHs? A. Tn tho npring.
Q.
A.
t
By Mr. McNeill :
Would it do to sow it in the fall ?
Yes, tut it would bo bettor to how it in tho npring.
It has given as^godd roHults as timothy in the fall with us?
Yo«, but our usual roeommendation is to sow ^t in tho spring.
WESTERN RYE GRABS.
Another good grass is tho Western Rye Grass, a native grass brought to notice by Mr. Mclvor, of Virden, Manitoba, and I have also tried to make this better known by sending samples of it out to correspondents. It also gives good results, being a cleaii, straight, rich hay, tho seed is easily cleaned, and any mixture of weed seeds is easily detected. It is tho celebrated wild 'bunch grass' of the West, but under cultivation it becomes a better hay grass, much larger and more vigorous than the bunch grass of tho bunch grass country.
PASTURE SilXTDRES.
that
Of many permanent pasturo mixtures, the Cent)-.' Experimental Farr" 1 have brought before the Committee on one or two occasions still .,r ,
give satisfaction, and I doubt if it is possible to get a much better mixlaio Luanthat which was published in the report last year, viz.: —
Lbs.
Timothy. ... ^ Meadow Fet-^uc Orchard graiF,. Kentucky Bl'o EedTop
6 4 2 1 1
Clovers.
Mammoth Red t
Common Red 1
Alsike 2
White 2
Alfalfa 2
Q. V
another c
A. r
year. In
hold in ti a rPMt>t un to doMtro^
A. Ti
ffer Hom
fields wit
the ciop, t
not think
mustard a
wheat or (
up, either
the young
of growing
inches higl
favcur in ,
been reaper
crop in tiue
the crop dc
way as is 1,
done to tho
The wheat
soil than th(
kill the you
tho tirfrt pla
of water to i
in tho Woat
with the lab
land under c
hundreds of
his field a^ui
'■pper sulpf]
cient. This
small farms :
harrow is fai
annual weed*
destroy must
the use of a v
of the greater
same advanti
ground. In p(
to produce tl
wheat all th«
withstanding i
Q. Woulc
A. Yes, t
turned on din
the crop is six
sure de8tructi(
times difficult
except when h
JSSL'
TREATMINT OF NoXroUS WEIDS.
1900
Hy Mr. Sprouh. Q. You did not touch obnoxious w<»«,l« nf ,.ii r
oiich on thatHiil.ionf .^'^..r. i.^. w ourt;
A. I did .< (ouch on th.rr. ^''fv'r^v"*^ '"•• '^^'«'''*?
t dlMCU^NOf vo„^ : _ . """'"KB
year.
a m..^t unfor[,n ,0 matter in the North iStT'''''""'"."'^ ^"^ »««*o»« wcoiIh. It U
;«e^o?^;;frL,ti;;s^st;;:::i^^KeT — ^-- -d opinions
fle!(l8 with sulphate of copper irsSon't. 1 /''"" P'^'P"''**' "♦'•'P'-«v'f'i K'-ain the crop «oun Janice and oa^L i ceSinI^'a„ beS ""T"''^ ^'-^-^k amffogn? not hink It IB a practical remedy I hcjieve u- « » ' ."^ ^ '"""' ^" '''^■■*« I^'«
mustard and ail olhcr annual weed. Sell „o net ml '"""'•" "^ ''^''^"'"■^' '"' ^ '>f wild wheat or the other small grains is to work thi T "PV"? "P '" ««'>'«''♦ iirrowinir "P. o.thor with a woeder^or w"'.h li?,ht;arroL""^f;rr^ .H'" land after ih. .rop i? the young crop ju«i as much benefit a„thorm«n " "P'"*^ *««'^'- This u I! give of growing .orn. Grain crops may be harrnlri^VT'''' "J '*""^" ^^ K'v«' t crop 'nchos high. J)uriMg the las' So years thT-lT"/^^. T'^ ''^° P'ants are , or 8 favour in Manitoba 5nd the North'w Te^^^^^^^^^ very mu, h in
been reaped than where the fields W not h«' '"^"''^ l.oavier t-rop. mve crop is duo not only to the dost uction of thoT^^^^^^ T.''^ '^^''' '"««•«"«« '" 'he the crop derives from the extrr«mo^?.rof moirr« li ^n-^'T ^'>" fe"««^ advantage way as ,h known to bo the case when a K nf ' '''^ "' '?' ^"•^'""''' '" ^^o name done to the wheat plants by the teeth n? H u '''""' '' cultivated. No injury is The wheat seeds be^rg sowVwkhTdHn Itmi^yr "^^''''^'''■ ^^"^^^^ HO. than the small weed seod^which^irocte^^^ '"^a' much <Jeeper in the
kill the young mustard plants, but tT« nouueh ' !m ^^^^^^ Spraying will' certain.y the farM place, a proper spray ng pump l?t be ^ ' -• ^^^ operation as it sounds. In of water to every nci'e, and wattr is Tot alwLa P'^T''^*"^' ^^ '•«q»i'es 40 gallon- .n the VVoat. On eve;y acreT,? lens 8ro„S&J"'' '^ ^!'\ "^''*'' '"'-'« "^^eaT fields w.th the labour, the very lowoeimSJe of t^^T '"'''''"'' ""IT' ^« «PP''«^ «"^ land under crop Sovernl r,f tV? 1 , °''*"' ''^ '"m extra SI to ovorv ncrn nf
h|mdredsofacx^s,^°dSSrthe5a^i3arr l!"™^ ^^' »»'« West compfs 'many h>s Held a-;uin until he turns n thr.eapex nl?" ^'''"' ^? ^^"^ti'nes never seel ■: i^per sulphate to (he 10 irallon.of wTr Kn.^'iru" «^Periments I used 2A pounds cietit This reduces the c?stsom what '' Posli";^,';"''"";'^^''"^^ pounds Jr'lsu^ «mal, farms in (ho East, but in SrWest T ma itain ?h' ."h '''"'^ "'i'^ «"'^ ^"^<>^''' «n harrow is far and away ahead of it ^s „ ^! ?• ^*^ *''° "«° ^^ ''h« weedor and annual weeds. inoludingVusta.-d for vrhich'^X? .""f '^^^ "^ ''^''""^' '""^ of all destroy mustard is troublesome nd exi^LtlTVu- ':®^.0'"'°«nded. Spraying to the use of a weeder and the ari, cation of ?he.;.nTSi^'' .'^ "°' '"^"^ ««""«''^« than ofthogreatestadvantagesyoS^an Sve them T? ^^ the growing crops is one same advantage that cult,>atiorgi?eH ,0 Held V.T ^'I'fa". Showing crop the ground In some districts where there L in som« m '^^ '*^"''" '* ^^'"e" «hove the
to produce the very best results this v^rv™ T'^"' ""M"'^«' e»ough moisture
turnoa on directly the weeds are above"Tt,rffro,fnd lf». 'f^' ^' '''^ ^^^^e'' « the crop is six or eight inches hi<rh in vil/ * ' .^"" °*" ^«®P on using it until sure destruction of fhe weeds The onlv di^ff^if* ?'^?"^"^« «f the crop and to ?he t:mes difficult to get on to the land bu^h « fs tl''„ '^'' ,'" ^ ^^^ «P'''"^' '^ '« ^o'^e -ept When his land is in Proper .^^t^Si! rndrrr:'.;^^^^^^^^^^^^
24
Dli. JAMES FLETGHER.
operation cannot be praotieed. For tho last 4 years in ray lecitures to farmers in Manitoba and tlie North-west I have done my utmost to persuade thom to adopt this method which is well known and regularly practised by the best farmers in-England and Scotland. Several have done so and are well pleased with the results.
By Mr. Semple : -
Q. Is there a danger of too strong a mixture of sulphate of copper hurting the grain ?
A. Yes, if it is too strong, but if it is of the proper strength as advised by Mr. Shutt. viz. 2 per cent it can be applied without injury to the plants.
By Mr. Pettet .
TOMATO BLIGHT.
Q. Have you had any experience with the tomato blight? I have seen some th:it t^eomed to turn black around the blossom end and we lost three quarters of our crop.
A. Is it the plants or fruit which is spotted ?
Q. The fruit.
A. Yes, that is the Black Rot of the tomato, it is generally most abumlant in dry seasons and has been treated successfully by sprjiying the tomatoes with the Bordoaux mixture, from early in the season. Some specialists maintain that this dinease is not duo to a parasitic fungus primarily, but the black velvety fungus merely develops on the tissues after tbcy have become diseased from some other cause.
By Mr. McNeill :
Q. What time do you sprayjfor the tomato blight ?
A. Very early; at the time they begin to show flowers. In fact, with ours we spray from the time they are pricked out in the beds; we keep them covered with the Bordeaux mixture. There is another kind of fungus disease which destroys tho leaves, and the Bordeaux mixture is also the best remedy for that.
By Mr. Pettet :
Q. It was a dry season, with us.
A. The disease you refer to is generally worst in a very dry season.
Committee Room No 46, House of Commons,
Wednesday, 7th March, 1900.
The Select Standing Committee of Agriculture and Colonization met here this day at 10.30 o'clock a.m., the Chairman, Mr. McMillan, presiding.
The Chaibman, — We have got Dr. Fletcher before us here to-daj'. At the request of tho Committee when he was here last week he was asked if it was possible for him to come back and address us on grasses. Prof. Fletcher will speak to us to-day on fodder grasse?, pasture grasses, and noxious weeds.
Da. James Fletcher, — Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, — At the end of the last meeting of the committee, as the chairman has said, some of the members wished to hear what had been done in refoi-ence to grasses and the fight carried on against
weedf speak them to tak
I
ofSmc
the wo
in the
in all t
those y
accoraf
because
bestgra
there ai
• which i
grow w
done j-e
other gi
Wh
Farms ii
able it n
bulletin
1«85 see
packages
growing
say that
settled th
at that ti
grasses w
as they v«
kinds of I
like all o
worth the
On a<
^rass in J
been grow
and it has
too swamj:
that some
Its usefuln
ical analys
palatable t
last seven (
the success
ages, each (
to be recogi
the demand
have no fur
have been (i
for that it h
year, and I
constituents
quantity, bu
send thom t(
I^ySECT PE,TS, Gl^ASSE,AXD WEEDS.
900 26
weeds in different oarts nf tK» n • •
Kro«r without irnW ion F n.?K '■'^' '^ """^^^^s be.t of any oMh ' 1? ** '^""^"^ as tliey worrfeToff InH /h P"'^'°"'"'''^^''«di«'* '"n tho vVe t In; . . "^ ^^«"»tive
26
DR. J AMES. FLETCHER.
am told that in the North-west, where the grass is so largely grown, the farmers have a lot Of good seed which they are selling at 10 cents.
By the Chairman:
Q. Per pound ?
A. Ten cents a pound, yes. This seed is very good, and I found it advisable last year to get all our seed from the North-wost. We find that our western grown seedis very good, and we have not the trouble of cleaning it irora weed seeds, such as are found in the seed brought from Germany. Germany produces grass seeds of various kinds, and we find it a good country to got seed from, as they make a specialty of collecting seeds, either from wild plants in the mountains or from small grass farms. Several bad weeds, however, have been introduced from Germany, so that we are rather shy of getting seeds from that quarter if we can avoid it. As for the wild seeds of the North-west, there is little danger of those being transferred down here. Every plant has its own habitat. Those weeds which grow in the dry West are not likely to become dangerous weeds in the moister atmosphere and con- ditions which prevail in the East.
(
i long ' I had this g that c last yt from ]
Q.
A,
on one- we had
Q.
A.
WESTERN RYE (iR VSS.
Another grass which wo have grown with very great success and of which we have distributed a good deal of seed, is the one to whlih has been given the name of Western Eye Grass. This belongs to the same family as iho Couch grass or Quack grass, but has not the same bad habit of throwing out underground stems. It is a bunch grass, and is, in fact, the well known and famous " bunch grass " of the West. It grows abundantly in the foot-hills and on the lower slopes of the Rockies, and from its value as a grass for stock has given its name to the district which is known as the " bunch grass country." It is an exceedingly rich, palatable grass, and one which, under cultivation, has given excellent results. I have here a sample of it, and you can see what an excellent kind of hay it makes, a perfectly straight smooth and clean hay. When grown in the arid districts of the West, it is very seldom more than from a foot to eighteen inches high, and when looking across a bunch grass country, it looks only about a few inches high ; but on examining it, it is found to bo from a foot to eighteen inches high.
This sample was grown in Quebec Province, and it is the same grass grown from western seed. It has the characteristics of excellent hay in that it is clean and straight, so it can be easily handled. It produces seed profusely, which is easily cleaned and handled. The quality of the grass and hay are excellent. Moreover, it has given almost as heavy crops as the A wnless Brome grass, and those who have grown it have been well satisfied with it. It has been distributed to a smaller extent than the Brome grass, because when growing it does not appear to be so attractive. Anyone growing the two grasses together, and judging From appearances alone, would never think that this was as heavy a cropper as it is.
This is a very valuable grass well worth growing in the West. It is not trouble- some in the land in any way.
By Mr. LaRivxlre :
Q. Is that an imported grass ?
A. No, it is wild in Manitoba and the Territories. It was brought to my notice first by Mr. Mclvor, of Virden, who has cultivated it for many years.
Q.
A.
from i\\ There ai Bedford
Q. J
A. ]
. considen
grass. ]
Eastern
Where w
for acre i
the acre
three or i
tory as it
feed— a c(
two kinds
Some fai-n
now crop.
Indian coi
farmers in
corn will s
cultivated
B
Q. Isi A. Yei question of corn well ) where some «rop is up, what can be only examii
so
Sy Mr. Burnett:
I^ySECT PESTS, GRASSES AND WEEDS.
1900
27
% ilfr. ^;i ;
By Mr. Sproule .- Q. ^r^oe« it yield in tons per acre?
Q.I)oe8 It grow well in Ontario?
mmMfgm
% Mr. Cochrane
Q A
— , ""^ ■•■ <j<j iioo Know question of balanciriiJ' i/>f»^.iR« t^ • — -"""'v tJAiimiRtmn'oiTin' <Kn*' • i corn «... „..rJ!«'"? «cco«nt« It 18 a question of debit a. dtr2' t^^^^^ ^•'"P^^ »
of manure and all tho p., if ;„„. • ^'^"^'t. It pays to grow ■' >•« in the amoun nr ' fu '':.^!'°» i^ .^i^^^ires. I think
28
DR. JAMES FLETCriER.
ill
W:
By Mr. Cochrane : Q. But you must have a certain amount of grass seeded down to have a proper
rotation ? » . r .u
A. Undoubtedly, but the question was the giving up of corn because ot the
drought. . i-w ■ o
Q. The question is how this grass compares with .other grasses id Untario c A. I would not cultivate any mixture instead of corn in a country where corn
■can be grown succefisfully.
By Mr. Bell (Addington) : Q. You say it would be foolishness for any farmer to give up corn for these
grasses? . , , .^ -n
A. I think it would be foolish to give up corn in any place where it will grow. The grass I have mentioned is not a substituie. It is a permanent grass very suitable for cultivation in the West where corn will not grow; when once sown it will re- main in the ground for several years. In the West it is a very valuable grass and my object in bringing it before the Committee is to show you a valuable grass, one of our native grasses and one that should bo advertised freely, as it can be through this Committee in the same way as the Awnless Brome grass has been, which I claim is one of the most valuable grass*?-? we can grow on this continent. Oneofthe ways in which Brome grass has been brought to the notice of farmers is through the reports of this Committee and from having members of the Committee let people know of it. Wo have sent out many samples as I said at the last meeting, and 1 only know of one or two who were not pleased with it. This is somewhat remarkable because it has an underground root system similar to the well-known enemy. Couch GraKS, but it has the very great advantage of producing a large amount of feed which per- haps overcomes this objection, and the objection has never been mentioned by those who have tried it. It is generally brought forward by those anxious to know before planting it if it can be got rid of. It certainly can be got rid of. In the West, where bummer fallowing is part of the recognized rotation of farm work, there has been no trouble in killing, it by breaking and backsetting at the proper time. In the moist lands of the East it can be overcome by deep plowing and the ordinary methods of eradicating perennial plants.
By Mr. Hurley ;
Q. Is not the Brome grass the same ?
A. It is the Brome grass I am speaking of.
Q. We sowed some of it and wo cannot get it out ?
A. 1 think you can get rid of it by the ordinary methods of cultivation, at least, we have found this to be so on the experimental farm.
Q. Is Brome glass a permanent grass ?
A. Yes, both of them are permanent grasses that I have spoken of. In fact the Brome grass does not make its full head of growth until the second year. A great many reports have been received from those who had received samples, saying that the first year it was very thin and they wore afraid it had not taken, but the second year it was an excellent crop, ftir surpassing their anticiptations.
By Mr. Feaiherston:
Q. It stools out ? A. Yes.
SEEDING BROME QBASS.
Q. Like timothy ? , . i- •
A. Very much more than timothy. One of the troubles wo found in getting it introduced was that a great many people did not understand it, there was such a diversity of opinion about the proper amount of seed to sow. We recommend 15 to
IXSEGT PESTS, BRASSES AXIJ WEEDS.
1900 There ,8 a great deal of the seed wasted in h.-ooHf"''* ^^»" ^'^e" sown broadcast'
^y il/r. 5e// Uddington)
was httle soil. It has done vrv well indeed ".'"'' "^T^ ''*"'*«' «^«» where there New Brunswick and in the pro^^ce Xebec" ""'^' °^ ''^^ ^"'^'•^«' '""'!« both In
% ilfr. Erb :
TIMOTHY AND CLOVER HAY.
advisable to^ibstitule BJoteSs ^t^i^ '^^^^^^ *''"?•? ^^^ «"«- ^-m ? Would it be A. No, timothjand clZl- S^y no "nk T "nf ^'^^'^^^^''the bulk of , he bay c on? an art.ticial market value too ll intrh 1 v^f ''° •^' ^T^ '"^'''"^'^ ^"'"^ butS has Government when sending he arreouantitvn? k' """'^"'^ f^^ the f«ct that the Afnca asked for nothing but timotb\ and cb/ertM"^ -''"""^ ''^'PP^'* *° South « i^fl^^^T^^ t'^"^ «••««* value, ii It wonlH l'"''''"''^ ^"' ^«"'«d because 8tituto anything for timothy and clover even infw*^'' "° ^*'° '^ ^ ^"'••n«r lo 8ub that fact were well known and ackniwUH^'H S^"^ ^'■°"^«'* '"^'•'"^i^ ^^ wou d be out of the market. Timothv a^d olfj^ ' •*°'" F'"P'« ^«"'d not buy it : you on s.ght. Anyone who has a good ^cron of [ri." " ^'Y ^^''^h sells in the IJCt would not be advisable for a farmer to^Sbsttut«R' ^' ??"««" it ; therefore, i clover, unless he were growing for l.i« n»., • ^® P'^™® ^'•ass for timothv anrf
for him to consider whi?h he 4Sd p e^ iT'Is^v^o^'^k'T "^^'^^'^^ i^ woJld Ee for timothy and clover on the market yL I ""^^^j^^'d to substitute ai.y thing growing corn for feeding green or^s ens la J Tf " "^1 ^"^ '^'« ^^PP'^ of feed b| not P';pduce timothy and clover Vorcanth^n . ^""^ ^^^^ rough lands that ti^U grea deal of attention has bee/g ven to thi/^^^^ """T ^'^'"^ to advantage. A provinces because some years aeo wlknlt i- t.^™u' '" *^« '"Merest of the Western would succeed, and there^^as nfernerieni to h' '''°"* '^" ^'"°«te and whal crom people had grown successfully W?had?h«r«lT ""^ ^^^^ '•««P««t to wha Sr requirements and possibilitiiof Tnew coltf^ 1°..'""^°^ carefully and study the nes we have excelfent men as corJosnondlT Tk ^" ^^^^ *^« Norfh-^vest Tefrito! value to themselves and othe s thHam^^rs ttrT/'^fil^'f '"^ ^ class of men than we have as a rule in thi East T J n^ !k \ * n ".^ "'«''« ^^ » »-eading
papers there, the M.-.J^r^Z:. ^^^^^Z^^f^Jtk^^i^ By Mr, Broder :
Q. They have more leisure time?
A. 1 do not know about that. I can't a^x- o««fu- hul """h' *" '^'"°^' ^" «««ount of the difficultierof'?f ^ •.°"* .*'^*^' ^''' ^ ^o say b«en made to try new cops in that count'^Tnd Znt s 6^^'"" "^T '?''' ^^'
y «ua Awniess Jiromo grass has been one
m
30
Dli. JAMES PLEICHEIU
I;
of iho valuable results of these effort?. In the East as I have raentioiieJ, we-cannot do without corn. It ia a most valuable crop and we must stick to it. In this part of Canada where we never have either heavy failures or prodigious successes, but always get a pretty good crop, wo can try nearly all the crops recommended for farming in Canada. But when we get down to the sea, to Nova Scotia and in British Columbia, we find more nearly the English conditions and car, make use of information found in English books and papers. To give an illustration of this, in Nova Scotia and the othar Maritime Provinces they can grow to perfection many of the rich English grasses that we can't succeed with here at all. Anyone that takes any interest in the hay crop always likes the Sweet Vernal grass, which smells so very sweet. We can't have it here, simply because it will not grow; but in Nova Scotia it grows and succeeds very well, and in Pritish Columbia the same. In Nova Scotia, British Columbia and New Brunswick it grows well. Then there is the Meadow Foxtail which we can't grow up hero at all, but in Nova Scotia it succeeds so well that it has become wild and is somewhat of a nuisance in hay meadows. As it ripens earlier then the other grass, it is always ripe and at its prime before the other grasses are ready to be cut for hay.
MIXED QBASSES.
In mixing grasses for pastures or for hay, it must be considered when the dif- ferent grasses used will be at their greatest stale of pej-fection. With hay grasses that is almost invariably when the flowers have passed away and the seed has begun to form ; the food elements are then distributed evenly throughout the whole plant, and if the grass is out at that time, it is more valuable for feed than later. After that period a largo proportion of the nutritious principles is transferred to the seeds Consequently, unless grass is cut before that takes place, its food value is very much reduced. Awnless Brome grass is an exception to this rule, for although nearly all grasses are reduced in value as the seed ripens, from a special circum- stance, Brome grass is not, and the hay upon which the seeds have been allowed to ripen before catting, is worth almost as much as though cut at an earlier stage. This is due to the fact that, as soon as the seeds form, a new growth of young shoots takes place from the root, so that the late cut hay is heavier and thicker and of an equally good quality as that out in July when the seeds were just forming. A great deal of the hay made by Mr. Mackay during the last year or two at the Experimental Farm at Indian Head was Awnless Brome grass from which the seed had been threshed. This was because we wanted the seed and we found the hay equally good. Of course a grass that is allowed to ripen its seed draws off a larger amount of nourish- ment from the roots than it is advisable to take if heavy crops of hay ara to he cut for more than one or two years. Whore the seed was allowed to ripen we found that the next year's crop was very much less. If Brorae Grass or any other grass is grown for hay only, it is advisable to cut it as soon as possible after tne flowers have fallen, and then in those kinds which give an aftermath you have a good crop in the autumn and without the same weakening effect on the plants which I have referred to.
PROPORTIONS FOE MIXED SOWING OF TIMOTHT AND CLOVEB.
By the Chairman :
Q.jThere is just one important point in regard to the mixture of clover and timothy in hay for sending to the old country: There is such a large quantity going this year and Canadian hay is taking such precedence in the English market and as there may be a very extensive trade spring up, I think it would be well if you could say how much clover should be put in to give the best mixture.
.-.. lam afraid that I cannot answer that question off-hand, because clover in a certain sense has an artificial value. To find out what proportion these plants should bear to each other, wo have mixed clover and timothy together in various quantities and find that a mixture of 12 lbs. of timothy to 8 lbs.
ofclc
in W.
much
lbs. o
would
farm i
as 16
hay ai
propoi
measu
All in ;
Q.
A. market would decline opinion to the timothy class ha
timoihv
A.'
about ^ (
doubt thi
rtght, bu A. T
Q. I better in t
A. D and 8 lbs. was dema! tion of cio
Mr. C
because if
the class o
TheC
great imoc
lequired, 6< proportion <dyery one •« In the first the timothj >8 irapossib certainty w
'''''^^'''' P^^T'^. Ol^ASSES AXD WEEDS.
^1900
farm u lar^o numbp??f -P, '^^''^'^ «»"'"/?. Wo hav« Ti f '^''\t'"»othy here, it as 16 lbs! of «Lh Ih °'!.''^"''«'' starting with 4 IbH of 1 ^^ ^^^ experiraen al
measure a matter of uHl i°"''* ^® a"owed in hav of fi. f ^ * .9^ °'o^er. The all in it. """""' °^ *"«^«- Some people won't bn^havlf ^^'5'^ '^ '^ « '«'««
'7 na;y ,1 there 18 any clover at
^y Mr. Featherston ;
Q. That is for howes only? market le'ln' t'o" vlv'"'] r "'-^-^ of
% Mr. Cochrane :
»?ll hero. ThLnly an,Cv''°"'°''.»'' ?'■«>.•» here a mTtme 7 r."",? /"«
■^. Mr. Featherston:
«veryono whnha'Z™'' J° 'he sMond year the timotbr „ m -° '""';'»»'gf''6'l>«t in tbe a™, ye«r>,;r '21^!°' *r"». this crop ieTO-ymueh»'K°3''.'''"'»; ''"'■ «»
oe«.iK.y .McLffi ^t'ha^lTa^r' °' "•^"■■^«' "K S»ce^1^=ail
32
1)N. JAMKS FLETCkEH.
I I
il.
By Mr. Cochrane :
Q. There waB u thought struck me in what you saiil about Biome grass. Did I unilcrstand from you that, if we had Bromo grass, it would not do to sow pea» with it, the roots would be so troublesome i*
A. No, I didn't say that. I don't think that you would have very much trouble in doing that. If you wished to do so, you could certainly sow Broroe graes with peas. Peas would not be a very good crop to sow grass with, because peas cover the ground so thickly that they would smother out much of the grass.
By Mr. Wilson :
Q. What is the smallest amount of seed from which you can get a good crop?
A. Do you moan here in this district?
Q. Yes, of timothy. . „ . , .o j ^
A. AVell, about the best mixture was 12 pounds of timothy and 8 pounds ot clover'; but in favourable seasons less seed will answer. Clover is so apt to be winter-killed, that unless plenty of seed is sown, an occasional cion is sure to be lost. With the quantities I have mentioned wo have never had a failure.
Q. Some people say 6 pounds is best.
A. Yes, that may be enough in some localities, and in certain seasons ; but the mixture I have given j'ou is the one which wo have found from our experiments here to give the heaviest and surest crop. )
3y Mr. Calvert :
Q A good deal depends on the land and the seaeon ?
A. Undoubtedly, and also, I think it depends largely on the amount of generosity which a man fools when he is buying seed. Plenty of people would sow more seed if they were wiser. One trouble we have among farmers in Canada is that they sow too little seed. If a man would spend a little more when buying his seed he would find it pay him well ; a few cents saved in buying a pound or two less seed to the aero is very poor policy.
By Mr. Bell (Addington) :
Q. In your opinion the mixture should contain not less than 12 pounds timothy and 8 pounds clover?
A. That is ray opinion.
Q. That is my opinion too.
A. We cannot sow less and get sure crops every year.
By Mr. Semple :
Q. It depends on the seawon, whether moist or dry ?
A. Y'es. We never had such clover in this country as wo had two seasons ago. It wasas high as my waist and as even as a billiard table. The condition of thesoil. also makes a difference. When the soil is moist every seed you put in will grow, both of timothy and clover. With all tho conditions favourable, less seed is required to get a good catch. It is even possible, if the quantities I have given are exceeded, to sow too much seed, when the young plants crowd each other and do not develope properly.
PROPERTIES OP VARIOUS NATIVE GBASSH8.
I will now draw your attention to this sample of native grass which closely ressembies the Awnless or Smooth Brome grass, it is known as the Western Brome grass {Bromus FumpelUamus). It is common in the foot-hills of the West. It has given good satisfaction in some districts ; but its usefulness is much more limited
tbsn t genera Brome
Ar a very submuti less or 1 It gives good qo For son it well \
Q. ^
A. ]
V'irginia
on our 6:
I wi
grown in
growing
Q. I A. Y
Timothy i a bunch o: gather qui several yei been spoil ( that timoti there was i Of cou cultivated i
Anotbe Northern E grow actual river sides, tially a low trouble is th in the mark asks for seed not yet been established, which is also on their farr collected on 1 the ordinary
Byj
Q. Willi A. Not V succeeds adm p— 3
lySECT PESTS, GRASSES AXD WEEDS.
1900 than that of the AwnlM* Rr««,«
BALD WHEAT GRASS.
a veryTne%aTpYe'l5?h'mJ'toiav'" jf- y°V/-«"«««on to is this of which T h. submuticus). YoasflA tK«/ Tu u ^•. I*' >9 called the Bald WKn«» . J °*^®
By the Chairman: Q. Where does it come from ?
°" °r^^'Trr/';^.f bill's?" ^^^^^ "" '"""'^' "°^
^y Jfr. Bell (Addington) :
Q. I think that is rather above the averatre? A. Yes, undoubtedly it is. It was sent fn \ Timothy seems particularly well adaXi to th«; ^^^u^^^^. «« an ordinary samnl« a bunch of it at Sudbury 4ile wSff JTon^ th"«° 1'" °°""*''^- ^ onoe^cXcled gather quite a large bundle of which th?«/«mf ® ''^'''^''^^ track and was abM several years agoVore the vegeSon in tTat^'Z'^^u"^ ^ ^««t high tSFs was been spoiled by poisonous famef from ?he m ne« r. "''* ^^ ^ «"ch a large extin t that timothy should grow to such sSe on ?h« T ^^ '^T®^ extraordinary ?o „« there was apparentl/little foJd for t ^' *'"' "'*^ ^^'^'^^ of the rail^^ where
Ofcourse, it does not attain anv nnnK k ' l cultivated in fields at Sudbury ^ ""''* ^«'«^' «« 'hat I have mentioned when
NORTHERN BLUE JOINT.
Another excellent native ffra«s m «,k:«i. t river sides. It is closely allied with the Common m ^T^ ^^^^^^ and by lake Tnd ia the market. B™?y oJe %J 'el^hiVr'' """ ?"'' "■« ««°^i' n" to lIt„™iT
which IS also very cood trvsuta «S/>~.« ^ •'^ . *'<*"'' founi all over tho o«^*- -^ on their farm^ iKKated it t^ i^nl'""'"'.^*^" °°"««t«d the seed of tS« U.?'' collected on the rooks north of LakI K,*''''°i • ^^« Northern Blue Joi^*l**' the ordinary form, th« ;?«" - u.t'fl .^_"P®f' ^^ ^^d is rather a better h-? ii .r*' -, m., ..„.„g „,„^o gigjj^^j. ^^j bearing more leaves
^y Mr. Calvert : Q. Will it grow well on high lands ?
H
I 'to
I
«p.rin„..., fe™;«rjs.n'^,;'
34
DR. JAMES FLETOHER.
mm
high nor very low where this ia grown. There is one low part at the bottom and the land gradually slopes up to a higher level. The plot of this grass is about half way up, 80 that it will succeed vorj' well on ordinary farm lands.
DBOP-SBKD OBASSES.
I now show you samples of two grasses which I think will be thought to he of considerable value when thoy are more cultivated. They botli belong to the same family of grassos called the Drop-seed Grasses, They are very lute in maturing ; the hay is not ready for cutting till August, and a good succulent crop of hay in August is very valuable in many parts of the country. The hay ia particularly heavy for its bulk, nutritious, and much relished by stock. The stems are rather harsh and woody at the base, but there is a sufficient quantity of good succulent rich grass at the top to rendor these grasses well worthy of cultivation. They are known by the names of Satin Grass and Wild Timothy. As can be seen from the sample 1 have here, the heads look something like timothy although the two grasses are not at all closely related.
FRINaiD BROMG AND HOOKER's BROME.
I will now show you samples of two more kinds of the Brome grasses, one.men- tioned because it is not particularly valuable ; the other because it is. I speak of the first one because it 18 an attractive looking grass and many farmers throughout the country who have become interested in grasses ahd wore looking out for new grasses have almost invariably hit on this one and cultivated il to some extent. It grows throe or four foot high and produces much seed; but I do not l^unk it is as well worthy of cultivation as many others. The seeds very soon become hard. There is an enormous amount of seed and the weight of hay produced per acre is light for the amount of growth. It is called the Fringed Brome, and it is recommended by many writers on grasses ; but is a grass I do not feci inclined to recommend.
On the other hand there is in British Columbia a wild grass growing in the coast range and on Vancouver Island, which produce a heavy crop of rich succulent grass. Although sometimes rather small this grass is well worth cultivating. It is a peren- nial grass and late in the season produces a heavy aftermath. This grass is of value because it gives a crop of green grass at a time of the year when most grasses are dried up. It is called Hooker's Brome grass and is very much like Schrader's Brome grass.
By Mr. Featherston :
Q. Have you grown that here ?
A. Yes. This sample was grown here. It is not a very tall grass. It looks better tied up in a bundle in this way than it does when the plants are growing wild ; it has rather a drooping habit, but we take the weights of each kind we grow and thus have learned that it produces a heavy crop. It is a grass that has been grown for a good many years by Mr. Duncan, of Duncan's, Vancouver Island, and he has a plot of it which he saves until later, when his other grasses have been fed off.
TALL OAT QRA8S.
I have here a bundle of Tall Oat-grass, a grass which under the name of ' Fromental ' has been grown to some extent in the Province of Quebec. I do not consider that it is a grass of any particular value either for cultivating alone or even for mixing with other grasses, becauses it is not a grass that produces a very heavy crop. Most writers who have referred to it state that it has a bitter prin- ciple. I have never been able to detect this myself; but it is claimed that this is one reason why it is so useful, because it acts as a tonic. It is rathor a nice looking grass but we have other grasses much better, and I do not think it should be recommended for very extensive cultivation. In the autumn it throws up long leafy barren stems, that is without flowering heads, but bearing leaves all the way up the stem. A good point is that the seed is always abundant and can always be
obtain grassei not.
IJ
not pro one-sid( tried it deal of to it.
Th
dncod il
Maritira
is a dee|
that reai
is cortai
cularly i
Red
such lan(
as a wild
land by t
nses are i
bear tbo
sinking.
tures for
Is a J
mended fc the ordina Red Top a «special a, of the desi
I have
the name o
the proper
nearly rela
which grow
which you i
there is an
this grass t<
Awn less Bn
stems whicl
stance.
Is one 01 18 known to ( and it has a! which is foi somewhat, ai variations ar colour of the point than oti
rXS,JCT PSSTS, OI^ASSJ^S AND WEEDS.
1900 obtained from aeedsmen. This i, « «»k •
J jj °'" »">•» W""iT oaAss.
RHODE ISLAND BENT OaASS
18 a grass which crows in ♦!,»»*.. , ' ^'<>v ve^
mended for lawns hnrlt », *°® Maritime Provinces anH ,« „
T, . *'0^I' MEADOW-QBASS. ^''..n /, ,
the nam7oP Bed Ton"!'" t ^ ^'''' °^ '"""h value which in M lu "
the P^oprLmfis'^Jw. liZZ?:^ ^P; -••Soelirbeionf ;j' Cra*;°7^.'^^ nearly related to the K«n7,f„i? § "^''- '' '« O"© of the Poas „n5 • "'^ ^"'"''^J
KENTUOKT BLUE GRASS OR CANADIAN
iBknorre^^'^Xt^'*'^^^^^ grows,and bTs! oTaT'. •
and it has aUo K^%vA^ " ^ grass that in%arin&l^f •„^.f.'^!'' '*.•«•« grass that which is found in''theS^l""'^«'" th« name of Smooth 8t«m'J.I^"ii'*'^*'^^'*"«da, somewhat, and it ,8 difflcul^fo''' "**«'«g°««- Those Trt^-ajr S^e^^
variations are chieflr in tl '^^^'■*''' *''« "^tive forms from thf "^'° '*«'' ^^l^e'' colour of the leaves So * "''®'" °^«^°'"« produced or S« ^ "nported. The
pointthanothere BvlT ♦^'^ "*"•''' ™ore valuable fmm i ^"*"ti'j, length or ^__gOthe«. By selection, o-changeand collect^ofVoSsJS^'a' g^ri^^^^^^^^
%
'?J
i'A
'til
'A
36
J)K JAM US FLETCIIKH.
"it
(liBtrictB wo have now growing at the experimental farm hIx varietlea which are all diBtinot. not so easily separated by the botaniBt, became they are much alike in important stiuctuial characterb; but to the agriculturist they are all distinguishable either from tSo lateneHS of the season at which they flower, the leaven, or the thick- noss of the bottom growth. Some of the Manitoba forms have very lew stems and one of the forms found growing wild at Qlacior in the Rocky Mountains n exceedingly leafy. As a lawn grass for general purposes this is the most valuable form I have ever seen.
THE IIARU FCKCOX
Is a grass which closely resembles Sheep's Fescue, which is invariably recom- mended in seed catalogues for growing in high sheep paHtures. From our experi- ments and from correspondence, I have found that Hard Fescue produces more hay and ie a more valuable grass than most of the several varieties of bheop s Rescue of which wo have been able to obtain plants or seeds. Closely resembling the Hard Fescue is the Red Fescue, and the chief difference between the two forms is that Red Fescue has underground shoots by which it spreads from the roots.
oi.oott's red fescue.
Of all the dift'erent varieties which we have grown or imported, there is one called Olcott's Red Fescue No. 1, which was discovered by Mr. J. B. Olcott, a well-known specialist in grasses living in South Manchester, Connecticut. He has seDarated this from a great many hundred different kind^, and it is certainly the " . i.-ui^ !'»...>. ^<<*k:<i o.^A<.ioa fnr liiurn niirnrtiiAH T hRVH ever sefin.
I
nave now iwo buiohuiu ucwd wi n,. * u».v. ».-^ .. t---- o — -- --, — : --.7" i i •
true to the variety. It is a very deep rich green, with long fine hair-like leaves, and la oerfeotly hardy. It is a most valuable grass for lawns and far exceeds in this respect any of the other forms of Red Fescue, I know. There is a great difference in tlie various varieties, and there is almost as much variation in some of these wild grasses as among the cultivated forms. I mention this grass now because I have a fmall quantity of beed to spare, and I shall be glad to give it to any one who is especially interested in lawn grasses.
most remarkable form of this species for lawn puipoees I have ever seen.
Some years ago Mr. Olcott sent me a little sod which I divided carefully and have now two splendid beds of it. I have also a plot grown from seed which com
. . r Ti ! 1 ..:_u ».»»« n.:tk Inn.. Ana kair.lib'O lAnirnu and
COCK » FOOT GRASS.
By Mr. Burnett
Q Have you had any experience with Cock's foot?
A Yes we grow it every year. It is an excellent grass, exceedingly succulent, a hea^ cropper and tolerably hardy. It likes a deep soil und is a rather heavy feeder It is also a very hardy grass in the way of resisting drought, staying m the land for years if only it once gets a good start. There is sometimes difficulty in getting the young plants through the first winter. It is very much like Alfalfa m that respect I have tried it on several different plots at the e<perimental farm and found some difficulty in getting it to take well. It is exceedingly quick in recover- ing after cutting, shooting up two qr three inches in a night after a rain. It is an early grass and is ready to cut by June 20, and should be cut early. This grass particularly requires early cutting, much more so than other grasses because it apt to get woody and hard, when cattle will not eat it. It is the same grass call Orchard grass in this country.
By Mr. Sproule : '
Q How much do you use of this Olcott's Red Fescue ? , ^ n
A. The seed is not in the market at all. It cannot be bought, I have a few ounoea of it which I shall be glad to give to any one.
IS
we
X 1 given ui have be ofTimo Top, uri AUike, : That is
Q. 1 A. 1
The.
been spea
part of m
This"
I^ominion,
carefully j
to be weei
man farmii
evidence tl
new oceuj]
and it may
while hirin
off tho wee
this in Cana
keeps his la
land cleanei
a persistent
opportunitie
have been <
so with a kr
I^ow, al
natures, and
all the same
included fro
places aie ha
which cause
all. What is
usually the r
given theind
"st some tim«
were the vei"
twenty-three 1
To give « lae loss if occa 'French weed.' a most persistc that it has mo than perhaps a
KIOIP. FOR PAHTITRE MfXTCRE.
190U
37
Sy the Chairman
of red.
NOXIOUS WEEDS,
»sEl=SSS»»ir-..' &s
^ Th,H question of woods s of 1°' "•^*''''^« of plants virwSs
^^i^ii^^^:'^ ^^"^ -"-^'^i^ii^'i^^s. will" T^ r^* Of ^i-e
to bo weedy mus nof P,'o^"«« » ^""e"' many woode tLT. if T' ""'"«« ^«t«hed man farming uTs a £il?'^' ''^ V'"^*" »« irrofuJablo evfdenn^ '.^"' ** ^""^ '« fo"nd
a persistent war a.ruj^^.'^ '^ the nature of the Senii^LT^'''^'''^ """^ *»>« opportunities of see?nTr„ ^''?'° "« ^t u„. This stat«m« 'f^' '' ""derstood and haVe boon c eanod b? thIT '" ''"'"« o'' ^i»« weedioft di^r-ot '' ^??" '^f'^'' ""^ny
included from »h«.r nK "^^ *'**' ««^«ra' which somrnon;!'^??'^.'^°"''^»nc'«de places are haTdlvknnw"''''^"' '''•'••«<'t«ristic3 in^LtZ 1 J. '^ think should hi which cause much losrS; r.^o^«^«'-. ^horo are abont twenti w-w ' ' "^ '"'' '" ""^^^^ al J. What is acUiaU V t^« S:"*!' '' *"d ^^e nature of IhZlZltT ^""^'^ ^'^^'-'^t usually the nl«nf f*-^ ■ ^^^^^ ^eed in any distriof ;« "• ''^ understood bv
given ^theinS^v'^'uKmer' ''V''' ^«''^ ^^'^ w eJ ?« ^S'^^^^^'t^ te'-m, .Jj "«t some time lio of alUh« T*"!" '° ^^« "'o^t trouble at aTec^JfVr ^*'•«h has were the very worsf wIh P'?l*' ^^'O^^- acconiinff to th« -^o? * '^''*®- ^ '"^de a twenty.threeJird?'"^^''^' «"^ ^-"^ ^^^t on thariVt'th^irrrtn'o^L'ThTn'
STINK WEED,
.u„,^o «'^® an instance of this- !„ H«-,h k
fcoh we'd" ' Thii" ™^"^ "'^^^^ '- t^elfkV^^e'd'" Is^o'^^!^^ T^^* -«<». f-m a most pStent nausr' "'^'''^^^^ ^ last yearWepoit offh-^ ^'°°^ ^'•««^ «nd
li
I
:||
Ir
38
DR. JAMES FLETCHER.
indeed is this the case that many intelligent farmers will tell you today that it is absolutely impossible to get it out of land which has become thoroughly infested. This weed is so abundant about Winnipeg and in the rich lands along the Eed Eiver Valley that in the early spring the whole country seems to be covered by a deep green velvety carpet, and yet in that very district some of the farms are kept clean Dy good farmers who do not believe that it is impossible for any weed to be exterminated if they only go the right way about it. Now this, 1 believe, all things considered, is the worst weed in Canada, and yet around Winnipeg and in other parts of Manitoba where it is worst, there are farms practically clear of it now, which were once thoroughly infested, simply by the farmers understanding its nature and taking the proper steps to keep their farms clear.
WILD PRAIRIE ROSE.
In the south-west of Manitoba the worst weed is said to be the Wild Prairie Rose, a beautiful little bush that grows only as high as your hand but bears often half a dozen lovely flowers on it, all open at the same time. It has an extensive system of deep underground woody rootstocks which aie diificult to destroy. This fact has gained for it the reputation of being the weed of all others which gives them most trouble, according to the methods of farming which are generally adopted in that district. This wan the worst weed all the time t^ey did not know how to get rid of it, but they have learned how it can be controlled, by disk harrowing the land twice at short intervals, after ploughing and now you do not hear so much about it.
When you travel through ditierent sections of the country you find certain weeds increasing and giving trouble owing to the method of farming followed, and these weeds are usually called the worst. Instances ot these are Couch grass, which must be fought with shallow ploughing, and Indian hay or Sweet grass, which requires the opposite. It is for every man to find out the weed that causes him most trouble, and I make the statement that there is no weed which cannot be fought successfully if you will study its nature. Of course there are some weeds which are much more diffcult to eradicate than others and which seem to be so thoroughly established in different parts of the country that their eradication is a matter of extreme difficulty.
THK 61. W THISTLE.
For instance, there is the Perennial Sow thistle, now very common all through Quebec, down into New Brunswick and right up into Ontario, which is certainly the worst weed in many districts. It possesses to a superlative degree every character- istic of a bad weed. It is a deep-rooted perennial of rapid and vigorous growth, with many fleshy underground stems, the tip of each of which develops into a strong plant which crowds out the crop amongst which it grows. A single seedling throws out several shoots, so that the first year you have a seedling which, at the end of the season, has spread out in every direction forming a colony of young plants around a central point, each one of which forms a rosette of leaves as big as a tea plate, and then the fol- lowing springthesespreadout and prevent any cropplantfromdevelopingbennath then- shade. From each of these, later in the season, springs up a tall stem which bearsa large number of seeds furnished with copious white down which carries the seed far and wide, each one of which may found a new colony of plants. The down itself is also a cause of inconvenience to threshers by breaking up into particles which get into their eyes and give rise to painful irritation.
This weed was introduced from Europe by accident and has been allowed to spread widely throughout Canada because its noxious nature was not known, it is a very aggressive pest, perhaps worse than the Canada thistle. The Canada thistle is well known and good farmers know they can get it out of their laud. Even where the Canada thistle is not bo well known, its notoriety has spread before it, and so soon as it is recognized a feeling of panic takes possession of the farmers
and th from ei attack i if he wi
Pla yearplai year plai seed is ei that the the secoi live for r
Q. D A. Y
certain ai
then the i
year after
nial Sow t
fight agaii
must be cl
daisy, and
dealt with
upland or
means of d^
of by plou^
the surface
9un. With
they have t
necessary f(
and starve i
elements of
This bai
ment during
lectures deli'
methods for«
In addition
been shown «
The arra
speakers ind
Hugh McKel
of which wer(
weeds troubli
The actual W(
methods of en
iu« zjwuie piao
noxious weeds
farmers were i
last Summer;
good deal to di
mSECT PESTS, GRASSES AND WEEDS.
1900
rom^esTabufhin^'itieir^^^^^ have, we will th«r«f '
attack it. Nowi,.„n!aV °^ '' requires iittlo per8na«^nn fi .^''®'^®^ore prevent it
CLASSIFICATION OP PLANTS.
Sy Mr. Burnett :
Dial Sow thistle anrlTo ^u"" ^'^^ 'oot as in the case nnK ' ^^^^ °° growing fight against Fnt^K^"^ "^'^^^'^ "°d these are bv far ?hl ^*"^''" ^'''^^t'^- Peren-
neuDa ofdostroylDK "m 'S''."''"" " « hard to plough 2, mtr?™'"'" *
VALUE OP WPPUSING INPORMATION.
last Summer ; J i^u*J "^ 'r'* r«""g« «»d a series of weJtv m! described. The good deal to rio V? "*? ^^ meetings were held in TnL »i"^ meetings were held K"oa aeul to do, the interest was so keen that all of the ^iJ^^" "^^ ^*^"«'-« have a
uat ail ot the meetings were crowded. The
* I.
40
DR. JAMES FLETCHER.
I't
11
Hon Mr Bulyea, the Provincial Minister of Agriculture went himself to the meetr inffs'and they were very euccessful. The British Columbia Government has also held two series of meetings during the two past summers all of which were attended by the Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Mr. J. E. Anderson, so that the subject of weeds in the West at any rate, is receiving a great deal of attention, with beneflcial results. As a consequence weeds are not by any means as prevalent as they were four or live years ago. The lands had become very badly infested and farmers saw that it was necessaTy to do something to clear the land. The nature of the different weeds seem now to be understood and farmers are adopting methodstosecure their extermination. Never in the history of the country was there such a clean crop of wheat as last season in Manitoba. Generally there is some other influence that militates against the crop and this year the Hessian Ply, our old enemy in Ontario appeared in Manitoba and injured the crop to a rather serious extent. The freedom from weeds this year was ho doubt larj?ely due to the character of the season. The late spring held back the seeding but the seeds of the weeds were in the land, and these being of hardy, well established plants germinated and then when the seeding was done the cultivation of the land destroyed a lot of weeds. In addition, the method I spoke of jajt week, of harrowing and cultivating with weeders has become so generally adopted in the west that the value of this very wise and useful operation is recognized by the best farmeirt and although there are some who do not adopt it, many others do and most see the benefit of it At the Agricultureal shows and the Summer fairs at Brandon and other places there are always a great many inquiries as to the best implements to use and the sale of light harrows and weeders has been very large indeed in Manitoba m the the last few veers. All this points to the same moral,— the difficulty of controlling all weeds is made less by understanding the nature of the different kinds we are fighting against. If we understand them the fight is very much more satis- factory because when you get good results you know the reason, and can employ the same method again or tell others of it.
OX-EYE DAISY.
By Mr. McNeill :
Q. In regard to the Ox-eye Daisy, you said where land can be ploughed the betteT way is to plough it, but there might be other places where it could not be ploughed. Is there any other mode of eradicating it in such places C
A I am afraid not for the Ox-eye Daisy. With few exceptions, the application of chemicaU is not practicable. This weed has a strong aromatic flavour, and sheep which are the best weeders we have for some plants, do not seem to like this one very much, and I am afraid there is no other mode except rooting it out.
By Mr, Broder :
Q I know of one case where a field was completely covered with Ox-eye DaiBies. It was" close to my own farm. The owner sent a man in to mow it at a certain time of the year and there was not a vestige of it next spring. For some reason or other it disappeared. I do not know whether it was because it was done at a particular
'"^A. It is a perennial, so the cutting would not affect it, but I cannot explain the disappearence.The best remedy where you can plough the land is to seed down with clover and timothy, because the daisy flowers just about the same time as you cut ^01"- fir-t "I'^p '^f hay "o no seeds are formed, and the second crop you out again just before it seeds; then in ploughing under your clover you destroy the plant** which only root near the surface and have no running root-stocks. , ^ ..
Q. This was under my notice every day in Summer, and I cannot understana it.
A. The only thing that suggests itself to me is winter killing.
Q. '. killed la
A. :
usually ]
Q. C A. Ii
Q. I
A. SI
Q. Is grow than
A. m
Q. It occasions ; all, and 1 1 although it
A. The
regard to th
«at at a cert
seasons and
else laid up :
Canada This
dies down in
merely the s
underground
expense of ti
plant that sei
been living
two or thre(
one cutting.
stem will ne
surface of th
stems from th
besides, if yo
generally at t
that that is th
oftbe preparei
seeds, but the ]
further growth
cutting simplj
simply throw i
stems for each
short time to g(
supply ample
A his is one of tl
perennial weeds
should be turnei
they are deep r
destroying the I
I^VSECT PESTS, GRASSES AND WEEDS.
1900
"snally U™ „.„;, ;:i;,f '"S ' '"■' «"g««, because i. i, . piSJiS^Ii.. which % Mr. Rogers :
PJ.I. keep dow„ „«„,, „e«is, b„. I do„bt if they wil, .hu one. % Mr. McNeill :
SroA'^Te^Zr^llTont''' you can cut unde-growth when it is less likely to ^' f*^; I do not think so. ^^ ^
«tn:T.^\^?y.«^° place two cases of the nuder.m^fU u ■
undergrowth which was out I did^nT"*. u*'°« «"* «» t^o »uld grow up agaiB but nlrluu "^'^^ to have cut at ow« v«..„ f-li- § '"' ''"'^ o° neither occasion h,\i ,-4
• " ""j o
•ll, Md^Sh,"'-,""' ""^Mgrowlh which wrn'oltTZ^^T"- t"'"* °"' o" '«
THE CANADA THISTLE
two orlbfeo ti' ° H ''?'•>' "f '■<"«' i" «*» roo""t„ckf Tf .if'T'' "'''<''' has
Se""j r" ™' -""'^ i^ dc'^"' '^n '' ""'"*"" ts; i'^r '^s:
<
Hi
4 Is
i t
42
DR. JAMES FLETCHER.
them down. thuB preventing the leaves from laying np a store of nourishment in the
the land of weeds.
By Mr. Featherston ;
han-owed two or three times to prevent any weeds from ripening seeas
OKflM. them down during the months of June, July and August?
A Undoubte"ly?keeping fown and destroying all seedlings which may appear and ^1 growth ft-2'perennif is. so that they never get a chance to recover.
Q. Keeping them from getting food from the sun and air.
A. Yes.
By Mr. McNeill: Q. When would you do the cultivating with the weeder, before the leaves are com^etey^^orme^ wheat blades are about one or two inches high.
QAnd when should thistles be mowed 7 • ^i u ~^
A Just befZ the full growth, as soon as the flowei-s open, when tbey have drawtout the Ia?gist alu?t of food from the stems and have not put anything back from the leaves.
Q. H A. Y Q. T. A. N country, it. while i it by looki Q. It , A. It light harro lately ?
Q. Yej
A. Yoi
it ; it was j
where weed
Q. Did
Eraser, one
years. Din
run (he wee(
the wheat.
Senator
Mr.Fr.E
same appean
of hooking f<
these stir up
and leaving
growing crop
they cultivati
weeder yoa vi
the advantage
don, reaped tl
bushels on exa
By A
Q. Whati A. With a 18 far bettor fai other chemical expensive and i weeder.
By Mr
Q. The wee
A. They hi 1
to got some imp
laise the teeth t(
Q. Massey's
A. They had
asked them if i he
i&V
By Mr. Richardson :
INSECT PESTS, ORASSES AKZ> WEEDS.
STINK WEED— THlP ttok ^„
THE USE OP WEEDING HARROWS.
1900
43
Q.HaveyoatheStinkWeedinOnt«rio? Q. To a very large extent?
A It has 80 becolne I iPafrafd" Th"^ '" ^^°'*°'>« ? Jght ha^ows have .et ^ith .rt^tooIs^ZVot:'''^^ ""«^. *»>« -«^- or Q. Ye8. °' ^"''^ y^» been dowu there
the wheat. Mr Vn ^^' harrows over them and desfrn^ " J*" '"^'^ high, they
growing crops Thl; Hn A ^'''' ^et the advantage of .1?. '°'' P°'^®"^'"g it they cu^ItivaL thfwYot oHhr' "r ^" S'-^^'^/gS ^'"^"^ the
feeder you will see ii. a wLt '^*''''' '^ ^^^^ «" the laSd fhl?"'*?"' ^''^^"^ «nd
b-e.ore-u?rs^---.t.^^^
J' loriy acres per day with a By Mr, Featherston :
CROP VALUE ENHANCED BY WEEDING
A Th«T?''^^*^^ « «°"^y weeder now ?
44
DR. JAMES F LETCH EH.
to be found in this weeder question alone; I have seen such lemarltable results from harrowinir and weeding. The advantage is not only in the increase of grain reaped, but also in the absence of weed seeds from the grain. It is a business matter. A man who is buying wheat looks at the sample. He sees it is a good sample, but it he tinds the .seed of wieds in it he says • It is pretty weedy isn't it ?' As a matter of business he tries to buy at the lowest figure and will take advantage of any excuse to reduce the price he oifers. The farmer will got better prices with less trouble in handling it when his wheat is free from weed seeds, and the whole country will derive a benefit. The use of weeders is, I believe, better farming than spraying and of greater value to the crop than any other method suggested as a substitute. 1 spoke at some length on this subject last week, so I will not delay the committee longer now.
By Mr. Featherston |
Q. I have tried the harrow and found that it never hurt the crop ; a bifi; heavy
diamond harrow ? . . , n • j u^^^a*-
A. Yes. An argument in favour of harrowing IS the well recognised benefit
that operation is to a crop of Indian corn. Is there a man in the country, to^ay, who
does not harrow his corn after it is up ? Some years ago, if any man had harrowed
his corn people would have said he was crazy, but to-day they would be more apt to
say it of the man who did not harrow his corn. ,
By Mr. Richardson :
Q. Of course the harrow won't do in rocky land ? , ^ ^ .x. ^ a •
' A. No; the method is particularly applicable in the West, where the land la lichtand free from stones; but in some of that wild rose country I referred to, they have had good effects from using the weeder, notwithstanding the bother given by the woody roots of the roses.
By Mr. Bell (Addington) : Q. You cannot harrow any land in crop that has rolling stones on it? A. Certainly not.
with coi
down an
A. !
of oleani
told me I
Q. ^
A. 1
Q. D
, A. ^
legislatior
Inspecton
some farm
'and. Thi
jery busy.
aone, but t
weeds out i
the weed Ii
Q. The
A. Yes
country is v
important i
fallowing ig
fences and f
difllcult to k
strict law an
there than ii
^^ The Ch>
-Thistle that J
out?
A. In ve
RIB GRASS.
W:
By Mr.
Erb
Q. I would like to ask if anything could be done for the Rib Grass in pastures ; that is, permanent pastures that you don't want to plough up ?
A. Yes, I understand. I don't think there is anything you can do. Of couise sheep like the plant. It is a perennial plant which roots close to the surfoce and if ploughed down and the land reseeded, it would be clean for some time. That is the Jnly treatment I can suggest. The seed of this plant ,s g«°«"-*"y ?°f{;°j"°l^„„'° clover seed, and I am afraid it is spreading in the country through that means. You find the seed quoted for sale in many of the English and French catalogues, where it is advertised as a crop for sheep, and these animals certainly like it; it is a troublesome weed, however, where clover is grown for seed.
By Mr. Cochrane t
Q. Is it not a fact tb'\t the seed of the Ox-eye Daisy number ot years and not germinate ?
. — • . * * % 1-1. -.-4- v. I.
will lie in the land for a
A. I Jo not know that about the Os-eye Daisy, but I know it is true in regard to mustar^.^^^ _^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^.^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^.^^ .^ ^^^ cultivate it even
with corn, and then seed it down, you will have Ox-eye Daisy again. I know aa a foct that where the seed of the Ox-eye Daisy had got into a field aud it was planted
Having „ toe same to be
I^'SECT PESTS, <il}i3SB^ i xr»
•rr.«oAA.S AND WEEDS.
1900 45
witn corn that thn i_
T»„-„n^\^«^''»*'A'^— We have n . *" ®'*''«'" *<> do so
A. In very few places, I fear. " ''^®" °a"'ed
Hr
tbo sfrrihrctrt/^^ '^---P^ of., evidence of Harch
1 and March 7, 1 find
JAMES FLETOHEii ^''to^ologist and BotanUt to the '
J>omimon Experimental Farms.