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N. W. Bulletin '2

GOVERNMENT OF THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES.

DBPARTMKNT OK AOKinULTUKK.

BULLETIN No. 2

NOXIOUS WEEDS

— ANO—

HOW TO DESTROY THEM

SWEET GRASS. iSee Page mij

1900

Printed by direction of Geo. «. V. Bulyea, Commissioner or aoriculturi

'I'

I

III'

[Informtion prepared by T. N. Willing, Territorial Inspector of
Noxaous Weeds, partly extracted fro. Bulletin No. 23 of the Dominion
Experimental Farm? by Dr. J. Fletcher.]

letln 2

Addresses on Noxious Weeds at Agricultural
Society Meetings in 1899

prritoiial Insfiector of
ro. 23 of tlie Duminion

MlM'TK of seventeen n.eetings held in Assinil.oia between tho 19th
day of June. 1800. amlthe 7th (lay of July. 1S09. h..th inclu.ivo. and ad-
dro88od by »Ir. V. II. V. nidyo.i. CnuniHsionc.- of Agriculture for the
North-west Territories, and Dr. Jan.es Fk^td.er. Botanist to tho Denunion
Government, the subject being " Noxious Weeds." K.^ported by William
X 1*1 in Li

Aseriesof meet ings. organized by the Department of Aarlculture
was begun at Mocsomin on the 19th day <.f June. 1899, and eonmleted ^t
Gainsborough on the 17th day of July. 1899. tompieieci at

^v ''?S,'!.'''''''"^*'^ '!if '"fPt'OKS was to hear a practical lecture on "Noxious
Weeds." horn Dr. Fletcher. Botanist to the I)ominion Government ThI Ohi^'^^ot
meetings had been convened through the dittVrent Agri.nliural Societies *'«""K''-
and m every instance an ofHcer of the local society presided «"«"-"*«.

u^,l. V"nVl"'''""*''^°^^«'''^"'^""'<^^''- <*• "• ^- Rxlvea) attended and
addressed all the meetings except those at Moose Jaw and F( rl Qu' A ppelle
at which paces the Deputy Copimissioner (Mr. C. W. Petei^, i ) was pres-
d?HJhl /'''"''— "^'dresses, dealing with the subject on the same ifnes as
did the Commissioner at the other meetings. Wee.l Inspector Willinjr
was present at Whitewoodan,! Carn.luff. and on each occasion gave an
address. H.s Honor the Lieutenant G« ernor was present at the Regina
meeting and took part in the proceedings. n,.j,ina

nr«Ji'f,^''""M'^1""*"*'"'^«'''':''^"'*"' •"♦''*• *^""''''' "f J^'S speeches, ini- Cotnmis.
pressed upon the farmers that the (piestion of noxious wo.-ds was one of ^'''""•s

the most iinportant they would have to handle. The Depinln.eiit had *'''^'■"'•
I•eahzed this, and tliat was why the meetings had been organized. The
policy ot the DeiMirtment was to prevent the weeds getting a foothold in
the Territories. The Government had taken warning from what Ir d i
U^llJrT '" '^'^ "^''Sh^ring Pnivince of Manit.ZI^'^M.eTe'Vhe matter Sb ecT
mifcn T'T''- ^*'^** '''•'"' '''"''** '" ^hat Province that had become
practically valueless on account of the hold noxious weeds had got upon

l^fi'J". f 1 ^r^^SV^ case where » pei-son had offerei a loan conVpany 240

h^v«% Jr/"''*''^'ii"*^.*^'*''"°'P*'"y'i'^'' '^l''»'^l t'^f't <hey would not D^F';''''"^",?"

fnr n.^v!^ "!," ^'>r< "I ^onsequence of the reputation the lo.ality had Weed" ^

i s.STf"'^^''' ?r» North-west Government had determined to do '

'lhi« ^n \ prevent that sort of thing happening in the Territories.

HefZnrlo^A"''''',,'"'''''^- S"°'eyea.s ago the municipalities of Indian

Head and Qu Appelle passed by-laws to cope with the evil. Ofcouise,

IhlT "J TP.'y "° portions of the country outside of those municipal-

iLt ."ki ™® " ""^ nrst things he di<l when he became a member of the

Assembly was, as one of a commitU'e ft.r the jmrpose, to prepare an

he te'Jn^ ^-^^ throughout the Territories what the two municipalities r, ,,.,,„„„„

nLi^ Tn,? u °^'^ wei-e doing within their own limits. That Ordinance was o'^ffheQu';"-

^!.^'a V^ ^"''^ y?"^ a'hitrai y p.^wers to a Weed Inspector. Persons tion. "

7hLn3.l! ''PP^«'»^e or understand the object in view, might consider

the Ordinance too stringent m some of its provisions. The Government,

U IB

m

Unoccupied "t^eiip «1. to b« really 8ee.MH>.l» for (JIoMi. w.-o.Ih 'R, " L a « ?.^^ ..'*"

uSdH. cupi,..! lunda had piovtul a H.)it of Ntumbliim |%k trthV ?/..^ ♦• "'"^^

these woeds. In somocaseB. the o^vnor. U, ,u1h ha 1 Ift d''V'" ?'

Those Districts were n..t "U.nid?LViti ^ S^ ta n i"tl m*^ t^'n/^^^
privilegee of nmnicipalitios. hut Uiey wort- to inpll,',l v) ,i,V . ' "V

and to contribute either in n.)nVv or lalx, • i^ 4i ! ! 'H* '"."''" *"'•''''

determined to ut ize the uiachinpiv of n.. i,„.. i . . •.,*^"^'*''"*"^«

ence of noxious weeds. >» consequence of the pres-

The Commissioner also pointed out that in adriitinn *.. n,„ i
sSoV' Cr?'"^' '^' oUernnient hid 'ajlpoi" Sd ?noi^* WecS'T
tttd 'e^rfof/nTin^tra X^-nS^^^^^^^ »>' t

sT.l^cffirtaSlstSVhr;U7^un"t^^^

[hfs' ?{;r^"^' '"^" tC^M^^^^^^ S^",«^,^fe !u'sXVd""V.?'a'd'di&*'t:

Sfa^r^Sr e^1e^rh':.£SLrtte-ff i^n^th^^^^^^^^ 1

only a graduate of Toronto Univei-sitv hnf « w^^fi r ^"° ^^ "o<^

»' i"' """IVf?™""' "•^» w™.W m™mtM 'or 'S to hi^'scK. T" "'
that the children attending the schools wnnM ii„^« / schools, so

*"'ro^^ "^ W'^ -^f t^-K^XtXnTShorto^d^^^^^^^^

Another point on which there had been legislation, %Tll wgSd to

Weed
InspectorB.

N. 'V. I' i«t in 2-

>t, lull HciioiiB : and he
n-vi nf tlifHi> weuds nml
come t<t H«>c Umt 8u«h
nspector had [Miwer to
ions fi-«»iii thp I)(*part-
<'x<'it lliosH t<tiiiiK«nt
I «»f the WftnlH. Thei-o

rPHpniiHihilitipB in the
il with thi'ir own, who
t miilfd tliPiii. 8uch
tlio Uov)>riiiii*>iit waa
pr/iKiiinHt the fariner
' IPKiHhitioM wu« that

tlu! lii'KiHlatiiie fidt
n< Wff'tiH on their «»wn

that had once hwn
i»'«' vacant and unoc-

0 the cradieatiiin of
hiul left, and it was

1 waB owned h;' coni-
y HO far <i8 the' weeds
ianc(! waB pasHed to
ties of ritiaenship in
, ponipcjjing districts
^al Improvement Dis-
II u preHcrihed ai-ea.
ther the power n(»r
to do public works

.•ear for the cost of
)n of the tax, and the
vernment, therefoi-e,
•ovenient district* In
of last st'Bsion the
rted lands; the cost
individual lands and
. Tax. It was only
• cost of destroying;
he public or a new-
irs of land had to bear
unoccupied land was
lot the |>ower to tax,
I. he was f<lad to say
r its lands of weeds
vork of eradicating
vernment had found
willinpf to assist in
saw that its lands
qiienceof the pres-

dition to the above
ed more Weed In-
eje appointed, but
1 been doubled. It
. There were not

positions; hut the
<^d. In addition to
cure the services of
West, who was not
-west farmer. Mr.
the local inspectors,
whole question, in-
ns and his own pet
-erv district and iu
B diffei-ent districts
n to this, specimens
s in the schools, so

to recognize weeds
0 destroy them.
I, was in regard to

\ul ttZ^?' '^"^'^'"'•'^'y tarwern conid take away the cleanings. Now, in Elev.tor.
farnier was taking away the cleanings from his own grain. Ilia own '"" Maohinei

6r!J'I.I!"f I ?■• ",;••"'' f«'>'" the seeds of wewls, but the refime given

him n ight be Irom a « irty crop. Thus a farmer might carry home to his
own clean farm a stack of we«l seedH f,-o„. a dirt? farm. ^Anyhow the
Z,'"LVl\ '■'"'•^"'"»^; ^'■""!' ••'••vatoiH ha<l been f.Mmd a prollHc source whence
vth^.h" ''•'•^''' "f noxious we..dH. It had been determine<l to stop this.
In. h".. .!'•.'""''**'■? »n«''«'*«t<>rw.iM steam |K)wer, thei-e was no dlrtkulty
n the matter, as the refuse made go.Hl fuel, but, when th» power w.«
hoise-povN , r or a gasoline engine, the refuse could not Ih> disposed of. It
was m.w, how.'ver, pn.hibited t«. take it away or t.) sell it, and the man
who bought was as liable to punishment as the man who sold. The refuse
had to be burnt or otherwise dextioyed. There was similar legislation in
legai-d to threshing machm.'s. A threshing outHt was another pi-oliHc
source of spreaihng the seeds of wee«ls from one farm to another, either in
the sacks "He.1 or by not thoroughly cleaning out the separator. Here
too the law called for the burning of the refuse b<.fore proceeding fi-om
one farm to another. "

Such were the means mlopted by the Government to Hght the noxious
weeds and to keep them down, and he f.-lt sui-e that, if the farmers would
do their part and do all thev could to assist the Inspectors to carry out the
law. great good would be the result. '

linn «f".hi'''^\"-''V'''","r!'" ^r"' *'"'i'"*"tly l>iactical. vivid in the presenta- or Ri.tch.r
t on of the subject and the illustrations apt. simple and effective. He said '''•'«'»•'•
that the tW(. most important points in connection with noxious weeds
weiv how U. kncnv Ihout and how to destroy them. As a rule, farmers did
nothing iM'canse they did not know what to do. In regard to the first
iK)int every fariner ought to know something, not of BoUny which was a
Ui-eek worcl the farmer needed to know nothing a»»out, but of plant life. .,
A knowledge of plant lilV w.is u valuable tiling.'^ It had enabled i'l^f. .Tohn Vlan * ift* °'
Ma(!oiin to prophesy y.^ii's ago that gof)d wheat could be giiiwn on the
prairie. I hat eminent man was laughed at at t he time and called a dreamer
and an enthusiast, but his knowledge- of plant life had enabled him to pro-
jihesy corre.!tly, for it was now known that the prairie could grow as
ne a chvss of wheat as was grown any w here in the world, perhapa indeed
finer than in any country except perhaps in Siberia whero the conditions
were alni<»st identical- a country that had not yet entf i Into competi-
tion with Canada. Kre long, bywever, it would certaii v comiwte with
the North-west and therefore it behooved the farmers of > his country to
ilo all they could to keep to the front: one way of doing this wa« to
keep down weeds. A farmer's Botany was a very simple science; the The Farm
IHincipal things a farmer hhouid know about plant-life were very few in mh iu^unv
nnmber. First he should rememb(>r that all plants, from the smallest
Hower to the larf^est tree, could be divided into three great classes: fli-st
those that lived and completed all their development in one year; secondly,
those that lived two years, and thirdly those that lived many yeara.
f.very plant that grew came under one of these heads. The last class, the
many-year plants, were again divided into two subclasses, viz., those that
root deeply and those that do not. To these impor Unit facts he would
add just one more the full appreciation of which was of the utmost im-
iwrtance to all who wished to fight deep-rooted weeds which live for many
years, viz^ All plants like animals feed. He claimed that plants fed
hrough their leaves. It had been customary to call the leaves of plants
the lungs of plants. This definition he considered was a niisUke. Plants
did not breathe thro.igh their leaves, but they fed. They took in through
niiimte openings or mouths in their leaves a most imfwrUnt part of their
food ID agascous condition, and then having mixed it there with the gases
taken in by the roots in the shape of water, they elaborated from these all
the materials necessary to build up their frames and develop to maturity.
Ihe leaves then were not the lungs of a plant, but they wei-e its stomach.
Depdve a plant of its leaves and it coiil'l not feed and. like an animal
which could not feed, it must soon die nf starvation. These the speaker
daiined were the cardinal points of all the Botany any farmer needed to
know, but he must cimstanaly bear them in mind, for upon them were
toiinded all his lules of action when dealing with noxious weeds to
<l<stroy them. Dr. Fletcher here gave a detailed statement of what a
weed 18, how great the danger of neglecting them and what was the beet
treatment for some of the worst weeds, this part of the address waa

i

ywi,*' u-,..H i«K. K.uVnH I; , ;. V • •"' vi".>t"* " r''*""ts '"•■"»t -v..,.

it coHt (he fa,,,...,. ,,n 't ., . V rl , r;" 'r'TV '•'^''•'•'* . '" """•••'"

it. In .he rich landn o tl " m,, j" ' : '•' n. v l». V'.'^l -'''"'^ \" '"•"^^'"^
OHll..,l ini«W...d/ .'sVed h^ '• v.jy Kul W.....I

t'iitti\y f,.<„„ Krain. It whm il.... r .. ., • '• «'i- Mfteil or hlnwn out

weed In it. Nowthesuilu wm'';^ '*'"'"^ '»^ '""' ^•'♦'•» "^ l»'i'*

wcn.ld K...W H Ko..d V,;;, ;,„'., ;^,^'';^^^^^^^^^ f.xee,,Uonally fe.tile. an.l

All that was wa,it"d wan f^.v ..,^1 . '''",?V"'' "" 'J K«>od .lop of xvinat.
an a ,ule. exint in th • N , tl -w/ ' 'Vhr . n;! r^^ '"""■ *^^«'"i"ti""^ ^'id.

the pi-oper a.n..unt <f ,i,<>ist..r« ... i '•'""•'tiona we,e a feitile M.ij.

Cannot );r<iw
Weeda iind
Wheat

thantwohorH^HCMKld |,.i,'k ; ff,"^^ "»' 7""" lan.l. any ,no,e

wale,. enouKh fov on f,, i^w ... , , 'V ' '""" '^ ^'""«*^ •'"'l '"*•' ""'y
we,.,U which Kvlvi.ihat m,^^^^^^^^^^^^^ " »'";"'-'''^ '"'P "»•! the

.tan. the we..l .„• he wh . t • • e, 2 'i 7J"'r '"'•**'. i"" ^*'".^'' «"^ "'•'
mlvantaKehe(auselli,.vu- 1 I.. 1 ^ «l»e«kinK. the weed8 had the

soon as the weather was sViitahrvll.T.f''*'.*^"'''"'' ""'"'y '" «t'"t »*•

an exotic plant and' -ufd In y' fcj, '^ w^h'S .^ ""» r "''•^ 7"'"^

ven ent to bow the Heed Th.f .... J, K"'wiii \\ hen the farnie,- found tcon-

flrst thing was f r fatii-s to hi ah i"'//?'' = '"'-'^ *" »*"*' V"' "^ "'♦•"'««• '^'he

misUiken; ai.d if theTaskt"rf^>. i^.f ?n . r "^'T''"' '"'^ "'^'y «''"' ""en
-..t the wr<u,J name! why. of co. ,'sr K' w.,n I'"' '%"'^t'"» «'♦•"'» "^nd
tion. He had often 'he,m f an ",. "s, 7l 7.f'" 1 K",^. ^'''' ^^'•,°"n i"f*>""u-
ineant the Tansy Afufctaid 'n,» f..,.L « ^'V' ^^"K^eed when they

n.illers w,u, very rarely n.lt with i^.tZ R"gwee«l ui- •' Cown-weed " of
ear Mustard was Xn c Sd Vh N* .-^ .^''-^'^-west. Again, the Ha.e's-
seen i„ Canadt and is n'ra, vw ore f!^^^^^^^^^ plant that Is seIdo,n
indeed the necessity, of calli,"r.ri«nt hi .'"''• ^''^ in'j'"«t'.nce.

there „«, .-any h„„.,r.ds of *t. Jt'"Il„rof"'i,rr;.?'ii4'r "tgS

N. V

letln

lop

llkll

>. U-15 of thlH
iMH hy titating

ft of IIOliolIM

ill oiitMtdid : it
iil«l gft ii<i of
K iiifiini i»cvi>ii
III' Ti iriti>ri«>H
1. Ill Oiitnrin

t illhectH, llllll
lllilllcWH Hiul

II thi< Noi'tli-
rt to |iiwi'iit

II Wlltllt l'V« II

••ly Iku! \v«'»'tl

1(1 Wci^lit IIH

f>r lilowii out
l ii«l of, aiiij
M't'd of tliis
y f»'rtil«'. and
op of wliiiu.
iiKlitiitii.s (lid,
i fertile Mill,
li i-aum'd the
I'k of pi-iidti-
y K'«'W tw'd
III, any iiioio
ml hud utily
and tlic
K<>t tlie
cdM liad the
intry or hud
r in Nlait aH

was really
found it ron-
' wei'dn. The
*n they saw
iii«> hut thn
, whi(!h wa«

l>lant they
hat any per-

Ottawa, or
t at KeKina,
^ 81'nder in
than merely
i-ong name,
were often

I weed ami
iiK infoiniu-
when they
n-wecd " of
Lho Hai-e's-
' is Belduni
m iiorti nee,
) had bt*en

II iii-ovalent
ed Tumhle
:■ alone. It
Id he given
existed in
■e given to
." whereas
'f "stink"
le flesh of
ed a most
leaf of the
'■« was for
"I to name

Although
3g on the

prairie, thej-e wei« very few which a farmer needed to trouhle hlH head
about. There wei-e not many more weeds they neiHJed to he afraid of
than theit! w»'r«' dilTereiit sorta of cro|>H, an«l O'ery farmer knew the dltT»-r-
ence between wlmat, Iwrley, oats, rye, and so on. ft was no more dinieult
Ui learn the naiiu'H and u|»|iearaiife of 8tink Weed, Tumbling Mi-ntaitl,
Hare's-eur Mustard, aD;' so on. I.^t farmers know that it was imiMirtant
for them to learn to rerogni/e the dilTerent weeds, and they would soon
do so. In this reMpoct he was glad to hear the ('ommissioner of Agricul-
ture say that siiecinif ns were to be exhiblt»Hl and explained in the schiMils. i;""" {"
This had lieon found of immense advantage in Maiiito»>a, and it would lie Wod«.
the same in the North-west Territories. The children, not only liecame
familiar with the we(*ds, but they took the in'ormation home and impart-
ed it to those on the farm, and thus the knowledge soon spread all over
a district.

Fariiii'rs should not only learn to recognize weeds, hut to recognize
them in ail their stages. 8ome weeds, the KiiHsian Thistle and Btink
Weed, for iiistiiiices, had a very ditfei-ent appearance when young and
when iiiatiiie.

It was imiHirtant to destroy weeds as soon as they appeared and were Destroy
alill small and e.isily killed. When full grown it was far more labor to kill ">«m Early,
tht'iii and they would ripen many seeds, The Ordinance very wisely matle
provision to prevent the spretul of seeds from elevators and by threshing
outltts and fi-om variant lands. All that the farmers could do to help in
those directions should lie done, and dono (luickly.

Hummer-fallow was a question on which Dr. Fletcher spoke at length. Summer
It wae, he said, the salvation of the North-we^t and for teaching this more l'«llowliig.
than anything else Mr. Angus Mackay deserved the thanks of the farmers
and the country. Many farmers thought the object of summer-fallowing
was to keep down weeds. Incidentally, summer fallowing did keep down
weeds hut its main object was to preserve moisture. They all knew that
in the early days farmers came to the North-west farmed, or thought they
did, failed and went away declaring the country was too dry to urow
wheat. Those who had suminer-falloweil knew better than this. They
knew that, if done properly, sumiiier-fuUowing lu-eserved in the soil the
moisture which is of so much imtMirtance in many places. In localities
where the land was light and liable to have the surface blown away by the
wind, seeding down at statt^ intervals with Biome Grass or Timothy, the
r(x>l8of which would add fibre to the soil, was highly recommended. The
erioii(>ous idea that summer-fallowing was practiaed mainly to keep down
weinls hml led some to put oif the operation until too late in the season.
These men had got the Idea that if they had but a good swathe of weeds
to (dough in, it wou! ' rich their soil that they were putting back into
the soil what the Will, had taken out. Green plants, they said, wei-e
good for the soil. Let it be remembered, however, that they could never
put liack into the soil in that way all that the weeds had taken out ; so
then it would have been better to have prevented the plants fi-om grow-
ing at all and taking out of the soil what they hiid. to say nothing
of the risk of ploughing in seiMJs that would ripen under the soil and ulti-
mately ^eiminate. Summer-fallowing should be done as soon after the
June rams us possible, so as to preserve all the moisture they could. AH
summer-fallowing ought to be finished by the first week in July.

Seeding down was a pr«)ce9s that deserved notice. When a piece of Seeding
land was inf<>sted with weeds and the farmer had not the time to treat it ''own.
in the ways aliove indicated, let it be seeded down with something strong,
say, Brome Grass. In the same way that weeds would crowd out a crop
of grain and reduce the yield of seed, so weeds might themselves be
be choked by a more vigorous plant which would prevent their getting
light and air,and thus weaklings would lie produced instead of strong and
vigorous plants. But seeding down would not kill the weeds. That must
always be remembered. It would only weaken them. When the time
came to break the land again to kill the Brome Grass, or whatever was
the ci*op, seeds of weeds would still be there in less quantity and the de-
struction of the sickly plants would l)e an easier matter than if the land
hod t>een continuously croi>ped with wheat.

To summarize : Weeds wei-e the farmers* enemies because they e„_m.ry
roblwd the soil of the plant food and moisture intended for the crop ; they
crowd out and take the place of the crop plant, because they are hardier
and Ks a rule more proline ; they cause loss because they require time and
labour to eradicate and they injure the quality of the grain by the seeds

Weedn at

th« l.«(liirc«.

J" '-r "IE ;:!!;':;^';;:.*,v;;i;;'-':;'s ^^''- r- !•"• '— -»"P»«t

'■"t known in oth?Mr Ah «' rHuSi nHL^^'lfZ "/ 'i" «"'""'• '^ «"«
wee.l8 in thH.liHtiiel il nm? « ,„ nVlon.^;i l"^ ' "'*' '%''""**■" '*''«>" the
('..niiniHHiuner Biily..« Tw^Jm, TtV, '. n ' 'i?*.? l'"" "[ ' '" Pl'^en visited

nitttUr „f fact wZLw..l ».?,"/' "''"'** '•''•^''' "^ ">♦• oloviitor. Ah a

H'Kn of the VHhie o? th.w nioi.ti kh vfJ. il.J. w Teiril <.!,.«. A hopeful

«/t«r each h-ctiire and a^im 3..^. Jr f » ' .'""'jy 'l'"'«tic.nH were Mked
local interest to thot' u*' d'^^Led w C. .1,' ?'"'!;, J,r^" '"'/''"" "' "IH^i^
question wliether w....<l8 could n.Vi iJ^i '^" "y p'lciUHl. In answer to a
««id that Sulphat.. of ,,p|^'i\„"^^ /»y «••>"«• «ci.l. Dr. Fletcher

plHnt«.but the ti-oiii,lo jn.r f N v^ . ' ,'' u" ?""''',' "'-"^"'y •*"'"«
than the use of h«r...wH"„, we ^ ;^' "^' « " V'* ^'^ " '^ .l.« rahle process
th»tlt«eenie.liM.p«,«sil,Iet.Mj^.L d^if ieelJ^^^ * ««e«p;iirinn remark
HtronK foot-hold, Dr. Kletch.^ ..sir L l V f^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'""y ''ml got a

c^«an by i.ers..ver:ince. He st S ?he^ h '""'* '^""'•' '^ P"t

River vartey whirl, wore at mS^^^^^ «•' the ^l

now many farms there 1 1 at h.»i iJ "^•^'^••"" with weeds, hut there were
tu-acticall/clear T^i-^UM^^^ ♦'""I^ ^^'^'' «"'« ^'^

beiriK widely spread. Kvery i ue rHVmnM r^^ ^ information on thesubjeet
by lectures, by bulletiiis tlm,,,^ Mw 1 *^'''^',' ^' ''•"^'"' «nf.>rmation

societies which last b, v« wAVw. *^ • '" ""''"ols and thii.ugh aw'ricidtuiHl

.ner-fallowing .^nelhU.1 I^histnd evJry'y^lif °"'" '"'*''« * "«'"^ "^•"""-

the.amty.SapX'^^^^^^^^^^^^ '«k«' «nO both

after-proceedfl.JI.P'^''"'"""" '*' "'« '"ef tings were fully discovered at tK

^f/r'^v^l'.^COa.i/- HeS'l[;a"r.nrsi.lir.''t^-fr''"*'^'^ «t Whitewood and
Haul did not know the diffeV^nr.nK* XCu ""T**- J^r^ ^*"»«'^ »»«
would enliRhten the.n "n tl.Ts ,K,?,^raml al«, n. M '• T''" '"•"'L'"«l'««'*»«'
tween good seed and »wd scn^d. ' TiL w s m il rLnt '"u " r^^ '"''««'•» ^e-
farmers U) sow the soeds of weeds fonuw If h*^' "^ ''"^ "'»<^ «''«'» the
weeds all over the cuntrv H.. LVt *^ ' ^''•'"' ""''»»' «"'• thtis spread

that the|far.„ers tho ;i7«f "o ' «.? 'burwr?*" «'^'^'u"» °" ^*"»»
noxiousweedH. Iftlief7iii.iBr«bL™K ** ""^ ^''ich were harmful and

then, up or ..therw^^ d S^ Ureri^^tTt.^sSrJnd Vr^^'^''«y 7"""^ ?""
few noziou, weeds. He hadliS it Lid tZnri *"'T' ^''""'•^ ""°n be
every man became the itXc S »} his n In V \^^^ ^" ^'^^ inspectors; if
enough, and the weeds Z.S so n^rnnf'ir" th'* ^^"'1^ 'n^P^ctors
k-ne better the land the better fOTthewre^*- ^k**^ ^'**?"''* rememf)er.
shoul.l look but. He h.vd found in M- T. 'i ^° J*"*"" "^'t" good farms
suinmer-fallowlng was 'l^lt r„e early^^^^ f trict that

«« it was. it was not f illowino- at aH u Ha " ^'?*" "^ """ '^^'ne so late
aeeds of weeds o.. fi;„:.?.?;i"P-'iV .*"' '^ ""** 8eedmg-seetUn» with rho

not exactly 'Uixious. would yXJi^eTroTibie ^^ n).^ "'T'^^ '^hich. although

deligit'^'r^X^I-ll'afwtrSra^^^^^^ r'^":-"- -d

frequently and cheerfully wknowTedgS *°° achieved was

N

1 n

HI iib|<> u> r«-
ir Krowth, to
•••y«'iir pUntu,
lofiily or not {
>r Ui«>aA pInnU
y ciiltivHtiiin.
Mild Im" burnt.

iiipw limtisht
Ir n>N()«*rtiv(*

•Htn thl» llMit

kn»)wn t<>th«
lis not known
on nnd grfnt
«mth. It WHii
n hIkiiiI tliM
)liio«»N vhited
l»l.v tfee from
k'Htor. Ah n
locality, and
womt wi>(hIb,
A lio|M*fii|
H wiTP aiiked
n of H|i«cliil
mtttver to a
Bi'. Flctchor
^Btroy Home
a»)l« imicPHH
int( remark
r hiul got a
;oiil(i Iw got
i>f the R«h1
there were
I rtn<l were
theanhjeet
nformntion
i<riciiltural
throughout
I it Hhould
do ao be-
danger of
int of 8 urn-

and both
iMl at these

What is a Weed ?

nf

There ai-e many definitionH of the word Weed, but perhaps from a
farnier'8 Htandpoint the IwHt one in : "any troublenome or unsightly plant
that IH at the Name time uselpHH or comparatively ho." Ah a general
Htatement, it may \m Haid that our m<wt troubleiiome and agi^reHHive wee«lH
of the farm have been intHnhiced ii.to (Canada from other «;ountrieH ;
but, at the Hame time, it in aJHo true that under Hpecial circumttancefi
Home of our native wild plants may increase and l»ecome " noxious weeds."
It must l»e acknowledged that in all parts of Canada w. < ds are a source
of constant and very ctmsiderahio loss to farmers. Indtted, h(» much is
this the case that the great prevaleoc »' of some varieties in certain dis-
tricts of the Dominion must be viewed witii the gravest alarm, for they
have Uken such possession of the land as to seriously affect profitable
farming. As examples of such aggressive enemies, mention may be made
of the Wild Mustard, Quack or Couch Grass an.i Canada Thistle in parts
of almost every province, Ox-eye Daisy in the Maritime Provinces, and
Penny-Cress or Htink Weed and Tumbling Mustard in the West.

The increase of weefis has l)een frequently due to the fact that farm-
ers have neglected them from n.»t being aware of their noxious nature
and power to spread.

" Many of our farmers have only a limited knowledge of weeds, and
in many cases do not recognize those that are dangerous on their first
appearance. Hence we have ' One year's seeding, seven years wee<ling.'
There are some weeds so noxious that if farmers knew their real character
and recognized the plants on their first appearance, they would postpone
all other business until they were destroyed • • • yy|j_
interest should be a sufiicient incentive to farmers to destroy weeds if it
is clearly shown that it will pay them to do so."— H. MacKellar.

Another poiiit of considerable importance with regard to noxious
weeds is the adoption, as much as possible, of some cne English or com-
mon name. The names used in this pamphlet have been selected with
rn'jch care as those which are most applicable and most widely known.
When more names than one are given, the first is preferable. The
scientific names, of which only one for each plant is recognized as

10

authoritative by botanists all over the world, are hero giv*,n, so that the
certain identity of each plant mentioned may be known. Pew farmers
of course, are acquainted with these scientific terms, even in the case of
our commonest weeds, but it would be well if they were : for certainly
much confusion exists in different localities in the application of the
Jinghsh popular names, »l,e same plant being frequemly caHed bv one
name in on.^ place and by quite a different one somewhere else, or quite
as frequently a single name is applied to a number of distinct plants in
different places or by different people in the same place.

The present bulletin is issued in response to numerous inquiries as
to the nature of the many weeds found on farm lands in the l^jiritories
and the best way of getting rid of them. While it is true that the
character of each kind has to be considered, there are certain principles
which must be constantly borne in mind by those who wish to clear
their land of noxious weeds. In the present age of extensive and easy
communication with all parts of the country, and indeed with the
whole world, there are frequent opportunities for seeds of weeds bein-
introduced into previously uniufested districts. As an off^set against
the great benefits we derive from railways, it has been found that ina-.y
bad weeds have been introduced into new localities through their agency
the seeds being either ^aken from cars or cleaned out of them at
stopping places. It is important, therefore, to keep watch on all railway
banks and station yards. ^

How Weeds Spread.

Tiiere are many ways by whirh weeds are spread : —

1. By natural agencies. The wind carries seeds long distances
not only in summer, but with dust and over the surface of the snow in
winter. Streams distribute them far and wide along their courses,
Ihey are also distributed by seed-eating birds and herbivorous animals
through the stomachs of which the seeds have passed undigested, or by
being attached to some part of their bodies by special contrivances, with
which nature has provided some seeds for this very purpose, such as
hooked and barbed hairs, spines and gummy excretions, &c.

2. By human agency. The seeds of weeds are frequc^ntly intro-
duced as «' foul seed " mixed with other seeds ; they are also imported in
hay used for packing or as foddor In addition to this, weeds are fre-
quently distributed over farms by waggons, harrows, seeders, threshincr
machines or other agricultural implements. But, notwithstanding alt
efforts to the contrary, weeds will certainly be introduced from time to
time on the farms of the most careful ; farmers should become acquainted
with the different kinds which are likely to c. use them loss, and the best
way to treat them.

In the following pages will be found short accounts of some of the
worst weeds of the country, arranged according to their natural orders
so a« to bring together those which are most nearly related.

Classification op Weeds.

Weeds, like all other plants, may be simply classified under the
three following heads :- Annuals, or one-year plants ; Biennials, or two-
year plants; and Perennials, or many-year plants. In eradicating
weeds, It 18 of the greatest importance to consider under which of these
heads they come, because in most instances the treatment is simple and
will be upon the general principles of preyenting annuals and biennials

N. .V Bulletin 2

11

'«n, so that the
Few farmers,
in the case of
: for certainly
lication of the
r cafled by one
e else, or quite
:inct plants in

8 inquiries as
he Territories,
true that the
tain principles

wish to clear
isive and easy
ed with the
)f weeds being
offset against
id that inaiiy

their agency,
it of them at
oti all railway

ng distances,
the snow in
heir oourses,
lous animals,
jested, or by
ivances, with
ose, such as

u<intly intro-
imported in
eds are fre-
rs, threshing
standing all
from time to
e acquainted
md the best

some of the
tural orders.

i under the
lials, or two-
eradicating
ch of these
I simple and
td biennials

from seeding, and perennials from forming new leaves, roots and under-
ground stems.

Annuals— Are those plants which complete their whole growth in
a year. Ah a rule they have small fibrous roots and produce a large
quantity of seed. Examples of this class are found in Wild Mustard,
Stink Weed (called also " Penny Cress " and " French Weed,") Lamb's
quarters, Wild Buckwheat, Purslane, Ragweed, Wild Oats. There are
also some annuals called " Winter Annuals," which are biennial in habit,
that is, of which seeds ripened in the summer produce a certain growth
before winter sets in and then complete their development the next
spring. Of these may be mentioned Shepherd's Pursp, Peppergraas,
Stink Weed, mentioned above, Canada Flea-bane and the Blue Bur.

Biennials— Are those plants which require two seasons to complete
their growth, the first being spent in collecting and storing up a supply
of nourishment, which is used the second season in producing i^owers and
seeds. Examples of these are Burdock, False Tansy, Common Evening
Primrose and Vipffr's Bug' ' or Blue-A-eed.

Perennials — Are th,. plants which continue growing for many
years. Perennial weeds are propagated in several ways, but all produce
seeds as well. They have two distinct mwles of growth, those which
root deeply, and those of which the root system is near the surface. The
most troublesome are those which extend long under-ground stems deep
beneath the surface of the ground, as Canada Thistle, White-stemmed
Evening Primrose, Showy Lettuce, and wild Sunflowers. Representa-
tives of the second class or shallow-rooted perennials are : Pasture Sage,
Yarrow and Couch Grass. Some perennials extend but slowly from thf
root by means of short stems or offsets, but produce a large quantity of
seed. Of these, Ox-eye Daisy, Dandelion, Goldenrod and Yarrow are
examples.

Extermination op Weeds.

In adopting a method of extermination, the nature of the plant to
be eradicated must, first of ail, be taken into consideration.

Annuals.— Any method by which the germination of the seed in
the soil is hastened and then the young plants are destroyed before they
produce fresh seed, must in time clean land however badly infested it maybe
with annual weeds. The seeds of some annuals have great vitality, and
will continue appearing for several years as fresh seeds are brought up to
the surface by cultivation. Wild Mustard and Wild Oats have been
known to germinate after lying deep in the ground for twenty years.

Biennials must be either ploughed up or cut down before they
flower. Mowing at short intervals will kill them ; but a single mowing
will only induce them to send out later branches, which, if not cut, will
mature many seeds. Where ploughing is impracticable, this class of
plants should be cut off below the crown of the root. For this purpose, a
spud or a large chisel in the end of a long handle (to obviate the necessity
of stooping) is as convenient a tool as can be used.

Perennials are by far the most troublesome of all weeds and require
very thorough treatment, in some instances the cultivation of special
crops, to ensure their eradictaion. Imperfect treatment such as a single
ploughing, frequently does more harm than good, by breaking up the
underground stems and stimulating growth.

Thf re is no weed known which cannot be eradicated by constant atten-
tion, if only the nature of its growth be understood. Farmers should be
constantly on the alert to prevent new weeds from becoming established

= H

11

12

^"memfr :- ""' '^''"^ *~ '"'"' «*'""'*' ••"'«« ^'^'•^^ all should

* J J * ^?'^'' '^^ *^'***^ *'*•■'" ''-^ robbing the soil of tlio plant food in
tended for the crop and nlso of its moisture. ^

in„ l"-^-^^*''!," *"■"'*'' ?*^ *"'* ^*''" *■''« P'»«« «f "'«'•« "seful plants be-
ing hardier and, as a rule, more prolific. ^ '

muoh^U.w.y^^t.*"' ? "''"T ''^ •'"'^''^ '"'•' '" ^•"••n«r8 as they require

no: ^rrotj^d^nti^reour'^' "^ ^^'"" ''-'''' ^" «-- «-p^ -•-•»' -

circuLtanlTot?X;7hrpr^^^^^^^ ^^ ""'^^ ^

hv J* ."''""'* ":("? **"''" '■"" *" '"•«'''^'«<'"' l)y constant attention and

gfowt^'TL::?:';:'^ " '^""''*"^"' "''' ^'"^^ "^""•'' '^"^ '^'^^^ "'

(rt.)— Never allow l^hem to seed ;

(A.) -Cultivate frequently, particularly early in the season so as tn
destroy seedlings while of weak growth ; '

«]«.. t^~pY.f'"*l'"'^''**"**''' Pe«"»n''^l«,'«itlier trench the land deeolv or
plough .so l.ghtly that the roots are exposed to the sun and d y up fo

?hZT^rP""""'?'''' '•'" ''"'y '"^""•'' "f ^••'"troying thom i.s to nfeVen
sSs r.ulT"5 'r^' -d t»-V.*oring up nJurislnnent in their rTt
Stocks, to mstau. future growth. This can l,e done by constant cultiva-

All weeds can \m destroyed by the use of the ordinary imnlements
of the farm, the plough, the cultivator, the spud and heloe but some
expertence ,s necessary to know what is the l^est tin et, work certal
HO.I,s or to dea with special wecls. No general rules .an be given ^
the necessary treat,nent will vary in different districts on differ^, tloiU
and under different climatic conditions. What n.ay be tL proTe trel
ment in one place, may fail in another. Perennial plants if XwpJ T
develop flower stems and then ploughed down(or fir mowed and Ln
ploughed under), will by the production of the flower sZs! have so a
reduced the nourishment stored up in the rootstocks that t ey are much
weakened and can afterwards be easily dealt with OntuTLhJ K i

Bucculent nature of all parts of the plant at that season.

Summer-Fallowing.

tent i^'tJ; nfj!'"'^"'''^ P'"''"'''"' *'^^«"Sh not adopted to any large ex-
tent in the older provinces, summer-fallowing is essentially necessary in

llsfu're'in'the?)''"'?^' Territones.%hero the c^on^eiS f
mmsture in the soil is of the utmost importance, the farms are lar-e

pX^s•^e^shorr'T^ *'-.^- P-P^-^ the'^nd r^utlmTd
fw^?„ -^ . The question IS so often asked whether the prac-

Uce is^a wise one, that I submit herewith extracts from four rep .'! Lm
mc„ u. much experience and who, in my judgment, were the best qualT
fied to give useful and authoritative advice upon this subject. ^

.1, J^'"- ^"g"» Mackay, Superintendent of the Experimental Farm for
the North-west Territories, at Indian Head, says -

crop andTeT7htwrt°S '' ^^^\^'^^y "f e««ary in the West to ensure a
crop and get the work done, owing to the shortness of the time available

^h all should

•lant food in-

ul plants, be-

fclioy require
HiH to change
ps which are

nd under no

.ttention and
nd habits of

on, 8o as to

rid deeply or
dry up ; for
I to prevent
I their root-
tant cuitiva-

implements
' ; but some
'ork certain
e given, as
fferent soils
roper treat-
allowed to
d and then
have so far
f are much
>ther hand,
Kcay readily
\ Land so
peration of
and to the

" large ex-
Jcessary in
srvation of
1 are large,
itumn and
the prac-
plies from
>est quali-

Farm for

ensure a
available

N v ^■in^t m 2

IS

in the fall and spring All land intended to be cropped should be sum-
mer-fallowed th(! yoar before. This will get the land into good condition,
keep down weeds and produce the host results in every way. .Summer-
fallowing is gonorally started too late in the summer. It should bu begun
as so(m as possible after seeding in the spring, so as to get the full ad-
vantage of the spring rains. As a rule, one ploughing only is advisable,
because in wet years two deep ploughings will produce t<M) much growth
and retard the ripening of the grain. If the land should bo wetdy, the
proper way to keep it clean is t(» harrow two or three timtfs after plough-
ing. If farmers are willing to risk getting a smaller crop by sowing on
stubble so as to get the grain to ripen earlier and in windy sections to
avoid the d;wig<)r of blowing, the proportion so treated should never ex-
ceed one third of their land."

Mr. Hugh McKellar, says: " Home farmers .say they cannot afford
to summer-fallow. I may say farmers cannot afford itot to summer-
fallow, for it is dono by horse-power, of which they generally have a
supply on hand at that time of the year, with sulky or gang ploughs,
by which they will plough from five to seven acres a day with four or six
horses.

Mr. Richard Waugli, Editor of the Nor- Weil Farmer, says : —

"The general experience of the be^t class of farmers in" Manitoba
and the Territories goes to show that for wheat growing espiicially, sum-
mer-fallowing, if properly done, is a great benefit. One strong point in
its favour is that it can Wst be done at the season when no other work is
pushing. Many mistakes have been made in doing this kind of work.
But within the last two years careful observations and free discussion in
farming papers and at farfuer's institutes have led to practical unanimity
as to the way in which it can be done with the least possible amount of
labour, the best time and way to do it, and the results that may be
reasonably expected from timely and well done work.

" Men with ripe Ontario experience began, as a rule, by ploughing
twice, and occasionally even thrice. But they soon found out that this
plan of action led to an overgrowth of straw, later ripening and an
inferior quality of grain. I have for the last ten years been advocating
one ploughing, going, if necessary, an inch deeper than any former
ploughing on the same land, for nearly all the land now likely to be bene-
fited by it. I urge that the harrow shall follow the plough, so as to
preserve all the moisture and at the same time start into free germination
all the foul annual seeds then in the soil, repeating the harrowing as often
as the weeds show up in the seed-leaf. This consolidates the lower
stratum of the soil while killing out all the foui seeds and at the same
time putting all the land in better condition for preserving all the sap. If
there has been a wet spell in summer (a rare thing here) and the weeds
get a start, a skimming with the spade cultivator or a similar appliance on
a warm dry day will be needed, for after the weeds have got a good start
harrowing will help them rather than hinder them.

" Land thus treated will start the grain next spring earlier and more
evenly, and the crop will ripen faster with a full yield of the
best grade of wheat that Canada is fit to produce. If the land is in-
fested with Thistb . or Stink Weed, there must be some modification of
this plan, ForSii'l Weed and other noxious annuals, I would follow
the same course, but keep stirring the surface more, so as to wot k out
all the foul seeds I could in the topmost two or three inches, and, while or-
dinary annual weeds might be let grow after August, I would keep stirr-
ing for Stink Weed until snow came. If any plant of Stink Weed is

14

l1i\vTn\t '*"'•'*"' i! ''•" """ "" *" "•"^•' ""•^«'- *''« «no- «nd start
now^ao over^T/ wfr «^«^ •:'PP'"8 ^''« g^»"» ^-P *" May. I will no
now go over the whole case for or against summer ftillowinff Green

TtKxZt wi^th^i I'r "''^'r '''r'' ^'^^^ -""^ enaJeTt'odi^^pZ
to that extent with fallow work, and there must \>e a difference in the

treatment for such perennials as Couch Grass and Thtls but when

fannrngis to be done on hundreds of acre« with a very liSd wor^^^^^^

T^olh H.; 1 • !i ? r^'r,"'"'^ '^''''P^y ^""•^ ^*> »"'t tl.e purpose."

for fU.T^Il 'Jl,'^"!'"'* «^ ^^^ Honorable Commissioner of Agriculture

for the North-west Territories and the Minister of Agriculture for the
Province ot Manitoba I have had exceptional opportuniies during he

thesTvLfsfh . ■^^'*- ^^ ^"'^ ^«^y apparent to me during

these mits that .n many mstanaes sum.nerfallow ng was begun much

the i^id/l" ?'tT°" '" ?f '^« ^''' '•^•""'^^ « t° -««d eradicaUon. By
the midde of July several kinds of the most noxious annual weeds havl

and the North-west Territories to ripen beneath the .soil even when

dtnf ih::^'iratr' 1 ^'^'^' ^'"^'' '''^«^^^' - ^^^ nrizvx.

nfTn^ 1 • f ' ^ T^'' "^ '''''"■'''' * t«"Ptation to put off the ploughinjr
of land which IS to be summer-fallowed as long as pLible so as Slice
the subsequent labour of cultivating and harrowing. From a carZ
study of the development of weeds on summer-fallowsln the West for five
summers I believe that to obtain the best re.«ults in the eradication of

BallM. rTp'"^'P'"''^*°^ ''"""«• -^d-^ - Stink Weed! Fate flax
Ball Mustard, Peppergrass, Shepherd's Purse, Blue Bur, Golden Fumitory

fSh^f t"!'""'"^*^'""'"/.^ '^'^""'^ ^"^ •'""'P'«*«d '^ P«««ihle not lat^" than
12th of July, and earlier if possible, so that no risk may be run of
ploughing down mature .seeds. ^

Seeding Down.
The prevention of seed-production i^ of great importance when

ei^nt 'narti "l"^" ^"/ ^''^' ""^^ ^« ^eld in cE t" a tZ
extent particularly upon land which is required for cropping bv seedS^
down to grass or clover, but, of course, an} ripe seeds of wefds whS ar!
in the soil, will germinate as soon as the land is broken up a^ain But
m the same way that weeds crowd out crops and reduce thE Weld of seed
so may weeds themselves be choked out b/ more vigorous pCswhSl
will preven hem from getting light and air. such as L^freeirlin^
grasses, millet buckwheat, clovers, or even a thickly sown grain cropS
treatment will destroy the seedlings, which appear^at the^sal Tme as
he crop sown and thus prevent them producing other seeds. When the
land IS ploughed ag..'., those weed seeds turned up near enou-^h to the

An exceilent plan of smothering out a restricted patch of anv
t ^ublesome weed frequently practised in the West, is toCld a stZ
stack over the spot ; a manure pile is used in the same way in the S

Wbeders and Harrows.
The introduction of weeders intD the dry regions of the West I con-
sider an event of enormous importance to all grain growers. During the

Mani^IL"""^'"': J ^T ^^ «^''«P*>««»1 opportunities, in driving through
Manitoba and the North-west Territories, of meeting, and sSg

N. w Bill let in 2

16

low and start
ly. I will not
>wing. Green

us to (liaponRe
Ference in the
les ; but, when
lited working
It 8ummer-fal-
■ihall Hummer-

tlie purpose."
>f Agriculture
Iture for the
^, during the
lortant wheat
to me during

begun much
Jication. By
I weeds have
i of Manitoba
il, even when
neans always
he ploughing
I as to reduce
)in a careful
West for five
radication of
d, False-flax,
en Fumitory,
t later than
Y be run of

tance when

to a large

•by seeding

is which are

again. But

'ield of seed,

ants, which

free-growing

n crop. This

me time as

When the

ugh to the

i cultivator,

tch of any
lild a straw
1 the East.

the farms of some of the best farmers in the West. Tn many places I
have met men who make a pra'jtico of harrowing their growing >»rain
crops with a light harrow, and invariably with great advantage. Upon
the introduction of the various weeders these were used by a few of the
most enterprising settlers, and almost always with decided satisfaction.
So much was this the case that last spring several carloads of thorn were
shipped into Manitoba by implement makers. The season of 1899, how
ever, v. as so wet and late that the weeders were not used so much as
would ordinarily have bectn the case. From what I have seen of these
implements, particularly at the Indian Head and Hrandcm Experimental
Farms, and from what I know to be the condition of the wheat fields in
Manitoba and the North- west Territories with regard to annual weeds,
I am convinced that there is more to be hoped for in the re^^ular use of
these implements after the grain is up, than from any other measure so
far suggested for cleaning lands infested by such aggressive and persistent
agricultural pests as Stink Weed and the different kinds of Mustard,
as well as all other seedlings growing among grain crops. Weeders can
be used not only safely, but with the greatest advantage to a grain crop,
from the time the blade is an inch high until the plants have shot up 6 or
8 inches.

One of the frequent complaints made against weeders by western
farmers is that they cover too narrow a strip of the crop at a time, but in
the Farmer's Advocate of Winnipeg for December 5, at page 612, is given
a cut, showing a successful way of uniting two of these implements and
covering 24 feet at once. In this way tlie writer, W. F. Baker, of Port-
age la Prairie, states that he can go over nearly 50 acres in a day. The
two weeders are fastened together with a rope, and the horses are kept
apart by a stick between the halters. The wheat in the fields reported
upon, had been cultivated twice after it was 4 inches high, and he says,
as has been found by many others to be the case and as I have myself
frequently seen : " If properly used when weeds are very small, nearly
all weeds can be destroyed. On July 18, the wheat thus cultivated was
4 feet high and nicely out in head. The field was 70 acres of the first
crop after summer-fallowing. It yielded 1,800 bushels (nearly 26
bushels to the acre), and so far as shipped, graded No. I hard.
Another 70-acre field, cultivated with the weeder, yielded 29 bushels,
while a large field, that we thought did not require a weeder, yielded
only 17 bushels." Mr. Angus Mackay, at Indian Head, has the greatest
confidence possible in these implements, and last year used them on every
acre he had under grain. — J. Fletcher.

^est, I con-
During the
ing through
and seeing

16

SOME WEEDS OF SPECIAL INTEREST

Stink Weed, Penny Cress, French

WEED.

(Classed as a Noxious Weed.)

N«» weed gives more trouble in the
West than this with its rank smell, dark
green, smooth leaves, clusters of small
white flowers and early ripening, yellow-
ish, flattened pods, each one about the
size and shape of a five cent piece and
containing 16 seeds.

The rapidity with which this plant
spreads, and the almost incredible diffi-
culty of eradicating it when once esta-
blished, make it important that its ap-
pearance should be known to everybody,
so that no effort may be spared to destroy
it as soon as noticed. Seeds germinate
in autumn, and plants actually in flower
when winter sets in, will mature their
pods the following spring. There are fre-
quently two crops of seed in a season.

Hand-pulling and burning is the best
method to adopt when the area infested
is small, otherwise it is well to adopt
some treatment by which the seeds are
made to germinate and the young plants
are destroyed before they can ripen fresh
seeds. Plants with fully formed pods
should never be ploughed in, and when a
field is found to be badly infested with
this weed, before ploughing it should be
mowed closely and the weeds at once
carefully collected into one spot. They
should then be burnt as soon as they are
dry enough. It is not a very easy weed
to burn and many of the seeds will re-
main on the ground uninjured after the
fire. Particular attention must, there-
fore, be paid to the spot for some time,
mowing frequently the young plants from
time to time as they reach the flowering
stage and never aflowing a seed to ripen.
, ., ,, , , The seeds ar© very dark brown, flattened,

beautifully marked with concentric grooves on the surface. When wet
they are covered with a jelly-like coating by means of which they adhere
to any object with which they come in contact and are thus distributed
widely and easily by sticking to the feet of animals and to farm imole-
ments. ^

Stink Weed,

10

lEsr

ESS, French

Weed.)

-oubib in the
ik smell, dark
bera of small
ening, yellow-
ne about the
3t piece and

h this plant
loredible diffi-
n once esta-
tbat its ap-
to everybody,
■ed to destroy
Js germinate
ally in flower
oaature their
I'here are f re-
a season,
g is the best
area infested
ell to adopt
he seeds are
young plants
n ripen fresh
Formed pods
, and when a
infested with
it should be
eds at once
spot. They
1 as they are
ry easy weed
eds will re-
ed after the
must, there-
some time,
[ plants from
ihe flowering
Bed to ripen,
^n, flattened.
When wet
they adhere
I distributed
farm imple-

N. W. B'lilettn 2

17

Shepherd's Purse.

[Glossed OS a Noxious Weed.]

This weed is spreading to an alarming extent, especially in the rich
soil of Saskatchewan and Northern Alberta. Tt is similar in its nature
to Stink Weed and should be treated itj the same rn^vnner. The plant
consists of a tuft of leaves at the ground, from which a more or less
branching stem arises. Thn leaves at the surface of the ground are deep-
ly notoned. The (lowers are white and very small, the pods are flat and
elongated-triangular.

Hare's-ear Mustard,
" Klink Weed."

[Classed as a Noxious
Weed.]

This is an introduced
European plant which has
Oiily appeared as a noxious
weed in the grain fields of
the West during the last
seven years, but has al-
ready spread widely through
the Territories. It is an
extremely injurious plant
with creamy-white flowers
and large grayish green
succulent leaves like those
of a young cabbage, and
grows so vigorously that it
chokes out grain and ab-
sorbs a great deal of mois-
ture from the soil. The
seed pods are about 4 in-
ches long and the ripe
stems are wiry and stifiT,
growing sometimes 4 feet
high and giving much
trouble when grain is har-
vested, not only in cutting,
but also in binding and
handling. It is a slender
branching annual and
takes its name from the
oblong, oval leaves of the
stem, which are shaped
like a hare's ear.

This should be treated
in a similar manner to
stink weed.

Hare's-«ar Mustard.

Tumbling Mustard. [Classed as a Noxious Weed.]
This h one of the very worst weeds we have in the Territories.

It

is only about 10 y^^fs sjnce it was first noticed as a^ troublesome pest of

16

the farm and although great efforts have been made to control it it h».

bins Tfr' ''""^^«^« "* ^^-«-dH of acres in the West f
has all the bad characteristics of the other mustards and LicS, is a

large, free-growing, ex-
ceptionally prolificplant,
of which, when the
seeds are ripe, the head
breaks off and then be-
comes a " tumbling
weed"; being blown
for miles across the
prairies in autumn and
during the winter, and
in that way scattering
the seeds quickly over
wide areas. The leaves
of the young plants are
quite different from
those borne on the
stems which are cut up
into threadlike divisions
Normally, this plant in
its home, the south of

next year. This is also the case occasionally in the North-west; buJ

Tumbling Mustard: seedling.

^ Tumbling Mustard: « tumbler with ripe seeds

for the a,ost part in North America it is a true annual, the seeds germin-

i

N \

letln 2

trol it, it has
e West. It
besides is a
growing, ex-
prolificplant,
when the
ipe, the head
tnd then be-
" tumbling
»eing blown

across the
lutumn and

winter, and
ly scattering
quickly over
The leaves
? plants are
rent from
B on the
I are out up
iite divisions
bis plant in
be south of

winter an-
ng until the
■west ; but

M

19

ating in spring, and the plants developing quickly and producing their
tall flowering stems covered with pods about 3 incites long, each one of
which contains about 120 seeds. A single plant sent from Indian Head
bore more than one million and a half of needs. The seeds are very small,
about half the size of timothy seeds, and conse(|uently are easily cleaned
from grain ; they are of a reddish or greenish-brown color.

The distribution of this plant is almost entirely by the wind blowing
the stems across the prairie and over summer-fallow during the winter.
This may, to a large extotit, be offset by using a woeder or drag-harrow
after sowing, and thus destroying the young weeds or keeping them in
check until the grain makes a start. During the summer all plants
should be pulled from the edges of fields. Like other annuals this may
be destroyed by summer-fallowing.

Wild Mustard or Charlock. [Classed as a Noxious Weed.]
This well known pest of Eastern Canada is spreading fast in the
Territories. It is found wherever cultivation is carried on, and is quite
plentiful in the older settled districts. Wherever settlers' effects have
been unloaded at railway stations, plants may be found. This is a good
illustration of the way in which weeds are introduced. Farmers will do
well to use every effort to destroy every plant of it before it becomes
more thoroughly established. This can he done by hand-pulling and the
frequent use of the harrow and weeder on grain fields after the grain is
above the ground. Closely resembling the Wild Mustard, with its brist-
ly hairy stems and dark green leaves is the Bird Rape, which has smooth
glaucous stems and pods. Both of these plants are troublesome pests and
equally to be dreaded.

Ball Mustard, *' Yellow Weed."
[Classed aa a Noxious Weed.]

No weed of recent introduction hasmade
such headway in Alberta or Saskatchewan as
this, and there is no doubt that it must be
fought vigorously by farmers. Ball Mustard is
a rather slender erect annual (or winter an-
nual) two or three feet high. The leaves on
the stem are arrow-shaped and are covered
with star-shaped hairs. The flowers are orange
yellow, so that the plant is easily recognized at
a distance when growing in a crop ; they are
about one-eight of an inch in diameter and are
borne in clusters at the end of the branches.
The small roundish, single-seeded pods on slen-
der footstalks are borne thickly all along the
gradually lengthoning branches. From these
pods the plant derives it name, and they are of
such a size as to readily pass into the bags
when threshing and necessitate extra care

s germin-

■^n

^o the grain for ssed.

Where ^he are.- .^nder cultivation is too
small to permit of summer-fallowing, good work
might be done by harrowing after harvesting
or early in spring, and then ploughing and
seeding with barley or oats about the end of
May. Hand-pulling should also be practised, i

i\

f '

Ball lluatard.

so

False FtAX. [Classed an* Nor io us Weed.]

A member of the mustard family often mistaken for Ball Mustard.
Tt IB, however, readily distinguished by the laiger pale yellow flowers and
the pear-shaped smooth pods which contain numerous yellow seeds. Be-
iiidea ripening its seeds as other annuals do, it sometimes begins its
growth in the fall and produced seed the following summer. This plant
is much too prevalent in the grain fields of Alberta and Saskatchewan.

The Tansy Mustards. [Classed as Noxious Weeds.]

There are two kinds of Tansy Mustards which are called from the
color of their foliage the Gray Tansy MusUrd and the Green Tansy Mus-
tard ; the former is the mor« prevalent of the two. They are mostly seen
in crops that have been sown on stubble, as they then have opportunity
to full develop and produce seed, being annual and biennial plants They
grow to a height of 3 to 4 feet and have pale yellow flowers which pro-
duce slender pods Ie48 than three-fourths of an inch in length The
leaves are finely divided and are gray green in one form and bright greon
in the other. Where summer-fallowing is practised frequently these
weeds give little trouble. ^They should be pulled from crops, as the stout
stems are liable to break binders.

Both of these plants are frequently inaccurately spoken of as " Rac
weed." ^

WoRMSBED Mustard. [Classed as a Noxious Weed.]

This weed is similar in its natuie and manner of growth to the ore
ceding, but has narrow dark green leaves which are not divided The
flowers are bright yellow and the slender pods are about an inch in length

Peppergrass.

This plant IS a native annual or winter annual. As a rule, it is not
very troublesome in crops ; but under certain climatic conditions it be-
comes an enemy of no small importance. During 1896 no weed was
more frequently complained of in Manitoba, as a pest in wheat lands

M. w. Bulletin 2*

It

all Mustard.
V flower« and
■ seeds. Be-
'8 begins its
ThiH plant
:atcliewan.

Is.]

?d from the
Tansy Mus-
I uiostiy seen
opportunity
ilants. They
fl which pro-
ngth. The
aright greon
ently, these
as the stout

of tes " Rag-

I]

I to the pre-
ided. The
!h in length.

le, it is not
bions it be-
weed was
eat lands,

while in'1897 it was practicaUy entirely absent in that province.

Peppergrass is a slender herb 12 to 18 inches high, which develops
in the shape of a minature tree with a central stem and a large Hpreading
head. It produces an enormous quantity of very small reddish seeds,
two in each of the small, flat pods which are borne thickly all along the
branches. ThiH plant is generally most troublesome after wet springs,
particularly in wheat howh on stubble. Although generally described aa
an annual, Peppergross is much more of a biennial in habit. Fall and
spring ploughing or cultivating will destroy those autumn germinated
plants, which are the ones most likely to do harm in wheat crop.

Yellow Whitlow-qrass.

This is a very slender plant of the mustard family which was fre-
quently brought to the attention of the Department last year. It only
grows'.to a height of about 6 or 8 inches and has small yellow flowers
whioh'produce flat pods alwut one-third of an inch in length. This weed
is not likely to give much trouble during dry seasons. Its abundance in
various portions of the country during receni, years may be attributed to
thn^abnormally wet seasons.

1 i.

Cow CooU*.

tt

Cow COCKLK.

The Co**- Cockle, aIhu called Cow herb, So*pwort and Chiim Cockle,
In an annual p,,*nt belonging U) the Pink family, which was introduced
into Southern iManitoba from Kurope. rhin weed has Hpread with Homewhat
alarming rapidity throughout th« whole of the Territories. The Cow
Cookie growH from seed every year and forms a rather elegant plant frou'
one to two and a-half feet high, much branched and Iwaring i'l .; jly a
groat many pretty pink flowers about half an inch across ; theao are fol-
lowed by roundish capsules i i/ntained in flve-angle<l enlarged caly.ei.
The seeds are round, hard and l)lack> twice or three tinit i as large as
those of wild mustard, and slightly roughened on the mh m , a character
by which they can Ihj easily distinguished from the seeds of the wild
vetches, which are of about the same size. Care should be taken to en-
sure that seed grain is clear of it. Hummer fallow will readily clean the
land and plants should be pulled from the crop while in bloom, when they
are easily distiuguishable.

Cockle, Corn Cockle.

This purple- flowered oockle is very abundant in some portions of the
Territories. The seeds ripen early and are rather diflicult to remove
from wheat wh^n plentiful. They are black, triangular-kidney-shaped
and rough, ami possess poisonous properties. The flowers of this plant
being large and showy, good work is possible by hand pulling.

Great Raowkbd, " Crown Weed." [Classed as a Noxious Weed.]

This is a coarse, annual weed which sometimes attains a height of 6
feet Its loaves resemble in shape those of the maple, being three-point-
ed and are set opposite each other on the rough, hairy stem. The upper
leaves are sometimes single-pointed. The male flowers are on tapering
spikes about 4 inches in length and are green above and dull yellow be-
neath. The female flowers (which produce the see^ls) grow close to the
stem in clusters of from one to three together at the bases of the spikes and
leaves. The seed is one-fourth to tbi > eii- ts of an inch in length, with
horn-like projections at the broad enu. ! lens in Sepvimber cud Oc-

tober and is very objectionable in v'lP*. >»;, . annot n. liiy be cleaned
out and often renders it unsaleable. : : j^webd will not make much head-
way where clean seed is sown and a good system of summer-fallow adopt-
ed. Any stray plants should be pulled when noticed.

Perennial Ragweed. [Classed as a Noxious Weed.]

Much less coarse and does not grow to more than a few feet in
height. The leaves are grayish green in color and delicately divided.
The flo'^ers are yellowish and the seed is similar in shape to that of the
Grea. iagweed, but much smaller. It has running roots. Early sum-
mer-fallowing and late cultivation are the best methods of eradicating
this weed.

Canada Thistle. [CKv^sed as a Noxious Weed. ]

This well-known weed is now found wherever there is settlement and
is particularly noticeable along the railways. In. view of the trouble
which has been caused by it, the ease with which it spreads and the difli-
cultry of eradicating it when once firmly rooted, farmers should make
every effort to keep it in check. This thistle is easily distinguished from

N. ^. Huilettn

II

7hiim Cookie,
M introriucfld
ithHoinnwhal
The Co'.v^
It plant fi'oii>
ig i'l I jly A
thetiu art) ful-
geti CkI) 68.
^8 Ilirgfl U8

a charact<>r

of the wild

taken to en-

ily clean the

a, when they

rtioHN of the

to remove

dney-shaped

)f thia plant

IS Weed.]

height of 5
three-point-

The upper
)n tapering
1 yellow be-
close to the
e spikes and
angth, with
jer CTid Oc-

be cleaned
much head-
.Uow adopt-

•]

»w feet in
fly divided,
iiat of the
Early sum-
eradicating

1

our common prairie thistlehy it* darker app«Ar»nce and its smaller and
mure numerous heads. The ( 'i\nada Thistle has a deep running root,
while that of the native thistle is shallow.

Dig out every plant if they are few in number, or if plentiful, mow
when in bloom and plough a fortnight later, kwping the surface w»,ll cul-
tivated to prevent leaves forming. A small patch may !•■ smothered by
putting a manure pile or straw stack over it.

Blur Lbti'uck.

This native perennial is pushing itself into prominence, especially
upon headlands where cultivation has Ijeen shallow. Its method of
spreading is similar to that of the Canada Thistle, namely, by seed and by
deep root sUjcks. The plant, which attains a height of 2 or 3 feet, con-
tain a milky Juice and has blue flowers about l of an inch across.

Deep ploughing and fiequent cultivation is the ti^atroent needed to
eradicate Blue Lettuce.

Canada Flkabanr, Hokse-wbeu.

This is a tall slender plant with long narrow lea' es up the stem,
producing an abundance of small whitish flowers at tin op. It is very
plentiful in some portions of the country, but, being an aniual, it is easily
eradicated by a good clean summer-fallow.

False Tansy, Biennial Wormwood, Carrot Top.

A strong smelling, dark green plant with finely divid<-<l leaves. It
gives little trouble except in low lands that have been sow 'i on stubble,
or in hay meadows. Spring or fall ploughing or summer-fa low will sub-
due it.

Evening Primrose.

Is a tall coarse plant with narrow leaves from 2 to ("■> inch'is long and
a succession of large yellow flowers up the stem. Being a biennial, it is
only troublesome in crops sown on stubble or after a poorly w rked sum-
mer-fallow.

Blub Bub, Stickweed.

A slender branching annual, seldom over 18 inches in height, with
small, blue flowers; these produce seeds which adhere readily to animals or
clothing and are thus spread about. Many complaints have been made
regardin the extent to which this weed has already spread in crops, fire-
breaks, roads, etc.

Frequent cultivation will destroy it ; no plants should be all iwed to

ripen seed.

Russian Tumbleweed, Russian Thistle, Russian Cactus.

[Classed as a Noxious Weed.]
The plant is an annual, at first quite soft and tender with round
green stem-liko leaves. It appeals about the end of May, aud by the
end of June the points of the leaves have developed into sharp, hard
spines. As the plants mature, sharp spines are also noticed at the base of
the leaves, where its flowers are almost hidden, and the whole plant be-
comes a mass of spines. The outer parts of the flower are rose-colored
and when matured envelope the seed, which with its dry and paper-like

1^ „

u

covering is easily scattered by the wind. The first frost kills the plant
and when dry it is broken off by the wind and sent rolling over the
land. -

^'%Ifc is easily destroyed by summer-fallow and makes excellent pasture
for sheep when in its early stages. As this weed has only appeared in a
few isolated spots along the Pasqua Branch Railway, the safest way of
eradicating it is by hand-pulling.

Although occasional specimens of the Russian Thistle have been

Pig. 1.

Russian;Thl8tle.
Fig. 1.— A branch of a mature plant.
Fig. 2.- . - -

Vi^' ^•~^ young stem before flowering, and a sinirle seed eni=rn— i
Fig.3.-E„.arged^^Hck.es. flower an^d' se•d^r^\^^?c^h^'^{feTe'ed coat h.. been

found in Ontario, there is little probability of its ever becoming a menace
to agriculturists except in a country where the plants can blow long
distances m winter. In the North-west Territories the farmers as a ru"e
are wide awake as to the danger of neglecting noxious weeds, and it is
very unlikely that this weed will be allowed to propagate and spr^d
now that its dangerous capabilities have been made knJwn ^ '

Is the plant
ig 9ver the

llent pasture
.ppeared in a
tafest way of

I have been

N. W. Bulletin 2*.

)at has been

g a menace
1 blow long
rs as a rule
!s, and it is
ind spread,

25

Wild Buckwheat, Black Bindweed. ;

An annual, climbing plant with arrow-shaped leaves and small
pinkish white flowers which pioduce black seeds resembling buckwheat.
These seeds possess some nutritive value as a feed for stock, but are a
very undesirable addition to a crop. This weed does much damage,
particularly in Alberta and Saskatchewan, by robbing the soil of raois-
ture and food, which would otherwiee be increasing the yield of good
marketable grain.

The great mistake made in summer-fallowing for the destruction of
Wild Buckwheat is, that the work is not as a rule commenced until the
plants have attained considerable size and seeds are forming. Plants are
left protruding between the furrows and readily ripen seed. In a dry
season partly filled seeds would ripen under ground sufficiently to sprout.
Surface cultivation immediately after harvesting would in some seasons
induce the seeds covered to grow and the young plants would be killed
by frost. In any case, they will make an early start in spring and be
killed by cultivation either for crop or summer-fallow. If a crop is sown
on infested land, a drill should be used and the ground harrowed
frequently until the grain is several inches high.

Lamb's Quarters, Pigweed, Fat-Hen.

Although this native plant is not included in the list of noxious
weeds, there is no doubt that it is responsible for much loss to the
farmers, as it is present to a greater or less extent in almost every
grain field in the country. This is clearly indicated by an examination
of the screenings at the elevators. Often underestimated as an enemy,
on account of its common occurrence, it is given the freedom of the
farm. It is hardly necessary to describe this tall weed, with its mealy
green leaves, often used as a pot-herb.

Being an annual it readily succumbs to summer-fallow. When a
fallow is not desirable, harrowing immediately after harvesting or in
early spring, so as to sprout the seeds before ploughing, will have good
results. In any case, the use of light drag-harrows or a weeder after
sowing, will have a very baneful effect upon this weed.

Red Root, Piq-Weed. [Classed as a Noxious Weed.]

Is a tall coarse weed with oval leaves and a pinkish tapering root.
The flowers are small and greeuisu, set on a crowded spike. This weed
is well-known in Ontario and the States and is quit-e plentiful in many
portions of the Territories, especially in gardens and waste places.

By pulling or cutting the plant before the seed ripens, its spread will
be checked, as it is only an annual.

Tumble Weed.

This is a low growing white-stemmed annual closely allied to the
above, and is somewhat prevalent in the prairie districts, but is not
giving much trouble where intelligent cultivation is practised.

Wild Oats. [Classed as a Noxious Weed.]
Of this there are several varieties all possessing somewhat the same
characteristics and now found far too plentifully in many portions of the
Territories. It is an early maturing annual from which the seeds shell
out as they ripen and retain their vitality for a number of years even
under ground. Its appearance closely resembles that of the cultivated

2d

oat, but the sheila of the seeds are hairy toward the lower end and
yellowish to black in color. They have a bristle-like twisted and bent
awn and are considerably lighter in weight than good oats.

After taking a crop from a field badly infested with this weed, the
land should be immediately ploughed very shallow or be well disked so as
to cover any seeds that may have been dropped. Follow this by plough-
ing about the end of May, sowing barley or some other grain for a
green ^rop. If barley is sown, it will be advisable to hand-pull and
destroy any wild oats making their appearance ; they will be readily
distinguished. The following season, a grain crop may be grown after
preparing the land by shallow cultivation. Repeat the treatment out-
lined, ploughing a little deeper so as to bring more of the wild oat seeds
near to the surface where they may sprout and be destroyed.

Sweet Grass or Tndi.\n Hay.

One of the most troublesome weeds in the Nortli-w.%s Territories
is Sweet Grass. It is frequently or incorrectly spoken of ;is Quack or
Couch Grass, which is quite a diflferent plant that roots near the surface
of the soil, with bluish grpen leaves, with no special odour and with a
narrow spike of seed, like a very slender starved spike of bald wheat.
This can be destroyed by ploughing shallow and then cultivating
frequently. The Sweet Grass, on the other hand, has a loose panicle of
tawny seeds, a strong pleasant odour, like new-mown hay ; its roots deeply
and shallow ploughing merely encourages it to grow.

The treatment which seems to have given the best results in
Manitoba, is to plough in spring when the grass is in flower and then
seed down heavily at once. Mr. Angus Mackay's experiene in the
Territories, however, is different from this. He says, "We find that to
plough early or when in flower only helps this weed. I would advise
ploughing deeply in the latter p»rt of July or in the beginning of
August, then harrow well and repeat in September and October. With
us when ploughed early, every root left in the ground grows, while, if
ploughed after dry weather, when the growing season is over, it is easily
killed.

Squirrel-tail, Wild Barley, Fox-tail.

This well-known grass is a source of much injury to horses, cattle and
sheep. The bearded heads when taken into the mouth break up, adhere
to and penetrate the mucous membrane. They also work in between the
teeth and under the tongue causing inflammation and ulcers which
eventually affect the jaw bones. It grows most abundantly on alkaline
soils where the conditions are not so favorable for the growth of better
grasses. There is no difficulty in eradicating it from any land which can
be ploughed, as the usual method of breaking in June will destroy it.
Where it gives most trouble, however, is on waste places where it ripens
its seed, which is spread abroad by wind and water. It grows freely
about the edges of hay meadows and is generally ripe before any hay is
cnt^ l,,o remedy m tiiis ease would be cutting before the seeds are
formed. In a wet season, probably a second cutting would be necessary
to prevent any seed ripening. If this course were continued for a few
seasons the pest would die a natural death. It is the usual practice not
to out the borders of sloughs in dry seasons when the grass is thin ;
needless to state, such methods favor the further spread of the objec-
tionable grass.

N. W. Bulletin 2

2^

POISONOUS PLANTS

Larkspur.

In June, 1897, Prof. John Macoun investigated the subject of
poisonous weeds in the district west of Calgary, and found ample
evidence of Larkspur {Delphinium acopnlorum), having caused the
death of many cattle. Chemical analysis proves that Larkspur contains
poisonous principles known as alkaloids. Prof. Macoim recommended
herding cattle away from the poplar woods until after the middle of June,
when the danger would be past because of the advanced growth of

herbage.

During the season of 1899 a number of Hock-masters in the Cypress
Hills range reported serious losses amongst sheep from this cause. The
symptoms are very similar to those of aconite poisoning. A Montana
Experiment Station bulletin says : "The first signs of the poisoning are
a slight stiffness and a straddling gait ; soon there are twitchings of the
muscles of the legs and sides of the body. No iticrease of saliva, no
champing of the jaws or attempts at swallowing, no impairment of the
senses, no disturbance of the digestive functions. The appetite remams
good, and the sheep eat to the very last. At the first, the frequency of
the pulse and of the respiratory movements is lessened and the temper-
ature is lowered. The pulse remains very weak, but in the later stages
becomes very rapid, in some cases 130 per minute. During the final
convulsions the respirations are so shallow that the air is simply pumped
up and down the wind pipe. The air in the lungs is not renewed and
the animal dies by suffocation.

"The most effective remedy was a hypodermic injection of atropine
sulphate. It is only in small doses that atropine has the desired stimu-
lating effect ; in large doses it has the opposite effect. We would
lecommend giving one-sixth to one-fourth of a grain in the later convul-
sive stages and in the earlier stages or in mild cases one-twentieth to
one-fifteenth of a grain. These doses are for sheep j for cattle we would
use four to five times as much.

"In the later convulsive stages ammonia fumes in the nostrils act
promptly and powerfully. Breathing is stimulated and deepened.

"If given soon after the sheep has eaten the Larkspur, ammonia and
alcohol are useful stimulants. They may be given together in water, in
moderate doses only."

Two species of Larkspur are found in the Territories, one growing
to a height of about 6 or 8 inches and the other to 3 or 4 feet. The
leaves are five-parted in a palmate manner and are again cleft two or
three times. The flowers are of a rich purple color, about an inch across
when expanded. Each flower has a backward projecting spur about an
nch in length.

CiCUTA, COWBANE, WaTER-HeMLOCK.

There are one or two species of this plant growing in the Territories.
The commonest is a tall smooth plant with round hollow stems growing
to a height of several feet. The leaves are several times divided.
The small white floweis are borne in an umbrella-like cluster at the end

of a long stock.

Animals eat the underground portion of Cicuta in getting the tops
which are green early in spring. The poison works quickly, causing
spasms with froth and foam from the mouth. A sure remedy is not yet
known, but in mild cases lard, bacon grease, flour, and milk may be of

98

value. Prevention must be depended upon,
eradicate these plantn from the pastures.
along streams or in othei low damp places.

Buttercup.

Efforts should be made to
They are generally found

• Several species of Buttercups are known to possess poisonous pro-
perties of an irritant nature. The active principle is volatile, so that
when the buttercups are dried with hay they become inert. A case
occurred during the past season in which plants of one species were
brought in under suspicion of being the cause of the death of some cattle
in the Long Lake district. As the contents of the stomach were not ex-
amined, it is impossible to say whether they were or not.

There are many plants growing on the prairie and in the woods
which are of a more or less poisonous nature, and children should be
warned against placing strange flowers, berries, etc., in their mouths.

In all cases of suspected poisoning of animals, a prompt report to
this Department, giving details of symptoms, and in cases of death, the
forwarding of a portion of the contents of the stomach, would greatly help
to throw light on this subject.

An Ordinance respecting Noxious Weeds

The Lieutenant Governor by and with the advice and consent of
the Legislative Assembly of the Territories enacts as follows :

SHORT TITLE

1. This Ordinance may he cited as "The Noodous Weeds Or-
dinance."

INTERPRETATION

2. In this Ordinance unless the context otherwise lequires —

"1. The expression "Noxious Weeds" shall include tumbling
interpre- mustard, hare's-ear mustard, common wild mustard, ball mustard, tansy
tation. njjjgtard, wormseed mustard, false flax, shepherd's purse, stink weed,
red-root, Canada thistle, Russian thistle, ragweed and wild oats.

2. The expression " d«partment " means the department of
agriculture ;

3. The expression " commissioner " means the commissioner of
agriculture ;

4. The expression " overseer " means the'overseer of a local im-
provement district ;

6. The expression " inspector " means an inspector appointed under

d be made to
lerally found

Msonous pro-
ile, so that
'fc. A case
pecies were
some cattle
ivere not ex-

n the woods
I should be
mouths,
ipt report to
death, the
greatly help

N. w. Bulletin'' 2

Veeds

i consent of

Weeds Or-

res —

) tumbling

tard, tansy

tink weed,

ts.

rtment of

lissioner of

a local im-

inced under

29

this Ordinance ; ' . .1 .

^ 6. The expression " occupa t " means a person using or enjoying

*°^ 7 The expression "owner" includes every person, other than
the occupant, who has any estate or interest in land, or who has any
right to be vested with such an estate or interest.

INSPECTORS AND OTHER OFFICERS

3. The Commissioner may from time to time appoint such in- Appointment
spectors and other officers as may be required to carry out the provisions ^^^ ofccers.
of this Ordinance, fix their remuneration and define their duties.

DUTY OF OWNER OR OCCUPANT OF LAND

4 Every owner or occupant of land shall destroy all noxious weeds Noxious
thereon, and if he make default in so doing he shall be guilty of an ^^l^^l^J^
offence, and on prosecution thereof by an inspector,, overseer or other
officer under this Ordinance, shall on summary conviction thereof be
liable to a penalty not exceeding $100.

PROCEEDINGS TO COMPEL DESTRUCTION OF WEEDS

. 1 Notice to des

5. It shall be the duty of the inspector to give or cause to he troy weeds,
given 'notice in writing to the owner or occupant of any land whereon
any noxious weeds are growing, requiring him to cause the same to be
destroyed within not more than five days from the service of the notice.

(2.) In case of land belonging to or forming part of the land grantj^^j,^^y j^^^^
of a railway company whether actually vested in the company or not the
notice may be given to a railway section foreman of such company
residing near such lands.

^. In case any person to whom such notice has been duly given ^^^^^^^ ^^^
neelec<^.s to destroy noxious weeds pursuant to such notice he shall be neglecting to
guilty of an offence and on summary conviction thereof ehall be liable to destroy weeds
a penalty not exceeding $100.

7 In case by reason of the owner of any land not being known Procedure
the notice cannot be given, or in case noxious weeds are not cut down ^„'^«„^o^^°"'='
pursuant to such a notice, the inspector may by himself or with workmen given.
and servants, with teams and implements, enter upon the lands and
cause such weeds to be destroyed, and the expense thereof may be re-
covered from the owner or the occupant of the land by action in the
name of the attorney-general or the inspector or by distress and sale of
anv chattels on the land.

8.

In case noxious weeds are found upon unoccupied lands situate We^e^-^/^on ^

O, XU uano uuaiv»uo ^^^^-^ "• r — • unoccupied

within local improvement districts, the inspector may notify the owner lands in local
thereof, if his address be known to him, to destroy such weeds within 'Jf P;?,\t"'°
five days from the mailing (by registered letter) or delivery of the notice,
and if such weeds are not destroyed within such time the inspector may,
in addition to any other power he may exercise hereunder, direct the
overseer of the local improveuieut district to enter upou such lan^s and
destroy such weeds in su-h a manner as the inspector may direct and the
overseer shall thereupon, with such assistance as he may require, proceed
to destroy the weeds, as required by the inspector.

(2) The amounts to be expended in the work to be performed as
required hereby, including remuneration to the overseer, shall from time
to time be fixed bo the Lieutenant Governor in Council, and any such

m

so

BOiounts shall be added to and form part of the local improvement
assessment of such lands in all respects as if it were an original tax and
it shall have the same eflTect on the land and may \m recovered in any of
the modes available for the recovery of such taxes or for the recovery of
moneys expended hereunder in the destruction of weeds, and the amount
so recovered shall be transmitted to the Territorial Treasurer and form a
part of the General Revenue Fund of the Territories.

Weeds on 9. In case noxious weeds are found on ony land on which a crop

cropped lands has been sown, the owner or occupant of the land or the owner of the
crop, ihall on receiving notice from the inspector requiring him so to do,
according to the terms of the notice either —

(o) destroy the crop, or

(6) within ten days after the crop is threshed, burn the straw
and screenings therefrom.

SALE OR DISPOSAL OF GRAIN, ETC., CONTAINING WEED SEED.

JO. No person shall sell or dispose of, or oflTer for sale or

Sale, etc., of
seed contain-
ing weed
seed.

(a) any grass, clover or other seed ;

(6) any grain intended for the purposes of seed ;

in which there is seed of any noxious weed.

et*c.*o"clSM? JJ» No person shall purchase or sell, barter or otherwise dispose of

iSi weed wed**'' ^"O'® ^""o™ «°y premises any bran, shorts, chopped or crushed grain

or cleanings containing seeds of noxious weeds without first destroying the

germinating qualities of such seeds.

""tort ete" , J 2. No person shall place outside any mill, elevator or grain ware-
• house, except in a securely constructed building, shed or covered bin, any
matter containing the seeds of noxious weeds, without having first des-
troyed the germinating qualities of such seeds.

THRESHING MACHINES TO BE CLEANED BEFORE REMOVAL.

^a^nfnef . ,, ^^ Every persoa in possession or charge of any threshing machii.j
shall thoroughly clean out such machine immediately after threshing at
each place and before removing such machine or any part thereof to
another place.

PENALTIES.
Neglect of ^ ^ „ .

duty by I*. Jiivery inspector,over8eer or other officer who neglects to perform

inspector, ^ny duty placed upon him by this Ordinance shall in respect of each
instance of neglect be ^ilty of an offence and liable on summary con vie
tion thereof to a penalty not exceeding $100.

^JrdtnMce.' ^5. Violation of any provision of this Ordinance in respect of which

no penalty is provided shall be an offence and the offender shall on sum-
mary conviction be liable to a penalty not exeeeding $100.

N.

Bulletin 2'-

31

REMINDERS.

1 the straw

No. 1 hard wheat cannot be grown from weed seeds,
lake produces like.

Over 500,000 bushels of weed seeds were grown in the Territories
last season.

Those weeds were grown where there should have been good grain.
There is no weed that cannot be eradicated by proper treatment.
The effects of years of carelessness cannot be overcome in a season.
One weed allowed to ripen means perhaps thousands next year.
Never put off till to-morrow what can be done to-day.
Pull those weeds.

"Weeds, like the poor, we have always with us, and again like the
poor, they are most numerous in the most shiftless communities.

"Weeds are a great tax on machinery and on the temper of the oper-
ator.

Never sow dirty seed or neglect to clean machinery before passing
from one field to another.

Know what is growing in your fields.

Send a specimen of any plant you do not know and information will
be gladly given regarding it. Address it to the Department of Agricul-
ture, Regina, N.W.T.

T. N. W.

8

'■ 1

83

A LIST OF THE MORE PROMINENT WEEDS OF THE
NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES.

The plants meatioaed in the following list are those which have
been most frequently inquired about by correspondents in the North-
west Territories. Those preceded by an asterisk are " bad weeds " and
care should always be taken to destroy them whenever they are noticed.
There are many others which might have been included in a full list of
the weeds of the North-west Territories, but in nearly every case these
are so similar to allied species treated of here that to prevent confusion
it was thought best to omit them, unless they had been actually inquired
about. The Territorial Weed Inspector will at all times be pleased to hear
from correspondents concerning weeds, and will give all information in his
power on their habits, and the best way of eradicating them It is particular-
ly requested that, when inquiries are made about weeds or their seeds,
samples may be sent for examination. All that is necessary is to tie up
the sample in a paper parcel, with a short statement of what information
is required, and the name and address of the sender, then direct them to
the Department of Agriculture at Regina, or to The Botanist, Central sEx-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont. Such samples and all correspondence
referring to them may be sent to the latter free by post, and will be
promptly attended to.

Botanical Names op Abbangemknt op Flowers.

Names given to some of the different arrangements of the flowers in
plants, which for the sake of brevity it is necessary to use in the follow-
ing list, are as follows : —

A Spike, when the flower stalks are very short or wantimg
altogether ; examples, Plantain, Wheat.

A Raceme differs from a spike in the flowers being borne upon foot-
stalks of an equal and of a noticeable length ; example, Lily of the Valloy.

A Panicle is a compound raceme or a raceme with branched foot-
stalks ; example, Oats.

A Corymb is a raceme in which the footstalks are gradually length-
ened from the apex downwards, so that all the flowers are brought to the
same level, or nearly so ; example, Groundsel.

Cyme is a panicle with the foot-stalks so developed or contracted as
to form a flat-topped head, the central flowers generally blooming first ;
examples. Elder, Dogwood.

A Head is when numerous flowers are arranged upon a disk or re-
ceptable ; example. Ox-eye Daisy.*

An Umbel is when all the flowers are supported upon foot-stalks of
equal length ; example, Geranium. If each of th& foot-stalks of an umbel
bears a ssconuary umbel as m the carrot, it is a compound umbel, and
indeed, most of the forms above mentioned by repetition upon themselves
become compound.

*In the followinif table of weeds, the heads of flowers of plants of the Sunflower
Family are treated of as if they were single flowers.

M. w. Bulletin '

<v'

3F THE

) whicl) have
1 the North-
weeds " and
are noticed,
a full liHt of
py case theHe
)nt confusion
ally inquired
leased to hear
nation in his
> is particular-
r their seeds,
is to tie up
information
rect them to
I Central h£x-
rrespondence
, and will be

A LIST OF

THE WORST WEEDS

OF THE

16 flowers in
the follow-

NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES.

3r wanting

i upon foot-
i the Valloy.
inched foot-

lally length-
Jught to the

■i

)ntracted as
•ming first ;

disk or re-

ot-stalks of
of an umbel
umbel, arid
I themselves

the Sunflower

34

A LiflT of the more prominent Wee<j8 of the North-

Common Nnine.

BuiTKHcup Family.

I. Whlt« ^noiHone.Aiirmone dirhotoma, 1..,
' imtlvoc

>'ennHylvai>ittn An
oniono.

noiaiiical Ncinio, Orlnin.

Fumitory Family.

2. Golden Fumitory.

MusTAKi) Family.

3. Manih Ochi*

4. Tower Mustard

6. Western Wallflower,
Pmiric Uocket.

0. Siiiall-flowored Wiill-
flowor.

7. Wormseed Mustard.

8. *Hiiro'8-eiir Mustard.

C- Qrecn Taney Mustard

10. Gray Tansy Mustard

11. ^Tumbling Mustard

Duration.
HiniTht.

Forennial,
12 in.

Cori/daliH aureu, Wllld.,i3ieni!ial,
native. i (H2in.

XuMturlium pttluntre, D

C, native.
4r'ibiH perfoliaia, Lara.,

Kiiropo.

Krusimuni aaperum, D
C, native.

Perennial,

1 'I %.
Bio-inial,

■li ft.

BiriininI,
(i-12:»

Ermimum pamflortim, Bionniiil or
Nutl., naf

, natiro.

Ermimum eheirantho-
ides, L , nativtt.

12. *WildMu8f«rd,Cliar-
l"cl{, Cadliioij, Hor-
rick.

Conringiu ■■■''ientaliH,
Andrz., kv, .>po.

13. *BirdRBpo.

14. Yellow Whitlow

Krass,

15. "False Flax, Gold of

l^leasiire.

Sini/mhfiutH ineiaum,
Knjrl., V. Jilipea, Gray,
native.

Sim/mbriii m incinum,
Kngl., V. Hartwegta
num. Watson.

SlHymbriiim altisaimum,
L., { = 8. ainapintrum,
Crantz), Kiiropu.

Braasica ShMpislrnm.
Boiss., Europe.

perennial,
12-18 in.

Aimualand
biennial,
13 in.

Annual.

1-2H ft.

Annual and
biennial,
1-4 ft.

Annual and
winter an-
nual. 1-4 ft.

Annual,
1-3 ft.

10. •Hall MuKlard.

17. "Shepherd's Purse...

18. *Stink-weed, Pennv

Cress. "Kreiioh
Weed."

19. "Popporgrass

Cai'eb Family.

20. Spider Flower...

Pink Family.

21. "CowCocklo

22. "Cockle, Corn Cockle

Annual,
1-3 ft.

Annual,
4-0 in.

Annual and
winter an-
nual. 1-2 ft.

Hraaaica campeatria, L.,
Kuropo.

Druba nemorosa, L., v.
leiocarpa, LIndl.

C'timelina aativa, Crantz.
Europe.

AVs/tn panimdata,
Di!sv., Kurope.

Capaella Jitiraa-paatoria.
Medic, Europe.

Thlaspi arvenae, L., Eu-
rope.

Lepidium apetiilum ,
Willd.. ( = 1. iiUerme-
diiim. Gray!, native.

Cleome intem-ifolia. L.-lAnnual.
native.

Saponaria Vacraria, L.,
Europe.

Lychnia Gitliago, Lnni.,
Europe.

1-3 ft.

Annual,
2 ft.

Annual,
1-2 ft.

Time

of

Flowering

Time

of

Seedinir.

June-Autf

June ...

Juno-Sept.
June-July

July-Sept.

Juno-July.

July-Sopt.
July-Auj{.

June .

June- July
June-Hept,

Juno-July

July

July-Auff.

July-Sept

May-Ofit.

June-Oct.

July-Aug'.

July-Sopt.

A ugtist .

Aug.-Sept.

Soptcml>er

of the North-

le

r

rtny

Time

of

HeedliiK.

Vutf.

July-Sept.

opt.
uly.

Juno-July.

July-Scpt.
July-Auif.

ily.
pt.

July

July-Auff.

July-Sopt.

June-Oct.

A !!g!!sr .

Auar.-Sept.
Soptcinlicr

Nf. w. Bulletin

35

West TerritorieH, with their chief characters;

(Colour. Slmi,
ArranKoinuiit of KlowerH,

mill otliur
ChumcturH nf Ihu I'litnt.

White, 1-U In.. HuliUry: head of
fruit round.

Yulluw, i In , rucoiiie

Yellow ; raconio, 1-3 In

yoUowlnh-wlilto : racofucH Hlondur,
uloiiKnted; pmlx uruct, nirrow,
hiiMiith, ulo-e to Htuin, only root
luavuH rouKh.

Yellow, nearly 1 Inc^li ; nu'onnm filon
ualinir iti fruit ; podu antcled. 6 In
louK. HoreadliiN;.

Yellow. J In.; racemoH elongated,
dItri'rInK from above In the Huiiill
flowern. Nhort podx, I-'2i in. lonfr,
a.scrndiiii^and elosu to Htoni, cov-
ered with i^hortifray hatrH.

Yellow, jl in. ; niceuioH elongated .
puds Hniiill, loMM than 1 in., on Hlen-
dor KpruadinK Htnlks.

Creamy while. \ Inu racenioH elon

f rated ; p.ids I In., nquare, ancend-
uk; leaves quite sniooth, entire,
HUuuiiicnt, KlaucouR.

Yellow, i in ; racemes olongrat(!d ;
pods smooth, sprcadintr, curved, i
in. : seeds, I-ranKed ; leaf thin, flue
ly divided, ((reen, very few hairs.

Yellow, i in. ; racemes oloiimited.
compressed and erect, pods J In ,
HtraiKht; loaves array and downy,
divisions not so nne as in No. !l.

Yellow, pale, i In. ; racemes elouKat-
ed ; iMxIs, 2-t in., very sloHder,j
spreading, seeds greenish brown.

Yellow, i in.; racemes; potis erect. 1-
li In., 4 empty or I-seeded, with
two-edged beak; a; ems bristly-
hairy, purple at joints.

Yellow, bright, 1 in.; racemes ; pods
U-2J in., spreading; stems perfect-
ly smooth, glaucous.

Method of
I'ropagation

and
Distribution.

Heeds and
root-stocks.

!)ood«

Seed", in hay
Seeds

Seeds, wind
Seeds, ingrain

Place

of Orowth ,

and I'rodiiciB

Injured.

Low meadows,
hay.

Wheal flelds.

Methods
of Eradication.

I'lough up sod and
full()vv with hood
crop.

!^ummcr-fallowt
cultivate fall tc
spring.
Lowlands; grain! I'lough fall and

tields and hay { spring.
Grain and clover Plough fall and
flelds. sprlng.hand-pull

Summor-falloWB..

Grain fields, sum-
mer-fallows,
waste places.

Grain flelds

Grain fields and
summer fallows

Grain fields .

before
ripen.

seeds

iid-pii
nier-fttllow,hjod
crops.

Yellow, I In.; racemes;
shaped, many-seeded.

pods pear-

Urango yellow, i In., racemes, much
elongated in fruit ; pods nearly
spherical, 1-seoded.

White, i In., racemes, much elongat-
ed in fruit ; pods triangular.

White, i in., racemes, much elongat-
ed In fruit; pods flat and round,
over i In.

Whitish, minute, 1/16 in.; racemes,
much elongated in fruit ; pods flat
roundish, i in., 2-seeded.

UeiJdi.sh purpli). 1 in.: petals 4.
stamens 6, long and conspicuous ;
racemes; pod flattened, hanging,
U in. ; leaves 3-paried, strong
smelling. '

Pink. } In.; cymes ; calyx 5-angled
covering ripe pods ; loaves sucou
lent and glaucous ; seeds 1/10 in-
black, iDJnutely roughened.

Purple, 1 in., solitary; seeds, J in
black, rough.

Seeds. In grain
flax it clover
seed.

Seeds, in grain

Seeds

Grain, fall wheat,
flax and cluver
flelds.

Grain flelds .

Seeds, carried
by floods.

Seeds, In grain

Everywhere

Grain flelds, waste
places.

Pull, sumtner-fal
low. hoed (irops.

Constant hoeing
and culiivation.

M o w and bu rn ma-
ture plants.thor-
oughcultivailon

Grain flelds, after Plough or cultl-
a wet spring. : vate fall & spring

Grain flelds and! Pull, cultivate-
low spols.

M' 1

feil

Grain flolds

tt «(

Grain fteld-<, sum- Pull, row clean
mer-falluws. grain.

3G

A List of the moro ppominont Weeds of the North-West

II
II j

1'^ I

( 'oniiiion Naiiio.*

I'ka Kamilv.
•£^. Wild Li(|uor(ue.

Holanlcal Nkiiio, Orltfin

rioHK Kamfi.v.
2». Krect Cinciiiofoll....

M. SllvorwuL'd. Clnquo-

full.
2B. Fralrlo Koho

KVKNINO i'KIMKOHK

Familv.

27. Conininn Evoning
I'rIiiiroHo.

28. "White-Ntemnied
Kvitnintf FrlmroHe.

Haksi.kv Familv.

!fl). Spotted Cow bane,
MuH(|iiaHh Koot,
Heaver Polxon.

honetbucki.k
Familv.

30. Wolfberry, WoHtorn
8now-borry.

Bedstkaw Family.
.31. Northern Rcdatraw.,

SUNKLOWER Family.

32. Gum weed

33. Goldonrod

aiuryrrhixa Upiitota,
S\xU., iiallvu.

I'ofentUla Norrrgira, L.,
iiatlvo,

PotentUla aimerina, I..,

nutivo.
liniia A rkantunin. Porter,

native.

(Knolhera bienniti, L,
native.

Duration.
Hnltfht.

Time

of

FluwerUiK,

i'eranntnl,
i-a ft.

Annual, win

tor annual,

H-24 in.
Perennial,

(I In.
Shrub,

3 ln.-3 rt.

Biennial,
1-4 foot.

July.

Qinhthera (({bica u^i a, I Perennial,
Nutt., native. ! 6 ln.-4 ft.

CUnUa maculata, L., na- Perennial,
tlve. ; 2^ ft.

June-July.

June-Sept.
June- July.

July.

31. Many-flowered Star-
wort.

35. Canada Fleabanc,
Horse-woed, "Fire-
weed."

Sa Poverty Weed
Smother Weed.

37. False Ragweed,

Turkey Foot.

38. "Great Raewoed,

Crownweed, River-
weed.

SymphoricarpuMoccUlen- Shrub,
taliH, Hook., native. 2-3 ft.

Oalium boreale,L.,nAtivi< Perennial.
1-2 ft.

Time

of

Seedinir.

Autf.-Sept.

Juty-AuK .

July-Sept .
Aug.-Sept.

JulySept .
Auy.-Sept.

July-Aug

July

Grindelia HOuarro«a. Biennial,
Dunal, native. | 12-18 in.

Solidago Canadenaia, L., Perennial,
native. i 2-3 ft.

AHter muUiJtoruH, Ait., I Perennial, .
native. , 12-18 In.

Erigeron Canadenais, L., Annual, and
native. | winter an-

I nun],
6 in.-S ft.

Iva axUlaris. tnirsh, na-'Per«nnial,
tive. «.i2 In.

Iva xatUhiifolia, Nott., Annual,
native. i 1-4 ft.

Ambrosia trifida, L., na-
tive.

Sept.

July-Aug
July

39. Perennial Ragweed.

Ambrosia pailoatachya, I Perennial,
DC, native. 1-2 ft.

July;Oct..

July- Aug

Aug.-Sept.
July-Sept .

Aug

Aug.-Sept.

Aug

Ausr.-Oct..

Aug.-Sept.

Sept -Oct..
Aug.-Nov.

N. w. Hniietln ?

ar

lie North-Wfwt

Terriluriea with their chief characters. — Continued.

('Dioiir, hIxk,
ArraiiKoiiiuiit of hluwerH

rtnd iithor
Charautuni of tliu Plant.

WIiIMhIi, i'ln.; HplkeH puiliinclcd
no<ln obloiitr, i lei., covered with
hooked prl<!kluH,

Yellow, 4-ln.; loafy cyineH; Iohvoh
3-|Hirtea ; whole plant dark trroon,
hairy.

lirJKht yellow, Jin., HoUUiiy on lonn
NtalkH.

I'luk tu deep ruHO, 2i in.; corymb

Yellow, U in., ot>fen at nlirht; loafy
spike.

White, tnrnInK pink, 2-in.; nmlmlor-
HplkuH ; biidn no<ldlnK

ous leafy

Htenis KliafenlnK white,

briinchtnic at the top.

Hluiple,

White ; unibol 4-ln. ivctohh ; Rteni
stout, spotted with purple, gtronK
siiiellinir, very poisonous.

Red, much bearded inside, i-in.;
dense terminal and axillary
spikes ; berry reddish, i-in.

White, small, in large terminal pa-
nicles.

Britrht yellow; f-ln,: whole plant
Klutinous; but bearing largo drops
of white resin.

Yellow, head largo, l-sided

White ; J-ln., crowded on spreading
branches.

Whito ; headH very numerous, small
crowded In a slender erect wand-
like panicle.

Inconspicuous ; \ In., hanging, short-
stalked in axils of the upper leaves
loaves less than 1-iii., rough, ob-
long linear, entire, opposite below,
alternate above.

Green, \ in., crowded in largo ter-
minal panicles ; stem smooth.

Yellow, h in., sterile flowors, in tor
niinal rftceroes or spikes, fertile
flowers axillary at iTase of spikes ;
steraii rough; seed % in., bearing a
crown of 5-6 tubercles above the
middle ; leaves 3-lobed.

Yellow, A in., sterile in racemes, fur-
tile green, axillary ; seed i in.,
long, hairy without spines. Pluit
grayish-creen.

MftlKHlH of

Propagation

and
Distribution.

.SciidH. pcmIh at
tiiched to
Mio<:k,lnhay.

Huuds, runiiurH
" root-stoukH

Scuds, wind . .

Seeds and root

HtOi'ks.

Hoods, carried
by floods.

Seeds and run
ning root
stocks.

Seeds, wind, In
hay.

Seeds, running
root-stocks,
wind.

Seeds, wind .

Copiousundor
ground creep-
ing stems.

Seeds, wind,
floods.

Seeds,ingrain,
wind. n<>ods.

Seeds, running
root-stocks.

I 'lace

of (Jrowlli.

and I'nHliK'tH

Injure<l.

Sunimcr-fallowM,
pastures ; wim>I,

.Summer-fiillowN,
grain ficUlH.

l.ou'liiiidH, partic-
ularly If alkaline
Sumnior-fftllows,
grain fluids.

Summur-fallowH.

firain fluids on
knollik

Wet meadows,
troublesome in
hay, uoIhoiious
to stock.

Newlybrokcnland
summor-fallowH
and pastures.

Grain fields, pas-
tures.

Fields, pastures,
road Hides.

Grain fields, sum
mcr-fallows.

Grain flelds.sandy
land.

Summer-fallows,
grain flclds.

Grain flelds.

Grain crops, road
sides.

Low rich land,
ffrain fiolds,
wheat.

Rich cultivated
land, all crops.

Mulliods
of Kradlitatlon.

■Suninii^r-fallow
o«rly.

Summer-fallow,
cultivate.

Summer-fallow
early, harrow,
cultivate.

Pull, plough fall
and wprlng.

Summer-fallow,
cultivate thor-
oughly.

Spud, mow In
flower.

Break early, sum-
mer-fallow.

Summer-fallow,
cultivate.

Mow, cultivate.

Plough and culti-
vate.

Summer-fallow
early, luiltivate
fall and spring.

.Summer-fallow,
cultivate con-
stantly.

Pull, mow.

Pull, mow, bum
old plants.

Summer-fallow
early, cultivate
late.

38

A List of the more prominent Weeds of the North-West

Common Name.

40. Cocklebur

4. Wild Sunflower

42.

43. Yarrow, Milfoil. . .

Botanical Name, Origin

44. Pasture Sage, West
ern Mugwort.

45. Sweet Sage.

46. False Tansy, Hien-

nial Wormwood,
Carrot-top.

47. 'Canada Thistle ....

48. Western Bullthistle,

Prairie Thistle.

49. Skeleton Weed

.Y(( nth ill in sirn ma i-iii m,
L., 10 u rope.

ffilianlhiis riffidiis,
Desf., native.

//. Hldximitiani, Schrad,, T'erennial,
native. 1-4 ft.

Duration. Time

— ! of

Height Flowering

Annual,
1-2 ft.

Perennial,
1-3 ft.

Achillea Milli/atium, L„ Perennial,
Kurope. 6-18 in.

-1 rtiinima / iiilocichma, Perennial,
Nutt., native. 1-2 ft.

. / W('mt««rt/}'i(/iV/a,Willd, Perennial,
native. | 12-18 in.

Arteininia 6iCMni,s,Willd, Biennial and
native. I annual.

I 1-5 ft.

("niciin arfi'iinis, Hoffm., Perennial.
Europe. i 3 ft.

June-Sept.

luly-Aug

Time

of

Seeding,

Aug.-Sept.

50. *Blue Lettuce, Showy

Lettuce.

51. Sowthistle, Milk

Thistle.

52. Spiny Sowthistle

Primrose Family.

53. Sea Milkwort

Dogbane Family.

54. Spreading Dogbane.

55. Common Milkweed,

Silkweed, Wild Cot-
ton.

Borage Family.

56. Blue Bur, Stickseed.

Convolvulus Family.

57. Morning Glory,

Bracted Bindweed.

('iiiciis ii/iiliiliitiis. Gray
native.

ljl/f/o<ifi^niiajnncea,Don.,
native.

Perennial,
2 ft.

Perennial,
12 in.

Lavtnca pnlchclla, DC, Perennial,
native. j 1.2J ft.

Soiwhiiit olrracciiK, L., Annual,
Europe. I 1-2 ft.

Sonchua asper, Vill.,
Europe.

Olaiix maritima, L., na-
tive.

Apocipiiim androHfemi-
J'olinin, L., native.

Lsf/p/nVj.s speciosa. Tor,
native.

Nightshade Family.

58. Three-flowered

Nightshade, Wild
Tomato.

/ichinns/iirinnm Lappu-
la, Lehm., Europe.

VonviilmJiiK ncpiiim, R
Br., native.

Perennial,
6 in.

Perennial,
l-2:ft.

Perennial,
2-3 ft.

June-Aug.
July-Aug

Summer.,

July-Sept.
July-Aug .

July-Aug .

July-Sept.
Summer . .

Solan vm triflorum, L.,

Europe.

Annual and
winter ann.,
ift.

Perennial,
climber.

Annual,
6 In.

June ....

July.

June-Aug

June-Aug

June-Sept,

July.

Sept

July-Oct . .

July-Sept .

Aug.-Sept.
July-Oct ...

North-West

IR

pt.

Time

of

Seeding.

Aug.-Sept.

July-Sept.
July-Aug .

July-Aug .

July-Sept.
Summer . .

July.

Sept

July-Oct . ,

July-Sept .

Aug.-Sept.
July-Oct...

N. '^. bulletin 7

3d

Territories with their chief characters. — Cuntinned.

Colour, Size,

Methods of

Arrangement o£ Flowers,

Propagation

face of Growth
and

Methods

and other

1 and

of

Characters of the Plant.

Distribution.

Products Injured.

Kradication.

Green, % in., in heads : leaves Seeds. Burs car-

Low fields, wool..

Mow, burn old plants

trianj^ular, toothed, rough: ried by animals,
seed in a 2-celled prickly|
bur, i in. long with 2hooked'

cultivate.

spines at tip. 1

Hark yellow rays, disk black Seeds, running

New breaking,

Summer-fallow early,

2 in. ; heads few, on long root-stocks.

grain fi«lds.

cultivate.

purplish stalks.

Pale yellowrays, disk yellow;

•I tt

it i.

44 4.

heads numerous, 3 in., on

short leafy stalks up the

stem; leaves grayish.

White. ;-^in , in flat heads, 2 Seeds, offsets

Meadows, pasture

Break up sod, culti-

inches across ; leaves very .

viite.

feathery. <

Silvery white, like the whole Seeds, running Pastures, summer

Break up sod, sum-

plant; heads small, numer-

root-stocks.

fallows, hay.

mer-fallow.

ous in short spikes forming

an elongated panicle; bitter,
strongly scented.

As above, but flowers in ra-

it 4,

14 44

it tt

cemes.

Whole plant dark green, the

Seeds, floods

Grain fields, par-

Plough fall and

numerous very small flow-
ers in a tall wand-like.

ticularly on stub-

spring, summer-fal-

ble, hay, market

low.

leafy nanicle.
Lilac; 'Vtin.; running root-

value of land.

.Seeds, wind

Fields, grain, pas-

Mow in Iuly&Sept.4t

stocks.

tures, all crops.

cultivate frequently.

Lilac purple, 2 in ; whole

■ 4 it

Roadsides, sum-

Summer-fallow.

plant grayish.

mer fallows.

Pink, i in., solitary ; exuding

Seeds, running

Grain fields

Summei-fallow,culti-

milky juice when cut.

rootstocks.

vate.

stems much branched, al

most leafless.

Blue ; v'4 in., few ; loose pani-

Seeds, deep run-

(irain fields, (-s-

Plough deep, culti-

cle ; glaucous.

ning root-stocks.

pecially on slight-
ly alkaline lands.

vate.

Pale yellow ; ^ in.; corymb;

.Seeds, wind ....

Gardens, all crops

Hoe, pull.

leaves heart-shaped at base

in rich land.

with many soft spines and

two sharp auricles.

Pale yellow ; 'A in.; corymb ;

Ik 4i

44 .4

*'

leaves less divided, more

prickly, the auricles at the

base rounded.

Pink, 5 in

Seeds, root-stocks

Meadows, wet
fields on alka-

Summer-fallow, culti-

vate.

line lands.

Pink, <4 in., bell-shaped.

Seeds, running

Fields, sum mer-

4* 14

hanging ; cyme; seed pods

root-stocks, wind

fallows.

3 in. long, in pairs ; stems

red, juice milky.

Pinkish, i4 in-, umbels

Rich soil, all crops

Mow while in bloom,
plough, hoed crops.

Blue, i/gin., axillary, on leafy

Seeds, carried by

Grain fields, road-

Summer-fallow, cul-

racemes.

animals.

sides, wool.

vate.

Pink or white, 2 in., solitary.

Seeds, running

Fields

Cultivate frequently*

root-stocks.

White or lilac, 14 in., umbel-

Seeds

Fields, gardens.

Cultivate, hoe.

like clusters.

all crops.

:f:

m

40

A List of the more prominent Weeds of the North-

(^omnion Name,

Mint Family.
59. WlldBergaraot...

Botnxical Name, Origin.

60. DraKon-head

61. Hemp Nettle

Plantain Family.

62. Common Plantain . .
GoosKKooT Family.

63. Lamb'H- q u a r t o r 8,

Pisrwoea, Goose-
foot, Fat-iien.

64. Spear-leavcd Gooso-

foot.

65. * KusRian T u m b 1 C'

woed, K u H s i a n
Thistle.

66. 'Russian Pigweed.

Amaranth Family.

67. Pigweed, Rod root,

cniiniiiiian'H Greens

68. Tumbleweert, Wiiile

Pigweed.

69. Spreading A uiuratitb

Fleshy Ariiaraiith,
Low Amaranth.

Buokwhbat Family.

70. Erect Goose grass,

VVhitenian'a Foot-
step.

Wild Buckwheat,
Black Bindweed.

White Dock

Duration.
Height.

Monanla Jintulosa, L., Perennial,

and V. mollin, Benth.,1 2 ft.

native. I

Dracocephaliim pa>w>i/fo-i Annual,

rum, Nutt., native. I 12-18 in.
Oaleo/iHui Tetrahit, L.JAMnual,

Europe. 1-3 ft.

Plantago major, Ij,
tlve and Europe.

Vhenopodium album, L.,
Europe anil native.

71

72.

Monolenis
ulen, Moq„ native

Perennial,
6-18 in.

Annual,
1-3 ft.

chenopodio- Annual,
1ft.

Salxola kali, L., var.
TragiiK, Moq., Kussia.

AxyriN amurantoides, L.,
Kussia.

.■1 marantim retroJlc.ru i^,
Ij., Tropical America.

Amaranliis nlbas, L.,
Tropical America.

Amarantuii blitoides,
Watson, native.

Polyiionum erectum, L.,
native.

Annual,
1-3 ft.

Annual,
1-1 ft.

Annual,
1-3 ft.

Annual, pro
stnitc or
ascending.

Annual,
6-10 in.

Time

of

Flowering

.luly-Aug.

June-Aug.
iluly-Sept.

June-Sept.

June-Nov.

July-Nov.
JulySept.

Time

of

Seeding.

August. . .

July-Aug.
July-Sept.

Aug.-Nov.

Oleaster Family

73. Wolf Willow, Silver-
berry.

Grass Family.

74.

Fool's hay,
grass.

Hair

AurosHu scab^'u, Willd
nittive.

^ipa xpartea, Trin., na-
tive.

Agropi/riiiii rcpens, L.,
Europe and native.

Hordeum Jubatum, L.,
native.

Avenoftihitt, L. (and A
strigosa), Europe,

79. 'Sweet Grass, Indian i/ierocAJoa borealis, K.
Hay, Holy Grass.l & S.. native.

76. *Sppar Grass. PorcU'
pine Grass.

76. Couch, Quack,
Skutch, Twitch.

77. 'Skunk Grass,
Skunk-tail Grass,
Squirrel-tail Grass,
Wild Barley.

78. 'Wild Oats.

Polynonum convolvulus. Annual,
L., Kurope. i climbt^r.

Rnmex salicifoliuii, i Perennial,

Weium., native. 1-3 ft.

Elwapnus argentea. Shrub,
Nutt., native. 2-6 ft.

Annual,
1-2 ft.

Perennial,
12-18 inches.

Perennial,
U-3 ft.

Annual, and
perennial,
6-12 in.

wnnuiii,
2-3 ft.

Perennial,
12-15 in.

July-Aug.

June .

Aug.-Sept.

July

July 1-1.5.
June-July,

July-Oct.

July.

July-Sept.
Aug.-Sept.

August

July-Aug.
July 10-20.
Aug.-Sept-

July-Oct.

Ju2y-Aug,

May.

Juno

West Territ(

Co

Arrangei

a

CharacJ

Purplish, 1 ;
strongly seer

Lilac, ^ in.;; t<

Purplish, i ii
stums swoUe

Spikes dense :
leaves inclir

Green. 1/12 in.;
mealy whtl«

Deep p^reen, 1/1
panicle ; wli

Purplish, Mil
tumble weed

Urecn, 1/16 in,;
inal spikes, f

(ireen, 1/12 in
spikes ; root

Green, 1/12 ii
whitish sten

Green, 1/12 in.
dish fleshy s
size of the pi

Pink and gre
along the st(

White, 1/12 in

Green, } in. ;
with conspi
leaves not w

Yellow, i In., t

Pimicle very li
very short.

Panicle conira
long, blackit

Spikes

Pale green, s
cold woathei
awned (2 In.

Seed hairy an<
edawn.

Spikeleta brov
ly seontAd.

f the North-

IB

Time

of

Seeding.

August...

July-Aug.
July-Sept.

Aug.-Nov.

Aug.- Sept.

July-Sept.
Aug.-Sept.

August....

July-Aug.
July 10-20.
Aug.- Sept-

July-Oct.

Juiy-Aug,
Juno ....

N. W. Bulletin ?

41

West Territories, with the ir chief characters.

Colour, Size,
Arrangeinont of Flowers,

iind other
CharacJofH of the Plant.

Purplish, 1 in. ; whorled heads,
strongly scented.

Lilac, 54 in.;; terminal spikes.

Purplish, J in. ; axillary whorls ;
Btums swollen below joints; bristly

Spikes dense ; pods 7-16 seeded
leaves inclined to lie down.

Green. 1/12 in.; panicle ; whole plant
mealy whtle.

Deep green, 1/12 In.; slender terminal
panicle; whole plant smooth.

Purplish, 54 in-i axillary ; a prickly
tumble weed.

Green, 1/16 in, ; male flowers in term-
inal BpikoH, female axillary.

Green, 1/12 in. ; paniclo of crowded

spikes ; root pink.
Green, 1/12 in. ; spikes along the

whitish stums ; a tumlilo weed.

Green, 1/12 in. ; spikes along the red-
dish fleshy stums ; seeds twice the
size of the preceding.

Methods of
Proiiagation

and
Distribution.

Seeds, running
root stocks

Seeds

Summer-fallows,

newly cleared

land.
Sumiiier-fallo ws,

grain crops.
Hich land, all

crops.

Seeds.in grain,
clover and

grass seed .

Wind

-Seeds, w i n d,
floods.

Seeds, in grain
and grasp
seed, wind.

Pink and green, 1/12 in.,
along the stems.

axillary

Seeds, floods..

White, 1/12 in. ; racemes Seeds, in grain

Green, Jin.; panich;; seed valves Seeds in hay.
with conspicuous white grains; in clover and
leaves not waved, pale green. grass seeds

wind.

Yellow, J in., very fragrant.

I'anlcle very loose, purplish ; leaves
very short.

Panicle con I racted ; awns 4-6 inches
long, blackish.

Spikes

Pale green, sometimes purpled by
cold weather; spikes; flowers long-
awned (2 in.)

Seed hairy and bearing a long twist-
ed awn.

Splkelets brown; whole plant sweet-
ly scontnd.

-Seeds, running
roots.

Seeds, winds.

Seeds, carried
by animals.

Seeds, r o o t-
stocks, corri-
ed by culti-
vating i m '
plemonts.

Seedi?, wind,
animals.

.Seeds in seed
grain.

Seeds, running
rootstocks.

Place

of Growth

and Products

Injured.

Meadows, pas-
tures, lawns.

Rich soil, all crops

Alkaline soils,' all
crops,

Fields, railway
banks, all crops.

Uich land, every
whdre.

Kioh land, whore
there is some
alkali.

Rich low land,
grain and other
cropH.

Grain flelds, sum-
mer-fallows.

Summcrfallo ws..
low flolds, pas-
tures.

Summer-f al low
early, cultivate.

Summer fa How
early.

Hoe, pull, culti-
vate.

Break up sod,spud

Cultivate, harrow
grain flelds.

Hoe, c u.l t i v ate,
burn.

Pastures ■

Summer-fallows.

Prairie, seeding
freely in wet
seasons.

Fields, all crops

Meadow s, p a r
tures.the barbed
seeds injuring
slock when eaten

Fields, grain crops

Fields, all crops.

Methods
of Eradication.

Cultivate
burn.

late,

Hoe, cultivate.

3umtner-f allow
early, cultivate.

Sumnicr-f alio w,
spud, cultivote.

Break early, culti-
vate.

Summor-f allow
early

Brei\k up prairie.

Plough shallow in
summer, hoed
crops.

Mow, burn, break
land.

Seed down with
early barley or
oats, cut for hay,
follow with rape
or millet.
Plough deep, cul-
tivate often.

42

INDEX.

No. Pajie

Achillea _ 38

Addresses on Weeds '3

Afiropyi-um 40

Agronlin 40

Amaranth, Fleshy 69 4n

'' Low 69 411

" Spreadinf; 69 4i)

Aviarantii.'i 4i)

Anemone, Pennsylvanian .. 1 31

White 1 34

Anemone 34

Annuals 11

Apociinnm 3S

Arabia 3-1

A rfemisia 3H

A Hchpias 3S

Aster... 3(1

Avena 4i>

Axyria 411

Barley, Wild 77 25, 40

Beaver Poison 29 36

Hedstraw, Northern Ji 36

Bergamot, Wild 59 40

Hiennials 11

Bindweed, Black 71 25, 40

Bracted 57 38

Bransica > Ji

Buckwheat, Wild 71 25, 40

Bull-thistle, Western 48 38

Bur, Bluo 56 23,38

Buttercup 2S

Cadluck 12 31

Camel ina 3 1

Capsella 34

Carrot-top 46 23,38

Charlock 12 16,34

Chenopodium 40

Chinaman's Greens 67 40

Cicuta 27, .•'6

Cinquefoil 25 36

" Erect 24 35

Classification of Weeds id

Cleome 34

CnicHs 38

Cockle 22 22,34

" China 22

" Corn 22 22, 34

, '", Cow 21 22,3t

Cocklebur 40 38

Conringia 34

Convolvulus 38

Corydalis. 31

Couch Grass 76 40

Cow-herb 22

. Cowbane 28 27, 36

Cress, Marsh 3 .^t

Crown Weed 38 22,36

DclphinUim 27

Dock, White 72 411

Dogbane. Spreading 54 38

jyraba 3.1

Dracocephalum ... 40

Dragon-head 60 40

ICchinos})ei'vium . 3s

EUea^nus 40

Krigeron 35

Erysimuvi 34

Evening Primrose, Common 27 23, 36

" White-stemmed 28 36

Extermination of Wfieds 11

False Flax: 15 20,34

Falselansy 46 23,38

Farmers Botany, The .s

Pat-hen 63 25, 4ii

Fireweed 35 3^

Fieabane, Canada 35 23,36

Flowers, Arrangements of. . 31

Fool's Hay 74 4(5

Fox-tail 05

''French Weed" 18 16,34

Fumitory, Golden 2 34

Oaleopsis

(lalitini

Olaiuc

Gl)iciirrhi~a

Gold of Pleasure

Goldenrod

Goose-foot

" Spear-leuved.

Goose-crass, Erect

(Irinilclia

Gum weed

No. Paoe

40
36
38
36
34
36
40
40
40
36
36

15
33
63
64
70

llair-grass 74

UeliaiUliHs

Hemp-nettle 61

llerrick 12

Ifierovhloa

Holy Grass 79

Hordr urn

Horse-weed 35

Indian Hay.
Jva

79

40
38
40
34
40
40
40
36

25,40
36

' Klink Weed '

17

Lactvra

Lamb's Quarters

Larkspur

Legislation on Weeds.

/^rpidiiim

Lettuce, Blue

■' Showy

Liquorice, Wild

Lychnis

Lygodesmia

Milfoil

Milkweed, Common

Milkwort, Sea

Monarda

Morning Glory

Mugwort, Western

Mu.squash Root

Mustard, V.a.\\

" Hare's-ear

" Gray Tansy..

" Green Tansy.

" Tower

" Tumbling

Wild

" Wormseed

38

63

25,40

27

4

34

.SO

23, 38

50

38

23

36

34

38

43

38

55

38

53

38

40

57

38

44

38

29

36

16

19,34

8

17,34

10

20,34

9

20,34

4

34

11 17,33,34

12

19,34

7

34

Names of Weeds

" of Arrangements of

Flowers

Nasturtium

Neslia

Nightshade, Three-flowered.
Noxious, Weeds classed as . .

Oats. Wild.
G-Jimthera .

58

78

Penny Cress . . .' is

Perennials

Peppergrass 19

Pigweed 63, 67

" Kussian

White

Plantago

Plantain, Common

Pnljf;i.".i:>t-,n

Poisonous Plants

Poicupinii Grass

Potenh'lla

Poverty Weed

Prairie Rocket

Quack.

66
68

62

75

36
S

76

6,9

32
34
34
38
28

25,40
36

16. 34
11

20, 34
25,40
40
40
40
40
40
27
38
36
36
34

40

No. Pagk

40

36

38

36

IS

34

33

36

63

40

64

40

70

40

36

32

36

38

61

40

12

34

40

79

40

40

35

36

79

25,40

36

63

17

38

25,40

27

4

50

34

23, .^8

50

38

23

36
34
38

43

38

55

38

...

53

38
40

57

38

44

38

29

36

16

19,34

8

17,34

10

20,34

. . .

9

20,34

4

34

11 17,33,34 1

12

19,34

7

34
6,9

of

32
34
34

d.

58

38
28

78

25,40
36

18

16,34
11

19

20,34

.. 63

67

25,40

66

40

68

40
40

62

40
40
27

75

38
36

36

36

S

34

76

40

M. w Ruiletln 2

43

No. Page

Ragweed, False

Great

" Perennial.

Rape, Bird

Redroot

Reminders

River Weed

Rocket, Prairie

Jlosa

Rose, Prairie

liianex

Hussian Cactus

Russian Thistle

37
.W
39
13
67

38
5

26

65

36
22, 36

22, 36
19,34

25,40
31
36
34
34
34
40
23

23, JO

Sage, Pasture

" Sweet

Sdlnola

fiaponaria

Seeding down

Shepherd's Purse

Silkweed

Silverweed

Silver Berry

Sisiimhriiiin

>keleton Weed

Skunk Grass

Skunk-tail Grass

Skutch

Smother Weed

Snow-berry, Western

Soapwort

Sotanum

HoUdaiio

HonrhuH

So wthistle

" Spiny

Spear Grass

Spider Flower

Snravisir for Destruction of

' Weeds

Spread, How Weeds

Squirrel-tail Grass

Star-wort, Many-flowered..

u

38

45

38

40

34

7,14

17

17,34

55

38

25

36

73

40

34

49

38

77

40

77

40

76

40

36

36

30

.36

Zi

38

36

38

51

38

52

38

75

40

20

34

8

10

77

25,40

34

36

NO. Page

stick-seed 56 23,33

tink Weed 18 6,13,16,34

Slipn 40

Summer-failowing 7, 12

Sunflower, Wild 4', 42 38

Sweet Grass 79 1,25,40

Sweet Safce 38

Sympliorimrpiin 36

Thistle, Bull 48 38

Canada 47 22,38

Milk 51 38

Prairie 48 38

Russian 65 23,40

Tfilofipi 34

Tumble-weed 68 40

Itussian 65 23,40

Tumbling Mustard 10 17,33,34

Turkey-foot 37 36

'twitch 76 40

Wallflower, Small-flowered.. 6 34

" Western 5 34

Water-Hemlock 27

Weed, What is a. ...-. 9

Weed Inspectors 4, 29

Weed Ordinance 4, 28

Weeds, List of 32

Weeds, Special 16

Whiteman's Footstep. 70 40

Whitlow-grass, Yellow 14 21,34

Wild Barley 77 2.5,40

" Cotton 55 38

" Oiits 78 25, 40

" Tomato 58 36

Wolf-berry 30 36

Wolf Willow 73 40

Wormwood, Biennial 46 23, 38

Xanthium 38

Yarrow 43 38

Yellow Weed 19

iii'