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Les cartas, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmaa k das taux da reduction diff«rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atra reprodult en un seul clichA, 11 est film« A partir de I'angia supArieur gauche, de gauche A droita. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n«cessaire. Les diagrammas suivants illustrent la mithoda. 1 22 1 6 BULLETIN 00. M JULY, 1896. Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm GRASSES OF ONTARIO. ^ BY F.C.HJlRRIIiON,B,S,il, G. I DAY, B,S.II. PUULISHRO BY THE ONTAEIO DEPARTMENT OF AQEIODLTUEE. TOEONTO. TORONTO : Pbintkd bt WARWICK BROS. & RUTTER. l8flK I THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AHD EXPERIMENTAL FARM, GUELPH, ONT. HON. JOHN DRYDBN, Toronto, Ont., Minister of Agriculture for Ontario. Jauks M1LI.S, M.A., LL.D. President. J. H. Panton, M.A., F.G.P. . . Professor of Natural History and Qeology. A. £. Shuttlbworth, B.A. Sc Professor of Chemistry. J. H. Rkbu, V.S Professor of Veterinary Science. H. H. Dkan, B.S.A Professor of Dairy Husbandry. Wm. Remnik .. Farm Superintendent. C. A. Zavitz, B.S.A .. Experimentalist. G. £. DAT, B.S.A. Affriculturist. H. L. HuTT, B.S.A Horticulturist. F. C. Harbison, B.S.A Bacteriolof^ist. J. B. REYNCLua, B.A Assistant Resident Master. R. Habcocbt, B.S. a. Assistant Chemist. L. G. JARvm Manager and Lecturer in Poultry Department. R. F. HoLTBBUANK Lecturer on Apiculture. Captain Waltbb Clarkb Instructor in Drill and Gymnastics. W. O. Stbwabt, M.D Physican. G. A. Putnam Stenographer. A. McCallom Bursar. AD7I80RY BOARD. 0. 0. Jamib, SeereUry Deputy Minister of Agricultuca^ Toronto. John L Hobbon, CAatVwtan .. .. Mo^borough, County of^ellington. GRASSES OF ONTARIO. INTRODUOTION. No one will question the correctness of the statement, that eraases Iln^*"" W w '"°'* T'"' P'**^** «'•*>'''' o» the farm and therH no doubt that farmers should study them carefully and learn all thev Z ^H ?°^ "^'? •'T ""'^^ *° ^»'«''- ^^««'«"* localities and tJ engi^ *" ^ ' '8"''"^'"'* '" ''^'"'^ *W «« respectively Ordinary works on botany say very little about grasses, and the great majority of young men know JtiU less about ev^'tS" most common varieties. Hence Messrs. Harrison and Day hav^ prepared i«mWn?r**''"''r^'°« '' ^"' '" '^' hope tha^t a consTde^rable an exact and thoroughly practical knowledge of those grasses which may be grown in their respective localities. The popular portions of the bulletin are very simple and can be OMily understood by all readers, and the more scientific dJ^criptions introduced in connection with the illustrations, are intanded for TseTn Public and High Schools and for the guidance of young men who wki ^J^^"^^ *^ ■*"'^^. '^' «"^ '^^^y' «° •« to^becomeTmiHar with the form, name, and uses of each variety. Cut 21 has been borrowed from Mr. James Fletcher, entomologist and botan«t of the Doa.:nion ExperimenUl Farms, and all t?e oXr cute used are electrotypes made by permission from plates in the P««ession of the Department of Agriculture. WashiSX d C United States Department of Agriculture are hereby acknowl^gS James Mills, President Ontario Agricultural College, Ouelph, July, 1895. I A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTS OF GRASSES. Roots. The roots of graHM are usually fibrout ; and the fibre* of which they are oomiioMd extend downward* into the ground to a greater or leu depth. The deeper they go, the better the plant withstands drought and the more it impoverishes the soil. Some- times the roots, being very numerous and very much branuhed, bind the soil into a matted turf ; at other times, they creep along beneath the sorfaoA (are described as eretping) and throw up underground shoots, which root themselves, send up stems, and form new plants. These latter are very ditlicult to eradicate and are apt to become a nuisance. Hence it is not advisable to grow them, unless they pro- duce an exceptionally large quantity of nutritious food. Couch KrasH (Atjroj>yrum t^jhitu) furnishes a good example of this unde- sirable kind. Stems. The stems of grasses that rise above the ground are usually hollow and are technically called culnu. These stems are generally cylindrical, as well as hollow ; but they are sometimes compressed and flattened, as in the case of Oanadian Blue Grass {Poa compressa) and a few others. Further, the stems of grasses are divided at intervals by thickened, solid portions called nodes, or joints. These were formerly supposed to strengthen the stem ; but, according to Hackel, their sole function is to lift up stems that have been beaten or trodden down. The leaves, and sometimes the branches, start at these points. The stem of grasses is divided by Lindley into three parts : (1) The lower part, which is procumbent and produces roots, but is itself distinguished from true roots by bearing scales and sending out, not only roots, but underground branches called rhizomes, or root ttockn ; (2) the stem proper ; and (3) the upper part (where the spikelets are attached) called the rhachis. The stem often has at its base a bulbous formation, which con- tains a store of food to be used by the plant when specially required ; as, for instance, in time of drouth. The stem may be what is known as erect, ascending, bending, decumbent (reclining on the ground but rising at the top), leafy, when the leaf sheaths close around it, or naked, when there are no leaves on the upper portion. The rhaehia, or upper part of the stem, is described as simple or branefied, round or angular. Leaves- All leaves of grasses consist of two parts, the blade and the sheath ; in a few tropical species, a petiole, or leaf-stalk, is also found. The upper part of the leaf is called the blade. It is long and narrow, with parallel edges, and is described as linear. The lower part, which folds around the item, it called the thtath. It usually extendi round lo far that the two edges overlap each other • and, as it matures more quickly than the stem, its stiffer tissues serve aa a protection to the culm in the earlier stagei of ita growth. At the point of union between the blade and the sheath, there is often a small, thin, stale like, membranous organ, called the liauh. It 18 a prolongation of the sheath ; it always lies very dose to the ■tem ; and Schlechtendahl has suggesbnl that its function is to keep water from getting in between the slioath and the Htem. The length and breadth of the blade vary considerably. Very narrow blades, such as those of Sheep's Kewue, are described lu awl shaped ; and comparatively broad ones, as in ribbon grass, are spoken of as su}»rdgha/m'l. In some insUuces, the apex of the leaf 18 acute ; in others, tapurimj oi blunt. There is one central rib running down the leaf, called the mid- ^'T' '*!;''*•*'•'*»*' *»<* numerous ftner ones running parallel on each •ide. The extremoly strong mid-rib that is found in corn, sorghum etc.. gives especial firmnesH to the leaf. When there are no strongly marked ribs, the leaf is chttracterized Mjlat; and its surface may be smooth, rough, downy, or hairy. The margin is spoken of as plane, downy, Aair//, or serrate (saw edged). By the position of the leaves on the stem of grasses, a character is afforded by which they may be easily distinguished from the sedffes, a closely related family of grasslike plants. Beginning withlmy leaf on the stem of a true grass, one will find the next leaf exactly on the opposite side of the stem, and the next directly above the starting point. This arrangement of iaaves is technically described M dxettchous. In sedges, however, t? arrangement is threeranked, •" t' J' J ° ®*' ''^'° ^^^ *^"*' ''" '» " directly above the first. In the day time, the leaves sUnd out from the stem, with the upper surface turned upwards ; but, at night, they lie quite close to the Item and, according to Hackel, their surfaces are at an angle of from the position which they occupied during the day. These Bo-called sleep movements are due to the influence of light and are exhibited by many trees, as well as grasses; for example, some mimosas. Other things being equal, the quality and quantity of the leaves of grasses determine their agricultural value. T>o^2.?°^^iP®°°®.'. 9^*1?® Arrangement of the Flowering Jt^artS. The small, individual flowers of grasses are called gpikeUtT These together make up what is known as the Inflorescence : and th^are arranged in a dense, compact, or diflTuse form. When the flowers have no pedicels (or stalks) and are closely packed together on the axis, or stem of the plant, they form a spike «8 m the case of Timothy or Meadow Foxtail (Plate A. Fig 1) 6 If the floweri are Arranged on dUtinot, nearly «ratfti$e (wild barley), showing a spike. Agropyrum repenn (couch grass), showing a spike. Elyinua condematut (giant rye grass), showing a spike. Boutelotia polifiilachya (gramma graHs), showing a spike. Jiouteloua oligioaUichya (gramma grass), showing a spike. Panicum Crusgalli (barnyard grass), showing a panicle. Agroetia exarata (variety of red top), showing a panicle. Koeleria crittata (a prairie grass), showing a panicle. Dislichlia marilinm (salt grass), showing a panicle. Bromus aecalinua (chess), showing a panicle. Ilierochloa bornnlia (Indian hay), showing a panicle. Poa prafenaia (Kentucky blue grass), showing a panicle. Dactylia glomerata (orchard grua), ahowing a panicle. The spikolet consists of three or more scalex or bracts. The 'irst two of these, counting from beneath, are Oppotite or indde of the |«lea, there are often preeent on the axis two itnall delicate Malea called lodieultt. Ihmn nre much Hwollen with gap daring flowering, and serve to open the tlower iind expoM the ■tamena and piitil. In speoiefl in which thoy are abeent, the reproductive organs extend above the glumes. The peculiarities of the glumee and palea, as the number of nerves, and the texture of these scal^ appendages, etc., furnish the chief means of distinguishing the different genera and species. E-88ICTI0N or THR FlOWRHS OF OrABSBS, As indicated in the accompanying illustrations. (Plate B). Pig. 1. Aqro$t%$ vulgaria (red top), showing two spikelets, one closed, onn opened. Fig. 2. Agrogtis exarata (variety of red top), showing two spikelets, one closed, one opened. Fig. 3. SporobuluH Indxem (carjiet grass), showing two spikelets, one closed, one opened. Fig. 4. Culamagrottia CanavUnnis (blue joint grass), showing an opened spikelet. Fig. 5. Phleum prafenae (timothy), showing two spikelets, one closed, one ofjened. Fig. 6. Muhlenbergia dijum (Nimble Will), showing two spikelets, one closed, one opened. Fig. 7. Patpalum dilatatum, showing two spikelets, one closed, one opened. Fig. 8. Paspalum lave, showing two spikelets, one closed, one opened. Fig. 9. Arintida purpurea (beard grass), showing spikelet Fig. 10. Setaria aetata, showing two spikelets, one closed, one opened. Fig. 11. 5«tor»a ^/ottca (yellow foxtail), showing two spikelets, one closed, one opened. Fig. 12. Alopeeurus pratenna (meadow foxtail), showing two spike- lets, one closed, one opened. Fig. 13. Holeua Unatua (velvet grass), showing two spikelets, one closed, one opened. Fig. 14. Deachampaia caeapitoaa (hair grass), showing two spikelets, one closed, one opened. Fig. ir». Poa aerotina (fowl meadow grass), showing spikelet and one flower. Fig. 13. Bromua ereetua (brome grass), showing spikelet and one flower. 3'ig. 17. Buehioe dactyhidea (buffalo grass), showing male and female spikelets. I Tlatk B, 10 stamens. The reproductive organs of graeses, as of other plants, are called stamens and pistils. Each stamen consists of two parts ; Ajilament, or slender stalk, and (attached to the upper end of the filament) an anther, or little sac (usually double) for holding the pollen, or fertilizing powder. In grasses, the filaments are slender and distinct ; and on the tip of each is a narrow anther, attached about the middle. The middle of the anther being the point of attachment, it swings to and fro on the filament The movement of the anther aids materially in scatter- ing the pollen ; and, because of this movement, the anther in grasses is described as ver Battle. (See Plate B., figures 1 and 4.) The pollen of grasses is very fine, spherical, and smooth, is dis- charged in abundance, and scattered by the wind. Cross-fertilization is the rule ; but self-fertilization also takes place, as in the case of wheat. Pistils. The pistil (or central organ of the flower) usually con- sists of three parts : the ovary, or seed-bearing sac ; above this, one or more atyUs, or stalk-like prolongations ; and on the top of each style, a ttigma, or the part which receives the pollen. The style is sometimes very short or wanting altogether. The pistil of grasses has from one to three styles, each surmounted by a stigma ; and the stigmas are usually curved and feathery, giving abundant surface for catching the pollen from the anthers. (Plate B., fig. 12.) The ovary in grasses is usually round or oval ; the fruit is one- seeded ; the husk, or pericarp, surrounds the seed ; and the palea sometimes adheres to it. The embryo, or young plantlet, lies beneath the skin of the seed, on the front side, at the base. VERY BRIEF BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF GRASSES, FOLLOWED IN EACH CASE BY NOTES ON THEIR AGRICULTURAL VALUE. 12 Phleum pratense. Linn.— Timothy, Herd's Grass, or Cat's Tail Grass. (Plate 1.) Hoots. — Perennial, fibrous. Culms. — Tall, erect, and firm. Leaves. — 4 or 5 on stem, rather broad, roughish Inflorescence. — Long cylindrical spike ; densely many flowered. Glumes— Empty, The back fringed with hairs and tipped with a short bristle. Flowering, Five-ribbed, notched on upper part, covered by outer glumes. Paha. — Short and pointed, with margins delicately fringed. Stamens. — Long, with feathery stigmas protruding from apex at flowering time. Flowers, about beginning of July. Timothy grows best on soils oontaining considerable humus, but gives very fair yields on a wide range of soils. For hay, it is one of our most valuable grasses, the product being of excellent quality, heavy, easily cured, and saleable at the highest price. But, for pasture, it is not first-class. The bulbs at the bases of the stems expose it to injury from vermin, insects, and close grazing. It also suffers severely from drought ; and, under the most favorable con- ditions, it affords only a scant aftermath. Timothy yields a liberal crop of seed, which is easily threshed and cleaned. When sown alone, from 10 to 12 lbs. of seed per acre is required. PiATE 1. TiMOTHT {PMeum praUrue). 14 Lolium perenne. Linn.— Kay or Rye grass, Perennial Rye Grass, or Darnel. (Plate 2.) Roots. — Perennial, fibrous, and sometimes producing running shoots. Culms. — 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves.— Yery leafy, flat, narrow, and pointed, dark green in color. Inflorescence. — Spike like panicle, 6 in. or longer. Spikekts.—S to 15 flowered, placed edgewise on stem, and arranged alternately on the axis. Glumes— Empty, outer one nearly as long as spikelet, or longer inner one, usually lacking. Flowering, rounded on back and acutely pointed. Palea. — Short, 2 keeled (2 ridges.) In general appearance the panicle resembles conch grass. Lolium Italicum.— Italian Rye grass, a long awn on the flowering glume, leaves broad and succulent, stem longer but more deli- cate, and lasting only 2 or S years, leaves lighter colored. Lolium temulentum.— Distinguished from L. perenne by length of outer glume and long awns of flowering glume, has a bad reputation, as the seeds contain a narcotic principle, injurious to man and beast Of the rye grasses. Perennial Rye grass is the best known. The name, however, is misleading, since, in this country, it cannot be depended upon to give a crop for more than one year, and is therefore entirely unsuitable for meadows or pastures that are required to stand for several years. It is a grass of good quality ; and, on rich lands, it yields a fairly heavy crop of hay not much inferior to timothy. PIATB2. Miumperenne. (Perenuwl Rye Graas.) r 16 'I li Dactylis glomerata. Linn.— Orchard grass, Rough Cock's foot. (Plate 3.) Roots. — Perennial, fibrous. Culms. — Stout and rough. Z^at;e«.--Rougb, broadly linear, light green color, slightly hairy, flat and keeled. 6 to 6 in number. /r:/?ore»cfi«cc.— Dense, branching panicle, lower part more open owing to length of 3-4 flower stalks, upper part more dense. Spikehta.—^venX flowered, crowded in one sided clusters. Glumes.— AW herbaceous. Empty, smaller than flowering. Flowering, ovate-lanceolate, and rough, with a short awn or point Palea.—2 toothed at summit, fringed at base. Flowers — July 1-14. Grows in dense tufts, and is very rank growing and hardy. Orchard Grass is a very hardy perennial. It grows on almost an^ cultivated 8-1 1, bnt prefers a rich loam, and thrives in shaded loca- tions better than any other cultivated grass. It has a tendency to grow m tufts and to crowd out other grasses, but is nevertheless one of the most valuable varieties for pasture, as it grows early and late m the season, and remains green throughout the longest droughts. It also furnishes a good aftermath, and bears very close grazing. In the management of an Orchard grass pasture, it is a good plan to mow those parts which have not been closely cropped. . When this IS done, a fine growth of aftermath may be expected. For hay. Orchard grass is not so highly esteemed as Timothy : and when intended for this purpose, it should be cut in early bloom, or even before blooming. ' When sown alone, about 24 lbs. of seed per acre should be used. 1^" [2-99] Plate 3. Dactyli, glcmrata, (Or jh»rd Grass, 18 i^^ Pestuca elatior. Linn.-Taller or Meadow Fescue, Knglish Blue Grass, Evergreen Grass, Randall Grass. (Plate 4!) ^ iPooto.— Perennial, fibrous, and deep. Culms. — Smooth and erect. Leaves.— m&t, broadish, long, and abundant. In/fore8eence.-Niitrow, contracted before and after flowerinir short branches, somewhat one sided. uuwenng, snort *S'^>i7.efe<._0rowded, 5 to ^ 0 flowered. Cilumea.— Empty, shorter than flowering. Flowering, 5 nerved, blunt, with rough awn at apex. /'aZea.-Acute. green rib along each side, with hairy nerves. Flowers — About end of June. OrowB in clumps or tufts, very variable. Variety-^, praet^s. 1-3 ft. high, simpler or closer panicle of smaller spikelets, very liable to have ergot. f W i • ^f"^ ^*'''*°'' ^^"''"^ *•■« '^^Wy different varieties but they are so similar m general characters that they may be treated L one. Meadow Fescue is somewhat earlier thai Tall Fescue ani does not yipld such a heavy crop. These two grasse.are hardy Der able for all pasture mixtures. They yield a fairly heavv ha^ n^nn i good quality, but their chief use is for pasture ^ ^ ^ ^ °^ ixf. Pi.«E 4. Festuca clatior, (Meadow Fescue, 20 Festuca ovina. Linn.— Sheep's Fescue, Pine Bunch Grass. (Plate 5.) Roots. — Perennial, deep, fibrous. Cit/w».— Smooth and slender, 11.', ft. high. Leaven.— Most\y radical, very narrow and convolute, growing in dense- tufts from the root, awl shaped, and dark in color. Infiorescence. — One aided, short and more or less compound panicle,, open in flowering, 2-4 in. long. Spikelet.— 3 8 flowered. Glumes— Outer, acute and narrow , upper, 3 ribbed ; lower, 1 ribbed. Flowering, lanceolate and roughish with short rough awn. Paha. — Two teeth at summit, green ribs in margin. Flowers— June 20-30. There are many varieties of this grass, which do well even in Tery sandy soils. Sheep's Fescue is a small variety with very tine leaves. It has little value unless for rocky pastures. There j is j another variety,, called Hard Fescue, which is rather more valuable than the above,, though neither of them is at all suitable for hay. H \bl' i Arrhenatherum avenaceum. R. ^ y _Oat grag^ uil o*t gr.M, evergreen gra«,. meadow o«t grwii, falao dt irlil tJ^i (Plate 6.) • * ^'*''®"' '^•■«"''*' "-y^ grwi. /foo/. — Perennial. C«/m..-Erect, rather atout. 2-4 ft. high, of dark green tint ^'''ln7n^ •°'!**J"'^^'S'*^"' * "'• ^^ '°"«h on "PP«r surface ^.adu ally pointed. Ligule conapicuoua and hairy on back IJort hau on upper surface of blade and on other part* ' '''^Z7:;::r^''''''''''' '"••^' '■'' '^^ '-«• ^-op-«. ^-nche. ^^^triJT'^TJ"^ '''**' rudimentary third flower, middle flower perfect, lowest flower staminate only, on short stalks .^--Glum^e^of Jow^^^^^^^^^ ,^,„^ , ,^^^ ,^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ 0«- and takes too long toWmfestabl «hLl . T^*^' *°° "«»^* « «rop this purpose. established, to be a profitable grass for 1 ■f-l Plate 10.^ Alopecuruspratensit (Meadow.FoxUil. 32 ®'*Ta?MiUet'Ben?arr''-'u^ ^"'^*' «°^^- ^"'et. ^-f xau iviiiJet, Uengal Giase, Hungarian Grass. (Plate 11)! Jioots. — Annual. Cm/wja— Erect, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves.— Long, broad, and flat. /.;?omc«n..._Spike-llke panicle, nodding, yellowish or purple Glumes.-Fmp^J, tl,, lo.er one s.all, the second smaller than the Flowering, hardened. Paha Thin. 'S'towcws.— Sometimes 4 in number. »^y^b. mentioned S^^r. D.koi. GoSrolt W.^lr^J ™ries considerablv but .hnnfjn fk^' ')".»B"t7 of seed used torj, in most c.'e7' When cut fn^rffhr "'"S" '""■"' '••"'"°- ^^«s^*i«s,*%fr%S»«|»a^fflKi^^ [8-99] PtATi 11. Setaria Italiea. 34 i Authoxanthum Odoratum. Linn.-Sweet Vernal Grass. Sweet bcented Vernal Grass, Vernal Grass. (Piste 12.) Hoots. — Perennial, fibrous. Culm8.~S\ender, 1 to Ij^ ft. high. Zeavett.—Htkiry, flat and pointed, scant foliage. Injforescence- Spike-like, but haviqg many very short, dense branches J d in. long, narrow and close. Spikelet8—3.ao^ered, only the terminal one perfect, brown or tinned with green. * Glumes.-Empty glumes in two pairs, hairy, two-iobed and awned on back. Flowering, small, smooth, and awnless. Falea. — Short, three-nerved. Flowers about end of June. A low, sweet smelling perennial, the scent arising from a product called cumarin. In Europe the scent )s extracted and manufactured into perfume. Odor appears when dry. It is used in grass mi^'ures in Great Untam, but does not appear to thrive in our climate. m-n PtAXB 12. Anthoxantfium odoratum (Sweet Vernal. 86 ElymUB Virginicus. Lynn.-Wild Rye Kra«, Lyme erasg Terrell grass. (Plate 13.) .J*"" grass, Jioota.—Fihronn, perennial. C«/m.— Stout, 2-3 ft. high. leaves.— Leafy, 10-15 in. long, broad and rough. In/lorescencfi.—Erect and rigid, 4-6 in. long. Spikelet.— 2-3 at each joint, all alike, and fertile. Olumes—Empty lanceolate, ve^y thick and coarse, strongly nerved and bristle painted ; , 6 / ' *""» Flowering, shorter than above, thick, rounded on back, and having stiflf awn. ' Pa?«a.-Shorter than its glume, 2-keeled, oblong, and blunt. Flowers— July 10-20. Abounds in marshes and along streams. By the time it blooms the lower leaves are dead. This grass is not suitable for seed mixtures on cultivated lands but furnishes some food for stock in marshy places. Plate 13. Elymui Virginieut (Wild Rye.) l\ 38 ^"'Itr^'''-""' --P'-« -« .took, spread. ,.„„ „„a„^„„, '"■*SriirX.rA ■!'"•''■•■■«• -^'^^r w.» Win,, aiutm,.~Empty, lanceolate and acute ■ '■'"■^a-'bir" """^ ' ^*™« ''i^^ wMte tuft „, Palea-mUn. ,„.„e, ,H„ i.,^,„^^_ ,^_, ^_^^__^ Flowers— .July M4. npe. and is relished by atook Jn all sZTof T ""'''' '^' '^'^^ ' « iZ rf "^^ °* ""''•'"ous iastur^S^ In d '^AT^^' 'affording a palatable hay. P-siurage, and a fairly heavy crop of Platk 14. Calamaqvoitis Canadensis (Blue Joint ) II i.K !' I 40 Muhlenbergia Mexicana. Trin-Dmn q , .. Grass. Knot Root Grass? (PJate'l^.)P ®'®^ <^'*«8. Wood Jioots.~8caly, creeping, perennial. Cnlms.-TJpright, much branched, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves. -Numerous, flat, /.>re,..„.,_Oontracted. densely flowered panicle. Olumes.-.Lo^.er, awnless. sharp pointed, unequal. Flo^verin,, three-nerved, acute, hairy at base. falea.-Very acute, smaller than its glume. Flowers— about end of July. f:!Ji Plat. 16. JfuMenberffia Meximzna (S>^tm Grass ) 42 11 *o»<.._H.rd «d knotty ,iU, .„„,„„. s,„ ,^,,^ """X^^^l^fl^ tXr'- ""^ '°™^'"« -"P'-O. »P.H.g.y £.<.t,..._Bl.dM linear, 2-4 i„, l„„g, „„g^ '"^lrg°^,;i^;?S„'r"^-— '-'«'. «•""««-' 'Pike, be. 6luvm.~Bmply, ,wned, nearly e,u.l. Mowerin), twice length of the empty. AJ,a.-Two-ner»ed, acute, and short pointed. Flowers— about end of July. thautCd;:,^^ fro. the fact fcB late period of fl^owering On low llnL ^T^ ^,^* ^' " ^°*«d for turage and hay of no me^ quality ' " ^^^^^ considerable pas- Pl-ATBle. MuhU ■"«i«-^mi,/<,n«rate (Wild Timothy.: 44 """ afa^^^a/J?r^°^- ^°"' '''' «-,.-Bearded Satin Jioota—Ferennm], fibrous, ecaly rootstock. C«/m. -Ascending, much branched, and spreading, 2-4 ft. high leaves—Le^ty, flat, rather broad, and sharp pointed. In/lorescence.^BenBe, many flowered panicle, purplish color. ^foermn^, awn twice or thrice length of spikelet. Pa^ea.— Two-nerved, rough at apex. M. Mexioar.^ "'' " " ""■" » ''«™' orepper than Satin rh. >ng as bears than ,ii Plate 17. Afu/Uenbergta sylvatica, (Bearded Satin Ones.) 46 ! i-U GUyceria Canadensis Trin ^i.n^ \ ' graas. (PJatelS) °~~^*'"^°*J^« Grass, Tall quaking ^ooto.— Perennial. Culms -Stout, 2.3 ft. hi^b, smooth. Z2~l:!:^:2r^^^^^^^^ ''-"- *^-'^e upper one. «;ende,lon,.;nt.?a^J?^^^^^^^^^ branches Sinkeie^s.-OUon,, 6-8 flowered, flattened. Flowering, smooth, blunt apex 5-9 „«, and parallel. ^ ' ^ "®'^®8» prominent ^«^ea.— Shorter than its elumfl ^n^ , * glume, and two-nerved. Flowers— in July. p«Xint.tz?J:i^r't%"- "■•■■*»• '^°™. good • I -it I I.-.! i* Pi,ATK',18. (?/^ccr.a Canarfm«« (Rattlesm ake Grass.) 48 n «oo(».— Perennial, flbrou., .trong, and weeping. C«;w._Slout, smooth, and leafy, from 2-6 Imt high ""Ton7£;;i"n.i >f,gi.htl'JireS':lre: ■»•-- fn/lorescence.—Long, dense spike, 3-6 in. long. •y/^iAe^e^.— One-flowered and fertile. Glumes—Empti, 4, the third and fourth being reduced to hair^ rud..ents; 2nd and 3rd obscuredf nerv^lnd haTJ Flowering, one-nerved and awnless. Paha. — Rounded, one-nerved. Flowers— about end of June. very woody when mature. ^ ^ ' "' oecomes 51 f llr ill ^^^i^^j^eJS^Phalnria atundinseea (Retd Canary G rass 60 m ill''' Poa Serotina. Ehrh.— Falae Rotl Tnn p , grass, Swamp wire grass (PkSo.) ^''^^"^ ^''''' ^""'^ Hoots. -Perennial, running rootstoo^. Ouln.s.~Tnfted, erect, slender. 2-3 feet bigh Leaves.~-Narrowly linear, soft and smooth '''"^^^^S^J^t.:^^^^ -^^^ duil purple, slende, ^'pikeleL-2.i flowered, short stalked. Olu,nss.^Outer, ^ in. long, sharp pointed, rough on keel • ^Wn^^ver, obscurel, nerved, cohwebb, at base, obtuse Palea. — Acute. Flowers— July Mo. sterns remain green after seed is ripe -i^'lZ^'Z^ToT^^^^^ *"-tion as a grass that flooded. Stock ea^, TeaJn^ and'wl' ^*°^' .''"^' ''' ocS^ onluy quality. It is perhans lor L * ^'^^ '* '"*^«« ^^V of fa r for low, rich lands ^ """""'^^ °^ '"^''^ ^^'^nded trial in mixtur^ It Duck nder, tuse lat IJy ur 68 Zj;**^P;Pw froHm (Fowl M^^„. Gran.; v 52 Hi II Hierochloe borealis. Eoem and Schultes—Vrnilla or Seneca grass, Holy grass. Indian Hay-. (Plate 21.) * ^oo^A— Creeping, perennial Cm^wi*.— Erect, round, smooth, 1-2 ft. high. /«Amc.«o.-Somewhat one-sided, spreading, pyramidal panicle. Spikelets—Chestnnt colored, ovate, and glossy, three-flowered. Glumes— Outer, equal, broad, acute, smooth. Flowering, 6-ribbed, hairy. Palea. — Two-nerved. Stamens.— 3 in the barren and 2 in fertile florets. Flowers— May 15-30. The plants when dry have a vanilla like odor, whence the firsf name ; sometimes strewn before church doors on holidays and used bLme'neS '"^'"^ ""^'^ *^' '^'^'^- '^ ^^ p" Tat Platb 21. Hierochloe borealia (Indian Hay), ' 11 11^^ im"> 54v li H- '» Panicum OruscalJi t- « foot, Wge Or'Swfoot gr^":";^!!""'' *""«™'.C<>«k *«,,_Anuual, fibrous, ^W« Thick, .,„„e,b™chtag,ro.,,.,e ""SargS '""°»~"'' '"-« -ro^, .„a „,, ,„„* b„t rough -!r:r': Lvrt r" '^'^''^'' '- "-" -'-'•■ 2nerved and awaed ^ °^- '""'"e'l, the 3rd, «'ea.— Small and polished. Piowrers in August. "J . I i P'--K22. iPanicun. Cru.,aUi. Barnyard Gras«)."'' !l 56 i\ I'-t •I Agropyrum repsns. Beauv.-Oouoh, Qaitoh, Qniok Quack & fpK'^a^r"' ""'"'■■ "''• ^'^^ ^"^ ^^■' Cmwif.--l.3ft. high. Z6ai;e«._FHroughi8h above; upper ones broader than those spring- In/iorescence.—Gloae, narrow spike. ' SpiMet.-4.8 flowered, slightly notched stem, smooth. Glumes-Empty, equal and opposite, 1-3 nerved. ^Wenn^^^si^ilar, pointed or awned, and with rounded Palea.-Ne^rly as long as its glume, two marginal, green nerves. Flowers— July 5-20. taS*lnd'ir-"' ^°"''* .^*"^^ ""^y ^*^« f^^ P"t«., its habit of irpS;iiy'*dfrr :: '::i^:jr' ""' ^-^^-^ ^""«' ^--^ -^^^^ ^^ wmh^^rr "?'?^ buckwheat may be sJwn and plougSuX will be found useful. A well manured and carefully cultivated rane crop IS especially effective as a means of destroying thi" grass ^ K.r \ PtATK 28. Agropyrum repens Couch Grass.) 58 Bromus secalinus. Linn.-Ohees, Cheat. (Plate 24.) Roots. — Annual, fibrous. Cw/m— Simple, round, erect, and smooth, about 3 ft high ^Tu^FaSra/atvT"'^'' "''^'^' '°"«^ ^'^ ^'^^^ -^ -^er /n/?omc«„c6.-Spreading, drooping, little branched, diffuse panicle. «'• ^«^' •'^nds or on land with a stiff clay subsoil, it would be little use to sow Alfalfa, and grasses could be selected to takes its place. Thus a great many changes could be made in the mixture to suit the conditions unde^ which It was to be sown, without materially altering its value ture following will be found a very satisfaotory mix- Kentucky Blue Grass .5 ik. RedTop ;;;•■ 5 T White Clover .. . . 5 " ^°**' 15 lbs. per acre. Rhode Island Bent (Agroatia canina) might be substituted for red top, or a less quantity of white clover might be used, according to the taste of the user. " As a rule, it is unsatisfactory to purchase any prepared seed mix- Tv. !u'-^" •^®'^/ *° ^^^ ""'^^ '^'^^ '^liable seedsman, order seeds by their scientific as well as their common names, and preoare w^.'. h"J1 ^ .?'' °Tf • ?y ^°P°"^°g *^'« P'^*^ » person knows what he IS getting ; but ready-made mixtures frequently contain an abundance of trash, utterly worthless for the purpose intended [5-99J ■iPL*' 66 a. E a-R u u a >$ fl K •2 bo ►3« s.« '>W •*«0«H>.«05 0„g<, <«