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Lea cartea, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Itre film«a A dea taux de reduction diffArenta. Loraqua le document eat trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un aaul ciich*, il eat film« A partir de I'angie supArieur gauche, de gauche it droite, et de haut en baa, en prenant le nombre d'imagea n«ceaaaire. Lea diagrammes suivanta illuatrent la mAthode. 32 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ONT BULLE AC!I Tn»l{ totle (1), . imell in tl when the oau^s a bi ting and o ColuD feiz3« the I men the si •athor. Sohira Brood." ] the beei, a The oanse ( with whiol take of th( down. In and rutfl a« and chilled of the broo( diwase." There from the ini they are fai "as a littl composed ol aa Oowan ( 001*0 almost Tessier die in their It is then n( and to take It is necessa parts of th Dachet (7), can be certifl lates with m great dnstruc describes vei ^ONTAR£DEmTMEOT^FjLGRlC^ BULLETIN ua. Toronto, December. 1900. ACSICULTURAL COLLEGE AND EXPERIMENTAL FARM. FOUL BKOOD OF BEES. Bi F. C. UAUttox, Protosob or BicrmioLOOT. HUTOBIC&L RlSOHl •mell in tlio hi»e. He alio ■u.J.Z .T.l I. ,■ }^"' ""* ™'"" » >»'• .!.« the flo.e™ .n .ht^MZCrt .« ^tLZ k'm- t ^"l '""»«'' o..«.b«l odor ..wellXurood taM^l,?''''*''^.^"''^"'""^ diwase." " " °°'y •» accident and not a Dnohet (7), who wrote oq bees in 1771 do^ not Zfln . "». .''•"I"?"- bte-irith «Xde^.iii *r^toro?u°»l3:i" ftn-'h'" f° .^^r'- '- great deetrnolion in the hl.nd dmiD, th?™",]??? to \^ "n n" T"^ de-crlbe. ,er, n.in,..„ the .,n,p..CdStlJn"un1 "u..he?"L ™: VV< if \u 2 made in attempting to combat the disease. " The disease," he says, " man!- feats its presence by defects in the combs filled with brood, and which only contain a patrid mass ; instead of the bee pnpne there is only rottenness in the cells, which, however, being capped always preserve a healthy appear- ance. If these cells are broken open, a blackish liquid flows oat, which spreads the infection throagh the hive. This disease only manifests itself in cells which contain a nearly mature larva or a capped one. The bees them- selves remain in good health, and work with the saoae activity, but their numbers decrease daily. Thid disease, however, was not so general in a hive but that a small portion escaped ; some new beed gmerged, but in too small numbers to supply the daily losses Thus a hive attacked by this scourge will perish from scarcity of population. At first it was not noticed that this disease was epidemic, and the hives emptied by death of the been, were filled with fresh swarms, and these contracted the same disease and perished. Yet another mistake was made. The remains of the hives that were lost were taken into the streets of the town to expose them to the sun, in order to ex- tra/- all the wax, and the bees from the neighborhood sucked up the honey, caught the disease, and communicated it to other hives, and all, without ex- jeption perished in a short time. The epidemic, havine reached the island, spread everywhere and the mortality among the bees was general, either from eating infected honey, or from stopping up the infected combs, or from the bees nourishing their brood on inffcted honey." Delia Rocca criticizes SchiraoL's statement regarding the misplaoemient of the larvse by the queen as a cause of the disease, because " everybody knows that the queen has nothing else to do but deposit eggs. These are then oared for and nourished by the bees, und when the larva is n«>arly ready to change into the pupa, the bees elose the cell, and every position which is given the larva depends on their good pleasure and not on the queen's." Delia Rooca himself thinks that " some pestilential blight had without doubt corrupted the quality of the honey and the dust from the anthers," and recommends " burning everything without pity, as there is no other resource when the disease is well established, as the pest is without doubt the most terrible in the natural history of bees." Neither Wildman (9), Keys (10), Woolridge, Needbam (II), Rhein, Reaumur (12), or other authors about the same time (latter end of the 18th century) mention this disease. Bevan (13) names the disease ^' Pestilence," and also quotes Sohirach's name " Foul Brood," and says regarding it, that the " Jfestilerce has been attributed to the residence of dead larvte in the cells, from a careless deposi- tion Af ova by the queen ... it has also been attributed to cold and bad nursing, that is, feeding with unwholesome food." Nothing further of note appears in bee literature till the year 1860, when Dr. Lenckhart (14) writes that he was formerly of the opinion that foul brood was caustd by the same fungus (PanhUtophytoH ovatum) which is noticed in a disease ot the silk worm, but now after observation and experi- ment, is quite certain that the disease is caused by neither vegetable nor ani- mal parasite, He also notes that the term " foul brood " is applied to a number of diseases afiecting bees. Molitor Miihlfeld (15) recognizes two forms, one contagious and the other not contagious, and thinks that the only cause of contagious foul brood is a fly {lehneuvion opium mpUitiearium) which lays its eggs on the yoimg larvae of the bee. A discovery of note was Preuss's (16) in 1868. He contradicts Mliblfeld'i statement about the fly, and states that foul brood cells can be detected by 8 the .onken cap W.th a miorcoope ma^mifyiDg 600 diameter>. he found Bmall dust lik« bodie. with a diameter of da m. m. belonging to the genus Cryptoeoccus (Kutzig) and called the specific form almaris, likened it U> the fermenUtion fungus (Cryptoeoccus fermmtum) and thought that the last serm gained access to the young bee and changed to Cryptococcua alvmria. He notices that many experts lay the cause of the disease to fermenting food but the larvae are easily contaminated by the fermentation fungus which is always present in the air. He also mentions the enormous rapidity with which the fungus multiplies and gives an elaborate calculation of the number that miirht De lound in a cell containing a deceased larva As might have been expected, Preues's statement aroused considerable discussion at the meeting of German bee-keepers, a short while after the pub- lication of his paper. *^ i * \°F^ ^r^ expressed doubt as to whether C. alvsaris was the real cause with PreuM ^^ * consequence of the disease, but on the whole agreed -A *!l^^f*.t"**J^^^ **'**'' "'^^ Preuss's theory, and in giving his experi ence frim a distenw "* ''" *°'''°**"''^'^ *°'° **" ""^^"^ through honey brought ^llman (17) bdieved that the disease was int oauoed by feeding honey from Havanna, where when extracting the honey, both brood and honeycomb were mashed up and the honey pressed out. Dr. Leuckhart ( 17) agreed with those who thought the disease due to a fun- ps, but discredited the supposition that it was the same as the fermentation fungus ni ntioned by Preoss, and rather thought it wts related to the silk worm fungus and that most of the brood diseases ending in death were called "foul brood "while they were really something else. He believed that the fungus was present in the eggs of the queen when laid. Geilen (17) believed th«t the disease came from the putrefying remains of animal bodies, upon which the beea alighted. P«n„^»"''"?*' (18) again in 1809, presented his former views, and also those of Tifu E?'r.® directions for maintaining the health of bees. He recom- mended the boihag of the honey, and a use of carbolic acid in the strength of 1:100 or permanganate of potash 1:300 as disinfectants . ,. ^"'*'fe°*»* (^^^ thought that foul brood was caused by the fermentation of the bee bread. ""««/" produ^e'd b; iliLr t'^' " °° *^^''° '"^"'^' '''' ^^°"«^* '' - P"»>**"y 1. *i.^"u!'i'* ^?°^ proved contrary to the above and found a fungus, which he thought developed foul brood. He called it Cryptoeoccus alveaxis akd used carbolic acid, potassium permag , and lime water as disinfectants. Fisher (21) advanced a new foul brood theory in 1871, which somewhat follows the view of Liebeg regarding the silk worm disease and plant diseases According to this theory, the predisposing cause was insufficient nourishment, especial y short stores for winter and spring. Shortage of pollen supply was the next cause. F«her tned to prove his views by the practical experience of bee keepers and explained that the first result of repeated and continued feeding wasan increase in the production of bees ; and a consequent disprd- por.ion ^^.ween urooa aaa brood feederfi arose, which should be looked upon asanothercauseoffoulbrocd. Thedisease.hesaid, might belesaenedorextermin- ated by applying means to reduce the production of brood, as the removing of the queen and the area which the brood occupied. Foul brood is probably the cause of a quantitative dearth of nourishment and a consequent degenera- i # brown, tenao ons and roov therA «»r<. f« k- V 7 • ' ^ntte and flmd or •ioii..ndd<-moi»tr.t«l that tb. di,«^T.I h^Ll "^ Coho", oonol«. t. which ,h,y ...e «,. .... S'bS:-jz'-^^Zj:!:s:^ i: ^i^ In p,« I"u« « *;i.«;rm'x "" """^ '"'«• "- •"■"^ »« "■• «■" and no other became affected with foalh^ aa ul *° '^'^' ^^'^ P*"^' thhd . .,„d f.«. which «,„.it *b!°^t Zi^:t '"^ • "" "" • Klammn (25) .ipportod Dickel'. re«»rch«t. but gtated th.> it _.. • Btixmurj to connt mora than twn tinj. .« .k. j"' ■»•«> w>at it wm not several cither micro'erwhicJ rntribut'dt^thf ZVAV^T- "''*•' ^^^^ .tated that he fonnd aeven and wa. VersoaS:]' haThe woSd t^e IIZZ an even greater nomber of bacteria from the diseaMdlarvlr tI i J* him certain that B. alvei whs the n^^oet virulent and 111? ;v '®*'°'? '^ wae to be considered the caa.e of foul W ' '^" «""'° *'°^« Symptoms of the Diskasb. .., JfraHK^Xtt r^Xio tt ^h''.?^^^^^^^^^ in color ara of a pure pearlv whitennwi ninmr. , ""*"* °' '^'^ '®wer U and pure lionny wniceneN, plump w appaarance, with full n^'^-^ i^ kind of i-rtneittTc.rvV;\'Sr^e.t;'' T^^^^^^ 3^ '"'^ ''^^ ''^^ • the young larvM low their plump .pp^arrn.eLom« '•»« "'*!i*i?'"*'8'"'""««' a prooew of decompo ition bea^H whLk 5^ k T J*.**^^ "»'* •^'•- Then •nee. Thi> yellow color tnrlLh, ^^7" ^ *''''''' Je'lo'^iih .ppear- •t thi. time or [Jer i po ; " o Th°' '"A^ *^"°'""^ ''**•» * ?>" °' ^«*dJe long, ropy, tenwious .trin7d.°e "to ?hTh7f„ "'" "'y »»« P""*** °»' « • which dp not nnder«. dZm^dtion at ail^ ^^3% *'••'»»«•« KonIi»rity referred to " f>R\ tk ' °*"® "fwrnwiiuK o»u«e the ttomofthecerieavin^notbinlh./T'"''* «~'*«*>'y d'ie. dovrn to the "' '"'^'-xl ««U>n,ent th.t tbe^ i™.. ve, L rfiSL ?'?^ r"'" T^'^ "» •iltht of the f.ot thitth. S do „^t hI. i ^u 'uH" !'«*» i •>•» ""■y lo.. before dotth ooonT "" '*°"'° ■"" "*>• '■" "» *"". bnt Im,. it «,n.'ti„. «..e J? b-'olmrS ^r.l''"'^. . ^Tl'^if ) <".".o.«...«l the I «. digea«ed hive and nlaced HI ^J, . J' ^ P^^ removed a queen from • became a mass of coJrnption " Thi. Z^' ^*^*^^ '^''^' ""^'^^ -P««i"7 with a like result °°''°P*'°°- ^hia operation waa subaequently re'^ted tbree^CM^hJ^e haTno d?ffiTJlt^ .-even queens from diseaaed hives, and in typical cu"ture7 iliTor^'^'^'JZtJ'l^ "^-^'^ '°'*-^'^^ °'^^'-'» the same as that used by McKer7ie Th«'n«r"' * ° *°'P'?>*''* ^»" ^««» 6 %l\ 7ll?t"n? '"*^ r** i° *"<>«°'»»« *«*r culture.. According to Che.hlr« i^Siti *»,'°"'» "f '°«°d Jn the eg,.. In one examination he ..y« he counted nine baoilli from • h.If-deveJoped egg Uken from the ov.rv of • nLjlbLt"/'."^ '''"'; ''j;' '»>*''^^--t re,ai;e"; conHrSn M ne WM not .ble to find »ny infected egg.. In ♦hl.i*''* "f *1! '"^*°«<1 •/•'y '"'ge number of egg. at v«riou. time.. In thwe examination, three dJtr rent methods were employed : I. -The oau waahed In oorroeive cnblimate, 1 : 600 crn.hed and placed on agar t>late« In with ^*i/ "^ "'IT^'i"!**.?*' ^''^ "««' """ '"^ •» «'"" Pr«viou.ly infected fl iedtnwfr'll'Jl ♦»»« raomenUry immefion in oorro.ive .ubilmate 2 wL •. i*i!.P.°"'*"' ""' "*"* "P°° '•"« «*'«'*«'' the next lot of egg. i^ .«!i»K ,^ ''*° cover-glasses. a .mall portion tran.ferrcd into •gw, •nd the remainder on the cover-gUi. .tained by Oram', method. In wveral in.tance« the bacillu. wa. found in the cru.hed egg. and in every ♦T *'!u"^'*","' te.t confirmed the micro.copio.1 examination. Again a. J^lTi^A^'^ "^'^''J'* criticized for the re..on. above .tated-(3) egW «!JJJ?^^*^? P'f^ffi" »*»d Mrial .ection.made and .tained by OraK SSuoned a h^:; "'^ ^'*" ""^'^^^^ K »>"' «■» » ^^^ W »' -everal hundred. seoUoned a bacillo. oorr.>.pondlng in it. morphological oharact^ristic. t« B. d««Jr^''k?'' *'"*"*.'' ''"♦■•/ ••» o' the opinion that the f gg. of bee. from dueaied hive, may in some inatance. be infected. Chillrd Brood. «# fi.f 5i"®** ^^r*^ " ■°2'"*'"*! """t^ken for foal brood ; bat the appearance hJ^ iZT ^ ?'^ different from that of the latter. In the caw Tchlllel brood the larvae turn grey ; afterward, the colour darken., and in the final ■tage. of decompontion it become, blwk. No ropineu develop. for fntl'^Zi?' °' Tu^'u '" ''"'*°°1 ^ periodical, have miataken Chilled brood for fonl brood, or they have .tat^d that chilled brood turn, to foul brood : McSr^r °°**5? "i/^^' °'r'y di.tlngui.hed between the two' and men^ thltif i-n^J rt?>«*,"«''«'»l experiment, in refutation of the tate- ment that if chilled brood i. allowed to putrify foul brood may ari.e rf« novo He endeavoured to isolate i?. alvsi from chilled brood, but without .uc^ Vntit^Z . ''"! T""^ °- ^- "'***• '^*»« "''"'^'^ ^«>°<» ''^^ •"owed to putrify in a moist chamber for several months and examined with the .ame f^JndVr \'^'* *" the cell, in which 5. «;.«i was placed it wa. to"e IZlt n i° My o^er. I have also performed .imilar experiments and S,UtJd ^or vn I^fZ'^' contention. So far A alvei has not l^J^n Zoi^A t^ u^"*"^.'" ir^ "•8" °^ decomposition. Oanestrini (31) d?nT^all^*^K Z^i'^'""^ r ?" probability chilled brood and not an infeo- arioiJl 1# fl' but hi. inoculation experiments failed to eetablish the patho- genicity of the baoUlus, which morphologically resembled B. megathsrium. Geographical Distribution. It hail Vukan 4'l«<\n«.l.4 ^I.-*. 4.L. J* • . i.r-> #Anl ~\^^Z^ - • .. v.....«5„„ tuou tuo uiauase vanes m different countries, that W .- Tl *? '* ,°"""" »^?°8J»'»d is different from foul brood in America but a. no bacteriological evidence has been prodaced in .upport of the con in Cycrui In Afrin* i<^-«;ii w^ • Tori ^ ' '* '°*' "* "'■ ^^^"^ wen it (81) iJ Tnm. tn A r? *^1' ^^^^ '^P°'*" " *° Algeria, and Boohatey Thb Orqanihm Bacillua Alvei, Cheshire and W. Chevnp ISfiK #,««, ♦!.« i « •_ ™i3br^h ^ ?^-^ r" *''.'^' «"»•"•■•• Pota'sd at thri, endi. Their «»jwh.t .b.„„. The, ,„,'.,„,„. b.t «cji„isryV™Vh.iS',;";L'„" bad,A"S7b:^^39t.„ri?,*.i„'„°';i.°5"; "^f ^".t ': ■«" °°'°»' :•*" blneand methyl violet ThZ^ho^mf^''. A !*"' "**"*" •** methelene Ca^fe -No o.p,ale hw b«» d.n,o„rt,iB'«'>ty broth i. quite opaque anS whUi.h lUl„. A I '""'.T '° ^« *'''"" ^»>« thei„.. bat the. i. an^^^iro^l^diL^ t' ^^hfpS Jrti'in* a°nd Otlatiw Platei. — At 22* 0 in 1i "ift k»».^ *u i . niimerooa. always retaininiF tK. f^^j-- i nave ever leen ; bot they are very m. tlm« ViTi 7 / . '•?°*"K '*»• tendency to form oarves and circl. h " Afu^ ;.:^s\ri3;r,?,;:,ar.,r. .*i^r "°' •'■^°"' •' "■• -'»"^" from .hrdir^*taiL''^?Jr"',''°.°? '^'"'•' -'■.n the ,.rm i.tak«. tion ia a heavv nn«Tl.5 k . * °*" ^®«^'"' *° liquefy. If the inoonla- i 10 as 10 per cent, gelatine. The whole tube ia liquefied in from 2 4 weeks' growth. The liquid becomPB yellowish in oolot and givps off a peculiar odor. Kla- maunn states that in gelatine acidified with lactic acid the gro«rth ia slow and long threads are formed. Gelatine Streak Cultures. — In gelatine streak cultures the appearance is very similar to what one sees in stick cultures. The bacilli first grow along the line of inoculation ; and then throw out shoots into the surrounding gelatine, producing the appearance noted in the stick culture. The bacilli move to and fro along the channels of liquefied gelatine. Agar plates.— On agar platea at 37" 0., the colonies at the end of eight hours are small and burr-like, with spines protruding in all directions, giving the colony the appearance of a sea-urchin. lu some cases the projections are from one s'de or end. At the end of 12 hours, the colonies have well-defined projections, visible to the naked eye. The colonies in the depths of the agar are more spiny, the processes being much shorter. On agar plates streaked with a light inoculation, most beautiful forma occur. The growth of the bacilli spreada over the surface and branches repeatedly, giving the appear- ance of sf aweed. Thii; appearance is distinctively characteristic ; and as the growth w very rapid, this method commends itself for making a quick diag- nosia of the presence of the bacillus in larvse supposed to be diseased. Potato cultures. — On potatoes the growth dilfers considerably, according to the reaction and age of the potato. Sometimes a brownish wrinkled growth forms, which gives off" a peculiar odor ; at other times a dryish yellow layer appears. " The bacilli grow very slowly indeed at 20*' 0." (Oheyne 23.) Even at 37" 0. they grow slowly. Milk.— Jn milk at 37«> C, uoagulation of the casein occurs in three days. The milk becomes yellowish ar.d gives off" a characteristic odor. After several week's growth, the curd ia digested and a whey-like fluid remains. Blood serum.— On blood serum at 37" 0 , the growth is rather slow and polymorphic forms are common. '* Very long filaments are formed " (23). These long forms may be from 5 to 10 times as long as the average bacillus growing on gelatine, and consist of single cells. The filaments are often wavy or twisted and of unequal thickness. The extremities of the long, bent rods are often clubbed ; and yforms are numerous. Spores are formed very sparingly, and the blood serum is liquefied. Synthetic media (Uschinsfcy). — In Uschinsky's medium no growth occurs ; but if the medium is neutralized, good growth ensues. The bacilli occur in threads and a pelhcJe is formed. Dunham's Solution. The bacilli are small when grown in this solution; No threads form ; but fhere is a alight indol reaction after nine days' growth. Relation to Free Oxygm. Cheyne states that the germs grow most rapidly on the surface of agar and arrange themselves side by side ; and they produce spores in this position after a few days' growth. Eisenberg (39) says nothing under the head of aerobiosis. Howard (40) writes that, ♦' It grows best under anaerobic conditions j is a facultative aerobe ; grows under the mica plate ; and in the presence of oxygen the growth ia slight and slow." Howard also states that under anaerobic conditions it emits a foul odour re- sembling that of foul broo^. It will be thus seen that Cheyne and Howard is_^_i Pi- -v. ij». .j.«n yoiuv. iuc lurtucr auiuur aJso says mac ine cnaraccer- iatic odour ia given off under aerobic conditions, whilst Howard states that this smell is emitted under anaerobic conditions. Further, Cheyne states that the bacilli grow with great rapidity on the surface of agar, whereas 11 ^mTJI?.°^^*'" K-" ^^'* ^'^''^^ '*°**«'" **»« °''°* P"»*^. ^»»i°h does not give complete anaerobiOBis. HowaiJ'g conclnaions are thus ac variance with Cheyne's, and my own results fully corroborate those of the Utter author Howard states that fhe vitality of the spores of B. ahei is destroyed ments he took sten ,zed road dust and mixed it with the dry foul brood masses from several cells which were previously dissolved is dis^til ed water The mixture was worked dry, and spread on%heets of paper, and triJcuI tares were made immediately and at intervals of every twelve hours for three days; and according to his results no growth occurred after 36 hours In givms these results Howard does not state whethw he exposed the spores to sunhght or diffused light; nor does he mention the age of the dry fouUrood masses which he used from several cells. These are points of considerable mportance, for as everyone knows the disinfecting power of direct sunHght IS much greater than diffused light, and the vitality of the spores from Su brood masses of different ages varies considerably. This. I may add. Z been clearly shown by some of my experimer subsequently described. In my experiments, the spores obtained from a pu.e culture on the surface of tSrj.r "^'*** °° °°''®' «'*'"'' '^^ P^*°«** ^""^ «'•"« chamber, so arranged ex^^pr/o'tSo ° r ''*«,f °°«'»P"y circulating over them. This chamber was exposed to the ordinary light of a room with six large windows, and a cover glass was taken out every 24 hours and tested, to see if the 'spores would grow This experiment was continued for one month and at the end of that ln~J ! ■*''"^" 1*'" germinated rapidly. In atother experiment. sporSs spread on cover glasses were exposed to a very diffused light, simulating as far as possible the amount of light which would enter a hive. ' Oover gSsM were taken out from time to time and transferred to agar, in order to^aTce?. tain If the spores were alive or not. The experiment Vali begun two years H^rfil r **? T^ ^~"? **•" ^''^ ^'^^^^ Slabs taken and placed upon the surface 0 an agar plate a copious and typical growth of ^. alvei was obtain- !ri«.£i ! f' " "J** °1^?^'' P*P«''' P'°°8«d into a bouillon culture and exposed that the air could freely circulate around them in the ordinary light 6 mo'„?hTV»,« In ^"It'ires were made at intervals, and at the expiration of onThetrfSceTa^^?^^ *'' ^'^'^ *"""**^' "'^"^ *^^ «*"P« -' - P'-«^ o«^ «'?;'^"'j t ^ii^P °* ^°°"l°» containing spores was placed in a sterile tube o^nHci*"! . ^^ ' """^ ** '^^ expiration of 124 hours (36 of which were in sunlight at a temperature varying from 30^37° 0) sterile bouillon was added. ««f Jk ! r'® ^"^ placed jn the incubator, acd in less than 24 hours a good growth of Ihe germs had taken place. * v<.»J''*'"***if^i^"P^T^°'''*'''"^'«*«*^ *"»* *»»« fesults are directly at variance wich Howard's statement, as th.y go to show that the vitality of ir-W^r. ^: «^««^ 18 not destroyed by exposure to atmospheric air, with or without sunlight, for even a much longer time than 24-36 hours. With regard to the aerobiosis of this bacillus, good growth has been ob- Iwla '^ *"" *tmoephere of hydrogen by Novy's method. Buchuer's method ?i ?1.5* ^°?^ T**"; ^^"^ ^'"""^^^ *^ ^^^ ^»"*»>« °»edia are very similar to those produced un.l«r aerobic conditions, but with this difference, that the iniZ.r'' %"^: *' \'"°'"' ^^""^ *° ^^^ ^y'^'^g^" atmosphere. In dlrivtS »? Ki ^''^ '" «f ^ ""^ «"""*' °*'*'"'«^ 5 ^"'^ th« spores were not ?a? Z? ^ **lt'^*'*'^'^ °* '»»« K-*" ; 'or «^hen the gas was let out of the Novy jar, good growth ensued on aH caltures. In acetylene gas. a restricted l\. I 12 growth oocurred. In frrmentation tubes, growth oc-carred both ia the ooen and in the closed arm o the tubes. No gas wag formed, the bouUlon in^he closed arm was uniformly turbid. Thus B alvei is a facult.tive anaeroS, i« fnrm^ A? ^^ 1 I*., '°,?r"^'°"y >»i"o" » ««8ht amount of ammonia IS formed. Oontro bouillon d,d not give the Nessler tfst. In glycerine ard the sugar bouillons, there is no trace of ammonia. Chevne's cult.Vr^! are faintly alkaline, both before and af.«r inoculation in ^rinfS Klamann states that ammonia ia produced. ^musion. bonJld^f •^"''"^ A varying amount of acid is formed. All the suear bomllons give an acid reacton. ^ «« .ifT"'^!-^ ^»f/m«n< On potatoes, a yellowish growth is produced • on all other media, the surface growth is white. "uucea , Development of odours Oheyne states that gelatine cultures give off an tjdoar of stale, but not ammoniacal urine, or what may be better described as a shrimpy smel ; and this peculiar odour has been f Jrmed by OhesS re to be distinctive of diseased larvae. Klamann and Howard both^tate that a Sculturr ""*°^^^^°» *'"*^ **' ^^^ ^^""^^ larvae m.y be noticed In art?- ^^f Effects 0/ Desiccation I have already noticed, under the head of "Relation to Free Oxygen," that the spores of B. alvei have (Tsiderab L vuality in withstanding desiccation. My ^Experiments prove 3usively e^lweThroyaTH*"'"'^!^"^ '°,'"' 'y '^^"^'"^'•^'^ -^"d in thTs re J i^ LTJTw «; °'5f"' "^'"^ •''® ^°°'"^ *° "•«"«' thorough desiccation for a number of years. One experiment which shewed this chaLteristio was as follows: An agar plate completely covered with a typical /roThT^*;'!- Tt^fZ"^}^ '/^ out completel/. and was l.ftexpoJS t Se ordinary ligh of the room for 7 months, and at the end of that time, a portion of the film was scraped off with a knife, placed on suitable medit^m and ncubated with the result that a typical growth immediately ensued. "«'»*'»ted, with Spores on cover glasses were exposed to September sunlight /Latitude exposure. The age of the spores varied from 6 days to 18 months ^nd spores 3 months old were not killed by 7 hoars' exposure. ' Thkbmai, Bbiationb, U-C^^alT^"" /or G^ro«;/A. The maximum for growth is about 47^0 At 44 C., good growth occurs; but at 60«C., growth ceases T?vL!L^* Ophmum for Growth. The optimum for growth is about 37 S^O fnr ^rJ^m^'""'''^^'^'tri '^^" ^^« "^'^ determinedly Cheynei mZ P^rf turel • b°«?as* 0? '^"^ r '' '''?}'' ""^ °' ^°""«- °*>*""«d f rom' h^gter em peratures , but as 10/ gelatine melts at about 24°C., 22'C cannot bs fl»« diflTerent methods used by different McKenzie (28) found the thermal death ««.•«* k saturated in a beef broth cultore oTb XrcClf '"'"P«»'J«8 -"k threads were allowed to dry, and introdaced nto^Xd w "^ 'P:?^ '^^^ *'>r««d8 definite time, at a fixed temperature aV f? ". '/' "'^^ '*=" thwein for a was introduced into melted Tlr aid th^JL! t^^l °/ **"** '»«'«. the th«.aj wax from the threads. The caUare« thn- !? w^ ''^*''"° "^ *" '« separate I jj tubes placed in the incubator at 3ra The foUoir "'"'J^^ ''''''' •» ^ be At OOOO. for i of an hour, growth ■ .? '""r'^^ "« »•" ««°lt- •' „ „ J ho"'-. growth. .. .. l^^y> gfowtb. -'i no growth. | — b-^"*". A temperature of SO^C diH nnk a -* xl experiments were repeated with the tf °^ *'", "P^'"" ^ ^4 hours. These ciBed by Oorneil (Ss/whrcWmedthat^hp ?'"*!' "^^'^ '«»'"*» were crit"! exposed in melted wix was no moi t Ju Srvt '? "^'^^ '^' bacteria were the wax had to be heated to a hiS temn^rafn/n 'J'/"** «<>»»"^qaently that to destroy the spores. Accordinf to thft^l" *°'*/°'" * ^°°« «'"« in order tion makers, the wax during X'^efi^nJ^r ^'-J"" P'°'"''»«"' *o«°dl- temperature of quite or nea?ly lOC^O fn? a -K P°"'y"» P'^cess reaches a mg, however, it does not reach a temDera ?r- ^'t '?*• ^»"°B 'he sheet Bay 79-0. Two other foundation mXrfn!^'"?^ 'i^'*' '^« ""^''^g Point. refining, the wax is heated frsome t£,e toTo^^ 24 hours; so McKenzie thinks that if thf ? ^' *°*' ^» ^^pt «quid for making, there is little danger of foil tZliT^'"'''"t' *'« ^^^^ed in the apecific gravity of bacteria in the mSt^^f °°' '°'°'^ foundation, as the the process of manufacture the bacterid Z'. ,"" ,«i,8^\' **"** thriughout benr (42) states that the spores reouirefn, f J • ^ *" *° *^® ^"^m. Iter.' 100%: for four minutes (ZSdilV87T t^^^^^^^^ to the age of the spores. In Howawi'« • ' °"' **"'^® "» »«> statement aa tine containing sp'ore^of B llJl^Je'lCaT ^'^^ '"^ °' ^'^-^^ «ela* water and allowed to remain therern for a d!fin . ?"" ^^''^ ^*""«^ °' bo"in« the water did not reach boiling poS^'-and t,l7 . u""^"" ^" *" P'-obability Wtervals, with the following refults . "'*^''** ''"« """d* »t stated After 16 minutes-— growth. " 30 " ** •• 45 «' « 60 " no growth. 60 " CI — - given cae ffiust favourabJe conditions f r LTOwth •'^ ""^™ point of *: X' r""'""" "" '°"°""* -'■-"™" ^ "■« th.™.. de..h IC CI 4-' 14 bited"*'''' ''"°'° **** *"*"'°*^ '"*'*'' *' "^"^^^ intervals, were cooled and inoa- 1,11 J'^T'? ^" ®P°"' /'°™ * "®^®° "oo**"" o'd culture in bouillon were killed at a teirperature of 100' in 1 hour and 20 minutes. and a half °'*' '''°°' * ^* °'°°*^' °^^ ""''"""^ °° *'''*' ''*'* ^'"*^ ^° '''^ ^O"" 3. Spores from agar nine days old.-slight growth after 2 hoars and 45 minutes ; no gjowth after three hours. Vw^iUnt l^^'lli ^/y«,.o''* »°? 21 days old.-in each case after two hours .h ?;i, • ^"P^»5*'« tal>e« ^or'ned » growth ; another after 2A hours, whilst the reman, f^r had no growth. All were killed in 3 hours. 1 used also tine capillary glass tubes. A suspension of the spores in water was drawn up into sterile tubes, which were then sealed at bath ends, The tubfs were placed in boiling water and withdrawn at stated intervals. The contents of the tubes were then introduced into agar, which was incu- bated at 37 0. ; and great care was taken to have a suspension of the spores by tillering them through glaus wool. ^ The results were : With a temperature of 98<'C. (about the boiling point in this locality), spores from a 7 days' old culture on agar were killed in 2* hours ; and spores from agar 9 days old werfe killed in 3 hours. §L_. Another experiment was made to determine the thermal death point in honey. The honey was of two kinds, clover and buckwheat. The former had a specific gravity of 1.042 at 60°C. and contained 0.057% of formic acid, while the latter had a specific gravity of 1.040 at 60«'C. and contained 0 1707 of foruiic acid. The spores used were from agar three weeks old, and three methods were followed : 1. SUk threads with dry spores thereon ; 2. Test tubes containing honey with a heavy inoculation of spores j 3. Capillary tubes containing a suspen- sion of spores m distilled water. The spores used were not filtered throoch sterile glass wool, as it seemed desirable to imitate as far as possible the con- ditioDd met with in infected honey. The following are the results : SUk threads with dried spores, from an agar culture two weeks old. Time. Temperature. Result. 16 minutes IIS^G growth. 1. 30 " 113 45 " 116 60 " 113 1 hour 15 minutes ... 114 1 " 30 " .. 115 1 " 45 " .. 115 2 hours 114 2 " 15 minutes... 116 2 " 30 " .. 115 2 " 46 " .. 115 . no growth. 2. Tubes containing honey and spores mixed together. 30 minutes 115°C arowth. 45 •• 114 •• ti 60 " 114 1 hour 15 minutes ... 114 1 " 30 " .. 114 1 " 45 •• .. 116 • «'•«-«» were pTa^d mm Bide downwards on agar plates, and then incubated at 37' C. ' ^1''*®' Result J?e8«Z«8— 3 hours sunlight. Abundant growth 'in 16 hours 9 " « « i" !I ." These experiments were repeated in September, when the outside tem- made the day after with spores 2 months and 21 days old, required 7 W exposure. Spores 10 days old showed no growth after 6 hors' exposure • and spores 5 days old, no growth after 6 hours' exposure. From a large nam! within the above range of temperature was found to be 6 houiu ^ VUahty on various media. The cultures seem to live longer on aear than m hquid media The vitality of old gelatine and bouillon cultufes seems to be lessened by the products of the bacilli growing in these media The spores taken from these sources have also decreased resiftiag po^er ««,« 1^1- ^''^^^ on reaction of media. Ordinary bouillon becomes sliihtly SI K«; f ''''' "^ «'*^''? P""""^'' ^^^ P'-«"«'^*'« °^ »'"'»°''i» being de feted by NePsler's reagent ; but control bouillon does not give the reaction T ^th^l7'*^ '^' '^^i'r °^ «^y*^"°« *«'* ^*"°"« Hugars, the acidity nfli. T fi." ^^^''^'f'*' ^"' '"«»■« i" the case of glucose broth than in an J other. In these experiments accurate titration was made with phenolnhtalein o ' --_ a — r 5R8 growi,n 01 kSio urjjttHigm m ic, it la laintiy aikaline " ^ Senstttveness to Antiseptics and Germicides. This subject ia taken' un m connection with the chemical remedies used for the disease ^ ho- iiriTT!^* ?*"'^*? ^'"*^ pathogenic to the larvae of beeP, Cheyne has inoculated two mice and one rabbit with spore-bearing cultivations with- 3-. 16 tt ;!f«.i -uL":neo« T-fe^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^<^ '"J-ted into one of them in 23 honr' whS« tl,« Zh '''^ J"**'® T^alt^d in the death of the monie which d^d "he .eat nf ^^^^^^'.^^^^d jinaff.cted In the cam, of ♦issue wan found ZV'erTjLZT^^^^ "*? neighbonring cellular apparent in the int^rL^n^ ZL^^Tl^'^^^^^ ''}*°8'" ''«'•« the adematouH liquid as alRo »«„«!.-* "" *'T"' ''*"'® '°a°d in the there were likewirafrrWilH^rth/bo;^:^^^^^ had.prouted; and W8B proved by cultivation ai well «1 h, • '''°'° ^^^ ^"^'^^ ^hia examining ,eotiongovftr?onH or J.!.- ^y microscopic examination. On a few bacilli wZ .inTnZ E°" "** morbid change, were found, and only tcre was injecte'inTo a gutea 1 • IT't'L ^. "TT!:"'/' '*'•'-«"« ^^^^^ extenaive necrosis of the «««.«?»; ♦? i^'T' *''^"' ® *^*^" ^**«'". '^*l» patches were distributed thrZhtbltT *"'* *'''° ' '°^ ^''^'"'y ^^^ing sections o! the necroBed tiZe nim^!! S T- °° "■"" P"'' ^'^ '"»»'*4 seen ; but there were aTo other ^31^ •"'"'' •PP'"-^"*'^ ^- «'««*. -«rf were seen in the Tnterna? oria„. It thoT'^^^^^^ ^^ micro- organ i.,„s thei^ecroBis was due to i aSJ or IJ '«'»»>n".qaestionable wb.,ther injected three guinea pi„ ful2utane«n.l°^ T^ especially as I have Hinoe without effect. ^^ "obcutaneously with spore bearing caltivation, bat death7f\^h:^^;i^t;S^^^^^^^^ »P0- -ul. in . scopic examination and en IvItTn CooirJLV"''^" " "*'T" ^^ *^« *°»"o- Fly blow larvae fprf SI fi >'°°'^'o»°*»«' ^e™ not killed » (28). regard to the pr^il?ence of ?h« 5r ^"^^ °° 'P^'"' "^'^ "°* «^"'«d With i?«« Journal (43) f^und^he diseaseTmon. w^ d w^^^^ °' **>« ^^'*'^ ing it by the smell from ♦>«:!!! ""o^gy'^ bee larvae in a tree, recognis- brwd in the combs Th. oL^'T ^""^ *^"° '"«" **"« appearance of the in former Arbe'en t^l':.Z' TjZ^Ztl^^^^^ ''^\\~* P™*'*^^^ keeper?. In all nrohabilitv tUaA;. • trouble to neighbouring bee of wHd beesand wasps KnthfS!^^ " '";•""'* ""^'S **»« ^"«°» ^•'•?««e« epidemic was foul brood^ ^ P^"""* *''"**'"** 8*^«° *o "how the Economic Aspects. extremely bad. Bertrand'a ftnUri^ i,-« « ?°' *^® disease, at times, is papers make c^nsfan refteScrto i^^^^^^^^^ 'T't^' »"** *»>« G-rS«« thinks that the ''only vSrhi nd^anl T /^^^^^ -I^ England. Oowan (4) industiy « theprevalJninnhfs^lrnU^^^^^^^^^ *»>« ^«« iDg over the country as to make beekeer^^^n! ! To^ '° '^P''^^^ •gain. (47) '' So rapidly has foul brLs^reaVby ^"^ son, unless precautions are taken a whol«„«?lKLk ^ *^ \'**** "* ""^ ««** <^'^ V! a if It (» I'? Il II M ■l 1 1 1 ^ Si ^ I E 0000000000000 000(|3o V \ 17 enacted l.w. for the p^everZ TZ J!2*' '°"f: '°J* ■•'^«"' S'***" »»»^« Jer cent ' "' '"" "'P''"^' "^** ^^^^ ''"'-• P'^-n* S?l 2. oAL't'o •re ca«*Ud anuaally by th?. dl.ei^ '^"^ "'^''''''' ^" •'« ^^^P*. -erioo. Icea infecU^nTllo^i^'tlllS^^^^^^^ thr'/T' *°.."»* "*«"' -»»»«»• of 2:tX^Xet»^^^ have beeaLde.lnd the bi^^^ withTni^^.'^K'"'* T'" '*'*'» ^^^ *'•«"'•« ■yrap, the viralenoe of the «rm h« .1^ I?.^T ''^^ «'^«'» to bee. in In one oa.4 the coLy expeSt^ w tU wl ^.^ oonsiderably impaired, the hive all day, and SC Sf!ht nS ^ Jt^""' ''^^' ""^ °o»fi»«* *« were given in laieaaantl?! in -* °°^ '^ '^* ®^«°»'»«' w «»• '"^ hive. Ohe'hTw til^HK^^^ Ta'rv°.V.';L ''"T " T"«^ '^^ "^ *<» antennae of the nnrsebe^gind a '.o^Z^^^^ T'i^^ •^~*«<* ^'y *»»• detwhe. number, of .0^6-' which S.^tlf- ''!?P ?' *^* ^««" freqnintly there, often whe"th;rt.keeff^tVttr„Vt'l.^^^^ '*'' *°^ ?«"'* '^''^ "^ diwase. which are air borne ther^i^n-ni^*' ''' comparigon with other ■arrounding. which even If dr J 1^7 T *T1L*"^ '°°'^'* *" ^^'7 »«oky .hire al.o .ta e. that he ha. not^onid th«° 5' 'n ** ^''P '^u"'" **» "'^ Che.- infected hive.. Thi. statemelt hi *°'^i'?' ''*"" ''^"^'y «' P°"«n ^ experience of praotfcal be "keSo^^Trn.K ^''^^'l ^'o^'-^^ict^d by the found B, alvei in capped honTcells and in'^h«^ ^7' ""^"'^^ ^^P^**^^^^ diseased hive., the examination in ih # ^® P?"®° '"•*««" ^0"°d in removing the iappinJ^tTtrst^rm °'"'°'^ ',*'^ ^*^'''« ^^^'^ "'•de by needle into it aKfn puttin;^^^^^^ ^""^ P,l"°«^°« * *»«*'««» Pl*«°«^ were poured, cooled L^?nSed "^^^ "'" melted agar, from which plate. Probablv tho ohiof ^»<.i.^j -« . .. -- another is by%he~be^"f;omW?S,,"»..'"'^'ui'''*' 1''^*"" '"«» ^"^ hive to weak and diseased l! such oafJfJh^all'"^^'"* °?^°"'«« '»»** have become disease. Ther" is likely noZit/\ '5' '"7 r'^ *hem the germs of the from the re^Iar maklw for L wi^\ ^^^^^ '"?"* nsing wax foundation 2-112 • ^ *"^® "'"^^y •"**«^« *he WAX, in the i I 18 prooeM of makiDK. i« »aV>jeot«d to a temperatoru tuflSoientlr hlflh to kill anv ■porei that may be prMent ^ a / I may add that I foand iporea of R alvai io two lamplea of wax Mnt mebyK. F. Hoitermann of the Canadian B^« Journal, bat both Mmplea were from hivea which were very badly infected with the diieaM. In 1897, about ten ponnda of wax waa infected with largA nnmbera of ■poici grown npon agar. The wax wai oat up into amall pieoea. and heated at a low temperature, only jast auffioient to melt it ; and a« MoKenzle (28) had «howQ that the aporea settled to the bottom, the wax was vigoroualy •tirred from the time the aporea were added nntil it had aet again. The wax thua infected, was aent to Hoitermann for foundation making. He mana- factnred it by the uiua! proceis of melting and gave the foundation made from It to bees, and no foal briod developed in the colony aupplied with it during the yenrs 1897 and 1898 The probability is that the aporea are fixed in the wax, and are thua unable to infect the beea. Healthy beea may pick up aporea of B. alvei from flowers previously «« ited by diaeaacd bees ; wasps, which are nbted robbers, may also carry the diaeaae, and thus infect a locality. The very large traffic in beea and bee-keeping soppliea where agriculture la earned on, probably favors the spread o( tiie disease, [n fact, many instances are cited in bee jonmalg of infection carried from one locality to another by the importation of bees and bee suppliec. Persors manipalating diseased hivei and then examining healthy ones may bo the means of spreading the disease. The practice of aaing a knife for cutting oat diwaaed comb and then using the same knife for work amongit healthy comb (which I have aeen done) is by no means wise, as the aporea may thua be transferred from diwaaed to healthy hives. Cowan (4) obaervei that beekeepen who have not succeeded with their bees in consequence of foul brood hav been known to sell by asotion hives in whioh the bees have died. In such cases the purchasers are usually beginners who have no idea of the danger they are inoarring. Condiiiona favoring the spread of the Diimae, Besides the woa r badly nourished condition in which bees may be, and lack of other v • > conditions which favour the spread of this disease, great humidity i-i wiiiier IS said to be favourable and probably great heat is also conducive. (45.) Predisposition of Vari^tiea. No definite statements can be made as to the prediipoaitioK of various races to this disease. Qainby (49) says that black bees are mo- ^abject to foul brood than Italians. Aspinall (61) also affirms that comwoi; «'^ r/fl more liable to the disease than Italians, but de Layeni (47) sUteb th^v vti„«an" .re mere easily infected than black beea (See also page 17.) Rbmbdibs. Three remedies have been tried : 1. Stamping out. 2. Starvation. 3. Treatment by chemicals : (a) by feeding chemicals in food • (b) by putting certain chemical substances into the hive' and allowing them to evaporate at the temperature of the hive. This latter method may be regarded as rather preven- titive than curative. v> 19 1. Stamping out Mtthod. Br tliA .».,«.»i beei, oo.Mbi and fr*ine. .re destroyed .ndtT?/^* out n.ethod all .ff. t«! OowM {i) think, that if foal bro^d we^o an5«r ~ '»>o~»8h'y di.inf.ofd. •U on«M p >n ptlj d««It with biXtTSon fK «°7''»'°««>t inspection, .nd oaU The Bnti.h Bee- Keeper.' Amoo,^^^^^^^^^^^ wi^'V" °°°''' »>« «^™P«<1 troabie would be removed and the inrinTl *' ''""k" tt>*t in this way the would benefit bee keeper, klerli"^^^^^^^^^ impetus ihich t.jnej'?.^^^^^^^^^^ Roco. OS), w.. „... i»ent either bv starvation or by the uTof ohlf i T'^ "°' ^^"''^ ^" ^''••t- •fl^ot, it would have to be universalTv - '^ J ' "' '^ ^'''^ *°^ '^^ dllBoult que.tioa of compensation ^ earned out. and wrnld involv. thf 8chilT:radtJ^^^^^^^^ WM «„t proposed by dunng tTo day., and then be placed "1 , * *'°*' '"°''«^ *«> *•*' P-^P-rd with/a Httle hot wate^r'^^XVhZer ^r **' "'.'^ °" -^'^P Since Schiraoh's time different mLTfi!,^-^ °°.*,°"'« •^^^ "ff'o*». made, and it ha. been largely us,^ Tn th« A '^ « '***' "''*^°** ^'•''^ »'»«'' in Europe treatment by melated .yrun. h^"hi::* ^^^^^6i Canad.. whilst L^Jloot (68) gave his approvaffo^ E£,' ^^^^ kTJ° T?"' '° ^^79 bee. be confined in a cool, dark iA^oltol\rO. '- ^"'> *<*''"«<* »»>** the wnich they carried with them m^ght b^'i,*'^;""; '"^ J'^er that all the honey pnt into a hive filled with healthy comh^ri^\^°*^ **"*' **»« b«» ^ thei bive scalded with boiling wX^ndtb'T^^^ ••^'* *»>« condemned MoEvoy (44). the Ont»rlf P^wLui foS br«S ^ """P'l' ^* * '*»«' ^ate modification and h.. himielf desorib'd hU „^i^^^^^^^ honey season, when the bje, are cratheri^cr f ^. f ^ " '°"'*''* = " '»» 'h , evening and .hake th. bees nto t*heir owf hi ^' '"""''' '•*' '"°'" *" *»'^ o,mbf,undation8tarter«oaardler[h«I h I?'' ^.I^'. *'''"° '«••«»«• '^ith bees will make the «tarterrinto col^da >''1T'' ''/ '°" J**^'" ^he d«ea.ed honey in them, which the^took w^?J, .t ' "''. ***^' ?°^ "^^^^ *he Then m the evening of the fourth ^'uke^^,*^^^^^ from the old comb, them comb foundation to work out IL.K ?i the new combs and give By this method of treatmeTTal7'hrLr^ «"e will be complete "bee. before the full sheet, of foundation .r^ ^Tl " "^"^^^^ f'°^ the •brood combs mast be burnS or malT/'^'''"^ ^°'- All the old foul ; rom the hives, and all the^el com^t Jelr„J il'"''^'^ ^^^ '^'"^'^d four day. must be burned or made into wa, ^^^ ""'«''' **""»« the "honey that would be stored in them *"°°''"'' **^ '*»^ '*»«'"««» "eve^i^^ISrntrharatU'b^^^^^^^ ^^'^^'^^ should be done in the ;; the diseased colonies to mix and go w^^^^ the bees from " all the work in the evening it ui J« 7i u^ °! """"'^ colonie.. By doine .. ... .f ™.'?r.?«""''i'' "ring ooloniM of fonl l3?'!:. u . . =-v -'>"^ iruui may co Uotober wiinn ♦!.« v^ "" "" earned on at I 20 ' ^^ere the diaeaned colonies are wpak in beea, pat the beeg ia two, • three or four together, so aa to get a good sized swwm to start the core with, " as It does not pay to spend time fussing with little weak colonies. "When the bees are not gathering honey, any apiary can be cured of foul brood by removing the diseased combs in the evening, and giving the " bees frames with comb foundation starters on. Then, also, in the evening " feed the bees p'enty of sugar syrup, and they will draw out the foundation •' and store the diseased honey which they took with them from the old combs • " in the fourth evening remove the new combs made out of the starters and " give the bees full sheetn of comb foundation and feed plenty of sugar syrup " each evening until every colony is in first-class order. " Make the syrup out of spranulated sugar and put one pound of water to "every two pounds of sugar, and then bring it to a boil As previously " stated, all the old combs must be burned or made into wax when removed " from the hives, and so must all the new combs made during the four days. " The empty hives that had foul brood) in them do not need any disin- " feotant in any way. I have bandied many hundreds of oolonies in the Pro- " vince of Ontario and cured them of foul brood without getting a single hive " scalded or disinfected in any way, and these colonies are cured right in the " same old hives." McEvoy positively states that •• No colony can be cured of foul brood by " the use of any drug. AU the old combs must be removed from every dis- " eased colony and the hive got away from the bees before brood rearing ia " commenced in the new clean combs." Howard (40) is most emphatically opposed to the drug treatment. " I regard," says he, •« the use of any and all drugs in the treatment of foul brood M a useless waste of time and material, wholly ineffectual, inviting ruin and total loss of bees. Any method which has not for its object the entire re- moval of all infectious material beyond the reach of both bees and brood will prove detrimental and destructive and surely encourage the recurrence of the disease." A. I. Root (46) says that «• The otarvation plan in connection with burn- ing the combs and frames and boiling the hives has worked best in treating foul brood. It never reappeared after such treatment, though it did in all cases where the hives were not boiled, thus confirming the theory or fact of spores." These two authors, therefore, go further than McEvoy in both advising the disinfection of the hives. McEvoy (56), however, admits that his method as described above cannot be used for every case. His reports frequently refer to burned colonies ; and he acknowledges that his method does not always cure. In 1890 he used the expression, •' 600 cases of foul brood and over 360 cured " ; and again in & subsequent report, after mentioning the number of case-i, he added the words " mostly cured " ' In a personal commuaication. M. Bertrand of Nyon, Switzerland, ntates that he does not believe in and will not recommend in his period ioil {Revue InternationaU d' Apiculture) the starvation method as used in America. i. Treatment by Ghemicah — in the treatment of bees by chemicals', we assume that such subafcances as are used are employed as antiseptics, and that their eflSoiency is due to the fact that they destroy the bacillus or prevent the geriiiiuatiou of the aporef, and thus bring about an internal disinfection ; but we must remember that many of the substances used are more poisonous in their effdots upon the cells of the bee than upon B. alvei. As is *ell known quinine is fn quently used as a specific for malaria ; and in such caies the ^Il 21 (1) Carftoftc octrf. Carbolic acid was first oroDoaed hr B„fl^..«« /ko. pooiMted in I«77, ako reci)miii".i,dKl carbolic acid . decmt'r. oJ"^?).!!?""?' <26)coD,i,t.inn.ing a treatment oontainia, half 8.1..u,a___of Hilbert N. 1_P.™ „,,„,„. „m. 12} gran..; .Ichol. 100 ^'t)oi |r.,^itkir.Tri"!:r ^- ■ '•^-«— > Fomigation— One or two grams of the pare acid for famiaation ment. The ftmigation i"ac ,rp«rtS in rictarS" ," ', T™^™ ^t*^ ^™.d WnTh .nie ?„ thHor; !f, '"''?.'"°- ^'^ "•°'" »' *' """l -.... » d.,.^°ntf, r'„r ii e'cr"?he-tji::5ti'rr 22 every second evening, ^ of a litre of aoid syrup ; and it is wise to ( C— No growth, except beneath the condensa- tion water in the tubes. After four days at 37** C— No growth. At the end of this time new cotton plugs were inserted into the tubes in the place of the creolin ones, and the cultures again incubated, when good growth ensued in 24 hours. b. Agar platf s were made and streaked with two loopfuls of spores. In each plate was placed a square inch of thick blotting paper, with four drops of creolin on it. The plates were kept in the incubator at 37" 0., and re- moved ia 48 hoars, when very sliaibt growth was manifest. On removal of the oreolin and further incubation of the plates, good growth was obtained. Oontrol plates gave copious growth. These experiments were repeated with only one drop of creolin. Bt'snlt, after 24 hours— abundant growth. With two drops of creolin, 26 the growth was restrictei to the inoculation track after 48 hoars at 37° 0. e. In addition to the above experiments, agar was mide containing the same proportion of disinfectant as was ased in feeding the bees of diseased hives ; 16 c. c. of this agar was taken for making a plate culture, and several plates were streaked with two loopfuls of spores, and inoabated at 37° 0. Strength of agar,— 2 o. o. creolin to 1 litre of water, i.e., about half a tea-. spoonful to a quart. Besalts — Creolin agar, four tests — no growth. Control agar, abundant growth. This antiseptic in the strength used by Cowan for feeding purposes, would prevent the germination of the spores ; and if there was a large amount evaporating in the hive, a slight antiseptic result would take place. (8) Eucalyptus. This substance was introduced by Beauverd (69). A small tin box, with a cover pierced with small holes, is placed upon the floor board of the diseased hive, and filled with essence of Eucalyptus. The colony receives every four or five days a litre of syrup containing a teaspoonful of tincture of eucalyptus (oil eucalyptus, 1 ; alcohol, 9). Then from time to time some drops of the same tincture are dropped into the hive. Auberson, who was the metayer of Bertrand's Apiary and was managing his own higher np the mountains, cured a number of colonies by means of this method. He finds that there is a great difference in the effect produced by the remedy. In some cases, the effect follows the remedy quickly ; in others, the effect is slower. Sometimes more than a year passes without resulting in a complete cure. When the disease is of long standing, the remedy must be proportion- ate to the gravity of the evil. When there are only a few diseased cells, Auberson simply pours some drops of the essence along the back wall of the hive. He renews the dose every eight days ; and in six weeks, sometimes sooner, the colony is cured. In cases where the hive ia badly affected, he takes a clean hive and floor board and impregnates the interior, floor board, and division board with eucalyptus, and then transfers combs, brood, and bees to the new hive. He leaves the foul brood colonies their rotten combs, as this is the only bandy means of disinfecting them. Three weeks later, daring which he has twice poured eucalyptus on the floor board, he examines the new brood. If it exists in healthy patches he simply pours a few drops of the essence on the floor board until the cure is complete. If, however, the fresh brood still disclose some diseased spots, the queen is killed and replaced by another, and every fifteen days the essence ib spread on the floor board nntil the cure is completed. If the colony is very weak, he strengthens it by the addition of bees and healthy brood. If he has to feed a diseased hive, he never fails to put the essence in the syrup. Besides these well authenticated cases of cure by the essence of euca- lyptus, there are a number of others, and the method has been extensively Tised in Europe. The great drawback to the use of thi^ remedy is that it is liable to cause robbing. Experimenta on the antiseptic value of eucalyptus, (a) Eucalyptus oil. The cotton plug of a spore-inoculated sloped agar tube was saturated with the oil, and incubated at 37° C. In eighty-four hours there was no growth, but a fresh plug being inserted good growth occurred in twenty-four hours. (b) Agar plates inoculated with spores and containing' four drops of eucalyptus on a piece of blotting paper wpre incubated at 37° C. No growth formed, but when the eucalyptus was removed good growth immedi- ately ensued. On plates containing two drops the growth was restricted to the inoculation track, but when the oil was removed abundant growth took i. J I 26 medical^d ag.r amelt slightly, but characteristically ^f encalTpt^^^^ oS ' is of L^Sn^tl ^,^''^'*",'') con-eapondent of the British Bee Journal (71) (72/\?SLris Jffo^Js^^'* '^^ '"* ""''' ^ • """^^^ ^^ ^'*«* gram^to l"iftre '''^j^i" Tlv i*'"/"'^' *" **1^ P'^P"''^^'^ °' °'»«-*»»ird of » gram to a litre. Thia one thud of a gram is at first dissolved in a llHlo •Icoho , as It is extremely insoluble in water. Af.er"ard" t ^1/^ed ii a litre of water, and this liquid is used for makinii the syrnn li^SanJ^J.! usage i. to dissolve the napthol in the sugar. treVropoS Jn/ab^^^^^^^ m alcohol. Lortet thinks that external treatment by means of fumication or spraying is helpful as these methods contribute largely to the duS on of hives, comb, etc ; but as he believes that it is alwlys the dLes"ve («id of the nurse bee which is infected and that it is by the act of feed n« thTt thi jftrttefr.J!^^^^*?"^'^'^*! °' '^« ^*'^^' therefoi^aneStiliw ouglit to be internal aiod cs energetic as possible. He states that when administered in the proportion of 0.33 gram^per 1.000 of liquid it prevents SI flT***'°\*?'* decomposition and%ther changes causS by mS' He further maintains that in addition to the use of this preparationTrrtriS hygienic conditions are necessa y in order to give the £es vkalitv and recuperative power, which play an important part in enabling ulbg Lan isms to resist the inroads of virulent microbes. ^ ^ * R V *??''® found that (28) a beef broth containing one per thousand of B Napthol prevented spores of B. alvei from germinating, aid consequent?v had an equal value with one per five hundred of carbolic acid '°'''"^'**""^ Ihis remedy has been widely used and with considerable success w«« Sua' fl i^^ antiseptic value of Napthol Beta. Napthol Beta agar T^if!'^ ♦u'T ^^^^J^'y **"** «•'"« ''*'«°8'*' «" that recommended by Lortet for feeding that is 0 33 gram B. Napthol to one litre of agar. Eight tests ITZfX''' Petri dishes, inoculated with spores of B a/Xand in no cast ^^iTnJtV'^^^^''^^' ^f*"* **"^* •* dilution of one-third of Te contaSSn. 0 1 /k ^^K*'"^ f ^o^'Pletely inhibited growth. Napthol Beta agar rP«nU n* ! I ^*^°' *^^ ^"S *«» • "*'« 0* «g" ^w also tried, and the Ze ^nd rr„S'' f ''''I J"' *t** ''"^^ 8'°^**^ ^'^^ P^»°« o« the dedicated plates and abundant growth on the control plates po«« fifTv^^!^?^®""®*''^' *'«° *^°"« °' I'O'tet and McKenzie. it will be seen that Napthol Beta has a strong antiaeptic action. ' trJ^l^^^^'^^t^.'^^^rr'^''^'''' » '««»'d«d -" a preventive rather nn^r^ j" -srativc. »imougn ihere are eases known in which it has effected a board of the hive, a crystal about 2 c m. in diameter as far from the entrant of the h Hence, of the 1 renewed As a numb* ly a Liv( Eaei a large ] one loop Bes plates CO hours at olude tbi upon its (11) 1885 (74 Sproule ( brood wii give the i parts; at A pi are shake used, into while it ii there. T the soluti and if thf the cure i disease rai this remec ayrup. ■Expei keeping p honey ; at mediate uc the venom acid of the Plan ta (76 tains 018( worker eel] of formic a 200 times i to one expi Formi we supply i has probab samples of following rf 1 Buekw; 2 1 Clover 27 of the bee. may take pi Le 'it ll as Jhf H ^^ ?« -"'''e" a£l death renewed. *^ "°°'^ ** '''^ "^o'e hw evaporated it is 17 a Live belonging t'o Mern^Th ch Ud teen cJred bvTht' ^7 *''°~°«^ Expenmmts. In our laboratory crysSTofn^lfK r "u^'^'V"'^ a large pea were put into teali tn^^^llS- <*'°»Pntha'ine about the size of oneloopfulofgpoV capp^ w^tMirf^^^^^ '^"^'^ "«"' i°o«°lated with , ^ ^«uft. Ifter'48Tours-gX;ottW f ' *?'* ^7^ C. plates containing a oryatal of nanhtLH^Jiu • ^^^^- Inoculated agar hours at 37-0 fag diffaothnoitif-K^^^^^ ^'"^^^ « 2i dude that naphthaline ha°no antiS o nowV'"'^ S'**""" H«^°«' ^« "O'^" upon its use rather doubtfi% & LXn *''? """ *"? '°''°«** ^ ^^^ (11) /bmic aoeV. Th fsubstrn/e' w^? I '.*°*' "' * stimnlant. 1885 (74). but he did not aScerteb the stZ.fh ^^^ ''''S^T^ ^^ ^^^^l^' *» Sproule (76) states, that since the vear llilll K V^'*''' ^' ''°°'** ^« '«»«<1- brood with formic acid. He w« 1^^? • ,?'^ successfully treated foul give the treatment. The solu^l'^^erisTur^^^^^^^ ''.^ ""^'^^ •^'^ parts; and the treatment is as follows •_ * P*'"'^' '^**«''' ^0 are.h1krfl*l"dUea^^^^^^ V^7 bees as possible used, into one of the sides oJ whTch 100 «aL nf k **"""? '.'"P*^ ''°"''« ««« while it is held inclined BOM to allow fh«*H-!i?' **»« . "o^otion are poured, there. These combs are^ced on elch «S2 # 1° k"'' ^5*° '^« ''«"« ^^^ sta^ the solution next the brood EiSt or t^^H. *V. brood, the side containing and if th.re is no cure the doB«?-,rn./*^!i *"'•■' *" inspection is made; the cure is complete, whbh ts of teVX^^^^^ ^^'""^^ ^^''^ ^'^^ °^ti disease rarely rfsists^he^trn5'^r^^&^ a , 'M^^ *»>« th« remedy can be given in tha food of thetL-^rtea^tft ^Str^f the venom glanda, and then seal«Th« ?! 1T °' ^^''•°'° ^^'^^^ ««°reted by acid of the f treng h of 1 205 «r to . th "^ ^;^«°'°«y«'' (77) says that formic Planta (76) refufes MVhfiffVw^^^^^^^^^ °' 7'°' T!!^ ^'^^"^P"''. tains 0186 grams of 227 formic idd* inn *^ "' of sealed honey con- worker cellsf but the sminrtdroolet'o^ *^' capacity of 165 of formic acid, which would make for 165 oT HJ^n ' ** '""«* -^254 grams 200 times mo;e than the?e is in realfty " & li?^-^ ^^^T ' *^** " *' «»y. to one expreased before by the sarj w^iter.'^'nVeTerisk'rrjr ^°"^'"^ Formic acid seems to help bees to ward nff ffc^ J- ^^^• we supply it to them ready mJdeTandXt fonnH !n T"' f^P'/'*"^ ^'^^^ has probably an antiseptic effect Two sLZ ^f Mr"*" J**^*^' °* *»°^«y samples of buckwheat honey were anaK^°H?«*^u °^°,T boney and two following results - ^ analyzed in our chemical laboratory with the 1 Bac.kwh.at honey 015 grains of formic acid in 100 grains of honey. 1 Clover honev Cidfiick .. " " 1 Clover honey 2 •« "^ 0 0579 0.C57 II (I of 98 Formic add agar waa then made oontaininR the aame proportion u. formic aoid m was found in the tirat sample of buckwheat honey, and weaker formic acid agar containing the same percentage of formia acid aa w»a present in the first sample of clover honey; and ipues placed upon the stronger formic agar did not germinate, while on the weaker formic agar the germina- tion waa only slightly retarded ; and after the weaker agar waa two days in the incubator, there was a large growth. Spores transferred from the strong formic agar (after being in contact with it for six days in the incubator) failed to grow on the weaker formic agar within two days j but after four days in the incubator they grew abundantly. The culture growing on thu weaker formic agar waa then transferred to the strong formic agar, to aecrrtain whether the germ could be accustomed to more unnatural food by previous cultivation on the weak formic a^ar. This transfer was, however, un- rascessful. The germs used in these tests were isolated from samples of diseased comb from Ontario, Austria and Florida, U.S.A. Formic acid bouillon waa also made containing .16% of formic acid ; and spores kept in this broth for eight months continueU to germinate when transplanted to suitable mat«>rial. ^ Formic aoid agar was likewise made in the same proportion as saffgest( d by Bertrand (69); that is, formic aoid 10, water 90; and a tablespoonful of this mixture to a litre of syrup ; but instead of pyrup. agar waa used. Fifteen 0.0. of this acid agar was poured into each Petri plate, and the surface inocu- lated with spores. lU suits : On 14 plates, no growth. On 2 plates, very restricted growth, limited to one-eighth of an inch of the needle track (60 hours). On oontrcl plates, abundant growth. From these investigations, viz., the analysis of the honey, the experi- ments based thereon, and the teats with agar made in the proportion sug- gested by Bertrand, we would note three things: (1) That the amount of formic acid recommended by Bertrand for the cure of foul brood is almost Identical with the amount found in buckwheat honey ; (2) that formic acid is a good antiseptic ; (3) that the formic acid in buckwheat honey may possibly tend more or less to ward off foul brood. ^ j f j "^e ™ay add that our analysis, showing a larger proportion of formic acid m buckwheat honey than in clover honey, is an interesting explanation of a fact well known among practical bee-keepers, viz., that the sting of bees when working on buckwheat is much more irritant than when working on clover. In conclusion under this head, we may say that formic aoid has given good results when used in the treatment of foul brood ; and it ia in a s^nse a natural remedy, being manufactured to some extent by the bees thomselvea. (12) Oth«r substances used for treating this disease. Among other sub- stances that have been used for treating this disease are sulphuric acid, sul- faminol, vorious modifications of substances already mentioned, and some rec- ommended m the McLean method (80), the Muth method, and others : but tbese have not had so wide application as those referred to in the preceding paragraphs. '^ ^ EXPSEIMHHTS ON THE USS OP DbUOS FOR OOMBATTIKG THE DlSEASK. I have already mentioned that, in one of my experiments, I endeavoured to fcnd out if the virulence of the germ was attenuated by prolonged culture in artificial media, with the result that considerable attenuation occurred 29 •Iter a large number of tranafore ; and in the followinir eznerlmAnfc. T i.- endeavoured to meet any obj«ctiong that micht bRma^a !f? .u • ^^*''^ of my oaltare.. by i«,la'tin^. aL from f ^X d1^^'°h ve' ZT^f growing at once Mffioient spore, for the DarooTrH of Vhf™ • . ^i?®° but three transfer, from a Si-ea-eaVr'! !:rerm:de1 tdXL'eTp^reB a S in the following experimenta were obtained in this manner • ^ .ndpl7edTde!;":fdr' ""*•""« "^'°°« 1^-lthy swarm, were selected Hive A waa given spores of ^o^^ei ia ,y,„p containing one-ihird of a gramme of napthol B to a litre of ayrop Hive B was given aporea of B alvsi in ayrnp containing from 1 6 to 1 8 0 c formic acid to a litre of ayrop. . "• ^ o lo i.o put into 10 c c. of sterile w*ter, atd Wbll qhalmn in «-Jo- * i..*^ • of the growth from twelve aloped ag^r tubes DariL fh« w • • ^*'°..*® comba containing the brood were carefairexamLiri*^ S^^^ jymptoma of the%iaea,e ^pearej. auJough cuTurea U.^^^^^^^^ t' "!?;^ feren. parts of the htvea and from'the digfniJe tZo't^e woZa Z ?ii" end of three weeka the medicated ayrup taa diacontinnS fw a week T^t ordinary syrup containing aporea waa iriven itnA LtfhJI a ! 7 . This experiment goes to prove the benefit of f«B^Jn» -:7k awcontinued. wwch if .nti„ptfo .„d -blob b* jrr£,' j;',^S*?4;f,;j;"^^^^ ooj>«rm,Lortef. opinion tb.t th. di,«tif. o.nri " °Unn'«^ ,",''" »«..':rn^^7.:il:s.t'.:^n:r«i:''ir-^^^^^ bat „.he«, anoh a, formic .oid «,7n.pthol B .«"7do.to^dlv ™''' '"?V be adviaable to rreott to more draitic meaaures. ' ™«lent, le maf Toxins, I endeavoured to 6nd oat whether or not the »«»>;».. ^ ». • ^aw from a two weeka old culture Of B. alveiZZ^^lnl^oS^o:^SS f^'^^^l would enabU healthy beea to withatand the disease. SmaU amount^ ofThi? wX The^zit rArt.^*:JtL^Tt^r^ other d^rti^J: amount got larger the b;es"retB;d^;o take^tf:o uLrbTptred ^^^^ ^^ combs At the end of three weeks aporea of Talrfreahlv ^ll^-^ ^'^^ fed. and symptoms o^ the disease foUo^wed abouf fourt^3 toxm had httle or no eff.ct. but further experiments are bd/g male i i i I 80 Lkoislation. In the United Statei, six States have laws for the luppreaiion of foul brood among beeo. Theae are New York, Wiaoonsin, Miobig*n, Utah, Col- orado and California. In Ctnad^ the Province of Ontario has enacted a foul- brood law. In Europe Mecklenbarg also has a law. These statu tf a difier a good deal from one another, and some of th«)m are so drafted that evasion of the law in easy. The bast are probably those of Wisconsin and Ootario, and the principal points in these acts are as follows : 1 . The appointment of an inspector. 2. The inspection of ail apiaries reported as disensed, and the duty of the inspector, if satisfied that the disease is present, to give fall in- structions as to treatment. 3. The t-nactment requiring the inspector, who is the sole judge, to make f a second visit to all diseased apiaries, and, if need be, burn all col- onies and combs that be may find uncured. 4. Various penalties (fines, and, in default, imprisonment) for — (a) Sailing or giving away diseased 03lonies or infected ap- pliances. (h) Selling bees after treatment;, or exposing infected appliances, (c) Obstructing the inspector. 6. Persons who are aware of the disease either in their o\n apiary or elsewhere are to notfiy at once the proper authorities, and in de- fault of so doing shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine and costs. 6. The inspector of apiaries to make an annual report, which shall in- clude a statement of the nomber of colonies destroyed by his order, the localities where found, and the amount paid to him for his ser- vices. Bbfbrsncrs 1 . AriatoUe \ Historia Animalum, Book ix, oh. 27. 2. Columella, LJ.Mr. De Re Rustics, Book ix, eh. 13. 3. Pliny: Natural History, Book xi, ch. 19, A.D, 79. 4. Schvrach: Histoire des Abeilles, oh. iii, p. 66, La Haye 1771. 6. Cowan : Journal of the Royal Agricultnral Society, Vol. vi. Fart iv, 1895. 6. Tesner: LEncyolop6die M^thodique, Abeille, p. 32, 1765. 7. Duchet: Culture des Abeilles, p. 315, Vevey, 1771. 8. Delia Rocca; Traits Oomplet sur les Abeilles, Vol. iii, p. 261, Paris, 1790 9 Wildman : Treatise on the Management of Bees, London, 1796. 10. Keys: Ancient Bee-masters Farewell, London, 1796. 11. Needham : Rhein; Brussels Memoirs, Vol. ii, 1780. 12. Reaumur: Memoirs pour Servir a I'Histoire Natarelle des Inseotes, T.V., p. 1734. 13. Sevan: The Honey Bee, Lindon, 1827. 14. Leuekhart: Bienen Zeitung, Eichatadb, 1860, p. 232. 15 Molitor Muhlfeld: Bienen Zeitung, Eichstadt, 1868, p. 95, 16 Freusa: Bienen Zeitung, 1868, p 225. 17. Vogel, PoUmann, Leuekhart, OeiUn'. Bienen Zeitnng, Nos. 21 and 22 18. M. Mulilfeld: Bienen Zeitung, 1869, No. 3. 19. Lamhrecht: HaMer: Bienen Zeitung, 1870, No. 2. fonl Ool- foal- dare 86 of 5wb: by of II in- aake [ ool- ap. icei. y or 1 de* :■. Ha- rder, ser- Part 261, iiea, 21 81 20. Comallia- Bienen Zeitang, 1870, No. 6. 21. Fi.srh«r: Bienen Z itanjr, 1871, pp. 106-126. 22 3ehonfeld,Cohn, Ei(Iam: Bienen Z-itung, 1874, pp. 201 and 261. 23. Cheshire and W. Cheyne ] Joaraal of the Royal Mioroacopioal So- ciety, 1886, p. 381. 24. Dickel: Bienen Z4tung, 1888, p 24. 26. Klamann ; 'Bienenwirtachaftliobea Oantralblatt, Hannover, 1888, pta. 18 and 19. 26. Cheshire: Beei and Beekeeping, L'>nd)n, 1885, Vol. ii, p. 646. 27. Smith, W. O : British Bee Journal, London, 1886, Vol xiv, p. 225. 28 MeKenzie,J J.\ Ontario AgricultoralOollege Report, Toronto, 1893. 29. Govan, T. A. : Britiah Bee Joarnal, Vol. xxiii, p 434. 30. Ward, F. F. : Britiah Bee Joarnal, 1887, p. 396. 31. Canestrini: Atti della Sooietd Veneto Trintina di Soienzi Natarali, Padaa, 1891. 32. Bertrand: Balletin d'ApioalturedflaSuiaae Romaade, 1886, p. 128. 33. Benton : Bulletin d' Apiculture, 1886, No. 4 34 Bovill : Nicosia Oyprua, Personal commnaication. 35. Feuilleboia: Revue Icternatiooale d'Apicultare, Vol. xv, p. 58. 36. Bradley: New South Wales Gazette, Sydney, 1894, p. 265. 37. *' ApisLiguaticus" : Journal of Induatry and Agriculture ofSoath Australia, Adelaide. 1897, p. 341. 38. Brichwell : British Bee Joarnal, 1890, p. 486. 39. Eiaenherg: Bakteriologische Diagnoatik, Hamburg, 1891, p. 298. 40. Howard, W. R. : Foul Brood : Its Natural Hiatory and Rational Treatment, Chicago, 1894. 41. Dadant arid Hunt : American Bee Joarnal, 1891, p. 470. 42. Sternberg : Manual of Bacteriology, ISqw York, 1893, p. 478. 43 British Bee Journal, 1891, Vol. 19, p. 470. 44 MeEvoy : Foal Brood ; Ita Cause and Cure, Trenton, N.J., 1895. 45 Boot, A. I. : Gleanings in Bee Culture. 1896, Vol. xxiv, p. 853. 46 Dzierzon] Bienen Zeitung, Nordlingen, 1860. 47. Cowan : British Bee Keeper's Guide Book, London, 14th Edition. 48 Bulletin D' Apiculture: Nyon, 1886, p 121. 49 Qainby: Bee Keeping, New York, 1885, p. 217. 60. Bertrand: Bulletin d' Apiculture, 1882, p. 219 51. Aspinall: Revue Internationale d' Apiculture, 1897, p. 9. 52. Buthrow: Bienen Zeitung, 1874, p, 176. 63. Cech : Phenol, Thymol, and Salicylsaare als Heilmittel der Brat Pest der Bienen, 1877. 64. Knight ' Philosophical Tranaaotions of the Royal Sosiety, 1807, p. 243. 56. Kirby arui Spence: Introduction to Entomology, 1828, Vol. ii, p. HI. 56. Reports of the Bee Keepers' Association for the Frovinse of Ontario, Toronto, 1890-1898. 57. Report of Convention of American Bacteriologists: Joarnal Ameri- can Pablis Health Association, Vol. xxiii, 1898. 58. Rfwt. L. 0. : Qainby'a New Beekeepin?, p. 218, New York, 1879. 69. Bertrand: Oonduite dn Ruoher, 8th Eiition. Nyon, 1895. 60. Cowrn: British Bee Joarnal, Vol. 12, p. 128. 61. Ossipow: Travaaz de la Soaidde Eoonomiqae Imp^riale, St. Patera- barg, 1884. % 32 62. KUmi.^^r. L'Apicoltore. Milwo, 1888. p. 302 (Report by Prof. ''■ 0Z:6J!m6. ^°"' ^"^' '*• M-«— t and Oar.. Baetoa, 66, Sohreuttr: Bienen Zeitnng, Deo. 1887 67. Borsl: Revue Internationale d' Apiculture. 1888, p. 166 bB. aowan . Revue Internationale d'Apiculture, 1889, p. 139 69. Bauvsrd: Revue Internationale d'Apiculture, 1883. p 247 71 7ir^in" ^;^«« '-^^f^'r^le d'Apicaltur., 1891. p. 240. 71. JJrtttsh B«« Journal, Vol. xxiii. p. 402. 72. LorlH : Revue Internationi»le d'Apiculture, 1890. p. 50 7 J. Cowan: Revue Internationale d'Apiculture. 1891. p 165 74. Dennhr: EI.ag.,ch Lothringiaohe Bienen Z...hter. Nov No 1885 r^Q- ^'' '^""P*" ^''°°'''' ^««^' J°°« No.; ..'Gleaningc' S,' 76. Muhlmhoff : Eichstadt Bienen Zeitung, 1884. No 6 FetTsT' ®'*°'' ^' I'Aoadrfuiie des Sciences de Munich. 6th 78 Planta: Schiveizeriache Bienen Zeitung. 1893, p. 186. on ir r • »«'»'^e'Mri8che Bienen Zeitung, 1884, p. 89 f886";'58r'* °' '^" I>«P»rt«»ent of Agriculture. Wa.hington. 81. Bochatty: Revue Internationa'e a' Apiculture. 1900. No. 9.