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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole ■^^-signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, 11 est film6 i partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 •hJ ,%*: ii*-;. =v?^ [I 7 Section IV, 1890. 167 ] Trans. Roy. Soo. Canada. 'V II. —Southern Invertebrates on the Shores of Acadia. By W. F. Ganono. u I (Presented liy l»r. L. W. Jiniloy, May 28, 1890.) It ha.s long. l,,en kr.own thai: lli.. Marin,. Invcrl.brate Fanna of th. .astcni coast of t auada IS not of a homogvneous rharaH.-r. ()„ th. contrary, in all lh<. southern part of the bull of fet. Lawron.v, and at certain other .sholtor.-.l an.l isoh.lecl point.s on the roasts ofNow Brunswick, Nova Scotia and po.ssibly NewfoundLand, thero occur crtain "-roups 01 species of a distinctly southern facies, mingled with the ordinary forms of a no'rthern type, .hese southern forms, moreover, are in all cases specilically identical with tho.se which flourish and are evidently at home to the south of Cape Cod, yet are entirely cut off irom hem, except for similar small isolated colonies on the coasts of Maine and Massa- chusetts, by hundreds of miles of sea-<-oast occupied only by northern forms. Such a con- dition presents a problem of exceptional interest, and one of which the solution is not yet certain. It may not be out of place to collect the scattered records and show the present status of the question, and to point out what still remains to be done towards its linal solution. The history of our knowledge of the subject can be brieily traced. Writers as lono- ago as Lescarbot and Champlain, and perhaps even earlier, ' speak of the occurrence of the oyster, oiu most conspic^uous southern form, in the Gulf of St. Lawren.'e and Bras d'Or Lakes. Denys iu 1672, and Charlevoix in 1744 refer to it also, the work of the former giving fact, upon its distribution which are of some value in connection with our present subject. But none of these writers knew that it is, so to .speak, out of place ; nor does any other author appear to have spoken of this fact until we come to the scientific writers of tJie latter half of the present century. The very first scientific writer who assigned our Marine Invertebrates to a definite fauna was H. Milne-Edwards in his "Memoire sur la distribution geographique des crustaces, - published in 1838. He included all the forms from Newfoundland north- ward m ar^^n polaire, all from Newfoundland to Carolina in a region Pen,,jl vanienrw, and all hence to South America in a region Caralbe. But there is nothing in his' work to show that he knew that his Pennsylvaniau region could be naturally divided. This was in part proven, however, in 1841, by Dr. A. A. Gould, ' who showed that Cape Cod forms a natural boundary between northern and southern forms. Then Dana, in 18-52, took a long step vro^M^^^uJv'T ',f ''*7""°"«'' V°l- '"' PP' ^-^^^^^W^l^^. description of the natural CZon W kT n7^^^ '". '''' '" """" ''''"'' "" "'^""°"«''- '^""« -'*«^ P-^*bly saw these at Cape Breton. See Bv;ll. Nat. Hmt. Sec of N.B.,' No. 8, 1889, ,,. 5, foot note. In Ann. Sci. Nat,,' ii, x, p. 129, 1838. » ' Journal Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,' iii, pp. 483494. 1811, and Inv. of Mass., 1st ed. p. 316. 1^ S^ ^ / 3 168 W. W. GAmmi ON SOUTilEBN INVKRTBBRATKS ^".a Scotian Fa.na. Ho called itZ 1^7' f '''''' '!"' '^'''"' ^"'^^ "^^ ^"^'^ ^'^ ^»^« Fuuna. that IVom Capo Cod to cl h1" "l^^^ "^.^'^ ^'' Nowfou.ulland. the A.v,io to Florida the Carolinian. The „ x ^ T' ''^'\^';^:'"^»' '^"'^ ^hat from the latter point ho changed the name Nova .^ia^. follr '" l' ^" ^^'^ ^'-'-- -Tournai of Seience ' nection of this word, whieh is n^a llyl t ' V M IT ?" ""^'"^ "«" ^'" ^'^'^ -"■ kon. II was in IH.7 that Lfitken p >]i:hc Jn t ' ""^ ^'"'"-^'^ '^""'^^•^-^ ^« 1^"^' oi-Norweoian J'^hinoderms ,- " i ^ *"'*. "'^^-^i^^*"'^ --^ "<>n the Distribution ■ exactly as Dana had done, usin" st "Z"' ""J/"'^ '"""''' '^^" '""^^"'^ *^" '— southern or Virginian lorms i^te mirk , " 7,," "v "" "^^ '^-tingnishing the speaks specially of the Gulf of si T„ u '^^" ^<'"I""'- Neither of th.se writers it« northern part in the A ia / It nr:;'"; T' '"'''''' '"'"^"^ *« -"'"'^« "" ^" conclusions from studies on differed ."0'"^ ^ "''] '''' they arrived at the same studies on Mollusca, and a comparison with .>. , r' '"' " '°"^ '^^^^■' "« '^ "•''«"'* of about equivalent to Acadian, bit h mal c ' R . '"' '"^^""^ *'^ """"^ ^^^^ ^ The next distinct adv.nw . ,1 1 ^ ^'■'^°" '^' northern limit. «t«dies on the eoa^it X:::! ^ I^V''^ i '^ ''T'' ''''' ^ ''^ ^"'^ «^' ^^« immediately adjoin the Arctic o Pohr but hT/t^""'" '""'' ''^ ^""'''"> ^-'^ ^oes not the seas of Labrador and Newfoundl u;d TV 7 '\ ? "^termediate fauna oc mpying Gould in 1841, -when he saicrs'k^^^^^^^^ ""'^ '''''' foreshadowed by D^ species „.y be regarded as in;^;:i;2;t'^(^1"^^^^^ reg^n, that .'abo^t .0 considered, occupies a part of the co.st of .■', " V ^n '»'«»-'n«d.ate fauna, Packard of St. Lawrence, including the MiZ illf 7' '"' ""''"" ^"' "' ^'^^^ ^"'^ banks of Newfoundland, the fisWW^^^^ ' T' "^ ^""<-t'. the shores and banks and perhaps even' to th: l^st of N w trr B "^Z''^"' ^"' '' '^^^^'^ shoal fauna, he proposed for it the name W 7' '"'^ ^"'' '°''^^ ^^ Labrador, a Packard set forth hfs views at grelte tnSrr'^^rr' "'"' '' "°^^ ''''^-^- '^ "^867, that his conclusions have in C bcHn IT 1"^T' '"'"''''''" "^^ ^' "»^>' b->aid researches ^ and by the .xtensiCd:li:^o7t^.'?'t^^^ '^ ''^ °^'" ^^^^'^"-^ Professor Verrill and others. Packard Zev k f ''" '"'^'^ Commission under Virginian species which occur i,:t::d' inTh miL'l I'f T'°" '' ''' '^^^^^^'^ quent work has limited the faunae sharnW a ul K , f \ '^ ^°™'- ^^^^'^'^ ««bse- leaving little to be desired in this direction " •^'-^l^^hown their range southward was t^::; IZ!:::^::--;^:^^:-^' /- even bet^re our Acadian t.unj living on our shores. This is prh^ the c e oTtlr T^''^' '^ '^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ' '■''': °" *^e southern coast of Newfoundland Am. ,1. S,.,.,' ii, xvi, p. 3L'o, 1853. . <7r'r",' ".'''"'^ of European Seas," p. 235, 1859. '■'Eep. onlnv. ofMaes." ' American Naturalist,' Vol. viii, pp. 145-156. " ON TUE SHOBJ'IS OF ACADIA. 169 About 1840 tho Norwegian govornraont sent to Newfoundland a Professor Stuwitz to make studies on its fauna. Jukes, the geologist, who knew Stuwitz well, tells ' us that " Pro- fessor Stuwitz informed me that on the southern part of th(i bnnk, (ie. the (irand Eauk) and also to a certain extent on the southern eoasts of Newfoundland, thi' shells and ani- mals had a more tropical character than would bi" supposed I'rom the latitude, and from the existence of other animals of an Arulic character. Tie attributed this to th(> action of the Gulf stream, not so much from its raising the temperature of the surrounding water, as from its current sweeping the animals further north than they would otherwise reach." We have no data' as to what these southern animals are, but considering the distance of the Gulf stream from the coast of Newfoundland, it would seem that some simpler ex- planation of their presence there is required. ■ This subject will be referred to again. The first ni ai to recognize the southern character of the assemblage of animals about Northumberland Straits was undoubtedly Sir William Dawson. Before the year 1857 ho had collected the Mollusca extensively and his collections made at that time are now in the Peter Redpath museum of McGill College. But not having the means of publishing his Tesearches at the time, the fact of the occurrence of this southern outlier was probably first given to the scientific world through the publications of his friend and co-worker John Willis, of Halifax. Willis and Sir William Dawson had both communicated these observations to other naturalists by letter, but the former's excellent and complete (for its time) list of 1862 ' was probably the first formal publication in which these facts were shown, his previous nominal lists being of little value in this direction. In this list also he gave the locality " Sable Island" to several dc.idedly southern species, thus pointing out the existence of a southern colony there. lie also mentioned the occurrence of two or three southern forms in Halifax Harbour. To Sir William Dawson then, must be as- signed the credit of first recognizing, and to .John Willis, the credit of first publishing the existence of southern colonies on the coast of Acadia ■ So far as the Gulf is concerned, a great deal was added to our knowledge by the researches of Mr. Whiteaves, who in IStl, 72 and 73" dredged both in its deeper and shallow waters. Not only did he more definitely limit and show the character of the Acadian and Syrtensian fiiunae, but on his third expedi- tion in particular he added a number of southern species to those known from the southern part of the Gulf A list of species occurring around Prince E '^rd Island, published by Sir William Dawson in his geological report on the i.sland in 18' 1 is very valuable also. This southern character has been still further confirmed by studies made by Rev. H. W. ' " Excursions in and about NowfouniUand," J. B. Juices, London 1842, Vol. II, p. 191. ■' Stuwitz died in 1842 while studying in Newfoundland. Wo cannot find that many of the rosiilts of his labours have been published. He ip referred to in Liitken's work on " Distribution of Norwegian Echinodermata," ciled above. Confer " Newfoundland: as it was and is in 1877." IJev. Pliilip Tocquo, London and Toronto. 1878. ' ■' I'hyiaUa, the Portuguese man-of-war, has becft seen on the coast of Newfoundland, (op. dt.) but so has It been also in tho Bay of Fundy, ' American Naturalist,' xxiii, p. 821. No trustworthy conclusions as to distribution of southern forms can be drawn from jelly-lishes or floating forms which may bo blown hundreds of miles away from their natural course. * Now very rare. It has lately been republished by the Nova Scotian Inst, of Natural Science. '■' We do not mean to imply that the southern forms were not known to occur in the Gulf, but that they were not known to be southern. As early as 1829, IVnw merceimna, Modiola plicalnla and Crepidida fomicaia were known from the oyster beds. See ' Trans. Lit. and His. Soc. ot Quebec,' Vol. i, pp. 188-198, 1829. '■ In Three Reports publ. in " Rep, Marine and Fisheries of Canada," 1870-71, 1871-72, 1872-7.3 and also ' Can Naturaliat,' vi, pp. 351-354, 1872, vii, pp. 86-100, 1873, and vii, pp. 257-267, 1874, and in other journals. Sea IV, 1890. 22. 170 ; r^x Vi "■ '• """•"" "" •^""■^-^ ".VK»„„«,„, '■ J ^'•"kloy - which h , '"«™BfiATKS r- '»k™ „, ,:;,:,-■ -;- .;.n.o.,. . ,H,.. ;!;.■ ;: r;;r x'-;' ;'«^-™. The ,r '" »'- '-' . J^'it north of o..M,.n 1 , "'^'- ^roix Uiv,.r i„ ■''"""■"'■' ' 'M'oi t ,";"""'•"■" «»y. M»i,„. '""'■'"" ""'""■™.o.- v,,,ri„, ■•n 'JiiJir , ^.i,„,.,,„, ,, ^ , ' -^^o- ^'1, pp. 09.71 isss ■ "'--:=;£ ~ °"" - '--;:-='=^^^ paper inl851,(.Cc^^ r"''"'"'' ''■' P''-«7' ^«"^n'^^ of its cause. Sti^^l"^,"' '°''- ^'"t" His./ ,■;, p,, , ?;^^ , . "' -J' he Inul ulroa.ly po"' ^U "'^'""'^ ««""«•" soon after by j.is delf « -" " ' ''cstrurtion of J./s r!"iw- '"''''"'"^ «« '""" fe'oes on «n,i ■ "' «-M''anation Naturalist,' ii , g", '':., '"• ^^'"''*'n ^Wson and Whi^ "' '^' "'^ ''"•'''^' ciica" «" ' V'"' " '^'•'"'' '"«« '« 273. mo. iZll ; ' ''''-> •-»"'' "'0 River St ) '"^''™«' '*'«o >>y tl,eir studie^on f, r '" ''''' ^^"^ fo"o«ed Every bo Acadian fauna, and predominating over the latter extends up the St. Uwreiuo IJiver. It ocvupies with some slight adiiiixiure of circum-polar forms, all the deeper part of liie (Julf, i. e., that part north of a lin" drawn from (iaspe to the Magdalenes and then.c to tlu' north of Cape Breton, all of the eoasts of Newfoundland except possibly a portion ofits southern shore, the passa^o between Newfoundland and Cape IJreton, tie" (iraii.l Hank, and all the fishing l)aiiks olf the Nova Scotia and iSIaine coasts as far south as St. (leorge's Hank. It has outliers, moreover, at Orphan and liradeile Jinnk.s near Hay Chaleur, at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy and at one or two points in the (hilf of Maine. The Acadian fauna oceupies all of the Gulf of St. Lawrence south of the line from OaspC; to the Magdalenes and Cape Breton and interminoles with the Syrtensian at the west of Anticosti and up the St. Lawrence River. It probably is present on a part of the soul hern shores of New- foundland which are protected from the cold currents of the Ouif and Hanks. |l occupies all ofthe roasts of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia, probably is present to some extent on Sal)le Island; is present throughout lh(> Bay ofl' undy except for the d.'ep Syrtensian area near its mouth, all along the coast of Maine and south to Ma.s,sachusetts Bay where it l>egins to intermingle with the Virginian species which nre found there It exteiuls even beyond Cape Cod to Nantucket shoals and through the deep part of Long Island Sound at least as far as Stonington, Conn. It also has a. branch outside of Long Island which extends southward to a bajik off the coast of New Jersey where its last traces disappear. The Virginian fauna has its northern limit at Cape Cod or rather at Massachusetts Bay, and extends southward to the vicinity of Cape Ilatteras, where the Carolinian begins and extends to Florida. But it has outliers mucli farther nortli, namely, the southern colonies which have been referred to, which live and are commingled with Acadian forms in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, possibly in the most sheltered spots on the south coast of Newfound- land, at Sable Islai^d, at certain sheltered points on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, at St. Mary's Bay, at Miuas Basin, possibly at Oak Bay, N.B., at Casco Bay and to some extent in Massachusetts Bay. It is to these outlying Virginian forms, and to the explana- tion of their occurrence so far from their proper home and kindr(^d that we shall devote our attention throughout <)-. remainder of this paper. ' • It 18 Strong evidence that these faunae have been correctly defined, that different studeiita from a study of three different groups should have come to the same conclusions. This has been the case with Dana and Smith with Crustacea, Liitken with Kchinodermata, Packard, Verrill, Whiteaves and others with MoUusca. 178 a li r. Nkbio or 8|«.«lc,, Qron,, i.-MOLLUSOA. ^''■•""* f' '>":i,.,„i„AN, HUM. 1 lj'o''«;l" 20 21 22 23 24 25 Biilla SdliiaViiVsay. <;ro|.iill'.'.^ '' " «' Wassa obsoldta Say '"-^'-l lUrosalpinxoinoroasVimpson" JQroM,. Ir-EOHINODER MATA. ('lahs AsTHH( IIDHA. 'listerias areiiK'olaSti Cr-A8S HOLOTIIUROIDBA. 28 jMolpadiaooliticaSelenka ;;: ^ poll l'"urihi'rl)i«lril,„ii„„. n ,, .~>« COIMt •" wiihin " l'»w milei of llHlifaif. Still llv- i»K iilao V ^^^ II It III p . "Iiiro. p'liiiiKl on l.fl I lave Bunk. ' (Papen. inferred to on p. leo, f«,,,.,, J/^ J - o^™n on " «„,, „f ,, ^ „ awson, Rep. on Geol. Structure of J ■p. E.I..' 1' * Sk I ON TIIK HIIORHS op Ar'ADfA. 178 ocrur Upon l»tribui|iin. MMIlllllv K C«rolina| ridu . Kl'I.N wiihiii " . <•» niilui of H-ilirax. Still llv- j'lK nlao V '''«" II a III |i- ln,\Um '"''''"■ a .... toi'HA.lKoiind , I .^IIii nili08.,| iliiia. . ndies. re rsey. . . Keys . . )e8. Bunk. Id.. vrence ' P.E.I.. T(i tho f«,cU contain.Tl In this li«t Mhould bo n.ldod «orao oth.-rs whi.h do not proporly Imd II plan, in it. hut wl.irh hav.- u l.^-nring np..ii our Babjoct. (1.) h han Ix-on lomid by Willis luid JoneM tlnit Natimhnoi, Marh;, so/i,/,\sin,a .md /ir,,liu,;, rrix/^oh,, uliidi i.crur lit Hiililo Inland as vvll as .•l.s.'wh.'ro in Acadia, an- at that pla.v oi' j^n-at hi/,., ih.> lirst muh- iuff four orflvi' inohes in Innjjth, tho second, sovon and a nuartor in. In-s, and lli.> Ihird n "l(i^rantir-"siz... This is sironj^ly rimlirnuitory of th.* .onditions h.-ing favourahl.' to s..uth."rn animals at .Sahl.. rslan.l, siM.o clsowh.'n. in Acadia th.-N,. forins an- much smallor and It i8 only far sc.uth, ahrcast and south of Cape t'od that thoy attain suth a siz.-, (2 ) Lulifi,, Pcafii, var. bomi/is, hitherto known only south of (lape Ann, has been found in tho St. (!roix Riv.M-, Hoin^r iv.h, swimming, howw.-r, (it is a squia; itH occurrence th,.|v may bo excoptioual and moan littl.. or nothino- in H... pivs..,.! mnuction. (;(.) The two spccicH ot Holenomya, which, th.mgh they o.cur rarely ,n th. north, are of a somewhat soulhern charncter, are found one in Halifax Harbor (Jones ./W« Verrill) and the other on the li,shin« banks (Willis). They thus help .somewhat to eonlirm tho southern fades of the.se {daces. Ihey are found in Ca^.o Hay also. (4.) Crci,uhih, Jhnnmhi has been found by Verrill on U Hav.. Bank, ' whi.h indicati-s (since it is u littoral species) that the hank has once been nearer the surface than now and less arctic as to the chara.'ter of its inhabitants. Still it may have been transported thither },y someaKmey fn.m Sable Island. (A) The lists of Wilhs and /ones give Vcnns marcnaru, and CrrpuMn Ihniiiuila as occurring .-. tlie whole coast of Nova Scotia. This seems to us quite too l.r.md a statement, but it probal.ly indicates that they knew them to occur at Halifax and vicinity at least, from whieh plaee they have uotbeen specially reported by them. This would confirm the oc.urrenco of southern forms in the sheltered coves in that vicinity, ^ mihI imlirates thai there may be other small colonics on the Atlantic c oast. (0.) N.lim pmilln, a \irginian species, was reported in 1871, will, the exception of Noh. 12, 18. 19, 21, ,vl,i,.i, „roc.n il,e m.tl.orii77ii^o liev. 11. W.'^.il^v, • i.ull. N. 15. \! ■ I' °: ' P- '"^ ""'' "''""^ '"'■''"" "'■'"■'■• "'"' "'■ "'''^^''' '^'t-'""'" "ill' '"l't-r8 <„■ ilio lisl,'tl,o iH.ter 1,«8 BpecmonH No. 10 ,« «.ven do,d,lf„llv lor ,vaso„« oxplained in ■ Hnll. N, H. X,u. ll.Ht. Sec..' No. 8, p. (HI. Column Bra«d()r lakes ,h give., iroin Dominion LiHliei-.v UepoH.s. Cohnnnon Sabl« I..la..d rontH upon tho authority of W.U,. pnvH.oly prmt,..! l,Ht of l,s,i2, oo.,«ide.x,d trustworthy hy .«ml.l an.l other eon..holo,i8,,s, with thoex.eption 1 ho next I'i 'nl" T ^'""i ' ' J""" "^ '• ''"' ''''"' ^''■' ''- ^'^ '■'• ''''' «''" ^--^ ^^ '"'^ - '- -tli 'rity. ho next . >lnmn, No. 8 ,s ron. • Tra..H. N. S. In«t. Nat. Sii.,' Vol. ii.. No. 2, pp. !..-.., ,...d other ovidenro. No, M 8 gnon by N ernll. No. 24 .8 ,Mven hy Willis, No. 7 hy .(ones, and No. 2,S is said ... T.ans. N. S. Ins... vii.' l>t. 3 p ..(.to rest ontho authority of Verrill. All of the St. Mary's Kay localities are fro.n Vorkriizen's paper ,.i,ed' on p. ,0 foot,.o e. In ho Anna,K,lis na.-in .olumn, No. 24 is given by Jou ,. Of the Minas Basin fon..8^'o. 21 is f r '",?''■• ':• "•;'''"''«»•■"' «'• •'"''".«>• t'le '"-tliority of V. V. IlarU. No. M has been se.,t .no from .Minas llasin by Mrs. Ile..st:., of Parrsrhoro, who also lui« ,.olle.:ted No.5, whid, was idontitiod bv Mr. .Matthew. No. 24 in f ■„„il,or. In.id Hay .s o., the a..thority of Mr. Matthew, who tolls us that it occurs on tho Cumberland ..>a,shos. The ( lak Hay Slices are upon , ho authority of the prosont wriler. No. 2,; was discovered by him in is.SS. living in sonu, abu.id- a. CO a..,lof good s.ze at Oak liay. There is a ,,os8,bility that it has been in.ro,lucod into the Hay with ovsto,s which have bee., placed the.e. Ih.t the oyste.^ were laid down ...a.,y years ago (we cannot (lud whe.e thoy "came f om a..d the fact that tho 8,K,c,e8 .still lives n.ul thrives there isagainst the supj^isition of Us lutving been i.ilro- The M..SS bay fo.ms arechielly fro.n ^■orrill a.,d Goul.l, and tho .olu.n,. on range 8o..th.vard Is for the most part from Dalls ( utaogueof Molluscs of Southeastern New England," ■Hull. U. S. Nat. M.m.,' No. 37, 1880. Of the special local, les No rests, the lirst statement on the authority of Whiteaves. who had his infor.natio,. from a Cap^am I ,,rdy, a..d tl:e other ,s given by Ingersoll in his.Oystor Industries " U. S. Tenth Census." p. 33; tho two locaht.es of No. 7 are by Whiteaves and Verrill respectively. . ' * ' '" ''"° " Am. J. Sci.,' V, p. 11. ' Jones also reports Bittium nigrum from the whole coaat, but this we are sure must be a mistake. ':^j 174 W. R GANOM! ON SOUTHERN INVERTEBRATES I f ■1 ! ! w r. 1802 by C. B. Fullor, ' as occi;riiiig iu the St. Croix Eivcr, near Oak Bay. There is a pos- sibility, of course, that there was a mistake in the idoutilicatioii, but if correct it helps to confirm the occurrence of a southern colony at that locality. Of much importance in this conncition, also, are some iacts contained iu the list of Algae of Acadia, by Messrs Cr. U. Hay and A. II Mackay In their list several species are given as occurring- in the Gulf and not in the Bay of Fundy, which are decidedly southern, as Lyngbija mq/iiscu/a, Punclaria plaiitnginfM, Gracillana iimlli/mrlUa, Pohjsi/tlioniii Ohni/i and P. Ilarvei/i; and a few others have a somewhat, thounh less marked southern facies, such as Li/ngbi/d aesfiiarii., 'lua IIt>/>/cirkii, Eclocnrpu^ lomenlosus, Ceramiiim circbiunlnm and C leniiissiinum, Poly Hi>honia fibril losa. But these are sulficient to show that the Algae agree with the animals iu having Virginian members iu the (iulf. It is to be noticed also in th(^ same list that many I'orms common to the Grulf and to Halifax Harbour have not been found in the Boy of Fundy, and a few of these species are somewhat soiithern in their character, — tending to confirm the presenci; at Halifax of a small Virginian colony." Such are the facts that we have been able to collect as to the present occurrence of these souti.ern forms in Acadia, But the list is very imperfect. In many cases the obser- vations have })een of the most casual character and there is not the slightest doubt that further study will fill out the columns of the list more fully. The MoUusca is the only group which has been sliidied with any care, and even of it our knowledge is very im- perfect. We cannot doubt that other southern Echinodermata will be found in the Gulf, as well as at some of the other localities. Of the Crustacea, still less is known, and Mr. S. I. Smith, in his work on the distribution of the stalk-eyed Crustacea of the eastern United States ' says : "The shallow south-western part oi' the Gulf of St. Lawrence, includ- ing the region of Northumberland Straits, as shown particularly by its Molluscan fauna, is much more southern in its character than the rest of the Gulf, but too little is known oi the stalk-eyed Crustaceans of this region to illustrate the fact." But of the Worms, Ccelenterates and Sponges, we have almost no knowledge whatever. It would be very strange, if along with Mollusca and Echinodermata from the south, there should be no southern representatives of the other groups. So much for the facts of distribution as we find them to-day. How came to pass this anomalous condition of affairs ? It is obvious that we must seek its origin in very recent ' 'Second Annual Report on Nat, Hist, and Geol. of Maine,' pp. lUO-lSS. In ' 7tli Rop. Maine Board of Agri- cnltnre.' ^ We believe that the small colony of sontliern Alj/ne, niontionod by Dr. W. G. Farlow, " Marine Algae of New England," 'Rep. U. S. V\s\\ Com. fur 1S79,' p. of ,tlie lejiiint, a.s occnirint; at Goo.so Cove, near Scpiani on tlio north Bide of Capo Ann, is an isolated sontliern colony similar in its origin to the Qnahog Hay colony and the others wo have mentioned. Dr. I'arlow points out that the cove has a narrow entrance, and that its water is much warmer than that of the ocean outside. There is at present a dam across the month of the cove, but from his description it ap[)oar8 that it wa.s a cove with a narrow entranco before the dam was placed there, and the damming has, ])er- hap^, made but little difference. A shallow cove sliolterod from the direct action of cold currents, and without great tides, has just the conditions which have been favourable to the jiersistence of southern colonies of animals at Quahog Bay, at places on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, and on a larger scale in the Ciulf of St. Lawrence itself. It is a very simple explanation of Dr. T- .low's little colony at Squani, and an extremely probable one, to consider that its origin was (he same as that of the others we have considered. The northern species found at Gay Head and Mouiauk, mentioned by him (p- 7) have an exact parallel in the northern animals found in the same localities which are well known to be the result of a branch of the cold Labrador current which enters Long Island Sound. •' In ' Trans. Conn. Acad.,' Vol v. til There is a pos- •rect it helps to in le one, to consider fonnd at Gay Head tlio same localities 3nter8 Long Island ON THE SirOEES OF ACADIA. 178 times, since we well know from Post-pliocene deposits that no part of the southern colo- nies could have existed here at the time ' they wore laid down. Since then, the intro- duction of the Virginiiui forms must have been very recent (speaking of course in a geolo- gical sense), we may hope to find some traces even within the limits of historic times to show whether these Ibrms are increasing or diminishing in numbi'r and range. Three sources of information are open to us : I.— Fossil or other drnd slwlh— As the shores of Acadia are steadily sinking, as will be referred to presently, we cannot expect to lind any beach or other raised deposits such as have yielded us abundantly Post-pliocene shells. Vn\t dredgings which have been made at the harbour of Portland, Maine, have shown the existence under the water of large depo- sits of the sholls of southern species, such as the oyster, Vi;nm merrcnaria, Pecten irrndinns, TiirboniUa i>ilerrii/ilii, etc., - non(> of which arc now lound alive at that place. Dredgings in the harbours of Acadia have not been examined l)y naturalists, but we venture the pre- diction that when they are, in some of them, traces of these southern forms will be found. But though dredged shells of southern facies have not been found within our limits, one or two have been found on the beaclies. Thus, shells of the oyster have been seen at Sable Island, ' where none now live, and it has been said that oyster shells have been seen by the inhabitants on a shoal near the Magdalen Islands. ' In Cole Harbour, 10 miles east of Halifax, where no living oysters arc now found, it is said that "numbers of shells (i.e., of the oyster), often of very hv size, ar.^ dislodged and brought up whenever an anchor is heaved. ' These facts all po .^t to a late wider range of these forms on the Maine and on our coasts. Jl— Indian shell-Iieaps.— On the coast of Maine, in the Casco Bay region and near Dam- ariscotta, there have been found Indian shell-heaps which contain large rjuantities of oyster and quahog shells, at places where these molluscs are now either entirely extinct, or else very scarce and small. " At St. Margaret's Bay, near Halifax, where rjuahogs are now very scarce, (so scarce that they have been stated by one observer to be extinct), the shell-heaps arc made up in large part of their shells." A Fhell-hcap in Shelburne IL, -bour is almost composed of them, and there are no where living oysters in the vieinity at present." Another form of southern facies, Crepidula fornimla, has been discovered by Mr. ' Ocsner in his "5th Keport on Geology of N.n.," p. fiO, montioiis a lied of blue marl on Bay Clialeur, which, lio says contained Ttnus nuronaria and I'cckn covovdicm. Mr. V,. 1". ]\Iattlie\v tells the writer that Gcsner's iden- tifications must liave been incorrect; there nro northern species with whicli these are easily confounded. ' ' I'roc. Ana. Assoc.,' for 1873, p. 875. ■' A. L. Adams, "Field and Forest Uamhles," p. 85, given by him on autliority of Mr. Gilpin, of Halifax. 'Report of Commissioners appointed to enquire into Oyster and Lobster Fisheries of Canada, Ottawa 1887, p. 65, and elsewhere. ^ 'Trans. N.S. Inst. Nat. Sd.,' Vol. ii, Part 2, pp. 42-13. ° ' Proc. Am. Ae,soc., for 1873, p. 375. ' .T. M. Jones, ' Smithsonian Annual Report,' for 1803, pp. 370-371 . Rev. Mr. Patterson, in his History of Pictou, mentions that the shell-heaps in that vicinity contained very many largo oysli r sliells, while all living ones in tlie neghbouring waters are very small. This may be due in part to over-lishing ; for Denys tells ns tliat in liis tin e (1 072) they were in Pictou River " as large as a shoe." But the degeneration is due probably in part also to natui al causes. " On the authority of Professor L. W. Bailey, as this pajier passes through the press. He pays ;— "in one of them [i.e., the shell-heaps], there were but k'w if any clams, and in tl\eir i)lace nothing but nyflrm, embnicing both the long and the broad forms. The locality is not far from Sandy Point on the eastern side of Slielburne Harbour, and the fishermen informed me that the 'oldest iniiabitant' had never seen a live oyster in that vicinity." Tliis is most important evidence, showing the range of tlie oyster in late times far beyond tlie limits aaeatioaed above. >M !1H hi 4 H I t 176 W. F. GANONG ON SOUTHERN INVERTEBRATES G. ¥. Matthew in a shell-heap at Tassamaquoddy Bay,' and although Ihis region has been carefully explored by several persons, no living- specimen has ever been ibund.- Thero is no doubt that very much of value in this connection is buried in Acadian shell- heaps, and all persons who investigate them for archtcological or other reasons should be very careful to preserve specimens of all shells found in them. But such facts as are known, point clearly to the same conclusion as other facts we liave quoted— that the soi\thern fauna of which these species are members, is shrinking on our shores. III. — Old Books. In the first work ever written on the Natural History of Acadia, Nicolas Denys' "Description geographique de I'Amerique scptontrionale," and his " His- toiro naturclle de TAmerique scptentrionale," (1072), p. 221, we are told that in a pond at th(' moutli of Grand Tabos Kivcr in Gaspe, " oysters are there in abundance." Denys has always been considered a most accurate and trustworthy observer, and he was an eye- witness of nearly everything he describes. Moreover his testimony on this point is to a certain extent corroborated by another work of nearly the same period, the "True and Genuine Description of New France," 'of 1604. On page 10 it is stated that "in the neighbourhood of Perce Island, numbers of very good oysters are found." No oysters are to-day found living in the Gaspe peninsula. Another trustworthy work extends the range of the oyster in another direction. In the "Geographical History of Nova Scotia," of 1749, ' p. 28, we read, " It is said that in Port La Heve is a curious bed of fine oysters, which are of an excellent Flavor, and the best in this country." No living oysters are now known west of Halifax. '' Still another work, whicli seems in general to be very accurate, "The Piesent State of Nova Scotia " of 1787, " p. 52, tells us that on Sable Island, in a salt-water pond communicating with the sea, was an abundance of "oysters and other shellfish, which afibrd a scanty subsistence to the wretches who are so unhappy as to be wrecked on this desolate island." No living oysters are now to be found there, though as mentioned above, dead shells have been seen on the shores. These facts indicate that the oyster is slowly contracting the limits of its range on our coasts There is similar evidence to show that it is likewise contracting on the coasts of Maine and Massachusetts. Another fact taught us by the above is, that all of the places mentioned were involved in the changes which produced the present condition oi afl'airs, and our explanation must include them all ; in other words that the southern forms once occupied nil the coast line of Acadia, including Sable Island, and the colonies remaining are but broken and scattered fragments of the Virginian fauna which in times very recent occupied our entire coast region and extended in an unbroken line southward to beyond Cape Cod. The question ' ' Bull. N. B. Nat. Hist. Soe.,' No. Ill, p. 24. '^ A. L. Adams, in his work " Field and Forest Rambles," makes tlio .statement on p. Wo tliat oytiterand qualiog sliella occur in the sliclMieaps about I'assaniaquoddy Buy. No other investigators, however, have seen any trace of these siKjcies, and Adams must ..ore be in error- Usually, however, his work is accurate and trustworthy. ' Translated and published under tiilo " Canada in the 17th Century," Montreal, 1.S83. * Published at London. ' Though Moro's " History of Queen's Co., N. S.," (Halifax, 1873) includes the oyster among the animals of that county. It is proljably an error. " Published at Edinburgh. Wo have carefidly road this work, and it seems in general to be very reliable. It does, however, make one statement which can hardly be credited— that oysters have been found at Chignecto and exported, He probably confomidB Chignecto (i. o., the present Cumberland Bay) with Baie Verte. L Ihis regiou has i^er been I'ound. ■ ia Acadian shell- easons should be such facts as are ]uoted — that the shores. [islory of Acadia, ," and his " His- that in a pond at K'c." Deuys has d he was an oyc- his point is to a d, the "True and ited that "in the No oysters are irection. In the id that in Port La d the best in this her work, whicli " of 1181, " p. 52, the sea, was an ubsistence to the No living oysters been seen on the lits of its range )utracting on the I were involved ixplanation must ' the coast line of m and scattered our entire coast . The question at oj'Hterand qualiog liavc seen any trace and trustworthy. igtlie animals of that I bo very roliiible. It nd at Chignecto and 'erte, ON THE SIIOEIIS OF ACAUIA. 177 is connected closely with the physiography, past and present, of the shores of Acadia, and this we must now bri'* examine. The physiograp'i • . the coasts of Acadia, as wo see them to-day, presents a striking diversity of conditio: ,u. hi the iirst place, on the north, from Bay Ohaleur to Cape Breton and all about Prince Edward Island, is a region of almost uniformly shallow waters and low shores composed for the most part of sand and easily-eroded sandstones. This shoal region extends out from th(! shore, with some local deeper portions, to the Magdalen Is- lands, and is marked off from the deep part of the Gulf, as pointed out by Mr. Whiteaves, by a line drawn from the north of Cape Breton to th(j Magdalens, and thence to the entrance of Bay Chaleur. Moreover, these waters are iiffected by but slight tides, the average rise and fall being only a))out 3 to 4 feet, and the maximum in Northumberland Strait not exceeding 5 I'eet. The absence of strong tides means the absence of strong currents, and this again means the absence of deep channels and of cold bottom waters to be mixed up with the warmer surface strata The whole region also is nearly free from fogs, these being for the most part kept oil' by Nova Scotia and Capo Breton. All of these conditions, shoal waters with sandy bottoms, slight tides and absence of cold ))ottoni waters, and freedom from fogs are favourable to the maintenance of a high summer tomp(>rature, and they work so well together that the temperature for the three summer mouths in the region of the Straits of Northumberland averages at least GO" F , and possibly higher. ' This is just the condition needed for the development of the young of the southern forms existing there, the adults of which can stand a great degree of long-continued cold, and the species be perpetuated provided the temperature is high in the reproductive sens- ■ As Professor Verrill and Mr. Ball- have pointed out, there is reason to believe tha. distribution of marine animals depends more upon the temperature of the waters in the reproductive season than upon the mean annual temperature or the extremes of heat or cold to which the adult animals are subject We find, then, in the mrroundings of the southern forms of the Gulf a sufficient explanation for their persistence there ; how they came there is another question. In the Bras d'Or lakes, though the shores are mostly rocky, we have again but slight tides, and in the shoal and warmed waters of the coves, oysters and doubtless other south- ern molluscs are found. It is probable that very similar conditions may exist in some of the most sheltered bays on the southern coast of Newfoundland, where slight tides in the most shallow coves may allow of the persistence of some southern forms. Upon the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia we have again slight tides, and in many places shoals of sands and sheltered coves, and these would allow of the waters becoming much warmed in summer were it not for the cold Labrador current which, as will presently be shown, sweeps down upon the coast in this vicinity. But notwithstanding this, the waters to the east- ward, north of Halifax, become warm enough in summer to allow the oyster to extend from the Gulf of St. Lawrence into Chedabucto Bay and westward in sheltered situa- tions to within 30 miles of Halifax. ' Beyond that point the influence of the Labrador ■ No exact statistics on this point seem available, and the average given is an estimate based upon tlie answers given to inquiries made by the writer of i^ersons who have been in the region. It is quite luitewarm in places, as bathers have informed us. ■' ' Proc. Biol. Soc,,' Washington, Vol. v. ' As stated by Whiteaves on authority of Captain Purdy. Sec IV. 1890. 23. 178 .( HI Wk- W. F. r.ANONG ON SOUTH KRN INVERTEBRATES current is much more strongly felt ' and nearly all of the southern forms first thin out and then totally disappear. A curious condition is presented to us by Sable Island, which lies directly in the path of the icy-cold Labrador current. Yet the island bears a marked colony of southern mol- lusca. Th(! explanation of their persistence there is undoubtedly to be Ibund again in the great sandy shoals and A'ery slight tides of the region. The waters on these miles of shoals must be heated by the sun, and this heated water is not mixed with colder by tidal cur- rents, - the movement of the main Labrador current being too slow on the shoals to supply cold water faster than it can bi; ht'atcd. Sable Island stands upon a great bank, which is one of a long series extending from the Grand Bank of Newfoundland on the north to St. George's Bank, ofi" Cape Cod on the south, and so numerous are they that they form an almost unbroken line from their northern to their southern limits. The depth of water varies from zero on Sable Island bank down to sixty fathoms, a general average; b-ing about iiO to 40 ftithoms. Their extent, position and depths are shown upon all modern charts of this region. There is deep water, one hundred fathom and more, to the westward between them and Nova Scotia, and on their outer faces they sink down to considerable depths. They are swept by the cold Labrador current, as is shown by the Arctic character of their f\iuna, and are a most important eleiucnt in the problem we are discussing. Passing in the next place to the Bay of Fundy, we find in general bold and rocky shores with an almost entire lack of shoals, and strong tides which vary from 12 feet at its mouth to over 50 at its head. Just outside of Nova Scotia the Labrador current sweeps southward and the strong currents always attendant on strong tides sweep some portion of it into the Bay. The water being usually deep, more than one hundred fathoms near its mouth, the sun can warm but a thin stratum of surface, and even this is being constantly mixed up by the tides with colder water from below. The conse- quence is that throughout the main part of the Bay the summer temperature never be- comes raised above 45" F., which is far too low for the reproduction of Virginian forms, and none of them whatever are known from the Bay itself. It is only in some of its shallowest and most sheltered branches, such as St. Mary's Bay, the marshes of Minas Basin and Oak Bay, N.B., that the summer temperature becomes high enough to enable a very few Virginian species to maintain a precarious foothold. Mucu the same conditions hold upon the east rn part of the Maine coast, but in passing westward and southward the tides are of less height and the cold currents less felt until they become so far ameliorated in Massachusetts Bay that some Virginian forms can live in the Bay itself. The Quahog Bay locality of Verrill is, however, an isolated colony in a shallow and sheltered basin. The marine currents of this region have not been fully worked out, but so far as ' Its influence is felt as far north and east as Halifax in the deeper water. Professor Verrill has dredged off Halifax Harbour some species whicii showed that tlio fauna was " more arctic in character tlian even tliatof Grand Manan." ' Am. ,T. Sci.,' Vol. v, 1873, p. 11. The water in Queen's Co. for instance during the hottest months of summer is intou.sely cold, far too cold for bathing as I have Ijeen informed by a reliable friend. - This would be especially true of the shoal ponds of the island connected with the sea. One of these, largo enough to serve as a harbour for vessels, was open in the early history of the 'd, but has been closed in the present century. Perhaps it is in such ponds that the southern forms have been able to persist. Ill ;thin out and y in the path outherii mol- again in thn iles of shoals by tidal cur- the shoals to rending from hpo Cod on i from tht'ir ?al)lo Island Their extent, lere is deep 'a Scotia, and by the cold are a most Id and rocky n 12 feet at idor current tides sweep "e than one ice, and even The conse- e never be- niau forms, some of its Minas Basin able a very ditions hold ard the tides eliorated in rhe Quahog d sheltered it so far as has dredged off sn that of Grand far loo cold for of these, largo closed in the ON THE SnOfiKS OP ACADIA. 179 known they are as follows :— Moving southward through BaflTrn's Bay and Davis htrait IS a current which is joined to the south and west of Greenland by the Greenland current which comes southward to the oast of Greenland. The two united form the Labrador current which sweeps along Labrador and Newfoundland and over the Grand Bank. On the mtheastern slope of the latter, it meets the northern edge of the Gulf Stream, and w.ile a part of its volume dips beneath the latter, the remainder i.s deilected to the westward. It sweeps around the southern shore of Newfoundland, and is rejoined by a branch which it sent through the Straits of Belle Isle, and which passing through the deep trough of the Gulf, comes out between Cape Breton and Newfoundland. Ihe re-unitea cold waters then swoop over all the banks off the Nova Scotia coast, includ- ing Sable Island, and bathing the south-eastern portion of Nova Scotia itself, continues on to St. George's Bank and the Nantucket shoals. Much warmed on the surface by the higher southern temperature and by the Gulf stream, with which it is in contact all along Its eastern border, it continues on southward, sending perhaps a branch into Lon- Island Sound, until it dips beneath the Gulf stream near Cape Hatteras, and continues south- ward as a bottom current. Altogether outside of the Labrador current comes the Gulf btream. Its hmits vary with the season, its northern edge moving northward in sum- mer, .and to the southward in winter, but it never comes near enough to the coast of Acadia to reach the banks ; and there is no evidence to show that branches are s.'ut from it to Sable Island, to Newfoundland, or to other parts of Acadia proper, as some writers have imagined in order to explain the occurrence of the southern forms in these locali- ties. ' So much for the physiography of the shores of Acadia to-day ; we must now briefly inquire what evidence we can find as to recent changes in these conditions. Many indications point to the conclusion that our shores are not in a condition of stability, but are steadily sinking, and this subsidence extends far beyond our own limits Thus, on the coast of New Jersey, as observed by Gesner^' and others, a depression is going on and has already progressed several feet. Also at Nantucket Island and at Tortland Maine, the same phenomena are observed. At Grand Manan, as shown by stumps of trees, still undecayed, m place in channels between some of the islands, ' there has been a sub- sidence of at least_ei£hteenfeet, and it may have been very much greater. Additional evidence is afF..rded by the peat beds which now dip to the beaches and are covered by high tides. At the head of the Bay of Fundy, Gesner, ' Dawson, ■ Matthew, 'Hind, ^ Murphy ^ and others have pointed out abundant indexations of a subsidence now takiii"- pkc(s^di^f^ sOiovvi^ t rees and stumpy in position near and below low tide ' Yet soMthern for.ns may ho hrought to the north hy lu'^^BVchh^n^s^am free livh^TcarHwi'bTl^ cont.nned southerly win.ls to our.hores. Tl,o Portnguose man-of-war found occasionally in tho liay of lM,„dy Knd n> Newfoundland are evidence of this. (Seo Antea, p. 1G9). Yet lids could not apnly to the larv.. of n.ollu.sca, etc., which nu,.s ■„ general find in a very few days after hirth a flr.n surface to which to allix therasolvcs, or tl,oy ITn r ulT "'"'"^ '""''^ "''' '"*"' '^'''" '^°''^"'''"'' '" ""« "'^y <■■•"■" "'" «°"t''' «ven if thero is a hranch 01 tlie Uulf btream runnmg to it, which is iniprohable. ;^ ''On elevations and depressions of the earth in North America." ' I'roc. Geo]. Soc. of Lon,lon,' 1801 p :!81 ■ And as has been pointed out to the present writer by Mr. Simeon Cheney, of Grand Manan. They occur in JNantucket Island and at other pkpes. I 'i^M u'-.f°'- ' '''^- ' "Aca'lian Geology." Bull. N. B. Nat. His(. Soc, No. 5, pp. 17-19. ' " Rep. Geol. of N. B." « 'Trans. N. S. Inst.,' Vol. vii, Pt. I, p. 48. Y 180 W. P. GANONG ON SOUTHERN INVERTEBRATES I'i. IP i »i ( H % ! n mark, must have progressed to an extent of at least forty-five feet, and Mr. Chalmers has latelj' seen evidence which indicates that it was at least 80 feet. ' And this depression must have taken place vt^ry recently, for the wood is still undecayed. At Baio Verto Gesner points out that old Fort Moncton is now reached by the tides which cover its causeway at high water, and gives other evidence to show a subsidence in very recent times. In Cape Breton, the story is the same, for at liOuisburg, as he tells us, the tide now Hows within the walls where a hundred years ago was dry land. Stumps of trees below low water mark are also found at North Cape, and point to the same conclusion. Around Pictou there is an extensive subsidence in progress, as is shown by Rev. Mr. Pat- terson in his History of Pictou.' On Prince Edward Island, every geologist who has visited it has seen evidence of considerable subsidence. Gesner ' and Dawson ' have re- marked on this, the former showing that it must have taken place to an extent of at least nineteen feet. At Bale du Vin, in Miramichi Bay, Gesner noticed a peat bog dipping under the sea, and similar bogs have been seen by Mr. Chalmers " at Point Escumenao and other places on the New Brunswick coast, portions of which are several feet below high-tide mark. He concludes that as these bosrs s, and from a height of three hundred to a height of one hundred feet. Messrs. S. J). Macdonald" and J. M. Oxley," who have studied the charac- ters and history of the island, both see in it evidence of extensive subsidence. Mere washing away by storms and current action they consider insufficient to explain the phe- nomena presented. As to Newfoundland there appears to be some doubt, and the little evidence we have is conflicting. Sir Wm. Dawson states in " Acadian Geology " that it is sinking. On the other hand, Packard expresses " the opinion that the land is rising in the vicinity of the Straits of Belle Isle, though he has but few and imperfect data for his conclusion. Yet in another ' See " Sumniary Report of Progress Can. Gcol. Survey for 1889," p. 29. In a letter to the writer Jlr. Chalmers says that the evidence of tlie buried peat beds as shown by borinj^s in connection with the ChignRcto Ship railway indicate a depression of at least 80 feet. ^ As iwintt'd out by Mr. Edward Jack, in an article in St. Johu Daily Sun, Aug. 2nd., 1889. ■' The effects oi subsidence are in this work much mixed up with the effects of silting up, but the fact of sub- sidence is plain. * Gesner in the same paper, has also given ovidonco to show that an elevation is taking place at certain points. But the evidence is drawn from two sources which are not necessarily reliable. One of these is from the shoaling of water as in the vioinily of Halifax, This does not necessarily imply elevation unless the bottom is of rock, for the currents are constantly changing the characters of ordinary shoals. Also raised beaches have been quotod, but unless tfiese contain remains almost absolutely identical with those in the neiglibourhood, they do not prove the land is rising. Tliey prove the land has risen, but there is nothing about them to show that the land may not bo sinking agaii' '^iesuer says the remains in these beaches are identical with living forms of the neighbourhood, but Gesner was i an over-careful naturalist, as his mistake about the presence of southern forms in Bay Cbaleur marl beds shows. The same criticism may be made on much of the evidence of E. R^clus, in his work " The Earth." In certain places lie takes the presence of raised beaches as indicating that the land is rising. They prove that it has risen at some time, but do not prove that it is not sinking at present. •> Rep. on Geo!., P. E. I., 1871. « Rep. Can. Geol. Survey, 1887, Part N. ' Trans. U. S. Inst. Nat. Sci., Vol. vi. " Scribner's Magazine, Vol. i, p. 603. » Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. i, p. 229. ON THE SlIOIiKS OK ACADIA. 181 fact of snb- place h. gives «« himself What he considers good evide„,.o of a snbsidenee which has taken place since the formation of the Post-pliocene beaches, and this sul.siden, e he esti- mal,,8 at at least three hundred feet. He says; "Again, dredging was carried ,>n off lenly Harbour on a pebbly botton. 300 feet below the surface, which formed the continua- tion ot the same beaches which rose some .'00 feet above the sea-lev.-l. It loUows Irom this that, as botii the jagged rocks and submerged beach must have form..rly form.'d a coast me, the land once stood at least 300 feet higher than at present, and it is more than probable, much higher." Of course this does not show that the subsidence is still pro- gressing, simply that it has taken place since the formation of the Tost-plioc'ene beaches Other evidence is adduced by Mr. Edward Jack, ' but it is based upon the presence of raised beaches at Notre Dame Bay, and while raised beaches prove that an elevation has at some recent time taken place, they do not prove that the elevation is still going on or that a subsidence may not be at present taking place. Mr. .Tack quotes an article by Julian Moreton,- in which it is considered that the land is rising in the same re-rio,, since the watcM- in the .oves is rapidly shoaling. The shoaling of water is good cvidrMu. of rising of the land when th.« bottom is of sold rock, or when no detritus can be lai.l down, but veiy poor evidence where the bottom is of shifting materials. The sul,mer- gence of human works and of recent land vegetation are the best kind.s of evidence of progressing subsidence. rroce,.ding iurther north, there is found upon the south-eastern coast of Greenland evidence of progressing subsidence which has been noticed by several writers ■' In geneial terms then, a subsidence of the land is taking place on all our eastern coast from New Jersey to Cireenland, and in Acadia it has progressed to an extent of at I least eighty feet, and perhaps much more. ' This of course implies that the land has in very rec^ent times, after the deposition of the Tost-pliocene beaches, ntood at an e<,ual height above its presvi^t level. Such an elevation would produce very great changes in the coast line of Acadia, and this in time must greatly affect the directions of the currents and the character of the tides. It is in this that Professor VerriU has found the explana- i nation of the phenomena we are c-onsidering, and there can hardly be any doubt that in the mam it explains the known facts. Sir William Dawson has accepted this explana- Professor Verrill says, " " The origin of the southern species in the gulf is a totally dif- ferent matter. I can explain their presence there in no other way than to suppose that they are survivors from a time when the marine .■limate of the whole coast, from Cape Cod to Nova Scotia an d^he^i3^ f Fundy w a s warmer th an at present, and these species had ' St. John Daily Sun, Aug. 2n« -•- --"">• '« ••- tic of tlp^ riiocen eli "'^^f'^' T'"'' °'=™"-' '" "- 8-"* -'bmergonce which preco.lo.1 the foru.a- BZnfs^lS olt r M ^''^^'',^«-'>*««'-° «t Nantucket, Mass., ahout 85 feet abovo ^ea-Ievel; near foOO feet !h ll'tZ , ' ''^•-:«'f««*; in Acadia. 350.^00 leot; Labrador, 500-800 feet, and Greenland tesiir. ' Bubmergence then was greatest northward. Perhaps that which i« now going on may 5 ' Canadian Naturalist,' Vol. vii, 1874 277-281. ' 'Proc. Am Assoc,' for 1873. 182 W. R flANONG ON SOlTTirEHN INVRRTKBRATBS a continuous range from .southern New England to thoGulf of St. Lawrence. * * * The causes of such changes in the temperature of the water may have been entirely local, and due to changes in the relative level of the land and water in adjacent regions. Thus a rise of the land in the r;'gion of Saint Geor^'e's Bank, to the extent of 250 feet, would produce un island quite as large a.s tlu; State of Mas.sarhusetts, and would thus very mate- rially alter the climatic conditions of the "Gulf of Maine," between it and the New Eng- land coast. And it would add a great body of laud, now represented by Le Have Bank, etc., to the .southern part of Nova Scotia, and thu.s greatly narrow the channel be- tween those banks and St. G nrge's, as well as make it more shallow ; this would, doubt- less, greatly modify the tid , and greatly diminish their force and height on the north- ern coasts of New England, and in the Bay of Fundy, for the "Gulf of Maine" would then have much resemblance to th( Gulf of St. Lawrence in form and in the character and position of its main channel, and, therefore, its tides would also be similar ; the small tides would allow greater dilfereuces between the temperatures of the shallow waters and deep waters, and would thus favour the southern species inhabiting shallow water. Arise of the land, of about the same amount, in the region of Newfoundland, would lay bare a great part of the Grand Banks, close up the Straits of Belle Isle, and more than doublt? the size of Newlbuudland, which would, doubtless, produce great climatic changes on the Newfoundland coast, as Professor Dana has shown." As this is the most complete discussion and full explanation of this problem that has yet appeared, we quote it in full. It will be noticed that its essential point is, an eleva- tion which brought the Nova Scotia and Maine Bai.ks to the surface and thus allowed the water along the shore to become warm by turning aside the Labrador current. This, however, requires a much greater subsidence than we have other evidence of, especially for the region of St. George's Bank. We cannot say that this subsidence has not taken place ; there is nothing in it inherently impo.ssible, and we know that the coast oi Scandi- navia has been recently submerged to a depth of at least 150 metres, and has risen to that extent. But the greatest subsidence of which we have evidence in Acadia is only about eighty or ninety feet. It seems quite possible that along with the undoubted deflection of the Labrador current from the coast, there was some change in the temperature of the current itself. We have historical evidence of a fairly satislactory character to show that the climate of the eastern coast of Greenland, along which passes the Greenland current, which joins the Labrador current and forms part of it, was nine hundred years ago much milder than now. About the year 1000 there were settlements on the east coast, the ruins of which are still to be seen, in situations now ice-boiind and uninhabitable. The history of Iceland, moreover, shows that its climate in recent times was milder than now. Both of these re- gions are bathed in part by the cold Greenland current, and their former milder climate must have been connected with some change in the character or temperature of that current. Perhaps connected with the same question is the fact that the Greely expedi- tion found in Grinnell Land remains of Esquimaux huts and recent relics, very far north of where the Esquimaux ever think now of settling. This seems to point to a for- mer milder climate there in recent times, which again may be connected with some change in the currents of the region or some other wide-spread cause of amelioration of climate around the northern seas. -•A OK TlIK SHORES OF ACArHA. 188 r.rhlAV '^"'^'"' '" ^^" '"""'^'^ orthinnorthora ro-Mou w. have ibw data, r h.vp.th.,yaroconno,a.d with the .xlonsiv. elovatious aud Hubsidon.es now takin-r 1 ... aronud th. norlh.Mn .„van. Th. shores of Scandinavia, of Spit.hc.r,..n and of Arctfc bbe, a, „k ,,,,.,,,.„. „,,iutia.ro„no,...a..thisi. known to have p " grossed to a hcgh ui places of 800 or 400 feet. On the other hand, par..s of (Jreenland with but three open,no.s_,he narrow and .hallow l^ehring'^ Strait, the passage between tt rr '^':.^,,^'''''"""»'^' ""'^ ^hat between Greenland and Scandinavia It is thrZh the latter ot these, especially alon^its eastern part, that there moves northward the great body of warrr. surAue water which is popularly supposed to be the continuation of the Gu I Stream, but wh.ch is now believed to be the northward movement of a great body water as a part o^ the general oeeanic cir..„l.,ion maintained by opposition tf temp n^ tuu. So great ,s the volume of this warm w.ter that it rai.ses the temperature of .1 Eastern Europe far above that of the correspondi,-^ latitudes to the west Under h here moves slowly southward a great body of .old water, and to the wes, this col ^ w ^ ab d ' r^°"^^^>■f ^'y -'-'-l '>y -armer water and becomes a surface current he ! .Labrador and Greenland currents, and these currents must be considered as a part ot he i c mpensating southward movement of cold water to balance the northward mo'^ ml o he great volume of Atlantic warmer water moving north-eastward It seems not impos- I ndthe s'T • '^^"''^" Spii'^her,^n. and Scandinavia were lower than iL when th r .h T' "\.r'" """'"'"^^ was higher and its seas shallow, in other words when he north-eastern Atlantic was deeper and the northwestern Atlantic shallower, that the cold undei-currents of the former may have been increased in amount andTe old surface-currents of the west similarly decreased in volume and rate. Th^s mel tha .^'^ process of emergence of the land is attended by a retreat of cold currents frorl the coast and a sinking by a closer approach of cold currents. This is paralleled in the case of he rost-phocene deposits which, as Sir William Dawson has shown, ' show a .^radual ameli^ ri^roflh ;' ^T V '■^ "'■ 1'^ '°^'^^^'"^^"" '--' -*"^- -^ ^^'^ was":;titu y 1 m find to 1 ' V ^ 'f '*"'^'" ""•" '•^^"^^'^^ ^''-""'^^ ^'- '^^^-*' -'d i^ - --% what we fin to-day m Acadia, where a sinking of the land is attended by a closer approach of cold < urrents to the coast. But whatever the explanation may be it appears as if in Itself .^ aay have been^ f^ajles^tic character when it reached our shores. This, of forced southward to Main a„d AtasacCott but IpT" ^f^ By it the .r„o Acadian fauna wa.s {-'•) A gradual but intermittent riainii of tliplin.l .liiiin,, , ..I,;.. I ti i i 184 W. F. OANON(i ON SOUTH HKN INVKUTKBRATRa conrsr., is subsoquont to (ho (U>po«itio» of tho l>08t-pliocono d.'posits and at a timo ahiiosl within the ranjje of historical records. In reality, it is tilt' matter of summer temiK'nitinv Umt, Ik all important. Probably a rise of tho temperature of the Atlantic coast ol' Aendia dnrini,' the three Hummor monthH to an extent of not more than twenty degrees IVhrenheit, or perhaps less, would allow our entire coast to be re-peopled by i\w southern inverl.'brates vvhi(;h once occupied them. At present the temperature of these waters in .summer is not far from Af/' F. These same southern forms live and reproduce in parts of Mas.sachnsettM l!ay, where the summer temperature cannot be more than 15'' F. abov.. this. It appears as if this rise of 16° F. is amply explained by the known facts. The fads known lo us certainly prove that a sub- sidence of the land is takin- place alonjr all our .'astern coast, and (hat it has progressed to an extent of at least more than eighty feet ; perhajis it is much greater. This implies a recent elevation of the land above its present level to the same extent, and the inevitable effect of this elevation inusl have been to brin- the banks from Grand 15ank to St. (Jeorge's nearer to the surfac.', whi.h in turn must ha\. thrown the bulk of the f/ibrador current off tho coast. The water on and inside Ih.. banks would then be..ome much warmer und'» « ffeoloirical much "-deralrdll'LlTdt'o^r"''" "'*' *^'^ ^"''"«'-»- There is very mdeed which is imperatively dera dfd fo^^lte""; P^^^^^^ «^ ^^ ^^t. knowli:^ of geological science will doubtless solve the Ta^ ''"'""'' '' ^^^^- The progress tion and depression of land on a large I'/th '?r'"°^ " '' *'^" ^^^^^ <> " e^e^I great currents, andgeology will be^t y ^ ' in'Tir "°""^ ^"'^ *^«'^ ^^s on elevations and depressions. A search for Lt ? ^^ ^'•^"'■^*<^ observations of local a« well as for the suspected V g ^Ln co o," T '"^ "^^ "'^^^^ ^'^-^'^ «I- be made And local naturalists will renderTg eat e "' a'^l t' ""*'"" ^^^^^ of NewfoundTand attemptmg to fill out the many blank tv.V,KT ,^"^^'^ """^^ pleasure and profit bv Sec IV, 1890. 24. pi.: