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MICkOCOrv RESOIUTION TKT CHA«T

(ANSI 1 .Td ISO TEST CHART No 2)

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^^^ 1653 East Ma.rr SIfeet

rjS f'ocfiester. New York 14609 USA

.^ (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone

^S t^'6) 288 59B9 - f-j.

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3EE DISEASE!^

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C. B. GOODERHAM. B.8.A.. Apiari.t

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rp, ' "•» apiarist "•»* .iJ/

■I Here are comparativpli- f„» i- " -«Jv .^

Diseases of adult bees ar« «/ ,■ • »>eekeeper

»08is mayTuiHn 1.5^/^'" *° '«"<««!-« the dfffe«nt Ji^" "''^" '" <^'""«d«- cerned. '^ '» ^-^ <Jan.age. eapociall, wt^rTJST V» K ^T' '''^

Healthy brood har« f^, / „ ^' '""^'^ » ""n-

pearly white'^^n colo« '^ Xr ^^J' '"^^ "« curM up J JhTbal'T^u^ °^^'- ^'^ ^ yellow to darl broiT „ J ^'°^°"' °^ «aPPin?s over healihv k f *^^ '^"'' """^ «" raised or ..nye^'^~'"^'''^'^^ '» *he age of the comSr TheL^ll^""' ^""° ''"^ht , Colonies should be exa«in.H . .■ '""^ "" "^^''^'^

treated before The makflo^ '"" °' '""^ ««"on ^^''f^V^^^ ™'n«tio„ should I,o treated colonies durTu'ti '°"u?' ""• However, U maT^ ""'"'"^ "«« then be A second eMminaUon ^htf.uT'"" ''""*!' betweeL thHrst .T"^'^ *° ^^^ the that n,ay have^ca^ Ihe fi '^ """^^ "J-in* the fafflorto 1""° ^"""^ «"-»• the summer. ^^ **"* ^"» examination, or may W K ^^ ""^ ""Monies

Before opening a c 1 f "*^''*'*^"^ '^""n«

of the bees are hS ftm^th ^^"\ ^ ^''"^ e-^ttloT 0': T' !.° *'"'* ^''^

«nd no combs of honey or h I "T'**" ^^'^ eomb should b^ •"^^^ '^ ™o»*

there are absolutely no Lmnt'^'''""''^ ^«^ exchanged c ,^ ^•"'""'^ •'a^rf«"y

The three diseL: aZtW th'^ ^'tT""" ^-' ''-^ " "'*'""^ ""•*^<^' -less

r^l^orit^TcraJ- ?B---""roJ— :f\? American

— to cope wit^^e^i-^---- ^^^^^

AMERICAN FOUL BROOD

Director. ^- ^- '" SLADEN,

BEE DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF AQRicuLTURr'"'"" ^'"■""■"• 2ia4fl_D EXHl^lTIOlf CIECULAB Wo. ^M;; J 06

lanm, which i« diit'^buted to hedthy l*rt» throi)(h infected honey, given by >>>aMa of nuite beet. In tion Ukes place some time during the feeding stage of tM larrc, hot the disei seldom noticed until after the brood is capped otct.

SYMPTOMS or AMdlCAN rOUL BBOOD

1. The sealed brood, instead of being uniform in appearance, will be irregular.

a. The cappings of certain cells will be dark and somewhat sunken or concaT*. Some of these cappings may be perforated.

8. The larT« or pup« beneath these cappings will be itretched out and falwn down to the lower side of the cell nnd will be light tn dark brown in colour.

(a) If the larva has entered the pupal stage, the tongue will usually adhere to the upper wall of the cell.

4. If a pointed object is inserted into the dead lar^a and slowly withdrawn, a certain viscidness will be observed and the mass will stretch out to one or more inches.

B. After death the larv« will dry up to dark brown scales, which adhero so firmly to the lower side of the eel' fhat the bees cannot remove them. These scales contain large numbers of spore Hich resist unfavourable conditions and carry over the disease many years.

American foul brood seldr ..tacks Queen or drone larv*.

TRIATMENT

The beet mtut he separated from the infected colony and ettahli rd in a new hive. This treatment should be given during a honey flow. If the colonies are badly infected, or very weak, two or more colonies should be united about two weeks before treatment. One new hive must be ready, containing nine frames fitted with full sheets of foundation — and one dry comb which should be in the centre of the hive. An empty hive should also he ready to receive the diseased combs. The colony should be lightly smoked and removed from the stand, upon which should then be placed the new hive. Bees should be transferred from the diseased colony by being shaken or brushed from the combs on to largre sheets of paper directly in front of the new hive. Infected combs should then be placed in the empty hive and covered. All infected material should be moved to a bee tight building and the paper on which the bees were shaken and the brush nr winjt used to brush' them from the combs, should be burned. Twelve hours after the bees are transferred, remove the comb from the new hive and burn it, replacing it with a full frame of foundation.

Where only a few colonies are treated the safest plan is to bum all in' ^ combs, and thus safeguard against the disease spreading. Where a large i of colonies are treated, the combs can be boiled down and the wax extracted, 1 ' must not be allowed to gain access to the infected combs, or reinfection of the v apiary may take place. Hive bodies, floor boards and covers can be disinfected ..y lightly burning over the insides. A gasoline torch is most suitable for this purpose.

Some beekeepers may prefer the older method which consists of first shaking the bees on to starters of foundation and three days later again shaking them on to full sheets of foundation. The second shaking, however, often discourages the bees and causes them to swarm ; therefore, the dry comb method is preferable. Where the beekeeper has no dry combs this method must be used.

If the colonies are found affected in the fall and the beekeeper has some full combs of honey from healthy colonies, the bees can be transferred to these combs in a new hive. All combs from the diseased colonies must be destroyed and all hives disinfected by burning. The best time for this treatment is early in the fall when the bees are still flying, but care must be taken to prevent robbing.

All short-cut methods for treatment of colonies affected with Americar foul brood should be avoided. They may prove successful in the hands of an expert, but he is the least likely to employ them.

BAN FOUL BROOD

Unlike Amerioan foul broou, this diMMe tpreadj rery niridl7 Uurough an apiary, eapeoially wherd blade or hybrid beea are kept. The diaeaao ia cauaed by a spoeifio orKaniam ksown aa BaciUut pluton. Manipulation aa in American foal brood haa no effect on Eorop^Mu foul brood.

The diaeaae uaually appears in the npring or early summer, especially in localitiea where there is little or no honey coming in; the dieease usually disappears at the beginning of the main flow from clover. It doee most damage in localities where the main flow doas not come unvil late in the season — fluch r» from buckwheat. Coloniea that are most susceptible are those that are weak and slow in building up in the spring, and in these the disease uay persist during the entire season. Strong colonies headed by vigorous Italian queens of a resistant strain suffer little from European foul brood.

STMPTOUa

1. Affected larvae usually die before being capped over, changing from pearly white to light yeUow, the colour deepening aa the diaeaae advancea.

2. Some ;iffect unnatural positions, settling down to the base of the cell in an oily looking mass and finally drying up into non-adhesive scales.

3. Others maintain their curled-up positions, gradually drying up into grey- coloured scales having a segmented appearance in the baae of the cell. These scales are eaaily removed by the bees.

4. During the decaying stage of the larvte, there is oooasionally a slight viscosity noticed. The dead masses do not rope out as in American foul brood, but may stretch as much as half an inch and have rather the appearance of womout rubber.

5. In some cases a putrefactive odour may be present. Queen and drone larv» are alao affected by European foul brood.

PRITBNTION AND TREATMENT

With European foul brood prevention is better than cure, and as preventive measures are the same aa good beekeeping practice^ this diaeaae should not cause bedceepers much alarm. Losses from this disease will be reduced to a minimum if weak and queenless colonies are united in the spring and only good strong coloniea, headed with Italian queens from good resistant stoci^ are kept, together witl. plenty of wholesome stores for the winter. If the disease does oocur in strong colonies it seldom becomes serious. If the disease is already present it may be controlled by making the colonies strong by uniting and introducing yoimg Italian queens from reaistant stock to all infected colonies. This should be done in the early spring, as most of the damage is done during the spring and early summer. There is no need to destroy or disinfect any combs or supplies when dealing with European foul brood.

SAOBROOD

This disease seldom causes any serious losses among the bees. Colonies may become weakened and the honey crop may be affected, but a colony is seldom killed outright by it. To the inexperienced the syniptoms of Sacbrood may ho confused with those of American or Eoropean foul brood. The disease usually apvara during the spring and early smnmer, disappearing again ahortly. There are few cases in the summer when tiie main honey flow ia on.

8TMPTOM8

1. Both sealed and unsealed brood may be .effected.

S. LarvK dead of the disease will usually be found stretched out on the lower side of the cell and often with the anterior er.vl turned up towards the upper wall of the cell.

3. The colour varip* from yellow to very dark brown or jfrey.

4. If a sharp object i« iiiwifd into the dead ninss, it can Ikj lifted out like • small aao, the contents of which arc wati iv.

5. Que<.n ond drotio lorva! may also br affected with Sacbrood. Strong eolo:a*« will remove thf. dead larvn, so that no seal. 8 will bo found unices the colony ii vew weak. '

TREATMENT

The disease is of sH-h a character that whore only strong colonies headed with vijroroug queens, and k<hk1 be«*eepinK methods are practised, no other treatment is necessary. If a colony beooniea weakened and the disease is pemistent, a young vigorous quet^n shuii'i be int.-oduced.

DISEA.SEC OF ADULTS

Among the few adult bee diseases in Canada, dysentery is the most ;mp<irtant Dysi-ntery is caused by tho bees retaining the faces within the mteatinea for an unnatural length of time, or through the consumption of unwholesome winter stores Therefore, dysentery is more prevalent during the early spring and often just after the bees have been confined to their hives .ring dull weather in the summer. Dysentery may also be caused by any undue ixcitement within the hive during the winter, or by late fall breeding when tho .voung bees are unable to take a flight before going into winter quarters. After one or two good flights, howe>rer, the disease soon disappears. Healthy bees eject their fa-ces during flight, but during the months of winter when flight is impossible the fa-ces will accumulate in the intestine, in some cases to such an extent that it will l.o voided inside the hive and the combs and hive will become badly stained. A clisiu.ecable odour is always present with dysentery.

The beekeeper should sec that his bees go into winter quarters with plenty of wholesome well-ripened honey, and also that the bees receive no excessive disturb- ance from the time they are placed away for the winter until thi^y are brought out in the spring. Where the h. iiey in tho hive is of uncertain quality, it is w-ll to feed the bees with 15 to 20 pounds of sugar syrvp in the fall.

"Disappearing Disease" and "Paralysis" are names given obscure diseases, which usually appear in the apiary during the spring and early summer, or after a long spil! of wet weather. Only in r.nre castas do they persist during the entire season.

The infoetod bees .ippear to bo paralyzed. The^' can only fly a few feet, falling to the ground and aftd crawling about for a short time they soon die. Tlie abdomen is usually di^tendtMl, as in cases of dysentery. li.fected colonies may Locome seri- ously weakoiied, but .xeldom die out < iitircly. A colony showing symptoms of disease one year may be entirely free from it the following? season. These diseases do not appear to spread rapidly; one colony in an apiary may be affected without others becoming infected. The treatment rocom-nended is strong colonies headed ly young, vigorous queens. Very little is kno\\-n of these diseases an.l further investigations may reveal other disenses now clnssified under these names.

Samples of diseased brood, or brood showing any unnatural condition, should be sent to the Bee Division. Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, where an examina- tion will be made if desired, and the cause of the trouble determined. Snmpl?s of comb sent should not be less than four inches square and shoul<' "dp typical of the affected broo«'

Published by authority of Hon. S. F. TOLMIE, Minister of Agriculture Ottawa, Ont.

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