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Limited PREFACE A still more popular edition of what has proved to the author to be a surprisingly popular book, has been pre- pared by the able hand of Mr. Asa Don Dickinson, and is now offaed in the hope that numy mare people will find the wild flowers in Nature's garden all about UM weiSi worth knowing. For flowers have distmct objects in life and are everything they are for the most justifiable of reasons, i. c, the perpetuation and the improvement of tlk^ sp^ia. Hie means lliey employ to accomplish these ends are so various and so ocHtsummately d&nse that, in learning to understand them, we are brought to realize how similar they are to the fundamental aims of even the human race. Indeed there are few life principles tiiat plants have not worked out satisfactorily. The ptofafems of adairtfng i»es^ to oro's eaavmmaeBil, df insuring healthy families, of starting one's children well in life, of founding new colonies in distant lands, of the cooperative method of conducting business as opposed to the individualistic, of laying up treasure in the bank for fatoie tue^ of punishing vice and rewardix^ virtue — ^these and many other problems of wiMtKiMj tlie fiowcn hsn worked out with the help of insects, through the ages. To really understand what the wild flowers are doing, what the scheme of each one is, besides looking beautiful, ai to give one a broader sympathy with both man and FBEFACE Nature and to add a real interest and joy to life which cannot be too widely ahttcd. Nkusix Bl&ncban. Oyster Bay, New York, Janmry 2, 1917. Editor's Note. — The nomenclature and classification of Gray's New Manual of Botany, as rearranged and revised by Professors Robinson and Femald, have been followed throughout the book. This system is htaed wptm that (rf Eichler, as developed by Engler and Prantl. A variant form of .lame is also sometimes givm to assist in identi- fication.— ^A. D. D, CONTENTS Preface, and Eomm'sNora y Flower Forms xiv Leaf AND Root Forms xv List OP Illustrations xvii Water-Plantain Family (^/tmoceoc) .... 3 Broad-leaved Arrow-head Abom Familt (Aratxae) - 5 Jack-m-the-PuIpIt; anink Cabbage SpiDERwoRTFAiiiiT(Comme2MiiM«a«) . . . . 10 Vixgiiiia or Common Day-flower PicKEREL-wEED Familt (PonfedmeMw). ... 11 Pickerel Weed Lily Family (iiZioccae) 12 American White Hellebore; Wild Yellow, Meadow, WkM or Cttttdft IMy; Bed, Wood, flame or Phil, adelphia Lily; Yellow Adder's Tongue or Dog- tooth "Violet"; Yellow Clintonia; Wild Spikenard or False Solomon's Seal; Hairy, True or Twin- flowered Solomon's Seal; Early or Dwarf Wake- Bobin; Purple Trillium, Bl-scented Wake-Bobin Amarylus Familt (AmarifUidao§a») .... ft Y^k>wSl•^fllM vui c€mmm Ibis Familt (Iridaceae) Larger Blue Flag, Blue Iris or Fleur-de-lis; Black- h&ry My; Pomted Blue-eyed Grass, Eye-briirht or Blue Star OmmmVAMtLT (On^ndaceae) 3^ Large Yellow Lady's Slipper, Whippoorwffl's Shoe or Yellow Moccasin Flower; Moccasin Flower or Pink, Venus' or Stemless Lady's Slipper; Showy. Gay or Spring Orchis; Large, Early or Purple- fringed Orchis; White-fringed Orchis; Yellow- fringed Orchis; Cak^Migoa <»• Grass Pink; Arethuaa or Indian Pick; Nodding Ladies' Tresses BvcKwuEAT Family (Polygona/^u) 45 Common Persicaria, Pink Knotweed or Joint. weed, or Smartweed ^OKEWEED Family (PhT/tolaccaceae) Pokeweed, Scoke, Pigeon-F srry, Ink-beny m> Garget Pink Family {Caryopkyllaceae) Common Ghickweed; Corn Cockle, Com Rose, C<»n or Red Campion, or Crown-of-thc-Field; Starry Campion; Wild Pink or Cat<^l^; Soapwwt* Bouncing Bet or Old Maid's Pink Purslane Family (PortM/ococttw). . , , . . 53 Spring Beauty or Claytonia Water-lily Family (iVy?npAaeacca«) .... 54 Large Yellow Pond or Water Lily, Cow Lilj- w Spatterdock; Sweet-scented White Water or Pond Lily 47 48 CONTENTS C!rowfoot Faiolt (Ranuneulaeeae) Common Meadow Buttercup, Tall Crowfoot or Cuckoo Flower; Tall Meadow Rue; Liver-leaf, Hepatica, Liverwort or Squirrel Cup; Wood Ane- mone or Wind Fkm; Vu|^*f Bower, Virginia Clematis or Old Man's Beard; Mardi Marigold, Meadow-gowan or American Cowslip; Gold-thread or Canker-root; Wild Columbine; Black Cohosh, Black Snakeroot or Tall Bugbane; White Bane- berry or Cohosh Babbehbt Family (Berberidaceae) 74 May Apple, Hog Apple or Mandrake; Barberry or FoppY FAM11.Y (Papmeraceae) 76 Bloodroot; Greats Celandiae m SwaOow-wtnt Fumitory Family (FMwariacea«) .... 79 Dutchman's Breeches; Squirrel Com Mustard Family (CrMci/erae) ... , . 81 Shepherd's Purse; Black Mustard Pitcher-plant Family (Sarraceniaceae) .... 8i Pitcher-plant, Side-saddle Flower or Indian Dip- Early Saxifrage; False Miterwort, Coolwort or Foam Flower; Grass of FBmamm WlTCH-HASSLFAHILT(J7; Wild Canot or Qaeea Anne's Lace Dogwood Family (Comcume) . . . . . . 14S Flowering Dogwood Heath Family (Ericaceae) 145 Pipsissewa or Prince's Pine; Indian Pipe, L ^ plant, Ghost flower or Corpse-plant; Pine Sap or FalseBcech-drops; Wild Honeysuckle, Pink, Purple or W3d Azaiea, m Finxt^fiowra*; Amoican or Great Rhododendron, Great Laurel, or Bay; Mountain or American Laurel or Br'^ad-leaved Kalmia; Trailing Arbutus or Mayflower; Creeping Wintergreen, Checker-berry or Partridge-berry Primrose Family (Primulaceae) 161 Foiir-Ieaved or Whorled Loosestrife; Star-flower; Scarlet Pimp^nel, Poor Maa's Weftther-gtess or Shepherd's Ciodc; Shooting Star or American Cow8% zii Gentian Family (Gentianaceae) iff Bitter-bloom or Rose-Pink; Fringed Gentian; Closed or Blind Gentian Dogbane Family (Apocynaceae) , 169 ^mading or Fly-trap Dogbane ^liaxMmmVAimx (AKlepiadaeeae) . . .171 Conmm Millnreed or ^weed; Bntterfly-weed Convolvulus Family (Convolvulaceae) . . . . 177 Hedge or Great Bindweed; Gronovius' or Common Dodder or Strangle- weed PoLiaiONiUM Family (Pofemoniaccac) .... 181 Ground or Moss Pink 'Bem&SBFAunjr (Bon^finamu) 182 Foiget-me-not; Vq>e^s Bi^oas or Snake-fiowar Vervain Family (Verbenamui) 185 Blue Vervain, Wild Uysaopta^mg^sJoj Mint Family (Labiatae) Ig7 Mad-dog Skullcap or Mad weed; Self-heal, Heal- all, Blue Curls or Brunella; Motherwort; Oswego Te8» Bee Balm or Indian's Humfe; Wild Bergamot NiOHiSHAniiFAiiiLT (So2anae0oe) 19$ Nightshade, Blue Bindweeu or Bittersweet; James- town Weed, Thorn Apple or Jimson Weed FiGWORT Family (Scrophulariaceae) Great Mullein, Velvet or Flannel Plant or Aaron's Rod; Moth Mullein; Butter-and-eggs or Yellow Toadflax; Kue or Wild Toadflax or Bhie linaria; Hairy Beard-tongue; Snake-head, Turtle-head or Cod-head; Monkey-flower; Common Speedwell, Fluellin or Paul's Betony; American Brooklime; CONTENTS CalWMOOt; Dowiqr Fabe Vax^bwi Large Purple Gerardia; Scarlet Painted Ciq> or bicKaa Paint-brush ; Wood Betony or Loosewort Broom-bape Fjum.T (CMondkoemw) .... flf Beech-drops MadosbFaiolt (iWoceoe) 214 Partridge Vine or Squaw-beny; Buttmi-lHiiii or Honey-balls; Bluets, Iiinocence or Quaker T^8ff Bluebell F aiily (Campanulaceae) fig Harebell, Hairbell or Blue Bells of Scotland; Venua' Looking-glass or Clasping BeUflower Ia}WSLIaFamwx (Lobeliaceae) 220 CanHnal Fknrar; C^eat Lobe&i CoMPOBSXm F Amur (Compositae) Iron-weed or Flat Top; Joe Pye Weed, Trumpet Weed, or Tall or Purple Boneset or Thorough- wort; Golden-rods; Blue and Turple Asters or SiarmaUi White Asters or Starworts; Golden As- ter; Daisy Fleabane or Sweet SedNk»i8; Boimi's or Robert's Plantain or Blue Spring Daisy; Pearly or Large-flowered Everlasting or Immortelle, Elecampane or Horseheal; Black-eyed Susan or Ydlow or Ox-eye Daisy; Tall or Giant Sunflower; Sneezeweed or Swamp Sunflr wer; Yarrow ot "Mil- {oQ ; Dog's or Fetid Camomile or Dog-fennel ; Com- mon Daisy, Marguerite, or White Daisy; Tansy or Bitter Buttons; Thistles; "Chicory or Succory; Common Dandelion; Tall or Wild Lettuce; Orange or Tawny HaiiHrweed or Devil's Faint-bmsh Color Key 261 Gmamja*1mmf39NAMm ....... fes LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fringed Gentun {Gentiana crinita) ... on cowr Blacs-sted Suhan (Rudbeekia kirla) FroniUpUee Abbow-BMAD (Sagittaria latifolia) 18 SoAPwoRT OR Bouncing Bet (^Saponaria offiemaHt) 17 Liverwort or Hepatica (Ilepatica trUoba) ... 82 Marsu Marigold (Caltha palustru) 83 BLkCxCoaom (Cimifugara^moia) 48 Makdbakb OB Mat Apple (Podopkyllum ptitatum) 49 BioomooT (Sanguinaria canadensis) .... 64 Steeplebush or Hardhack {Spiraea tomentosa) . 65 FuRPLE-FLOWERiNG Raspberry {Rubus odoratus) . 80 Tgugh^iob-not OB Jewel Weed {Impatiens biflora) 81 Shbqbbt St. Joso^b Wobt {Hypmeum prolificum) 96 Common PtJRPLE Violet (Fio/a cMcwZio/o) ... 97 Downy Yellow Violet (FioZojm6e5Ctfn«) . . . ^12 FiREVfEEJ) (Epilobium angustifolium) . . . . I} ' Evening Primrose ((EnoR Marsh Pink {Sabaiaria stellaris) .... 160 Closed or Bllvd G^ntl^n {Gentiana Andrewsii) 160-161 PuRKJB Milkweed (Asckpias purpurascens) . 160-161 Butterfzt-webd (Aniepiat tid)erQta) .... 161 BLU2ysBYAiRm maggots m mu^rooms, toad- 6 WILD FLOWERS stools, or decaying logs, form the main part of his congregation. Now» to drop the derical simile, let us peep within the sheathing spathe, or, better still, strip It off altogether. Doctor Torrey states that the dark-striped spathes are the fertile plants, those with green and whitish lines, sterile. Within are smooth, glossy columns, and near the base of each we duill &id the true flowers, minute affairs, some staminate; others, on distinct plants, pis- tillate, the berry bearers; or rarely both male and female florets ceated on the same club, as if Jack's elaborate plan to prevent self-fertilization were not yet complete. Planli may be detected in process of evolution toward their ideals fust as nations and men are. Doubtless when Jack's mechanism is perfected, his guilt will dis- appear. A little way above the florets the club enlarges abruptly, forming a projecting ledge that effectually closes the avenue of escape for many a guileless victim. A fungous gnat, enticed perhaps by the striped lunise d refuge from cdd spring winds, and with a prospect of food below, enters and slides down the inside walls or the slip- pery, colored column: in either case descent is very easy; it is the return that is made so difficult, if not impossible, for the tiny visitors. Squeezing past the projecting ledge, the gnat finds himsel! in a roomy apartment whose floor— the bottom of tl« pulpit— is dusted over with fine pollen; that is, if he is among staminate flowers already mature. To get some of that pollen, with which the gnat presently covers himself, transferred to the numite pistillate flotets it m a.HirfMit AanJ>«M.r. >t may be, he will become insectivorous like the plt<^ fdaat m tioie. He comes from a naraDy family, anyhow. His cousin, the cuckoo-pint, as is well known, destroys the winged messenger bearing its oflFspring to plant fresh colonies in a distant bog, because the decayad 8 WILD FLOWERS body of tlw bird acts as the best possible fertilizer into wbidb the seedHog may stnSw its roots. In June and July tl^ thick-set club, studded over with briglit berries, becomes conspicuous, to attract hungry woodland rovers in the hope that the seeds will be dropped far from the parent plant. The Indians used to hoSl the berries for food. The farinaceous root (corm) they likewise boiled or dried to extract the stinging, blb- tering juice, leaving an edible little "turnip," however insipid and starchy. Skunk or Swamp Cabbage Symplocarpus foetidua Flowers — Minute, perfect, foetid; many scattered over a thick, rounded, fleshy spadix, and hidden within a swdlen, ^ell-shaped, purplish-brown to greenish-yellow, uma!^ mottled, spathe, ck>se to ihe grmmd, that ap- pears before the leaves. Spadix much enlarged and spongy in fruit, the bulb-like berries imbedded in its surface. Leaves: In large crowns like cabbages, broadly ovate, often 1 ft. across, strongly nerved, their petioles wi^ deep grooves, malodorous. Preened Habitat — Swamps, wet ground. Flowering Season — ^February — ^April. Distribution- -^ova, Scotia to florida, and westward to Miimesota and Iowa. This despised niative ci the stately oiSa Bly prodainis spring in the very teeth of wmter, being the first bold adventurer above ground. When the lovely hepatica, the first flower worthy the name to appear, is still wrapped ARUM FAMILY g m^uzzy furs the skunk cabbage's dark, incurved horn tt^ttm mthm lU hoUow, tmy. malodorous florets. Why M the oitire plant so foetid that one flees the neighborhood, pervaded as ,t is with n odor that conO^Tsuspicion of skunk, putnd meat, and gariic? After mveftintms the Carrion-flower and the Purple TrilHum, among otW welearned that certain flies delight in foul odors loathsome to higher oig^isms; that plants dependent on these pollen earners woo them from long distances with a stench, and m addition sometimes try to charm them with color re- sembling the sort of meat it is their special mission, with tne Help of beetles and other scavengers of Nature, to remove from the face of the earth. In such marshy ground as the Skunk CaMmge lives in. many smaU flies and gnats live in embryo under the faUen leaves during the winter. But even before they aie wanned into active hfe. the hive-bees, natives of Europe, and with perfectly adapted as yet to our flora, are out Af ter tne flowering tmm cwne the vivid green crowns of leaves that at least please the eye. Lizards make their home beneath them, and many a yellowthroat. taking ad- It herself and builds her nest in the hollow of the cab- bage as a protectmn fcM- her eggs and young from fom- footed enemies. Cattle let the plant abne because erf the stinging acrid juices secreted by it, although such u"^^* ^^P^^^'y tempting, ae the Wlebore's, after a dry winter diet. Some^ tunes tmy uaects are found drowned in the wells of iTstX" at the b«« of the grooved 10 WILD FLOWEBS SPIDEEWOBT FAMILY (CmmdiuMtM) VirginU,flrCommnnD«y-apw log in eemtact with the stigmas that occupy preeisdy the position where the stamens were in other individuals, he brushes off each lot <^ poUen just where it will do the most good. ULY FABGLY; ilMkm) Asaericaa WlOte HaUebote; Indian Ma} Itdt^-weed V«mtmm wmit FUswen — Dingy, pale yellowish or whitish green, growing greener with age, 1 in. or less across, very numerous, in stiff-bran ehing, ^ike-like, dense-flowered panicles. Peri- anth of 6 oblong segments; 6 short curved stamens; 3 LILY FAMILY i$ itylcs. 8tm: Stout, leafy. « to 8 ft tdl. Lm$: flaited, lower ones broadly oval, pointed. 6 to 1« m. long; parallel ribbed, sheathing the stem where they clasp it; upper leaves gradually narrowing; those among Pr^erred ^TaW/a/— Swampi, wet woodi, km metdom. Flowering Season — May — July. Dutribution-Brithh Possessions from ocean to ocean- southward in the United States to Geowia. Tenneawt! andMiiiiieiota. "Borage and hdbbowffltirosMUM ■ Kovewign plants to purge the veins Of melancholy, and cheer the heart or tihm HMk feBH whieb mht it nHttt" Such are the antidotes for madness pxewrabed by Bur. ton m his " Anatomic of Melancholy." But like most med- leines, so the homoeopaths have taught us, the plant that heals may also poison; and the coarse, thick rootstock of this b^k^ aome&net ^ deadly work. The shining plaited leaves, put fortli so eariy in the spr.ig they are especially tempting to grazing cattle aa that account, are too well known by most animals, however, to be touched by them— precisely the end desired, of course, by the helleb«»e, nightshade, aconite, cyclamen. Jamestown weed, and a host of others that resort, for protection, to the low tnck of mixing poisonous chemicab with their cellular juices. Pliny told how the horses, oxen, and ^'''■^ ^'"^"^ foliage of the blade heDebore. But the flies which cross-fertilize this piaat seem to be uninjured by its nectar. 14 WILD FLOWERS WUd Yellow, Meadow, or Field LUy; Canada Lily Lilam eanadmm Flo»ef«--Ydlow to orange-red, of a deeper shade within, and speckled with dark, reddish-brown dots. One or several (rarely many) nodding on long peduncles from the summit. Perianth bell-shaped, of 6 spreading segments 2 to 3 in. long, their tips curved backward to the middle; 6 slamiais, wiUi reddish-brown linear anthers; 1 pista, club-shaped; the stigma 3-lobed. Stem: 2 to 5 ft. tall, leafy, from a bulbous rootstock composed of numerous fleshy white scales. Leaves: Lance-shaped to oblong; usually in whorls of fours to tens, or *ome alternate. FruU: An erect, oblong, 3-celled capsule, the flat, hmisontal seecb packed in « rows in each cavity. Preferred IJabitat— Swamps, low meadows, moist fields. Floivering licason — June — ^July. I>is«n6trfib»— Nova Scotia to Geofgia, westwaid heftmA the MiBsiiwiMtt* Not our gorgeous lilies that brighten the low-lying meadows in early summer with pendent, swaying bells; possibly not a true lily at all was diosen to fflustrate the tretii whic* those who listened to the Sermon on the Mount, and we, equally anxious, foolishly overburdened folk of lo-day, so liuk oon^;>reli^d. ••Conader tlie li&i of thefiekl, how they grow; iJwy toS not, aeither do they spin: "And yet I ■•y unto you, that even Solomon m all bis glory wai not arrayed Uks MM Mlri6ii^tm— Northern border of United States, westward to Ontario* sottth to the Cawrfinas and West Vii^a. Erect, as if conscious of its striking beauty, this vivid lily lifts a chalice that suggests a trap for catching sun- beams from fiery old Sol. Defiant of his scorching rays ta its diy hal»tat, it neithap nods nor droops even during prolonged drought; and yet many people confuse it with the gracefully pendent, swaying bells of the yellow Omada Lily, which will grow in a swamp rather than forego mois- ture. Lit the Celtic for white, from which the family de- rived its name, makes this bright-hued flower blush to own it. Seedsouffl, idio e^ort quaatltks of our superb native lilies to BuK^ simply bulbs so chaq> that no one LILY FAMILY 17 should wait four years for flowers from seed, or go without their splendor m our over-conventional gardens. Yellow AddMr^s Tongua; Trout Ulyj Dog-tooth "Violet" Etythronium americanum Flower-Solitary, pale russet yellow, rarely tinged with purple, slightly fragrant, 1 to 2 in. long, nodding from the suBunrt of a rootstalk 6 to 12 in, high, or about as tall as the leaves. Perianth bdl-shaped, of 6 petal-like, distmct segments, spreading at tips, daik iraotted withm; 6 stamens; the club-shaped style with S short, sb^atic ndges. Leaves: 2, unequal, grayish green, niottied and streaked with brown or all green, oblong. 3 to 8 m. long, nanowing into clasping petioles. Pr^erred HabUa^-m^ op«i woods and thickets. brooksides. Flowering Seasan—MsLich—Msiy. DiMtaim-~SoyB. Scotia to Florida, westward to the JXiiinsrapfH. Colonies of these dainty littie lilies, that so ofUm grow beside leapmg brooks where and when the trout hide justify at least one of their names; but they have nothing in commcm with the violet or a dog's tooth. Their fajnt fragrance m&a soggests a tulip; and as for the bulb, which m some of the Kly-kin has toothfike scales, ft is in this case a smooth, egg-shaped corm. producing little round offsets from its base. Much fault is also found mm MKithCT name on the plea that the curiously mottled and dehcatdy pendOed leaves bring to mind, not a a»te»topgMe,lwttankto.Mthiy^^do. moe^ 18 WILD FLOWERS sees the sharp purplish point of a young plant darting above ground in earliest spring, however, at once sees the fitHi^ application of adder's tongue. But how few ncog' nize their plant friends at all seasons of the year! Every one must have noticed the abundance of low- growing spring flowers in deciduous woodlands, where, later in the year, after the leavra overhead cast a heavy shade, so few blossoms are to be found, because their light is serioudy diminished. The thrifty adder's tongue, by laying up nourishment in its storeroom underground through the winter, is ready to send its leaves and flower upward to take advantage of tlie sunlight the still naked trees do sot intercept, just as socm as the ground thawk Y^km diiitottia ClinUmia borecdia Flowers — ^Straw color or greenish yellow, less than 1 in. kmg, 3 to 6 noidmff oa trader pedicels from the sum- mit of a leafless scape 6 to 15 in. tall. Perianth of 6 spreading divisions, the G stamens attached; style, 3-lobed. Leaves: Dark, glossy, large, oval to oblong, 2 to 5 (usually 3), sheathing at the base. Fruit: Oval blue berries on upright pedicels. Preferred Habitat — Moist, rich, cool woods and thickets. Flowering Season — May — ^June. Distribution — From the Carolinas and Wisconsin far northward. To name canals, bridges, city thoroughfares, booming factory towns after De Witt Clinton seems to many ap- pnq[>Tiate enough; but why a shy little woodland flower? ULY FAMILY 19 As fitly might a wee white violet cany down the name of Theodore Roosevelt to posterity! "Gray should not have named the flower from the Governor of New York," complains Thoreau. "What is he to the lovers of flowers in Massachusetts? If named after a man, it must be a man wart Wake-Robin TrilUum nwale Ffcwwr*— Solitary, pure white, about 1 in. long, on an erect or curved peduncle, from a whwl of 3 leaves at summit of stem. Three spreading, green, narrowly oblong sepals; 3 oval or oblong petals; 6 stamens, the anthers about as long as filaments; 3 slender styles stigmatic along inner dde. 8iem: 2 to 6 in. high, from a short, tuber-like rootstock. Leaves: S in a whor! below the flower, 1 to 2 in. long, broadly oval, rounded at end, on short petioles. Fruit: A 3-lobed reddish berry, about i in. diameter, the sepals adhering. Preferred HahUat—mAi, moist woods and thickets. Flowering Secwon— March— May. Z)M/ri6u