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Ti.i.rsiRAiKi) Kl•;^• to the
WILD AND COMAIOXLY

CL i;ri\Ari:i) trees

OK Tin:

XOKTHEASTHRX UXirKD STATES AXU
AD J AC EXT CANADA

h\>\A> PRIMARILY LI'D.N l.KAl (H ARAC 1 KRS
BY

J. ERAXKLIX COLLIXS

AND

HOWARD W. TM'IESTON

TORONTO

McClelland and goodchild

LIMITED

C"i ilVKI

i.in, i.,ij

HI \k\ IKtI.I AM) ( (iMl'ANY

ruljli>hLvl May, ii)i2

PHESS OF T. MOMCV & SON
f.REENFlCLO, MASS USA

PREFACi:

In 1909 the authors published thcfi "Key to
Now Enghmd Trees" which was then r.^Mrded as
prehminary to an ilkistrated edition. Later it
uas decide,! to extend the geographic range of the
torthcomnig edition so as to include the north-
eastern states and adjacent (\inada.

This key is intended, as was the earh'er one to
scrxe as a guide for those who wish to become ac-
quainted with the wild and commonly cultivated
trees of the region indicated. At the same time
the book remains sutliciently small to be readily

carried in the pocket. For the convenience of
those ,,.ho ^..^^ ^^ ,^^.^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^

bibliography of some of the more important works
on the trees of northeastern America will be found
on page 157. The illustrations are intended to show
an outline of a typical leaf of every tree of which
the leaves differ sufficiently from others to be
recognized in a drawing. Where the leaves of two
different trees are much alike an outline of one
only IS usuallv- given, and an explanatory reference
IS made to this under the species not illustrated,
at the proper place in the key.

It must be borne in mind tha. no two leaves on

iii

I

IV

PKKIACE

a [rw :irc cxattly alike and thai tlnTc i> "ttcn a
wide ran^'i- <>t' -^hajR's on llu' >amc' trw I-'or this
rra>()n tlu' U'al outline- >ho\vn (\vhi< h i> niadc- from
a fairly typical leaf as undcr-too.' ')\ the authors)
may not l)C (luitr reprt'sentativc of what would he
called a typical leaf of that si)e(ie> ■^rowin.L; under
different conditions, or in a different locality.

'Idle bark of most trees is charai teri>lic, but in
many species, unfortunatel> , these characters can-
not be brought out as clearly a> could be doired
in a halftone of the size used here. A consistent
attempt has been made to illustrate only certain
representative types. In certain cases, howevir,
l)ark illustrations of several allied si)ecies of a i^roup
or genus are given. A full series seems hardly
necessary, as the key is based primarily upon leaf
characters.

Technical terms, to a large extent. ha\e been
eliminated. For the explanation of such as are
used see the glossary on page i4<)- The geographic
ranges given in the key must be interpreted as
general rather than precise, as no attempt has
been made to indicate the exact known limits for
any species. Beside each outline drawing an inch
scale, reduced in size to correspond with the reduc-
tion of the leaf, is shown. In a few cases a ([uarter
inch scale is used, but in all such cases the scale
is clearly so marked. By this device it is a simple

I'kRIACE y

ninll.T f.) .Ictcrminc iU,- approximate siV.r of arn-
ica I'.

'I'lirou-rhout thr key occasional reference is made
tn cul- uhi.h illu>irate the points under con-
sideration.

Afler determinin<,r the name of a tree it is an
excellent plan to -<. over the key a-ain and make
rarelul note of the i)articular characters that were
u>ed to sei)arate it from other trees, especially the
near allies. Also dry a leaf under moderate pres-
sure and keej) it for future reference. If these
su^'-estions are followed .systematically and con-
scientiouslx- most of our common trees can .soon he
recognized at si<rht. The main object of this key
is merely to -uide the student through the prelimi-
nary stages of this recognition. A true knowledge of
trees must be derived j^rimarily from accurate and
abundant study of the trees then selves.

'lo those who have had little or no experience
in determining plants by means of botanical keys
the following suggestions will be helpful.

Take the key with you into the held or wood.
Look ox er the tree and select typical (or average)
leaves and twigs before attempting to use the key.
As a rule (jnly these should be considered. In most
cases these need not be detached, and they should
not be when there is any sus{)icion that objection
might be raised to such a procedure, as might be

VI

PREFACE

the case with street trees, park trees, and cultivated
trees in general. If fruit characters are needed for
identification and no fruit can be found on the
tree, search the ground directly beneath for old
fruits. If any are found, they may usually be re-
garded as having dropped from the tree, unless the
fruit 's easily blown by the wind, or the ground is
sloping and other trees grow higher up the slope
where fruits might easily roll down.

In using the key begin with Xo. i and read the
two lin'-^ preceded by this number, deciding which
one of the two applies to the tree under considera-
tion. If the leaves of our tree are more than I of
an inch long, as most leaves are, we next pass to
No. 2. as indicated by the figure 2 following this
Hne, and read the two lines preceded by the figure 2,
deciding which one of these two applies to our tree,
and again passing to the number indicated after
the proper line. This simple process is rejieated
until we reach one or more common names in full
faced type. If a number is found after this name
(as in No. 6) it means that the name is that of a
genus including two or more species. In order to
decide which species of the genus we have, we pass
to the number indicated and proceed as before.
To illustrate this, suppose we reach No. 6, in the
key, deciding that we have a Pine, we next turn
to Nc. 76 in order to find ivhicli Pine we have, by

PREFACE

VI 1

a process exactly similar to that mentioned above.
Preceding Xo. 76 will be found a few briefly stated
characteristics of the Pine genus. A similar charr ^-
terization will be found preceding all other genera
which contain more than one species. Finally we
arrive at a point where no number is indicated after
the line chosen. The common name (or names,
where a tree is known by several names in the same
or in different localities) will here be found in full
faced type, except in case of some of the Thorns,
and the scientific name in italics. If more than one
common name is given the hrst is usually preferred,
the subsequent ones being either less distinctive,
less common, or merely local within our range.

The names of states and authorities for scien-
tific names are abbreviated in the usual manner.
The word "cultivated" is abbreviated to "cult.",
and "figure" and "figures" to "Fig." and "Figs."

Where conflicting opinions exist in regard to
specific limitations and names the 7th edition of
" (iray's Manual" has been followed, particularly
in such groups as Thorns, Alders, Birches, etc.

The cooperation of all who use this book, in re-
porting errors which they discover, is desired by
the authors.

The authors herewith acknowledge their indebt-
edness to Prof. IVI. L. Fernald for many valued
criticisms and suggestions.

I

fc^l

m

c

COjNTENTS

Prkface , jii

Kky to Gknera and Species i

A Systematic List of Trees Grouped in Families, with

Pace References i6i

Index to Tree \ames i^i

ii

I

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

I. Leaves very small and scale-like, closely ap-
pressed and overlapping; less than i of an
inch long. (See Figs. - 7.)— 7.

1. Leaves more than | of an inch long, not closely

overlapping. (See Figs. 90, 192.)— 2.

2. Leaves awl-shaped (i. e., narrow and tapering

from the base to a rather sharp apex); I to
f of an inch long and ^V to I of an inch wide.
(See Figs, i, 2a.) Fruit a blue berry-like
cone — 4.

2. Leaves not awl-shaped— 3.

3. Leaves needle-shaped (i. e., slender, about the

sa.Tie thickness throughout, and in cross-
section either semi-circular, triangular, or
rhombic), not conspicuously flattened. (See
Figs. 63, 64.)— 5.

3. Lea/es flattened and distinctly narrowed at

the point of attachment, with or without
a distinct leaf-staik. (See Figs. 12, 184.)— 9.

4. Leaves three at a node. 1 to f of an inch

long and about ,V of an inch wide, all

KEY TO GEXKRA AXD SPKCTEi

alike; whitened on the real

upi)cr surface 'which is com-
monly lurned lowanls the

ground ) and green on the

lower surface, spiny -pointed.

Rarely a small tree, generally

a shrub. Central New I'.ng-

land and southward in the

mountains. Common Juni-
per, Jiinipcrus communis L.

The low spreading Dwarf

Juniper (var. dcfncssa l\ir>h),

with leaves rarely \ inch long.

is the common form of this

species in New l-aigland and

westward. ' Fi^'s. i. ,v )
Leaves of two forms, one form awl-~hai)ed,

two at a node, with the real
upper surface whitened, as
in the Common Juniper; the
other (usuall)- on older trees)
c()n>isting of short overlap-
l)ing scale-like leaves ar-
ranged in four more or less
distinct longitudinal rows.
Southern Maine and New
Hampshire southward and
v,!'-:t wiird . ! Fills, 2, X. 4-)

lie. I. Dwarf
luiii|HT.

^ I'

lin. 2. Red ("fdar. a. Twi'j
with awl shaped lta\r-
b. Twi^ witii ^(aU- !il^t

J= "C

-C 1-1

c o

3 ■-'

4 KEY TO GEXERA AND SPECIES

Red Cedar, Savin, Junipcrus virginiana L.

Fig. 4. Red Cedar.

5. Leaves in well marked clusters on the side of

the branch — 6.
5. Leaves not in definite clusters on the side of

the branch — Spruce, 85.

6. Leaves five or less in a cluster- Pine, 76.
6. Leaves seven or more in a cluster — Larch, 84.

7. Young leafy shoots con-
spicuously flattened or
two-edged. Northern
and western New Eng-
land northward and
westward, also south-

Quartfr inch

Fig. 5. Arbor Vitae. a. Side
view of twig; b. Section of

Ki;\- TO GKXERA AXI) SPECIKS 5

ward in the mountains, and cult. (Figs. 5, 6.)
Arbor Vitae, Cedar, White Cedar, Thuja
OicidciiUilis L.

Fif?. 6. Arbor ^'itae.

7. Young leafy shoots not conspicuously fl.'it-
tened— 8.

8. Leaves of two kinds; (a) awl-shaped and spiny
pointed and whitened above, less than §
inch long, more common on young trees, but
generally present also on some parts of older
trees; (h) small and scale-like, smallest and
youngest shoots conspicuously 4-angled. Fruit
a bluish white berry-like cone about ] of an
inch or less thick. Trees of drier situations-
dry sandy fields and hillsides— rarely in low-
wet ground. Southern Me. and X. H. south-
ward and westward. (Figs. 2, 3, 4.) Red
Cedar. Savin, fr/nihpru^ r\irfTt'tii,jt,^ T

. - - . . _ < • ^: .-ll-.t.-:u 1^.

■ \Z7\' ',-[- r-

KEY TO GENERA AND SPIXIES

8. Leaves of one kind only; small and scale-lik(
some of the leaves commonly w'th a minut
swelling or gland on the back. Smallest an
youngest shoots cylindric, not
conspicuously 4-angled nor flat-
tened. Fruit a small dry brownish
cone about \ of an inch thick,
with shield-shaped scales. Trees
of moist situations — swamps,
bogs, etc. ~ rarely in dry soil. 1.-,-^ ^ ^oas
Common from \. H. to Miss. White o
withm 100 miles of the coai^t. viewoftwi^
(Fig. 7.) Coast White Cedar, l' .^"'^ '

" ' ' Sections c

Cedar, Chamaecyparis ihyoidcs (L.) twig.
BSP.

Quarter inch

9. Leaves less than \ of an inch wide 10.
9. Leaves more than { of an inch wide 13.

10. Leaves three at a node, \ to \ of an inch lonj
and about }-^ of an inch wide, all alike; whit
ened on the real up[)er surface (which i:
commonly turned towards the ground) anc
green on the lower surface, spiny pointed
Rarely a small tree, generally a shrub. Cen
tral New England and southward in th(
mountains. Common Juniper, Juniperm

C {/ Itv tti iii t

T'L „ 1 !.• XN t

X XiC low b^iCclCilixg jL'Wiili

Quarter tnrh

10.

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

Juniper fvar. deprcssa
Pursh), with the leaves
nirely 2 ^in inch long,
is the common form
of this species in Xew
England and west-
ward. (Figs. I, ;^.j
Leaves not whitened
above— 11.

Leaf
enlarged Magnified section
ofleaf

Fig- 8. Hemlock.

II. Leaves evergreen, about \ inch long, blunt,
whitened beneath, and with a distinct short
slender leaf-stalk. Ontario, Quebec, New
Brunswick, and southward. (Figs. 8, 9.)

Fig. 9. Hemlock.

Hemlock, Hemlock Spruce, Tsuga cana-
densis (L.) Carr.
ji2. Leaver evergreen, usually at least I of an inch

8

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

lonR, blunt, narrowed at the
base, but without a distinct
sharj)!}' defined leaf-stalk;
often whitened beneath and
sometimes more or less j.-j^ ,q ,{_^|,| (_-^..

curved 12. i)re.s. a. Sidr view

. ot normal shoot;

II. Leaves \ to , of an inch long. 1,. (iiypto^trohus

pointed at the ai)ex, green "'""'^
■ or yellow-green on both surfaces,* falling
from the tree in the autumn (i. e., de-
ciduous), narrowed at the base but without
a distinct leaf-stalk, t spreading idong two
sides of the twig. Swamps from Del. south-

Fig. II. Bald ("yi)ri>s.

* \'cry rarely somewhal whitened beneath.

t There is another form of this tree (or occasionally branches of
a tree) with short appressed sharply pointed Iea\rs, and slender
aimosi pendulous hraaeiics. U 'g- lor/.j i ni.- ;> w.l- ;.;r;:i v.:::-..::
formerly passed in cultivation as Glyplostrobia pcudulus Endl.

KEY TO (iKXKKA AM) Sl'ECTES

ward and ux-st-
ward. (Fiji's. lo,
II.) Bald Cypress,

Tdxadiion disti
(hum (L.) Richard.

12. Mature leaves con-
.^l)icu()u>ly wliiten-
c'i Ijc'iK'ath. Coru's

Upri-ht. Xorth- enlarged

ca.^tuard from Pa

Majfnified
oection

U«f

and Wis. ( Fi,u;s. 12.

I''i«- i-v Bal-am Fir.

M) Balsam Fir, Balsam, Firtree, Balm
of Gilead Fir, Abies bahamca (L.) Mill.

oung

lO

KKV TO GENERA AND SPECIES

12. Mature leaves not conspicuously
whitened l^eneath. Cones hang-
in-i or pendulous, with leafdike
toothed appenchiges projecting be-
yond the scales. Cult. _>«'^itive
west of our range. (Fig- i4-)
Douglas Spruce, Red Fir, Douglas
Fir, rsrudotsuiia UixifoUd Hritt.

13. Leaves simple, with a single blade.

(See I'igs

^... go.

14.

13

Leaves compouncb with 3 ^r ^ore wholly
separate blades (leatlets). (See Figs. 117.
203.)— 63.

With 3 or more main veins of nearly eciual

-7X prominence starting

from the base of the

blade. (See Figs. 19,

246.) --I5-

With only one prominent
vein^ (See Figs. 84,
iQi.) 23.

With ver\- many tine
veins, all of equal prom-
inence, radiating from
the base of the fan-

1";>;. 15. '..i'-'.kj;o.

KEY TO GENERA AXU SPECIES ii

ImK- ii^- (linkj,^). Old trunk.

shaped lilade. Cult. Native in eastern Asia.
(V\i:,>. 15. 16. 17.) Ginkgo, Maiden-hair
Tree, Ginkgo biloba L.

i

l*'ig. 17. Ginkgo. Young trunk an(i twigs.

m

12

KEY 10 GKXEKA AND SPE( IKS

15. With one leaf at a node
(i. e.. leaves alter-
nate)— 18.

15. With two or more
leaves at a node
(i.e.. leaves opjx^site
or who r led) 16.

16. Leaf mar<rins stron.tily
indented in 2 or 4
places, these inden-
tations variable, but
usually reaching at
least ' of the dis-
tance to the base of
the blade. Fruit
with a Hat wing ■ „ u f

OA rii: iS. r;vu!()v.nui. Half of

Maple, 186. ^ '^ ,^ i,;a.

16. Leaves usually with

onlv one ^dentation and th... at the base
(i 0 leaves heart-shaped), occasionally some
leave, with one or two angles (^r shallow
indentations on the sides. Xo small mar-

inal teeth I7-

gm

Catalpa,

17. Fruit 12 to iS inches long, cylindric ^u.a.p«,

208. .

17. Fruit globular or topshai)ed. (\dt. Native

in

KKV TO GENERA AND SPECIES 13

eastern Asia. (Fig. 18.)
Paulownia, Paidownia to-
mcntosa (j^'hunb.) Steud.

18. Prominent veins at the

base of the blade 5 or

more * 19.
18. Prominent veins at the base

of the l)lade 3 * (rarely

5) 20.

Fig. iQ. Sweet Gum.

19. Leaves strongly star-shaped. Conn, and south-
westward, also cult. (Figs. 19, 20.) Sweet

■^,- ^ > .J ,'■ ' ■

I I .^ -. % 'V

Br^ ' j'- • ■ ■

j:h^ ■■, . ' •

ri^. :}o. Sweet Gum.

Gum, Red Gum, Alligator- wood, Liquidam-
bar, Liquidamhar Stryaciflua L.

* In sdHH' lasi's the lowest veins are less prominent than the
upper. At such limes uncertainty may arise as to which No. i8
-huuiii lie loilowed when trying to decide between 3 and 5 veins.

14

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

I'i-. .'I. Rcdbud. Fig- 22. Redbud.

19. Leaves symmetrically heart-shaped, margins
entin ". V. southward and westward, also

cult.

1' lU.

. 21, 22.) Redbud, Judas-tree,

Ccrcis canadensis L.

19. Leaves unsymmetrically heart-shaped, margins

toothed — Linden, 198.

20. Leaves broader than long, with strong angles

or shallow indentations. Southern Me.
southward and westward. (Figs. 23, 24, 25.)
Buttonwood, Buttonball-tree, Plane-tree,
American Sycamore, Sycamore, Platanus
occidentalis L.
20. Leaves longer than wide 21.

21.

Leaf length not twice the width. Juice milky

22.

21. Leaf length not twice the width. Juice not
milky. Base of blade unsymmetrical —Lin-
den, 198.

Fig. 23. Buttonwood.

Fig. 24. Riittonwood.
Young trunk.

mi

Fig. 25. Buttonwood. Old trunk.

1 6

KKV TO OFA'KRA AND SPIX'IKS

21. Leal len«rth more than twice the width. Juice
not r.iilk\. Southern Xew Kngland south-
ward and westward. (Figs.
26, 27.) Hackberry, Sugar-
berry, Nettle-tree, Oneberry,
Ccltis occident<ilis L.

22

22

Fruit globuUir, about I of an -
inch thick. Cult, and es-
caped. Xati\e in eastern ^..^^ ^^^^ H;ukl,crry.
Asia. (Fig. 28.) Paper Mul-
berry, BroussoncUa papyrijcra (L.) Vent.

Fruit longer than broad, less than \ inch thick
— Mulberry, 148.

* i iff -n- »ji -. . . ' *

FiR. 27. TTackbcrry.

23. Margins either wavy, toothed, incised, or
lobcd. (See Figs. 46. 12O, ifu). 22^.) 35-

23. Margins entire, without any of the above char-

acters. (See Figs. 40, 150.) 24.

24. Twigs and bark emitting a jileasant spicy ()dor

when bruised. Some of the leaves with a

KKV TO gi:ni:ra a:.o species 17

or
ir-

ior
a

Fig. :8. Paper MuU)crry.

prominent lobe on one or both sides. Leaf-
stalk usually more than 4 of an inch long.
Fruit blue when ri{)e, about ] ol\ an inch
long, on a reel stalk, enclosing a single seed-
like stone. Central \e\v England southward
and westward. (Figs. 2q, 30, 31.) Sassafras,
Sassdfras variifoUum (Salisb.) Ktze.

Fig. 2Q. Sassafras.

?"ig. 30. Sassafras.

i8

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

Fig. 31. Sassafras.

24. Twigs and bark emittin*^ a disasreeable or
heavy odor when brui.sed. Leaves without
any lobes. Leaf-stalk usually less than I
inch long. Fruit fleshy and edible, green
or brown when ripe, I2 to 5
inches long, enclosing several
large seeds. Central N. Y.
westward and southward.
(Fig. ^2.) Papaw, Common
Papaw, Custard Apple, A si-
mi na triloba Dunal.

24. Twigs and bark not particularly

fragrant nor with an unpleas-
ant odor when bruised. None
of the leaves lobed — 25.

25. Leaves thick, smooth, and ever- pj^^^ Common

green— 26. Papaw.

REV TO GEXKRA AND SPECIES

19

25 Leaves thin or else hairy beneath, drop-
ping at the end of the season -27.

26. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, green on the '
under surface. New Brunswick and
southwestvvard. (Fig. :;,;;.) Mountain
Laurel, Calico Bush, Spoon woo d, Nwuln
Kalmia lalijolia L. ^"""''■

26. Leaves 4 to 1 2 inches long, with a russet, tawny,
or cinnamon-colored under surface. Central
New England south west ward, also
locally in Xova Scotia and northern
New England. (Fig. ^54.) Rhodo-
dendron, Great Laurel, Rose Bay,
Rhododendron maximum L.

27. Side veins curving nearly to the apex
of the leaf -Cornel, 201.

27. Side veins not curving nearly to the
apex of the leaf 28.

j8.

.■■^.

i..anches with at least a few spines or
thorns (usually many). Lower Mis-
sissippi valley, also cult, and escaped.
(Figs. 35, 36.) Osage Orange, Ma-
dura pomijera (Raf.) Schneider.

Branches w^ithout spines or thorns — f"'g-3S-

OsaRe

y* v-zTangC.

*^

20

Ki:\ K) iii;.\i:kA wd spiaiKS

29. Leaves oppo-^itc or whork'd 30.
29. Li'aws alternate 31.

(Fig. 37.) Buttonbush,

Fig. 30. Osago Orange.

30. Leaves mostly 3 at a node (whorled), rounded

or {)ointed at the base. Xew Brunswick

southwestward.

L'ephalanthus occidcntalis L
30. Leaves opposite, with an abrupt or slightly

heart-shaped base. Cult, and escaped. Xa-

ti\-e in Eura>ia. (Fig. 38.) Lilac, Syringa

vulgaris I
30. Leaves op]n)site, blade broadest at the middle

or above. X. J. southwestward and cult.

(Fig. 3(;.) Fringe-tree, White Fringe,

Lhionanlhus virginicd L.

31. Leaxes 7 inches or more long — Magnolia,
149.

31. i.ea\e^ ies> liian 7 niches ionj

32.

KEY I() GEXKRA AMj S PLC IKS

21

Fringc-irec.

!«;• 40.
Pcr.-iimmon.

32. Terminal bud ', inch or more long Mag-
nolia, 149.

32. Terminal bud less than \ of an inch long 33.

33- Leaves not twice as long as wide, under surface
woolly-hairy. Cult. Quince, 152.

33. Leaves not twice as long as wide, under surface

smooth. Cult. Sumach, 182.
33' Leaves at least twice as long as wide. aj)ex
more or less [>ointed 34.

34. Leaves somewhat rounded at the base, pointed

at the ai)e.x. Fruit a globular berrv an inch
or more thick. (\)nn. southwcstward and
occa.sionally cult. (Figs. 40, 41.) Persim-
mon, Date Plum, Diospyros viniiniami L.
34. Leaves more or less pointed at both ends.

22

KEY TO GENERA A\D SPECIES

Fig. 41. Persimmon.

Fruit flontjatcd. ilcsh\- or juicy, less than h
L( p- U)\v^. \.it!i the ec-(l enclosed in a hard
stone. Central Me. southwestward and
westward. ( Fi,u;>- 4^, 4,v) Tupelo, Black
Gum, Sour Gum, Gum, Xyssa sylvatica
Marsh.

Fig. 42,
Tupi'lo

KKY TO (IKXKRA AM) SI'IX'IKS

23

34. Leaves [)(,inte(l at both ends. Fruit an acorn
(i. c., a nut with its base set in a v/oodv cup
which is composed of , lo^d • overlai)i)ing
iimall scales) Oak, 126.

35- Margin with no deej) indentations (i. e.. not
more than ;'. of the (h-stance to the midrib).
(See Figs. 46, 171.J 36.

Fig. 44. Tulip Tree.

35. Margin indented more than ;', of the distance

to the midrib, often almost to the base
(i. e., lobed or divided). (See Figs icc
208.)- 38 ^^'

36. Leaves abruptly cut otT or indented at the

broad apex. M-rgin with a few large angles
or shallow lot. , but with no small teeth.
Central New England southward and west-
vvard, al.-,o cult. ^^gs. 44. 45.) Tulip Tree,

f I-

24

KEY TO C;i:XKRA AND SIMXIES

FIk- 45- Tulip Tree.

White Wood, Yellow Poplar, Liriodendrou
TuUpijcra L.
36. Leaves rouivled or j^ointed at apex. Marj^in
\va\'}', with no distinct teeth nor bristle-
tipped lobes, lari!;er indentations of the
margin not exceedint; 'j of the distance to the
midrib. (Sec Figs. 46. 171.) 37.

36. Leaves rounded or [)ointed at apex, Margin

wiin tiistinct teeth or small notches, or with
a few l)ristle-tii)])ed lobes or angles. (See
Figs. 47, 196.) 39.

37. Hase of blade uns\ni metrical.

New Hrunswick southwest-
ward. (Fig. 46.) Witch Hazel,
Hamamelis, Ilamamc'is vir- ^^^>.
gii'.iiind L.
37. Ease of blade nearl_\- or ((uite j,,.^ .

svmmetrical. Buds short, not Witih Hazel.

KEY TO GEx\ERA AND SPECIES 25

i of an inch long. Bark not smooth and
gray * Oak, 126.
37. Base of ^ blade nearly or quite symmetrical.
Buds 2- inch or more long, sharply jwinted.
Bark smooth and gray, even on old trunks *
-^ Beech, 122.

38. Margin bdh deeply cut or indented, and
toothed. (See Figs. 126, 208.) 61.

38. Margin deei)ly notched or in-
dented, but not toothed. (See
Figs. 30, 44.)- 59.

39- -Leaves thick, evergreen, with stiff
and spiny teeth. Ma.ss. south-
ward along the coast, also
cult. (Fig. 47.) Holly, American
Holly, White Holly, Ikx opaca
Ait.

39- Leaves thin 40.

Holly.

40. Leaves and branches c.i;po>ite, or seemingly
so 41.

40. ..eaves and branches alternate— 42.

*TiK. hark .,f the (,ray Oak in .astern Maine is smooth .,n.l
i<eech-i,ke. It i.. .iouhtless nf this character elsewhere The
(.niy Oak may readily he known <as .■■•ntrasteci with the lieech)
by Its lobecJ leaves, by its fruit, or by its winter bu.l characters

*

26

KKV TO GKXKRA AM) SPI^CILS

41. Branches without thorns or spines, side veins
(>*■ the bhule not i urxini; into the ai)e.\ —
Arrow-wood, 209.

41. Branches common!}- with a few -^pino or thorns,
side veins of the blade eur\in,ti; well up into
the ape.x. C\ill. and escaped. Native in
Kurasia. (Fig. 48.,) Buckthorn, Rhammis
calhiirlica L.

42. Branclus with thc^-ns 43.

42. Branches without thorns 44.

43. Thorns on the side of leafy

branches Thorn, 159.

43. Thorns commonly formed by
the };ointed ends of branches.
Fruit usually with 5 thin-
walled seed compartments
Apple, Pear (in semi-wild
state). 152.

43. Thorns connnonl}- formed b}- the pointed ends
of branches. I''ruit with a >\n\i\c ^eed en-
closed in a hard stone Plum, 175.

lUu kilmrn.

44. Side veins nearly straight, usually unbranched.

(^

.■>ee

Figs. 14,^ !4r>, 178.) 45.

44. Side veins cur\ing or ])rominentl\' forking.
(See Figs. 258. 263. 275.) 54.

Ki:V TO GKXKRA AM) SI'IXTKS

-/

45. Lvn{ basf very uns>mmetrical. as a rule, and
the martrins doubly toothed. Fruit flat,
with a l)roa(l whv^ surrounding the .single
seed. (See Fig. 178.)- Elm, 144.

45. Li'af base >\nimetrieal. or nearly so. (See
I'lii I > ; . ) 46.

I

.^.•)-

46. Margins with coarse teeth or angles. l(>ss than
(' per inch, or else with straight side veins,
eaeh lernu-nating in a hristledike tooth.'
'See Figs. 146, 172.) 47.

46. AF.rgins witi, small teeth, more than 6 per
inch. (See Figs. 40. i:-:.) 49.

K

47. ItuH ,1 n-it; one to .several nuts comj^letely
enclosed in a prickly bur unti! iviature. Facii
of the numerous side veins of the leaf-blade
terminating in a marginal tooth 48.

47. Fruit a nut with its ba.se set in a scaly cup.
Leat margins commonly with a few" large
angular teeth or shallow angular lobes, ea^h
tipped with a short l)ristle Oak, 126.

48. Xut triangular in section. Bark of trunk

smooth, firm, and gray Beech, 122.
48. Xut not triangular in section. Bark of older

Chestnut, 125.

< •-<• ■,!.

» 11 1 1 > » >> n 1

2S KF.V TO GENERA AXI) SPECIES

49. Bark chalky white or whitish, or fit" dark col-
ored) with the outer la>ers of the 'oark sepa-
rabk' into thin pajjery layers Birch, iii.

49. Hark not chalky white, nor whitish 50.

50. Small twif:;s aromatic when bruised Birch, iii.
50. Small twigs not aromatic when bruised 51.

51. Leaves ta[)er-pointed. (See Fig. 49.) 52.
51. Leaves not taper-pointed. (See Figs. 123,
137-)— 53.

• 't

-J— ■ ■■• ; ■ ■

ll

--^^■'r

■ i
- 1

■ '7.,'. <■

-

"«-^';,::;,

'^•^ ^i

rifI.4U. Hi)i>
Horn lieu 111.

Fig. 50. IIoi) IIonil)cam.

52. Surface of the bark brownish, with somewhat
shredded flakes or scales. Xew Brunswick
southward and westward. (Figs. 4q. 50.)
Hop Hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood,
Hornbeam, Hardback, Osltya vir^iuiana
(Mill) K. Koch.

KEY TO GI;\|;RA AM) smxiKs

n

52. Surface of the bark close and gray, with no
tendency to become furrowed or scaly, al-
though the trunk commonly i)roduces at
least a few muscle-like or tendon-like ridges,
gi\ing it a characteristic ai')i)ear-
ance. New Brunswick southward
and westward. (Figs. 51. S--) /•■
American Hornbeam, Blue Beech, i\
Water Beech, Hornbeam, iron- \
wood, Carpiuus caroliniana Walt. "^

53. Leaves with a broadly wedge-
shaped (or abrupt) and entire
base, and a pointed apex. Twigs
reddish. Bark oi old trunks reddish or

Fir. 5'-
American
Hornbeam.

^ ^Rf

1

I'l^^B sX'.^HR'^fl^^^|

^^V flK' j^^ 2 » 'J^^^^^^^^^^^^H^HI

^^Hk '^^^^^^^^^^^Bfi' * 1 jS/^B^^^^S^^^^^^^^^

H^^H

^^^Ih

^^^^^B

^Hj^^H F^P ^K " ^1

i&:^^^H

Hb^H %&' s'^v>s

EI^HBI

«ij

Fig. 52. .\merican Hornbeam.

30

KEY TO GKXKRA AND SPECIES

brownish, forminjji; -scales with upUirncd pa-
pery mar^^ins Birch, 112.

53. 1. aves Lisuall}' rounded at one or both ends.

Bark without [)apery-margined scales- Al-
der, 119.

54. Blade nearly as wide as long, with an unsynv

nietrical and u>uall\- heart-shaped ixise —

Linden, 198.
54. Blade usually longer than wide, or with the

base nearly or ({uite symmetrical 55.
54. Blade longer than wide and with an unsym-

metrical base. Fruit verv tlat Elm, 144.

55

55

Fruit lleshy or juicy, commonly globular, not
sphtting open at maturity. Wood com-
monly rather heavy and hard -56.
Fruit neither globular, lleshy nor juicy; split-
ting oi)en at maturity. Seeds with long
cottony hairs. Wood soft and light. Twigs
commonly brittle 58.
55. Fruit small and dry. in large loose clusters,
splitting open at maturity. Seeds spindle-
shaped (long poin'ed at each end). Wood
heavy and hard. Leaves 4 or 5 inches long
;>nd an inch or mc^re wide, pointed at both
ends. Penn. southward and westward.

Ki:\- TO c;k.\i:ra and spkciks 31

(I'ig. 5:;.) Sourwood, Sorrel-tree, Oxydoi-
dntni arhnrdim (L.) DC.
XoTK. The Hop II()rnl)fam may be sought here
il the >i(K' veins of the blade are more curwd
than i;>iiah

56. Fruil with a sin,<2;le central stone
which encii-es a >in,u;le seed —
Che-ry, Plum, Peach, 175.

56. Fruit with the seeds in thin-walled

eomi)artir.eiits 57. / \

\l

57. Fruit less tl in \ inch thick— June-

berry, 158.

57. Fruit ,' to 2 inches or more thick —

Apple, Pear, 152.

58. Leaf-stalk less than ', the length of _ f' "K- 53-

the blade, or else the width of the
blade less than \ the length of the blade* —
Willow, 91.
58. Leaf-stalk more than ] the length of the blade
ox else the blade nearly as wide as long * —
Poplar, 98.

* Kxicpiionally narniw-lcjucd forms n| Uu- lialsam Po|>!ar
ma\ Ijf (listini^'ui^ht'd. from Willows, In- lia- stroii'; inlsamir

(..I.,. .,f 1.,..,..,^ ..,.,! !.::.!.

surface of their leaves.

: ■

%f-'

I

1 1 . - .. 1

'l\lii^ .'•(.H. K > 1-*^VC1

.V Ki;v TO c;i:\KR\ and spf.ciks

59. LcMNcs ahrui)tl>- cul >ttY or indented at the
l)r()a(l aj)c'.\. Central Xrw Iji^laiid >()Uth-
ward and westward, also cult. ( I"i<j;s. 44,
45 ) Tulii Tree, White Wocd, Yellow Pop-
lar, IJriodcndron TiiUpiicra L.

59. Leaves pointed or roiindi'd at the ape.x, not

indented 60.

60. 'I wi,y^ l)ri<,dit or shining green, hark spicv aro-

niatii when bruised. Central Xew Ijigland
southward and westward. (Figs. 2g. :;o. :;i.)
Sassafras, Sassaj'ras iariijolinm (Salish.)
Kt/e.

60. Twigs not spicy aromatic Oak, 126.

XoTK. The Fern-lea\ed Beech (occasionally
{)lanted), with smooth gray t)ark. long
pointed buds, and (leej)l_\- divided lea\es.
ma>- be sought here if the leat" margins are
less deeply cul than usual.

61. Branches thorny. English Hawthon 159.
61. Branches not thornv 62.

62. Bark whitish and pai)ery. Cult. Cut-leaved

Birch, 114.
62. Bark not whitish and papery Oak, 126.

Note.- The Fern-leaved Beech (occasionally

KEY TO GEXERA AM) SPECIES

3.^

planted), with smooth f,'ray bark, long
pointed buds, and decpl\- (h'vidcd leaves,
may be sought here if the leaves are some-
what toothed as well as deepl\- cut.

63. Leallets all attached at one point (i. c.. leaves
palmately compound), with no stalk to
any of the leaflets. Cult. Horse-chestnut,
Buckeye, 195.

63. Leaflets scattered along both sides of the com-
mon axis (i. e.. leaves pinnately compound);
if composed of only 2, leaf-
lets then ;he terminal one
with a distinct individual
stalk. (See Figs. 234,
237.) 64.

64. Leaves with an odd leaflet at
the tip — 67.

64. Leaves usually with a pair

of leaflets at the tip -65.

65. With thorns on the branches

or trunk. Central X. V.

and Penn. southwestward ''S: f i^c^^l^^^i^lJ^Si
and westward, also cult. '*-'''/' ''• ''"rtion uf a

„»,j I /T^. twice compounded

and escaped. (Figs. 54, leaf.

11 HH^HHIH^H

'*! ^^^^^^^^^^I^^l

1 1 ^^^^^^^^^^^^H

-**s •.

^^^^^^^^H^l

rTs

-' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^1

i p^

^^^^■^^^^^^^^■H

^^^^^^^^^H^^^^E

<%" '"''^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H

1

t

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^PVB^^^^^B^^^H^H^VB^D'*'!

?,

Fig. 55. Iidpcv Locust.

Fig. 56. Honey Locust. Thorns on young trunks.

Ki;\- lO (il.Xl.RA AM) SIM.CIF.S

55 ;o Honey Locust, Three-thorned

Acacia, Honey Shucks, Honey, CiUditsia

tri<ti(Uilli()s L,

65. Withoul lli()rii.> 66.

J6. Liavf.s once loni-

|)<»uii(l. Cull, and

fscaprd. .\ali\c of

f'liina. ( Im.U>. 57. ' i'- >7 ''r'f "l He^ivtn, Ai-
.0 > rr^^ , ,T lantliiH. Two k-aili't- from ;i

^8.) Tree of Heav- k,u- „,;„k. „,, .,| ,, |.,„i,,,^
en, Ailanthus, Chi- ;' ' '""' ""'''"'' "' '^'"- ''•

I-roiii ha?>c 1)1 k'al.

nese Sumach, .1/-

liDlthllS vjdudiilosii \)v>i.
l-c'a\c.> Iwicf t()nij)<)iiii(I, at K-ast in part of
tlic leaf. Central X. Y. westward and soulli-

I-"ig. 58. Tree of Heaven, Ailanth

us.

westward, also cult. (Figs. 59, 60.) Ken-
tucky Cofifee-tree, Gynnwdadiis dioica [L.)
Koch.

36 KKV TO GEXKKA AND SPECTKS

^C~^

ri^;. sg. Kfntud ,' CofTec-troc. Portion of a leaf.

67. Leaves only once com[)ound. (See Figs. 234.

271.)— 68.
67. Leaves twice compound, at least in part of

the leaf. Central N. Y. westward and

Fig. 60. Ken'-'jcky Coffee-tree.

southwestward, also cult. (Figs. 59, 60.)
Kentucky Cofifee-tree, Gymnocladus dioica
(L.) Koch.

ki:n- to (ii;\i:K.\ wd spkciks ^j

68. Lc'j \ IS oppositt- 69.

68. Lcaw^ iihiriKitf 70

69. WiiiK of tile iruit unMmmctri(al. thickened at

one e<l^e. Leatlets iiMially ,^ or 5. \Ve>tern
New I-amland soutlnvani and westward,
also cult, and esca])ed Box Elder, Ash-
leaved Maple, 186.

69. Win,-; of fruit symmetrical, not thickened at

oneedue. Leatlets usually 7 or 9 Ash, 202.

70. .MarL:in> of leatlets more or less rc^'ularlv

tooiiied.at least above the middle. (See
Fi^^s. 204. 2^4.) 73.

70. Margins of leatlets without tet'th. at least none

above the middle. (.See Fi<;s. 57. 2,^ s.) 71.

71. Leallets commonly with one or more irregular

teeth or notches near the ba>e. Fruit nearl\-
2 inches long, very thin, with one .seed near
the middle. Cult, and escaped. X live in
China. (Figs. 57. 58.) Tree of Heaven,
Ailanthus, Chinese Sumach, Ailanlhus
glandulosa Desf.

71. Leaflets without the basal teeth. Fruit Hat-
lish, usually at least 2 inches long, several
seeded 72.

71. Leatlecs without the basal teeth. Fruit globu-

38

KEY TO G'AKRA ANT) SPIXIES

n

u

lar, usually less than \ of an
inch thick- Sur.ach, 182.

72. Leaflets opposite. Bark deeply
furrowed -Locust, 181.

72. Leaflets alternate. Bark
smooth and gray. Tenn.
and adjoining area, also
cult. (Figs. 6r, 62.) Yel-
low Wood, Clddnjslis lute a
(Michx. f.) Koch.

Fig.
Yellow

73. Juice milky. Pith occupying more than half
the diameter of the youngest blanches—
Sumach, 182.

73. Juice not milky. Pith not occupying half the

diameter of the youngest branches— 74.

74. Fruit fleshy, red. globular; less than \ inch

thick; in flat-topped clusters. Leaflets com-
monly more than 11. Hark of trunk usually
smoothish Mountain Ash, 157.

74. Fruit a (lr\- imt, \ inch or more thick. Leaflets

either less than n. or else the bark of the
trunk ])rominently furrowed 75.

75. Exterior husk of fruit not splitting away

at maturity. Xut roughened witn jagged

KEY 10 GENERA AxND SPECIES

39

Fig. 62. Yellow Wood.

points or ridges. Leaflets usually 9 to 17—
Walnut, 106.
75- Exterior husl: of fruit splitting vertically into
4 parts at maturity. Xut smooth. Leaflets
usually 5 to 9 Hickory, 107.

Pine.— Leaves needle-shaped, 2 to 5 in a cluster.
Fruit a cone composed of woody closely

40 KE\ TO GENERA AND SPECIES

II

i

1

Fig- 63.
White Pine.

Fig. 64.
Yellow Pine.

Fig. 65-
Pilch Pine.

crowded and overlapping scales at-
tached to all sides of a common
(usually short) axis.

76. Leaves 5 in a cluster. Throughout
our range. (Figs. 63, 67.) White
Pine, Soft Pine, Piniis Strchus L.

76. Leaves commonly 3 in a cluster 77.

76. Leaves commonly 2 in a cluster— 79.

V i g . 6 6.
Loblolly
Pino. Leaf
tluslerand
section of
a leaf.

77. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long. N. J. and

southwestward. (Fig. 64.) Yellow Pine,
Shortleaf Pine, Piniis cchinata Mill.

77. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long —78.

Leaves 6 to g inches long. Southern N. J.

« «

EV TO GENERA AND SPECIES 41

southward along the coast. (Fig. 66.)
LobloUy Pine, Old-field Pine, Finns Taeda L.

Fig. 67. White Pine.
78. Sheaths at the base of the leaf-clusters short.
Cone scales with a short rigid prickle at the

Fig. 68. Pitch Pine.

tip. New Brunswick southwestward. (Figs
65. 68.) Pitch Pine, Hard Pine, Pinus
rtgida Mill.

42 KEY 10 GENERA AND SPECIES

78. Sheaths at the base of the leaf-clusters lon^,.

Cone scales with a small weak short prickle
at the tip. X. J. southwestward. (Fig. 64.)
Yellow Pine, Shortleaf Pine, Finns cchinata
Mill.

79. Leaves i to 4 inches long 60.
79. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long 83.

79. Leaves 6 to 9 inches long. Southern N. J.
southward along the coast. (Fig. 66.)
Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine, Finns Taeda L.

m

t

I

I'iR. Og. Tabic
MounUiiii I'iiu'.
Loaf cluster and
scelionof a leaf.

I'iK- 70-
Jersey Pine.

FIk- 71. North-
ern Scrub Pine.
Leaf cluster and
section of a leaf.

80. Cone scales with a small weak prickle at the
tip. X. J. southwestward. Yellow Pine,
Shortleaf Pine, Finns cchinata Mill.

80. Cone scales with a strong sharp jirickle at the
tip -81.

Rrt C^i\rtn ^I'llf'c iiciinlK- withmif ;i nrifklp -85..

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES 43

81. Tip of the cone scales with a stout hooked
prickle or spine about \ of an inch long.
Penn. southvvestvvard along the mountains
(Fig. 69.) Table Mountain Pine, Phins
pungcns Lamb.

81. Tip of the cone scales with a slender prickle
barely ^ of an inch long. Long Island south-

Fig. 72. Northern Scrub Pine

westward. (Fig. 70.) Jersey Pine, Scrub
Pine, Pinus virginiana Mill.

82. Cones pointing forward towards the tip of the
branch. Northern New England to Mich,
and northwanl. (Figs. 71, 72.) Northern
Scrub Pine, Gray Pine, Scrub Pine, Finns
Banksiana Lamb.

32. Cones pointing backward. Cult, and escaped.

i

44

KEY TO GEXERA AND SPECIES

Native in Eurasia. (Fig. 73.)
Scotch Pine, "Scotch Fir," Pirius
sylvcstris L.

Cone? about 2 inches
long. Young

branches somewhat
orange-colored.
Leaves usually shin-
ing, slender, and

Fig. 74. Red Pine.

a. Leaf cluster.

b. M a g n i ti e d
cross-section of
a leaf. The
shaded portion
is the central
bundle and the
small circles the
resin ducts, c. A
similar section
ot Austrian
Pine leaf.

Fig. 7.3-
Scotch Pine.

flexible; resin ducts I^^'f ^^^"f.i^*-

and section

varying in number of a leaf.
and located close
to the surface. New England
to Penn. and northward. (Fig.
74a, b.) Red Pine, Norway
Pine, Pinus rrsinosa Ait.
Cones 2\ to 3 inches long.
Young branches grayish
brown. Leaves usually dull
and rigid; ^-esin ducts vary-
ing in number and located
in the interior of the leaf,
midway between the sur-
face and the central bun-
dle. Leaves otherwise nearly
as in Red Pine. Cult. Na-
tive in southeastern Europe.

KEY TO GEXFRA AND SPECIES 45

(Fig. 74c.) Aur.triai: Pine,
Piniis Laricio var. au-
striaca Eiidl.

Larch. — Leaves many in a clus-
ter, falling from the tree
in the autumn. Fruit a
cone, as in Pine.

84. Leaves i inch or less in
length. Cones ^o | of
an inch long; scales few.
Central Penn. northeast-
ward and northwestward.
(Fig- 75) American Larch, Tamarack,

Magnified lemf
section

Fig. 75-
American Larch.

iK

Fig. 76. European Larch.

Hackmatack, "Juniper," Larix laricina
(Du Roi) Koch.

fi

.t

46 KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

84. Leaves i inch or more in length. Cones about
I inch long, with many scales. Cult. Na-
tive in Europe. (Fig. 76) European Larch,
Larix decidua Mill.

Spruce.— Leaves 4-side(l or 4-angled, attached to
all sides of the branch. Fruit a cone, as in
Pine.

85. Young twigs hairy "86.

85. Young twigs smooth or nearly so~88.

86. Mature cones less than 3 inches long— 87.
86. Mature cones more than 3

inches long. Cult, and es-
caped. Native in Europe.
(Fig. 77.) Norway Spruce,
Picca Abies (L.) Karst.

87. Leaves \ to f of an inch long,

normally all curving up- ^^^^:^^,,_
wards. Cones il to 2 mches
long, commonly not remaining attached to
the branch for more than one year; cone
scales usually entire at the margin. Tree
reaching 40 feet or more in height, usually
with a pyramidal crown and growing on

uplands, larciy m

i'

Penn. and

central New England northwestward, and

\

KEY TO GENERA AXD SPECIES 47

in the mountains to Ga. (Fiji's. 78. 79.)
Red Spruce, Yellow Spruce, Picca rubra
(I)u Roi)-Dietr.
87. Leaves \ to ^ of an inch long. (\mcs \ to i ^-
inches long, remaining attached to the branch
for many years; cone scales usually with
the margin irregularly finely toothed (as if

Fig. 78.

Red Spruce.

Fig. 79. Kcd Spruce.

gnawed). Tree of swamps or low lands,
rarely on uplands, usually with a c*)lumnar
crown and less than 30 feet high. Occa-
sionally fruiting when only 3 or 4 f^-'^t high.
W. Va. northeastward and northwestward.
(Fig. 80.) Black Spruce, Swamp Spruce,
Bog Spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.

88. Leaves pointed, often snarply—Sg.

88. Leaves blunt, less than \ inch long, thick,

I

i

48

KEY TO GENERA AM) SPECIES

dark shining' j^'recn. Occasionally cult. Na-
tive in western Asia. Oriental Spruce, Picca
orientalis (\irr.

Magnified leaf

section

(diagram)

Fijj. 80. RI;u k S[)riuT.
Showinfj leaf arninj,'t.'-
ment, hairy hraiuhlet
and leaf si'ition.

Fif^. 81. Colorado
Blue S|)rucc.

i 1

89. Foliage bluish green or sihery -90.

89. Foliage green. Cones 4 to 7 inches long. Cult,
and escai)ed. Native in Europe. (Fig. 77.)
Norway Spruce, Picca Abies (L.) Karst.

90. Cones 2\ to 4 inches long; scales distinctly
longer than broad, with a ragged blunt ape.x.
Cult. Native in the Rocky Mountains.
(Fig. 81.) Colorado Blue Spruce, Silver
Spruce, Picca Mcuzicsii Engelm.

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

40

go. Cones i\ to 2 inches long; scales rounded,
not ragged. Foliage usually wIlM an un-
{)leasant odor. Xorthern New England

Magnified aectioli

of leaf

(diagram)

Fig. 82. White Spruce. Showing leaf arrangement,
smooth hranchlet and leaf section.

northward and westward. (Fig. 82.) White
Spruce, Single Spruce, Skunk Spruce, Cat
Spruce, Piccd canadensis (Mill.) BSP.

Willow.— Leaves narrow, except in Bay-leaved
Willow. Flowers in catkins. Stamens 2 to 8.
Bracts not fringed. Fruit a small elongated
dry pod. Seeds small, with long hairs.
Many hybrids.*

91. Length of the blade not more than 3 times its
width. Teeth blunt and glandular, 15 to 20

*Thc filaucous Willow iSalix discolor Muhl.), the Shining
Willow (S. liiriila Muh!.), incluciinK also a \ariety of it, and the
Balsam Willow iS. halsamifcra Harratt) are general;.' '-rubs and
are not included in the key. All of these, however, ma. assu^Tie
a tree-hke h:ij)ii alone; our northern horfier. .See Willi.'irr.'^ in
Rhodora 3: 2-- (iqoi).

so

KEY TO OKXKRA AM) SPKCTES

91.

per inch of margin. Leaf-stalk
with glands above. Stamens 3 to
5, or more. Cult, and escaped.
Native in Kurasia. (Tig. 83.) Bay-
leaved Willow, Salix pcntandra L.
Length of the blade at least 4 times
its width 92.

Hav leaved
\\ illow.

92. Stipules usually present. Xo glands

on the leaf-stalk. Teeth 15 to 30 per inch of
margin. Stamens 3 to 5 or more- 93.
92. Stipules usually not persistent. Leaf-
stalk generally with glands. Nor-
mally with 2 stamens — 95.

Leaf-stalk more than I of an inch
long. Stipules dropping almost as
soon as the leaf expands. Leaves
from 3 to 5 times as long as wide,
with a long slender point and small
marginal teeth. Western N. Y.,
western Penn. westward. (Fig. 84.)
Peach-leaved Willow, Almondleaf
Willow, Salix amygdaloidcs Anders.

93. Leaf-stalks less than I of an inch long. Stip-

ules usually persistincf nearlv the entire
season — 94.

Fi-. 84.
1* e a I h -
1 e a \ e ci
Willow.

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

51

94.

94.

Fig. 86

Black

WiUow

Leaves whitish and veiny beneath.
Fruit clusters 3 to 4 inches Hng.
Dry fruits {^^ to \ of an inch
long, with finely granular surface.
Md. and \'a. southward and
westward. (Fig. 83.) Ward's Wil-
low, Salix IVardi Bebtj.
Leaves with a green lower surface,
although this is usually [\
somewhat paler than the
upper surface. Fruit clus-
ters I to 3 inches long.
Dry fruits I to vV of an
inch long, with a smooth p
surface. Throughout the
northeastern states and into
southern New Brunswick.
(Figs. 86, 87.) Black WU-
low, Salix nig*a Marsh.

i B ■ «5.
Ward'sW'il-
low. a.

Small leaf,
b. Large
leaf.

Fig. 108. Black Walnut.

52

kp:y to genera and species

95. Marginal teeth of the leaves a\erag-
ing 10 to 15 per inch — 96,

95. Marginal teeth 01" the leaves averag-

ing 15 to 30 per inch, blunt-^97.

96. Length of the leaf -blade about 4

times the width. Marginal teeth
blunt. Verv variable. Cult. :nd
escaped. Native in Eurasia. (Fig.

88.

Crack Willow, Salix Jra-

gilis L.
96. Length of the leaf-blade about 8
times the width; lower surface of
the leaf pale. Marginal teeth sharp, '^ig. 88.
Branches pendulous. Cult, and es- \'^-^{^^,
caped. Nativf.' in the Caucasus.
(Fig. 89.) Weeping Willow, Napoleon's
Willow, Salix babylonica L.

Fig. 8q.

I'iff- QO.

Weeping Willow. While Willow.

Fig. 01.
Yellow Willow.

Fig. 92.
Blue Willow.

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

5.)

97. Mature leaves silky hairy on both surfaces.
Twigs greenish. Cult, and escaped. Native
in Europe. (Fig. 90.) White Willow, Salix
alba L.

97. Mature leaves smooth. Twigs yellow or red-
dish. Cult, and escaped. (Fig. qi.) Yellow
Willow, Salix alba var. vikilina (L.) Koch.

97. Mature leaves smooth and bluish green. Twigs
olive-green. Cult, and escaped. (Fig. g2.)
Blue Willow, Salix alba var. caerulca (Sm.)
Koch.

Poplar.- Leaves wide.* Flowers in catkins. Sta-
n- is 8 or more. Bracts fringed. Fruit
es.sentially as in Willow.

98. Leaf margins irregularly lobed
or toothed; lower surface
white-cottony even when old.
Cult, and escaped. Very va-
riable. Native in Eurasia.
(Figs. 93, 94.) White Poplar,
Abele, Silver Poplar, Populus
alba L.

98. Leaf margins regularly (or but slightly irregu-

While Poplar.

li) y) toothed

99.

99- Teeth 5 or less i>er inch of margin. Through -

* Sometimes narrow in the .\nieriian .Kspen.

54

KKV TO GEXERA AND SPECIES

rig. 94. White Poi-hir.

'i3ii--!

out the range. (Fig. 95.) Large-toothed
Aspen, Large-toothed Poplar, Poplar, Pop-
ple, Popiilus grandidcntata Michx.
99. Teeth 6 or more per inch of margin 100.

I'it-'- '»,v
Largc-tDolhctl .Vspcii.

Fij^ c)6.
American Aspen.

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

55

100. Leaf-stalk prominently flattened in a plane
at right angles to the biade-^-ioi.

100. Leaf-stalk not tlattened, or but very slightly—
104.

loi. Blade triangular, triangularl\ egg-shaped, or

rhombic 102.
loi. Blade from broad heart-shaped or roundcfl to

lance-shaped or oblong, usually pointed.

Lombardy Poi)lar.

Carolina Po|)Iar.

Penn. northward and westward. (Fig. 96.)
American Aspen, Quaking Asp, Trem-
bling Poplar, Tremble, Populus Ircmuloides
Michx.

102. Crown of the tree very narrow and spiry.

56

KEY TO GEXKRA AND Sl'KClKS

Branches doscly ascending. Leaves com-
monly broader than long. Cult, and es-
caped. Native in Asia. (Fig. 97.) Lom-
bardy Poplar, Populus iiigra var. ilalica
I)u Roi.

102. Crown of the tree not spiry 103.

103. Young twigs smooth. Western New England

Fi)X. ()(;. Carol'.. .11 Pni)lar.

southward and westward also cult. (Figs.
()8, 00 ) Carolina Poplar, Cottonwood,
Necklace Poplar, Cotton-tree, Populus del-

KKV TO GENERA AND SPECIES

57

103. Young twigs hairy. Occasionally cult. Na-

tive in Eurasia. Flack Poplar, Populus
nigra L.

104. Length of blade about twice the width.*

Central New England westward and north-

Kig. 100. Balsam Poplar.

Fig. loi. Downy Poplar.

ward. ( Fig. 100.) Balsam Poplar, Tac-
amahac, Rough-barked Poplar, Populus
balsamijera L.
104. Length of blade scarcely greater than the
' width* — 105.

* The k-avcs of \\w Balsam Po[)lar are sometimes wide, when
they may closely resemble those of the Balm of (Jilead, both of
^vliich have fragrant slii ky buds. The Balm of (".ilead leaf has a
hairy under surface, while that of the Balsam Poplar is smooth
and with a more or less metallic luster.

gd|

58

KEv TO gi:\i:ra axd species

105. Apex of the blade blunt or rounded. Conn,
southward along the ct)ast, also in the Mis-

105.

I'i).'. 10.'. lialm of (iik'ad.

sissij)!)! valley. (Fig. 101.) Downy Pop-
lar, Swamp Cottonwood, River Cotton-
wood, Populus hcicrophylla L.
Apex of the blade tapering to a very sharp
point. Cult, and escaped. Probably na-
tive in Eurasia. (Fig. 102.) Balm of
Gilead, Balcam, Populus candicans Ait.

Walnut.— Leaves compound. Leaflets averaging
1 1 to 2}^. Fruit enclosed in a husk which
does not split oi)en at maturity. Nut

1 „ 1 -i K 1-

ntiiCti VvlLU biiaip

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

59

Fig. 103. Butternut.

Pith of tuigs appearing as if made up of a
row of diaphragms when cut longitudinally.

Fig. 104. Butternut. Showing [)ilh in split twig.

6o

KEY TO gexp:ra axi) species

io6. Leaflets ii to 17, sticky-hairy, as are also the
leaf-stalks and young fruits. Fruit oblong.
New Brunswick southvvestward. (Figs. 103,
Butternut, White Walnut,

104, 10

Oilnut, Julians cinerca L.

« !

Fig. 105. Butternut.

106 Leaflets 15 to 2t,, not sticky. Fruit globular.
Southwestern New England and central
N. Y. southward and westward, also cult.
(Figs. 106, 1C7, 108.) Black Walnut,
Walnut, Juglans nigra L.

Hickory. — Leaves compound. Leaflets 5 to 11.
Fruit husk regulrly splitting into 4 parts
at maturity. Nut smooth.

KF.Y TO GENERA AND SPECIES 6t

rig. io6. Black Walnut.

Fij^. 107. H'.ack Walnut.
ShowinK the pith in a
split twig.

Fig. 108. Black Walnut.

r

i

02

KEY TO GEXERA ANT) SPECIES

107. Leaflets avera^inj^ 5 to 7 108.
107. Leaflets averaging 7 to 11 — no.

!'"ig. IOC). ShaK-hark Iliikory (lowest pair of leaflets
..isiiall)' poinliiif^ ba(k\var(i>).

108. Leaflets usually 5, the lowest pair much
smaller. Husk, of fruit more than I of an
inch thick. Kernel of seed sweet. Bark of
old trunks separating into loose plates.
Central Me. to southern Quebec and south-
westward. (Figs. lOQ. no.) Shag-bark
Hickory, Shell-bark Hickory, Carya ovata
(Mill.) K. Koch.

KKV TO (IKXKRA ANT) SPKCIKS

<K^

io8. Leaflets 5 or 7. Husk of fruit less than i (»f
an inch thick 109.

h'if^. no. Shaj^-bark Hickory.

log. Fruit oblong, an inch or more long. Kernel
of seed bitter, l^ark in clo^e rouuh scalv
ridges. Central New England, southern

64 KEY TO gi:xi:ra axi) species

I"ig. III. Pignut.

Fig. 112. Small-
fruited Hickory.

Fig. 113. Pignut.

i^^-r- "X^y^^jh^i^' jag^i:- mK' '^^^ps^fwrif^K ' ^SL?^*^^^

j^:*^:iv.v-

:^-y^j:7

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES 65

Ontario southward and westward. (Figs.
III. 113.) Pignut, Brown Hickory, Carva
"'.ibra (Mill.) Spach.
109. Fruit globular, less than an inch in length.
Kernel sweetish. Bark rough and some-
what shaggy. Central New England south-

114.)

Fig. 114. Small-fruited Hickory.

ward and westward. (Figs. 112,
Small-fruited Hickory, Small Pignut, Little
Shag-bark Hickory, Carya microcarpa Xutt.

no. Leaflets glandular-hairy, at least beneath,
with a resinous fragrance when crushed.

F»"»1lf V»»ir.K «...^,-,. 4.1 ^ 1 .. C • 1 .1»1

iuIl iiuc;r^ uiwic LlUlH « Ui Uli IHCH iniCK.

Bark hard and close, not separating into

-^1* !?^_^-" -^T^' ■ ~'';>

:]'^'^-\': -ma- ':c-if /;■?■=

66 KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

Fig. 115. Alockernut.

Fig. iio. Moikernul.

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES 67

long loose plates. Nut about i inch across,
with a thick shell. Kernel of seed sweet.
Southern New England southward and
westward. (Figs. 115, 116.) Mockernut,
White-heart Hickory, Bullnut, Carya alba
(L.) K. Koch.

I'Ik- 117. !{iuermii Hickory.

1 10. Leaflets hnely hairy only when young. Fruit
husk less than i of an inch thick. Bark
hard and close, not separating into loose
plates. Nut hardly i inch across, with a
thin shell. Kernel of seed bitter. South-
western Me. .southward and westward.
(Fig. 117.) Bitternut, Swamp Hickory,
Carya cordijormis (Wang.) K. Koch.

68

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

iio. Leaflets usually somewhat downy beneath.
Fruit husk more than I of an inch thick.
Bark of medium sized trunkr forming long

Fig. iiS. liig SlKll-hark Hickory.

loose plates. Nut i J to 2 inches across,
with a thick shell. Kernel of seed sweet.
Western X. V. southwestward. (Fig. ti8.)
Big Shell-bark, King Nut, Carya laciniosa
(Michx. f.) Loud.

Birch. — Leaves simple, alternate. Fruit clusters
cone-lik?. Xuts small, winged.

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES 69

III, Bark dark colored, not sepa-
rable into thin papery lay-
ers. Young twigs strongly
spicy-aromatic when the
bark is bruised or broken.
Western Me. southward
and westward. (Figs. 119,
120.) Black Birch, Cherry
Birch, Sweet Birch, Bctula
Icnta L.

III. Bark light colored (usually
white, yellowish, or pink-
ish), rarely dark, except in young trees;

Fig. 1 10. Black
Birch.

Kij;. 120. Black Bircii. Old trunk,

generally separating, or separable, on me-
dium sized trunks, into thin papery lay-
ers— 112.

70 KEY TO GENERA AND ^PECIES

l,i

Fig. IJ4. River Birch. Old trunk.

KKV TO GENERA AM) SPECIES 71

112. Paj)cr> or filmy bark yellowish, silvery-gray,
or straw-color, and usually shining. Bark
of young twigs ; )iry-aromatic when bruised.
Xewfoundland westward and southwest-
ward. (Figs. 121, 122.) Yellow Birch,
Silver Birch, Bclula lutea Michx. f.

Fig. 125. River Birch. Young trunk.

112. Papery or filmy bark varying from chalky-
white or pink to bror.i;^'. Bark of young
twigs not distinctly spicy-aromatic when
bruised— 113.

113. Papery bark pinkish or salmon-colored, u.su-
. ally separating nati.rally into ♦ihny coils or

Ti

111

72 KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

fringes on trunks and branches ranging in
size from 2 to 8 inches, or more, in diameter.
Leaves more or less rhombic, occasionally

1^

(."ut-leavcd
Birch.

I'"i>;- 127.
(i ray
Birch.

Fig. 128. Gray Birch.

Fig. 129. Cut-leaved Uirch.

somewhat trian-^ular, almost never of a
regular egg-shaped outline. X. J. south-

KKV TO GEXKRA AM) SPfX'IKS

/,•>

ward and westward, also locally in eastern
Mass. (Figs. 12,^ 124. 125.) River Birch,
Red Birch, Rclula ni^ra L.
113. Pai)er>- hark white or whitish, rarely as dark
as bron;ie; in certain species not separatinj^
spontaneously into filmy coils or fringes—
114.

I''iK. i.;o. While Hirth
— Mluc Hirdi.

Fi«. 1.5 1. {'orfliUe-Icaved
Hinh.

114- Leaves deeply cut, often into narrow divisions.
C\ilt. (Figs. 126. 129.) Cut-leaved Birch,
Bctula pcnduhi var. dahrarlica L.

114. Leaves not deeply cut. distinctly triangular,
usually with a long tai)ering apex. Prince
Edwards Island to Md. (Figs. 127,
T28.) Gray Birch, White Birch, Poverty
Birch, Old-field Birch, Bdula populifolia
Marsh.

114. Leav( neither deeply cut nor triangular— 115.

74 Ki:V TO GKXKKA AM) SI'IXIKS

\\

115. YoLinp; bninches perfectly smooth. Xorthorn
New Kn<,'lanil. Quebec, and northwestward,
(ri,U. ISO. ) White Birch, Blue Birch, Bdula
pendidii Roth.

115. ^'oun^' l)ran('hos niinutoly hairy 116.

"r m,:^

#^g

ii^'. i;2. Cordatc-lcaved Birch.

116. Branches pendulous.* Cult. Weeping Birch,

Bdula alba \ar. pciidula Hort.
116. Branches not j)endulous - 117.

117. Leaves rounded or slightly wedge-shaj)ed at
base- 118.

* Bilula alba var. i;liit!iiosa (Wallr.) Traut., witfi jK-nrhilous
branches, is local near Ml. Kalahdin and in Washington Co., Me.

Ki:\ TO (iKXKRA AM) SPKCIKS

/.■>

117. Leaves broadly e«r<r-shai)((l, heart-shaped at
base. Xewfoundland to iiurtliern
New Kn^dand and
northward. (Fij^s.

J.^i. K]2). Cordate-
leaved Birch, BcIhIu
alba \ar. cordijolia
i\<v]rt^] F.-rnald.

I''i«- !.■;•!. Kli-
ropcan I'aiRT
Minli,

118. Leaves i] to 2 J inches lon^r.
Xewfoundland and northern
New Enfjjland and north- '''^'- '34- AmcH-

i,-..t-^l .,1 i4 It- tan Canue Mirch.

ward, also cult. (Tig. 13^.)
European Paper Birch, Belida alba L.

•■If,'. 1,^5- Amcriran Canoe Birch.

118. Leaves 2^ to 3.} inches long. Xewfound-
land to Penn., thence westward across the

7"

RKV ro C.KNKRA WD SPECIKS

ttt-'";

=-.'1?

continent. ( Fij;^- i.U- K^S-'' American
Canoe Birch, Paper Birch, Canoe Birch,
White Birch, Betula alba var. papyri/era
(Marsh.) S{)ach.

Ai.DF.K. Shrubby, or occasionally small trees.
Flowers in catkins. Fruit clusters cone-
like.

rif,'. 1.^6. Downy Fij^. \^7. Speckled FiR. i,vS. Kuro-
(irven Alder. .\lder. pean Hiaik Alder.

iig. Leaves broadest at the middle or below -120.

119. Leaves broadest above the niiddle 121.

120. Flowers in the spring. Leaves densely soft-

hairy beneath. Branchlets hairy. Mature
fruit ?, to I of an inch long. Newfound-
land to western Mass. and N. Y. (Fig. 136.)
Downy Green Alder, Almts mollis Fernald.
120. Flowers in the spring. Leaves somewhat
hairy or rusty beneath, dark green above,

KKV TO GEXFRA AM) SPECIES

77

with impressed veins. Mature fruit i to
I ot all inch loni;. L'sually a shrub. Penn.
and northward. (Eig. i^^j. Commonly
more strongly and irregularly lobed than
shown in the illustration.) Speckled Alder,
Hoary Alder, Alnus ncana (L.) Moench.
120. Flowers in the fall. Leaves usually broadest
at the middle, and smooth on both surfaces,

Fig. 139-
Smooth
.\I(ler.

Fig. 140.
Fern-lca\e(l
Heech.

Fig. 141. Pur-
|)le- leaved
Heech.

or somewhat rusty beneath. Mature fruit
I to I inch long. Known in the eastern
states only from Del. and eastern Md.
Seaside Alder, Alnus maritima (Marsh.)
Muhl.

121. Leaves fan-shaped or rounded. Margins
coarsely toothed. Cult, and escaped. Na-

■\\ :

'\ikW'i-^..-y

I . .. . t.W
Or, , -

;:;/«*>cuM*^:?4^:.^''^^^if>f'3 j^U'i

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART

ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2i

1.0

I.I

1.25

|||||Z_8
III 3.2

IIIM

a 4 0

1.4

III 2.5

12.2

2.0
1.8

1.6

A APPLIED IKA^GE I

^^ 1653 Eost Mom Street

y-S Rochester. Ne« York U609 USA

'-^ (716) 482 - 030^ - Plione

== (716) 288 - 5989 - Fa»

7«

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

I'ig. 14?. rurple-lcaxcd IUxhIi ^^ral'^l.■(l)

tivc in Eurasia and Africa.
(Fig. I ^8.) European Black
Alder, Alnus vuli^aris Hill.
121. Leaves C()nsj)ieu()usly longer
than broad. Margins with
very small teeth. Me.
southward along the coast.
(Fig !:;().) Smooth Alder,
AhiHs mimosa (Du Koi)
Si)reng.

I'itz. 14 ^ Anicri-

RKV TO CiKXKRA AND SPIXTES

70

Beech. Leaves simj)le, alteriuite. Bark light

graw without furrows.
122. Lea\es very \-ariai;le, commonly (leei)l\' cut

into slender divisions. Cult. (Fig. 140.)

Vi<^. 144. .Vinerican Ikrch.

Fern-leaved Beech, Fai^ns sylviiticd \-ar.
hctcropliyllii Loud.

122. Leaves not deeply cut 123.

123. Leaves purple, red. or i'\en darker. Cult.

(Figs. 141. 142.) Purple-leaved Beech,

luii^us syli'dlicii var. purpuyca Ail.

8o

KEY TO GEXERA AXl) .>PECIES

! I

123. Leaves green- 124.

124. With 9 to 14 pairs of side veins in the leaf,

each vein ending in a distinct marginal

tooth. Leaves 2'

to

inches long,

width about half the length. Xew Bruns-
wick southward and westward. (Figs. 143,
144.) American Beech, Beech, Red Beech,
White Beech, Fai^us grandijolia Ehrh.

Note. The American Beech normally has yellow-
ish or grayish fruit with elongated prickles.
The variety caroliniana. from X. J. south-
ward, has a dull red fruit and short
prickles.

124. With 5 to Q pairs of side veins,
each vein ending either in or
between small or blunt teeth,
the latter often entirely absent
and the margin merely wavy.
Leaves 2 to 4 inches long,
width f the length. Cult.

I'lR- 145-

Native of P^urope. (Fig. 145.)
European Beech, Fagus sylvatica L.

Note. The common Weeping Beech is a variety
of the European Beech, with drooping or
pendulous branches.

KF.Y TO GENERA AND SPECIES

8i

Chestnut.- Leaves long, with a bristle tipped
tooth at the ciicl of each side vein. Fruit a
bur, an inch or more thick, usually con-
taining from I to 3 pointed nuts.

125. Xut usually I to I of an inch broad, and

with 2 or 3 in a bur. Leaxes smooth.
Southwestern Me. southward and
westward. (Figs. 146, 147.) Amer-
ican Chestnut, Chestnut, Castanea
dcntatd (Marsh.) Borkh.

Fi^;. i4(). .Vim-ri
can Cheslnul.

American Chestnut.

125. Xut usually less than \ inch broad, and
solitary in the bur. Leaves downy-hairy
beneath. Usually a shrub. X. J. south-
ward and westward. (I'ig. 148.) Chinqua-
pin, Dwarf Chestnut, Castanea pnmila (L.)
Mill.

125. Xut usually more than I of an inch broad.
Cult. (The leaves of this species are shaped

si I

82 KKV TO OKXKkA AND SI'IXTKS

imuh like thdse of the Anu'rican
Chestnut, excej)! at the \ariablc
base.) Xati\e

111

iMirasia aiu
Africa. European Chestnut, C

Idiu'ii sdlivii Mill.

us-

XoTK. ---("ertain Japanese Chrslnuts ( I'"i<^.
149) are oceasionally cultiwited
v,-itb.i!i"ur ran^'e; the.^ecan usu-
ally be reeoj^Miized by the \ery
lartre l)ur. sometimes 4 or more
inches in thiekness. also [)y the small
but prominentl}- bristle- ti[)|)e(l teeth
of the leaf mar<;in. and the rounded or
often auriculate ba.^e of the blade.

Fit;. 140.

JapaiU'Sf

C'hcstnut.

().\K. Leaves simple, alternate. I-'ruit a nut sur-
rounded at the base b) a euj) comju)sed of
closel\- o\-erlappin;j; scales; eon'.n-.only known
as an acorn.

126. Leaxes witliout lobes or mar,u;inal teeth 127.

126. Leaves either lobed or toothed, or both 128.

127. ALiture lea\es of fruiting branches usualh- an

inch Of more wide near the noddle, and
about 3 times ;vs long as broad.* Penn.

* Sonic i(.'a\ r-- iiia\' (u ra~ioiiall\' lie -^onu'whal lolx'd.

KEY TO (;i:.\KRA AND SPIXIES

S3

127.

wcstwarrl and southward, also local in
eastern Ma», (Fi,ii;.>. 150. 151.) Laurel
Oak, Shingle Oak, niirrrus imbricaria
Miehx.
Mature leaves of fruitinj,' branches less than

Fit;. ISO.
I..iurcl ();ik.

Fig. 151. Laurul Oak.

an inch wide at the middle, and about 5
times as Ioul; as broad.* X. J. southward
and westward. (Fig. 152.) Willow Oak,
Peach Oak, Qucrcits plicUos L.
127. Mature leaves of fruitinjj^ branches /\
usually broad and rounded in the
upper third, often with a tendency
to l)ecome 3-lobed nt-ar the apex.*
Del. southward, also in the lower
Mi.ssis.^ippi valley. (Fig. 153.) \\^ii,nv

Water Oak, Qitcrcus ui;^r(i L.

Oak.

"Leaves of vigoruus shouts are oltcn strongly and sharply lobed.

i

84 KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

128. Lobes or marj^inal teeth ending in a bristle—
129.

128. Lobes or marginal teeth not ending in a bris-
tle 135-

Fie. 153. FiR. i=;4. Fi^. i55- Fig. is6.

Water Oak. Black Oak. Scarlet Oak. Pin Oak.

rig. 157. Black Oak.

129. Lower surface of mature leaves smooth, or

nearly so — 130.
129. Lower surface of mature leaves hairy— 133.

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

85

130. Acorn cup covering about half the nut—
131.

130. Acorn cup shallow and broad, covering con-

siderably less than half the nut— 132.

131. Inner for upper) thin scales

of the cup finely hairy,
and the tips loosely over-
lapping. Buds usually
pointed and woolly-hairy
all over, somewhat an-
gular in cross section.
Inner bark yellowish-
orange and very bitter.
Southern Me. southward
and westward. (Figs. 154,
157.) Black Oak, Yellow- ^'"'s- '58- Red Oak.

bark Oak, Yellow Oak, Quercus velutina
Lam.

131. Inner (or upper) thin scales of the cup smooth
or essentially so, and the tips very snugly
overlapping. Buds usually blunt, hairy
only near the tip, not usually angular in
cross section. Inner bark reddish, not
bitter. Southern Me. southward and west-
ward. (Fig. 155.) Scarlet Oak, Quercus
coccinca Muench.*

* See note on page 86. '

86

KKV TO GKXKKA WD Sl'IXTKS

^m^^i

^ir'

;*- *i;

132. Acorn small, less than :] of an inch long.
Mas>. southward and westward. ( Fig. 1 56.)
Pin Oak, {)ucrcus paliislris Muench.

4 \ 1*1,

s .'4 ■ . ■« ■ • ■: {•. r ..

^ ■ ^ ^ V- ^ .'-it-

• ( " I 1 .

Fig. 159. Red Oak.
132. Acorn large, more than \ of an inch long.
Throughout our range. (Figs. 158, 159.)
Red Oak, Oucrcns rubra L.*

*Thc C.rav Oak {Qumiis rubra var. (i»ihiKi<>i (Miihx. f.) Icr-
nal(l), with tiic fruit of the Scarlet Oak and tlie foliage of the Red

•iml i>^ iimiallv

V Klk, 1 occurs aK'Tig W'^" li"! i;:c: :; : vi:;^'

regarded as a variation of tiuit speiies.

. !,.. i,>..,l ()iL: and

KKV ro (;i:.\i:ra .wb simxiks 87

133. Leaf lobes usually l()n<i;er than l)roa(l and
ta])ering more or less re,u'ularl\- to lonf:j sharp
points. X. J. southward, also in the lower

I'Ik- i''io. S|)a!iish Oak.

Mississii)i)i valley. (Fig. lOo.) Spanish
Oak, Qiicrciis Jalcata Michx.

133- Leaf lobes usually broader than long -134.

134- Blade not six times as long as the leaf-stalk.

Leaves generally angularly lobed. broadest
near the middle, gra>ish white-hairy be-
neath. Northeastern states. (Fig. i6i.)
Scrub Oak, Bear Oak, Barren Oak, Qucrcus
ilicifolia Wang.
134- Blade more than six times as long as the leaf-

88

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

Scrub

,61 l-iLMr.j. 15hukJ;uk ri-. lO,^ Kkuk J;uk

Oak. Oak (with l.rislle^). Oak (\v,lhnul hnstlcM.

Stalk. Leaves greatly broadened at the
apex, usually with no pronounced lobes:

lower surface rusty-hairy,
southward and westward. '
Black Jack Oak, Jack
Oak, Qiicrcus marilandica
Muench.

135. Lower surface of the mature
leaves smooth, or nearly

so — 136.

Lower surface of the mature

leaves hairy— 140-

Long Island
lEigs. 162, 163.

135-

136. Leaf-margins with many
coarse rounded teeth which
do not reach more than \
of the distance to the midrib— 137-

136. Leaf-margins lobed— 13»-

FiK. 164.
CheslLUiL Oak.

KKV TO GF.XKRA AND SPKXTLS

M)

137. Mature acorn cup- mere thai- i inch broad.
Del., M(l.. southward The leaves of this
si)ecies are niueh like those of a Chestnut
Oak (See Fill. i'^>4>- 1>ut ^^i^li pointed teeth.
Cow Oak, Basket Oak Omnus MicluiKxii

Xutt.
137. Mature acorn cups less than 1 inch broad.

c

V

1

li;,'. if)().
FiK. 165. Chestnut Oak. Knulish Oak.

Southern Me. and X. H. southward. ' Figs.
164. 1^)5.) Chestnut Oak, Rock Oak,
Rock Chestnut Oak, Qiicrciis Prinus L.

138. Base of the blade pointed i39-
138. Base of the blade car-shaped (auriculate).
Cult. Xative in F:urope. (Figs. 166, 167.)

41

?

a

u

SllRUbli KJi

"> V

9°

Note

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

-A less common variety of the English Oak
(var. scssilijlora) occasionally has a tapering
base to the blade, when it closely resembles
the leaf of the White Oak. The tree may
generally be distinguished from the latter
bv the rather firm prominently furrowed

^K^'

139

Kig. 167. English Oak.

dark bark; the bark of the White Oak being
light gray with a tendency to become flaky
or scaly on trunks and branches from 4 to
10 inches in diameter, rather than furrowed.

Acorn broader than high. Southern X. J.

southward and westward. (Fig. 168.)

Overcup Oak, Swamp Post Oak, Water

White Oak, Qucrcus lyrata Walt.

139. Acorn higher than broad. Central New

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES 91

England southward and westward. (Figs.
i6q. 170.) White Oak, Qucrcus alba L.

140. Deepest marginal indentations usually not
reaching more than '{ of the distance to
the midrib— 141.

I

Fig. 168. Overcup Oak. Fig. 160. White Oak.

140. Deepest marginal indentations usually reach-

ing \ of the distance to the midrib or
more, at least in most of the leaves— 143.

141. Fruit-stalk much longer than the leaf-stalk.

Southern Me. southward and westward.
(Fig. 171.) Swamp White Oak, Swamp
Oak, Qucrcus hicolor Willd.
141. Fruit-stalk shorter than the leaf-stalk— 142.

92 KEY TO GENERA AM) SPECIES

142. Leaf-margins with many coarse rounded teeth.
Leaf-base tapering. Southern Me. south-
ward and westward. (Figs. 164. i6v)
Chestnut Oak, Rock Oak, Rock Chestnut
Oak, Qncrcns Prinns L.

142. Leaf-margins with many coarse sharp teeth.

{

-jA

V

1

1

■1.

V'v^. 170. White Oak.

Leaf-l)ase tapering. \'t. and southward,
mainlv along the mountains. (Fi<r. 17'
Leaves often wider than shown in the iUus-
tration.) Yellow Oak, Chinquapin Oak,
Chestnut Oak, OitcKCHs Miil/lfiibcri^i: Kn-
gehn.
142. Leaf-m-irgins with angles or lobes rather than

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

03

teeth. Leaf-base heart-shaped or auriculate.
Long Island southwartl and westward.
(Figs. 162. 163.) Black Jack Oak, Jack
Oak, Qucrcus marilandica Muench.

FiR. 171. Swamp
White Oak.

FiR. 172.
Yellow Oak.

^%. 173-
Bur Oak.

Fig. 174. Bui Oak. Fig. 175. Post Oak.

143. Scales of fhe cup (at least the inner ones)

with long points or awns. Cup usually

94

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

■^ I

Fip. 176. Amoritan
Kim. a. Truit.
h. Lcat.

Fir. 177. American Kim.

covering more than half of the nut. Xova
Scotia to Manitoba and southward to
Penn. and Tenn. Rather local in Xew
England. (Tigs. 17^, 174.) Bur Oak,
Mossy-cup Oak, Overcup Oak, {)n('i'cus
macrocarpa Mich.x.
143. Scales of the cup not awned.
Cup usuall}- ccA'ering less
than half of the nut. Mass.
southward and westward.
(Fig. 175.) Post Oak, Box
White Oak, Qiiercus slcUdla
\Van<r.

Elm.

Leaves simple, alternate,
with straight side- \-eins.
doubl)-toothe(l margins,
antl ;in unsymmetrical base. Fruit strongly

Kij;. 178. C'>rk i'lm,
a. Leaf. 1). Kruil.

KF.\' TO GEXKRA AND SPECIES

<>5

flattened, with a Ijroad thin \vin<j surround-
ing the single seed, the wing notched at the
apex, and the notch usually closed above.
144. Mature fruit hair>-fringed along the margin -
145.

V'i'A- i7i)- Cork lllni.

144. Mature fruit not hair>--iringed along the mar-

gin— 146.

145. Mature fruit less than \ inch long, surfaces

without hairs. Side wins of the leaf .:su:ill\-

I

96 KEY TO GENERA AXI) SPECIES

less than i8 i)airs. Throughout our range.
(Figs. 176, 177.) American Elm, White
Elm, Elm, Ulmus amcricana L.

FiK. iSo. Slip[)cTy Kim. a. Leaf. h. Fruit.

I'iK- 181. Slippery Khn. OKI Free.

145. Mature fruit more than \ inch long, slightly

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

97

more than i8 {)airs. Western Xew England
westward and southward. (Figs. 178. 179.)
Cork Elm, Rock Elm, Northern Cork Elm,
Ulmus racemosa Thomas.

146. M-*'.ire fruit not hairy
—147.

146. Seed portion of the fruit ^
hairy, elsewhere without
hairs. Central Xew
England southward and
westward. (Figs. 180,
181.) Slippery Elm, Red !>>
Elm, Ulmus Julva Michx.

182. EnRlish Kim.
a. Leaf. h. I'ruit.

98 KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

^pl

^'t^

I

Fig. 184. Wych Elm

Fig. 185. Wych Elm.

KKV TO GENERA AND SPECIES

99

147. Veins in the longer side of the leaf 1 1 or less.

Cult. Native in Eurasia and northern

Africa. (Figs. 182, 183.) EngUsh Elm,

Ulmus campestris L.
147. Veins in the longer side of the leaf 12 or more.

Leaves sometimes slightly lobed above.

Occasionally cult. Native in Eurasia.

(Figs. 184, 185.) Wych Elm, Scotch Elm,

Ulmus montana With.

Mulberry.— Leaves alternate, broad, often lobed.
Fruit in general api)earan(.e suggesting a

Fig. 1 86. White Mulberr>'.

blackberry (except perhaps in color), though
technically quite different.
143- Leaves smooth, usually shinmg. Fruit whit-

lOO

RKV TO (;kxi:ra and spixies

/

ish or pinkish. Cull, and o>(m;)"(1. Native
in diina. ( Fi<;s. i8(). 187, 188.) White
Mulberry, Morns alba L.
148. Leaves r()U<,'h. usually downy-
hairy beneath. Fruit dark
purple or nearly black.
Western New Kn<i;land
southward and westward \
also cult. ( Figs. i8g, 190.)
Red Mulberry, Black Mul-
berry, Moms rubra L. ^■''-^', 'i, ^^'"^*-"

M.\r,N()i.i.\. Leaves of many species very large,
^hiruins without teeth. Flowers large and

Fig. tS8. White Muilierry.

conspicuous. Fruit conedike. Seeds hang-
ing from the mature fruit by slender
threads.

KEY TO Gi-XERA AM) S1'K( IKS loi

FiV. I. So. Red Mul
hern-.

Fig. 190. Red Mulberry. Fig. lyi. Umbrella Tree.

102 KVA TO (;i;m:k.\ and spkc iks

149, ['"lowers apptarin^' hctorc the I(.'a\(.'> in early

^prin,l,^ Cultixated lor ornanu-iU only.

Small trees or shrubs, \arious Chinese

ami Japanese Magnolias.
149. Mowers not aj)peariiiL^ until tlie leaxes ha\c

e.\l)an(le(l. Native in the eastern U. S.

and eult. 150.

150. Leax'es 1 to 2 feel lon<^, pointed at both ends,
crowded at the ends (^1 the branches in
umbrella-like clusters. Flowers ,^5 to 5
inches long. Southern Penn. southward and
westward. ( I"i<ij. 191.) Umbrella Tree,
Magnolia Iriprtala L.

150. Leaves not crowded at the ends of the
branches, but scattered along the sides

- 151.

151. Leaves :; to 5 iiuhes long, blunt at the apex,
whiti>h beneath. Flowers globular, fra-
grant, white. 2 inches long. Usually a shrub.
\. V. southward, also local in eastern Mass.
(Fig. i(;j.) Sweet Bay, Sweet Magnolia,
Mai^nalia viriiiniaiia L.

151. Lea\es 6 to 10 inches long, pointed at the

'i!)e\ !i(»t con-^piciioM-iK/ whitened be-
"i" ' i -' -----

neath. Flowers shaped like a narrow bell,

KEY TO GKXKkA AM) SPKCTES lo;;

greenish yellow, 2 inches long. West-
ern \. y. southward and westward.
(Fig. i(>^.) Cucumber Tree, Magnolia acu-
minata L.
151. Leaves i to ■; feel long, somewhat clustered,
heart-shaped at the base, whitened and

Fig. 192. Swecl Bay.

Fi'r. 193. Cucumber Tree.

hairy beneath. Flowers broad bell-shaped,
white (with purple spots at the base),
about 6 inches long. Ky. southward.
(Fig. 194.) Great-leaved Magnolia, Great-
leaved Umbrella Tree, Magnolia macro-
phylla Michx.

I04

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

Apple. Pear. Quince.— Leaves simple. Fruit
fleshy, containing 5 thin-walled compart-
ments with about 2 seeds in each.

152. Leaf margins toothed - I53-

152. Leaf margins not toothed, lower surface
woolly. Cult. (Fig.
1(^^.1 yiiince, / yi'us

C\'d0)t!d L.

153. Leaver wiMilly or vel-
vety-hairy beneath.
Fruit globular, witii
a depression at both
ends. Cult, and oc-
casionally growing
wild. (Figs. i()0.
197.) Apple, Pyrus
.\falus L.

153. Luives smooth be-
neath, or nearly so

—154-

li;4. (ircat li.UL'd
Matinolia.

154. Some of the leave> very irregularly toothed,
or evi'ii lobed and toothed. Branches some-
times i)rolonge(l into short thorns. Fruit
an inch or more long, with a depression at
each end. X.J- westward and southward.

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES 105

(Fig. 198.) American Crab,
Sweet Crab, Pynis corona-
ria L.
154. Leaves somewhat regularly
toothed, not lobed i55-

155. Fruit narrower towards the base. Ii^. 105.
Cult. (I'lgs. -(jo. 201.) Pear,
Common Pear, Pyriis communis L.

li-. igo. Apple. FiK- i97- Apple.

155. Fruit about an inch in diameter, not narrower
towards the base — 156.

lII

156. Fruit yellow with a red check. Cult, and
occasionally escai)ed in Xew l>ngland. Na-
tive in Asia. (Fig. 200.) Siberian Crab,
Pyrus haccala L.

/;V- , ■: -r-

io6 KEV rO GEXERA AND SPECIES

156. Fruit greenish. Along rivers, X. J. south-
ward and westward. (Fig. 202.) Narrow-

Ameriran Crab.

Fig. lOQ-
Tear.

Vi^'. 200.
Silxjrian Cral>.

Narrow-
leaf Cral).

leaf Crab, Southern Crab Apple, Pynts
ani^KstiJolid Ait.

KFA' TO GEXERA AND SPECIES 107

Mountain Ash. -Leaves compound. Fruit red,
flesln , with a core like an Apple or Pear.*

157. Fruit about 2 inch thick, in flat-topped
clusters. Leaflets smooth, lance-shaped,

V\k. :.Q!,. Aniori-
caii Mountain Ash

I'l^. 204. Western
Mountain Ash.

Fi^. 205. F.uro-
pcan Moun-
tain Ash.

ta{)er-pointed. Labrador to northern New
England and northwestward. (Fig. 203.)
American Mountain Ash, Round-wood,
Pyrus amcricana (^Llrsh.) DC

* P\rus hyhrida \. . with the leaves eomiiounded (pinnatcly;
onlv at llie base, is ;', loeal escape in Maine.

i.-'j

xoS KEY TO GI-NKRA AND SPECIES

du.tcrs Leaflets sniooth, obUm^, ahrupth
pointed. Labrador through central Me.
westward and northward; also cult. Hg.
204) Western Mountain Ash, Elder-
leaved Mountain Ash, P^us Mensis

(Roem.^ Piper.
X57 Fruit about \ inch thick, in convex clusters.
Leaflets oblong, usually blunt, lower sur-
face and; <alks hairy. Cult, and es-
caped. N -^ in Eurasia. (Hg- 205.)
European Mountain Ash, Rowan Tree,
Pyrus Aiiciiparia (L.) Ehrh.

JUNEBERRY.-Fruit fleshy, rarely more tha^n I of
an inch thick, ^

containing lo
one-seeded com-
partments at
maturity.
158. :Mature leaves
smooth.* usually
rounded or heart-
shaped at l)ase
and pointed at

Shad Hush.

.A varic.v of ,ho Shad m.h (var. A...^./.' San^Wrom
scuhwcstern Main., s.uUhwanl and .os.wani, u^ualK h.. the
ica\ cs iuiiry v,;;;:: ■■•■'

H

'

KEY TO GENERA ANT) SPECIES loo

apex. IVlals white, \ inch or more lonf,'.
Throughout our ran.s^^e. iVv^- ^o().) Shad
Bush, Service Berry, Amdanchicr canaden-
sis (L.) Medic.
158. Mature leaves usually rounded
at both ends or with an aljrui)t
bristle-like apex; commonly
more or less hairy until old.
Petals white, less than ' inch
long. New Brunswick south-
ward and westward. (Fig. 207.)
Dwarf Juneberry, .lwr/(i;/f///Vr D^.l^rf ]°ne-
oblongifolia (T. e^ Ci.) Roem. bern.

•om
the

Thorn.— Leaves simple. Fruit lle^hy, globular,
rarely more than ] of an inch thick. Seeds
I to 5. each enclosed in a bony seed-like
stone. Manyspecics are recognized. Most-
ly thorny shrubs, but the following occa-
sionally i)ecome small trees. Mature fruit
is generally essential for identification.

159. Leaves deeply cut into >everal sparingly
toothed segments. Fruit usually with one
stone. Cult, and escaped. Native in
Eurasia and northern Africa. (Fig. 208.)
English Hawthorn, Crataegus monogyna

Jac(i.
159. Leaves not deeply cut. indentations reachmg

11

in

\:.i

no KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

less than half way t(^ the midrib. Fruit
with ? or more stones -i6o.

i6o. Stones 2 or 3. each with 2 prominent dcpres-
.ic,n< on the inner side. Leaves leathery,
shining above. Xova Scotia westward and

Hu\vllu)rn.

V\^. 2oq. CraliicRue;
maenuantha.

southward. (Fig. 20Q.) Cratac^^us macra-

lanllhi Lodd. .

160. Stones without deep depressions on the uiner

side— 161.

161. Flowers and fruits generally 3 to 7 In a clus-

ter Leaf-stalks with glands. Central
New England to X. C. Scarlet Thorn,
Scarlet Haw, Red Haw, White Thorn,

/ '.. . ( i/i.rt/ I- I/H/'I lll'll i-i.

KEY TO GENERA \XD SPECIES in

i6i. Flowers generally more than 7 in a cluster —
162.

V\^. J 10. ("ock-
<\n\T Thorn.

Fi^;. -Ml. (.'niUu'f^us
nruinn^a.

162. Leaves broadest above the middle. Western
New England southward and westward.
Also cult. (Fig. 210.) Cock-spur Thorn,
Red Haw, Newcastle Thorn, Thorn Plum,
Crataci^us Crus-galli L.

162. Leaver broadest at the middle or below -163.

163. Mature leaves smooth -164.

163. Mature leaves hairy, at least along the veins

beneath 168.

164. Leaves broadest at the middle. Vt. Craiacgiis

Oakcsiana Eggl.

164. Leaves broadest towards the base 165.

165. Fruit tirm when ripe. Leaves bluish green.

Western New I-'.ngland southward and

i

112 KEY TO GEXKKA AM) SPECIES

westward. ( Fi.t;. j 1 1.) Crakicgus pruinosa
(Wcndl.) r. Koch.

165. Fruit soft when rij^- 166.

166. Calyx lobes finely toothed. Stones usually

4 or 5 167.

166. Calyx lobes toothei Stones usually 3 or 4.

Nova Scotia to the Cnat Lakes and south-
ward in the mountains. Cratacj^ns macro-
spcrma Ashe.

167. Upper surface of the mature leaves smooth.

R. I. to Montreal southward and westward.
Cralacgus coccinioides var. dilaiata (Sarg.)

167. Upi^er surface of the mature leaves rough.

Conn, to Del. and 111. Crataegus pcdicilUila
Sarg.

i68. Leaves broadest at the middle —169.

168. Leaves broadest towaiv' the base— 170.

i6g. Leaves broadly egg-shaped to round. Fruit
less than \ inch thick. Stones \ of an
inch long. Xo\a Scotia to Minn, and
southward in the mountains. Crataegus
rotmidifolia Moench.

169. Lea\es nuiiouis cgg-snapeci. rruit more

KKV TO GENKRA AM) SPECIES 113

than ^ inch thick. Stones '^ of an inch
long. Southern Mc. and u\) the Kennebec
river. Crataci^us Joficsac Sarg.

170. Mature leaves smooth above, or nearly so —

171.

170. Mature leaves hairy or woolly, or roughened,

above 173-

171. Leaves longer than broad— 172.

171. Leaves about as long as broad. Western

FiR. 213. Crataegus Prin^kM.

New England to Penn. and Lake ISIichigan.
(Fig. 212.) Craliic^us Prin^lci Sarg.

172. Flower and fruit-stalks very hairy. North-
ern New England and X. V. northward to
the St. Lawrence. Crataegus anomala Sarg.

_^_ T?! _ J f_.,.'<-_f.*.in-i.- T-i/.-irK- cmjWifVl New

■ R
: F

ili

tm

\\\ KF^^■ in C.F.XKRA WD SPKCIKS

Mii^^'land --DUth^viird aii'l westward, i'riilae-
i^ns Ilolincsiiiih! .\>lu-.

AriKildiaiia.

I'i,:;. J 14. (raUu'UUs
siil>ninlli.^.

173. I'"ruit prar-shaped or somewhat doimated.
rii)i'iiiii,Lj in Scplcmhcr and Octohcr 174.

173. I'ruit .^lobular. ri|)e'nin,i,f in Au.uust. Local in

southiTh .,i'\v l'!n,uland. iV'i'^. -M,:;.) i'rdldc-
i^Ks Anioldiiiua Sar.ii;.

174. Lcaw's lhi(ki>h or sonifwhal U'athcry. Xorth-

wc'sli-rn \'l. Crahw'^iis i'liiiw l^la'nicnsis Sar,^.
174. Lcaws thin. Soutlicrn Me. to central \. \'.
ancl northward to the St. Lawrence. (Fi^r.
214.) C 'rtiUic<^ns siihmollis Sa.ri^.

K\:\ ro (;i NKRA and SPKCIKS m:;

Ciii'.kKV. Pi.iM, lM:\(ii. Lravis >ini|)lt'. I-'ruit
t1t->ln' or juicx'. witli a >t()n\' x-cd-likc in-
terior which ciii lo.-cs a sin<ik' <vvd.

a. I.cal'. I). I'liur U'ctl,
cn!ar,i'c'(l.

!'i^'. ji'i. lihii k CiuTry.
a. I,i'al'. 1). I'uo ticlh
cnlar^icd.

175. Mower and fruit-stalks numerous, about {
of an inch lonti. arran'U'd alon;,^ tlic sides

i-'if^. Ji 7. lilark C'lierry.

of a common much elongated axis.
at)out \ oi an inch thick — 176.

Fruit

ii6
175.

KEY TO GEXKRA AM) SPECIES

Flower and fruit-stalks apparently arising
from a common point, or else from an axis
hardly longer than the long individual
flower and fruit-stalks i??-

I'ii:. JiS. Pcinh.

Peach.

Fig. 219.

176. Marginal teeth of the leaves very sharply
pointed. Newfoundland southward and
westward. (Fig. 215.) Choke Cherry,
Prunus -Arginiana L.

176. Marginal teeth of the leaves blunt, incurved,
or glandular. New Brunswick southward
and westward. (Figs. 216, 217.) Black
Cherry, Wild Black Cherry, Rum Cherry,
Primus scroUna Ehrh.

177. Flower and fruit-stalks very short, \ of an

KKV TO GKXKRA AXi) SI'lXIKS 117

inch or less. Leaves narrov. Fruit vclvety-
iiair}', I inch or more thick; stone corru-
^^ated. Cuh. ( Fi^'s. 21S, 219.) Peach,
I 'run US' Persica (L.) Stokes.
177. I'K)\ver and fruit-stalks conspicuous, or elon-

Fi^. 2-'o. Willi Ri'(i Clu-rry.
(Lca\'c.- \ari;il)lc.)

V\g. 2 2\. Wild

rium.

gated. Fruit smooth, stone not corrugated
- 178.

178. Teeth of the leaves sharply pointed. Fruit
red, about \ of an inch thick. Labrador
westward and southward to Penn. ■ (Fig.
220.) Wild Red Cherry, Pin Cherry, Pigeon
Cherry, Bird Cherry, Fire Cherry, Primus
pcnnsyhanicn L. f.

178. Teeth of the ' 'aves sharply pointed. Fruit
reddish, I .0 1 inch thick. Conn, south-
ward and westward. (Figs. 221, 222.)

ii8 Ki:v 10 gi:m:ra and species

Wild Plum, Yellow Plum, Pyunus americana
Marsh.

178. 'IVeth c)l the leaves l)lunt or glandular-tipped

- 179-

179. Margin> of the calyx lobes iinely glandular-

Fi^. 222. Wild Plum.

toothed. Mature fruit smooth, orange-red
or yellowish, about i inch long. Newfound-
land to New England and westward.
(Eius. 22:;, 224) Canada Plum, Red
Plum, Horse Plum, Wild Plum, Primus
iiiiira Ait.
179. Margin> of tlie ailyx lobes entire or nearly
so 180.

KEY TO GKNI'RA AM) SPECIES 119

FiR. -23.
Canada I'lum.

f
^- 1

I'ig. -V4. Canada Plum.

I'ig. 2:5.
iSwccl Cherr)'.

Fig. 226. Sweet Cherry.

120

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECII S

180. Flower-producing buds developing both flow-
ers and leaves. Inner scales at the base of
che flower-stalks longer than the outer,
spreading. Fruit sweet. Cult,
and escaped. (Figs. 225, 226.)
Sweet Cherry, Prunus Avium L.

180. Flower-producing buds develop-
ing only flowers. Inner scales
at the base of the flower-stalks
about like the outer, not
spreading. Fruit acid, red.
Cult, and escaped. (Fig. 227.)
Sour Cherry, Primus Cera- ,..jg ^27.

SUSh. Sour Cherry.

Locust. — Leaves pinnately compound. Fruit flat,
similar to a bean or pea pod, with 2 or more
seeds.

181. Young twigs sticky. Va. southward, also
cult, and escaped. (Fig. 228.) Clammy
Locust, Rose Acacia, Rohinia viscosa
Vent.

181. Young twigs not sticky. Penn. and along the
mountains to Ga., also cult, and escaped.
(Figs. 229, 230.) Common Locust, Black
Locust, Yellow Locust, White Locust,
Robinia Pscudo- Acacia L.

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES 121

Sumach.— Leaves alternate, pinnately compound
(except in the Smoke Tree). Juice sticky
as it dries, commonly milky-white when
fresh. Fruit globular, less than :} of an

Viii,. 2j8. Clammy Locust. Ki^- 22.). Common Locust.

inch thick. Usually shrubs, the following

occasionally small trees.
182. Leaves simple. Cult. Native in Eurasia.

(Fig. 23 1 .) Smoke Tree, Venetian Sumach,

Rhus Cotinus L.
182. Leaves compound -183.

183. Leaflets toothed— 184.
183. Leaflets not toothed— 185.

122

KEY TO GKXl.KA AND SPECIES

184. Young twi.us vc'.ety-hairy. Iru.l rc-d.
Throughout our range. ( E'.g. 2,:,2. Leal
outline essentially the same as in Fig. 2^4.)
Staghorn Sumach, Rims lyphina L.

184. \-oung twigs not hairy. Fruit red. Central

Me. southward and westward. (I'lg. -\H-i
Smooth Sumach, Rhus ^^lahra L.

185. Feat a.xis between the leaflets prominently

vvin<re(l. Fruit red. U-aally a shrub.

Smoke Tree.

I'in. -MO. Common Loi:u>l.

Southern Me. southward and westward.
(Fig. ly^,) Dwarf Sumach, Rhns copd-

lina L.
185. Leaf axis between the leaflets not wmged.
Fruit whitish or grayish. Very poisonous.
Usually growing in swamp.s. Southwestern
Me. southward and westward. (Fig. 2,^5.)
Poison bumacii, i-uiao^i i:,ius,i, .^-i--" • -o

KFA' TO GEXKRA AND SPECIES 123

wood, Dogwood, Swamp Sumach, Poison
Ash, Rliiis Vcrnix L.
Note. Many persons arc poisoned by merely
handling the Poison Sumach. The poison-
ous principle is of an oily nature and is
found in every part of th(> plant. A trood

i

ri^. 2,^2. Sla^horn Sumiuh.

in. 2^.1- Dwarf Sunuuh.

preventive against severe poisoning is to
wash the parts of the body that have com:
in contact with the i)lant with strong
alcohol (or strong soap suds) immediately
after such contact; the sooner this is done
the nK)re elTecti\e will be the remedy. The
Poison Ivy or Poison Oak (RJius Toxico-
dcndron L.) climbs by means of numerous
dark brown roots, or trails over the ground

124 Ki:V K) tiKNKRA AND SPECIKS

Fij;. 235. I'lii-iip. Sum;uh.

I'i". J u- Sp.UMilli SuiiKu h

Viis,. Jj't. .Niirway Maine.

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES 125

and fences, never becoming a tree. It is
a near relative of the Poison Sumach and
like that plant poisons many persons who
handle it. It may be recognized by its
compound leaves of three leaflets, the ter-

Fi^. 23S. Norway Mai)lc.

minal one stalked, the margins with a few
large teeth or none, and the milky juice.
Flowers, fruits, poisonous properties, and
remedies as in the Poison Sumach. Few
persons are ever poisoned, even slightly,
by handling any other than these two
plants.

Maple.— Leaves opposite, palmately veined when
simple. Fruit with a long unsymmetrical
flat wing.

f^

126 Ki:V TO GKNKRA AND SPECIES

i86. Ixavcs simi)U' 187.

186. Eoaves c(.nii...un.l. Wcslcrn Xcw En-land
southward and wotward. al>() cull, and
(.scape.l. (li.i:. -\^7 ' Box Elder, Ash-
leaved Maple, .\o:y Xo^hikIo L.

187. Juic-e milky. Cult. Xativo in Eurasia.

(Eiijs. 2,^6. 2,vS.) Norway Maple, Acer

plaianoidcs E.
187. Juici' not milk) 188.

188. Elower (or fruit) stalks arranged alon.t,' a com-
mon nuuh I'lonijated axis 189.

188. Ehmcr lor Irui') stalks apparently arising

from a comnKtn point -iQi.

189. Flower for fruit^ clusters

erect or noddin^^^.but not
pendulous. Newfound-
land to northern New
Enj^lanc' and west-
ward; southward in the
mountains. (Eiti;. 2 },().) i.-j^.
Mountain Maple, Aur j^'-'i^;^-^
spicatuni Eam.
189. Flower (or fruit) clusters drooping or pendu-
lous 190.

Mountain

KKV TO C.FAKKA WD SPKCIKS 127

190. H;irk of small branches li.^ht ^rccn. striiml
with lit her \vhiti>h or dark lino. Leaves
smooth. u>ually with ,:; shallow tai)er-
Dointed lohe.^. New Brunswick wolward

l''i^;. J40. Siri|)ril Maple.

l''i<j;. 241. SlriiR-d Majilo.

190

191

and southward in the mountains. (Fi<,'s.
240. 241.) Striped Maple, Moosewood,
Striped Dogwood, Acer In-inisylvauicuw L.
. Bark of small branches not striped. Leaves
usuallv 5-lobe(l and downydiairy ])eneath.
Cult, and escai)ed. Native in Kurasia.
(Figs. 242. 244.) Sycamore Maple, Euro-
pean Sycamore, Acer J'scmlo-PhiUiuiis L.

Flowers in rather close cluster^, not drooi)in«^,
appearing before the leaves in early si)ring -
102.

m

P

111
m

m

128 KFA' TO GENERA AND SPECIES

191. Flowers in drooping clusters on long slender
hairy stalks — 194'

Imr. 242. Sycamore Maple.

Fig. 243. White Maple.

Fig 244. Sycamore ^Maple.

192. Leaves deeply 5-lobed. Petals none. Nearly
throughout our range. (Figs. 243, 245.)
White Maple, Silver Maple, Soft Maple,

/itlT otic I /(uTi /iit /7i i-<.

KKV TO GKXKKA AM) SPKvIKS 120

192. Leaves not cut half way to the base. Petals
present — 193 •

'^'^ '^0.^^

*f *•;

CX^'t,7''^

i^^^'-

Fif?. 245. White Maple.

193. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, middle lobe oblon.c
at base. Bark and leaves quite variable.

1

Fig. 246. Red Maple. Tig. 247. Rcfl Maple.

Nearly throughout our rango. (Figs. 246,
247.) Red Maple, S,yamp Maple, Soft

i;,o Ki:\' TO G i:\KRA AM) SPECIES

193. Lcaxes 2 to 4 iiulu's loni:!, middle lobe broadly
triaiiffular. MtTrl)- a form of the Red
Maj)lt_'. Xt'w Brunswick and Mass., and
local southward dud westward. ( M^. 2.\S.)
Three-Toothed Red Maple, Arcr rubntui
\ar. I ride lis Wood.

riu. J4S. riiroi-toollu'd
Rc.l Maple.

Fi^. -'4C). Rotk Maj)li-. From
iafortilc branch.

194. Lower surface of the leaf pale and smoothish.
Lea^•es of infertile trees iV'v^. 249) dilYer
from those of the fertile or fruiting trees.
(Fig. 251.) Throughout our range. (Figs.
240. 251, 250.) Rock Maple, Sugar Maple,
Hard Maple., Sugar-tree, Acer saccluirum
Marsh.

KEY 10 CiKNEKA AND Sl'lXlES 131

I'ig. J50. Rock Miii)lc.

img

13-'
194-

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

Lower surface of the leaf gree i and hairy. A
form of the Rock Mai)le. Western New
England southward and westward. (Fig.
252.) Black Rock Mapie, Acer saccharum
var. nigrum (Michx. f.) Britton.

1m«. j5,v llorsc-C'licsliuit.

lloRsix UKSTM- r, Bi'CK?:VE. - - Leaves opposite,
])almately compound. Several speci.s of
Buckeye from farther west are occasionally
planted; these all differ from the common
Horsi^-cheslnul m naMni^ 4 pcuw.j iiisi-tavi
01 S.

KE\' TO (iKXKRA AXl) SPECIES 133

195. Fruit prickly 196.
195. Fruit smooth. Petals 4-

197.

196. Petals 5, white, spreading. Leaflets usually 7.
Cult. Xati\"e of southeastern Europe and
Asia. (Figs. 253, 254.) Horse-chestnut,
Common Horse-chestnut, Acsculus Ilippo-
casuinum L.

Fig. 254. Horsc-Chcstnut.

196. Petals 4. yellow, erect. Leaflets usually 5.
^Lirgins toothed, with tufts of hairs in the
notches. Central Penn. southward and
southwestward, also cult. (Fig. 255.)
Fetid Buckeye, Ohio Buckeye, Aescuhis
glabra Willd.

197. Petals yellow. Western Penn. southward and

134 KEY TO GEXKRA AND SPECIES

southwestsvard. also cult. (Fig. 256.)
Sweet Buckeye, Yellow Buckeye, Acsculus
octandra Marsh.
107. IMals and calyx red or purple. W. Va.
southward and westward, also cult. Purple

'1 ' 1

.111

ri^. 255. I'Llid IJiukoyc. li^^- .^5"- ^^^cel HuckL^yc.

Buckeye, Acsculus octandra var. hybrida.

(DC\) Sar^-
197. Petals and calyx bright red. Usually a shrub.
\'a. >outhward and westward, also cult.
(Fig. 257.) Red Buckeye, Acsculus Pavia L.

Linden, B.asswood. Leaves broad or round egg-
shaped and usually with an unsymmetrical
base. Flower ;ind fruit clusters long-
stalked, attached near the middle of a large

.Y ro c;kxkra axd spi-;cies

135

elon
wood

198. Stamc

in front

198. Stame

Ki^. 257. Rc-d Huckcye.

Commonly planted as a street tree in many
cities. Native m Europe. (¥\g. 258.)
European Linden, Lime-tree, Tilia vulgaris
Havne.

199. Fruit ribbed. Leaves white-downy beneath.
Cult. Native in eastern Europe. Silver
Linden, Tilic Umcntosa Muencli.

199- Fruit not ribbed. Native in United States—
200.

1^6 KKV TO (IKXKRA AM) SIM-XIKS

200. MaUirc Kaves smooth, or essentially so, on
both surfaces. Throut^'hout our range.
(Figs. 2^(). 2()0.) American Basswood,
American Linden, Basswood, Linn, Beetree,
Wickup, Tilid (iDuricdiia L.

200. Mature leaves beneath, and the twigs, red-

pcan Liiidni.

I-'i;;. i^t). Anu-riiun
Basswood.

dish Ikiiry. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long.
Conn, westward and southward. (Fig.
261.) Southern Basswood, Tilia Micliauxii
Xutt.
!00. Mature leave> 4 to 8 inches long, silvery-white
and woolly beneatii. Central X. Y. and
southward along the mountains, and west-
ward. I I'ig. 2()2.) White Basswood, Tilia
hclcropl/ylld Vent.

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES i

37

Fig. 260. American Basswood.

Fig. 261. Southern Basswood. Fig. 262. White Basswood.

i.vS Ki:V TO GEXERA AND SPIXIKS

Cornel, Dogwood. — Leaves simple, with veins
curvin<^ well up towards the ai)e.\. Flowers
4-parte(l. Fruit pulpy, globular, contain-
ing a single 2-see(lecl, 2-celled stone. The

V\ii. 2()t,. I'lowcr-
ing Dogwood.

Flowering Dogwood.

Poison Dogwood is a Sumach, and does not
bi'long here.
201. Leaves op{)osite. The small close cluster of
greenish flowers surrounded in such a way,
h>- 4 large cons{)icuous white petal-like
bracts, as to make the whole cluster a[)pear
like a singlr flower 2 or 3 inches across.

KEY TO GKaERA AND SPECIES

i,S9

Fruit ()bIon«i. rec;. about \ inch lon^'. Cvn-
tral \e\v England soutiiward and west-
ward. (Fi<rs. 263, 264.) Flowering Dog-
wood, Boxwood, Dogwood,
Flowering Cornel, Com us

Jlorida L.
201. Leaves alternate. Flowers

in large loose clusters (3

or more inches across).

with no petaldike bracts.

Fruit globular, blue, usu-
ally less than \ inch thick.

New Brunswick westward

md southward. (Fig. 265.)

Alternate-leaved Cornel,

Blue Dogwood, Green

Osier, Dogwood, Cornus

al tern if olid L. f.

Fig. 265. Alter-
nate-lea ved
Cornel.

Asii.— Leaves opposite, pinnately compound. Fruit

with a long sxmmetrical flat wing.
202. Side leaflets without individual stalks -203.

202. Side leaflets with sh(M-i individual stalks 204.

203. Leaflets green on 00th surfaces ])ut somewhat

darker above. Leaf axis (rhaJiis) usually
with thick reddish-brown wool at the base
of each leaflet. Oushed leaves with tho

I40

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

odor of Elder. A small tree growing in cold
swamps or wet places. In swamps and
along river banks from Newfoundland to
the Great Lakes; also southward, mainly

Fig .00. Black .\sh. r^^■ ^^7- Red .\sh.

in the mountains. (Fig. 266.) Black Ash,
Hoop Ash, Basket Ash, Brown Ash, Swamp
Ash, Fraxinus nigra Marsh.
203. Leaflets green above, pale beneath. Leaf axis
(rhachis) usually without reddish wool.
Cult. Native in Eurasia. (Fig. 268.)
European Ash, trdxinus txiaon/f i-.

KEY TO GENERA AXD SPECIES 14 t

204. Younj^ twites and leaf-stalks hairy 205.
204. Young twigs smooth 206.

205. Fruit I to 2 inches long; seed bearing portion
nearly half as long as the whole fruit, and

205

V\'^. 2()S. Kuropciin Ash.

less than J of an inch thick. Calyx very
small. New Krunswick westward and
southwestward. (Figs. 267, 26Q.) Red
Ash, Brown Ash, River Ash, Bastard Ash,
FraxiiiKS pcnnsylvanica Marsh.
Fruit about li inches long; seed-bearing
portion about a third as long as the fruit,
and more than \ of an inch thick. Calyx
very small. Penn. southwestward. Bilt-
more Ash, Frax'uius Biltmorcana Beadle.
205. Fruit 2 to 3" inches long: seed-])earing portion

.1, ,..^ vf- - •■ • ' — • • *l-.- C~..'~t f^.A

tiOOUt LJUvli tCi Ub ivJiig tio i,l-C iiUic. V vii \ .\

%

h<

I

I' I

llj

142

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

prominent. \\"uv^ o( the fruit running more
than half way down both sides of the seed-

Fig. 26g. Red Ash.

bearing portion. Western N. Y. to Mo.

and southward. Pumpkin Ash, Fraxinus
profunda Bush.

KiWTUiM ■ ■ -EaiHH

■■■■■

£

*

-- }

{

il^Un^rt

1 1 t
1

\

i^'^^-:

- 4 '.

rf^o- l-xti^. K ---i

<

' 'A'. •;*,•' ^ » ' ,

. ^

:fi

-•■>;.■

^ .j» f, •? . • i - >.

f 1 VW iWm Tm W^K^^M

w^!W%miMmM^m

^■■Hi

Fig. :!70. Blue Ash.

206= Branchlets 4-sided. Wing of the fruit extend-
ing around the seed-bearing portion. Ohio

KEY TO GEXERA AND SPECIES 14,?

Fig. 2:1. White Ash.

Fig. 272. (Ireen Asli.

H7u:*„ \ „u

144

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

westward and southward. (Fig. 270.)
Blue Ash, Fraxinus quadrangulala Michx.

206. Branchlets not 4-sided. Wing of fruit not

extending around the seed-bearing portion
— 207.

207. Lower surface of the leaflets paler than the

upper and occasionally hairy. Throughout
our range. (Figs. 271, 273.) White Ash,
Fraxinus americana L.

.

It i

Fig. 274. Green Ash.

207. Lower surface of the leaflets bright green and
smooth. Central New England south-
ward and westward. (Figs. 272. 274.)
Green Ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica var.
lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg.

Catalpa.— Leaves broad, egg-shaped or heart-

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES 145

shaped. Flov/ers white. Fruit a cylindric
pod, generally a foot or more long.
208. Flowers usually at least 2 inches broad, rot
prominently spotted. Bark thick and rough.

Fig. 275. Hardy Catalpa.

Upper Mississippi valley and extensively
cult. (Figs. 275, 276.) Hardy Catalpa,
Cigar Tree, Western Catalpa, Indian Bean,

Catalpa speciosa Warder.

146 KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

208. Flowers usually less than 2 inches broad,
thickly spotted with yellow and purple.

- *

f,

^

\^

^ ' 'ii

vJ^Bibkii.^

'1

' J
' i

^K

.-^.

V

i

'1- .

, -I.

m

•^5

Fig. 276. Hardy Catalpa.

^H

-57 ■

* •»

k^

'(.^KfS

'1?

■ / ■!

. SK5B

mi

^/Ut"'

Hv*

1

ft

•.i,;^^^^-

1

Li

ii

^f4-

I"ig. 278. Sweet Vi-
burnum, a. Leaf.
1). MaKiiit'ied mar-
gin.

I'ig. .^77. Common Catalpa.

Bark thin and usually not rou^h on medium
sii J trunks. Lower Mississij)pi valley and

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES 147

le.

extensively cult. Leaves similar in outline
to those of the Hardy Catalpa. (iMg. 277.)
Common Catalpa, Indian Bean, Bean Tree,
Cigar Tree, Smoking Bean, Catalpa big-
nonioides Walt.

Arrow-wood. — Lea^-es simple, opposite, toothed.
Fruit small and pulpy, containing a single
stony seed. Most species are shrubs, but
two are occasionally small trees.

209. Lea\'es with a prominent tapering point at
the apex. Western New Brunswick west-
waiu and southward. (Fig. 278.) Sweet
Viburnum, Sheepberry, Nannyberry, Nanny
Plum, Wild Raisin, Viburnum Lcntago L.

209. Leaves without a tapering point at the apex.
Southwestern New England westward and
southwestwaru. (Fig. 279.) Black Haw,
Nannyberry, Viburnum prunijolium L.

1-
if.

ir-

jm
nd

Fig.

Black Haw.

'.< -■■

rvi

■if

GLOSSARY

With references to illustrative cuts

Acute. An angle less than a right angle, as in the apex of

the leaf in Fig. 218.
Alternate. With one leaf at a node.
Angled. With more or less conspicuous angles or corners,

as in Fig. 18.
Apex. That portion of an organ (c. g., a leaf) opposite the

base, as the pointed end of Fig. 102.
Auriculate. With two basal lobes s-jmewhat like the lower

part of the human ear, as in Fig. 166.
Awl-shaped (leaf). Slender and slightly tapering from the

base to a sharp apex, the broadest part of the leaf be-
ing at or near the base, as in Figs, i, 2a.
Awn. A long stiff hair or hair-like point, as at the apex of

Fig- 155-

Base. That portion of an organ lying next to its stalk or

to its supporting structure.
Berry. A juicy or fleshy fruit in which the seeds are not

enclosed in definite compartments.
Blade. The flattened portion of the ordinary leaf.
Blunt. An angle greater than a right angle, as the apex of

Fig. 21.

Bract. A modified leaf in a flower or a fruit cluster.
Branchlet. \ small (young) branch.
Bristle. A stiff hair-like structure; nearly the same as an
awn.

149

I50

GLOSSARY

.: >V-

Bud. A rudimentary branch, usually covered with over-
lapping scales. A bud may produce leaves only (leaf
bud), flowers only (tlower bud), or both leaves and
flowers (mixed bud).

Calyx. The outer (usually green) part of a flower.

Catkin. An elongated scaly cluster of flowers, as in Wil-
lows. Poplars, etc., which usually falls from the tree
after flowering or fruiting.

Compound (leaf). Composed of two or more blades (leaf-
lets), as in Figs. 54, 117.

Cone. The characteristic fruit of the Pine Family. It
consists of many usually woody and closely crowded
overlapping scales attached lo a common axis. The
seeds are borne on the upper sides of the scales.

Crown (of a tree). The general mass of branches and
leaves.

Cylindric. An elongated structure (as a ste;n, 01 twig)
which is circular in cross-section; i. e., not angled.

Divided. Cut almost to the center or base into nearly

separate segments or divisions.
Doubly-toothed. With small teeth along the margins of

larger teeth, as in Fig. 180.

Egg-shaped (leaf). Shaped like in egg; width about 'i^ the
length and the broadest part below the middle, as in

Fig. 134-
Entire. Margins without teeth of an> sort, as in Fig. 21.
Escape. A name applied to a plant originally cultivated

but now growing like a wild plant.
Evergreen. With green leaves in winter as well as in

summer.

GLOSSARY

151

Fan-shaped. Shaped like a fan or the sector of a circle, as

in Figs. 15, 138.
Fleshy. Of the general consistency of a ripe apple or pear.
Forking. Splitting into two nearly equal structures, as

branches or veins, as in many of the side veins in

P'ig. iSo.
Fruit. That part of the plant which produces or contains

the seeds, together with other attached parts.
Furrowed. With longitudinal grooves alternating with

ridges, as in Fig. 273.

Gland. A name commonly applied to a small protuberance.
Glaucous. Covered with a bluish or whitish minute pow-
der which is readily removed by the fingers.

Heart-shaped (leaf). A broad leaf indented (often deeply)
at the base, while the apex is commonly pointed, as in
Fig. 102. Also applied to the base only.

Husk. An outer covering, usually somewhat woody or
fibrous. Commonly restricted to fruits.

incised. With deeply and sharply cut notches, as in

Figs. 126, 140.
Internode. The portion of the stem between two nodes.

Juicy. Containing much watery sap or juice (e. g., an
orange or a cherry).

Lance-shaped. \'ery narrowly egg-shaped, with the length
two v,r three times the width, as in Fig. 37.

Lateral bud. A bud situated on the side of a branch.

Leaflet. A separate blade of a compound leaf. Fig. 118 is
a pinnately once compound leaf with 7 leaflets.

152

GLOSSARY

i!

Leaf-stalk. The well-marked slender support of a leaf-
blade, as the short stem-like portion at the base of
Fig. 121. The leaf-stalk is sometimes absent.

Lobed. With marginal indentations running /. to ;•; of
the distance to the center or base, the segments usu-
ally somewhat rounded, as in Figs. 30, 169.

Longitudinal. Lengthwise, from base to apex.

Midrib. The central vein of a leaf, especially when more

piominent than the other veins.
Milky. With an opaque, usually white, juice.

Needle-shaped. Long and slender, neither definitely flat-
tened nor regularly tapering; may be long as in the
Pine (Fig. 63), or short as in the Spruce (Fig. 80).

Node. The point on. or line around, a stem from which
one or more leaves arise. Often not specially marked
otherwise than that a leaf or leaf-scar is found there.

Notch. .\n angular indentation, as along the margins in
Fig- 95-

Nut. A hard or bony fruit, like that of the walnut, oak,
chestnut.

Nutlet. A small nut, or a small, hard, seed-like part of a
fruit.

ft

1 *

'I

Oblong. Two or three times longer than broad, with the

sides nearly parallel.
Once compound (leaf). With the leaflets attached to the

primary axis of the leaf, as in Figs. 54(1, 253.
Opposite (leaves). With two leaves at ihe same node, as

in Fig. 2a.

Pain; .te, Palmately compound. With several leaflets

GLOSSARY

153

starting from a common point at the tip of the leaf-
stalk, as in Fig. 2$3,.

Papery (bark). Splitting into thin papcr\ films, as in
Fig. 1.32.

Petal. One of the parts of a .ouer, situated between the
stamens and the calyx. The i>etals are usually the
most conspicuous i)art> ol the ordinary llower. gen-
erally being brightly colored, or white.

Pinnate, Pinnately compound. With several leallets start-
ing from different points along two sides of a common
leaf-axis, as in Fig. ^^a.
Pinnately veined. With numerous side veins branching
somewhat regularly from both sides of a midrib, as in
Fig- 178.
Pistil. The central organ, or one of the central organs, of a
flower, in which the ovules (immature seeds) are pro-
duced.

Pith. The much softer central portion of a branch or

branchlct.
Pod. A dry fruit which splits open naturai.y at maturity.
Pointed. With a definite point (blunt or acute), as in

Figs. 21, 13,^.

Prickly. With small sharp-pointed hairs or si^ines.

Recurved. Curving backward or downward.

Rhombic. Of the general shape of a rhomb, as in Fig. 123

Rounded (apex or base). Regularly curving, without notch '

or point, as the tips of the lobes and the apex of the leaf

in Fig. 173.

!

Scale. A degenerate leaf. In a cone one of the sotncwhat
flattened, usually woody, structures attached to the

154

GLOSSARY

Scale-like (leaf). A small and short k-ai, the apex of which
usually overlaps the base of the one next above it, like
the scale of a fish, as in Vig. 5.

Scaly (bark). With llattish raised areas, especially when
the edges are somewhat se{)arated from the bark be-
neath, as in Fig. 170.

Shield-shaped. A somewhat circular or angula; 4ructure
with its supporting stalk attached to one of the fiat
surfaces instead of to the edge.

Shoot. A stem and its leaves collectively considered.

Shreddy. With the edges of the scales or plates appearing
as if frayed into shreds, as in Fig. 50.

Side veins. Veins branching from a .nidrib.

Simple (leaf). With only one blade, as in Figs. 47, 40, 173,
186.

Smooth. Neither rough nor hairy.

Spine. A sharp and slender stiiT point.

Spiny. Having spines.

Stamens. The slender, usually stalked, structures sur-
rounding the Distil of a fiower. The box-like portion
at the top is the anther in which the pollen is produced.

Stipules. Two small leaf-like bodies at the base of a leaf-
stalk, as in Fig. S6. Commonly absent.

Symmetrical. Even-sided; one side essentially like the
other, as in F"ig. 146.

Taper-pointed. With a somewhat elongated point, es-
pecially when the margins below it are concave, as the
apex of F"ig. 84.

Teeth. Small projections alorir the margin, as in Fig. 100.

Terminal bud. A bud situated at the end of a stem or
branch.

Tt

xnoiu.

)-ff ,..^.-..1,,

* KJKJKJ. y ^ii*X^^J ^'

r-.r-.t r; f p^A iri ri : r

GLOSSARY 155

Toothed. Having small projections along the margin like

the teeth of a saw, as in Fig. 100.
Top-shaped. A somewhat globular structure which tapers

regularly to a narrow base, like an inverted geometrical

cone.

Triangular. Of the general shape of a triangle, as in

Trunk. The main stem of a tree, usually restricted to

mean the part below the crown.
Twice compound. With leaflets attached to the secondary

axes of the leaf (i. e., the main axis divides before it

bears leaflets), as in Fig. 54^.
Twig. A young shoot. Sometimes used wi'h reference to
the branchlet without the leaves.

Unsymmetrical. With the two sides unlike, as in Fig. 262.

Vein. One of the ribs or thickened lines in a leaf-blade.

Wavy. Alternately concave and convex along the margin,
as in Fig. 46.

Wedge-shaped (leaf). Tapering regularly from a broad
apex to a pointed base. A wedge-shaped base is
pointed (often bluntly), with the margins straight or
nearly so. like the sides of a wedge, as in Fig. 153.

Whorled. With three or more leaves around the stem at
the same node, as in Fig. i.

Wing. Any thin flat appendage attached to a thicker
main structure.

Woolly. Covered with tangled or loosely matted hairs.

^Iff

h

i-^risiii^

2^r^

V

i^^ *

! ■';

HIBLlOCiRAPHY OF A FKW OF THE MORE
IMPORTAXT WORKS OX TREES

General

BkiiTON, \. L. Manu.il of the VU,m of the Xorthern
States and Canada, in? pages. 2d ed. rev.
Henry Holt & Co., Xcw York. i()05.

Robinson-. B. L., and Fkrnald. M. L. Oray's New-
Manual of Bot.my. 026 pages. Illust. Ameritan
Book Co., New York, iqo8.

Popular

Dame, L. L.. and Brooks. H. Handbook of the Trees of
New England with ranges throughout the United
Slates and Canada. ig6 pages. Illust. (iinn &
Co., Boston, i()02.

Emerson, G. B. Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts.
Various editions.

Hoi-OH, R. B. Handbook of the Trees of the Northern
Stales and Canada East of the Rocky Mountains.
Photo-descriptive. 470 pages. Illust. The author,
Lowville, N. Y., IQ07.

Keeler H. L. Our Native Trees and How lo Identify
Them. 533 pages. Illust. Chas. Scribner's Sons,
New York, 1900.

Mathews. F. S. Familiar Trees and Their Leaves. Re-
vised ed. 334 pages. Illust. D. Appleton, New

1 oik, lyil.

;.-<;

■ /.■-

ill

i5«

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rogers, J. E. Tlu- Trcf Hook, a Popular Guide to a
Knowledge of the Trees of North America and to
Their Uses and Cultivation. 5X0 pages. Illust.
Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, i(>05.

Trees in Winter

B1..AKKS1.EE, .\. V. & jARVis, C. D. New England
Trees in Winter. 271 pages (,^05 to 576). Illust.
Storrs (Conn.) .Xgricultural Experiment Station,

IQI I.

Huntington. A. (). Studies of Trees in Winter. i(,8
pages. Illust. Dana Estes & Co.. Boston, iqii.

Technical

Bkitton, N. L. North American Trees, being descrip-
tions and illustrations of the trees growing independ-
ently of cultivation in North America, north of
Mexico and the West Indies. (Sg4 pages. Illust.
Henry Holt & Co.. New York, igoS.

Sargent, C. S. Manual of the Trees of North America
(exclusive of Mexico). S26 pages. Illust. Hough-
ton. Mitllin & Co.. Boston, igo.s.

Sargent. C. S. Silva of North America. 14 volumes.
Houghton. Mitilin & Co.. Boston, 1894-1902.

American Forestry

Graves. H. S. Principles of TIandling Woodlands. 325
pages. Illust. J.jhn Wiley & Sons, New York,

IQl I.

Green, S. B. Principles of American Forestry. 334
pages. Illust. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
1903.

lilBLIOGRAPHV

159

Care of '^i -es

Fi:k.n..u. li. K. The ('arc cf Tr-rs in Lawn, Street and
Park, with a List of Trcrs and Shri.l.s for Dtrorative
L'sc. ,v)2 paRcs. liiust. Henry Holt & Co., New
Vorlc, igio.

SOLOTAROFK, W. Shade Trees in Towns and Cities
-'87 pa^es. lllust. John Wiley & .Sons. New \-ork,
191 1.

Foreign

Bkissnkr, L. Handhuch der Xadelholzkunde. 576
pages. Paul Parey, Berlin, iSqi.

DiPPKL. L. Handbueh der Lauhholzkunde. ;; vols,
lllust. Paul Parey. Berlin, i88o-i8q^

Groom. P. IVces and Their Life Histories. 407 pages
lllust. Cas.sell & Co.. London. IQ07

M0UIL1.EFKRT. P. Traite des Arhres & Arhrisscau.x fo-
restiers, industriels et d'ornement. ,5 vols. lllust.
Paul Klincksieck. Paris, i8q.'-i8o8.

ScHXEiDER, C. K. Illustriertes Handbueh der Lauhholz-
kunde. 2 vols. lllust. Ciustav Fischer. Jena. 1906-.

?rj'' ■^' :>■• ■

:\ -S

^r<

SV>'

A SYSTEMATIC LIST OF TREES GROUPED IX FVMI
LIES, WITH PAGE REITOREXCFS

YEW FAMIL ' TAXACEAE

I. xMaidcn-huir Tree, (iinkgo Chd-go bihba L.

PAGE
II

PINE FAMILY

2. White Pine

3- Loblolly Pine

4. Pitch Pine

5- Table Mountain Pine

6. Jersey Pine

7- Northern Scrub Pine

8. Red Pine

y. Austrian Pine

10. Scotch Pine
i;. Yellow Pine
12. American Larch

M
15
16.

17-
18.

European Larch
Douglas Spruce
Colorado Blue Spruce
White Spruce
Red Spruce
Black Spruce

19. Xorway Spruce

PIXACEAE

Pinus Strohus L.

Piuus Tacda L.

Piniis rigida Mill.

Pi litis pun gens La mi).

Pihus virgin iamj Mill.

Piniis Btinksiana Lamb.

Piniis rrsinosa .\it.

Piuus Laricio y. aitstriara

End!.
Piniis syhrstris L.
Piniis rrhinata Mill.
Larix laricimi (Du

Koch.
Lirix drcidiia Mill.
Psnidotsnga loxifolia Rritt
J'lrcd .\f(nzi(\<iii Engelm.
PiiC'i nuiadrnsis (.Mill.) HSP 49
Pi<r<i rubra (Du Roi) Dietr. 47
PiCiO nuuiiina (.\'.:i.) U<i\> ^,

40

41. 4.;

41
43

43
43
44

45

44

40. 42
Roi)

45
46
10
48

Pica Abies (L.) Karst
161

4(\ 4S

l62

SYSTEMATIC LLST OF TREES

"^WM

PAGE

20.

Oriental S|>ruce

I'ltca oricitidlis Carr.

48

21.

Balsam Fir

Abies balsamea (L.)Mill.

9

22.

Hemlock

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.

7

23.

Bald Cypress

Tuxodin m d is lie h u m
Richard

(L)

9

24.

Coast White Cedar

Cliam.iccyparis lln'oidcs
BSP.

(L.)

6

25-

Arbor Vitae

Thuja occidcnlalis L.

5

26.

Common Juniper

Jiinipiriis lowniunis L.

2, b

27.

Dwarf Juniper

Jiinipcrns commiDiis v.
prrssa Piirsti.

(/(•-

2, 6

28.

Red Cedar
WILLOW FAMILY

jHiiiprrns viriiiiiitina L.

salr\ci;ak

+. 5

29.

Black Willow

Salix )ii'^ra Marsh.

51

30.

Ward's Willow

Salix Wardi Bchh.

,ii

31-

Peach-leaved Willow

.S'i;//.v antvi^d ./cidis Anders.

.so

.^-•

Hay-leaved Willow-

.S'i;//.v pciitand'a L.

50

33-

Crack Willow

Salix frai^ilis L.

52

34-

White Willow

Si'.lix alba L.

53

3.S-

Yellow \\'illow

Salix alba v. vilrUiiia
Koch.

(L).

.i3

3^'.

Blue Willow

Salix alha v. rarridca (Sm.)

Koth.

S3

37-

Weepin;.' Willow

Salix babylonica L.

52

3S.

White Poplar

Popnliis alba L.

53

39-

American Aspen

Piipidus Irn.u'iidcs Mi(

hx.

55

40.

Large-toothed Aspen

Popidus i^raiUiidcutat'' Mich.x

54

41.

Downy Poplar

J'op'diis lidrropliylla L.

5.^

42.

Balsam Poplar

Popid .1 balsawifrra L.

57

43.

Halm of (iilead

Popu'iis randiiiins Ait.

5'^

44.

Carolina Poplar

PopuUis dilloid Marsh

5'>

45-

Blaik Poplar

Popidus iii:;r,i 1,,

57

46.

Lombardy Poplar

Populiis iiii^ra v. italic a
Rol

I)u

S6

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF TREES

PAGE

9

7

WALNUT FAMILY

47. Butternut

48. Black Walnut

49. Shag-bark Hickory

50. Big SheU-bark

51. Mockemut

52. Small-fruited Hickory

53. Pignut

54. Bittemut

JUGLAXDACI'AK

Julians cinrrca L.

Carya ovaia (Mill.) K. Kodi.
Carya liuiniosa (Michx. 1.)

Loud.
Ciirxd dlha (I,.) K. Koch.
Carya microcarpa Xult.
Carya j^lahra (Mill.) Spach.
Carya andiformis (Wan^.)

K. Koch.

163

PAGE

Oo
60

08

67

51
51

50
.S^
52
5,?

53

53

$2

5.'?
55
• 54
5«
57
5'^
50
57

56

BIRCH FAMILY

55. Hop Hornbeam

56. American Hornbeam

57. Black Birch

58. Yellow Birch

59. River Birch, Red Birch

60. Gray Birch

61. White Birch, Blue Birch

62. Cut-leaved Birch

(\3,. Furopean Paper Birch

64. \Vee[)inK Birih

65. American Canoe Birch

66. Cordate-leaved Birch

67. Downy Green Alder

68. Speckled Alder

69. Smooth Alder

70. Furoi>ean Black Alder

BFTUL.XCFAF

Ostrya vsrgi)raita (Mill.) K.

Koch.
Carpitius caroliiiiana Wall.
Brliila Inila L.
Bcliila liitca Mich.\. f.
Bet Ilia 'tii^ra L.
Biiiila popiilifolia Marsh.
Bel Ilia pcndiila Roth.
Bctiila pcndiila \. dalccarli, ,

L.
Brliila alba L.

Bvtula alba v. pcndiila Ilorl.
Brliila alba v. i-apyrifcra

(Marsh) Spach.
Bel Ilia alba \. cord i folia

(Rcgel) Fernald
Aliiiis mollis Fernald
Minis nuana (L.) Mucnch
A hi IIS riifiosa (iJu Roi)

Spreni,'.
Alnus vulgaris Hill

j8

^9
69

71

7.^
7,5
74

73

75
74

/.I

7(y

78
78

' ^':

■Jitkk--

iVirC"-:

164 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF TPEES

71. Sea-side Alder

PACE

xWnui mar'ilhna (Ma'-^h.)
Muhl. 77

BKKCH FAMILY

72. American Beech

73. European Uocch

74. Purplc-lcin cd Hccch

75. rern-leaved Beech

76. American Chestnut

77. European Chestnut

78. Chinquapin

79. White Oak
80 KnKli^li ^)'il^

81. Post Oak

82. Over-cup Oak

83. Bur Oak, Mossy-cup

84. Swamp White Oak

85. Cow Oak

86. Yellow Oak

87. Chestnut Oak

88. Red Oak

89. Gray Oak

90. Pin Oak

91. Scarlet Oak

92. Black Oak

93. Spanish Oak

94. Scrub Oak

95. Water Oak

96. Black Jack Oak

97. Laurel Oak

lAtlAC h.vl':

Fii^if- grand if olid Khrh.

Fdjitis syli'titii .1 L.

rai^iis syivalica v purp'ra

Ait.
Fagus syivalica v. ncU rophylla

Loud.
Castaiica dciu :a (.Muv 1.)

Horkh.
Caslaiua saliva Mill.
Caslaiica piimila (L.) Mill-
Qucrcus alha 1
Qmrius Rohur L.
Qiicrciis stcllala Wan;,'.
Qucrcus lyrala Walt.
Oak Qucrcus macrocarpa Michx.
Quircus hicolor W'illd.
Qucrius \[iiliauxii Null.
Qumus Muhlcubcrgii Kngclm.
Qucrcus Prill us L. 89,

Qucrciis rubra L.
Qucrcus rubra ' . anibigua

(Mithx. {.) Tcrnald
Qucrcus palustris Muench.
Qucrcus ciHiinca Muench.
Qucrcus vclulina Lam.
Qucrcus falcala Michx.
Qiirrcus ilicifoiia Wang.
Qucrcus ui\:ra L.
Qucrcus marilaudica .Muentli.

8S

Qucrcus inibricaria Michx.

8c
80

"Q

8 1
82
81
01

89

Q4
go

g4

80
g2

86

8()
8()

S5

87

87
H.^

83

SYSTEM A lie LIST OF TREES

i<^5

g8. Willow Oak

NKTTLi: FAMILY

99. Slippery Elm
100. Kngli-^'' I^lni
loi. Wych Kim, Scotch Kim

102. American Elm

103. Cork Elm, Rock Elm

104. Hackberry

105. Osage Orange

106. Paper Mulberry

107. Red Mulberry

108. While Mulberry

MAOXOLI.X FAMILY

109. Sweet Bay
no. Cucumber Tree
HI. Great-leaved Magnolia

112. Umbrella Tree

113. Tulip Tree

CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY

114. Papaw

LAURKL FAMILY

115. Sassafras

WITCH HAZEL FAMILY

116. Witch Hazel

117. Sweet Gum

QucrcHs plwiios L

PAGE

«3

URTICACKAE

llmus jtilva Mich\. q^

I'lmus campt'stris L. gq

L'lmus monlana With. w

I'lmus (imcricaiia L. </•»

L'!i>i!is raccmosa Thomas gy

Cdiis occidcntalh L. 16
Madura pomifcra (Raf.)

Schneider ig
BroHS.\o:uiia papyrifcra (L.)

Ycnt. '-'1

Mori's rubra L. 100

Morus alba L. 100

m.vg\oliacf:ae

Magnolia lirginiana L. ic2

Magnolia acuminata L. 103
Magnolia macrophylla Michx.

103

Magnolia tripctala L. 102
Liriodctidron Tulipifera L. 23, 32

ANOXACkAE
Asimina triloba Dunal.

lauraceae

18

Sassafras lariifolium (Salisl).)
Kize 17.32

HAMAMELIDACEAE

Ilamanuiis rirginiaiia L. 24

Liquidambar Styracijlua L. 13

i66

SVSTKM.VnC LIST OF TRKES

I'LAM-.-TRKK 1 AMILV
iiS. Buttonwood

KOSK lAMII.V

I'l.ATANACKAK

I'hitiiiiiis oiridoitidis L.
ROSACKAK

PACE

14

1 It).

1 JO.
121.
122.

i-'4-
125.

120.

1-7
128,

Tear

Siberian Cml)
Narrowleaf Crab
American Crab

Apple

(HiiiKc

American Mountain Ash

Western Mountain Ash

F.uropean Mountain Ash
Shad Bush

129. Dwarf Juneberry

130.

132
133

I'ji^li-^h Hawthorn
Cock-spur Thorn
Scarlet Thorn
Thorn

134. Thorn

135
136
137

Thorn
Thorn
Thorn

r:riis conimiiiiis L.

P\rus hii(i'<it(i I'-

Pvrus iDii^uslifolin Ail.

Pvrus corninirid L.

i»vr/(s- .Mains L.

P\rus Cydonid L.

Pvnis inncriidiiii (Marsh.)

DC.

Pyrus silchfisis (Room.)

riper.

P\-nis Aiiniparid il,.^ Khrh.
Amdaiuhi^r niitadoisi.s (L.]

Me(hc.
Amdiuuhicr ohioui!,i folia (T.

& (i.) Roeni.
Cralar!:.ns moiioiiyni Jaaj.
CralaciiKs Crns-i^alli L.
Cratat'gus rocciiira L.
Cralargits Oakcsiana Kr-

glcston
Cratafi^Hs r 0 1 int d if ot i a

Moeneh.
Cratacfi'is Jcncsac Sar^.
Cralaci:,iis macrospcrma Ashe
Crdlari:,iis priiinosa (Woncil.)

C. Koih.
CratacRiis Holmcsiaiia Ashe.
Cralacf^iis anoiiidla Sarj:?.
Crdtdfi^iis corciiiioides v. (//

Idlald iSarg.) F-SSlei^ton
Crataegus Pringhi Sarg.

io>
105
106

105
104

104

107

108
108

100

ICK)
100
III

no

III

112
11,^

112
114
113

1 12
"3

SVSTEMAilC LIST OF TREES

107

142. Thorn

143. Thorn

144. Thorn

145. Thorn

146. Thorn

147. Black Cherry

148. Choke Cherry

149. Wild Red Cherry

150. Sweet C'lierry

151. Sour t'herry

152. Canada Plum

153. Wild Plum

154. Peach

PAGE

Cratiuxits pcdicilhil'i Sar^. 1 1 2

Cr(iliHi:,its ArnoldiaiHi Ashe. 114

Crohiii^iis .uihmollis Sarj;. 1 U

( 'rtitaci^ us C li am pi a i n c " v / v

SarK. "4
Cralitci^iis macracantha Lodd. 110

I'ruiiiis stroliiui Khrh. ii(>

rnaius virt^iiiidiia L. nf)

Prioiiis ptiinsylvanicii L. f. 117

Pruniis Avium L. 1^0

PruHUs Ccrasiis L. 1 -'o

Pruiiiis iiif^ra Ait. i iS

Pruuus iimcricaiui Marsh. 118

Primus Pcrsica (L.) Stokes 117

PULSK FAMILY

155. Kentucky Coffee Tree

156. Honey Locust

157. Redbud

158. Yellow Wood

159. Common Locust

160. Clammy Locust

LF.CiUMINOSAK

Gymnoclddus dJoica (L.)

Kc.eh. .^5, 36

Glrditsi.i tridcanthos L. 35

Ccrcis r<iihid('iisis L. 14

Cliidruslis lutca (Miehx. f.)

Koch. ^^

Kohiiid Psrudo-Acdcid L. 120

Robiutd viscosa Vent. 120

(^)U.\SSI.\ FAMILY
161. Tree of Heaven

SIMARUHACFAF

Ailditllius glandidosd (Dcsf.)

35. ,^7

CASHKW FAMILY

162. Staghorn Sumach

163. Smooth Sumach

164. Dwarf Sumach

ANArARDL\CEAE

Rhus typh'nid L.
Rhus yjahni L.
Khtis cnpdllnid L.

122
122
122

108

SYSIEMAI'IC LlSr OF TRLLS

^.-i

165. Poison Sumach

166. Smoke Tree

IIOLLV FAMILY

167. Holly

RIAPLK FAMILY

168. Striped Maple

169. Mountain Maple

170. Rock Maple, Sugar Ma-

ple

171. Black Rock Maple

172. White Maple

173. Red Maple

174. Three-toothed Red Ma-

ple

175. Norway Ma,)lc

176. Sycamore Maple

177. Box Elder

SOAPBKRRY FAMILY

178. Ilorsc-chestiiut

179. Fetid Burkeye

180. Sweet Buckeye

181. Purple Buckeye

182. Red Buckeye;

KliKs Wriiix I..
Rhus Coliinis L

PAGE
123
131

AOUIFOLIACKAK

Ilex opaca Ail. 2$

Ati;RAci:Ai-:

Aiir pntiisyliaiihiim L. \il

Aitr sp'uatnm Lam. I-6

Atcr sarcharum Mar>h. 1,^0
.leer sacchariim \. iiii^rum

(Mielix. f.) HriUon 1.^2

Acir sacchttrinum L. i-'^

.1((T nihnim L. i-9

Akt rnbritm v. Iridnis Wood. 1,^0

Aicr pldlaiioidcs L. 1 -''>

.l(<r I'snido-l'liilaiiiis L. i-V

.l((T Xrf^Hluin L. 1^^

SAPINI)At:KAK

Acsniliis Ilippiuiislciiiim L. 13.S

Arse id Its ••Juhra Willd. i,-^o

Acsndns tandra Marsh. i,U
A I '(III IIS (H tandra \. hybrida

(l)''.)SarK'. 1.54

AlscuIiis Pavia L. 134

BUCKTHORN FAMILY RIIAMN.VCFAE

i8,v Buckthorn Kliamniis calhartica L. 26

Jll.

184.

186.
187.
188.

SYSTEM AUC LIST OF TREES

LIXDKX I A.MILV TILIAC! AE

American Basswood

Kuropcan Linden
Silver Linden
Southern Basswood
White Basswood

169

DOGWOOD FAMILY

189. Flowering Dogwood

190. Alternate-leaved Dog-

wood

191. Black Gum

IILATH FAMILY

192. Rhododendron

193. Mountain Laurel

194. Sourwood

FBOXY FAMILY

195. Persimmon

OLIYE lAMILY

196. White Ash

197. Biltmore Ash

198. Red Ash

199. Green Ash

200. PHimpkin Ash

201. Blue Ash

FRIC'ACFAF

Rhododviidroii maximum L. ig

Kalmiii Idtifolia L. ig
Oxydcndrot arbonum (h.)

DC. 31

i:hf\ac'fae

Dio^ipyros iirginiaita L. 21

OLLACFAL

Frax'niiis amcriiaiia L. 144

Frax'tniis Billiuunaiiu Hea-

dle 141

Fnixiii US p c n nsyl v a 11 i c a

Marsh. 141

l-'rax'mus pcinisylmnim v.

liiiicrohiia (Horkh)Sarg. 144
Fraxiiiiis profunda liush. 142
Fraxi)iiis qiiadraiigulata

Mickx. 144

PAGE

Tilia amrricaiia L.

I.<"

I ilia I id gar is Hayne

1,^.=;

Tilia lomciilosa Muc, ch.

•■■i.S

Tilia Micliaiixii Null.

i,^(>

Tiliu lidcroplnila Vent.

1,5''

if"

C()R.\.\CKAK

Corniis Jlorida L.

i.iQ

Corn IIS allrrni/olia L. f.

i,^<;

A'v,v,V(; svlvalica Marsh.

J 2

m

170

SVSTKMAriC LlSr OF IRKKS

202. Black Ash

jo^ Iair<)|)c;ui A^h

J04. I.ihu

205. Fringe Tree

FUiWOR'l" 1AM ILV

J06. I'auli' 'Ilia

PACE

FrdxiiiKs iiiiirii Mar.-.li. 140

I-'rdxinus twrrhior L. 140

Syriiii^ii i7(/t,'(/r/> 1.. 2C

Linoihintlius liri^liiicd L. 20

scRornri.AKi \(i:af,

J'anldUiiiti t(iiii(iilo\ii • rhunb.)

Slcud

li

i

HKAOXIA : AMILY

207. Hardy Catalpa

208. Common Catalpa

MADDKR i AMILV

209. Buttonbush

IIOXKVSICKLK FAMILY

210. Sweet Viburnum

211. Black Haw

ih(;x()xia('i:af

Ctildlpii sfffiid^d Warder 145

Cdldlpd hiiiuoi.'ididfs Walt. 147

RlIUACFAi;

Ccpluiliiiilliiis (H( idt iitalis 1.. 20

(Ai'RlIOLlACKAK

Vihurxnni I.iiiliii^a \.. 147

Viburnum pntuijolium L. 147

IXDKX TO IRKK XAMKS

Al)ck', 5;^

Ahii's l)alsanH'a, o

A(a( ia, Rose, i ^o

'I'lirfe-thorncd. 7,-;
Acer \f(^un(li>. i jo
l)t'nnsyl\aiiii iini. i :j
l)latan()i(k's, i :(>
I'scudo-I'latanu.-. i:';
ruhruin, 1 20

rul)rum \ar. tridens, 1:50
sac ( lian'num, i 2iS
satcharum, 1,^0
sari liarum \ar. ni;rrum, i.:;;
s[)i(aluin, ijd
At'sculus ;,'lal)ra. i ;; ^
Hippocastanuni, i ^;
octandra, 1.^4
octandra \ ar. liyljrid
Pavia, 1,^4
Ailanthus. ^^s. 37

filandulosa, 35, 37
Allien, 30, 7?!

Downy (Ireen, 76
European lilack, 78
Hoary, 77
Seaside, 77
Smooth, 78
Speekled, 77
Allifj;ati)r-\vood, 13
Almonilleaf W illow, 50
Alnui^ inrana. 77
maritima, 77

;i- 134

Aliiiis molli>. 76
rui,'()sa, 7S
\'ul;,'anV. 7S
Allernate leased Cornel, 130
Amelanehier canadensis, loij
canadensis \ar. lonienuila,

loS
ohlonj^ifolia, io<)
.\meriian .\spen, 5^, -:;
Hass\voi)d, 13O
Heech, So
Canoe Hirch, S6
Chestnut, 81
Crab, 105
Kim, (/)
Holly, 2s
Hornbeam, 20
Lanh, 45
Linden, i .^6
Mountain Ash. 107
Sycamore, 14
Apple, 26, :;r, 107
Custard, 18
Southern Crab, 106
Arbor Vitae, 5
Arro\v-\viH)d, 20. 147
Ash, 37, 1 30
Haskct, 140
Bastard. 141
Hillmore, 141
Hiaik, 140
nine, 144

171

> >''

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART

ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2)

1.0

I.I

1.25

■ 56 1113.2

13.6

!i4 0

2.2

2.0

1.8

1.4 ill 1.6

A APPLIED IKA^GE Inc

=; '653 East Main Street

rjz '^octiester. Ne« York 14609 USA

.= ,716) 482 - 0300 - Ptime

^= (716) 288 - 5989 - Fa»

IXl^KX

A^li, I^rowr., 140. 141

luirdpcm, 140

(Iricn, 144

Hin)|), 140

Mountain. 3S

I'liison, i-^

I'umpkin. 14.?

R(,(l, 141

Ri\cr, 141

Swamp, 140

W'liilt'. 144
Asb-leavcd Maplo, :;7, j 2b
Asiiiiiiia tril()l)a, iS
Asp, (Juakinf,'. 55
Aspi'n, \nHTi( an. 5 :;, 55

Lari^e-tooihcd. ^4
Austrian Pin'.\ 45

l?al(l C'^'prcss, 0
Haini ol (iilcad. 57, 58

I'ir. 0
Balsam. 0, -,^

I'ir, Q

Poplar, ,:;i. 57

Willow , 40
Barren Oak. S7
J5asket Asli, I |o

Oak. S(,
Hasswooil. i,i}, 1,^6

Anu'rican, i,v>

Soull.iTn, 13O

Wliiti'. i,^()
lia^lard Ash, 141
ha\, ko^c, 10

SwtHi, 10-'
1!.1\ lc;i\ id \\ illow , ^O

Bean. Indian, 145, 147

.'-^mokin^'. 147
Bean I'ree, 1 17
Bear O.ik. S7
Beei h. J5, 2j, 7g, 80

Ameri( an. So

Blue. 2i)

Eurojjean, 80

Ferndeaxed, 32, 79

I'uri)ledea\ed, 79

Red. So

Water, 29

Weeping. 80

White, 80
Beetree. 136
Betula alba. 75

alha \ar. eordifolia, 75

alba \ar. irlutinosa. 74

alha \ar. |)ap\rifera, 76

alha \ar. jjendula, 74

k'lita, 09

lutea, 71

ni«ra. 7,^

pendula. 74

pendula \ar. dalecarlica,

|)oi)ulilolia, 7,:^
BiK Shelld)ark. 08
Biltniore A-h. 141
Birch. 28. ,:;o. dS

American Canoe, 76

Black. (K)

Blue. 74

(Amoe. 7()

C'herr>'. 09

Cordate leaved. 75

Cut lea\e<l, ,i,2, 73

73

i\i)i:x

17,^

Bircb, I''.uropi'an I'ajxT, 75
(;ra>, 7s
()l(l-lk'l<i, 7S
I'a|)cr, 7(1
Povcrtv. 7,^

R<'«i. 7'^

River, 7^

SilviT, 71

Sweet, 60

\Veci)inK. 7-!

White, 7,^ 74. 76

N'eilow, 71
Hini Cherry, 1 1 7
Hitternut. <)7
Hlaek As!i, 140

IJirth, 6()

Cherry, 1 lO

(nim, ?j

Haw, 147

JaekOak. SS, (,,;;

Locust, I .?o

Mull)erry, 100

Oak, Ss

Poplar. 57

Ro( k Maple, ii,i

Spnue, 47

Wahiiit, ()o

\\ iliow, 5 I
Mine Ash, 144

|{ee(h, .?()

Hinh, 74

Dogwood, \ 1,1)

Willow, s,^
HoK SpriKc, 47
H(-.x Llikr. ^i,;. ud

While Oak, 04

I5()\woo(i, I ^()
Hroussonetia i)ap>Til"era, ih
Brown A>h, 140. 141

Hiikorx , 05
lUu'keye, ,-;,^, i,^J

r'etid, 1,^,^

Ohio, i,^,^

Purj>le, i.u

Red, i.vt

Sweet, i,u

^'l'llow. 1^4
Iiu( kih(,rii, 2(>
iUillnut, i'~
Ikir Oak, ()4
IJutternut, 00
Huttonhall-lnT, 14
Huttoiihiish, 20
Huttoiiwood, 14

Calico Ihish, iq
Canada I'luni, 1 18
Canoe Hireli, 7(1
Carolina Poplar, 56
Carpiniis oaroliniana, m)
Carya alba, 67

cnrdiformis, ^17

glabra, ^5

laeiniosa, OS

microcarpa, (15

ovata, ()2
Castanea dentata. Si

|)uniila. Si

sativa, Sj
Cat Sprtiee, 40
Catalpa. i j. 144

bignonioides, 147

174

INDEX

Catal|)a, Conimun, 147
Hani}-, 145
si)e(i()sa, 145
Wi-stcrn, 145
(Y'dar, 5. (>

Coast While, 6
Red, 4. 5
While, s
Cellis <H cidenlaiis, 16
Cephalanlhus occidentah's, jc
("ertis canadensis, 14
Chamaecyparis thyuides, 6
Cherry. ,^i. 115
liirch, ()()
Bird, 1 1 7
Hhuk, 116
Choke, I \(>
Kire, 1 1 7
Pigeon, 1 1 7
Pin. 117
Rum. 1 16
Sour, 1 20
Sweel, 120
Wild Hhuk, 116
Wild Red, 117
Ciiestnut, _'7, 81
.\meri;an. Si
Dwarf. Si
European, S2
JajKinese, S2
Oak, Su, ()2
Chinese .Maj^nolia, 102

Suniadi, ^5, ^7
Chim|uapin, Si

Oak. t)2
L'hionanthus \ iruiniea. 20

Choke Clierry. 1 i^i
Ci,i^ar Tree. 145. ;47
Ciadrastis kitea. -iS
Ckimmy Lo( ust. i 20
Coast White Cedar. 6
Coi k spur Thorn, i \ i
ColTee-tree, Kentueky, ,^5, 36
Colorado iihu' Spruie, 48
Common Catalpa. 14}
Hor-e-iheslnut. i,^,^
Junijjer, 2. (>
Locust, 120
I'ap.iw, iS
Pear, 105
Cordaie-leaved Mirth. 75
Cork Kim. 07
Cornel, ig, i^S

Akernale-leaved, i^q
I'lowerinj;, 1^0
Corpus allerniloiia, ijg

tlorida, i ^(j
Cot ton-tree, 56
Cottonwood, 56
River, sS
Swamp, 58
Cow Oak, So
Cral), .\meriian, 105
Xarrowleaf. io()
Siberian. 105
Sweet, 105
Crab A[)ple. Southern, lod
Craik Willow, 52
Crataes^us anomala, 1 1^
.Xrnoidiana, 1 14
Champlainen>is. 1 14
rociincM i 10

INDEX

Crataegus coccinioides var.

latata 1 1 :;
Crus-galli, 1 1 1

Holmesiana, 1 14

Jonesac, 1 15

marrarantha, 1 10

macrosperma. 1 1 ::

mono^yna, log

Oakesiana, 1 1 1

pedicillata, 112

Pringici, 1 1,^

pruinosa, 1 1 _>

roliindifolia. 112

submoUis, 114
Cucumber Tree. 10.^
Custard Aj)ple, iS
Cut-leaved Hirch, 32, 73
Cypress, Bald, g

Date Plum, 21
Diospyros virginiana, 21
DorwchkI, 123, 138, 139

Blue, i3g

Fl(>\verinp;, 130

Poison, 122, 138

Striped 127
Douglas Fir, 10

Spruce, 10
Downy (Ireen Alder, 76

F'oplar, 58
Dwarf Chestnut, 81

Juneberrj-, 109

Juniper, 2, 6

Sumac h, i 23

(li-

/5

Ash,

1 • 1 1 _

Klder, Box, 37. 126

Poison, 122
Elder-leaved .Mountain

loS
Kim, 27, 30, 94. g6
American, g6
Cork, 97
Knglish, ()q
Xorthern Cork, q-j
Red. g7
Rock, 07
Scotch, g()
Slip{)ery. g7
White, g6
Wych, gg
English Elm, gg
Hawthorn, :3,2, 109
Oak, Sg, 90
Euro{)ean Ash, 140
Beech, 80
Black Alder. 78
Chestnut. 82
Larch, 46
Linden, 135
Mountain Ash, 108
Paper Birch, 75
Sycamore, 127

Fagus grandifolia, 80
grandifolia var. caroliniana,

80
sylvatica, 80
sylvatica var. heterophylla,

70
sylvatica var. purpurea. 79
i-ern-ieaved iJeech, 32, 79

176

IXDEX

l\

I

Fetid Huckcyc, 133
Fir, Halm of (iilead, 9
Balsam, g
Douglas, 10
Red, 10
Scotch, 44
Fire Cherry, 1 17
Firtrec, g
FlowerinK Cornel, 13Q

Dogwood, 13Q
F'raxinus americana. 144
B'ltmorcana, 141
excelsior, 140
nigra, 140
pennsylvanica, 141
pennsylvanica \ar. lanceo-

lata, 144
profunda, 142
quadrangulata, 144
Fringe, While, 20
Fringe-tree, jo

Ginkgo, II

biloba, II
Claucous Willow, 49
(ileditsia triacanthos, 35
(ilyptostrohus pendulus, 8
Cray Hirch, 73

Oak, 25, 86

Pine, 43
(ireal Laurel, ig
Creat-leaved Magnolia, 103

Umbrella Tree, 103

Creen Ash, 144

Osier, 139
(iiim '}>

(aim, Hlack, 22

Red, 13

Sour, 22

Sweet, 13
CJymnocladus dioita, 35, 36

Hack berry, 16
Hackmatack, 45
Ham \nelis. 24

virginiana, 24
Hard Maple, 130

Pine, 41
Hardback, 28
Hardy Catalpa, 145
Haw, Black, 147
Red, no, in
Scarlet, no
Hawthorn, English, 32, 109
Hazel, Witch, 24
Hemlock, 7
Spruce, 7
Hickory, 39, 60
Brown, ()-,

Little Shag-bark, 65
Shag-bark, O2
Shell-bark. (>2
Small-fruited, 65
Swamj), 67
White-heart, 67
Hoary Alder, 77
Holly, 25
American, 25
White, 25
Honey, 35
Locust, 35
Shucks, 35

INDEX

177

Hoop Ash, 140

Hop Hornbeam, 28, 31

Hornbeam, 28, 29

American, 29

Hop, 28, 31
Horse Plum, 118
Horse-chestnut, 132, 133

Common, 133

Ilex opaca, 2 j
Indian Bean, 145, 147
Ironwood, 28, 29
Ivy, Poison, 12^

Jack Oak, 88, 93
Japanese Chestnut, 82

MagnoUa, 102
Jersey I'ine, 43
Judas-tree, 14
Juglans cinerea, 60

nigra, 60
Juneberry, 31, 108

Dwarf, 109
Juniper, 45

Common, 2, 6

Dwarf, 2, 7
Juniperus communis, 2, 6

communis var. depressa, 2, 7

virginiana, 4, 5

Kalrnia latifoh'a, 19
Kentucky ColTee-trce, 35, 36
King Xut, 68

Larch, 4, 45
American, 45

Larch, European, 46
Large-toothed Aspen, 54

Poplar, 54
Larix decidua, 46

laricina, 45
Laurel, Great, 19

Mountain, 19

Oak, 83
LeverwiKxl, 28
Lilac, 20
Lime-tree, 135
Linden, 14, 30, 134

American, 136

European, 135

Silver, 135
Linn, 136
Liquidambar, 13

Styraciflua, 13
Liriodendron Tulipifera, 24, 32
Little Shag-bark Hickory, 65
Loblolly Pine, 41, 42
Locust, 38, 120

Black, 120

Clammy, 120

Common, 120

Honey, 35

White, 120

Yellow, 120
Lombardy Poplar, 56

Madura pomifcra, 19
Magnolia, 20, 21

acuminata, 103

Chinese, 102

Great-leaved, 103

Japanese, 102

178

IXDEX

Magnolia, macro{)hylla. 103

Swfct. 10 J

Iripctal... 102

virj^'iniana. 102
Maidcn-liair Trei', 1 1
Ma|)le, 12, 12^

Ash-Ioa\c'(i, ,:i7, 126

HIack R()(k, 132

Hard, 130

.Mountain, 126

N'onvay, 126

Kcd, 1 2y

Kock, 130

Silver, i2)i

Soft, I2S, I2Q

Striped, 127
Sugar, 1.50
Swamp, 129
Sycamore, 127
Three-toothed Red, 130
White, 128
Mockernut, 67
Moosewood, 127
Morus alba, loo

rubra, 100
Mossy-cup Oak, Q4
Mountain Ash, 3S
American, 107
Klder-ieaved, 108
European, 108
Western, 108
Mountain Laurel,

Maple, ijo
Mulberry, lO, qq
Black, 100
rapef, 10

IQ

Mulberry, Red, 100
White, 100

\anny Plum, 147
Xannyberry, 147
Napoleon's Willow. 52
Xarrowleaf frab, 106
Necklace Poplar, 56
Xettle-tree. 16
Newcastle Thorn, m
Northern Cork Kim. 07

Scrub Pine. 43
Norway Majjle, 126

Pine, 44

Spruce, 46, 48
Nut, Kinj,'. 08
Ny.ssa sylvaliia, 22

Oak, 27,, 25. 27, 32, 82
Barren, 87
Basket, 80
Bear, 87
Black, 85
Black Jack, 88, 03
Box White, 94
Bur, 94

Chestnut, 89, 92
Chinquai)in, 92
Cow, 89
English, 89, 90
Gray, 25, 86
Jack, 88. 93
Laurel, 83
Mossy-cup, 94
(.)ver-cu[i, 90, 94
Peach, 83

iXDKX

179

Oak Tin, So

I'olsdil, I j^

l'«'sl,04

Red, cS6

K(i( k, S(), ()2

kotk Chostnut, Si;, 92

Scarlet, S5

S(TUI), 87

Shiiif^le. S?

Spanish, S7

Swamp, 1)1

Swamp Post, go

Swamp While, 91

Water, 8,^

Water Wiii'e, 90

W hitc, 90, 91

Willow, 83

\'el!ow, 85, 92

\"ellow-bark, 85
Ohio Hiukeye, 13,5
Oilnut, 60
Old-field Hirch, 7^5

I'inc, 41, 42
Oneberry, 16
Orarifie, Ora^c, 19
Oriental Spruce, 48
Osage Orange, 19
Osier, (ireen, 1,59
Ostrya xirginiana, 28
Over-cup Oak, 90, 94
Oxydcndrum arborcum, 31

Pa paw. 18

Common, 18
Pai)er Bin h, 76

Mulberrw 16

i'aiilowiiia, I •;

lomentosa, i^
I'each, 31, 115, 1 17

Oak, S3
Peach-leaved Willow, 50
Pear, 20, 51, 104, 105

Common, 105
I'ersimmon, 21
Pii ea Abies, 46, 48
canadensis, 49
mariana. 47
Menziesii, 48
orientalis, 48
rubra, 47
Pigeon Cherry, 117
Pignut, 65

Small, 65
Pin Cherry, 117

Oak, ()()
Pine, 4, 39
Austrian, 45
Ciray, 43
Hard, 41
Jersey, 43
Loblolly, 41, 42
Xorthcrn Scrub, 43
Xor\va\-, 44
Old-field, 41, 42
Pitch, 41
Red, 44
Scoti'h, 44
Scrub, 43
Shortleaf, 40, 42
Soft, 40
Table Mountain, 43

wu:.

iSo

IXDEX

'I'
•i

; I

I.I* ■

u

|!l

Pine, Vfllow, 40, 4^
Finns Hanksiana, 43
echinata, 40. 42
Laricio var. austriaca, 43
pun^'?ns, 43
resinosa, 44
ri>;icla, 41
Slroljus, 40
sylvcstris, 44
Tacda, 41, 42
virginiana, 43
Pitch Pine, 41
Plane-tree, 14
Plalaniis occidentalis, 14
Plum, 26, 31, 115
Canada, 118
Date, 31
Horse, 118
Nanny, 147
Red, 118
Thorn, iii
Wild, 118
Yellow, 118
Poison Ash, 123
Dogwood, 122, 138
Elder, 122
Ivy, 123
Oak, 123
Sumach, 122
Poplar, 31, 53, 54
Halsam, 31, 57
Black, 57
Carolina, 56
Downy, 58
Large-toothed, 54
Lombardy, 56

Poplar, Necklace, 56
Rough-barked, 57
Silver. 53
Trembling, 55
White, ^,1,
Yellow, 24, 32
Po[)ple, 54
Po{)ulu.s alba, 53
balsamifera, 57
candicans, 58
deltoides, 56
gr-indidentata, 54
licterophylla, 58
nigra, 57

nigra var. italica, 56
tremuloides, 53
Post Oak, 94
Poverty Birch, 73
Prunus americana, 118
Avium, 120
Ccrasus, 1 20
nigra, 118
pennsylvanica, 117
Persica, 117
serotina, 116
virginiana, 116
Pseudotsuga ta.xifolia, ic
Pumpkin Ash, 142
Purple Buckeye, 134
Purple-leaved Beech, 7q
Pyrus americana, 107
angustifolia, 106
Aucuparia, 108
baccata, 105
communis, 105
coronaria, 101;

INDEX

i8l

I'yrus C'_\(l()nia, 104
h^-brida, 107
Malus, 104
silchensis, 108
Quaking; Asp, 55
Qucrcus alba, gi
bicolor, 91

coctinca, 85

fakuta, 87

ilicifolia, 87

imtjritaria, 8,^

lytata, go

macrocarpa, g4

marilandica, 88

MicluiLixii, 8g

Muhlcnbergii, 92

nigra, 83

palustris, 86

phellos, 83

Prinus, 8q. gj

Kobiir, 8g

Rubiir var. sossiliHora, go

ruljra, 86

rubra var. ambigua, 86

stcllata, g4

vclutina, 85
Quince, 21, 104

Pvaisin, Wild, 147
Red Ash, 141

Hecch, 80

Birch, 73

Buckeye, 134

Cedar, 4, 5

Kim, g7

i il, lU

Ked Gum, 13
Haw, 1 10, III
Maple, 129
Mulberry, 100
Oak, 86
Pine, 44
Plum, 1 18
Spruce, 47
Reabud, 14

Rhamnus cathartic a, j(j
Rhododendron, k)

Tiaximum, ig
Rhus copallina, 122
Cotinus. 121
glabra, 122
Toxicodendron, 123
typhina, 122
\'ernix, 123
River Ash, 141
Birch, 73
Cottonwood, 58
Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, 120

viscosa, 1 20
Rock Chestnut Oak, 8g, g2
Elm, 97
Maple, 130
Oak, 89, 92
Rose Acacia, 120

Bay, 19
Rough-barked Poplar, 57
Round-wood, 107
Rowa.; Tree, 108
Rum Cherry, 116

Salix alba, 53
alba var. caerulea, 53

i8i

INDEX

Salix all)a var. viU'llina, 5,^

amy^daloidcs, 50

bahylonu a, 5.'

balsam if era, 49

disrolor, 4<)

franilis, 5J

huifla, 4(j

nisra, 51

pcntandra, 50

Wardi, 51
Sassafras, 17, _^j

variifolium, 17, ^2
Sa\in, 4, 5
Scarlet Haw, 110

Oak, S5

Thorn, 1 10
Sc()t( h Kim, ()()

Fir, 44

Pine, 44
Scrub Oak, 87

Pine, 43
Seaside Alder, 77
Ser\iee Berry, ioq
Shad Bush, 108, 100
Sha^-bark Hickory, 62
Shecjibcrry. 147
Shell-bark, Bi^, 68

Hickory, 62
Shin^ie Oak, S,^
Shining Willow, 4Q
Shortleaf Pine, 40, 42
Shucks, Hone\', 35
Siberian Crab, 105
Silver Birch, 71

Linden, 135

Silver Poi)lar, s,?

Syru(e. 4S
Single Spruce, 40
Skunk Spruce, 4(>
Slii)pery Kim. 07
Small-fruited Hickory, 65
Small F'ignui. 05
Smoke Tree, 1 2 1
Smoking Bean. 147
Sm(K)ih .Mder. 78

Sumach, 122
Soft Mai)le, 128, 129

Pine, 40
Sorrel-tree, 31
Sour Cherry, 120

Cum, 22
Sourwoofi. 31
Southern BasswcMxi, 136

Crab .\i)ple. 106
Spanish Oak. 87
Si)eckled .\lder, 77
Si)oonw(K)(l, iQ
Spruce, 4, 46

Black, 47

Bog, 47

Cat, 4g

Colorado Blue, 48

Douglas, 10

Hemlock. 7

Norwa\'. 40, 48

Oriental, 48

Red, 47

Silver, 48

Single, 49

Skunk, 4Q

INDKX

183

Spruce, White, 49

Yellow, 47
StaKhorn Sumiuh, 12:?
Slri[)e(l Dojjwood, 217

Ma|)le, 127
SuKar Maple, ijo
Sugarbcrry, lO
.SuRar-trce, 1,^0
Sumach, 21, ?S, 121, 138

Chinese, 35, 37

Dwarf, 122

Poison, 122

Smooth, 122

Stajihorn, i 22

Swamp, 1 2,^

N'eneiian, 121
Swamp Ash, 140

Cottonwood, 58

Hickory, 67

Maple, 129

Oak, 91

Post Oak, go

Spruce, 47

Sumach, 123

White Oak, 91
Sweet Hay, 102

Birch, 69

Buckeye, 134

Cherry, 1 20

Crab, 105

(jum, 13

Magnolia, 102

Viburnum, 147
Sycamore, 14

American, 14

European, 127

Sycamore, Mai>Ie, 127
Syringa vulgaris, 20

Table Mountaiii Pine, 43
Tacamahac, 57
Tamarack, 45
Taxodium distichum, 9
Thorn, 2h, 109

Cock-spur, 1 1 1

Newcastle, iii

Pl"m, II I

Scarlet, no

White, 1 10
Thrce-thorned Acacia, 35
Three-toothed Red Maple,

130
Thuja occidentalis, 5
Tilia americana, 136

heterophj'lla, 136

Michauxii, 136

tomentosa, 135

vulgaris, 135
Treeof Heaven, 35,37
Tremble. 55
Trembling Poplar, 55
Tsuga canadensis, 7
Tulip Tree, 23, 32
Tupelo, 22

Ulmus americana, 96

campeslris, 99

fulva, 97

montana, 99

racemosa, 97
Umbrella Tree, 102

Great-leaved, 103

i84

INDEX

ti •

.11'

Venetian Sumach, 121
Viburnum Lentago, 147

prunifolium, 147

Sweet, 147

Walnut, 3Q, 58, 60

Black, 60

White, 60
Ward's Willow, 51
Water Beech, 29

Oak, 83

White Oak. 90
Weeping Beech, 80

Birch, 74

Willow, 52
Western ('atalpa, 145

Mountain Ash, 108
White Ash, go, 144

Bass wood, 136

Beech. 80

Birch, 73, 74, 76

Cedar, 5

Elm, 96

Fringe, 20

Holly, 25

Locust, 120

Maple, 128

Mulberry, 100

Oak, 91

Pine, 40

Poplar, 53

Spruce, 49

Thorn, 100

Walnut, 60

Willow, 53

Wood, 24, 32

White-heart Hickory, 67

Wickup, 136

Wild Black Cherry, 116

Plum. 118

Raisin, 147

Red Cherry, 117
Willow, 31, 49

Almondleaf, 50

Balsam, 49

Bay-leaved, 50

Black, 51

Blue, S3

Crack, 52

Glaucous, 49

Napoleon's, 52

Oak, 83

Peach-leaved, 50

Shining, 49

Warc"s, SI

Weeping, 52

White, 53

Yellow, 53
Witch Hazel, 24
Wych Elm, qg

Yellow Birch, 71

Buckeye, 134

Locust, 120

Oak, 85, 92

Pine, 40, 42

Plum, 118

Poplar, 24, 32

Spruce, 47

Willow, 53

Wood, 38
Yellowbark Oak, 85

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