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ario Department of Agriculture

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

BULLETIN 188

[RcvUed July. 1916]

o;..

• ■ <

WEEDS OF ONTARIO

BY

J. E. HOWITT, M.S.Agr.

Profeuor of Botany

Bulletin 128, which was originally prepared by F. C. Harrison, B.S.A., In 1900,
.d by Wm. Lochhead, B.A., M.S., In 1903 and 1906, and including Bullerin 16«,

ennlal Sow Thiatle unr*. Soma Other Weed Pests," prepared by J. E. Hewitt.
. in 1008.

TORONTO, ONTARiO. JULY. 19U

I

; --^ '=* -n'^j9

fmv^^rs:^w^y^^ -'^^

y •.•»=•*.

H LLETIN 188] [APRIL, 1911

>ntario Department of Agriculture

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

(Revised July. 1916)

The Weeds of Ontario

By J. Eaton Howitt, M.S.A., Professor of Botany.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

The writer wishes to state that in tlie revision of this bulletin much of the infor-
huti,,', about the weeds recently introduced into Ontario has been obtained from
I •itm Weeds of Canada," by G. H. Clark, B.S.A., and the late Dr. James Fletcher,
i ;ii..' Dominion Department of Ao^riculture.

WHAT IS A WEED?

There are several definitions of a weed, viz. : " A plant out of place " ; " Any
Ii.jnri..n3, troublesome or unsightly plant that is at the same time useless, or com-
lanitivoly so"; " A plant which interferes with the growth of the crop to which the
liild is temporarily devoted."

IXJURIOUS EFFECTS OF WEEDS.

1. Tlicy ab.sorb soil moisture and thus lessen the supply of water available to
crop plants. " An average Mustard plant pumps from the soil about fourteen

:(■•!. or seven-tenths of a pint, per day."

v. They use up the plant food in the soil, and thus rob the crop plants. Further-

".", they often mature their seeds l)efore the crop plants, and during the time they
ripeni'ng their seeds draw heavily upon the plant food in the soil, and thus leave

■\o availalole for the crop plants when they require it to mature their .toeds.
:!. They shade, crowd and choke out useful plants. Weeds frequently grow more
rously than the crop plants, and thus often stand above them, preventing the

■;• and air required for healthy growth from reaching them.
1. Weeds are a constant source of expense. They increase the cost of every
•at ion, in the preparing of the land, and in the seeding, cultivating, harvesting
marketing of the crop.

'. Thev may interfere with the regular rotation of crops. It is sometimes neces-
on account of some particular weed, to drop some crop from the rotation

I

3co(^^^

2

ful^l^lZtT ''"'" I'?'"''! «"•' "--'«". "« poisonous to stock. QuiJ

<,u. ''I> reports are rorci ved u( .(ock being poisoned by eating such weeds '

^^ .. M.lk ,s often ta.nted hv .he cows eating such weed' as wfid ctr'^d Sfakf

disease^'''' """' ''"'''' "■■ '""^ ^'"^ <i-.'lopment of injurious insect, and fun,

..ul^'J'f' are unsi;,htly. and their presence detract, very materially from thj
>aiue of a farm. No n.an care, to buy a wee<iy place if he can secure a ' Ln o„e! ^

INTRODUCTJOX AND SPREAD OF WEEDS.

Hirenllv^*'^ tl'e injurious weeds found in this Province have come directly or iri

Sow Th,stle (annual and perennial), Willow Herb, and Cotto "^.r ThS a"

Tntt^tr r:?o' /' ""' '"' '" l^'V'"''"'' """^"'^^ *« ^'- soil and cot
mence to grow. In some cases, as m the Dock and Wild Parsnip, the seeds a J

w nge,,. ,t, the pod containing the seed has flat and extended'^^dges e'pLv'

muc^ surface to the w.nd. The Pennycresa is an example of the latter ^

from ilcetf pll^e' ''" ''"""' ''"' ''^ "^'^ '^^'^P «"* ^ ^^e w^d rollJ

Seeds which become sticky when wet often adhere to leaves and trn »h. .u

leaves are carried by the wind. This is true of the Plantair ' ^"''" *^''

»l.icl. are dispersed I., ,„ea™ „t b.rb^ « "le.,ed pf«, 5 ''fc'trT H
process.. U,e s«d. ol,„s to the tathers of b.rd, and IhX™ co.u'„ .„■ '7'' "J
u. .l.,s w,.v .,e oarr,ed from p,.eo ,o pl.ce. To thi. ola« be7„„Tth, B^Tu^'k

3

ll'H.n.iV ToM.^u.. B.,iHtraw. CcK-klc. and such like. A.mI ,i,P se...ls of -ornn vhmU

:n:':;o'; •r:;^^^::;- ^^^^^^ -" ^^'^^^ -^--^ -^^"^ -- ^i^^ -

In th.hardonod earth takon from the foet of hir-is. I)„rw,„ found a larg. number
..' -..-d, many of wh.eh ..Tminated ; and it is undoul.tedlv true that « ds^r L
' •■nu.od from one place to another .n the <lirt that din.< to the f.et of animal

.>.'od.s often pass through the stomaehs of an.mals ^Hhout 1., J i™ and
• nn, e,r pa..a,e. they are eonveyed hi.her and thither by the „„?n,al a.uti, a y
M-.ted. to ;,row and reproduce their k.nd, whether of weeds or u^ful pan
Iwrv farmer knows the truth of this statement as re.^ards eattle. hors..s a ] we-
.. ; t nay be ment.oned that Darwin pi..k.d from ,he excrement of sma iT is
|-lu. kmds of seeds, whuh were perfct in form and .terminate.) .n nearlv e^ery

Ants, loeust.. and otl^r inseets also do s<.methin« in U.e wav of diMr.huting the

'- "' "'rta'n plnnts. including noxious wc«m1s. " ^

1. liy man Man himself, however, has most t« do with the spread of trouble-

;:::i::;^rd -n^prs.'"^ ^^^-^^ -' -'--'-^ -^>--- ^»- y-^ — '•

.. ' l.u -r r??'' '"",*"' '"■"" ""' P™''"'* °' ^"""^--y ^" ''"<>'her in the fodder
-... litter used by animals m transit on railways and in grain carried by rail More
". ■" "f the gram, litter and fod<ler are .scattered at places along eL an^
-nmoi. where grain and animals are unloaded and cLrs cleaned out ived thu
.^ . a^.,art and spread to neighl.ring farms. The Russian Tlnstle was mtroduc;;;

When implements are transferred from one field to another pieces of .Irv earth
•^ - are frequently dislodged, and new wee<l seeds are introduc d. Thil , Vco n
- niethod of spreading weed seeds all over farms and througliout whole neighbor
h;;;;i;.^^^l^vresh.ng machines from dirty farms are we.l-kno^n sources of^l^o^bL

Fresh barnyard manure from city stables is very often full of weed .eed» and
; ..nh be rotted or piled and allowed to heat thoroughly before it is ap" ied t^^'cle

1. U Id lettuce, for example, was brought from Toronto to the nnVl.bor^.od of
Hi uigton in manure; and in this way many other pests have been distr I ^te iom
t"w n, and cities to the farms of the Province.

CLASSIFICATION OF WEEDS.

Weeds may be classified according to the length of time they live, as follows:

•■>"«"«'*. or weeda which germinate, bloom, fruit and die in one vear or «eason
' Id Mustard is an example. ' -laf-on-

n-inter Annuals, which germinate late in summer or autumn, pass the winter as
•^ ings or immature plants, and complete the cycle of their exi t^nce b bToominr
;;|t.ng and dying during the following summer. Such are Chess and Shepri-S

lilemMs, which produce leaves and roots the first year, and flowers and seeds
-ond year after which they die. The Wild Carrot and Evening Pimrle art
iiliar examples. ° * iiiiiiu,>.t, art

Prrrfini'ilt, wliicli ln>t from yi'nr fo yrar, lilDomiiij? ami »PcJing aiinutlly. Thc8»'
grf (liviilcil into two ( lartsc- ;

(1) 'I'liosc with un<l('r;.'roini(l crt'opinj^ Htotn", kucIi a* tin? Ciiiiada Thistle.

( vi Tliosf! with root.H whicli ilo not sf)^'!!^ iiii(l(T:,'rouii(l. sui'h a.-< Chicory, Plan-
tain ami I >o< k.

It is important to know the class to which a weed helonp*, a.s the method of
eradiciitiiiL' uti aiiiiiiti! la often very dilTcrcnt from that rei|uirc(l to ilcstroy a
pcrenniiil.

COI.LKCTION AND IDENTIFICATION.

Not only every seeilsnian. Inu every farmer imd every teai'her in a rural school,
should have a collection of wee<l needs for rcfereiK e and comparison, in order that }
he may ho ahle to detect and identify such seeds when they are in j;rass seed, clover I
Beed, rajM! seed, or any other kind of seed which is sold or olTcred for sale. .\ koo<I
collection can he easily made in the .summer months. All that i.s necessary is a num- i
ber of small bottles and a Little attention at the right time. The so-called homeo-

Fig. A. Tripod Magnifier.

Fig. B. Linen Tester.

pathic vials of one drachm capacity are suitable for the purpose, but they should be
carefully and plainly labelled. If they are not so IdVlled, the collection will be
valueless.

A small magnifying glass is very useful in identifying seeds. Perhaps the most I
convenient glass for the [nirjKJ.se is the frijwd magnifier (Fig. A), costing about fifty!
centf. The liucn-tcster (Fig. B) is <:heapfr, but yet quite serviceable.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN THE CONTROL OF WEEDS.

1. Never allow weeds to mature seeds. Cut those on the roadsides, headlands]
in waste places and in the fence corners, as well as those in the fields.

2. Be constantly on the watch for the appearance of new weeds. Do not waitj
until a weed has become established before finding out what it is. It is a compara-
tively easy task to get rid of a few plants of Perennial Sow Thistle, but a long, tedi-
ous and costly operation to clean a field which has become overrun by it.

sJi^^^^is

^tm

sS^

'■'>. Sow only pure ct'td. Impuro scod is dt-ar at nnv price. Pure whhI id the
[< !ja«'r°D nglit by law, and lit* hIkiuM iI\^«ist on having it.

1. Ill di'aliii;,' with [loreiinial woods with (TiH-pin>; iincK'r^'round " r(K)t«," be
■fill not to harrow or ouitivato thmuKh patchon and drajj the " rootn " all over
. field.

Ti. See that the separator is cleaned before being brought upon the farm. Burn

ri'fiise from the separator and do not throw it on the inatiur" iieap.

i<. .Avoid fecnling stoek upon ehop containing weed net'd.H in any quantity. Such
M'l >hould be boile(! before being fed.

?:R.\ni(ATION OF WEEDS.

The most important points under this head are:
First, a determination to get rid of weeds und to keep the land clean.
Sirnnd, the method or methods of tillage and cropping.

.\-: regards the latter point, the writer feels that he cannot do better than submit

iiii'tliod outlined by the Into Wni. Hennie, whose experience of over thirty yeara

iiiaiitcd him in speaking with .xome confidence on the subject. Mr. Ifennie'g

i!m(1

r, ,

not only cleans the land, but increases its fertility, and those who wi.sh fuller
!' 'rniation should consult the college reports for 1895, 18D6 and 1897.

i'or various reasons, very few farms in the older sections of the Province of
iirio are free from weeds, and the (piestion how to clean our lands without in'^ur-
,' too much expense is one of the most inijiortaiit whicli can engage the attention
I aiiadian farmers.

In the first place, I would say that all obstructions to cultivation, such as piles
-t'liic. must be removed— hauled away to tlie woods or an oiit-of-tlie-way wnier
ill'" winter or .some other slack time. Secondly, places for harboring weeds, such,

'vanifile, as snake fences, should be got rid of as soon as possible. On the Ontario
1" riiiiental Farm nearly all field fences have been removed. The outside and lane
' cs are almost the only ones left. Portable fences are used when required for
-faring live stock.

Annvalfi and Birnniali. Wild oat.-', wild mustard seed, and some other seeds
' nging to these classes, have great vitality. If down pretty well beyond the reach
the air, they will live for twenty years, and will germinate as soon as they are
iLrht near the surface.

The best way to destroy annuals and biennials is by thorough and frequent

!!iiw cultivation early aiter harvest in stubble ground and in sod plowed for the

V >wing year, and at the proper season (spring and summer) among what are

I'll ''hoed crops," tnat is, potatoes, carrots, turnips, mangels, Indian corn, etc

-hallow cultivation the seeds are kept nea- the surface, and by frequent stirring

ilic soil they are made to sprout; and, having sprouted, they can be killed by

ther cultivation. Those which .sprout late in the fall are destroyed by the winter

-t. It is impossible to g^ rid of such weeds by plowing the ordinary depth, say

in or eight inches, once in the fall or at any other time. Plow shallow (not more

in four inches in sod and three inches in stubble ground), and harrow and eul-

■ nto frequently, as by each stirring of the soil fresh seed is made to sprout, and

lilt has already sprouted is destroyed. WTien necessary to loosen the soil to a

•Iter depth, use a grubber or subsoil plow.

^^'^^y^i^^^ig^^

6

Pereiudiils. It is ncrcssary to study the habits of perennial weeds to see how they
grow and propa;i:ite tiu-nisehcs from year to year, in order to keep them in check:
and a close examination of almost any of them will show that the buds from which j
the younf;^ plants start are near Ihe surface of the soil. Hence shallow cultivation,
similar to that mentioned above, is the effective method of destroyinjr them. Disc
harrows cut the shallow, creeping roots into fra<T:ments, which bud and <,'reatlv
increase the difficulty of eradication. Deep plowing only transplants the buds to a
greater depth, and increases the trouble. Plow shallow (see preceding paragrai)h).
and harrow and cultivate frequently, using a grubber or subsoil plow when it i>
necessary to stir the soil to a greater depth. As above, the cultivation must be early
after harvest and tiiroujrhout the fall in stubble ground and sod, and in spring and
summer among corn, potatoes and root crops. Ill-timed, irregular or partial cultiva-
tion only makes all weeds grow more vigorously.

Canada thv^tle, pirennial sow th'iMle, couch -ijra..s, hindwcrd. etc.. can be destroved
by the following method : Middle of May gang plow the land about three inches deep
and harrow thoroughly. In two weeks, when the weeds arc nicely up, cultivate with
a common or spring-tooth cultivator provided with wide points that overlap so ns to
cut off every plant two or three inclics below tlie surface. Then harrow to pull up
the plants and leave them to die. In the middle of June there will be another crop,
and possihlv a jrreatcr number of plants, but not so vigorous as the first crop. f?ej»eat
the operations with the wide point cultivator and the harrow. In July a few delicate
plants will make tlieir appearance and will have to be destroyed in the same way.
This will be sufficient for most weeds; but bindweed may need one or two evtra
cuttings with the wide points, and a corresponding number of harrowings.

The preceding method will clean the land, but it involves the loss of a vear's
crop: so it is well to add thai: land may be kept comparatively free from weeds with-
out the loss of a crop, by after-harvest cultivation of all fields not in grass, begun
with each field juM as soon as the crop is off and continued throughout the fall, first
by shallow gang-plowing and harrowing, and afterwards at intervals, as above, by
the wide-point cultivator and the harrow. This treatment followed by a hoed crop
properly ntlrnded lo will destroy most perennial weeds and all annual and i)iennial
seeds that are near the surface.

Note.—To Mr. Rennie's method, or methods, as above given, we would venture
to add one which we have seen carried out with tlie most satisfactory results Itv Mr.
Rennie on the College farm, and with marked success by farmers in other parts of
the Province. It may be put in the imperative form, as follows: Sow much with red
clover, in order to have a rich clover sod to plow down for all or nearly all spring
crops, taking as far as possible only one crop of hay or pasture before plowing, occa-
sionally two, but not more than two. Plow the clover sod shallow, not more than
four inclie:J, early after harvest, say the 1st to the 15th of August, and harrow at
once. Let it stand a couple of weeks ; then culti\ate, the same way as it was plowed,
two or three inches deep, with a spring-tooth cultivator. After a while, cross culti-
vate a little deeper. If possible, cultivate a third, or even a fourth time, going a
little deeper each time. Then, if you can manage to do so, rib it up with a double
mouldboard plow, as you would for a crop of tur.iips. When this is done the avail-
al)le plant food (clover roots, etc.) is preserved in the centre of the drills, the water
runs off early in the spring, and the drills can be levelled with the cultivator and
harrow, eitlier for spring grain or for hoed crops.

This method will not only clean land, but will greatly enrich it.

e^^

GENERAL METHODS FOR THE ERADICATION (»K W KKDS.

1. Crop Rotation.

Crop rotation is of utmost importance in dealing with weeds. Some sharp, short

at ion of crops should be adopted which will allow of the frequent use of the cul-

iivator, the cutting of the flowers before seeding, and the introduction of a smother

Ir liood crop. One cannot recommend a system of cropping which will i)o suitable

i.ll kinds of farming. Each farmer must select the rotation most suitai)le to his

iditions, keeping in mind those features of rotation which will best enable him to

ht the particular weed or weeds with which he has to contend.

Tilt' fidlowing short rotation is recommended for the eastern province? by J. H.

i- laic. Director of the Central Experimental Farm.

"To destroy weeds, probably the best rotation possible is one of tlirec voars'

nit inn. including clover and mixed hav, followed by roots or corn, the land

i\v-plowed in fall and sown to grain the next spring with ten pounds of red

\"r and twelve pounds of timothy per acre. (When the land is heavy or clayey,

tiMi pounds of red clover may be replaced by si.x pounds of red clover and two

il-ikc.) If a portion of the arable land must bp u.sed for pasture, then the land

jilt 111' allowed to remain under grass or hay for two years instead of one year,

Mcond being used for pasture, thus extending the three-year into a four-year

ition. The pasture land in the four-year rotation, or the hay land in the three-

II' r ation, should be broken up early in August and cultivated at intervals to

Irl'-trnv the successive growths of weeds as they appear. The land should l)e again

1. or preferable ridged, in the fall."

t!:,I

2. Hoed Crops.

The growing of such crops as potatoes, corn and roots provides a means by which
lui'iv weeds may be effectively fought. Hoed crops alone do not give entire satis-
Ifa tinn in fighting creeping perennial weeds. This is due to the fact that in culti-
|\Mi:iig and booing the rootstocks are cut but not all destro3'ed, and in a short time
nc begin to grow again. Hoed crops, therefore, should not be depended upon alone
|tn ( railicate creeping perennials but should be used in connection with other methods
"Utlined further" on.

3. Sdmmer Fali-owiko.

This method is extremely efficacious with all sorts of weeds, including Ihe

ll'.rciinial Sow Thistle. By fallowing for weeds a bare fallow is understood, or at

a-t one which is given sufficient cultivation to prevent weeds from reproducing

lt;;i ni^clves bv seeds or "roots." A neglected fallow is nothing more or less than

a wiM'd bed, and is useless and a Fource of contamination for every field on the farm.

iTlio chief objection to fallowing is the lying idle of tlie field for a season, but this

pniliablv offset by the effectiveness of the method in dealing with such weeds as

:i' I'crcnnial Sow Thistle as compared with other methods which require a great

al more labor, time and attention.

4. Early After-harvest Cultivation.

';";;!? i; one of the best ways to destroy

[a- Fi.i e Flax, Corn Cockle and Wormseed Mustard. Plow shallow immediately

it'trr harvest and harrow and cultivate frequently. By the shallow plowing the

Iwr.d seeds are kept near the surface, and by the frequent stirring of the soil they

8

are made to siirrnit and, liavin:: =proiitc'(l. tlipy are easily destroyed by furJier
cultivation.

5. Si:ei)in"o Down.

Fields overrun with some kinds of weeds, particularly annuals, may be cleaned
by scedinj,' to ^'rass for hay or pasture. Tliis method has the advantajje of requiring
little labor, wliich is expensive at the present time. Cutting tho hay crop early will
prevent most weeds from maturing any (luantity of seed. Close pasturing, especialiv
with shecj). will in time destroy most weeds, even perennials.

6. SuEEP Destroy Weeds.

A flock of sheep will do much to keep a farm free from weeds, and it is to be
deplored that sheep are not more generally kept upon Ont.irio fanns. *''AVhen an
aliundaiice of fucculent jiasture of tlie finer grasses is provided, weeds can scarcely
be said to be favored i>y sheep as a staple part of their diet. Sheep will, however,
even when good pasture is provided them, vary their diet by nipping olT seedlin;,'
plants or tlie fresh growing parts, and tiie liloom with its content- of sweets from
older plants of many of our common weeds. When their pasture is depleted, sheep
feed nadily on Wild Mustard, Ox-eye Daisy, Yarrow. Plaintain, Perennial and
Annua! Sow Tliistle. Wild Vetch or Tare, Docks, Sorrel, Lamb's Quarters, Milk-
weed, h'a^wort. Burdock and Sliepherd's Purse. In fact, there arc few weeds that
sheep will not eat, to the extent of preventing them from seeding, if there is not
enough of their favorite grasses to satisfy them. It is only when the supply of
food is unu'^ually short that sheep will feed on plants having leaves and stems
covered with bristly hairs or spines, or with a flavor that is obnoxious to them.
When the plants are young and tender, however, sheep have been observed to eat
such weeds as Kngweed, Blue-weed. C>ck!(>. Ornnge TIawkweed, Hound's Tongue,
Stickst>ed. Mullein. Canada Thistle, Stinkwecd, Toadflax, and others that are bristly
or have a imngent flavor. Thorough cultivation with a systematic rotation of crops,
comliined witli the maintenance of as many sheep as can be kept to advantage, is a
certain and profitable means of keeping weeds under control."

7. S-MOTiiEniyo.

The aim of this nietliod is to kill the weeds by depriving them of light and air.
This i- accomplislied bv getting some <|nii-k-growing crop, such as rape or buck-
wheat. e,-tablishcd on tlie land while the weeds are in a weakened condition. The
result is that the smother crop soon occupies every available foot of the land and
forms a dense shade in which the weeds in their weakened state cannot continue
to grow.

8. HaXD Pt'I.UXG.

Hand pulling and the total removal of weeds is the most effective means of
destruction, but of course is only practicable with shallow-rooted weeds not verv
abundant in a field. Small patches of perennial weeds can be destroyed by digging
out the {ilants with a fork, roots and all. and burning them. Great care must be
taken to get every bit of the "root," and the patch shouM be watched, and if new
shoots ;;i;}ir,ir Ihiv :4ijuid bc taken out at once. In an ordinary season several
diggings will he re(|uired in order to complet'dy exterminate a creeping perennial.

• " Farm Weeds of Canada."

A FEW FACTS REGARDING WEED SEEDS IN CLOVER AND GRASS

SEEDS.

Alfalfa Seed,

Out of 147 samples of alfalfa seed submitted for test by farmers and seedsmen,
1 " were found to be absolutely free from weed seeds of any kind, 98 to be free from
::, weeds covered by the Seed Control AcL, though containing other weed seeds in
v.irious amounts; 31 were found to contain sufficient weed seeds to disqualify them
frim being offered for sale in Ontario. Out of the 147 samples tested 7 were notice-
;i; V dark and discolored, indicating lacl: of germinative capacity, and 4 were found
r i ontain very large quantities of grit and other inert matter.

The following weed seeds were found to be the most common impurities in alfalfa
-.'.!: Green Foxtail (Seiaria viridis), present in 56 samples; Lamb's Quarters
i' : fnopodiani^album), present in 42 samples; Russian Thistle {Saholi kali, var.
f-' uifoUa), present in 35 samples; Buckhorn or Ribgrass {Plantago lanceolata),
!ii.-ent ill 3? samples; Curled Dock (Rumex crispus), present in 21 samples; Pig-
■'■ ' (Amarantkus retroflexus, present in 20 samples; Ragweed {Ambrosia arte-
V ^-'I'i'jlia), present in 11 samples; Yellow Foxtail {Setaria glauca), present in 10
-iinples; Chicory (Cichorium intybus), Wild Carrot {Daucus carota), Bull Thistle
J\rdum lanceolatum) and Centaurea picris present in 9 samples.

Other weed seeds found in alfalfa rere Black Medick {Medirago lupulina),
Sv. ot Clover (Melilotus alba), Lady's Thumb (Polygonum persicaria). Knot Graaa
[i'higonvm aviculare). Sheep Sorrel (Rumex acetosella), Dodder (Cuscuta sp.),
•>": Witch Grass (Panicum capillare), Mayweed (Anthemis cotvla), Yellow Cress
ii:"Ucula palustris), Field Mustard (Bra.<;sica arvensis), Night-flowering Catchfly
i>:'''ne noctiflora), Scotch Thistle (Onopordum acanthium), Corn Flower (Cen-
i-r.i-ra nigra), Black Bindweed (Polygonum convolvulus). Mint (Mentha sp.),
'•' r.r Hemlock (Cicuta maculata). Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans), Stick Seed
n.r>jnila echimta), WTiite Cockle (Lycnhis alia), Bedstraw (Galium aperine),
(■; ada Thistle (Cirsium arvense). Barnyard Grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), Cow
• '■^ -- (Lepidium campestre). Corn Gromwell (Lilhospernum arvense), Mallow
(-■/ 'Iva rotundifolia) .

Alsike Seed.

Out of 45 samples of alsike seed tested none were found to be absolutely free
'" '11 weed seeds; 4 only were free from the weed seeds covered by the Seed Control
■\ ' ; U contained weed seeds covered by the Act.

he following were found to be the ir.ost common impurities in alsike seed:
t-flowering Catchfly, present in 37 samples ; Curled Dock, present in 17 sam-
•: Siieep Sorrel, present in 16 samples; Lamb's Quarters, present in 11 samples;
n Foxtail, present in 7 samples.

Other weed seeds found in alsike were: Bladder Campion, Bugle Weed

;''opus virginicus), Ribgrass or Buckhorn, Rough Cinquefoil (Poteniilla mons-

nisis), Wormseed Mustard, False Flax. Chickweed ( Rtdliria media''- Canada

tie. Black Bindweed, Lady's Thumb, Black Medick, Common Plaiutain, Old

h Grass, Pigweed, Ragweed, Yellow Cress, Yellow Foxtail, Evening Primrose,

'or Grass (Lepidium sp.). Mayweed, Mouse-ear Chickweed (Cerasfium

■■^i.um). Shepherd's Purse (Capsella bursa-pattorit) .

\ .1

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10

T*i;i) f'Lovi'ii Si:i;n.

Out of 78 samples tcstcil 1 was absolutely free from woe*! seeils; 21 wito ft
from the weed sends eovcro.i \<y the Seed Control Act: oO ei.iitained weed see
covered by the Seed Control Act; '> samples contained larjie amonnts of prit ai
other inert matter.

The following were found to he the most common impurities in red clover see
Green Foxtail present in 50 samples, Bnckhorn or Ribjjrass present in 35 sampl
Curled Dock present in 2Ci samples. Lady's Thumb present in 21, Ragweed in !
Lamb's '.(uartors present in l? samples, Pale Plaintain (Plantago rrtgelii), Nigl
flowering catchfly, and Sheep Sorrel present in 12 samples.

Other weed seeds found in red clover were Mayweed, Wild Oats (Avena fatm
Black Medick, Canada Thistle. Yellow Foxtail, Common Plaintain {Planta
major), Bladder Campion (Silene lalifoJia), Heal-all (Prunella iv/Z'/am), Pigwe<
False Flax (Cnmelina xntira). Bracted Plaintain {Plnntago aristala), Cati
(Nepeta cataria), Wormsced Mustard (Erysimum cheiranthoides) , Stickwe-
Evening Primrose (Ennthera hirnnis). Old Witcli Crass, Barnyard Grass, C
Cress, Knotweed, Black Bindweed, Wild Carrot. Wild Vetch (Vicia cracca), Dodd

Timothy Seed.

Out of 33 samples tested 3 were entirely free from weed seeds, 17 contained
weed seeds covered by the Seed Control Act, 13 contained weed seeds covered
the Act.

The following were the commonest impurities found in timothy seed : P
Plaintain present in Ifi samples, Lambs Quarters present in 11 samples, Even
Primrose present in 8 samples, Pibgrass or Buckhorn present in 7 samples, Pep
Grass and Cone Flower (Ruhdcckia hirta) present in 6 samples.

Other weed seeds found in timothy were: Mint, Ergot (Claviceps purpure
Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata), Night- flowering Catchfly, Spiny Annual S
Thiftle, Old Witch Grass, Finger Grass (DigUaria mngidnalls) , Wormseed M
tard, Common Plantain, Rough Cinquefoil, Green Foxtail. Bugle Weed. Cui
Dock, Mayweed, Fa' ^ Flax, Lady's Thuml), Sheep Sorrel, Catnip and Mouse-
Chickweed.

SECTIONS OF THE SEED CONTROL ACT.

(Dominion of Canada.)

Proiiibttokt Clauses.

Section 6. No person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his possession
sale, for the purpose of seeding, any seeds of cereals, flax, grasses, clovers or foi
plants, except timothy, alsike, red clover and alfalfa, unless they are free from
seeds of noxious weeds, unless every receptacle, package, sack or bag contair
such seeds, or a label securely attached thereto, is marked in a plain and indel
manner : —

(a) With tlie full uaiiie aiid address of the seller;

(b) With tlio name of tlie kind or kinds of seed :

(c) With the common name or names of the noxious weeds, the seeds of wl
are present in the seed sold, or offered, exposed or had in possession for sale.

Section 7. Every person who, by himself or through the agency of another per

11

Hi, ill M.'ll. (ir offer, expose or have in lii« pt. riion for sale, for srodiiifr in Canada,

seeds of timothy, red clover, alsike or alfalfa, or any mixture containing the

l-rtid seeds, in or from any receptacle. packa<ie, sack or bag. shall cause such recep-

|t;i, 1.'. jiiukage, sack or Imj:. or a lalicl securely attached tiierct'i. to be marke<l in a

lain and indelible manner.

(,i) With the full name and address of the seller;

(b) With the name of the kind or kinds of seed; in letters not less than half an

liiu !i in length, with a designation of the grade of seed, which shall include one of

following four marks, namely: Extra \o. 1, No. 1, No. 2, No. 3; provided,

|hf'wever, that such marks may be accompanied by any other private mark or brand

if such private mark or brand is not inconsistent with or marked more conspicuously

Ithan the one of the said fonr marks which is to be used with the said receptacle,

[nickage, sack or bag.

Scclion 8. No person shall sell, or offer or expose or have in his ] issession for
>,ile. any seeds of timothy, alsike, red clover or alfalfa, in or from any receptacle,
ipaikage, sack or bag, upon which is marked:

(a) "Extra No. 1," unless such seeds are pure as to kind, clean, sound, plump,
|(if irood colour, free from the seeds of any noxious weeds, and contain not more than
Itliirty seeds of ^11 kinds of weeds, including other useless or harmful plants per
('•line of the seed so marked;

(])) "No. 1," unless such seeds are clean, sound, reasonably plump, of good
rulniir. contain not more than five noxious weed seeds per ounce of timothy, red
.!..(■!• or alfalfa, or ten of them per ounce of alsike seed and not more than one
hiindrod seeds of all kinds of weeds including other useless or harmful plants per
|oiii:re of the .seed so marked ;

(c) "No. 2," unless such seeds are reasonably clean, sound, contain not more
jt:iaii twenty noxious weed seeds per ounce of timothy, red clover or alfalfa, or'forty
|(if ihoin per ounce of alsike seed and not more than two hundred seeds of all kinds

weeds, including other useless or harmful plants per ounce of the seed so marked ;

(d) "No. 3," unless such seeds contain not more than eighty seeds of noxious
\wfr,h per ounce of timothy, red clover or alfalfa, or one hundred and sixty of them

i.r ounce of alsike seed and not more than four hundred seeds of all kinds of weeds
i:. hiding other useless or harmful plants per ounce of the seed so marked.

>'ection 9. No person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his possession for sale,
ll '!■ the purpose of seeding in Canada, any seeds of timothy, alsike, red clover or

alfalfa, or any mixture containing the said seeds, if the seeds of noxious weeds or
litliir useless or harmful plants are present in greater proportion in the seed sold, or

i'!'rred. exposed or had in possession for sale, than the maximum number of such

- -1< that is permitted for seed that may be marked " No. 3," as defined in Section

> :• rcdf.

>>rt!on 10. — No person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his possession for
vi^ . for seeding, any seeds of cereals, flax, grasses, clovers, forage plants, field roots
rden vegetable crops which are not capable of germinating in the proportion
thirds of the percentage standard of vitality for good seed of the kind, unless
ntacle. packasre. sack or bas cortaining such seed, or a label securely
ana. hod thereto, is marked in a plain and indelible manner with the name of the
ki: 1 of seed and the percentage of the seeds that are capable of germination.

>rrtion 11. No person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his possession for
.nV f(.r the purpose of seeding, garden seeds, including both vegetable and flower

-'a

|fivor\- moon'

^'?S£c^i^v«^UEIi£a%3R)S«aSQ9K:?S^:£--:^i^SHnv

18

seeds, in soaIe<l packctfi, commonly known to the trade as '' papered seeds," unles
the same are marked in 18-point Mack type witli th<^ year in which the packet wa
filled before it leaves the premises on which it was filled, and no such seeds sha^
thereafter he used to mix with any other seeds that may be offered for sale for th
purpo-if i>f ?ei'(ling.

NOXIOUS WEEDS.

Tiie f.>lli)win,<; are the weeds classified iioxIdus under the 1911 Ordcr-in-Council

1. Wilfl Oats (Arena falua).

•?. Common Darnel (Lolium lemulentum).

'■>. Curled Dock (Rumex cru^pus).

4. Clustered Dock (RumcT conglomeralus).

5. Hitter Dock (Hvmex ohdtsifoliv.'i).

('). Purple Cockle {A(jro!<lenima (/ilharjo).

7. White Cockle (Lychnut alha).

8. Nii;ht-flowerini: Catchfly (Silene noctiflora).

9. Bladder Campion (Silcne Intifolia).

10. Cow Cockle (,Snponaria raccari^).

11. Stinkwecd (Thlaspi arven.te).

12. Fal.se Flax {Camslina sativa).

13. Small-seeded False Flax (Camelina microcarpa).
11. I?ound-seede<l False Flax {('nmelina dentata).
1.5. Ball Mustard {Nexlin paniculaia) .

16. Wild Radish (Raphaniis raphanu^fntm) .

17. Wild Mustard (lirassica arvensis).

18. Indian ^Instard (lirassica juncea).
11). Black Mustard (Brassica nigra).

20. Bird Rape (Brassica campestris).

21. IFare's-Ear Mustard (Conrinrjia orientalis).

22. Tuml)ling Mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum).

23. Wild Carrot (Vaunis caroia).

21. Field Bindweed (Convolrulus orvensis).

25. Clover Dodder (Cjtscuta species), in Alfalfa seed.

26. Blue Bur or Sticksecd (Lappuln ■'chiuata).

27. Bluewced (Echium vulgure).

28. Ribgrass (Plantago lanceolata).

29. Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida).

30. Common Ragweed (Ambrosia art emisii folia).

31. Perennial Ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya).

32. Ox-eve Daisy (Chrysanthemum leiicanlhemum).
3:!. Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense).

31. Chicory (Cichorium intyhus).

;?.'"! Pi'!-: !!!!!"! o.T T\o](} Sfiw Tbistlo '' .'■^nr.rhvji nrrensi.'!).

36. .\nnual or Common Sow Thistle (Sonchus oleraceus).

37. Spiny-ieaved or Prickly Sow Thistle (Sonchus asper).

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13

AN ACT TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF NOXIOUS WEEDS.

Province of Ontario.
1. This Act may be cited as The Noxious Weeds Act.
;' In this Act,

(n) "Non-resident land" shall nienn land which is unoccupied an^ the owner
;' wliich is not resident within the municipality.
(7;)" Resident land " shall mean land which is occupied or which is owned by s
; iMiti resident within the municipality.

.!. Every occupant of land or, if the land is unoccupied, the owner shall cut dowa

■ I clrstroy all the Canada thistles, ox-eye daisy, wild oats, ragwood and burdock
-ruwin? thereon, and all other iioxinn< weeds growing? thereon to which this Act
11. ay 1)0 extended by by-law as hereinafter provided, so often in every year as is
-iiilicient to prevent the ripening of their seed, if such cuttuig or destruction does
I: .t involve the destruction of the growing grain. •

4. --(I) The council of any township in which there are any large tracts OT
; '-(ks of waste or unoccupied land may upon the petition of not less than thirty
ritrpayers, by by-law, suspend the operation of this Act in respect of such waste or
liM' t cupied lands.

( v' ) The by-law shall define the tracts or blocks of land so exempted and shall
rniaiii in force until repealed; and while it remains in force the land therein
• - rihed shall be exempt from the op>^ration of this Act.

■>. The council of any local municipality may by by-law extend the operation
' ' ;;.is Act to any other description of weed, or to any diseased growing crops, which
1 'ly the by-law declared to be noxious to luisbandry or gardening, and in that
. 1 ' the provisions of this Act shall apply to such noxious weeds and diseased
. winir crops as if the same were enumerated in section 3.

'^— (1) The council of any local municipality may, and upon a petition of
!'mv (If more ratepayers shall, appoint at least one inspector to enforce the provi-

■ :.- (if this Act in the municipality, and fix the amount of remuneration, fees or

• _'!■-; he is to receive for tlie performance of his duties; and if a vacancy occurs

■f office, the council shall fill the same forthwith.

|•^i) The council may by a by-law divide the municipality into sections or divi-
- - for the carrying out of this Act, and may appoint inspectors for such divisions,
» -I' duties and powers shall in all respects be the same as those of the township
!':-;it'ctor.

".—(1) The inspector shall give notice in writing to the owner or occupant of

i: . land within the municipality whereon any of such noxious weeds or diseased

: p- are growing requiring him to cause them to be cut down or destroyed within

I ; (lays from the service of the notice; and it shall be the duty of the inspector

t" u'ive such notice for the first time not later than such dates in each year as may

!ix(>d by by-law of the municipality. Such notice in the case of " resident land"

: a . ity may be given by posting the same to the owner or occupant at his address,

'f Known; but if such address be unknown the notice may be addressed to such

('»■ 'T or occupant at the General Post Office of the city.

' '') Tn the case of the lands of a railway company the notice shall be given to a
?' n ma.«ter of the company resident in the municipality, or if there is none

14

rrsidciit in it, to ,1 ^tiition master rt'-iili-nt in ;ui ailjoiniiijr or ii('ii,'lil)oriiii,' Ion
municipality.

(■'!) If such owner or oceupant of land refuses or nofflect.s to cut down or destn
al! or any of such noxious weeds or diseased ;,'rowin;r crops within tiie period niei
tioncd in tlie notice, tlie inspector may enter upon the land and cause them to 1
cut down or d(>stroycd, doini; tio unnecessary damage to other crrowinir crops, (
lie may lay inf.irniation hofore any justice of the peace coniplaininjr of .such refusi
or neglect, and such owner or occupant shall incur the penalties provided hy .sectic
10; hut no inspector .shall have power to cut down or destroy or to require the owm
or occupant to cut down or destroy such noxious weeds or di.sea.se<l growing cro]
on any land sown with grain not no diseased.

( t) \VI Te such noxious weeds are growing upon non-resident land it shall m
be necessary to give any notice hefore proceeding to cut down or destroy them.

8. — (1) The inspector shall keep an account of the expenses incurred hv hii
in carrying out the provisions of this Act with respect to each parcel of Ian
entered upon, and shall deliver a statement of such expenses, describing the Ian
entered upon, and verified hy oath, to tlie owner or occupant of resident land with
notice requiring him to pay the amount.

(a) In the case of a railway company, the statement and notice may be serve
in the manner provided i)y sul).section 1? of section 7.

(2) If the owner or occupant deeni> s'ldi ex]ien.scs excessive, he may appeal <
tlie council within thirty days after the delivery of such statement, and the counc
shall determine the matter in dispute.

(;?) If the owner or occupant refuses or neglects to pay the same within thirt
days after such request for payment, the claim shall he presented to the council an
the council shall audit it and allow it or so much of it as it may deem just, an
order the same to l)e paid from the general funds of the corporation.

(4) The in.spector shall also present to the council a similar statement, verifie
i)y oath, of the expenses incurred liy him in carrying out the provisions of thi
Act upon any non-resident land; and the council shall audit and allow the sami
or so mucli of it as may he deemed just, and shall ])ay so mucli of it as has bee
.so allowed.

(.5) The council shall cause all such sums as lia\e heen so allowed and paid t
be placed upon the collector's roll of the municipality against the land describe
in the statement of the inspector to he collected in the same manner as other taxe

!). — (1) Overseers of highways, or other municipal officers charged with tli
care of highways, shall see that all noxious weeds growing upon the highways i
their respective divisions are cut down or destroyed at the proper time to prevei
the ripening of their seed, and the work shall be performed as part of the ordiuar
statute labour or he ]»a;d for at a reasonable rate by the treasurer of the municipalit
as the council of the municipality may direct.

(2) In unorganized townships where road commissioners have been appointe
every owner or occupant shall cut down and destroy, at the proper time to prever
the ripening of their seed, all such noxious weeds growing on any highway adjoinin
such land from the boundary of such laud to the centre line of the highway, an
iu case of defauU after iiotiee lioiii the road c■omnlis.■^io^lt•^s requiring such work I
be done on or hefore a day named in the notice, sucli owner or occupant shall incu
a penalty of $5 for each lot or parcel in respect of which default is made, and tli
penalty when recovered shall he paid to the road commissioners and be expended i
improving the roads in such township.

15

(:i) Wliere .-^mli dufault occurs the road coinmissioncrs may perfdrin tlu' work
I 111 ]>hi(0 of aucli owner or occ'U])iiiit, and the cost tlicreof at tlif lalo of ■i'v for fiiuli
l<i,i.V labour iiivolvt'd sliall lie recoverable as a debt due by suili owner or oi'uupdnt
It ' ilie road coniniis>ioners in any court of competent jurisdiction.

10. Any (iwiirr or m' iipant of land « Im loatravcnes ;iny of the provisions of tins
|.\. t nr who refuses or nej^lects to obey any hiwlul or<ler of the insjiector j;i\en under
|tli,s Act shall incur a penalty of not lesr< than $5 nor more than -$30 for every such

■ •lu'e.

11. .\ny person who knowin^^ly sells or olTers to sell any grass, clover or other
i. or any seed grain among which there is seed of Caiuida thistles, o.K-eye dai.sy,

|w;l(l oats, ragweed, burdock or wild mustard shall for every such olfence incur a
.';:iliv of not le.-s than $5 nor more than $20.

r.'. .\ny person who sows any wheat or other grain knowing it to 'ne infe.stea
the disease known as smut without first using some proper and available remedy

t . il.^troy the gernn of such disease, shall incur a penalty of not less than $3 nor

iii-iv than !?30.

i:'.. Every inspector, over.seer of highways or other officer who refuses or neglei t.<
to ilischarge the duties imposed on him by this Act shall incur a penalty of not
;. -- than $10 nor more than $20.

1 I. The penalties provided i)y this Act shall be recoverable under 'J'liv OnUirio
('uniirdons Act, and, except as provided by subsection 2 of section U, shall when
n.iVL'rcd be paid over to the treasurer of the municipality in which the otfencc \i

. 'mniitted.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE WEEU-SEEDS ILLUSTRATED.

1. (Ircer. Fox-Tail. About one-twelfth of an inch long, oval with blunt end.-;
ii:r,|ually bi-convex; brown and often mottled; surface granular and striate. Yel-
1 .\ l"(i.\-Tail seed is about one-eighth of an inch long, plano-convex, with fine,

■ i--i:iut cross ridges.

•.'. Chess. About one-third of an inch long; back rounded; glume T-nerved,
ni\.\.\lQ nerve projecting as an awn: the palet bears a row of spine-like hairs along

' ,1 :i nerve.

;:. Wild Oat. About three-fourths of an inch long; spindle-shaped; glume 9
:. ;\eil. middle nerve forming a twisted and bent awn; a tuft of brownish hairs
a:;M' from scar at base.

1. i'oiifli Grass. Seed.- about one-half inch in length; rather .slender; oval; and
t ::hm1 with a short awn.

■". Curled Dock. One-eighth to one-twelfth of an inch long; pointed elliptical,
« ■'! tliTce faces; surface smooth; reddish brown.

'".. Sheep Sorrel. Seeds about one-twentieth of an inch in length; usually greyish
r ivddish brown, and finely roughened ; provided with three equal faces. egg<
>■ 'ii'^fl, each face of the cover of the seed bears central ridges with branches.

16

a.

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The small drawings beside the enlarged drawings represent the natural size

of the seeds.

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The small drawings beside the large drawings represent the natural size

of the seed.

"- <("- - z^'^ - V -■• -.::«*::

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18

;. JmiuI/.s (Jiuirtir.^. t'ln ular, kii>-«liaiH'il. and black; groosed on oiif face;
olliii iiiiriuill} loNcn^d Willi lliu seed custTiiig.

». I'urslane. OiiL-lwi'iilN-fipiirtli h. (.iir-lw.iity-tiftli of an iii<li in .liainctcr; jet
black; lIultciiLd c^'^-.-liapcd"; not. lu- .it -niallrr end; surface lincly r(.uj,'li.ncd.

:», Cum (■./././.■. Sc.'d- In.ni <.nc-twclltli u< ono-eiglith of an m.li long; angular
in ontlme; cuior jet black; ....aMonally dark l.n.wn ; each surface is crowded with
ridges or spines arranged in circular rows leading frv>m the scar.

10. BhiddvrCaininon. About oTie-.-ixtceiitli of an inch in length; kidnoy-.-haped ;
surface roii-hcned by many little projections arranged more or less in couecutric
row.-; iigiit lirown in cidor.

11. Whiic Covldc. Hcsemldiiig lUadder Onmpion, but lighter in color; roundish
and not so angular; depression aliout .-car not so well marked.

\-l. .\iijht-Flowerin<j Calthflij. Ues ■nibles White Cockle, but darker.

i;{. I'rpprr-drass. About oiie-sixteenlh of an inch in length; egg-ehapcd but
much llatteiied; the groove is curved and cpiito evident; the scar is white; reddish
yellow to reddish brown.

14. rrrimi Cress. Seeds one-twelfth of an inch long; somewhat egg-sb.iped and
flattened; Mi'rfa.es liave 12-M curved ridgi-s, which start and end at the pointed
end of tlie seed; color dark reddish brown.

1.-). Wild Miustanl. One-sixteenth of an incli in diameter; dark brown to red-
dish brown in color; almost spliericnl in outline.

IG. Worm Seed Mustard. About one-twcnty-fourth of an inch in length; most
are pointed at the end opposite tlie scar; the groove is quite evident; surfaces
Bmooth and dull; reddish yellow in color.

IT. Shp;dirrd'.< /'i/r.vr. Aliout one-lwenticth of an inch in length; somewhat
flattened; oval; each lace has two gr.Mjves; cobir reddish yellow.

15. Swall Seeded False Flas. Keddisli brown; more or less oval and slightly
flattened; about one-twentieth of an inch long; the groove more evident on one
face than on tlie other; a whitisli scar at one end.

19. Field Bindueed. About one-sixth of an inch long; oval; color dark brown;
surface is somewhat roughened; outer face convex; inner face divided by a ridge
into two plane faces.

20. Dodder. RaiiL'ing from ono-sixtccnth to one-twenty-fourth of an inch in
length : .slightly egg-snaped and flattened ; notch near one end ; resembles red clover
seed, but is sinalfe'i-. with a dull, roughened surface; color is yellow to brown and
reddish, or often yellowish green.

21. Hound's Tonrjne. Seeds are spiiiv nutlets, one-eighth of an inch long; upper
side flat, oblique and roughened with iiooke.] pnekies.

22. Blue 'Weed. Stone-like in hardiness ; about one-tenth of an inch in length ;
surface roughened and of a grey color; the scar is large and triangular at flat end;
the ridge along the outer face is convex.

19

l>

x*

The small drawings beside the enlarged drawings represent the natural size

of the seeds.

fW^

?*.5<*

20

23. Mullein. About onc-twcnty-lil'tii ol' an inch in length; thimtk-shapcd; base
flat with scar at i outre; tlunible rlightly six-^idoil, eucli side deeply jjitted; pits of!
adjacent rows alternate; light tu dark brewn. The seeds of Moth ilulleia and]
Common Mullein are niueli alike.

24. Ribgrass. From one-eiglitli to one-twelfth of an incii in length; cval in j
sliape with one face rounded, the other deeply grooved bearing a central scar;
dark brown or amber colored.

25. liaijwccJ. Kanging fn^m one-lifih to one-twelfth of an iueii in Icngtii; top-
t-haped; aj)e.\-pointed and hearing a crown of four to eight spines; iight brown to!
dark brown in color.

2{). Yarroiv. >ee(l.- about oiie-twellth of an inch long; small end thin; slightly I
egg-<hapcd; color varying from yellowish-white to gray.

27. Ox-Eye Daisij. About one-twelfth of an inch long; ten ^iender, white ribs |
running from end to end a knob at the broad end; and slightly cl;;l-shaped.

28. Burdock. One-fifth to onc-fourtli of an inch in length; i^i.-niatic and mot-

tled; four or five faces; apex broader than base: apex star in centre o:
brown rin''.

a distinct

2!). Canada Thistle. From one-eiglith to one-twelfth oi an inch in length;
brown in color.; somewhat spindle-shaped, but often flattened; top end ciip-shaped
with a rim and a small central knob.

30. Chicorij. From oiic-eighih to one-twelfth of an inch in length; usnally light
brown; usually cylindrical: top flat and crowned with scales.

31. Prickly Lettuce. Seeds one-eighth to one-sixth of an inch in length; broadl>
lance-shaped; each face has 5-7 ribs; color dark brown, somewhat mottled with
black; apex is tipped with a beak which is almost as long as the seed.

32. Spiny Sow Thiiftle. One-eighth of an inch in length varying from oval to
lance-shajied ; flat: each face bearing three narrow ridges which meet at the ends,
surface si ootli; color straw-colored to reddish brown.

33. Perennial Snir Thistle. Slightly spindle-shapcMl with blunt ends and often
much flattened; five coarse, finely wrinkled ridges running lengthwise on eacii
face; dark reddish-brown; about one-eighth of an inch long.

34. Fleabane. Seeds one-twentieth of an inch long; oval: ren-.nar.ts of pappus
bristles remaining often at the aptx.

35. Dandelion. Seeds one-eighth of an inch long, exclusive o:' short beak:
lan>e-sliaped in outline; ten ridges running lengthwise; provided with barb-like
teeth towards tlu' apex; color varies from light to dark brown.

36. Wild Carrot. Seeds each one-eighth of an inch in length; and flattened
on the back; primary ribs slender, bristly, and five in number; secondary ribs.
4 in numlKT, each bearing a row of barbed prickles.

37. Pii/con Werd. Nutlets one-twelfth of an inch long; egg-shaped and
curved: scar is conspicuous; surface roughened; gray in color.

38. Brond-Lcafed Plantain. Seeds about one-twentieth inch long; flattened;
outline variable from oval to rhomboidal: wavy lines on surface; color brown.

21

5t

39

Tb? <in\M drawings beside the enlarged drawings represent the natural size

of the seeds.

22

.'ill. I'l/j-Wevd. About onc-iwenty-fourth of an inch in l(Mi;:tii: HattciieJ, e«
sliiijH'.i, or lfn.>-,-liaitwl ; polisiied and jet black; a slight notch on sharp edge
the Hijr; near the scar-notch is a small projecting point.

■10. Jhiriii/anI (hass. One-tenth of an incli long, piano-con ve.\ or niandolii
siiaped. It is u smooth, glossy seed, and the color is usually greenish or grayif
yellow.

41. Witch dra.ss. A small, shiny gray .seed, about one-sixteenth of an ii:c
long, oval and somewhat flattened bi-convex.

'12. Black Mcdick-. Often found in the black, ribbed pod or legume wliich i
sonicwliat coiicii uj). Tlie seed is egg-shaped, but otherwise rescinbles Alfalfa see(

l.i. Common Cliickweed. Very small seed, one-twenty-fourth of an inch i
dianicter, somewhat wedge-shaped, willi a notcii at the point. The surface is linel
tubcnI.Ml, in four or live looped rows on each of the parallel faces, and tiie colo
varies from re !<iish to gray.

44. CimjiufoH. .Minute, yellowish-gray seeds, somewhat kidnev-shaped, an^
covered with curved ridges.

4.-). Uran;/.- llmrkwcviJ. Sn 11 torpcdo-siiaped see(^ about one-twelfth of ai
null long, and grooved. Hipe seeds are dull jet black, immature seeds reddish.

4(;. Voiw Flower. YrUow Dais;,, lilack-Eiicd Sus^ri. A small dull-black seed
curved and sonivwiiat angular, with fine longitudinal striations on the four faces.

47. 11(7,/ Lrllucr. A thin, flat, oval seed, with a slender beak or tip. It has j
dull black co](,r and faint cross-ridges, and is about one-si.\ih of an inch in length

45. Wild Burl-wheat, Blarl- Bindweed. A jet black, shiny tiirce-sided seed, abou
o"p-ei,i:hth of an inch long. It is broadest near tlie abruptly pointed apex, and tin
Mde- arc slinlitly concave, but the angles are rounded.

411. Henl AU. Self -Ileal. A brownisli seed, about one-twelfth of an inch loiiir
ul.loiii:-oval. tapering to a small white triangular scar-appendage at the base. Dart
lines f<,llow the margins and centres of the faces. These prettv double lines art
characteristic.

."0. Eienina Primrose. An anjrular, reddisii-brown seed, usuallv with a narrow
Willi: al,,n- the ed-es. The four faces are finely roughed, and faintlv ridged. Somt
sec,l< arc pvranndai, some prismatic, otliers wedge-shaped, but commonlv four-
sidci] will: one face rounded.

HORSETAIL FAMILY (EQUISETACEAE).
TIoitsET.viL OH S<ouiiiNG Hlsii. (Equisetum arvcnse, L.).
Jliis pla.it is found in damn srrass laiids. in low nlnces ip .-"ilf-:— f-.-i fi.Mi; .... i
on appan>ntl-,- drv ^andy land which lias a poorly' drained 'subsoTr If "fcVin
quantity in nay it i-; poisonous to horses.

T!ie Horsetails aj.pear in early spring as small pale stalks with yellowish or
brownish heads. Later in the season feathery, tail-like leafy green shoots appear

23

24

These are frequently described by correspondents as beinj;; like little pine trees. '
is this form of j)lanl wliich is usually noticed in cultivated fields.

Remedy. The appearance of this weed in any quantity always indicates lack <
proper underdrainage. This lack supplied, the weed soon disappears from cu
tivated fields.

THE GRASS FAMILY {GRAMINEAE).
Fox-TAii>, Yellow Fox-tail or Pigeon- Grass. (Setaria glauca, L.).

A common weed in stubble, fallow or root fields. It has an annual root, wit
stems about two f(>et liigh, of erect habit of growth. At the summit of that pai
of the leaf whicli sheathes the stem (the ligule) there is a fringe of hairs. The leav(
are fiat, rougii above, and smooth beneath. The dense, close spike, which resemble
Uiillet, is l)ristly and tawny yellow in color.

The seeds are one-eighth in. long, of various shades of brown in color, and wit
transverse wrinkles. They frequently retain their green color, and are quite con
monly found as an impurity in clover and grass seed. An average plant produc*
about 15,000 seeds.

Time of flowering, July-September.

Time of seeding, August-October.

Remedy. Gangplow stuljble ground about three inches deep early in the fall; a
soon as the seeds have had time to sprout, cultivate thoroughly; repeat cultivatio
and rib the land with a double mould-board plow the last thing before the fros
Put in a hoed crop (potatoes, roots or corn) nest spring, and cultivate thoroughl
throughout the growing season. Follow with a grain crop seeded with clover, wit!
out plowing after the roots, for if the land is plowed it is liable to bring mor
seed to the surface. When tlie soil is broken up, plow shallow in the latter part c
harvest, cultivate with harrow and cultivator throughout tlie fall, and rib up a
above.

In the early after-harvest cultivation of stubble ground, some harrow tli
stub])le as the first step; and when the weed seeds have sprouted under their ligh
covering, then gang-plow and harrow, and stir afterwards with the cultivator a
time i)ermits throughout the fall.

Greex Fox-tail. {Setaria viridis, L.).

A grass very similar to Yellow Fox-tail and found in similar situations. It can
however, bo distinguished from Yellow Fox-tail by the denser spike with green o
golden bristles, and by the seeds which are smaller and with the cross ridges les
distinct. The seeds are very frequently found in clover and grass seed. The metho(
of eradication is the same as for Yellow Fox-tail.

Chess, Cheat or Wheat Thief. (Brnmus secalinus, L.).

A weed naturalized from Europe. It is a wiQter annual, with fibrous roots am
rough, i.-ortrse leaves. It has large spikelets, dark green in color, of characteristn
shape, and grows from three to four feet higli.

Many look upon Chess as degenerated wheat, liecause it appears among fa'
wheat that has been winter-killed. This idea is erroneous and without foundation
The fact is that Chess will mature sseed under adverse conditions, even though th(

25

Fig. 1. Tellow Fox-tall (Setaria glauca).

Fig. 2. Chess (liromus srcalinus).

87

[! i:;t bo only a few inchoi' high. The seed possesses great vitality, and is often
loiisiij among wheat and rye.

('!u>!is is most commonly found among wheat and rye.

Till.' llour made from it is dark-colored, and has narcotic principles. Care in the
-■,. rtimi of seed grain and careful cultivation, tending to prevent the maturing of

i]\,' is, arc the chief remedies. The planting of a crop tliat can i)e harvested

Mi.'fiire the Chess matures is a good plan in badly infested localities. An average
||i :iiit [)n)(luces aiiout 1,000 seeds.

Tiiiie of flowering, June. Time of seeding, July.

■Chess is a typical plant i)elonging to the genus Bromus. Wheat l)clongs to tlie

.. !i'is Tritirum. Chess will produce Cliess and only Chess, and a seed of wlieat

iiiiiicit be sown to produce Cliess, and Chess cannot produce wheat under the must

r.iiralile conditions of growth.

"Ill instances where parts of a plant, apparently a combination of Cliess and

|w :i.;it. were so united as to seem but one plant, close e.vamiiiation ^iroved them to

• !Mit- of separate plants, and that the apparent union was not real."

I!''rii<',lii. Avoid sowing Chess in seed grain. Tlie seed is comparatively sliort-
:.' li. and a four-years' rotation exclusive of winter grain will clean it out of the
ill. Patches in grain fields should lie cut before the plants mature their seeds.
iii' k seeding with early red clover is rcconimendced for badly infested fields. The
r-' .n.p of iiay should be cut before the Chess has had an opportunity to pro-
; • -.Ills. Sliallow, after-harvest cultivation will do much to keep this pest in

Wild Oat. (A vena falua, L.).

All annual weed with erect and smooth stems. The leaves and stems are covered
*':iii white bloom, which give a peculiar white-green color to tlie wliole plant.
T;ie mad forms a loose panicle, with nodding and spreading branclilets. Tiic awn
I- [ling and bent, and covered with brown hairs. It is bent most when dry; but if
iioi-trned, it uncoils and wriggles around, thus causing the .'^eed to move ap-
;'r."'iab!e distances.

Till' principal points of difference between the wild and culti>ated oats are (1 \

I:i ;:ii' former the cliafF is tliick and hairy, while in the latter it is tliin and hair-

•--■ and (2) The wild oat has a long, stiff awn which is bent and twisted when

iry. while the cultivated oat either has a much smaller and less >iilT awn or none

it ii!L An average plant produces a.hout 800 seeds.

Time of flowering, July.

Time of seeding, July-August.

I'l-persal — Conveyed from place to place by threshing machines, and as an im-
ri'!i:fv ill seed-grain.

'i^ \\i\ oats are at hotne in any soil that will grow cereals, and they ripen their
- •!- among almost any cereal crop. The seeds possess wonderful vitality, some of
t:i':ii remaining buried in the soil for years and germinating as soon as uiey are
: runziit under favorable conditions.

Hi-nicihj. On a field infested with wild oat?, cereal crops should be dropped out
01 tiie rotation as far as possible; and hoed crops, soiling crops, Iiay, and pasture
should take their place. To get the land under grass, it should be fallowed during
part of the season, the cultivation being frequent and shallow to destroy all seeds
tliat may have germinated in the upper layer of the soil. The laud can then be

iy^

\\ V

Fig. 3. Wild Oat (Avcna fatua)

Jiif-I^*..

M^-y-^^^J^

S9

Fig. 4. Couch Grass or rlgbt of figure and part of a stalk of perennial Rye-grass
{Loiium pcrenne) on left. Note the arrangement of splkelets In Rye-grass,

so

M.wii With wiiitiT wlu-at anil sreileil, or witli an early variety of barley, whi<
should lie cut oi. the >,'reeii side. The treatment mentioned is suitable for pa(<tu
land, or land wiiieh has produced a hay or soiling crop during' the fore part of tl
season. Two hoed crops in succession will do much to exterminate this pest.

CoUCIl-ClHSfi, TWITCH-OHASS, QUA( K-fillASS, QUITCH-CUASS, on QlUK-<iHAs>

.\L.so WiiEAT-OKASS. (Aijropjron repens, L.).

Couch-grass is a creeping j>erennial wiii( h grows from 1 to ',i feet high. It li.
a jointed root-stoik which penetrates deeply into the ground and possesses gre
vitality. The plant produces spikes from ;$ to 8 inches long. The small sj>ikele
alternate at ench notch of the ilower stalk, with the side of the spikclct turned t
wards the stalk.

The seeds are about one-half in. long, and rather slender. ( Fig. 1. 1 An .i\< ::ii
plant produces 400 seeds.

Time of tlowering, June-July.

Time of seeding, July-August.

Dispersal — The root-stocks are carried around by implen>ents, a.id the >'-'-Ci>- ;:
oc(iisi(injilly found in seed-grain.

Whatever value Couch-grass may have for pasture, its Imbit of taking and 1\(<
ing jiossession of the soil renders it extremely objectionable. It t^ourislu'^ hest
loamy or humus soils, from which it is especially diflicult to eradicate.

Remedij. As soon as the crop is harvested plow lightly, then harrow witl^ tl
ordinary harrow, and. if necessary, cultivate with the spring-tooth cultivator, 'lii
shakes the roots free from the soil and makes it possible to gather them up witb \\
horse rake. Burn as soon as they have dried sufficiently. Repeat this process twc ^
three timee. If the weather at this time should happen to be dry and hot,
much the better. Late in the fall rib up the land into drill*, and allow to star
over winter. The frost, in all probability, will render mat^'rial assistance in ti
eradication. The foUowinj^ spring plow about the end of May, cultivate well, ai
I)ut in some lioed crop, or summer fallow, sowing buckwheat, the crop to 1)6 plow(
in. A oarofuUy cultivated crop of rape is recommended as being particularly etTt
live in destroying this pest.

The use of rape in the destruction of Twitch-grass has provod very satisfart. r
Tlk' directions for this method are as follows:

Cultivate the field until about the middle of June, running over it frequmt
with the cultivator so as to keep ths tops down and thus weaken the "roots." T;.(
apply manure at the rate of about 20 tons per acre (\'l good hmdsi. Cultiva
the manure in thoroughly, and with a double mould board plow, sliglitly ridge i
the land, making the ridges about 26 inches apart. On the ridges sow pasttire rai
(Dwarf Pisse.\ variety) at the rate of l^o H'^- per acre. It is important that ti
right amount of rape should br sown, for if too little is sown the stand will ;
be thick enough to smother the twitch-grass, and if, on the other hand, too mu
is sown, the i)lants vill be too crowded and not grow vigorously enough to kw
ahead of the weed. Sow the rape when the land is sufficiently moist to insure quii
germination of the seed. If the rape is slow in starting, tlie Twitch-grass may g
a start in the rows and thus necessitate hand cultivation there. Cultivate the rai
every week or ten days until it occupies all the ground and makes further cultiv
tion impossible. If, when the rape is cut or pastured, any Twitch-graes remair
the field should be ridged up the last thing in the fall and put in with a hoed en

SI

Fig. 5. Skunk-taU Grass (Hordeum jubatum).

**1

.uSkatKMi^i^idH

32

((if following,' jcHr. TiiiM should not lit- nccrssarv if a j,'ooJ stand of rape li
Bt'iun'd.

Skunk-tau. (iiiAsi, Wit.i) IJaui.i.v, nil Syi iitiii.i-iAii. (iuv-is. {.'lordeum

jubatuin, L.}.

Tliid prasji is very troiiMcsomc in tli.' Wo.-t, and i> now (juiti! frequfiitly fouiu
in many parts i<f Ontario, i'.-|K'(ialiy aloiij,' railways.

A native perennial grass forniinj? tufts from 8 to 12 inclii's liij,'li. Leaves an
pale f,'reen in eolor, from ',i to 4 iniiuM l(>n<; with rou;,'li niari,'uis. Flowers are ii
a silky, bristly sjuke, from li to -t inelies long, pale yellowish green in eolor. Tin
seed is slender, sharp-pointed, somewhat resembling a small barley seed, and ha
a long ujfwardly barbed awn,

L'nni'dy. (!iit the plants whenever they appear iu waste places, and thus pro
vent them from going to seed anil spreading. Thi.-' weed is not troublesome ii
come out. This will not injure the other grasses in the iiieailow.

Oi.n Witch Ghass oh Toubi.e Gkass. {I'nmmm mpillare, L.).

An annual grass, very common in neglected lioed crops, gardens and wasti
places. Plants stout, with hairy leaves and large, finely branching, hxjsely spread
ing tops (panicles) which are often seen rolling over the ground on windy davi
'n the fall of the year.

Baiivyaud CiHass on CocKsruit Grass. (fJchinochloa crv-ir/alli, L.).

This grass is often abundant in hoe crops, headlainls and waste places. Thi
seed occurs occasionally in commercial seeds. A coarse annual grass from one t<
three feet high with broad leaves. Inflorescence 1 to 3 inches long, eonsis„ii;g
several one-sided branches crowded together and bearing numerous short-awnec
spikeiets. Seeds dark green to brown, flat on one side, ro'iiid on the other, one
eighth inch long, very smooth and shining.

Urmeily. Pro])er cultivation of hoe crops and taking care to cut in wast
places before it seeds will cause it to disappear.

FiNOEn GnAss ou Crab Grass. (Digitaria sanrjuliui'l^, (L.) Scop.).

A troublesome grass in lawns and sometimes in low fields. A much branched
leafv annual, from ten inches to two feet hiirh, spreading on the ground and fre
queiitly rooting at the lower joints of the stem. The leaves are from two to foii
inches long with ro)igh inargins. Flowers are produced in spikes which come nf
from the stem like the fingers on the hand, hence the common name. Finger Grass

RerncfJii. A mufli harder grass to eradicate than the Fox-tails, because it rofit
so readily at the joints. l?cpeate<l cultivation after harvest will do much to destro;
it. Spud out patches in lawns an tir the soil with a rake and sow heavily witl
pure lawn grass seed when the gi nd is moist.

..^^. "^ •* ^ ''.rih^t*li^^^Mli^*tmmiM^:

Si

T1!K IJUCKWUKAT FAMILY (I'Ol.YdOSACKAE ,.
h, Clhi.kd Dock, Snti' Dock, ou Yki.i.uw Dock, {liumex rrispw, L.).

A .!rc|i-rf>oti'(l iHTciiiiiiil wivd introiliKvil rnuii Kurojit'.

1 .'VurH aroulid Imildin;:*;, m uc^'lectod luncs, ulurij; wu>i»i(lc? and in pastiin*.

•■Ml is quito .-leiKicr, aii.i the It-avcs arc •'roiii six to twelve inches lon^', with

•liirjjiiis; hi'iKv tlic I'luiuiion iianic, "curled docV " The flowers are in

• -, ;,'rct'u in color.
I >-• seed 16 winged, and is carried consiilerahic distances by the .'ind. The nian-

; iittiichinent of tlic seed to the winj,' is shown in illustration ( Kiij. 6). The
. .ire lij.'ht brown in color, triangular, with sharp edfjes and tapering point.

itc siiKMjth anil siiiiiv.
T ■■ wind act.s as an a;rcncy in .scatterinj: the seed, and it is a very coniinon

rity in clover and other seeds used on the farm.
^ I ;i\era>:e plant produces alKHit 17,000 seeds.
1 ;:ie of (lowering; and seedinj,', ,ruIy-Au;,'ust.
i:-inrih,. In most cases this weed can U- kept in check by the frequent iiitro-

:i of wejl-cared-for hoed crops into the rotation. The .shorter the rotation

!• r. The later sown hoed crops, especially rape, are nurc eirective than

- WW earlier in the sea.son. Heforu the iioed crop is sown, this weed may be

■ 111 breathing' above |,'ronnd by piinj,' frequently over the field with a broad-

■ I iiiltivator, which will cut the plants an inch or two below the surface; but,

• Plots are tou^'h and strong, it may sometimes be necessary to use the gang-

*. -r even the hin,i,'le plow. Ab,nit the 1st of July the land may be sown with

.: drills, say 2G inches apart, and kept clean, or nearly so, by the horse-hoe

. rr (,r less hand lioeinj:. The rape can be pastured otf in the usual way dur-
I'ail; and. occasionally, it may be necessary to put another hoed crop ou

: :;e ground tile following s|)ring, say a crop of corn, but much depends ujaju
: •'•ness, regularity, and thoroughness with which the hoeing is done.

SoKBEi., ou Sheep Sohuel. {Itumrx aretosclla, L.).

1 ra:
i;i r

I •• r '

'i :

r

/;.

I IS w i '
|on!v

jbe-.-.
np f; ■

jHTcnnial with running root-stocks. The stem is slender and erect with
•■•■'■: The leaves are spear-shaped and quite characteristic. The llowens occur
■ nies, and are green in color. The foUagc has a pronounced acid ttste.

• Kecd is 1-16 in. long, triangular, smooth, and shining when naked, but
r 'wn when invested by its covering. An average plant produces about 10,000

e of flowering, June-September.

ic of (Seeding, July-October.

[■agation— By its running root-stocks, and as an impurity in eloTcr setd
illy Alsike.
nf'lij. Sorrel is usually an indication of a poor, sandy, or grarclly soil. It

.i'id SGils. henet- iiming and muiiuring are etTective remodics when the l^nd
' tilled. The remedies giren for the Dock (Fig. 6) are applicable to Sorrd,
t ..quires more frequent use of the broad shared cultiyator, which ghould
1 so as to cut the roots just below the surface of the soil, without bringing
} of the creeping root-stocka.
.T w.

34

Fig. 6. Curled Dock (Hmmx crisintu).

35

I

Fig. 7. Sheep Sonel (Humex acetosella).

i

36

l.ady".- ■rhumb, nv Smartwi'od (Pnlyijonum pcrMcaria). This pluut grows to a
heif,'ht (•f \-i t(i IS iiKhcs. ll loaves are huK-e-shaped, us-ually with u dark blotcK
near t!u' imtn'. It i~ an aiinual and is Di'len aluimlant.

li'oiirili/. i'lrvi'iit from .-ceding', and sow clean .-eeds.

Will) i;rcKwii!;\T nK Ri.ACK HiNKwi'Kn. {roUijonum conrolvulti.i, L.).

An iiitnMluctd annual I'ounil coninumly in eenal cn.ps thruu^rhout Ontario. It
is a iwinm.L' iierli with hranehiii.' sU-ms and thin, sniuoih, arrow-shapcd leave-.
Flowers smail, greenish, in eluster.^ in the axils of the leaves and at the end of the
stems. Seed, hhuk, huekwheat-shaped, !.„ <d' an iiidi lonir, but when found in grain
the outer Lhick coat is often mi.-sing and the seed is tlieii white and waxy in ap-
pearance.

Time nf th.vveriiig, frum dune to September; seeds rii)en about the middle of
July.

Dispersal — I>y seeds.

li'cmeili/. Sow pure .-ecd grain. Cultivate lightly after harvest and cause tlie
needs to germinate, tlicii harrow out the young phmts.

THE SPINACH OK GOOSEFOOT FAMII-Y {CIIEXOPODIACEAE).

L\Mi!'.s QuAUTEUs, OR GoosEi-ooT. {CItcnopoiIium album, L.).

An ainiual weed widely distributed in cultivated land. It grows to a height <'f
from 2 to C. feet. Tlie sU'in is griMived and much branched. The leaves are whitisii-
greeii bel.,w and dark grecii above. The flowers are inconspicuous and greenish in

color.

The see(l (Fig. 9) is black and shining, leus-shapcd il round, about 1-16

in, in diameter.

Time of Ikiwering. June-Oi tober.

Time of seeding, August-October.

Distribution — I?y si'cds, especially a? ai; impurity in clover and grass seeds.

Heniidji. Late cultivation is especially uece>sary iu con,i»atiiig this weed, as it
flowers and seeds till very late in the season. Tlie land should be gang-plowed shal-
low and harrowed immediately after harvest, and cultivated at intervals until
late ill the fall, when it may be plowed or ribbed up for a hoed crop the following;
spring. Subsequent treatment the same as for Fo.xtail (Fig. 1;.

OaJc-Iarn! Guusefoof. Usually spreads nn the ground. Its loa^o.s are like minute
white oa'; leaves.

Maph- leaved Gou^efoof. Grows erect, with l^gc, thin, triangular leaves.

SImu 'errii Bliie. IJesenibles the last, but has red seed clusters.

SprradirKj Oraclir. Somewhat resemliles Lami)'s l^uarters, but has larger ani
thicker l<Mves, goosefo.it shaped. It is much branched or spreading and the seed |
covers are warty.

37

Fig. 8. Wild Buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus).

38

'■.^■r''--c:

I'ls:. 0. Lamb's Quarters (Vhinopodiiim allium).

il --I \N

'iii-ii.r.. {.<'il<o!,i Kali, viir '(imifo

li„. (i. F. W. Shy.).

- 1- ;1 UtTi

1 whiili !ia.<

a- iioar 1 on many

I'ariiis in Ontario

linrinir the

ll lias liirn intro.huva as an iini'unty in Alialia .'-.■uJ. A large
, ,,,v' i' ilio suni.k- or Alfalfa s-ol cNaininra at the IK-partnimt .jf Botany
;;.i;,,. r.o;, ,untain.a the <.v,ls oC th:s w.ol, an^l alrraay tins fall several
,,ensV.i iho uv.-l, f. .1 ill Alfalfa lid-ls, h^>ve houn sent in for nlent.fu'ation.
li„,„an •n.istle i- .i ^erv .Tions pe-t in several of the Western States, an,l is
! ■„, ,,,„ i-pairie l'fo\iner~. hut ha- not yt heen reported as beniLr very trouhle-
'•V.v The plants, when npe. hreak oif at the .M.rfaee of the -rouna and are
i 1 ,„M- .i-iiuees l.v the u-in.l. MMtterin- their nnnienms s.'eds on their journey.
rii/nunl.iin- hahit thai in,ik.~ 'hi- vve..,! partienlarly a.lapleil to the pnurie
• i'.^. \\,.-t aii.l it prohal.lv uili n.'ver he a ,-eriou- p.'st in Ontario, where

Fis. 111. Kussian Thistle.

livi'- ami other oh-truetions wil

prevent its h.-int,' spreail far ami wide by

Ih-.rription. The Russian Thisth- is a native of Kiirope and ^^estern Asia. It

aih smooth, hushv hranehed annual, from 1 to :! feet hi-h Mature plants

.. , ore or less spheri.al in form. The stems and brandies are red ri color. The

I . ^ are awl-shai-ed, 1 to 3 inelies lonR. soft and fleshy when youn-, very prickly

-,,1 when mature The tlowers are ineonspicuous, being small, without petals,

• • -,.ntarv in the axils of tlie loaves. The swds are about 1-12 of an inch long.

;,,,! in -eneral outline, with a oup-shapcd depression at the upper end, m

lie ,, Hire of whieli is a pointed projection ; color dull grey or green, Rmbryo spirally

j\-,::r.J:: 'Y\:r- }> ;•,-'-'■ :yv- Th.isllo. bcincT on annual weed, is not hard to exter-

i:e If onee cut'otf at the surface of the ground it never grows again, and

■vc in well-cultivated fields it is not likely to prove a pest. The chief danger lies

..e-le.r. A simrle jilant produces an enormous ntimher of seeds, and if a few

W.- ^^^1^' Mf^

40

Klg. 11. Pigweed (Amarantlius rctrotU'iun)

4i

II, ni.- aru allowed to mature they will .-eed down a wliulr llel.i aiiJ eause yerKni-;

le the fulluwiiii; yoar, e>i)e(ially in a emp wliieh doe.- not allow of the tn-

: ii-e of tiie cultivator. Farmers in Ontario <hou!d, therefons i)e on the look-
.1 this weed and destroy any specimens they may lind in their fields, fence
!-. (,r alonj? the road sides. If a field is neglected until it l.ecomes seeded, re-
! !,l(,wii:g will he required la order to ch'an it. *"\Vhen the plant is not more
■ A inches high careful j)lowing with a drag chain from the end of the double-
;,. the plow beam, dragging hack sr as to have every plant dragged under the
A. With harrowing to fill c\rry crevice nctw.vn the fiiirow-. will dotmy every

; ui.u cannot get its !ca\cs in the surface."

1

THE I'KJWKKl) FAMILY (.l.U.l/.M.V77/.l(7;.l/-;

aiiliu

I'KJWKici), 01! l{i;i>i:ooT. {A '■Kiniiilh:/-: rclrofl
,il. with jii'ik root, stout, erc-t sti'iii. and n

i\ni.<

L.K

nanv i)rii!ic;ii'

It u'row

,-s f

rmu

I'et hi

'h. The leaves are light green in color, and ovate in shape.

T

le

ire in spikes, whidi terminate hranclic-. <ir arc trniii

the a.\iU •>( tiie leaves.

are green lu

color.

T

(Fig. 11.) are round and lens-shaped, .-mootii. ai

ul shiny hlack in

rr-emhlin

the seed of Lanil)'s Quarters, hut sli.ditly si'ial.er and tiiinner.

.iverage plant i)roduces l."'),OOU seeds,
i'iine of flowering, Julv-Septemher.

;iie 0
-ii.Tsal

f seeding, August-Oetoher.

-Th:

d is (li>tributed !iv the wind and as an impurity in gra-s

!.'' mrJii. Special attention mu
to piweiit ]dants fruin ripening, and

st he given to fall cultivation

.f tl

le .-oil so

>r

It and destroy the .-eed- which havi

fa!

!■ ii upon

the ground. The land should he gang-plowed shallow and harrowed

a'tely after harvest, and cultivated at intervals until late in the fall, when

it !• .:■< he i)lowed or ribbed up for a hoed crtrp the iVdlowing spring. Suo.seipient

It the sanie as for Fo.xtail (Fig. 1).

iiiinble Weed, or White Pigweed (Amaninlhu.< i/riierizans). This plant re-
.^em': !(s Ru.-;siau Thistle quite closely, but can he distinguished from it by its
n;;;. 1. .-hiny, jet-blaek seeds, and by its leave-, wliich. although small, have a
(Ic'iiiii; lilade. It is a low-branched annual when growing in sandy, nju-n fields and

rr.rtii-ides.

'.' iiirdji. Prevent the maturing of the seeds, which ripen in August. The i>lants,
a- 1 ■ iilc, are conspicuous, and mry be readily oollectcd and burned. The seeds are
c.!': , I'nund in grass seed mixtures.

^iireading Amaranth (Amaranflnis blitoidi's). forms large mats on waste
(."• md, .ilonj:, roadsides and walks.

Farm Wofds of Canada." By Gto'-Be II. C'.ark and Dr. Jamo^ Fletcher.

42

'^\

w

r^

t» .■>,',■; ■ '

1/ #v W

■y.\-fn

m .%,

^f If 11 !: j

A

/' ir

M.W'^.<

■i^

Fig. l.\ forn .spurrey (Spcryfla arvciisis).

44

TlIK I'IN'K FAMILY irAHYorilYLLACEAE).

C'lii.v Si'UitRKY. (Sprnjulii (irrciisis, L.).

This is an amiiKil weed introdut-cd frojii Kur.-i.c. It i. found chiefly on sand'.
-.)il. It <iru\vs from l.j to 18 inclios hi<:li. The tloivns ,nv .,„all, white, and in loo-e
tfrnimal (dusters. Th<' leaves arc necdle-iikc in uli,,rl> at the joint^^ of the stein
The <eeds are dull M;irk, mottled with lirouii. round and flattened, with the niargiL
e\ti'n(liiiir into a iKirrow rim.

Time of llowcrinv, duly; seed; rijicu, July to Aui:u-t.

Dispersal. — By seeds.

Unnvdii. Frei|uei!t stirrin- of the soil to make tlie seeds .sprout, and frequent
liar.-owiMi,' In dotroy the seedlings.

Cni.N Coi Ki.i:. OK I'cui'i.K CocKLi;. (A'jroMomwa (jifhago. L.).

An annual a.lveiitive from Europe, alx.nt I to :; f.rt higli, with ereet hahit of
-rowth. it has i,ut U'W hrandirs. and thr <\vu\< are all wry hairy, with whitish-
-rerii h.iirs. Tli- Icav. - are rather long an<l narrow, with p.untcd ends. The flower?
are r.'.l to purp!,.. and Mi,. I1.,w,t eup (calvx) has Ion- \.,W<, tliree or four time-
the length of ilw peta!-.

_Tlie seed (•ap.ul.-s ar.. genrrally w-U filled with srrd. which is hlack in eolor
ir.d kidney-shaped, with tui.ereles (small eoniial i)rojeetions | arranged in row^
around the sidos of the seed. ( S.v Fig. 1."-.) The seed is ahout i/g in. aero.ss. .\ii
average plant produrc- ahoiit ."lOO seed<.

Tinii' of flowering. Jul v.

Time of seeding, August.

ni>persal— By birds, in manure, and as an impuriiv in seed.

it may he noted, in passing, that the seed is injurious to voung chickens, and
rhe husks of the seed ofti^n elude the miller and cppear as black specks in h„iir,
wlii.li IS serously damaged thereby. An old writer, (ierarde. says:

•'What hurt it doth anuuig corn (wheat) the spoyle nnto bread, as well in
eolour, taste, and unwhok-dmeuess. is better known than desired."

Urmedii. S"w elean seed; and when the weid is not verv thick pull it by haiul.
1 ractise a short rotation of crops. Cultivate thoroughlv after harvest. If this w.ei!
is very abundant fall wheat should be omitted from the rotation for four years.

Bi.ADniK Cami'iov. Tow Bi:i,i. oi: Bi,\nnKi! Wkkd. (.s',7f,„. latifolia. Mill).

This is another bad weed which is beeoming a serious pest on many farms in
Ontario, and about wlii.h a great many enquiries have been made during the p,i«t
few years. It is .spread ehiefiy as an impuritv in clover seed. A large number of
samples of clover seed, especially those of red and alsike clover, sent to the
Depiirtment of Botany this past season for examination as to purity have b.rn
found to contain the seeds of this weed. As it is a free seeder, and very difK< idt
to exferiiiinate ouce it becomes est.TJiiisliPfl +nn r>^^^r^^ oo^« Mn^-f >>o *-i-— > *-

^ t rruUi"! t.>e tanr:: iv

secure clover seed free from this impurity, and to dig up bv the roots and burn
anv >tray specimens that by any means may find their way on to the farm.

45

Fig. 14. Bladder Campion (Bilen^ latifolia)

46

Ih's, r'nitlnll, 'I'iir r.!.l.|.|iT ('.Ulll'lnll 1-^ .1 I i;lUl I il 1 1 /,•• 1 , ili''-|i fiotiil, fltflv

braucluii;,', in-r.'i.hial «...! i" l^.n^iii;,' Xu X\\'- !':!ik l-':iiiii!y (( urijoiihijllaceai'). !

liroWS I'iMIII .-ix ilU'llC- I.I l«.> t'o't lli.L'll. 'I'll!' Ir.lM'- iiri' lP\,itl' lillltl'llliltl', MIKKjtl;

i:i jiair-, with lin'ii- Im-.- ni'M'tm^' iiriiuinl tin -t.in. 'I'lii,' IIdwcts are whiti', iiciii;
an iii.'li in ilianidcr, an. I l...in.. in l..o-.. ( In-t. r-, wliidi an,' oftm drodpiii;,'. Tii.
I)...tal- ai-i' tw.. rlrl'i an.l llic v.\\\\ u\\u\\ ii llat<.! an.l lM.|l-sha|ic(l. witli distiiir
jinr|i!i-ii \riii-. It 1- I'n.ni tin' intlit.il .,il\\ that tln' plant (Icrivc-i it-s coiniiu.i
iiaiiio-. IMa.l.liT I'aniiM.m. lUa.lil.T Wcnl am! C.w I'.i'll. 'I'lir cap-^nlc or "si'i..
|io.l" 1- I'ncl.i-c.I l.v till' inllat«'.l ial_v\. ,in.l o|"ii- al ih.' t')|i l>y li\u .-liort reciirvi'.
ti'i-tli. 'I'lii- wi'.'il tli.wiT- I'r.iiM .Inni' m Aii-n-i. ami inatiin'< .-it'il fnmi .Inly t
Si'ptcniiii'r. I/iiL'i' (jnantitiis of mt.! ar.' itn..hii nl. 'I'Ihv arc aliont l-i<> <if an iiir!
ill leiijztli. irn'u'ularly knlnry-^liaiu'd. Ii::lil lir..vvii t-. il.irk ^rrcy in (olor, the siir
fa.c foMTfii with rr.'iilaily arraiiLT'''! r"\v- i.f tuin'nlcs. Typical seeds >\\u\\ .
; lark.'d <I..jirc--i.vn at lh.' -.ar. 'i'his r haradcr, ami ilic ncrc c.)nical shape of tli'
tiiocrcj.'-. make it po,--ihIe for a careliil oh-iT\cr to di~tini,'ni,--h them fr mi th'
.-^eeiU ..f t!i.' \i:,'lit-l!o\vcrin>,' Catchtly and White CockU', which they reseinhle ver
elo-.'lv.

l!rnn',l',. Till' roots of thi- pc^l ar.' very Ion;:, thick, and iiiiich liranched. .'
irood-sizod plant will ha\e a root over two feet loni:. with miinerons di.c]) ro.t
-t.ick-. A wi'cd with sill h an nndcrLriound root -\-|i-ni is ncie.--arilv hard ;
oonihat. Some means mii-t he taken \>\ which the deep root-; and rootstocks eai
l)t' destroved. Small patclic> .-hoiild he carefully diii: out early enoui.'h in tlie sca
son to |ire\ent seeding:. takiiiLT pains to ;.'et every |iicci. of the rout and root.-toek-
r.a'llv infested field- .-hoiihl he plowed deeply immediately after harvest ; an.
tiu'ii lii.irouirhlv cullivati'd and eross-cii'tisalcd with the hroad->hared enltivatu
in .)rder to cut up and weaken tli(> undcr^rouml innt sy-tem. The fnllDwinu' sprii;
c.iiiiinue the deep . iiltivation at inter\als of aliout two wcks until it is time t
put in a hoed i fop. which must he kept thoromrhly clean in order to he cirecti\.
Corn. followin_' thoroui^h lultivation a.s ahove. ha- hceii fniind to he an cNcellc!:
h I '1 i lop to ll,L:ht lhi~ \M.ei| with.

Wiiin; C\Mi'io\. (m; Wiiiri: C<m ki-K. ( fjicknis alhii, L.).

A hieniiia! weed introduced from Kuro[ie. with liairy and lirancliiii.u' -tems fr^i
1 to :'. feet hiirli. Like the Xi.udit-llowerim: Catchtly, it lias a vi-cid sccretioi
whicli attra. ,- many insect-. The leaves ore ohlouL'. with acute tijis. The tlowci
a-e in loo-e panicli'S. white or pink in color, and nearly '■'•] in. hroad. .\s a riili
t'lev open It niirlit. and remain so until the morniiiLT of the followiiiL: day. T!i
jK)d lias short teeth around the top. wliieh curl hack wlien dry, and the seeds at
di-trihutcl iiv the winds swayinir the sfcin. wlun the -eeil- drop out. In w.
weather the-e iceiii -t laiirhtcii out and completely clo-e tlie opciiiiii; at the top.

Till- -cc,i ( FIlt. l.'>i is e-rey in eo'or ami kiilncy--haped. witli f.iherclc.s n
raiarlv di-pn-ed o\cr the surface. .\n a\era'jc pi-tilhite plant produces lO.Oii
see. Is.

'ri>i^rt .>f jl.>v.".,.rinL'. .-Tune-AxtLrust.

Time of seeding, .luly-.Vugnst.

Dispersal — By wind and as an impurity in seeds.

nnnrili;. A per-i-tent weed that i- ditlicult to eradicate. Kxerciso great cai
it; cleaning seed grain, and icvamine all imrdiased grain and clover seed for tl

4:

Fig. io. White Cockle (.Lychnis alba).

48

-H „f ,!„s „.,.e,l. Ii i- ..l;,in„,! ,!,at !„nv Minnn-r fnllow. with thorou-d. ^ulti^

'"?•-";"'■';"" "; ''■''• "■ '•• "■^- ^*'*^- ^'-^ *'- -"ts are Hesl,;:,,,] ,
— .1. nnl..s< dra;:,, n.ht n„ ,., ,)„ ,,,■.„.„ „f tU. soil. If there is alittle eari

"'.,':"";• -'^ ■-'"^'■' '■'"■"' '•'•")' - II k<.r|, it i„ ehe.k. l)i.<.in.r I.aro stuhl,'

^•'il '- r„. , l,v .,n„th.n„._. I-,,s,nn.s f„Ilowin<r a sincrlo out of earlv dov.
^l.ouI,l ho n,nn,.l .ith a ,„ow,.,. :.h.,„t ,he ,ni.l,ll.. of A„.u-t to preve, t

»'o\v rv.-K, K OK Cou- IIi:i;i!. ( .Vff/,o„,„-^/ r^r-^nV/, I,.).

Ill
On

111,

A weed oonmion in ^rai. field. i„ ,I.„ ^V,..t. Tl.. seed is „f,e„ f„nnd in c^n

liwMi tiie \\e~t. Dunn" the iia<t few v.'ir< If- l,o. i . <■ i ■

- I''' "\^ >'•"•> it !ia.^ li..,.,, found in nianv parts of f

. ' '• '"'■ ''^'^ 7'^ ""f ''^'-'""^ " -^■'•'■■n< p..t in tl.H I'rovinee. T is a cmor.
;^-H.o,H. annnal r u,t. fron, 1 to 2 feet hi.h. The l.ave. are o.al lanee^har,

di In^f's'T" T ^'"'; "V'"' 'r" '^'""■'■" "^" '"''^''^ ''-^- "'"-^ '^- i-i '"
^ ....k. M,h,.n,.al .eed. aho„t Mo i„eh in diameter, with th. surfaeo rninutel

Time of fl.wrrii.L'. .Tnlv; <e..d< ripe in AiiLrn-t.

Di-jii-rsal— I'.y s.^d^ ,,iilv.

luhir.i,;. The idant hein:: eonspirnmi

enltivafion will do lu'ieh t

'fin- eonspienous is ea^ilv hand pnlled. Fall and sprint
o elean hadly infected fields. '

1!h> N.du-!h,w>r,n,^ ( alehflv (Silcr norlijhra. L.), ro,=oniI,lo.. the Bladder
' -np,..n hut ,t ,s an annual, tall and very leafy, with a vi.soid seeretior, all over
stem, oft.n so profuse that the stem and leaves are eovered with small in=e t-
on tan.led ,n ,t. ]t opens at ni.ht. and possesses a fragrant smell. It is ot
I ad a w,rd as if. nlative. the Bladder rampion.

so

rrnsLAXE family {poutulacacaea).

PrnsLANE, OH PrnsLKY {Poriulaca oJerarra, L.).

Purslane is j-ro-eminently a par len weed, and is readily reoofrni^ed bv its fle^hv
leaves and .stem, whuh lie pro-frate on the ground. It is an annual

The stems are red. and the leaves wed^re-shaped and clustered' at the ends of

.ranehes. he flowers are bright yellow, about 1/4 in. across, and open only durin.

full sunlight for a few hours in the morning. The seeds (Fig. U), in small capsules

are Idaok. kulney-shaped. and extremely small. An average plant produces fiO 000

'eed>. • •■ - '

Time of flowering. July, until frost.
Time of seeding, August, until frost.
Dispersal — By seeds.

- ffe's'-ij-i •- ■ - ^Xf^ " -^--s^i i-^^ ""s4'!

.■->.

^:' 5- . \^_^!^S&^€^V^

49

Fig. 16. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea).

4 w.

Ti^^^^^MF^W^^^^^^^M^^WWW^'

50

PursiMii" li.i- 'mcii ii-,.i1 :i< Iki^' fi'cl in v(>ry ilrv seasons, liut the cost of Lratlieriii.
it is too .rn-.u.

li'ciiinlih C.uvful Iiocjiinr a,,,] iv.iwiMiit cult iva* !( 'ii . Tlio latter should lie as earl'
as possil>le. Pliiiit- whirli li;i\c Imtii luud out sliould lie raked up and destroyed o
tliev will mat lire the seeds.

THE BUTTEI?rrP F.V^riLY (RANUNCULACEAE).

Tai.i. Bi-.Tiiicrr, Tai.l ritowFoor. JIkadow Buttkuci-p (Rariunmlus ncrw, L.I

A noxiou-; ^veed in low meadows and pasture lands. Tt crowds out the prass, ani!
cattle will not eat it on account of its hot tastiu;:, blistering juice. It is seldom
troublesome on well-drained land under a short rotation of crops.

An introdueed perennial weed with filirons roots and an erect, .somewhat liairv
stem. The leave-; are three-parted, with the divisions aj:ain three-cleft with deeplv
lobcd sesrmenfs. Flowers are ])roduced from early iti June until frost. They are
bright yellow in color and conspicuous. Tiie dry seed-like fruits are in globose head-.

Time of Howering. June to September; seed ripe by Julv.

Di.spersal — By seeds.

Remedij. When possible the land should be well drained and brought under cul-
tivation, and not seeded down again until the weed has disappeared. On pasture
lands which cannot be cultivated the weed sliould be cut closely two or three times
each year: once early in June and again in July or August. This treatment to be
successful must be re])eated for two or three vears.

THE MUSTARD FAMILY (CRUCI FERAE).

Pi:\NV-( iii:ss. BASTAiitvcKKss. FiiKNTit Wekd, Wild Garlic, on Stink-weed

(Tlilaspi arvense, L.).

A winter annual, introduced from Europe, and a very bad weed. It is verv
abundant in Manitoba, and is becoming rather connnon in Ontario. It grows a'
an erect ])lant. with a number of branches from the upper part. The leaves are
numerous during the first of the season, and dasp the stem by ear-like lobes. The
flowers are white and small, with spreading flower stalks. The i)ods which succeed
the flower arc very characteristic. They are nearly orbicular, about half an inch
iiroad. (|nite llat. with a lirnad wing all anaind, and nutrl.ed at the top. Fi;,'. IS
shows this peculiarity. Each ]wd produces about twelve seeds, which are dark brown
to black and o\al in shape, with curved lines. An average plant produces bout 20,00o
seeds.

The plant has a peculiar odor, resembling that of garlic, hence some of the coni-

niO:; iialiVv-. T'ie Seed liuS a Very pUUgCnt laste. u';;

imparts a disagreeable ilavor to the milk.
Time of tlowering, May-September.
Tinie of seeding. June-Scptemiier.
Dispersal — riiiefly by the wind.

■aicii !iv mikii Cuws li

51

Fig. 17. Tall Uuttercup {Hanunculus ucrin).

52

;?/•! czivensc).

TiA

Fig. 19. Pepper Grass (l.cpidium apetelum).

•mEMmJ^^n!Mm

"^^

'•i-

54

Eriiirdi/. Iliind imll :\ut] Innii wlion in >ninll (|uantitio.5. Tf tlio {[M k ba^
infested tiic fnllnwin;.' inctluHl of c rndiration i> reoomniondod : *" iUin a disk
liarrow over tlif .-ttilildi' ;h soon as the rro]) is removrd so as to start into grow
tlio soods near the snrfacr. '|'!i(> followin;.' <prin;.' cultivate or harrow tlifso plnr
ilown ; and as simn as a ^'lowtli of fresh plants starts plow the land and harrow
on(>e. This land may he sown late to a preen feed crop or it may he kept under
clean fallow for tlir whole season if the land can he spared. The following sprii
any growth of wceil-; shonld he cultivated down hefore sowing the crop."

I'lant-s with i'nljy formed pods should never he plowed down, as the seeds w
mature Ik hav ilio i:roinid and maintain their vitality for considerable time.

l'i:n'i:i! Cimss, oi; ToNon: Okass (LrpiiHum npelnJiim Willd.).

A native annual which grows from six inches to a foot and a half liiL'h. T
stem usually has many branches, and t!ic lower leaves terminate in a large lobe (wi
small lateral om--). with edges slightly cut in along the margin. The upper leav
are tapering. The flowers are small and white, with slender spreading flower shill
The seed pods are round, with a verv small wing at the top and a notch at tl
extremity. The end of a hraiieli with seed pods is shown iiearlv natural siz.<
Fig. 1!). '

The seeds are n-ddi-h-brown. fl,-,t and oval in sliaiic. and l-lfi in. long. T!
averaire plant ])ro(hiees about IS.OdO seeds.

'I'inie of flowering. June-August.

'I'ime of seeilini:. duly-SeptembtM'.

i'ivpersal — l>y bird- and as an im|nirity in clover seed.

Ii'minli/. Be larefid to prevent the plants from seeding, and do not plow the
under half ripe, as many of the seeds will germinate even thougli ])artially mature
I'ull and burn where only a few jilants exi-t. and wlien they are numerous use t!
method em]doyed for the eradication of Mustard.

FiKi.n l't:i'iM:i; (Jijass on Cow ('i;i:ss (LrpiiHnni raiiiprslre, Rr.).

This is a comparatively lunv weed in Ontario, about which many enquiries Iiai
been received durim: the past few years. From information gathered from corr
sjxmdents it seenH urtain that it has been spread as an impurity in clover seed.

Field Pepper Grass of t^ow Cress is an introduced annual or biennial weed helnn;
ing to the Mustnird family (Cnicifcmc). It grows from 1 to 2 feet high, an
branches freely. The basal leaves are jietioled, oblong and entire ; stem leaves speai
shaped, entire or slightly toothed, and clasping the stem by their arrow-shaped base
Flowers are small, white or yellowish in color. The seed pods are broadly ovate, bea
shaped, being rounded below ami hollowed out above. They stand out stiffly froi
the stem on pedicels of about their own length. The seeds are reddish-brown i
color, about 1-12 of an inch long, sharply egg-shaped, rounded or somewhat Ihi
tencd, and the surface is granular and slightly smrfy.

Rrmed'i. Hand jmll small patches, t^ut clover early enough to prevent socdini
IMow up badly infested llelds and put in a hoed crop for one season.

Siii:riiri;n's PrnsK [Capsclla Jiursa-pn^loris, L.).

A winter annual, naturalized from Europe, with a long. deep, tap root. The rcK
leaves are lobed and form a large rosette, which lies close to the ground, and in th
state it passes the winter. The following spring a nnu'c or less branched stei

* " Farm Weeds of Canada."

Wm^^^lf^^'^^^'-'^F^

65

Kig. L'O. Field Pepper Grass or Cow Cress (Lrpidium cninprstre).

86

arises, with nrrow-sliapoil Ifuvr'-i tlnToon. TIic flowers nro vorv small a.id whit
in cohir. and arc niiicli h'<^ con-piciious tliaii the sct-d vessels, which are triaiipiiia
in shape, anil are att^iclied to the -talk <ir pi^dieel at tlio lower apex of the trianirle
From the ehnrarter of the.-e p^ds the [)huit ohtaiiis its scientific and common nam.'
The trianLTular pod is divided down the centre l)y a partition, forminfj two cdlr
each of which c-outains from in to ]•> seeds (Fi<r. VI). In size the plant vari?
irreatly from a f< w inches to two feet, dcfiendini; on tlie soil and locality. But evei
a very (rminutive ])lant produrcs manv scimI-. The seed is very small, lijrht hmwi
in color, and oldonj: in sliape ( Fi^'. "•.'l). .\n avera^'o plant produces over 50.00'
seeds. FiL'. 21 shows shape of seed, also the arranjrenient of st-cds in the pod.

'J'inie of flowcrinij, early sjirin;.' till the lieu'inninii of winter.

Time of seediiif:, early spring till the l)ei,'innin;; of winter.

Dispersal — as an impuritv in //rass seed; also hy hirds, as the pods when rip
open and drop the seeds, which are eaten hy hirds, and often evacuated witliou
digestion or injury.

li'i virdji. It easily succunihs to cultivation : and a" the plant spreads only hy seed
persi-tent effort should ho made to prevent seediiii,'.

False Flax, ok (Jotd ok Fi.r:\sri;i: (f'unirUria safiva, L.).

This weed prohahly came to this com v in imported flax seed. In Furcpe i
is cultivated for the fine oil extracted from tlu> <eed. which is used in feedin;,' cattit
Its conimon name arose from its supiiosecl resemhlance to flax.

.\ii annual and winter annual, with sinij)le or hranchinfj stems; the lower le.ivt
are lontr. with a stem, or petiole; and the upper ones clasp the stem with arr.m
shapi il l)ases. Tiie flowers are numerous, yellow, ami somewhat inconsi)icuou3. Tii
seed vessel, or j)od. is pear shapi'd or irlolmlar, with a small projection from th
upper end. The little stalks holding' the jwds are slender and spreadinj or asccn(]
ing. The seed is hrown and laru'(>r than that of Shepherd's Purse. (Fig. 22.) A
averai.'c plant prodiu-es ahout -ID.diio seeds.

Time of flowerim:, June-Auirust.

Time of seeding, July-August.

Dispersal — .\s an impurity in tlax and clover seed, and occasionally in grain.

Rnnedii. Plow lightly as soon as the crop is harvested. Harrow and then pu
tivate frequently throuirhout the autumn to (h'stroy the yonng seedlings. It
important that this autunni cultivation shoidd he thorough. Crow a hoed erojt th
following year. The rotation of crops should he modified in the infested fields t
dropping winter wheat out for a time. Grass seed should he sown along with th
spring wheat or liarley.

B.^LL MrsTMii) (XrsUa pnniruJnfn, Dcsv.).

A weed of European origin, common in grain fields in the western provinces, an
row hecoming frequent along railway lines and in waste places in Ontario.

A slender annual or winter ainiual from 2 to ?> feet high. Leaves ohlong, point*
and elaspimr the stem at the Imse. Flowers small, orange yellow in color, in Ion;
slender terminal clusters (racemes). Pods round, veiny, ridged and containing

They are freciuently fo\ind in seed grain and screenings from the We.«t.

Remedy. Avoid sowing seed grain containing " seeds " of this weed. Hand pu
snC burn when in small quantiti(>s. Badly infested fields should be given thoroug
earl ' after-harvest cultivation, followed by spring cultivation and a hoed crop na
sea on.

-.^^m^^^j^s^i'^^

58

Fis. —'l. Kulss F^lOrX ( (Sa m fltna afiti iv ^

■

;tigi^^^ w yi^^* -ii:>--''x^:

-mz*:^'^mlv'-W\ -^-V'Sa

50

i f

I-

h

!/•/

Fig. 23. Ball Mustard (.Vcs/ia pannulaUi).

. f:f

60

\\ ii.ri I{.Mii>ii i /'(ifihinius rnjihanw'tnnn, I,.).

Thirt is n wici] of lliimpcan ori.'iu wlii.li i* n -crioiis po<t in the Maritinio i
virufj, and whirh ]u\< r.T.ritly Inm intnMlu.rd into Ontario. It is an annnal i
wintiT nnni:nl from I to 2 f..<'{ hitrli. Iti ;.'.-ii.Tal a|.|..Mranrf> it is liko tlio W
Mii^tarfl, !)iit its vdlow flow.>rs Jia\c imrfilish veins on the p.-tals and ttie pod-
niucli more jointed in apfx-aranir. Thr s(cd> arc 1-10 of an inch lorifr, liplit roddi
brown, oval in oiitlino. and with the snrfacr flni'ly roti^rlionod.

Titnc of tlowiriniT. .Iiiiir to .^cpl.-nilK r ; seeds rijxri hv .\iipn«t.

Dispersal -]^y seeds.

Uiwrihj, ITnnd fiiil! when it fir4 appears to prevent it from spreadinp. If
heronirs very plentiful, follow the method of eroppin- outlined for Wild Mustan]

WiM) McsTAiin, riiMti.ocK. oi; TTi:ni!icK (flrassiai r7nrw.<iM, (L.) Ktzc.)

Anion;; tlie worst weeds in Ontario is the Wild Mustard, an annual, natural!;
from Knrope. witli iil.rons roots and ere<t liahit of .rrowth. Tlio stoni is roiijh w
.stifT hairs somewhat seattorod over the surfnee. The hratielies arise from the upi
part of the stem and hear ohlon;; leaves and the lower leaves have one terminal la;
h.l'e and s<'Voral smalliT lateral ones Hvre sliapedK The tlowers are vollow, .-hoi
and ahout l'-.'? in. hmad. witii stout flower stalks. v,M-i- are m.ore notiecahle w\
the plant is in fruit. The pod^. whieli appear on tlie lower part of the stem whi
the top is in flower, are from 1 to 2 Indies loii':. and are either spreading
aseendin;r.

The .shape of the pod is eharaeteri.-tie; it i.s eon>trieted helwecn the gecds. ti
giving the appearanee of a rouinled enlarirement where eaeh seed is borne. T
appearanee is termed '• knotted." The pod terminates in a two-rdped beak, and I
two valve? of the pod are stroiiirlv vrined or ribbed.

The seed Csee Fii.'. 2") is l.hiek, I-IH in. in diameter, perfectly spherical, a
very mueh like rape or turnip seed, and it retains it? vitality for a lonp time wh
buried in the soil. Ati average plant produees ITj.ono seeds.

Time of flowerin?. .Tune-Se])temher.

Time of seeding. July-September.

Disper.sal -Ry birds and imj)]ements. but cliieflv a.s an impuritv in seed.

Urniprh/. (H'mrr to the <:reat vitality of the .seed. Jfustard is a very hard vr<^
to eradicate. The seeds, once in the ^'round. live for years, and continue to m
minate as they are brouirht near the surface. Ilenec it takes patience, a preat d(
of labor, and a lon<r time to p-t rid of the weed when it once pets pos.session of t
land. When present only in small amounts, hand-pulling is the hest method, pi
vidin:; the pullirii: is done before seeds have formed; and as persons pulliii:: in
hurry cannot wait to examine for seed, it is best to put the weeds, as they are pullt
;'i I'Undlos where they can be burned wbcii dry.

Wlien fields are overrun with the weed, it is best to proceed as follows: Ilarrc
stubide-ground early after harvest, or gang-jdow and harrow. As soon as the see
have had time to sprout, cultivate thoroughly; repeat cultivation at intervals: ar
r;:) up witn a aoui/ie mouia-iniard ]»io\\ ijic Ja»L thing in the fall. Put in a iiix
crop, either roots or corn, the following .spring, and cultivate it thoroughly throue
out the growing sea.son. Cultivate and harrow well two or three times after roo
or corn, having first run (he plow along each row of corn roots to cut the root? ar
turn them up; and rib up before the frost. (If the plow is used after roots or con
it is likely to bring more seed to the surface.) Sow a crop of grain the follovrii

4m

<■« , :'-.v

■--' -'J - -T.'

u ^''.-T' '• ■ T'=ri

<i

Fig. 84. Wild Radish (Raphantu raphanUtru

m).

<;-2

pprinj: ami seed with ilovci'. I'lill wccil.- liV liaiul dut of tlie grain crop; tali
crop (M- two of hay, or ijasturc: ami hrci.k ii|i liic rlc>\fr soil, treating it as outh
in the note to .Mr. {.'cnnif's mctiiod of (loaning latnl. (Sec page 5.) Whcu w
sarv at any stage in this method, nso a grnhiior or .-nli>oil jdow to stir tlio soil i
greater depth tlian i- reaelird hv the surface r-ultivation.

Si'i!.\YiN(i uirii CiiiMir.M.s.

iiL'pealnl te.-ls liaM- pri.\ed that solutions of hlue sti>no (lilue vitriol, or eo;
sulpiiato) or of green stone (copperas or iron sulphate) can he used sucoessfiilf
destroy .Mustard in cereal criips without injury to the standing grain.

Tlie experiments conducted hy tlie i'xilanical l)e]iartment would indicate i
ireii sulphate is on the whole more ^ati^factory for this jmrpose than copper
jiliale. .\ •.'() per eei:t. solution of iron sulphate .-hould lie u^ed (SO Ihs. to 10 gai:
of water) and the field should he sjuayed on a hriglit sunny day when the ym
.Mustard plants are well up and just ahout to conu' into hloom. if the solutio;
applied too late some of the older plants will not he destroyed and nuiy produce sit
and the lonlls. thercfure. will not he entirely >atisfactory. If copper sul])liate i- u
a '-i per cent, xiluimn ( 1 Ih. in 5 gals, of water) is suilieieutly strong. Stronger «
tions would ho apt to injure the crop.

.\n ordinary harrcd .-prayer with a hand pump or a potato sprayer with a lire
last attachment can he used to apjtly the.-e solutions. Furllier information on spr
ing to kill .Mu>tard may he had hy applying to the Uotanieal Department, 0..\.t'.

IlAiti:'s-i:Ai; MisrAHi) {Couriiiijin onrnluVis, (I.,.) Dnmort).

.\ weed which is ipiile general throui:liout the West, in grain, fields, on >\\\
and hy roadsides: spreading rajiidly. It has heen found in one or two phuo-
Ontario. .\n annual and winter annual with a straight, slightly hranched stein fr
1 to ;{ feet high. Whole plant smooth and when young covered with a hloom like i
(d' a cahhage. Leaves somewhat fleshy, ohlong. oval, entire and clasping the s!
hy two r(umdcd lohes. They resemhle in shape a hare's or rahhit's car, hence
i-oinmon name. Hare's-ear Jfustard. Flowers arc creamy white, ahout 1-f i:
ae"oss. I'lds are four-sided ami "''. to t inches long. Seeds arc dark reddish hro
\-Vi of an inch long, somewhat wheat-shaped, with the surface granular rougher

Time of llowering, duly: seeds \-\\\vi\ in August ami Septemher.

Dispersal — Ky seeds.

Urmcdii. Hand pull small patches when the weed first makes its appearance,
a field heemes hadly infested, try thorough, early, after-harvest cultivation,

Ti Miu.iNd MfST.Mm {Sisijinhriiim alli'^simum, L.).

This nuistard. whis h is trouhlesome in the West, is now found in many ]«
of Ontario, though it has not yet hecome a pest in cultivated fields in this Provii
The fact, howc\er. that it jiroduces great (]uantities of seed indicates that if neglec
it mav heeoine a serious nuisance. It is therefore advisahle that a watch he kept
it in order that any plants which appear in cultivated "elds may be destroyed bef

Tumltling Mu-taid is a hushy-hranched annual or winter annual, from "2 ti
feet high. The lower leaves are jiinnatifid with the scgmcntj? pointing haokwi
(riincinate): tlie ui>pcr !ea>es are very varialilc in size and outline, but are

63

Fig. 25. Mustard (Brasaica arvcnsis).

64

rig. 26. Hare's-ear Mustard {Conringia orientaU$).

65

llll.i':

I'--: i;

iii.itir

|iiiirmtifi<l witii iiariow segments. The flowers are numerous at the end of

:ii he?, pale yellow, and about 1-3 of an inch in diameter. They are succeeded

', slender pods, each of which contains numerous seeds. The plants, when

. lircak off near the surface of the ground and are rolled about by the wind,

:i,' their seeds as they go. It is from this tumbling habit that the plant

name. Tumbling Mustard. The seeds are very small, less than 1-2 1 of an

length. They are greenish yellow to olive brown in color a'ld soiiiewliat

1. Being so very small tliey are not readily crushed by grinding, and thus

:ly find their way unharmed into chop. It has been estimated that a single

Miiy produce a million and a half seeds, but fortunately they do not appear

I lie vitality of the seeds of Field Mustard.

(jf flowering, June to September; seed ripe in August.
;■ rsal — By seeds.

■I I ill/. Pull stray plants along the roadsides and in waste places before they

Hand pull in fields unless very abundant. Badly infested fields may be

py fall cultivation and harrowing over spring grain to destroy the seedlings.

(.1,1.1

A

N T.wsY MiST.vuD {Sisymbrium incisum, Engelm., var. fdiprs, Gray).

nimon weed in grain fields in the West. It Ontario it is found chiefly along
ir.i.wiv- and in waste places. During the year (1910) it was reported a'?
1 _ a> a weed in ciiltivatcd fields from one county in Ontario. It is a bienni:il
:ii 1 ])roduces the first, season a rosette of finely divided leaves which lie on
LiPiind: the second season it produces a much branched stem from 2 to 4 feet
!!. I. avos l)right green, much divided into fine segments. Flowers bright 3'ellow,
-:' .i:i inch across, borne in elongated clusters (racemes) and succeeded by narrow,
• ,, -liLflitly curved pods from y^ ^''' % '"'^h long, on slender, spreading stems.
: ■ 'rowiiish red, about 1-25 of an inch long, somewliat oblong in shape.
T nil' of flowering, July; seeds ripe in August.
1' -I'Tsal — Bv seeds.

I fields

Hand pull. Thorough fall and spring cultivation -will clean badly

If-;
lit ;

Itii"
liar

.Msi:i;n MusT.vnn, or Tueacle Mustard {Erysimum cheiranthoides, L.).

Mtivc weed, which seems to be spreading rapidly through the Province. Many
II- have been sent here for examination during the past years.
;iiinnal or winter annual with erect and branching stems from 8 inches to 2

-'1. The foliage is bright green and abundant. The leaves are long, tapering
ii-e into a short petiole, and they are covered with T-shaped hairs. The
are yellow and alnnit V^ inch across. The little stalks (pedicels) holding

:-. come out from the stem obliquely, but the pod stands erect on the pedicel,
I with the stem. The pod is about an inch long and four-angled, with one

' -'I lis in each cell. The seeds are 1-16 inch long and light browTi in color,

1 furrow on one side. An average plant produces 25,000 seeds.

"1- give a bitter taste to feed containing them.

\ni' of flowering. June- Jul v,

me of seeding, July-August.
porsal — Frequently as an impurity in clover seed.

■•rdy. Hand pulling and burning is the best remedy when the weed occurs
'1 quantities ; but where thore is much of it, the following procedure is advised :

66

Fig. 27. Green Tansy Mustard (Sisyhrlum incitum).

67

Harrow etubble-ground early after harvest, or gang-plow and harrow. As soon
a- the seeds have had time to sprout, cultivate; repeat the cultivation, and rib up
tl„ land with a double mould-board plow the last thing in the fall. Put in a hoed
,r.p. either roots or corn, the following spring, and cultivate thoroughly through-
■ ut the growing season. Cultivate after the roots or corn, sow a crop of grain, and
-t, ,1 with clover. If not too much, pull weeds by hand out of the growing crop.

Rocket, or Salad Rocket {Eruca saliva. Lam.).

I'liis i.-^ an annual weed which has been introduced into Ontario as an impurity
;i alfalfa seed. It is a native of Europe, where it is not considered a pest. At a
liitK' distance it might easily be mistaken for Wild Mustard or Charlock, which it
r,-.!ni>lc.s somewhat closelv in size, habit of growth, foliage and flowers. It requires,
however, only a glance to" distinguish it. The leaves are more or less deeply pin-
t-atoly lobed. The flowers arc light yellow and the petals are distinctly veined with
purpic. When the wds are present the plant can he known with certainty, for the
upp.r third of th is a flat, empty beak.

Urmedy. Thi.ugh this plant is not considered a noxious weed in Europe, it is
nut safe to take chances with it in this country. Hand pull and burn, if the planw
are not too plentiful. In alfalfa that is cut two or three times during the season,
the Rocket does not get a chance to seed, and being an annual should soon disap-
pear. If the plants are numerous in a fresh seeding of alfalfa, cut them with a
M vthe before the seeds begin to ripen.

THE ROSE FAMILY {ROSACEA E).
Rocon CixQCEFOiL (Potentilla inonspelietisis, L.).

.\ native annual weed found frequently in meadows and hay fields in some parts
. f Ontario. Stem erect, branching, rough-hairy. Leaves compound, with 3 some-
uhat oblong, oval, toothed leaflets. Flowers bright yellow, in terminal clusters
( . vmes). The seeds are light brown, about 1-30 of an inch long, blunt and slightly
. lined, with branching longitudinal veins on the surface.

Time of flowering, June to July; seeds ripe July to September.

l)i<:persal— By seeds, which are frequently found in timothy seed.

Hemedy. This weed will not persist in cultivated crops. Repeated close cutting
ii: hay fields, meadows and waste places will destroy it.

RouoH-FRUiTED CiNQUEFOlL {PotcntUIa rccla, L.).

A perennial weed with larger, paler, yellow flowers than the last, and 5 to 7
l,,,fl,.t. ;p ^oh ipAf. It is reported as being troublesome in meadows and hayfields
in H,me parts of Ontario. Breaking up the field and putting it under a cultivated
rrop should clean out this weed.

08

Kis. 28. Wiinii-j-Ptid Mustsrcl ( Erusiiyiiii*'. vftviTQutliQidiH ) .

«VKZ; -^^rrtrs^f.

70

THE VE\ FAMILY (LKGUMIXOSAE).
Whitk Swi:ri fi.ovEn (Melihtus alha, Desr.).

This ami tlio yellow species (Melilnfus officinalis) are found pommonly
vHc&nt trround^ nnd nofrlected fields about cities and along roadsides. They a
till, rank <rrowini,' plants, nnd thrive liest on luavv clay soils. They are biennii
and produce in the second year tall, toujjh, many-branched stems which bear t
sweet scented flowers so attractive to honey bees. These plant,s have the redeemi;
f'-ature of beinp nitropen gatherers and good soil formers.

Remedy. Keep closely cut for *wo years in succession. Plants which are c
off early in the pcason may prow again and produce seeds l)efore frost comes. Ti
or three cuttings are therefore often required in a single season.

Wild Tarks, of Pi-kkn-niai. ViTnr (Vida cracca, L.).

This is a perennial plant with a deep system of root-stocks. It is often report
difficult of eradication. The flowers are blue, and there are 10 to 12 pairs of leafli
to each compound leaf. This plant appears to persist most tenaciously in dar
soil. The same cultivation which is used in controlling the Canada and Perenn
Sow Thistles will subdue the Perennial Vetch.

ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY {IIYPERIACEAE).
Common- St. John's Woiit {Hypericum perforatum, L.).

This weed is sometimes troublesome in perennial pastures and meadows,
does not persist where a systematic short rotation of crops is practised.

Common St. John"s-Wort is a perennial weed with slender creeping roots, ste
clustered woody at the base, upright, from one to two feet high; leaves witho
stems (sessile), opposite, entire, elliptic or linear oblong in outline, black dotted
tlie edges, and with semi-transparent dots all over, which can be readily seen wh
the leaves are held up to the light; flowers bonie in loose terminal clusters, I
petals with black dots on the margin. Tiic seeds are about 1-24 inch long, cylindri
rounded at the ends, dark brown to black in color.

Time of flowering, from June to September.

Time of seeding, from July to October.

Remedy. In meadows or pastures which cannot lie brought under cultivati
close cutting several times during the summer is recommended. An applicati
of salt, a small handful, to each plant after close cutting in hot, dry weather,

Ei^o reiommciiucct waerc liic weed is :i> • .uu uLnujaaiu. ii. t;xc iBua -.aii

vated and brought under a systematic rotation of crops, the St. John's- Wort v
siou be suppressed.

Tl

Fig. 30. Conimon St. John's-wort {Hypericum perforatum, L.).

78

Fig. 31. Comnioii Eveulna PHiiirusc {Gcntithrra hicnnis).

73

TFIE EVKNINO PRIMROSE FAMILY (OSAGI WEAK).
Common Evi:\in-(; I'ltiMUosK {Oenotl'ra hum\i*. L.).

\ t.ill. stout, native bie.'mial weed found fnM|UtMitly in Ontario in Iiavfiolds niid
,,11 til.' e<l;,'P.s of cultivated I'lcld!". Tho leaves are from 1 to fi inolics lon;r, ohlonn
fu !ii.,p-«liaped, with wavy, slitrhtly to<tlied marjjins. ^lowers open in the eveninjj
,ir 1 iri' larjje and bright yellow in color. Seed pods lie flose to the stem and are
a'' It an inch in length. Seeds arc rc<ldisii brown and irregular in out'ine, 4 to
- -i.i,,l.

I 111, nf flowering. June to September; seeds ripe by August.

1 ' -[iiTsal — By seeds.

i:>meibi. Spud out plants on the headlands and in liie fonoe corners. Ne.or
ii'ii'ilesimic when a field is brought under cultivation.

tiio
J.,

t!i,r
,.tii.

THE PAR.SLEY FAMILY (UMBELLIFERAE).

Spotted Cown.wK, on Water Hi m. tk (Cicuta maailata, L.).

\ weed of wet, marshy place-- Cattle are frequently poisoned by eating the

•f this plant, especially early in t' •■' spring uhen pasture is scarce.
N -mdoth perennial from 2 to 5 feet high. Leaves compound, nf 2 or :i divi-iions.
-; ilks with expanding base.s which tlasp the stem, the leaflets lancc-.-iiai'cd and
•■toothed. The flowers are small, white and in flat topped clu-t.-rs (uniUels).
■ "it consists of a number of spindle shaped " tubers."

'.' <nrdii. Watoh marshes and low places fcr this weed and hand pull any plants
e found. This is easily done if tiie roots are first loosened with a spud or
• -niplement. Be sure to destroy the plants after pulling them.

Wir.D C.vunoT, Briio's Nest, or Dkvii.'s Pi..\gce (Daucus caroia, L.).

This is a biennial, naturalized from Europe, with a deep, strong tap root, a
■r;-:U stem, and much divided leaves like the cultivated carrot. The clusters of
tl A - are in compound uniliels which resemble bird-nest cavities.

T mo of flowering, .Tuly-.'>!eptember.

'i':nie of seeding, August-December.

' -iiersal — By seeds carried by wind and animals.

I''niedy. Spr.dding is quite efTcctive when the roots are cut before Ijlossoming
t season. When the field becomes badly infested it should be plowed and

till- ■
ou't;

itrd and treated to a hoed crop. Sheep will suppress t in pasture lands.

74

^'m

I'M

Fig. 32. Spotted Cowbane or Water Hemlock (Cicuta viacaXata).

'is^%^i^SS^mt^^^'^^-^£3^=^S>f'''^Q:zin^^^:'^^-&'^

71

Fig. 33. Wild Carrot (Dauciis carota, L).

j,"^^T?5s»jfeafe-;.

ga^^^F-^

='*?^i«'M ^imt

76

MILKWEED FAMILY {ASCLEPIADACEAE).
Milkweed, on Sii-kweed (Asclrpias syriaca, L.).

This plant quite frequently appears in rultivatcd crops in Ontario, and once
becomes estalilishcd its extermination is a difTlcult task.

It is a deop-rnoted perennial weed, with a stout stalk from 3 to 5 feet hi:
covered with soft hairs. Leaves larpe, lance-oblong to broadly oval with fine dow
on the under surface. Flowers dull purple to white in color and l)orne in conipai
clusters (umbels). Fruit, a lar^o pod which oj)! ns down one side (follicle) t
allow the white plumed seeds to escape.

PiemetJy. Cut early to prevent from seedin;;- Spud out si-attered plants i
meadows and grain fields. If a field is very badly infested break it up and fulloi
one of the methods suggested for Perennial Sow Thistle.

THE MORXING GLORY FAMILY (CONVOLVULACEAE).
Bindweed {Convolvulus arvcns><t, L.).

A very troublesome weed which winds its tough and curling stems around t!:
stalks of various plants, partially chokes them, and thereby hinders their gr^wt!
It is a perennial with a very extensive creeping root whicli penetrates far into tl
soil, and any piece of the root possessing one or more buds is capable of startin
new plants : hence it is niK^essary to -clean implements very thoroughly after tht
have been used in a field containing this weed. The stem-^ .ire branched and cithi
trail Oil the ground or climb by twisting around some other plant. The leaves ai
rather "small, with 2 to I lobes at tlie base, giving tliom an arrow-beaded shap
The flowers are white or rose-colored and 1 inch across. The seeds, three in nurabe
arc largo, black and angular, and are held in a spherical capsule (Fig. 'it)- A
average plant i)roduccs about ICO seeds.

Time of flowering, June-September.

Time of seeding, August-October. Often no seed is produced.

Dispersal— Chiefly by means of its creeping roots; sometimes as an impurit
in seed grain.

Remed;/. This is a v(Ty dilTicult weed to eradicate, and careless cultivation onl
incn.'ises the trouble bv carrying the roots from place to place. Salting is rccon
mended by some practical farmers who have succeeded in eradicating this vet
lioublcsome pest; bnt wc cannot :;pcak from experience as to the value of th
method of treatment.

The weed may be kept in check by the frequent introduction of well-carod-f(
hoed crops into the rotation, and the shorter the rotation the better. The lat(
s<iwu hoed crops, especially rape, are more efTectual than those sown earlier in th
season. Before the hoed crop is sown, the weed may be kept in check by jroia
frequently over the field with a broadshare cultivator, so as to cut all the plani
an inch or two below the surface without bringing up any of tlie creeping roo
stocks. Atiout the 1st July the land may be sown with rape in drills, say 26 inc!i<
apart, and during the early growth of the crop the weeds may be kept in check b
means of tl ■- horse-hoe, with more or less hand-hoeing. If the land has been vre

77

Fig. 34. Bindweed (Convolvulug arrcmia).

78

manured or is naturally rich in vopelablo matter, the rape will make a rank grow;
and smother some of tlio wce(1>. The rape may be pastured in the fall, and i
extreme cases may be followed hy another hoed crop, such as corn. If the com
well cultivated and hoed, most, perhaps all, of the plants will be destroyed.

In some cases it may lie advisable to summer-fallow, and in such cases it is be
not to plow more than is absolutely necessary, but to depend mainly on the broai
share cultivator. IJuekwheat sown on summer-fallow and plowed under wIm
coming into blossom, followed l)y surface cultivation with broad-share cultivato
will a.^«ist very rnucb in killing; the weed. If necessary, the summer-fallow may !
followed by a hoed crop.

i)i.i.hi;i;, Dkvil's Crx, on Sti!AN-(;i.e Weed {Cuscuta epifhymum, .Murr.).

ThI- weed is s[)reiidin!.' verv rapidly as an impurity in alfalfa and clover see
Tt is by no means •' new weed in Ontario. During the year (1910) was espceial
abundant. Jud;ring by the numerous .samples sent in for identification, and 1
the lio>t.s of questions a^ked cone.Tniii!: it, more information is required as to i
appearance, habit of growth and method of control. It is therefore discus^
rather fully here.

l>odder differs from ordinary wecls in possessing no leaves. The yellow throa
like stem- of the plant twin" around the clover plants and send into their tissu
small short rootlets, whieii arc called suckers or haustoria. By means of thf
suckers t!!e Dodder draws from the clover the food necessary for its growth a
reproduetion. It thus kills the clover by robbing the plant of its food and caipi
it to starve. The yellow thread-like stems of the Dodder first appear quite eai
in the season. They soon spread from plant to plant until a tangled mass of yell
threads . overs a whole patch of clover. Badly infestel fields may become entin
covered with this pest in a short time. On these yellow threads are produced ilor
clusters of small white flowers, whicli are succeeded by rounded, brown seed po
Each plant produces a large number of seeds. The seeds vary in size from 1-
to t-l"i of an inch; are grey or yellowish brown in color, vary greatly in shape, I
are generally somewhat oval in outline, and the surface is dull and roughened.

'Treat care should be taken to seeiire clover seed ^ree from Dodder seed. .\lf.)
seed .•oiitaiuing this impurity is dear at any price. Small patches should be mow
raked and burnt early enough t(j prevent seeding. If by any chance some of '
seeds are scatttred before the patches arc mowed, several thorough hoeings slioi
be given in order to prevent any young plants from getting established. Ba^
infested fields should be plowed and put under a hoed crop for a .season. Cbmr
alfalfa shoulc not bo sown in the field again for two or three years.

79

From a

Fig. 35. Field Dodder on Ued Clover.

a Flowering Clu.s(er; b Cliisti r of Ury Seed Vessels.

photograph. Natural size.

(Reproduced by the courtesy of the U. S. Dept. of AKric ilture. from

Farmers' Buhatln 306, " Doddei in Relation to Farm Seeds.

by F. H. HlMman.)

80

THE BORAGE FAMILY {HORAGINACEAE).
Bixi; Rnt, Stickskf.d, on Shicep I»l:i{ (Lappula echinaia. Gilbert).

A (lisifrrcraMc weed on madsidcr, m wasti- jilans and in pa.-tnre?. The Inir-
bef"omf ninttrd in tlip woul of sheep.

An introduced annual and winter annual. Erect and branchin;:, covered wit!:
rouirh hnirs. Loavrs linear ohlonjr, ptem-lcaves without stalks. Flowers small. Yi
in<'li across:, pale Idue in lonj? slender one-sided dusters. Seeds greyish brown ir
color. pear--liaped. ahdut !« inch lon^r, witli hooked spines around the margin.

Time of flowering', from June; seeds ripe in July.

Di-porsnl- Hv seeds.

Remcdij. Jn pastures and waste places continued close cutting for a number o:
years will prevent its seeilini: and finally cause it to disappear. If a field become
very badly infested, lireiik it up and put it under a cultivated crop for a year or two
Hand juiU stray speciniens.

Blue Wkkp, Vivkh's Bi(;i.o8.s;, Bi,n; Tiiist:,k, or Blue Devil (Echium

viih](\re, L.'>.

A ineiinial weed npturali/ed fnmi Eurojie. with deep tap root, which penetrate
to a i:reat depth. During the tirst year, the portion above ground is a rosette o
leavi -: and from the centre of tliis, next season, bristly, hairy and erect stems ari-
1 Id V." j feet high. The leaves are oiibing, 2 to Ct inelies in length, with both uppe
and lower surface hairy. The flowers are numerous, arranged in a rici) spire, an
are azure blue in color. The seeds are hard and brown in color, with a broad ba?
and angular body ^^s i'ldi lo"S (F'?- ^^)- ^^^ average plant produces 3,500 scedi
The seeds are probably dispersed in winter by the wind, as they remain for a Inn
time on the plant.

Its names, both Latin and English, are significant of the notion that it was a
efTeitual remedy against the bite of a viper.

The weed jircfers gravelly and lime .soils.

Time of flowering. July-October.

Time of seeding, August-October.

Dispersal — By seeds, especially in winter, when tliey arc blown over the snow.

Eemedii. This weed gives very little trouble in arable land, if the cultivation
at all thorougli. In fence corners, on roadsides, and in waste places, cutting be!o
ti;e crown with a spud is practically the only elTcctive method of destroying tl
weed. Somrtinies, however, this is impracticable, because of the number; ami i
sucli case^ some special treatment, similar to that recommended for the Dock, mi
be resorted to.

TToUNn's Toxoue, Dor, Bnt, lu; Buns {CiinoijJo.^xuin officinale, L.).

A biennial weed, with erect hairy stem, of rank growth, and much branched,
to :> feet high. The lower leaves have petioles: the upper ones clasp the stoi
Thev arc t! to \'l inrln^s long and covered with downy hair, and liave a di.sagreeab
odour resembling that of mice. The fiowers are small and lurid purple-r"il i
color. T!i<' fruit (■on>i-ts of a broad, rounded bur, V4 inch long, with one flat fii

81

Fig. '6^. Blue Weed (Echinvi vuloare).

83

Fig. 37. Hound's Tongue ICynoglosHum ofjicinale!

83

,,, ,„.,.ed with short .pine. wh„l> ...hie .t to adhere to clothing or to .nin^als.
t. ^ An average plant produces about 600 seeds.

Time of flowering, June-August.

Time ..f seeding, July-September.

„i.,.or.al-Chiefly by aninmls '7[>'';f; '^J^'^^,.,,,,,. the former to destroy the
J-i^;^Z :iS:un^;i;^:le t^rdeslmet.. by removing those
Ayy_ ,.^, ai'o the first cutting.

\ „. «-.™. «•„,:„ T,„.K. v.. V......O,: C.. n,.o>nv-u, (f..--»..p<™.m

arvcn.ir, L.).

.■.■,,i- „re produced, which have considerable vitality.^

I'lme of flowering, from April to July.

•IMno of seeding, from June to August.

„;,,,,,,al-Mainlv through seed, such as wheat. r>.
„f,.n 4read by birds' and distributed in tl";";^";'-^^ ,i,,.,^,, ,fter harvest

,„:,,,,, Dp fall wheat from e ^^^ ^^^ If^,,^ ,,„o, c. plow

;:,:::;;;:;r nt "=^t r:!;;; t. fan. wheat can again be grown.

timothy and alsike clover

MINT FAMILY {LABIATAE).

r;,...., ivv. 0.u,-OvKn.TH.-Gnorxn. C,.,..rso Cn.uu. (iV.pe.a kcderacea.

(L.), Trcvisan).

..1 in luviis where it often becomes very

■'•"" '"";• '"°1 ':„?«""« n . M *.i i" » i»-- i' " '"' ^'"'

a'.nn.bmt and erowds out the gra=s. v^mc

-• ' '■''1 f*^- 1 . •!• ^nrnnnlfll wccd " loavcs Small, round,

,,„„,, Ivy is a creeping and '^^^f^^J^'^^^Zt^,, hlue, two-lipped, in

::. ,-.l,aped. the margin with rounded teeth. Hou.,r» or^

,. ;,M,. lusters in the axils of the leaves ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^

,,.„r,l,, '^ this weed occurs nl.e-n^^^^n.p^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^.^^ ^^^

. ,„ ,,ith a heavy coatmg of ^fa -^ s^^l t 1 lu ^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^

r >,.s should then be thorouirhly ™^*''[- ['""'- ^^^^^ thoroughly drench the

.,„. „r stems of the weed which "->' ! ' ^J'^, ''^./.ted them'wilh pure lawn

,.tches with water so as to wash awa a ^ '- ^ ' -;„^ „,,^.„i,, treatment will

,r..s seM. If he ^^^^^^^J^J ^, he done in sucli a case, without plowing
n.t be practicable. The only tiiin t a thoroughly as possible

,H, the lawn, is to rake and pull out the .(^^""":' • ^^,^j^^^ „f the lawn

, ;..„. ,. the spring when the g-nd is mo t^ J^^sfed, the object l.ing to .et
„ h a coarse rake and ^c^^^'^/ ^^ ,^^";' .^ before the weed begins to grow again.

-nspicuou-

HI

Fig. 3S. Croiind Ivy {Xrprta hnlcratiit).

8S

Tin: Fir.woHT famh.y (smornuLAniACEAE).

MciXRiN. OR Velvet Dock {Verha.*CMm ihapsus. L.).

I ,. mullHn i. a w.mhI intro.lurcl from Europe; vory rominon in waste places.
, ,.. r"r v.llv or san.lv pasture. It i« a biennial, w.th lar^e. Inn, rool^
hi r Prln ' n tall nn.l umJhv unl.ran.hed stem. 2 to 0 feet h.ilh. Both tem
: ;,: A e7 nselv woollv all over, with branched hair. The leaves are v.h.hsh
I h- tv to- the touch. The flowers are yellow an.l """"f ^V" .h W
.1 1 In-ated "^pike. The capsule containing the seeds .s abou ^; nch Iodr.
::;;":!: ":^si. about l-sJinch ion. six-^ded. with ^rr.^^;^ ^
, l.njrthwise between the sides. The color of the seed is dark brown.
■ 1.'.^ plant produces fi.OOO seeds.
iini'^ of ilowiTin?. July-September.
T:mo of :=oedinfr. AuRUst-November.
!,;. normal— \s an impuritv in clover and prass seed.
:, - , SpuJ or cut below the crown, or di, up the roots when voun,. or
„p the soil and ,'row hoed crops. It easily succumbs to cultivation.

Th,. Moth Mullein (r,rha.'>cum hlatlaria) is a worse weed than common mullein
,. '' m^dows and bears far more seed. The seed .s ^f - Joun^ ;;^n

■ 1 1 +;™^tKv Thp nlant t«elf is smooth and tender, from -J

ilt ;,;,',. ,..t.l,; and the .lam«. l,..e .iolet Bl.ment,. Th. ...c,l ,. Uovm. ^er,

St. ," ,!i,l *i\-^ided Treat it the same as common mullein.

In Fiiio are shown the seeds of the mulleins-the upper seed is the common
ni .I'fiii. the lower is the moth mullein.

Toad Flax, oh Butter and Eggs {Linaria vulgaris. Hill).

t: i- w,.,.,l has become very plentiful in Ontario, and is now found in many
ir.- on roadsides and in waste places. „, , ■ , j a r.^n¥

/.:-.. deep-rooted, persistent, perennial weed. The stem is slender and erect
- . .;;, wi and from 12 to 18 in. high. The leaves are narrow, ^talkless and
, ., ..along the stem at very short intervals. The flowers are showy, d^tmcty
/lipped a!K>ut 1 in. long, bright yellow in color w.th orange l.ps and borne in
i'terniiiiaf cluster (raceme^). The seeds are dark brown or black in color
Mt MO in. in diameter, flat and disc-like, with a distinct wing around a thicker
• -,,1 portion which is roughened with little projections.
Tunc of flowering, June to September; seeds ripe by August.
n -persal— Bv seeds and rootstocks. u;„.*:^n

/;, Lui Adopt n short rotation of crops and give thorough deep cultivation
',r /and fall Hand pull when the soil is wet in pasture lands which cannot
C.ke; up Break up badlv infested pastures in July, keep under clean summer
v.w until fall, and put on a hoed crop the following season.

^«i

Fig. 39. Mullein (Viihnsctim thapsus).

87

Fig. 40. Toad Flax, or Butter and Eggs (Linaria vulgarit).

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART

ANSI nt,a ISO TEST Chart n<, 2

1.0

2 8 l!il!2.5

1 1^

!.l

122

2.0

1.8

'•25 J! 1.4 i 1.6

^ -APPLIED iPvVIGE

88

Till' PLANTAIN FAMILY ( PLAXTAGIXAi EM: i.
Common rLVNTAiN {Plantago major, L.).
A weed uf meadows and lawns, the seeds of which are too often found in gn

and clover seed.

A perennial with a siiort, thick root.-tock Lcarinn; numerous laru'c, dark 'jra
oval, lonjx-stalkcd leaves close to the ;,'roun(l. Flowers inconsi)icuous. borne in lo
dense spikes. Seed pods oval, dividinjj ahout the middle and containing iv<,m
to 16 small, flat, irrej^nilarly-shaped hrown seeds.

Fig. -41. Common riantuin (Phinttigo major).

RcmcJij. A short rotation including a hoed crop will keep this weed in c!
♦" Plaintain in lawns may he weeded out when the soil is firm hy forcing a s
implement like a chisel, with a half-rounded blade having a point like the ti
a spoon, iietween the soil and the fleshy crown of the weed to a depth suf!icie!
break the jilant away from its fforous roots without disfiguring the turf."

P.M.E Plaxt.mn, ok IJixikl's Plantain- {Plantago rugclii, Dene).

This Plaintain is found as frequently as Common Plaintain, from which it
be distimiuished by the paler grcui leaves with the stalks dark purple at the
the longer and more tapering spikes with the flowers less crowded, and the

» " Farm Weeds of Canada." By G. H. Clark, D.S.A.

f^f^~ f r^-c-s '■■

■^^i^m.A

imm'^mm^^mm^

• f t:
rj:irr'

out

89

i-. •.!ii,h (.poll helow the middle and contain from I to 9 flat, irregularly-sluiped

i^ -,.d-. which are larger than the seeds of the Common Plaintain.

\Vi\iN-, Black Plaxtaix, Rib-orass, on Rib-wout (Plantajo lanceolate, L.).

T- ^ plant was once very generally believed to be a favorite food of cattle, yet

., ,,; Minn of mopt agriculturists is against it. It is considered a bad weed, espe-

;i''v wlifn it appears in lawns. Numerous inquiries ask what it is, and how to

t r: 1 of it. It is a perenr" 1 or biennial, with a short thick rootstock. o: erect

i. or more generally 1 -'.i-ix on the ground as a rosette of leaves. At the base

I.nves there are tufts of brown hair: and the leaves themselves arc long,

V ;ind tapering, with prominent veins, or ribs running lengthwise; hence

;• tlif yiopular names. This flower-stock is slender and chani.elled, is with-

:,M.s and terminates in a dense spike. The stamens project from the incon-

■pi'ni.ms flowers, giving a whitish appearance to the whole head. The seeds are en-

,'„..•.' in small pods, each containing two seeds. The seeds are about 1-12 of an inch

V.ii.'. !.r..wii and shinv, with a groove on one side, in the centre of which there is a

l,],uk -'^ot. The opposite side is rounded, as are also the ends. An average plant

pr.";i.is 1.200 seeds.

T'nie (if flowering. June-September.
T '^ of seeding, July-Scptenibcr.

/;. wnhj. ."^iow pure seed. If the plants are itot numerous ( ut below the crown
v.-'}: 1 spud. If thev are, break up the field and put in a hoed crop. A short
v^.^1'■^'.\ of crops will soon suppress this weed. It is very common in clover fields
and i- i^ liard to obtain clover seed free from the seeds of this weed. It is . dvisahle
•:i T^M-. !ifi=e onlv the best grade of clover seed. If the weed appears in a cloveT
-.«] -p. pull the plants or the seeds will depreciate the market value of the clover
...1, Special screens are required to separate this seed from Red Clover seed.
^!ii;i!l -inantitics can be cleaned by spreading the clover seed on damp canvas. The

^laiiMiii seeds will "tick to the cloth and the clover seed will drop off when the
anviT- is inserted.

( ' > \
A

'nih

a ri!

ii -

TIiE .SUNFLOWER FAMILY {COMPOFITAFA.
•'.'\ Fi.EABAXE. IToiiSE Wef.d, OH BiTTEU Weed (Erigeron canadenitis. L.).
• .'.]. hairy plant, very- common in meadows. Tt is a winter annual. The stem
'i branched, hairv and may vary from .3 inches to 10 feet in height. The
are down v. from 1 to 4 inches long. The flower heads are numerous, about
> broad, with white flower rays. The seeds are small, light in color, and 1-16
■L'. with a pappus of short tufty hairs. An average plant produces 120,000
( Kcrner).

■ •■ of flowering. June-September.
: ■■ of seeding, .June-September.
' rsal — Chiefly by the wind.

■ '/;/. TTaving a small root, this weed can be easily pulled. Hence, where
- not very much of it. hand-pulling is a satisfactory means of eradication. A§
the weed is troublesome only in meadows, and the frequent breaking up of
' land tends to keep it ;uiilir rontrol.

T. Daisy Fi.eabaxe (Erigeron annuus, L.) has larger and fewer flowers, ^
-s. It is common in meadows and along roadsides from May to November.

m^^m^^-W-^:

■■> :v ■>!.

j^:

■.r^yi.

'■^.r ^;.//:;>;

90

Fig. 42. Plantain (Plav.tago Janceolata).

■■'^7Av:2^''.''^-^---'i*'itl^-.i'-~^%0^^Ci5i^'y^

0-^

• iiiKAT l>.\';\vi;i:!i. ok Kin-gwki'I) ( I (//'.»v(vi.( Irifula. L.).

A \vo<'(] ill Wcstorn L'rain field- aiul in waste plaeos in Onta >. A mujrh. hi;
isrowiu'^ aiimial weed from .'! to fi feet liii'h. with lari.'e oi)]iM,te leaves wliidi
mo.-tly tliree-lolied. The flowers are of two kind-, the sterile Imhtic on tape
"■pikes aliout I inelie- ii, Ien;:tli ; the seed-jiroduciiiir flowers frrow elose to tli.- ■
in clusters in the axils of the leaves at the iia-e of the spikes; sterile flowers ' ,
across, cup-shai)ed, noddinir; stamens yellnw and rnnspicunus. Seed-prinhi
flowers inconspicuous with slender i)urplish pistils.

Time of flowering. July; seeds ripe by Aup;ust.

Dispersal— By seeds. Wheat from districts of the We.-t often contain- <"
li'ajrweed seed.

Uiiiivdij. Hand pullinir and miiwinir.

Kacwkim). ]Ioci\vi-.i;n, BiTTF.uwEF.n. ou IJoman" Wormwded (AmJiroi'in

arlemiiiifolia, L.).

liacrweed is an annual. The stem is much hranched and sliirhtly hairv. :
1 to ?, feet hiirh. The leaves arc very finely divided, the lower surface heiiiL'
liirhter color than the upper. The flower heads are very numerous, from 1
inches lonjj, <rreen and inconspicuous. The flowers are yellow, 1-C, inch ac
infertile in the terminal spikes, and fertile only at the base of the spikes. The
is dark brown, with a sharp tip, around which are arranjred 4 to G spines, ."-l
lonjj. They have jjreat vitality and remain in the soil a loni; time without in
.\n averajro plant produces about 5.000 seeds. The seed has a bad taste an^l :
a peculiar odor to the milk of cows which eat it.

Time of flowcrinfr. July-September.

Time of secdinfr. Aufrust-November.

Dispersal — As an impurity in seed grain; and by wind and water, beiuL' 1
li>n2 distances by fre.shets.

Rcmrdtj. For the eradication of this weed, special attention must be irivf
the fall cultivation of the soil, to prevent seeds from ripening. Gang-plo'
culti ate. and harrow stubble ground immediately after harvest, and repeat eii!
tion at intervals until late in the fall ; then plow or rib up. and follow with a
crop. Care should be taken with the hoed crops that no specimens of Ragwef
to seed. When in grass, go over with a mower in September or October, if
plants are likely to mature seed. Do not sow late maturing crops. Ragweed ■
eaten bv cows causes bitterness in milk.

Yl t.I.OW D.VISY, COXE-FlX)WKU, BL\CK-EYEn SCSAN, OR NlGGERHEAD {Budh

hirta, L.).

A biennial and sometimes annual weed found in pastures and meadows
gniws about 1 to .1 feet higii. The stems are .sparingly branched and very h:
The leaves are thick, hairy, oblong and tapering towards the point. The fl
IS about 1 in. across, with orange yellow rays or petals (10 lo 20 in numiieii,
dark purple brown discs almost spherical or cone-shaped. The seeds are
brown, almost black, four-angled, and about i/s in. long, with no pappus, or
of hair. (Fig. 46). An average plant produces about 2,000 seeds.

Time of flowering. June-August.

:v!^ ^s i^::^m^';:^ yM>m^^m^irr^- ■ wmm

■mm^^ ^c?p^t:^!^^^^^^^T:S^^'^'^^^^^^^ . =i '>:-.3!^

*«»•

94

Fig. 45. Ragweed {Ambrosia artimisijolid).

^ 'fm^^m'':m^e^:^rR:

^

95

I :i .• of M'cdiiiv'. .Iiily-Soi)tonil>cr.

|i ■.. rsii — As iiii impurity in peed prain.

Rcnnh, It can prnerallv be killed by mowing, but it is somrtimes ncrcsPary
I ,„ i,r,ak up nieadrw or pasture land, as suggested in rote t^ Mr. Ifeimie's method
i,.f c!...i..iii.- land, and follow with a hoed crop. If this is well nirod for, it will
^■r<': all CoiK'-fltiwors.

IK l.^

:i:;iny

■ r'liii

■■Ut L

iMi^v. Wmn: Dmsv. Wiiitk Wkkd, ok rovEKTV Wekp {Cry.<anlliemum
I.rurnnthemnm, L.).

().v-( ve Daisy is a weed naturalized from Europe, and is very closely related
('!ii\,-iintlH'nuiiii or national flower of Japan.

- I perennial with short, thick rootstocks, possessed of mn.h vitality. V.ry
-Mns sprinjr from one root. It grows from 6 inches to ;? feet hif^h. The
-licl»tly clasp the stem, the lower ones narrow, lonp. and toothed alon-j the
;i,P upper ones small and without teeth. They are sliphtly aromatic, more
; ii.lv if hniised. The flowers arc 1 to 2 inches broad, on long stalks, with
Ml to :!!> wliitc ravs and hri^'ht yellow disc. The seed is about 1-12 in. long
J-d. with altpriiMte white and black longitudinal ribs. It has a short point
jiuppus (Fig. 47). An average plant produces 7,500 seeds.
T ::•■ of flowering. June-August.
T,iii.> of seeding, June-September.
1 1, j„>r;al— Chiefly in grass seeds and by birds.

a.mribi. The Daisy is most troublesome in pastures, and can be got rid of only

. ikiip' up the so.i. it can be eradicated by the method outlined for Canada

1 ; i-tl. (.r"l>v seeding down to clover and plowing up after one crop has been cut

..i.il • i!,. n off. The clover should always be cut before the Ox-eye Daisy has had a

bar ' ti) mature seed.

( ■ :-N- RAfjwoKT, T.VNsv RvawouT. nit Staggerwokt (.<nicr;o Jarohaca, L.).

i!.i- plant has been sent to the Department on one or two occasions from the

'< '..rhod of Guelph. It has probably been reported before as occurring in

M. : ,-:,,. since it is mentioned in the official list of the Toronto Educational Dcpart-

;ii.!,r Herbarium, but as it is not recorded, to our knowledge, in any other list, it

- ! ■: ii!I pra'tieal purposes a plant new to the Province.

1.;- i- the weed which has caused so much trouble in the Eastern Provinces.
It - ,1 very dangerous weed because, when eaten by cattle, it causes a curious and
• •;,' .li^easo of tlic liver (Ilepatica cirrhosa). For this reason farmers should keep
,. - a;p lookout for it, and destroy it whenever it appears. It is easily recognized
i.:: . a large, conspicuous, strong growing plant, about 2 to 3 feet high. The
fl '.v— are in numerous heads in corymbose clusters, bright yellow in color and
v.:v -!„,wv The root leaves are 6 to 8 inches long, petioled. Stem leaves seseile
ar.l .r.-ping. all leaves dark green, deeply twice pinnatifid, the segments crowded
1 ' - flapping, crisped and waved.

/, r.fjy. if they are not too numerous, grub out the plants, roots and all.
!•■ : . nre nnniorous. plow UP the field and bring it unaer a short rotation of

; . If on land that cannot be broken up, cut the weed in time to prevent it
fr ;n ^icding for several successive years. Keep cattle off fields in which this weed

■; u""Win!r.

• •■ Farm Weeds of Canada." By George H. Clark and Dr. James Fletcher.

j^m^M^^^^r:'^^

UG

Fig. 46. Cone Flower (Rudbekia hirta).

^^^^U^"--. /^•J^■-

w

y

Fijj. 47 Oxeye Daisy (('hri/.<iaTithemum I.eucauth>'mum).

f?

^■•^,k;^-^

'; =1

!H

l,i>-ii,' I'll i;iMH h.

I'll: ('|..| 111 i: .i|: I'.K'.'.vi:'- i'.l 'ms i.lr. /i'/,/i i,mm(>. Imim

A Im.miiiiii! w.mI Willi II, in. i;.|.. , immN. pr..l,,i!.K tli,' lar-'-l <'f all wltcI to

'I'lii- r.M.i I- Miiirori ■' '■■ l"i .t !'"•! i"l'*^ I'l'' -iiil'i"-; fuiili.i .l"»ii It I- rii

l.niih li.il. mill lia- :i -r.Ml ii.>M "ii tli.' •.tmuimI Th.' -ti'iu i- iiiihli Kraiirlir.l (f
I to •: fr.'t hi.'lii .Mi'l r>iii-ii. \Miii i.r.iii,] rniinijcl lrii\<-. t!i.' l-wv -urf.ifc (
li::lit,T -iv.'ii thiiii tip- \\>\<rr. 'I'll.' ||. wf ii.'a.l- ■" 'Ur in .ln-iri- iihI .iiv im;
ill luliir. 'I'lif tl-«rr 1. r, |,iM. !■■. ■•!• iii\utiicrf. a- :t w ra!li''l, i~ ,(.Mip..-.d of h,^
>Iiiii.-. ulii.li ;irr \M\ a.lli.-i>r. iii.l .!■■ inurh iii.inrv t^. tli.' w.,.,' cf -!i.t|i.
- 1- jiic Ipinwti. :'h III. Ii.ii ; and -|Mttr,l with dark'T brown (Fi^v ■»!•)■

'1 ill !' Il..\\rl IMJ. .! ilU ^' ;>!■ in:.. 1 .

T'lll.. (.f -11 illli.'. All.MI-1 til I. .!..!■.

|ii-|..-!-al fhhtlv i.'v iii.inal- . .ii-i". Ill:' t'lf - I fviii |ilar.. to phu r.

•|'h,' jilaiil wli.-i l.iiiii.'l ;. -M- a J 1 <\u:\]it\ nf alkaliiir .i-!i. •'Mual t- the

i„,t.i-li ; anil a -I.t... l:ni, fr..in !::.■ r - i- -.ml !•' ' I'ml '" 'I"' .i'H I" ^.ir-api

a- a l.lii..il |iiiiirirr. ct. .

/;.■/;(.<///. I'ut 1.. l..\v III'' .i.'Uii wiiii a -ii.i'l aii'l I'lirti tlir tcp-.

('\s-\l)\ 'I'lll-I I 1 . Ill: (III I 1-1

■riii^Tir {('i'-imii iinrii« . (1,.), Si..]..!

'I'lii- «.•■.! wa- ori^'inaMv ml h.ilu.rd fiMiu Kiir.'ii.'. and Ihih'i' iv. ..rri"tlv iiii
Canada 'I'hi-llr. It i^ a liard'. ii-iv:ir.ial. witli in;m..r.>ii- iindrrL'r.Mind -tnii- w
licar a larL'i' niiinluT of >]\nn\^. (St.,. Kij. .'o, illii-tratiii.Lr two of tlii'.-f shoot-.)
•jrow- to a 111 i'ilit of 1 I.I :: '.-.■!. Tli,' !■ a.r- :mv narrow and Ion-. .1. . idv iipI.'
int.> MM-.v iirirkU. lol.r.l M..riiiriil -. 'i'ho liaf h,i- a i-riiiii'r.l .ipji.Mra.,, .■. ami .il
ha-' -li-htU ita-ji.^ 111.' >ti'm. Th" uilLt >iirf,i.'.' "f th.' i.af i- \v.,..llv. tli- ii
-iirfa.'i' li'" -... It pi'idu.'i'- iiimirr..u- l.i'ad-; .'oiitainiii.' Ilowcr-. whirh an'
iiMJic. am..- and of a lila.' [mriii. ...I'l'. Tin- tlow.T is snuillrr than that ..f .
thi.-tli-. Thi' M'i'd i- -I'l'V. 0M..11-. an.) aiM.iii 's in. l"",'. with -Ii.'ht loii-H'i'
iiiarkiii>;.-. Altarlu'd to thr top 1- a . ..n-|.iiuoii- tiift of l„ii_' hairs (the i-.i]
( Iml'. -'O). Thi' seed is carri-'d h-iii: di-tamrs by the wind. An avcra,-.' plant
,ln, .- :!..MI0 .-I'cdv

'I'iini' of ilowi'riiii.'. .Tuiii'-AuLrn-t.

'riiiir of soi'diiiL'. .hilv-Si'iiti'inlii.'r. Many plant- ]irodiii'.' im. -.tiI.

1 »i-p.'isah--('bii'tlv liv till' wind.

Cri'at rare -iiould hr lakni D i>ri'\i'iit Canada Tliistlc from s liiii:.

Knidirnliiiu. Tin' Canaila Thi^tlf -T.ii hi' cradii'al.'.l in .-.'ViTal ways, if tii'.i
wi.rk i- iloiir at till' ri^rht tini.'.

1-t. Hy carcfnl and p.'r-i,-t.pt spnd.liiiL'. dono in -n.'h a wav as to jir.^.i
plant froiii di'Vi'lopiiiL: top ahovi' tin- ^'roiind.

•.'nd. Rv early afti'r-harw-t . ultivation of ,i:tulihl.' izroiind.
:!rd. IV. tin' fri'i|iii-nt inin .'u. ! "n "f li"i-d 1 r.>p-^ into thr rotation.
Ith. Hv thi' •^rcdini: inii.li with . L.v.t. takin- on,, or two crops of hay pli
ihi' (•h.U'r s..d -liallow .arh al't.'i 'iar'..'-l. ami .■nil i\.i! ini; fiv.pii'iitlx tiiioU;
ill,' fall.

"ith. Hv >ununi'r-falio\v:nu.

A>si.niin;r that all land .-hould ho phnvod in thi> fall, w.' may outline hri fl
or two motbods of d.-tr.iyini: thistles:

tn In .-^tulihlr ,;rnini.l for spriri;! crop. Canji-plow shallow and barn.w
aft.'r harv.-t ( imm.-diat.'lv afl. r th.' rrop is olT 1 ; and a^ soon as .^etn^ havp lia.

»»

IS Ragwort, Tansy Ragwort or StaBgerwort ( Hcnccio jacobnea i..).

•t^.;'ifiii;^<

IDO

,^:

Kle <'^' Hnnio'k ({rcttiim iiu}ii(s).

101

ilv with ;i lironil-'lmre culti-

b'f!

Iini'

, , . ,:; ,,; ..I,„ut ,1 fall, ana pL^w in t!,o u.,al way. or, ,f ,.....!.>. r . up w. h
/' JL\ l..anl Pl^.w ju-, !..f.n. th. fn,... Tl„< -v-t.n.atu. '-"'vat.- fn -
' . . ,,.r vill 'l.Tk thi^tl.s a,Hl oth.T w....a. v..,v mn..h. nn.l when Mlow-e.!

: : :,: H,an...l<. -orn. turnip, .arn... h.n. or rapO. pn-porly cultKaU^.
„ ,„;;.;,;. „l,.n",h. lan.l. hut put ,t .nt. .00,1 shape f.r a -op of^ra.n (oat.

. ,,!„.,„ xt spring'. whi^h.•^.pshouhlU.-,•.>.h..iw.th^.^^h,^....

,, :,„/ ,„„.„,/... or imsturr) for s^riu,, crop, .\ft.r ono or two. hut no
,. .,,, ,,,,.,„ .,f l.av „r pa^turo. plow .hallow (nnt nK-r. than four .ncho.O
.-. ,. :.,.;..:, <av tl.o'lst to th.> l.Mh .>f Au-u.t. an,! harrow at oncv. l.-t u
.,,.:„,• w,vk<. an,1 thnn niltivat. ih. .an,, wav ,t w:., pl„w., . two .,r thror
.,: ,,v„ , .prin.Moo.h ..ultivator. Aft.r a wlnl. c.ros.-oult.va 0 a little
- ir'p,..ii,l,.. n.ltivat. a thinl. or .von a fourtl, tin... u'o.n, a little deeper
. „ Then, if vo„ enn mana.e to ,1o .0. rih it up with a .louhle uiouhl hoa 1
. .■ ,. , „ „,M,. in th,. fan. This will mak.- a .o,.,l foundation for anv erop the
■....;' rn.-' -rain, roots, .orn or rape-an,l if the portion in hoe.l erop ,«
; ,:Mv ivah..l with hor-e an,l han.l hoes, verv f.w. if anv, thi^lo. wdl ^
•',; ,,„„;„„ i,„,Hl„1 for rape must he kept elean hy -[^-;;" ^^ "'" /'
f„l pnttin, in the erop. say the last half of .lune or the 1st of Julv. aft.r
vhouhl he ♦reated like other hoed crops. .. » ,

ror„ninv ,„1 a crop of fall rvo on land whieh is intended for rape the fol-
nn,„,.r, hut the rv ' tak,. so nunh moisture from th. soil in the spnn, that
aft.r it is apt to he a poor erop. unless in favorahle seasons.
- ..n„,.r-fa"owin.' is resorted t... it will h- well not to pW any more than
.:; . u „ relvmi surfaee eultivation with the hroadshare eult.vator and the
: ■ ; ;,: ,„ .„.h a wav as to eut the plants two or three .nehes bebw the .u ^
,,„. uP.out hrin.^in. up anv of the numerous rootstoeks whieh run alontr a lit le
:.r ■ wn will also he well to keep the fallow eov.red part of the ---er l.y

.; .' .! ,ne kind of ,reen erop. say a erop of huekwheat. sowed ra her th.ek and
." „. r wl en eonun, into hloom. This wiU help to prevent the loss of n.trab
■,;;.: land suffers from washing, and will improve th. sod hy inereas.np the
U'-n'v of A "etahlc matter in it. 4111,

r U . .:.essarv at anv sta.e in the ahove method "V'f ^T"^i:'^^l U
L'..,;.' or .od sav for mamiels. use a irruhher or suhso.l plow to ^t.r the soil to a
,n.r .lopth tlian is reached hy the surfaee cultivation.

CiiiconY, OH Wii.i) SiccoiiY {rirhoHvm inl'ihns. L.).

A P..r.nnial weed introduced from Europe, with Ion,, deep tap-T.<^. wluch when
, i :...,1 ,-ronnd up is used in adulteratinj: coffee and a- « ^"''^t'»"[<'^/"[ '.♦• ^''^
.. .: -i^^st leafless, from 1 to 3 feet high, much hranehed. Bhghtly hairy and
". .., ; lor The leaves, spread out on the ground, are long, with irreg^i lar

■:ii

Sr.

■■will.

■ rn
i'

^re Mun.M,,.. urring in clusters, without flower stalks.

The flowers are ahout 1 ' !■ inches across, hnght hlue in color

Ti.c flower heads are numerous. oc(
naked hranchc'
.• usnallv closed l>y no..n. The seed i> ai.out 's n

to a hhint

11a V CDSei IIV uomi. iii> --^v" ■ --■ - ■ ~,

tie opposiie eiHl na>Mif; n. !......> ., ,-,nn ,„^ ■

f t},e IL ,s eorru.^ated. An average plant produces ahout .^,000 seed^,
ine of flowering, July to October.

L3M^^^

11'-.

Fig. 50, Canada Thistle (Cirsium arrnisr).

1U3

Ffg. ni. Chicory {('nhoniiin nitybus).

\ %i^m

I'M

Tinii'' iif scf'iiin;.', Au.'ii-t to O. ImI.it.

I)i,-[MT«n! FrcfjUi'iii;) a- :iii iiiipurity in cIimt and !:ra>s .-('P(1.

Ennnhi. Seliioni tronM.-orn.- ii; wrll mltiviitcl WAiU. A short rotation of cm]!-
will soon cMiisi! it to .li-.iii;M.:ir. lia-lly mf.-tr.l t^rl.U niav l.r cIimh.^iI l.v >!cpy). t'mr
ou^h fall cultivation, follnwrfl l.v a liocl orop the m-vt season.

r.\l;V \ I'.vV 'I'lll^lM {I iiihliirra -.■o'v/ti'i/7'i.v, T,.).

Tins plant i< coiniiMrativi'ly now ti. dntari... It> liornn is m the Mprlit^rrano.i!
rc(;ion. Imt it has l„vii mtroilucod into nio-t tomiirrati> cliniati's with alfalfa, rl.ve-
and oflicr -rods. 1' - hcounic -.attiT.'d pr.'tty well ovor Ontario a- an impurity
Ml alfalfa. It is a ini-liy-liranojird. annua' wcnl from 1 to 2 fcft hi.irh. Tlie flowr^
arc vcllow and surroiiiidod hr (•on-i)iciious. stout, yi'lhnv spines ahont thno-fourth*
of ail inch lon.L'. Tlir Iouit Iravi',- arc duidi'd. tlio upper linear entire, and run aloii.-
the stem at the ha-e ( doeurrent i . The plant lieinjj an annual and very ronspiniiu-
is not likely to heroine a had word.

Fai.i. n WDi.i.ios I Leoritniinn nutnmnalis, Jj.).

An introdured prrmiiial wrrd rrportrd reeiMitlv from several plaee? in Ontario
a.s oeeiirrinir in havflelds. [.eaves mo-tly ha^al, sprin^rint; from a short, thick root-took
and resemhlinj,' .somewhat the Iravi s of the fonimon Dandelion. Stems branched,
sraly and few flowereil. Flowrr- about 1 inch across, brisrht yellow. .Seed i-
1/, inch Ions, brown, linear, ribbed li'mrthwise and bears a row of feathery hri.'th^
about its own leni,'th.

Time of flowerin;:. duly till frost ; seeds ripe bv AuqfU^t.

Hispersal — I?v seeds and liy division of the crown.

Hftnril'i. * '• Radlv infested tields should be broup:ht under cultivation. Pastun
lands that Cannot be cultivated may be improved by severely rakin;: the surface with
a sjtrini,'-tooth harrow and sowin^r the most vi^rorous gTa.s?ep.''

Yki.iow flo.vi's Bk.\I!Ii. Mkmkiw oh Wii.p S.\t.sift {Tragopo'ioii jrr(ilen.<is. \j.\.

'I'his i.s a weed common aloni: oadsidrs. railway tracks, and in waste place- ii
many l>arts of Ontario. N'o reports have been received of it persi-tinj; in cultivatr(
tields. However, sprrimens arr fiwpiently sent into the Department of Rotijny f-i
identification, as it is a vrrv conspicuous plant both in flower and seed.

Yellow Coafs-beard is a perennial weed naturalized from Furope. It has a lonu'
-lemhT tap root; an u})riL'lit stem from 1 to .'i feet lii^'h: leaves keeled, lonj:. narrow
taper-pointed; larire velb ^ flower heads, from 1 to 2'/!- inches broad, which arc sue
ceeded by conspicuous spherical head.* of downy .seeds lookinj: like very larpe dande
lion -eed-heads. The seeds are yellowi,<h -brown, long and slender, somewhat spindle
shaiied. taperini; to a slriulrr b.^ak whirli bears a tuft of hairy bristles; the surface i
lined lenjithwi.se and somewhat ronijhened with little projections. The whole plan
is filled with a milky juice.

Time of flowerin-:, from dune to September.
irae of sccanif:, iron: 'u!;. •." o- j^-.- it.-- •

Remedii. This weed does not appear to stand cultivation, as it is seldom seen ii
tields whirh are under crop. If it beromcs abundant in meadows or pa.sturcfi, iireak

• " Farm Weeds." By G. H. Clark.

^.ifiSS:

■Mr^M

b,:?^^^^i^i

&'- ■r^SStSSv'^fs^'^'A ;;*:^-;^

- -i^ i.\--T.C.'~

1U6

Mm

^-F

Fig. "iS. Yellow Gcai's-beard {Tragopogon pratentU).

l5S,*vfS-^'iIi>

--.-p"-* -, -.-^

..Hr'^i-^

•-,. I I -,-«'■

ur,

M' U

p nni1 kccpiiiL' tlicni umlfr < iilliMitioii for

Miir I)

r two -hniilil fau-<' i'

[.[ipar. Stray plants on roailMili-. tn'a
nL'li to prevent them fr.mi ^enlin;:.

l-lan<1< anil wa-te plaei^s -hould

lit

M -IVY

Oystkii ri.wr, rniri.i: <!<i\r

's-iii:.Mii) [Tragopnnnn pornfohus

I.I

jdant. wliieli i^ rnltisat.il ii< a

iihI wa-ti' I

ilai'ps

It

IS \erv SI mi

i.:.'.'talile. is often foiiinl izn-wiiu

hil' to Yellow (ioat'-lHMnl ''ViVI.

Ill I'lai

t fnl' I'

1„. flower-heai1<. which i> purple insteail of yel

low.

Tilt: Pj:i;i :vNi\i. >^"

w 'rnisii.i-: (>'(itirhu.< urifuyi-i

T-.V

It I
iHMvi

hy all mean- t
i found in nlmi

h,. w,,r-t wv..,! in the I'rovinee of Ontari.. at the pn-eut
..t every eoiintv. and upon alm.-t rv.TV farm. So rapnlis

-tnitlv i- it i=prea(linLr that in .-om.' par

t~ uf ihr I'l-'ivi!

t threat.

• ,', Iv (,\er-ruil the lidi
Ii-|M-r-a! there arr mai

1- and drive out

the r

iirnii'r.

1\' w

!iM arr n

,t ahlr to reeou'lli/e tllH )!

i.f it-

r<t anil who mi-

In ■;]iite. however.

r..v 1

ts two cdinparatively hariiil

I'S- riiu-in-

the Com

mmi Annual Snw

Thi-th

. Sjiiny
iii.ii-; wei

Annual Sow Thistle. Thi- -hmild not he the en-i
d. and .litf.Ts markedly from the other tw

.■.iiecie

t \ariitv of soils hut i

i~tle '-'row.s freelv on a verv L'rea

rirh. low. damp land. It appears tin- first year in a h<

esprel

a- it is a v(M-\
The rerennial
ally troulile

r_' of voun.L' plants, eaeh jdant mado up
1 thus, when numerous, tlev romp

-uml. am

•Id in srattered pateho-
,f a rosette of leaves Ivin^r elose t..
l,.telv rover it. Theso youii^' plants

o't underjrroiin

d root stoelvs and are eoinpa

it. Theso youn^
.tively easy to destroy. Tin

im: niiniorous leavi'

larire stem hear

ni: and semi \\\> <(iianli

ra
and (lowers h proi

■_'i'ow alo

■ r. it is no easy

tits (,f new shoots, (^n

iliieed and tin'
c.-taMished in

ta-k to de-trov this pe-t.

i-.' I'i'rennia

Thistle ( Sciifhiis iin'i'ii.<}s

. ith dee]

ilrep roots and numerous thiek. underjrroii

) IS a tall, eoarso ^Towinu' perennial
(1 stems or rootstoeks. 'om

ken of as " roots." T'pon these a

t intervals of a few inches are

.\ ;l|i

■h develop into uiw

plants. The stem is sm'

tilled with a hitter milky juiei

Tl

le leaves

oth and ludlow and tho whoh
are :.ointe.l. 1 to 12 inehe

,lv cut with the srjrnicnts iiointiiiL' ha

■kwards (runeinate'), Mli;htly pri<klv

■wcrs. or.

more correctly s]

Iv siicakiiiL.'. the heads of flowers

arc ahout 1 to 1

■ aero

■ wer cl

iss. and hri^dit oranj

ilor. The involucre, or, as it i

s eommonlv called.

ip. and the peduncle- or flow.T stem- are covere.

,1 with distinct, yellow

hristles.

Tlie seeds are dark reddish-hrowii

in color, ahout I's of an inc

.mewii

at spindle -hape

1 with hlunt ends, and ea.h surfa.'c hears a numhc

eei)

ilv wrinkled, loniritudina! r

-ilkv hairs (pappus) which, wliei
• „,riie loiii.' di-tances hy the ^vind.

Kach s.vd hears at the top a tuft of
ilrv. acts as a parachute and onahles tiie -ced

:i\r< OK

nisriNCTi

IN RinwKKN rm:

ri:i!i:N'N'iAi- ^"^\ TiiTSTi.K AVI' rm

Annt.m. Sow TitisTia;s.

I, 'riic Pprenniai So
niher two .Sow Thistle?

Sow Thistle is a la'hr, coar-

nlant than either of

:,ll s)icel

Sow Thistle ha? numerous under-round rootsto<ks while the
's' have only Hhrous mot?. (Soo illustrations.)

The Perennial

^■K-^'.^--:- -">F:'"7?<3:^J-ii^'?i>iS-r^3w^

-;. i ■ - :helt-=i

108

Ay');-','

■■'Hi' >

^1/5

^^^^

Pig. 54. Perennial Sow Thistle {,S<mc\us arvim***).

.^i^^i'OV^^ =:^ i.:f-^5*--'V£Vt* -^

w^a^ss^m^^^s^

Tlir l,aw- ..f Ihr ( ..inlri..!, AhlMi.ll S,,'.V Till-tlr .v.v i],;-p\\ .lit ;ll"l I'llx-I '

■, ..f thr Spiiu Aiii.ii.ii S..\v '|"hi«lh' arf ulnm-t cntiri'. .
li,. lra\c. of ilir I'.-ri'iiniiil S.iw Tlii-tl'' ,i

.iri'K -['i'i>'-

hi' |i M\

1 ..ft.

. mil
.lit. liut n.'t
'I'lir l!..wrr- I.

l\ \M1\\ . I ll.'

iiii.l -liL'litlv i.ri

klv. (S...- ilhHtratiDH-*.)

t!i.. I

.'I'.niiiai II

IT i.riL'lit ..r.ui

.l..r anl a'i..iit 1' .j 'ii

a.r.»-. uli

I, tt

!.■ Iliiui r-

,f til.. A

iiiiiia'- 111'.' |>a

!.. v..ll..\v mi.l 1.— tlnii ' .■ in

alii. t.T-

||. tl'.U.M. Il|.

( iiiMihii ri - I .111.1 11..U.T

-t.'iii- ( pfiliiii. I.'- I

,f 111.- I'c

■;..u 'r!ii-ll.. ai.
if t!i.. .iiiiiiial -p.

. .pl;-|i|il|i.n

,1\ ,,,\..iv.l uit'i \.-ll..u -laii.liilar 'iri-t!.-. wliil.. t

air 11' III K ^iii.ii't I.

• ;. 'I'll. -I...1- .if ill.' t'ir.-.' -|.i.

I.'- 111-.' Ill

IT.T a- t" -hip.' iitiil iiiiirkinir-

1 1 1 w I I I I

I'l III N\ I \i. S..\v 'I'lii-i n: !- SiMM'M'

'I'iir I'. r.iili;:i

il-ll.. I- t'l'i

11- ia|.i.lU iin.l wi.l.'lv -III-.

il'l i'V IIII'UI

iiiin. I'l. II- -I

,1-, wliiili atv t'l'.uii far iiiul ui.l.' '.v tli.. win

il. 1111(1 ti. -'.nil' .'\ti

H,, al.ui-ilaiit iiii.l. ri.'i"U! .1 r....|-t..rk- ulii. ''i wil'i ivmarkii:.|r rapi'lilv -j

rkiiMr r.ipi'lilv -pr.'ii.l tin

a 111

■ml mu' lip ii' \*

-li.i.il- wlii.li -."'II .iilir.'lv (

<\VV 111.' V'

r.'Uii.l iiiul i-!i<ik.-
11 ,,i!i.r \. _■. lali..h. 'I'll.' r....l-P..k- wh.ii l.r..k.-ii up aiv "fl-'ii •■arricl from

It !ia- li.'.'p .■-iimal.'.l l!i.it nn aviTair.' iilanl

to ti.-M 1.. liiin-..\v ..r . iihiMi!

,ll|, , - ■.'.(Mill -r.Ml-. Til

f.inii-, on r..ail -iil

,1 r.' I !i..M-an.i - ..

I',.-,- i.l.i::!-

'iij |.. il ..11 ii(".:l.

mill 111 I. -Ill

ill' LMain an. I I iii'ir nulli..ii-

.rii.'i'-.

Maiiv iii..r.' iiiMtur.' jilaiit- arc harv.-t.d

,f s, ■.•.!- -ratt.'H'.l at ihr.'-liiii:

ill t

,im1, I, il Iliat tii.' I'.iviiiiia! S..U 'I'lii-ll.' i-^ li.'.-..niiiiL' -ii'li a -.Ti.'ii- ]

tinier. I- it t
i..ii- iii-t in Out:

Miiiiipii- III' V.u \ni. \ri.iN.

Th.'..- :ir.

,|i-,ai-...l uiiilrr ill.' li.a.liii '-^ ..I' (i.Ti.'ra' .Sii;.'_"-tioii- aii(

1 l»et,i

(lr.\i:i: \i. Srccp^iioss.

..■ar 111 mill

! tlial a f.'U- Iiat

mat 111'.', iiiav -ci'.

1 il.

wii a wtml.' ii.'iL'ti' ■■ 'lioiK

•!i.- of rcr.'iinial S.,\v T!ii-tU', if allowcl ;.
Tli.'fcfon'. tak.' every precauti..'. !■

it til.' si'ciliii.i: oi 1

r i..it.li.- ill 111. 'a. low-. '_'ra

ill fl.'M-. f.'iii-.' .oriiiT.-. and on th-

■.'. Wat. h l'..r til.' Ilr-t tw.. or tlir.'.' i.aPlu- in tli.' fi.'l.l .ni.l .l.'-tn.v tlicni I'.t..!'
ill. |..'-t li.-...nii'- .T^talilisli.il.

:;. 11,, ,,,,■.. fill not t.i li:irr..w ..r .■lllli^at.■ tlir.niL'li pat. 'In- an.l .Iraj tli.' mi'l' r
uroiiiil ro..i-toi k- all o\.'r llic tieid. ^

I. 'riir I'.ivnnial Sow 'nii>tK' t!iri\.- iim-t !iiMirianti> nu ratli.'r l..w. damp ki >■■
rii.lrr.lrainiiiL:. tli. rff.'r.'. will liclj' t.. ('..mnd it.

.-, .si„vp ar.' f..n.] ..f tin- w.'cl. ,iml. if tiiriio.l ..n a field after harve-t. will t.-
^.u\ it -.■..lui.' ami Ly tli-ir el..-e croppiii- w.'akeii tin? underground rootstocks.

T")KT\ii.i;i) MKTii('n>.

Several iiielliod- of exterminaiini: tli.' I'erennial S.iw Thistle are here outline.l
in d.'tail Tliev lia\e all been suggested hy practical fanner?. It i.s hoped that
tlio.'^e who arelookini: for iiif..rniati..ii ou this suhjct will find among them a
inetliod .-uitt.l t.i their own londitioiij.

rfv2

j| ^^||^vf>^^'

111

\„ ,. Tiu-,n.tl,...l i-.u^.,-t,.! . I'-f /..WW. «1.. f..n:.l ,t rf

.„. ,r;..l,nm..M..fl/u...k(i,-:.-. ( 'ul.,...!- the ti.M un.ilaU.t tl.. mnl

run,,,,,, ....,■ „ iVMU.n.l' . ,-l, .l,- • ,.h,vat.., -•-"' '^'7 "";':>;;

.^„- w..,.k,n >!„■ ■•.-...■t-." Tl,.„ a,r!v ,„anu,v ,„ tl,. ra •■ o, a ...u J)
, , !•' '....1 l-a.l-> CillM.,!.' ,','• luMHuiv i„ th..,,.u-hlv a,..l «,ll, a

,,,,'l .„,n.,r ,,!,.« -l,.-l„h --i.!:' n;, th. la„,i. -naki,,.' tlir r,.l.'.- ut '^U

.,,„ ,„. ,h.. .Ml..- -uNs ,,a-,u,v ra,M. at tl.- rate of V, I'w. ,„ r a>,v. It

'/„„•,.,.„ ,!„ ,..i„a ,„., ..I Ml.-1-"1'""-^VM. ,..,,! ,„., l,„ly - .„w„

, y ,„, i„. lUirkn...,,;:!, ,,.M„n,l„,-tl,.' w.v.l-. ai,.l .1. Ml •',. ..t-,.-,'ha,.c.

-■ :„u„ ,!,.■ ,.la„t- w.ll 1- t M-nw.l.M a,Hl „..t .,■„. u..n,.„n-l:, rn..,,.'l.

,,„l „,•„„. ,,,,.,1,, x.,v ,'„. ,.,„..■ u!„.„ ,1,. la.i.l ,- -.„l,n..,„U n,u.M o
k..n„,„:m,.„..r;h. -.■.!. ir,:,..,:„..-,--l..w,n -.a,-,. „.,,.- >.-.-!..

.-,,„, ,„ t:,. n..-.n.! tUu-: -,.:.„■ !,..„.l ,„lt,v,n,..:, ,,■■.- < ulnwit-

,.. u..,.k..,-M, .lav- n„nl „,„,„,,„- all -in. ■-'„.u„.l.,„.l .n.iK, - I urth.r

,,„,.„--l,lr. If. wluM, ,■•„■ ■■„i. i-.u. or ,,:,-,Mr..l. ai>, S„u I 1„-,1,- ,v-

-.1,; .l„.ul,l !„. ,-i,l..-.l .I]. llH' la-, >h..,. ,„ :!,.■ fall an,l lui, m^^ -.t!- a

,,„ f„|l„u,.,-v,a.-. Tl,:--l,..nl.| „.., !.,.,„,, -a, V If a. 1 -1 ' rai"'

\, . •I'lii- 1- a -v-,rn, ..; ,,,t-i,-i'.- M-..)'!""-' Mi-.'.-t-l ■■ I'lol'--"!-

\ ^^a.vn.al,,-..], i-l..,:--f'l. |,l..w ,1„. la,.l a„.i mx. f : MM^n, , n\

i„.i-. 'I'lir,, -o\v wmrn- \y at th,' i.it.' (.1

ui . ,1, fur

,„J„.l- ,,cr a.n.. Tl„- • .„. I- i.:,-ln,v,l i',.' foll,,vv,„,' >|.,-n,.

' ... I I . * . . »i > I 1 1^ i . r

Th-

Il„, ,.,„,, i-,,iVi!,.. la„.l. V'.n ,„ ,-ai-. turnip-. ..I- i. ■■ kwhriit.
,,„„„. of thU >y.t.,n i< that tl„v.. ,.,•„,.- an. ha:.. --.! ;n ,w„ •..ar- :,n.l ,!>..

A- -(.1.11 a> ihi' ii't'li
!■ of thi- >\>tfm i- t

'!. l'..,iL'ht a! tl).. -an,c tinii'

Vo .; Tin- .nrth.M ,- iv,..n -uA^A hy l'rof..s>or Hav. lmn,ni,ately

, .; „,;,„:.,,!„w -halluw ana run ..'..r ,!„• iu-U\ -.vr.al tn,..^ w,th ih. hrua.l
i,,.;Uor: Kat.r .n th,. fall ,.l,w a l,t,l. a...r..-. a,,.l .-o-mn,,. nu::^^^^^^^^

, , ,„■ ,..„ ,h,v- a- ion. a. the -a l-n,nt-. I,a-, th„.^' hHo,v th. ,'ro„n,l

,,;;,.;.. la,\a .,,', a .l.,uU!.. ,n,.ul.M,,,a:-,l ph.w. Th.. f..I!..w,,,, -pr,,,, «.ve

nltnatioii „I' to tho ti,--t of -Inlv. tli.'ii .-av pa-turv ra;...

. \„ ■ Thi- i< a ^hoi'i i-ot.nvn "lii.-h ha- h.^n iTroinin.'iHlr,! hy m'V.tiiI

.•'ln-,,tuii. worker.. Ch.N.r ,- follow,,! hv a .•.■o|, of .ra,n. tlun .lov,.,- a-a,,,.

,,■ ,- ,ut „. Ju,,., a„a th- la,„l plow,.,l about four i,n-h.-. .1...... am -iven

. ,,„l ,l,„,„u.h .■•,ltivation ,luri.,.' th. ,v-t of th,. sM„„n.,-. 1 h,. follow..,},'
.,„„ ,,.,,, ,. .own, se..,l.n^ .h^wn w„h A.^.r. For h.-t ■.■.ults th.. ^-a,n
J,, 1„. .,n' W.,=,.h ran U- cut ■•arlv .w,u;h to i,n.v..nt th.. thi-tlc from

.,/ V„ •-, DiHTtlv aft.M- harv.-t ].low th.' la,„l li-htly, a,ul th.,. i.',ve frt-

::,:v;,„;.u'a^ lo„. «> th. M'a- >en,.,t-. The f..llowin, spring -ra„-pk.w

.,. ,„ -u.n.n.r fallow u..t,l it i^ t.n..- to x.w fall wh.>at '1 h.- ^u„n„..r fa-

.,■..„,;>.. „„-t I,., a hare Ml:,r. Th.. Ih.hl ,uu-t h.' .ultivat.'.! th,,ro„-hly

,,,,„.,„lv. vv.th the ol.jer-t of k...|un,' tl... top.- .lown an.l "r,;aK„,^ up a.u.

',„ t!u. -urfa... of the f:rou„.l a- ,na,.y of the -r.K.t.^" a- p.,^^.hle. 1 h.' gang-

^.1.1 o.-.a-,o„allv he ruu over th.. fiehl i,. ..nler t.. in-ure tlw n.tt.n,' ..f the

i;are -u,nn.er falh.w ha^ give,. evMlent result. o„ th,. f..ll...e far,,, „. .ea-

',■•!, otlii-r ,u'

•th,..l- w.'re at h.'^t ..nly partiallv etfe. .ive

! !

-•'^i&ste:^.'ii.

■t .?

11-,

Fig. 56. AiuiiKil Sow Thistle (Soiulius olcrurius) .

,%-^.v_VJ|«^

113

FIf. 57. Prickly L«ttuce (Lactuca tcariola).

Annl'al S..W T.UMii ('"MMCN Suw Tiii.^iM:. "K Mn.K Tiii.sTi.i: (So,,.,,.

An aminal wrd ii>tnMur,.,l fn.in Kur-.pr. It ■M(>w> 2 to :'. f.'vt lii-h. has tii.rnu^
roots and L^afv stem, and i.- not .,n,t.. >u laf^v ..r -■■.ars,. a- tho IVre.nnal S,„v
Thistle. Tl.p l.av,.s ar.. .ui..>li l-l..!. and hav. <h..rt. -.ft simim>>. Kach hnad h manv.
flowered • but tli.' " flowers " are small, abcul V-. in. across, and of a pale yellow ( 4or
The seed', a tv hn.wi,. dull o,- i,,n.':,.'n.d, ami al.uul is m. l-n;:. «ith .-. lon-itu^l-ia
ridKes finely wrinkled . n,->w,.,.. and at tabled t,. the top i-' a lar.irr tuft ..f fine i.air
united at the hase.

'J'inie of flowering'. June .\u,i.Mist.
Time of seeding'. duly-Au^nist.
l^ispersal— Chiillv hv the wind.

Uemcdy. Cultivate st.d.hle-n.und and s.ul early after harvest and. throu^nuu
the fall as for Canada Thistle (see Fiir. 50). Follow with hoed crop, prefer.W
eorn or roots, and .idti\at.' tlior..u-hlv thn.u-hout the jrn.wm,!,' season. Lse tii
cultivator, instead of the plow, after root^ or eorn; sow a erop of gram and =oc
with clover; if praeticalilc pull the weeds hy hand out of the grain crop: tak. or
or two crops <d' hay or pa-luiv. and again hreak up tie' sod. jdowmg, harn ^vin
and cultivating a< fir Thistle.

I'lucKLY LinrtcE (Lacluca gcariola, L.)

Prickly Lettu.e is a native of the old w,)rld. and has invaded this Provinc- m
from New York and Michigan. It i- a winter annual: it springs from seeds n, t!
fall and survives the wint.T. The jdant grow< to a height of W. feet; the -t.
is leafv and n.^uallv -moot!.: the leave> are oMong and slightly pointed, often .la^
iiig at the base: the under surface of the midrib of the leaf is spiny: Head^ a
numerous and yellow.

Time of flowering, .Tuly-Septemher.
Time of seeding, August-October.

Dispersal— By me-us of its seeds, which are provided with a pappus or tu
An ordinary plant may produce S.OC^ a?eds.

liemedy. The best methods of destroying the weeds are: 1. To mow repeats
as it ex)me8 into bloom, or earlie-. 2. To cultivate thoroughly with a hoed en
By this method the seeds in the soil will be induced to geminate. They shot
not be covered deeply in plowing. Mature plants should be cut down and ^ . i
lest the seeds he blown about and scattered by the wind.

Farmers should be careful to buy only clean clover, millet and grass seed?, a
the weed inspector should insist on the fulfilment of the law, and have all fen
corners, roadsides, and waste lands cleared of the pest.

Wild Lettuce, Southern Thistle, or Trumpet-milkweed. (Erroneously cal
Prickly Lettuce.) (Lactuca canadensis, L.).

An annual or biennial plant with i leafy stem, which may attain a height
seven feet. The leaves are deeply loi)ed. terminating .in an acute point, and h
stalks or petioles, the lower ones being smaller than those near the top of the st
The stem bran<'hes at it.s summit into a compound flower-duster. The flower^
small, yellow in color, and open only a few at a time. The seed is dark browr

„*:'

m-i^mi-

116

ik;

Fig. 69. Paint Brush (Hieracium aurantiacum, L.).

in

,„;.r, flat and oval, with longitudinal ril>s and a tlireadlike l)fak at the apex, and
]„ -isses a small white tuft of hair.

Time of flowering, June-October.

lime of seeding, July-October.

1 )ispersal— Chiefly by the wind.

nnnedy. Whore there is not mu. 1. of it, pull and burn before ripening. Where
th . .annot be done, use the same method as for Mustard.

I'Ai.sT Bitu.sH, Devils I'.u.nt Buush, ou Oiunoe 1I.v»>k Weku. {Hirraciuw

aurantiacuin L. ).

This is another weed wliiili is jiaininj; -rouiu. ni Ontario. It has been common

-ome time in the eastern part of the I'roviiR-e, but is now reported as hem-
■;,1 a< far west as Oxford Couiitv. It has been found in the vicinity of Guelpli

n,anv years. It is b..iiit; dispersed as an impurity in clover seed, and by mean«

t. tufted secd.s, whicli are blown about by tlie wind. It is a serious pest when
'..ts into meadows and pastures, as it spreads rapidly by runners and soon crowds

the f^rass. Careful watch sliould therefore be kept to prevtMit its establishment

n the farms of Ontario.

It i^ a perennial weed of Euro-loan ori-m, and produces slender runners, which

.ear tiie .surface of the soil. The leaves are all basal, and lie cU..su to tne ground.

■in- i rosette They are broa. v laiurd-shapcd, from 2 to 0 mehes iii lenglli.

tl„wer is orange red in col.'' ibout ■-'-:; ..f an iiuh in diameter, and borne m
,.teis on tlie top of a simple, nearly b.ifles. stem fiou, \'i to 18 inches high. I he
,U are provided with tufts of down. When found in rl.Aer seed, however, the

,' , is u.sualiv absent. Tliev are torpedo shaped, about 1-12 of an inch long and
,1 len<'thw'ise Hipe seeds are <lull jet black in color, unripe .=!eeds deep red.

Il.mcihi Paint IJni^h is but a Miallow-ro.,te.l perennial, and readily sm-umbs

n'tivat'ion. Infested meadows and pastures >iiould be broken up and put under

■ ,rt rotation of .rops. Salt at the rate of \\:, tons per acre is recommen.led tor

, .je.truction of this weed. It should be scattered over the patches so as to fall

•„. leaves. It is claimed that it dotroys the I'aint Urush and improves the gras^.

:!• n-ults do not seem to justify this statement.

t'ol
fol
uf

It

i;;

KNOW TRK WEEDS.

It i^ verv important that those engaged in farming should g.'t to know tlie

-1 weeds and the weed seeds most frecpieiitly found in commercial seeds. This

can do with a little trouble. Strange weeds should be sent to the Botanical

■ irtnient here for identincation, and a collection of the most common weed

U should lie secured for reference and comparison.

WEED IDENT1FIC.\TI0N AND SEED TESTING.

The Department of Botany is at the service of farmers, gardeners, seed
: ■ ichants and others in the identification of weeds, weed seeds, plant di.sea.ses,
_• i--es and economic plants. Clover and other farm seeds are tested and reported

n a.s to purity absolutely free of charge. Plant specimens and samples of seeds
■ did be carefully packed and addressed with postage prepaid to the Botanical
!'.i>artment, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelpli, Ontario.

^ttK%

INDEX

■■j2Ct->

Act to Prevent Sl.ro.'i'i of Noxious

Weeds. 16. _

Annual Sow ThisU.'. 1".. lU.t, U.,
Ball Mustard, 50. 5'.".
Uarnaby'8 Thistle. Ml. ^
Barnyard Grass, 22, 2., -•
Bastard Cress, '<».
Beggar's Button, 98._1"'^-.
Bindweed, 0, 1", IS, '''■■ ■ ■■
Bird's Nest, 73.
Bitterweed, 92.
Black Bindw(<d. 22.
Black-eyed Susan 22. 2.i. '.»-
Black Plantain, 89.
Black Medick, 22, 2:'.
Bladder Campion. 1
Bladder Weed, 41.
Blue Bur, 80.
Ulue Dirvil. 80.
Blue Thistle, 80.
lUue Weed. IS, 1'.'.
Borage Family, 8U.
Buckwlieat Family,
Burs, 80, 81, 82, 9S,
Burdock, V.K 20, 9S,
Butter and KgKs, S.i
Buttercuii Family, no.
Butter Weed, 89.
Canada Fle:U)ane, 89.
Canada Thistl,, 6, 19, 2.', .'8. M-
Charlock, Co.
Cheat, n.

Chess, 1.'., 10, 24, 2C.
Chicory, 19, 20, 101, hC
Chlckweed, 22. 23.
Cinquefoil, 22, 2;'.. >'•'. •■'.'•
Classification of Wee.ls. .>.
Clot-bur, 98, 100.
Cockspur Grass, ;'.2.
Collection and Ideiiiihratiou. 4
Cone Flower, 22, 2:;. 92, 90.
Control of Weeds, 1, C.
Corn Cockle, 17, IS. 43.
Corn Gromwell, 83.
Corn Spurrey, 42. 44.

:!'!.

18. 44, 1.^..

SO. SI.

lilO
imi.

14.

Couch Grass, C, 1'. 10. 29, 30.

Cow Bell. 44.

Cow Cockle, 4S.

Cow Cress, »(. '>'<■

Cow HtTb, 48.

Crab Grass. 32.

Creeping Cluulie,

Creeping Tliii^Me,

Curled Ooek. K.,

Daisy. 19. 20. Oo

Daisy Fleabaiie.

Dandelion. 20, 21. 104. 10

Devll'B Gut, 78.

83.

9S.

10.

, 97.

S',».

84.
10::

Devil's Plague. 73.
Devil's Paint Brush, IIG, 117.
Ill Dock, 33, 34.

Dodder. 17, 18, 78. 79.

Dog Bur, 80.

Eradication of Weeds, 5, 7. _^

Kveming Primrose, 22, 23. 72, ii.

False Flax, 17, 18, HG, 58.

Field Peppergrass, 54. 55.

Figwort Family, 85.

Finger Grass, 32.

Fleabane, 20. 21, 89, 91.

l.'oxt!-.il, 24, 25.

French Weed, 50.

Gill-over-the-Ground, 83, S4.

Goat's Board, 104, 100.

Gold of Pleasure, 50.

Gooscfoot, 30.

Gooscfoot Family, 30.

Grass Family. 21.

Great Rr.gweed, !i-'. 9,!.

Green Foxtail. K>. 10. 24.

Green Tansy Mu.stard, •',.., t,i..

Ground Ivy. 83. 84.

Ilare's-ear Mustard. 02, 04.

Ileal Ml. 22, 23.

Herrick, 60.

Hogweed, l<2.

Horsetail. 22.

Horsetail Family, 22.

Horseweed, S9.

Hounds' Tor.giie, 17, 18, 80, 82. ^

Identification of Weeds. 4. 9, 11..

Injurious Effects of Weeds, 1.

Introduction and Spread of Weeds.

Kingweed, 92, 93.

Lady's Thumb, 36.

Lamb's Quarters, 10, 18, 30^ 38.

Maple-leaved Gooscfoot, 3.>.

Meadow Butterc\ip. 50.

Meadow Salsify. 104, 100.

Milk Thistle, 114.

Milkweed Family, 70.

Mint Family. 83.

Morning Glory Family. 76.

Mullein, 19, 20. 85, 86.

Mustard Family, 50.

Niggerhead. 92.

Nlghtflowerlng Catchfly, 17, 18.

Noxious Weeds, List of, 12.

Noxious Weeds, Act to Prevmt bi

of, 10.
Oak-leaved Goosefoot. 36.
Old Witch Grass, 32.
Orange Hawkweed. 22, 23, IIG, 117.
Ovster Plant, 107
dx-eye Daisy, 19. 20, 0.',. 97.
Paint Brush, 116, 117.

119

,1. riiiiitaln, 88.
I ,:,., y Family, 73.
[va Kimily, 70.

[M

,,, . Cress, 17. 18, 50, B2.

!.,.■ r Crass 17. 18, o3, r>4.
re"'":M^ThlsUe,'6,2n.21. 107, lOK

IM- Tiiial Vetch, 70.
[••Ml]; (Irass, 24, 25.

; 1 Weed, 20 21, S3.

i' -A...!. 21, 22, 40, 41.

p',^,. . ,| Family, 41-

I'ir.k Family, 44.

,.lan':.:n, 20. 21, 88, 89, 00.

l^laiitain Family, 88.

r„\.rtv Weed, 98.

r,i,k!v hrttuce, 20. 21, IKi. 114.

ynv/,!' Cockle. 44.

I'un'.'' (Joal's-beard. V<i.

Purslane, 16, 18, 48, 49.

I'urtlatie Family. 10. is, 4K.

rur^:•v, 4S.

Qiiak Crass, 29, "0.

Qui '. crass, 29, 30.

Qu:; :■' t'-rasa. 29, i'.O.

K.-,e-,v..m1, 19, 20, 92. 93, 91.

\iy-.u,yu '.>:>. 99. "^

R,,i i:.,„t, 41, 83.

Hi;, Crass. 19, 20. 89.

Fli'j-.\.^!t, ^9.

Ko.k.-t. 07.

nunan Wormweod, 92.

K.'s- Family, 67

"9.
il, 67.

RoiiKti Cinquefoi)
Itini^li-frultcd Cii
R.u'il's Plantain, .J
Riip^iai; I'liistle, 39.
R>,' Cla^zS, 29.

St ■ -i n'swort, 70, 71.

sv ji,hn s-wort Family, 70.

Sala! Hrirket, 67.

PalMfy, 104, 107.

S'nir'.tiK Rush. 22.

Sfel rnntrol Act, 10.

Se'd T.-stlng, 117.

P. ■/ h--'ftl, 22, 23.

Sh.- ;• Bur, 80.

?):■,■]■ Sorrel. 15, 16, 33, 35.

Sifr'nTd's Purse, 17, 18, 64, 67.

S'lkw^ei!, 7fi.

Sk ,..tt tall OrasB, 31, 32.

Sr?.!-'we«d, 36.

S'rrol, 33, 35.

?, ur Dock, 33.

? hern ThiiUe, 114. 115.

?.w Thistle, 10, 21. 107, 109, 111, ll*.

?.!:,'.. h Famil7> 8I.

Srir Sow TWaUe, 10. 21, 109.

Si)ottPd Cowbane, 73, 74.
Spraying to Destroy Mustard, «2.
Spreading Amaranth, 41.
Spreading Orache, 36.
Squirrel-tail Grass, 32.
StaggfTworts, 95, 99.
Stickweed, 80.
Stink Wied, 50.
Strangle Weed, 78.
Strawberry Ulite, 3<;.
Sunflower Family, 89.
Sweet Clover, 70.
Tall Buttercup, 50, r,l.
Tall Crawfoot, 50.
Tall Daisy Fleabane, 89.
Tansy Ragwort, 95. 99
Toad Flax. 85, 87.
Tongue Grass, 54.
Trcraclo Mustard, 65.
Trumpet Milkweed. 114, ll.'>.
Tumble Grass, 32.
Tumble Weed, 41.
Tumbling Mustard, 62.
Tw.tch Grass. 29, 30.
Velvet Dock, 85, 86.
Viper's Bugloss, 80.
Water Hemlock, 73, 74.
Weed Seeds In Clover and Grass Seeds,

9.
Wheat Grass, 29. 30.
Wheat Thief, 24. 26. 83.
Wliite Campion. 46. 47.
White Cockle, 17. 18, 46, 4..
White Daisy, 95.
White Pigweed, 41.
White Swe(?t Clover, 70.
White Weed, 96.
Wild Barley, 32.
Wild Buckwheat. 22, 23, 36, 37.
WUd Carrot, 20, 21, 73, 76.
Wild Oarllck, 60.
Wild Lettuce, 22. 23, 114. 116.
Wild Mustard. 17, 18, 60, 63.
Wild Oatt, 16, 16, 27. 28.
Wild Radish, 60, 61.
Wild S»Ulfy. 104. 106.
Wild Succory. 101. 103.
Wild Tarei. 70.
Witch Orais, 22, 23.
WonnM«d Mustard, 17, 18. 65, 68.
Yarrow. 19, 20.
Yellow Daisy. 22, 23, 92, 96.
Yellow Dock, 88.
Yellow Foxtail, 24, 2B,
Yellow Ooaf a-beard. 104, 106.