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6

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART

ANSI CI- 3 I'O 'f'"-' 'HiR' N.; i

1.0

I.I

?8 Jii:2,5

2,1

[2.0
1.8

1.25

1.4 lllll 1.6

= /IPPLIED iM/^GE Inc

C'--

IxsKCT Food ok

BY

DR. C. GORDON HKHIll

l»UMIM()> IMOMOKXjISI

Kcprlnlfd from llif h oiirtii Annual Kepiirt
i>f llu- ( AinimlskliMi of (.oukfr> iilluii

OIIV»»\ : < OVIMISMtlN Ol i n>Sf KV\IICI> l«ll,i

Insect Food of

Fresh-w ATEK Fishes

BY

DR. C. GORDON HEWITT

UOMIMUN EMOMOLUOIST

Reprinted from tbe Fourth Annual Report
of the Commlsalon of Conser\atlon

OTTAWA : rOMMISSIOIN OF CONSfBVAlION : 1913

h

The Insect Food of Fresh-water Fishes

Its Economic Importance in Relation to Fish Culture and
the Conservation of Fresh-water Fish

BY

l>i;. ( '. (i.ii;:.(r\ lli:',viTT

Q\.s liiM l!i.>ii.'l,i nihi with,,,, I r,.:,-,U(.n. it m;iy .•ipp...-ir .stran-.- Unit
^^ -."A .a;,,!.,.,!,,,,.!,,! >li,,iil,l li.uv any u.Ki,.. <,r n-,. ,; u„..u,!.Ui,,iis .f
ptM-ti.al \..lii,- f, , ii,r ,,ii U,. Mil,j.,.t of ii.,!i,.ri.s. In p -anl t,. tlie
I '•"l'l'in> r.IatmL' t,, i„.s,.,.t [„.sis. h,. is ;U,;,. to u.v,i>t th.- lanM.T. the
:niil L'r,,u,T. ih,. |.„v>t,T. lii,. in.vj,,.,,! nfli-.-r .-.ihl >.-iiuhtnaM. th,- h,.ii.>.-
vwi,. an.] nth.T- who. ;,i s..n„. ,„,n,t ,n th.-ir ,i;uly ,„■,■„, ,ati,.ns. ni^.nm.T
i;i.'iin,.i.. nis,-,!,>: hit in wluit tnatin.T. it may t„. .•isk,.!. ,-an thr stii.iy
"1 iiis,-,-,s an,l Its .vi.i.li.-ation h:,^,. any |.,.ariti.' on th,- vari,,:is pr„hl,-ins
^iil-iinL' fi^h ,.„l(„r,., sn,-li .xs th,- .|. [,l,.t,..n. r,.s|,.-kinu' .,n,l i.',n,Tal ,-.m-
s"fvati,,!i oi ,,|,,. rr,-sli-\vat,T tish ^n\ pli-s?

If I u,-f,- pr.-.-i.liinir y u a -.,t;:m.,. ai!,i ,.lT,Tin- spiritual ir. a.hlitiop
I- sr,..-„,,i,- .',n,I-,n,,, I ,h.,uhl ,-!m,,s.. ,-u. tny t.-vt. an.i ,iir..-t votar alt.-n-
tion to a passaL'.- of the .JL-htli ,-hapt,T of St. I.uk,- wh,-n. th,- parahh- ..f
th,. souvr ,s ,I,-<,-ri!„.,l, W,- r.-a,i. as yo.i ,„ay r,.,n.-.uh,.r, th.-it a sower
«vnt ,.ut I,, s,,v,- hi> s..,|. S,,„i.- ,.f th,. s,-,-,i f,-ll l,y th.- uavsi,!,., some

i'C"n r,),-k aii,l M.ni,- anion- th,,rns: hut. all this s 1 failcl t,. -nm'

S,.n,-, hourv,.r. f,.ll .-n ._',.,„1 trroun.l at.,1 har- fruit ati humlr..,! fohl
H.- tliat hiith ,-ars t,. h-ar. h-t liini h.-ar." th,- parahh- <-onHii,h.s.
] wi^h to .-all y,.,a- att,-nti,,n t,, an asp.s-t .,f tisli ,-iiltun- an,l cnn-
s.-rvatmn whi,-h )kus h.-n c-ntir.ly ..v.-rlook.-.i in Tanaihu hut it is one
^^^M,•h IS OI si.,.h fini,lan.,.ntal importam-,- th;it vv.. .-nnnot afTor.i to
n"^lf''t It. a stalcmrnt t,, uhi,-h I tnist y,,ii will nuT--.-. This aspect to
whieh I refer is the .-onsi.h-nith.n of the h-arin? uhieh th,- food of o„r
fn-s .-water fish.-.s has on their eons,.rvation. Ry the rons.-rvation of our
fresh-wat,.r hsh,..s. I mean, of eo„rs,-. th,-ir <-ar.- an.l utilization to that
Pxt-nt which will en.-.Me lis t.. make th,- L'rat,-st use of th.-tn to the
aiivantage of tlie peojile p^nerally.

Extent of ^" speakini.' of fisheri,"? and in disensiincr fishery ques-

p'sher'i^^'" ^'""'- '■'■^'■^''"'"' '-^ "•^"••'"y '"'■^-J" to sea flsluTM-s. In most

'"''^'''"*- •""■ fr,sh-water tishi-s have siitT.-r.-d a negleet whirh

their imporUinee ,ind potential value do not in the least justify. We

sliiiiild not inPL'' I, inditil \\r laiiii"! Ioil" I il v.. will mily ^'l:lnl'l• at th>'
liiaj) ol' <,',inaila, Ilif i-iic)ni;oii< ■■\ti nt i.f tlir fr.s,li-\\«tir liNlu^rii'S of tli .
cuiitifry Wlnri it is rrali/i.l tl.at alx.ut IJJU.oixi si|U(in' miles (if -lur
ti rritiiry iiiti->istx (pf insli uatiT arnl wIhii it is iimiiTKtdod that the
(■nl.v innliii-t (if thi.s valiialiii' nvmr'-i' is fish, the siimiricancp (if the
fi'ish \\atir tisluri''^ t(i "ur pnijilr, i.s|ii-cialiy t<i tlic iiiillidiw who will
live at (■(irisiiJrraMi' ili>t.'iiic< s frnni th>- mm ti^licrhs, will lie riKin' cli'urly
appn i-iat. ij. Cniisiilrr Niiva S<(,ii;i: ahmit I'lH' sixth nf tin' an-fi of thi.s
|ir(i\ini''' (Mtisist- c.f froh nat-r. It is .•stnuatni* tliat at IcH.st 7,0(l(l.00<t
lis. <if fnsh uatiT li.sli nf all kiiul.s arr taKiii aimiially in tin- pnivim-cs
(if Sa.skati'li'wan and AllnTt.-i 'Ti which at lca.st li'.i'HO M|uar(' luilii nf
lakrs ami riv.Ts an- niit-ti tn tUlnTV (.'nfcrjipisc Tlic value of the fresh-
wat. r tisheries (,f Maiiitjitia for the year emiinc Mareh Mist, liU'J, wa.s
.*1,11:{,4S6.

Their
Importance

The f(ire(.'niri!» staleiueiits will hririLT tn your minds tlie

( xtent and valiii' "f tin- resnur f \\!iii'li 1 din s|iiakim,'.

Is it nut itiipiirtant tlun that we sluudd .seek tt< ajijily the

enrreet prinrijiles of eiiiLS<Tv;iti(in, the trreatest usr with tie' least wa.ste,

td this inistiiiialile rcsonrc' " Not cnly is it inijeirtant to tie' inhahit-

ants (if the eitii-s that, in the.si^ days uf risinj; prices and increa.sincr cost

(if livinc aii'l (if Umh\, we should nial<e the liest use df so valuaMe a

.sdurce of food supjily, hut it is to my mind of still vrreater imyiortanee

to the settler. We are hrinirintr thousjuids of home.seekers annually into

our W(stem provinces. Majiy of these an* eornfielled to sfttle in

looiiliti(»s \vher(i moat is scarce and difficult to obtain. Is it not most

desirable and important then that we should endeavour to make the

nearby supply of fre.sh-water fishes as pn'duetive as iKjssihle for the

benefit of the local farmer ius well a.s of the fisherman who supfilies the

city markets?

With these facts in our minds coneemin^r the extent and

Aquatii: sit'ttitieance of our fresh-water fLsheries, let us c<insi('er

Insect Life

what bearinf? th(! suhjeot of the insect food of fresh-water

fishis has upon their coaservation. Those of my audience and others
who are disciples of Isa;ie Walton, by usinjr insects as their snares,
taiitly aeknowled^re the importance of insect life in tht? economy of the
life of (I fresh-wat^T fi.sh sueh a-s the tnnit. The emiil>>yment of imita-
tion and real inserts and their larva- ius bait for fishes is an fU'knowlfiWe-
mciit by the fishermiin of thi' fact that ins«'ets are the favoured fiKid of
fishes. The chief f(jod of most of tlie fresh-water fishes is either

* K'jinrt <•< /Jomiuem, .t.'crTM nmX .*wi.«'m(/-/i«'ii«iii Fi-'fu^uK (fmmif'Km (1912) Part
II, \\ n.

(0

Vs.

L

lO
ID

w

u_

;k^-^ -,

;£iL;

O

\

^mi

"'w.* ,

,.,.„Uv ..r iua.rc.tly ^n.shwuU.r ^--^ ^^'^ ^^^ ^.,r turn, l-d "P»"

.tu.K'nt of /•'•^l"t-'y I ^"^ ^^^''>"^ ,, ^_^ , Mu>l funics Uie lo-'l o'
eau., how .nan .ud.r..ctly -':;^; -';,::^,.,„.. ..u.Uu..s au.l cru.t^
d,atouus. .hxch. m turn ^-Y"^;, .ll sn.uUl f.od. U-U. a.r.vily u.ul
u....a. .u.d upuu these, the h.hen ^ru^^^ '^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ,,j, ^j

,,h,an uf ort:!Uiic Ufe .uul v^. sc

U,o are on lower or ^-'^^^^'^^^''^^^a to the sh>dlower portu.ns ol

Fresh-water »--^ '^''V'rHr^a stages of May-H.es. ca^KUs iU^.

,r..sh wateT. Here w. Imd the ^'-^-^-^ J"^ ^^^^.^. ^, eonn.arat.vely

;:;^ou-tUes. .tone-.Ue. and -;^^^^;:, ^th youn. ..1 old. In the
^ft-bodiecl aiui are rea-ldy eaU-n b t^h .^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^. ^^^^^ ^,,,„„„„.,

aeeper waters, Uu- «1"^'^'^;'"^.'";, „,,,a Son.e of Uu^- Ch.n.norud
,nL n.ay he found usualy - -— ^^ ,^^^^,„,„, ,.f th.-ir red e.. „ur.
Lva. have hce,> eaUed • ''l'-'^^'*"";,^,,^",, ,,, • phantom h.rv../ ot the

; , ,,,, ^.t. are found '^^ ;;-;-; t,,,,re and funet.on whveh
„.s.,.t larva, show varv.us ""f '" 'f ""\^., .,.^ ,1,,,. have h.— a'l'-i'^'">-
.nahle th..m to h-.l U.e .^.k. Ue Ue . M^_^ ^^^^^^ ,^^^^ , ,,,,,,
Kxoept in the oa.e of water-In ,tl. ^ ,^^,^ ^,,.,, ,„„ll,U.a ,n su-h

,,,.l..,urand..th..>rn.p.ra;0. -;,^^^.^^,,, ,,, ,„,,,s of .dls.
, ,uanner as to enable tnen,. l.K -^ ^- ^^^^^^^^^ ^^.;„^ tUamentou.

i,.ne are provided wUh -^ ^ ^^.^ ; ^ a U.y eUn. to ston... other.
,nis; the bodies of sonu. are ^^^^ J^ ^^,,^,,,^ . ,,.,,., ,heir s,„t. and
suehasthe ^'•-''"''''7' :'"■;',„.;,. ti^e ea.es of varied and ama«.^
,0 the h.h. ---^'■";.'""^'";^ ;.,^ „,tion of an aanatie life has led o
a,.s.un and eonstrnet.on. ^^^'J.,^^^, ,., f,.din.. resp.rat.on and
tl„. d.v.b.pnu.nt of .xtraordmarN

prote,-tio,>. ^.^^n, ,„,ful in relation to ti.h eul-

All a.uatie in>wns are b> ,,,rnivor..ns habits ar. pos,-

„„, Certam of them on aeeonnt o t ^^^^^_^ ,,,t,.r-beetles with
,,-„,, iniraieaJ. The Here, larvjv ^^^^^^ ^^^^_ ^^^, ,^„

th.ir elawdike snekinu .laws d. arly ^^^^^^^^ ^.^^^^.^ ^^^.,.^^, „„..,

:,■ tb.. wat,.r.bn.s wUl not '>-^^; ^..f ;';,,„ f^sh.s tlv.nselves they

aovour tho.r more -^' ^ ^ / ^^.^,_^^.^,,, ,shes feed upon a,,uat>.

Tl,.. extent to whi. a ir fisherman possessincf a

" , ,'■''';;:,:;::;■■;!-;;:.. «:„ » *,. ...... m ....» .^'-••«'-

i.nntents o! '"'■ ^'

.--^ .

"^Sft" '■

w

. '.:»

I iiiiiy f.'ill yur attj-iitioii U> Uk' rrsults i.i' an t-x.-uiiiuiitidii :u
of the st'iin;u-lis ni' iwiily livi'
York stilt • liv rrot'.

IriFiit whicli wius

rn;i<li'

111 analysis

.I;uiif> (J. Nrnlhani* wlm. iii'ip' than any (.Hut in-

vc.stii'ati.r.

las I'liiii

aliiinl a trnfr cnni-.]

-avnii

itinll II

rid.

il uitli

in>iiliTa!'lr snrri'ss, t'

trout w. ri' iililaiiH

f ti

li f

U' nnpor
riiiu a ji

tatii'i- iif till' suli.ji-ct dt' my aiMr"-ss.

mil

itr.ll.Ml l.v til. Ailin.mla.

hat.
kn.

■ry. With tl
walitr

v\ n as

11- rN.'i

111'

■j.li.in .if t\M> hunilr.'<l .'ltlI fifty ski;

( Ihiiihni'lai I di'viiur.'.!

•riistjiri'a

■:[i.'.'nn.ii. a t.-w

Ip.Ut SI'

tw.iity-fivi- s-jKu

anil iii;r small fnsh-watiT muss- 1. th.

•iitir.

1 I M .. t

if th

iiii.'iLS of liriNik trout (i)ii.si.

-ti'^l of iiLs-rt lif.', an.l

ill

wuiinv I'll

nsist<-<l of till- lar\-;iJ iuiil [lUpal sUij-'is. Tlir t<.tal numhiT .if

insii't.s fomul in orilor of tin ir aliunilan

fi' wa.-

full,

•j.iiin; (')<

itHum

t/.v, ^'tf^ ('iivihra CUio jihantx)m larva'), 14 tri.-hi'iit r larv

ce 1 i-a.

illlS

Wi'TlllS I. .
(Citlhinltts

lai-ii trout 111' th>

ilnw-'.m-lly nyiniilis i .1. .-.-r/ina cntstriit'i), 7 May-tly nymi.li-

> wattT iiuti-;

.1/

(IX (T'i.s'>i;i

TI

Hs j.'avi' an avrrai

!.ir

ill.

■w 1

</>■

.)li i-ail.lu larv:!'.

nL': llo.:.'4 ('lufonnhiu^. i'-.2l <'<.r< Ihrn. lo /^///
.May-lly nyraphs an.l .(

\vat'-r iiiitcs.

irai.'1'n-lly n\iiii

.h;

Till- first thr.M.

■i.'S. naiiii'lv, the Cliirn

Inrviv. the r./r. (Ivn larva- ami tl
i.f th.- tn.iit.

u 1.1 is I'v

hlTV

.1 thi.

iu.-l 1.

.int.

r'.t.'ssiir
lit th

S. A. F.>rhi.s.
i!n[iort.'ini'i-

in
if 11

his sfu.lv of fishi-s of llliiiiiis+ has

i.'.si- ins

•t lan,n. ;us fish fm.. 1. II.

.wiiiiiit: aijuati.. iitsci'ts. itiinnti' .li|it.T..iis larv;i',

sa> s.
iiiirinu' m.i>tlv tl.

Chinnuimus. Cari ih>

il alli.'.l L'l'iirra.

nialdiiir. in fa.'t, iirarlv unc

t.nth

thi.

ri' I if rcinarkahli. i

,h] I.f all till- fl:

miMirtan.'
stiiilii'il.

Fui'th.T in his r.purft "n th.- a.|ii;iti.- inv.-rt'-l.rati' fauna of tlu' Y.-ll.
storii' N.it.i.iiial park i'.|uot<'.l Ly N.-(-illiam>. In- airain r.-fers to th.- i
pnrtam-i- of ("]iir"ni,mu<: an.l i.thrr t!y ! ili[it-roiis i larva'. IIi-
till' f..llo\vi!i.,' .ilis.Tv.-itii'ns iii.licalinLr tlic iinportH-in.^i' of tin

ri'.'.inls

I'St' lar\':T to

yoiinir tisli : " Tlu' [mnd was swarniinLT with mountain tmut iSnlmo
>iiiil.i<^) a f.'w of whi.-h 1 ilisscctiMl for a (li'ti'miinatinn of tli.-ir fooil.

On.

if th'

an 1

n-h

and imaL'os

.1 a half in l.-nirth. hail ra*i-n Chironi.mu^i larviv
chii-tly. till' r.-niaindt'r of its lati-st rm-al consistinLr of oth.r
inst'i't lai-VM", nut in condition to identify, and tln^ Entomostraehan
( /'.■'i/;)/M"»ifr>: /). ./i.-!(h/> ' . A s.-c'ind. an inrh an.l a quartir limL', lia.l
alsii f.-d on ('hir'^iinmus in its various sfaL'r.s of larva, jnipa and iinaLro,
liut had iiiadi' ahout a third of 'its inral of Entoniostrnr'lia. Aiiothi'r.
still sinnlliT I'.i'll of an in.-li loni.''. tak'on from th.' nprii laki- MmmiL' tho

I'l.n.

Aiiiiatio Inpi'ots n{ New York Stnti', l';irt II. Ki"iil nf Br<".k Trniit in Konp

.V. )". Slal- .Uh.«.

T 111 "=t«ti' I,al. , .V.I/. I!i.-t. fUili. X>

(Hiii3\ ).).. -JO-t-LM;

-'• T'

4s:l

r. .'-^. fish Conitii., hull. XL pp. •J07-2.5t).

sninll wfctl.H trrowiiiL' n ;i t!at. iiiiidily ri«'k. \uu\ tiU'.l its.-lf with Clur-
(n'itniu.< ]\\UK\' (inly, as liad still anntli.T <•]' tlir sanw sizr. A thini spi-ri-
iinTi fnmi tlii< situatinn had i'at.'ii iii'T.- larva' nf Sitniiliuni* than of
CInn.iiniiiv; a:id a t'niirth had alsd latcii Sniinluini larva and aii"th.T
dipti-rmis l:irva' unkmnvii to !!:•■. 1 vi'v add Iht.' that otluT yMiini«

tnnit. in a Mnall swiit riviil.t ii'^ar th.' I.akr ln.ti-l w.-r.' t' liiiu' I'l'ri-

tini'iiisly Auiriist I', in !'iiatiiiL' wiiiL'.-d iiiv i-ts. muvily. if imt all. Clnr-
"ii'.iiiiK and sinall'T L'liar liki' t'nnns." All lli.' I'iT' L'nitiL' nlis.Tvatir.nx

indi ■all' wliat an iiniinrtaiit part in thi- f 1 <if tin- trout th.' larva' nl'

a Mni:li' kind i-t' in- I't sui'h as <'hir"itiiiini<. wliirh livi' rhirllv in the
diT'iH-r watiTs in tln' soft, siltdiki' mud and d rayi-d \.'U'i'tahl.' nialt.r
a; fill' I'dttnin. ci'iistitut.'.

luterdepen- Xdt only ari' tli'' tVish-watiT \\s\\'-> dcpcndrlit tn tli>'

Food °' 'Xlint ti> whi.'h 1 hav.' rrl'<rri'd iip'in itis.'('t liu- lor tlu-ir

Factors subsist' nrc. hut ilirci-tly and indirrctly, ;us is the I'xi^l'ii'i'

lit' ail anuatii- lit'r. mi many conditiims and larlors i-xistiiiL' in tl"' uat.T.
Th.-y ari' airn'trd hy tin' [ihysii'ai and I'lu'inical cuiiditions oi' tin- watrr.
Thi'sc conditions vrry diri'ftly alTrct the food of the tishes. Not only
till' insit'ls thi-msilvi's, hut aUo tho Iowit forms of lifr U[ion whii-h tlicy
sutisi>t, ari' di'prndi nt upon the jihysji-al and I'h.'mii'al I'artors and ihi'
naturi' of th'ir c-nvirontni'nt. Ci'rtain itisi'i-ts cannot live wln-n' t!i>'rc
is an aliscnci' of shore vt'L'it;ition. In fact, tin- [irc.s'ru'c of aiiuntii' plant
life is essential to the existj-iice of tlie majority of the insect lar\;!' fre-
i|Ueiitin'_'. as most of them do. the shallower littoral rcL'ions. These
facts, relative to tiie ii.itnate de[H'ndi'tice of the whole chain of orL'anic
aquatic life, of ti.-hes, of insects, and of the lower foniis of animal ,'ind
vcL'etalilc life, in whidi the liiu'lier forms t'e.iliiiLr upon the lower form«
dcjii :id upon their iire.veiice. and, therefore, upon th.' t'a.'t^irs L'ov.Tiiinu'
such jir.'.sen.'c, siTVi' to indicate th.' compl.'xity of this prohhin of the
food of tislif.s.

In view of the fonvoinc statements and ohservatioas, it
would almost seem an act of pn.'Sum[)tion if any ^-rcat
str.-ss Were laid U[ion the fai't that tish life d.'peiids Ufion
the nature and quantity of the availaMc food, lussuminir the oth.T fac-
tors to he favi>urah!e Y.-t if you v.ill only rclhi-t for a f.i'w moments
upon til.' methods we are employini; in ntrard t.i fish eulture. eonc-rn-
intr which furth.T refenn.'c will h.' mmh' latJT, ili>es not the und-rlyinjr
principle of th present inethfMls and itii inherent faith resemhl.' those
..f th.' small hoy who attempts to k.ep L'old fish in a Ixtwl of pun- water?
♦ The well known Black Fly \vho«e larvae iv.' in rnniiinu wat»r atUiche.l to ^.ton<^.

Fish Life
and Avail-
able Food

V -- ^ »w.

.3 ..

Ill ih'kIii-u ;iv'rifultiirc. wv rmi pcrl'i^riii di-vds tliut uur i'orfi'altitTs uvjuld
liavr fna.si(lrriil iiii|M)s.silili; ill til'- way nf f;r'i\viiii; rrnps wherr, uiiil'T
iii'ilmary ciniiiitiniis, such cnifis wmild not k^^'w. Hut woulil any in-
t' liiL'iTit I'ariiKT sow j,'raJn nr other crops, or iniit trmwcr phiiit Iruit
tii'cs nil harnri rocks or in -ioil ih'void of jjIjuU t'ood? \lv would I'cr-
taiiily not 111- t;uilty ui siicJi t'i»olishti' ss or wiuslc. On the contrary,
lie \v(ju]d i|'l''y t'"' ncciiKsary phuit I'ood to the soil jjct'orc sowiiii,' his
M'i'd. Tue rc-stwkiiit; of frcsh-watcr with fish is a precisely similar
matter. I'nless it is kiiowii that suflicient insect life is availaMc, and that
It is of the rij-'ht kind to suifily the needs of the fishes iiitrodi, 'cd, the
re stockini,' of fresh waters is a L'aiue of chance played with h'-avy odds
airaiiLst success. If ^l.^ll life d'H's not e.\ist in a fresh-water area, and
uiile.ss it is known w ith certainty that the cau.scs of it.s a' scn^'c are not
natural caiLses, it would appear to 1m> u. positive waste t^i attempt re-
stockiiifr witliout, at the siuiie time, sup[ilyiiit,' the necessjiry foml or in
other ways correctly adjustintr the natural factors. Some people, like
the small hoy, have tile idea that all that fishes rei|uire is wat4T. (liveii a
pond or lake or a stream, all .vou h;ive to do is to turn in a few thousand
• it'js or frj- and a tx'nelice.nt j)nividence will accomplish the rest.

DeplcUon
and Its
Causes

I'xfore considerinir this (|Ue,siion of tJie re-stockin|;» and
introducing' of t'n'sh-wat r lish in relation to availahlo
food sui>plie,s, it is neii«s;irj- to cjill your attention hrieily
lo the i-au>e« of (lei)l(;tioii. We learii* that in the provinces of Alherta
and Sjuskatchewan the fausi\s of depletion are eiu'ht, namely, over-lishinir,
illcLral fishing; (dynamite, nd.s, eU'. i infraction of irrifration rcL'ulations,
improp.T clo.s«> soa-sons, hu-k of fishery ollicirs to enforce rc<_'ulatiiiiis,
sewatrc and other jiollutioiis, dnriiirht and fishim: thmutrh the ice. I
Would add at le;kst oni' otluT cause, namely, the aiisence of available
food, which cau.se won! ' suri'Iy rank hiu'h in importance in .sonie of our
iresh waters. The causes of de]>let!oii and die absence of fish in fresh
waters, may, 1 tliiiik, he divided. into two main proups, which I would
■•■■ill artificial and natural. The first Lrrou[) of artiticial causes wouh'
!n<-lude over-lishiiiu, illerral anil out-of-si-ason fishiiiL', and s.'wni.'e pollu-
tion; the second |.'roup of natural causes wouM be lack of f 1 and

physical and hemical chanires in the water, and drouL'ht. The
artificial causes have been produceil by man. and, with determination.
eouM I'c iTctilied by man. S'^mc of the n.atur.al causes such as the
available ''led ^u|'p!.v. if that is i\w c;iu.se of the absen<'e of fish, can also
fe .-ittcnilcil to if the jiroblem is approached in the ricrht m;inner. Pe-

" /.' I' irl . I /lojNiiucn, Al'^rrli .ire/ Sn-k'itchiM'in FtJuriff Comminiiiuti (191iii, Part
1, PI. -t:;-!).

(

[il'tioii is fi iii'-rr mtI^us ■|ii'Stion in fr>-.sli wiU.-rs than in llw s.'a. Thf
Sea, liy its (imrni'ius t-xtj-iit. [uTriiis iniL'ratinn ; tishril <iiit anius I'aii I'c
rt'-stiii'l.-.i il 'ly naturiJ iii'aiLs. This, :us a ridr, is nut ihf casi- in
1'rrsli waters. Tin- anas arc liniiti'ii, thiPf cjui \<r no sui'li imiiii^Ta-
tinii oi' ifivsh supplies as in the ca-si' of thi' si'a. It" ymi t^-ike (int iiKirc
fish than are l»ein^' produr.d or sustiuneil. L'railiial iiei)h'tion will t'oMow.
Fiirtlier, t'ri>h\vater li>hes are hss prolilie thaJi sea tishes ;uh1 thi-rei'ore
their rate of rtiiroihietion is not tlie same. As yon eanii'it, for th>'Si'
reasoiLs, ri ly on nature to re|ilace tJie freshwater tislus to the
extent that tlie sea tishi's are r'phieed, it makes it inerea-sinirly inijiortant
to L'ive thf elns.-st attention to the .stncly of tli"se iae;uiH wliieh arr r.'-
spnu>iM,. i(,r tli>'' it'e and ^'rowth, and of these nirojiH all will airree
that food is the .st ii:i[iortant. Of this fixxi. in.seet life funns the
preponderatinu' elerient.

Re-stoc Icing

Fresh

Waters

'I'll.' iinpiirtane,. of this iiui^slion of tlie availnlh' f.nid
sui)ply is niadi' inerr;i.sin«ly evi.ieiit when wr study the
extent to uhieh tlie re-stoekinj: of i/reat watfrs and thi'
introduetion of new species into new waters already takes plai'<' in
Canada. Fi>r a nuinher of yrars the Departrnnit of .Marine and
Fisheries ha.s heeii earryin}.' on work i>f this nature uri a l.irtri' seale. in
addition to the siniihir work tindert^ikcn hy numerous fishin;/ and -.'anie

elvil.S. Of tile latt«T. We have no eoniplete re<'ord. hut the statistie-i nf

the Department of Marine and Fish'-rie.s for the y«'ar endini,' March .'!lst,
litlL'. are availalile and 1 will qiiot.- from thi'se. The fish fry dis-
triliuted in I'-Ml cr'n.-isted i exclusive of salmon whicli I am not consider-
int' in this connection) of vnrious speeie.s of trout ami also of whiiel'ish
and pickerel. Altogether. IliiL'.'JT'^.fMV) fn.- of thes.^ spe<>ics were distri-
I'Uted. The following list and fiirun's will trivf yi>u an idea of the
nature and extent of the dLstrihution ;

F^rom the hatchery at Rc.lford. N.S., 1(i.').no<) fry of si)er'kled trout

^\'erc dlstriliuti'^l in twenty lakes and rivers.
From the hatchery at Lao Trcmlilaut, (^ue., 4S,()()(» fry of spcckle(i
trout and fi-lO.OOO fry of salmon trout were distrihutci in
eighteen different lakes.

From thi> hatchery- at St. Alexis. Que.. (lOii.OOO fry of spechh-d.

rainhow and frrey trout wer>' distributed in fifteen lakes.
From the hatehen.- at lake F^cster. Que.. ,')-^7.U0(i yearliuL";. (ini.'cr-

liinrs. and fry of ercy ami salmon trout w.-rc distnluited in

nine lakes.
From the hateher\- at Marms, Que., ].10:!.(i()() fry of s/rey, speckled

and salmon wvn' di.strihutcd in eii,'hteen lakes and hrooks.

.. is'-
r-s* - *
' - 'J

10

In vi.w ,,, ul.af u,. kriuw ,ks f. 11..- n ,,uir,-iii.nts ..f ti.sh, s in tli.. uav of
'"•'I. 111.' .|M,.Mi,.„ i.iaiiniUy iiris.s uh,H„.r, iu tli,. ai..,v,. .ii>tril,iiu„.i.
III.' aviululi!.. i.iM-.-f i,u.,i w;,.s s;il}ici,.i,t an.! .-i' tli.' ri-rht kin.l. An- w.-

'■"'■'''"" "'•" ""■ -^I "-^ "•' "-""il l'l.'"-''l in .1 .vrtaiu lake u,,iiM fi.i.i thu

i-iL'ht 1.111(1 ..f f..,Hl t!;.n- aii.l sutVri.nt .|iiantity of that {,„:,] :

The Prob ''''■"' '""'""' '"" '" ""' ''"'''■' ''"'"^ "' '"•'' '■"''''■'•■^'^' '•^''■'•l'

Icra^'sutcd •'■ ^'"'^ "* '"■'''■'■ ■" '■•■"•O- "lit with tii.^ i.'rral,.,st rn.;uMirr of

■<'icv.s.s the n'stockiriL' with fish of wat.Ts whi.'h hav- lnvn
■iM'l't.d. or th.' intn*iiK-tion of n.'W sp.vi,,s of fish into n.'w waters, w
!:i>i>t hav.. iriionnation a.s to th.. availa.).],- f,«„l i^.r tho.s,. tishp.s wiii.'h
:>rr l-m- rr.intro,iurr<i or intro.lur,.,! for th.. tirst tin.... Th.. oas,. of

H... fann..r a^rain .Tops up; no int..lliL'.-nt fariiuT w.,iiM s.,w tli- s..,.,l of
a .Top on soil n,,t .■..ntaiinr,:; tli.. [.hint f.Mwl ,„v,.ss;iry to th.- trn-wth ari.l
;rint...n ..f su.'h a ..-op. T., JTiiii.' f.Tth a hinuln-.l-f.,!,!. th.- s..,,i must
'■■.11 ..n L'.«-i LT..un.l. T., .iiMir.. su....,..s.s in th.- iiitr.Ml,i,.tiori of (i.h frv

th,.y tnust U- intr.-iii..r.i inl,. wat.Ts in wlii.-h it is kn..un that f,-„l ",f
th- n-ht kin.l aii.l in siiiri.'i.nt .piantity is pn^s.-nt. if th- f.,na..r
v.ishinL' t., s.,w his s,...i. fln.is th.. soil p,.T in nitr....'.n .,r s..m.. oth.-r

n......ssar>- jilant f.-..l. what .Uhs h,- .loV Kv.ry..iu. kn..ws h,- s..us a .Top

sii.-h .'us ,.h,v.T. tluit will ^'iv,. th,. s,,il th,. i.,.,.,.ssan.- nitroLrcn. or. l,v many
.■f th,. kn..wn fficth.^Ls, Ik- snppli-s tf.. .l..|i-irncy. what.'V.T it mayl..-. Iu
fn.sh-wat..r l^sh.Ty w.Tk th- sain- !n..ili.Mls slmnM 1,- f..llow-.I. \ss..-

.■i;it..,l with til,, fish hat.-h..ry th-r.. sh.,,,1,1 h-. if it is f.,un.i n. ssary

.■tn in>.-,.t hati-h-ry. F hav- ,„, h-sitali..ri in [.iv-li-tin..' tliat wh. n. in
•'-h.ry w.Tk, a s-fju:- . f a.:w'in..-in..nt .-|iiiva].iit t.. th.- pri..s,.iit stat- of
;i.!v.-!n.M.m..nt in aeri.-ultiir- is r,a,.h...l. w- sliall hav.. ll,- ..ultivation of
th.. fo.-.l ..f th.. lisluT^ narri..! ..n in .-onj-m.-tion with th.. hat-liin.' an.l
intr..,ln-ti.m ..f tli- fry. l'r..f. X-,ilia;n, to wh,.ni T hav- alr-.a.iy m-
f.iT..,l. has shown that Ih,. aitill-ial -iiltiir- .,f many of th.. ins,.-i.s
.■oiistitiitinj.' til- f.Mr.i of li^h-.s is pra.-ti-ahl,..

T'l'- '■"K'lr- of \ho ins-.-t f....,l of fish.s hriPL's iw {., rh..
pLVmrnfr •■'•"'•In.linLr s-ti-n of my a.M.vss an,l that is th.. jHKsihili-

ti-s whi-h hv in th,. i.l..a nf fish fnr:nin-. To manv peopl,.
this will h,. a n,.w id-a. hnt I .-an a-v.^ir,. y-i, i^ is not: on th,. ."..ntrnry
It IS v,ry sii,.c,.ssfully ..arri, 1 out in Kurnpo. Th.. p,.np]- in this
-■o'lntry, Iiowcv.t, hav,> n.-t y,.t r-aliz-,1 th,. inh-rent p.-ssihilitios of
this form of pi.sci.^iltur,.. Th.-iv ar,. many farmers thrmi-hout Cnnadn
wlm have farms, parts of wl,i,-h nr,. too low-lyinir an,l w-t to drain and
m ,-ons,.,,npnoo. su-h ar.'as ii.^ iiniT,Hln..tiv.. ; an.l v,.t. if fh- farm.r'
only r,nlizf.d th,^ siL'niii,.nn<.,. of tho fn,>t.s u}.i,.h T hav,> 1„.,>n en.lo'avonr.
iiiir t,. lay Ivf.T,. yon. they -..,.1.1 mak.> ^ch u.vl.^ss and otherwise

11

uriiTcdUL'tivo arefus prcHluc' ;i .nip ;w valual.U- iw tli.- .Tn|,s pr.i,luc,.,l hy
flu' li<st liuid on th.'ir ijirnis, [irrhaps mor.. v.UiiaM.': tliaf rnip w.hiI.'i
I'L- fish. If, in sufh luu-lyiriu' u.t lands, dyk.s and ponds u,re .nf,
swrn,. ,,f Uu- pmiiLs s.TviriL' as fish luilrh. rns. oIIkts rus ins..t liatduri.-s.
t^sh roidd \«. fanu.d ,us .■;isily a.s iM.ultn.-. With .'u.-h ti.>li ponds tlu-
:.-iniirr •■oiild siipjuy Uu- markrt. supply hu family up uifoni tisliina;
'iitliu.sia.sts all the sport th.'ir hearts niiirht dosin", .and. !.y tli.-.s.' m. ,ins"^
r';:p a valiial.ir luixv.st !>oiii I;i,id uhidi .•oiild riot )„. iitili/,d m ;uiy
otlHT way. Fi.sh .■ould !..• rai.srd in hn^aliti-'s wh.'n- tlu-y uvp. naturally
'•'.■irr,.. That. also, is rons-Tvalion.— the makinir of u;i.str ai

dllctiVf.

pn

Need for In-
vestiijation

'■•■lor.- Ill,' idra,s wlii.'h I iiavp Imt hrictly oiitiinrd can
!'<■ '■arii.'d out. tluT.' is r.-,|uir.(i a lariro amount uf work
of an iriv.-stiu'atory natur.'. and it is in this rru'ard that
til.- (•ommi.s>si;,n should h.-lp to mould puhlir (,pmi,,n. liavin...' studn-.l
this liur.stion of a.|U.iti.' insr.-ts and th.-ir distribution .so,,,,. y,.,irs aeo in
yariou.s fre.sh waU-rs in Kn-land. I .'an s;iy tliat no on." r";di/.s mor-
;ully tluin I. tlir cxti-nt and .-oini.lrNity ..f tlio prohh-uis whirh 1 havr
rais,>i: l.ut that is n., .•xcu.s.. f„r doin- nothmir. Is it n,.t a m-att.r of
surj.ns,. that our L'l'o.doo s^iuan- mih-s of fn-.sh wat.T in ( -an.-.da should
lM-.s,-rv.'d l.y a siiiL'l- fn-sh-uat.T lal-.rat^.ry. that o,, th- (i^.r-ian hav?

If our fr.'.sh-wat.T ti.sh.-riis ;u-.- io h ns.T%-,.l and if wv arr U, mak.-

our fn»<h wat.rs inor.. i.roductiv-. it will \„> n-vssary to hav. nio-,.
In-sh-wa1rr hioloi/iral I:,lM,ratori.'s or stjition.s est^ihlislu-d wh-n- thos,>
prol.h.ms r.'latinv to the hionomies of our fn-sh-uater fi>!ies m.-iy he

studied. At the r nt annual mcrfnvj of the EDtom.a<.L'i"al Soeie'ty of

<»ntario jield at Ottawa I moved the foll.mini,' re^-„luti.„ which wm
uniilmnou.sly a<loj,ted hy the S(><'i,ty:

" THAT in \iew <,f the dcereiuse in the supiplv of the fresh-water
hsherus of Cmada. the attention of the Commission of Conservation Up
eall.-d 10 the important fact, whieh is Ininir overlook, -,[ in the en,lea-
vours to replenish .iepleted waters l.y re-stoekin^- and to sto.'k new
waters, that, jus the chief food of many of our imp..rtant fr.^sh-water
ti-shcs cnsi.sts of larva- an.l a.lult inse,.f.s. a stu.lv sh.,ul,i !..■ m.a.].- .,f the
available or possible foo.l suppli.-s in the wav .,f ins,.et lif,. before
attemptH are made at replenishin-.; or st.M^kinir waters : oth.-rwis- by
stockinir waters in whi.-h th.- tV.o.l su[,[.ly i.s not suitabl,. or .-an-iot b"e
made suitable, lar-e sums of mon.-y an.l cnsi.ierable tim.- an.l en-rr-y
will be uselessly expended owintr to fish b.-intr planfe.l where fl,,- food "is
nther insufh-eient or (,f th.- wrom,' character. a.s the eons.Tvation of our
fnsh-water tishe.s cannot be carri.-d out with the t'reatest suc..e,s.s until

t>

1:

luKi-r l;ni'\\lril^'t' i;, av.'iiliililf ii> to their fi'^ling liahits auJ rtMiuifinrnts.
and tlif insect <ir i.tht.-r I'auna and availalili- iVxid supplies of tlie uat>rs
in which they are living' or which it is desiraMe to stock with lish; and
that a i"[iy of tliis resolution he t'orwanled to the Secretarj- of the Com-
tiiissioii of Conservation."

Our present inactivity in this re^rard is due eliielly tu two eauses:
lirst. a i;'ni'ral lack of a[ii>reciation of the iiiii)ortani.'e of the proMem
"iii'ii I am ilisciissintr. and, secondly, the ditTiculty of ohtainin;; invcsti-
L'ators. I5otli of these I am convinced will he n'niedicd hy time, and at
the present ti .■ we must have our sit'lit sulTiciently well ad.justed to
t.i!:e a lniit_'-cii>;aiici" view of the needs in these directions. With these
prolilems confronting' u.s. we are eomiielled to look ahead and to -loint
out, possibly in advance of our aliility to undertake them, the necessity
and imiiortaiice of attaekini.' prohleins which the advance of time and
iii<-r.>as(' of itnpiilation a>,'f:ravates. This is a matter which affects the
home seeker whom we are attractinir to our shores in thousands and the
people who live in cities. .\nd how do we know whether it may not
affect those causes which contribute to clear thinking' on the part of the
I'cople of this younu countr>-? Fish .-us is well known contains such a
constituent as phosphoru.s, which is an important eon-Stituent of brain
matter and niTVous tissue. This Commi.ssion and your Committee on
Fisheries can do m-ich. and in my ojiinion, more than any other bodv.
to brim: about th,.- materiiilization of the idea-s which I have briefly out-
hiied. I commend them to your most thouL'litful consideration in th"
firm belief that their ultimate adoption would prove of incalcnlable
I'ciHlit to the piMiple of Canada.