CIHM
Microfiche
Series
(l\/lonographs)
ICMH
Collection de
microfiches
(monographies)
Canadian Institute for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian da microreproductions historiquM
©1998
Technical and Bibliographic Notes
The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checlced below.
Q Coloured covers / Couveiture de couleur
□ Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag^e
□ Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaurie et/ou pellicul^e
[ I . Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque
I ) Coloured maps / Cartes g^ographiques en couleur
□ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)
□ Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur
□ Bound with other material / BeliS avec d'autres documents
□ Only edition available / Seule Edition disponible
□ Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin / La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marce intirieure.
□ Blank leaves added during resloralions may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from lilming / Use peut que cerlaines paces blanches ajoutees lors d'une reslauration apparaissent dans le texle, mais, iorsque cela ^tail possible, ces pages n'ont pas et^ 1ilm4es.
□ Additional comments / Commenlaires supplemenlaires:
Notes techniques et bibliographiques
L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a i\6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- plaire qui sont peut-fetre uniques du point de vue bibli- ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modificalion dans la m^tho- de normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous.
I I Coloured pages / Pages de couleur
I I Pages damaged / Pages endommag^es
□ Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaur^es et/ou pellicul^es
Q Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / Pages ddcolor^es, tachet^es ou piqu^es
I I Pages detached / Pages d£tach£es
Showlhrough / Transparence
□ Quality of print varies / Quality in^gale de I'impression
□ Includes supplementary mater'-'l / Comprend du ma\ine\ suppler ..^r'aire
□ Pages wholly or partially . r re , by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been reJurp'-d to ensure the best possible Image / Les pj^ totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un it uiilet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont i\6 filmies k nouveau de fagon k obtenir la meilleure image possible.
□ Opposing pages with varying colouration or discolourations are filmed nvice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont filmees deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image, possible.
This item is lllmed st ihe reduction ratio checked below /
Ce document est filme au taux tie reduction indique ci-desscus.
|
14x |
lex |
22x |
26x |
30x |
||||||||||||||||||
|
1 |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
12x |
16x |
2 Ox |
24 X |
28x |
32x |
The copy filmed her* has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of:
L
g
National Library of Canada
The images appearing hare are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract apecificationa.
Original copies in printed paper covera are filmed beginning with the front cover end ending on the last page with a printed or illustrsted impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copiea are filmed beginning on the firat page with a printed or illuatratad imprea- sion. and ending on the laat paga with a printed or illustrated impression.
The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —^(meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V {meaning "END"), whichever applies.
Maps, plates, charts, etc., mey be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure era filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many fremes as required. The following diagrama illuatrate the method:
|
1 |
2 |
|
4 |
5 |
L'flxflmplaira filmA fut reproduit grics i la gAnArositA de:
BfblfotMque natlonale du Canada
Las imagas suivantas ont M raproduitas avec la plus grand soin. compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da raxampiaira film*, et en conformitA avac las conditions du central da filmaga.
Las axamplairas origlnaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim*e sont film*s en commencant par la premier plat et en tarminant soit par la darniAra paga qui comporta una empreinte d'imprassion ou d'illustration. soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous las autres exemplaires originaux sont film^s en commanpant par la pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par la darniare paga qui comporta una telle empreinte.
Un das symboles suivants apparaitra sur la darniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", la symbole V signifie "FIN ".
Las cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. pauvent itre filmas i des taux da reduction diff^rents. Lorsqua la document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul clich6, 11 est film* i partir de Tangle suparieur gauche, da gauche k droite. et de haut en bas, en pranant la nombra d'imagas nicassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthoda.
1
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
'ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2l
^ /IPPLiED IIVMGE Inc
■t-^ii Ljb! M,;' Rochester, Ne*
Re-settlement and Cultivation of Land British Columbia
An Address delivered before St. John's Literary Society, Vancouver, British Columbia January i2th, 1915
by
WILLIAM SINCLAIR
Price Twenty-five Cents
J. POLLOCK. UNIVERSITY BOOK SUPPLY 732 Haidiigi Street Weit, Vuieouvei
PREFATORY NOTE
When the following addreti wtt writ- ttn, it wiB nut intended for publication, II it! crude form will clc:irly »how. It is issued in rcnponsc to the tlemand for in- formation on l^.in.i CIcannK and Cviltiva- llftn. In iIciDtu; lMt»*-.t lint! tor cultiva- Ijon. the univeridl sv^tern in to .niupt the burning; proceis. This yicIJs a larne quan- tity of potash, one of the most powerful itimuUnti to vrKctition. The first crop taken from burned land is usually oats or potatoci The potath ttimulatci the planta to auth an extant that they luck up every Horn o{ organic matter left by the burn- in»;. BO that the ground in completely iter- iltzed and impoverished. The second crop having noih.ng ti feed on. is a failure, and the cultivator in many instances gets diihcarttned and quite. The ayitem o(
•Imrtnc dncriM In th« boeklM, !• Ih« very oppoalte, and ia accompliahtd by
burying instead of burning, thua convert- ing into plant food all the waste maMrlali that have been accumulating for agea,
Tba favorable reception of the addrau and the eager dtmand for practical infor- mation on Land Clearing and Cultivation hav* encouraged the writer to extend hii notea on many topict that may be helpful to cultivatora. The present effort may therefore be regarded as preliminary to a more ayatematic and iletailetl publication in the near future.
W. SINCLAIR. Dunprn'lei fi ime.
Port Moody,
19th March, tgis-
Copv of piirnirrdpli in "Daily Pro7<incc" Vancouver, IVeiim-sday,
/aniKirv l.itli, I'JI'i.
ON LAND CULTIVATION
Interesting Irccture Before St. John'i Literary Society.
'"nti'i till- .iiiv]. Ill ,st, Jiilin". I.it.-!- ;it> a?i-l Si>ii;il S<uiil> .1 ;iu>luiui-
a--t nihUtl in iIk- liuU Li^l mwltt f" h- ar a kelure hy Mr. William Sinclair nn it- Htttlcmcnt anil cultivation (»f lantl in Itrit- i^h t'oliimhia. The K'clurer, iiilnHlucttl l>y Mr. I }tinU)p, Ravf a very interisting accmitit (if liis fxpt'rifttrc in (.'o<iuitiam district iti i nn vi ihil; in a few yt-arv virgin f-^: >-t mit. - laml ; uinl, in
cn^^^l^■I^in!^ ihr a;j 1 u-\il t ui a! life, iir im- [in - ■-t il tile auilit iic( a- a ;n 111 in line with N'aluif, ami -.Iv^wr.! ifi;ii >>rt at tliiiiiZ'- may l.c by .ill;. tM^- \u v ^rcict'. with
tlu- nia.viMuim cf 1:. ; i ti'm t \-. an iti- -••tanfc lu' pi>iii!i"l Mut lliai wli.Ma-' in luti- year, the Ottawa ICxpt- rinu-nla) l *ai ni piii-
itULdi M'.itiiiJ imuiulv (if finit I'l l ;i. II , hf
>jtc\\, in the satm- \i.m. j.>, m.u )M.nii'ls |kt acre and in ilu- next \iai .u.'""* i"iuniU, The h ctv!r«' was alive with |mints of in- terevt pithily put.
Mr. Sint'lair niaiU- an interesting alluv- ion tt» the homely potato. In mentiunint[{ the much prized Dunbar Reds in England he vaid he was deli/hted to find that by adapting a mineralized sand in Coquit- lani exactly the s imc quality of potatoo can be obtained.
* hiestitm* were askeil and fully an- swirtd. and on the ni'ition of Kev. Mr. I'idt^fon a lu-ai ty vnti- i)f thanks was -••t d to Ml. Sim ian . \\ hn as a K»'ii"al \aw< nai ian w ilh u l ic i xj >i ricnee, is ju-t till- ni.ui 1.. K'iw -^kil'.-i a-ivici- lo in- trndiiii; -MiJti-. ' r.atk lo iii< land" is a call nia-jr an aiiraclive claim on
ihr audiiiui- l.i-t niniit. and through it, lurhap-' tit ;i whUt circle.
Kntered according to Act t f the Parliament of Canada in the year 1915, by William Sinclair, at the l>epa: iment of Agriculture.
f.\l>plication for copyright in C S. A. filed at Washington, D. C]
RE^TTLEMENT AND CULTIVATION OF LANIJ IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
During: this cvnitfiil year ..f uIkm the liiV-l.l.,.Kl ..t
llic most lii-lily iivili/'id n;iti.,ii- luiit- \„,un;\ ,„it the batt!e- (hM- ni i u,,,,,e. atul ii:an> ..tlu r ,vo„,ii. ,,t tlie k1.,1>c', the question "', '""'1 ;>i|'l''> I'liiiliataiil- ail. I m m-n unliatants is ajjitatitiir the iiiin.l- ni tlK.ii^iitfiil people evervwiiere. l-lverv part of the i;TitisIi ' .mpitv IS CMtitriluitiiig noh'- to the -eiieral stock ..f Mii)plies. and L.iii;M!a. as tlie senior menu . r ..i" the nati. mal taiiiil\ ..| we.-iriii!^-- tile riiioii Jaeiv. ha^ the resp,,iisihi!jt\ . and the hoii
• ' le.i'liiiL;- the \an in tlie array <<t nati.ins forming inre, np.ni whose >hures the sun never sets. While the ge. ■ e- Milt the food contrihntioiis thr.)ii,i;hoiit the i'.mpire is vcrv ered- itahle. there is unfortunately, uiimistakeahle evidence that lieie m I'.ntish C'llrnhia. the production ,,f food is far hel-nv what it ou^ht to III .
Kohhie I'.'ini-. when in the Kirk one Sundav, detected, on the tresses oi a \oiin- person h, |. .re Inni. an ohjecti'onalde little creat- ure, which iiiniished the suhject of a huniorous and sarcastic ad- dress, thus: —
i' w.id some Power the s^iftie jjie us. lo see oor.sels as ithers see iis."
Durinir the present crisis, the residents in I'.ritish (.'. mihia may. \erv .ip] .ropnately . .apply these su-._;( .ti\e lines i,, their food- prodnem- eoiidition>. .Ml over the province. ne,t,decte<l and de- serted homesteads tell. t(.o plainlv. the -etched condition of the land cnltivatin.ar industry. Ajjain. a h )roiis illustrntion from that Ljreat modern storehouse of Intcllcc . 1 ener-v.— the Scottish JVcsbyterian ("hnnli. may he <ine,ed :'.oni Dean Rain.sav's Remin- iscences of Scottish Life and ( "l';.) ae- r : —
"A fiiiicti.mary ot' a comitr ridi is usuallv called the ntiit- islrrs imni. and, to of then ..i,,, had jjone' i.. ouyh a Ions conr-e oi siu h parish oii. lal lil'e, a i,'entlenian one dav remirked,— "Johi., ye hae hecn sac lanj,' ahout the minister's hatid th.it I d.ire say ye could i.re.ach a .sermon yerscll now." To which lohn mod- estly ivplied, ■•( 1 n;i sir. I eouiiln,-! ].re;u-h a sermon, I. til in.asho I could .h-.iw ,111 iniereiire." -AWIl, J..hn." said the -eiilleman. hum- .iiirin- the .piiet vanil\ oi" the he.adle, "what inference e uild ye draw Irae this te\i, " \ wild ass smiffeth up the nind at her pleasure?" (Jcr. 11 :;>! ). "Well. sir. I wud draw this inference, he wud snuff a laiij^ time afore he wud fatten upon't."
Present conditions in P.ritish Columbia lead to liie conclusion that many simple peojile have been "snuffing wind" for some years past. In the illustration eriveii alxwe the (piadruped snuffed a whole- some natural product, full ..f ..zone, and other hcalth-givinf^ sub- stances, but the unfortunate bipetls in B. C. have been st. ffinq- a spurious imitaiion wind, invented, patented and exclusively manu-
factureil and sold in B. C. for lioiiic and forcii4ii ci)nMim[ition. It was ti> 1)0 liad ill special brands labelled to suit every locality, and warranted, like iiateiU medicines, to cure every ill to which flesh is lirir. Tile w liirlwiiid of mental intoxication has come and ijone, leaviii";- iiianv wreel<> behii)d. and it is now llic duty of the ri>in;^: feneration to avoid the follies of the past and start to build up the fabric of a sound and vigorous community on^safe and sane prin- ciples.
t iiltivation of tile land, and development of the agricultural and horticultural resources are the ba-ic iiidu>trie> of every perma- nently prosperous country. The introduction of the-e nidn-tries into the British Empire may be said to date from the occupatit)n of the countrv bv the Romans. The natives of P.ritain in those days a]iiHar to liave sub-i-ted chietiv on the products of the forest and the water-, and very little on tiiat of the fields. L'nlike many other military coiKiuerors, the Roinaiis -tarted to develop the rcMnirces of the'countrv 1)\ btiildiii,;; harbours on the coa-t< and ro;'ds throiii,diout the country. aiMl instructing the native- to cultivate tile land. They also introduced their famous laws, which have for nearl\ -'.(lon ve'ars been the key-note of I^ritish freedoin. Along with their peaceful institutions, the Romans ajipear to have left us an- other precious inherit;iiue en-rained ill every true Uritish heart, and that is the niilitar\ i i-tinct of defence (but not defiance i, both by land and sea. In \;lanciug at the early history of the I'.ritish Hini)ire. and the ,i;eo;4rap;iicai ])osition of the islands, there seems to !)'■ a cb'-e resemblance to the conditions in I'.ritisli Coliunbia. lioth C'liintries are on the Western limits of a ,L;-reat cont'"''nt and in the same parallels of latitude. Here, we have not oni> the outer fringe of islands, but the whole breadth of the Contiiieut as an inheritance. We have the corresponding coast line to Norway, nenmar k. (iermauv. Holland, r.clt;ium and the northern part of i-rauce. All the vegetables and fruit i)r.oducts of these countries can be grown here, and there is a ;^Teat future for the husbandman in this coiuitry. What llritish rolumbia very much re(|uircs at the present tinie, is an immense army to enter ujion the laud, culti- vate it iiroperly. and produce abundance of food for man and beast. .\ii arniv for such .i peaceable i)iiri)ose may. and ought to be com- posed oi" both sexes, of .ill a:..;es, from youth to ,,1<1 age. and, if the members are actuated by the right spirit of patriotism, and remem- ber that they are members not only of a prosperous local comiuun- ity. but citizens of the greatest empire the world has ever seen, the result will be the fulfilment of the poefs dream of the time "When i; n to 111.111 tile warld o'er, shall britliers lie for a" that." In com- ing before \ • ni this evening to sjieak to you on the land (|nestion. I have lo offer an .apology for accepting your invitation tliroii-li the Rev. E. Leslie Pidgeoit, as it is the first occasion that I have attempted to addres's an audience on such a topic. It may help to a belter niidersianding of wli.at I am going to -ay if I explain how my information was acquired, and shall endeavour to do so with as little objectionable egotism as possible.
Tlie son of a fruit grower in the ("i.-irden of Scotland, I was bom ill an orchard, and from infancy had daily opportunities of learning the details of fruit raising and marketing, and the culti-
4
vatioii of tiekl crops and stock feeding. In early manhood I was appointed secretary to a district horticultural society, and, during my tenure of that office, frequently met the leadini^ horticulturists over a wide area. For many years, my ()ccu])ati.)n was in the city of l-"..linliurLrh. Imt I rc-iilcd (nit-ick- the city and had a small t^arden, III which 1 c.-irricd on experiments in cultivation. A break in my career occurred durinj^ the I'.oer war, and I then came to British Columbia and obtained a free homestead in Co(|uitlam, where I earrierl on operations in the heart of the primeval forest, and spent ten years in clcariii-- and furmiiiLC -'i t'ruit orchard. Mv plan of hrin,L;iiiy; out my family ;it the end of tw.> years miscarried, an illus- tration ,.f the truth that '•the iiest-laid schemes o' mice and men gang aft agley." In youth, I had read Zimmerman on .Solitude, but my practice of what he regarded as a bookworm s virtue, was involuntary. an<l. instead of being bestowed u])on paper and ink productions, my studies were mostly devntcd to the grandest of all scientific works, the great book of natiiie. l-'ural life brings one nito daily c(jntact with the wonders and beauties of creation as revealed in geology, botany, and natural history. Meteorology offers an endless variety of phenomena: astrononiv reveals by (hV the ever-changing but regular course of the unwearied sun. the great s,,urce nf all our i)lanetary health and ener-v. while, in the nights, wben the darkness is greatest, we are privileged to gaze into the unfathomable dejjths of the universe bevond, and realize to the full the meaning of the oft-(|uoted line, "the heavens are telling the glory of Cod," When such i)assagcs are set to music, as they are mo.t appropriately in Iladyn's oratorio. "Creation," any doubts as to the existence of a Divinity must vanish for ever. The study of astronomy show s us the insignificance of man and all his works, and the planet we inhabit to be a mere speck of dust in the ereat universe.
It has been the fashion in some quarters to sneer and make disparaging remarks about the cultivators of the soil, and throu'di lack of knowledge and a timidity in asserting the true dignity of their calling, a very large proportion ,,f the voung men brought up to rural lite have gravitated u, the cities. To counteract this aban- donment of the land is one of the greatest problems of the present tune, and ui Dntish Columbia it ba^ reached an acute statre One of the first things to be dr,ne. as I have endeavoured to show in these prehmmary remarks is in break down the unreasonable walls of prejudice against country life, and to show that, in a rnml home tbero IS a sphere for the display of the highest intellectual activitv. \ lewed aright, rural lite, by stinmlating all the i^enerous instincts of humanity, and in c.nstant touch with all the glories of creation, man comes to rc.ilize his true position in the scale of being, , ndowed with humility and reverence becoming the Sons of God. Filled w ith such thoughts, and the child-like confidence of everv true believer a man ma\ . even in this world, literally, "walk with God."'
Imbued with such .sentiments, the people of the P>ritish Empire cannot fail to succeed m converting the waste places in His Maiestv's Uominions into fertile fields, and thus promote peace and prosperity among all nations. f f j
6
The homc-tcad i;. anted to nic by the Doinhiiou Goveniiiient had hvvn held bv a umuv; man for some years. After liolding it lumiinallv tor several vcar^ without making any attempt at clearing or cultivation, he \v.i> told that he must reside for the prescribed pcritul and ^tart elearini; and cnltivati..n. lie then Innlt a >mall house of ^i.lit cedar, but only occupied it tor a tew day> and made no attenipi at cultivation. He was then perMuukd to renoumx> the holdin- 1 arrived on t! • scene a few days later, and was duly in- stalle.ral.out the 11th oi .\i>ri!. I'Jnv'. and subse.|uently i>aid for the value of the hon-^e. 'Hie hon-e wa^ Innlt on the ••haHoon j.rmnple, i e . without >tandards. or corner posts, the roof l.eui- entirely snp- iHHted bv the double boardinsr of the walls. Tiie ralter- were tour feel .iiiart. without struts or stavs. These. 1 added, alony- with some other details, but f<ir a con-iderable time 1 could see daylight between the boards all round, and ventilation was therefore of the most perfect descriiition. and for live >ear> 1 enjoyed <i>lendid health. The building \\a< very careful!) put to-eilier and rclleets great cre<lit u])on its ilesigner and builder. Having a dry and wholesome, though jirimitivc habitation for a home. I was able to start cultivation' inmiediatelv. I'.efore leavinfi the Old C<.nintry. I calculated what crops it might be i)o>.>ihle to raise the first season and brought a small selection of seeds, in addition to cuttnig-. and a few roots, so that no time was wasted in looking for sui.i)lies locally. Most of the roots and cuttings died from the etlfects of overheating on the lon-^" railway journey from Halifax to X'ancou- ver island? where 1 intiMided to settle, and vitality was further im- paired by the weeks' <U lay in looking for land. With the -eed- I was more fortunate, and liad the satisfaction of producing a vege- table marrow. 17 pounds weight, at Westminster Exhibition. Among niv ^eed- were MX small iiotatoe-. ..f the early .Xshleaf Kidney var- ietv. W hen the package wa^ ,.pene<l the .tubers were si.routing vig- orously, i'.ein!^- anxious to ,,htain tiie he-t reMilts in order to raise seed for the following year. I found some empty tins, in which a jiotato cutting was placed, with a little mould. In about ten days T had .1 little plot prejiared in which the si)uds were placed, and I wa- rew arded bv a bountiful croji, which yielded enough to plant a fair -i/ed p!..t'the foll.iwin- vear. After -etling in the tir-t crop of seeds and harvesting the produce, I then set about to prepare ground for raising fruit. The tlr-^t i)lot wa- dcMgned for cane Tniit--, M:ch as raspberries and blackberries. The site chosen was covered l)v a dense thicket of vine maiilcs. The branches were utilized in in.aking a tenipor;iry rotmh fence to kt'ep out cattle. The roots made a formidable pile, and could have been cleared ,.tf, along with large (|uantities of decayed timber .and Mump-, bv burn- ing. Imt. instead of burning the mass. I decided to bury it. My reason for adopting that method of clearing was because the land wa- ..n tlie crest of a ridge with a -oil containing a large percentage of sand and water-worn stones. PoroMs soil of that character re- quires fibrous material incorpor.ifed with, it in. ord.er t,. iirovi.le plant food, and to retain moisture, a most important consideration on the top of a hill, where the only moisture obtainable conies from the clouds and the dews. Tlavin-- decided <m the bnrving process, a .'^trij) of ground was marked off. about feet in width, the loose
surface earth was scraped off and piled in a ridpfe to one side. In t' «MitR\ a treiK-li. four feet wide, and ali(nit four feet deej) was thi^. '1 lie >ul)-M)il earth was piled on the side oi)po,-ite to the ridqe of surface earth. Into the hottoir, of the trench were thrown all the r(,ots anil decayed timi)er roughly flattened down. Ainonir and on top of this, was shovelled in the .surface earth, containinir all the weeds and seed-. This was also rout;Ii1y IgvelK'd. In order to en-ure fermentation of the timber and weed refuse and the destruction of the i)iiried weeds and seeds, a layer of L;reen iii;iteri:ils. cousistitif of vouul; ferns, -reen leaves and twij;s was laid, ahuut a foot deep, and i)ressed ci..-ely down. The snh-soil earth was then filled in on top, and, heiuf^- free of seeds and roots, was, for years, entirelv clear of weeds. On the centre line of the n ench a furrow was made, and a little ri'-h mould intri diiced to -tart L;rowtli of the vount,'- canes. ' \ ilhin two year- the roots of these cane fruits seemed to reach the i)uried material-, and then arose an array of vigorous and hardy canes, that for luxuriant growth, rivalled those .grown on the rich bottom lands of the low ground, while the fruit was so firm in sui)- -t;mci' tli;it. when boiled into jam. it did not -o int,, ...ft pulp tlie fruit grown on I(jw ground. Cane fruits i)laiUed in the ordi- nary way, have a tendency to extend their roots laterally, and to -pread -o rapirlly ;is to become .a mii-ance, but, planted on the trench -y-tem. the routs ajjpear to lakc a downward growth, and the inter\al- between the rows were almost entirely free of side shoots. In burying timber, there is always a ri-k of iM-oducing ob- jectionalile fungus. ;mil many lawns and garden- are spoiled there- by, but wlien the fermentation jiroce-- ,ind deep l)urying are adoi)ted. no sucli risk is incurred. The plantation of cane fruits was not intended for a permanent plot, but merelv for nursery pur- poses, the propagation of plants for future extensions. The small ])lants were therefore set close together, hut in lines four feet apart, the aim being to transf)!ant about three-fourths of the number into fre-h grotind. and the reni;iining plants to stand at the usual interval of three feet or thereby. I'.y the time the plants reached maturity, aii'l gave evidence of having reached the buried materi.d. I noticed that their extraordinary vigour was not accompanied by a lateral .growth, as hapi)ens in ordinary planting, and I decided to let them stand as they were. In order to give the fruit cane- the maximum of sunshine and air. T devised a -ystem of training that jiroved verv sim])le .-md s.ati- fact. tv. I'osts w ere driven in ;it (i feet intervals in the row-, and sawn off about three feet above the ground, llroad ' -hs or straps, about 5 or 6 feet long, with 1-inch augur holes at ^•s-inch intervals, were nailed to the iio-ts. Slender rods of small pines were s]ip|)cd throu.gh the augur holes, the bottom ami top rods on one and the s.ame siile of the caue-. The middle rod was inserted on the o])posite side of the canes, thus pressing them against the other rods above and below. This brought all the canes into an erect position, and were hel' there by the gentle i)re— tire of the horizontal rods, without the need for tving. In a lew mm- tites the cane- could be neatly and secitrely arranged, to prevent crossing and abrasion of the stems. This simple device was a great saving of tiine compared with the ordinary method of tving or
7
railing in loosely. It M-cun'd the maximum >liar(,' m siinshme and air to every cane. Tlic blossoms wi-rc not hrokt'n or de-troyi'd l,y Mvaving' against each other, and tiie fruit was easier seen ami picked ' When the vonng canes grew up they could easdy be ,)us!hm1 inside the hori/nntal rod- and tlm- i.rolooted_ trom mjury. The formatiiMi of tiic ircncho was dcsi-nod tn -it nd of the sur- face rubbish, and to utilize it for tlie iiroduclion of v:L;wrou> plant-, and was a deliberate plan for these ends. The extraordmary re- sults in the production of fruit, were not planned, but were rather ■I di-cverv reMiltinu' from , .h-ervations on plants grown under uovel onditions. and \v..rthv of a place in what is known as "intensive cuhivation." I'nder this ••mtcn-uc w-u in. 1 tmuid it i>os^ihle to grow 1 plants in place of one. on the ordmary >y>tem. 1-or several' \ ear- I kept a record of the fruit ..btained from tlioe -intensive" I'.l-ts. and wa- agreeably surprised to tind that tile ratio of productiMn ua- in proportion to the number of phnts main- tained. Thus, instea.l of ,.ne plant to the lineal yard, i liad four, and. as a result, four times the (juantity of fruit over the ordinary svstem. Some vears ago. Messrs. Kennie & Co. of Torouto. m their Animal CatalM-ne.' published the results of an e.xperiment m Ottawa Experiiiuntal i"arm. with one of Mr. Ilurbank's famous new blackberrv fruits. The yield i.er acre was given a- Ki.odd ll.s., and was evidently coiisitlered a phenomenal result. 1 he vear ot that experiment coinciiled with my first record of another fruit, considered inferior to the new variety. When I saw -Messrs. Reiinie s announcement. T looked over my notes for the same year and found that the vield for my inferior fruit was over -.'O.nod lbs. per acre, "eiiig very much pressed for time, my plot received no attention whatever in cultivation or pruning, and 1 (luite anticipated a reduction in the vield. but. to my amazement, the hgures tor the second vear 1^ nnded up to over 31,(t00 lljs. per acre. Had I been able to attend to m\ plots. 1 have no doubt that I could have brought the yield up to lu.niio Ihs. per ac:e.
My phenomenal success lande 1 mc in a -tr.inge an<l awkward predicament. There I was. in the heart of the forest, with a pro- fusion of perishable fruits, demanding hourly and daily attention. To market tlie fruit locally in a fre-li cndition was impossible, as half of mv time woulil have to be .silent in travelling over a rough trail in hot summer weather. To get out of the dilemma 1 deci.'e.l to convert all perishable fruits into ])reserves, and forthwith started business as a manufacturer. Having in early youth seen the pro- cess conducted. 1 liad no hesitation in making the attempt, especially as 1 had, in previous vears. made small (|uantities of i)reserves for personal use. .\t davlireak, alter an earlv breakf.-ist, I started and ])icked fruit all dav,' placing the baskets in a cool place liil next morning. The fruit, being all carefully picked and undamaged by packing ami hauling, was in a perfect condition, and the pro- duct wa- of the finest description.
, , ■■ ,1 - T I'.ti , 1 n -..,.^,,1.. ..-l-i.-.,.-- 'iti.l
,\i tile Cm'-C OI lIK" i —
brought them down to X'ancouvcr. At tir-t most of the purclui'-ers were sceptical of my ability to make jam, but, to quote an old Scotch saving, "t'lc ]iro<if o' the puddin" is the preein' o't,"' ami a taste of tlie samples settled the matter in my favour, and I had no
8
(lifficultv in obtaining a fair price for my wares. iMiiancially. the nuthcd'of niarkctiii- fruit in preserved form, was much more pro- tit;il)lc that- tlu' prfcarious and troublesome one of selling? it fresii. Tlif vicld ;kv M|uaiv vanl. realize.! a m ixinuini of one dollar and eighty cents. With a 'little extra alleiition to cultivation and prun- inj,', that might easily be raised U two (lollar> per -f|uare yard. hut. takinj^ as an averafje. half that figure, or one dollar per >(iuare yard, a fabulous amount may be raised from land under fruit, when grown oil ihf intensive system.
The fon-oiui; cuUural rem irks appi\ t ! cane fruits such as raspberries and blackberries, but. applied to curraiUs. 1 toun.l the system ecpially .satisfactory. With str:- vberries, I starte<l to niak-' some experiments that promised i^ood results, I brought a tew plant:, with me, and I-;ul some sent after me. a few months later lieing mi-led hv st.uement- about the mddness of the winters. 1 did not take -uVticient i)recantions a-ain-t -evere fro-'-, and, con- sequentlv. lost nearlv all mv imi)or'.ed ^tock. i rom tl tew sur- viving ])lants. it t(K)k about ■) vears to raise st, -utficieut to plant cropping bed-. The stock of plants had reached about l-,i,0(»U and 1 bad just start 1 io •>lant out the croiii)ing beds, v" .i.. during a few hours' ah-eiice, mv rough barricades that -erved tor fences were broken down bv a henl of starving cows from an adjonung muni- cipalitv. and everv green thing on my clearing was devoured or tram])ied d )wn. this disaster ruined my strawberry pr .spects, and I had to start again to raise a stock of plants. I'.efore attaimng that ol,ject. my health had broken d >wn. and my plans in strawberry cnilure have never been r 'ali/.ed.
In the treatment of fruit trees, chietly ajtples and plums, 1 follort-ed the same svstem as adopted for cane fruits, but, instead of continuous trenches. 1 dug pits about 6 feet wide and about 1 or .) feet deep. An examination of fruit trees in the s-irrounuing dis- trirts !e(' me to think that there was some serious dericiency in the .soil, I'Aervwhere I found the trees broken do'vn witli the weight of the crop! and a system of i>ropi-;r,g in use to siipjiort tlie branchcv. In pruning trees f()r friends i-i litTe: .'ut lorahlu-s. [ foinid that the twigs were so brittle tli.at they h;oke easily when slightly Ih'U. This weakness I attributed to an absence oi silica in the soil, aiul m ])lanting mv own tree-, placed some clay, containing silica, in the pits, This'ai)iilicati..n. ir iildition to the roots having abundance of 'voodv fibre to draw fr. n, had magical eH'^t in strengtUening the twigs, which when pruning time came, were as tough as wtrc. When the fruit came, in dense clusters, the branches bent, but di 1 not break. It seems to be a law of nature that, to improve th -hre of trees, wix^dv fibre is the apiiropriate frnid for 'te roots. le solution of this problem of preventing the breakage of fru.. /ee branches mav have the further advantage of improving the general strength ni the tree, and enable it to stand a greater degree of cold than otherwise
.Another highly interesting experiment I made \vith apple trees
n .>. ..til...- fr-nit^- till- eolonrinir nnd flavouring of the' fruit
bv the application of certain ingredients to the soil, Tt is a vvell- kn. n fact ihat ajiples and strawberries and many other fruits, as well as vegti d-les. have a large percentage of iron in their com- position. Muvh of the soil in the district around here is deficient
in tliis ]>r<iperty. and I fnund tliat iny c k-ariiit^ was of tliat character.
In (lii^LiiiiL; trinclu'-- and |)it> linwcver. 1 fonnd ahundancc of the dc-iri'd inatiTial in the form of liard ri.'<l cako of sand. I 'nlvcrisin.n' this nialirial, I apjihtil a drc-^-ini,'' of it tn the soil around the trees and plant.s. The mark uf a highly developed fruit is the depth of the cnlourinpf imder the hrijjfht external skin. My api)les of the "W'l'altiix '" variety wcrv lolnnrcd to tlie ver\ cdrt'. and the flavour was eiiually >ati>fael(iry. ."^iiuilar results were nhtaiiied frnni -straw- lierrii's. I'litatMes were nx'ated in llie ^anie way, with -c he^t results. In Lond m. lMi_i;land. the capital of the luupire. liie pota- toes that cotumand the hii^liest price are known as "Dunbar Reds," from hein.uf fjfrown on red soil. Diuihar heiiifj in my native county, I am able tn ile^crihe what that is; The soil i> dark red in colour an-'i ei'ii-i-;-- ''i' led -and i>( tlie iiM red sandstniie t'linnaticn, auil a Miiiii;^ lica\\ ela\. I'lit itoes i;rown on this soil are easily reCoi;in/ed ;i- tlu \ aie iiii'-ily liiiiled in their skins. When the -kin is removed, the tuhers have a rich yellow ai)i)carance, caused hy the presence of iron in the soil, and the flavour is very pronounced, and held to be superior to any other potato. When 1 came to 11. C". 1 had a hanker- inj^ after a bit of red soil, hut could not f^et it. Vou may judge of my delight in finding that a dose of red sand produced potatoes with the very -ame cliaracteri-tic- a- "nmiliar rt'd-."
In cli'aring fore-t laml I'l 'T i nltix ati' in. 1 ad'i|ited a -y>tem dif- ferent to that ii-iially fMll^weil. Tlie common iiraeliee i- to hin-n all the unmarketable timber, whereas. 1 buried the decayed parts, and used the sound parts for domestic fuel. On heavily timbered land, there ;ire immense (|iiaiititie- <if material remaining after satisfying hoii'-eIi(ild need-. Tile di-pci-al mi' tlii- materia! iiy burning yields an eiiiinn.ni- VMhiiiie n\ hc:>{ tli.at iiia\ lie prntitalily utilized iiy cor.- suniing it in a furnace and he.ati'ig ranges nf gla-- hou-e- hir the production of plants and fruits during the w inter iiMiitb-. and there- i)y affording employment to the whole staff rc(|uired for open air work during summer. In this way. every fragment of timber can be ]iiit to a pi ■ ilit.alile n-e. in-tead uf being w a-ted in ii-ele-s ;uid dangerous bontire-. The potash obtained b\ the furnace system can be stored under cnver till the proper sea-on. when it can Ije a})plicd with preei-idii. .-md the best re-ult- pre idnceil.
.\iiiitber iiUeresting e.\])erime!it maik' wa- tn te-t the adapta- bility 1 ' the soil for tlu- cultivation of wbe.at. l-".ir year- I kept a tlock of poultry, and found it ver) difficult to get sound and good wheat for their food. I had been told by several parties that w heat could not be gmun -neoessfullw a< the -tr.iw was so weak that it woiilil not keep eiet'L and jiermil nf the ears ripening. .\ sm.all pal'.'li wa- sdwn in <)etiiber, and it L;re\v wt-11. but wiuiM iidt >t,and 111) \\hen the ears tilled, iiist as 1 bad been tnjii. I'sini;- the same plot for a second experimetu. 1 -pread smuk- imherised clay, con- taining silica, and dug it itUo the soil. The wheat was then sown and arrived at maturitv. but di<l not fall. althf)ugh it encoimtered a
!;i :i\-v fjiU :it r:i!!i ri fe\v !\ \v: befcire riTieiiiiir'' It -*:::;:\ 'lie test per- fectly, and not a straw bent i >r brokt'. .\ further test was made to ascertain the ditVert'iiee in time nf ri|H-ning, between atUniun and spring sowing. This test showed that autumn sown wheat ripened two weeks ear'ier than spring sown. It is therefore, quite possible
10
to Lrr.,\v Nvluat suoccssfully in this district, and t.- have it ripened so early xhv \>i o{ Mv^u.t. The .he^sinj,' of clay mentioned above was' at the rate of 100 l)U>hel> per acre.
In alteniptin- to solve the prohlcm of the feasibility of growing wheat Muee^'inllN in ihi^ district of the lower niamland I was led o make investi^^ations into the (|nestion of ,an,tall The sumtiier of ^m, reckoning from my arrival in April, till rhM . Vtoher, when the nsnal wet season commenced, was an ideal one ot continuoii>, hri^in. sn.HU weather, punctuated by timely and copu.n. nuntalls of "hort dur^.iinn, tl.at kept vi^etation of all kmds, m a healthy ami vi..^,.ron. condition, i lav.n^ !,eanl cnntradictorv statements regard- in- the rainfall of the district, that were rather hewiMernii;-, I start- ed on -^iJrd October, to keep a register of a Mniple and i.run.tne description, of the rainfall. For nine years. 1 kept a record, an. satisfied niv.elf of the trne state of matters, and ^amec a stock ot knowled-e re-ardn.u the doin-s of Jupiter Pluvtus. and of A.|uar- ius the W ater Hearer, huxh cnrion> an,l instructive. _ 1 he long speU c.f warn, and drv weather su^^e^ted that the lav . ot contpensatton wherebv the weather pendulum w.,nl.l preserve tlte balance true In a spell of cohl and rain, seemed ine -itable, au.l it wa^ m.. _ I he hr>t vear's record shcnvcd 114 inches, and a long way above tiie annn i avera-e for the nearest ..b^ervin- ^tatirMiv, which were abot inches. The explanation of -uch a .li.cre,.ancy was. that the heavy autumn.al fall in I'.in:; darted -everal .veeks earlier than 1''- • aru mv record for the Vi mouths thus contained two heavv uitumnal falls instea.l r.f one. The present system of keepiHL; rainiall recc.rd- bv the vear an.l ending on 31st December, is liable to the same ir- rcLnilaritv Instead of mid winter, the adoption of mid-summer, when the rain-- are at their miu, ,uni. woubl be a better tune to se- cure records un.hsturbed by erratic and plieuoiueual periods of pre- cipitation.
From time lo time I had opiKirtunitie> of comparin- my figures with those of other observers, to east and west ot me, an.l usual y. mine were higher than the others. The other observer, were on the low ground, and only a few feet above sea level, wlule my pouU ot observation was on the apex of the ridge, divuhng the I-raser valley from lUirrar.l Inlet, and about CCO feet above sea level, 1 lie Heavy animal raiu^ of autumn in this district do not, as many people imag- ine, come (hrect from the Tacit^c Ocean. .X^ - Minted om _bv l.ieut, Maury, in his delightful book on the Physical (ieograiihy oi the ^ea. ihe source of our heavv rains is not in the Xortnern, but m the ^o, iiern Pacific Ocean'. The warm vapours there, alter the sun i,a-.e- the eiiuiimctial line, ascend vertically, into the upper ptmos- nhere and are carried bv the npj.er current of the south-west trade wind until thev meet with the col.l air of the great continental moumain ridge's running parallel to the coa^t^, troni the .Xrctic re-ions to Cape Horn. When the warm an.l water-laden cl.ni.ls meet the old air of the mountains, condensati.^ii takes place, and the
,.1 1. .i,-,,,^ f,^ n ^,^^v,^r level, where tliev meet with the
cmuuer\.nith-ea>t tra.le wind, an.l .ve then get our share of the bountiful warm rain, that g..es a 1. g way t., m.Klify the severi y of the climate. In lo..king at the map, I found that bearing exactly south-east, the direction of the wet winds, and distant about 66
11
miles, wa"". the {jreat mountain mass nf Mount IJaker. I'etween it and my point of observation, there is no hi^h land, and 1 have often seen this maijiiificent mountain, ca])i)ed and \vrap])ed in a dense ma^s of c!nu<l>. jirinr to a local delui^e. I'ehind me. to the north-
\\c--l. ami in liiu' uith tlu' -•< mlli-ra^t iMirrt'iit fruni .Mniiiit llaki-r. arc the mmiiuaiiw tliat arc such a ])romincnt feature in the l.nuNcape around the iidrihern limits of lUirrard Inlet, an<l culmiu.itiii^ in Mount (iarilialdi which rises to alwrnt 8000 feet ahtjve sea level, rindins; my i)oint of observation riijht in the line of the aerial cnr- reiit ci'iiiinL; Mmui .Mutiiu Haker, 1 came U> the C(iuclusii>n that llie lilieial ~liare i>i' the \\atei'\ inereie- in in\ nei^hl" irll< loil iiiii;lit he .-ur. .iiiueil I'lir li\ .assuming; iliat a cin"i'''m nf air, laden with nini-,- ttire. i> aiiala,i,^ous to a current ol water in a ri\er. wherein the vel- ocity is jj^reatest in the centre of the stream, and least at the sides. \p[)lyin.if this analoj^y to the current of air from Mount IJaker, I felt th;it the reason for my hiijher record in the rainfall was satis- faeiiirilv i,'\jilaiiu'(l. In walehinL;' the r.ain re;;i~ti.-r. 1 was a^ti mi-^Iieil ;it the ra])idity of the rainfall, and. several times, '^ut readinL;^ --lu'W - inv a fall of one inch in twenty mimites, .\fter dischary'es n\ th.it kind, it was noticeable that the rainfall very soon ceased, the clouds broke, and the sun shone out and formed brilliant rainbows on the adji liniiiL;' l^w L;ToniuK. where the rainfall lin^jcred and drizzU'd, Iohl; after it had slopjied on the hiudi i;r(innd, thus alTi irdint;- .aiidtlKT analogy li> the w;Uer-~ (if ;i rivi'r ht'inL;' mii->t rajiid in the centre, .imi mo>t slu.y,t;i>h at the sides. ■riii> plienonieiiiin leads to a curious result, contirmed by the record^ uf the Trovincial .Mcteoroloi^ical department for IHIK!, as t^iven in the table jiublished in the Govern- ment Year I'ook on jiai^e 200. At three places mentioned therein, viz: Es(iuiiTialt, French Creek and .X^assiz, records are:
Rain in inches .38 33
Days of Rainfall . . 159 136 128
.■\sassiz. with a rainfall nearly dnuhlc Uiat of the others, has a rainy season :il day; shorter than I'.Mjuinialt. It is therefore, poss- ible to find a district wii.li a heavy rainfall, enioyin'.;' more dry (la\ s and >un>hine. than ilm-e with a li.!j;hter rainfall, a beautiful illustra- tion of tl . com])eiisations in the machinery that i^overn the rains and winds. This brii^htnc^s of atmospheric conditions is greatly enhanced on elevated ijround, by the immunity from sca-fojcfs, which r.arelv ri^'c bevond oOii or loo feet above sc;i level. One of the str.ant^est meteorological ^i^^lu-, 1 ever beheld, h.'ippened in Decem- ber, .\bont the third day of the nionth. a violent hurricane of .^.W . w ind struck this ct)ast, and brouf^ht down many of the old trees in the forest. Three days later, another storm, equally violent, from .'^outh-east, blew with terrihc force, from about r.iid-night till day-litrht. and brouiiht dowti manv of the forest ijiants. I lay in bed, li-tt'nini;' for hours to the crasbini^^ of the falling; trees, .\hout ■l.Iin a.m. rain beqan to f.all, .and the w ind less violent. Shortly after, I heard a rushint,; sound, like ;i furious t^ust of wind approaching. The sotmd became louder and c'.dn!in.Tt(>d in a crash, resembling a broadside from a battleship, and I sprang out of bed and looked out. I'.efore the s(,nnd came, the d.arkness was intense, and nothing rould I c scni. When 1 looked out, the fore-t was lighted up as w ith tile nooiulas <uii. and I distinctly saw llames coining from the ground in a thicket of leafless underbrush. I came to the conclusion
12
that a large (ka.l tir tree lia.l hctn blown .l..wn au<l i^mti by the concussion. The light had a pale phosphoric appearance. la>tca about r, minutes and then gradually died out. doing back to bed. I ua^ startled al.Miu an hour later by another explosion. 1 again looked ont aiul -aw tlie forest lit uj) a^ain. but. about 2oO yards awav and not hriLjhl a- the f.r-t di-play, (.on.- hack to bed again, I las till dasli;,dit and then went out to the -c nu ot the first fire not over :)0 yards from where 1 viewed U. 1 u my -urpri-e the treJ I th..n,L;iit had fallen was still standing, and. on the >pot where the ilame- appeared, no traces of any fire were viMi.le. It then dawned upon me liiat tlie strani;e -onn.l and si^dits 1 had witnessed had been cau-ed hv a meteor. ( .oin- t<. the scene of the second light. I found that a hni;e block <.l .xdar. al.oiit ti'> leet m len-t i. and two feet in breadth aiul tiiickness. had been hroken .>tt an ol. hollow tree, standing in a position, well sheltered Mom the wmd that raided that mornin-. The block is still lying where il lell, and, if mv surmise is correct, the mark of the meteor, and i)erhaps its bodv mav he found. On relerrin- to the chapter on Meteors m Olmsted's Mechanism ,.f the Heavens, 1 n.und tliai a secondary dis- play of meteors mav be expected in the mornm- h.mrs alx.ni the (ith of December, when the constellation Leo is in the .South-eastern -kv so that unconsciouslv. I had been witnessing an annual event, predicted in :isu-onomicai works, .\fter seeing such a wondertid si.du the ihoUL^ht struck me tliat 1 had seen the bush burmi:- hut not con.sumed. as was .lone of old by Mose^ the law-^iser. .\ cc taiiieii cov.utmclnitur:' burning-, but not consumed, are tlie worus surrounding the burning bush on the badge or emblem oi the .V-ot- tish i'rcM.vterian Church, and the incident naturally recalled pleas- ant memories ( t" the olden time. .
In offering these crude and raml.lin- notes, my ami has been to point out the causes of the local land depression, and to throw out a few hints upon the practical questions that embarrass and dis- hearten amateur cultivators, with the view of encoma-m- them how to overcome difficulties. I have also attempted to point out the fallacv of that pernicious te.ichintr. which seeks to brand cultiv- ators ot' the s.,il a- an inferior and uncultured race of beings, and to sIk.w thai in rural life, there are -greater opportunities tor an all- round development and exercise of the mental faculties than in any other sphere of human effort.
In ^catterin-- these seeds. I trust that they 'nay fall into good soil and produce such fruit as may help I'.ritish Columbia to lead the way in the l)asic iiidustrv of land cultivation, the surest of all found- atious for national prosperity. ^^.^^ SINC LAIR.
Read to St. John's Literary Society, \ ancouver. r.'th January. lUlo.
T r^^l^^r^ Are the shoes for YOU— made in British Col- X-/6CrvZC umbia by Britbh Columbians for British Columbians.
1 When you buy LECKIE SHOES. 100 ^ of the
^ilOQS money you pay remains right here at home to sup- port pay rolls of local institutions, —and LECKIE SHOES are the best shoes vou can possibly buy. Will outwear any other makes. Made in many ditferent styles.
DEMAND "LECKIE" FROM YOUR DEALER
13
Men's Boots qf comfort
and service for the Farm and outin£ wear.
Boots of quality, m»dr by thf forr- moit bootm*krn of Canada and Gfal Britaln -lioolilhal are comfoilaMr irom the nuiment V"u put them on. and llial lan be relied upon to give yeir« o( service and salnfarlicni Alwayi a full line in itock, and mall otderi re- ceive prompi and eareiul attentioB.
K. BOO I S from 6.00 to 8.00 the Pair INVICTUS BOOTS from 8.00 to 7.00 Pait
12 l.MCII HIGH C UT BOOTS (or 10.00 14 INCH HIGH CUT BOOIS lor 1 TOO
The Hudson 's Bay Company
Granville and Georgia Streets
VANCOUVER, B. C.
Make Your Orchards Greater
The British Columbia Appl have taken the Gold Medal developed will lead the worl are offering Fruit Tree stoc and tell us what you want ^rnd you a catalog'ie free, evergreen shrubber Holly, Shade Tree stoc... " oliage stock of over $100,000, we garden beautiful.
es in a world competition prize. This mean-- thnt B d. A word to the wise is k at exceptionally low war Our experts will advice
with ihe best. C Orchards if sutTicicnt. Wfr puces. Write h you and
Wc have a large stock of flowering and Laurel and Privet hedge stock. Rose and and Flowering plants. In short, in our have everything you want to make your
LIMITED
ROYAL NURSERIES,
Head Office: 710 Dominion BI<U; . --o? H.istmRS St. W., Phone Sey. 555« Store: ^410 Granville St . Fiirvicw, Phone Bay. 1926 Nurseries and Greanhousci at R :v.il n Eburne Line. B. C. Electric Phone Ehiirne 4.^
P2SCIFIC BOX
LIMITED
Fruit Boxes Berry Biiskets Crates
North End Cambie Bridge Foot Smythe Street
VANCOUVER. B. C
WE CARRY A HIGHX;RADE STOCK OF
American and Ellwood Fencing
Wovaloid Roofing
Wovaleg Shingle Stain
Wood, Valunce & Leggat
LIMITED Wholesale Dutributors
573 Carrail Street VANCOUVER, B. C.
GLASS
for
Greenhouses
In all sizes and thicknesses
PILKINGTON BROS., LTD.
WORKS : St. Helan*, England, and Thorold, OnUrio
DEPOT: 102 Powell St, Vancouver, b. C.
Our British Glass, being fat andeven of thicknass, is specially suitable for the construction of Greenhouses
SEEDS, BULBS, PLANTS
Ornamental Trees and Shrubs Funeral Emblems a Specialty
Brown Bros. & Co., Ltd., f^-QR'STs
48 Hastings Street, E., Vancouver, B. C.
•Uo at VUtorU mmI HmmmmI. B. C.
STOREY & CAMPBELL
Whdesale and RetaU Dealers
MANUFACTUREKS OP
LIGHT AND HEAVY SaddUry Hardware. Hor.e Clothing,
HARNESS. MEXICAN "f""''"' SADDLES, Etc.
ValiMt, Carrii^i**, Etc
518-520 Beatty Street,
VANCOUVER, B. C.
Ogilvies Royal Household Flour
"CANADA'S BEST FLOUR"
Carried by all Grocers and General Merchants
SAWS Made In Canada
''MAPLE LEAF" CROSS CUT and HAND SAWS
Shurly-Dietrich Company, Limited
Head Factories: GALT, ONTARIO
Branches: VANCOUVER. B. C. - HULL, QUE.