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1

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6

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART

ANSI iHKl ISO TtSI CHARI No 2

1.0

I.I

U

1™

lllli 2.8

m

IIIIIM
Ilia

I-

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1-

1- L

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Ilia

ill '-8

1.25

1-4 11.6

j= APPLIED \MAC3E Inc

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:'''^St-

Cfil N<, ■ *AE^N FISHERIES' EXPEDITION, 1914.15

fi^m

""^-';-*>

2- BIOLOGY OF ATLANTIC WATERS OF CANADA

CANADIAN FISH-EGGS AND LARV/E

ALF DANNEVIG

Of the Flodevis Sea-Flsh Hatchery. Arendal, Norway

PRmTED BY AVTHOKITY OF PASUAMB,

.vr

OTTAWA

J. DB LABROQUERJE TAPHrS'

PBmTKR TO THK KINa^S MOST EXoSnt MAJESTY

1UI8

CANADIAN FISHERIES' EXPEDITION, 1914-15

BIOLOGY OF ATLANTIC WATERS OF CANADA

CANADIAN FISH-EGGS AND LARVAE

ALF DANNEVIG

Of the FloNdevift Sea-Fish Hatchery, Arendal, Norway

or).-)3— 1 H

I

I

I

CANADIAN FISH-EGGS AND LARV^

I. INTRODUCTION.

When Dr. Hjort iiiviti'il iiii> tn uiulortnki' tlio work of donliiifr with liis vulimlile
iiialcrii\l of tisli ivn^ mid yotiii^r frotii tlic raimHinn wiitiTs. I wn* fully nwnrt- of the
many difiicuUicii which the task would involve. The dpU>rininatioii of ova nnd young
frotii a (|UHrt»'r of tlic rIoIk' when' many >|)<imi's ot tish exist, whow \.mn« ^tatros
liavi) not Im'cii (U'scril«>d. is luiturally no easy matter, moro rspt'cially wlicn only
Vro»orvcd mntorial is available, and it will, as a r\do, bo obvious from the outlet
tiiat complptn suecoss must be out of tin' iiucstion. TliP object of the Canadian inveg-
tiKatioMS \va^, bowevcr, principally to ascertain tbc liioInRical conditions under which
the most important spt^i'ies of tish lived and niulti|)lied, so that possible errors in the
(leterTninatioii nl' ^nnu' few of the less frei|iiei]tly oi-curriuK r-i)ei,'ic» W'liiM be of
minor importance. In view of thi^ fact and with the promise of every assi-tance
from Dr. lljort nnd Majristcr Koefocd. T undertook the task, all ditRcultie<t iiot-
with-itaiidiiur.

As to how far the determinutiuii of species has been successful, it is naturally
inipossililc to say nt present: future inve-itipitioiis of the same waters will, in all
essentials, make this clear. I have thouRht it proper, however, here to make n few
introductory observations as to eertalii |i:irticular dittiiMiltie.* wliii'h may 1k' imatfined
as hnvinff piven rise to erroneous determinations.

The transatlantic literature on the subject beinjf somewhat scanty, I have had
reiuurse more e>iK>cially to des( riptions of Kuropean siH'cies, an<l it mitilit therefore
seem not unlikely that related western forms could have become confused with or
mistaken for liiese; hut re-rardint' the younir of species found on Ixith side-; of fhi'
Atlantic, however, nn<l wliere nood descriptions of the vounp staire-* are available, thi»
source of error does not apply.

A considerable number of forms have been drawn with (ireat accuracy by Mr.
l!a«mussen. these includinjr both speeies pnviously deseril>e<l ami ilrawn, and also
other lessJT-known species. I liavc not thought it advisable to give any description of
such forms on the basis of the preserved material, more espei'ially since this wo\d<I
lie outside the -i-opc of the present work.

As regards the deterniination of the ova. thi-; is naturally more or loss \mcertain.
■^ince the caii-^ of many >i|HiMes are indistinL'\iishable one from another until the
embryos are well iieve|o|H>(l. In some few cases, on the other hand, the ovn may he
accurately determined from the time of spawning. It will, moreover, Ik- justifiable to
presnpi>ose relation lietween ova of like appearance in one and the saini' sample, where
some are newly spawned and others with the embryo sufficiently devoloiMvl to permit
of certain determination.

The pre-ent material of ova and yomig was collected by means of a silk net (Im.
diameter) and preserved in 4 per cent formol. The duration of the surface hauls
varied somewhat, as a rule between ten and fifteen minutes: the depths, as stated for
the vertical hauls, are also in Bome cases only approximately correct, owing to diffi-
culties in the working of the net.

Similarly, the records as to quantity should not be taken too strictly, these being
for like reasons only approximate figures, i he proportional ()uantitative vahi(>s. how-
ever, as between eggs at different stages of development, may be taken as fairly
reliable.

r,,-).-),'5— IJa

4 nrPARTHKST or THK SAVAl SFRVICK

Tlip inuUriul wii* <-.>ll.«<'tr.i in th iirw; ..f fiv.^ <liff.T«iit <Tui«-», (»f which two

mide on board of C.O.S. Aeadi» cohered a zigiaK couwo between the nouthom point o(
Nova Sentin niid N.wfoun.li.iiid, th.' tir^t .xt. ixIihk Iroiii May •-'!> to Juno 4. t»H' nocond
from July L'l to July 21t. . . . ^^ « n • /

In the gu\t of St Lawrence, two crui«ea were made with the C.O.S. Frtnettt from
Juno » to Juno 15 nnd .\\\«\uX :i to AuKU^t 1.'; h«ro aNo. tho SS. -V Xi. in o.lditioii
to itfi ordiiiiiry tish.Tv opornti.)!!!', lolltctid ii nuinlMf <if simiplm <lurin« the period from
Jnno 1 to \iiirust 1«.

LABRADOR

f' ^ ^\ v -AL^dia first cruise '>i-%5ti-x

'\^ U ^ second ■■ •»»-•»»> 5CJ'-»/

J P^'ificess first cruise %-fk5t s-26

^"j |. - secant/ i*-"/i 5tf7-so

::^L.

PtK 1.

Before prooodiiiK to tho troatmont of tho mntorial. T should mention that a
quantity of iva and younpr had already boon determined by Dr. TIjort in Canada,
while Mr. K efoed also has kindly determined a number of Atlantic fish, and has
further assisted me in doubtful cases with other forms.

»i\4/»/i\ nsiit:Rif:.< KXPEniTios, I9nii

ir. rriK matkki.m. (oli.kctkd

III the |iliiiiktoii '■niii|)li-!<. ovn nml yuuin; of tliirt.v-tiix species ni HhIi linvi- \>cta
dcttTiniiicil, rrprcM'iitiiiK twenty faniiiies in nil.

The s|>«'cii<» will 1m' (Ifiilt wifli ill the foll(pwiii»r piiKiw in gyHtematic nnler, having
regard t<> tlieir oecurreiii-e within the area investijrated, their (feoRraphii'iil distriL.ition
jrenerally. and rertiiiii features in their biology and reproduetioii.

1 FAM. LABRWJE.

CtenohibrH.1 a(l«p''>'iiiis (W'albaum).

(I'lalp II, Fins 1 anil 2: Table Iltt.)

I C/e/70/a£>rus

_ i- |4 ' 00 pr Station allhaui's

Prmcess I bt 3 ?(, ^99^\^„:,r^ t>ian ,oo

Acadio I St J- 50

I - 10 pr StaTion
mo»'e than lo

ISI

Tit. \.

'* ' * Ctenolabtus

■t, ^ _ I • I lOo pr- Station all hauls

Acadia li St 3-- ,

Lari^ae ' ,

/o pr Slalion

-*br

Fig r

CIV I/*/ IV Fisni:i{n:s rxi'miiTiox. idh-is

Fls. 4.

T\u' young stajrcs of this species havp boon shown by Agassi?, (On the Young
Stajros of some Ossrous Fishos, Part III, Clenolabrus coerulevs DeKay, pi. XIII, and
XIV). I have not, howevor. boon able to identify the species with certainty from these
drnwinps. but as tho larvR' ntrroe vory woll with the young stages of the related
European form Lnhrus rupextrin, T have had no hesitation in ascribing the Canadian
material to Clenolabrus ad-'tpersus* According to Professor Ehrenbaum's " Nordisches
Plankton," the larvse of Tavtnqa oniti.i are vory similar to those of this species, but
as Taufooa is a southern form, there can hardly be any question of confusion with the
present siiccios.

As will be seen from the illustrntions, the Canadian form differs from the European
in havinfr a vory distinct massing of pigment at the posterior basis of the dorsal fin.

The diameter of the ova is the same in both species, viz., 0-8 — 0-9 mm.

The distribution of Ctcnolabnis adspersus ranges from l^brador to Sandy Hook
(Jordan and Evermann) ; it is a distinctly coastal form, especially affecting rocky
bottom. Ctenoldbrus adspersus is summer-spawning; on the first cruise of the Princess
(.Tune !t to .Tune 15) li\tt not more than tv,-pnty-one eggs of this ppecie„s were taken.
On the second cruise (August 3 to August 12), on the other hand, numeroMS larvtB
were found, and only vory few eggs. nio«t "f those fonnd being in a very advanced
stage of development.

• Tnutogotabrmt ndsppraj Walb.Tiim.

DEPARTiirXT OF THE yAVAL SERTICE

As will be seen from the chart, ova and young were only found at the stations
nearest the coast, especially in the gulf of St. Lr.wrence along Prince Edward Island
and Cape Breton.

The material of this species from the Acadia amounts to some few eggs and young
taken at Sable island and farther in near the Ont of Canso.

The size of the young varied between 3 and 9 mm.; (see also tables). /

2. F.I. If. CAIiAXGlDJE.

Capros aper (Lacepede).

,0f this species, only one specimen (total ](.iiRth (5 mm.) was taken, this being
from the Acadia, Station 44, where it was brought up in a vertical haul from 150-0
ra. Although Jordan and Evcrmann do not mention this species an occurring in
American waters, I have been obliffed to as.ribe this specimen to the species in
question. C. aper is also found, by the way, in the eastern Atlantic right up to the
coasts of England, and it also penetrates into tlie ^Mediterranean.

3. FAM.SCOMlUnn.T-:.

Scomber scombrus (Linnsus).

(Plate I, FiB 3: TabU- lib.)

Of this species, quite a considerable quantity both of ova and young were
collected, especially by Xo. 33, and on the second cruise of the Princess.

•Tordan and Evermann pive the distribution of the mackerel along the American
coa^t as from Labrador to cape Ilattcras. and it is therefore remarkable that its ova
and younp should here have been found almost exclusively in the southern portion of
the gulf of St Lawrence. The cruises of the Aradm furnished but three eggs from
stations outside Xova Sootia, and iieith.r the I'rinresy nor .V«. 3.1 fouiul ova or voung
of mackerel in the northern part of the gulf.

ions
land

50-0
; in
i in
the

ican
ovn
1 of
rom
ung

Fig i.

Scomber scombrus

, • r j • I - 100 pf Station all hauls

, PrmceS5nSt27-56 |^*1 •"O'-e then .00

/. L. . O ' - 10 P"" station ••

-££

Fig. 6.

fVIVin/lV FISIIHKIES EXPEDlTIOy, 19U-15

11

Fig. 7.

It would seem that the mackerel here when spawning keep to the shallower waters
in towards Prince Edward Island. It is also interesting to note that while the first
stations on the first cruise of the Princess inside and west of Prince Edward Island
furnished purely arctic species, the hauls made a week later, on the eastern side of the
island, broiipht up the first mackerel eggs.

The m.Tckerel's spawning season appears to extend over a considerable period,
from middle of June (first cruise of the Princess) to some way on in August.

The size of the mackerel ova will be seen from the table; it will be noted that the
dianu'ter varies greatly, a phenomenon which is also well-known in European waters.

Princean. Prtnress. Princess. " 33."

MM. Station 2f.. Station 30. Station 31. Station 29.

1-00 23

1-nr, S *1

1-10 IS 34 1

1-ir, 1 1 1 *

1-20 8 .... .... 12

1-25 11 .••• ■■•• 8

1-30 5

The diameter of the oil piobules was a'oout 0-03 mm.

12

in:i'\Rj\it:.\T or tiif vmv.i/, serv/ce

-Nfiickorol larvii' were taken only during the second eruisc of the I'riiu-i'sx, for the
most part from Prince Kdwnrd Island, and out towards the ed^e, where stations 28
to 34 gave 40 larva' betwet^n :> and 8 mm.

In aduition, a single larva of 9 mm. was taken at st^itioii 4.1, this being the onlv
mackerel lar\a found on the north side of Cabot .-trait. At Stations 4!) and 50—
between Prince Kdward Lsland and ("ape Breton— six larvir ranging from 4 to G mm.
were found.

4. FAM. I'EDIVILATI.

Lophius piscatorius (Linnsus).

Of this species , only a single specimen, of U mm.. wa> found {Acadia, .station 47).
/,. insraloriu.i has a very wide distribution on both sides .jf the Atlantic; according
to Jordan and lOvermanii. it ranges from Xova Scotia as far as the Barbadoes; onlv
in deep water, however, is it found so far south.

5 FAM. SCORPAENID.^.

Sebastes marinus (LinnsuB).

(Plate I, Figs. 4,5.6,7; Table lie.)

Young of Sebaste.': were found in all the deeper parts of the areas investigated,
pave at the outermost stations of the Acadia.

\t- - V-— .i

Princess I St i-2i ^"^ Omofe than
Acadia I 5t 2-3S

Sebastes

Qi-io pr Station z\\ haulb
o ,

"S5»-

Plg. 8.

• the

s 28

only
so-
lum.

47).
ding
only

I ted.

* Q o ' ■■- *■'' ""

O

+ '' ^"' * I Sebastes

' _^'' ■•" + * 1 / O I - 10 pf station all hai/ls
♦ „ ^, Lori^x (~\man th»n lo

; ^ P'incSSS n 5t 27-50 I ' "^

'' . /\cadia n St 17-91 !

Fl«. ».

14

in I'Mii \n \ I III I in: \ ii w. skhvick

3eba3tes

'/,,» , lOi-io pr Station all hauls
25 Lorc^ae) Q-„ort ihanio

Fit,-, 1"

Tt w.mlil ;ip|i,Mi' t(i lip iii.ist nuiiiiToii, ;il),,vc till' (lii-p c-li;uiiicl s.iiitli of Aiitimstl;
tli<' A o. ..'.; ti.i'k liiTi' oiTi yniiii!; in i\ >\nfz\f liaii!. <>ii tlii> >lopp towards \cwfo>iii(llaii(l
n\«i. it i- iniiiicnMW. ( l'riii<rss slMtion 45.)

Oil till- .-('(•,. Ml! 'Tiii-c of til" Arniiijt, ;i]s,i, li.v tiio way. it wa.'i fcium] in ri'iuarkalilc-
c|iiiiiititiis (Ml th(> banks (.ff Nova Scntia: this fai't ni.ay bo ascribfd to tlio existence
of larsre depressions in tlio banks, or i>issilily to the nature of the currents.

Srlii.-^hs iiiiirlniis is found Ihroiifzhout the nortl crn seas between America and
KiiT'iix', lintli on the sloix\s of the bank~ and ix-lairically above the creator ocean depths,
.lordan and F.verniann note it as oecurrincr on the .\nierican side fmni rireenland
jili.iiL' the coa.st as f.ir as midway oti' \iw .l.r-,y; I'r.ini Maine and f:irther s,,iifli.
h'lucvei', ill deep uater onl.v.

■|'lic-c writers affirm that (inndc- and Bean I'diml sjinwniiifr >'i ^i/.v.'r v lati' in the
sunmicr ..tV the coasts of New Kiiplaud. at a depth of IdO to 1*0 fatli..nis and state
that there is no '' reason to lielieve tliat the yountr rise to the surface."

A nliinr to Dr. Risrelow, adult Srhnsirs are also found in quite shallow water

'al.nnt 10 lathonis') In the pnlf of ^faini^-a very remarkable phenomenon, since
.v- ;„,v/, .■ is otherwise both sr.uth of this (Jer-!;.., .,,,..] Kvermannl ar.i! f:!!-!!'.."r v.orfli.
chiefly eneonnteri'd at medium depths.

r.i\.i/>/.i\ nsm:i{it:s kxi'Kiuth>s, i'ju-is

1ft

C. FAM. COTTID^.

Coitus scorpiuH (Liiinffius).
('ollim biihalis (Kuphraaen).
Inliis biconiis ( Kcinhiirill ).

TliPt'e si»ecii'a Iteioiigiug to this fiimily art' reiireaciitrd in tlic material, numbering
pix ^iRciiiU'iis ill ull. these being taken, witiiout exception, from tlw waters near Prince
Edward island and Magdalen island.

C. scor/iiui, .\o. .-iS, station 14, one specimen of 10 mm.; station 17, one of 11 mm.
This species is found on both .sides of the Atlantic, and ixteiids some considerable
distance t" lh(> nnrtlnvaid. as tar as Spitzl eryen.

According to Jordan and Evcrmann, it occurs to the southward along the coast as
far as Kastport, ilaine. In the European waters, C. scorpiun depii8it> its egg capsules
ill midwinter, and the .voung are subsequently encountered as plankton in the si)rinp.
It is iiuted, hiiwever, that in this species, internal fertilization may take place, and
that the ova may therefore he in a far advanced stage of development before beiiiK
spawned; this occurs especially in the northerly waters.

('. hi(hiilis (Kuph.) Two speeiinens from -Vo. J-1, station IT — both of 0 mm. —
at-'rce v<ry well with the larva- of C hubnlis, and have been aseriln-d to this species,
nithiiush Jordan and lOverinann regard it as doubtful whether C. huhalis occur* on the
we>terii ~iile of the Atlantic.

Icelus hicornk ("Ucinhardt) was taken at Princess station T (14 mm.) and another
of 1(> mm. at .V". •<■( station l.'p.

This s)iecies is :in arctic circiimp lar form, i e^ietiaiins. however, siuthward alonir
the cast coast of America as far as cape Cod. Both the specimens here taken were
loiiiel in coiii|iai'ativ cly -hallow water.

T. IWM. MIOSlDJi.

Alliums ihi-ii'wnus ( !>cliiieider).

Olio siiecimeu of J4 mm. was taken by the Princess at station 7, and strangely
ii]oii<;h, at the surface. .1. dvcaoonus is otherwise found fur the most part at some con-
siderable depth, down to a couple of hundred fathoms, and in very cold water about
0° ('. As to its propaiiation, little is known.

Axpidofihoiohl' s monopterygius (Bloch).

One specimen of I."p mm. tal.on by tlic So. ,i.', at station I'l (.('. tiaspe) should
probably be referred to this si>ecie-. In p' mt of habitus, it is viry like .4.'/""i(s deca-
i/onus, but ditfi r- from this in having but one dorsal tin. On the other hand, it has
M-ry spinous scales, and differs in this from .1. moiiopliri/fiiu.i; possibly, however, this
may be a larval character.

FAM. liLENNIfDJE.

C/iirnlopliis sp.

(I'l.Tlc ir, KiK. S ; Talile IIil.)

Two species helonfring to the family Blenniidic were found, of which thv' one could
not be determincil with certainty.

This was found (no less than sixty-three specimens) throughout the whole of the
piilf St. Tjawrencc, and out towards the Newfoundland hanks. The number of vertebrse,
about i'^^ + 4l' or a total of about ."i;"), agrees very well with that of Cliirolnnhis galerita
iL.) W alb. It difTern .-lighlly, liowever, from this in the shajic of the head and
intestines, while the iiigmentation appears to be of more or le-^s the same character.

16

l)f:rAKTMEST OF THE \AVAL .SEKVICE

It wa-i takrii in s't/.f* raiiKin); frmn s tn V\ mm. and via* mint imriiiTiHH <luriiiK tlui
tunc extendintf to July 16.

Stirlnriis inuutfilus (Faliriciu^).

(Plate II. Fig. 9 )

Of this species, two specimens measuring 30 and 40 mm., respectively, were taken.

:<tUliiiiis iiiinitaliin in all ari-tic tisli; it i.s rci;ordc>d as iM-iietrutiiig as far southward as
Xcwfiiiiinliaiid. Tlic siM.'cini<'n» in qiioHtion were tnkiMi at the surface, station 89
I'Acndia) i.e., down towards Nova Scotia.

9. FAM. CRYPTAVANTUODID.E.

Cryptacanfhodes maevlatus (Storer).

(Plate II. KIK, 10.)

Thit •ii)pcics was taken in a vertical haul (SO to 0 ni.) nt tlie I'rliiccin station f>
Only one siiccimcn, of :5S mm. Found from Labrador to Lonfj Island s-ouiid — but u.'*?
conunon. (.lordan and Evernmnn.)

10. FAM. ANARRIIICHADID^.

Aiinrihirlia.i liilifrons (Sleenstrup).

Two sprcimens of .1. latifrons were taken, one of 21 mm. in a surface haul
( I'rinnss station ;i) and one of :.',1 mm. in a vcrtic-al haul Il'j to 'J5 m. (Acadia station
35). These were so far developixl as to be di^tincuishahle by the position of the
vomerine teeth. An arctic fish, extending ■^outlnvard alon^r the east coast of America
to fianc)iiereau.

11. F.l.lf. ('ALI.IOSYMID.T-:.

('altinniiiniis >v.

A rish larva of ti mm. taken in n vertical haul I.IO to 0 m. Acadia station 44,
strongly res -inbles the European Callionnmus species, but lacks the notochord other-
wise so proirinent in the,«o species. The formation of the fin rays, however, was so far
aovanceil that possibly the notoehord may have been reduced.

li. FAM. CYCLOPTKRID.F..

Liparis sp.

Livaris major (Gill').

(Table lie.)

Of tlio Liparida- taken, three specimens from So. .7-? station .">" were ascribed
to Lipar'ui major {vide .Tordan and Evermann). They had a total length of 25 to 30
mm., liut were not in Kood preservation, and the determination is therefore somewhat
uncertain. //. major is an arctic fish, extending from the White sea to Oreenland.
but, has. according to .Jordan and Evermann. not been encountered on the coast of
Amerii-a.

The remaining I.iparidie it was found impossible to determine as to species;
in all. sixteen were taken on all cruises.

1.3. F/l.V. PLEVROyECTlD/E.

'Pleuronectida> do not occur in any great number in the material, with the
exception of Drepanopsetta. . There are, however, on the coasts of America, many
species of floun<ler whose eggs and larval stages have not l>een descrilied. that On this
point, more eHp<H-ially as regards the ova. errors may have occurred in the determination.

fivi/»/i\ risiit.iin:.- i \i'h:i>irin\. inn-is i7

'riu> liirviu r('c(.r(li(l under the (lltTtroiit ^pci'liw uri' «n like tlio KiirciiM-iiii tliat, ns
:• iiilo, tlicro wns no diffipiilfy in (Icoiiliiig; nevoral Bpccics, morenvpr, have boon fijpired.
It «f .(in-id. r, li.jui \ir, tlir in-iyiiiliiiinl niiniliir m iinknuwn lloiindiT liirvir (of wliicli
part rould not 1)(> <l<'tiTniini'(l owinir i,, ncridcnts in tlio. pn'MTvntion) it would Imrdly
~ii in likely tliat iiny Knat unnilxr of unknown oiri;; would \h\ UMf to confusion with
.ilhcr -iMcics. Of unknown I'li'Uronictida- llic fnllowiiiK were tukcn: —

AniiUii sliitinii <, i:,n — Oml I'lpuroiK'ites" !i mm.

.1>, l"M-iiml ■• 0 "

Nil, '•:■.:'," •!i:iii<in V,>, viTti^iil 1 " t ••

.\o, "a:!" sLiiiuh 4:(. vertical « " «-7 H-7-C-7 "

lo tliisc sliouji! lio Mijdi'd oMi' >|)c<-iniiMi of I nun. loniitli from tlic I'limrsx stution
1^: probalily liclonyihir to the ;;onus lioflnin.

P. limnnda i ?) L.

.\ ■ii'iiiitity of nv:i of tlii- spcfici wn- t'onnd on tlio first and soioiid oruisra of the
.l'vii/i/i (aliovc the I'lniks ofT N'ova Si'otia :iiid Xowfoundland).

At Siirf.ice. In Verllral Itiiuls.

Siaiiiin ;a h enga. .'■

30 3 ■• 8

.■if. 1 "

fil n ••

R; IP. •■

s;

Tlio diamrtiT of tlio I'frpT-' wa* aliont O 0 mm. and tho oinhrvos rcvonlod typicnl
I'liiironi'ftid iliaraotor-. tliou;.'li noiio wi'n> so far advaiiood as to permit of their heinf?
p«i ribcd with certainty to P. limanda; they undoubtedly belong, however, to a closely
nliitod {oTV

.Voc'ordinp to Jordan and Kvi'rniniiu. this spoeies also is stated an apparently not
found off tno coasts of North America.

/'. iiiiirni-rjilmliix (Donovan') ■ .)[lrrosl'im>"'lrilf (WalUaiim).

At Acadia station 84, a larva of C mm., taken in a surface haul, must be referred
t I this species.

/'. ((Il'ilihi' • iilmliix) rviio;/'""-*"' !■•

(Plate ir. FiB. 11 )

Of this species, the following specimens were taken: —

i'/iiicf»s -station P.4 -Olilique : 1: ca. 6 mm.

49 — Surface: 2: S-10 mm.

50— 40-11 ; 1 : 7 mm.
Acadia " S3 — Surface : 4 : 6-8 mm.

There were thus taken eiffht larvtc in all, but crrs of this species wore not found;
those probably did occur in the samples, but mtist then in some way have been over-
looked. P. cynonln.imi.i spawns in European waters from ^lay to September; the ova
have a diainpter of 1 07 to 1-35 mm., and are otherwise distin^ruishable by their slightly
-tripr-d structure.

P. ciinofilossns belonds to the North Atlantic; on the American side it extends as
far as cape Cod: lives in comparatively deep water, preferably with sandy bottom.

It

ntrAUTMty r or iiii: \ ii i/. sriiMit:

Aneylopti'tia {Sototemn »p.)

il'h.te II. KlK. 1! )

A speoimen of 7 mm. from Acadia utatiou 44 (surfniTt. Hrldtiirs to the wniiii «■«•.

Drei'anopnellti ( llii>poglossoideii > plaiitsuidrt i Fiilirlciiii-).
(Plile II. FiKi. n. II. 1'. ; T:ibl.' Hf.)

Fie. >l.

Ill M'n*.

J

Fig. 12.

r>:>:<:\ -2\i\

-•0

III l'\l!l Ml \ I III- nil \ H W, si i;\tl-E

Drepanopsetta

'•»,7,'- , ) • I - 00 pi- Stai'on aH hauls

•-'•-' ^ff^^lAmorP than oc

Pig. 13.

Kf-'Sr-. .iii.l \.xx\:v ,.|' llr,j„ii,ui.s.ll,i \u\\,' .i ui<l,. .INtfil.iitluii. ,>,.rciall.v over the

banks. Tln> ova nrc vrry nft,.,i f'oun.l loirrthcr wilii ,■,.,! .-.'i;., ;ni'l wrrc c.-pociiilly
inmicrr.n~ ku tli." tir-t mii^r ,.

.Inn. '' 111 .li.ii.' 1,',. I'nii'fSfi I k:iv.' iMO cKC.s + Ti lrtr\ .p.

.A'lunst :; tri ,\iu:ust 1 -. l*nH't:sK II " 1 " 4.7

M;iy 2'' to .liiliH 4. A'ailin i ■■ liisj) <• _|. 7 •<

Jul\- -1 1(1 .hil> L':t. .IrfjWIft II •■ :;:, *• ;^^s

'I'll tlii-i -l.iiulcl lir :iililii| Ihr luiuU iii:iiii- li\ till- \n. ■!■!. wliidi .■.,iit:iiii nva of
Jh-ii>iiii(ii,s, n,i 111 .■..ii-iilrnililr iiiiiiiititir- until .Inly in. Tln' -imw iiint.' liinc liui-t
thus l.c niiiirili i| a- ovor by mi<l(llo (if July, which is soniewliat Into in onniiiarisou with
'hp l-,uri.!iiiii wiiur-. iln !li,i N'nrtli >ra. -|>awuinsr takru placo I'nnn .laiiuary to
May. I The n^a ■>( I <n pmiups.lt.t arc very ca-ily tli-linvni<!ial.to liy tlio larirp pori-
viti'lliiiii cavity, ami l)y tlirir coii-iil(>rnl)lo -izc.

.Mca-iU'.i'llii-ut-* frmii tin- Sn. -i-l statinu It) fflvo the t'lill.wiiii.' iiuuiIk r~ ot' PL'ir-i fur
each si/p I'liaiiutir in iimi.l:--

f'iv.t/>/.iv iisiii:ini:s i:.\i'h:nrn(j\, /s/j/s

21

As will be socii I'loiii the aliovo, the (li;iiiictt'r variis up to 4/10 mm.

I.:irvii' of Ih-iimnopr^iUa wire foiiinl (>>.|)('ciiilly on the eruises of the Ac(iii\a and
I'liii'i-^s ill .Tiily-Aiij;ii-t : they («-i'iir Imt sparsely, save at stations SI and S:! ( \ew-
SiiMullanil hanks), wlieie they were more numerous. J'he lenirth of the lurvse varied
i"tueen ." and 20 mm.

ni-tinetiiin is made lietweeu two fornix of Dri'i>anoi>S(lt'i; D. i>lahi's.toidi'K, the
HKire arc-tie. whieh aUo extend.-- down aloniir the ccjast of America, and IK limandoides,
till' |jn'oj>ean form.

Ih-'/iaiioiisilfa lives preferably on sandy hottnni. on the hanks, hut ean also, at
re riain times of the year, move down into the deeji water of the channels, where it
liiili lives on siift lintloin.

11. iw.u iiAniD.i:.

(iiidii.-i ■ri//c/i»((,s- ( l.inninis).

(I 'id lis tiilhrias (l.inna'us).
ih,,,s ,v/i.

Oho,« limhriua (I-innirus),
Mciiiicciiis mcrliicciiis (Linna;ue).

(I'late III, KiBS. Ifi to 22; Tablellj; to Hi.)

Till' fiadoids iilay the mo>t imixirtant part in the material coUeeted: ova and
.N'Miiii.' iif this family were found in all the areas examined and on all the cruises
made. On eon-ultinR the chart, how(>ver, it will at once he noticed that the different
.-p. (io have eaeli their own area of distrihution, and only oeeasionall,y overlai>.

I'lie ov.i of rod and haddock cannot he distinguished one from anotlier with full
'■ rtainty in the earlier stape-. True, those of the haddock are, as a ru'e, some tenths
"t a millimetre larfrer than those of the cod, hut lioth sjiecies var.v so fireatl.v as to
"MtIm]) in this re-i)ect. I have, however, alwa.vs counted sneh eirjis as could he deter-
nened with certainty fi.e. those with developed emhryo) in each sample, on the basis
I'i wliic-h it is .jnstitiable to reckon the iiro|virtioii lietweeu the two s|ieeies. also as
iii:ards the earlier statres, at any rate with a considerable deirree of exaetitiidc.

Ill \Mi.Ti.it~ 111 millimetre^ li

V.IZfs< beloiifriiif; to the ).'en\i- (iadiis. fri'iii different
Canadian localities.

.M.iv :iii.

.\c:iiliii" fStn. U,

i.'n'Ifi

I l.'i

1 L'll

I L'.T

1 Wl

1 40

1 V<

1 .V)

.t ■ !l.

.SU. 10.

Iiil'ttl.1 .■«/).

.Iiinn U. .him' l."».

' I'rim^i^ss" . '* I'riiifi'!*?. "
.Stii. 1". Sta. 2tl

I

1

14 i

;«

I

t;

i."i

1

ti'idiM .yi.

Atijriist 4.

Auffiist '>.

" I'rinofNn" Stii. 31.

Sta. :w.

iiiiifu.i .ip. I 'iiiihtA up. 'i;. I'lilfiirfin ] (rfidun ip.

1

111

1

4

S.i

i:t

44
«1

K
1

IH

' With diairnowtii' |iif;iiifiitatioii nf tlin s((».cies.

22

nF.iwuTMKy r of riir. \.\v\l sunvich:

As will be seen from the tiihlc. the ovii of cod and hiiddoi'k have a diameter of
115 to IfiO mm.: a iiiimbor of snfcly dcterminahlo cdd efips li?5 to 1 y.l, and
haddoik cjrss i:iO to 14.") mm.

With regard to the pigmentntioii. the hirva' of end .-lioiild niu-'t properly he taken
as bclonjrinf.' t<i the tyiK? deseribed bv Schmidt from the snuthern part of the North
son: it may inrliaj^i be designed iis a warm-water typ(\ with extremely faint pigment.
1 i'lp tipr. 1", and, for comparison, aUii titr. I'l. which shows a more northerly type. As
no larva of this typt- was available suitable tnr illn-traticn ]iiirpii-c- in the material.
One from Norway has here been n-ed.

On lo,.kiiifr thrmiiih the tables, wc tind a sinjilc haddnck cfi;; in the sulf of St,
I-awrenco. and no haddoi'k larva'; tiie matirial from lure can therefore, practicall.v
si>eakin!;-, br taken as bcli>npinir to dn'Uts i-.ijtuihix.

FIk. 14.

:er of
, and

taken
N'orth
mont.
'. As

tcriul,

<{ St.
irnlly

Gadus sp.

G. cafmias ■■■
6. aaglefinus ■

Princess n 51 «7- 50 Acadian St 37-91

Cggs
'.arvae

i-ioopr Station all >iauls
\mart than lOO •

r - 10 pi" Station
^more than lo • »

I - 10 pr Station -

Fir 15.

24

hi i'\in \n:\i or i in: \ n i/. srnviCE

' . 4 .-

' ^ \ „ __

1

r

; ■'""''

^■M' .-'''"

!_ ..'

^ '

\-^

1

(9ac/iy3

r. li

► 1 - ^oo p' ijtation ail haul ^

1 "33"

%^Ii

^mo>-e than icO

1

M - 10 pr Station
^moI'p than 10

»o«

J

Fie- ic.

Only oil the crui^tc of the Atatiia arose any risk of confusion with haddock,
luid liire, more c^]lCH•;:llly iii tin ('n>e of tlic ^oullu■rly ^t;ltiolls, wluro c'.\anii)U's of
hiiddoi-k ova wore in tho majority.

The charts show vory distinctly th(> dlstriliiition of the rod i-L'tr-. Wi> find fhoni
always ovor tho hanks, and as a role in proattNt luimhcrs whcro the hanks shelve down,
h\it never distrihuted ovor Rreat depths.

("ofl hirvie occur very sparsely; onlv mi tin' Xewfoundhnul hanks iiave wo at
Station s.', a fairly troorl yield of -ilii. the si:?e-: here varvln_' hetween '■' and 10 mm.
and ranpinir for tho greater part hetween 4 and C mm., i.e., comparatively newly
emerfjed fry.

Haddock larva' wen' fnund only on the crui>»'S of the .lc(j(/(Vi. espociall.y tlia
.'.(•eond, otf Nova Seotia and on tho Xowfonndland hanks. They are very few in
uumher; only si.xteeu for both cruises together. The size varied between 3 and 15 mm.

Cod and haddock ..ave. as we know, a -cry wide area of distrihution in the
northern heniisphere. The haddock ranires from the hay of lii'^cay as far as Spitz-
horfren : on lh<' AnaTJcan -iidc, where, liy tlie way. it is not so numerous, down to cape
Hatteras.

In European waters, the haddock spawn from January to .Tune

The cod has more or les< the ■-anie di>trdMition as the hadilock, penetratinR,
however, also down into the I , citie. It spawns at the same time. Spawning .las.

c.i.v.iz>/.4.\ yisiit:nii:s f:.\Pi:nirio\, ivfris

25

iporeover, been recorJeil in August on a single bank of the North ?e.i. The spawning
takes i)la('c for tlio mii>t part (ui the hunk.-, wIutc the teiiiixiatiire keeps at about 4°
('., ami it is generally supposeil that tlie end, tor this reason, iiiov(> down from tlie
I'olar seas to the southward, in order to spawn en the -Vorwepiau coastal banks about
l-(ptii|(.|i. whieli are waslied by the temperate waters of the (!\|H' Steam. Cod lield
in captivity seldom sjiawn in water below •_'" ('.

The spawninir in Caii.idiaM wati-rs evidenfly extends iiver a very h.n}.' period. On
the first cruises of the Acadia and Princess, May 2!) to June 16, free larva; of cod wer'
f.jnnd, whilt,' on the last cruises, July 21 to August 12, ova were still obtained in early
staiic's. 'I'liis is (lonhlle.-- due to the (Xtraordinary eonibtions of temperature in these
wat'T-.

(»f the (Jims efr^s and larva, mo.-t no doubt, belong to O. cimhrius. Plato 111,
tic-. L'l to 2:.', but as pigmentation, esjieeially of the larva?, varies somewhat, T could not
ficl I'crtain that all belonged to this sih . ies. A number of Unas eggs from the Acadia
captnns certainly belong to another species.

Fig. 17.

Fig. 18.

*i\ wiMV Fisiih:iiii:s H\i'i:i>iri(>\, inn-ir,

27

,55

fy95|i

0/70S SP

\ - lOO pr Station all

hauls

fcrnce than -, >

5 i 10 P'' Stat. on

Snnore than ^^

Fig. 19.

I'll.- diiunetor of tlie oRps is lietwicii OS and 0-9 nun. a* regards those froin the
Kiilf nf St. Lawrence. At tlie Acadia StaticMi 17, however, the diameter was 0-70 to
0-75 mm.

Onos cimhriiis is widely distributed both ia European and American waters. It
(loo not. however, penetrate so far to the northward as the -od; lives mainly on soft
bottom in fairly deep water, near the coast. It spawns more espwially in ifay
( Kurojie).

As regards its distribution in the gulf of St. Lawrence we notice that it is
especially numerous about Prince Edward Island and towards Anticosti : always close
to land or above the more shallow banks.

Ova of Mi-rhiccius were found in considerable quantities on the second cruise of
the Acadm, ispecially above the banks of! Kova Pcotia.

-1^

^ Acaa.a CS*. 57-91

Mer/c/c/us

• ■ .00?' btatnn ail hj^
y? ^B Tiore *^^a^ loo ■

FIk 20

ri\i/»/i\ //>;///.■//> / \rii>iiiii\. fU'i-ir, 29

A liiiiiil.ir I.I' iiKM.MiiroMioiit- mumIi' irivi. tlio fi)lli)wiiii» results :—

n-: Ill fi PKKB.

II-.:, •• :s ••

1 •ftii •• s ■'

Ml rill' I Ills mt'rluci ins is not noted in Jordan and Evermann'a '" Fishes of North
Aim vfw." rile nvii, liiivvtviT, iirtainly iijirrv vrr.v wi'll with tlic K.nrniM.an form.
i.;ir\ii' of tlii-i .-iH'cics were nut fniMid, Imt si.mic ffw ivjis in a fairly advanced .-tate

'.I i!i\. I.i|.MIi lit.

(>\ 111.' AiMiririin r..riii-, .1/. /i/.'/m .(i;,v ( .Mitclilll ) i< the >|ie('ii's inoat closely
ii.-i iiil.liiii: tlio Kuriipr in. and tl vii <liniild pn.li.ilily l.e n-.-ribed to this species.

In Enif'iK.nn waters, Merhicrius is of very common oceiirreneo in the Meditcr-
raiiiaii ;in.l i.lT the c(.;ists of Kiiulnnd: it cstiiid-. Imwevor. up as far as Xoruay and
I. •eland.

In tlic Mediti.rranc.in. it sp.iwn- in tlic >i)rin;r Mumths: in tlie more northerly
\v;ii.r-. iliiriiiff sninnier.

i

... I \ \l. \MMiil)\ril>.K.

AiiDiioJulcf. InHanu.f (Linniuus).

I I'Int.. Ill, Kins.

;in.l I'l , T;ili).' llj.)

.1. tuhUimis was found in greatest numbers on the fir^t cruise of the Aiadio,
I iubiy-ninu speeimeus htiut; secured.

ri„. -f id eriii>e ol the Aauiut, tin- cruiM' of A o. ..'-i, and the tirst cruise of the

/'/(/('.*<. l'nrni-li(.d tof,'etb('r only thirteen -peciniens; the second cruise of the Prin-
' ■ -~, ni.nc.

It w.nild .■<eein to be found e>i)ecially above the banks, but has also occasionally
i.in cue. untried over the deep channels, and closer in to land. The length varies
lr..ni T In 1'.-) linn, the diffi-reiit sizes apparently occurring together.

.1. lohinnis Ims a wide Kur.ipcnn area of dislribiiti.in. extending from Spain to
i'inin.irUt n. tlie White .sea. Tcchind. and (ireenland.

It is proliably identii-al with .1. iimri units. Dclvay. which spt.eies, according to
.l.r.lan and Kverinam'. ranges from Newfnundland to cape llatteras.

Tbe Knropean form spawns in the antunin at about iO metres depth, where tin'
..va are attached to grains of sand.

I'lic eggs may lie liatched during tlie course of the winter: not until spring, how-
ev( r. are the larvii' found in any eonsidcrablo nionbers among the plankton, where
tiny arc then cften enccnntered in enormous quantities.

ii: r\.v. rirrnAcoMinD.K.

Tl I riujiiiiiiriiK iiniiii (RissoV

(riat.> III, KiK. -S>

One >i)i'ciincu .'f this Atlantic species, measuring TO mm. was taken at Acad'i
-tati.iM .">tl: (JKl to 140 fathoms).

7'. iiiiiiri is es|p<.cia!ly numerous in the Mediterrauc • and adjacent portions of
tlie .\tlantic; according to .lordaii and Evernmnn, it has on'y once previously been
t.ikcn !itf tlie coast of America. It keeps obiefly to ibn^p water, feeds on medusie, and
its tlcsli is said '1 be liighly poisonous.

30

III r\in \ii:\ I nr mi \ ii i/. .^lUMit:

17 /1 1/ i..\sTi:i:(>sTi:n>.K.

Uasterostius 'iriihiitus (Linnipus).
= (»'. hiniiinosim (Wnlbaum).

Tim tlirii' .|>. rinirii- ..I tliU -|K'cii-i IjImmi wmilil -I'cin (■■ lif fill li;!'' •nil, living
Iu'la^'iiMllv ill llic iii'iirlilHiiirli('i«l i.f hinil.

Their totiil I.'iii;lli wn^ t',.".. |1. Mint :W iniii. th(\v wi-rc tiikcii in -uif: liaiili'. at

I'rinri'is »t;it''niis 2-" nml '2f>. ;lii<i .Vn. •^-'J vfMtinii ^".

n. ariihiitiis lin* nil oxtrnnrdiiiarily wide area of ili-trilmtiiin in tlie northern

liniii^plici-i., :iii,| i^ f..iiii(l c|..«n iilmi!.' lli ii^t nt .\iiii-rii:i ii- fur m< Xi'W Ynrk. Jt

:il-n jM'iietniti"* n|i int.i the rivcTs.

I>. /.l.V. S.U.MOMD.I-:.

MnUnturt liUnsiis (Miiller).

'i-i.it.- III. Fik'-i :;>; nn^i :: : t.u.;.- iii; »

FiB. 21.

ri\ w</i\ nsiiritiis i:\m>iiii>\. loiiii

31

I hi-, urcth' iircMiiii|H)iur hincIch ofti'ii oct'ur* in grrat iiiiiiiU-rs down tunnrds
I'lMniiirkm nml Xi'wiounillnnil. In N'cirtli Ainori<'n wiitfrs it is found n« for down as

( M|M* ( 'ltd.

In Norwfffinn wnters, it spawns along the const from April t.. Juno, depositing
J- ik'K* ill tifi'iit i|Uiiiititif-. rhiftly <in sandy ln)ttuin, at di'pthH to aboiit 100 nietrp?^.

Till' iK'wIy cintTirrd larva i* idumf 7 nini. Imiir. Of .\f. ii7/o»ii.», a i-onnideroble
iiiimbor vtvrc cnll(vti>il, rspofinlly around the coasts of Newfoundland; it occurs more
-|>iir-ily out ti.wiird-i l.alirador ami down in the dirtM'tion of I'ritiee PMwnrd Islniiil.

Til.' si7c> of till' hirvn' varies bitwci'ii 7 and I-' nun., the tn%it majority, hnwovfr,
li inn liptwi'iMi 10 and I'O nnn.

i;i. /Ml/. sroMlM ID.K.
Stomias boa (Rissol.

('!/( lullmilr ^\<.

Stomia.1 hoa (ono specimen of :iO mm. talcen at the gurfaec, Acadia station 40) is •

• o>mo|ii.liti', li«'lun):infr to the warm m»s of the world.

Of Curlnlliuif. live spicinu'ns wero taken, ranRiiiR from 7 to It! mm.; tiie^' were
iiipt detenniiied as to >|H>eii'^.

Two .-peeimoiis froni tlie snrfaeo, '^ to Ifi mm. Anidia station K«.

Three >i«'cimeiis. verlie:il iiaul. -'0(1 to 0. 7--^ and 10 mm.. Aradin station HX

The ffniis Oi/rhithone comprises several bathypelagic species from various warm
and temperate seas of the world.

'21'. h^A^[ s( oi'Ei.in.i-:.

>ini>i Ills sp.

Omosudiiis elonynliis (A. Brauer).

iljiiloi'lium illiicialc ( Ueinhardt *.

M. ic'i&i/i (^Coceo).

.If. punctatum (Uatinesqui').

.1/. Iiiimboldii njisso).

(TABI.K til)

32

hi r\ui Ml \ I i>r I in \ ii i/. siuvirE

HI

*+ Malotus i////osus

:, I Oi -10 P'' Slatior ail Pauls

Pr rcesc n 5t 27-iCi Scope/us Sp

- 10 pi- Sta'.io^"

r3 ACad:,nSt57-9, |,^^^^^

-sfe»-

a

more '-har)

FiK. 2;

A ;;iii;i' uuiiiIm r •!' S< oixlid"- were taUi'ii at the outorinojt Acudiu stations. It was
:'..uiiil iiiiihis-il>li' to dotiTiiiiiie sixciis in tlie inajority of i-.\ii "jli .e preserve !i->n
\m-'\\]IX friMiuiully iiiipirt'irt. OnKjMidls clon;iahis was takoii ut tlircc ot the Acadia
stations.

station 11;

,20" — 'Mn. H six-ties 25 to 36 mm.
.l.'.n — .".II fnis. 1 spi'Cies lOTi mm.
.IMi—Ofms. 1 s]«"ilc8 45mm.

'I'iii> s])<'<.i'~ •)iloii;.'< to ilio wiirTiirr imrtioii-; of tho .Vtlaiitic ami Pacific.

.1/. ulai-itdi' folio ^;H•l•iIlu■ll of l.". iniii. from Acadia station 45, loO to 0 in.) Thi;
-IHiics is of coiiuiioii I CI iirriiico on the cast coast of .\mcrica, but is also founc
tiiroiiL'lit tlic wholo ot t'lc Xorll< Atlantic. Als 1 tal<cn off the coast of Greenland.

M. bi-noili. ..nc -pcc'incri, I." mm., from Arndia station 10 (surface haul). HolonRi
• hietl.v to the Wiirm .\tlaiitic waters; also penetrating into tlie .\[cditorraiiean.

.V. piirutiihiiii . mn siieeimiii. :.':! mm., fr-ni Aaidia station Hi, l'OO — 0 m.

This siH'cies has ireiiuint'i.v Ih'Cu taken up towards Xewfo'.indland. (A Brauer.'

M. humhu'-U;. ot.u ■in-'h-'V~-u. "I mm., frop; A:„din statir^n 11 i=!;rfr)cr hanH.

FoiinJ in :dl '■.arm seas

< (\ i/<M\ ii.^iiiu'iis r\rniirio\. i;ii;t.;

33

111. Disi i;ii:r iioN oi icc.s AND vnrN<; in tiik watkks

i\vi>i'n;Ari:i).

It 1. a

^••ll kiiM«ii t'.u t that I', riaiii .|M'i-ii-i liav'' tlicir iiiori' cr ^'-^ clufinito

■ pav\nini; iinainiH, nr. at any rati

iTi- I'lTluiii |ili.v-ii'al iiiiiilil

\i, ]«■ r.iiitiil iliiriiiu' tlif .--pawi

1"1,- \'V<\

lil. III.

iimlitiiMi-. Ill iiiy. prcsiiniatilv

si'ii-dii, at
il.b

?!!• !i a- an

Ix'st ailapliil t.i llir |ir'.pazall"ii •■I' llir ^p'ciis ill (|ilo»ti

n; -pawning', "iir i lo-t iiii|

• riaiil I' I li-li

a--i Mil.li' \\.\i',\i uniMii

il- ..f ri'-tii.tc.l

aft-I iiiniilt-r' ■ if i- tli. r't-torc i>f
(■ '! -iili lalilc inip"rtaii''c, I'.t tin' tiflnri. , to usccrtaiii the poaitinn uuj extent of

■.11. li l;i 'Uii'U. 'I'lii- iiia.v !"■ ,|mi.i I.\ mi I'.iii'^ lAp. i iiihntat liauU t" >ci'nri' tlii" 'ipiiwniiiK
•:-\i. i.r. I'll- iii'Ti ra-il.v. Iiv plaiiltai liinl-. hi. ill tin' r.'-iilt- I'l' «lii''h it will In. sri'ii

1 h.' ii.'U ,> -pa"

■ ( Ihr -p

.1

|..ni ■!. w III 111'.' wi

ail ili tiiriiiilii'

ill. >■ 1.1. I

l.,„l !,., |„

lal:; U

illpliiVi I

ihc inliTiiatiiiiiiil iiivc»tit{ati<iiis in Kur.ipoaii watiM-s, aii.l h.w Inl tn tin; cliaitint; of

-1 :: V. i.ii - ;^i-i.uiii|- lit' till- i|i :Vi
1 i' v,r ii-.\v iMii-i.l r till n
I'll -. i-n tliat tl

III- illiVi-nni -pi i...

ill I'l - ill- I'l' till- \ariiiii- i-nii-i-- in < aiiaili.in uatir-, it

LTV- ami ,\ !■ r-_ •!' ri'li ~|i. i-li - Imhi- mhi- nr imn' priiiripal

iii-l,ii--r ill I'n- I'li-iii". »-i i-'t!:- !• -iili' "t' -in-li .i -a ; t'livlln'r.

!y (i.-i-iir I'lVi-ili'i-. nt! IT- aiiain 1 i iiiv iiiMiiialilv I'liiiiu! apart.

iipiii till- ili;Ti fi'iit •iriiiiii-laiHi-- iiii'icr wliicU tlic

lai'li -p. ri. - i- al'.Viiv . i n.-. -uii t- i. i| llliiliT ci-rlaill

!ri-i- III' vi-:Milarily may ln' -linwn t.i fxi-t in tlii'ir

■ t' lill.i|-al 'i-li ari' r.iiiiiil ■•l-i- l-i laii'l. nr ovrr tin'

,i;il,-: till- PalP.- ll-iM- llii-il "U'li pii t ii-lllal' Vi illHir-fi-ll I'.ililia. and tin' ill-i-pi-r

aill, ilii-il-:. 'I'll till--- lIlM-t l-i- .lliliil a I'liinili LT-Mlp. t.i \\\t. that nl' tin'

piTii--. -ni-h a- t'li' ll^|■•^l II I : '•■ ''i i-i' ni' tln-i-. tin- i|iii.|i..n nt' ili ptii i-;

itaiit, mill tlioir e;:vr- may llicn-furL' IjU I'oniid MMtterL'J tlir.iiiuhi'Ht all ircMS,

V m.iy III- taki-ii tmri tiii-r u mIi il va nl thi' fiirci lir-t Lirmip-. .\ii iiitrri--tiiiK

i!ii liiiiiiinoii. liiiui'\i-v. i- till- fai-l that lu'lli •:■■■;■■ ■•ml ."-laiiiL' nf |.i'aitii ally .ill mir
inmip.:! -pcii'-^ lit' ii-h li.ni- a in-iaiiii' -liL.' ■. iliiiiiiL: wliii-li tlay arc to In' fnnnil m.ir
111- -iiif.irc. witliiiiil ri'i^.iiil I" wliitln-r t'ii.> m i-i- -.pawm'il tlnri- nr at i.'roatrr ilrptli-.
Ill ilii- i-a-i- nf niii-l ~p. i-ii -. Imlli !-:;■■'■ ami • niini: aii- -n liahiiiri il a- In llnat in onlinary
-• 1 u.ifi-r am! wluai -paivni d d.-ip I ■ ii »\ill. 'iMiii--; tn tln-ii- nuii liiinyani-y. ri~i' to
r.i -iui'ari'. ulii-ri- llimi' d ■. ■ ! ■pini ;,i ilimi pi.-r.-.d-. Tin- ynniiir will tlicn iit'ti r. :i<
•I.I .r L.'.riiw ill advaiiiTS. auain tiinMml-.M n In 1:11 •a I nr drptlw. nr in t'lwanl- land. i>a~-iii^;
;r III a pn'.a.iii'- li.il'i! nf lil'n In a iimrn nr I1--S prniioiiliiii'd hottnin .-ta^n.

alia- ''i' di-irilmti -ii. diiiii

tlial <■! rlaii! -pi-rii-s 'j-i-ini-aliy (i.-i-nr i-'Vi-il r

I ill- il -1 rililltinii ; . dnpi li'li lit 11

■i,-li p. '.vij. and "1- diall -• <• lli.it n.
i-i'tiilitiiin J. uhi-rnlni-i. a i-i-i-lain
'I- •urn 111 1". 'I'lii' !■'■_:< and ymnm ■!
-!nll. • l-iiil.-: l!m lan^- 1i-im- i!-i-1i

p .1 -. a-'-lill. illi-il-. 'I'n t!in-- 111

l"l:'^l" - i

li -~ inip'-lt;

Vln- Il
pill linllli-m

pnm-ip.d -pi-ri'-^ lit' li-h li.n

.\. 'i'ui: t il I r 111 M. I.AWRiNt

<(K.

ri:i xaiimi- rnii-i- fami-li a iiiiliiln'r nl' iii~laiirr- .-Imwini,' Innv tin' idianii.-tiT of
:i . I'.iiiiia i-liaimi'-i a-^ "i' pa-^ I'miii tin- vii-iiiil.x nf the I'na-t lUltuiirds. nr frnin cnldtT
■ I i.-inii-'- wali-rs, and ''• ■■ (■ im.'.

.\> all. ady nu'iitioiird. tin- :;iill' St, l.awn-m-i- wa^ invi-^titrati-d \<y tin- rrtnc's.i,

A.y, '.I tn .liiiii- |."i and .\u.L;a-t ■". 1 1 .\ni."i~l 1-', \ulh .-niiii a-iniial wnrk dniiii li.v tlio

.\ . -. -■ i'lnui Juno 1 tn -Vn^Mi-t 1~; 1' i~ lalli r mii-i- may In' di-rrixardi'd in thi' prcsi^-nt

. liapli •. li. til nil ai-i- 'lint nf till- Il III.' Ill nf tini'' I'nviii-d, a I id a 1-1) lioi-aiisr the vnyairo w.l^

III t pianni'd ai-i-nrdii.fr !n tin' -p. i-i.!! lim'- •<( niir pi-i -. nl piirpiwr. Tin' nniti' fidlowi'J

•1 -ui-ii criii-is 1-. il -linidd Iw ii..l'd, -.f Ljn-at inipnrtaiii'i- Imtli fur tlm inv.-stiyatinu

I till' di'Tirent Incalitii'-. and al-n fnr tin- cnlli-i-tivc >iirvi-y of tlit^ waters ns a wlmie.

Tlin I nii-i-. nf till- I'l ill' '^-i I m'l'i i-hait. p. 4» Imtli pr -i-di-d frniii I'riiin' Kdward

! V...,! ....... ,., ,].,. ,... t,.y.. ,...;.;* ..f \;.t;....t:, ,:.,,t\,^--\,^rr ;:p tr. T.alvrndnr. "Tid th'^Ti"!'

.a-iv.ard t.. Nowfniindlan.l. tli. 11 rnllnwinir tlio i-na-^t eoiitliward. past Capo Rrctnn. and
liai-l. tn rnni'c Kdward I-land. (il.iniins; imw at tin' liauN niado at tin- dilTcri'iit

34

;,/ /• I (,■; \ii \ I III I III \ M I/. >//.■! /'■/.'

-tiitioii-. uc llii'l rl..-r |m laii.l iStMli.Mi- :'. ;iih1 1. vny Uw \a\-\a-: ■■hl.\ -U" .'r <•.■■■•
,|,,,,.;i,„ ,,, ,,)■ ,1„. .,n-ti.' -|.rru- ,l».nr r '.(v hil, ■,,■,.< aii.l l/.i/w./;..v nV/nv,,..': iiMPVn.iT
,,ul ..v.r lin' iMi.k-. »'■ .■;,.-inil. r /// ■ ;Wm^,.-. //■( ;n .1 ';'./. -v , .ih.u-'i.is. ^^\\U -■iw h w
,,v,, ,1' ni,n< .iin'th:.^. l.,-i.l - -..Ml. :ir,Mir ll-li. vi/.. /../,'> },n<i,-nU .wA .Xunm- ,h
,,/'/'. 'I,/.. At >i:ili..li !', nr:ir t!i,' m1-.-. '<'. .■"'''■irhi- iiihl I Inp'iiii.p-' I hi .\r<- Mt^iiiii l.>--
iiiiiii.r. I.-: «.■ M:.i, li^.u.A.T, Mi-;.,p|. til,' y-iiii^' of >■- ',„s/, , ,„,frn,»s. St:iti..i,- 111, 11
;,,i,l IJ .il".\.' ii:ii;K- ' . -t ■ ! .\i:ti.'o-li i-i'V.m1 iMn'r i'.' ;i tnir l..iiik I'iiiiin. Ih' r'iii''l'^

Stiiti-ii- l:; .ai'l II. ii|. 1 waid- l.alT.Mi^r. I'linii^'i. d i iii :i p" r .\ i I 1 ; tli'' -t;iti..i,H;
,,,,,i,.|- N.'«: :;i;ii'.M:.l. i ..uiAVi'. .iiv -.i-in'm - . ii I ■ !"■ ri'-!i in •-^- -l' /'''■ /'"""/'^' "" ■i"'l
(;. <w,','ri;i'.;,v with -.iii.' fi-.v Scla-t.- in tlk- vi.ii.iiy ,.f tlu- cl,ri-r rluinii.'N. slrrr. ,,n
ill.- -l-p.' l-uni^U N. a!'.. in, .11:111.1, !..■ tin' n.'lu-l -Mn-.i.- ..l' tl.c »li. !<• .-rui-. ; -t,iti.,ii-i
17 .,,,,1 1-. i.,r in-t.iii.-.. li.nii-h .1 ■ i.-li ..v. r l,'"i'i .■."! . --■- i;i ->;i-l,i.-.> liaul- ;il..nr.
1,..,,,!,, ,1 ,■ 11-1,1. ■.■., 1.1. ■ iiiiriil..r ,,|' /'" .•■i/i',/,~. ."" ,,\;i. \|,.\Pi- -,,i,ili«.,r,l nl.M.- 'h,'

-^t, the h.i^il- arc -t'll rhh :i> r.iranl- tiic-o -p.'.-i,,-, im.l iit -tiiti..ii 1'.', i-l.isc in t.. liiml,

u,. . ii.'.ui.!. r, !■ 1- til, lii-t mil.-. ,.\.i ,.l ih.' -,,ulh.'i-|.v l',-r:ii ' -'. /r 7 i/.m/v .i,.>;,, / mj.v.
Ahi.v,, t!:,' (1. . |) .-haul., I ill <:ih,.t St;.iit, S'li.iJ,. |.r,Mi,.iiiiii,.:i',|. \, t iiumI -lati. ii
•Jl i- iv.i.-Ii, ,1 .1 • «.■ .i:j.iiii 111.. I with th., haiih- t'liuna, '-. '■iH'inr- aii'l l>n r"r,,,- Ha.
which arc thcii,'. f.irwai.l ,.f ,..iiini.iti ...■.■urn n.c llir,.ui:li.,iit tli.' i-ciiiaiclif cf t!i.' .•riii'-o
hack t.i I'l-ii:.'- l';.l,\ar.l Mail, I 'I'll,- la-l -ialari-. -..iiih ,.| I ah-t -tiai!. a'-, luriii-h,-.!
;iiit,' a fc-|i.- t.ihl.' M,l,l i.f ii.'U 1,\ spawcc,! iii.i.-hcr.l , rir-, wiiicii v 1-^ I...I a lilth- -ai-
|ii'i-iiii.' ill \ i.n ,.l' til.' :.i,-l that thi' haul- iiiailc hut ,i h w ,i,iy- |.f,'vi..ii-ly ,,ii tlic
■ ■pih.-it.' ~1.1,- "1 rrihc.' I'.iuanl l-laicl lia.l \ i. 1,1. .1 ii,.liiiiiL: h\it lil..f,- ,•!• K -- afti,-
-pcci.'-.

■|'h. Ani;ii-t .1111-. ••1' the I'riifs^ ( i /./,' i-liart, |.. It .■..v.rcl. r,,Ui;lily -|»',ikiiit'.
liic -.line ri,Miii,| a< lie tir-t. ('!..-.■ ill I,, hiii.l. th.- \i,-!,l ■.•n-i-t, il mainly ,,l' ,l;l'- an.l
yoiiii^ (if liiK's alal Ch iKiJ'ihrii.'i, until wc rca.'li tlic Iniiik*. wlioii ''0,1 aiiil iiia.kcrcl
ma!- thtir a|.i>, aram-. . 'Ilic - ■ 'alt, r ii en a-, il i'l i iniil , r- a- th,' ,.iit af i v, ya'j.' ji o
,.,.c,|,.il. till- <lic,^ ;,,,,1 '■/■ /,'.',i/,M/- Lira.liially ili<a|i|"'aiiiiL;. .Mi .v,' th,' ,|, , p cii inn i,
Srhii^l.s pr. .I'.niinat.-; ~ iii.' Ica iiia.-k.'ii'l lain' U' r,' al~,, t.'iiii.l. On tlu' Aiilii'"-ti

l.aiik. «,' tiii'l I .L1-- ■ n.,' 111,.!'.-, aii.l I lie -am.' allcriiat i"ii ..l' ,'".l ah,.M the hanks,

.<i},ast,s ev.r til,- eli.iiiMls 1- (',i:itinu,',l all the rest ,if the wav t,i Xewf,.nn(lhiml, and
ih,i„',' -,.uth«ai',l 1.1 I'm,.' I'Mwanl Island. Stati'm I.'., h.nv.-v.r, n.ar tli ' -e\ithwe-i
|,,.iiil ,,1 .\,wt\. 1111,11,111,1. al-,. l'iiriii-li,',l a ri.-li yii'hl ,il' th,' an-ti,' <],vr\,- .ihitlul.ii

'//7,/M'-. i\i.l.ntly iicli-atin- tin- . \i-t, la I a ,','l,l i-nrreiit near at hand; ,.ii thi<

-..iithi'in ^i.l.' ..r (ah, t -M-ait. li..w,'\,'r. .-i^lts ,.t ina.'lMT.'l aii.i Ctriiohil'riis w,'re aLTaiu
,'ii,'..nM!i're'l.

As will bo seen fr.'iii th,' t'.n-.'iJ'.in^-. the Lnilf ef St. I.awreiii',' may he ,li\ i,li',l up
iiil.i -eviral z.'ii,-. ,'a,-h uitli Its ,,\\n .■li,.ia,'l,'ri-t i,' y,iiiim-lMi raiiiia. In th,' tirst
lilnco. .1 liii,' 'Irawn I'r'iii <',il".t -trail I" .\nli,',i-li will I'l.rm ili,' lortluu-n limit ,,l'
„',-iin'ii.'" f,'r ih,' -'.iilh'in h'nii- I'liicl in ih,' -ill', sn.'h a- in.c-k,-n'l. '>n"v an, I 'V./.o-^
,i,'',,,"s'. OnK at ,111. ,'!■ tu" "f ill,' iii'T,' -"Utia'riy -tati,.n~ -iliiat,',! icar tlu' i',.a-t ,if
S-'\\:,,iin,ll,ii,.l \>,'iv -'111.' I',"- -lic'inc 11- "I th. -,' -ic'i,'- I'.iUial.

N.. rill, Til -p.-,'i,'-. Icw.'V.'i-, nia\- al-, h.' Iniiinl -"Uth ,,1' this Hi,,'. , nrriiiL' imn-,^

parti, ularly in the -, Hit li«.-l, ni p.,r!i,,,i ,'t th,' unit', v.a-t ,.|' the MaK'daUn i-lamls.
I'.-r th,' r,-t. th,' ,'l].i;-ai-l,r "l' th" ynn- l.iiin i \aries with l! ,■ ,1, ptii : w,- tin, I I'lcii'ili-
I'lii^ ami >>iint II, ar laml. an, I ,'l"-i' tn ,|iiit, -ha'l .w han' li,- hank hu'iii- c.iisistiiiL;
t',, i:. ,,d>n,,„s .111,1 /'/,/. , III, ./,v,/^/. whih- al...v.' th,' ,1,', p ,'haiin,'Is Siha.^hK is t'.mn.l.
Till' ina.-k,r,l. air.iiii. is ,ni',.unt,'r, ,1 llir"Uidi 'iil all anas, -iihj.'.t I,, th,' i'i-tri,'ti,,n
i!,,te,l ah''\-,'.

U. 'I'l; i: w\i I |;~ ..risipr, X.,v\ Si .'ri v wn l lli: Xi" f. .i MH.wti P, WKs

'llie I riii-,'- "f th,' l,'i,/i.i I r/,/' i-hart. (p. 1) r.'vial a -iniilai- i-'r,.iipln^' .,f tlie
.lur,.^., ,,( .;.„.,.;,.-: .,...., ,,.,i;,,^r (.. ,1. r.tl!. ill-taii.',' fr,.iii Ian. I. an.l li,',.li raiilihal tiiis|ti..n.

ri\ [III '\ 11 > II II,' 1 1, s i:\l'i:iUTIO\. lOI'rIo

35

On |1„. \h

,1.' ici.i. .; .
11

-la'i.'ii^ rj"rii Ihilifiix I. lit.

th.' liiiiiks p:i-t Suliln

.1 1 ;ili

-iMT;i1 >)>i

Oiii-i.U' 111.' ImiiI - wo fiiiil Sehdstcs, but fartlier out again tlie yield bcci.mos extremely

;i MIS -llilill hllllll'iT

,(■ fl,,i..U,h,-ii^ :il.uM. Ihr -1i;i11mwit ■.•n.iinil- nc:ir S;i

.f lluiinilcr, .\mintiihi

I'-

ll- lllilil till- I'llti rilh'-f -l;ill"li

li;i. will i-r a mniilirr "t' pi-hitri

Athiiiti

X. u-f.

.1 l.aiik

VVi' tllli

ilH-r ril'Ti-

liiiiii- u. 1-r Iriinil. Mil fi-a'-luiii.'- Ill'- .Ni u-|.iii!ii|lali'l l.aiiK-,

l)r, i^iiin/ts, Ihi ami .l///»i..r/',/.y: al'-.\r lln- d. .-pi-i- ii.Tli tnwanU »'a|"- l!ri-t"ii ami

( all ■! ^1 rail, >' '"I'/' ~ i- cif iiK.ri- 1.1- i( --. rn-iiiriit i"-<-iirn-H'-i'.

I'll. I -, ■,1111(1 rnii-c ..r the .|..i.';.i -1m. u~ ~iiiall vii-Ms at lla- >lart. niT tin- ^"iilji.-i-u
|ii.i I ff X.pva S.'otia: straiiili-ly iiiniitrli, linwvvor, wo liero tiiid Schasti'x at comparatively
■ li-lil (li-plli-. 'I'lii- i- ]i,ii1m1'1.\ r..iiii'-c-lri| uith till' i'a-t lliat, >'i Iniyh-i in tlu'-i' ^nitliorii
\val' 1-- I i'.ay 111' Fuinly ami \i w l-anilaiid wat.r-^ ^yiawi,- in iiii.rc of li--~ <liallo\v wati'r.
111! ill,. -I, )>.'<, wliiv. th,' ili-ptli im-r, a-,--, w,' fiml iiiiiiii-r,,ii-^ vjis-i ,,f .Ui i7i((-rii(.v;

j'.iilh. 1 1, ill,' Scipi li,la- ]ila,v a -I'-i- |,r, iiiii ii,-iil |,art. <>va 'l' i-i'il ami liaiiil,„-k

ai,- iiinv I. lit -pai'^,ly I'l.iiml at ■'!! • ■ .iii- I'Ht-id,' N'uva Scutia: ,,ii tlic Nc-\vf,,iimllaiul

!,aiik-, Ii'.w, vrr. tlii-y an- "ii ^I'l-- ■ ■•u- ■• -i 'n ;-'i-rat iniiiilicrs. statimis S] to s:;

i , Iiil; |iai-li,-iilarly rii-li. K^rtr^ -;' /''- ;'./(,",■- 'I'l ,.Uii arc fairly niiiiii-r"ii- lir-ro, wliilf
I'll' ar,ii,' i-api-liii l,rar- uitin' - ■ '- ,- vi.'iiiily ■ tlii' p,>lar ciirri'iit. Fniiii the banks

,.y,r 1., ('np,' itri-t <. /<c.s/,.s- i:.,i-'i II;. ii-,- t'l-. ipii'iitly f,,iiml. Oimi (banlly Imwi'ver.

(;.,,,> , iiiiliriii.'<) ..nly in viry >niall .piai,; iti, -. ('Iiiiiihilinix ,ii,ly at stati,,ii !•!, (piiti'
ill.-,, t.r laml. W'c -r,.. tlnii. that in thi< ai'i-a, liki-wise, distiiK'tioii may bo liiado
!.,in\,|.n si-voral ditTirrnt kiml~ i-f fauna. I'p tnuards Nowfuindlanil. wo bavo —
a,-,-,,r,liiit; to Kuri'iN-aii tortn- cltli- and y.innL- ,>f b,iroo-arotio fisli, on tin' banks ofT
Niiva Si',.lia a bori-al bank fauna, whilo ..lit omt tlio frroat doptbs. ('s]H'i'ialIy to tbo
-.iilliwanl. lb.' Atlaiiti,' -p.,-!..- pi-.d-.tiiinato.

Oil r,.nipariiiir 'bo vt.i.-k ,if y,iiin;r ill tlioso tw,^ aroa>; tbo gulf, ami tbo waters
iiil-i,l,. N,iva Sc.tla. W(| liml that th,- u-i\lf -boiihl iii,.-t jiroporly bo rojxardi-d as a
■iia-lal wat,-i-. wboro litti.ral mid ('•■a-tal forms an- found in (rreat nnnibors; wo fiml
'h,. ii-iial lii^di doirror of variation ii toiupcraturo botwoon summor and winter, with
..,,n-,~pi,iidiii;j variation in tbo fauna hotwoon nortliorn and southern forms; purely
Allaiitii' sjH'oios, howc vor. do not apixar in the hauls.

An int.-ri'stiiif;- feature, by the v'-;,\. i^ the faet that the uiaokorel i> not ropresontod
at .ill ill till' .■l<-(i(//.r material (but tow o-irs on tlie first cruise'); while tbo creator
p.rli.in ,,f tbo Ammii'liil' ■■ taken durin!Jr the invostlsations was furnished by tlu;
A'.i'Hii. it is reiiiarkablo also, that none of the cruises furnished a sinplc berriiiK larva,
,|. -pit, th.- fai't (hat tli.' b.'rriiiir < iir- in m-arly every jiart of the areas invostij,Mted.

IV. i;i<)l,i)i.U AI, t'OXDlTlONS.

M.,il,.ni marine n-.arob has >howii u- that life in llm .s.-a is t.) a biiih de^reo
,i. luud.int upon b,vdrof;rapbioal o,,iiditl,'ns : eiirrent, toiiiporature. and salinity. \Vc
-h,.iil<l. ibcnfoi-o. ill M-,-kinL' t,i explain the pceidiar pboiiomena onoomitorod with
r.-j.ird to the pr,,iiafjation of tlio fisli in Canadian waters ha«e such endeavours
iipiiii ih,. hydrourapliioal data riirni-iied by the o.\|M',lili..ii. 'I'lio^e ari'. li.iwi.v.-r. imi
ytt compiled, in order and oomplotoness, and we must for the present content ourselves
.villi n-oalllii::- till- m,iro pr,iiiiinoiit feature-;. It will be obvhuis from the outset that
an ar.-a ^ubji-i'tod to such markedly contrasted influences as those of the Labrador cur-
nnt and the llulf Stream must present many remarkable foaturos both as reprards
taiiiia ami biolojjy, and it i> only by boariiiy in mind the peculiar bydrojtraphical con-
.lit bins that wo can explain the otlierw-i<o surprisin,; data furuislied by the Canadian

MydroKrapbical KyiH'iliti.a, "ith r inl i., th.' pronnvatinii ,,1' th > uvwi imiMirtaiit

-peei, -.. On c.unpiiriii!.' the Canailiin with the Kuroiiean waters i>i this resitect,
-rvi ral |icciiliaritios wi'l at once bo not ii eel. oipceially tbo pronounced trniisiiosition
,h.l ,.\l,.n-ion of ibi- ^I'awiHiit; -. a- i,, wiii.ti h.r, tal;rs pl.-ieo in til.- case .".f .srvernl

36

HI r\i:nn:\ I df iiii \ ii i/. si:i!\ic!:

s|MOh -. iinioiijr llii-c pir-riiiiiicnll> whii-li cii the i'ii>t(TU -iili' i>f tlio Athmtii- nn-
couiitc.l iis t-iiriiiL'^imwiiiMS. A )>runiinfi'.t exaiuple is that nf the coil i in aililition
to haddock uiid l>i\ i,niiuin:lta) which spawns in cou^idcrahle iiuinhcrs in the gulf of
St. l.aun iici.' i-iuhl Mil iiii.i |i;r 111. .nil; .'l' Au:.ru>I, ulifiva~ iu thi- Nnrwiuiaii waters,

it.-. .-iMttiiini; i- M\ii- ill Mjs. ,\- a (•.■ii-r.|\iiij I' ihi-, \m' lua.v, in \\\<- i^ulf <if St.

]/a\vrrn.r. lind i".\<- :iiid ll.i- -.iiiii' |il.i!iliti... ha\il t.' c.i.it.rin ln'th iH-wlv-pawiii'd cod
i'iii:~ niid iii-wlv -lial''l!rM iiiiH-ki n I .mmiiim-.

'I'lilil ■■•■•l .llld lllai'iM'li'l rh.iuM iilpi -llil.iMr >|i:l\Ml!im' .-i .1 id it in n- in the -allT?
wiili-r ahd .1! li.i' -.11111- liiiii' i- riiiiarkahi:- iiitlrrd; ;i. lui i'. ■|i':iii watrr-. ihr f|i,i\\iiiii'j;

<■!" llii'-i \\\ ■ -I II- .lil'i-rs \\i(li'..\. lii.tl, .1- niiard- lime and |.l.ii-r. What i- iiiorr, it

i.- ■in',\ e\i i I'l i'lnallv li.il tl.i' Iiii;'''iii r^'l r .nie -1 I'.ir li.iiMi, a- I'l t'-ia-h liir iiriih'ipal
.-pa\Miiii'.' i:l'"'ihil- I'l' till' ■ii'l ,,i all. 'I'i.r lApiiiiial i'lii may ii^'l iiiiiia 1 11 rally In- iiiiav i ii"d

il) lie ill llir .llil'ilpt ." .lilt,.- ■'( ti lllpil'al Me 1 lie. .liiii, .;■,.,! i;i tli.' ( ',. 1 1 a i| 1.1 11 '.\.i|il--. 'I'll''

>ami' ii.ili.r.il imihIii |.;.- uhi.-ii ran-.' .\i!'nti.' « a lan- ii ;i|i r [■nil- t>. iin.t, niV the
I'll. 1-1- .,!' .\.'\\ luiiiMiiiiiid, \'. iili i-i'; I'r-i'Ml 1: ivc-- ..|' til.- ai'i'li'- ;':iuii.,. nii'ji.l uril a'-'''aini;
I'l.r ill'- ..n-i thai il, till- Li.ili' •'( St. l.auTi ii,-.-. iii,- .- ..! ..f i-i- ijr iim-ili m-.- ai'le t.i
Inc :ind pr-p.m.ite linn- -i iiiiili.iiir.iii- 1 v wiiii tin- 111. .11- - . in; l,i i-!v mih-kL-n-l. 1 1' \v.'
taki- a ii-iiip.|-alufi- -I 1-1- !i-"in Ihr -iirlai'i- <i e\ iivi.r r.. - in tin- Liiil:' .it Si. I .nv. i-.-ia-e
dnt-iitj' -I 111 I:,' r. w.- lind. ■.\ illiin a \ ri i'-al vaii'^i- "I' !'■-- I li.ia l'"i im I n--. ,. d ' li'i I'l-ie-e
in 1, iiip.-i;i; :il-r 1 .piivalelil Im that elii-M I Mi-l ed .iiit-iih- \. '.v !'■ nilidlalld 1 -v -.iilill:r I'r.im
tla- "iiill' S|i-,-;im .iv.-i- ielM tl,r l..i! r.id-T ,nn.-iil. ■,\i,!li- .ai Im- ea-l.ri; -i.k- -.f ihe
A'kiiil'i-. -;i.|i .|i;T.-ii-ii.-,- vmII in,..h,- 1, di-lan.-.- .i- I'tmiii i'.i- .Xmi'Iii S. ,i p, Spit /Ih-iv.-h.

In I ! . -nil >!. l.au 11 In-'-, thi-ii, «.- lind I in- dilh Ti i;l v. ■'.' r l.i.^'i i'- v i ir v i 1 1 •_' -., Lii-i-ntly
in II nil. Ml .■am-,- .i- n- i.iT.r.i I'le, ..i.ral.!.- .-.-n-lil i.-n- l-ali P.r <■.,! ami m.i.-'M'ri-l. That
hi. Ill -|..c-i.- d...iild livi- in ib.i- -.nil- -iratnni tin i-r- i- la. r. a- n !.• h.iirvi-; .n riie
e.'iti-afv. i- iiM-l 1.1- pri-iiiii.-l i-il'.-i' li. I lii-- ii-h an- I h. la-' ii i - ah!.- P. ni; i.ul the
iii..|.. -.lanl.l,- w.iirr i.n.r., ii..! .\ .i.l ii,..-i. 1.--- 'n . ...ii-.ii.li-, i.r that iL.-y .■ i . ..u'imr
tn .-. rtaiii !.i- |..;;n-.il li-iil-iir. Ill •■-- . I- li--- p.i--i\.ly 1- d l-i l>ii|Hri:i -n.-li -lr.it i a-
are hy iia'iin- 1..-I .id.-.pn d n. lin-ir i,. . •!-.

I> i- .1 w.-ll kmn-.n '' .- l'. .,i r.-raiai -p.-.-I. - ..;' li-ii. -ii.-Ii a- .-m.j, hi-ri-1'r-'-. lai
iiiin-ki-r.-l. \ar\ ili.ir kal.ii.-it ..-.-.. rid-; '.. il.i i.-iien i-.a n ;.■ .l li,.- -w-.a.-v. ('...| .ii-l
lievri'iL- ii; ly :ii 1 ina- in .\.- in -inl'-.w. .il . tk.-r- in d.-. ]i- r. v .:Iii'. and in I la- -mi:' Ir ra

Niirw. J ii'ii \-..i:ii- ill.' Ill '. k. "■• I M.. IP, rai'lv I ' ni.'\'

-I U'liil th'.

''ii.'i-ili\- 1 '.;iii/. .1 tliaf -..'ii.' ..f thi'

r i.'i' I.' 11. ii.i- - arr .'!' i!..t !a\ili',' I. lit

Mit-l'a.'r t.-iii|ii ratnii. i- at ai.iM !'> < '.. 'i l".-i'-l
dt-ili lilt :idi.'iani-n .'M-ii ■-: ri \ . ti.i t-rri'.ii;. ■. "
tli.-ii- II. t- 1 ' ;. i-m'.1 .'ipa. 1.-.

Am 'l.M '!;•■ l.:..!MUl.'a! !M;'li.r - ^^hi"!l I'l-lt ke 1 1.' 1'.' lit P. aet ! 11 tin - dil'. .-I !. .11.
w.' -liMiiM ||..; .'I' .ill r.'iii. mil. I- lial tie .• d i- .■ I l'..m li-k. 1 .-I.ii..j-iii^- . --i-atialiy t'l
the -1 1-1.1.1 1 .- i!-. -.1 tie -.a ll r "h'l-.' it- '" 'd i- i'-ili .'. an.! \'. k.T,. ii- -p,i\viiiii:r I alii <
))la.'.-. d'lir ma.-k.i'i I, "11 ill' "i k.-r lia.;.!. i- .i | i i .l:'.' -e. a -. ;>. .pa '.I iii'i i! any rale
during- till' spaw lina . a-..i. -tin- npp. r a,.!, r ! ... i r-. f - k' d, until lli' r-e i- -)i iit.

the

1 kal'li

111.!.' I., p.'ii' 1 1'.ii.. d.'.i a ki V'l • nil' -I' .11. Irr- d.'i.tli.

I>ii Lilam-in:;" at a P nip.-r it ill'.- -i-ri.- l'r..iii lii- /'m',-...-.- -•.-li.iu :'.>'. wker.' ..'.-a i.f
I'lid am! m.i.-krr. I \-.-.'ri' Paial in ..ii.' a; .1 tli.' -.im.' -aiiipk', tli" pli.'n.'m.M'.ii will .a-'ly
bo rxi.laim-.!.

t f-l

1 ■' - 7
lie-,'

L'.".-|.

It \v ' 11. iw appiv t.. tli.-f fiiriin- what we kii'.w ..f ih.- hi. .|. .try ..f the e...l and

niiiii;. r. 1. il will i e .iii-ii'lall.' t ii.-liidi' thai the ma. I r. 1 la . p t.i the iippir hiyeif -

ih-.v.-ii '..: iik.eit. L'." m. " !:•'!■■ t|i" l.'mp.ratiir. i- fia . .iiivil.k' t.. it. i U, wliik' tlu' i-...l

?oek ihr l.i»er -Irata. lindin^ there m..r.' -iiitidile .'.iiiditii.ns in thi- re-prel.

fMVI/)/IV risliritirs EXI'EIHTIOS, IHI',-15 37

'I'll.' vicUl (if .-nil inul iiiiu-kcrcl iri-'- :it tlii- stiiti.Mi i.'.ivc> tin' t'ollowiiij; nmiiliers:—

At su. face :■■ tKi:s. IT'J . «n.s, 1 I larva-.

•• 30-0 nutrcs 1- " *> [[ '^

•' r.ii-0 " -■' " 1

Maclicrel cfrs^' ami .viiiifl mc liy Inr iimst miiiii'icni- at tin- ^iirlacL' (.in tin' lioriznu-
lal liauU) tli«! ood c^'fr-. (ni tln' otlitT liaiul. luiiiK t'..UM<l in proatc^t iiimilxrs fartlicr
,|.,wii ivcrtii'al liaiil-). \at\uall.v, lioui vit. tin- caiinnt In- taken as indicating: that
ihc iiiai-kcri'l ii:i;s uci-. pawned near the ^urlai-e. and the end ejrg~ lower (hiwn. The
s. ni.al iH,-.ition of ii-h ..va in the layer:- is <U-terniinfd hy the speeitic gravity of tlie
i..iiii, 1- a- eoniiiared witli tliat of the water, and 'hey will. nncUr normal .-..iiditioM.-i, l>o
iMiiiid in water of spe-itii- f-'ravity equal to their ouu. Tin- >|ie<-itie {iravity of ova,
l,..u.\vr. i- n..t a i-on-tant niatriutuih- : that of cod ejrk'-, Inr in-!ane.-, whieh normally
vjiir- l.iit very -lightly, may le affi-et^ d hy a 1-w de-ror ,.f salinity in th.- wat.r, which
Im- iho <-lhit ..f -radnally redn.-in^' tho w, ii.-h.t of tlir f^;-'-. If rX|...M-d t.. -tronp- sun-
li-hl. a^airi. nr to .-..miiarativi ly lu;;h t, ini).ratnr. . they will Miik. even in wator of
hiudi salinity; and the pnmo applies to newly hatehed young. Tiii> hist i- a very well-
!.i,.>\ve pliiii..nicniiM in marine liatrlario-; I am, hoWi vi-r. unalple to i;ive any ihtinilo
liu r. -, having' had no .ipportimily this s.-ason of making (•.\iM-riini-nts in this direetion.

The .-p.-.ili.' :.ir:nit.\ and variation of -anu- -in eod egiis at Fli.devigen will ho
-.,1, from till- foil,. wing e\p.-rimont- (l)ahl iV Dannevig; rndir-r.keU. - over nytton
a\ Tov-kntlakningi ()-tland>ke fjordi-, Hil. 1, |). -■•).

Thi r.'o and xouui; were pl.i.-ed in threi- s. parale re>-eptn.-le- in ord- ■ to drtrrmuie
ilii IV ,!|'pro\iniato -pcritii- ;;ra\ii,v.

I. Sp. gr. 1 (ir.t at -^ ."oT f^p. gr. in situ. lOlTlHV).

(Jill, ahoiit one-third th.atjng. other.s snsp, ndod, the remainder at the hottoin.
-> iiiiiin. mo-t at lotiom. -onio sn-pendeil and at snrfa^e.

11. Sp. -r. l-n-Ji) at + .".-1' l sji. gr. in silii, 1 ols'.iT).

"(■(, more than half lloaliiii;. the nmiindir at tho l.ott.-m or -uspi nd<'d.
) ",.«./. ahout half lloaling. the n-t at hottoin .ir in >nspension.

111. Sp. gr. I-Ol':.' at + ."■!' ( sp. 2t. in ■•■ihi. 1 (L'iMit!5).
"'■'/, pr.ielirally all tloating.
1 'Olio/. ])raetieal!y all lloaling.

Sialio I ;',it, ahovo nieiilioned. the speeilio gravity of the water near the .snrface
.'oi;iali> ahont thr value for ^-pecillo gravity (.f eod egg- a< notiil in Norway: we
iniuhl therefore have eNp< clod to iind a greater niimher of ova at tho snrfae". Tliat
ihi-- wa< not the case -lioidd pos-ihly he a-erihed t> the iidhienec- of the 1 igh tempera-
1 :iii-. ihiri- prevailiiiL:-.

\Vr Iind, tlion, that the -imultane-iu- spawning of coil an<l mackerel in one and
il,.' -anic vati-r may he- exphiined as dne to conditions of temiHM'ature. .\ml eonsc-
oii.iiily. We cannot, in Canieli.iii wati^r-. di>lingnish hetwcen winter and sprinir-spaw-
1 iiiir li-h. ii-i is i;rncrally ilonc in l-'iirope: if any such hiidcmical distinction is to he
inatlc-. it mn^t he hased n|>.ni the liinit-^ oi tcnipi-rature hetwcen whieh spawning takes
I-Imo . a nn^thod which wonld of conr-e he e.nudly .instillahlc on the eastern ^ide of the
Ailaiilli'.

Tlio 111 r-.ti,,n ari-c-, h.iwcvcr, whcllnr ll:r len;peratiire of the water really ilooa
, -oit -indi inlluinc,. n|)on the -p.iwning of the ti-h ; whether other causes might not
!.■ iinin:incil. and the c.xplanatioo ahove >nggi-sted he found insiiflicient.

In this comici-iion, it vill h,- natural to recall the annmi^ periodicity in the
di vclopment of the sexual ori-'ans. whieh might he suii|iosed U^ proceed iudepemlently
of all externnl factors. It has. hovever, ripeatedly heen found, hy investigation m

38

HI r\i.'mi\r iir I III \nw siinicr

(,t!i, 1- -I'll. iv-. i!i;ii wli.r,- r.milaiitx ..l tl..- -r;i-.iiiii:iy \..r>iii- pliv-'h-.i! mndil i-u- in
;iiiiliKil- .ii- l.l:iiit- .,■;,»-. !lir :ii;iin;il p.riM.l ,li-:i|.iK ;ir-. ■•v lM.-..iri, - in.;:iil;il' .iiid
iii(ii>tiiirt.

'I'h,. nillii.ii.-, ol t.iii),, raliiiv ii|»'ii llii- iliil> inhii-il> "f lli.- ~|.;i\\ niuL' uiiiv
I'li-ily ],- •■\~,i\,,] ill ;i h.il.h, r.%. :it aii.v rU. ■ lin'r ;i -p:i\Mi:iiir lin-iii i- iin|ilii,M(l
Wt-k ti..' ilcyi-fi- t.i wliirh -piiwuiii!.' (lc|.iii.K up.. II t'. iiiprr^iturc i- in iiMrtiriil:ir iiKi-t

.M>ily ll..li<'r;ll.l.' wluiT ll.r hlllrl- 1:1. -I, .r IMll^i-- 1.. W.rll H llll'l ■ ■"■ . L. ;i ll- ■ lit

wluii l.rt\\ .11 •'■ 1.11. 1 111 . OiIhi- iiillu.ii. . - iiiii.v iiiiiki' lliiiii-.-lv^ 1'. \'<r

ill-lull... ..; 111.' 11111. .Hill iih.l iii..ri- .i|. '<■— nmi'ir .li-lriLiil i..ii ..I lln' I"'.'! I'^li

-piiuiiiii- iaii:,.'.y wlini \>.il Inl. 'I'lii- liiay. li...' .v .v, p..--il.ly \h- iliic 1.. pin. ly i.li>

^i.-iil .■..n.iili.ii-. Ill iiiiy rat.-, a- l..ni; a- tlir am. .mil ..I I' 1 .•.>ii-iiiiii..i i- >nlli.iriil t.ir

ii..iiri-liiiii-iit. a- ll.r i\|.aiiM \ \\»- -P.iiia.li will , \rr< a ].ri — hit up..ii tin- ..\ari('s.

FiirtliiTiii..r... li..- -aliiiily ..I' tin- ual.r may I..- siipp..-..! |.. liavi' > c ilVri'l ih.iiuli

thi- will -.-ai ly 1 i any ini|...i-tan.-.. ;,- l.m- a- di.' variali..n iiiv..K.'.l i- ii..! t"..

un at.

Kir :;:;.

'I'lir rnrv.- h. IV -li..wii aiv l.a-.-.l !;|...n .laily ..l.-rrva!i..ii- at lln' liaL-lirry ..f
FI...I1 \ii;. II .liii-iiiir til.' >pi'iiiir ..t' r.i.''.i. aial imli.-al.' llic llai'tiiatioii- in trin|itTaliire

and -|.aunin- tlir..n^li. .ut tli,. .■>-. iillal ].ai' ..t ili.' >pa\\nini:' liin.'. I '.l.'i- t.. piv-..nt

111,- clian'-t ]..'— iMr -nrv. >■. 1 liavr 1» r.' mark..! ..ll. 11. .1 the 'iaily Mniu-, wlii.'li vary
,'..|.-id. ral.ly. nut a m. an Miln.- .al.'iilat. .1 .a.'li day If.ni tin- ..l.-.i'x at i..n- .'I' that dale

phi- 111..-,' ..t til,' PA.. pn'\ i.m.- and lli,- l\v.. -iil.-.'.|ii.iil ,lay-. ia'. ..vaMn imaM .'Xlciul-

iii)^ iiv.-r liM' .lay-.

V.' l'..--inii,iTii:- ,.K ni;\i,i.ni'Mi,M'. wn ini vtim. nn.iji i:m v ..|- Tin; Pin-iitrAi' stalks.

Ill liif t..|,'i;..in<r i-liapliT-. ",- liav.. .I.alt with lli,. s|.a\Miiiii.' '<( lli,. ditTcrriit
-|i,..'i,'- ill i'.'lali..n t.) ,l,|illi. t,'mp,ratiin. ami -i'a-..ii. It la.w ninain- t.. cnisidrr liow
t'lc di.vi-l..pni.'nt ..f tli.> <-i.'i;- in tlic -niiarat.. -i.,..i,'S tak,.s iilac'i'. and what , -111111008
tluTc ill',' l'..i- thi'ir l.,-iii)r hat.'h.'d.

l'>..iii ill., li-nr,'- in laM, II. w,- ..I.Iain lli. l'..ll..\viiiL' iiiiii;l.,'rs ,.f i'ITl'- ami larvir

f.ir till' -ix iii.i-t i'i.inin..n'v nrrin^' -p.>,'i,'-:

,lva l.at\';,'

ri.„.,M-,'..v _t-^_\ ■•\l

l"-nmbrr lI'-';; '

i:n,l ,s '.illnnai (tnil n .i.i(. liinis ','!-- "l.\

'^l!':^„rri,„:. ::.'.'.:'.:'.:'.:'..".. '..'■^. '.'■ .'■ vs^i 'o

It will he Hf'oii thai tiic mid..i.U li,'r,. prcilnminalc ami iun..ii}i tiic-i', iis we havp
»lr(-a,lv -,.,'11. tho <■>>) i- ..f in..-t t'ri<.|iirnt ,H-,.iirivmv. i)\a .'f .1/i'Wiirr/i(s are iilso vory

( i\i/</i\ /7.-///.7.-//;n i:\ri:i>irii>s, ini'i-i;

39

iiucT'.ii-, liut t' niai' ri

,1 ,,1 til.

<t a

siimi'uli;it casuii

.1 charin-'tor, lioinn derived

■ ulv a li'W .-taUi'ii-, u

h.-n- ihc.v iini>t, lic.ucvcr, liavo been present in tirrnt nnin-

I.. r-

'l'lii> |iroiinrti"ii letueeii I'Va ai

111 vuunK varies i;reatly; in

tiie ea'ie of Clennhihrux,

nearly a~ jnany larva'

; e(.'i;s u

s while of Mfiiiiiriiis. on llic other hand, only epRS

Sllrtl

tabl

ie eannot.

Avever. he n?i

il witliout reserve as n im-ans of ealenlatini,'

he jien
"pnien

entiijre ha

t of th.

tehed ("T t;
iva will nei'(

different spceies

the )ieriod of time reiiuired fur deve

taken into consideration, as lUo the aye of tl

\ii!niir will

■n eaptured. Witli nio-l species it is true

these

pciuits a

bnt in th-

.f the eod we have l<n

■djro sntlieipiit fi'r

re insnfficicntly
sfaetory dis-

i.n of the (piestion de-pite the ditlienlti

■d in fullowin;: the dovelopment

der natural conditions.

We k

nf eours(\ that the de>trnction of cod

111 of th(

y luiiiT nni-t he enorinou-
ith coil. .\s to the part

were thi.s not
ietdar stain

the

sea wcinlu soon

Id s.

f develn])mpnt at which
iifortuiiately, all too little

leeome ovcr-popii
tlie Rorm

rly stap-s of

late<l

is specially

II has. in his work entitled '"Die Verbreiti. s der pelanisehen
der Heltsee und den an^'renze•lden Meerc:,teilen," r.»<ls-09,

liable to destruction. Imwever. wc kno
I'rofessnr Ap-teii

!■ i-eheier iiiul l.arvi -.... -^

liealt with these ([uestions. and calc\ilated that Tl' cod ews are r<'(iuired t.i produce one
larva. This apjiHes. of course, oidy to the waters investigated by him, and .Minilarl.v,
lure iinlv ffpr a siiarle year.

THE I VNMil.^N WAIKHS.

Durin;: the actual collection (.f the material. Dr. lljort already noticed that there
was a very srcat majority of newly spawned cfrns. the later sta£(es of development, and
the larva\ bein'.'- far more rare. This was especially noticeable on the ertiiscs of the
I'rinrrss. WiMun to jro <'loscly into this (|ue>tion. 1 have, in determiniiiR the ova,
noted throiipliout the number of efjtjs lelonjjinfr to earlier and later stages; in the
smaller samples all the ova w.tc examine d. in the case of the larf;er, only n represent-
ative portion was measured off and investigated, the figures thus obtained being then
utilized for calculation of values for the whole.

In order to keep the work within a reasonable scope, distinction has hero been
made between three stages only: the lirst being the '• germinative disc" stage, before
the formation of the embryo digs. 1-2), the second from the early pigmented embryo
t. well-developed pigmentation (tigs. ;'.-l), and the third with pigmentation char.ieter-

itic of the siiec'ies ftigs. .".-•', i. The-e stages •re-p..nd to .\pstein*s figs. l-!>, 10-.18

a'ld I'.l l'J, from whi.-h thc>e text figures have been taken.

40

/)/ i'\i;nii SI '</• iiir \ iri/. si:i;\ni-:

I t|,\ ! I 111 Ml \ 1

•I ( "1..

Thi.s .-.v.-liiii .1 iini-i-11 i- 1m->.I "I; h.. .itliir i.riiicipl.' than ll:ai -l' c.l'Uiiiiiii.^. i>s
(■a>ilv as p(i--il.l. . ;, -urv.v ..f tli.- i.nm. ri.-al va'iur- at tlic .lilTiTiMit >la,-v>. tlu'M' last
boiiiK .-.. s,l.-t,a a- I.. !.,■ iii-t:ii^iii-li„lil.- V, Mil II. > ijnat .lilli'-'ill.v wlim sliijlilly
inaf.'iiiric<l. ami wlilmut r,.^-;,,.! t- «a.tl:.T on, -tai.^ may \,r ..I Liiiicr .luratiuu than
aiiotiior.

Apsti'iirs taiili- -l.-w. I'.ir lu-iaia-.'. tl.a, iiiv -'U' nninat ivc .li-.-" -tai^v (■nUinices
;il i»r .-.lit ..I' tiir iMi.ii i„ !■:,., 1 ,,1 ,1,.\. i..i.m. ut ii. Ihr nvuni; Map- 11. I'', p. i- ■■.■iit. ami
ftai-o II I. "iiK S-': irr iTiit.

TakiL-! 'h in. ,t. rial ■•.ii-i-l ii,- ■•( 1 .Lji;- I'r-iii tin' cruiM-. of tli." I ;uiCfM we

tiiid, Imi- .,11 hi iN uiaiie, ilir i'mII. iwiiiLT lii;ur.>; -

Vlr-r < tais - S ii'i rniiso.

i,.u:, i.:'.:u

T'',' "I"

i:: ":;

Wr liial ih'ai. ..II l...!h .aaM-..-, an ,. .a' \ !,. I'liiii- inai.rit.v ..l' ..\.a in tlir early
staucs. II. w i- tliis t.. l.i' rxphiii.rci; 1- it t . h. tah. a a- .iilir.l\' iliii' !.■ iii..rtality .ir
tlc'stni.'ti..n l.> -..111.' iii.aiis. i,v .!.. nth. i- lart..r- Imt.' f\rvt th.ii' iiillacia-i-. rc'iHlcriiip
tha iinnii'ijii.t.. iiiipri--i..ii pn..l!icc.l hv tla' aimw- in.-.irrt I't <

A- ua- -liall -f. a lahh' ..f this -.rt -I1..MM !..■ tr. at..| v.'itli tu.- l-pmI^-i raiitinii.
'riic pr.ip.it'. .11 l.rlivc, n th.. ilithr. 1,1 -la'J.- i- ivt "u\v il. 11. lah iil. t'..r in-laii...'. up.in
iiinrlality. l.iil als.. t.. a hiL-ii .lim... iip.ni ill.- tiin.- al whi.'li tli.- iiiM-ti-ati.)n>; were

111a. 1,.; in a.l.liii-ii t.. ulii.-li. v.v liavi> al-.. i n-i.l.T tli.. p..-^ili..ii of tin- -tati..iis

ia r..lati..ii t . thr -pa-.'. iiinL' ■jr-'Miai-.

Wlii'ii t!i.' inv.-ti..:ati..ii- an .-irii.'.! -.lit .'avlv in tla' -pawniiiL' -.'a-.m, then
naturally tli'-n' v. ill 1.- a v.ry lii.:li j.. r.-..ntai:.' ••{ n.'« ly -i>a'.via-.l ..va. and iu> late
M;;^;as. I ii\ i-t ii;at i. .11- lat. r in tli.' -i.a-..i., ..n tli.' .'tlirr han.l, will '^tw the ..j.p.isito
r.a-iilt.

A f. u rh-li hauls mail.- ..i: tl va.-t -p..t wli.r.' ^pawiiini.' taki - pla.'o wi'i L'lve

a .lilT.'i-cnt n -lilt t.. that ..htaiia .1 I'l-.m lia'il- made out ..vcr the jireater depth-- wliore

c. IN. 1/1/ IS n>iii:i:ii:> i:\rh:inii<>\. H'l',-!-;

41

,1... ti^h .lo uut .spawn: th.- I.-"' ..'.-. fou.i.l .mt.i.le ll..- l.uiks. will l.av<. Urn .•arrn-.l
Ihitli.r l,v tl.r .•urr.nt. .n.l tl.- Iny.vr tluy linv Ixcn iulrift Mn.v' Vavintf U»' Muuvninf.'
.-rounds.'tl,.. f.rMw.,- «.ll th.ir ,i..v..1o,,n...nt l„.vr .uIvmu..-.!. Oh ll,;- spawn.njr groun,!,
,l„,vf..r,-. we nnist .aim'.i tn tin.l n-'ulv-Mmu n,.l .W^ m the nw.jnr.ty: uut.nlc tl.oe
Iccalitii's. till' hitcr >tiit;v- will pri'iinniiiuili .

The invrstifWlnm- in '1„- ;.'nlt ,.f St. I.aw.vn.," m.v. Iiowvv.m- to a x.-r.v trnat

..xfnt W iron, th-- -..n, - ..f M-.-.f, I. wHI U, .,■,■„ f..n, tl... :,1„.. Mm 1.

spawning wa. in f»ll pr...n- .lm-i„^ .ho tir.t rrni.,. ..) ,!,.. fnnr.y ,n ...,,,.. a.M that
.,, f,.w lit,. M;,...- urn- Ion,:,!, nuis !..■ rNplain.,! a- .hu' lo tho ta.-t of tho iiaiiK n

,„„.M,on 1., inL' -Ma,l paratnolv .arU in tl.,. --a-.n,. On tho August .-rut^.- of he

i-rlunss. howov,.,-. tlu^ ,.l,.ir.-t;..n i> no 1,., ..,.,• va1i,l; tl,,' nuniU-r ..t ova ha~ ercatly
,l,r>-..a-.o,l, th,- M-u^-on l-inu' n.w n,ari.,i.' it- -Iom.. a.ul a far groaKr .juanCly ,,1 ,^1.-
in th,> later slajr"'- niiRht liav,' I", ii .vp, I'lcl. . , „ . . u ,■ ,\ i

C.n p,in^' Ihrouuh •!■,. tahl, - (■•<■ th,- ,Tui-^ ..t th,. I'nnr... ,t w,ll lurtluT h-
„„ti,-,.,i that th.' proportion Utu,on n,.wly.-p..w.u.,l yva :m,l tho>,. ,n tW ^"-•'' ^ ;'^';-
i. ..pproxitnnp.lv tlw -am,, at all -talion-. onlv ,.v,.,.p, „.nally -lo w,. tunl th,. lat,.r .taM -
i„ ,1„. ,„aj,.rity. No .in,l,' nation i- - ri-h in ,u.wK-pawn,.,l ova a, ... ,.x,..- a
,l,.„,i„a.,t inllu..n..e upon ■• ■ r-ul; ..- a uh..lo. nn.l tl,,.,-,- .- thu- no r.-a-on to ,|,a.-t.o„
tlu.ropr..s,.ntativo value. .f th,. i,iat,r:al ou thi- li.a.h ; 1 ,. ,1 1,.

A, re,^,nU the nu-u!.,..- ..f iarva-. tin- w.ll aluay- h,- M,l.,,e,.t to ..on-nl,.,:! ,
,.n-or. as tl,e larva^ are ,n..r.. or l,.-s ,.,.,|.,w,..l with pow,.r ol n...t,.,n, ..Mah-nnir capture

,. ,litll,.ulf. in a,l,lition to whi..!,, th.'ir au,. is oft,-n (l.llieult t,. .letern.tiu.. < oni-

.,,„ I„.tw....n ova an,l .vo.tnn will th.-refur,. h.' -ul..i,.,.t t,. ^-n-ater uticertainty than
that h,.tw,.,.n i.va at <litf..r,.nt -tai.-,'-. , i. „

,,„.. ,l,i„^. we -an. h..w..v..r. -tat. with ..ertaiuty: that th,. nun.h.r ol larva, tak,',,

in th,. nulf ,.f St. r.awivn,-,. wa< r. niarUal.ly small. , ,. ., , ,

In'th,- ease of th,- Arn.H.i. th,. pr,,|K,rtion 1„ t_w..,.n_ th,- .l,lT,.i.,.nt staL-e- i> ;;"'";\'';"^

h,.tl,.r: h..re, howevi-r. w.- nm-t .'..n-hli.r

si>|.,.i,.s heiii.u' indistinj-'iiishal

in-.r
|Mrl-on

,..1,1 ami hailil..ek tonetlier as on,., the-c tw.)
.1,. ,.ni- fr.mi another in the early stajres uf the ,)va.

.\ .;,.lia I.

.\.:i.li:, II.

Sla-.. I

sn,„'.. II

l.;,l^..

I l,;„l.i,.i.k

in:

..•l.s;!

I.I I

7s I

4 I

1 I

:(<>:

IS 1

-■2

•ji;,i 1

i:, 1

For th,.-,. ,-rui-,.s, th,- r,-uh- ar,. a- tni.hf have l.e.-n ,.xpe,.t,.,l, tl,.. May enus.^
.lowin.' a ,.omparativ,.lv larp,. i.n,nl.,r ..arly -ta^',.^. with -otn.- a.lvan.-, ,1 an,l a few
larva, whil,- that of .Inly ha- many lat.-r sta;r,.s and still m.uv larva..

]!,.f,.r,. pro,.e,.,l.n::- P- .•.■n-i.hr th.- [...-sihlo ,-Nplan-,- ha, .-t tin- pr.at ,hth.,vn..e
Uetw....n th.- o....urn.n,.,. of early an.l l.,.er s.a^,-s in (a ■ -„lt .-t St. Lawnu-,- ,t n,ay
b,- of int,.,-est t . c.tunar,. the eon.lith.us in Cn.uulian waters will, tla-s,. ol.s.rve.l .,n tlie
prlneipal ^pa\vniIlK L-round- ..f tie eo'l iu Eni-oi oan w.iteis. viz,;- -

l.dFOTKN'.

The mat, .rial upon wl.ieh the foll.,wii:B .lis,.u-i..n will lo has,.d eo,isi-t- .-f hut a
<v^v -ampl,- from the otlu.wi-,- , sL-nsive ma-s of mat. rial eoUe.-t,-,! l.y i»r. n.|.>rt
,h,rin.' the winter ami spring: ..f l'.»l:l, the remain.ler l,avin^r m.tyct hc-n^eomp et,.ly
.lepth with a- r,-},'ar,ls the ^tau',- ,.f ,l..veiopm..nt .■! Ih.- .-Va. (1 uir nU> ...aan, llj-r..
riuetuati,.,:- in the Rreat Fish. ri<'3 of Xortliprn Kuropc.)

42

1/7' I '■; .( \ ; "/ / in: ^ " "• >/'.''/r/;

,,or ,-,„. m iIh. t^v.. w;,..v.. lurth.r atlor.l ,n, .s.- ll-nl ,n.:-.rm.M, ■! "l.n 1.:,- I.;..-,

;„,.,m .! >n .h,. ^,v^.i„.' .- n.Mva- tlu. . vv.t ... nlu-l, tl... r,-,.. . t,v,- uunwrHMl

vain.. ■•■ tl,, ,l,)r,i-.-i;t tl-.- .Irir.,,!- ..„ timr ;M,.l ,.!..— .| -..ni'lniir/

\^ s

vv.

^r J, ■it ' ,-

■'■..^:^>'/ " '

.' ot'.-

X

a"

■-^"' ", ,-

; 'v

'J

JA'

l!v u:,v ..f ,llu-tn,li,)i; th.-s,- .■,.».l,t...»- u,mI.t v.>>i!:u rir.-n,,,-la„. .;. 1 !...v,^ .ho-.M,
, „.,,;,.„ ;■,.„- th,. V,-.f.,..r.|. :,- ..,;,.■!>. ,1 ..n thr .■l,;.rt. aiM ..- th.. -irl.M-.. l.:,,.l, (1 m.
,„.., :. linn., uiv,. II.. -r,Mt,.-t anwunl ..I m :!■. ■,:,!. 1 liav,- , ii„.l a. .1 •';'-■;::'>•

M. -,:,t,..|i> ai-.- >,..U.| ..n t: liavt. all li-.i, A,.,'.! -•. ... Apnl .'1, ' ■"•••'"• .;''■''

,„,„.,"„, ,.,.,1 ...< ,vi- :. -nil-. -Mia,.- hanl Wu.. a,.,.. M.I..1 m ra.^h .'a-. It will be
,„,,i,,,l ,„at -tat,.,n •;:., nu tl,,- ...l..'. 1m~ a ,.r..i,...in.-. .1 ,naMim;m. witl. :.,HiO ^^t^-u^
a Mi.iil,. hau!. an.f whi.'!, th. nu„,l..T .-api.ll.v ,1,.,t, a-. - ... . lilar -,.K a~ ur oaM" t h.

,'„•,..„. it v.a- lr..,uvntly n.,t,.l thai Ha' .rral. -t i.nini., ■- ... ..'.- w, r,. t^>l--'"" ' '

ti-lm,.. .r...i„.l- tl„>n-,.K,.-. v.Iht,. th.- ti>h u.r, ni-t .l.a,-.l.v , .^i-. L'at...l. 1 M-

„„„i„, ,|i,„i„i-l,..- .i-a.luaHy vi.ht ..v,.r t..war.l- -' .n..n 'H, ..,, r.-a.-hini. v n-li w,.
.,...:„ tin.l ,.M--K.- iH.ar lla- . M.. . H. r. w,. ini.l,- thn- a.ain hav .N,vrtr,l t.. lua
a iiiaxnnuin; a^ a inatt,.,- ..t f,..,. h..w,.v,.v, tli.av ..,- ..i.ha.tly ^.a-y li.tl,. >;1'"-"";*-'- ''
.„y. ..,, tli... .n.au.i-. Thi' bai.U 1, iv. l,v th.- v,av. ai,- ,.1 v.-ry iv.ln..t.-.l .xt.i.t. iho
l,„ttom -l,.p!ii- al.rui.tly ,i..un Ir.-iii lan.l t.. a •-;ival .l.plU.

With r.sai.l t„ tlio pi-..p.Tti .n l..tuv.a, tho .litTcnnt -ti^'-s at .-iH, ot tlie-o >tati..,i.,
W(. fill.! thi. t'..llo»ini: tiniirr- i p''"' riail I :--

<t;i. ..n .■■■. Stall. m tl".. Station'^:. Stall. m r,l.

II .
Ill .

Stali..nr. t. Siali.>ii.

pr.

,.r..m thi- it NviU !..■ -.vn that thr .-arlh-t • ..■ ^tajzvs an- fmnul in tlu> l.i^'W
„,v,rti..., at the v, t-y plar.s «he-o the t.tnl min.l.or was u-r.^t.-t; the m..ro a.lvan-ea

r ^y<'- ~^ri%vt:;n:r

(V>«)T. rising n'MO

t'ov<T, inv*':iti*;ated
ry sur-

sev
face net

(■i\i;i/iv iisiiii;ii> i:\rhi>iTi(>\. vm)i-.

43

-t;i^'i-. ..n l!i(' "til' r I

.-[■MWIlillL; LZl-'iMll'l- iiHTca

i,,ii.l. iM'in- ..f LTcit rrlativr fr-inonry a- tlw .liMiin.'c fnnii tlio

5t

Total number 4O50

V.

■

A

Germinative disH
Cod eqgs in late s

•

60

/

' \

ages

SO

\

\

^^

40

1

■ N

X ,"

v_

/
/
/

/
/
/
/
/

I 1

X '

50
20
10

64

65

66

63 62

61

4O50

9800

1384

\th lOS

8a

Fiff.

S,.„, ;■' .Uir.-.- -liulnlv frnn, ihr iv,aaii..l.r. inMM.nirl, a- w,. I.t.. tuM m irrcat.T

hnv. l,r„u«l.t .low,, tlu,. .,..vvly >,.aw>,..d .vgs from tl,. bunks ..uthwo^t -t t ho >t.U.o i^
Tl,.. ,urr..„t at tl.i. .pot .-a,, at ti..!.. l,e very strong. a>„l m. tl,,. vory ;>';'"^ ;■""• /;^^
„un,l„.rs. l,ow..v,.r. hotl, at >tatiu,.s (i.- a„.I .11. a>-o „ot .uttuM.nitly frrrat to fur„-l, a,.
(•\art pirtiin- of till- -toi'l; tlierc. , , , ■ i . ,\ , ^ ,i;.. .llv

.,■;„, „„,.,.■ -or ti.. lat.r .-ta..~ .nil M.ow- ihrn,,.'!:or,t what ,n-,f.'l.t the Toti. allj
havo iu.,n ,spo.., a, ,ho iat.^r -la^v, tiua„-olv,.< h.ins prnport,o„at..ly t.wv.t where
,„o-t ,...us w,.,v lo,.n,l. Tlu- our.o ri-c.> a- wo move away from the spaw,.,„« hank.,
a. tar a- -t,ti..„ .„'. falli,,?; a,iai„ ovor t. nanU the latul thus i„.heatn,« that we a>-e
„,„!,„■ „.,.a|.proa,.hi„.' .,-o,„„ls whe,-e. i„ >o,„e .liuht ,h«ree. spaw,u„K takes ph,ee
\. wo hav.. ,o..„. the proportion hotwe,, the .litTerent >taKes var.e. >.reatly at
,li.To,v,„ plaoo.. evo„ for -an.pl.s tako,, o„ one and the san.e .lay; the vana >on ,s.
h„w..v,-r. M,tli.-i,.ntly ro.nlar to p,.nnit of ..ur lorn.m.' -..me op.nn.n as to th. <.ue^
■n... exami.lo |„.,v >how„ i- tak.„ fron, a L.^ality wh.Te th,. .-on.ra-t ,s marke.l. ^-n at

''.„,ti;L „f I spawnin.^ within a re4riet,.l area, .•lose to the very ,i...,yvater

uh,.,., 1 n, v.T spawn, bnt in whi,'!, a .-.-rtain .p.antity ..f ej-'Ks may he toun.k hav,„K

1,...,, carrie.l thith.T hy the .-nrront. A .litT..rent state of th.n.s -'-^^^^l^,
,„„.„„„„,v,l wh..re the spawning- tak..s phu'e sparsely ov.^r areas of ,.le «^t ' • ";
..iallv if fornunp part ..f a r.Mriete.l .vein,, of s.'a : at sneh ph,oes. there wonhl never
l; Ih.' ,r..a, .liffen.noe l.twe..,, the relative freqneney of the sta..^s at the var.ons

^*""slations .;4-.;5 an.l .l.i w.-re al-o pr.^viously investigate.!, vi..: 25 '2-12 3 an.l 29'3.
N„t u til the la>t-n„.ntion...l .late h.avever. were eo.l e.^^s fouml ,n K-"* ""•>";■-• ^J^
pri noipal spawning, was th.., inst e„,nmeneinK. At these three statmr, .W-ni-n2)
(•.., ;n w.. Iin.1 the followinir yiehl for the .iitf.Tent stafr.^s (here state,! ,n ',).

station ui> . - Station fi4 ) .
Station 31 ( ^Station «.'.) .
Hlaiion :;2 \ -^iaii"i: '''■)

No.

I.

u.

2.i.fini)

19,4110
2.340

7 ^'r

r.O'r

n
0
0

Th.. prineipal spawning this ti,t,e takes plnee farther in on the hanks; we find,
how^vr, a^-ain the same featnre as before noted; where the epK3 are found m

44

hi r\i;i \ii \ I "

I I III. \ 1 1 I/, >;/.•! /'■'.'

(.'nail -1 liUinirr

lllllilllH.lll Ijliili'J I

111--, lliiT. ;i!->' llM' nun

iIm r mI" 1I1..M iii\\l\ -|':i«iir.l •- ;it a in.i\iuiiiMi. it-.

l„.l,. »lriv ll..

,i .-. a ■.>!..

> 1 ■' -'■

W, II <\ui . 11

tllat a.i\alM.,l >l,iu'. - aiv li'.l v,l |.r. -.1,

t ill llli- -al

"I

,lr-. till- I'lillL illl'll

till- la.( lliat til-

i^.iii i- t>\

]\ iii-1 .-..iiiiri ' iiii;'.

w,' 1..1W .■..ii-Hli r

ll,,' !■. -nit- t|-"iii I ah <i.i I

11 I .injnii. tiMii « 1

l.i'tot. II ti

,1, rail. ».■ ..laaiii a lal'li' l-r .■■ aiqia n-.n •■! Ilia -la'J

til till- -aiiil'li' lii'ir

,1' iliM l.'lHlli lit

I r-MIl lia- ill

1,.'. '.l,

,.!,,, I I', ,1..- I \.i.Im II Ti ll"-- 11

■;l:'. ■

Si ... I
.Si,, •. II
Si,.-. Ill

I. J , 1- , t;i
,;-■ , 11

/.

•••,. <(■ m; :.■.•■ .,v r,i M', V..'.
i;i liV 1.. , ::. . ."I ■;■ la'. ■■'■
i„ 11 1 . 1.; , :t 1 1 . , <•■.

It'.

in 1

i,;- it V. ii; 1„. ^ , :i that tl

t. j.av.ivii ,■ i- .■..ii-al. ral'l;. ' 1 lnn'l H"^
it lati-i- -ta-.... li'.lii in 'I a-i' "I lla'

„ll,,.. i,.,.;,|iti.- -.villi r, -ii.it I., til ••in-rii

■ ariai- ■UM.-.i.at-..|i aial tl,-- tna.li. -al.-,..,u, i.tly 1/ ^\ [■ .' '"'—' 'V"1

\„ .;.;i rii, ,.va \u,^■ hnr .-vi.l. llll.^ a tar ]-■•<■"• 'l'^""- -I '■'^"- ,|.m1..|ii.I ami

l.aVl,.-.n!.::ui,. t!|. ali...-,.!. -: i . . . I n ■ . ul ' • ■ ^ S , . I . a. n ■,.,■, • t ia ■ . . - I ■ n ■ - J a- aliV

,,, ,,.,..i.allv 1.,. lail.l,. I., a hi^-'h .lr:jr : ni'Ttalitv. . itla i' 'lui; I- tl„- I,, .l;-:^ la

,,l,i.-,I .■..I!.liti..II- ■.!■ t., llaiv l..ill^' ITl'.r.l Ufa. '.Mill IMlUMial i 1 . t rl , -1 tv. ^

Til,, ti-1. Ill -■'..tw li.N liu.-li-ii iiiii-t ll- l-l' t.. fiitiir,. inM-trjaiuai-; 1 mas.
l,..^,,.^,.r In ,.„!,i.ln-i..n, -. t f..,th -n-l, mat, nal a- vM' liavr av.iilaM- t..r tin- ...n-al. ra-
,;,„, ,.| uliat !a-t,.r. -la.nM La i.^anl..l .1- .l.t rin„ nial V> ih- ■!- Lyu:- at .,t —l .i^^^
ami til.. LT. -Mh •>'■ lla- .mhuii-'.

\-f iM.llMi. ,.r Tl Mi-IKAll III. VMi>MIMi\ M- .N I 1 1 I. I )l A I L' 'i' ^H M • a ' K' ' -S A M>

( "iiii.w I II 01 I III; Yoim;.

In ,„■,],. ,■ t,. a-a.rtaiii wl.al r ^..-t tl..- 1 .u l...tt..iM t.-n,|" ratun- ini-l.l 1 — iMy liavr
,„„„, ,1a. il.Ml.Tiii.ut ..f th,. i.va in tli- .iiH '•( St. I aiwivn.v. Df, 1 1,.., t a,.,.r..a.;l,i'.l
I., .1.,l.an-, ,. an.l 1 'f. K r. .li. of ( ■,.,1, nlia.in. uIl. IkhI ,ir,M..n-l> at ilia A". I' iv~,..a.-
.,.i,..,l I :.l„,,.a.. i-x thrr,-. .■.lira-.! ..at a «1.-Ia -'-vu -^ <■( ixiM-nin.-nt- v itl, liat.-l.iia: ,.1
r^^'-a, r..n-iant t.-iin ..raniP-. ^^ill, tl„- iv.,a.-t tliat tiny vv..iil.l n i.,.il tlair mva-ti-
^Mtii.n- l.aviiiL' tlia .-I'.iaiil iil'jii't -it l.n-i'nt in \iiw.

W,. ..,-,■ avara till. .-.M in tl,.- ltuII ..l St. I.a« v, n.-a -|iav. ,1 n..ar t|. ...t,.an. uv v>

u-it.r in..!., nlK l.i.u i' ; tlia inlHaviit iipuanl t, laliii-y ..I tl va laa. li.ls Ihain

t,' tlia wa'. .■ lawr- .,1,.,m.. NvlaTr tl.-v il.aa!,,,. at ...n-i.laral.ly liiirla-r t. ,M|..TaturPs.

|)r .l,,l.inM". an.l I>r. K'f'-'li tli, n ■ .iniianar,! .-xp. riniaiit - uilli t.rtili/ata.ii 'it

ova at l„w t,-n„«Ta„Mv.. fr.an n t„ : J < ' . tlia ..^:r- !., in^ llaivaft,-,- aillar , n-

taii.i.l at vari.ia, l.v, t, m,. rat nr. - ..r -vailaally Iran-r.Tr,.! t.. warinar ual.r, ii|. t,.

c, .1; c.

A,-.-n,..lin- t., l>r. .Lilian- n. tla- iv-ii'.t- -li.aM,!: —

1. That iartili/ata.n aaii taka I'laa,. at a t. i,i|.,r.,tara l.ctua.n : M '.< and

" -^ That full .h.v.h.iim.nt aaii h' nhlaiiial hy ova f.r(ill/.il at -la-h loini-ar-
■ittir. mil ;hir,.aft.r rNi)o>, d f,,r iiiiio days t,, a t..ii)|'«-ratNro l.itnooii ; "., < ■
'.,,,,i i-;. ,11, ,,1, v..;a, : i . ■■■A afi-v- av.l- traa-frrr...! ta uarsn-r waUt

,,,,,_r. II to :'..:!^ ('."1 , - r. 1

:l. That full i!,-v..l, lima 111 .-an h- attain. il hy .,va lirtili/iil at 0 C. mul
(Mii.-tmiliv Ki'iil in uiitor at that toiiilH-raturi'.

I- 1 \

i/)/i\ //-;///.•//•- r\i-i!iirin\. fir,f,

45

Til.- IIP'T

t.ilily (il.-iTMil ill tl

if llir^o cxiMriiiiriit-i wa^

(Irralile

ii*. limvivi r,
l„. I,-, f.lV.M

lliisi' wen' I'arrii

,1 out uii.liT ■ litiMii- wlii.-li III -ivrr.il ri-!><'''l' """•'

tliaii tlici-i' ini'Vailiii).' ill tlu> m'ii. «•■ -I"

ilil iii't, as l>r. .Inhaiixi'ii nlw)

IK.iui, ,,u1. altji-li loo lull

■h \M L'iit to till-. 1'

till' liii.-t lav.iiiralili' t(tii|i<Tiitiirrs,

till- iiii.it:i!itv ua-. ill thr ai'ii.iriitu- riii]

,|.n,.,| l.y .tr. .I.i|iaii-i II ami l>r. Kmi-'li. ^till

,lli|r

llr. .I"li.iii~i ii'i r\|ii'riiiiiiit^ -liiiw, li'iMiirr. iha

it till' low triiip' ratnrc at. tin

|..,lt.

Ill II' till' l^Ml

il Si. I .!« mill' " li' !,■ t

li,. ,.,„| nil- t.i 1.1- I'niiiiil iliiriiii; ^Ila^MllIl);

t iliir. iMiiii
till' nva.

,t l.r r. L-.irii.i

,1- a tri'iHiM

1 liiiuli-aii' ■■ to t'

l|" (1< v.loiiiii. lit ainl liati'liiiiL' of

Willi |-o-a|-.| I., iho ii!l1ii.-n.o , f lii'ili t. ii'l"r:itiif'- H|"

iho iloVl'lipIlH lit I'f till

ov.i. v.. ina> 11 111-

I I'lio liilliii iH-i' of r.iiiiM

IIIOMI of till- |v.o-- of |-,-|,,

lo iIji 1 \pi rim. lit- ]iri'

iai-l> 111:

,|o I., .loi,

ii-oii ami

Krou'V

U'll

rlani oi!„ r l-'aotor- iipoi, tlio Kato • f Devi lo],

il.. II- .lo ( 'ir.-oii-t.iii

.\.,. r,-). '! Ill-, -hov; that

I ..-- iiiM.N l.o l.atili.il ill \\atrr mi. to IJ C II. • ', I lamn'v 11' i laio I'ircrtor of

-111 !-ii - i'oi- All-trail. I I 'i :- 1 \
■anl. i:i!li K.p.rt f.ir l-'M.)

lal.'lii .1 til. Ill ill \^ II' r al

II ( ', S.-..tti-li I-'

iii|ioial iili-^

il I

V, In-vi- o \ . ral liiin.!i. il n I'li ii

I t-'U- ar.' aii'iiiii

.\M1 1.. II

('.: lii,. l.,A. -I ;"-;i|io .il v-liii'li «.' liaM' u-..na

Iv li.iK-hi.l. L.'.v
i| I II. M-r -11 III

■\- ill Iviiii. iital . !i. ■■' : I

II,. Ill .-1 f.noiiral'Io I. iii|iiraliii-i u-.iilil .-I'.'iu t> In

ilviii :; - . ( '.. \iliilo t. iii|i. raUir- - up !•

• r III .H-i a-l 11 a

l:ii.'!ii-r.l

111 .riaMiy.

.\- th.

(ll.r I '1\ ot ov.l ill 1 11.' a

pp.ar.itii- i> M

it, llio ilir. .■! laii o of uili i!ii)rt..lit.v

iiuijli; p..--ii

Is !'.■ iai-k

.\V ;.'• 11. or pol-o!ll!,L'. .1' -P

till- fii.-t tliat III.- waf.a- \->

.|l-I;M!tl\ l.li.w.

Iliat till' ViUi,..' 1 :;ii tiirno at

■I V.;oi-r I-

-h.oMl I.

■\p r'nioiit » lii.'M

iMv I'l-jli. r ti'iiip. rafiir. -
1 111 ,,|.- I'l llii' .-irniir- ;.:i-i,i at

•jr. .It. r iiia--

iinii^ Mai ami a iii.j

1 111,1. r

1-1 11 !- ~ll !l it.-il 111

till' ojfc II air; it im-a-u

!1 l.v

V .. ill. a'

.1 '-

in 111" lial'-liiii

ill. ratioa- :■ • a " ..'■ r n-orvoir

f.ir till- app;

It 1- -ni.pii. .1 u itii ■. .1 \i 1

l.v Ml. an- -f a -l. .ini piiinp. ai

• ii-laiiliy r'

.1. .1- 'V. 1!

t';. •■ na-oi!-. till u

,| ill o-iloi- lliat till' ^^.ltl■l
ilri- foi- il;.- Iiah-'iiimj

.IpplllMlll- 1

( In t!...
ill.. ririMilal

l\\ :i\ - ijrav. a 1 1' 'a li. n

f \!i\, \.\, ■. till' h il.hiiiU' 1 vpi-niiioiil- w.n

.roii-lil lo a

1.11 ol till' wa
1.1. vo-.o lil-r.

j.,|i, ■!>.., I 1,11,1 l.ioll -IMWIl

tllo oo'V f ;,l'..|it l.llio

tor '■ Ml-, iii.iitly I'oa- il. :il'
Tol i.. -la l.a-ill. •rin- 1
.1 at al.oiit 7- (■ , ami tl

,111 lil'l.ll ll> y..'.ll

fr.ii!i V. lia-ii ill

I r..iii oil., t.
v.. ana- k,\-<

'plliol

I lii'.l takiai pia.

.la\ ~ a! tl iiipora

.f lil.aMi ioii. tl;.- u-.:ti-r -ii

lar-- 1,1-twi
itl

(', .\t till' tiino

III. ,!i-ptli lia.l a -iii-.-i!;i' uravi

tv ot 1-iiL'i; nt

\ oKiar 1 .11

M 11.. w 1.

rv ilav ill tlio wati-r. at ar-' mar

till- -urf;

i| lat.'i' -.--.i iiiiiiiii

(■•r till' lii-.-t p:iit in ;;r.-at -ii..al-< ii

1-1 ill til.- iat.-riin-iliati' wati-r lavi-r-

1„. ir.ili .,f ,1 1,1-. 1 i.,.l,-,l in 11',- j.-nnial tliat up t.i iifty yuiiii^' I'milil be

1 witli lim-ly i'!io|ipi-(l

.uiili-i| at i-m' tiiii"

(ill that I'av al-.i, t-.-.liiiL'- iva- i-iiminom

ir,7;/iiv .,,'./'(-•. Till- \-.,it,-r in til.- Ill, -in. 1,>- tin- "ay, v.a- i-\i roiiioly rnli in plankloi

illv lar\a- ..f n.--lln-''- ami rra-la.-. .in-, \
-h of till- yoiini

Iho -Ii.in.i.-li i'"ti
liiy, till' uap r In

ti-nl- m -II

h. with -.nil- f.-\v i-op.-p-iii-. iiiaili- uii
li-li a- wiTi' i-\aniinril. t >a tin' -miii-

till- lia-iii liail rrai-lio I a 1,-iiipi ratlin' ot

('. at till' -urfai-i-, "itli

1, ma\ii: nil. a; 1 in. of I'M ('.. ami a ln'tt- -m tniiporatiin' of I'l ■ 1 ( '.

On till- l-lli "f •liiiii'. li^ilit tl-li \Mr.' taki-n np ami m.-.i-iiri il ; tl.i-y -lioui-il tin'
f..!l.,\vino li-nmh-: J.-., l'.'i. l'7. l'1. :.M. l'o. l':1. --' unii. Tlii> ti-h wn-i' by tlii> tiiiu- nioviii!;
m-ai-i'i- I 111- l.ott-.in.

'I'lii' wiallirr iiou- -ft in .-olil.-r f-'r a tiim-. ultli i-Ioinly >ky. ami the ti'iniM-ratiirc
,.f till' waiir vaiiU soimmliat. On tin- iiioniiii!.' of the I'lst, tlic siirfacf slnnved l^-n"
nil of 10-".' at -2 111. On that iLiv. fresh sea water was piiiiipeil in (tem-

( . : iiiaMiiiiii

|>erataro

:;' (".I

ami in the i-vi-niiii.'. a.fti-r tlm -nrf.n'e water hail been ilrawn nff, aiid

...1.

ii-piii.iii i.y a u.-v: sapiav. '.■■.■■ -.••■!a-'> ..-.ap--'-"-aro w:
wiiili' at :; till, a iiiliiiiiiiiin of 15-7' C. was rceordod

1-; P.*- !' this lieiiiir the inaxiniitiTi,

40

/)/ /• \i:i \!i \ I III I III. \ 1 1 1/. ^a;/,m hi:

(In (III- J'.uh .lull''. |>iiiii|i'n;i «.i- r.iii>\i>l. I'Ut .1- l\,<- >'UnK vm ri- .■.■i,-iilri ..lil.v

liu.T. 'ami al\v;i.\- .il ill' l''ll 111. lAi" riiiM hi u:i- i.r.iiitlil !•■ .1 < \"-' I In- I'-ni

l..'r;Uiiiv ,,i tlir nil- Ii.hI. iliinii;' lli. la-l |i..il ..l' tin- liiii.'. 1.. 11 M 1 ,\ hii;li. villi -nii
-lull'' .iiril .-lii;)!! 'V mil

Tills i\|i. riiiii 11! -li.'A- llii r. I"li' tli.il ll.i \-ini;.' I'.iii IIii-Im' .iii'l rviii Ul'-A \''i\
..,|n,|!\ ji I. nil" i.il'ir. - I'l' I -' ' • '1" ii.' :' "11 n' "I i-''"Mli Ir^iii Mav -."■. \ilii 11 lli.'

liiiulli \\a- :'. 1.1 I linn, iihlil -liihi- 1'. an iit- t.. al"iiit L'i> nun, •■<■ ali..iii n - iiiiii. s- r

ila.v.

1 |.,,i,i ,!.,. Ill .i-ur. ni' hi- .i\ .ii!ali!i 1-r ;;r.Aiili . 1 >. iihi: in :. In . -lat' . llir liiUrr
u.Milil .,,111 1.. i^r.i.s !■ -- r.iipil>. |.i-r-inii.iM,v aluuii " :■ iniii. i' r li.i.v.

Am.iiii; "llnT laii-i- uhi.-li miulit In' iinamn'l .1- al'i'linu llh i|i v . I'luiiiiil "I
.'V.I. "1- mav r.-. K 'U lli. -alinil.v ..I' tin' \v idr.

1 1' .'...I -I'.iuii ,11 wat'T .'1 I'.ui r -aliiiil^ llian tli.il u lii.h .'.rr.-ii.'ir.U ;.. tin «|ii ;iti.-
-ia\itv ,1! th'' .^j-. tliin ill.-.' latl.v ui'.l 11. •■. --ari l.v -InU I., llir l"'ll..ni .iinl 1..' ili--

tri.M.l. .\i..l a:;,ilii. 1! 11:^- -li"iili! l.v '.ny Ma^m- 1..' ti-an-li-rrcil li 1 "al.f ..I llnir

.iwn -i«.ii;'- tjr.ni'v I i-iiliT.il'lv li-.-li, !■ \\a\'V. ill. iii..rt i!ii,v h. 1. lik. ui-. \ LI

|.l. \,'S Lll'.l.l.

.\- an illa-lrali"h "'' lln- liiann.r in \'lii.|i I r. -ii ual.r .'an all.'.-l 'In' ..\a. 'la
f.ill..» in.^- .lata I i-..iii an .'Nliiri mnnl wlii.li I .-.irri. .1 "nl in Mai.-li. r.'"'.', at tl,.- Iial.-lirrv
liiav I..' 'Ui.'t.-.l.

Al I m. U.' I1..111- al'lif r. rlili/ali.'ii. ."-':;- ui r.- .li-tril.iit.'il in l'..ni- '^la-i- <-i'n-

tuiiiilic wntir "f liitT. r. nt -| iti.' u'ravity. ami al a|.i.r..\iniat. I> tin' -.Min' |.-m|H ratnrc.

■I'll,, iila-.'- U.I.' pla 1 in a .ol.t r ri I.'Mi|h'Im1 nr.' "f air al.'.nt i> • ', 'I'll.' wat.T

\(a- 11. 't .'hanL.'. 'I. ..n'v a. ral.'.l fr..ni liin.' t.. linn- Nvitli a larir. niix'tt.'.

'I'll., i-l.ai iu'.' an.l tlh' .l.-M-L .| 'ni. nt i;i'nrially w.ri- . ,1.-. |\ .■,! niii|.-|- tin niiiTo^.Tiln'.

Aft' r ill.' lap-.- .'f lu. Illy li.'iir- - r >ain|'l.- \ur,- l.ikc 11 an.l tran>tV'ri'.i tn fro-li sea

wilt. 'I- in .'f.l. I- I., a-.', rtain wli.lli.T tlic .l.v.l..|.in. nt .'..nl.l tlur.' |.r i-il n..rniall,\.

In tlic .-a-.' ..I -amp!.' IV. till-' wii< rrpiati-illy ilmii'.

Til.' r. -nit ..(' til.' iNpcriini-nt will li.' -I'.'ii t'r..ni tlii> l'"ll..winL' lal.lc:

Mar. h P.I. U' p n.

7 pill.

10 p.l..

\l.ir. 1. ■.'". Ill;, ill.

L'l, 10:, 11.

.. L'::. 1 p in

•Jl. 10 a III

Nmnl.. I I II

..1 j Sp. i;r 1 0-ji: , .<p. (.1. 1 i.'-'.i
i„.ai-. 1 r. •-' ■-•■■<'. i I'. •-' '"■

Ml aliv.

I Ml ..In.-.

Ill

-|. ..I 1 11^

..Ml ..llM

1\

Sp 1.1. 1 i:p

r. I .s ! r. 1 I.

I

•Jo

II

'IS

All liln-

I>«.\t-|..|.lii*ait

..ft. n alni..ltii:tl
Si.iii.. .1. ii.l.
M,,i. .|.M,|.
Kt'W alive.

.\ -iinilar i-\p.-riin. nt wiili la w ly lial.'li.'.l \..nim- in watir ..t :

II

111.
IV..

v..

-p. 1.-1-. l-.i;t2 at T -l-n r.

ro^.i ■' J-2 ••

roK, '• :■'. ■■

laiiii ■• :■:, "

i-i'0\ " -ri ■•

uav. til.- i'.li.iwiin; iT-nlt-: -

I. .Ml th.' v.. nil'-' -n-p.-n.l.-'l ; alt.T lln lil'-. ■■!' nn tn.nr -..inc tVu at the I... 11. .111.

atl.r f..nr li..ur- tin- maji.rity la-ar l...ll'.ni. I'lil all livini;. Atli-r tli.' la|>-i: ..1 l"-

I.,,,,,., ,,,,..,. 4', iv wiTc ..It-a.!. 1.1. t th" i-.ji.iain.l.r -1.....I ..nt uill nntil tlw cxin'riiniiit wa^
.-..ii. -In. It'll afli-r l4-> limirs.

( I \ 1/1/ 1 \ 1 1- III nil > I \n I'l I ii>\. rii',i'>

47

All 111 tl,.- l.i.iiMni l..\ ill. .III! ..t' Mil !..Mir, -.i

IH' C lll|< .IMillI'lllU

ll-i- >;illi>'

c'..iir-r .1- privi"ii- -iiini'li. ••u\\ -'f^Ul iii.irt:ilil\ .illir •■i«lity I'. .in-, nut. I .il...ui li.ilf
ili.d Kv ill. rhil ..I II-' li.Mir-.

I I I. Sniiif fi'W su-iH.iiiliij .ill. r :i .|ii:irlrr ..|' .in hoiir. liiit nt llir • ipl ••( iiii Imlir nil
:it till' luitt.iiii. S .111.' I', w il'.'il .ill. I- ll.i' l;i|.-.' ..(■ t'..iirl,v- i\ li..ur>, iiinrl.ilitv th..,i iiii-na--
iiii.' rii|iiiil.\ until ail «< i-.' .I.m.I I..\ tin t ml ..I 1 '.-^ lii.iir-.

IV. .Ml ..II ill.. Im.Mi.im .iltrr :\ ipMii. r .l' .in Imiir. -i.ni.' Ir.viiii; In unri, n|«Hiii.l-
.•^.riii.- IV« iliiil all.'i- l'..iir h..iir-. iii..|-.. uII.t I'.u In.- Ii..iir-, il..- r. nu '.-r "ill. iiTiriiliir
|iiil-.ilii.ii .il' ill.- IlmI'I. a It it llii|-t> lii.iir-. lii.ih.v .1. .1,1. anil l.,\ li..' rli.l ..t' lillvtw.)
li'.iir- Irniii ill.- 111. Ill .•in. nl. ipn.' ". r.' lilt aii\. .

V. .^Dinc I. u .11. .1 In ill.. ii.iir-i. ..: llu' llr-t -. \.!i li'.iir*. ami all » iiliin I In it: l.nir
lii.nr^ fi..iii ill. -Iiii-i.

I ri'in ill.' |-.'-m|i ..I ill. .1- I'Vp.i'iiii.'nt' 'v. in.iy !..■ jii-lili.il in -iii.|...-iiii: tliat a r-tiiv
.,| ;ii!\ .IntMli .11 in li|M.'ki-li Malir "ill L.' .I.'t ri in. iilal I.. .Li;- an. I nliiiil' ; tlii- uill.

Iii.w. \i I-. nnlv Ill- iin.l.i 'iiiil.' p. '.iil'ar I'.n.lil i. m^ ami .-an !..■ ..t' n.. imp- I'lain'.' " ith

rrL'ai'.l til till. ii|'cn ~.'a.

I'lli.'i- lai'l'ii* uliirh mi^lil I'l- -iipp..-i-il t.i liaM- -.in.' clT.'.-l iipiin ih.' .Iim li.pMiint
i.r ill, ..;,. ar.': la. k ..I l.'rliU/ali'.n. atii'ti ..l' l.a.'t.'ria. ami intfvnal .'.n.-i ~ in.itiira!
il.allii.

l'i'..r, .\p-l.'iii lia-. in 111- iiiM'-ti;;atii.n- in tli.- il.'lt Sea ami lln' ui'-l.i'n liallH'.

-li.ivMi that .■nil-ill. ralili- .|iinntilii'- nl (Ifii.l nr ii- In ••..n-i.lcf^. uiit. rtili/.'il ..\a in-

ill 111., planktiiii ,-aiiipli'>. In hi-" unrk al..n.' .|iinti'il, " I'ii- V.-rl.ri.itiiiiL' .1. r pila;.'i<ch(ii
l-'i-.'li.'i.r mill i.iirv.n in .I.r I'mIn.... iiml <li n aiiLTfii/i'mliii M.'.t. -i.il. n I'.m* ni'," Wf
tiuJ llu- fiill.iwiiit' tal'l.' f..r il.aii ..va (p. j:!! ) :

p. r 1'. nr .1. ...1.

\.

rti.

a

.

.Si

li:l.

l>.

'P

u

,il.-
M.
I>.

r
iiii

riHiir.»i»'* t"'*!

plilt)'MM.t. I

I

;«
:is .".
•_it i;

2S 4

l"~

n. II.-

I'l

ji it
41
pi n

1.11 !l

IT .")

(;;l.l .

.'1.11.1.1

(•|,1,»':.

-pniltii-.

It :;

:a ;

PJ H

:ti II

1 I

'rii.'sc tiL'iir..-. lii.u.'V.r, appiar alimifiiiall.v \i\n\t, l'..r it iiiii.-t l.c r.iii.iiil.i rt.l that
(liail (ivM at aii.v rat.' tlmsc- nf cml ami plai.-c ari' niil.v |.xi-i'pti..iia'.l,v fniind sii>p«.|i(lf(l
ill the wntor. sinking ..thorwisi' v,-rv sonu tn th.' hi.ttnin. tlii'.v woiiM niii<r.|ii('iitly nnlv
apprar in plaiiklnn i-ainplc- hy in.ri' a.'i'iil.'iil. rnlnrtilizcl Pi.il ii;;.'- may rciiiaiii
>iL-IH.|i(l.-il r..r al'.int two .lay<; iln.-i' nl' lli.- plai.-i sniiiruhat l.nmi'r.

As III h'.u lar iinl. rliliz.il nr il.'a.l I'L'tr- apiM>ar in tli.' saiiipl.'s fr.!!! tin- Canailian
watiT-. 1 am unalih' tn -ay on th.' l.a-;- nl' tin' pr.-crv.-il material; tlm i|i..'-ti..n wniilil
liavi' t.i 111' ilfiilt with hy iiiian- nl' t'r.'-li plaiiktnii -ainpli'S.

That i'imI I'sri;- shniiM \<i- -iili.i.'.-t tn "natural il.'ath " in any . '.n-iihralih. dc^Tfr
i- hanlly iiroliahli". if -m-h nm r. tlin i-a-i'. tlm iimrtality titiur.'^ at the lint.-liii-y woiil.i
1'.' tar iiijrhor than they nr.'.

When wnrkiiiL' ninlir nnnnai i-nmlitinn-. -nh'ly with a virw of oblaiiilntT ilic frrcati'St
IMKsihli' animiiit "f livinjr yiniin.'. and without rcirard tn \\liat (|iianlity may ho lo>t,
the ninrtality iH'rcriitn'j.' at Kl.iil.'vi.L'-iMi aiiiiniiits animally to -niiirtliiiitf like \2 per riiit
for till' i>ntir.' iw-rind ..: hatriiiiiL'. ini'hi.liiiir iiiifcrtilizo.l rfir.;.

Tlip ti^'uri'- fnr the thri'o last ynars arc as fnllrnvs:

r.-r o.-nt.
--.« I'l*".

lin:;,
101 1.

11 '11

1

48

nri-\iri Ml \ r or iiii: \ \\m. sritvicr

'I'll,-..' jirr.^htji:.- ;in' cnli'iil:' 1 lr..iii vrr.v Inn;.' i|\i:iiiliti.-, in V.'V. for iii>t;nn-f.
1.-_'-Jl' litri'-. ;,1 .iiT ."..•.o iinlli..ii-^ ..I . --. and thcv <|.> imt vmvv ^'r.Mtly from vc:ir t.. vi'iir.

\Vli.h inurli hnnKi-li waicr ("■.■111- ili.'.^oa-l. liir iiior!;ility iiiii.v iii.-rnis.' < sidonibl.v r

tlii- 1-. liouov. r. rarrlv of l,.im^ .li;: • .ii. Simihirly. if tlio wrallur for any loiifith of
tinio i- (larU .iml . l..n.i,\, tlio o^i;- ' iv liooomo cnliiolv oviTi;ro\vii with liai'loria. Iroiii
ul.i.'li. Ii..\v, V. r. lii. y may !..• Iroo.l '■ ■ \,.-\\vj: plaonl in a lialli witli Wiitor of liiilli siilinity.

A-; to ;!u- (1. iji .f iiii!n-n.'0 cX'M.cl l.v tlio-,. l.actoria ' I.' lilitHiri.rf) in ;i iiatiirMl

.talc I oaii -a\ iiotlrirj ::..in ..xi.! ri,no,. : i.o--il.;y ibr .■..n.lil ion~ at tlio liatcluM^.s Miav
In' I -1". riallv lav.'Uralilf to tiuMii.

A^ rf:;ar.l- tlio -rowin- r,p .f tl.o yonnL', «.■ 1 ;no li. ro I -id. r aii..tli. r fart.ir.

viz.. that .f n..iirl-!ini.'iil. Tliat t!n- i. ..f .jr. .ii iiii|...rtan.^.. t.. tli.' -rowlh ..f lli<-
y..,:u- I- ..it.im. ai:.l ].. — iM> ll.. ni.-t .-rili.-al l-ri...l ..f all in tliN ri'M"'''t I- t''i'

ti -,vi„-M til.. yoniiLT lir-t .•..inii..i:-.. lo uv.'- f 1; tli.-y ,|,, n..t li'..^ I..111-' -.vitlLiiil

la.m-i-liiiii lit afl.-r tli.- y,ilk--a • lia- 1.. ■: n-:iir,..i.

1,1 t|„. -prin- ,.l' r.ill. a ■, ■nnl'.T •■( ]u■■.^\^■ li.il.^lir.l y..nii^' w.r.. pla. . .1 rn;.l r
..i.-,T\.-,T;.'n at KIM.' i--' II f..r !!"■ p-arp ■-.■ "i a-..rtaihiiiir wln^u lli.-y .■■.nii!ioi..vd t..
tak,. f. ...1. a' .1 '.vlait -'i.'h tl..'n ,■■ .11 -!-l, .! ..f^ T'u' iiu .-tiu.-il i. .li- w.vr .arri.'.l ..al Ly

l'|.,,|-. II II i.iai!. a...l 1..1 1 ■ lli.^ v.-n!t tliat tii.' .v-un;.' .li.l not tak.^ any t' I nntd

til,. y..',l<-.i.' :a.l liO^'ii al.-.H .■.!. ai.l tliat ..n .■..!). n:' in in^' I ■ f". .1. tli.y anp.'arrd fp.m
Ih,. ii|-.| p, p:, :. y aikiiL.I inai:. r. -a.^li a- m-llii-.^ law;,'. uau|.lii. . P'.. ■.■.■•niir_-. -t raHL'. 1y
,.,„,„:^1,. p.'.l, .,,;... tl,. ;,raniii.^i-aM.. .liaP.in f.Tin- ■^h!.■ll aio liki.'.i-r pr.-int in tii.i

w.itor.

>,,,.!, ]■ , d a- -Aa- p;:Mp-.l in «!lli I la- -. ■.•! wao :■ wa- ak.ii.^ ,i\:;ilaka' to In.' yaiiii.'
p.k; P;,| .,, Ill, :ii-,:i-, ;■ pavl <( Ha pl.ui!;t.'n v>;.~ ntaiia'd ill ill.' apparalii-. lli<'
.,;iinlo,.' n.:i". :■ \>.i- ;.^'.ri> .■■in.-.'ii' i.iP'd .In i'.'-

_\., ,., i!„. iip' ,...■.■ . s o 1 l.y .-ii.liii.ii.- ..f la.iii-lini lit upon tlio L-'i-owin;.' of tlu'

x..iiir.:- in a ■ aliiral -:ai.'. tii- pi.-Taa. iia- li..l yl l..-n in'. .-! i-.i'. .1. a:al ii uill
. :■. kal.'v '' "11 ■ ' ..f ill.' .arao-t - :i.,io.-!- f..r fiitiir,' 'i-ii.Tv ii:v. Mi-at a.ns.

It ■- '. , i;,av -av, ,■•: priiiio iliij ■•vlaia^.' m .\. ..x way to a .■.■rlaiii Nvkat fa. ■tor or
•a.-o.r- i.'.naaliy'k lal.r iko f.rm- ..; .-ir 111..-I iiiipTMnl^ ii-U in lia a- .|.A.I..|.ni.-nl.
10 ili-.- .\.T a' vvliat -tau.. li .■ d.-ini.^ti. .| ■-.■.■•ir-. aial !■> wkat in. •.in- it !ak.- pla.^o.

'1 i.i- v.^ill !i.o.. !•• l..^ .l':a- o\ i'o,, -tiiaii. 11 '■< ta.' pn i.::LMl ioii ..f iMi ill tho .^-a.
aial 1 v',-,po-iiia.i.t- aii.l arli •-ial ■■i.li 'u.'. Loth kraia-!,,- of tin' work pr...^,r.|iii- in

I'OlljllllOtiotl. , . . , , .

1; i, ,|,,,,, ,;,,.k a '■■•iat ■••: vi.'v tii.p 1 laiM' in tno l..r.'._'. iiilt paji. -^ .'lal. ;ivoiir.><l to
,., ,„ ii„. „,..i, ri.ii ■ 1 ii-ii .'-^^ aial y. aii^ .■..ik'.^l.^ ! l.v tia> Caiia.liaii ,Ap>"li' i""^ ''ufov-

tiinat.-lv 1 1.. »-,.-,. a'. nil i.n ■«■ lav P-.> litil.' <■( t!i.-,- (|n.sti..n-. an.l my v,..i-k .an

th.a'.P.ro ..nU !..■ r.-L'ai.k.l a- f;i. iii-i.ii.-r. In llii- r.-p..^t. a ]r-. liminaiy -iirMy .,! tin-
,. ,„,,,, ,,..,p.,|. \,t Ir-iii,. iiiPr.-tin^, roalili'ii,- "ki'li prosail ".ii lli<- Allantl.' foast
i.f fanada.

i.ni:i;Arri;K.

Ak\..ml. 1- A^.,-i.-.

I-7-. I. I'll tia^ ^^i'■.;.a■ Slai,'.- . l' ll'iiy l'i-li<-.

I--'.', ill. <'ii ill.' ^^■lln•-' Sl,i-.'~ of >..ni.. O--1..1H I'i-li.-.

.I..r!aii aa.l (.i!o< rl .

1--J. Symp .- li-la- of Xorlh .\liiori.-a.

]■.. W. I.. II. .;t.

I^Pl, tt;. tl;.- V.'^J- aial larva' of 'ri'l...>ti.an-.

1-p:;. Hi, ik.- Kjt:- ami l.ar\a> aial l'..-t-larval Spii;.- ..f Tel. ..-loan?.

' 1':..' S.ii iitili.^ rran-a.^tion- ..f tlio K.yal IhiMiii .'^...■iily. V..1-. IV
ami V.i

rivwi/iv nsiirinis i:\rh:inrio\. loii-is

49

\V. Lillj.•lM,r^'.

1S!»I. Svcrit'i'- oih Xor^es Fisknr I-llI.

•lorihiii mill Kvcriiuiiin.

IVKM'.MH*. Til.' I'islii's of Nortli nii.l Midillf Amoricii. Vols. I-IV.

C. (i. .lull, i'.'tcr^c'ii.

lOilt. Oil till" Liirval and l'o>t-larviil Sta^'^■s of the Ixmg Hough Dnh mid the
(loiiin Plenronccli'.i.
( ^^l■d(l(■ll•l-c■l• <vi\ Kniiiiiiissioiicii for Iliu-imdiTsi'ifjoIser, Bd. 1. Xo. 1)

Johs. Scliiiiidt.

Ilt(l5. Do At'.iiitiske torskiartors ix'Uiniske .viiki'1 i do iiost larvalo stadior (Med-

dclclMT fra KoiiiiiiissioiuMi for llavundorsiitiolsor, Hd. 1. No. 1).
HHM!. Tho I'olatrii- I'o. t-larval Stages of the Athiiitic species of Uadus (Meddelel-
ser. Br. II No. J).

E. Ehreiibaiiiii.

l',)0.")-('lt. Kier mid Larvcii von Fiselieii
(Nordischos Phinkton).

A. Braiior.

liMUi. Die Tief-oo-Fische

(Valdivin Expedition Bd. XV).

Prof. Apstein.

1011. Die VerhreitunpT der pehiRischen Fiseheier und Larveii in der Beltsee und
den anfirenzenden Meeresteiien IDO.S-Oi*.

David Starr Jordan.

1914. A manual of the Vertelirate Animals of the Northern United States.

65.5.3 — la

in.fMITM.

57

'W.)

Hie

OK

M

\z

r.9i

' I'l Ultf^-*

Stiitimi :i--

Siiifjut'

•JO II
Stilt t

Slat i. Ill :>
Siirfiw'. . . .

:tii 11

St.itnni (i

Siirfiio- , . .

IW (I

Siiitiuii 7

Siirfiici

SO 0

.Statii.ii X

Siirfai?*'. . .

411 11

H<l O
Staliiili !l

Siii(;M.-f , .

Ml 11 . . , .

IINI 0

Station 10-

Stirfiui'

10(1 0

Slatiiiii 11

Siiitai"!'. . . .

."lO II

Stallnii 12 —

Siiifai-.-.. ..

1110 II
Sfaliciii 13

100 II

Statiun 14

StirfaCf . .

X> (I

Statii.il l."i-

SiirfiiOf . .

HO II

Station Hi —

SiirfaCf

KKI 0 ...
Stall. .11 17

SurfinH' . . .

Im. II

S, .at I. .11 IM

Surfacf . . .

."»l 0
Staliiiii 111

Surlaci'

Ml II
Slat 1. .11 '.'li

Siirfaei- . .

1<H1 II
Slat I.. II '.'1

1011-11

H..1I/,. ^

!

i Dal.-.

.luni. !•

■Iillli' !l .

.llllK' 10

i ' 53

l!K)

l.liine 10.

.i.iiiH io

l.lilll.. 10.

1. 1 Hill' It.

.Illlll' 11.

.I'lim' u!

.IllllH 11

.lii.ie 11.
IiiiM' li'

liiiit- 12.

rutir l-J

.lunV i-.'!

.(urn- 12
.luii.'is.

.Turn- 13

.luni' 13.

1

cAwniw rii^HEfiirf F\rriiiirn\, tot^.tr,

51

■|\i'.i,i: I-

.\..„ll;

|l;it,

IM a ■■')

-^ 1/ < . c

I I

, ^•t(^fi Kt

c

B

-•

X

-5

«

C

+ I

>,

Z '

#*.

■t 1

~^l

l(>(l II

I I

I I I

i:i -I

I 1

Mix il

I I

1 I

i:i:ti

M:itlc.ll L".l

K4

13

s a

St.ili.,ii .^1

.:ri II

"I III
; 1*1 II

• ti h

lili II

I'i M I.

^|.( r.ii .
In II

\ ,

.1 ,,.ri !i

\|.

I

Tit II II

Im.,.I

^' K f .1 .

"-■.ll'.,ll i>
Sill I.I. ,

S'ili..ii I'I

^' ill. 11 '11

'Mill I, ,

I I II.:

|IH| II

>i,,i,.,|, ■_-;■

Si.lt 1.-.

Sl.,li.,,, •_.,

Siilf.ir.

|i»i :•.,

St.Ui,,,, -J;,

^■irl.i. .■

.'l.'l I)

St.ir .ill

S'lil.i,.,

\...„ ,.:

Si. 111. .11 ..1
^tiili.'.
\ • I'l,..'

Si. III. ,11 :cj
^iiii.i. .

1 1 HI -.■.

s.iil... ..
S'.iii,.i, :;i

S^iit.i,.
liai II
St. ,11.. I, .;.'i
s.irli,..
1:'. ■.'.-.
Sl.ili.,ii .ii;
Smi-I,.,..
llHI l.'l

•I I 1,.. ;i.

■Ill I

I

I i

is

!■■ • I :;;('-

I ■■ I .... :.

.'11

■Ji;,'

X> IlLSil

>.iiiii.i.. Ill i„„i ,.,i„,iiti,,„. "^■" " "

I I

i ' !

I I
I -J I

I

I'
:i !

I

•'I m

I .Ml

i ^!.

! ... i

' I

ii

I

i

" I

4lU-.'j ,1 ,1

'i.-.t.-.i i),.,„i, „ ,„ ,,, „;., ,.^^,.|,^ ^-_^_j^^ .str4T^,

I :i .

iii:r\i!i \ii-:\'r itr nir vnii, skrvice

TAlU.i: I'.

■ I'nii,

Dal.

' -

KlTK

r.Ki.'i 'KkkI

Snrfil

.1 10

.lull'' \'i

.1 MP' IM

.liui. M

.lull. II

.1.11,. 11

I I

I'l

17!

S>:itr..|i 11

S'.,tl(iM r.'

Hi

■ \>iw 11.

.lull.' 11

.liili. 11
.lull. II

Id

.hill. I'J

•-'4

■<t..Ii"n ii;

.1.1.1. 1-J

lim (I

■'t.iti..ii 17

|iit> II

.imi. l:;

ULM

111'.:

■il;.!!!!!! Ill

■\'iw i:i.

-;i;lll..ll '.'ll
Slll'f.ic.', .

'111. i:i

>l;il|..n 'Jl

10

st..ii..ci •_';!

Iiat II
Si :,li.,n '.'4

.l.in.' i;

Ui-J

nil.' t'"l

21

.lull.' !.•)

li 1

i 10

1 •ii\ rm

4»

M27i

lllS

21

HO

318

vr or I ur \ irir sKHVirE

TAIU.i: I/.

11. t«

u,,.., .,..

I 1

1 ■;

I I — ■

K.L'tr

4 I i

1
1>

I

4:.

r.i

iiji

r.T

Mill

4
3Sl

31)

L

9

1

ont

oz

Stutiiiii Xp

lldiiz. t'. I'llll
Stmion MS

Ht.riz. s -3)

l.l.ily 7

llulyS'.

17
&3

4 »!•

«»•*.

t
»

I

nvimiv tisin.KiKa t:xpr:niTins, «/).«

TABLE !<•.

''iirf^ict- . ,

M n .

>■»< II

IKi Jll
Stall. ,11 *<

>*'ll'llCi' .

IWI II . .
INI II
Sutinn .111
.Siirfiui-
26 0 .
100 11
Sutiuti 411
Snrfm-.-
12". II .

\'£,U

HtHtioii 41
Siirfmt-
IKI-O
:!iill'0
Stiitii.n i->
Siirf»cf .
:>Ki II , .
SiHtii.ii 4;i_

Sitrfiioc
Slatinii 44
Surfac. . .
»(ni« 0
i:>« „ 0
Static m 4."i-
Surfttct-
■'• !• fin-
l.'iii 0 .. .,
StHtioii 4i;
Surfatv

l.Vi fiiiH II

Statidii 47 -
Surfatf
."lOfiii. 0
711 .. II
Statiiiti 4* -
Siirfaif .
'St fiii> II
ISO .. II.
Station 414
Surfaci'
70- 0 fill. .
70 II fniH
Sutinn 5* -
Surfao- .
.•» Ofli.,
HO 0 ,
SO 311 .
Station 51 —
Surface .
7»> Ofiu, ...
70-30 .
Station 52
Siirfacv.
■><'Ofii,»
Station ">.'V-

Surfaw

"K» <i fill* . .
Stati..n .%4
Surface
70-0 fniH ..
\m-0 fin.
Station 55—
Surf act'
fiO-Ofm. ..

150 Ofm«

Station 5(i—
\*0 Ofm, .
2IOI40(iii, ..
Station 57 —
Siirfan-
■'•» Ofm.....
150^ JO „
Station iH—
.Siirfmi-
*'- Ofini. .
s.".- o .
100-30 .
Station M-
Surface. . .

25 Ofnw

St it ion tiO —
Surface

•"■O-Ofni.

Station lil —
Surfatv

■■A.i.li.-

I><>t<.

lulv L'l

■filly 21

i

i!

k 5.

5i

■

•'illy 21.

iiii.v -a.

lulv 22

'illy 22 .

y-tf*

Inly 22.
Fiilv 22

luly 23 '

( j ^

V.itu

July 23.
'illy 23..

V-tm

I

u

!S

l^i

Tilly 23

'illy 2:4

'illy -a

l-'uly 23.

Iiily 24.
•'illy •U.
'illy 24

10

! «

Is

Kw

•'uly 24.

•'uly 24.
'illy 24 !

'uly 24

'uly »;

'uly 25.

Ill

i B
> I ^.

•« 1-

y**\

Miiv 25

ii

i(Hmark<

> 2

T,

1500

IW

2ie

22

24

4

1000

aooo

V6

I,t\

HK-i

;i:i II til,.

M II 111,.

IH«I lltlll.

S1..I1..11 71

|-<ll llfllL

>nrf;ii'f

M> liflll-

IMI II (1,1,

Stjtiiih 7"'

Snrf.i...

:*• iiflii-

1111 Ofih-

■~t.iii..ii 7i'

Siirlui.-

mi II fill.

I "HI II fill.

Suif»fi

Isil iifii..

St.ttliil) 'Ml
Surfiu>-
:iii II fu,,
NO 11(111.

Sliith.ii ■«|
S:rfa..
:sil Ilfiii4

1*1 iifii

:tll II I'm
!l«l 'ifi„.

:ti) II till.
:«i II iiii-

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CASAnrA\ FISHKBIKS KXPKnlTlOS. i9H-tS "

I of fi«h. (All the cruises included.)

Tabi.k H.-Summnry of the six most common upocics i

SnimtKT.
nr»'|«nn|iwttft.

» tA'lUl*

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Mi-rliicciui".

liiHrniiiiittivp
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2171*

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17

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17

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53

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14

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T.MU.K. II a (n.- -E^g and '•"■•vu. Ctenolahrus adx^rsus.

1 >atf.

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Vcrticul haiilii.

ilii^k. ' e?iil>ryi> '""'• '

.Miiv21»t<>.lmi«-4.

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Sutiiiii 1" •-'•' •'"""■ •• '" •'"""' '■'
Acadia "II r • « .

stati.m m . •Inly -'i f ■ -'"'y 2'-'

'I'riiici'xi'" II ,

Station •-'7 "jf Auk. 3 «" A'lK- >-

"Nil :!3"
Station 5^48. .Ill"'' 1 to An(?. 1«

1
li

4
204
245

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11
111

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237

:ii

37

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11

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70

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74

1

79

6553— 8a

i)t:

rmnnisT of Tin: sax.m skhmce

Table II a (J).— Egg and larvic, Clenolabrua adupeuua.

SiirfHCf.

<li-k

ati\i' I t>i)rni>-i>

1.(1

Ani.ll.i'' I.

Stuliiin

••I'nn.-."' I
StM 1 1^"

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Stilli"!! ''1

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Stall. 'II 27

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HI

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15
15

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21

14 I

10
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I

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1

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11

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14

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StHtl'iII Ml.

Stacii.n'JH
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c.winiw fistitHiKs t.\i-f:inTio\: lon-is

Tabi.k 11 a (:i).— I'Ufvir. Clenolabru* adipimiii.
Irf-nffth in iimi.

•J 3

III II 1-.' I i:t I H 1"'

1)1

17

Moil- thftii
17.

T.xm.K in. (1).- Kk>{ ""<> I-"""-. Scomber scomb,u>.

I (tttc.

< M'tllllllHtlVI

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Siiidui

I'lRiiK-'it'il |,„r,„.
ciiibryi'.

Mny ■-".! tc>-Iiin>- 4
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•Ar;.'liii' I

HUticm ;t".'
' lViiict't«»* " I

Stjitionl'J Si

Hti.timi2Kr.4i. Auk. 3 to Aug. 12 I
Sutiun23 V.I. -I""'- ' tti AiiR. IX

3

Li 13

i,8;v.'
■-',1:8

201
2, "•-•7
2.231

Vcrticul hn'iU.

titTlniimHv<
(lixk.

1)1
7ll'.l
771

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fiiil»rytt.

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U 31

378

3!l2 31

tir.:>n— s.jn

I

60

nt

i'ii!T\tt:\r or Tin: \ n i' sukvivk

Tabik in> '-) ^"fftf i""l '•""■*"•. Srnmhfr Miomhrut.

Smi(;i

lifriiiiitiitiw

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MiibrV".

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(iiriiiiimiv. I'm "<"' UiK.i.

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Statinn '.'4

a:.

■I'lllic.™ ' II.

XI

:fj

34

4.'.
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w ..

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l.M'J I -J.'i-T

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141

40

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;ii2

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in ti

II.

.

-— — —

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3

3

4

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IS

M

Ift

Ill

17

ilwn 17.

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Station U -•'

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I >ntl'.

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May 'Ai 1" 'iin'' •

Mi (.Wl

1» (19)

.Jini.d tolimr l."i

ll ( li)

H»2 93)

.r„|y2l tiilnly lf>.

73 (731

l^■> (155)

Aug. 3 •" Aii({. 12

SO (BO)

170 (168)

.hni. 1 tn AuR. 1« •■

:B7 (37)

.'.22 (222)

446 (433)

_

Nnuilvin niMwuiwI.

82

l)KI'MiTVK\T or THE .Y.41.1/- SKUVICE

Tabi.k III- (■2).—'F!rhasli'S mariiiiis.

A

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:i ■■ I -

Stutii'ii

II
M

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1'

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72.
7i>

w.

ss
90

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Statit>n ^M
,. :m .
„ SB..
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„ »"

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,. :'.".• .

„ 41..

„ 4-2 .

,. 43.

„ 44

.. 4.-1
411
47
4S

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V.I
2-J.
23.

2ti

4S

5S.

.Surfttt't'.
r.ital nuiiil.T. Miillil'iiKtli.

10

43
1
I
1

N>

1
1

7s

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7 0

M 0
tl 0

1
40

7 4

tl :>

3K

H

3
1

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2 I 21
1 ( 11

r> ( .■>>

325 (25)

3 ( 3)

1 ( II

337 (37)

Vittica' liiHilH.
Total iiuiiilirr. MMf leiintli.

3
1
5
3

MO
.S II
K II
7 3
M 0

111

34 (25)

8 3

7 ( 7)

33 (;«)

10 (10)

1« (l»)

8 ;i

« 4
« 1
K 1

■ |'V5

■70

7 B

8 2

0 3

M 0

—

. '

102 (93)

52
22
29

3
3
1
3
10
K
9
1

15.->

7 3

7 •*
~ 'I

S 7
70
s 0
i» 7
li 4

t; .■>
.•1 3

so

10 B

SO

K !l

S l>

13 3

S II

7 0

H 0

8 0

SO

9 7

80

1 ( 1)

;ro

21 (2n

9 B

14 (14)

U 7

8 ( H)

8.8

1 ( 1)

11 0

11 ( li)

7 0

4 ; 41

8 0

■M (3(i)

10 0

I ( 11

100

24 (24)

10 3

2 I 2)

8 5

40 (III)

S 7

.■) ( 5)

2 ( 2)

120

170 (16.-))

VIG.

ct.Y.4n/.4.v FISHERIES i:xPEniTiox. tan-is

Table U d.—Chirolophis sp.

63

Viltii:il.

T,.tal nun.Wr. U.,,.!, in ,.,..,, Total nu,.,.-,. Un«th in m.„.

' Aci«ii» I

Station 23

., :«

., .45^

* l'^inc('^J* i - -
Statu in

i3 .
IS
21 .
25 ..

No. "IIS"

Statiiin 1;)
10
17.
22
3»
4!l

10

.a. 1"
cit. li>

ea. 12

:)

1 S 10

1

i 10

n

1 CH. S

10 11

ca. lli

11 13

(;a. 8

1«
1

l!l

S 10
c». 12

T.\Bl.K lit:— lAparis sp.

■ Acadia" I

Statiiin H

M 21

' rrince!*.-; "' I- -

Station 14
„ 24

• .Veaiiia" II-

Station SI

' I'rincps"" M

Station 36
„ 50

No. ••:«

Station 17 . . .
„ ;ki ....

„ 57....

Total nun.lK-r. UnBtl, i.. m."- , Total nunilH-r.

—

I

I

1

■■

10

4 3

25 30

04 i>KrM{iMt:\r oi- riir. .v.4v.i/- .skrvice

'l.Mii r. II f (1). -Kw Mild Larvu". l>ni>aiioiJsctla platrssoldrs.

|i;it.

statiiiii > :ti'> Ma* •-"■' 1" ■'"'"■ ^ ■

■ I'lini.-- I . ;
Stiltvini H -I'' •lillu- '■ tci .linii' I.'

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Stall. .11 :i 17 -li.ii. I I" ^"K- '"

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V.Tlii'llI llaills.

tifriniliutiv- rii.'iiiiiitfil
click. I i-inliiy...

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Ml ;

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lir,ii

10

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1

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• Ai'iidin
Station

I

s.
Ill
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21
•••I

•Im '

21
•.'.^

•_VI

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IK'

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(.1 1'liiiiatut
.li-k.

1

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Siirfaci'.

ri>f.iifiilf.l
.'inliiv...

IS

IS

4

:C2

r.i

ii

111

Hi
17

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V.rtiial liaiil.

Ciiiniiiatiii- j IMttn'cntfrt \ j.ufv.,..
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10

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H

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10
II
12
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11

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1 1

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liii

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1
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4
1

II

2<.t

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r.tv.u./iv risnt:itiF.s r.M'F.nirws. wn-io

65

(ierniniiitiv*
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Stttlli.ll 'V-*
HI

Station Sll
■V.>

4r>.

Siirfai-.-.

riUimnttil

<;i'Viniiiuti\
I.»rvie. ,|j„k.

V. rtiinl h:iMl.

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fiiibrvo,

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13

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at

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Stlltlull

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14
15
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1

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1

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1 .

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310

to

'.'5

35

73

1

IHl

«6

. nKPARTMEW OF TUK V.IV 1/- SEKYICF,
Tahi.e II f (3). — Larva?, Drcjianopsi'tla plalessoide".

I.

■niftl

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—

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■ A.adia" II —

.Statimi 4;i-H4
' l*riiic*'(M* " 1 1-

Statii>ir27-5<>

Slatiiill 4-."..S

Taiile II (I (1).— KfTf-' ii'xl I.iirvir, Cii.lm ?p.

Dat.

Kn?.

!^ar\»f».

Vertical lia

"51! =;

May 2'.l to.Iiine 4
lunt' '■' t.) .Imi.- I.'t
.li.lv 21 t.i.lul,v2!l.
An!<. :< t.. .\UK. 12..
.luiii- 1 t.i .Ann. IM

Kiiil

2iJ2o

"i!t;

3l! 1

31IHI

:i:i

■1;

... «

2.x 1

HTJ

43'

2M! 2."KI

:ilii

l.-i2

1»!

i

4

4o;t2

2;i2|

1

ItiKiT

333!l'

i:«i^

.■)!•[ 2«2

lit;
3:t>

23

I5.S
10

Larva

.T 4T

•li 1

llWll 1H8

ITHj 31

14

14

)i
17731 443^ 2»

4»

111

15

:viG.

r.wMH IV

risiiritirs i:\i'EniTiny, lon-ts

07

Tahlk II R (2).-EsK and Larvir, (ladus ap.

Vertioul liauN

Larvip.

H

'.(
l!l
2"

21 ..

22 .
23
24
25
2!t .
»•.
M .
32
33
34

' IVinc'i*!*"
Station

8. .
» .
10
11.
12
13
14
15..
U! .
17.
19.
21.
22.
2»i
3«
3»
4».
49

.W

'.\caili.i II. -
Station 49.
59
111 .
(!2..
ivl ,
tlli.

W).
81.
«2 .

83
84

.*• -'

ts

1

lis

1

>

»»

1

_^-^

1 ii:

4(

1...

14tl
1

.V)'

471

70
liU

'*l
20
■M\
611
19

3:
20
2ti

l.liOl

cu. U)O.Un..iK.-a W. I.r..l.al.ly luva.loc;k
11 .. ..j 2;'. -'

711

32 .

44o|

1

n\

421

2,02.-.

59

(iOl

■•I
1,7(10

mt

I.tO
10(1
l.V,i
I5t)
30
7

83

-lOO

1151

121

731

21

331

2
116

4,032

110

l.W

47

6(1

■HI

105

1

232

284

181

43

28

108

178

31

12

20
3

9

260

14

2A\

10

10

10

68

iii:r\in \if:\ r i>r iiii: \ ii w. sh:i{\icf:

'IMil.i: II ^ IL').

I.:irv;i', (liiiliix .-p. — foil.

SuifM

V.Tii.al l.iinl.

Iiiir

Kuk'.

I^rvii

rniM

II.

1

Sli

tl.Ml

:!ll

1

'.'

!

:tl

14>

^i>

7

Ai

. , -

:«T

1

■ i

t"

»2 ...

W .

•

4X ., .

4>

.V.I

III

411

,

■•

."ill

. ; n:t

u.

'2

1 :'i"i

U'J

I'.p

•ji

n

I'M

17

ihs;

71

,■<-

IL'

11

.*>L*

III)
•1

I.I

1

o

1>)

1

.IkSl, IHK, HI

' I'rincr-^- '" I

St.ltlMll ."'

r,

•Jin;

■-'i;

1

*

r.l-

S'J

s ...

li'.t

10

HI

4!li

n

11.

•-".'i

:t

1''

M

V

1.".

' ■)

IS,

1

Ill . ..

34

1.-.

2

17 .

l."7"

."ii

l,x ....

s'l.'i

:tii7

Ill

7'><i,

1:4,^

5

2()

.

...i ,

1 I

24

. . r.i:

<i

•J5

;f7:

•Ji

•.>li

i.>

17 .

. , 1 ■<hI

7

1 liil

•1

.... i t

S

1 21

I

1 Hi

•>

4;

.■)

1

111

12 1

471

1 i

•'!

.. ■ i!

4'

.")

:«)'

a

. .. ! :«i

4

:t.!i4ii 74;<

I 37 ri

CVIG.

' Aciniirt " I
Siatiim fi

s

•-•"l

' l'ritiri-i«" I

St:itiiiil K

„ 211
• Aiadia" II

StJitilMl Sll, .
HI

S'J . , . .

M . . .

HI . .

■• I'riiict'HH" II -■

Stilt inn 45 . .

'■:«■'

Staliuii r)7

■Acii.liii" 1-
Stiitiun II .
Aiailitt" II
Statiiiii 4'.i

.■)'.! .

SI

(M\ i/»MV fisiiritii-s F.\i't:niTin\, wi-is

Table II jr (»).— Larvir. (!<i,h,>i caVnnn.i.

Ij-ngth ill '""'■

2 ! ;t M

5 a

1 I
1 ...

8 I !•

.,! 3 i 4

■■■! ••■1 -"O
2 ..| 1

1

•JIC.

i I

1

12

ul

u\

1.')

1

ir.

M.,r. tliun
17

1

.

. . . -

' ■■ 1

1

2

1

1

1

1 ■ ■ ■

I '2\ nun)

1 1

T.MUi; 11 n (4).— l-urvii', (/. opijh funis.

.. 1

I,i'iii;tli ii' '"'II-

II I 10 11 1-* ! 13 H ! !•' •'' I " I 17.

TMII.K nil a).- l-V'^' il'l'l I-iTVlV,

0 n n."

Datr.

" Ara-lia":-

statinii ;t '"•>■•

•■ I'liiic'-^^ 1" ■
Staticm ti 17..
••A,;«lw' II

siiitHiM J" t;2

" I'lilltt'SM " 1 1
Station 27 ."lO

Static.n 1'.' 3il

Surface.

Ccriii- ; I'ittiiien- '

illative I tell 1

di»li. ; eiiiliryi). i

[May 29 1. 1.1 mil- 4.

j.luili- ".» tci .luile l."i

!.•> i

!.hily21to.I«!y2-.'.' ir.x ; .'a

Auk. :t to Ante. 12. ■-'•' \ -'

Llnnel.oAi.j;. IS.' 1122 j 126!>

\

(OTIII

Larvtf.

illative
disk.

1

:v>

U

Vertitul haul*.

I'iiriiieii-

I.-.1
eiuliryo.

Larvie.

i:vj:<

isat

4

:«i

1!»4
2'l8

lOll
ll'l

53

70

i)t:i'M{r\n:\T or iiii: savm. sKitricK

A.a.lii." 1

Station !'•

1"

1H

Tabi.k nil (2).— Ktrs aitil Ijirvir. Ono.i.

<ii-i'ltiiniitnt' 1 i^niifii

Siirf.i

VlTllCal lliiull".

lit., I

■iHk.

I'liil'ryo

(it-niHIllitlVI'

4lii>k.

10
4
1

I'itfllifliteii
ellllirV"

•Aiiiliii" 11 -
Statiiiii '.T
W

f.-J

•riiiff

II

Stat

on

«7

•M
4!t

No. ■•:«•■-
StiiSiiiii !'••
21

•jti
•v>

.V.I

120

ir>s

4

15
4

" I

SIHI

2211

112.'

21

IINIO

if
m

21*1
1<>
2^">

1211'.!

25

10
1

11

110
I'X

lOK
1

10!l

;»5

M
1
3
1

1

IVIG.

CAXAUlAy FISHERIES EXPEniTIOS. tOU-iS
Taelk II h (3).— Larva-, Onos.

71

StBtiim •'• .
" 1*1 inct'MH " 1 1
Static 111 ■JH ..

31...

;v.'. . .

4'.t. .

rio. .
No. ••:«■•-
Station 2!l .

I.i'iigtii ill mill

, li 7 N !l to 1 1 12

1

> I 1

..7

1 I

2

in

14

l."»

111

MniH_

than 17.

TAni.K II i.— !•+'« and I-iirvir, Vevhircius merlaccim.

Smfai"'

•iiiiiiiatui' I'lKim-iiti-il I i^arj.,-.
ilisk. i-iiiliiyii

ViMtiial liaul

IJemiinatuc
(ti>k.

.\iailia" II

Stat inn 44

4?

.">;<

.v» .

Mi.
W
TiM
till
111
liJ

•.IkHI

17ii

1 i

•-IKI
75"
4>iO
;iiHi
10 !

41!ll"«

;t."iO

VI

1

.~>

H,>

70

77»

I'lj^iiit'iittii

t'llllilVi

IIIK) I 100

Larvn".

1

IHim

;v.'.-.2

■JiK)

MO

72

iin-\ur\nM nf iin: vi> '.: skrvic

TAni.F. U }.—Ammoiliil''» tnhlanus.

Vi nioiil liuiil«

T.iliil limnUi. I..llk.'lli 111 "II"

T..t;\l "ihiiIk r I,iii«th in imii.

' Acii'ilu ■ I

■JI

•il

24

•jr.
•-11.
:*i

■I'll".." I
•*tiiti.'ii 'I
\r<
ic.

Ac.lin M
St^vtH.li S'J

N... ■■;(:!

St..tii.ii 1 I

i:
•ji

1.-.

•.••I

V.'

i.'i

IC

is

I"

l.">

h

>hl

r.'

17

«i

IS

I-.' -I.

lit-2"

11' i;)

1

( li \t>

I'll ITi

ii

10

H

14

10

i;i

111

12

J1P

ra

ir.

12

IVIC.

*ivi;»nv fisnt:Hins n\rf:niTin\. inn-ir,

Tmii.k Ilk. }fiillotu.i vill'iiH^.

73

'Autiliu" I -

Statu m 'Mi .
'IVillCfm" I

Suii"n 4
"Acailia" II

Sutioii l'3
"PriiH-»'i«" 1 1

Stutiiiii M
.. 41
H 42.
. 46

N.I. -XV

Station IT

Siirfacf.

\'srti<'»l liaiiU.

Total niiiiitvr i I^nKtli in mm. I Total iiumUr. I.«ngtli in n.ii.

t» 76
ca 7o

42

10 15

-25

ca 8

1

l.-^

1

12

1.')

1
I

ctt 325

'22

IS

12
7 2.-.

ca 342

Table III.— .Sropc^u* sp.

H-U

13
3

7-14
« 10

1

7

(;-!»

1

H

14 Hi
5-H

<»

(H6

»

r>

«-12

i.

6

3 21

83

(',553— 9a

74

i>t:i'\iir\n\r nh iiit: \\\ \i sh:nMrf:

KMI.AN.VIU'N OK I'l.ATKS

I'l.ATK I.

Ki.i

1 «7i iioliihi "' ml«|/i 'Kcin. f

I'linor-x Hl.illon. .%<) iHUtf.iii-)

i>lii6r"« iiil.«|i' Mil*. » liiln . /•Mill
ill- numbriit, f-'Z inm.. /'"nci

S.H Statiuii,

.0 (»ur:'.i''>'i.

•« mm . Kn»li

a SialKin, :!J (obl. liaul).
iiifj<iiil>-ii July l!»i:i iiaK.n

fium llie .iJult fl»h).

atitl b, Stha^lcM umiiituM s mm,.

Ill h. ^'biiatfn 'ml

11111.', lii"4 mm

•■ :i.t ■■ Stmioii. ml
I'nnciat Htalioli. HI »»ili f.u f).

tt .*• flKlf llll'fl,

•JO mm, rnniisH Station 41 (3il-ii».

I'l.ATE II

V Chlrnt'-phiit t. 11 mm., VnnrrtH Station 13 (100-n).

111. I't}fptitvnnthiidt9 miK

l:'.

1.'

;;U mm. .Umlia Sl.ition, S'J (nurfaci)

I'liKii.i, 3s mm

I'liiiims Station, S t.Sii-O)

ri< iiioHiiUi < v""."'"'"""' "' mil- il'l'ii'i* '""'
.ln<|//.ip"fM Kli. 7 mr>> . .Umlm Station. 11 (Hinfacv)
i:i IhipiiHiipsriia p((i(r.isojilu, Aciulia Stallcin. J'. (lJii-0).

It liKpiiniipnelta p\»li!<to

utt',

llil pililDI:

at Itn plait- !*iioidi a.

iim.. AraiHa Station, S2 (3i>-0 fms).
n mm. ArnMii Slatimi, ,sl (siirfaro).

ri..\TK Ml.

Ki'i IK

•■ 17.

'■ l^

■■ 19

" ll'i.

-1

r;.irli.a <-(ill(iria«. 3-8 mm.. The KloileviK Spa i-'inh Hatrlifry.

(;,i,(,i.' <ii;(in»i». 4-!i mm, J.ii.liii .station. « (verti.al).

(!iuh,!i Kill.iiinn. 11 mm., frinnn!, Station. :» (mirfa.v).

<;.i./m <ir.)/./l.ii<H, 3-7 mm, Acuiliii Mfolion, 81 (i.urface).

(;.i</ii» (K'sl./liiiM. 7 mm, Arn./i'i St.itUin. r.'J 1 27.-0 fma. )

Olios .imbiiiM ( •), 1-4 m., /■rm,.»t Station, 7,0 (40-0).

Olio* (imbiiiM (?). 4-6 mm, nincos Station, 31 (obllqu.-).

.4miimo<(v((.' loW'inii.w. '■■: mm, Arudia Station. 23 (7ii-0).

vliiim«(/wl'a fobiiinuo. la., 17, m, ArmlUi Station. >2 (30-0 fms >

T>(i<iO"Miirii,> ciirifii. 76 mm. Ardilin Station, .'.6 (210-140 fms.)
•• ::<! MallotitK it;losii.«. » mm.. I'rimrat Station. 45 (obllciue).
•■ :;7. ilftUutHt villosui. 1'.' mm., i'riiutss Station. 4j (130-0).

Tl,.. hKur.-, cxcpt th...<e (if ,tuuT(.s...,,,ifal fi.hes. are drawn from spociinons

ottt licintr clcarcl or .tai.io.l. Tlic orip.ials of tijrs. 3. 4. and lb, however, are borax-
staiin'd ....iiei-ini.-ns inouiited in raniida lialsain.

All -Irawin^'s fron, oriKinal .Material l.v Mr. Thorolv lia.n.tHsen. ,lrai.Bht..nan to
the Fi-liery IJoard of Norway.

)

.\li depths in meters, when not otlierwi^^o stated.

PLATE I.

CANADIAN FISH EGGS AND LARV*. DANNEVia

U

JO mm

PLATE II.

CANADIAN FISH EGGS AND

LARV^. DANNEVIG.

58 m nn

11

i

"i**»a»# •«*»«•«»,

/

5^u^'

k

.MI»Mi*|!>l>l«i'- ■i-5-'^it.Sf»*

:^4^ -s^w

s
5

'3 nt tfi.

PLATE III.

CANADIAN FISH EGGS AND LARVAE. DANNEVIG.
16 -.-W -