Ill r\i ICC

SECOND ANNUAL REPORT
Technicai Report

No. 6 SfATF OneUMPNTS CntllCTlON

MONTANA STAVE LIbWHRY

1515 R 6th AVE
HFI FNA MO-ITAMA 5C)620

MONTANA aCPARTMENT Or NATURAL RESOURCES A CONSERVATION

FACILITY SITING OCTOBER 1980

DNRC

3 oBsliii^ii^l

Circle West Wildlife Monitoring Study

Second Annual Reoort

For the Period March 8, 1979 - February 29, 1980

Circle West Technical Report No. 6

Prepared by

Larry S. Thompson

Biological Sciences Coordinator

Facility Siting Division

Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation

32 South Ewinn
Helena, Montana 59601

October, 1980

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES "i i

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF APPENDICES vi

INTRODUCTION 1

Study Areas 1

Approach 1

METHODS 5

General Ground and Aerial Surveys 5

Waterfowl Survey and Census 5

rionitoring of Raptor Nests and Grouse Leks 5

Roadside Wildlife Survey 5

Winter Bird Census 6

Small Mammal Trapping 6

Lagomorph Survey 6

WEATHER 9

VEGETATION AND HABITATS 11

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 13

Wildlife Species Parameters 13

Tabular Summary 13

Narrative Accounts for Selected Species 13

Bird Community Parameters 50

Waterfowl Communities 50

Winter Bird Census 57

Roadside Wildlife Survey 57

Smal 1 Mammal Communi ty Parameters 65

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE MONITORING 68

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 69

LITERATURE CITED 70

APPENDICES 71

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Location of new study area boundaries, areas considered
for mining, and new small mammal traplines. Circle West
area 3

Figure 2. Stockpond and reservoir codes. Circle West area. 7

Figure 3. Year-to-year changes in temperature parameters at Circle

and Fort Peck recording stations 10

Figure 4. Year-to-year changes in precipitation parameters at

Circle West and Fort Peck recording stations. 10

Figure 5. Year-to-year changes in sample abundance of ring-
necked pheasant along five roadside wildlife survey
routes. Circle West area. 28

Figure 6. Year-to-year changes in lagomorph density indices,

Circle West study area 28

Figure 7. Year-to-year changes in mule deer production ratios,
Circle West study areas (based on September-October
ground and aerial survey data). 31

Figure 8. Year-to-year changes in the mule deer winter density

index for the Circle West study areas (based on the month
of the largest census obtained for the mine study area
during the winter season). 31

Figure 9. Mule deer winter density index isopleths, 1979-80 35

Figure 10. Mule deer winter density index isopleths, four-year

average, 1976-80. 37

Figure 11. Year-to-year changes in pronghorn production ratios,
Circle West study areas (based on July-October ground
and aerial survey data). 40

Figure 12. Year-to-year changes in pronghorn summer and winter

density indices for the Circle West study areas (based
on the largest aerial censuses obtained for the mine
study area during July-October and December-February,
respectively) 40

Figure 13. Pronghorn summer density index isopleths, 1979 41

Figure 14. Pronghorn summer density index isopleths, three-year

average, 1977-1979 43

Figure 15. Pronghorn winter density index isopleths, 1979-80 45

Figure 16. Pronghorn winter density index isopleths, four-year

average, 1976-1980 47

ii

List of Figures (continued)

Figure 17. Percent species composition of all recorded 1979 waterfowl
observations. Circle West study area (1977-79 changes also
shown) 52

Figure 18. Year-to-year changes in waterfowl production. Circle

West study areas 52

Figure 19. Year-to-year changes in numbers of species and numbers
of registrations of water birds recorded on June runs
of five roadside wildlife survey routes. Circle West
study area 55

Figure 20. Year-to-year changes in June breeding bird species rich-
ness for five roadside wildlife survey routes. Circle
West study area 56

Figure 21. Year-to-year changes in June breeding bird community

Sigma for five roadside wildlife survey routes, Circle

West study area. 51

Figure 22. Year-to-year changes in June breeding bird species number
(exclusive of summer visitors and water birds) for five
roadside wildlife survey routes. Circle West study area. --SI

Figure 23. Year-to-year changes in cumulative May-July species curves
for breeding birds encountered on five roadside wildlife
survey routes. Circle West study area, 1977-79 63

Figure 24. Cumulative May-July 1977-79 breeding bird species curves
for five roadside wildlife survey routes. Circle West
study area 63

Figure 25. Year-to-year changes in shapes of breeding bird species
curves for the Missouri River and Flowing Well roadside
wildlife survey routes, based on pooled May-July data
for each year 64

Figure 26. Similarity in percent for 1968-1979 June runs of the

Circle roadside wildlife survey route (arrows indicate
change in observers) 64

Figure 27. Year-to-year changes in small mammal biomass for six

habitats sampled in the Circle West study area (control
and experimental data are averaged for combined spring-
fall data for each habitat). 67

Figure 28. Year-to-year changes in spring-fall small mammal biomass
change for six habitats sampled in the Circle West study
area (control and experimental data are averaged for
each habitat) 67

m

LIST OF TABLES

Tdble 1. Summary of inventory data for bird species observed
in the Circle West Study Area, June 1976 -
February 1980 14

Table 2. Summary of inventory data for mammal species observed
in the Circle West Study Area, June 1976 -
February 1980 24

Table 3. Summary of Cumulative numbers of species observed in
the Circle West Study Areas through February 29,
1980 26

Table 4. Results of 1979 lagomorph survey, Circle West

Study Areas 30

Table 5. Classification summary for mule deer observed in the

Circle West Area, March 1979 - February 1980 30

Table 6. Deer and ancelooe aerial census data. Circle West

Area, March 1979 - February 1980 32

Table 7. Classification summary for white-tailed deer observed

in the Circle West Area, March 1979 - February 1980 34

Table 8. Classification summary for pronghorn observed in the

Circle West Area, March 1979 - February 1980 39

Table 9. Summary of July 1980 pronghorn aerial census. Hunting

District 650 49

Table 10. Species composition of all recorded waterfowl and
large water bird observations in the 114.5 section
mine study area during the breeding season (May-July),
1977-1979 51

Table 11. Summary of waterfowl breeding season census data for

stockponds in the Circle West Mine Study Area, 1979.... 53

Table 12. Summary of 1978-1979 waterfowl production data.

Circle West Study Area 54

Table 13. Average sizes of waterfowl broods recorded in the

Mine Study Area during 1979 56

Table 14. Summary of winter bird and mammal census data. Circle

West Study Area, January 19 - February 1, 1980 58

IV

List of tables (continued)

Table 15. Summary of cumulative numbers of species observed
during flay through July roadside counts. Circle
West Study 59

Table 16. Summary of 1977-79 changes in "^ay-June sample abundances
of selected species sampled by five roadside survey
routes. Circle West Area 60

Table 17. Summary of small mammal trapping data. Circle West

Study Area, May-October, 1979 66

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A. Winter bird and mammal census results, 1980 71

Appendix B. Summary of data for 1979 Roadside

Wildlife Survey 73

VI

INTRODUCTION

This report covers the second year of the Circle West wildlife
monitoring study coordinated by the Montana Departmenc of Natural Resources
and Conservation (DNRC) as described in che Circle West Wildlife Baseline
Study (WBS) final report (DNRC, 1978) and the first wildlife monitoring
report (DNRC, 1979a). The reporc period extends from March 8, 1979, through
February 29, 1980.

STUDY AREAS

As during the first monitoring period, field effort was limited primarily
to the 174.3 km^ (99 mile^) Mine Study Area described in the WBS, with the
most intensive study occurring in the 29.8 km^ (11.5 mile") Proposed Mining
Area. However, Northern Resources informed DNRC on August 6, 1979, that coal
strip mining is being considered in certain additional areas. These new mining
areas (with the exception of a small area east of the Dreyer Ranch) lie almost
entirely within the Mine Study Area; consequently, they have been studied since
December of 1976 but at a lower level of intensity than the Proposed Mining
Area. In order to begin a more thorough study of these new areas as quickly
as possible, DNRC obtained permission to conduct small mammal trapping in
these areas concurrent with the regular September small mammal monitoring,
and to intensity monthly on- the-ground surveys of these areas. On January 8,
1980, DNRC received 7.5' maps showing the boundaries of the new mining areas
(see Figure 1). On January 23, 1980, DNRC received a map showing the boun-
daries of the new Permit Area (Figure 1), which would need additional base-
line study. The letters X, Y, and Z are used to refer to sectors of the Per-
mit Area, as shown in Figure 1. The Mine Study Area vas then expanded by
approximately 14 sections to include a 1.6km (1 mile) buffer surrounding the
Permit Area, as shown in the figure. That portion of the Mine Study Area
which lies outside the Permit Area was considered a "control" area for some
aspects of the study.

APPROACH

This monitoring study focuses on a few key parameters which (1) are
indicators of overall environmental conditions and/or of year-to-year trends;
(2) are believed to be especially sensitive to mine-related impacts; (3) are
cost-effective in terms of amount of field work required, and (4) are capable
of being measured quantitatively with an acceptable degree of accuracy and
with a minimum of "noise" or unexplained fluctuation. This approach allows
both yearly updating of the data gathered during the baseline study and mea-
surement of long-term trends and variability while keeping study costs to a
minimum. The quantitative parameters selected for the long-term monitoring
study are listed below. Justification for selection of these parameters is
presented elsewhere in this or previous reports.

Weather

Annual Precipitation
April-July Precipitation
November-March Precipitation
Average January Temperature
Average July Temperature

Big Game

Mule Deer Production
Mule Deer Winter Density
Mule Deer Winter Distribution
Pronqhorn Production
Pronghorn Winter Density
Pronghorn Winter Distribution
Pronghorm Summer Density
Pronghorn Summer Distribution

Small Mammals And Lagomorphs

Small Mammal Biomass

Small Mammal Spring-Fall Biomass Change

Cottontail and White-tailed Jackrabbit Density Index

Waterfowl

Production of Young
Specied Composition

Numbers of individuals and species recorded on June runs of roadside
survey routes

Raptors

Number and productivicy of nests

Upland Game Birds

Number of and attendance at Leks
Ring-necked Pheasant June Sample Abundance

Bird Communi ties

June Species Number (excluding water birds)

June Species Richness

June Lognormal Standard Deviation

June Lognormal Curve Parameters

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METHODS

Field techniques and analytical methods followed those described in
the Wildlife Baseline Study (WBS) Final Report. Six biologists worked in
the study area at various times during the March 3, 1979 to February 24, 1980
study period. A total of 73 person-days field time was spent in the Mine
Scudy Area by project biologists. Of these 73 person-days, 44 were spent
in the Permit Area. The Reconnaissance Study Area received an additional
10 person-days field effort. A brief summary of methods employed for indi-
vidual study segments follows.

GENERAL GROUND AND AERIAL SURVEYS

Wi ch the exception of August, 1979, monthly aerial surveys were made
over the Mine Scudy Area through February, 1930. All observations (both
ground and aerial) of large mammals, upland name birds, and raptors were
recorded on the same data sheets and maps used during the baseline study,
and identified in the level column by area, using the revised code shown
in Appendix B of the WBS. (Note:mining areas Y and Z were not recorded in
the level column during the report period.) Locations of all recorded ob-
servacions within the Mine Study Area were plotted on maps at a scale of
1:24,000. All data (including data sheets and field maps) are on file with
DNRC.

WATERFOWL SURVEY AND CENSUS

All waterfowl observations were recorded on the waterfowl data sheets
used in the baseline study. In addition, censuses were taken of bodies of
water in the Mine Study Area (see Figure 2) three or more times during the
study period, using methods described in the First Monitoring Report (DNRC
1979). A computer program was developed to analyze the waterfowl data, and
work was begun on preparing written documenca tion and a user's guide.

MONITORING OF RAPTOR NESTS AND GROUSE LEKS

Raptor nests located in the Mine Study Area were visited in May and
June CO determine producci vi ty. Leks located in the Mine Scudy Area were
visited in April and October to determine the number of birds in attendance.

ROADSIDE WILDLIFE SURVEY

Each of che five roadside wildlife survey routes were run in May, June,
and July, 1979, using methods outlined in the WBS and following the 1977 daces
as closely as possible. The cheorecical total number of species was deter-
mined for cumulative sample abundance distributions as breeding-season (May-
July) data were pooled for each route and for the five routes combined. The
average sample abundances of each indicator species, as well as various community
parameters, were plotted in order to graphically portray the nature and magni-
tude of year to year fluctuations.

METHODS

Field techniques and analytical methods followed those described in
the Wildlife Baseline Study (WBS) Final Report. Six biologists worked in
the study area at various times during the March 8, 1979 to February 24, 1980
study period. A total of 73 person-days field time was spent in the Mine
Scudy Area by project biologists. Of these 73 person-days, 44 were spent
in the Permit Area. The [Reconnaissance Study ^re^i received an additional
10 person-days field effort. A brief summary of methods employed for indi-
vidual study segments follows.

GENERAL GROUND AND AERIAL SURVEYS

With the exception of August, 1979, monthly aerial surveys were made
over the Mine Study Area through February, 1930. All observations (both
ground and aerial) of large mammals, upland name birds, and raptors were
recorded on the same data sheets and maps used during the baseline study,
and identified in the level column by area, using the revised code shown
in Appendix B of the WBS. (Note:mining areas Y and Z were not recorded in
the level column during the report period.) Locations of all recorded ob-
servations within the Mine Study Area were plotted on maps at a scale of
1:24,000. All data (including data sheets and field maps) are on file with
DNRC.

WATERFOWL SURVEY AND CENSUS

All waterfowl observations were recorded on the waterfowl data sheets
used in the baseline study. In addition, censuses were taken of bodies of
water in the Mine Study Area (see Figure 2) three or more times during the
study period, using methods described in the First Monitoring Report (DNRC
1979). A computer program was developed to analyze the waterfowl data, and
work was begun on preparing written documentation and a user's guide.

MONITORING OF RAPTOR NESTS AND GROUSE LEKS

Raptor nests located in the Mine Study Area were visited in May and
June to determine productivity. Leks located in the Mine Study Area were
visited in April and October to determine the number of birds in attendance.

ROADSIDE WILDLIFE SURVEY

Each of the five roadside wildlife survey routes were run in May, June,
and July, 1979, using methods outlined in the WBS and following the 1977 dates
as closely as possible. The theoretical total number of species was deter-
mined for cumulative sample abundance distributions as breeding-season (May-
July) data were pooled for each route and for the five routes combined. The
average sample abundances of each indicator species, as well as various community
parameters, were plotted in order to graphically portray the nature and magni-
tude of year to year fluctuations.

WINTER BIRD CENSUS

The five bird census qrids established in the baseline study were
censused in January and February of 1980, using standard methods (Kolb,
1965).

SMALL MAMMAL TRAPPING

The eighc small mammal craplines sampled in 1978 (numbers 15, 17,
18, 20, 33, 34, 35, and 44) were snap-trapped for three consecutive nights
in May and again for chree consecutive nights in October. A new pair of
traplines in scoria habitats of Mining Area Y and another new pair in coulee
trunk habitats of Mining Area Z (Figure 1) were snap-trapped for three con-
secutive nights in October. Methods followed those outlined in the WBS.

LAGOMORPH SURVEY

The two lagomorph survey routes were run consecutively on each of
three mornings (October 3-5) beqinning with the mining area route at 4:00.

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WEATHER

Annudl precipi tdtion, growing season (April-July) precipitation, and
winter (November-March) precipitation were compiled from weather stations
CO document moisture availability for vegetation and waterfowl and the amount
of winter snow cover. Average January and July temperatures were monitored
as well, as they are related to the amounts of thermal stress experienced
by wildlife during che months which typically have the lowest and highest
average temperatures. Using these data, a "severe" winter can be identified
as one with a lower than normal January temperature and higher than normal
November-March precipitation (for example, the winter of 1978-79).

Figures 3 and 4 summarize year-to-year changes in the weather at the
Circle and Fort Peck recording stations. Despite a relatively cool, moist
spring, 1979 was a relatively dry year; growing season precipitation was at
or below normal and precipitation for the remainder of the year was well
below normal. Average July 1979 temperatures were slightly higher than
normal. Winter precipitation was normal or slightly below normal during
the study period, and average January temperatures were near normal, re-
sulting in a mild winter with very little snow cover.

WEATHER

Annual precipitation, growing season (April-July) precipitation, and
winter (November-March) precipitation were compiled from weather stations
CO document moisture availability for vegetation and waterfowl and the amount
of winter snow cover. Average January and July temperatures were monitored
as well, as they are related to the amounts of thermal stress experienced
by wildlife during che months which typically have the lowest and highest
average temperatures. Using these data, a "severe" winter can be identified
as one with a lower than normal January temperature and higher than normal
November-March precipitation (for example, the winter of 1978-79).

Figures 3 and 4 summarize year-to-year changes in the weather at the
Circle and Fort Peck recording stations. Despite a relatively cool, moist
spring, 1979 was a relatively dry year; growing season precipitation was at
or below normal and precipitation for the remainder of the year was well
below normal. Average July 1979 temperatures were slightly higher than
normal. Winter precipitation was normal or slightly below normal during
the study period, and average January temperatures were near normal, re-
sulting in a mild winter with very little snow cover.

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10

VEGETATION AND HABITATS

A quantitative description of 1978-1979 changes in vegetation has
been presented in the 1979 vegetation monitoring study annual report
(DNRC, 1979b). Due to the relatively moist summer, fall, and wincer of
1978, 1979 soil moisture was good, and vegetative productivity was quite
high (although not as high as the exceptional productivity observed in 1978).
Residual grass stems from 1978 produced a striking increase in litter accumu-
lation, which may explain the high 1978-1979 overwinter survival rates shown
by small mammal populations in spite of the severe winter (see page 65).
Heavy snow accumulations in coulees over the winter of 1978-79 caused
considerable damage co Shepherdia argentea plants in the Mine Study Area,
and many branches or even encire shrubs were killed on some of the bird
census plots.

Habitat mapping of the entire Iline Study Area was completed during
the study period at a scale of 1:24,000. Mapping of habitat categories
followed the classification system reported in the WBS. Copies of the map
are available ac cost from DNRC.

11

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

WILDLIFE SPECIES PARAMETERS

Tabular Summary

A total of 203 species of vertebrates was observed through the moni-
toring period (five species of amphibians, seven of reptiles, 164 of birds,
and 27 of mammals). Data on birds and mammals are summarized in tables 1
and 2. The types of data included and the abbreviations used are as des-
cribed on pages 41 and 56 of the WBS, with the exceptions noted. Any addi-
tions or changes to the data base resulting from the second year's moni-
toring study are printed in italics. No additions were made to the data
on amphibians and reptiles in the first monitoring report.

Table 3 summarizes the cumulative numbers of species encountered in
the study areas during the baseline study and through the first and second
monitoring periods. It can be seen from this table that only four new
vertebrate species v/ere added to the species list as a result of the second
year's monitoring effort; of these, three were migratory birds, and one a
summer resident bird.

Narrative Accounts for Selected

Data in addition to that in tables 1 and 2 were obtained for certain
species, and are summarized in the following species accounts. In general,
information presented here is limited to nesting raptors, upland game birds,
and ungulates, and is primarily an assessment of changes occurring in the
Mine Study Area since the baseline study.

Red- tailed Hawk. The nest located on the proposed mining area in 1977
was inactive in 1979. The nest found in 1977 in the southwestern corner of
che Mine Study Area produced four young in 1979, and a new nest located
near Stockpond MClO contained at least one young bird.

Swainson's Hawk. Swainson's hawks were much more commonly seen in
1979 than during previous years. Three active nests were located in 1979,
one in the originally proposed mining area (with at least two young), one
in the northern portion of the Mine Study Area (four young), and one along
the Circle route (three young). Another pair is believed to have nested
near the Waller Ranch, although the nest could not be located.

Ferruginous Hawk. A pair was heard repeatedly calling overhead near
the location of the 1977 active nest, buc the nest was empty again in 1979.
A new nest was located in the northern portion of the Mine Study Area;
it contained three young on June 15, 1979. Another new nest, located on
a scoria butte within the northern addition to the Mine Study Area, con-
tained at least four young.

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26

Golden Eagle. The nest located in 1977 in the proposed mining area
fledged only one young in 1979.

Marsh Hawk. The nest located on the silver sagebrush breeding census
plot fledged an undetermined number of young (probably at least four) in
1979. Although territorial pairs were observed elsewhere in the Mine Study
Area, no additional nests were discovered.

Prairie Falcon . The 1977 nest site fledged four young in 1979.

Peregrine Falcon. An adult male was seen at Scockpond MC05 on
October 7, 1979; its light axillaries were clearly seen. A possible but
unverified sighting was made on March 21, 1979, in section 4 of the Permit
Area.

American Kestrel . A nest with at least three young was found in a
sandstone cliff in the northwestern corner of the proposed mining area.

Sharp-tailed Grouse. At least 25 birds were displaying at lek No.
6 when visited in April, 1979. Two new leks. No. 13 (S14, f20N, R45E),
and 14 (S2, T20N, R45E) were located during the study period. Thirteen
birds were seen at lek 13 in April, 1979, and 25 birds were seen at lek
14 in October, 1979. No activity was observed at lek No. 7 (WBS), which
may have been abandoned.

Sage Grouse. Only one sage grouse was observed in the Mine Study
Area in 1979; it was encountered in sagebrush-grassland of section 35,
area Y. No indications of breeding were noted, although lek No. 4 (WBS)
was not visited.

Ring-necked Pheasant. Figure 5 shows year-to-year changes in June
sample abundances of ring-necked pheasants as sampled by five roadside
wildlife survey routes. Sample abundances decreased sharply between 1977
and 1978, probably because of the severe winter. The data indicate some
recovery between 1978 and 1979. The Missouri River and Prairie Elk routes
consistently have the highest sample abundances, while the Flowing Well and
Dreyer Ranch routes have the lowest. The pattern shown by a graph of aver-
age May-July sample abundances is virtually identical.

Greac Horned Owl . Great horned owls showed an apparent population
increase in the Mine Study Area in 1979, possibly due to the small mammal
population increase. Three active nests were located in the northern por-
tion of the Mine Study Area (all had at least two young), but the nest
found in the old proposed mining area in 1978 was not used in 1979.

27

Totol
■ Circle

250

200-

-^ Flowing Well

▲ Missouri River

D Proine Elk

« Dreyer Ronch

z
o

<

I-

150-

o

(E
UJ
CD

100-

50

^

1977

1978

1979

Figure 5. Yedr-to-yedr changes in sdniple abundance of ring-necked pheasant
along five roadside survey routes, Circle West area.

CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL
ROUTE ROUTE

#- ■ WHITE-TAILED JACKRABBIT

o D DESERT COTTONTAIL

1977

1979

Figure 6. Year-to-year changes in lag

<^gomorph density indices, Circle West area.
28

Short-eared Ow1 . A snectacular increase in short-eared owl density
was apparent in 1979. While only two owls were recorded in 1977-1978 May-
July runs of the five roadside routes (30 runs total), 25 registrations
were made in 1979 (15 runs). Although no nests were discovered by pro-
ject biologists, local ranchers reported that nests were fairly common.

Eastern Kingbird. Eighteen nests were located in the Mine Study
Area; the average number of eggs or young per nest was 3.0 (n=13, range=l-4).

Loggerhead Shrike. Six nests were located in the Mine Study Area; the
average number of eggs or young per nest was 5.3 (n=4, range=4-7).

Desert Cottontail . Results of the 1979 lagomorph survey are presented
in Table 4. While no cottontails were observed during this survey, 1979
data do not differ significantly from the 1978 data (p -.05) (figure 6).

White-tailed Jackrabbit. The number of jackrabbits observed during the
1979 lagomorph survey (table 4) does not differ significantly from the
number observed in 1978 (t-test, p-. 20) (figure 6).

Mule Deer. A summary of mule deer observations during the study period
is presented in table 5. Production ratios obtained during the period 1977-
1979 are shown in figure 7. These were based on September-October data
since summer foliage cover limits observability of fawns prior to September
and since hunting mortality influences November population age structure.
The 1979 production ratio was 118 fawns/100 does, the highest obtained
since the study began in 1977.

Aerial census data are presented in table 6. It should be emphasized
that the low numbers of deer observed during the summer reflect decreased
observability and do not necessarily indicate a corresponding decrease in
abundance. Since observability is highest in winter, both density and dis-
tribution estimates are based on the winter aerial census. Figure 3 shows
winter density indices obtained since 1976. Since the census data in
table 6 represent the minimum number known present (i.e., there were at
least 208 mule deer present during the December flight, but there may
actually have been more that were not seen), the density indices shown in
figure 8 may be somewhat lower than true densities. The data indicate an
increase in mule deer winter density in the Mine Study Area since the last
monitoring period, although the Permit Area showed a decrease. The control
area appears to support considerably higher winter densities of mule deer
each year than does the Permit Area.

29

Table 4. Results of 1979 lagomorph survey. Circle West study area,

Date

Desert Cottontail
Control Experimental
Route Route

White- tailed Jackrabbit
Control Experimental
Route Route

October 3, 1979
October 4, 1979
October 5, 1979

0
0
0

0
0
0

7
4
5

1
2
5

Mean

0.0

0.0

5.3

2.7

Table 5. Classification summary for mule deer observed in the Circle West area, March 1979 - February 1980.

All Groups

riod Number Group Size Tdtal No. Total Ho. Total Adult Adult Young/ Young/ Males/

of Groups Average Range Observed Classified Adults Males Females Young 100 100 Females

Adults Females

ring 1979

51

mmer 1979

56

U 1979

108

nter 1979-80

99

1-30
1-5
1-9
1-35

272
102
356
546

9

93

350

41

6

0

6

0

76

10

66

17

167

16

151

183

25

2

23

16

109.5 121.2 0.11

30

MINE STUDY AREA

■- HUNTING DISTRICT 650

150 -I

Sioo

Q

O
O

<

50

1977

1978

1979

Figure 7. Year-to-year changes in mule deer production ratios. Circle West
study areas (based on September-October ground and aerial survey
data) .

100

90

o
o

80-

70-

a: 60

m
o

X

tij

D

50-

40-

w 30

o

a:

20

* 10

■MINE STUDY AREA
(INCL. PERMIT AREA)

PERMIT AREA

1976

1977

1978

1979

Figure 8. Year-to-year changes in the mule deer winter density index for the
Circle West study areas (based on the month of the largest census
obtained for the mine study area during the winter season).

31

^1

4-J <U
I 01

•^ .-« ^-t

01
01

a

00

CO

C\J ^^ ^^

o —< —. r-.

I.

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o
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3

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c
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f— n3

h| cm| n| ^1 LO|

32

Monthly mule deer winter density indices obtained during aerial census
were averaged for each section in the Mine Study Area for the winter of
1979-1980 and for all four winters since 1976. These data were used to
create density index isopleths which show general patterns of winter dis-
tribution (figures 9 and 10). Both figures show that deer tend to con-
centrate in areas of coulee and badlands topography in the northwest,
southwest, and southeast portions of the Mine Study Area, as well as near
the Waller Ranch. (Since for mapping purposes deer were assumed to be
concentrated in the center of each section, distribution as indicated by
the isopleths is only accurate to within approximately one kilometer.)

White-tailed Deer. Only 28 observations of white-tailed deer were
recorded during the report period (table 7). Groups of up to five white-
tailed deer were seen in the north-central portion of the Mine Study Area
(sections 25, 29, 30, 31, and 32) in May, June, July, August, and October.
A single observation was made near the sagebrush census plot in July.

Pronghorn. A summary of pronghorn observations during the study
period is presented in table 8. Production ratios during the period
1977-1979 (based on all July through October observations of fully classi-
fied groups) are shown in figure 11. A production ratio of 197 fawns/100
does was obtained in 1979; this is the highest obtained since the study
began in 1977. Results of the July, 1979, pronghorn aerial census of
Hunting District 650 are presented in table 9. Aerial census data are
presented in table 6. Winter density indices (as described under Mule
Deer above) and summer- fall density indices (based on the largest aerial
census obtained during a single flight in the period July-October) are
shown in figure 12 for the period 1977-1979. These data indicate a de-
crease in summer- fall pronghorn density in the Mine Study Area since 1978,
although the Permit Area showed an increase. Winter density increased
markedly since the last monitoring period due to mild winter conditions
and lack of snow cover.

Monthly pronghorn summer and winter density indices obtained during
aerial censuses were averaged for each section in the Mine Study Area
for the report period and also for all years since 1976 combined. These
data were used to create density index isopleths which show general patterns
of distribution (figures 13 through 16). As indicated by these maps,
pronghorn are most commonly found in the southwestern, south central, and
northwestern portions of the Mine Study Area in summer. During the mild
winter encountered during the study period, pronghorn were very abundant
on the rolling grassland and sagebrush areas immediately southwest of the
Mine Study Area. Some groups ranged into the southwestern corner of the
Mine Study Area and into the sagebrush flats along lower Romine Coulee.
A few groups were seen during the ground surveys 2-4 km (3 to 6 miles)
northwest of the Dreyer ranch house.

33

Table 7. Classification summary I'or white-tailed deer observed in the
Circle West area. March 1979 - February 1980.

All Groups

Period Number of Group Size Total No. Total Number

Groups Average Range Observed Classified

Spring 1979

Summer 1979 7 1 1-3

Fall 1979 5 3 3-5 17 17

Winter 79-80

34

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150

o
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z
<

100

50

MINE STUDY AREA

HUNTING DISTRICT 650

1976

1977

1978

1979

Figure 11. Year-to-year changes in pronghorn production ratios. Circle west study
areas (based on July-October ground and aerial survey data).

100 n

WINTER SUMMER-FALL

•- • MINE STUDY AREA

(INCL. PERMIT AREA)

■ ■ PERMIT AREA

1976

1977

1978

1979

Figure 12. Year-to-year changes in pronghorn summer and winter density indices

for the Circle West study areas (based on the largest aerial

censuses obtained for the mine study area'^"'"'"ig July-October and
December-February , respecti vely) .

40

i-fqz

?;'/",(%c^^/

in

rv-SKv-^^r-j-.-.

m^ ... if^

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c

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cr
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®

3

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r

Table 9. Summary of July 1980 pronahorn aerial census, Hunting District
650

Census,, Time Bucks p,^^^ r.,,„. Tr.^--.^ Bucks/ Fawns/
Unit^Mmin.) Adult Yearling ^°^^ ""^""^ '°^^' 100 Does 100 Does

167
50
90

105
96

120
87

130

100
73
90
78
95

1/ Units 9, 11, and 12 include portions of the mine study area.

1

120

1

2

115

7

3

110

3

US

200

3

6

140

3

7

75

8

8

70

5

9

110

5

10

80

0

11

135

5

12

120

48

13

85

15

otal

1,360

103

0

3

5

9

33

2

4

2

15

225

1

21

19

44

19

0

21

22

46

14

4

25

24

56

28

7

46

55

116

33

1 '

31

27

64

19

0

27

35

67

18

0

7

7

14

0

0

40

29

74

13

12

81

73

214

74

1

50

39

105

32

28

356

337

824

37

49

i-^Z

^M VpBBBaWMMjiwgMB^BWwMaMMif'BltidiaBBjiW^fl

(-./ '"v

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4 i»M»»»»««4—»wii^ii^|i«ia« J»a»irtj

:• -■■:.'^.:.. ^ .i?^<-iii/oj'i- .^

0)

Q.
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<]>

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c

(0

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—

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3

c
o

— ,— Q-

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cr

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1

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o
oo

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a.
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M

X
C

<0

c
«

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c
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10

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cr

Table 9. Summary of July 1980 pronahorn aerial census, Hunting District
650

Census-, ,
Unit ^

Time
(min. )

Bucks

Does

Fawns

Total

Bucks/
100 Does

Fawns/

Adult

Yearl ing

100 Does

1

120

1

0

3

5

9

33

167

2

115

7

2

4

2

15

225

50

3

110

3

1

21

19

44

19

90

4i!.5

200

3

0

21

22

46

14

105

6

140

3

4

25

24

56

28

96

7

75

8

7

46

55

116

33

120

8

70

5

1 ■

31

27

64

19

87

9

110

5

0

27

35

67

18

130

10

80

0

0

7

7

14

0

100

11

135

5

0

40

29

74

13

73

12

120

48

12

81

73

214

74

90

13

85

15

1

50

39

105

32

78

Total 1

,360

103

28

356

337

824

37

95

\j Units 9, 11, and 12 include portions of the mine study area,

49

BIRD COMMUNITY PARAMETERS

Waterfowl Communities

The relatively cool, moist spring and early summer of 1979 provided
favorable conditions for waterfowl; both waterfowl use and production
showed an increase over 1978.

Breeding season species composition of all recorded waterfowl and
large water bird observations in the Mine Study Area is presented in table
10. Monthly changes in waterfowl species composition, as well as year-
to-year changes, are portrayed graphically in figure 17. The mallard
was again the predominant breeding waterfowl snecies; it constituted a
larger proportion of the total waterfowl community in 1979 than in 1978,
and increased in relative abundance over the breeding season.

Waterfowl breeding season census data for stockponds in the study
areas are summarized in table 11. These data are converted to production
and density estimates in table 12; oroduction is shown graphically in
figure 18. Production (young/km^) showed a slight increase from 1978 to
1979 for all study areas. Breeding season waterfowl density in the originally
proposed mining area appears to be roughly twice that of the Mine Study
Area, while density in the Permit Area is slightly higher than that of the
Mine Study Area.

The relationship among the number of broods, number of young, and
breeding pair censuses obtained by four different methods was examined
by means of Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. The study
used 1978 and 1979 census data for all stockponds in the Mine Study Area
for which pairs and/or broods were recorded (a total of 67 censuses).

All six census parameters were positively and significantly
(p<.01) correlated, indicating a close relationship between production
and stockpond use by pairs. Of the four breeding pair census techniques,
that described by Hammond (1969) and modified for this study (see WBS)
was the most strongly correlated with both the number of broods (r~'.84)
and the number of young (r'--.79). The results indicate that this method
is best for censusing breeding pairs. This analysis also shows that June
and July census data for young birds would be a single suitable parameter
for long-term monitoring of waterfowl production in the Mine Study Area.

Waterfowl data obtained on the roadside surveys showed a trend very
similar to that mentioned above. As shown in figure 19, both the number
of species and number of observations of Anatidae and other water birds
(as recorded on June runs of the five routes) showed an increase over the
period 1977-1979. The sharpest increase occurred between 1977 (a very dry
year) and 1978 (a relatively moist year). A similar pattern is indicated
using pooled May-July data for the five routes.

Data on broods observed during 1979 are presented in table 13.

50

Table 10. Species composition of all recorded waterfowl and large water
bird observations in the 114 section mine study area during
the breeding season (May-July), 1977-1979.

May-July^ '^ May-July' May-July
1977 1978 1979

Ducks and Geese

Canada Goose

24(4)3

2(tr)

45(3)

Mallard

327(56)

403(25)

644(41)

Gadwall

10(2)

121(8)

102(6)

Pintail

15(3)

77(5)

123(8)

Green-winged Teal

28(5)

61(4)

31(2)

Blue-winged Teal

60(10)

348(22)

240(15)

American Wigeon

91(16)

377(24)

234(15)

Northern Shoveler

22(4)

133(8)

87(5)

Redhead

-

3(tr)

14(1)

Ring-necked Duck

-

4(tr)

-

Canvasback

Ktr)

3(tr)

14(1)

Lesser Scamp

Ktr)

46(3)

40(3)

Bufflehead

-

3(tr)

Ruddy Duck

Ktr)

6(tr)

10(1)

Hooded Merganser

-

-

4(tr)

Red-breasted Merganser

-

-

-

Total Classified

580

1587(100)

1588(100)

Total Unclassified

18

226

1117

Grand Total

598

1813

2705

Other Large Water Birds

Common Loon

Horned Grebe

Eared Grebe

Western Grebe

Pied-billed Grebe

White Pelican

Double-crested Cormorant

Great Blue Heron

American Bittern

American Coot

Wilson' s Phalarope

California Gull

Ring-billed Gull

Common Tern

Black Tern - H

_

1
3

_

-

35

70

-

1

-

-

8

13

5

1

1

43

24

22

1

4

3

-

1

-

-

47

33

12

356

340

-

1

7

-

12

8

-

-

4

'Figures may differ from those presented in earlier reports due to
differences in analysis techniques.

^99 sections only.

^Numbers observed (percent of all waterfowl identified to species).

51

2000

100

■■/M
r^

^M0^^'^^^^'r^M^ * ♦ * ♦ •

PINT

GWTE

"T.HEMTTTTiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir

nl

MAY

JUNE

JULY

1977

1978

1979

Figure 17. Percent species composition of all recorded 1979 waterfowl
observations. Circle West study area (1977-1979 changes
also shown).

proposed Mining Area

B Permit Areo

▲ ^fllne Study Areo

3-

z

O 2

>

I
1977

1978

1979

Figure 18. Year-to-year changes in waterfowl production. Circle West study
areas.

52

Table 11. Summary of waterfowl breeding season census data for stockponds
in the Circle West Mine Study Area, 1979.

Species

Proposed

Mining

Area-*^

Permit

o

Area"^

Mine Study
Area

ANATIDAE

Mallard 10(10,57)
Gadwall 8(0,0)

Pintail 2(2,10)

Green-winqed Teal 2(0,0)

Blue-winged Teal 10(1,3)
American Wigeon 7(1,6)
Northern Shoveler 2(1,2)
Redhead

Canvasback -

Lesser Scaup -

Ruddy Duck -
Hooded Merganser
Unidentified Teal 0(3,39)
Unidentified Duck 0(0,31)

14 (14,81)
13(0,0)
3(3,12)
3(0,0)
20(1,3)
15(3,20)
3(2,6)

1 (0,0)
1(0,0)

0(7,63)
0(2,42)

31(31,166)
23(2,18)

6(6,35)
12(0,0)
53(2,7)
27(7,39)

9(3,14)

5(0,0)

4(0,0)

5(0,0)

5(0,0)

1(0,0)

0(11,89)

1(25,191)

TOTAL ANATIDAE

41 (18, 148)

73(32,227)

182(87,559)

^Includes stockponds Nos . MAOl-10, MAFW, and MASW

^Includes all ponds in proposed mining area plus: MC05-08, NCIO, 11, 13-15,
21, 23, 24, 27, 31.

Includes all ponds in 99-section area.

'^Minimum number of indicated pairs (number of broods, minimum number of
young known present) .

53

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Number of
Registrations

ALL WATER BIRDS • •

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Number of

Species
O O

1

1977

Figure 19.

1978

1979

r250

-200

z
o

150 <

o

UJ

100

OD

s

Z

- 50

^ 0

Year-to-year changes in numbers of species and numbers of registrations
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routes. Circle West study area.

■

— Tolol

—

»-_

-- Circle

...

...<>....

••• Flowing

Well

—

.-A-

— Missouri River

D — -

— Proirie

Elk

...

» —

••- Dreyer

Ronch

10-1

9-

8

CO
UJ

i 7-1

o

6-

Figure 20.

1

1977

1978

1979

Year-to-year changes in June breeding bird species richness for
five roadside wildlife survey routes. Circle West study area.

55

Table iJ. Average sizew of waterfowl broods recorded in the mine study
area during 1979.

Mallard

Gadwall

Pintail

Blue-winged Teal

American Wigeon

Northern Shoveler

5.2

(2-10,n=31)l

9.0

(8-10, n=2)

6.0

(2-10, n=6)

3.0

(2-4, n=2)

5.5

(4-8, n=7)

4.6

(2-8, n=3)

"range and sample size in parentheses.

56

Winter Bird Census

Table 14 summarizes the results of the winter bird census for the
five bird census plots. Information on use of the plots by mammals is
included here as well. A more complete account of the 1980 winter bird
census is given in appendix A, and plot descriptions can be found in
appendix F of the WBS.

Roadside Wildlife Survey

Data obtained during the fifteen 1979 roadside survey runs are presented
in appendix B. The cumulative numbers of species for all May-July runs
(1977-1979) are presented in table 15. Since the roadside wildlife survey
appears to be a particularly appropriate and sensitive monitoring technique,
some features of the analysis will be described in detail below.

Table 16 summarizes 1978-1979 changes in May-July samole abundances
of selected species, based, on data obtained during runs of the five road-
side survey routes. The eastern kingbird, yellow warbler, common yellow-
throat, and lark bunting showed significant decreases, while Sprague's
pipit showed a significant increase. Figure 5, which shows year-to-year
changes in sample abundances of ring-necked pheasants, is an example of
the graphs which were prepared to monitor individual species.

A computer program was developed which calculates a number of diversity
parameters for the community samples obtained by the roadside counts.
Factor analysis was used to determine which of these community parameters
were most sensitive to ecological differences among the five routes, and
which were redundant (that is, which are measuring essentially the same
community attribute). The first factor, which accounted for most of the
variation among routes and replicates (65%), was closely related to measures
which are sensitive to the variety of species in the sample, such as
species number (S), species richness (D), and the height of the mode of
the lognormal species-abundance curve (Sg). The parameters with the highest
loading on this factor were species richness and species number, which may
be considered the best measures of species variety for this data set. The
second factor accounted for an additional 24% of the variation, and was
closely related to measures sensitive to the equitability of distribution
of individuals among species. Showing high loadings on this factor were
the logarithmic dispersion factor (a), the lognormal standard deviation
(sigma), and evenness (e) (see WBS for definitions of parameters). The
Shannon-Weaver diversity index H', as well as the theoretical total num-
ber of species S^, are "hybrid" parameters with moderately high loadings
on both factors. Figures 20 and 21 show year-to-year changes in D and
sigma, the two parameters loading most heavily on Factors I and II,
respectively. Changes in species number (excluding visitors, migrants,
and water birds) are shown in figure 22. Note that the relative positions
of the routes remain fairly constant from year to year. This analysis
also showed that June data alone provide nearly as much discriminating
power among routes as do pooled May-July data or even pooled 1977-1979
data.

57

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58

Table 15. Summary of cumulative numbers of species observed during May through July
roadside counts, Circle West Study.

Through First Through Second

Baseline Study Monitoring Period Monitoring Period

(1977 runs), (1977-1978 runs), (1977-1978 runs).
Five Routes Five Routes Five Routes

AMPHIBIANS

Total number of Species 2(50.0)^ 2(40.0) 2(40.0)

REPTILES

Total number of Species 1(14.3) 1(14.3) 1(14.3)

BIRDS^

Total number of Species(T) 88(63.3) 110(68.8) 114(69.5)

Summer Residents(S) 72(84.7) 84(91.3) 85(91.4)

Permanent Residents(P) 15(88.2) 16(94.1) 16(94.1)

Non-breeding Summer Vis.(V) 1(33.3) 1(20.0) 3(60.0)

Migrants(M) 0(0.0) 9(25.0) 10(25.6)

Winter Residents(W) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0)

Total Breeding (S&R) 87(85.3) 100(91.7) 101(91.8)

MAMMALS

Total number of Species 14(53.9) 15(55.6) 15(55.6)

TOTAL VERTEBRATE SPECIES 105(59.7) 128(64.3) 132(65.0)

'Number of species (percentage of cumulative totals for reconnaissance study area.
Table 3).

^Some totals may differ from those reported in the first monitoring report because
new information led to a change in status of certain species.

59

Table 16. Summary of 1977-79 changes in May-June sample abundances of
selected species sampled by five roadside survey routes,
Circle West area.

Species

1977-78 change

1978-79 change

Sharp-tailed Grouse
Ring-necked Pheasant
Kill deer
Mourninq Dove
Eastern Kingbird
Horned Lark
Black-bil led Magpie
Sprague's Pipit
Loggerhead Shrike
Yellow Warbler
Common Yellowthroat
House Sparrow
Western Meadowlark
Red-winged Blackbird
Rufous-sided Towhee
Lark Bunting
Savannah Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Baird's Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
Chestnut-collared Longspur

Nsi/
D**
NS

NS
NS

D**
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS

I*
NS
NS

I*

NS
NS
NS
NS

D**
NS
NS

I*
NS

D*

D*
NS
NS
NS
NS

D**
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS

y NS=no significant change; D=significant decrease; I=significant in-
crease.

* .01 <p <.05 (paired t-test).

** p < .01.

60

36-1

3 4

3.2-

30-

o ? 8-
2.6

2 4

2.2

20

-■ Tolol

- • Circle

■ ♦ Flowing Well

■A Missouri River

□ Prairie Elk

-» Drcyer Ranch

\

\

I
1977

1978

1

1979

Figure 21. Year-to-year changes in June breeding bird community sigma for
five roadside wildlife survey routes, Circle West study area.

70-,

60

o 50
ui

o
q:

CO 40

Z

Z

30-

20-

B

— Total

--

_ _«__

— Circle

...

...<>..

. • F lowrng

Well

—

— A-

— Missour

1 River

—

n —

— Proine

Elk

_..

- — - * —

-Dreyer

Ranch

/

1977

I
1978

1979

Figure 22. Year-to-year changes in June breeding bird species number (exclusive
of summer visitors and water birds) for five roadside wildlife
survey routes. Circle West study area.

61

The lognormal species curves obtained using pooled data for the five
routes are shown in figure 23. In 1978, 94 breeding species were regis-
tered on May-July runs of the routes, while the species-abundance relation
predicts 101.7 species in the theoretical universe bounded by the curve.
Sampling, therefore, appears to be about 92/o complete. When all May-July
data for the period 1977-1979 are pooled, the number of breeding species
actually encountered rises to 101, while the theoretical number of soecies
if 104.4. Sampling in this case appears to be 97% complete. As shown in
the figure, the curve advances to the right as sample size increases, yet
retains its shape. The roadside survey is, therefore, 92% or more effective
in sampling the bird community present in the area defined by the sample
radius. For individual routes, sampling completeness based on cumulative
1977-1979 data is somewhat more variable, ranging from 75% to 97%.

The shape of the species curve provides an accurate and precise
"fingerprint" of the bird communi ty--and hence of environmental conditions--
sampled by the roadside survey. Curves for different routes are shaped
differently and distinctively (figure 24), while curves for individual
routes are remarkably constant in shape from year to year (figure 25).

The shape of the various species curves is closely related to the
species variety and equitability parameters as revealed by the factor
analysis discussed above. In general, a more diverse community will show:
(1) a taller species curve, reflecting a larger valve of Sg and greater
species variety; (2) a narrower species curve, reflecting greater equit-
ability; and (3) a species curve encompassing a larger area. Examination
of figure 24 allows quick visual comparison of various ecological features
of the five routes. It is evident from this figure that the floodplain
habitats sampled by the Missouri River route have a high species variety
and high equitability, as the species curve is relatively tall and steep.
The badlands community sampled by the Flowing Well route has much lower
values for these parameters, and hence a low, shallow species curve. The
Circle route also has low species variety and equitability, but its species
curve encompasses a relatively large area. The lognormal curves, therefore,
provide an ideal monitoring tool: they are sensitive to community attri-
butes, allow easy visual comparison of samples, and provide a precise
measurement of the community which, if undisturbed, varies little from
year to year.

These data lend support to the use of breeding bird community structure
as a sensitive environmental indicator. We would expect bird community
structure to be indirectly but measurably affected by any major change in
(1) habitat quality or extent; (2) habitat vertical structure and patchiness;
(3) prey availability (seeds, insects, rodents, other birds, etc.); (4)
densities of competitors and predators, and (5) intensity of disturbances
such as noise, dust, traffic, and increased hunting pressure. The syn-
ergistic effects of several such changes occurring together should have an
especially marked influence. Therefore, while the three years' pre-project
data reported here show community structure in the study area to be remark-
ably constant from year to year, a statistically significant change in the
relative positions of experimental and control communities would provide
strong evidence for a biologically significant change. In the words of
Sharma et al. (1975), "...if an impact is measurable, then a change detected
by our crude schemes must be very large and consequently significant." Con-
current monitoring of single species abundances as well as several community
attributes (diversity, evenness, trophic composition, etc.) would provide

62

1977-79

L0G2 INDIVIDUALS PER SPECIES

Figure 23.

Year-to-year changes in cumulative May-July species curves for
breeding birds encountered on five roadside wildlife survey
routes. Circle West study area, 1977-1979.

LOG2 INDIVIDUALS PER SPECIES

Figure 24. Cumulative May-July 1977-1979 breeding bird species curves for
five roadside wildlife survey routes. Circle West study area.

63

MISSOURI
RIVER

3
LOG

"1 1 1 1 r

4 5 6 7 8

INDIVIDUALS PER SPECIES

10

n
1 1

Figure 25. Year-to-year changes in shapes of breeding bird species curves

for the Missouri River and Flowing Well roadside wildlife survey
routes, based on pooled May-July data for each year. (Arrows
indicate position of mode.)

20i

30

40

r 50
o

e

iS 60

i? 70

80

90

I 00

t

i9ee loeo lo/o 1971 19/2 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1973 197^

Figure 26. Similarity in percent for 1968-1979 June runs of the Circle
roadside wildlife survey route. (Arrows indicate change in
observers. )

64

valuable clues in tracing the cause-and-effect chain of the impact.

A drawback of the roadside survey technique used in this study is its
strong dependence on observer bias in estimating sample abundances; data
gathered by two different observers for the same route at the same time may
be considerably different, even if both observers are equally skilled. In
order to gain some insight into the importance of observer bias, the per-
cent similarity of results from the Circle route between subsequent runs
was determined, using the (,oefficient of similarity as defined by Bray and
Curtis (1957). Prominence values (Beals 1960) were used in place of sample
abundances.

Between-year similarities for 1968-1979 runs of the Circle Route
ranged from 0.32 to 0.89 (figure 26). This wide variation may reflect
ecological differences in breeding bird populations from year to year, but
is most likely due to changes in observers and observer bias. Figure 17
shows an increase in similarity between 1968-1970, between 1972-1975, and
between 1977-1979, as the observers became more familiar with the birds
and the route. Observers were changed between 1970 and 1972 and again
between 1975 and 1977, and these changes are accompanied by a sharp drop
in similarity (note: no runs were made in 1971, 1974, or 1976). This
demonstrates the extreme importance of maintaining observer continuity
for long-term monitoring.

SMALL MAMMAL COMMUNITY PARAMETERS

Small mammal capture data for 1979 are summarized in table 17. The
two habitats first sampled in 1979, Coulee Trunk and Scoria, were sampled
only in October. (Note: the biomass increase data presented in table 18
of the first monitoring report are in error; each number should be multi-
plied by a factor of two).

Figure 27 shows year-to-year changes in small mammal biomass for four
habitats (biomass estimates obtained for control and experimental sites
were averaged for combined spring and fall data). It should be emphasized
that 1977 data are not strictly comparable, since a spring-fall trapping
regime was not used that year. However, it is clear from this figure that
tall coulee shrub habitats yielded the most captures by far during all three
years. An overall increase in small mammal captures between 1978 and 1979
is apparent.

Figure 28 shows year-to-year changes in the spring-fall small mammal
biomass increase (which is related to production) for the same four habitats.
The tall coulee shrub habitats are by far the most productive; the spring-
fall biomass increase was remarkably large in 1979. Surprisingly, small
mammal biomass in silver sagebrush habitats decreased sharply over the summer
of 1979, possibly indicating over-winter use of the dense grass and shrub
cover offered by this habitat followed by late spring dispersal or predation.

65

00

00
00

OJ

QJ

_V

C

Z3

13

O

U

LJ

h—

0)

OJ

>.

1-

_"3

OJ

O

JD

<_J

JD

:3

i_

JtZ

on

t/1 c/n|

c

-c:

1_

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OJ

13

4-'

'—

on

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13

yz

CQ

.— < m

r— a <D to

o

OJ

o c

o

?

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o

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^--

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V. 4->

on

■U

13

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UJ

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Oi Oi

q:

-r

CL.

o 3

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o

66

Tall Coulee Shrub

400

300-

o

o

— 200
in

<
S

o

m

100

• Silver Sogebrush

U— Sclrpus Marsh

A Grassland

O Coulee Trunk

D— Scorio

A.

A

(D)

• A

iJ

I

T

1977

1978 1979

l| Fall trapping only

Figure 27,

Year-to-year changes in small mammal biomass for six habitats
sampled in the Circle West study area (control and experimental
data dre averaged for combined spring-fall data for each habitat)

▲ — Toll Coulpp t^hrub ^ ^ '

400

300-

o

o

^ 200

(4
M

<

s
o

100-

<9

z
<

0-

100

Toll Coulee Shrub

• Silver Sagebrush

■ — • — Scirpus Morsh
A Grossland

y

&•*,

y

N -A

N
\
N

1978

I
1979

Figure 2H.

Year-to-year changes in spring-fall small mammal biomass change
for six habitats sampled in the Circle West study area (control
and experimental data are averaged for each habitat).

67

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE MONITORING

A long-term monitoring program which allows annual measurement of
the parameters listed on pages 1 & 2 would require, at the minimum, the
following amount of field work:

AERIAL SURVEYS. Each year the Mine Study Area should be flown during
the following months: January, February, July, September, October, and
December (six flights total).

GROUND SURVEYS. Four trips to the study area each year would provide
the minimum amount of data necessary for long-term monitoring. These
trips should be made during the following periods:

May 4-25. General ground surveys, spring small mammal trapping,
waterfowl census, raptor nest survey, and sharp-tailed grouse lek
counts (9 person-days required, assuming 300 snap-traps are
available) .

June 2 - 20. General ground surveys, waterfowl census, raptor nest
survey, roadside wildlife surveys (6 routes) (12 person-days
required) .

July 15 - 30. General ground surveys, waterfowl census (5 person-
daysl •

September 15 - October 15. General ground surveys, lagomorph sur-
veys, fall small mammal trapping, sharp-tailed grouse lek counts
(8 person-days required).

TOTAL MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS FOR FIELD WORK

Aerial Surveys 6 person-days

Ground Surveys 34 person-days

Subtotal 40 person-days

Contingency for

rainy days 4 person-days

Total 44 person-days

6R

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

During the 1979-1980 monitoring period, data were gathered by:
Joe Elliott, Stacy Kiser, Tom Olson, and Dana Schmidt of Olson-
Elliott and Associates (small mammal trapping, waterfowl census, and
general ground survey); Ron Stoneberg, MDFWP (aerial big game census),
and Larry Thompson, DNRC (project coordination, roadside wildlife
surveys, winter bird and mammal census, waterfowl census, and general
ground surveys). George Cawl field, Ed Madej, Chris Raver, and Larry
Thompson of DNRC performed the data analysis. Rose Ann Montgomery typed
the manuscript, and June Virag produced the graphics. The waterfowl
computer program was developed by Chris Raver, and the computer-generated
big game density maps were prepared by Randy Holm of the Montana Department
of Community Affairs. Gail Kuntz and Hal Matthews of DNRC reviewed the
manuscript. This report was prepared by Larry Thompson of DNRC and was
funded by Northern Resources. Special thanks are extended to the Mike
McKeever, Lee Witte, and Ted Waller families for their help in the field.

59

LITERATURE CITED

Beals, E. 1960. Forest bird communities of the Apostle Islands of
Wisconsin. Wilson Bull. 72:196-131.

Bray, J.R., and J.T. Curtis. 1957. An ordination of the upland forest
communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecol . Monogr. 27:325-349.

Hammond, M.C. 1969. Notes on conducting waterfowl breeding population
surveys in the north central states. Pages 233-254 j_n Saskatoon
Wetlands Seminar. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. 6.

Kolb, H. 1965. The Audubon winter bird population study. Audubon Field
Notes. 19:432-434.

Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation. 1978. Circle
West wildlife baseline study: final report. Circle West Technical
Report No. 2. Helena.

. 1979a. Circle West wildlife monitoring study: first annual

report. Circle West Technical Report No. 4. Helena.

. 1979b. Circle West vegetation monitoring study: second annual

report. Circle West Technical Report No. 5. Helena.

Sharma, R.K., J.D. Buffington, and J.T. McFadden (eds.). 1975. The bio-
logical significance of environmental impacts. U.S. Nuclear Regu-
latory Commission, Washington, D.C.

70

APPENDIX A. Winter Bird and Mdmmal Census Results, 1980.

SILVER BUFFALOBERRY-RED OSIER DOGWOOD COULEE. -- Location: Montana; McCone
Co.; overlaps boundary of Sec. 3 and 10, T20N, R45E; 47° 31 'N, 105° 58 'W;
AMS, Glendive (NL 13-2). Continuity: New (BBC 1977 and 1978). Size:
25 ha = 61.8 acres. Description of Plot: See AB 32:108 (1978). Coverage:
Jan. 29 - Feb. 2; two trips/day except Jan. 29, Feb. 2. Total: 8 trips
between 0750 and 1714 averaging 54 minutes each. Count: Snow Bunting, 1;
Golden Eagle, +; Sharp-tailed Grouse. +; Great Horned Owl, +; Black-billed
Magpie, +. Average Total: 1.4 birds. Remarks: Total, 5 species. The lone
Snow Bunting was seen repeatedly on the wind-swept hillside above the head
of the coulee. The Great Horned Owl was flushed twice from its daytime
roost in silver buffaloberry near the head of one of the coulee arms. A
group of at least 13 Sharp-tailed Grouse were frequently seen feeding on a
grassy ridge about 100 m from the plot; the abundance of tracks on the plot
indicates possible nighttime use by these birds. A dead Golden Eagle,
probably killed 1-2 weeks earlier, was found on the coulee bottom. Mammal
tracks identified include: Coyote, Red Fox, Long-tailed Weasel, White-tailed
Jackrabbit, Porcupine, Deer Mouse. Groups of 7 and 6 Mule Deer were seen
on the plot Jan. 29 and 30, respectively.

SILVER BUFFALOBERRY-SILVER SAGEBRUSH COULEE. -- Location: Montana: McCone
Co.; overlaps border of Sec. 19 and 20, T20N, R45E; 47° 28 ' N, 106° 1 'W, AMS^
Jordan (NL 13-1). Continuity: New (BBC 1977 and 1978). Size: 25 ha = 61.8
acres. Description of Plot: See AB 32:108-9 (1978). Coverage: Jan. 29 -
Feb. 1; two trips/day. Total, 8 trips between 0924 and 1546 averaging 39
minutes each. Count: Golden Eagle, +. Remarks: the Golden Eagle was ob-
served on Jan. 31 flying low over the plot and apparently hunting. Tracks
identified include: Sharp-tailed Grouse, Coyote, Red Fox, White-tailed
Jackrabbit, Desert Cottontail, Deer Mouse. A Porcupine was feeding on the
bark of a silver buffaloberry shrub within the plot on Jan. 29-30.

SILVER SAGEBRUSH FLAT. -- Location: Montana; McCone Co.; SE quarter of

Sec. 31, T20N, R45E; 47" 25 ' N, 106° 1 'W, AMS, Jordan (NL 13-1). Continuity:

New (BBC 1977 and 1978). Size: 24 ha = 59.3 acres. Description of Plot:

See AB 32:107-8 (1978). Coverage: Jan. 29 - Feb. 1; 8 trips (2/day) between

0818 and 1455 averaging 31 minutes each. Count: Short-eared Owl, +. Remarks:

Mammal tracks were very abundant on the plot, and included those of: Coyote,

Red Fox, Long-tailed Weasel, Desert Cottontail, White-tailed Jackrabbit,

Deer Mouse. The absence of Sharp-tailed Grouse tracks was surprisinq, as

the plot supported wintering grouse during the two previous winters.

NEEDLE-AND-THREAD -- BLUE GRAMA GRASSLAND. -- Location: Montana; McCone
Co.; borders center of E boundary of Sec. 25, T20N , R44E; 47° 27 ' N,
106° 2 ' W; AMS, Jordan (NL 13-1). Continuity: New (BBC 1977 and 1978).
Size: 25 ha = 61.8 acres. Description of Plot: See AB 32:109 (1978).
Coverage: Jan. 29 - Feb. 1; 8 trips (2/day) between 0900 and 1507, averaging
24 minutes each. Count: No birds seen. Remarks: Coyote and Red Fox tracks
were observed on the plot.

71

WESTERN WHEATGRASS - BLUE GRAMA PASTURE. -- Location: Montana; McCone
Co.; Sec. 23 T20N , R44E; 47" 28 ' N, 106" 3 'W; AMS Jordan (NL 13-1).
Continuity: New (BBC 1977 and 1978). Size: 25 ha = 61.8 acres. Description
of Plot: See AB 32:109 (1978). Coverage: Jan. 29 - Feb. 1; 8 trips (2/day)
between 0952 and 1630 averaging 30 minutes each. Count: Golden Eagle, +;
Snow Bunting, +. Remarks: The Golden Eagle flew over the plot on Jan. 30
and perched on a scoria butte about 500 m from the plot. The lone Snow
Bunting was seen on two occasions feeding on western wheatgrass seedheads
protruding above the snow. Tracks of Coyote, Red Fox, and Long-tailed
Weasel were observed on the plot.

72

APPENDIX B. Summary of Data for 1979 Roadside Wildlife Survey.

NOTE: Results are given for each of the five routes (indicated by the
first letter of the route name), for the four control routes
combined (i.e., excluding the Dreyer Ranch route), and for all
give routes combined (including the Dreyer Ranch route).
Numbers indicate sample abundance and frequency for each species
(e.g., 12/7 indicates that twelve birds were recorded at seven
stops) .

73

fAA^ \'iT\

(06)

(69)

(72)

(7.-.)

(7K)

(81)

(B4)

(88)

Species

AOU

acjrL

tor.

5 ,

('

F

r

m

D

PIEU-BILLEDGHEBE. .

006
120
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lyo

1.T2
13b
143
139
140
137
I4'.;
144
146
I4T
149

i(;7

337
,342
348
331
360
308
2K9
3091
2H81
214
221
27.3

2.30

264
26 1
263
2. SB
249

224
(I.S4
059
077
3131
316
387
3«K
37.')
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420
423
390
412
413

( 406
393
394
444
447

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467
461
462
474
614
616

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(65) (69) (72) (75) (78) (SI) (84) (8R)

Species

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613
612
611
477
475
488
7.35

1 727
721

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J 724
715
704
705
702
761
756
766
768
700
619
622
493
624
627
652
GSl
683
687
6882
494
5011
497
498
506
507
508
510
511
495
595
596
597
598
599
604
529
587
605
542

V 546
545
540
552
560
561
562

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584
581
539
538

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Wvl

Appendix B (Continued) 7/1

jUAiL l'(71

(65)

(69)

(72)

(75)

(7K)

(SI)

(R4)

(88)

Species

AOU

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TOT.
Ill .4..

c

P

P

fA

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PltU- BILLED GREBE. .

006
120
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202
190

i:)5
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i:i9

140
1,17
142
144
146
147
140
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r.n

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214
221
2-/.i
2.10
264
261

2G;i

2.')B
24'J
225
224
O.Vl
(159
077
MDil

/,

•/.

V,

DBL-CR. CORMORANT

r/

i/l-

Vr

GREAT BLUE HERON .

'/l

7'

/.

>A

BLK-CR. NIGHT HERON

AM. BITTERN

MALLARD

W^

"J

I'Yf

'^/^

''n^

^^f

GAUWALL

A

V,

V/-

Vi

fy

PINTAIL

'^1

f/,

V<

'^;

'h

GREEN-WINGKD TEAL

Y'

'//

r^

BLl'E-WINCiED TEAL .

yi-

e/f

y^

'Yi

AM. WIGEON ....

^

'i(4

V,

'r>

N. SHOVELER

•ii

'/,

WOOD DdCK

REDHEAD

CANVASBACK ....

IJSSER SCAUP ....

Vi

Vr

y,

RUDDY DUCK ....

Vr

'/.

y-

RED-I AIIJ.D HAWK .

•/|

'/,

■/,

SWAINSUN-S HAWK .

l-EKmiGINOU-S HAWK .

MARSH IL^WK ....

Vi

-^

■^/j_

^i

Va

Y^

"/'O

AM. KESTREL ....

•/l

^/i

-A

v^

SHARP-! AIL. GROUSE

V,

V,

'/(

Vi

BOBWHITE

RING -NECK PHEASANl'

"/^^

^M

-^Vji

^N

'"^.•,

'^Vu

CKAy PARTRITCE. . .

SORA

'A

V,

y;

AM. COOT

VI

'/l

y^

V

KILLDEER

■i/i

"f/
/(.>

^/i

"Ya

'1h.

'M,

'^7

COMMON SNUT . . .

LONG-HILLED l UKU.W

UPLAND SANDPIPI'R .

'A

^r

y,

SIKVl TED SANDIlUvR.

'/i

'Il

y,

^

wiLU: 1

•/,

yi

y,

MARBLED GODWM . .

AM. Avcx:i:i ....

WILSON'S PHALAROPI-;

■=/.

Vv

■y,

K

RING -BILIJED GULL . .

Vi

'/,

'■"/,

^'

PRANKLIN'S GULL . .

BLACK TERN

ROCK DOVK

•V?

'f'-.

'r^

MOURNING nOV|-. . .

316
3S7
38H
375
37 8
367
420
423
390
412
413
406
393
394
44-1
447
4.'i2
456
467
4664
467
461
462
474
614
616
617

-Vi(.

^n.

''^x-

'^^A^

5/f

''V.3

^^i<t9,

YELLOW-DIL. < U< KtXI

BLACK-lilLLf UC:KOO

Vi

y,

^'

^

GIUfAT HORNED OWL

y>

'^,

y,

HUl' ROWING OWL. . .

SHORT -EAIU£D OWL .

*/1

K

-^

"^i

'y^

COMMON N1GHTIL^WK

■^/

V-i

fV

V/

';^

^yi^

ChflMNEY SWUI . . .

HELPfD KINGIISHIR .

y,

-?//

y

^fr^^S^IMCKH.-.

yi

'"/■}

H

M

HtH-^rHAFT 1 UCKER .

RED-HD. WOODPhC KTR

^^

v^-

V,

HAIRY WOODPECKER

DOWNY WCX)DPECKER

E. KIN(.HIRD

-f/^

^/^

Vi

'^Ao

'V,^^

''A>

^•^^

W. KINGBIRD

^h

-y^

'/,

'^,r'

'y'

GT. CREST 1 L^CAI(■HR

E. PHOEBE

SAY'S PHOEBE ....

yz

y-i

y.<

'A

'0'

'/JL

WILLOW ELYCATCHER

LEASE 1 LYCAlCIQiR .

'/,

/■"'

y

E. WCKJD reWEE . . .

W. WOOD ItWEE . .

1//

y>

y^

y?

not. NED LARK ....

'■^s.

'-'/^f

^%,

-^n

"Mv

^•^Ar^

'^%i.

TREE SWALLOW . . .

BANK SWALLOW . . .

v/^

ffr^

*'^y

ROUGH-WC. SWALLOW

• /.

^/A

'^/i

v^

V

'Vr

(65)

(69)

(72)

(75)

(78)

(81)

(84)

(8S)

Spc( ics

AOU

P.0-Vt

•<or.

4

lorr. '

C

P ■

P

•^

0

> .,

BARN SWALLOW . . .

613
612
611
477
475
488
735

I 727
721

M 725

J 724
715
704
705
702
761
756
766
16V
700
619
622
493
624
627
652
681
683
687
6882
494
5011
497
498
606
507
508
510
511
495
595
596
597
598
599
604
529
537
605
542

J 546
545
540
552
560
561
562
563
584
581
539
538

i/l

Vy

Vf

V^

y.

Yy

CUFF SWALLOW . . .

«?/l

^Yn

•A

V^

y,

ly„

4*^

PURPLE MARTIN . . .

BLUE JAY

BLK- BILLED MAG HE .

'//

y^

v»

y^

■"U^

'V,^

COMMON CROW . . .

y

*v

V

BLK-CAP.CHICKADEE

WHITE-BR. NUTHATCh

HOUSE WREN

Y'

Yi

%

^Xs

■^Yn

LONG-BIL MARSH WRE

SHORT-B. MARSH WREh

ROCK WREN

V^^

y,

-^yy

V7

GRAY CATBIRD. . . .

BROWN THRASHER . .

'/,

y.

'/,

V'i

'V

"/,'

SAGE THRASHER . . .

y^

>^1

V

AM. ROBIN

H/^

V

r^

y^

v?

'7f

VEERY

E. HUIEBIRD

MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD

S HAGUE'S PIPIT . . .

Vi.

y-f

V3

'Vi

-y..

CEDAR WAXWING . .

LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE.

7/7

v^

■^/^

y.

V

'Yii

'%r

STARUNG

VI

y

y

y-r

V.-

'^yy

''A

RED-EYED VIREO . . .

WARBUNG VIREO. . .

y,

'A

^.

v^

v^

YELLOW WARBLER . .

%

V/f

•^ys

Vr

COM. YELLOW THROAT

'/»

^/v

y^

y,

'Y,.^

V/

YELLOW-BR. CHAT. .

y,

Vi

^y

V/

AM. REDSTART. . . .

HOUSE SPARROW . . .

'*''K

"/^

V

^v^

''Yc

HOBOUNK

V^

'/■

y\

y^'

'V

ifi<

W. MEADOW LARK . .

'^y>v

^■'■ko

NO/^

'yn

'fy-i^.

^'V'^

'^K^

YEL-HD. BLACKBIRD.

V:

y

v^

Vy

RED-WG. BLACKBIRD.

6'/,,-

^f/,^

Vv

»Vrf

^Va

'^^(^

'^^

Oi;CHARD ORIOLE . .

//

y,

'A

Vi

7i

YX

V

BULLOCK'S ORIOLE. .

BREWER'S BLACKBIRD.

^/>

'%

"/.

i^/,i

Vc

'^V.^

•*f^2

COMMON CRACKLE .

Vi

'/i

V

y^

BROWN-1D3. C:OWBIRD

-yr

v«,

'VH

V"

Vrtf

VA'^

r-^Y

ROSE-BR. (;rosbeak .

BLACK-HD. c;ROSBEAK

BLUE GROSBEAK . . .

INDIGO BUNTING . .

LAZUU BUNTING . .

y^

\ 3

Y^

DICKCISSEL

AM. GOLDHNCH. . .

•//

y^

V-i

'Yi

'V

RUFOUS-SIDE TOWHEE

vy

"/,,

'yy

yn

LARK BUNTING. . . .

'V,-

^/n

V-

'V

y^

'V^i

''Ai

SAVANNAH SPARROW

Vf

yr'-

y-f

"/>

GRASSHOPl-EK SPARROV

1-/1,

■^/n

/f/,<,

f^

Vf

fc^r

'^^,

BAIRD'S SPARROW. . .

'V.'i

7i-

V/

-Vi<

%

VESPER SPARROW . . .

Vj

''Vm

'Vi,

3/^l>

V-

•>'<^-,'

ri1(

LARK SPARROW. . . .

"A;

7i

V/

^Vh

'Mi

CHIPPING SPARROW. .

yi

'//

Y,

CLAY-COL. SPARROW

V,

'/'

'yi

'■Yi,

'y,i

BREWER'S SPARROW. .

^Vr-^

V/

'^1

y^

""Yic

^yy

FIELD SPARROW. . . .

y'c

^y;«

^Vi

^%i

SWAMP SPARROW. . .

SONG SPARROW. . . .

MCCOWN'S IXJNGSPUR

CH-COL. UJNGSKIR .

"'Jv,

v»

^y^

'^;^f

^%

V

X

V

'^i

y,

- Tj-ritEi. y^vrwi

Y<

'//

Yi

-

. . .

Form 3-6 f 1975*

Appendix B (Continued) 75

yju »'ns

(66)

(69)

(72)

(75)

(78)

(81)

(84)

(88)

Species

AOU

(IcJtt 1

0

5

e.

P

P

/n

D

PIED-BILLED GREBE. . 006

DBL-CR. CORMORANT 120

GREAT BLUE HERON . 194

V/j

v/?

BLK-CR. NIGHI HEIiON 202

AM. BITTERN 190

MALLARD 132

^y^

W/y

;?Va

v/^

GADWALL 135

"//

'A

PINTAIL 143

t;REEN-WINGrn HAL 139

blue-winc;eij leal . i4o

AM. WIGEON .... 137

^/^

^Ai

N. SHOVELER 142

WOOD DUCK 144

R1:UI{EAU 146

CANVASBACK . . .-. 147

li:SSER SCAUP .... 149

RUDDY DUCK .... 167

RED-TAILED HAWK . 337

SWAINSON'S HAWK . .342

'/,

^A

'//

fA

•^/^

^/V

'A^

lEIWUGINOUS HAWK . 348

'/,

'A

A

•yx

MARSH HAWK .... 331

"/■I

v/v

■JA

^4,

I'yfo

'"/(t.

AM. KESTREL .... 360

y^

'i/o

"i /,l

'y,r

SHARP-! AIL. (iROUSE 308

y^

V^

nOBWHITE 289

lUNG-NECK PHEA.SANr .3091

"//'

'■Yi

M

V^

'f'^/i^

'^"M

GRAY l'AinRIIX;E. . . 2881

'//

A

A

SORA

214
221

'/f

A

Yi

AM. COOI

KILLDEER 273

'Vr*

%

%i

"f/1

•H^

'>Vh'\

'""A.^.

COMMON SNIPE . . . 230

LONG-BILLED c;URU;W 264

UPLAND SANDPIPER . 2(il

/'

«/i-

■^/'J.

Vi

v^

SPOTTED sANDnPt;R. 263

■^1

■V,

WILLET 268

Vi

•V,

^(

MARBLED (;ODWn . . 249

AM. AV0C:EI .... 225

WlliiON'S PHALARQPI: 224

I'/i

^/■i

"/t

']M

iaNG-BILI^DGULl. . . 064

'/(

¥^r

A

^f'\

i IIANKLIN'S (.DLL . . 059

blac:k tern 077

RCXTK POVK 3131

MOURNING DOVE. . . 316

%

''V^i

lo'/io

'^

'"^/i"

^^'^/i.

^^/ji

YELLOW-niL. CUCKOO 387

BLACK-BILL CUCKOO 388

Vx

■Vi

v^

i.REAT HORNED OWL 375

lUIRROWINc; OWL. . . 37H

SnORl -EARI 1' OWL . 367

'/,

V//

'//

(./(,

H

COMMON NIC. HI HAWK 420

/y,/

t-/T

<-/-(

V/^

sVpn

V^^

finMNEY SWII 1 . . . 423

HELIKD K1N(.I ISHI R . .190

C'ir'7rv/W<'»^| MCKER . 412

V^

IP/f

'Vli

>Vii

^1 1 MCKER . 413

RED-HD. WOODPI'CKER 406

•A

'A

Yi

HAIRY WOODPECKER .393

DOWNY WOODPECKER 394

E. KINGBIRD 444

V>/

'//

•'A-

'^^

'%

^Vl^

^^3^

W. KINGBIRD 447

Vf

'A

'/,

'^/i/

','//

GT.CRESI 1 LYCA1CHR 452

K. PHOEBE 456

^/i

«/f

y,

V<]

1/^

WILLOW ELVt AIC.IF.R 4664

IJ:.\SI- 1 LYCAIC'IKR . 467

'A

A

'//

i:. wixm pi'wEi- . . . 461

W. wool' ItWFE . . 162

'/i

Al

Yf

HORNED LARK .... 47)

"-'A

H)

^^^

V-\

">^

^"'^^H

^•'Vi

TREE SWALLOW ... 614

BANK SWALLOW ... 616

l!On(Ul-WG. SWALLOW 617

Vj-

VjL

V*

Lvi/_

'^0

(65) (69) (72) (75) (78) (81) (84) («S)

Species

AOU

R---T6. 1

M 5

c

p

f

(VI

0

BARN SWALLOW . . .

613
612
611
477
476
488
735
I 727
721
N 725
■J 724
715
704
706
702
761
756
766
768
700
619
622
493
624
627
652

r 681

683
687
6882
494
6011
497
498
506
507
508
510
511
495
595

< 596
697
598
599
604
529

- 587
605
542

W 546
545
540
552
560
561
562
563
584
581

; 539
538

Vr

^/.i

'^/

'/

iv aV^f\

?H»

CUFF SWALLOW . . .

1'^

v*^i

^

VY

^^%<

^A

PURPLE MARTIN . . .

BUIE JAY. ...... .

BLK-BILLED MAGPIE .

'i/1

^/j-

^/^

'^/v

^^M

•^y^

COMMON CROW . . .

&y

"Ar

'7f

BLK-CAP.CHICKADEE

WHITE-BR. NUTHATCl

HOUSE WREN

5/i

>^Ai

^Yn

^r^o\

LONG-BIL MARSH WRE

SHORT-B. MARSH WR£^

ROCK WREN

'V,i

'//

Vy

i-^/ix

Vfi.

GRAY CATBIRD. . . .

A(

'//

V^

%

BROWN THRASHER . .

V<e

'/(

3A

V?

'Yi

SAGE THRASHER . . .

A

A,

'A

AM. ROBIN

V/y

y^r

"/f

"/"?

VEERY

E. BLUEBIRD

MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD

V/,

V^

SPRAGUE'S PIPIT . . .

V,

^/v

"A^

^'^7

'Vio

'Y^i

CEDAR WAXWING . .

LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE.

'/'/

Yi

■'^A

Vjy

^//

^Y^x

t-^

STARUNG

V-i

'^;

V'

/V/

"Yk

"h

iy-:D-EYED VIREO . . .

WARBUNC VIREO. . .

'/,

At

'A

YELLOW WARBLER . .

4<?

Y^

"A.

Y<'

COM. YELLOWTHROAl

^7

^t,

d/$

y.A

'Y^

'^'f

YELLOW -BR. CHAT. .

Yj

>A<e

'Vi

^/t

AM. R>;DS1 ART. . . .

HOUSE SPARROW . . .

■M

¥i

y^

S1fy

^/t

«^/^

^y,.

BOBOUNK

^'

^/i

^0

W. MEADOWLARK . .

io'/%

'^4

'^f'ii.

>^%^

^7

•s^^

-^M

YEL-HD. BLACKBIRD.

3//

V/

RED-WG. BLACKBIRD.

^■*Am

%-

^Vh

■»/,x

,i/7

l-^Si-

'V-i^

ORCHARD ORIOLE . .

■/,

>//

BALTIMORE ORIOLE .

bulloc:k's oriole. .

'A

'A

Aj

^A

BREWER'S blackbird.

V'

^'/^

Vi

ifn

Sf/f

s^A'i

''^i

COMMON crackle .

Vl

'/'.

Y,

BROWN-lli:i. COWBIRD

V2-

^/i

v^

A'i

Vi

i>M

'Vii

ROSF-BR. GROSBEAK .

black-hd. GROSBEA

BLUE GROSBEAK . . .

INDIGO BUNTING . .

lazuu bunting . .

s/^

5/y

V</

DICKCISSEL

AM. GOUJFINCH. . .

'Vi

'V^

3'/t^

V/fc

RUrOUS-SIDE TOW HE

^■r

^fii

I'/S

f^'l

^^

LARK BUNTINC;. . . .

V^

•toA

VrT

W

^Mt.

■'■'A'c

SAVANNAH SPARROW

^A

'/'

^/A

Y)

GRASSHOPPER SPARRO

\->/fi

<'/Y

^AT

A,

^A(>

^'A/'i

^^

BAIRD'S SPARROW. . .

^Vi',

V-,

V^

^V/fi

l^/i^

^M

VESPER SPARROW . . .

-^A

^V//i

Wi2

^/■Z

rt/i'i

^/fB

/*%

LARK SPARROW . . . .

vn<t'

VJ

'■*/r

V?

3*%?,?

^

CFOPPING SPARROW.

CLAYCOL. SPARROW

3/?

A,

I'/i

Y^!^

BREWER'S SPARROW.

Sb/^

i^/io

V//

'Zi

'W

FIELD SPARROW. . .

'Mr

^y

V^y

4i/

SWAMP SPARROW. .

SONG SPARROW. . . .

MCCOWN'S LONGSPUt

'^/.P

'Yyc

'^f

CH-COL. LONGS PUR .

'"V-fi

w

ty^i

'-'Ai

"^

'jj,iff<i^^. '^':'ft'.

'A

Ai

^/i

Yv-

Form 3-6(1975)

Appendix B (Continued)76

mONTANA

DEPARTMENT Of NATURAL RESOURCES

A CONSERVATION

Helena, Montana

#^'^iw2ii^;i^is:w5j?^wg^

50 copies of this public document were published at
an estimated cost of $23.63 per copy, for a total cost
of $1,181.37, which includes $1,161.37 for printing
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