DESIGNED To “AFFOR? TO PUPILS IN COMMON SCHOOIS AND ACADEMIES » as ENOWLENGE OF THE, ANIMAL 3 SNUT-ST. \ ? i t= * ¥ . E , 4 . : k x :. 4 ‘ oy - x ‘ - 5 ~ = : - f 1 4 1 c R } m TESTIMONIALS. I { College of N. Jersey, Jan. 16, 1846. The undersigned testify that Professor B. Jaeger was con- nected with this Institution from 1831 to 1840, as an Instructor in Natural History and Modern Languages, and during that time gave satisfactory proofs of his acquaintance with these subjects ; and we take pleasure also in testifying to his gentlemanly deportment,—also, that he resigned his station in the College with the regret of the Faculty and Trustees. JAMES CARNAHAN, President. JOSEPH HENRY, Prof. Nat. Phil. STEPHEN ALEXANDER, Prof.of Math. § Astron. Alexandria, D. C., Jan. 5, 1846. Professor B. Jaeger, formerly of New Jersey College, at Princeton, resided in Alexandria, D. C., from 1840 to 1845, and was here universally esteemed as a learned Naturalist, an excellent linguist and a profound scholar in science and literature, as well as generally beloved on account of his amiable dis- position, sober and industrious habits and gentlemanly qualities. We take, therefore, great pleasure in testifying the above statement by subscribing our names :-— P. E. Hoffman, Esq. Edw. C. Fletcher, Esq. ‘ Hugh Smith, Esq. Anth. Cazenove, Esq. Edm. Green, Esq. Orl. Fairfax, M. D. Rob. Brockett, Esq. Benj. Barton, Esq. R. H. Stabler, M. D. Caleb Hallowell and Brother. Rob. Miller, Esq. W. Fowle; Esq. Geo. D. Fowle, Esq. W. H. Fowle, Esq. Thos. W. Smith, Esq. Phineas Janny, Esq. H. C. Smith, Esq. John Leadbeater, Esq. Wash. C. Page, Esq. 2 TESTIMONIALS. ? Washington City, January 5, 1846. We, the undersigned, testify that Mr B Jaeger (from 1831 to 1840 Professor of Botany, Zodlogy and Modern Languages, at the New Jersey College in Princeton, and since a resident of the district) is a gentleman of profound knowledge and high standing in society, but principally distinguished as a Botanist, Zoblogist and excellent Linguist. We also take pleasure in adding our testimony to the high and honorable bearing of Pro- fessor Jaeger, since we had the pleasure of knowing him. Y. L. Edwards, Commiss. of Pensions. J. J Abert, Col. Corps. Eng. Francis Markoe. W. D. Nutt, of the Treas. Depart. . A G Dayton, Fourth Auditor of the Treas. W A Swit, Capt. Topog. Eng. Winfield Scott, Gen. U. S. Army. T. G. Totten, Col. Eng. T. M Johnson, P. M. House of Repres. A. D. Bache, Supert. U. S. Coast Survey. G. F. Blake, U. S. Vavy. Dan. Ratclief, Attorn. at Law. Wilson M. C. Fairfax, U S. Coast Surv. Th. P. Jones, M. D , Prof. of Chemistry. Ch. M. Keller, /ate Chief. Exam. of Pat's. William T. Stone, Esq. Professor James P. Espy. The subscriber has been acquainted with Mr. B. Jaeger, (formerly professor of Botany, Zodlogy and Modern Languages, in Princeton College, New Jersey,) for several years. Mr. Jaeger filled the situation from 1831 to 1840. The subscriber knows that the late Professor Hassler enter tained the highest opinion of the attainments aud the character of .Mr Jaeger. As one well qualified to judge oy the merits of Mr. Jaeger, the testimony of Mr. Hassler will go far to establish the reputation of Mr. Jaeger with those who have not the advantage of his acquaintance, but who, knowing Mr. Hassler, would have great confidence in his opinion as a scientific man. “> The high testimonials received by Mr. Jaeger from the present Faculty of Princeton College, together with other _ evidences of his standing as a man of science, now in his possession, will doubtless be considered to present abundant proofs to such as may feel a disposition to know the reputation of Mr. Jaeger. Washington, January 20, 1846. W.#H. SWIFT. . TESTIMONIALS. 3 It affords me great pleasure in uniting my testimony m behalf of the meritorious claims of Professor B Jaeger, late of Nassau Hall, Princeton, N. J., distinguished in the departments of Natural History and Modern Languages, in which capacity he officiated at that institution for several years up to 1840. Professor Jaeger is also a gentleman in deportment, and of exemplary moral character. SAM. HAMILTON, Attorney at Law. Trenton, N. J., January 20, 1846. Washington, February 14, 1846. Having been a student of Princeton College while Professor Jaeger was connected with that institution, I take great pleasure in testifying to his ability in the departments of Natural History and Modern Languages, and cheerfully reeeommend him as@ gentleman of correct deportment and exemplary moral character. J. G. HAMPTON, Representative of New Jersey. Washington, February 14, 1846. The undersigned, although not personally acquainted with Professor Jaeger, are satisfied, from the excellent reputation which he enjoyed as Professor of Natural History and Modern Languages in Princeton College, that his abil'ty in those depart- mer ts of knowledge is undoubted ; and, from the representations of our friends, in whom we have confidence, and who have known Professor Jaeger for a long time, we are also satisfied that he is a gentleman of good moral character. Hon. W. W. Wright, Representative from New Jersey. Hon. W. Miller, Senator from New Jersey. Hon. John Runk, Representative from New Jersey. Hon. Geo. Sykes, Representative from New Jcrsey. Hon. J. E. Edsall, Representative from New Jersey. i: May 5, 1848. This certifies, that Professor B. Jaeger has given a course of - lectures on Zodlogy, before the pupils of the higher departments of this Institution, which has given great satisfaction The Professor, from his extensive travels in various parts of the world under the patronage of the Emperor of Russia, has enjoyed facilities for the acquisition of knowledge in his department, which fall to the lot of few Naturalists. Besides this, from his »? 4 TESTIMONIALS. long connexion with Princeton College as Professor of Natural History, he has had an opportunity of arranging his knowledge so as with ease to communicate it to others. 1 most cheerfully recommend him to the friends of Education, as a teacher of great learning and experience, and a gentleman of probity and exeel- lence of character. CHARLES E. WEST, Principal Rutgers Institute. Iil. New-York, May 20, 1848. I take pleasure in saying, that Professor Jaeger has delivered his course of Hight Lectures on Zodlogy to the Young Ladies ‘of the Rutgers Female Institute with great success, and so much gratified have we been, that arrangements are now completed for a course on Botany. Professor Jaeger proves himself to be a man of great attainments in the Departments to which he devotes himself, while his courteous and gentlemanly manners will always win the good feeling of those he instructs. he ISAAC FERRIS, President of the Trustees of R. F. Institute. IV. New-York, Oct. 9, 1848. I beg ‘leave to introduce Professor Jaeger to those schools in this city, which are accustomed to employ distinguished Lectur- ers on various branches of Science and Literature. He comes to us with the highest recommendations asa man of science, and as one who has particularly distinguished himself ‘in Natural His- tory. It is on this subject that he proposes to lecture. I have heard him deliver two lectures. Judging from them, as well as from an acquaintance of some months, I shall feel it a privilege to employ him as a lecturer in my school. Although a foreigner he has a good command of our language, and presents his ideas with great clearness. Natural History has not been collected by Professor Jaeger merely from books: he has himself traversed vast countries in independent researches. Hence his lectures are invested with an interest which belongs only to one who has himself seen what he describes. It apvears to me that our higher Seminaries would very much - TESTIMONIALS. 5 enrich their educational courses by the introduction of Natural History. Is there not now an auspicious opportunity for the in- troduction of this branch, when a gentleman of Professor Jaeger’s attainments offers himself to take charge of it, for the very pur- pose of initiating our Youth into its Elements? HENRY P. TAPPAN. Vv. From the N. Y. Daily Tribune, Monday Evening, Oct. 23, 1848. te) lo Proressor B. Jarcer:—We perceive, that this distinguished savan will read a paper before the New York Historical Society, at the meeting for the present week. From the long experience and high reputation of this gentleman we are sure that any effort he makes before so learned a society will be profoundly interest- ing. Professor Jaeger has lived a life of study, and has devoted himself wholly and with ardor to the cause of science. A long career of usefulness, during which he traversed many of the most imteresting portions of Europe and the East, in prosecuting his scientific researches, conferred upon him a European fame unsurpassed by his compeers; and this reputation, which he some years ago brought to America, has been confirmed and ex- tended during his residence among us. It is in the department of Natural History, Botany and Technology that Professor Jaeger most excels, while his knowledge of languages is so thorough and extensive that he has for some years held the post as Professor of Languages, in one of our most popular univer- sities. We have heard with sincere pleasure, that the friends of Professor Jaeger are about suggesting to the Board of Directors of the Free Academy, soon to go into operation here, to add to its facilities a department of Natural History and Technology, (with which that of Languages might be united) and to confer upon him the Professorship. For our own part we think the suggestion eminently worthy of consideration ; and we respect- fully urge it upon the favorable attention of the proper authorities of the new Institution which is about to crown with completeness our noble system of Public Education. te sa € TESTIMONIALS. VI. New-York, March 14, 1849. Professor Jaeger formerly gave lectures, for several years, in my school in Princeton, New Jersey, on the several branches of Natural History. He isa gentleman of much science, aad an interesting and instructive lecturer. He has prepared a class- book for the use of schools on the subject of Zodlogy, which 1 have examined with satisfaction. His work is prepared with a thorough knowledge of the subject, and must prove a valuable addition to the means of elementary education ‘The method is scienti%e, while the style is generally free from technical termin- ology, and is sufficiently intelligible to be adapted to the intelli- gence of those for whom it is designed. E. C. WINES. VIL. I have examined with much care the “Class Book of Zodélo- gy” by Professor B. Jaeger, and am persuaded that it is admi- rably adapted to the purpose he has in view, namely, of supplying a school-book on this subject for our Common Schools and Aca- demies ; and that its merits, for this purpose, far exceed those of any other book on this subject, now before the public. The sub- stitution of English for Latin and Greek terms is an important feature, which will commend it to the favor of all who are unac- quainted with these languages. The want of such an elemen- tary book has rendered the science of Zodlogy almost unknown, and I see no reason why, with the facilities which such a manual will afford, it may not be made one of the subjects of general education. Prof. J. has delivered several lectures on Zodlogy before the teachers and pupils of the Public Schools of Brooklyn, — in which he was peculiarly successful in simplifying the science to the comprehension of the younger portion of his hearers, and in eliciting their deep attention and interest. GEO. W. 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Of the Long-tailed Apes, the Macaco (Carcopi- thecus Cynomulgus) is the most frequently seen in menageries; he is longer than a cat, above greenish, below yellowish white, and is a native of the western coast of Africa; where large troops of them plunder the plantations. )50. Of monkeys the most remarkable are: 1. The Red Preacher; 2. The Coaita; 3..The Capuchin; 4. The Squirrel Monkey; 5. The Fox Monkey; and 6. The Ouistiti. §51. The Red Preacher (Cebus Seniculus) is of the size of a small bulldog, of a reddish brown color, with large whiskers, and found in troops upon the trees in the forests of Guiana. He usually emits a deafening voice, principally on change of weather; which sound is pro- duced by a remarkable long cavity in the windpipe. §52. The Coaita (Cebus paniscus) is larger than a cat, entirely black, found everywhere in South America, and extremely dexterous in the use of its long prehensile tail. §53. The Capuchin (Cebus Capucinus) is a monkey as large as a big cat, his body dark brown, with a white ring around the face, looking like a Capuchin Friar. His voice resembles that of a crying child. He is found in large numbers in Guiana, upon the trees in the forests. §54. The Squirrel Monkey (Cebus sciureus) is larger than a gray-squirrel, covered with short yellow gray hair, with a black snout: a very common and gentle little animal. §55. The Fox Monkey (Cebus Pithecia) is of the size of a small fox; his fur is black and shaggy, and around the face white ; he is found in Guiana. §56. The Ouistiti (Cebus Jacchus) is of the size of CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 27 a squirrel, has a black-colored body, and a very bushy ringtail. He is found in the warmest parts of America. §57. Of the Cat-like Apes, the most common is the Maki, (Lemur Mongos,) which has a black head, a gray body and tail. He lives upon trees in Madagascar, and is herbivorous. QUESTIONS ON SECT. V. $31. What are Four-handed Mammalia? § 32. In. what respect do they resemble man, and how do they differ from him ? $33. Of what country are they natives, and on what do they feed? § 34. What is their use? $35. ae how many families are they divided, and what are their names § 36. Describe the Tailless Apes. § 37. Describe the Tailless Baboons. §38. What are Long-tailed Apes? §39. What Apes are called Monkeys? §40. What are called Cat-like Apes ? $41. Which are the most remarkable Tailless Apes? $42. What do you know of the size, color, nature, and native place of the Orang-outang ? $43. What do you know of the size, color, nature, and native place_of the Barbary Ape? $44. What do you know of the size, color, nature, and native place of the Chimpanse ? $45. Which are the best-known species of Short-tailed Apes? $46. What is the size, color, habit, and native country of the Ribbed- faced Baboon ? F $47. What is the size, color, habit, and native country of the Man- rill? ° $48. Describe the Bear-like Baboon. $49. What Long-tailed Ape is the most frequently seen in menageries ? Describe him. ; $50. Which are the most remarkable Monkeys? § 51. What is the size, color, nature, and native place of the Red Preacher ? ; §52. What is the size, color, nature, and native place of the Coaita ?7@j §53. What is the size, color, nature, and native place of the Capuchin Monkey ? $54. What is the size, color, nature, and native place of the Squirrel Monkey ? $55. What is the size, color, nature, and native place of the Fox Monkey ? §56. What is the size, color, nature, and native place of the Ouistiti? $57. Which is the most common of the Cat-like Apes? Give ade scription of him. 28 ; CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. SECTION VI. 3d Order—Carnivorous: (Mammalia.) § 58. Carnivora are those quadrupeds which take their food from the animal kingdom, and possess, like man and quadrumana, the three kinds of teeth, viz: Incisors, canine teeth, and grinders. § 59. The intestines of this order are shorter and less voluminous than those of herbivorous quadrupeds, on ac- count of the substantial nature of their aliment, and to avoid the putrefaction it would undergo by remaining too long in an elongated canal. § 60. The carnivora, according to their external and internal constitution, may be divided into five families, viz: 1. Hand-winged; 2. Insect-eaters ; 3. Flesh-eaters ; 4. Amphibious Flesh-eaters ; 5. Pouched Flesh-eaters. § 61. Family I. The Hand-winged, or Bats, (Chirop- tera,) are those nocturnal animals the fore and hind feet of which are connected by a thin membrane, which ena- bles them to fly, but makes them unfit for walking on the round. § 62. Family II. Insect-eaters (Insectivora) are small Mammalia, which lead a nocturnal subterranean life, feed principally on insects, and in cold climates pass the winter in a torpid state. § 63. Family HII. Flesh-eaters (Carnivora) feed ex- clusively on flesh, which they procure by means of their capability of seizing and devouring other animals. § 64. Family IV. Amphibious Flesh-eaters (Amphibia Carnivora) have so short legs, which are so enveloped in their skin, that they can only crawl on land ; but as their feet are webbed, they are excellent swimmers, and live more in water than on land. § 65. Family V. Pouched Flesh-eaters (Marsupialia) are those animals, the females of which have a large pouch (Marsupium) on the under part of the body, which can be opened and closed at pleasure by particular muscles. Their young ones are born small beyond all proportion, CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. ) 29 and carried in this pouch for a length of time, continuing to suck until they become more perfectly formed. § 66. Among the Hand-winged Carnaria, may be men- tioned the following species : § 67. The New York Bat (Vespertilio Noveboracen- sis) is three inches long, reddish brown, found in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Missouri, and useful in de- vouring noxious insects. § 68. The Carolina Bat (Vespertilio Carolinensis) is chestnut brown above, yellow below, found in Carolina, and a good destroyer of insects. § 69. The Hoary Bat (Vespertilio pruinosus) is four and a half inches long, blackish and white, and found at the Rocky Mountains. § 70. 'The Arcuated Bat (Vespertilio arcuatus) is five inches long, chestnut brown, with ears arcuated, and found at the Rocky Mountains. § 71. The Subulate Bat (Vespertilio subulatus) is black- ish, with pointed ears, and found at the Rocky Mountains. § 72. The Vampire (Vespertilio spectrum) is of the size of a ground-squirrel, and reddish brown. It proves very troublesome by sucking the blood, not only of the larger Mammalia, but also of men, when asleep, whom it attacks at the toes. It is a native of South America. §73. The Flying Dag (Pteropus vulgaris) is as large as a cat,and dark brown. His flying membranes, when ex- tended, measure six feet. It is more herbivorous than carnivorous, and is found in troops in Hindostan, and the: Indian and Australian islands. The flesh is eatable. § 74. Among the Insect-eaters may be mentioned the following species. The Small Shrew (Sorex parvus) is. the smallest mammiferous animal, only two inches long,, brownish ash-colored ; has a conical head, short ears and feet. Its elongated head resembles that of the mole; its. legs and tail, that of the mouse. It is a native of the Rocky Mountains, feeds on insects and grain, lives in holes, and is called the venomous mouse, on account of its offensive odor. §'75. The Shrew Mole (Scalops Canadensis) is six inches long, and of a dark lead-color. Its head is elon- 3% 30 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. gated, the snout cartilaginous, its eyes are exceedingly small, feet very short, and the anterior terminating in large strong hands with fingers, armed with long, flat linear nails, for the purpose of digging. It is found from Canada to Virginia, in high grounds, where it makes bur- rows and numerous galleries. It feeds exclusively on earth-worms, larve, grubs, and other insects. §'76. The Star-nose Mole (Condylura cristata) is six inches long, of a dark lead-color. It has a conical head, terminating in a snout, which is encircled by a cartilagi- nous disk, consisting of twenty rays. It feeds only on insects, grubs, and worms ; is therefore useful to the hus- bandman, and is found near the banks of rivulets in North America. §77. The Hedgehog (Erinaceus Europeus) is of the size of a rabbit, covered with yellowish prickles, feet and tail very short, and.is found almost in the whole of the Old World. It is a nocturnal animal, feeds both on ani- mals and vegetables; mouses like a cat. It sticks its prickles into fruit for the purpose of bringing it to its holes ; and is gentle, easily tamed, and kept in rooms. §'78. Among the flesh-eaters, the following species de- serve to be noted, viz: The Racoon (Procyon Lotor) is of the size of a fox, has a short triangular head, feet provided with long and strong nails, fit for climbing, a long pointed tail, with dark rings around its body. The Racoon is a nocturnal animal, inhabiting the warmer parts of the Union, feeds on a variety of substances, uses its fore paws very dexterously for seizing, or even ‘sucking up its food. It is in general very tame. Its ‘flesh is eatable, and its hair is esteemed by the hatters next in value to that of the beaver. §'79. The Bear is a carnivorous animal with a large head, a muzzle terminating in a moveable cartilage, with incurved large strong nails, callous soles of the hind feet, and a short tail. Bears are found in the moun- tainous countries of the Old and New World. When young, they live principally on fruit and other vege- tables ; but after they are three years old, they become omnivorous. Their fur and flesh are much esteemed. % CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 31 When full-grown, one often weighs upwards of four hundred pounds. §80. The Black Bear (Ursus Americanus) and the Grizzly Bear (Ursus horribilis) are natives of the United States. §81. The White or Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) is found on the coast and islands of the northern parts of the world. It is twelve feet long, and weighs fifteen hundred pounds; it swims and dives with great facility for catching fish and seals. It is a dangerous animal, and hunted on account of its fat and fur. QUESTIONS ON SECT. VI. §58. What are carnivorous Mammalia ? ae Why are their intestines shorter, than in herbivorous Mam- malia $60. Into how many families may the Carnivorous Mammalia be di- vided? Name them. $61. Describe Bats. $62. Describe Insect-eaters. § 63. Describe Flesh-eaters. § 64. Describe Amphibious Flesh-eaters. 65. Describe Pouched Flesh-eaters. § 66. Name some species of Bats. §67. Describe the New York Bat. 62. Describe the Carolina Bat. 9. Describe the Hoary Bat. 0. Describe the Arcuated Bat. 1. Describe the Subulate Bat. 2. Describe the Vampire. 3. Describe the Flying Dog. 4, Describe the Small Shrew. 5. Describe the Shrew Mole. 6. Describe the Star-nose Mole. 7. Describe the Hedgehog. 8. Describe the Racoon. 9. Describe the Bear. On what do they feed, and of what use are $80. What Bears are natives of the United States? §81. Describe the Polar Bear. ee (SECTION VI. CONTINUED.) §82. The Glutton (Gulo luscus) is a little more than two feet long, of a chestnut-brown color, with a whitish 32 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. tint between the eyebrows and ears; and found, as it is capable of enduring the severest frost, in the woods and barren grounds from Labrador to Hudson’s Bay, as well as in Siberia. It is destructive to all animals, but principally to the beaver and fox, and is called Glutton on account of its voracity. This animal is strong and fierce, and was seen to take away from a wolf the carcass of a deer, but it is easily tamed. The fur is of considerable value to the fur-traders. §83. The American Badger (Meles Labradoria) is two feet and a half long, has long hair of a grayish color, a conical head, with an elongated muzzle, and short limbs; but the fore feet longer, and adapted for burrowing deep and extensive excavations, where several individuals of them dwell, but from which they can be brought by the aid of smoke and dogs. It feeds on fruit, insects, frogs, and other small animals, sleeps during the winter, and is found on the Missouri and Columbia rivers, and as far as Labrador. §84. Those carnivorous animals which have a smooth tongue, and on the fore feet five, but on the hind feet only four, round not retractile nails, compose the genus Dog, usually called the Canine Race; as the Dog, the Wolf, the Fox, and the Jackal. “§85. The Dog (Canis familiaris) is the most faithfe companion of man, distinguished for the acuteness of his senses, for his great docility and important services, and dispersed with him over all the five portions of the globe. §86. It is difficult to decide whether the different races of dogs are varieties of one and the same species, or whether they are derived from the wolf, fox, or jackal. Wild dogs are found nowhere, and many believe that the dog is a descendant of the wolf or the fox ; but in spite of the similarity between these animals, there are several arguments against this opinion, for §87. 1. Dogs, wolves, and foxes have a natural aversion to each other ; and even when breught together, when very young, they do not continue to live in harmony, but evince a hostile disposition towards each other after they are grown. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. oa 2. The dog will never eat the flesh of a killed wolf, but the wolf will. 3. It seems more probable that the dog is a descendant of the jackal, because their natural dispositions are more similar. § 88. The disease to which dogs are sometimes subject, and according to which they become rabid, and commu- nicate the same to every being they bite, is called hydro- phobia. § 89. Want of food and sufficient clean water, ill-treat- ment, excessive fatigue, or the bite of another rabid dog, are usually the causes of hydrophobia in the canine race. § 90. The most efficacious remedy for hydrophobia is said to be a decoction, made of the leaves and stems of the Dyer’s Broom, (Genista tinctoria,) drank freely during three days; after which time there will appear under the tongue a number of blisters, filled with a yellowish-green substance, which should be opened, and the mouth then cleansed with the same decoction, § 91. The Common Wolf (Canis lupus) is of the size of the largest dog, has yellowish-gray short hair, a black stripe on the fore-feet, and is found in the northern parts of the whole world. When hungry, it digs up newly- buried bodies, and its appearance in churchyards at night may probably have given rise to the stories of the Man- olf. § 92. The Barking or Prairie Wolf (Canis latrans) is three feet and a half long, and of a gray color. It barks like a dog, and frequents the prairies of the West, follow- ing in great numbers the herds of buffaloes. Its fur is much used. — § 93. The Dusky Wolf (Canis nubilus) is three and a half feet long, of a dusky color, and a native of Missouri. Its fur is used. ) 94. The Black Wolf (Canis Lycaon) is about three feet long, black color, and an inhabitant of Missouri, Ore- | gon, and the British possessions of North America. _ Its fur is valuable. § 95. The Fox (Canis Vulpes) is of the size of a small dog ; its fur is reddish brown; it is a native of the north- 34 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. ern parts of the Old and New World. Its fur is valuable to furriers. § 96. The Arctic Fox (Canis Lagopus) is white, and an inhabitant of the highest northern latitudes of America and Asia. Its fur is excellent. § 97. The Silver Fox (Canis argentatus) is of a lus- trous black color, very rare, and found in Oregon and farther north. Its fur is considered so precious that a fine skin of a Labrador silver fox has been sold in Lon- don for five hundred dollars. .§ 98. The Gray Fox (Canis cineres—argentatus) is very common in Pennsylvania and other surrounding States. § 99. The Swift Fox (Canis velox) is the smallest fox, of a reddish-gray color, and called so on account of its extraordinary swiftness. § 100. The Jackal (Canis aureus) is of the size of a small dog, and of a dirty yellow color. It is found in Transcaucasia, as well as in Africa, where it prowls in troops, eats gazelles and other animals, and digs up dead bodies. As it can be easily tamed, and has the same dis- position as the dog, it may be considered as the original stock of the dog. § 101. The Striped Hyena (Hyena striata) differs from the canine race, having only four nails on each foot, a rough tongue, and a short tail. It is of the size of a large dog, gray, with brown stripes, and is an inhabitant of Asia and Africa. Its den is underground or in the cavities of rocks ; it is very fierce and fond of dead bodies, which it digs up. It is frequently seen in menageries. § 102. The Spotted Hyena (Hyena crocuta) is much larger than the striped. It is met with in great numbers in Abyssinia, and thence southward as far as the Cape of Good Hope. It has the same habits as the striped hyena, and is also often seen in menageries. § 103. The genus Weasel (Mustela) is distinguished from the other carnivorous animals by having a head like a fox, a tall, thin, and stretched body, a tail like a cat, and a smooth tongue. § 104. They destroy poultry and birds, and make war against rats, mice, and even serpents. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 30 § 105. All these animals have a disagreeable odor, vhich proceeds from peculiar glands, and which is stronger m summer than in winter. When irritated, their smell is perceived at a considerable distance. ) 106. Weasels are found in all parts of the globe, but always more abundantly in the northern latitude. Their fur is of some value. § 107. The principal species of the genus weasel, Poe in the United States, are—1. The Ermine Weasel ; The Pine Marten; 3. Pennant’s Marten; 4. The Mink, ; 5. The Sable. ) 108. The Ermine Weasel (Mustela erminea) is almost as large as a cat; is brown in the summer, but in winter white, and very abundant in the most northern parts of America, as well as in Asia. Farther north it is called Stoat. ‘The white skins of this animal are readily sold for from ten to fifteen dollars per hundred. § 109. The Pine Marten (Mustela Martes) is about one foot and a half long, of a brilliant brown color over the whole of the body, with the exception of the throat and breast, which is yellow, and resides usually in the lofty tops of pine-trees in the northern parts of America, Asia, and Europe. § 110. The beautiful fur of the Pine Marten comes nearest that of the Sable, and is extensively used. The Hudson’s Bay Fur Company sold in one year 14,000 skins, and the French sent from Canada 30,325 of them at the same time. § 111. Pennant’s Marten (Mustela Pennanti) is two feet long, without the tail, and of a blackish-brown color ; found from Pennsylvania to the higher northern parts of America. Its fur is much esteemed, and large numbers of skins are exported from America to England. § 112. This animal received its name from John Erx- leben, Professor of Natural History at Gottingen, to im- mortalize the name of Thomas Pennant, a distinguished philosopher, and author of several works. § 113. The Mink (Mustela Lutreola) is twenty inches long, without the tail, of a chestnut-brown color; lives on the banks of streams from Carolina to Hudson’s Bay, and 36 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. feeds on fish, frogs, poultry, rats, mice, and eggs of tor- toises. Its tur is used by the hatters. §114. The Sable (Mustela Zibellina) is eighteen inches long, without the tail, of a brown color; an inhabitant of Siberia and Kamtschatka, but very rare in North America. § 115. The fur of Sables is considered the most valuable kind ; the price of a single skin is from five to fifty dol- lars. The blackest are reputed the best. The finest come from Nertchinsk and Jakuzk, in Siberia. § 116. The Polecat, or Skunk, (Viverra Mephitis,) is of the size of a cat, of white color, mixed with black, irregu- larly varying in different individuals, has a rough tongue, and is found from Buenos Ayres to Canada. §117. The American Otter (Lutra Brasiliensis) is about five feet long, including the tail, of a glossy brown color, and inhabits South as well as North America, as far as the Coppermine River, 65° N. lat. § 118. In the Southern, Middle, and Eastern States, but principally on the Missouri, they are very common. § 119. Though the Otter, on account of its stretched body and cat-like tail, is similar to the weasel, it differs from it in having webbed feet, for the purpose of swim- ming. § 120. It feeds almost entirely upon fish. The fur of the Otter is much valued by the hatters, and is much used in Russia for lining cloaks and overcoats. QUESTIONS ON SECT. VI. §82. Describe the Glutton. §€3. Describe the American Badger. § 84. What animals compose the Canine race? $85. Describe the Dog. § 86. Are the different races of the Dog varieties? §87. What are the arguments against the opinion, that the Dog is a descendant of the wolf or fox? §88. What is Hydrophobia? §89. What are the causes of Hydrophobia? §90. What is said tobe the most efficacious remedy for it? §91. Describe the Common Wolf. $92. Describe the Barking Wolf. §93. Describe the Dusky Wolf. $94. Describe the Black Wolf. §95. Describe the Common Fox. §96, Describe the Arctic Fox. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 3% 97. Describe the Silver Fox. ‘98. Describe the Gray Fox. 99. Describe the Swift Fox. 100. Describe the Jackal. $101. Describe the Striped Hyena. § 102. Describe the Spotted Hyena. § 103. How is the genus Weasel distinguished ? $104. What is their natural disposition ? § 105. What do you know of their disagreeable odor? § 106. Where are they found? § 107. Which are the principal species of Weasels found in the Unite 4 § 108. Describe the Ermine Weasel. § 109. Describe the Pine Marten. $110. What do you know of its fur? § 111. Describe Pennant’s Marten. § 112. Why, and by whom received it this name? § 113. Describe the Mink. § 114. Describe the Sable. § 115. What can you say of its fur? § 116. Describe the Polecat. § 117. Describe the American Otter. § 118. Where are they very common ? § 119. How does it differ from the Weasel? § 120. On what does it feed, and of what use is it? ——- (SECTION VI. CONTINUED.) §121. The Common Cat (Felis Catus) and the wild: cat belong to the same species : the former sometimes be-- come wild, and the latter can be easily tamed. Cats are found in all climates, and existed in America before its discovery, for a hunter brought one of them to Christo- pher Columbus, which was of a brownish gray color. Among the peculiarities of the cat, are its powerful elec- - tricity ; the shining of its eyes in the dark; its singular love of certain plants, such as catnep; its purring, and the strong invincible antipathy of many individuals to it. The principal varieties are the Angora Cat, with long silky hair ; the bluish-gray Cyprus Cat; and the Tortotse- shell Cat, which are often of three colors, black, white, and yellowish brown, equally distributed in large spots. §122. The Lion (Felis Leo) is five, and its tail two feet long, which is ornamented with a tassel. He is of a dirty yellow color, and a native of Africa and Western 4 38 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. Asia. The number of lions in those countries was more considerable in ancient times than now, and the diminu- tion of them can only be attributed to the increase of the number of mankind. Sylla the Dictator exhibited a hundred, Cesar four hundred, and Pompey six hundred lions in the grand circus in Rome ; and the first person in that city who caused them to be yoked, so as to draw a carriage, was Marc Antony, who appeared in the streets in a chariot drawn by lions. It is not extraordinary to see tamed lions also in our own menageries. §123. The Tiger (Felis Tigris) is from five to six feet long, of a pale yellow color, striped with great regu- larity, and found only in Asia, from Bengal to China. Its skin is much valued. § 124. The Panther (Felis Pardus) is about five feet long, of a pale yellow color, elegantly marked with black spots, and a native of Africa and the Kast Indies. § 125. The Jaguar or American Tiger (Felis Onca) is five feet long, of a pale yellow color with black spots, and resides in the warmer countries of America. The Jaguar is very dangerous, never loses his ferocity, and has frequently killed those who have domesticated him. §126. The Cougar or American Lion (Felis concolor) is five feet long, of a brownish yellow color, or a mixture of red and blackish, and is found in the warmer parts of the United States. The Cougar is very destructive to deer, hogs, sheep, cows, and calves. He climbs trees with surprising facility, and in that way he is enabled to drop suddenly upon any animal that passes. § 127. The Northern Lynx (Felis Canadensis) is two feet and a half long, of a deep reddish color, marked on the flanks with smal] oblong spots and black tufts on the ears. [t is found only in the northern regions of both continents ; but principally southwest of the Hudson’s Bay settle- ments. The Lynx, called sometimes wild-cat, has a highly esteemed fur; in one year 9,000 skins were sent by the Hudson’s Bay Company to Europe. §128. Among amphibious flesh-eaters may be mentioned the following. The Walrus, or Morse, or Sea-cow, by each of which names itis sometimes called, (Trichechus Rosma- CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 39 rus,) attains the size of an ox, being from twelve to fifteen feet in length, and from eight to ten feet in cir- cumference. It weighs from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds, and produces from one to two barrels of oil. Its body is cylindrical, covered all over with short reddish-gray hair, its tail very short; its elephant-like tusks, which are the prolongated canine teeth, are from ten to twenty inches, weighing from five to ten pounds, and esteemed as the best of ivory. It resides on the floating ice about the North Pole, and feeds on sea-weed and _ shellfish, which it detaches with its long tusks. The skin, which is about an inch thick, is used by the Esquimaux for the covering of their tents. They feed upon its flesh with eagerness and gluttony. The ivory tusks and the oil of this animal are articles of commerce. §129. The Manati (Trichechus Manatus) is found in the rivers and on the coasts of the warmer parts of the world, and abounds on the Orinoco, in South America. §130. The Common Seal, or Sea-calf, or Sea-dog, (Phoca Vitulina,) has five palmated toes on each foot, its color is yellowish gray, spotted with brown and blackish, its length from five to six feet, and is found in all the northern seas of the world. § 131. The Seal is a creature of great importance to the Kamtschatkadales, Greenlanders, and the Esquimaux of Labrador ; for they live on its flesh, clothe themselves with their skins, build their huts, and make their canoes of them. Its chase forms their principal business, and their success in it is at once their fortune and glory. The Seal is susceptible of a remarkable degree of educa- tion. Though fierce, it is easily tamed and harmless, becomes much attached to its owner, and learns to per- form several tricks. The oil and skins of seals are articles of commerce. One ship has been known to ob- tain a cargo of five thousand skins, and upwards of a hundred tons of oil. §132. The Ursine Seal (Phoca ursina) is eight feet long, ot a black color, weighs about eight hundred pounds, and is found on the western shores of North Americs and Kamschatka. 0 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. §133. The Sea-lion (Phoca jubata) has its name from he lion-like mane of the male, and is found in the whole of the Pacific Ocean. §134. The Sea Elephant (Phoca proboscidea) is thirty feet long, has its name from the proboscis-like nose of the male, and lives in the southern islands of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. §135. The Pouched Flesh-eaters contain the Opossum (Didelphis Virginiana) which is of the size of a cat, body blackish gray, ears white and black, soft, large, and entirely bare, mouth very wide, tail bare and pre- hensile, hind feet like hands. The Opossum is a native of North America, and feeds on birds and their eggs, as well as fruit. Its flesh is palatable. § 136. The Kangaroo (Halmaturus giganteus) is larger than a sheep, of a reddish-brown color, tail three feet long, and a native of New Holland. The Kangaroo, when sitting upright, is as high as a man, and weighs one hundred and forty pounds. It lives together in herds of fifty or more; is altogether herbivorous ; and moves by leaps of full twelve feet at a time. The young, when born, is scarcely half as large as a mouse, but is carried in the pouch three-quarters of a year, until it weighs nearly 14 pounds. They become easily tame, and may be seen in almost all the menageries. QUESTIONS ON SECT. VI. §121. What do you know of the wild and domestic Cat, their native country, peculiarities, and varieties ? § 122. Describe the Lion, and some remarkable facts relating to him. § 123. Describe the Tiger. § 124. Describe the Panther. $125. Describe the Jaguar. § 126. Describe the American Lion. § 127. Describe the Northern Lynx. $128. Describe the Morse. $129. Describe the Manati. § 130. Describe the Common Seal. $131. Of what importance is it to many nations, and what is its natural Bepositient 2 132. Describe the Ursine Seal. g 133. Describe the Sea-lion. $134. Describe the Sea-elephant. $135. Name the Pouched Flesh-eaters. § 136. Describe the Kangaroo. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 4) SECTION VII. 4th Order.—GnaweERs: (Glires.) §136. The Gnawers are distinguished from the other Orders of Mammalia by having four front teeth in both jaws, which are separated from the grinders by a void space, and no canine teeth. §137. The absence of canine teeth in this Order, is an indication that they take their food from the vegetable kingdom, as we see in the beaver, squirrel, porcupine. hare, rabbit, etc. §138. An animal, which has four incisors in both jaws, no canine teeth, a flat compressed tail, and a glan- dulous follicle on the lower. part of the body contain- ing the castoreum, is called a Beaver, (Castor Fiber.) The castoreum obtained from those glandulous pouches of the Beaver, contains from two to three ounces, and is much used in medicine; but it must not be con- founded with castor-oil, which is a vegetable production. The Beaver is about four feet long, the tail included, of a chesnut-brown color, weighs about fifty pounds, and is found near the banks of rivers, in the most retired places of Arkansas, Missouri, Michigan, Canada, and Siberia. The Beaver is celebrated for his surprising instinct, ac-- cording to which he constructs his artificial dwellings... He is, notwithstanding, very stupid, and shows no personal industry nor attachment, when domesticated, though always very gentle and peaceable. The Beaver is every-- where violently persecuted on account of the castoreum, and its most precious fur, used by hatters and furriers. Its tail is considered as good food. 5139. The Muskrat, (Ondatra Americana,) a native of North America, is of the size of a rabbit, with reddish- brown long fine hair, a long compressed tail almost bare, and small glandulous follicles, containing a musky sub- stance. The utility of the Muskrat consists only in its skin, which is considered as good fur, and the down mucl 4* wv eet ; ~~ - pee ‘ age aes 4 42 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. used in the manufacture of hats; but the odor of the musk renders its flesh unfit for food. §140. The Field-mouse (Arvicoia Xanthognathus) has a tail nearly as long as the body, round, and covered by a velvet-like tegument. It lives in meadows and grass- fields in abundance, and at the first hay-harvest their nests are found in great numbers on the surface of the ground. ‘These are made very similar to a small bird’s nest, and generally contain six or eight young ones. § 141. The Marsh Campagnol (Arvicola Riparius) may be observed, when the tide is high, sitting upon the fallen reeds, where it has the appearance of a lump of mud. § 142. The Norway Rat (Mus decumanus) is nine inches long, of a light brown color, intermingled with ash, with a round tail, bare, and covered with scales. This rat is a native of Norway, but was accidentally brought in the timber-ships to England, and then to America, where it is now found in great numbers. It brings forth from twelve to eighteen young at a litter, and is omnivo- rous. As the Norway rat is one of the most destructive animals, and of no use to man, it is necessary to destroy it as much as it is in our power, by means of cats, weasels, terriers, traps, and even of poison, but not arsenic, which is dangerous, and at the same time injurious to other ani- ‘mals. § 143. The Black Rat (Mus Rattus) is nearly of a black -color on the upper, and of an ash color on the lower part of its body : it was formerly a native of Europe, but is now found in all parts of the globe, where it has been carried ‘accidentally in vessels. ‘The black rat is an omnivorous, -destructive animal; eats seeds, flesh, carrion, and in time -of famine, devours its own species ; it is the greatest de- stroyer of sugar plantations, plunders the orange-trees, is seen in the holds of vessels, and in the deepest mines. § 144. The Mouse (Mus musculus) is smaller than 2 rat, has a long, scaly, bare tail, and the same constitution and natural disposition as the rat. The mouse brings forth five or six young at a litter, at all seasons, and severa’ times in the year, which, in less than fifteen days, arc ‘strong enough to procure food for themselves. e CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 43 § 145. The White Mice, with red eyes, (Albinos,) are occasionally so sensible to the impression of light, as to close their eyelids in full day, so as to have the appearance of being blind. § 146. The Rustic Mouse (Mus agrarius) differs from the common mouse, having the spaces between the ears of an orange color, and the legs and feet of a pure white. It is found in great abundance in the fields. § 147. The Squirrel (Sciurus) is a gnawer, with a long and bushy tail, an effective instrument in promoting those long leaps which he makes from tree to tree. The squir- rel takes his food from the vegetable kingdom, and is very injurious to corn-fields. There are about twelve different species of squirrels in the United States; among which are the Cat-squirrel, (Sciurus cinereus,) the Fox-squirrel of the South, (Sciurus vulpinus,) Common Gray-squirrel, (Sciurus Carolinensis,) Black-squirrel, (Sciurus niger,) Ground-squirrel, (Sciurus striatus,) and Flying-squirrel, (Sciurus Volucella.) § 148. The Maryland Marmot, Ground-hog, or Wood- chuck, (Arctomys Monax,) is of the size of a rabbit, covered with long, rusty-brown hair, has short ears and cheek-pouches, and is an inhabitant of all temperate parts of the United States. The marmots dwell in subterrane- ous habitations, consisting of various chambers, where they lie in a torpid state during the greater part of the winter. They are very injurious to clover, which they collect, making great provisions for their subterranean abode ; but their flesh can be eaten, and their skins used as fur. They are easily tamed, and learn several tricks. § 149. The Canada Porcupine (Histrix dorsata) is about the size of a fox, covered with short bristles or spines, two inches and a half long, which are concealed by long and coarse hair: it is a native of Canada. As those bristles are formidable arms for the animal, being too slow in its movements to escape by flight, it rolls itself up in a globular form, and is able to defend itself against an attack. The Indians make great use of the quills of the Porcupine as ornaments to their dresses, pipes, and weap- ons, and consider the flesh of it as a great luxury. The me 44 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. Canada Porcupine is herbivorous, eats various wild fruit in the summer, and the bark and buds in the winter; it does great mischief to the trunks of young trees. § 150. The Guinea-pig (Cavia Cobaya) is as large as a rat, reddish gray above, white below, but varies in color when domesticated ; ears and tail very short, and a native of South America. The Guinea-pig is the most prolific of all the Mammalia, for it produces at each litter, every five weeks, from six to twelve young; and a single pair increase in a short time to the number of 1,000. ‘Their flesh is insipid, and their skins hardly of any use. - §151. The American Hare (Lepus Americanus) is as large as a gray-squirrel, grayish brown, has very long ears, a short hairy tail, and is a native of North America. The American Hare, commonly, but improperly, called rabbit, is of no great use, for its flesh is insipid, and its fur of little value. § 152. The Common Hare (Lepus timidus) is as large as a fox, grayish brown, has long pointed ears, and is a native of Europe. ‘The fur of the Common Hare forms an important article in the hat manufacture, and its excel- lent flesh is often found in the market. . § 153. The Rabbit (Lepus Cuniculus) is as large as a gtay-squirrel, of a gray color when wild, but various when domesticated. The white, with red eyes, are among the most common kind of Albinos. The Rabbit was originally a native of the warmer regions of the Old World, but is now found domesticated everywhere. Its flesh is insipid; its skin of no value; of its fur are made gloves, stockings, and hats. The Rabbit produces each month about six young; and on account of its fe- cundity, it has become, in some places, a public ca- lamity. ° § 154. The Jumping Hare (Dipus Jerboa) is of the size of a rabbit, of a grayish-brown color, and is a native of the ee of Southern Russia and Western Asia, where it ives in holes in the ground. ‘The fore-legs of the Jump- ing Hare are very short, not used in walking, but his hind- legs are much elongated, by the aid of which, and by the use of its long tail, as a support, it executes a leap several CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 45 yards long. Their flesh is very good ; they eat only grain, never drink, and are very gentle animals. They are easily tamed, like the Marmot. § 155. The Jumping Mouse (Gerbillus Canadensis) is of the size of a common mouse, reddish brown; has very short fore, but long hind legs; a round, long, and scaly tail, like a rat. It is found in Canada, and as far south as Pennsylvania, in the grain and grass fields. QUESTIONS ON SECT. VII. . What are Gnawers ? . By what is it shown that they are herbivorous? . Describe the Beaver, and its use. . Describe the Muskrat. . Describe the Field-mouse. . Describe the Marsh Campagnol. . Describe the Norway Rat. . Describe the Black Rat. . Describe the Mouse. . What do you know of White Mice? 3. Describe the Rustic Mouse. . Describe the Squirrel, and name the different species found in the United States. § 148. . Describe the Canada Porcupine, its peculiarities and use. . Describe the Guinea-pig. . Describe the American Hare. 2. Describe the Common Hare. . Describe the Rabbit. . Describe the Jumping Hare. . Describe the Jumping Mouse. Describe the Maryland Marmot. SECTION VIII. 5th Order—OneE-HOoFED Mammatia: (Solidungula.) § 156. Qne-hoofed Mammalia are those which have on each foot a hoof, six front teeth and twelve grinders in each jaw, no canine teeth, and which are herbivorous. The Horse, the Ass, and the Zebra, belong to this Order. § 157 The Horse (Equus Caballus) is a domestic ani- 46 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. mal, but in ancient times it was found wild in the deserts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. The large deserts of South America are at this time filled with wild horses, which are the descendants of those brought over by the Spaniards and set at liberty. Those wild horses are all brown, which indicates that the original stock was of a brown color. Every horse has thirty-eight or forty teeth, namely : twelve front teeth, twenty-four grinders; and the male two, and sometimes four, canine teeth. § 158. The front teeth indicate the age of the horse until it is eight years old. The twelve front teeth begin to ap- pear fifteen days after birth, and are round, short, fall out at different times, and are to be replaced by others. The two middle front teeth above, and below, fall out when the animal is two years and a half old; the next four front teeth, above and below, fall out when the animal is three years and a half old: the remaining four of the extremities fall out at the age of four years and a half. The value of the horse is incalculable for agriculture, draught, and war.’ The hide is transformed into leather, and the milk and flesh are eaten by many Indians, Tartar tribes, Calmuks, and sometimes even by more civilized people ; and their hair is used for the bottoms of chairs, sofas, and mattresses. § 159. The Ass (Equus Asinus) is distinguished from the horse by being smaller, having long ears, a short tail, and a different voice. ‘The age of the Ass can be ascer- tained in the same manner as that of the horse. It isa native of Arabia, whence it was brought to Egypt; is now found in all temperate and warm climates, and is valued on account of its great utility in transporting travellers and merchandise over mountainous countries. It is also used like horses for draught, and is a very docile animal. ‘The Hindoos treat the Ass with great considera- tion, believing that the souls of dead noblemen are destined to inhabit the bodies of Asses. i § 160. The Zebra (Equus Zebra) is a native of Africa, has the form of the ass, and is of a white color, with black stripes. It lives in herds, is uncommonly swift, but wild and untractable. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 47 QUESTIONS ON SECT. VIII. § 156. What are One-hoofed Mammalia? § 157. What do you know of the native country of the horse, and the number of its teeth ? § 158. How can the age of the Horse be ascertained, and what use is made of this animal? § 159. Describe the Ass, its use, and the esteem for it among the Hindoos. ¢ 160. Describe the Zebra. —< SECTION IX. 6th Order—Two-HooreD MamMatia: (Bisulia.) } 161. Two-hoofed Mammalia are distinguished by hay- ing only eight front teeth in the inferior jaw ; and nearly all, by also having six grinders on either side of each jaw. The Cloven-hoofed Mammalia are the most useful to man. Their flesh, fat, and milk are used as food; their hides for leather ; their horns for knife-handles, combs, ete. ; their hones for buttons or manure ; and their hair for uphol- stering. Many of them are used for beasts of burden. They are divided into two families, viz.: those without horns, as the Camel, Llama, Vicugna, and Musk-goat ; and those with horns, as the Elk, Reindeer, Stag, Giraffe, Antelope, Sheep, Goat, and Ox. } 162. The Camel (Camelus bactrianus) is much higher than a horse, covered with white and reddish-gray hair, has two humps on the back, and is found wild in large herds in the middle of Asia, and also as a domestic animal in Asia, Africa, and the east of Europe. It is employed as a beast of burden on account of its quick pace and natural saddle; one can carry a thousand pounds, and travel one hundred miles ina day. Camels were used at the time of Moses, by the Israelites, who called it Gamel. The Camel subsists on coarse kinds of vegetables, such as thistles and thorny shrubs, and can endure thirst for many days. It lives from forty to fifty years. §163. The Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) is higher than a horse, of a white and reddish-gray color, with one 48 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. hump on the back, and is found as a domestic animal in Africa and Asia, but occasionally wild in the deserts be- tween China and Hindoostan. The Dromedary is called the Ship of the Desert, by the Arabs; can be loaded with about six hundred pounds, and travels about twenty miles a day. § 164. The Llama (Camelus Llama) is of the size of a small stag ; its fur rough, brownish yellow, black above, white below, and lives in troops on the highest mountains of Peru. The domestic Llama is employed in South America as a beast of burden, and will carry one hundred and fifty pounds. Its flesh is used as food, and its hide as leather. § 165. The Vicugna (Camelus Vicuna) is of the size of a goat, covered with a very fine reddish-brown wool, and found in large herds on the mountains of Chili. The Vicugna cannot be tamed, but is taken every year in great numbers, for the sake of the well-known Vicugna wool, which is much used in manufactures. § 166. The Musk-goat (Moschus moschifer) is of the size of a goat, brown-colored, with a musk-bag near the navel, almost as large as a hen’s egg: it is found in the forests and mountainous regions of ‘Thibet and the south of Siberia. The use of the Musk-goat consists in its musk as medicine, its flesh as food, and its hide as leather. §167. The Pigmy Musk (Moschus pygmacus) is found in Guinea and the Kast Indies. It is the smallest animal of this Order, for its legs are only three inches long, and not thicker than a quill. The back part of the body is brown, and, the under part white. §168. The Moose Deer or Elk (Cervus Alces) is of the size of a horse, and weighs upwards of 1,200 pounds: it is brown-colored, has palmated horns, which weigh upwards of fifty pounds, and is a native of the northern parts of Europe, America, and Asia. The flesh of the Elk is delicious food, and the skin of great value for clothing. §169. The Reindeer (Cervus 'Tarandus) is of the size of the common stag, of a brownish color, has branch- ed horns in both sexes, and is found in all the northern parts of the world, sometimes in Kamtschatka, in herds of athousand or more. It cannot exist in warm climates, CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 49 lives on dry leaves, and particularly on Reindeer moss, which it scrapes from under the snow. It has been do- mesticated for a long time in Kurope and Asia, where it is used as a beast of burden. It is to the inhabitants of the North of the same use as the Camel to those of the South. It furnishes, besides milk, flesh and clothing. - §170. The Common Deer (Cervus virginianus) is of the size of an ass, has branched horns, and a brown color, and is found between Canada and South America. Every- where great numbers are killed for the sake of their flesh and hides, which form a great article of commerce for the manufacture of gloves. §171. The Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis) is a cloven- hoofed animal, with two short straight horns, an’ unpro- portioned long neck, and a reddish spotted skin: it is a native of the interior of Africa. ‘The Giraffe re- ceived the name Camelopardalis from the ancients, be- cause its neck has a resemblance to that of the Camel, and its dress to that of the Leopard. In walking, the Giraffe moves the fore and the hind foot of the same side together, like an ambling horse ; from which circumstance it has a very remarkabie motion. The height of the Giraffe from the crown of the head to the soles of the fore-feet, is seventeen feet, and from the top of the rump to the soles of the hind-feet, only nine; the length of the body is seven feet. ‘The Giraffe is not only a beautiful crea- ture, but it is as gentle in its disposition as a sheep, and more amiable than any other wild beast. When standing, it cannot brouse the grass without great dilficulty ; it feeds, therefore, principally upon the leaves of trees. When it wants to drink or to take any thing from the sur- face of the earth, it is obliged to bend down on its knees. The horns of the Giraffe are a foot in length, and as thick as a man’s arm: its tail is slender in proportion to the length of the animal, and ornamented at its extremity with a tuft of black hair, which is from seven to eight inches long. ; §172. Antelopes, which are also cloven-hoofed, resem- ble the deer in regard to their size, color, and agility. Their flesh may be considered as the best of venison. 50 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. and of their hide are made various articles of clothing. Their horns are without branches, and hollow. §173. The Gnou (Antilope Gnou) is of the size of a horse, and a native of South Africa. This animal seems at the first view to be composed of paris of several animals, for its brown body and tail resemble those of a horse, its head and horns those of a buffalo, and its cloven- hoofed feet have the agility of a stag. §174. The Prong-horned Antelope (Antilope americana) is of the size of a goat, and is found from Canada to the Rocky Mountains. §175. The Sheep (Capra Ovis) has rough hollow horns, the internal part of which contains several cavities. It is no longer found wild. Of all animals, the Sheep is the most useful to man. From it we are supplied with both food and clothing. The rearing of sheep is therefore an important branch of rural economy; one that is very profitable to those landholders who are in pos- session of much uncultivated ground and woodland, and consequently well adapted to the farmers of the West, where pasturage is abundant. The ewe produces one or two lambs; and in warm climates, twice a year. She can be milked twice a day; and her milk mixed with that of the cow, makes very good cheese. The month of May is the best time for shearing sheep, for the wool is much cleaner at that time than in sum- mer. One sheep produces.about two pounds and a half of wool. The most remarkable races of sheep are the Spanish, English, and Saxon, for their fine wool; those of Jreland, with four, six, or eight horns; and those of Arabia, Egypt, and Transcaucasia, with fat and flat tails. §176.. The Common Goat (Capra Hireus) is princi- pally distinguished from the sheep by a beard on the throat, and by its straight hair. ‘The flesh of the Goat is inferior to that of the sheep; its hair is of no use, but its skin is manufactured into leather ; and in some coun- tries cheese is made of its milk. §177. The Angora Goat has long silky hair; and from the extremely fine wool which the small, but hand- ‘ CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. ‘aE some straight-horned goats of Thibet and Cashmere have under their long and coarse coats of hair, are manufac- tured the costly shawls of those lands. §178. The Rocky Mountain Goat (Capra montana) i is of the size of a sheep, and covered with long, soft, and white hair, which, it is aa is as fine as the fleece of the An- gora Goat. It is an inhabitant of the Rocky Mountains. §179. The Ox (Bos Taurus) has round horns, and a tail terminating in a brush. ‘The Ox is more useful than the horse, for he not only works for us, but also furnishes food, leather, and manure. Oxen are more profitable for draught than horses, because their food and harness are cheaper; and should they be lamed or grow old, they can be fattened and delivered to the butcher. The thick- ness of his neck, and broadness of his shoulders, point him out as destined for the yoke; he is, therefore, har- nessed with a collar and worked like a horse. Cows and Oxen are in their greatest vigor from three to nine years of age, when they may be fattened. §180. The ave of oxen or cows may easily be known by the number of rings on the horns. At the age of three years the horns are smooth and even: in the course of the fourth year a circle forms around the base of the horn, near the head. This is every year succeeded by another. If, therefore, the first circle is considered as three years, a cow or ox with five circles will be eight years old. ‘The essential point of economy in the keep- ing of cows, is to make them give the greatest quantity of milk, which can be effected by housing and feeding them well during the six winter months, and by stall- feeding during the summer. §181. The Bison or American Buffalo (Bos ameri- canus) is distinguished by a beard beneath the lower jaw, a long mane, and a hump on the back; it is the largest land-animal of the New World. ‘The flesh of the Bison is good food, his hide produces excellent leather, and the wool may be used in the hat manufacture. §182. The Musk Ox (Bos moschatus) is much smaller than the common ox, and covered with long blackish-brown hair. Jt is found in the greatest numbers within the Arc- 52 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. tic Circle. The flesh of the Musk Ox, although highly scented with musk, is considered good food, and his hide is suitable for making soles for shoes. The favorite food of the Musk Ox is grass, moss, and the twigs of wil- lows: it weighs about 700 pounds. QUESTIONS ON SECT. IX. 8161. What are Two-hoofed Mammalia, and what use is made of them ? § 162. Describe the Camel, its use and peculiarities. § 163. Describe the Dromedary. § 164. Describe the Llama. $165. Describe the Vicugna. FY $166. Describe the Musk Goat. be § 167. Describe the Pigmy Musk. § 168. Describe the Elk. § 169. Describe the Reindeer. 170. Describe the Common Deer. 71. Describe the Giraffe, with its peculiarities, 72. Describe the Antelopes, and their use. 73. Describe the Gnou. 74. Describe the Prong-horned Antelope. 75. Describe the Sheep, with regard to its great utility, and its = 2 COD C02 CDPD C2 802 COR LP DQ M22 DP D2 LP cH — ~~) for) iq) 7) . Describe the Goat, and its utility. 177. Describe the Angora Goat. 178. Describe the Rocky Mountain Goat. 179. Describe the Ox. and its great utility. 0. How can the age of an Ox or a Cow be ascertained ? 1. Describe the Bison. 2. Describe the Musk Ox. SECTION. X. th Order—Many-HOOFED Mammauia: (Multungula.) § 183. The Multungula contain all those Mammalia which have more than two hoofs on each foot; as the Hog, Tapir, River-horse, Elephant, and Rhinoceros. § 184. The Hog (Sus Scrofa) has four hoofs, six front teeth in each jaw, with tusks and grinders, and is found in all countries. § 185. The Wild Boar differs from the domestic hog CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 53 in being of a dark color, and in having a larger muzzle and head, and shorier ears. He has four tusks, or very long canine teeth in either jaw: with these, which are sharp, and sometimes nine or ten inches long, he defends him- self, and wounds or kills those who attack him. § 186. That the Wild Boar is the original stock of our domestic hog, is evident from the fact that all domestic hogs become wild by being put-at liberty, and that all wild boars when tamed become domestic. § 187. The Domestic Hog is an omnivorous animal ; he feeds on vegetables, putrid flesh, and carrion: all his ap- petites are impure, and he devours indiscriminately every thing that comes in his way, even his own progeny, and sometimes infants. § 188. Hogs furnish pork, which is an important article of food in most countries. Its bristles are extensively used in the manufacture of brushes, etc. § 189. The Wild Boar, which always lives in the forest, feeds mostly on vegetables, such as acorns, chestnuts, and all kinds of grain. His flesh is therefore much better and mere wholesome than that of the domestic hog. § 190. The Hog has been converted into a beast of craught in the island of Minorca, where several of them are yoked together for ploughing ; usually, however, with an ass helpmate ahead. § 191. ‘he Mohammedans are deprived of this useful animal, because it is their religious belief that it is un- clean, and therefore they dare not either touch or feed it. The Chinese, on the contrary, rear hogs in large numbers, and pork is their most common food. § 192. The use of pork is injurious to persons afflicted with cutaneous eruptions, particularly in warm climates ; hence it was denied to the Israelites to raise hogs or eat pork, and Mohammed adopted the same law in his Koran. § 193. The hog will live twenty years, and produces, twice a year, a dozen or more young at a litter. § 194. The Peccary (Sus Tajassu) resembles the com- mon hog in size ; it is dark ash-colored, with a white ring around the neck, anda gland upon the back, between the shoulders, which contains an oily, musk-like substance. DF 54 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. He is a native of the warmer countries of North and South America. §195. The Tapir (Tapirus americanus) is of the size of an ass ; of a brown color; is covered with but little hair ; has a prolonged snout ; four hoofs on the fore and three on the hind feet. He inhabits the woods and rivers of the eastern shores of South America. § 196. Heisa timid and harmless animal; sleeps during the day, and seeks his food in the night. He eats grass, sugar-cane, and fruit. His flesh is eaten. §197. The River-horse (Hippopotamus amphibius) has four hoofs, and four tusks in a vastly wide mouth; a body of a whitish color, with very thin hair; a bare, compressed, tapering tail, about one foot long, and is found in the rivers of Africa, from Senegal to Ethiopia, and at the Cape of Good Hope. § 198. The River-horse is about seven feet high, and seventeen long; his head is of an enormous size, being — three feet and a half Jong ; his mouth wide ; and his canine teeth are so hard and strong that they strike fire with steel ; which gave rise to the fable of the ancients, that the River-horse vomited fire from his mouth. When full grown he weighs 3,500 Ibs. ‘The ancients gave him the name of River-horse, on account of the similarity of his voice to that of a horse. § 199. The River-horse is naturally mild; besides, he is so heavy and slow in his movements that he cannot overtake an animal. He feeds on rice, grass, sugar-cane, and other vegetables, as well as on fish. § 200. The flesh of the River-horse is very good, and his fat, of which 2,000 pounds were found ina single one, is considered excellent; it is salted and sent to the Cape, where it sells very dear; in Africa it is recommended as a sovereign remedy for diseases of the breast. §201. The Asiatic Elephant (Elephas asiaticus) is, when full grown, fifteen feet high ; weighs 7,000 pounds ; has five hoofs on each foot; two tusks eight feet long on the upper jaw, each weighing two hundred pounds; a long prehensile snout; a body of a gray color thinly CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 55 covered with hair, and a short tail. He is found in troops in Hindoostan, and is frequently domesticated. §202. The African Elephant (Elphas africanus) is a native of the middle and south of Africa, but as a do- mestic animal only in the interior of that continent. He is eight feet high, and is sme and killed merely for his flesh and i ivory. §203. The food of Biephamte consists principally of the leaves of trees, rice, and other grains. -§204. An Elephant in the Botanic Garden at Paris has daily 80 lbs. of bread, 8 quarts of wine, and 2 pails of boiled rice. : §205. The Elephant was regarded by the ancients as a miracle of nature; they ascribed to him intellectual powers, moral virtues, rational manners, and even ideas of religion. §206. The Hindoos are still persuaded that a body so majestic as that of the Elephant must be animated with the soul of a great man, or a kine. §207. Elephants are neither sanguinary nor ferocious, their manners are social, and their dispositions gentle ; but it is dangerous to do them the smallest injury, for they run straight upon the offender, overtake the most agile man, and trample him under their feet. §208. It was formerly believed that the young sucks with its trunk, but it is now ascertained that it sucks with its mouth, like other Mammalia. §209. The first European who mounted an Elephant, was Alexander the Great, king of Macedon. Hannibal transported Elephants from Africa, and made them pass the Alps, where a number of them perished, the bones of which are still found. §210. A disease called Elephantiasis, to which Ele- phants are often subject, is a dry leprosy, which some- times causes the scarf skin to grow three or four lines thick. §211. The Asiatic Rhinoceros (Rhinocerus asiaticus) is twelve feet long and six feet high, of a dark-gray color, has three hoofs on each foot, one horm upon his nose 56 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. about three feet long, and a skin which is rolled up into large folds at the neck and shoulders. §212. The African Rhinoceros (Rhinocerus africanus) is distinguished from the Asiatic, by having two horns on the nose ; and his skin, though very rough and hard, is not rolled up in folds. §213. The horn upon the nose of the Rhinoceros serves as a weapon of defence against the assaults of lions and tigers ; and his thick impenetrable skin is invul- nerable to the attacks of the most ferocious animals. _ §214. The Rhinoceros feeds on rice, the sugar-cane, leaves, and on thistles and thorny shrubs. He has a peace- ful disposition, and never attacks men or other animals, unless provoked; but he is a stupid and untractable animal. §215. The flesh of the Rhinoceros is reckoned excel- lent by the Indians and Negroes; his skin makes the hardest and best leather in the world; the horn is more esteemed than the ivory of the Elephant; and all the other parts of his body, even his blood, are deemed to be antidotes against poison, and some other diseases. QUESTIONS ON SECT. X. §183. What are Many-hoofed Mammalia? Name some of them. § 184. Describe the Hog. $185. Describe the Wild Boar. . : § 186. How can it be shown that it is the original stock of the domes- tic hog? §187. What is the peculiarity of the domestic hog, with respect to its appetite ? ; $188. What use is made of it? $189, On what does the Wild Boar feed ? $190. What use is made of the hog in Minorca? $191. What use do the Mohammedans and Chinese make of it? ~ $192. In what countries, and to whom, is the use of pork injurious? § 193. How long will a hog live, and how many young does it pro- $194. Describe the Peccary § 195. Describe the Tapir. $196. What is the disposition, food, and use of:the Tapir? $197. Describe the River-horse. § 198. What is his size and weight, and what said the ancients about $199. What is his,peculiarity ? $200. What use is made of him? §201. Describe the Asiatic Elephant. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 57 §202. Describe the African Elephant. § 203. On what do they feed ? §204. What food is daily given to an elephant in the Botanic Garden at Paris ? §205. What idea had the ancients of the elephant? § 206. What do the Hindoos think about him ? § 207. What is his disposition ? §208. How does the young elephant suck ? §209. Who was the first European to mount an elephant, and who transported many of them to Europe? §210. What disease is called Elephantiasis ? §211. Describe the Asiatic Rhinoceros. §212. Describe the African Rhinoceros. §213. Of what use is his horn? 214, What disposition has he, and on what does he feed ? §215. What use is made of him ? SECTION XI. 8th Order—Toorutess Mammatia: (Edendata.) § 216. Toothless Mammalia are those which have no front teeth, and many of them no teeth at all; as the Sloth, Ant-eater, Scaly Lizard, Armadillo, and Dack-bill. § 217. The Three-toed Sloth (Bradypus tridactylus) is of the size of a fox, with long and rough hair of a dirty yellow color, has three long sharp claws on each foot, and is without a tail. It is a native of South America, where it dwells on trees and feeds on leaves. § 218. Sloths cannot walk fast, for their thighs are ill-jointed to the haunches, and their legs short and ill- turned. § 219. They are very stupid, and seem destitute of feel- ing, for striking them makes no impression. Besides, they are so tenacious of life, that they continue to live a considerable time after the heart is separated from the body. § 220. Sloths, singular on account of the great number of their ribs, are not less singular in regard to their stom- achs, which, like those of the cloven-hoofed. order, are divided into four cells, for ruminating. 58 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. § 221. They produce only one young at a time, which they always carry on their back. The flesh of these ani- mals is eaten by the natives, § 222. The Two-toed Sloth (Bradypus didactylus) is distinguished from the Three-toed Sloth, by having only two claws on its feet, and not being so slow. § 223. The Great Ant-eater (Myrmecophaga jubata) is as large as a bulldog, and toothless. His body is covered with long, coarse, black hair, mixed with gray. He has 2 long slender nose, small black eyes, short round ears, a narrow mouth, a slender tongue two feet and a half long, which lies double in his mouth, with four very large, strong, and hooked claws on the fore-feet, and five on the hind- feet. The tail, two and a half feet long, is clothed with very coarse black hair, a foot long. ‘The length of the body from nose to tail is about four feet. The Ant-eater is a native of South America, and feeds exclusively on ants, Which he procures by digging the ant-hills with his sharp claws, and seizing them with his long and slippery tongue. But when domesticated, he is fed with bread, or meal tempered with water, and even meat, § 224. He does not move and walk so fast as a man; and when pushed “forward, he rises and sits on his hind-feet like a dog, in order to defend himself with his sharp claws, with which he is able to tear in pieces even the Jaguar. § 225. This animal is not able to do any harm to man, on account of its slowness, and it is easily killed"by stri- king it on the head with a cane. ‘The flesh of the Ant-_ eater, which is black and without fat, is eaten by some people. § 226. The Two-toed Ant-eater (Myrnecophaga didac- tyla) is not larger than a rat; is covered with short, fine, and woolly pale-yellow hair; has two claws on the fore and four on the hind feet; a prehensile tail, like a monkey; and is found in South America, upon treés, where he feeds. on those ants which build their hills around the branches. § 227. The Duck-bill (Ornithorhinchus paradoxus) is of the size of a large cat, of a pale-yellow color, and prin- cipally distinguished by its flat bill with two grinders, en- tirely like that of a duck, as well as by its feet,which are CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 59 provided with webs. ‘It lives near the lakes about Botany Bay, New Holland.. § 228. The Duck-bili lives continually in the water, dives very well, feeds probably on worms, and defends itself by wounding and poisoning with the spurs found on its hind-feet ; thus producing considerable inflammation, even in man. § 229. The Scaly Lizard (Manis tetra-dactyla) is about three feet long, of a brown color, entirely toothless, and covered with hard, moveable scales, which can be elevated and depressed at pleasure, like the bristles of the porcu- ine. § 230. The Scaly Lizard is an inhabitant of Kast India: it defends itself by erecting its laree, hard, and poignant scales, and rolling itself up like a ball, in which position the tiger and panther endeavor in vain to devour it. ) 231. The Scaly Lizard feeds altogether on ants. Its flesh is eaten by some inhabitants of India. § 232. The Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is of the size of a cat, toothless, and covered with yellow, solid, long crusts, which are united on the back by several moveable long bands, by means of which it is able to rol! itself up into a ball, when attacked. § 233. The Armadillo is found in all parts of South America, where it lives in holes, under ground, and feeds _ principally on ants. The flesh of this animal is very delicate. § 234. Ant-eaters, Scaly Lizards, and Armadilloes are a great blessing to tropical countries, where they devour myriads of different kinds of ants, termites, and wood-lice, which reduce, in a short time, to mere dust, not only the trees of large forests, but whole dwelling-houses, with all their furniture. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XI. 216. What are the toothless Mammalia? 217. Describe the Three-toed Sloth. 218. Why can Sloths not walk fast ? . What are their peculiarities ? 0. On what account are they singular ? 1, How many young do they produce at a time? 222, Describe the Two-toed Sloth. 92 C02 IP COP C2 CIP. >? to ex Jeo} 60 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. § 223. Describe the Great Ant-eater. ‘ § 224. How does he walk and defend himself? § 225. Why can he not do any harm to man? § 226. Describe the Two-toed Ant-eater. § 227. Describe the Duck-bill. § 228. What do you know of its abode, food, and weapon? § 229. Describe the Scaly Lizard. § 230. Where is it found, and how does it defend itself? § 231. Of what does its food consist, and what is its use? § 232. Describe the Armadillo. § 233. What is its native country and its use? § 234. Why are Ant-eaters, Scaly Lizards, and Armadilloes a great blessing to tropical countries ? SECTION XII. 9th Order—Fisu-L1KE Mammatta : (Cetacea.) § 235. Fish-like Mammalia are those which live in the water; and which, instead of hind feet, have a horizontal caudal fin, and fore-feet degenerated into fin- like limbs. But though the Fish-like Mammalia per- fectly resemble fishes, they are distinguished from these by their internal construction, as they breathe with lungs, and not with gills; and they are warm-blooded and vivip- arous. To this Order belong the Narwhal, the Whale, the Cachelot, and the Dolphin. §236. The Narwhal (Monodon Monocerus) is about sixteen feet long, exclusive of the tusk, which, projecting from the upper jaw, is spiral and hollow, and ten feet long. Its general color is blackish-gray, variegated with numer- ous dark spots on the back and sides, and white on the belly. The Narwhal is an inhabitant of the Aretic Seas, where numerous herds are seen together, and feeds on shellfish and other fishes; it is hunted for its blubber, which is from two to three inches thick, and lies imme- diately beneath the skin. The flesh is eaten by the Greenlanders and Esquimaux; the oil is burned in their lamps, the intestines are wrought into lines, and the tusks used for spears, CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 61 §237. The Black Whale, (Balena Mysticetus,) the largest animal on our globe, is from sixty to seventy feet long, about thirty feet high, weighs 100,000 pounds, is of ~ a velvet-black color on the back, and partly white below. It is found in the frozen seas of Greenland and Davis’ Strait; in the bays of Baffin and Hudson; in the sea to the northward of Behring’s Strait, and along some parts of the northern shores of Asia and America. §238. No warm-blooded animal would be able to endure the extreme cold of those northern regions, if Providence had not provided their internal organization with a high degree of heat. The temperature of the blood of a Black Whale one hour after death was found to be 97° Fahr. § 239. The mouth of the Black Whale, when open, forms a cavity about eight feet wide, twelve feet high, and sixteen feet long. § 240. The two fins, placed about two feet behind the angle of the mouth, are from seven to nine feet in length, and four or five in breadth. § 241. The tail has a length of only five or six feet, but its width is from twenty to twenty-six feet, and its surface about a hundred square feet: its position is horizontal. § 242. The eyes, which are on the side of the head, are remarkably small, in proportion to the size of the animal’s body, being not much larger than those of an ox. The two blow-holes, called spiracles, consisting of two longi- tudinal apertures, are the proper nostrils, and are situated on the most elevated part of the head: through these the water is spouted as from a fountain. § 243. The whalebones are contained in the mouth, in place of teeth, and suspended in two extensive rows from the sides of the crown-bone, which gives an arched form to the roof of the mouth. Each series consists of up- wards of 300 lamine. Fifteen feet is the greatest length of the whalebone, and its greatest breadth about one foot. A large Whale sometimes affords 1,500 pounds of whale- bone, of which the largest weighs seven pounds. § 244. The blubber, or fat, which encompasses the whole body of the Whale, lies beneath the skin, is yellowish- 6 62 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. white, yellow, or red, and about twenty inches thick ; ana the quantity of oil produced from the blubber of a middle- sized Whale sometimes amounts to 20,000 pounds. The value of the oil and whalebone of a large Whale may be from 3,000 to 4,000 dollars. § 245. The milk of a Whale resembles that of quadru- peds in its appearance, and is rich and well-flavored. The flesh of the old Whale is black, and exceedingly coarse ; but that of the young, which is of a red color, when cleared of fat, and prepared, is like coarse beef. ‘The drain ina young Whale of 11,200 pounds, weighed three pounds twelve ounces; while that of a human being of 140 pounds weight, is about four pounds. 'The food of the Black Whale consists of the smaller animals of the fish kind, though its mouth is sufficiently capacious to receive several tons of water at a mouthful. The Whale pro- duces only one young at a time, which is about fourteen feet in length. § 246. The Cachelot, or Spermacett Whale, (Physeter macrocephalus,) is of the size of the Black Whale, with an enormous head, almost half as long as its body; the upper jaw without teeth, but the lower armed with more than forty thick, conical teeth, about six inches long and three in circumference at the base. The Spermaceti Whale, which is found in the South Seas, on the coast of Brazil, and in the Pacific, is taken principally for the sake of the spermaceti, which is found in the form of milk-white oil, partly in the body, near the blubber, and in greater quantity in particular cavities in the head; which oil, exposed to the air, hardens into a semi-trans- parent kind of tallow, called spermaceti. § 247. The Sperm Whale fishery is a principal branch of the industry of the United States. The number of ships engaged in this valuable branch of the fisheries may at this time amount to more than three hundred. § 248. The Porpoise (Delphinus Phocena) is from six to eight feet long, of a blackish-blue color, has a short, not pointed mouth, with conical teeth in both. jaws, and is found in the Atlantic. 'The Porpoise is seen in large sroops. and feeds principally on fish. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 63 § 249. The Dolphin (Delphinus Delphis) differs from the Porpoise in being smaller, and having a long, pointed snout, and a body of a blackish-green color. This is the true Dolphin of the ancients. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XII. § 235. Describe the Fish-like Mammalia. § 236. Describe the Narwhal. § 237. Describe the Black Whale. § 238. What is the cause that some warm-blooded animals can endure the greatest cold of the northern regions? § 239. Describe the mouth of the Black Whale. § 240. Describe the two fins. § 241. Describe the tail. § 242. Describe the eyes and spiracles. § 243. Describe the whalebones. § 244. Describe the blubber. § 245. What do you know of the milk, flesh, brain, and food of the Black Whale ? § oe Describe the Spermaceti Whale, and the use which is made of it, § 247. What can you say of the Sperm Whale fishery of the United States 9 § 248. Describe the Porpoise. $ 249. Describe the Dolphin. List of MAMMALIA FOUND IN THE STATE OF New York, AND DESCRIBED BY Doctor James E. De Kay In us ZOooLocy oF New YorK. 3d Order: Carntvorous MAMMALIA. ie Se New York Bat. 14, The American Black Bear. Hoary Bat. : Racoon. “ Little Crown Bat. “ Silver-haired Bat. “ Caroline Bat. Common Starnose. “ Common Shrew-Mole, “ Small Weasel. “ De Kay’s Shrew. “ Brown Weasel. 15 16. * Wolverene. 17 18 19 20 Mle “ Short-tailed Shrew. a “ New York Ermine. a Q5 26 “ Skunk. “ Fisher. “ American Sable. POSS ST So 10. “ Small Shrew. “ Mink. 11. “ Forster’s Shrew. “ North American Otter. 12. “ Carolina Shrew. . “ Domestic Dog. 13. “ Broad-nosed Shrew. . “* Common American Wolf. 64 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. e- The Red Fox. 32. The Wild Cat. “ Gray Fox. 33. “¢ American Seal. 90, “ Domestic Cat. 34. “ Hooded Seal. 30. ‘ Northern Panther. 35. ‘* American Opossum. 31. “ Northern Lynx. Ath Order: GNAWERS. 36. The Little Gray-squirrel. 48. The Black Rat. 37. Fox-squirrel. 49. American Black Rat. 38. “ Black-squirrel. 50. “ Common Mouse. 39. “ Red-squirrel. 51. ‘* Marsh Meadow-mouse. 40. “ Striped-squirrel. 52. “ Tawny Meadow-mouse. 41. “ Small American Flying-| 53. “ Beaver Field-mouse. squirrel. 54. “ Oneida Meadow-mouse. 42. % Woodchuck or Marmot. 55. ‘¢ Light-col’’dMeadow-mouse, 43. “ Dore-mouse. 56. “ Yellow-cheeked Meadow: 44, “ Beaver. mouse. 45. “ Musquash or Muskrat. 57. “ American Gray Rabbit. 46. “ N. American Porcupine. | 58. ‘* Northern Hare. 47. “ Brown Rat. ' 5th Order : ONE-HOOFED MAMMALIA. 59. The Horse. | 60. The Ass. 6th Order : Two-HooFED MAMMALIA. 61. The Ox. 64. The Moose. 62. “ Domestic Sheep. 65. “ American Stag. 63. “ American Deer. 166. ‘ Reindeer. "th Order: Many-HooreD MAMMALIA. 67. The Common Hog. 9th Order: FisH-LIKE MAMMALIA. 68. The Right Whale. 72. The Social Whale. 69. “ Sperm Whale. 73. ‘ Common Porpoise. 70. * Beaked Rorqual. 74, ‘ Grampus. 71. “ Northern Rorqual. 75. “ Sea Porpoise. Sources oF REFERENCE FOR THE NATURAL HIsToRY OF MamMMatia. Th. Pennant’s British Zoology:+++ +++ cess eee sees coer eeeers erectoul died, Dictionnaire d’Histoire Naturelle --- + ...+ 222 cece eens eee e eens eens 1804 Cuvier, Regne Animal.--.-+-++++++++ Sch diseta loses 1 Oa Long and Clark’s Expedition to the Rocky Mountains Pye eth « 1817 Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History in New York--..-+-+ +--+ 1824 Blumenbach’s Handbuch der Naturgeschichte...-....++++e+e+ +++ +1825 Godman’s American Natural History. --- +--+ +se+eeees cere eee eee 6 1826 L. Oken’s Naturgeschichte fiir alle Stiinde---.-+.- eee sees cece eee 1836 James E. De Kay’s Zoology of New York-.+. sees cess sees sees eee e 1840 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 65 SECTION XIII. II. ORNITHOLOGY. § 250. Birds are warm-blooded, oviparous animals, pro- vided with two wings and two feet, a horny, toothless bill, and a body covered with feathers. §251. The flying of birds is facilitated by making them- selves specifically lighter: an effect produced by inflating with air, through the lungs, certain delicate membranous cells, situated under the shoulders and below the hind- part of the body ; as well as by filling with air the hollow bones of the shoulders. § 252. The formation of the bird’s embryo in the egg is effected by natural or artificial heat of about 96° Fah- renheit, during a longer or shorter time, either by placing the egg under the parent bird, or by putting it in a breed- ing-machine. § 253. The remarkable metamorphosis of an inanimate ego, as of a hen, for instance, to an animate being, takes place within the space of twenty days. At the end of the second day the first moving of the heart is perceptible, _and on the fifth the whole frame of the little creature can be distinctly seen in motion. The feathers make their appearance in a fortnight. At the commencement of the fifteenth day the chicken begins to breath, and on the nine- teenth it is able to peep. _ § 254. The use of birds to man is very considerable. Birds of prey devour dead carcasses, mice, and rats; Warblers feed on insects, which, from their numbers, would otherwise destroy our fields, gardens, and fruit ; the gallinaceous or hen-like birds regale us with their flesh and eggs; and the water-birds furnish us with eggs, flesh, feathers, and down. § 255. Birds are also, on account of their beautiful plumage, graceful motions, skill, attention, memory, do- cility, and attachment to man, the greatest ornament of the animal kingdom. 6* 66 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. § 256. Birds may be divided into six Orders, viz : 1st Order—Birds of prey: (Accipitres. ) 2d iat * Warblers: (Passeres.) 3d +S.» Climbers: (Scansores.) 4th “ Hen-like Birds: (Galline.) 5th “ Long-legged Birds: (Gralle.) 6th “ Swimming Birds: (Anseres.) 1st Order.—Birps oF Prey. Py aa “MES as THe TurKey-Buzzarv.—( Vultur Aura.) 2d Order.—W ARBLERS. Fig. 16. Tue Mockine-sirv.—(Turdus polyglottus.) CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 38d Order.—CLIMBERS. Tue Carotina Parror.—(Psittacus Carolinensis, 4th Order.—HEN-LIKE Brrps. Fig. 18, Bs a = i) IN 67 Tre Carirornia Quai.—(Perdrix Californicus.) 68 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 5th Order.—Lone-LEGGED Brrps. Fig. 19. Tue AFrican Osrricu.—(Struthio Camelus.) 6th Order —Swimmine Birps. Fig. 20. Tue Canvass-BAcK.—(Onas Vallisneria.) QUESTIONS ON SECT. XIi. $250. What are birds? $251. By what is the flying of birds facilitated ? § 252. How is the formation of the bird’s embryo effected ? § 253. In what time does the metamorphosis of an inanimate egg to an animate being take place? $254. What is the use of birds to man? $255. Why are birds the greatest ornament in the Animal Kingdom ? $256. Into what Orders are birds divided ? CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 69 SECTION XIV. 1st Order—Birps oF Prey: (Accipitres.) § 257. Birds of prey are those which have a hooked bill, turned inward ; short, strong feet, with four toes, ter- minated with strong, crooked, sharp-pointed claws. They feed on flesh, make war upon other birds, and smaller animals, which they kill and devour. The Vulture, Hawk, and Owl are examples of this Order. § 258. They generally swallow their prey with the bones and feathers, which they do not however digest, but disgorge again in round balls. § 259. They are found in all parts of the world, but are most numerous in temperate climates : some species, on account of their facility in flying, are natives of all parts of the world. § 260. It is a remarkable fact, that the females of the birds of prey are one-third larger than the males, though in all the other Orders the males are always the largest. Another singular circumstance is, that they change their color, after the first and second moulting ; insomuch that different names have sometimes been given to the same species. § 261. The Condor (Vultur gryphus) is, like all the Vultures, distinguished from the other birds of prey by having a head bare of feathers, and a thick collar of feathers about the shoulders, in which he can completely conceal his naked neck. § 262. The Condor is the largest of the flying birds. His expanded wings measure thirteen feet, and he is from three to four feet long, of a blackish-brown color, with a white circle around the neck, and is found in the regions of the Andes, in Peru, below the eternal snow, at the height of 8,000 feet. He feeds on all kinds of dead and live animals. § 263. The Condor excites surprise by his courage, as well as by the enormous strength of his beak, wings, and claws. He attacks not only the Llama, Vicugna, Stags, 70 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. and sheep, but also horned-cattle, and even the Cougar, which he pursues and tortures until the animal falls ex- hausted to the ground. § 264. The Condor, when domesticated, surpasses all other birds in courage, docility, quick perception, good- humor, and attachment to his keeper, with whom he plays like a young dog. § 265. The Turkey-buzzard (Vultur Aura) is two feet long, of a black color, and an inhabitant of the warmer countries of North America. § 266. The female of this bird forms a nest in a hollow tree, where she lays, on the rotten wood, from two to four egos, of a white color, with blackish spots. § 267. 'Turkey-buzzards feed only on carrion, and their sense of smelling is so exquisite, that they can perceive it at the distance of several miles. They eat so immoder- ately that frequently they are incapable of rising, and may be caught in this condition without difficulty. § 268. The Turkey-buzzard is cherished on account of its usefulness in devouring putrid bodies; and in many countries they are protected by laws imposing a fine on persons who deprive them of life. § 269. As the skin of all the Buzzards is covered with a very fine down, the rich among the Tartars, Turks, and Persians use silk gowns lined with it. ‘The skin is pre- pared principally in Cairo, by tanning it with the down on, after removing the feathers. The skin of our Turkey- _ buzzards could be prepared in the same manner. _ § 270. Birds of prey whose bills begin to be crooked at their origin, are called Hawks ; and those whose bills are crooked only at the point, are called Eagles. § 271. Hawks were formerly much used for hunting, Falconry, for so this species of hunting was called, was a favorite amusement of sovereigns and the nobility, and even of ladies. A person of rank scarce stirred out with- ou his hawk on his hand, which was the criterion of no- ility. (272. The ancients had a great idea of the Eagle. They represented him as the armor-bearer of Jupiter, holding the lightning in his talons; and to have a hooked CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 71 nose, like the bill of the Eagle, was considered an indi- cation of courage. The Eagle was also called the king of birds, on account of the tyranny with which he treats them. § 273. The image of the Eagle is still seen upon the sceptres of kings. It surmounted the standards of the Roman, and in modern times those of the French armies. §274. An Eagle was the principal figure in the arms of the Roman Emperors; and when the Roman empire was divided into that of the East, and that of the West, the Eagle was represented with two heads, a figure still seen in the arms of the Emperor of Austria. §275. ‘The Owl (Strix) is a bird of prey, distinguished by having a large round head, very large eyes, and feet covered with feathers. § 276. Owls live in forests, ruins, and steeples; feed on rats, mice, and small quadrupeds ; and are active only at night, when, by their lugubrious sounds, they terrify the ignorant and superstitious. §277. The fact that owls, when seen flying in the daytime, are always followed by a number of small birds, suggested the idea of catching birds by their assist- ance. ‘This is practised principally in Italy. §278. For catching small birds by the assistance of the Owl, it is necessary to tie a tamed owl upon a one- legged stool, in such a manner that it can fly up to the distance of four feet. This stool is fastened in the ground near a wood, or in a garden; around it, at a certain distance, are placed a number of thin sticks, covered with birdlime. As soon as the owl is seen, the birds approach and seat themselves upon the sticks : in this manner several hundreds are sometimes caught in a single day. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XIV.; § 257. What are birds of prey? § 258. How do birds of prey feed ? §259. Where are birds of prey found ? § 260. What is singular in birds of prey in regard to their size and color $261. How is the Condor distinguished ? 8262. What is the external character of the Condor? Describefit. $263. Why does the Condor excite surprise ? $264. In what respect does the Condor surpass all other birds? =" 72 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. $265. What is the size, color, and native country of the Turkey-buz- zard? §266. How many eggs does the Turkey-buzzard lay? What is their color, and where does she lay them? § 267. On what does the Turkey-buzzard feed ? § 268. Why is the Turkey-buzzard protected ? § 269. What use is made of the skin of Buzzards? §270. What birds are called Hawks, and what Eagles? §271. What use was formerly made of Hawks? §272. What idea had the ancients of the Eagle? $273. Where is the image of the Eagle still seen? §274. What do you know of the Eagle on the arms of the Roman Emperors ? y §275. By what is the Owl distinguished ? §276. Where do Owls live, on what do they feed, and whom do they frighten ? $277. What suggested the idea of catching birds by the assistance of the Owl? §278. How are birds caught by means of Owls? SECTION XV. 2d Order—WarRBLERS: (Passeres.) §279. Warblers are small birds with straight bills and slender feet, which are not webbed. § 280. Many Warblers are accused of destroying cher- ries, corn, wheat, and rice; but the good which they do, far outweighs the injury. This is evident, if we consider that a single pair of Warblers with their young, consume in one day about fifty grub-worms, caterpillars, or other insects, during the months of March, April, May, and June. §281. If we consider also, that at least fifty millions of Warblers dwell during the summer in the United States, we can readily calculate how many thousand millions of insects are devoured by them; which, if they were left alone, would entirely destroy our orchards, gardens, fields, and forests, and produce, perhaps, famine and pestilence. §282. Hence to shoot, or otherwise destroy birds, for mere sport, in the spring and summer, when they are la- boring for our benefit and rearing their young, is doing an mjury, not only to the farmer, but to the whole community. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. sid iS: §283. The flesh of Warblers, which is excellent and wholesome food, can be used in the fall, and will pay“for the little injury which those birds have done to our fruit and grains. §284. These birds can be caught in trap-cages, with sticks besmeared with birdlime, and the assistance of a tame Owl; but the largest numbers are caught with nets prepared expressly for the purpose. § 285. As Warblers enliven the country by their varie- gated appearance and pleasant melodies, many persons keep a number of them in cages, to prolong through the winter the songs of summer. §286. As birds are attentive, and have a good memory, they imitate musical sounds which they have repeatedly heard; Warblers kept in cages will, therefore, produce more harmonious notes, than those living in the woods. Among the Warblers, the following are distinguished by their handsome plumage or melodious song. §287. The Red-bird (Tunagra rubra) is of the size of a Mocking-bird, has a scarlet body, with red wings, and is a bird of passage. It arrives here in the month of May, and feeds on whortle-berries, insects, wasps, bees, and cherries. § 288. The Cedar-vird (Ampelis americana) is smaller than the Robin, of a grayish-brown color, with a tuft on the head, and red spots at the extremity of the wings. It feeds on cedar-berries and insects, and is found in North America. § 289. The Mocking-bird (Turdus polyglottus) is of the size of a Robin, ash-colored, with white stripes on the wings, and is found from Pennsylvania as far south as the West Indies. It is distinguished for its beautiful song, as well as for its imitation of the notes of other birds. It feeds on insects and cherries. § 290. The Blue-bird (Sylvia sialis) is of the size of a Canary-bird ; has beautiful blue wings, breast yellowish- red, white below. Itisa bird of passage, which emigrates in the spring from the tropics, going as far north as New York. It feeds on insects. § 291. The Salangane (Hirundo esculenta) is a swal- 74 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. low, only three inches long, of a brown color, white at the extremity of the tail, and an inhabitant of China, Hin- doostan, and Japan, where it builds the celebrated edible bird’s-nest. § 292. The edible bird’s-nest resembles a small saucer, divided in the middle. Its straight margin is about two inches long, the body thin: it looks like clear glue, and is semi-transparent and brittle. § 293. The white ones are the best, and when dissolved in chicken or mutton-broth, are considered a ‘great deli- cacy, in China, Hindoostan, Japan, England, and France. § 294. The Salangane inhabits rocky, dark caverns, near the sea, as well as those of the interior country, where it is found by millions. They fasten their nests, which seem to be a composition of fish-spawn and several sea-plants, on the walls of those dark abodes. § 295. The collecting of these nests is very dangerous, and often fatal to the collector. ‘They command a high price, selling for five dollars the pound at Canton, where their importation in one year equals a million and a half of dollars. §.296. The Rice-bird, or Boblink, or Reed-bird, (Em- beriza oryzivora,) is seven inches long, black, with white shoulders and tail, and a yellow neck. § 297. The Rice-bird is a bird of passage, lives during the winter in the tropics, and comes in the summer to the United States, where it is a plague to the farmer; for rice, corn, wheat, barley, and rye, are its principal food. But it has, however, three good qualities: its plumage is hand- some,.its warbling pleasant and musical, and its flesh the greatest delicacy. § 298. The Cardinal-bird (Loxia cardinalis) is nearly eight inches long, of a red color on the body, black on the - throat, and with a tuft on the head. It is an inhabitant of the southern States of the Union, but is sometimes seen in the northern parts of Europe. It is known under the name of the Virginia Nightingale, on account of its sweet song. § 299. The Goldfinch (Fringilla tristis) is as large as a Canary-bird, of a beautiful yellow, with black wings and CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. "5 tail. It is found in North America: it sings tolerably well, and feeds on insects and the seeds of thistles. § 300. The Baltimore Oriole (Oriolus Baltimore) is seven inches long, of a black color, intermixed with yel- low, and is found during the winter in South, and in the summer in North America. § 301. The Baltimore Oriole is also called the Hanging- bird, on account of its skill in making a hanging nest, and is distinguished for its fine singing and beautiful plumage. Its food consists of caterpillars, beetles, and bugs. § 302. The Red-winged Starling (Sturnus predatorius) is nine inches long, of a glossy-black color, with a scarlet spot on the wings, and is found in large flocks in the United States. § 303. The Red-winged Starlings are the most useful birds in the summer months, feeding as they do exclu- sively on insects. ‘They are, however, afterwards the most notorious corn-thieves ; which injury is compensated for by the use made in the fall of their delicious flesh as food. § 304. The Ruby-throated Humming-bird (‘Trochilus Colubris) is three inches long; of a golden-green above ; neck red like a ruby, gray below; tail purple-red. It is an inhabitant of the tropics of America, and is the only Humming-bird which goes in the summer as far as Canada. § 305. The Ruby-throated Humming-bird builds its lit- tle nest with the wool of mullen and milk-weed, and lays two eggs as large as peas, which it hatches in two weeks. § 306. All the different species of Humming-birds are natives of the tropics of America. Their food consists of very small beetles and other insects, which they take from the bottoms of blossoms, and not of the honey found in flowers. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XV. § 279. Describe Warblers. § 280. Describe the injury they do. § 281. Describe the benefit they are to us. § 282. At what time is it injurious to shoot them? § 283. When can their flesh be made use of? 8 284. In what manner can they be caught? § 285. Why are they kept in cages? 76 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. § 286. Why do they produce more melodious notes when kept in § 287. Describe the Red-bird. § 288. Describe the Cedar-bird. § 289. Desrcibe the Mocking-bird. § 290. Describe the Blue-bird. § 291. Describe the Salangane. § 292. Describe the edible bird’s-nest. § 293. Which ones are considered the greatest delicacy ? § 294. Where is the abode of the Salangane, and of what substances is its nest made? § 295. What is the principal motive for collecting those nests? § 296. Describe the Rice-bird. § 297. In what consists the injury it does, and in what the benefit ? § 298. Describe the Cardinal-bird. § 299. Describe the Goldfinch. § 300. Describe the Baltimore Oriole. § 301. By what is it distinguished ? § 302. Describe the Red-winged. Starling. § 303. Describe its usefulness and the injury it does. § 304. Describe the Ruby-throated Humming-bird. § 305. What do you know of its nest ? § 306. On what do Humming-birds feed ? SECTION XVI. 3d Order—C.uIMBERS: (Scansores.) § 307. Climbers are those birds which have the outer- toe and thumb-toe of each foot directed backwards, to enable them to climb the trunks of trees; as parrots, wood- peckers, toucans, and cuckoos. §308. Parrots are among birds what monkeys are among the mammalia, and have for several thousand years been extolled for the beauty of their plumage, and the facility with which they imitate the human voice. §309. Parrots are found in the tropics, always in large flocks upon the highest trees. They feed on different kinds of grain and fruit, and are, when very young, a delicious food. They often live to the age of a hundred ears. §310. The Parrots of America are always of a green color, or at least some green spots are seen upon them 5 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. vi those of the Old Continent are generally red, yellow, or white, and one species in New Holland is black. §311. The North American Parrot (Psittacus ludovi- cianus) is one foot long, of a red, green, and yellow color intermixed, inhabits Louisiana, and is seen on the banks of the Mississippi and the Ohio, and as far as Lake Michigan. §312. Of all birds, the Woodpeckers are the greatest insect-destroyers, and none of them should ever be killed. They are called in other countries Carpenters, on account of the sound which they produce with their hard bills, when making holes in the trunks of trees, for the purpose of taking out insects. §313. The Golden-winged Woodpecker (Picus aura- tus) is as large as arobin; brown above, with black spots ; pale-yellow with black spots below ; throat yellowish-red, with a black ring on the breast ; head ash- colored, with a dark-red line. This handsome bird is a native of North America. §314. The Toucan (Ramphastos Toro) is two feet long, has a yellow hollow bill six inches long, and is two inches high: body black, throat white. It is an inhabi- tant of South America, and feeds on the seeds of a laurel-tree, called Pimento: its flesh is used as food. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XVI. §307. What birds are Climbers? § 308. With what animals can Parrots be compared, and for what have they been extolled ? $309. What is the native country of Parrots, on what do they feed, and of what use are they? § 310. Of what color are the Parrots of America, of the Old Continent, and New Holland ? pans What is the size, color, and native country of the American arrot § 312. What do you Know of Woodpeckers? § 313. What is the size, color, and native country of the Golden-winged Ww oodpecker ? $314. What is the size, color, native country, and food of the Toucan ? : * 78 ' CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. SECTION XVII. 4th Order—HeEn-LikE Birps: (Galline.) §315. Hen-like or Gallinaceous birds are those which have a convex bill, covered with a fleshy membrane at its base, and the forward toes partially united at the base ; as the pea-fowl, turkey, guinea-hen, common hen, pigeon, partridge, and quail. §316. The Peacock (Pavo cristatus) is, with its tail, four feet long; has on the head a tuft, consisting of twenty-four golden-ereen feathers ; body golden-green and greenish-black, with rings the color of the rainbow at the end of the tail. §317. The Peacock is a native of Hindoosian, but is now domesticated in all parts of the world, partly as an ornament, and partly for its flesh. §318. Pea-fowls were first domesticated by Sclomon, to whom they were brought from the Ganges ; and after- wards they were introduced by Alexander the Great, in the third century before Christ, into Greece, from whicit country they have spread over all Hurope. §319. Young Pea-fowls are, considered a great deli- cacy for the table, and the Roman emperor Vitellius often treated his guests with the costly dish of the brains of pea-fowls and partridges, mixed with the tongues of flamingoes. §320. The Pea-hens in our climate lay from 12 to 18 yellowish spotted egos, in the month of May; but as they are negligent in setting, it is better to place the egos under hens, which will hatch them in four weeks. §321. The Pea-fowls do not like to associate with turkeys and geese; but they are fond of the company of guinea-fowls, chickens, and ducks. They live to the age of twenty-five years. §322. The Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) is of the size of a goose, of a dark purple-color, has a bare neck CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 79 of a red and blue color, and is a native of America, where it is still found in a wild state. § 323. The Turkey was introduced into Europe after the discovery of America, and is now domesticated every- where on account of its delicate flesh. §324. The Turkey-hen lays about thirty eggs in the spring, and sometimes in the month of August, which are hatched in four weeks. . §325. The Guinea-hen (Numida Meleagris) is twenty inches long, of a gray color, variegated with white spots, and has a small red crest upon a bluish head. §326. The Guinea-hen is a native of Africa, where flocks from 200 to 300 are seen. It is everywhere do- mesticated on account of its eggs and wholesome flesh. §327. The Common Hen and Rooster (Phasianus Gallus) are found wild in Hindoostan, and are of a red- dish-brown color; but the domestic fowl is dispersed over almost the whole of the globe, and was first introduced into America by the Spaniards. §328. The inhabitants of Egypt used in the most an- cient times breeding-stoves, for hatching at once 2,000 and more eggs. Such stoves are heated by water, and kept during three weeks, day and night, at a temperature of about 90° Fahr. , (329. The egg consists of the yolk, the white, two skins, and a calcareous shell, which is covered all over with very fine pores for admitting the air. Upon the yolk is seen a little white swelling, called treadle, from which begins the formation of the chicken, and which may be called the embryo, or forming creature. §330. The embryo cannot develop itself without air: it breathes at the moment of its formation, which may be proved by giving the egg a coat of gum, which will prevent the admittance of air, and suffocate the embryo. §331. The natural disposition of the Rooster is war- like, and he will fight with any rival who comes in his way. Some men, availing themselves of this trait in this noble bird, excite them to fight for their amusement, until one or both are lacerated or killed: a practice in- 80 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. dicative of a rough, uneducated, low mind, and a heart destitute of humane feelings. § 332. Game-fighting was introduced first into Athens, by Themistocles: it is still much in vogue in England, though the ancient Britons were not at all acquainted with this barbarity ; for Julius Cesar found that people filled with such regard for the Rooster, whom they con- sidered as the friend of the family, that they never killed him. §333. The Stock Dove (Columba Cinas) is one foot long, body of a grayish-blue color, extremity of the wings and tail black, neck golden-green, breast purple-red, and is found in the rocky mountains of the Mediterranean islands, as well as in Africa and Asia. §334. The Stock Dove is the original stock of our domestic pigeons, which have degenerated into several varieties; the principal of which are the rough-footed dove, the cropper, the tumbler, the fan-tail, and the carrier. §335. The Stock Dove, in the wild state, breeds twice in the year, but when domestic, nine or ten times ; so that a single couple would in four years produce 14,762. § 336. The Passenger, or Wild Pigeon, (Columba mi- gratoria,) is about fourteen inches long, purple-colored, neck yellow, tail white, with two black feathers in the middle, bill black, eyes orange-color. §337. The Passenger Pigeon is found in South as well as in North America as far north as Hudson’s Bay. It is not properly a bird of passage, for they are found in Canada, and farther north in the month of December, in those countries where they find the greatest abundance of food. §338. The Passenger Pigeon is a very swift traveller, and could probably perform the passage from here to Kurope in three days. ‘They perform a journey from Georgia or South Carolina to New York, a distance of 300 miles, in about six hours, (one mile in one minute.) This was ascertained by some one examining the crops of those which were shot near New York, in which fresh undi- CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 81 gested rice was found, which they could have obtained only in Georgia or South Carolina. §339. The Passenger Pigeons are very injurious to forests; for settling upon them in flocks of many mil- lions, they break the branches by their enormous weight. They also spoil the land, in consequence of the large quantity of manure which they deposite. ‘Their flesh is excellent food, either fresh or salted, smoked or dried ; and if it were well prepared, and put into hermetically- sealed tin boxes, it would furnish a valuable article for home consumption and foreign exportation. ‘QUESTIONS ON SECT. XVI. $315. What are Hen-like birds? Name the principal of them. $316. What is the external character of the Peacock ? $317. What is the native country of the Peacock, and why is he do- mesticated ? $318. Who first domesticated Pea-fowls, and by whom were they first introduced into Greece ? $319. What use is, and has been made of Pea-fowls? $320. How many eggs do Pea-hens lay, and what is the best method of hatching them ? $321. With what birds do Pea-fowls like to associate ? § 322, What is the size, color, and native country of the Turkey ? $323. At what time was the Turkey introduced into Europe, and why is it now everywhere domesiicated ? $324. How many eggs does the Turkey lay, and in what time are they hatched? $325. What is the external character of the Guinea-hen ? $326. What is the native country of the Guinea-hen, and why is she domesticated ? $327. What is the native country and color of the Common Hen and Rooster? ‘ $328. What do you know of the Breeding-stove ? § 329. What are the different parts of an egg? § 330. What is necessary to the embryo state of a fowl? $331. What is the natural disposition of ‘a Rooster, and what opinion may be formed of those who train them to fight? : $332. Who, first introduced game-fighting, and how did the ancient Britons treat the Rooster ? $333. What is the size, color, and native country of the Stock Dove? $334. Into what principal varieties has the Stock Dove degenerated ? § 335. How often does the wild Stock Dove breed, and how often the domesticated ? § 336. What is the size and color of the Passenger Pigeon? § 337. Where is it found? § 338. What kind of a traveller is the Wild Pigeon? § 339. In what consists the injury done by Passenger Pigeons, and of what use are they? 82 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. SECTION XVIII. 5th Order—Lone-LeGcEeD Birps: (Graile.) § 340. These birds are distinguished from the other orders by their long stilt-like legs, long neck, and short tail; as the ostrich, crane, flamingo, and snipe. § 341. The long-legged birds feed on reptiles, fish, insects, and water-plants, and are mostly valuable on account of the delicate flavor of their flesh and eggs. § 342. The American Ostrich (Struthis Rhea) is four feet high, has a goose-like head two inches and a half long, a body covered with gray feathers, is without a tail, weighs from 50 to 60 pounds, and is a native of Brazil and Paraguay. § 343. The young American Ostrich is easily tamed, and kept in the court-yard with other fowls. Their flesh is good as food; as are also their eggs, of which one alone weighs two pounds. ‘Their skins are used for clothing, and their feathers made into fly-brushes, or sold as orna- ments to foreigners. § 344. The Crane (Ardea Grus) is four feet high and three and a half long; bill four inches long, ash-colored ; forehead, neck, throat, and wings black. It is a native of the northern parts of Europe and Asia, and wanders in the winter to the southern parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa. § 345. Cranes and Herons are easily tamed, and can be kept in the barnyard, where they associate with the different poultry, of which they become the leaders and protectors. § 346. The Flamingo (Phenicopterus ruber) is as tall as a man; body red, and as large as that of a goose ; bill four inches long, and one and a half wide; feet red, two and a half feet long; neck of the same length. It is found between the tropics in both hemispheres. § 347. They live in flocks on the banks of rivers and lakes, where they feed on shell and other small fish and their spawn. ‘Their flesh tastes like that of partridges. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 83 § 348. The Snzpe (Scolopax) has a cylindrical bill, longer than its head, and feet almost as long as the body, usually of a brownish-red color, with black spots. § 349. Many species of them are found in all parts of the world. ‘Their delicious flesh and eggs are every- where in demand. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XVIII. of 340. How are the long-legged Birds distinguished from the other rders? § 341. On what do the long-legged Birds feed ? § 342. What is the external character and native country of the Ameri- can Ostrich ? § 343. What use is made of them? § 344. What is the external character and native country of the Crane? § 345. What is the natural disposition of Cranes and Herons? § 346. What is the external character and native country of the Fla- mingo ? § 347. In what places do they live, and on what do they feed ? § 348. What is the external character of the Snipe? § 349. Where are Snipes found, and of what use are they? SECTION XIX. 6th Order—Swiumine Birps: (Anseres.) § 350. Swimming Birds (Anseres) are those ‘birds which, on account of their webbed (palmated) feet, are able to swim. § 351. They live together in large flocks, more in the northern than the southern parts of the world; feed on worms, snails, fish, grass, and grain; and furnish us with quills for writing, feathers for bedding, good eggs, and wholesome flesh. ) 352. To this Order belong the Gulls, Pelicans, Geese, Ducks, and many others. § 353. The Silver Gull (Larus argentatus) is two feet long, of a white color, with gray wings, and is a native of the temperate countries of America and Kurope. It is also found in large numbers on the Caspian Sea. 84 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. § 354. This Gull is constantly seen flying over the Bay of New York and the Hudson River, busy in catching fish. The female lays her greenish-gray, brown-spotted eggs on the bare ground. ) 355. They sleep together, in large flocks, upon the water; and when awakened by the approach of a vessel, they produce sounds which resemble, at a distance, the talking of many men. § 356. The Pelican, (Pelecanus Onocrotalus,) distin- guished by an enormous bag-like crop, capable of con- taining twenty pounds of water, is larger than a Swan, and weighs from twenty to thirty pounds. It is of a red- dish-white color, and is found in all the warmer countries of the world. § 357. The Pelican has been celebrated from the most ancient times as a symbol of maternal love. They say that it tears open its breast to nourish its young with its blood. But this error originated probably from the red color of the extremity of its pointed bill, which it moves downwards, against the bag, in order to discharge from it the food for its young. § 358. The Goose (Anas Anser) is two feet and a half long, weighs about ten pounds, and is of a gray color. It is a native of the temperate countries of Asia and Europe, and the original stock of our domestic Goose. § 359. The Goose is one of the most useful birds in our barnyards, on account of its feathers, eggs, and flesh. The rearing of Geese might be made a source of much profit to farmers who possess uncultivated land, in which to pasture them. Goose-liver pies may be put up in her- metically-closed tin boxes, or the whole fowl smoked ; thus furnishing valuable articles for home consumption or for exportation. § 360. From the city of Riga are exported thousands of smoked geese every year. The goose-liver pies, pre- pared in the city of Strasburg, are celebrated in all parts of the world, and used as an excellent fresh food during long sea-voyages. § 361. The Canvass-back (Anas Vallisneria) is a duck of about two feet long, weighs three pounds, is ash-col- CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 85 ored, mixed with black, on the head and neck reddish- brown. It is found in immense flocks in the creeks and ponds of the Chesapeake Bay, in the months of November and December. § 362. The Canvass-back feeds principally on the roots of the Tape-grass, (Vallisneria,) a water-plant about eight feet long, and which is found in the creeks and ponds of the Chesapeake Bay in great abundance. The: flesh of this duck is considered such a luxury, that in the markets of Philadelphia and New York a single pair briges from one to three dollars. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XIX. § 350. What are Swimming Birds? § 351. Where do they live, on what do they feed, and what is their es u “1D Ol oe OO 09 . Name some of them. . What is the size, color, and native country of the Silver Gull? . Where is it frequently seen, and why? . Describe the peculiarity in regard to their sleeping. . Describe the Pelican. . For what was it formerly celebrated ? . Describe the Goose. . What use is and can be made of it? § 360. What use do they make of it in Riga and Strasburg? § 361. Describe the Canvass-back. § 362, On what does it feed, and what is its use? C02 COP COD COP C2 C2 CP > & Srv or org WWwWKwwwww al List or Birps FOUND IN THE StTaTE OF New YoRK, AND DESCRIBED BY Doctor James E. De Kay, IN His ZooLocy or New York. 1st Order: Brrps or Prey. al The Turkey-buzzard. 9. The Swallow-tailed Hawk. 2 Golden Eagle. 10. Duck Hawk. 3. % Bald Eagle. ll. “ Pigeon Hawk. 4, “ American Fish-hawk. 12. “ American Sparrow Hawk. 5. “ Rough-legged Buzzard. 13. % Slate-colored Hawk. 6. ‘% Red-tailed Buzzard. 14. * Cooper’s Hawk. 7. ‘ Red-shouldered Buzzard. |15. ‘ American Goshawk. 8 “ Broad-winged Buzzard. 16, ** Marsh Harrier, 86 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. i The Hawk Owl. 6s Snow Owl. Great-horned Owl. Litile Screech Owl. Great Gray Owl. 22, The Long-eared Owl. 23. “© Shori-eared Owl. 24, “ Barred Owl. 25. % Acadian Owl. 26. % American Barn Owl. 2d Order: WaARBLERS. c The Whippoorwill. Night Hawk. Chimney Swallow. Purple Martin. W hite-beliied Swallow. Bank Swallow. Barn Swallow. Clif Swallow. Black-throated Waxwing. Cedar-bird. Beited Kingfi Red-throated ~~ _Humming- bird. White-breasted Nuthatch. Red-bellied Nuthatch. Brown Creeper. Varied Creeping Warbler. House Wren. W ood Wren. Mocking Wren. Marsh Wren. Winter Wren. Short-billed Wren. Crested Tit. Black-cap Tit. Carolina Tit. Goiden-crested Kinglet. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Blue-bird. Common Mocking-bird. Brown Thrush. Cat-bird. American Robin, Wood Thrush. Hermit Thrush. Olive-backed Thrush. Wilson’s Thrush. American Titlark. New York Water Thrush. Oven-bird. Yellow Throat. Mourning Warbler. Worm-eating Warbler. Whistling Warbler. Blue-winged Warbler. Golden-winged Warbler. Tennessee Warbler. ie The Nashville Warbler. 4, Orange-crowned Warbler 5 “ Myrtle-bird. 76. ‘ Red-poll Warbler. Spotted Warbler. 78. “ Spotted Canada Warbler. 79. “ Blue-gray Warbler. 80. “ Blackburnian Warbler. 81. ‘ Bay-breasted Warbler. 82. “ Black-polt Warbler. 83. “ Prairie Warbler. 84. “ Blue Yellow-backed War- bler. 85. ‘¢ Black-throated Blue War- bler. 86. * Summer Yellow-bird. 87. * Black-throated Green Warbler. 88. ‘“ Pine Warbler. 89. “ Chestnut-sided Warbler. 90. “ Hemlock Warbler. 91. “ Cape-May Warbler. 2. “ Kentucky Warbler. 93. ‘* Hooded Warbler. 94, “ Green Black-capped War- bler. 95. “ Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. 96. “ American Redstart. 97. ‘ Small Green-crested Fly- catcher. 98. ‘ Yellow-beltied Flycatcher. 99. * Wood Pewee. 100. * Phcebe-bird. 101. “ King-bird. 102. “ Olive-sided King-bird. 103. ‘¢ Great-crested King-bird. 104. “ Yellow-throated Greenlet. 105. “ Solitary Greenlet. 106. ‘ White-eyed Greenlet. 107. “ Warbling Greenlet. 108. ‘ Red-eyed Greenlet. 109. “ Yellow-breasted Chat. 110. * Northern Butcher-bird. 111. “ Blue Jay. 112. * Ganada Jay. 113. “ Magpie. 114, “ Common Crow. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 87 115. The Raven. 137. The Chip-bird. 116. Fish Crow. 138, Tree Bunting. 117. * Common Crow Black-| 139. “ Savannah Bunting. bird. 140. “ Blue-striped Bunting. Mig. “ Rusty Crow Black-bird. | 141. “ Seaside Finch. 119. ‘ Meadow Lark. 142. “ Quail-head. 120. “ Golden Oriole. 143. “ Swamp Finch. 121. “ Orchard Oriole. 144. % American Goldfinch. “122. “ Red-winged Oriole. 145. “ Pine Finch. 123. * Cow-bunting. 146. “ -Lesser Red-poll. 124, “ Boblink. 147. * Mealy Red-poll. 125. “ Blue Grosbeak. 148. “ Cardinal Grosbeak. 126. “ Rose-breasted Grosbeak. | 149. “ Ground Robin. 127. “ Snow-bird. 150. “ Indigo-bird. 128, “ Fox-colored Sparrow. 151. “ Red-bird. 129. “ Song Sparrow. 152. “ Black-winged Red-bird. 130. “ Bay-winged Sparrow. 153. “ Lapland Snow-bird. 131. “ White-throated Sparrow. | 154. “ White Snow-bird. 132. “ White-crowned Sparrow. | 155. “ Horned Lark. 133. “ Black-throated Bunting. | 156. “ Pine Bulfinch. 134. “ Yellow-winged Bunting. | 157. “ American Crossbill. 135. “ Varied Bunting. 158. “ White-winged Crossbill. 136. “ Field Bunting. 3d Order: CLIMBERS. 159. The Crested Woodpecker. 165. The Arctic Woodpecker. 160. Red-headed Woodpecker. | 166. “* Banded Woodpecker. 161. “ Hairy Woodpecker. 167. “ Golden-winged | Wood- 162.. * Dawny Woodpecker. pecker. 163. “ Yellow-bellied Wood-| 168. ‘“ Yellow-billed Cuckoo. pecker. 169. “ Black-billed Cuckoo. 164. “ Red-bellied Woodpecker. 4ih Order; HEN-LIKE Birps. ; 170. The Wild Pigeon. 174. The Common Partridge. 171. “ Carolina Turtle-doye. 175. “ Pinnated Grouse. 172, “ Wild Turkey. 176. “ Spruce Grouse. 173.“ American Quail. 5th Order: LoNG-LEGGED Birps. NC The American King Plover. 191. The Green Heron. 178. Piping Piever. 192. “ Small Bittern. 179. ** Wilson’s Piover. 193. “ American Bittern. 180. “ Killdeer Plover. 194. “ Black-crowned Night He- 181. “ Golden Plover. ron. 182. “ Whistling Plover. 195. “ Yellow-crowned Night ikep 3 Me Turnstone. Heron. 184. “ American Oyster-catcher.| 196. ‘¢* White Ibis. 185. -“ American Crane. 197. ‘ Glossy Ibis. 186. “ Great Blue Heron. 198. “ Long-billed Curlew. 187. “ Great White Heron. 199. * Jack Curlew. 188. “ White-crested Heron. 200. “ Esquimaux Curlew. 189. “ Blue Heron. 201. “ Long-legged Sandpiper. 190. “ Louisiana Heron. 202, “ Semi-palmated Sandpiper. 88 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 203. The Purple Sandpiper. 204. Bufi-breasted Sandpiper. 205. Curlew Sandpiper. 206. “ Black-breasted Sandpiper. 207. * Schinz’s Sandpiper. 208. ‘“ Pectoral Sandpiper. PA MO Lavero bres isted Sandpiper. 210. “ Wiison’s Sandpiper. 211. * Sanderling. 212. % Spotted Sand-Lark. 213. “ Gray Plover. 214. “ Yellow-legs. 215, “ Solitary Tatler. 216. ** Varied Tatler. 217, “ Willet. 218. ‘ Marlin. 219. “ Ring-tailed Marlin. 220. * Dowitchee. 291, The Common American Snipe, 999. 993, 224. 220. 226. 99°77. 228. 229: 230. 23M 232. 233. 234, 235. 236. 23ie 238, be oe oe wt 66 American Woodcock. Salt-water Meadow-ben. F resh-water Meadow-hen, Mud-hen. Sora Rail. New York Rail. Florida Gallinule. Lawyer. American Avoset. Ted Phalarope. Ryperborean Lobefoot. Wiuson’s Holopode. American Coot. Horned Crebe. Crested Crebe. Red-necked Crebe. Dipper. 6th Order: Swimmine Birps. The Red-breasted Sheldrake, 239. The Black Guillemot. 240. Foolish Guillemot. 241, * Sea-dove. 249, % Arctic Puffin. 243. Razor-bill. 244, “: Great Loon. 245. “ Red-throated Loon. 246. “ Large Shearwater. 947, “ Little Shearwater. 248. “ Wilson’s Petrell. 249, “ Forked-tailed Petrell. 250. * Cormorant. 251. * Double-crested Cormo- *rant. , 252. “ Brown Pelican. 953. “ American Gannet. 954. °* Black Skimmer. 255. Common Fern. 256. % Cayenne Fern. 257. “ Black Fern. 258. Marsh Fern. 259. * Arctic Fern. 260. “ Sandwich Fern. 261. Roseate Fern. 262. % Silvery Fern. 263. “ Winter Gull. 264. “ Great Black-backed Gull. 265. * Laughing Gull. 266. * Bonaparte’s Gull. 267. “ Fork-tailed Gull. 268. “ Three-toed Gull. 269. “ Arctic Hawk-Gull. 270. “ Richardson’s Hawk-Gull. 971. “ Pomarine Hawk-Gull. 272, “ BufFbreasted Sheldrake, 273. 274, 275. 2°76 277, OF» whe ber 279, 280, 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286, 287, 288. 289. 290, 291. 292, 293. 294, 295. 296. 297, 298. 299, 300. 301, 302, 303. 304. 305. 306. oc Hooded Sheldrake, Canvass-back. Red-head. Broadbill. Creek Broadbill. Bastard Broadbill. Pied Duck. Ruddy Duck, Old-wife. Buftle-headed Duck. Whistler Duck. Harlequin Duck. Eider Duck. King Duck. Surf Duck. Broad-billed Coot. White-winged Coot. Wood Duck. Blue-winged Teal. rreen-winged Teal. Pin-tail Duck. Spoonbill. Gray Duck. Black Duck. American Widgeon. European Widgeon. Mallard. Wiid Goose. White-fronted Goose. Snow Goose. Brant. Hutching’s Goose. American Swan. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 89 Sources oF REFERENCE FOR THE NATURAL HISTORY OF Birps. Pennant subiritiste Avolopys cc ncee as s,. ca0l cbc woceisctere bce secireeste 1786 Wilson’s American Or nithology. - wloisisintelee cel SOs T. F. Blumenbach’s Handbuch ate Naturgeschichte.. secietace all oe Audubon’s Birds of America. - Sir cate Naceisice eke L., Oken's Naturgeschichte fur alle Stinde.. SPR) Mier Se 125 Cuvier Regne Animal.. sev ueecueeeeeeees ee IBI7 James E. De Kay’s Zodlogy of New York. sete cere eens cone 1842 —=a>———_ SECTION XX. fil, BREET OL OG Y,- § 363. Erpetology is the science which treats of Rep- tiles. (364. Reptiles are oviparous, breath through lungs, and have red cold blood. §365. Reptiles are divided into four Orders, viz: 1. Snakes: (Ophidia.) 2. Lizards: (Sauria.) 3. Tortoises: (Chelonia.) 4, Frogs: — (Batrachia.) § 366. Reptiles are found in the water, salt or fresh, and on land. Of those living on land, some choose , its marshes and swamps, while others prefer dry and” elevated places and the branches of trees. Nearly all of them swim with the greatest facility. On account of this ability to live in water and on land, they are called Amphibia. § 367. Reptiles are found in all parts of the world, but their number is more considerable in warm and tropical countries, than in the northern, where, in the winter season, they become torpid. § 368. The most remarkable facts in connection with Reptiles, are their power of reproduction, their tenacity of life, and their abstinence ae food. 90 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. §369. Reptiles have the power of reproducing, after a certain time, the tail or limbs, and even the eyes, should they be deprived of them. §370. That they have a very tenacious life, is seen in the case of the tortoise, which continues to live six months and more after its brain. is removed, and several days after its head is cut off, or its heart taken out. §371. Reptiles can abstain from food several months, and some of them even longer than a year; the cause of which may be their cold blood ; for they do not perspire, and therefore lose nothing by perspiration, and they di- gest very slowly. §372. Reptiles are generally carnivorous, and devour every thing they can conquer. 3d Order.—Aropat FIsHEs. Tue Sworp-risu.—(Ayphias Gladius.) Ath Order.—JuGuLar FIsHes. Fig. 28. Tae Common Weaven.—(Trachinue Draco) 10 110 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 5th Order.—Tuoracic FisHss, Fig. 29. Tur Macxrret.—(Scomber Scomber.) \ 6th Order.—ABDOMINAL FISHES. Fig. 30. Tue Fiyine-Fiso.—(Hzocetus volitans.) QUESTIONS ON SECT. XXV. What is Ichthyology? Describe Fishes. Of what do fins consist, and what are their names? Describe them. . What organs are called gills? . Of what use are teeth to fishes, and where are they found? How are many fishes armed ? What do you know of their frame ? . How do they facilitate their swimming ? . Describe the swimming-bladder. . What do fishes effect by it? What experiments are related ? . What do you know of fish-eggs ? . What do you know of their hatching? . Of what use are fishes? . What people make a kind of bread of them ? . What can you say of the Romans and Greeks with respect to - Into how many Orders may fishes be divided? Name them. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 111 SECTION XXVI. lst Order—Cartitacinous FIsHES WITH OPEN GILLS: ( Chondropteryg ii.) § 460. To the first Order of Fishes belong those carti- laginous fishes, the gills of which lie open, and are not covered with a membrane, (operculum ;) as, for instance, the Ray, Shark, etc. § 461. Cartilaginous fishes, destitute of a gill-mem- brane, and having a flat, broad, thin body, and a mouth situated quite below, are called Ray. § 462. There are different species of Ray; of which some attain the length of only two or three feet, while others are fifteen or more feet in length, and weigh from 200 to 500 pounds. The flesh of the smaller ones is a wholesome and very palatable food. § 463. The eggs of the Ray are often seen floating near the shores of the sea, and are called purses by fishermen, from their form, which is that of a four-cornered bag, and of a black color. § 464. The Ray is an inhabitant of deep seas, is found in all the climates of the world, and lives on crabs, snails, fish, and any other animals that come in its way. The large ones are dangerous to man. § 465. The most remarkable Ray is the Torpedo, or Cramp-fish, (Raja Torpedo,) and on account of its be- numbing or stupifying power, it is also one of the most interesting species. It weighs, when full-grown, about fifty pounds, and is found in every sea. § 466. As the Torpedo has no arms, and no considerable strength for attacking or repelling attack, nature has pro- vided it with the means of giving an electric shock to its assailants or its prey, by which they are benumbed, and even killed. § 467. The electric power of the Torpedo is situated under its skin, between the pectoral fins, she head, and the gills, on which are seen a great number of small mem- 112 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. branous tubes, united like the cells of a honey-comb, which are filled with a slimy substance, and through which pass numerous nerves. § 468. These tubes are mostly six or five sided, some of them square: 1,200 have been found on one side of a Torpedo, or 2,400 on both sides: they may be compared to charged electric jars, or to an electrical battery, for they are charged with the electric fluid. | § 469. The nature of this curious phenomenon was for a long time unknown. It was discovered by confining a duck in a vessel with a Torpedo; and as the bird, after a few hours, was found dead, the electric power of the fish was ascertained. § 470. The Shark has a cartilaginous skeleton, gills without cover, two fins on the back, a mouth generally placed far beneath the end of the nose, and the upper part of the tail longer than the lower. § 471. The mouth of the Shark is furnished with a six- fold row of flat, triangular, finely serrated and exceedingly sharp teeth, which lie quite flat in the mouth; but which, when seizing its prey, are raised with the aid of muscles, by which they are joined to the jaw. : § 472. Sharks may be called the tigers of the sea, for they are the most ferocious and dangerous of the finny tribes. They kill and devour every living thing that comes in their way. Their insatiable voracity may be owing to the great quantity of gastric juice with which they are supplied, causing them to digest very rapidly ; as well as to the Tape, and other intestinal worms, which are always found in great numbers in their intestines. § 473. In order to discover their victims at a distance, Sharks are provided with a powerful sense of smell ; hence at sea they are frequently seen swimming behind vessels, for the purpose of devouring what may drop or be thrown overboard. § 474. There is no genus of fish which equals the genus Shark in dimensions and weight. We have accounts of White Sharks which measured thirty feet, and weighed more than a thousand pounds. They are found in all the warmer seas, CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 113 § 475. The empty eggs of the Shark are often seen floating near the shores of the sea; they are black, and of a quadrangular form, like a pillow, with four corners ; and to each one is attached a long black filament thirty or forty inches long. § 476. The flesh of the Shark, being coarse and of a disagreeable flavor, is not eatable. The most useful part of this fish is its liver, on account of its oil; the liver of a. Shark about twenty feet long yielding from two to three barrels. The skin of this animal, which is rough, is used for polishing ivory and wood, and for making thongs and other tackle for carriages, and shagreen. §:477. The Saw-fish (Squalus Pristis) is a species of Shark: it received its name from the flat, hard cartilagi- nous prolongation of its snout, which is covered with a leather-like skin, and set on either side with from 25 to 30 sharp teeth. § 478. This saw-like weapon is usually half as long as the body of the fish; but Saw-fish have been seen, the bodies of which were fifteen and the saw ten feet long. § 479. The Saw-fish is very bold and courageous; so much so, that it attacks whales, and kills them after a bloody battle. This animal is found in all the seas, but principally near the shores of Africa. § 480. The Hammer-headed Shark (Squalus Zygena) has its name from the form of its head, which is that of a hammer, the eyes being placed at both extremities of it. It grows to be six feet long, is very voracious, and inhabits. all the seas of the world. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XXVI. § 460. What Fishes belong to the first Order ? § 461, What fish do you call Ray? § 462. Of what length, weight, and use is the Ray ? § 463. What do you know of the eggs of the Ray? § 464. Where is the Ray found, on what does it feed, and what is its: disposition ? § 465. Why is the Torpedo the most interesting species of the Ray? What is its weight, and where is it found? § 466. What is the weapon of the Torpedo? § 467. Where is the electric power of the Torpedo situated, and what is seen there? § 468. What are the form and number of the electric tubes of the Tor pedo, and to what may they be compared? 10* a 114 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. § 469. How was the electric power of the Torpedo ascertained ? § 470. What is the external character of the Shark? § 471. What do you know of the teeth of the Shark ? § 472. Why may Sharks be called the Tigers of the sea, and what i4 the cause of their insatiable voracity ? § 473. What do you know of the sense of smell in Sharks? § 474. What is the size and weight of the Shark ; and where is it found? § 475. What do you know of the eggs of Sharks? § 476. What use is made of Sharks? § 477. Why is the Saw-fish so called? Describe its saw. § 478. What is the length of a Saw-fish and its saw ? é § 479. What is said of the courage of the Saw-tish ?. Where is this fish ound ? § 480. What do you know of the Hammer-headed Shark? SECTION XXVII. 2d Order—Cartitacinous FisHes with covered gills: (Branchiostegi.) § 481. Those cartilaginous fishes, the gills of which -are covered with a membrane, belong to this Order; as, for instance, the Sturgeon. § 482. The Sturgeon (Accipenser) has a cartilaginous ‘skeleton, covered with gills, and a mouth, like that of the Shark, placed far below, but without teeth. § 483. Sturgeons are very large, some of them being wore than twenty-five feet long ; but they are defenceless, ‘They feed on herring, mackerel, worms, and water-insects, cand are found in all the seas of the world. § 484. The Sturgeon, towards spring, ascends the rivers sto deposit its roe, which is remarkable for its quantity and ‘the number of its eggs; one hundred and fifty millions having been found in a single roe. § 485. These eggs are a considerable article of com- merce with many people, but principally with the Cossacks of the Don and the Black Sea, who salt and press them, and export them in large cakes, like cheese; in which form they are known by the name of Caviar in all parts of the world, and esteemed as an excellent article of food. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 115 § 486. The flesh of the Sturgeon is another considerable article of commerce. It is smoked or broiled in slices, and pickled, and in this form exported. It is fat, and so pal- atable, that it was considered by the ancient Romans as one of the most sumptuous dishes; and at all great din- ner-parties this fish was always carried by servants, crowned with garlands and flowers, and accompanied by a band of musicians. § 487. The swimming-bladder of the Sturgeon is also turned to a profitable use: cut open and washed, and -its silvery glutinous skin exposed to the sun for some hours, and separated from the external skin, which is of no use, it furnishes the valuable and extensive article of com- merce, known by the name of Isinglass. § 488. Hundreds of thousands of Sturgeons could be taken every year in the rivers of the United States. James river, the Potomac, the Delaware, and especially the Kennebec, as well as the larger rivers of all the Kast- ern and Northern States, (which they ascend from 300 to 500 miles,) abound with them. § 489. The principal species of the Sturgeon are: The Common Sturgeon (Accipenser Sturio) of the European seas and rivers; The Sterlet (Accipenser Ruthenus) of the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas ; The Lake Stur- geon, (Accipenser rubicundus,) of a yellowish-red on the back, olivaceous-red on the sides, found in Lakes On- tario and Erie, and the upper lakes; The Short-nosed Sturgeon, (Accipenser brevirostris,) found in all the rivers of the United States; and The Sharp-nosed Sturgeon, (Accipenser oxyrhincus,) found also in all the rivers of the United States. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XXVII. § 481. What fishes belong to the second Order? § 482. What is the external character of the Sturgeon ? § 483. What do you know of the size and food of the Sturgeon; and where is it found? § 484. When and why does the Sturgeon ascend the rivers, and what number of eggs does it produce ? § 485. What use is made of the eggs of the Sturgeon ? § 486. What use is made of the flesh of the Sturgeon, and in what esteem was it among the ancient Romans? 116 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. § 487. What use is made of the swimming-bladder? How is isinglass prepared ? § 488. What rivers of the United States abound with Sturgeon? § 489. What are the principal species of Sturgeons? SECTION XXVIII. 3d Order—Apopal Fisues: (Apodes.)* § 490. Apodal Fishes are those which have a bony and not cartilaginous skeleton, and are destitute of ventral fins ; as the Kel, the Sword-fish, and many others. § 491. All those fishes which have a long, slender, and slippery body, no ventral fins, and the caudal fin united with the anal and dorsal fin, are called Eels. ) 492. Hels are found in all the seas of the world, as well as in the mouths of rivers, and attain a length of ten feet and more. They are in some countries an important article of food; and also of commerce, when broiled and pickled. § 493. The most singular of this species of fish is the Electric Eel, (Gymnotus electricus,) which is from five to six feet long, of a dark color, and possesses, like the Torpedo, a truly electric power, by which it paralyzes whatever living thing comes in contact with it. This fish is found principally in the ponds and rivers of Surinam and Cayenne. § 494. The Sword-fish, (Xyphias Gladius,) when full grown, is from twenty to thirty feet long, without scales, of a blnish-black color above, and a silvery color on the sides, and having the upper jaw terminated by a sword- shaped snout. It is found in the Mediterranean, as well as in the Atlantic Ocean, in Africa and America. § 495. The Sword-fish is mostly herbivorous, feeding principally on sea-grass. Its flesh is much esteemed, and is often found in the markets of New York. * Apodes is a Greek word, signifying without feet ; here indicating the absence of the ventral fins. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 117 QUESTIONS ON SECT. XXVIII. § 490. What are Apodal Fishes ? § 491. What fishes are called Eels? § 492. Where are Eels chiefly found, and what is their size and use ? § 493. What is the size, color, and form of the Electric Eel, and where is it found? § 494. What is the size, color, and form of the Sword-fish, and where is it found? § 495. On what does the Sword-fish feed, and what use is made of it? SECTION XXIX. 4th Order—Jucuiar FisHes: (Jugulares.) § 496. Jugular Fishes are those which have the ven- tral in front of the pectoral fins; as the Cod-fish, and several others. § 497. The Cod-fish, (Gadus Morrhua,) when full grown, is five feet long, weighs seventy pounds, is ash- colored above, commonly spotted with yellow, white be- neath, and has more than one dorsal and anal fin. It is found in the northern part of the world, between the 40th and 66th degree of latitude. § 498. The Cod-fish is such an extensive article of commerce, that the Cod-fisheries, carried on principally on the banks of Newfoundland by several nations, have been the occasion of many improvements in navigation and commerce. § 499. The -Cod-fish is found in astonishing numbers on the banks of Newfoundland, whither it is attracted by the great numbers of worms, crabs, and shellfish, pro- duced in those sandy bottoms; here also they are in the vicinity of the polar seas, whither they return towards winter to deposit their roe. § 500. Much use is made of the Cod-fish. The head is sometimes eaten fresh on the spot where the fish is caught; or it is dried, and used as food for cows, as in Norway. From the livers are produced great quantities 118 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. of oil, superior to that of the whale. The roe is salted, and exported under the name of Caviar; while the body of the fish, preserved in different ways, furnishes a valua- ble article of commerce. § 501. The number of Cod-fish caught during the summer on the banks of Newfoundland, amount to more than four hundred millions; and the number of sailors occupied in the business of fishing, is about twenty thou- sand. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XXIX. 496. What are Jugular Fishes ? 497. What is the size, weight, color, and form of the Cod-fish, and where is it found ? 498. What advantage have the Cod-fisheries been to navigation and commerce ? 499, Why is the Cod-fish found in such astonishing numbers on the Banks of Newfoundland ? 500. What use is made of the head, liver, body, and roe of the Cod- fish ? 501. What is the number of Cod-fish caught on the banks of New- foundland, and what the number of sailors occupied in fishing ? SECTION XXX. 5th Order—Tuoracic Fisnes: (Thoracici.) § 502. To this Order belong those Fishes which have the ventral immediately below the pectoral fins ; as the Flounder, Perch, Pilot-fish, and. Mackerel]. § 503. The Flounder has a flat and very thin body, colored on the upper and white on the under side, with both eyes on the same side of the head. It inhabits the deep seas in the northern parts of the globe. § 504. Flounders not furnished with a swimming-blad- der keep near the bottom of the sea, where they feed on small fish, snails, and star-fish. They are much es- teemed on account of their tender, white, and palatable flesh. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 119 § 505. The Halibut (Pleuronectes Hippoglossus) is one of the largest species of Flounders, weighing some- times four hundred pounds. It is found in the northern seas of America and Europe. § 506. The Pilot-fish (Gasterosteus Ductor) is one foot long, of a blue color, with four or five broad dark bands around the body, and is found in all the warmer seas. § 507. This celebrated little fish is always found ac- companying or preceding the White Shark, either for the purpose of directing him to his prey, or perhaps for its own safety. The intimacy of this little fish with the most voracious tenant of the sea, would be incredible, if it had not been observed by the most distinguished na- turalists. § 508. The Spring Mackerel (Scomber Scomber) has a compressed smooth head, two dorsal fins, or only one, but with several spurious fins towards the tail. Its color above is a steel-blue, becoming lighter on the sides, mixed with metallic green. It is found in the Atlantic Ocean, and in the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. § 509. The Mackerel-fishery of the United States is a source of great profit; the number of barrels in- spected in 1848, was 300,130, equal in value to about two millions of dollars. : § 510. The Mackerel was greatly esteemed by the an- cient Romans, who made of them a kind of pickle, which they called Garum, and which they used as a costly in- gredient in their sauces, as well as a delightful beverage: the best was made by a certain company in Carthage. The Greeks called it Tarichos. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XXX. 502, What fishes are called Thoracic ? 503. Meda is the external character of the Flounder, and where does it resort , aut Why do Flounders keep near the bottom, and of what use are they % 505. What is the weight of the Halibut, and where is it found? a Wes is the size and color of the Pilot-fish, and where is it foun , 507. In what company is the Pilot-fish always found, and for what purpose ? 120 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 508. What is the external character of the Spring Mackerel, and where is it found? 509. What is the number and value of the Mackerel taken in 1848? 510. How was the Mackerel esteemed by the ancient Romans? SECTION XXXI. 6th Order—AxBDoMINAL FisHEs: (Abdominales.) § 511. To this Order belong all those fish which have the ventral behind the pectoral fins ; as the Cat-fish, Sal- mon, Trout, Pike, Herring, Shad, common Flying-fish, Carp, and several others. § 512. The Salmon (Salmo Salar) is sometimes two feet long ; bluish-black, tinged with gray above, silvery white beneath, and with dark spots distributed over the body. It is found in the northern seas of America and Europe, and ascends the rivers in summer. § 513. The flesh of the Salmon is eaten fresh, as well as smoked. ‘The women of the Tungooses, in Siberia, have the art of tanning its skin in such a way as to be flexible, for the purpose of clothing. § 514. The Herring (Clupea Harengus) is a very im- portant fish in North America, and especially in the nor- thern parts of Europe. Its great and regular migrations during the summer along the coasts have given employ- ment to many thousand people. It is a valuable article of commerce, pickled or smoked, and is sometimes used also as manure. § 515. The American Shad (Alosa prestabilis) is one foot or more in length, has a dark bluish head and back, and greenish sides. It is found in the beginning of spring in the rivers of North America, whither it comes from the southern seas to deposit its spawn. They descend at the end of May. § 516. The Shad is a favorite dish in the months of March and April, and many towns of the Union carry CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 121 on a considerable commerce in the exportation of pickled Shad. § 517. The Gold-fish (Cyprinus auratus) is generally five inches long, silver-colored, red, black, or variegated, and is found in ‘the seas of Japan and China, but is now kept everywhere as an ornament. § 518. This beautiful fish was first introduced into England by Philip Worth, in 1728. It may be kept in vessels or ponds, and fed with bread, the yolks of eggs boiled hard, dried fresh pork, snails, and worms. § 519. In order to raise Gold-fish from the egg, the spawn, which is seen floating on the water, should be collected and secured in a separate vessel as soon as de- posited, to prevent its being eaten by the fish. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XXXI. 511. What fishes belong to the Order of Abdominal Fishes ? 512. What is the size and color of the Salmon, and where is it found ? 513. What use is made of the Salmon? 514. Of what importance is the Herring ? 515. What is the size and color of the American Shad ? 516. Of what use is the American Shad ? 517. What is the size and color of the Gold-fish, and where is it found ? 518. By whom and when was the Gold-fish introduced into England, and on what may it be fed? 519. What is it necessary to do, in order to raise Gold-fish ? List or FisHEsS FOUND IN THE StTaTE oF NEw York, AND DESCRIBED BY Doctor James E. DE Kay In His Zootocy oF New York. lst Order: Cartitacinous FISHES WITH OPEN GILLS. 1. The American Sea-lamprey. é The Prickly Ray. 2. ‘ Bluish Sea-lamprey. Spotted Ray. 3. “ Smal Sea-lamprey. o “ Broad-sting Ray. 4. “ Colored Mud-lamprey. 10. * Cow-nosed Ray. 5. Plain Mud-lamprey. 11. * Hedge-hog Ray. 6. * Clear-nosed Ray. 12, “ Whip-sting Ray. Lk 122 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. i The Smooth Skate. 4, Thresher Shark. ie. “ Small Blue Shark. 16. “ Dusky Shark. 17. “ Ground Shark. 18. “ Green-backed Shark. 19, “ Long-tailed Porbeagle. 20. “ American Hound-fish. 21. “ Basking Shark. 22. “ Spinous Dog-fish. 23. “ Nurse. 24. % Hammer-head Shark. 25. “ American Angel-fish. 26. “ Common Saw-fish. 27: The American Angler, 28, Gibbon’s Mouse-fish. 29. % Smooth Mouse-fish. 30. “ Short-nosed Malthea. 31. “ Dotted Malthea. 32, ‘ Bat Malthea. 33. “ Common Toad-fish. 34, “ Two-spined Toad-fish. 35. “ Orange File-fish. 36. ‘ Loneg-finned File-fish. 37. “ Massachusetts File-fish. 38. “ Thread File-fish. 39. “ Long-tailed Unicorn-fish. 40. ‘“ Dusky Balistes. 2d Order: CARTILAGINOUS FISHES WITH COVERED GILLS. Al. The Lake Sturgeon. 42, Short-nosed Sturgeon. 43. “ Sharp-nosed Sturgeon. 44, “ Dromedary Trunk-fish, 45. ‘ Yale’s Trunk-fish. 46. “ Common Puffer. 47, “ Curved Puffer. 48. The Lineated Puffer. 49. Small Globe-fish. 50. “ Short Head-fish. 51. “ Lump-fish. 52. “ Banded Pipe-fish. 53. ‘ Green Pipe-fish. 54. “ Hudson River Sea-horse. 3d Order: Apvopat FIsHEs. 55. The Common New York Eel. 56. “ Beaked Eel. 57. ‘ Bullhead Eel. 58. ‘ American Conger. 59. * New York Ophidium. 60. * American Sand-lance. 61. The Banded Sand-lance. 62. Silvery Hair-tail. 63. “ Sea-wolf. 64. “ Long-finned Harvest-fish. 65. “ Short-finned Harvest-fish. 66. ‘“ Common Sword-fish. 4th Order: JucuLAR FIsHEs. 67. The Unarmed Uranoscope. 68. American Cod. 69. “ Power-cod. 70. ‘ Tom-cod. 71. “ Haddock. 72. “% American Hake. 73. “ Plain Burbot. 74, “ Spotted Burbot. 75. ** Compressed Burbot. 76. The New York Pollack. ile Coal-fish. 78. “ Green Pollack. (9 “aa @usk: 80. ‘ American Codling. 81. “ Spotted Codling. 82. “ Thick-lipped Eel-pout. 83. ‘ Bordered Eel-pout. 5th Order: THoracic FIsHEs. e4, The White-headed Remora. 85. Indian Remora. 86. “ Common Remora. 87. “ Boittle-headed Dolphin. 88. “ Common Bullhead. 89. “ Brazen Bullhead. 90. “ Smooth-browed Bullhead. 91, * Greenland Bullhead, 92, The Variegated Goby. | 93: Small Sea-Scorpion. 94. “ Spotted Sea-Scorpion. 95, ‘ Hair-finned Belepharis. 96. “ Rostrated Argyreiose. 97. % Hair-finned Argyreiose. 98. “ Blunt-nosed Shiner. 99. “ Halibut. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 100. The New York Flatfish. Pigmy Flatfish. Rustic Flatfish. Toothed Flatfish. Oblong Flounder. Long-toothed Flounder. Spotted Turbot. New York Sole. Banded Ephippus. Moon-fish. Razor-fish. Sheep’s-head. Sand Porgee. Rhomboidal Porgee. Aculeated Gilt-head. Big Porgee. Common Bergall. Spotted Bergall. New York Tautog. Lafayette. Weakfish. Lake Sheep’s-head. Silvery Corvina. Branded Corvina. Malashganay. Sharp-finned Corvina. Kingtish. Big Drum. Banded Drum. Banded Corvina. Speckled Red-mouth. Yellow-finn’d Red-mouth. Squirrel-fish. Banded Pristipoma. Black Triple-tail. American Yellow Perch. Rough Yellow Perch. Rough-headed Yellow Perch: Sharp-nos’d Yellow Perch. Slender Yellow Perch. Striped Sea-bass. Ruddy Bass. Little White Bass. Small Biack Bass. White Lake Bass. 123 145. The Black Huron. 146. 147. 148, 149, 150. 151. 152. les} 154. 155; 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 162. 169. 170. 1715 Wis 173. 174. 175 176. 177. 178. ghey 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. i87. 188. 189. Champlain Pickering. Yellow Pike Perch. Gray Pike Perch. Tesselated Darter. Croper. Black Sea-bass. Crowler. Fresh-water Bass. Black Fresh-water Bass. Obscure F'resh-water Bass, Common Pond-fish. Black-eared Pond-fish. Coachman. Spineless Perch. Northern Barracuta. Cirrous Lepisoma. New York Piloi-fish. Spring Mackerel. Fall Mackerel. Spanish Mackerel. Common Tunny. Striped Benito. Spotted Cybium. Northern Crab-eater. Carolina Lichia. Silvery Trachinote. Spinous Trachinote. Black Pilot. Southern Caranx. Spotted Caranx. Branded Seriole. Spotted Lampugus. Golden Mullet. Rock Mullet. Snipe-nosed Mullet. Spotted Mullet. Striped Mullet. White Mullet. Red Curnard. Banded Curnard. Web-fingered Curnard. Spinous Curnard, Sea Swallow. American Sea Rayen. 6th Order: ABDOMINAL FIsHEs. 197. The Red-bellied Trout. ie The Oceanic Cat-fish. Milbert’s Arius. Great Lake Cat-fish. Common Cat-fish. Brown Cat-fish. Black Cat-fish. Brock Trout. 198. 199, 200. 201. 202. 203. Lake Trout. Mackinaw Salmon. Common Sea Salmon. American Smelt. Spotted Troutlet. Argentine. 124 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 204. The White-fish. DAVE The Flat-nosed Bony Pike. 205. Common Shad Salmon. | 238. Common Carp. 206. ‘ Otsego Shad Salmon. 239. “ Variegated Bream. 207. “ American Pipe-fish. 240. * New York Chubsucker. 208. ‘ Spotted Pipe-tish. 241. “ Brilliant Chubsucker. 209. “ Muskellunge. 242, “% Long-finned Chubsucker. 210. * Common Pickerel. 243. “ Gibbous Chubsucker. 211. “ Waried Pickerel. 244. “ Round-backed Chubsuck- 212. ‘ Federation Pike. Cus 213. ‘¢ Banded Gar-fish. 245. “ Commen Sucker. 214. “ Bill-fish. ) 246. Oneida Sucker. 215. “ New York Flyine-fish. | 247. * Horned Sucker. 216. “ Single-banded Flying-tish. | 248. “ ~ Pale Sucker. 217. “ Double-banded ‘lying- | 249. “ Mullet Sucker. fish. 250. * Black Sucker. 218. ** Common American Her-}251. “ Large-scaled Sucker. ring. 202. * New York Shiner, 219. “ Striped Herring. 203. ‘¢ Black-nosed Dace. 220. “ Green Herring. 204. “ -Swan-eater. 221. “ Little Herring. 1955. %¢ Red-fin. 222. “ Brit Herring. 256. Roach Dace. 223. “ Satin-striped Herring. 257. “ Shining Dace. 224, * Blue Herring. 258. Black-heuded Dace. 225. “ American Shad. 259. “ Bay Shiner. 226. “ American Alewive. 260. “ Silvery’ Dace. 227. “ Mossbonker. 261. % Banded Dace. 228. * Autumnal Herring. | 262. Corporaalen. 229. “ Slender Herring. | 263. “ Piemy Dace. 230. “ Spotted Shadine. 264. “ Sheep’s-head Lebias. 231. “ Spotted Thread-Herring. | 265. “ Striped Kill-fish. 232. ‘ River Moon-eye. 266. “ Big Kill-fish. 233. ‘ Lake Moon-eye. 267. “ Barred Kill-fish. 234. * Saury. 268. “ Transparent Minnow. 235. ‘ Western Mud-fish. 269. “ Barred Minnow. 236. “ Buffalo Bony Pike. AUTHORITIES AND SOURCES FOR THE NATURAL HISTORY oF FIsHEs. Th. Pennant’s British Zoology: -- Sictois\ohinieio:s. Lacepede, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons.--..-.. .++- ...+ +++ o-.- 1798 Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York........ +... 1894 T. F. Blumenbach’s Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. sess sr ccaccee AOD Cuvier et Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons........ +--+ 1828 Oken’s Allgemeine Naturgeschichte fiir alle Stinde............... 1836 James E. De Kay’s Zoology of New Yorke +++ see cee e cee e eee e eee 1842 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 125 SECTION XXXII. V. ENTOMOLOGY. § 520. Entomology is the science which treats of Insects. Insects are oviparous, with white cold blood, and provided with at least six horny organs of motion, and two thread- like organs, placed near the eyes, called Antenne, or feelers. § 521. Insects derive their name from the circumstance, that the head, breast, and extremity of the body are sepa- rated one from the other, as if by an incision; and in many cases only connected by a thread, as in Hornets. § 522. Insects are oviparous; that is, they lay eggs, from which proceed individuals, similar to worms, called collectively Larve or Caterpillars in butterflies, Grubs in beetles, and Maggo/s in bees, wasps, and flies. § 523. The voracity of the larve of some insects is astonishing. It is well known that a caterpillar consumes in twenty-four hours more than three times its weight. § 524. The larva grows with great rapidity. For ex- ample, the maggot of a meat-fly, in twenty-four hours, becomes 155 times heavier than it was at its birth. § 525. As soon as the larva comes out from the egg it finds abundant food, adapted to its nature; for insects, under the guidance of their instinct, lay their eggs in the situations best adapted for sustaining their future pro- geny,—as on the leaves of plants, on putrified bodies, or meat, and even in the bodies of other animals. § 526. The larva, after its full growth, is converted into a Nympha, (also called chrysalis or cocoon,) and passes this portion of its life in a state of torpor, without eating or moving, as we see in the cocoons of butterflies ; after a shorter or longer time, however, the skin of the nympha bursts, and the perfect insect comes out. § 527. Insects do more injury than good. «Neverthe- less, many of them are serviceable to man. A number of them feed on carrion, and thus purify the air; blister- i 126 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. beetles are valuable for medical use; lobsters and crabs serve as food; the silk-worm furnishes clothing; the cochineal, dye-stuif; bees give us honey, and from bees- wax, candles are made. § 528. The injury done by insects is immense. The larvee of the snout-beetles (Curculionites) dwell in the heart of apples, pears, apricots, hazelnuts, chestnuts, peas, and rice, and destroy them. Another larva, called the white or black corn-worm, devours the young shoots of corn, wheat, barley, rye, cabbages, and turnips ; others (Bostrychus) destroy entire forests of pine-woed for miles In extent. § 529. Very great injury is done by caterpillars, which destroy entire orchards ; and still greater by grasshoppers, which, in some countries, appearing in myriads, and devouring every product of the soil, produce famine and pestilence ; as in Egypt, Arabia, and in several countries of Asia and the east of Europe. § 530. Bugs, cockroaches, flies, and parasites, which infest our dwellings or live upon man and other animals, are disgusting and troublesome ; while scorpions, spiders, wasps, and bees are provided with venomous weapons of defence. § 531. Insects, according to the ingenious arrangement of Linnzus, are divided into seven Orders, viz. : 1. Beetles or Chafers, (Coleoptera,) insects with horny bodies, and two horny wing-covers; as_ the Tumble-beetle. 2. Bugs, (Hemiptera.) insects with four wings, folded together, and of about the hardness of parchment ; as Bugs, Locusts, Grasshoppers, and Cock- roaches. 3. Butterflies, (Lepidoptera,) insects with four ex- panded wings covered with colored scales. A, Nel-winged Insects, (Neuroptera,) those which have four transparent, net-woven, or lattice-like wings ; as the Dragon-fly. 5. Vein-winged Insects, (Hymenoptera,) those which have four transparent veined-wings ; as Wasps and Bees. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 124 6. Two-winged Insects, (Dipiera,) those which have two wings; as Flies. 7. Wingless Insects, (Aptera,) those which have no wings ; as Scorpions, Lobsters, Crabs, Spiders, Fleas, and all Parasites which live upon animal bodies. Remarxs.—lI. No class of animals have attracted more attention, than that of Insects. An immense number of elegant works, embellished with costly engravings, have been published in different countries on the subject of entomology. Governments, Universities, and Societies of Natural History have established large entomological cabinets, in which the Insects of the different parts of the world are preserved and systematically arranged. Many of the most distinguished philosophers seek them in fields and meadows, to examine their organization and ascertain their nature; they place them in elegant cases, where they are displayed like paintings ; they even raise them in rooms, in order to loose nothing of the splendor of their dresses. This delightful occupation, far from being a trifling amusement, is a useful study; at the same time that it is one of the purest, most instructive, and health- ful amusements. In its pursuit was discovered the use of the Blister-beetles; of different species of Bees; of several Butterflies, which produce silk or other stuffs ; and of some other insects producing precious coloring substances, as well as those from which we obtain the finest varnish. II. As regards the collecting of Insects, it will not be amiss to mention, that the collector of Beetles, Bugs, and Wingless Insects must be provided during his excursions with a wide-mouthed vial, containing a small quantity of whisky, in which to secure them. After having returned home, he must, to preserve them, run a long pin or needle through the right wing and body, and then place them in a box, the bottom of which should be covered with a coat 128 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. of beeswax, or cork. The box should be anointed with spirits of turpentine, to prevent the entrance of destructive living insects. Ili. Butterflies, and all other winged Insects, are to be taken by the aid of a net, or Buttertly-scissors, made ex- pressly for the purpose, and immediately stuck upon pins. Great care is to be taken that no part of the body be injured. IV. The most beautiful Butterflies of the different species can be obtained, by collecting, in the months of March and April, or in autumn, their cocoons, (which are found fastened on walls, in crevices, and on fences and branches of trees,) and putting them in a temperate room in open boxes ; the greater part of them will thus be con- verted into butterflies. V. Butterflies can also be obtained from the caterpil- lars, by keeping them in open boxes, and feeding them regularly with the leaves of the plants upon which we have found them. We can in this manner observe the whole process of the metamorphosis of the caterpillar into a cocoon, and of the cocoon into a perfect butterfly. lst Order.—BEETLES. Fig. 31. Tue Diamonp-BeetLe.—(Lntimus imperialis.) CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 129 2d Order.—Bues. Fig. 32. Tue Hovse-spicket.—(Acheta domestica.) 8d Order.—ButtERFLIES. Fig. 33. Tar Deatu’s Heap Hawx-moru.—(Sphinx Atropos.) 130 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 4th Order.—NeEt-wiNnGED Insects. Tur Dracon-rry.—(Libellula.) 5th Order.m—VEIN-WINGED INSECTS. Fig. 35. Tue Sanp-wasp.—(Amophila arenaria.) CLASS-BOOE OF ZOOLOGY. 6th Order.—Two-winGEp INSECTS. = Tue Musqurro.—( Culex Musquito.) 7th Order.—Winea.ess INSECTS. — Fig. 37. Tue Scorpion.—(Scorpio A fer.) QUESTIONS ON SECT. XXXII. 520. What is Entomology, and what animals are called Insects? 521. From whence do Insects derive their name ? 522. What is a Larva, a Caterpillar, a Grub, and a Maggot? 523. What do you know of the voracity of Larve ? 524. What do you know of the growth of Larve ? 131 525. How do the Larve find out their food immediately after coming out from the egg? bez CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 526. Into what is the Larva converted after its full growth, what is it called, and what becomes of it? 927. Of what benefit are Insects to man ? 528. In what consists the injuries done by Snout-beetles and Corn- worms ? 529. What injuries are done by Caterpillars and Grasshoppers ? 530. What Insects are uisgusting and troublesome, and what others are also venomous ? 531. Into how many Urders are Insects divided? Name them. SECTION XXXITI. lst Order—BeEEtTLES: (Coleoptera.) § 532. Beetles are Insects with horny bodies, and two horny wing-coverings. ‘The Larva has nippers, and the greater part of them six legs, attached to the thorax: in some, (as the Maggot or Larva of the Snout-beetle,) it is without feet.. It generally becomes a chrysalis under- eround.—Among the Beetles, the following may be men- tioned. §533. The Tiger-beeile (Cicindela) has flat wing-covers, a small cylindrical neck, and a thick head, with large round eyes. § 534. Some of the species of the genus* Tiger-beetle are metallic green, spotted, or purple, sometirhes varie- gated; and are generally seen on the road or in sandy places, running very fast, or making short flights, like flies. § 535. They are called Tiger-beetles on account of their carnivorous disposition. They seize other insects with their strong jaws and devour them; and while in the Larva state, they bury themselves in the sand, to in- snare other Insects. § 536. The Caterpillar-hunter (Calosoma) is a very handsome beetle, nearly an inch in length, of a copper- brown or dark-green color; feet and antenne black. This whole genus may, with propriety, be called Cater- * * Aggregate of all the different species. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 133 pillar-hunters, from the fact that they are seen in the morning and evening upon the branches of trees, usefully employed in devouring caterpillars. § 537. The Bombardier-beetle, (Brachinus.) The dif- ferent species of this genus are small, of a reddisn-brown color above, black below, with bluish-black wing-covers. They are found under stones, and get their name from the manner in which they defend themselves—namely, by ejecting a bluish vapor with a tolerably loud report. § 538. The Water-bectles (Dyticus) are of a yellowish- brown color. Some species are as small as a flea, and others an inch and a half in length. All of them live in the water, and feed on other insects. § 539. When this Beetle is about to lay its eggs, it prepares a neat oblong husk or shell, which it covers with a brown silk. This nest floats like a boat on the water, with the eggs enclosed, until such time as the young larve are hatched, and able to leap overboard into their native element. ) 540. The Whirling Water-beetle (Gyrinus) is fre- quently seen in ponds, swimming with surprising rapidity in larger or smaller circles, in company with others. They are of a flat, oval form, of a dark shining lead-color, and not much larger than a fly. 541. The small cylindrical, yellowish-white eggs of the Whirling Water-beetle are fastened on the leaves of water-plants in four or five rows, twenty together ; from which, after two or three weeks, proceed long and trans- parent larvee, similar in appearance to Centipedes. § 542. The Whirling Water-beetle is distinguished by having four eyes, viz. two above and two beneath the head; as well as a bladder of air behind, for the purpose of descending and ascending in the water. § 543. The Rover-beetle, (Staphylinus,) like all its kin- dred species, has a soft, flexible body, a large head with crossing jaws, and very short wing-covers, not extending over more than one-third of the hind-part of the body, although its wings are very large. § 544. The size of the Rover-beetle is as various as the species ; some being three-quarters of an inch long, 134 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. and others not larger than a flea. ‘They are mostly, how- ever, of a brown or black color. § 545. They are generally found in the neighborhood of putrid matter, in dunghills, carrion, mushrooms, and under stones and the bark of trees. They feed only on putrid matter, and thus, like the Turkey-buzzard, aid in purifying the atmosphere. § 546. The Snapping-beeile, or Skipper, (Elater,) is re- markable for the singular dexterity with which, when lying on its back, it throws itself into the air, and falls on its feet, which are too short for raising itself up. This is effected by a long process attached to the front of the thorax or chest, which, moving in a groove along the body, is forcibly protruded in making a dart upwards. § 547. There is a great number of species, differing in size and color. ‘They are found in fields, meadows, and upon trees and shrubs. ‘They fall on the ground, and pretend to be dead, on being approached. § 548. Those of America are the largest. Some spe- cies of the tropics are phosphoric, and known under the name of Lightning-bugs, (Cucujo.) § 549. The Fure-fly (Lampyris) has an elongated, flat body, soft wing-covers, and phosphoric rings at the ex- tremity of the body. ‘These rings enable Fire-flies to shine, and to find one another during the night, when flying: i in fields and meadows. § 550. The Carrion-beetle (Necrophorus) has its name _ from the dexterity with which it scents, from a distance, the bodies of small animals, as moles and frogs, which it buries with its own eggs under the ground, as food for its future progeny. Six of them will bury a mole a foot deep in less than four hours. § 551. The large Carrion-beetle of this country is about one inch long, of a black color, intermixed with red. In two weeks, from its eggs, which are white and of a cylin- drical form, proceed larve, that in four weeks grow to be an inch and a half long, when they are converted under-ground into a:chrysalis, in which condition they remain three weeks. § 552. The Cock-chafer, or May-chafer, (Melolontha,) CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 135 one of the most common insects, is about an inch long, of a black or dark-red color, and appears in large numbers in the first warm evenings of the month of May, fluttering ever ywhere among the trees. § 553. The May- -chafers feed on the leaves and blos- soms of fruit-trees, which they sometimes entirely strip, ruining whole orchards. ‘They should therefore be de- stroyed. § 554. The May-chafers are still more injurious while in the larva state, which lasts four years, for during this time they feed on the roots of corn, wheat, barley, rye, and oats. § 555. The larva of the May-chafer, when full-orown, is an inch and a half long, and of a dirty-yellow color. It is found from three to six feet deep inthe ground. This may be ascertained if in a field or a garden we dig up such ete as have become yellow; at their roots we will find the larve of the May-chafer. § 556. The Stag-beetle, (Lucanus,) thus named from the similarity of its upper jaws to the horns of a stag, is an inch anda half long, and of a chestnut-color. It is found principally on oak-trees, where it licks the juice of the leaves. § 557. The larva of the Stag-beetle is from three to four inches long, of a yellow color, and lives probably six years in the larva state. It is found on oak-trees. The ancient Romans considered this larva, when fried, a great luxury. § 558. The Weevil or Snout-beelle, (Curculio,) con- taining a great number of genera and species, has for the most part a short round body with a solid snout, more or less curved, and is of various lengths. } 559. The Weevils are very noxious. Those with very long snouts attack the young fruits of trees, and the others erain and garden-plants, by making an opening in them, and depositing one or more eggs: from these proceed maggots, which live in. the fruit, as we see in apples, pears, nuts, peas, and rice. § 560. The great multiplication of the Snout-beetles 136 CLASS-2OOK OF ZOOLOGY. can be prevented by giving protection to our Warblers, Woodpeckers, and all those birds which destroy them. § 561. The Capricorn-beetle, (Cerambyx,) with its kindred species, has remarkably long antenne and very strong wing-covers; they, as well as their larve, live on the stems of trees, and feed on wood, which they con- vert into dust. § 562. The Lady-bug, or Lady-bird, (Coccinella,) is of a round oval form, red or orange-colored, with black dots. It is of a small size, not larger than a pea. § 563. The Lady-bird has often been recommended as a remedy for the toothache ; and as it feeds, as well as its larve, only on plant-lice, so injurious to our vegetables, it may be considered a useful insect. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XXXII. 532. What do you know of the larva of Beetles ? 533. What do you know of the wing-covers, neck, head, and eyes of Tiger-beetles ? 534, What is the color and abode of Tiger-beetles ? 535. Why are they called Tiger-beetles ? 536. What is the external character of the Caterpillar-hunter, and why is it so called? 537. What is the size, color, and abode of the Bombardier-beetle, and why is it so called? 538. What is the color, size, and abode of the Water-beetle ? 539. In what manner does the Water-bectle deposit its eggs ? 540. What do you know of the Whirling Water-beetle ? 541. What can you say of the eggs and iarvee of the Whirling Water- beetle ? 542. By what singularity is the Whirling Water-beetle distinguished ? 543. What do you know of the body, head, jaws, and wing-covers of the Rover-beetle ? 544, What is the size and color of the Rover-beetle ? 545. What is the abode and food of Rover-beetles, and of what use are they? 546. For what is the Snapping-beetle remarkable ? 547. Where are Snapping-beetles found, and what do they do when SEDO} ched ? 548. In what country do we find the largest Snapping-beetles, and “under what name are some of them known? 549. What is the external character of the Fire-fly ? 550. Why is the Carrion-beetle so called, and what do you know avout it? 551. Of what size and color is the large Carrion-beetle of this country ; and what do you know of its eggs, larva, and ehrysalis ? 552. What is the size and color of the May-chafer, and when does it appear ? CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 137% 553. On what does the May-chafer feed, and what injury does it do? 554. When, and how, are the May-chafers still more injurious ? 555. What is its size and color, and how can its abode be ascer- tained ? 556. What is the size, color, abode, and food of the Stag-beetle, and why is it so named? 557. What is the size and color of its larva, and what use did the an- cient Romans make of it ? 558. What is the external character of the Weevil? 559. In what respect are the Weevils very noxious? 560. How can the great multiplication of Weevils be prevented ? 561. What is the external character, abode, and food of the Capricorn- beetle ? 562. What is the color, size, and form of the Lady-bird ? 563. Why may the Lady-bird be considered useful ? SECTION XXXIV. 2d Order—Bues: (Hemiptera.) § 564. Bugs are those insects which have parchment- like wings, and the larva of which resembles the perfect insect, except in wanting wings; as Cockroaches, Crick- ets, Grasshoppers, Locusts, etc. § 565. The greater part of the Insects of the second Order produce sounds, which they effect by rubbing the hind-legs against the wings, as the Grasshopper ; or by rubbing one wing against the other, as the Field and House crickets; or by a drum-like organ, situated low in the inside of the body, as the Locust. § 566. The Cockroach (Blatta) is nearly an inch long, and chestnut-colored. It is now found in almost every part of the world, and dwells principally in mills, bakeries, and kitchens, where it is sometimes seen in immense numbers. § 567. The Cockroach attacks food of all kinds, but chiefly bread, and is for that reason very dangerous in vessels at sea. It has sometimes produced extreme dis- tress in long sea-voyages. § 568. Cockroaches are of no use to man, but very troublesome and injurious, and every effort is made to ex- ed 1388 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. tirpate or drive them from dwellings. This may be done by pouring boiling water into their places of retreat; by fumigating the apartment in which they are found with the vapor of sulphur and assafcetida ; or by putting sticks, besmeared with a viscous substance, into their holes. But a sure way to prevent their entrance into a house, or to effect their expulsion from one, is to have the boards of the floor made tight, and every crack in the pantry and kitchen corked. § 569. The Crickets, (Acheta,) to which genus belong the Field, House, and Mole crickets, are, when full-grown, so quarrelsome, that each individual lives separately. § 570. The Field-cricket (Acheta campesiris) is a harm- less animal, lives in holes, and sings during the summer, day and night. In some countries the boys keep them in small boxes as an amusement. § 571. The House-cricket (Acheta domestica) lives in the cracks of walls, principally in breweries, on account of the wet grain found there, its favorite food. It may easily be destroyed by putting some Field-crickets in the house, which will devour it. § 572. The Mole-cricket (Acheta gryllotalpa) is so called on account of its fore-feet, which are similar to those of a Mole, and well adapted for digging. On that account it is injurious to gardens, fields, and meadows, where they excavate subterraneous holes, and feed on the roots of plants. § 573. The Grasshopper (Grillus) is found in all the countries of the world. Different species of them, vary- ine in size and color, are everywhere seen; and wher- ever found they are injurious to vegetation, which they devour by means of their strong jaws, laying bare whole countries. § 574. One of the most destructive is the Wandering Grasshopper, (Grillus migratorius :) the wings included, it is two inches and a half long, and of a grayish-brown color, with black spots. They are a common plague in Africa and Asia. § 575. The Wandering Grasshopper, mentioned in the Bible as one of the plagues inflicted on the Egyptians, CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 139 appears in flocks, like heavy clouds, flying from the east towards the west at a height of five hundred feet. They fall in dense clouds upon the ground, and devour the vegetation with a fearful rapidity, leaving nothing but the naked soil. 576. Whole countries, many hundred miles in extent, have been thus deprived of their substance. Famine, as a necessary consequence, is the result of such a devasta- tion; which is followed by pestilence, caused by the stench of myriads of the dead Grasshoppers. § 577. The Seventeen-years Locust (Cicada Septende- cim) is an inch and a half long, has a black body, red eyes, and a short, thick head, with a needle-shaped move- able snout, resting on the breast, for the purpose of suck- ing dew. ) 578. The Seventeen-years Locust is found in the United States, where it appears, in some years, in incal- culable numbers. It is so called because it is generally believed that it appears only every seventeen years. But as they appeared in Maryland and Virginia in the year 1834, and again in 1843, in immense numbers, and as some are found every summer in many places, it would seem that this Locust is not rightly named. § 579. This locust is harmless, pleasant on account of its song, and does no injury to plants. Its food consists only of dew, which it sucks with its snout. Its appear- ance, therefore, need not occasion anxiety or alarm. § 580. The Locust is important as a delicious food for our fowls. The ancient Romans kept a kindred species, of the same size, (Cicada Orni,) in cages, for the sake of its song, and called it the “ Nightingale of the Nymphs,” “ The Sweet Prophet of the Summer,” “ The Love of the Muses.” QUESTIONS ON SECT. XXXIV. 564. What do you know of Bugs and their larva? Name some. 565. How do Bugs produce sounds ? 566. What is the length, color, and abode of the Cockroach ? 567. Why and where is the Cockroach dangerous ? 568. Why is it desirable to extirpate Cockroaches, and how may it be eifected ? 569. What are the names of the different Crickets, and why do they live separately ? fo CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 570, What do you know of the Field-cricket ? 571. Where is the House-cricket found, what is its food, and how can it be destroyed ? 572. What do you know of the Mole-cricket ? 73. What do you know of the size and color of Grasshoppers? What injury do they do, and where are they found? 574. Which is the most injurious Grasshopper? Describe it. 575. How does it make its appearance ? 576. What has been the consequence of the devastation of the War dering Grasshopper? 577. What is the external structure of the Seventeen-years Locust ? 578. Where and how is the Seventeen-years Locust found, and what can you say of its name? 579. Why should not the appearance of the Seventeen-years Locust excite anxiety and alarm? 580. What use can be made of the Seventeen-years Locust, and what did the ancients think of it? SECTION XXXYV. 3d Order—ButtTeRF.iss: (Lepidoptera.) § 581. Buiterflies are distinguished by having expanded wings, covered with colored scales, and by their hairy bodies. § 582. The Caterpillars of Butterflies have jaws; a body extended in twelve segments, with nine airholes (spiracles) on each side for breathing; three pairs of hook-shaped claws on the chest, (thorax ;) and commonly five pairs of round fleshy legs on the hind-body, (abdo- men.) § 583. The Caterpillar changes into a Cocoon, which is generally incapable of motion, and the cocoon, after a certain time, changes into a Butterfly, which has gener- ally long antenne, three pairs of feet, and a spirally-rolled tongue, for sucking, in the place of jaws. § 584. The Day-butterfly is so called from its flying only in the daytime. When sitting, it elevates its four expanded wings with the upper surfaces, which in many instances differ materially in their color from the under ones. * CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 141 § 585. The Buiterfly that flies in the dusk of evening, slowly and heavily, is called Hawk-moth, the Caterpillar of which has generally splendid colors, and a hook- shaped horn at the end of the back; as for example, the Poiatoworm. § 586. The Butterfly which flies only in the night-time is called a Moth. 'The Caterpillars of Moths are generally hairy. ‘They change into a silky cocoon; of which we have an instance in the Silk-worm. § 587. Moths prepare their cocoons from a tenacious fluid, contained in two pouches, placed along the back, beneath the stomach, and which they spin into very fine threads by means of a peculiar tube placed behind the mouth. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XXXV. 58L. By what are Butterflies distinguished ? 582. What do you know of the jaws, body, airholes, claws, and legs of the Caterpillar ? 583. Into what does the Caterpillar change, into what the cocoon, and what do you know of the antenna, feet, and tongue of the But- terfly ? 584. What is a Day-butterfly ? 585. What a Hawk-moth? 9586. What a Moth ? 587. From what, and how, do Moths prepare their cocoons ? SECTION XXXVI. 4th Order—Net-wincep Insects: (Neuropiera.) § 588. The Net-winged Insects are distinguished by having four net-like or trellised wings, which generally glitter with colors of every hue, as the Dragon-fly. § 589. The Dragon- fly (Li bellula) is common every- where, and is seen flying in all directions, for the purpose ot catching insects, which they devour by means of their strong jaws. They are also frequently seen near * 142 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. ponds, whither they come to deposite their eggs in the water. § 590. The larve of the different species of the Dragon- fly live in the water more than two years, until they are changed into a perfect insect. § 591. As the Dragon-fly does not injure our vege- tables, and feeds, in its perfect as well as Jarva state, only upon other insects, it may be regarded as useful. § 592. The Ephemera Fly, called also May-fly and Day-fly, (Ephemera,) i is about an inch long ; generally has transparent wings, (those of some species being citron- colored,) which, when sitting, it elevates vertically, like a Butterfly. § 593. As many species of the May-fly, principally those with transparent wings, live only one day when in a perfect state, they have been called Day-flies. § 594. But for the shortness of its life, this creature is indemnified by the length of its existence in the larva- state, which lasts from two to three years, in the water, like that of the Dragon-fly. § 595. Millions of Day-flies are sometimes seen in the month of May, flying about the surface of rivers and ponds, for the purpose of depositing their eggs ; but im- mediately after, they place themselves upon walls, trees, fences, or aamllene and die. § 596. The most singular fact in regard to the May- fly, and which is observed in no other insect, is that they cast their skin just before they die. § 597. The Ani-lion (Myrmeleon) is about an inch long, has long drooping wings with dark brown spots, and short club-shaped antenne. § 598. The larva, or real Ant-lion, is ill-shaped, thick and short, about three- -quarters of an inch long, brownish- gray, and is armed with jaws, similar to a forceps. § 599. The Ant-lion digs a funnel-shaped pit in the sand, and, covering itself to the neck, lies in wait for, and destroys the ants and other small insects, which, not perceiving it, slip in over the loose sand. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. LS QUESTIONS ON SECT. XXXVI. 588. By what are the Net-winged Insects distinguished? Name some of them. 589. Where are Dragon-flies seen, and on what do they feed ? 590. Where is the abode of its larva, and how long does it dwell there ? 591. Why may they be considered useful? 592. Describe the Day-fly. 593. Why was it so called ? 594, How is it indemnified for the shortness of its life? 595. Where, when, and in what numbers is if seen? 596. What singular fact is mentioned with regard to it? 597. Describe the Ant-lion. 598. Describe its larva. 9299, In what manner does it catch other insects? SECTION XXXVII. 5th Order—VEIN-WINGED Insects: (Hymenoptera.) ) 600. The Vein-winged Insects, such as Wasps, Bees, Ants, etc., are distinguished by having four membranous wings, with few but strong veins, and by generally being shorter and smaller than the foregoing Orders. § 601. Most of these Insects are armed with a sting, and occasionally with venom, which they infuse into the puncture made by their sting. § 602. Their larve are mostly Maggots; that is, they have no feet, as, for instance, those of Bees; but some of them, like Caterpillars, are provided with twenty feet, as the Tenthredo. § 603. The Vein-winged Insects answer several im- portant purposes. Some of them produce honey and wax, as the Bees; others destroy millions of noxious in- sects, by depositing their eggs in their larve ; and others aid the productive power of plants, by mixing the flower- dust of blossoms, which, accidentally clinging to their feet, is conveyed from one flower to another. § 604. Oak-balls, and the excrescences on wild-roses, 144 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. blackberry-bushes, and many other plants, which look like fruits or flowers, are produced by the sting of the Gall-fly, (Cynips.) § 605. Punctures, in which they deposite their eggs, are made by the ovipositor of these insects in the bark of plants and trees. There the larva, when hatched, sucks upthe sap as it ascends, and makes an opening, in which the sap accumulates, and forms an excrescence. § 606. The Ovipositor is a pointed organ of the female, situated at the extremity of the body ; by means of which she is able to perforate the skin of the bark or leaf, and to deposite her eges in the puncture. § 607. Among the Vein-winged Insects, which con- tribute materially to the destruction of Caterpillars, Spi- ders, etc., is the Ichnewmon, that lays its eggs in living Caterpillars, which, in consequence, become diseased, and die. § 608. Wasps, Hiornets, Bees, and Ants are remarkable for their’ social habits, thousands of them living together ; as well as for the extremely ingenious nests they con- struct, by their united efforts, with substances of various kinds: Wasps, for example, with fibres of wood, and Bees with wax. § 609. A hive of Bees is composed of a Queen-Bee, of Males, and of Working- Bees. § 610. The Queen-Bee is slender in body, has short wings, and can lay nearly 12,000 eggs. The Males, or Drones, have a longer and thicker body, as well as longer wings. The Working-Bees, whose task it is to collect materials, build the comb, and nurse the Maggots, are smaller than either. § 611. In about twenty days after the young*come to maturity, they form a colony, and leaving the old hive, construct a new one. § 612. The pain and swelling produced by the sting of Bees, may be remedied by applying cold water. § 613. The food of Bees consists of the juice (nectar) of tlowers, extracted principally from the yellow dust of their thread-like organs, called stamens, which are found in the centre of the blossom. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 145 § 614. Bees collect the flower-dust, called pollen, and carry it to their hives in a peculiar fossa on the hinder thighs. 2 § 615. The pollen itself is not a wax-containing sub- stance, for it does not melt on the fire; on the contrary, it is consumed by it. It is, however, converted into honey and wax in the body of the Bee, probably by adding to it another substance, peculiar to this insect, and with. which we are unacquainted. § 616. Many people kill the Bees of each hive every year with the smoke of brimstone; but experienced bee-. raisers prefer to let them live, allowing them, for their sustenance during the winter, half the honey of the hive. § 617. Ants, like Bees, live together in large societies, composed of winged Males and Females, and of wingless. Working Ants. § 618. The eggs of Ants are exceedingly small,.of a ~ white color, and look like the small grains of pounded. sugar. The larva is a Maggot, but is soon converted: into a Puppa, (cocoon,) which is white and soft, and is carefully raised by the Working Ants. § 619. The food of Ants consists chiefly of fruits, sweet. substances, living and dead insects, and also carrion. A frog or a mouse thrown into an anthill, is in the space of twenty-four hours converted by them into a thoroughly cleaned skeleton. § 620. The winged Male and Female Ants are seen in the fine evenings of August and September, swarming in the air in the form of columns. Soon after, however, they lose their wings, deposite their eggs, and die, leaving the Working Ants to take care of the eggs during the fall and winter. § 621. Ants are found in all parts of the world, but differing in size and color. The White Ant, a native of the East Indies, is celebrated for constructing conical habitations of clay, often ten or twelve feet high. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XXXVIL. 600. By what are the Vein-winged Insects distinguished ? 601. What do you know of their venom? 602. Describe their larve. 13 haeacaei ¥ “ [46 4s CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 603. Of witliies are Vein-winged Insects ? 604. How are Oak-balls and other excrescences of plants produced? 605. How are those punctures made? 696. Describe the Ovipositor. 607. What Insects contribute materially to the destruction of Caterpik lars, and how? 608. For what are Wasps, Hornets, Bees, and Ants remarkable? 609. Of what individuals is a hive of Bees composed ? 610. Describe the Queen Bee, the Drones, and Working Bees. 611. What do you know of the young of Bees? 612. Describe their sting. 613. Of what does the food of Bees consist ? 614. How do Bees collect the pollen? 615. How do they prepare the honey and wax? 616. How do experienced Bee-raisers treat their Bees? 617. Into what social classes are Ants divided ? 618. What do you know of their eggs and metamorphosis ? 619. Of what does their food consist ? 620. At what time are the winged Males and Females seen, and we happens to them? 621. Where are Ants found, and for what is the White Ant celebrated ? SECTION XXXVIII. 6th Order—Two-wincep Insects: (Diptera.) § 622. Among two-winged Insects are included all kinds of Flies which are provided with only two wings. Some of them have a hard-pointed sucking-tube ; others, an elon- gated snout, (proboscis,) and others again, simply a mouth. § 623. Their larva is a Maggot, of a white color, of the form of a spindle, and is found in water, dung, spoiled meat, cheese, and fruit. § 624. The Maggot grows very rapidly, its color changes to brown after a few days, its skin becomes hard, and it is soon converted into a Puppa, (cocoon ;) from this, which resembles a barrel in its shape, proceeds the perfect Fly. § 625. Many species of Flies look like insects of other orders. Thus the Sheep-fly resembles a Spider, and . & CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 14% some others have the form of Wasps, Bees, Hawk-moths or Bugs. § 626. Flies are of no direct use to man; they are the parasites of the Animal Kingdom. They torment man and beast, by sucking their blood; they spoil or destroy our provisions ; their larve destroy our meadows and grain-fields, as the Hessian-fly ; while others make their nests in the skin, brain, or stomach of animals. § 627. The Musquito (Culex) is found in all parts of the world, but differing in size and color, and everywhere they are exceedingly troublesome. It is armed with a proboscis, from which proceeds, as from a scabbard, a very minute, fine sting, with which the insect pierces the skin of its victim, and sucks its blood. § 628. The cause of the itching and inflammation pro- duced by this sting, seems to be the saliva, which comes from the proboscis, and enters the skin with the sting. § 629. The Musquito lays about 300 eggs, in stagnant water; from which, after two days, proceed slender- shaped larve, moving in the water with great rapidity, as we can see daily in open rain-casks. § 630. After remaining only four weeks in the water, the larve are converted into perfect insects. According to this fact, five or six generations of the Musquitoes are produced during one summer. } 631. The Hessian-fly, (Culex Destructor,) a species of | Musquito, \ was first seen in North America in 1776. It is supposed that it was brought from Europe in a ship- load of wheat, destined for the Hessian soldiers. § 632. The Hessian-fly is very small; entirely black, even the wings, except at the root, where they are reddish- brown ; “feet pale, covered with black hair. 6 633. The female, in the spring, makes the stems of wheat a place of deposite for her eggs, the maggots of which enter the plant and feed on it. The number of these insects is so immense, that they sometimes destroy entire fields of wheat. -§ 634. The Grad-fly (Oestrus) lays her eggs upon living animals, as Cows, Stags, Sheep, etc., by piercing their skin with its strong and sharp ovipositor. 148 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. § 635. The Horse-fly (Oestrus equi) lays her eggs in the shoulders and fore-legs, or on the lips of the horse. In the latter case, being licked off and swallowed, they pass into the animal’s stomach, where, principally during the spring, they are found in large numbers, firmly attached by a hook at the anterior extremity of their bodies. In size they resemble a Date. § 636. The Meat-fly, (Musca vomitoria,) a most disgust- ing insect, deposites its eggs, of which it lays about 200, on all kinds of fresh meat, which it spoils in a short time ; maggots being produced from the eggs in 24 hours. § 637. These maggots grow with such rapidity, that in 24 hours they increase their weight 200 times. They are full grown in eight days, when they let themselves fall on the ground, where they are converted into brown barrel-shaped puppe. § 638. The Cheese-maggots are eaten by many people, in the belief that they originate from the best substance of the cheese; but that is an error, as these disgusting maggots proceed from the eggs of a small brown Fly, which has very long wings, and is of the size of the common ant. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XXXVI. 622. What are two-winged Insects? 623. Describe their larva. 624, What do you know of the growth and change of their maggots ? 625. What do many species of Flies resemble ? 626. What injury is done by Flies? 627. What do you know of the Musquito ? 628. What is the cause of the itching and inflammation produced by its sting? 629. What do you know about the eggs of Musquitoes ? 630. What is said of the larve and of the increase of Musquitoes ? 631. When and how was the Hessian-fly brought to America? 632. Describe it. 633. What do you know of its eggs, and the destructive power of their maggots ? . 634. What do you know of the Gad-fly ? 635. What do you know of the Horse-fly ? 636. What do you know of the Meat-fly ? 637. What do you know of its maggots ? ‘ 638. What do you know of the Cheese-maggots? Describe the Cheese ye é CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 149 SECTION XXXIX. 7th Order—WinGLEss Insects: (Aptera.) § 639. Insects without wings differ very much in re- gard to their size, form, and the number of their feet ; and do not undergo a metamorphosis, like the preceding orders, the Flea excepted. § 640. To this Order belong the Louse, Flea, Tick, Spider, Scorpion, Crab, Lobster, Centipede, etc. § 641. The Louse (Pediculus) is probably one of the most extensively diffused genus of Insects. Most Mam- malia and birds have Lice of peculiar kinds; and fishes, and even some insects, are also plagued in the same way. § 642. The Flea (Pulex) lays about twenty eggs, from which, after six days, proceed very small white maggots, of a serpentine form. These, after fourteen days, are metamorphosed into a puppa; from which, after fourteen days more, proceeds the perfect Flea. It is found on man, the dog, fox, squirrel, hare, and hog. § 643. The Tick (Acarus) lives in forests upon plants, and fastens itself on passing Mammalia, principally,dogs, horses, sheep, and even on man. It thrusts its fore-feet and proboscis into the skin of the animal to which it attaches itself, in order to suck its blood ; but by besmear-. ing them with olive-oil, they quickly fall off. ) 644. The Spider (Aranea) has eight feet, and is armed, like a venomous snake, with two moveable fangs 3. and through these, which are horny, hollow, and crooked, the venom is injected into the wound it inflicts. § 645. The bite of small Spiders produces only an itch- ing, that of the large ones an unpleasant inflammation ; but in spite of all this, people have been known to eat them, with bread, as a delicacy. § 646. Spiders are found throughout the world. The greater part of them weave webs which are deserving of special notice for the regularity of their structure, and 13* 150 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. the strength with which they resist the action of wind and weather. § 647. Those Spiders which construct webs, are pro- vided, at their posterior extremity, with four or six warts, containing one thousand openings. § 648. From these openings descend one thousand threads, that unite and become a single line, which is so fine that one hundred of them are not as thick as a human hair. § 649. Spider-webs, like silk, have been manufactured _into stockings and gloves. However, the manufactur@ of silk to any considerable extent, from the webs of Spiders, is impracticable ; as, in order to obtain one pound of such silk, the webs of 600,000 Spiders would be required. § 650. Spiders feed on living animals, particularly in- sects. Being quarrelsome and cruel, they attack and kill each other; and on that account they lead, like misan- thropes, a solitary life. 651. Scorpions (Scorpio) have a considerable resem- blance to Crabs in their form and mode of life; for, like them, they have eight feet, two pincers, and a hard crusta- ceous shell, which they cast yearly. ; § 652. Scorpions are found in the temperate as well as the tropical regions of the globe, living under stones and in damp places, and even in houses. . § 653. Their food consists of insects, which they seize with one of their pincers, inflicting at the same time a mortal wound with their venomous sting, which is also ‘dangerous to man. § 654. Crabs (Cancer) are of a slender, square, triangu- dar, or globular form, and generally inhabit the seas and rivers. They breathe by means of gills, which are found on the thighs of the pectoral feet. § 655. Crabs have two pincers, eight feet, two jointed antennae, and are covered with a calcareous shell, which they cast off every year at the end of spring. § 656. The power of reproduction in Crabs is aston- ishing. A foot or a pincer, of which they have been de- prived, is reproduced, generally with the new shell, but also at other times. They will of themselves cast off CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 151 their claws and legs, if these are bruised or touched with a hot iron. § 657. The principal material from which the new shell is hardened,-seems to be the two calcareous concretions found in summer at both sides of its stomach, and com- monly called Crab’s Eyes. § 658. Crabs feed on dead bodies, spoiled flesh, and all kinds of worms and insects found in the water. They are a numerous family, including all the different species of Crabs, Lobsters, and Craw-fish. § 659. Many small Crabs are very injurious to Fish, upon which they live like parasites, sucking their blood and killing them. The larger ones are useful as an article of food. § 660. Crabs and Lobsters are very pleasant food in those months in the names of which the letter r does not occur—May, June, July, and August. When boiled they become red; and the tail of the Lobster becomes curved, if the animal was alive when first put into the boiler ; but if not, it remains straight. § 661. The Horse-shoe Fish, found so often on our sea-coasts, is the largest of all insects, reaching the length of four feet. It is found on the northeastern coast of America, particularly in the Straits of Bahama, and also in the Kast Indies. § 662. The body of the Horse-shoe Fish has ten pincer- like feet, is very small, and covered with a round shell, at the posterior extremity of which is attached a sting as long as the body. § 663. From the eggs of the Horse-shoe Fish a kind of Caviar, called bocassan, is made in the East Indies. § 664. The Centipede has a crustaceous, cylindrical body, about two inches long, with from ninety to a hun- dred legs on each side; is of a gray color, lives generally in rich ground, and is injurious to various kinds of vege- tables, but principally to cabbage. QUESTIONS ON SECT, XXXIX. 639. What do you know of insects without wings? 640. What Insects belong to this Order? 641. On what animals are Lice found? CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. . On what animals is the Flea found? Describe its metamorphosis, . What do you know of Ticks? . What do you know of the feet and weapons of Spiders ? What is the consequence of their bite ? Where are they found, and what is deserving of notice? . What can you say of their warts? . What of their threads ? . Why cannot silk be manufactured from Spider-webs? . On what do Spiders feed, and why do they lead a solitary life? . In what respect do Scorpions resemble Crabs? . Where are Scorpions found ? . On what do they feed, and what do you know of their sting? . Describe the Crab. . What do you know of their feet, antenne, and shell? . What can you say of their reproductive power? . What is the principal material from which their new shell is hardened ? 658. On what do they feed, and what insects are classed with them? . In what respect are they injurious or useful ? . In what months are Crabs and Lobsters good to eat? . What is the size of the Horse-shoe Fish, and where is it found ? 662. Describe it. 663. What use is made of its eggs in the East Indies? 664. Describe the Centipede. LIST OF SOME INSECTS. 1st Order: BEETLES. 1. The Purple Tiger-beetle. 20. The Elephant-beetle. 2. Spotted Tiger-beetle. 21, Goliat-beetile. 3. ‘ Carinated Carab. 22. % Sacred-beetle. 4, “ Long-horned Calosoma. 23. ‘ Carolina Dung-beetle. 5. ‘ Bombardier-beetle. 24. “ May-chafer. 6. “ Water-beetle. | 25. “ Rose-bug. 7 “ Whirligigs. | 26. ‘* Stag-beetle. 8. “ Rover-beetle. i 27. “ Meal-beetle. 9. “ Boring-beetle. | a “ Spotted Meal-beetle. 10. ‘ Common Snapping-beetle. | “ Blistering-beetle. 11. “ Two-dotted Snapping-bee-— 30. “ Common Weevil. tle. /31. “ Diamond-beetle. 12. “ Cucujo | 32. “ Long-armed Capricorn-bee- 13. “ Fire-fly. tle. 14. “ American Carrion-beetle. (33. ‘ Short-horned © Capricorn 15. ‘ Surinam Carrion-beetle. beetle. iv. “ Large Gravedigger. 34. “ Common Tortoise-beetle. 17. “ Velvet Gravedigger. 35. ‘ Handsome Chrysomela. 18. .“ Common Dor-beetle. 36. “ Spotted Chrysomela. 19. “ Tumble-bug. 37, “ Philadelphia Chrysomela. 38. 39. 80. 81. 84, 85. 86. 87. 103. 104, 105. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. The Cucumber-beetle. “ Northern Lady-bird. 153 40. The Spotless Lady-bird. 41. oe Nine-spotted Lady-bird. 2d Order: Buses. ol. The Reventecir years Locust. F The Common Cockroach, Common Praying-bug. “ Common Earwig. “ Field-cricket. “ House-cricket. “ Mole-cricket. “ Wandering Grasshopper. “ Carolina Grasshopper. “* Common Locust. 52. Bedbug Froth-worm. Lanthorn-fly. Water Scorpion. Plant-louse. Kermes. Cochineal Insect. Lac Insect. 3d Order: BUTTERFLIES. 71. The Red Admiral. i The Turnus. Asterias. bad Troilus. %& Calchas. “ Philenor. “ Thoas. “ Tdalia. “ Mourning-cloak. “ Painted Lady. 4th Order: The Dragon-fly. “ May-fly. 5th Order : The Saw-fly. “ Gall-fly. “ Tchneumon. “ Common Wasp. 72. Ao Small Tortoise-shell. Danaus. Carolina Hawk-moth. Death’s-head. Humming-bird Hawks moth. Ghost-moth. Silkworm. Cecropia. NET-WINGED INSECTs. 82, The Ant-lion. 83. “ Water-moth. VEIN-WINGED INSEcTs. 88. The Red Ant. 89. 90. 91. ee “ Honey-bee. Humblebee. “ Golden Fly. 6th Order : Two-wincGeED INSEcTs. 98. The Meat-fly. The Cow Gadfly. Horse Gadfly. “ Sheep Gadfly. “ Crane-fly. “ Hessian-fly. “ Common Fly. 7th Order: The Sugar-mite. “ Spring-tail. “ Louse. a “ “ “ Gnat. Hornet-fly. Buzz-fly. Horse-iouse. Winctess INsEcTs. 106. The Flea. 107. 108. o oe Sand-flea, Tick. 154 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 109. The Mite. 115, The Craw-fish. 110, “ Spider. 116. ‘* Horse-shoe. lll. * Scorpion. 117. * Sowbug. 112. © Crab. 118. “ Scolopendra. 13; Punger: 119. “ Centipede. 114, “ Lobster. AUTHORITIES FOR THE NAaTuRAL History or INSEcTs. J. C. Fabricii, Systema Entomologiw...-+..- cece cece cece cere eee LTS Reaumur, Histoire des Insectes- +... - ees sees eee cence cece ceee cee L742 P. A. Latreille, Histoire des Insectes. . Seisisieeredl S04 W. Kirby and W. Spence’s Introduction to ‘Entomology. e+ 1818 T. F. Blumenbach’s Handbuch der Netorgeschich te. wo ssices LOQD Say’s American Entomology-- sees - 1825 Dejean, Species general des Coleopteres. - -. 1825-1831 M. John Le Conte, Histoire générale et Iconographie des Lepidop- teres et des Chenille de ? Amerique Pepeuiouale: : weed Oken’s Allgemeine Naturgeschichte fiir alle Stande. . eee cee 1836 —<— SECTION XL. VI. HELMINTHOLGY. § 665. Helminthology treats of those animals which have white blood, and no articulated organs of motion ; as the Sea-blubber, Shellfish, Intestinal Worms, etc. § 666. The abode of those animals which, collectively, are called Worms, is generally in water, and by far the greater part of them in the ocean. Some live under- ground, and others, as the Intestinal Worms, for instance, exclusively in the living bodies of other animals. § 667. Great numbers of them are eatable, as the Shellfish ; others afford materials for building houses and _ paving streets, as Corals; and some are burnt for lime, as the Marine Shells. § 668. Among the noxious animals of this class may be mentioned the worms which live in the intestines of the human body, as the Tape-worm, and those found in CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 155 many quadrupeds, birds, and fishes. ‘These worms are a fruitful source of disease. § 669. The class of Worms may be divided into the following five Orders, viz. : 1st Order—Gelatinous Worms, (Zoophyta, Lin. :) the body of which is gelatinous, transparent, and not com- posed of jointed limbs; as the Infusory Animalcules, the Polypes, the Sea-blubber, etc. 2d Order.—Corals, (Corallia, Lin. :) which are im- moveable stony or horny dwellings of minute animals, similar to Polypes ; as Madrepores, Sea-fans, etc. 3d Order.—Shellfish, (Testacea, Lin. :) the body of which is partly or entirely enclosed in a calcareous shell ; as Oysters, Snails, and Cuttlefish. 4th Order.—Prickly Worms, (Echinodermata, Cuv. :) the body of which is cartilaginous, in some cases with a calcareous crust, and covered with prickles; as Sea- stars, and Sea-urchins, (the Sea-eges of the cabinets.) 5th Order.—Long-bodied or True Worms, (Intestina, Lin. :) which have a skin composed of jointed links, and are without any external organs of motion; as Earth worms, Leeches, and 'Tape-worms. lst Order—Ger.AtTInous Worms. Tus Hypra—(Hydra fusca.) 156 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 2d Order.—Corats. Neptune’s Rurries.—(Retepora cellulosa.} 3d Order.—SHELLFISH. Tue Surp-wor.—(TZeredo navalis.) CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 157 4th Order.—Prickty Worms. EpIsLe SeA-uncHIN.—(Echinus esculentus.) 5th Order.—Lone-BoDIED Worms. Fig. 42. Tue VarrecateD Stuc.—(Limaz variegatus.) QUESTIONS ON SECT. XL. 665. What does Helminthology treat of? 666. Where are Worms found ? 667. What use is made of this Class? 668. Which are the noxious animals of this Class? 669. Into how many Orders is it divided? Name and describe them. 14 158 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. SECTION XLI. 1st Order—GELatiINous Worms: (Zoophyta, Lin.) § 670. Among the Gelatinous Worms may be men- tioned the Infusory Animalcules, which are the lowest and smallest of living creatures. Their body is nothing but a stomach with a mouth, and can only be seen by means of a microscope which magnifies more than one hundred times. § 671. These animalcules are to be found in immense numbers in any fluid in which organic substances have been decomposed. One single drop will present hun- dreds of them, resembling little balls, moving about at pleasure ; whilst others of a larger size and different form will be seen swimming like whales among them. § 672. The green slimy substance, found on water- plants, posts, and stones, will also furnish a great variety of them. § 673. That they are real animals, is evinced by the power they possess of moving in all directions ; and by their taking food, which they effect, by bringing the water around them into a whirl by a rapid motion of the hair at their mouth, into which other still smaller animal- cules are drawn. § 674. The smallest of these animals is the Monada, which is round like a ball, and may not exceed the thou- sandth part of a line; and the largest is the Wheel-animal, half a line long, which is found upon the leaves of the Water-crowfoot, as well as other water-plants. § 675. The Polypes are gelatinous, living contractile tubes, with arms as thin as a human hair, by which they seize their prey. § 676. Their food consists, according to their size, of Infusory Animalcules, small Crabs, Earthworms, Fishes, or tender water-plants. § 677. They are found in large numbers on water- plants, in all stagnant waters, and can easily be obtained CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 159 for examination by taking some of the water and pour- ing it into tumblers. Afier a short time the Polypes will be seen attached to the glass. § 678. The body of the Polype is as thick as a quill, and one inch long, with from six to twelve arms of the same length, which will be seen hanging down from the class, on which it sticks with the unperforated extremity. it moves in the same manner as a Leech. . § 679. The conan of the Polype, and its reproduc- tion, are very astonishing ; for being merely a gelatinous open channel, it has no intestines, and may be turned inside out without the least i injury ; besides, it may be cut into many pieces, and each piece, after a few days, will bocome a new Polype. ) 680. These Polypes are green or brown, black or red, and can be kept alive more than two years, if they are fed with earth-worms, plant-lice, or very small fishes. The manner in which the Polype seizes, with its arms, the substance on which it feeds, will excite the admira- tion of the student of Natural History. § 681. The Sea-blubber (Medusa) has a Selaanene naked body, generally round like a ball, interwoven with arteries for the purpose of sucking water; and having on the sides a number of thread-like organs, or arms, for seizing its prey and conveying it to its mouth, which is in thegeentral part of its body. 5 68D. These animals, which are of a beautiful bluish- aw coler, vary in size and form. ‘They are frequently seen in the tropics, floating on the surface of the sea. As they are almost motionless, they are often driven by winds and waves on the shores, where they soon dissolve, and dry up to a mere membrane. § 683. Sea-blubbers are of no use to man. Their touch produces red spots on the skin, afd causes an un- pleasant feeling, like the sting of a nettle. They are often observed at night, skimming over the water, and shining with the most beautiful var iegated colors. It is not improbable that several of these species are the principal ingredients of which the edible birds-nests are made. 160 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XLI. 670. What are Infusory Animalcules ? 71. How can they be obtained, and what will be the effect ? 672. What will also furnish a great variety of them? 673. How can it be proved that they are real animals? 74. Which is the smallest, and which the largest of these animals, and where are they found ? 675. What are Polypes? 676. Of what does their food consist? 677. How c&an they be obtained for examination ? 678. Describe their body. 679. Why is their construction and reproduction astonishing ? 680. What is their color, 4nd how may they be kept alive? 681. Describe the Sea-blubber. 682. What is their general color, size, form, and abode ? 683. Of what use are they? SECTION XLII. 2d Order—Corats: (Corallia, Lin.) § 684. Corals are the horny or stony habitations of small Sea-polypes. They are not, however, to be con- sidered habitations, in a sense analogous to the cells of Bees; but rather resemble the sheils of Snails, singe the young Sea-polype is produced simultaneously with its calcareous dwelling, in the same manner that a twig is pushed out from a tree. § 685. The stony Corals in the torrid zone ascend in | large masses from the bottom of the sea towards the sur- face of the water, and form small islands. Upon these islands the tempestuous waves of the sea throw sand, shells, and sea-weeds; thus, in the course of time, form- ing a soil, and rendering them habitable. § 686. The injury sometimes done by Corals is con- siderable. They often block up the channels of sea- ports; and when near the surface of the ocean, but not sufficiently so as to be discoverable by the mariner, are frequently the cause of shipwreck. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 161 § 687. The bodies of Sea-polypes are fastened to the stem and branches of Corals, which are full of minute cells. From these they stretch out their limbs and bodies, presenting in many cases a variety of colors, and causing the bottom of the sea, in some places, to resemble a meadow covered with the most splendid flowers. § 688. The Red Coral (Isis nobilis) is about one foot long, as thick as a finger, and inhabited by milk-white Polypes, not longer than a line. It is found at the bottom of the sea, from 12 to 120 feet deep, and obtained with great difficulty by means of a net, stretched on two poles, each about eighteen feet long, and which cross each other. § 689. They are collected principally on the shores of the Mediterranean, and manufactured at Marseilles into various works of art, such as rosaries, cane-tops, knife- handles, necklaces, etc., which in the Kast Indies, but more especially in China and Japan, are held in nearly as high estimation as precious stones. § 690. 'The Horn-corals (Gorgonia) consist mostly of a brown or black horn-like stem, covered with a calca- recus red or yellow crust, on which are found numerous wart-like cells, inhabited by polypes. § 691. The stem of the Horn-coral resembles, at the lower extremity, a broad lobated foot, fastened to the ground. Its upper part, in some species, contains twin- like branches, resembling a broom, and which in some other species, are flat and united like network. The first are called Sea-brooms, the latter, Sea-fans. § 692. The Gorgonias, which are from one to twelve feet high, are found near the sea-shore, chiefly in the tropics, though they are met with north and south of that region. ‘The observer is much amused by their inces- sant motion; for as they are rendered elastic by the horny substance of which they are composed, they are kept continually swaying by the waves of the sea; so that, to the eye of the beholder, the Sea-broom is appa- rently sweeping, while the Sea-fan is engaged in fanning the surface of the water. 14* 162 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. QUESTIONS ON SECT. XLII. 684. What are Corals? 685. How are islands formed by stony Corals ? 686. In what consists the injury done by Corals? 687. What do you know of the body of Sea-polypes ? 688. Describe the Red Coral. How is it obtained ? 689. Where is it collected, and where manufactured into several arti- cles of art? 690. Describe the Horn-coral. 691. What are Sea-brooms and Sea-fans ? 692. Where are they found, and what is their size and singularity ? SECTION XLITI. 3d Order—SueE.trisu : (Testacea, Lin.) § 693. Shellfish are those worms which are enclosed in a calcareous shell; as Clams, Snails, ete. § 694. The calcareous substance of Shell-fish is grad- ually formed, as the creature grows, from the slimy fluid of its body, which attaches itself to the edge of its opening, becomes solid, and increases the size of the shell. § 695. Many of the shells are deserving of notice for their wonderful structure ; others for their glittering por- celain-like glazing, their splendid colors, or their regular and delicate marks ; while many of them are interesting from their importance as articles of food for man. § 696. Shellfish are more perfect than the preceding Orders, as they are provided with arteries and veins, with a heart and liver, and some of them with a head and eyes. § 697. The lower extremity of their body, which is musculous, is in many species prolonged to enable the animal to move its body; which prolongation, for that reason, is called a foot, as in snails. § 698. The wisdom of the Creator has covered these delicate animals with hard shells, to preserve their soft bodies from injury, embellishing them, at the same time, with elegant forms and the most splendid colors. CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 163 § 699. The greater part of them are carnivorous ; they swallow other small animals or suck the juices of their bod- ies. Only the land and soft-water shells are herbivorous. § 700. ‘This extensive order is divided into two families, according to the number of their shells; those with two shells,as Muscles, and those with one shell, as Snails and Cuttlefish. § 701. The Muscle may be compared to a human body without head, arms, or legs, a compressed on both sides. ‘To each side of the back is attached a pair of rib- bon-like cross-barred gills, resembling a neck-ruffle ; these, which are enveloped in the skin of the breast, and called a cloak, are similar to a waist-coat, while around them are situated two shells, like a jacket. On the in- side of the cloak lies the wide mouth, surrounded by four tri-cornered lobes, which are striped like the gills. From one shoulder to the other runs a strong muscle, and a second one between the two hips, which are fastened to the shells, and effect their opening and closing. § 702. ‘The shell of the Stone-piercer (Pholas Dactylus) is four inches long, with net-like stripes. It is found in France and Italy, (principally in Trieste,) and in the stone walls of the canals of the city of Venice. § 763. The body of this animal is provided with several moveable respiratory tubes, about the thickness of a finger, and projecting from the shell. § 704. The Stone-piercer is quite injurious, on account of its boring passages in rocks, (even in the hardest marble,) the stems of coral, oyster-shells, and the bottom of ships. Its flesh excels in tenderness and delicacy the oyster. § 705. As the shell of this creature is very fragile, it is obliged to seek for protection in a harder substance than that of its own shell. The astonishing fact, that such a weak worm is able to bore holes in a hard rock, may be explained by that law of nature by which a very small force, in constant action, produces more effect than a great force, acting at intervals. This fact may illustrate our application to mental pursuits. § 706. The body of the Razor-shell (Solen) has a tubi- 164 CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. form cloak, covered with two long shells, open at both ends, and is from six to eight inches long. It is found in many seas, but principally on the shores of Italy. § 707. The Razor-shells conceal themselves in the sand by boring perpendicular holes about three feet deep. They are esteemed a palatable article of food. The fish- érmen catch them at low tide by putting strong wires, with a knob at the end, into their holes. The wire passes between the open perpendicular standing shell, which closes at the first touch of the wire, and is thus thrown out. § 708. The Oyster (Ostrea) is found in all parts of the globe, and is everywhere considered a wholesome and delicious food. § 709. Oysters, like all other Shellfish, are provided with shells while yet in the egg: these, which are not larger than the tenth part of a line, are yearly increased by the addition of a new layer, several lines broad, to their margin. The Oyster, therefore, which has two layers around the shell, is three years old. §710. The immense multiplication of oysters would be incredible, if it had not been ascertained that a single one produces from three to four millions of eggs; a fact which may be easily verified by means of a microscope, in the months of June, July, and August, when they are found within the shell, dispersed over all parts of the body. S71. The Pearl-oyster (Mytilus margaritifer) is as large as a man’s hand, and of a roundish form. §'712. It is important for the precious pearls found within it, as well as for the mother-of-pearl afforded by the shells. §'713. There are three pearl-fisheries carried on in Asia; viz. in the Gulf of Persia; in Ceylon, near the town of Manaren; and in the Island of Hainem, near Japan. The Pearl-oyster is also obtained in America, on the coast of Cumana, Mexico, and California. § 714. These shells are found on the bottom of the sea, generally at a depth of from twenty to thirty feet. They are obtained by divers; who, as well as others engaged « CLASS-BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. 165 in the pursuit, incur the risk of life in the occupation. The diver is constantly in peril from suffocation and sharks ; while the oysters, exposed to the sun, and putre- fying in numberless quantities, produce diseases, by which thousands of those employed are carried off in a few weeks. §'715. The value of pearls is estimated according to their size, the larger ones being as valuable as the most precious stones. Horse-shoe Fish, 151. Long-legged Birds, 66, 82. Long-tailed Apes, 24. House-cricket, 138. Humming-bird, 75. Lee ae ou arty a Lucanus, 135. 2 9 hee ; i Hymenoptera, 126. 143. Ean 170. Hystrix, 43. Lutra, 36. Lynx, 38. I. Ichneumon, 144. MI. Ichthyology, 16. 106. Macaco, 26. Iguana, 99. Mackerel, 119. Infusoria, 158. Maggot, 125 Insects, 15. 125. Maky. 25, 27. Insect-eaters, 28, 29. Malayan Variety, 22, 23, ear 28, AeA IS y Instinct, 15. Lee Intestina, 155, 170, ee Isis, 161. Manati, 39 Mandrill, 25. he J. Manis, 59, Many-hoofed Mammalia, 19. 52, Jackal, 34. Marmot, 43. Jaculus, 44. Marsh-campagnol, 42. Jaguar, 38. Marsupialia, 28. Jugulares, 108. 117. May-chafer, 134. Jugular Fishes, 108.117. May-fly, 142. Jumping Hare, 44. Pr Meat-fly. 147. Mouse, 45. Medusa, 159. Meleagris, 78, Meles, 32. Melolontha, 134, Mephitis, 36. Milk-snake, 95. Mineralogy, 18, Mink, 35. Mocking-bird, 72, Mole, 30. Mole-cricket, 138. Monada, 158. Mongolian Variety, 22, 23. Mongoz, 27. Monkey, 24. Monodon, 60. Moose-deer, 48. Morse, 38. Moschus, 48. Moth, 141. Mother-of-Pearl, 164, Mouse, 42. Multungula, 19, 52, Mus, 42. Musca, 147. Muscle, 163, Musk, 48, Musk-goat, 48. Musk-ox, 51. Musk-rat, 41. Musquito, 146. Mustela, 34, Myrmecophaga, 58, Myrmeleon, 142, Mytilus, 164, Ne Narwahl, 60. Nautilus, 168, Necrophorus, 134, Net-winged Insects, 126. 141. Neuroptera, 126. 141. New York Bat, 29. North American Parrot, 77. Northern Lynx, 38. Northern Rattlesnake, 94. Norway Rat, 42, Numida, 79. Nut Weevil, 135. Nympha, 125. 0. Oo ak-b: all, 1 43, Oestrus, 147, INDEX, Omnivorous, 15. Ondatra, 41. 177 One-hoofed Mammalia, 19, 45. Ophidia, 89. 92. Opossum, 28, Orang-outang, 25. Oriolus, 75. Ornithology, 16. 65. Ornithorhyncus, 58, Ostrea, 164. Ostrich, 82, Otter, 36. Ouistiti, 26. pupartor, 144, Ze Ox, 51. Oyster, 164. P. Painted Turtle, 101. Panther, 38. Papilio, 126. 140, Papio, 24. Parrot, 76. Passenger Pigeon, 80. Passeres, 66. 72. Pavo, 78. Peacock, 78. Pearl-oyster, 164. Peccary, 53. Pectoral-fins, 106. Pediculus, 149. Pelican, 84, Pennant’s Marten, 35. Periwinkle, 167. Phasianus, 79. Phoca, 39. Pheenicopterus, 82, Pholas, 163. Physeter, 62. Picus, 77. Pigmy Musk, 48. Pierce-stone, 163. Pilot-fish, 119. Pine-martin, 35. Pinna, 106. Pisces, 15. Pleuronertes, 119. Pole-cat, 36. Polypes, 158. Porcupine, 43. Porpoise, 62. Portuguese Man-of-War, 170, Pouched Flesh-eaters, 28, 40, Prairie-wolf, 33. 178 Precious Pearls, 165, Prickly Worms, 155. 168. Procyon, 30. Prong-horned Antelope, 50. Psittacus, 77. Pteropus, 29, Pulex, 149. Puma, 38. Q. Quadrumana, 24, Queen-bee, 144, R. Rabbit, 44. Racoon, 30, Raja, 111. Ramphastos, 77. Rana, 101. Rat, 42. Rattlesnake, 94, Ray, 111. Razor-shell, 163. Red-bird, 72. Red Coral, 161. Red Preacher, 26. Red-winged Starling, 75. Reindeer, 48. Reptiles, 15. 89. Rhinoceros, 55. Ribbed-faced Baboon, 25. Rice-bird, 74. River-horse, 54. Rocky-mountain Goat, 51. Rooster, 79. Round-worm, 171. Royver-beetle, 133. Ruby-throated Humming-bird, 75. Rustic Mouse, 43. : S. Sable, 36. Sailor, 170. Salangane, 72. Salmon, 120, Sauria, 89. 98. Saw-fish, 113. Scalops, 29. Scaly Lizard, 59. 4 Scansores, 66. 76, : Sciurus, 43. area jate INDEX. & Scolopax, 83. Scomber, 119. Scorpion, 150. Sea-blubber, 159. Sea-broom, 161. Sea-calf, 39. Sea-cow, 38. Sea-dog, 39. Sea-elephant, 40. Sea-fan, 161. Sea-grapes, 167. Sea-hedgehog, 168. Sea-hop, 167. Sea-lion, 40. Sea-otter, 36. Sea-polypes, 161. Sea-serpent, 95. Sea-star, 169. Seal, 39. Sepia, 167. Seventeen-years Locust, 1 Shad, 120. Shark, 112. Sharp-nosed Sturgeon, 11¢ Sheep, 50. Sheep-fly, 147. Shellfish, 155. 162. Short-nosed Sturgeon, 115. Short-tailed Apes, 24. Shrew, 29. Shrew-mole, 29. Silver-fox, 34. Silver-gull, 83. Simia, 24. Skipper, 134. Skunk, 36. Sloth, 57. Small Shrew, 29. Snake, 89. 92. Snapping-beetle, 134. Snapping-turtle, 101. Snipe, 83. ‘ Snout-beetle, 135. Soft-shelled Turtle, 101. Soft-water Shells, 165. - Solen, 163. Solidungula, 19. 45. | Sperm-whale, 62. | Spider, 149. Spotted Hyena, 34. - & Turtle, 101. Spring Mackerel, 119. -| Squalus, 108. | Squirrel, 43. _ | Squirrel-monkey, 26. 4 Stag, 48. Stag-beetle, 13. Staphylinus, 133. Starnose-mole, 29. Sterlet, 115. Stock-dove, 80. Stony Coral, 160. Stone-piercer, 163. Striped Hyena, 34, Strix, 71. Struthio, 82. Sturgeon, 114. Sturnus, 75. Subulate Bat, 29. Sus, 52. Swift-fox, 34. Swimming-bladder, 107. Swimming Birds, 66. 83. Sword-fish, 116. Sylvia, 72. FT. Tadpole, 102, Teenia, 171. Tailless Apes, 24, Talpa, 30. Tanagra, 72. Tapir, 54. Tape-worm, 171. Termes, 145. Terrapin, 101. Testacea, 155, 162, Testudo, 100. Thoracic Fishes, 108. 118. Three-toed Sloth, 57. Tick, 149. Tiger, 38. Tiger-beetle, 132. Toad, 103. Toothless Mammalia, 19. 57. Torpedo, 111. Tortoise, 89. 100. Toucan, 77. Trichechus, 38. Trigonocephalus, 95. Trionyx, 101. Trochilus, 75. Tropidolepis, 99; Turdus, 72. Turkey, 78. Turkey-buzzard, 70, Turtle, 100. Two-hoofed Mammalia, 19. 47, Two-toed Ant-eater, 58. « Sloth, 58. Two-winged Insects, 126, 146, INDEX. Uw. Univalve Shellfish, 166. Ursus, 30. Ursine Seal, 39. Ve Vampire, 29. 179 Vein-winged Insects, 126, 143. Ventral-fins, 106. Vermes, 15. Vespertilio, 29, Vicugna, 48, Viper, 95. Viverra, 34. Vulture, 69. Ww. Walrus, 38. Wandering Grasshopper, 138.. Warblers, 66. 72. Wasp, 144. Water-beetle, 133. Water-snake, 95. Weasel, 34. Weevil, 135. Whale, 61. Wheel-animal, 158. Whelk, 166. Whirling Water-beetle, 133, White Ant, 145. | Bear, ol. “ Mouse, 43. Wild Boar, 52. “ Goose, 84. “ Pigeon, 80. Wingless Insects, 126. 149. Wolf, 33. Wolverene,.31. Woodchuck, 43. Woodpecker, 77. Working Bees, 144. Worms, 15. X. Xyphias, 116. ie Zebra, 46. Zibeline, 34. Zoology, 15. Zoophyta, 155, 158. 4 P s ’ a OR MANDEVILLE = READING BOOKS | Aa Axe. aeacked L. } “lhow's.> peealianiies, which, it is believ ~“ "Wy am Wall d-cbly recs... bam > Beng ttomtion, o. parents and toe es +. The ex-reises at the végianiag of Part L. of the Intreduct.. ae . * ane the author has been at crit pair<, tv ii ‘wodute as large am ft « useful aad innocently amusb.s /owiedge Imi his books 4 us li its would permit, he has uniformly seen earnestly intent on Me "= «ne whole subservient to sound morality and religion 5 purity; ' 107.2 a, and piety. agen TT, 3 9088 01506 6202