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A Stamen of the A Stamen of the Two Stamina of the

Fiftulose Monarda Tea-olofsom.

MA

Swert-fcenteA -vernal-grafs

A Stamen of the The five Stamina of the A Stamenjt of the

Horned. Tond-weed. Glol>e ThilUe, unfolded Spring- MTrocns

'& i

'fixe mil ted Stamina
of t]ie "lew

\Stamenofthe >■ A mult Anther,, enlarged Stamen of the

Rose-Bay Water Star-wort

-d.Aiithera. F. rilament .

STAMINA

gBQEWflNG THE ^MSIOFS CBLMRAOER &AIP5PEAIRAMCE
OF THE AMTHEMA IN IDUFFEIREKT HLANTS .

THE

CLASSES AND ORDERS

OF THE

LINN.EAN system

BOTANY.

ILLUSTRATED BY

SELECT SPECIMENS

OF

FOREIGN AND INDIGENOUS PLANTS,

VOL. II.

LONDON :

FEINTED BY T. BENSLEY,

Bolt-Court, Fleet-Street,

FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN,
PATERNOSTER ROW.

M.DCCC.XVI.

Loci;

<?£

D E C A N D R I A.

w

CLASS V.

TEN STAMINA.

THIS CLASS HAS FIVE ORDERS.

ORDER I.

ANDROMEDA POLIFOUA.

Marsh Andromeda.

Esseniial Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5 -cleft. Corolla, ovate 5 its orifice 5-
cleft. Capsula, superior, 5-celled ; the par-
titions from the middle of the valves. An <
tkera, with 2 pores.

Sp. Ch. Flowers, clustered, terminal. Leaves, alternate,
lanceolate, revolute, glaucous beneath.

This plant grows wild on most of the
peat-bogs in the mountainous parts of Eng-
land and Ireland, and the lowlands of Scot-
land, intermingled with Erica, Vaccinia, &c.
It blossoms in June.

Linnaeus, in his Lapland Tour, as well as
in his Flora Laponnica, has given his fan-
ciful associations, which led him to adopt the
name of Andromeda for this genus. In Lyck-
sele Lapland he seems to have been first ena-

T

MONOGY-
NIA.

One Pistillurn.

1<)S

MONOGY-
N1A.

One Pistillum.

L5ECANDRIA.

moured with it: " At this time," (June 12,
1732) he says, " it is in its highest beauty,
decorating the marshy grounds in a most
agreeable manner. The flowers are quite
blood - red before they expand ; but when
full grown, the corolla is of a flesh colour.
Scarcely any painter's art can so happily imi-
tate the beauty of a fine female complexion;
still less could any artificial colour upon the
face itself bear a comparison with this lovely
blossom. As I contemplated it, I could not
help thinking of Andromeda, as described by
the poets; and the more I meditated upon
their descriptions, the more applicable they
seemed to the little plant before me."

MONOGY-

NIA,

One Pistillum.

PYROLA UNIFLORA.

Simple-flowered Winter-green .

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5-cleft. Petals, 5. Capsula, 5-celleJ,

bursting at the angles.
Sf. Ch. Stalk, bearing a solitary flower.

This plant has been found in Scotland
in moist alpine woods: it is also a native of
Lapland, Norway, Germany, and Switzer-
land : it bears a flower of great elegance,
compared by Clusius to that of the Parnas-

DECANDRIA.

199

si a, and possessing the fragrance of the Lily monogy-
of the Valley. The blossom is in perfection n -r— ■

J r One Pistillum.

about July.

DION^EA MUSCIPULA.

Fly -l rap of Venus.

Essential Generic Character.

Gen. Ch. Caly x, 5 -leaved. Petals, 5. CapsuJa, 1 -celled,
with many seeds. Seeds, black, shining, ob-
ovate, very acute at the lower end, half-bu-
ried in the cavities of a honeycombed recep-
taculuni.

This plant, of which there is but this one
species, is a native of the swamps of South
Carolina, in America, and exhibits a very re-
markable instance of vegetable irritability ;
the leaves, which are at the bottom of the
foot-stalk, are each divided into two lobes,
the lobe at the extremity having long teeth
on the margin, like the antennas of insects,
and within, armed with six spines, three on
each side: these leaves lie spread upon the
ground round the stem, and the lobes of each
are so irritable, that when a fly happens to
light upon the spines of one of them, that
part of the leaf immediately folds up, and
crushes the fly to death; and this irritability
is greatest in proportion to the slightness of

the pressure on these spines. It is observed,
t 2

MONOGY-

NIA.

Oie Pistillum.

One Pistillum.

200 DECANDRIA.

.vonogy- from the same cause, no sensible contrac-
tu. m m . I .,

tion ensues in cold weather; in warm weather

and particularly at noon, it is very strong.

Mr. Knight, formerly Mr. Hibberfs gar-
dener at Clapham, made an experiment on
one of this species, by supplying it with fine
filaments of raw beef, and the plant so sup-
plied was more luxuriant than any other; it
seems therefore probable, that the decompo-
sition of animal matter is peculiarly favour-
able to its economy; and the singular struc-
ture of its leaves may be designed to supply
it with insects, whose putrescence may act
as similar decompositions do, when applied
to the roots of other plants ; and the innu-
merable insects drowned in the cup- formed
leaves of the Dipsacus, Sarracenia, and Ne-
penthes, may probably serve for the same
purpose.

British Plants of this Order.

Botanical Grneiir Names. Common Names.

25 Andromeda 1 Marsh Andromeda

10 Arisutus 3 Strawberry-tree

2 Monotropa3 1 Yellow Bird's-nest

6 PiROLA 5 Winter-green

a The terminal flower of the Monotropa hypnpilhi/s is
larger than the rest, and has generally ten stamina, with
other parts in proportion. The lateral ones have from si\
to eight. Linnaeus always takes the character of the Class
from the central or terminal flower, which the young Bo-

DECANDRIA.

£01

British Species figured in Sowerbifs English Botany.

Andromeda, 713. Arlutus, 2377, 2030, 714. Mono-
tropa, 69. Pyrola, 213, 158, 517, 146, 1945.

ORDER II.

DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS.

Clove Pink.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, cylindrical, of 1 leaf, with about 4 scales

at the base. Petals, 5, furnished with claws.

Capsula, cylindrical, 1 -celled.

$p. Ch. Flowers, solitary. Scales, of the calyx almost

rhomboid, and very short. Petals, notched,

beardless.

The botanical name given to this plant
by Linnaeus would seem to shew that it was
a favourite with him ; Dianthus meaning the
Flower of Jove. Ray and Hudson5 are of
opinion that this plant is not a native of this
country; but Sir James Edward Smith has
inserted it in his Flora Britannica as indi-

DIGYNIA.

Two Pistilla.

tanist must attend to, where there is a difference in the
number of the stamina in the different flowers of the same
plant. The common Garden Rue, Ruta graveolens, is put
in Class Decandria monogynia, though all the flowers, ex-
cept the central one, have only eight stamina.

b William Hudson, in a work entitled Flora Anglica.
made the first successful attempt to arrange English Botany
according to the rules of the Linnaean School.

202

DECANI) III A.

DIGYNIA.

Two Pistilla.

SAXIFRAGA AIZOIDES.

Yellow Mountain Saxifrage.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, in 5 divisions. Corolla, of 5 petals. Cap-

sula, with 2 beaks, 1 cell, and many seeds.
Sr. Ch. Stem-leaves, linear, scattered, generally edged
with tooth-like ciliae, radical ones aggregate.
Stem, decumbent.

Plentiful in Scotland, and in the north
of England, on alpine hills and moist rocks,
in a black boggy soil. It blossoms from June
till the end of autumn. ,

British Playits of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names-

2 Chrysosplenium 2 Golden Saxifrage

30 Dianthus 5 Pink

9 Saponaria 1 Soap-wort

50 Saxifraga 20 Saxifrage

3 scleranthus 2 k.nawel

British Species fgured in Sowerbfs English Botany.

Chrysosplenium, 54, 4Q0. Dianthus, 317, 956, 214, 6l,
62. Saponaria, 1060. Saxifraga, 167, 440, 663, Q,
lOOfj, 39, 500, 664, 2275, 50 J, 794, 2314, 455, 454,
1561, 2276, 2277, 2278, 2291, 2322. Scleranthus,
351,352.

DECANDR1A. ^03

ORDER III.

S1LENE CONICA. trigynia.

Corn Catch-fy. Three PistilU.

Gen.Ch. Calyx, of 1 leaf, swelling. Petals, 5, with
claws. Capsula, superior, imperfectly 3 -cell-
ed, bursting at the top. Seeds, many.

8p. Ch. Stem, forked. Petals, cloven, crowned. Leaves,
soft. Calyx, when in fruit, conical, with 30
furrows.

This plant is a native of Kent, and not
known to be a native of any other part of
Britain; it blossoms in July, and thrives
most in a barren sandy soil. In the evening
it emits a sweet scent, like that of an honey-
suckle, but weaker.

The Night flowering Catchfly is another
species of this genus ; it has cream-coloured
petals tinged with red, which roll themselves
up during the day, and unfold in the even-
ing while warm weather continues, and, like
the Corn Catchfly, is sweet scented.

These plants, as the Nightingales among
the feathered tribe, are unattractive in their
appearance, and, when nature has retired to
rest, they cheer the peaceful stillness of the
night.

204- DECANDUIA.

trigynia. STELLARIA HOLOSTEA.

Three Pistiiia. Greater Stichwort.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5 leaved., spreading. Petals, 5, cloven.

Capsula, of 1 cell, with many seeds.
Sp. Ch. Leaves, lanceolate, serrulated. Petals, 2-lobed.

Very frequent in groves, and at the bot-
toms of hedges, in a dry situation. It blos-
soms in the spring.

British Plants of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

31 Arenaria 9 Sand-wort

1 Cherleria -. 1 Cyphel

17 Cucubalus I Campion

66 Silene 10 Catch-fly

)7 Stellaria 8 Stitch-wort

British Species Jigured in Sowerbys English Botany.

Arenaria, I89, 1483, 923, 852, 958, 219, 512, 1744,
1745. Cherleria, 1212. Cucubalus, \5,,. Silene,
1178, 86, 465, 164, 957, 85, 922, 291, 1398, 10S1-
Stellaria, 91, 537, 511, 803, 825, 1074, 9^, 1269.

DECANDRIA. £©3

ORDER IF.
CERASTIUM LATIFOLIUM. pentagy-

NIA

Broad-leaved rough Chick-weed.

Five Pistilia.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5-leaved. Petals, cloven. Capsula, of
1 cell, bursting at the top.

Sp. Ch. Leaves, elliptical, clothed with short-spreading
bristles. Flower- stalks, terminal, simple,
mostly solitary. Capsula, oval,

This plant is a native of high mountains,
both in Wales and Scotland. It blossoms
from the end of May till August.

OX A LIS ACETOSELLA. pentagy-

NIA.

Common Hood-sorrel.

Five Pistillfl,

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5-leaved. Petals, 5, connected by their
claws. Capsula, superior, of 5-cells, 5-sided,
bursting at the angles. Seeds, clothed with
an elastic tunic.

Sp. Ch. Stalk, single-flower. Leaves, ternate, inversely
heart-shaped, hairy. Root, of scaly joints.

Very common in groves and thickets.
It blossoms in April or May, and is a good
example of this Order.

British Plants oj this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

4 Agrostemma ] Corncockle

18 Cerastium 8 Mouse-ear Chickweed

206'

PENTAGY.
NIA.

Five Pistilla.

DECANDEIA.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

19 Cotvledon 2 Navel-wort

12 Lychnis c 4 Lychnis

96 Oxalis 2 Wood-sorrel

30 Sedum 10 Stone-crop

7 Spergula 5 Spurrey

British Species Jigured in Sowerby's English Botany.

Jgrostemma, 741. Cerasfium, 789, 790, 1630, 166, Q3,
4/2, 473, 538. Cotyledon, 325, 1522. Lychnis, 573,
788, 1579, 158, 2254. Oxalis, 762, 1726. Sedum,
1319, 656, 171, 839, 1046, 394, 1578, 695, 170,
1802. Spergula, 1535, 1536, 694, 2105, 1082.

ORDER V.

No British Plant of this Order.

DECAGYNIA,
Ten Pistilla.

PHYLOLACCA DECANDRA.
Virginian Poke.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, none. Petals, 5, calycine. Berry, su-
perior, 10-celled, 10-seeded.
Sp. Ch. Flowers, 10-stamined, and IG-styled.

Of this genus there are six species ; this
is a perennial plant, and a native of America,

r One species of this genus, Lychnis dioica, has the
stamina on one plant and the pistilla on another, and there-
fore, in strict conformity to this system, belongs to the Class
Uioccia.

DECAXDRIA. 207

but also found wild in many countries in Eu- decagynia.

rope. It blossoms in July, and through the Ten Pisui'a.

latter part of the summer and autumn. The

berries yield a beautiful purple colour, and

are said to have been at one time much used

in Portugal to give a deep colour to the Red

Port ; but the taste being complained of by

the merchants, the government ordered the

plant to be every where cut down before the

berries were ripened. In North America and

the West Indies the young shoots are boiled

and eaten as spinach.

208 DECANDRfA.

The different British Genera in this Class described
by their Generic Characters, taken from the seven
parts of fructification, agreeably to the principles
of the Linncean System.

monogy- ANDROMEDA.

NIA.
One Pistillum. Calyx. Perianthium, with 5 divisions, acute, very small,

coloured, permanent.
Corolla Petal, 1, bell-shaped, with 5 clefts. Segments,

reflected.
Stamina. Filaments, 10, awl-shaped, shorter than the

corolla, to which they very slightly adhere. Anthn*,

with 2 horns, nodding.
Pistillum. Germen, roundish. Style, cylindrical, lower

than the stamina, permanent. Stigma, blunt.
Pericarpium. Capsula, roundish, with 5 angles, 5 cells,

and 5 valves, opening at the angles. Partitions opposite

to the valves.
Seeds. Roundish, shining.

*#* The corolla in some species is egg-shaped, but in
others exactly bell-shaped ; and the antherae are either
with or without awns. This Genus differs from Erica, to
which it was formerly attached, in the number of the parts.

MONOGY- P^ ROLA.

NIA.

On* Piuillum, Calyx. Perianthium, with 5 divisions, very small, per-
manent.

Corolla. Petals, 5, circular, concave, expanding.

Stamina. Filame?zts, 10, awl-shaped, shorter than the
corolla. Antherce, large, nodding, with 2 horns point
upwards.

Pistillum. Germen, roundish, angular. Style, thread-

DECANDRIA.

209

shapetl, longer than the stamina, permanent. Stig?na,
rather thick.

Pericarpium. Capsula, roundish, depressed, with 5 an-
gles, 5 valves, and 5 cells, opening at the angles. Par-
titions, opposite to the valves.

Seeds. Numerous, chaffy.

*.** In some species the stamina and styles are erect,
in others, leaning to one side, and in others, expanding.
The shape of the stigma is different in different species.

MONOGY-

NIA.

OnePistillum.

DIANTHUS.

Calyx. Perianthium, cylindrical, tubular, scored, per-
manent, with 5 teeth at the mouth, and encompassed
at the base with 4 scales, 2 of which are opposite, and
lower than the other 2.

Corolla. Petals, 5. Claws, as long as the perianthium,
narrow, fixed to the receptaculum. Limbs, flat, broad-
est towards the end, blunt, scolloped.

Stamina. Filaments, 10, awl-shaped, as long as the
perianthium, standing wide towards the top. Antherce,
oval-oblong, compressed, fixed sideways.

Pistilla. Germen, oval. Styles, 2, awl-shaped, longer
than the stamina. Stigmata, rolled back, tapering to a
point.

Pericarpium. Capsula, cylindrical, covered, of 1 cell,
opening at the top in 4 directions.

Seeds. Many, compressed, roundish. Receptaculum,
loose, 4-cornered, only half as long as the seed-vessel.

*#* In some species, the Styles are but little longer
than the stamina; in others, they are very long, but rolled
back so as to render any bending down of the flower un-
necessary. Scales at the base of the calyx sometimes only
2, but they vary even in the same species.

DIGYNIA.
Two Pistilla.

U

210

DECANDRIA.

DIGYNIA.

Two Pistilla.

TRIGYN1A.

SAXIFRIGA.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1, leaf, with 5 divisions, short,

acute, permanent.
Corolla. Petals, 5, expanding, narrow at the base.
Stamina. Filaments, 10, awl-shaped. Antherce, roundish.
Pistilla. Germen, roundish, but tapering to a point,

and ending in 3 short styles. Stigmata, blunt.
Pericarpium. Capsula, somewhat egg-shaped, with 2

beaks and 2 cells, opening between the beaks.
Seeds. Numerous, minute.

*#* In some species the germen is beneath, in others
it is above. After the flower is open, 2 of the stamina op-
posite to each other bend down to the stigmata, and dis-
charge their pollen perpendicularly over them ; the next
day, 2 others bend down ; and this process is continued un-
til they have all done the same.

SILENE.

Three Pistilla. Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, inflated, with 5 teeth, per-
manent.

Corolla Petals, 5. Claws, narrow, as long as the peri-
anthium, bordered j Limb, flat, blunt, frequently cloven.
Nectarium, composed of 2 little teeth, at the neck of
each petal, and constituting a crown at the mouth of the
tube.

Stamina. Filaments, 10, awl-shaped, every other fila-
ment fixed to the claws of the petals, and shedding their
pollen later. Anthers, oblong.

Pistilla. Germen, cylindrical. Styles, 3, simple, longer
than the stamina. Stigmata, bending to the left.

Pericarpium. Capsula, cylindrical, covered, with 1 or 3
cells, opening at the point in 5 or 6 different directions.

Seeds. Many, kidney-shaped.

guishes this genus from the Cucubalus. Linn.

DECANDRIA. 211

STELLARIA. trigynia.

Three Pisulia,

Calyx. Perianthium, 5 leaves. Leaflets, egg-spear-shap-
ed, concave, acute, erect, expanding, permanent.

Corolla. Petals, 5, deeply divided, flat, oblong, shri-
velling.

Stamina. Filaments, JO, thread-shaped, shorter than the
corolla, and each alternately shorter than the other. An-
therce, roundish.

Pistilla. Germen, roundish. Styles, 3, hair-like, ex-
panding. Stigmata, blunt.

Pericarpium. Capsula, egg-shaped, covered, with 1 cell
and 0' valves.

Seeds. Many, roundish, compressed.

CERASTIUM. PENTAGY-

NIA.

Calyx. Perianthium, 5 leaves ; leaflets, egg-spear-shnped, Five Pistilla.

acute, expanding, permanent.
Corolla. Petals, 5, cloven, blunt, erect, but expanding,

as long as the perianthium.
Stamina. Filaments, 10, thread - shaped, shorter than

the blossom, alternately longer and shorter. Antherce,

roundish.
Pistilla. Germen, egg-shaped. Styles, 5, hair - like,

erect, as long as the stamina. Stigmata, blunt.
Pericarpium. Capsula, egg-cylindrical, or globular, blunt,

with 1 cell, opening at the top, with 10 teeth or U valves.
Seeds. Many, roundish.

Cerastium semi-decandrum has only 5 stamina in each
flower. The species are subdivided into such as have ob-
long, and such as have globular capsulae. Linn.

OAALiLo. pentagy.

' NIA.

Calyx. Perianthium. with 5 divisions, acute, verv short, r.. 7T~,,

- I'lve Pistilla.

permanent.

£12 DECANDRIA.

PENTAGY- Corolla. With 5 divisions, connected by the claws,

NLA- erect, blunt, notched at the end.

Five Pistilla. Stamina. Filaments, 10, hair-like, erect, the 5 outer-
most the shortest. Anther*, roundish, furrowed.
Pistilla. Germen, with 5 angles. Styles, 5, thread-
shaped, as long as the stamina. Stigmata, blunt.
Pei.icarpium. Capsula, with 5 corners, 5 cells, and 10

valves, opening lengthwise at the corners.
Seeds. Nearly round, covered by a fleshy elastic seed-
coat.

*#* In some species the capsula is short, and the seeds
solitary; in others it is long, and the seeds manyj and in
others the filaments are united at the base. Linn.

DECAND1RIA

MONOGTOIA

CIASSX

ORDER 1

c

MARSH AMDROMEDA

"H

AMBECMEDA POMFOMA

MONOGYNIA

Sinale- flowered Winter-, <

PYE.OLA UMFLOIA

BE CAMBRIA

MONOGYNIA

Scapuz.

BIOWJEA MFSCIPUILA

c

[ME i'AlNDlUA

DIGYNIA

CLASS X

ORDER 2

CLOVE PINK

JS

BIAHTMFS £ARTQMYILJL1T§
ZSZZ35 ~" " a^aa1

IDE <C ANBIRI A

DIGYNIA

Yellow Mbicrtican Saod/raa&

SAXIFRAGA AIZOIDES

IDE C ANTDMA

TRIGYNIA.

GLASS X

ORDER 3

N H

SII.1ENE € OPTICA

'AAA/

BBSS

BECAMBIRIA

PENTAGYNIA

CIASSX

ORDER ■*

I

BROAJD^JLEATEB) CHICK-WEED

CEiRASTIUM JLATIFQUUM

x\x\y\y\

/VSAA

l'ENTACVYNIA

Cc7nmo7i Wbcd-Sorrd'

OXA1LIS ACETOSELIA

H

JDE CAHIMRIA

DECAGYNIA

CLASS X

ORDER 5

YI1RGIRIAK POKE

"H

PHTTOJLACCA BECANBMA

y^vws

DODECANDRI A.

CLASS XI.

TWELVE STAMINA.

THIS CLASS HAS SIX ORDERS.

Tins Class is called, in botanical language,
by a name (Dodecandrid) which supposes the
plants to have twelve stamina ; but the exact
number twelve is so uncommon, that no plant
has been found to have that number with un-
varying precision ; therefore this Class has
been made to include such as have from ele-
ven to sixteen stamina, and in some cases
more, though in no instance to exceed nine-
teen.

ORDER I.

LYTHRUM SALICARIA.

Purple Loose-strife.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, inferior, with 12 teeth. Petals, 6, in-
serted into the calyx. Capsula, with 2 cells,
and many seeds.

Sp. Ch. Leaves, opposite, lanceolate, heart-shaped at the
base. Flowers, spiked. Stamina, 12.

This plant grows on the banks of rivers,
ponds, and ditches, and blossoms in July and

August.

x

MONOGY-

NIA.

One Pistillum.

214 DODECANDRIA.

monogy- Some old writers have attributed to this

NIA.

« ~7TT, 2:enus the power of taming; and reconciling

One Pistillum. or & »

ferocious and discordant animals, by putting
it about their yokes or necks : in our im-
proved state of knowledge, how this fanciful
opinion could have prevailed, is difficult to
guess, and it is now of no further import-
ance than to account for the etymology of
its English name.

monogy. AS ARUM EUROPIUM.

NIA.

Asarabacca.

One Pistillum.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 3 cleft, standing on the germen. Corol-
la, none. Stamina, 12. Capsula, coriace-
ous, of 6 cells, crowned with the calyx. Stig-
viata, in t> segments.

Sp. Ch. Leaves, 2, kidney- shaped, obtuse.

This plant grows naturally in shady situ-
ations, is perennial, and blossoms in May. It
is not common. Sir James Edward Smith
remarks, that in its natural affinities and qua-
lities it comes near to the Aristolochia.

British Plants of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

3 Asakum 1 Asarabacca

18 Lythrum 2 Loose-strife

British Species figured in Sowerby's English Botany.
Asarum, 1083. Lythrum, \QQ\ , 2§2.

DODECANDRIA. 215

ORDER II.

AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA. digynia.

Common Agrimony. Two Pistilla'

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5-toothed, with an appendage at its base.
Petals, 5, inserted on the calyx. Seeds, 2,
in the bottom of the calyx.

Sp. Ch. Stem-leaves, pinnated, the old leaflet on a foot-
stalk. Fruit, bristly.

Of this genus there are five species, but
this is the only species which is a native of
Great Britain, and the only British plant of
this Order : it blossoms in June and July,
and is common every where in rough borders
of fields, and other waste places. When this
plant is beginning to flower, it will dye wool
of a good bright nankin colour ; if gathered
in September, it yields a dark yellow. It
gives a good colour in all states, and though
a common plant, and easily cultivated, it has
not yet been applied to any of the purposes
of dying.

Figured in Soiverly's English Botany/ 1335.

x °

216 DODECANDRIA.

TRIGYNIA.

Three Pistilla.

ORDER III.

RESEDA ODORATA.

Sweet - scented Mimonnette.

O

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, of 1 leaf, divided. Petals, laciniate. Cap-
sula, of 1 cell, open at the top.

Sp. Ch." Leaves, 3-Jobed,, entire. Calyces, equalling the
flowers.

There are thirteen species of this Genus:
this is supposed to be a native of Egypt, and
introduced into France about the year 1725,
from whence it came to England in 1740. Its
sweet odour, which made it a darling on the
Continent, in the same degree contributed
to make it a favourite amongst us; and it is
now so universally cultivated, that the draw-
ing-room and the cottage window are alike
made fragrant with its scent. It blossoms
from June till the commencement of winter.

This plant is naturally an annual, but, by
being cropped or bitten off, it will continue
from year to year bearing flowers, as if it
were a perennial.

There is scarcely any Genus, the charac-
ter of which is so difficult to be determined
as the Genus Reseda, for the several species

DODECANDRIA. 217

vary both in number and figure. The essen-
tial character, however, consists in the trifid
petals, one of them melliferous at the base,
and in the capsula not being closed, but
always gaping.

RESEDA LUTEA. trigynia.

Wild Mignonnettef or Base Rocket. Three Pistiiia.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, of 1 leaf, divided. Petals, laciniate.

Capsula, of 1 cell, open at the top.
Sp. Ch. Leaves, all with 3 segments, the lowermost,

pinnate.

This plant grows very plentifully in chalk
countries, and is in flower from June till the
end of autumn.

RESEDA LUTEOLA. trigynia.

Dyer's-weed. Three Pistiiia.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, of 1 leaf, divided. Petals, laciniate.

Capsula, of 1 cell, open at the top.
Sp. Ch. Leaves, lanceolate, entire, with 1 tooth on each

side at the base. Calyx, in 4 segments.

This Reseda is very common in Glouces-
tershire by the sides of roads, and on waste
places : it has been observed to be one of
the first plants that grow on rubbish thrown

218 DODECANDRIA.

TRIGYNIA.
Three PistiUa.

out of coal pits. It blossoms in June and
July.

It gives a beautiful yellow dye to cotton,
woollen, silk, and linen, and is commonly
used by dyers for that purpose. The yel-
low coloured paint, called Dutch Pink, is
obtained from it. The tinging quality re-
sides in the stems and roots ; and when cul-
tivated for the purposes of dying, it grows
best on a sandy soil. The Lutum of Virgil,
the Luteum of Vitruvius, and the Lutea of
Pliny, from what may be collected from
their descriptions, would seem to refer to
this plant.

trigynia. EUPHORBIA STRICTA.

Three Pistilla Upright warty Spurge.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Corolla, of 3 or 4 petals, standing on the calyx.
Calyx, of 1 leaf, inflated. Capsula, 3-lobed.

Sp. Ch. Umbel, of 4 or 5 rays, 3-cleft and cloven. Par-
tial Involucra, nearly ovate. Leaves, lance-
olate, serrated, entire at the base, smooth.
Fruit, warty, without hairs.

Plants of this Genus are amongst the
commonest, to be found as weeds, in every
garden. This species is said to be very rare,
noticed by the Rev. Air. Relhan on the north

DODECANDRIA. 219

side of Eversdcn wood, Cambridgeshire. The
Genera Euphorbia and Reseda are the only
two British Genera of this Order.

British Plants of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

93 Euphorbia 13 Spurge

13 Reseda 2 Mignonnette

British Species figured in Sozcerby's English Botany.

Euphorbia, 2002, 959, 1336, 441, 195, 883, 333, 1399,
8-40, 1337, 256, 4-12, 2255. Reseda, 320, 321.

ORDER IF.

No British Plant of this Order.

APONOGETON MONOSTACHYON. tetragy-

NIA.

Single-spiked Aponogeton.

Four Pistilla.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx. Amentum. Corolla, none. Capsula,

3-seeded.
Sr. Ch. Spike, simple. Leaves, cordate-oval.

Tpiis plant has a bulbous root, and is ob-
served to be common in the fields which are
flooded for Rice in the East Indies. Of this
Genus there are three species.

SCO

PENTAGY-
NIA.

Five PistiHa.

D0DECAND1UA.
ORDER V.

No British Plant of this Order

GLINUS is the only unequivocal Genus
of this Order, of which there is no figure ex-
tant, nor is there any specimen of the plant
in England.

DODECAGY
NIA.

From twelve to
twenty Pistilla.

ORDER VL

SEMPERVIVUM TECTORUM.

Common House-leek.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, inferior, in 1 2 deep segments. Petals,

12. Capsula, 12, with many seeds.
Sr. Ch. Leaves, fringed. Offsets, spreading.

This is the only Genus belonging to this
Order, of which there are fourteen species.
This is the only species which is a native of
Great Britain. It has a perennial fibrous root,
and blossoms in July. Haller,3 who has mi-

* Albert Haller was the son of a citizen, and Advocate
of Berne, in Switzerland, where he was born in October,
1 /OS. The accounts of his early display of talents are as
extraordinary as almost any upon record. In his fifth year
he was accustomed to write down all the new words he
heard in the course of the day. At the age of ten he
could translate from the Greek, and compiled for his own

DODECANDRIA. 221

nutely described this plant, found it in its dodecagy-

J L NIA.

wild state on the Alps. It is common in most - —

I'rom twelve to

parts of Europe, on the roofs of buildings ; «*««? Knaia.
but there, not properly indigenous. It is a
native of some parts of Europe on rocks. It
was formerly used internally as a medicine,
and applied externally in burns and inflam-
mations.

The House-leek, in common with other
herbaceous perennials, is similar to evergreen
trees, its succulent leaves resisting the se-
verity of winter. The leaves of some plants
of this kind are so replete with juices, that
they can even dispense with soil for a time,
imbibing sufficient humidity from the at-
mosphere for the purposes of vegetation : it
is for this reason that, unless in extremely
hot weather, gardeners seldom water succu-
lent plants, which rot when they are moist-
ened, if the sun does not quickly dry them
up.

Figured in Sowerly's English Botany, 1320.

use a Chaldaic Grammar, and a Greek and Hebrew Dic-
tionary. As he advanced in years he rapidly advanced in
acquirements and maturity of judgment; was one of the
most illustrions literary characters of his age; and as an
anatomist, physiologist, and botanist, he was of the first,
class. He died December 12, 1 777^ hi the seventieth year
of his age.

222 DO DEC AN DM A.

The different British Genera in this Class described
by their Generic Characters, taken from the seven
parts of fructification, agreeably to the principles
of the Linntean System.

MONOGY-

NIA.

One Pistillum,

LYTHRUM.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, cylindrical, scored, with 12
teeth, every other tooth smaller.

Corolla. Petals, 6, oblong, rather blunt, expanding,
fixed by the claws to the divisions of the calyx.

Stamina. Filaments, 12, thread-shaped, as long as the
calyx, the upper shorter than the lower ones. Anther ce,
simple, rising.

Pistillum. Germen, oblong. Style, awl-shaped, declin-
ing, as long as the stamina. Stigmata, round and flat,
rising.

Pericarpium. Capsula, oblong, tapering to a point, co-
vered ; cells 2, or 1.

Seeds. Numerous, small.

**.* In the Lylhrum hyssopifulia, there are only 6 sta-
mina. Linn.

MONOGY. ASA RUM.

NIA.
One Pisullum, Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, bell-shaped, with 3 or 4

shallow clefts, like leather, coloured, permanent. Seg-

ments, erect, with the point bent inwards.
Corolla. None.
Stamina. Filaments, 12, awl-shaped, half as long as the

perianthium. Anthera, oblong, growing to the middle

of the filaments.
Pistillum. Germen, either inferior, or else hidden within

the substance of the perianthium. Style, cylindrical, as

long as the stamina. Stigma, star-like, with 6 reflected

divisions.

DODECANDRIA. 223

Pericari'ium. Capsula, like leather, generally with 6

cells, enclosed within the substance of the perianthium.
Seeds. Many, egg-shaped.

AGrdMONIA. DIGYNIA.

Two PistilU.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, with 5 clefts, acute, small,

superior, permanent, surrounded by another calyx.
Corolla. Petals, 5, flat, notched at the end. Claws,

narrow, growing to the calyx.
Stamina. Filaments, hair-like, shorter than the blossom,

fixed to the calyx. Antherce, small, double, compressed.
Pistilla. Germen, beneath. Styles, 2, simple, as long

as the stamina. Stigmata, blunt.
Pericarpium. None. The Calyx becomes hard, and

closes at the neck.
Seeds. Two, roundish.

*V* The number of stamina are exceedingly uncertain ;
in some flowers 12, in some, 10, frequently /. In the Agri-
mama eupatoria the outer calyx adheres to the inner one;
the seeds are 2, the stamina from 12 to 20; the fruit sur-
rounded by bristles. Stamina from 5 to 12.

RESEDA. TRIGYNfA.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, divided. Segments, narrow,

acute, erect, permanent, 2 of them standing more open

on account of the nectariferous petals.
Corolla. Petals, several, unequal, always some, with 3

shallow clefts; the uppermost bulging at the base, as

long as the calyx, and containing honey.

Nectarium, a flat upright gland, rising from the recep-

taculum, situate between the stamina and the uttermost

petal, closing with the base of the petals, which on that

side are dilated.
Stamina. Filaments, 11 to 15, short. Antherce, blunt,

erect, as long as the blossom.

824 DODECANDRIA.

TRIGYNIA. Pisttlla. Germen, bulging, ending in some very short

rni tv -11 styles. Stigmata, simple.

1 nree Pistilla. J s> > r

Pericarpium. Capsula, bulging, angular, tapering to the
styles, with 1 cell, opening between the styles.

Seeds. Many, kidney-shaped, fixed to the angles of the
capsula.

'*#* There is hardly any Genus so difficult to charac-
terise as this ; the different species varying so much, both
in figure and number. The essential character consists in
the petals with 3 clefts, 1 petal bearing the nectarium in its
base, and the capsula not closed, but always gaping open.
In the Reseda luteola the calyx has 4 divisions, the petals
are 3 ; the uppermost, containing the nectarium, has 6
shallow clefts: the lateral and opposite petals have 3 clefts,
and there are sometimes 2 other very small and entire pe-
tals. Styles, 3. Stamina, many. Linn.

TRIGYNIA.

Three Pistilla.

EUPHORBIA.

Calyx. Perianthium, ] leaf, permanent, somewhat co-
loured, inflated; mouth with 4, and in a few species
with 5 teeth.

Corolla. Petals 4, in a few species 5, turban-shaped,
bulging thick, lopped, irregularly situate alternating with
the teeth of the perianthium, and fixed by their claws to
its edge ; permanent.

Stamina. Filaments, many (12 or more), thread-shaped,
jointed, standing on the receptaculum, longer than the
corolla, coming forth at different times. Anlherce, dou-
ble, roundish.

Pistillum. Germen, roundish, 3-cornered, standing on
a little fruit-stalk. Styles, 3, cloven. Stigmata, ob-
tuse.

Pericarpium. Capsula, roundish, consisting of 3 united

berries, and 3 cells, opening with a jerk.
Seeds. Solitary, roundish.

*,T* Petals generally 4, sometimes 5. Separate flow-

DODECANDRIA. 225

ers, with only stamina, and flowers with only pistilla, are
often found on the same plant. Capsula, either smooth,
hairy, or warty. Linn.

SEMPERV1UM. DODECAGY-

NJA,

Calyx. Periuntliium, from 6 to 12 divisions, concave, From twelve to

acute, permanent. twenty Pistilla.

Corolla. Petals, 6 to 12, oblong, spear-shaped, acute,

concave, a little larger than the calyx.
Stamina. Filaments, 6 to 12, awl-shaped, slender. An-

thercp, roundish. Pistilla, germina 6 to 12, placed in a

circle, erect, each ending in a style; expanding. Stig-

mata, acute.
Peiucarpium. Capsuhp, 6 to 12, oblong, compressed,

short, placed in a circle, tapering to a point outwardly,

opening on the inner side.
Seeds. Many, roundish, small.

*#* When of a luxuriant growth, the numbers often
increase, especially the number of the pistilla. Nearly al-
lied to Sedum, but differs, in always having more than 5
petals.

MONOGYNIA.

CIASS II

ORDER 1

PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE

V

EihTHMIM SALIC AM A

Vs-A-Ag^-

B ODE CANUWA

MONOGYNIA

CcrrvnicTb ylsarctba-cca-

AS ARUM EUM.OPAEHJM

DIGYNIA

CLASS XI

ORDER 2

N'

v

COMMON AGMMO^lf

AGMMOTTIA ET7PATOMIA

j\i\.rj..

D ODE CAMBRIA

TRIGYNIA

CLASS XI

ORDER 3

[NT

M I GN ONNETTE

JsJ

RE SEDA ODORATA

TRRjGYIsriA

WiH- MigTumnette o;

SEBAill | MHTE.

tri&y^tia

Upright warty V^piaye

UPHORBIA STRICT^

BOBECAKBMIA.

TETRAGYNIA

CIAS S XI

ORDER. 4

■yi

SUNGUE^SWIED APOWOGETON

>

ATONOGETOH MOKOSTACHTON

s~\f-i,<r--i7\~

ICOSANDRIA.

CLASS XII.

TWENTY STAMINA.

THIS CLASS HAS THREE ORDERS.

This Class is said to have twenty stamina, but the pre-
cision of the number is not of so much importance as their
insertion into the Calyx, which, though an additional cir-
cumstance, is essential to the character of the Class.

ORDER I.

PRUNUS LAURO-CERASUS. monogy-
Cherry Laurel.

One Pistiilum.

Essen ial Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5-cleft, inferior. Petals, 5. Stone of
the Drupa, with slightly prominent seams.

Sp. Ch. Flowers, in racemes. Leaves, ever-green, bU
glandular at the back.

This plant is a native of the Levant, of
Caucasus, the mountainous parts of Persia,
and the Crimea, and is supposed to have been
first cultivated in Europe in 1576, when Clu-
sius received it from Constantinople. It blos-
soms in April, and in the autumn produces a

y 2

223

ICOSAXDRIA.

MONOGY-

NIA.

One Pistillum.

black berry, somewhat like a cherry or small
plum ; hence it has been classed by Linnaeus
with the Genus Prunus. In England it was
a scarce plant in the reign of Charles I, and
a merchant who possessed one in his garden
at Highgate, in the year 1629, defended it
every winter from the severity of the cold
by covering it with a blanket. The fact is
recorded by Parkinson,3 and use has been
made of it by physiologists to shew that
plants become inured to a climate different
from their own ; but I am informed by a sci-
entific and practical man, whose information
and experience is founded upon a knowledge
of more than fourscore years, that this infer-
ence is not correct. That Clusius first pre-
served this plant in a stove at Vienna, there
can be no doubt : but even at this day it is
very common for nurserymen, when they
receive plants or seeds from a hot country,
to suppose that their habit requires a stove ;

* John Parkinson was an English botanist, born in 1567-
He was an apothecary in London, and eminent in his pro-
fession. His garden was well stored with rare plants, and
he became botanist to King Chrales I. He died about
1645. Parkinson was the first author who described and
figured the subjects of the flower garden. He published
in 1 640 his "Theatrum Botanicum, or Theatre of Plants,"
folio.

1C0SANDRIA. 229

and thus it happens that seeds which come monogy.
from the East and the West Indies are often- _ _ ,

One P.stil um.

times put to grow in our stoves, and culti-
vated in the same manner for many years,
from the supposition that they require more
than an ordinary degree of heat, till by some
accident it is found that they will endure
cold, and then it is said that the plant is
hardened to our climate. Seeds brought from
Canton to England are uniformly sown in
our Hot-houses, without inquiry, whether
the plants grew wild in the neighbourhood
of that city, or under the great wall that di-
vides that vast empire from Tartary.

None of the species of the Genus Cistus
which grow in the low lands and plains in
Portugal will live with us throughout the
year in the open air, such as Cistus tillosus,
Cistus creticus, Cistus J ormosus, &c. Those
only which are indigenous to high and alpine
situations, where the temperature and other
atmospheric effects correspond to our own,
are sufficiently hardy to bear our winters,
such as Cistus ladainfcrus and Cistus laurifo-
lius. The Peach, which comes to us from
Armenia, is not at all more hardy than it
was when first introduced; and it is usually
grafted on our native Plum-stocks, that it

One Pistillum.

230 ICOSANDRIA.

monogy- may more effectually resist the severity of

NIA. J J i-i

our winters, and produce quicker :b thus the
cold any plant will bear appears to be the
same, wherever it grows, and whether in a
foreign country, or in its native soil, it will
die in the same frost, provided the heat of
the previous summer has been the same.'

That individual plants might acquire in-
dividual habits from local circumstances, is
not repugnant to philosophical principles;
yet, with reference to cold, even this does
not seem to be the case; and with respect to
a species undergoing any such change, all
opinions founded upon that theory are with-
out sufficient foundation.

Seasons are much more apt to vary than
the laws that regulate the productions of
nature. Formerly wine was made from Eng-
lish vineyards in considerable quantities.

b The Almond-Tree affords the best stock for graft-
ing a Peach upon.

e In considering this subject, the relative cold of dif-
ferent countries must not be estimated alone ; for, on the
heat of the summer depends the ripening of the wood, and
it is in proportion to this maturity of the wood that the
plant is enabled to resist the cold of winter : hence, in a
country where it is cold and damp during the summer,
those plants would die in a comparatively mild winter,
which would have resisted great severity of frost after a
hot summer.

1C0SANDRIA. ^31

Domesday-book shews that wine was made monogy-
in England previous to the Conquest : and 0i»Pisuii
in the reigns of William II. Henry, and Ste-
phen, part of London, now called East Smith-
field, and some adjoining streets, was culti-
vated as a vineyard by the Constables of the
Tower, to their great emolument and profit.
Subsequently to this time, the Bishop of Ely
was accustomed to receive several tons of
wine annually as tithe from the produce of
the vineyards in his diocese, and frequently
received it as rent. The wines in Gloucester^
shire, within a century after the Conquest,
were little inferior to the French, in sweet-
ness. Wine was also made in Kent, Surrey,
and other counties; but lately any attempts
to make a vineyard in the most favourable
part of Cornwall, and in the Isle of Wight,
conducted by Frenchmen brought into Eng-
land expressly for that purpose from the
south of France, proved unsuccessful ; from
which it would seem, that our summers are
not so regularly warm as they were some
centuries ago. Hut without referring to a
remote time for this alteration in our sea-
sons, even the memory of man will supply
us with remarkable instances. From the MS.
notes of Peter Collinson, published in the

232

MONOGY-
NIA.

One Pistillum.

ICOSANDRIA.

Tenth Volume of the Transactions of the
Linnsean Society, it appears that in the year
1765, which was a long, hot, and dry sum-
mer, that a friend of his, a Mr. Rogers, had
a Vineyard in the neighbourhood of Fulham,
where he grew a large quantity of Burgundy
grapes, and did not expect to make less than
fourteen hogsheads of wine that year. Mr.
Collinson visited him on the 1 8th of Octo-
ber, when he says " the vines were very
strong, the grapes seemingly all perfectly
ripe. I did not see a green half- ripe grape
in all this great quantity." The nursery-
ground of Messrs. Lee and Kennedy is still
called the Vineyard; and there, wine was
made and sold retail in the late King's reign.
From the leaves of the Cherry Laurel, by
distillation, the strongest vegetable poison is
produced that we are acquainted with. It
was first discovered in the year 1728; and
as the facts are extremely interesting, I will
transcribe them from the 37th volume of the
Philosophical Transactions, where they were
originally published, and communicated to
the Secretary of the Royal Society of Lon-
don, by Dr. Madden of Dublin.

" Sir, — A very extraordinary accident
that fell out here some months ago, has dis-

ISOCANDRIA. 235

covered to us a most dangerous poison, which monogy-

° L NIA.

was never before known to be so, though it _ ~ ...

' ° One Pistulum.

has been in frequent use amongst us. The
thing I mean is a simple water distilled from
the leaves of the Lauro-Cerasus.

" It has the smell of the Bitter Almond,
or Peach-kernel, and has been for many years
in frequent use among our housewives and
cooks, to give an agreeable flavour to their
creams and puddings. It has also been much
in use among our drinkers of drams ; and
the proportion they generally use it in, has
been one part of Laurel-water to four of
Brandy.

" Nor has this practice (however frequent)
ever been attended with any apparent ill con-
sequences till some time in the month of Sep-
tember 1728, when it happened that one
Martha Boyce, a servant, who lived with a
person who sold great quantities of this wa-
ter, got a bottle of it from her mistress, and
gave it to her mother, Anne Boyce, as a very
rich cordial.

" Anne Boyce made a present of it to
Frances Eaton, her sister, who was a shop-
keeper in the town, and who she thought
might oblige her customers with it. Accord-
ingly in a few days she gave about two

234 ICOSAXDRTA.

monogy- ounces of the water to a woman called Mary

nia. J

- Whaley, who had bought some aroods of her.

One Pistillum. J ' ° °

" Mary Whaley drank about two-thirds of
what was filled out, and went away : Frances
Eaton drank the rest. Mary Whaley went
to another shop to buy somewhat else, and
in about a quarter of an hour after she had
drank the water (as I am informed), she com-
plained of a violent disorder in her stomach :
she was carried home, and from that time
she lost her speech, and died in about an
hour.

" The shopkeeper, Frances Eaton, sent
word to her sister, Anne Boyce, of what had
happened, who came to her upon the mes-
sage, and affirmed that it was not possible
the cordial (as she called it) could have oc-
casioned the death of the woman ; and to
convince her, she filled out about three spoon-
fuls of it, and drank it. She continued talk-
ing with Frances Eaton about two minutes
longer, and so earnest to persuade her of the
liquor's being inoffensive, that she rilled out
two spoonfuls more, which she drank off
likewise. She was hardly well seated in her
chair, when she died."

After repeated experiments by some Mem-
bers of the Royal Society, to shew the dead-

One Pistillum.

ICOSANDKIA. '235

ly effects of this poison, the Secretary con- monogy-
ciudes —

" Thus we find this simple water, dis-
tilled from a vegetable, equally mortal with
the bite of the Rattlesnake, and more quick
in its operation than any mineral poison ;
and though it may not immediately bring
on death, when taken in small quantities, yet
an habitual use of it, however disguised with
other compounds, must certainly be preju-
dicial and unwholesome, and, in weakly per-
sons, must hasten death."

It is a singular physiological fact, that
whenever Stamina are inserted into the Calyx,
whether the number be few or manv, the fruit
has been invariably found to be wholesome ;
although from these remarks, the Cherry-
Laurel would seem to be an exception to the
rule, yet the berries of this tree are not found
to be unwholesome; though there may be
cause of apprehension that they may in some
degree partake of the peculiar secretions of
the leaves; not that Peaches and Apricots
possess any prejudicial quality, though the
leaves of those trees, and the kernels of the
fruit, on distillation, have the same poison-
ous principle as Laurel leaves. Hence in
this place it may not be unimportant to re-

235 ICOSANDRIA.

mark, that Ratafia flavoured with apricot ker-
nels, from this circumstance, is in its nature
a poisonous cordial.

MONOGY-

PRUNUS DOMESTIC^

NIA.

One Pistillum.

Wild Plum-tree.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5-cleft, inferior. Petals, 5. Stone of
the drupa with slightly prominent seams.

Sp. Ch. Flower-stalks, mostly solitary. Leaves, lanceo-
late-ovate, convolute when young. Branches,
without spines.

This plant blossoms early in May, and
the fruit is ripened late in August. The
Genus Primus is the only British Genus of
this Order,c of which the annexed figure is
given as an example; as Priuius Lauro-Cera-
ws, though very common, is not indigenous.

c Of this genus there are four British species, which
are Primus domestica, Wild Plum-tree, Prunus padus, Bird
Cherry, Prunus cerasus, Cherry-tree, and Prunus spinosa,
Sloe tree. The Prunus insitiiia, or Buliace-tree, is only
a variety of the Prunus domestica. — In the English Botany
these species are figured 1383, 706, 1783, 841, 812.

ICOSANDRIA.

ORDER II.

237

PYRUS DOMESTIC A. pentagy-

N A-

Service-tree. ■

Five Pistilla. *

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5-cleft. Petals, 5. Apple, inferior, with
5 cells and several seeds.

Sp. Ch. Leaves, pinnate: leaflets, equal, downy beneath,
serrated towards the point. Flowers, in pa-
nicles.

Thts tree is a native of the warmer parts
of Europe, where it becomes a large and lofty
tree. Ray says that it has been observed
to orow in manv places in the mountainous
parts of Cornwall; and by Dr. Plot, to grow
wild in the Moorlands in Staffordshire. There
is a solitary tree in the middle of the Forest
of Wire, near Bewdley ; but there is great
reason to believe that that tree was originally
planted there.

The tree blossoms in May; and the fruit,
in taste, is somewhat like a medlar, but in-
ferior.

* Sir James Edward Smith makes this Order to include
such plants as have from two to five pistilla, and which,
from accidental luxuriance, may occasionally have one or
two more. In the Apple, Pear, and Medlar, some spe-
cies of the same Genus have five, others, three, two, or
otily one pistiUusi, and a corresponding number of seeds.

Five Pistilla-

238 ICOSANDRIA.

pentagy- I have called it Punts domes tica. in con-

NIA. _ ...

formity to the opinion of Sir James Edward
Smith and Crantz, and in which Professor
Martyn concurs, though, in his Dictionary,
he has continued the name of Sorbus.

Of this Order is the Pear and Apple tree,
both classed by Linnaeus in two species un-
der the Genus Pyrus, Pyrns communis and
Pyi*us mulus.A Of Apples and Pears the kinds
are very numerous ; but that which makes
an obvious difference in the appearance or
flavour of the fruit, is not considered by Bo-
tanists as sufficiently constant to characterize
separate species. The Golden Pippin, the
Nonpareil, and common Crab, are therefore
considered as only three varieties of the same
species; and in like manner all the different
kinds of Pears, but as so many varieties from
one parent tree.

In the reproduction of the plant, the fla-

d Apples were common in England before the arrival
of the Romans j and in the Welsh, Cornish, Armorican,
and Irish, the word Apple has one common etymology.
The present site of Glastonbury was distinguished, before
the arrival of the Romans, by the title of Avallonia, or the
Apple-orchard. Before the third century, the fruit seems
to have been in general request over the island. In the
sixth century, Apples were praised by Myrdlrin JFylht, a
Welsh bard. Evans, p. /J. Richard, p 19. Solinus,
c. xxii.

ICOSANDRIA. 239

vour of the seed or pulp that surrounds it, pentagy-
is a circumstance not to be regarded. These Fi~pistilla<
different fruits, however, formerly, they may
have been produced, are now propagated by
layers, grafts, and buds ; and, as far as we
know, may continue to be so reproduced to
the end of time. Upon this subject, how-
ever, there is a difference of opinion; Dn
Darwin believed that a bud contained the
germinating principle of a new plant; while
Mr. Knight considers a bud to be only a part
of the old plant, partaking of its age and de-
cay. To establish with philosophic precision
the laws which regulate the operations of
nature, even when those laws appear to be
least complicated, has been the iot of few.
To Bacon and to Grew we owe the dawning
of physiology in this department of natural
knowledge : to Haller, to Du Hamel, and to
Bonnet, we are indebted for many interest-
ing facts; and from what Mr. Knight has
done, much may be expected.

The vital principle in plants, and also in
seeds, appears to admit of very extensive
modification. Some seeds may be baked in
an oven, or kept for fifty years, without los-
ing their vegetating quality ; whilst others
will be injured by being gathered. Some

240 1COSANDRIA.

pentagy- plants propagate by their roots with such
. exuberance, that they can hardly be exter-

Five Pistilla. J J

minated : some, may be turned upside-down,
and the roots become branches, and the
branches roots, while others will not bear
to be moved. Some, seem to be perpetually
reproduced by suckers and offsets, as our
common Elm; while other trees sow their
own seeds: and with respect to herbaceous
plants, many, which are in their nature an-
nual, may be made perennial.6 I believe a
true law of nature to be, that wherever you
can make a new root, whether by layers, off-
sets, or other means, that the new root so
made, is a new plant.

In what manner the flavour of fruits is
changed by soil or situation, is not at all
known. The same grape and the same hill
produce Hermitage and the Cote—rdti ; and
why particular eminences on the banks of
the Rhine and the Danube shall alone pro-
duce Hock and Tokay, and why Constantia,

' Senecio elegans, which is purely an annual plant in its
native situation, dying totally and altogether in the winter,
may be perpetuated by slips of its branches to an indefinite
extent of time. After the original parent plant had been
dead for more than twenty years, I have seen those which
in succession had been propagated in this way, as flourish-
ing as if they had been produced by seed.

ICOSANDRIA. 2-11

only enough to supply a rich Burgomaster, pe^JaGY"
should be alone produced at the Cape, is not r. — -

1 ' Five Piicilli.

yet accounted for; but this appears to be
certain, that aspect, temperature, and soil,
are of the utmost importance to the peculiar
secretions of plants, and to the flavour of
their fruits.2

The Golden Pippin, which in Hereford-
shire is supposed to be worn out, grows in
the Stable-yard in St. James's, and produces
its fruit in high perfection. A change of
soil is necessary to renovate the produce,
even of flowers, as well as fruits, of every
kind. The whole system of agriculture, as
practised in Europe, is conducted upon this
principle, with a full conviction of its im-
portance; and with respect to this favourite
Apple, in common with others, little atten-

a Light is also essential to vegetation, as soon as a plant
is above the ground ; and as the degree of light alters its
character, so it also influences its secretions; of which, the
common garden Endive supplies a familiar example. If
Cress and Mustard be left to vegetate in the dark, they
grow tall, with very imperfect leaves ; but in the light, as
every one knows, the stems are short, the leaves are well
formed, and perfectly green. Professor Robinson once
found a plant in a coal mine, which, from the peculiarity
of its appearance, he believed to be a new plant ; but after
keeping it some time in the light, the leaves changed their
shape, it obtained a different flavour, and proved to be no
•ther than the common Tansy, Tanaceium vulgare.

z

24-2 ICOSANDRIA,

pentagy- tion has been paid to the situation where it is

Ml A. l

r, ~T~ „ planted ; a stiff clay, or a low and damp situ-

Fn-e Pistilla ' * ' r

ation, are equally uncongenial to its nature ;
but when placed in a dry and loamy soil, it
returns to its former vigour, and according
to the season, its fruit is kind, and of the
same goodness as before. With respect to
this apple, however, it may be necessary to
make some remarks, as, in support of Mr.
Knight's theory, much stress has been laid
on its annual deterioration, by reason of the
old age and decrepitude of the parent tree.

This fruit, that is to say, the old, little,
yellow, warty Golden Pippin, is now com-
paratively gone ; nevertheless, other Golden
Pippins are yet produced on healthy trees in
proper situations, but the fruit is larger, and
not so finely flavoured ; and it is therefore
said to be, at best, only a variety of this favou-
rite apple: this opinion, however, is not sup-
ported by facts. That the old tree, which
now produces this little yellow apple, pro-
duced it also of the same size and flavour
when the tree was young, is not at all pro-
bable. When trees grow old and diseased,
the fruit becomes stinted in its growth, and
the juices are more concentrated: this is the
usual operation of nature. The Swan's-egg

ICOSANDRIA. 243

Pear is well known at this time to be every pentagy-

NIA.

year diminishing in size, and every year be-

J ° J J Five Pittilla.

coming of a richer flavour. It is also well
known to every intelligent gardener, that
Grafts inserted into a diseased stock will
produce fruit sooner, less luxuriant in size,
but if properly ripened, of a better flavour.
If from the Golden-Pippin tree already men-
tioned two healthy grafts be taken, and they
are afterwards engrafted on another tree,
but on two separate limbs of that tree, one
of those limbs being perfectly sound and
healthy, and the other diseased ; the graft
which shall be on the diseased limb will
produce its blossoms a week or nine days
before the other graft, and the fruit will be
proportionably earlier, smaller, and, as I
have already observed, more richly flavour-
ed. The other graft will produce a more
healthy looking apple but inferior in taste.
Hence it would seem, that the fruit of the
young and healthy Golden-Pippin tree had
not originally its present flavour or appear-
ance: it was then, most probably, similar to
that which we are now pleased to denomi-
nate a varitty ; and that we have deviated

from physiological truth, by confusing the
z £

244 ICOSANDRIA.

pf.ntagy- pleasure of taste with the principles of na-

nia. ' l

„ tu re.

Five Pistilla.

The canker, so fatal a disease among trees,
is no indication of their decrepitude from old
age; although it is produced by some latent
cause of which we are ignorant; probably,
from the peculiar nature of the soil. Mr.
Forsyth, however, was of a different opi-
nion; he supposed the canker always to be the
consequence of some external injury : that
it is occasionally so produced may be true;
but that there are oftentimes other causes,
seem to be at least equally certain.

Speaking upon this subject in his Trea-
tise on the Culture and Management of Fruit
Trees, he says, " It is a general opinion, that
the canker in all trees proceeds from the na-
ture of the ground in which they are plant-
ed, such as a sour clay, a shining or gravelly
soil, &c. ; my late and much esteemed friend,
Mr. Hudson, author of the Flora Anglica, was
of this opinion, till I convinced him of the
contrary, by some experiments made at Nut-
well, near Exeter, the seat of the late Sir
Francis Drake, a gentleman very fond of
gardening and agriculture. Mr. Hudson said
it would be to no purpose to make any at-

1C0SANDRIA. 245

tempt to cure the apple-trees, as the ground pentagy-
was of such a nature, as to bring on the can-

Five Pistilla.

ker. The trees were, indeed, in a sad condi-
tion, being covered all over with lichens and
moss, and very much infected with the can-
ker. I requested Mr. Hudson to fix on some
of the worst; we then desired the gardener
to open the ground round their roots, which
we found perfectly sound, the bark of them
smooth, and not the least appearance of the
canker to be seen.

" The canker, as before observed, pro-
ceeds from bruises in the bark, from limbs
cut off, &c. When these limbs begin to rot,
and grow hollow, they convey the canker to
the root ; for it always proceeds from the
branches and stem to the roots, and never
from the roots to the tree."

Notwithstanding these remarks, I have
often seen young seedling trees of the thorny
and hardy crab, canker after putting forth
strong and healthy shoots for three or four
years ; particularly if the situation were a wet
and cold clay ; and in such seedling trees,
where the canker has made its appearance
on the outside of the bark, three or tour feet
above the ground, 1 have in many instances
traced it by two or three longitudinal black

246

JCOSANDKTA.

lines down the albernuin into the root; and
vet in no intervening part was there any sign
of the canker to be perceived externally.8

R. D.

SPTRiEA ULMARIA.

Meadow-sweet.

PENTAGY

NIA.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.
Five PistOa. Qen. Ch. Calyx, 5-cleft. Petals, 5. Capsula, superior,
of 2 valves, with many seeds.
Sp. Ch. Leaves, interruptedly pinnate, downy beneath ;
the terminal leaflet largest, and lobed. Flow-
ers, cymose, with many styles.

This plant abounds in moist meadows
about the banks of rivers and ditches. It
blossoms from June till August, and yields
a fragrant scent like the hawthorn. The
stems of this plant are very astringent, and
contain a considerable quantity of the tanine
principle. The inhabitants of Iceland tan
all their leather with it, which may be worth
recollecting, if it should at any time be
thought necessary to resort to expedients to
supply our deficiency of oak bark.

e One cause of the decay of fruit-trees may be, that it
is customary to graft with wood less healthy than other
branches of the tree, because it is known to produce fruit
sooner than young, kind, and vigorous shoots.

Among timber trees, the common Elm, Ulmus cam-
pestris, is a good example of a tree that has been constantly
produced by grafts and suckers, as I have ohserved, p. 240.

ICOSANDRIA.
British Plants of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

9 Mespilus 2 Medlar-tree

13 Pyrus 7 Pear and Apple-trek

22 Spir^a 3 Spirjea

British Species figured in Sowerby's English Botany.

Mespilus, 2504, 1523. Pyrus, 1/84, 179, 2p8, 350, 337,
2331, 1858, Spiraea, 1468, 284, 96O.

247

PENTAGY-
NIA.

Five Pistilla,

ORDER III.

ROSA RUBIGINOSA.

Sweet - briar, or Eglantine.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the
orifice, terminating in 5 segments. Petals, 5.
Seeds, numerous, bristly, fixed to the inside
of the calyx.

Sp. Ch. Fruit, ovate, bristly, as well as the flower-stalks.
Prickles,f of the stem, hooked. Leaflets, el-
liptical, clothed beneath with rusty-coloured
glands.

This Rose grows wild in many parts of
England, on a gravelly or sandy soil, blos-
soming in June and July. It is familiar to
every one in our gardens, and makes a beau-

f The distinction between a Prickle and a Thorn is,
that the Prickle is produced from the bark, and the Thorn
grows out of the wood. See the Rose in the annexed figure,
and the figure of the Rhamnus Lotus, Class V. Order 1.

POLYGYNIA

Pistilla numer-
ous and indefi-
nite.

2-1-S ICOSANDRIA.

polygynia tiful and fragrant hedge. To the sweet
pistiiia mimer- odour of the leaf, Shakspeare bears testi-

ous and inden- i

nlte* mony in a passage from Cymbdine, already

quoted, p. 14-5: and in his Midsummer- nigh fs
Dream, a Bower fit for the Queen of the
Fairies to sleep in, is one

" Quite over-canopied with lush-woodbine,
With sweet musk-roses, and with eglantine."

Jet 2. sc, 2.

By Milton the Woodbine has been mis-
understood for the Eglantine in his Allegro.

Of this very extensive Genus, the Pro-
vins and the Damask- Rose are the most fra-
grant The Damask- Rose produces white
and red flowers on the same tree, and has
been celebrated in our History as the em-
blems of the Houses of York and Lancas-
ter. When those families contended for the
crown, the White Rose distinguished the
partizans of the house of York; the Red, the
party of Lancaster: and in an old author we
have this beautiful epigram on a White Rose
being presented to a Lancastrian Lady.

If this fair Rose offend thy sight,
It, in thy bosom wear ;
'Twill blush to find itself less white,
And turn Lancastrian there.

There are two varieties of the Damask-Rose,
which blossom more than once a year; the

ICOSANDRIA.

249

one is commonly called the Monthly Rose, polyoynia
and the other has been celebrated by the PlZnLdZX
Latin poets for blossoming twice a year, and
is called the Poestan Rose.s

Water distilled from the Wild Rose is
said to be more fragrant than the common
Rose-water. Haller says of it, " Fragrantia
ejus olei omnia alia odoramenta superat — "

Of all the ornamental plants that grow,
there is none of such universal admiration as
the Rose; the name is even too remote for
the fanciful exercise of derivation. Poets
and Moralists have alike recourse to it; Love,
Youth, and Beauty with all its charms, by
turns find apt emblems in the Rose.

s Forsitan et, pingues hortos quae cura colendi
Ornaret, canerem, biferique rosaria Paesti ;

Virg, Georg. Lib. 4. v. 118.

Fragravit ore quod rosarium Paesti

Martial, Lib. 5. Epig. 3J.

Prataque nee bifero cessura rosaria Paesti

Ibid. Lib. 12. Epig. 31.

Paestum was anciently called Sistilis, afterwards changed
to Possidonia, and then to Paestum, about the year 2J2
before Christ, when it was subdued by the Romans ; about
which time the city lost its importance, and the celebrity
of a fragrant Rose supplied its place : yet, after a lapse of
more than two thousand years, its magnificent ruins have
had attractions for the writer of this note.

250 ICOSANDRIA.

Go, lovely Rose,
Tell her that wastes her time and me,

That now she knows,
When I resemble her to thee,
How sweet and fair she seems to be !

Then die, that she
The common fate of all things rare

May read in thee:
How small a part of time they share,
That are so wondrous sweet and fair.

POLYGYNIA

GEUM RIVALE.

Pistilla numer- Water- Avem.

ous and indefi-

nite.

Essential Generic and Specific Character?.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, in 10 segments. Petals, 5. Seeds, with
a jointed awn.

Sp. Ch. Flowers, drooping. Fruit, oblong; aums, twist-
ed and feathery.

The Water Avens was formerly esteemed
rare, but it is now found to be much more
common than was at first suspected. Among
other places it grows wild at Batchley, in
Herefordshire.

This elegant plant is the favourite of the
President of the Linnaean Society, and is a
good instance of a flower with a coloured
calyx, of which we have but few examples
among our native plants.

ICOSANDRIA. 251

British Plants of this Order. polygynia.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names. Pistilla numer-

^ , _ _, ous and lnden-

1 Comarum 1 Marsh CiNauEFOiL njte.

2 Dryas I Dryas

4 Fragaria11 3 Strawberry

9 Geum 3 Avens

32 POTENTILLA 8 ClNdUEFOIL

57 Rosa1 16 Rose

32 Rubus 8 Bramble

2 TORMENTILLA 2 ToRMENTiLLA

British Species figured in Sowerby's English Botany.

Comarum, 172. Dryas, 451. Fragaria, 1524, 1785,
2197. Geum, 1400, 106. Potentilla, 88, 861, 2058,
89, 56l, 37, 1384, 862. Rosa, 1 87, 188, 583, 99O,
991, 992, 1895, I896, 2068, 2196, 2367, 2388, 2459,
2490, 2521, 2579. Rubus, 2442, 826, 827, 715, 2233,
1585, 716, 2572. Tormentilla, 863, 864.

h Fragaria sterilis, or Barren Strawberry, is rather a
Potentilla with a strawberry-leaf, than a Fragaria.

1 Though this Genus can scarcely be mistaken, as every
one knows a Rose at first sight, yet it is very difficult to
determine the number of species, and to ascertain what is
a species, and what a variety. Donn in his Catalogue
enumerates 57 species ; the Hortus Kewensis 37 species,
and Q7 varieties ; and Messrs. Lee and Kennedy publish a
catalogue of no less than 320 species or permanent varieties
of this beautiful flower.

252

ICOSANDRIA.

The (liferent Genera in this Class described by their
Generic Cx.racters, taken from the seven parts
of fructification, agreeably to the principles of

Li

innaus.

Order ].

MO NOG Y-

NIA.

One Pistillum.

Order 2.

PENTAGY-

NIA.

Five Pistilla.

PRUNUS.

Calyx. Periavthium, 1 leaf, bell-shaped, with 5 clefts,

deciduous. Segments, blunt, concave.
Corolla. Petals, 5, circular, concave, large, expanding,

fixed to the cup by claws.
Stamina. Filaments, 20 to 30, awl-shaped, nearly as

long as the blossom, standing on the calyx. Antherae,

double, short.
Pistillum. Germen, superior, roundish. Style, thread-
shaped, as long as the stamina. Stigma, circular.
Pericarpium. Nearly globular, pulpy, including a nut

or stone.
Seed. Nut, somewhat globular, but compressed, seams

project ng.

*** The inside of the calyx, in most of the species, is
covered with a number of small glands, which make an
appearance like a hoar frost. In Primus insititia there are
sometimes 2 pistilla.

PYRUS.

Calyx. Perianthium , 1 leaf, concave, with 5 shallow

clefts, permanent. Segments, expanding.
Corolla. Petals, 5, circular, concave, large, fixed to the

calyx.
Stamina. Filaments, 20, awl-shaped, shorter than the

blossom, fixed to the calyx. Anthera?, simple.
Pistilla. Germen, beneath. Styles, 5, thread-shaped,

as long as the stamina. Stigmata, simple.

IC0SANDR1A.

Pericarpium. Pomum, somewhat globular, with a hol-
low dimple, fleshy, with 4 cells, divisions membrana-
ceous.

Seeds. Several, oblong, blunt, tapering to a point at the
base, convex on one side, flat on the other.

253

SPIR^A.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, with 5 shallow clefts, flat at
the base. Segments, acute, permanent.

Corolla. Petals, 5, oblong, but rounded, fixed to the
perianthium.

Stamina. Filaments, more than 20, thread - shaped,
shorter than the corolla, fixed to the perianthium. An-
ther a:, roundish.

Pjstilla. Germina, 5, or more. Styles, the same num-
ber, thread-shaped, as long as the stamina. Stigmata,
somewhat globular.

Pericarpium. Capsula, oblong, tapering to a point, com-
pressed, 2-valved.

Seeds. Few; tapering to a point, small, fixed on the in-
side the seam of the capsula.

*** In Spircea ulmaria the capsulae are numerous, and
placed in a circle : in S pirara filipendula they are numer-
ous, and twisted like'a corkscrew. Linn.

Order 2.

PENTAGY-

NIA.

Five Pistilla,

ROSA.

Order 3.
POLYGYNIA

Tube, inflated, narrow at

Border, globular, with 5 divisions, expand- V^StlSSS.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf,
the neck

ing. Segments, long, spear-shaped, narrow (2 of which "•
are in some species furnished with appendages on each
side, and the other 2 alternate ones, naked; in others^
only one segment has these appendages).

Corolla. Petals, 5, inversely heart-shaped, as long as
the calyx, and fixed to its neck.

Bite.

254 1C05ANDRIA.

POLYGYNIA Stamina. Filaments, many, hair-like, very short, fixed
_, " to the neck of the calyx. Anthers, 3-ede;ed.

Fistula numer- . "

ous and indefi- Pistilla. Germma, numerous, at the bottom of the ca-
lyx. Styles, as many as there are germina, closely com-
pressed by the neck of the calyx, fixed to the side of the
germen. Stigmata, blunt.

Pericarpium. None. Berry, fleshy, top-shaped, co-
loured, soft, of 1 cell, crowned by imperfect segments,
closed at the neck, formed by the tube of the calyx.

Seeds. Numerous, oblong, rough with hair, adhering to
the inside of the calyx.

*#* The Germen is formed of the calyx, and resem-
bles a berry. Linn.

Order 3.

GEUM.

ous and indefi
nite.

POLYGYNIA cALyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, with 10 clefts, nearly erect.
Pistilla numer- Segments, alternately very small and sharp.

Corolla. Petals, 5, rounded j claws, narrow, as long as
the perianthium ; fixed to the perianthium.

Stamina. Filaments, numerous, awl-shaped, as long as
the perianthium, fixed to the perianthium. Antherte,
short, rather broad, blunt.

Pistilla. Germina, numerous, forming a knob. Styles,
long, hairy, fixed to the sides of the germina. Stig-
mala, simple.

Pericarpium. None. Beceptaculum of the seed, ob-
long, hairy, standing upon the reflected perianthium.

Seeds. Numerous, compressed, covered with long hairs,
furnished with a long awn formed by the style.

Inwted on t/:o uih-.r or lore/la

Twenty or more Stiimimi

POLYA^IDTRIA

Inserted not en the Calyx or Cbrolla
bnt on the Bceeptaatkim

THE CHARACTER OF t'lASS m,3III.

MONOGYNIA

CLASS XI

ORDER 1

~M

CHERRY ILAITREL

YSLV KIT S TLAITM O CEMASUS

VvVV.

ICOSANBBIA

MONOGTOU

Wild- Them- tree

rmiTNUS DOMESTiCA

PENTAGON IA

CLASS XII

ORDER. 2

1/

SERVICE TEEE

IPTJRUS BOMESTICA

>:x>^

a/,aa'

ICOSAMMRIA

PENTAGYNIA

Meadow
SPIEJEA

I-rOSAKDRIA

POtYGYNIA

ciass xn

ORDER 3

EGLANTIIE

ROSA RUBIGINOSA
— ===—=== — =7>^^y\

ICOSAOTHfi i .\

POXYOTTNIA

Water Avow

GEIM TPii^A I, E

POLYANDRIA.

CLASS XIII.

STAMINA NUMEROUS AND INDEFINITE,

THIS CLASS HAS SEVEN ORDERS.

Besides the indefinite number of stamina, usually mor«
than twenty/ which is the character of this Class, they
must be inserted in the Receptaculum, as Class XII. re-
quires them to be inserted into the Calyx.

ORDER I.

NYMPHJEA ALBA.

White Water-lily.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, of 4 or 5 leaves. Petals, numerous.

Berry, of many cells, truncated.
Sp. Ch. Leaves, heart-shaped, entire. Calyx, 4-leaved.

This plant grows in slow rivers and still
wrater, in dark mud, and blossoms in the mid-

1 The filaments of the Paeony and the Tea blossom are
from 250 to 300, and those of the Paeony stand in three
circles round the Germen. See Pisiilla of the Paeony in the
plate shewing the character and appearance of the stigma
in different plants.

MONOGY-

NIA.

One Pistillum

256 POLYANDRIA.

monogy- die of summer very plentifully: the flower

NIA. J l J

r, n. ,; has much the air of a tropical production : it

One Fistulum. * >■

has no scent, and fades very soon after it is
gathered. It is a splendid ornament to rus-
tic ponds. At my friend, Thomas Reynolds'
at Carshalton it grows in great luxuriance,
and adds to the interest of his extensive
and delightful garden. The blossom of this
flower closes in the evening, and expands
with the rising sun.

monogy. NYMPILEA CiERULEA.

NIA.
Onel^illum. Bhle Lotus °f the Nile-

Julius Cesar Savigny, de Vlnstitut
d'Egypte, published an account of this Nym-
phcea in the Annates du JMuseum d'Histoirc
Naturtlle. When he accompanied the French
army in the Egyptian expedition, he found it
growing in the Delta, and he believes it to
be the herbaceous Lotus of the ancients, men-
tioned by Herodotus, Theophrastus, Dios-
corides, Atheneeus, and Pliny. That the
herbaceous and aquatic Lotus of the ancients
was some species of this Genus there can
be no doubt; but to know with precision
the particular species which was then com-
mon to Greece or Egypt, is now, I fear, not

P0LYAN1;KIA. 257

within our means of information. This plant MOjJ{°GY-
though called Nymphaa ccerulea, appears to 0lie-7~^um.
be very different from the Nymphaea ccerulea,
figured in the Botanical Magazine, No. 552,
and is probably a different species. That the
aquatic Lotus of the ancients may be better
understood, these different descriptions of it
from ancient authors will put the reader in
possession of the best information he can be
supplied with.

Herodotus. " To obtain a more plenti-
ful supply of food, they a(the Egyptians of
the marshes) have found out these resources.
When the river is full, and the plains are in-
undated, there grow in the water numbers of
lilies, which the Egyptians call Lotus. These
they gather and dry in the sun : then they
pound what is obtained from the middle of
the flower, which is like a poppy-head, and
make it into loaves, which they bake. The
root also of this Lotus is eatable, and mode-
rately sweet ; it is round, and of the size of
an apple." Herodotus, Book ii. c. 121.

a Herodotus has just before spoken of the ^Egyptians
who live in the higher part of the country, out of the reach
of the inundation of the Nile, and he now speaks of the
inhabitants of the marshes.

2 A

One Pistillum,

253 POLYANDRJA.

monogy- Theophrastus. " The Lotus so called,

grows chiefly in the plains when the country
is inundated. The nature of the stem is like
that of the bean (Tamara of India),* and its
large spreading leaves are similar, except
that they are less and thinner, and the leaf
is attached to its foot stalk in the same man-
ner.0 The flower is white, the petals are nar-
row, as those of the Lily (Lilium album),
and numerous, as of a very douhle flower.
When the sun is hid, they cover the seed-ves-
sel: as soon as the sun rises the flowers open,
and appear above the water ; and this is re-
peated, until the seed-vessel is ripe and the
petals fall off.

" The size of the seed-vessel is equal to
that of the largest poppy-head, and it is di-
vided by separations in the same manner as
the seed-vessel of the poppy; but the seed,
which is like millet,d is more condensed. It
is said, that in the Euphrates, both the seed-
vessel and the petals sink down into the

b See Order 7 of this Class.

e Though this is not strictly true, the general appear-
ance might easily have deceived Theophrastus into this opi-
nion.

a Millet is the seed of a species of Holcus. This is pro-
bably of that species which by Linnaeus is called Holcus
sorghum, or some variety of. it.

POLYANDRIA. 25<)

Water from the evening until midnight to a monogy-

& ° NIA.

great depth, so that the hand cannot reach „ ~— -

e l ' One Pistillum.

them; afterwards, at day-break they emerge,
and as day comes on they rise above the wa-
ter, and at sun-rise the flowers open ; and
when fully expanded, they rise up still
higher, and thus appear to crowd the sur-
face of the water. The /Egyptians lay these
seed-vessels in heaps to perish, and when the
coriaceous covering is rotten, they wash the
mass in the river, and take out the seed ;
it is then dried and baked into loaves, which
is used as food. The root of the Lotus is
called corsion, which in figure and size is
like a quince : the colour of the rind is dark,
like a chesnut, but the inside is white; when
boiled or baked it is like pease-soup, and is
agreeable to the taste : it is also eaten raw,
and is best raw, as it grows in the water." —
Theophrastus, Book iv. c. 10.

Dioscorides. " The Lotus which grows
in iEgypt, in the water of the inundated
plains, has a stem like that of the Bean. The
flower is small, and white, like the lily, which
is said to expand at sun-rise, and to close at
sun-set. It is also said, that the seed-vessel is
then entirely hid in the water, and that at
sun-rise it emerges again. The seed-vessel is
2 a 2

$Cti POLTAXDRM.

mcnogy- like a very large poppy-head, and the seeds
- — - are like millet, which the /Egyptians dry and

One Pistillum. ' . .

make into bread. The root, which in appear-
ance is like a quince, is eaten, both raw and
boiled; when boiled, in quality it is like the
yolk of an egg." Dioscorides, Bookiv. c. 114.
Pliny. " There is also an herb of the
same name,0 and in JEgypt it grows up with
an herbaceous stem, as a marsh plant. When
the inundating waters of the Nile retire, it
comes up with a stem like the Bean, with
the petals crowded thick and close, only
shorter and narrower. It has a seed-vessel
in all respects like a poppy-head, and con-
tains seeds like millet. The inhabitants lay
these seed-vessels in heaps to putrify ; then
wash away the filth, dry the seed, pound
it, and make bread of it. There is a further
circumstance related concerning this plant
of a very remarkable nature; that the poppy-
like flowers close up with the setting sun,
the petals entirely covering the seed-vessel ;
but at sun- rise they open again, and so on,
till they become ripe, and the blossom, which
is white, falls off. Book xiii. c. 17.

c Pliny has just before spoken of the tree-lotus, the
Bhamnus Lotus of Linnaeus j for the description of which,
see Class V. Order I. p. 83.

POLVANDRIA.

261

Pliny, speaking of the Lotus, in the monogy?
twenty-second book, says, ". Those who oneKjtatam.
think that there is only a Tree-lotus, may be
refuted on Homer's authority alone; for
among other herbs produced for the pleasure
of the gods, the Lotus is the first named.

" There is a kind of Lotus named Loto-
metra, which is produced from the cultivated
Lotus, and from the seed, which is like millet,
the /Egyptian shepherds make bread, com-
monly mixed up with water or milk. It is
asserted, that no bread can be more whole-
some or light while it is warm ; but when
cold, it is more difficult of digestion, and
becomes heavier." Pliny, Book xxii. c. 21.

C1STUS HELIANTHEMUM. M°ni°aGY"

Dwarf CistUS. One Pistillum.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx of 5 leaves, two of which are smaller
than the rest. Petals, 5. Capmla superior,
angular, with 3 valves and many seeds.

Sp. Ch. Shrubby, procumbent, with pointed stipules.
Leaves, elliptic-oblong, white and hairy be-
neath.

Of this Genus there are sixty-six species,
in general, esteemed for their beauty, and

262

POLYANDRIA.

One Pistillum.

monogy- cultivated in our gardens. Though this spe-

NIA. > ° & I

cies cannot vie with many of those which
are produced in warmer climates, yet it is
one of our ornamental native plants. It is
common in chalky soils, and highly orna-
mental to rocky situations ; it is hardy, and
easily propagated, either by seeds or cut-
tings, and continues for the greatest part of
the summer daily to put forth new blossoms.
The petals are yellow, and Linnaeus has re-
marked, that they have sometimes an orange-
coloured spot at their base : the flower, how-
ever, is often of a dingy red. The leaves have
been observed to vary much in breadth.

This flower has that remarkable character
which I have alluded to, page 144 — the sta-
mina gradually retiring from the Pistillum
which they surround, when slightly touched
at the base ; and this is the only species that
has been discovered to have this singular
property.

POLYANDRIA. 26*3

CHELIDONIUM CORNICULATUM. monogy.

N1A.

Red Hornd Poppy.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, of 2 leaves. Petals, 4. Pod, superior,
linear, of 2 cells, and 2 or 3 valves. Seeds,
numerous, dotted.

Sp. Ch. Stem, hispid. Stem-leaves, pinnatified, jagged.
Pod, bristly.

This plant grows wild in sandy corn-
fields, and blossoms in June and July : the
flowers are of very short duration, often not
exceeding half a day, yet produced in long
succession. It was upon the flower of this
plant that Linnaeus made repeated experi-
ments to shew the importance of Stamina
and Pistilla to the production of perfect seed.
He stripped off the Stamina from two sepa-
rate flowers, and afterwards, from a distance,
brought the Pollen of a third, and sprinkled
the stigma of one of these which he had so
deprived of its stamina; and the seed of this
plant, which he so fertilized, came to maturity,
and the other did not : the experiment was
frequently repeated with the same result.

At different times many experiments had
been made to ascertain the importance of
the Stamina and Pistilla to the production

One Pistillum.

One Pistillum.

26*4 POLYANDRIA.

monogy- and ripening perfect seed. In the middle of
the last century, in a hot-house at Berlin,
there was a Date Palm which blossomed very
luxuriantly every year with flowers contain-
ing Pistil la only,a but never produced any
seed or fruit that came to perfection. In a
hot-house in Leipsic there was one of the
same species that produced blossoms only
with Stamina. In the year 1749, a branch
of this tree in flower was sent from Leipsic
to Berlin, and suspended over the Palm-tree
there, which produced only Pistilla, and that
year it bore, for the first time, perfect fruit
and perfect seeds ; some of which were sent
to Linnaeus in Sweden, who raised other trees
from them at Upsal.

The importance of these two parts of a
flower to the maturing the fruit of the Palm
was known among the ancients, and the trees
bearing flowers with Stamina only, were al*
■ways planted among those which bore the
Pistilla, that the Dates might come to per-
fection; and among the moderns, where
this fruit is used as food, it is now not less
carefully attended to. M. Michaux, in his

a This plant bears its Pistilla on one tree, and the Sta-
mina on another, and is of the Class Dioecia of this sys-
tem.

POLYANDRIA. 265

Travels in Persia, has observed, that in the monogy-

n . ., . i nia.
contentions and civil commotions in that

One Pistillum.

country for the dominion of the empire, the
different parties which were alternately vic-
torious, in order the more speedily to reduce
the inhabitants of the provinces, burned all
the Palm-trees that produced Stamina; and
famine would have been the consequence
had not the Persians previously taken the
precaution to preserve a great quantity of
the Pollen for the purpose of fructifying the
fruit-bearing trees which produce only Pis-
tilla. It also appears from the same author,
that the Pollen, which had been preserved
for this purpose, had been kept for eighteen
years without losing its fertilizing pro-
perty.

PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM.

White Poppy.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch Calyx, 2-leaved. Petals, 4. Stigma radiated.
Capsulce superior, discharging its seeds by-
pores under the permanent stigma.

Sr. Ch. Calyx and Capsulce smooth: Leaves, clasping
the stem, glaucous, cut.

This Poppy grows wild in Norfolk, and
in Cambridgeshire on the banks of the fen-

MONOGY-
NIA,

One Pistillum,

266

MONOGY-
NIA.

One Fistillum.

POLYANDRIA.

ditches, if the soil be sandy: it has also been
found in Angusshire in Scotland.

A luxuriant and double variety of this
Poppy is common in our gardens. In warmer
countries this species is cultivated for the
sake of opium, which is made from a milky
secretion extracted, by excoriation, from the
half-ripe capsula. Its seeds are oily, sweet,
and not narcotic. It blossoms in July.

MONOGY-

NIA.

One Pistillum.

SARRACENIA ADUNCA.
Hook-leaved Side-saddle-Jlower.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

GhN. Ch. Outer Calyx of 3 leaves; inner, of 5. Capsula
of 5 cells, underneath a permanent shield-
like stigma.

Sp.Ch. Leaves, cylindrical, the length of the flower-
stalk ; with a roundish inflexed appendage.

This plant is a native of South Carolina,
and is perennial. It grows in boggy and wet
situations, and is remarkable for the peculiar
structure of its leaves, which arc hollow like
a leather bottle, and hooded at the top,
making a sort of covering or lid. In the
inside of these leaves there is generally wa-
ter and drowned insects ; which, as they
putrifv, may be supposed to contribute to

POLYANDRIA. 2^7

the nourishment of the plant. It produces monogy-
its flowers in July. one"p^iiium.

British Plants of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

4 Actjea 1 Herb-christopher

66 ClSTUS 7 ClSTUS

1 Chelidonium 1 Celandine

4 Glaucium 3 Horn'd Poppy

4 NUPHAR 2 NUPHAR

10 Nymfhjea 1 Water-lily

9 Papaver 6 Poppy

5 Tilia 2 Lime-tree.

British Species figured in Sowerbys English Botany.

Aciaea, QlS. Cistus, 3^6, 544, 2414, 2207, 1321 , 1322,
2208. Chelidonium, 1581. Glaucium, 8, 1433, 201.
tfuphar, 159, 22Q2. Nymphaea, \60. Papaver, 43,
643, 644, 645, 2145, 66. Titia, 610, 1705.

ORDER II.

PiEONIA CORALLINA.

Pceony.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, of 5 leaves. Petals, 5. Styles, none.
Follicles, superior, with many seeds.

Sp. Ch. Leaves, twice ternate ; Leaflets, ovate, undivid-
ed, smooth. Seed-vessels, downy, recurved.

This plant is named after Pason, a fa-
mous physician of antiquity. Of this Genus

DIGYNIA.

Two Pistilla.

26S

POLYANDUIA.

digynia there are five species, variable in the number
Two Pistiih. of the pistilla: it blossoms in May and June;
it is a native of several parts of Europe, and
Sir J. Smith supposes it also to be a native of
England. This species in its wild state, is
probably, when cultivated, the double-leaved
Pffiony of our gardens. There is a supersti-
tious opinion prevails concerning the efficacy
of the root of this plant to facilitate the
growth of children's teeth : bits of it are
dried and rubbed smooth, and strung and
sold by the name of Anodyne Necklaces,
and the seeds are sometimes employed for
the same purpose.

This is the only plant which can be sup-
posed to be English, that is of this Order.

ORDER III.

TRIGYNIA.
Three Pistilla-

THE A.

Tea Tree.

Essential Generic Character.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5 or 6-leaved. Corolla, 6 or 9-petalled.
Capsula, 3-ce!led. Seed, solitary.

This plant has been placed by Linaaaas
in the first Order of this Class, from consi-

P0LYAXDR1A. 269

dering the styles as united ; but on consult- trigynia.
ing the best botanists of our time, I find it Three Pistau.
is now thought to be indifferent whether it
be placed in the first, or the third Order ;
I have therefore chosen the latter ; since it
appears, from the best figures of the flower,
and by the most authentic descriptions of it,
that the stvles separate from each other down
to the germen, and become quite distinct ;
and wither upon it after the petals and sta-
mina have fallen off..

This plant is a native of China and Japan,
and in those countries only cultivated for
use. In China it is cultivated in the open
fields, in every latitude between Canton and
Pekin ; but the best tea is said to grow in a
mild and temperate climate in the country
about Nankin. It delights in sloping banks
of hills facing the south, especially in the
neighbourhood of rivers and rivulets.

In Japan the tea which is most esteemed
grows in the neighbourhood of a small town
called Udsi, situate near the sea. Here is a
celebrated mountain of the same name, the
whole of which is occupied in the culture of
the tea for the Emperor's use. This moun-
tain is entirely surrounded with a wide ditch
to keep out both men and beasts. The plan-

£70 POLYANDRIA.

trigynia. tations are made in regular rows, and when
Three Pistffla. the leaves are gathered, the men employed
for that purpose wear gloves, and are obliged
to bathe two or three times a day, lest the
delicate flavour of the leaf should be injured
in gathering.

In other parts of this country the tea is
usually sown in the month of February, in
the borders of fields which are cultivated
with other produce; not in a continued hedge,
but at moderate intervals, both that its shade
may not be injurious to the general crop, and
that the leaves may be the more easily col-
lected. As the seeds are very liable to be
damaged, from six to twelve are put into
one hole, a fifth part not being expected to
grow. When the tree is three years old the
leaves may be plucked; when it is seven
years old it no longer bears any quantity,
and is then usually cut down to the root,
when the stool sends forth many new shoots,
which afford a plentiful supply of leaves.
Sometimes this operation is deferred till the
tenth year. The tree is an evergreen, and
grows to about six feet in height, according
to the best account we have of it.

The tea is gathered at three separate

POLYAXDRIA. £Jl

times : the tenderest leaves, of but a few trigynia.
days growth, are gathered in February or the Three pistuia.
beginning of March ; the second gathering
is in the beginning of April ; and the third
about June, when the leaves are full grown.
The tea is afterwards prepared by drying it
in a stove in shallow iron pans; but upon
this subject very little is known in Europe.
It is now very generally believed, that the
mode adopted by the Chinese to prepare the
tea is of the utmost importance to its quality,
and that the same tea-leaf is capable of be-
ing dryed or cured in different ways, so as
to produce very different flavours. When
Lord Macartney returned from his Chinese
embassy, he brought with him some tea made
up in small balls, presented to him by the
Emperor, and which were understood to be
of the finest quality; nevertheless, an in-
fusion of this tea produced no flavour to
an English taste, so that it would seem
that the best tea prepared for the Court in
China, is reduced in its astringency and odour
by the mode of preparing it. The supposi-
tion that the tea is ever dried upon copper
to give a more beautiful green to the leaves,
is said to be entirely without foundation.
Of this plant it is generally believed there

272 POLYANDRIA.

trigynia. is only one species; the difference of green
Three Pistiiia. and Bohea-tea depending upon the nature of
the soil, the culture, and the manner of dry-
ing the leaves. It has been observed, or at
least it has been said, that the green-tea,
planted in the Bohea country, will produce
Bohea-tea, and on the contrary.

Tea was first introduced into Europe by
the Dutch East India Company in 1641, and
a small quantity was brought to England
from Holland about the year \666, by Lord
Arlington and Lord Ossery, from whom it
soon became known to the people of fashion,
and its use ever since has been general.
In China the use of tea is derived from very
remote antiquity, and is so universal among
all ranks of people in that vast empire, that,
we are assured by Sir Geo. Staunton, if the
Europeans were entirely to cease from trad-
ing in it, it would very little affect the price
of tea in China: nevertheless, I was told by
the late Mr. Roberts, a very competent judge
on this subject, that however the Chinese
might affect to under-value the tea-trade
with Europe, yet, in reality it was of con-
siderable importance, and the want of it
would be very generally felt.

John Ellis, Esq. well known for his ex-

FOLYANDRIA. 273

cellent works on corals and corallines, previ- trigynia
ous to the year 1768, set several tea seeds, Three pistiiia.
sent to him from China, in pots in the open
air in London, from which he raised one
plant; and this was probably the first tea
plant ever raised in England. In the year
1771, a tea tree blossomed for the first time
in England, at Sion House, in the months of
October and November.

Much has been said about the unwhole-
someness of this plant, and perhaps truly,
with respect to some of its properties ; but its
refreshing quality is so agreeable, and the
harm arising from it estimated with so much
uncertainty, that in England it has become
general, without our being aware of any se-
rious evil from its use; nevertheless, lean-
not help being apprehensive, that its stimu-
lating or narcotic quality, according to the
strength or proportion in which it is taken,
may with many constitutions be materially
prejudicial, and upon all, it may have an
unperceived operation on the nervous sys-
tem. " I observed," says Kccmpfer, " that
the tea leaves contained something narcotic,
which occasions a disorder in the animal spi-
rits, and makes those who drink a decoction
made from them, appear intoxicated: this
2 B

274 POLYANDIUA.

trigynia. bad quality is particularly corrected by the

Three pistiiia. operation of toasting the leaves, which is

repeated by degrees ; but it is never radically

removed : something capable of affecting the

head always remains."1

It has been much the habit of studious
men to indulge in drinking tea. I once call-
ed upon the learned Professor Porson at five
o'clock, when I myself was going to dinner,
and found him in his room alone, sitting
over his books, with a disorderly tea equi-
page on the table, and his tea-pot standing
on a trevct before the fire. Dr. Johnson
would sometimes drink more than twenty
cups at a sitting; and he tells us himself,
that he was a ' hardened and shameless tea-
drinker; who for twenty years diluted his
meals with only the infusion of this fasci-
nating plant ; whose kettle had scarcely time
to cool; who with tea amused the evening,
with tea solaced the midnight, and with tea
welcomed the morning.' Nevertheless, ac-
cording to the same enthusiastic admirer of
it, its proper use is to amuse the idle, to re-
lax the studious, and to dilute the full meals
of those who cannot use exercise, and will

€ Kcempfers Hislgry of Japan.

POLYANDItlA. 275

not use abstinence. He told Boswell, not-
withstanding the great quantity which he
accustomed himself to take, he never felt
the least inconvenience from the excess. b

DELPHINIUM CONSOLIDA. trigynia.

Field Larkspur. Three Pistilla.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, none. Petals, 5; the upper one spurred.

Nectarium cloven, with a posterior spur.
Sp. Ch. Capsula, solitary. Nectarium of 1 leaf. Stem,

subdivided.

This is the branching Larkspur of the
gardens. It grows wild in all the open
chalky or sandy fields of Cambridgeshire,
Suffolk, &c. It blossoms in July. This is
the only British plant of this Order.

It is figured in Sowerby's English Botany, 183Q.

h The leaves and young stems of a tree of a very different
kind to the Tea-tree of the East, are exclusively used as Tea
in Paraguay and Chili. The tree is but little known in Eu-
rope, though of the first importance in that part of South
America. It is described by Azara to be of the size of a
middling Orange-tree, and by his editor, Walckenaer, sup-
posed to be the Psoralea g/andulosa of Linnaeus. I have
chewed the leaves and dryed stems bruised together of this
Paraguay tea, and the taste is as agreeable as our oriental.
tea, tasted in the same way. For the description of this
plant, see Martino Dobrizhoifer, Historia de Abipombus,
torn. iii. 8vo. and, Voyages dans L' Amerique Meridionale,
par Don Felix de Azara, torn. i. p. 120,

a r a

mom

£76 POLYANDRtA.

TETRAGY- ORDER IV.

NIA.

Four Pis: ilia.

PENTAGY-
NIA.

Five Piitilla.

A"o British Plant of this Order

Except Tetracera, Sir James Edward
Smith is of opinion, that all the other ex-
amples are doubtful which have been hitherto
placed in this Order, and a specimen of this
plant I have not been able to obtain.

ORDER V.
AQUILEGIA VULGARIS.

Common Columbine.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, none. Petals, 5. Neclaria, 5, horn-
shaped, alternate with the petals. Capsulct, s,
distinct.

Sp. Ch. Nectaria equal to the petals; their horns incurv-
ed. Leaves and Stem, smooth.

This plant is found in woods, thickets,
and pastures, in several parts of England :
not uncommon in Derbyshire and Westmore-
land. It blossoms in June. This is the only
British species of the Genus, and the only
British plant of this Order.

It isjigured in Swwerby's English Botany, 207.

POLYANDRIA. 277

ORDER VL HEXAGY.

NIA.

STRATIOTES ALOIDES.

Six Pistilla.

Water J foe.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Spat ha, of 2 leaves. Inner Calyx, superior, in
3 segments. Petals, 3. Berry , with 6 cells.

Sp. Ch. Leaves, sword- shaped, channelled, with a pro-
minent rib, fringed with sharp prickles.

"Of this Genus there are three species,
but this is the only species indigenous to
Great Britain, and the only British plant of
this Order. It is rarely found in any other
part of England, than Lincolnshire, Cam-
bridgeshire, and Norfolk, where it grows in
deep ditches of the fens, sometimes so plen-
tifully as to cover the whole surface, to the
exclusion of all other plants. It. blossoms in
July. The pulp of the seed of this plant in
its natural state is clear like the vitreous hu-
mour of the e}Te; in spirits of wine it be-
comes opaque and white like the boiled
white of an egg; plunged into water, it be-
comes clear again.

This Genus, is nearly allied to the Frog-
bit, Class XXII. Order 7.

This Species is figured in Sowerby's "English Botany,
379.

278 FOLYANDRIA.

ORDER VII.
polygyria CYAMUS. NELUMBO.

Pistilla numer- -p, . -^ ,.,

ous and inde&- Egyptian Jiean-llli/.

nite-

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, of 4 or 5 leaves. Petals, numerous.
Nuts, immersed in a cellular receptaculum,
each crowned with its own stigma.

Sp. Ch. Leaves, peltate, orbicular, waved. Foot-stalks
and Flotver-stalh , prickly.

This plant is indigenous to still pools
and recesses in the margins of running
streams in the East Indies, growing in a
deep muddy soil, in a depth of water not less
than two or three feet, nor more than six.

When the seeds become ripe, the capsula
containing them separates from its footstalk,
and falls into the water with all the seeds in
their respective cells, which then begin to
vegetate, and thus present a cornucopia of
young sprouting plants, which, after a time,
loosen from their cells, fall down, and take
root in the mud.

Among the plants of ancient iEgypt
this was in great estimation ; and, by Pliny
and Athenaeus, was considered to be a Lotus.
The capsula resembling a wasps nest, with

POLYANDUIA. £~9

esculent seeds, about the size of olive polygynia
berries, contained in separate cells, is so re- Pi»»Na numer-

1 cus and indefi-

markable, that the plant cannot be mistaken oite-
when described by Herodotus, Theophrastus,
and Dioscorides.

Herodotus, after speaking of the
Egyptian Lotus, which he considered to be
a liliaceous plant, says, " There are likewise
other Lilies like Roses : and these too grow
in the River Nile; whose fructification is
produced in a separate capsula, springing
like a sucker from the root, in appearance
exactly resembling a wasps nest. In this
are a number of esculent seeds, about the
size of the olive berry. These are also eaten
when tender, and dry." Book 2. c. ]2\.

Theophrastus. — The Bean is produced
in marshes and in stagnant waters ; the
length of the stem at the longest is four
cubits, a and the thickness of a finger, like
the smooth jointless reed. The inner texture
of this stem is perforated throughout like a
honey-comb, and upon the top of it is a.
poppy-like capsula, in circumference and
appearance like a wasps nest. In each of

a An ancient Grecian cubit was somewhat more than a
foot and a half of our measure ; the exact proportion is 18
inches, 13125 decim.

280 POLY AND P.I A.

polygynia the cells there is a bean projecting a little
Pistiiia mimer. above the surface of the capsula, which

ous and mden- *

mte. usually contains about thirty of these beans

or seeds. The flower is twice the size of a
poppy, of the colour of a full-blown rose,
and elevated above the water ; about each
flower are produced large leaves, of the size
of a Thessalian hat, having the same kind of
stem as the pedunculus or flower stem. In
each bean, when broken, may be seen the
embryo plantb out of which the leaf grows.
So much for the fruit.

" The root is thicker than the thickest
reed, and cellular like the stem ; and those
who live about the marshes eat it as food,
either raw, or boiled, or roasted. These
plants are produced spontaneously, but they
are cultivated in beds. To prepare their
bean-beds, the beans are sown in the mud,
being previously mixed up carefully with
chaff, so that they may remain without
injury till they take root, after which the
plant is safe.

To <ryyscr7f ajw-figvoy, a contorted, crooked thing, in this
place, in the original text, must allude to the embryo plant j
since, in the seed, when broken to pieces, this embryo is
to be seen doubled and folded up, somewhat similar to the
embryo plant, which may be seen in the seed of the com-
mon Sea-kale of our kitchen gardens ; Crambc maritima of
Linnaeus.

POLYANDRIA. 281

The root is strong, and not unlike that polygynia.

of the reed; the stem is also similar, except Kstuia numer-
that it is full or prickles, and therefore the nite.
crocodiles, who do not see very well, avoid
the plant, for fear of running the prickles
into their eyes.

" This plant is produced in Syria and
about Cilicia, but does not come to maturity in
that country ; but about Torone, in a certain
marsh of a modern size, in the Chaleidic
region, it ripens and comes to perfection,
and brings forth perfect seed." Book 4. c. 10.
Dioscorides. — " The ^Egyptian Bean,
which some call the Ponticon, is chiefly pro-
duced in ./Egypt and in Asia; and in Cilicia it
is found in stagnant waters ; it has a large leaf
like an umbrella, and a stem a cubit high, of
the thickness of a finger. The flower, which
is like a rose, is twice the size of a poppy :
when the petals fall off, the capsula is pro-
duced with cells, each containing a bean, a
little elevated above the top of the capsula,
like a bubble in water. The capsula is called
Ciborion, or Cibotion, and the planting of the
beans is effected by sinking the capsula in
the water, with the beans in it, so that they
may take root in the mud.

"The root is thicker than a reed, and it is

282 POLYANDRIA.

polygynia. eaten both boiled and raw, and is called
pistiib numer- Collocasia ; the bean is also eaten green :

ous and indefi-

nite. when it is dry, it becomes of a dark colour, and

is larger than the Grecian bean. " B. 2. c. 128.

To these testimonies might be added
those of Strabo, Athenaeus, and Arrian, to
shew that this plant anciently abounded on
the shores of the Nile, though in modern
times it has not been found in iEgypt.
Arrian's account is very remarkable; ac-
cording to that author, when Alexander
reached the Hydaspes, he believed that he
had discovered a branch of the Nile, from
finding crocodiles in the stream, and the
/Egyptian bean growing on its banks.

" On the banks of the Hvdaspes, after
Alexander had prepared many vessels with
two and with three banks of oars, and ships
for the transport of his horses and his army,
he resolved to sail down the river as far as
the ocean. Here he first saw crocodiles in
the Indus, which he had never before seen
in any river but the Nile; and beans growing
on the banks of the Acesines, such as are
produced in iEgypt ; and having heard that
the Acesines discharged itself into the Indus,
lie thought he had discovered the sources of
the Nile." Arrian E.rped. Alex. Book 6\ c. 1.

POLYANDKIA. 28^

Strabo's account is not less interesting

POLYGYNIA

C T» *- rt„. Pistilla m:m?r

" In the marshes and lakes ot kgypt grow ous and indeti
both the Paper-reed and the Egyptian bean,
which produces a Ciborium.c They are
nearly of equal height, having stems about
ten feet long. But the Paper-reed has a
smooth stem, with foliage growing from the
top : whereas the bean has leaves and flowers
springing from the stem in many places, and
bears a fruit like our bean, but differing in
size and taste. The plantations of beans are
pleasant to the sight and delightful to those
who wish to feast on them. The way of
feasting is to go in boats with cabins'1 into the
thick plantations of them, where a shade is
afforded by the leaves, which are very large,
so as to be used for cups and bowls. They
are adapted to that use by their concavity.
The shops at Alexandria are full of them,
where they are used for vessels. The sale of

c The capsula of this plant was called Ciborium or

Ciiotion. .

d This Egyptian boat was a kind of Gondola, ot which
a -ood representation may be seen in the celebrated mosaic
pavement of the ancient Temple of Fortune at Palestina.
In this pavement there are also rude representations ot this
Egyptian bean-plant growing in the water. Ihere are
many engraved representations of this pavement, but the
most common and of easiest reference is to be found in
Montfaucon's Supplement, Vol. IV.

284 POLTANDHTA.

polygynia them constitutes one part of the profit of a
pistiUa numer. farm." Strabo, Book 17. c. 799, P- 1151.

ous and tndefi- x

nite- When Prosper Alpinus visited Egypt, in

the end of the sixteenth century, he was not
able to discover this plant; nor since his
time has it been found by other travellers :
but we are acquainted with it from India,
where it makes a conspicuous figure in the
Mythology of the eastern nations. Thun-
berg says it is a sacred plant in Japan, and
pleasing to their deities ; and that the images
of their idols are often represented sitting on
its large leaves.

In China, their favourite deity, Shing-moo,
or holy-mother, or rather the mother of
perfect intelligence, which corresponds to the
Isis of the ^Egyptians, and the Ceres of the
G reeks, is generally represented with a flower
of it in her hand, and, if seated, she is usually
placed on one of its peltate leaves ; and few
temples are without some representation of
this plant.

Loureiro says that it abounds in muddy
marshes, and is cultivated in large handsome
pots in the gardens and houses of the Man-
darines in China ; and that there is a variety
with a flower of pure white, and another
with a very beautiful and luxuriant blossom,

POLYANDRIA. 285

having about a hundred large petals, white polygykia
or rose-coloured. It is called Lien-xvha in p^^ndn.u^
the Chinese language. In India this plant nlte-
is called by many different names ; the most
common in Bengal are Cummul and Puddum.
In Hindostan this plant appears to have been
considered with religious veneration in the re-
motest antiquity. In the caves of Carli and
Elephanta are numerous representations of
it in the architectural ornaments, and in re-
ligious symbols ; and I have seen a drawing
by Mr. Daniel of their god of the sun Surya
with one flower in each hand.

In the remains of ancient ^Egyptian
temples, this plant frequently occurs in
sculptured ornaments and symbolical pictures.
There is a figure of I sis represented seated
on a capsula of the iEgyptian Cyamus,
with a flagellum in her hand, in an an-
tique gem, once in the possession of M.
de la Chausse, and engraved in the third
volume De TAcademie Iloyale des Inscrip-
tions. This mode of representing I sis is
not uncommon: Montfaucon supplies many
similar examples. He also gives the re-
presentation of two iEgyptian Altars, orna-
mented in a peculiar manner with birds and
fishes, and capsulae of this ^Egyptian Cyamus,
with pendent stems and leaves.

5286 POLYANDRIA.

polygynia This plant having been anciently common
pistflh numer. to fcLe Nile and to the marshes of iEgypt,

ous and indefi-

'ta- and now not discoverable in that country, it

has been supposed that it must originally
have been imported from the East. The
truth of this opinion, if it were established,
would serve to shew that there was a com-
munication between those distant nations
anterior to historical record : and as this
plant is used as a religious symbol, and in
religious ceremonies, wherever it has been
found indigenous in India; this fact may
afford one conjectural point, among many,
that the religion, as well as the arts, of
Egypt, are indebted to nations of still more
remote antiquity. r. d.

POLYANDUTA. 287

RANUNCULUS SCELERATUS. polygyria

/", , , 7 /-i /• . Pistilla mimer-

Lelery- leaved Lrowjoot. ous anci indefi-

nite-

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5-leaved. Petals, 5, with a honey-
bearing pore on the inside of the claw of each.
Seeds, naked.

Sp, Ch. Lower-leaves, palmate; uppermost, fingered.
Fruit, oblong.

This Ranunculus is one of the most
virulent of all our native plants. If bruised
and applied to the skin it soon raises a
blister, and makes a sore by no means easy
to heal. The poisonous herb of Sardinia
mentioned by Virgil in his seventh Eclogue
is supposed byDioscorides to be some species
of Ranunculus; and probably this, or Ranim-
cuius thora.

CALTHA PALUSTRIS. polygynia

Marsh Marigold. Pistilla numer-

ous and indeh-

Essential Generic Character.

Gen. Cii. Calyx, none. Petals, 5. Neclaria, none. Cat>-
sulce, several, with many seeds.

Tins plant is nearly allied to Trollius% but
has fewer petals and wants the petal-like
nectaria of that Genus. The Trollius has
also fewer seeds in each capsnla than the
Caltha.

nite.

288 POLYANDRtA.

polygynia It abounds plentifully in moist meadows
pistiiia numer- about rivulets and brooks; and in the neigh-

ous and mdc-ti -

nite- bourhood of Cambridge, where I have parti-

cularly noticed it; it blossoms in the begin-
ning of March : Linnreus remarked it in
West Bothland towards the end of May, as
then putting forth the first blossom of the
spring.

British P hints of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

6 Adonis 1 Phe as ant's -eye

28 Anemone 4 Anemone

2 Caltha 2 March-Marygold

21 Clematis 1 Virgin's Bower

7 Helleborus 2 Hellebore

5g Ranunculus 10 Crow-foot

22 Thalictrum 4 Meadow-rue

2 Trollius 1 Globe-flower

British Species figured in Sozcerby's English Botany.

Monis, 308, Anemone, 51, 355, 1062, 1484. Caltha,
500, 21/5. Clematis, 612. Helleborus, 200. 613. Ra-
nunculus, 367, 100, 2306, 584, 624, 681, 515, 1504,
516, 652, , 135, 120, 2003, 101, 2390. Tha-

Ficlrum, 262, 11, 6ll, 307. Trollius, 28.

POLYANDRIA.

289

The different British Genera in this Class described
by their Generic Characters, taken from the seven
parts of fructification, agreeably to the principles
of Linnaeus.

Botanical Description of the Genus
NYMPHtEA.

Calyx. Perianthium beneath, 4-leafed, large, coloured on

the upper surface, permanent.
Corolla. Petals, numerous (often 5,) fixed to the side

of the germen, in more than 1 row.
Stamina. Filaments, numerous (often 70,) fiat, crooked,

obtuse, short. Anthera, oblong, fixed to the edge of

the filaments.
Pistillum. Germen, egg-shaped, large. Style, none.

Stigma, circular, flat, central, sitting, marked with rays,

scallopped at the edge, permanent.
Pericarpium. Berry, hard, egg-shaped, fleshy, rough,

narrow at the neck, crowned at the top, with many cells

(10 to 15), filled with pulp.
Seeds. Many, roundish.

Botanical Description of the Genus
CISTUS.

Calyx. Perianthium, 5-leaves, permanent, leaflets, cir-
cular, concave, 2 of them smaller, placed below, but
alternating with the others.

Corolla. Petals, 5, circular, flat, expanding, very large.

Stamina. Filaments, numerous, hair-like, shorter than
the blossom. Anthers, roundish, small.

Pistillum. Germen, roundish. Style, simple, as long as
the stamina. Stigmata, flat, circular.

Pericarpium. Capula, roundish, covered by the calyx.

2 C

ORDER I.

MONOGYNIA.

One Pistillum,

ORDER I.

MONOI.YMA.

One Pistillum.

290 POLYANDRIA.

Seeds. Numerous, roundish, small.

*** The essential character of the genus consists in the
2 smaller and alternate leaves of the calyx. Some species
have a capsula of I cell and 3 valves, in others it has 5 or
10 cells, and as many valves as there are cells. Linn.

ORDER 1.

MONOGYNTA.

One Pistillum.

Botanical Description of the Genus
CHELIDONIUM.

Calyx. Perianthium , 2-leaved, roundish, leaflets some-
what egg-shaped, concave, obtuse, caducous.

Corolla. Petals, 4, circular, flat, expanding large, nar-
rower at the base.

Stamina. Filaments, many, about 30, flat, broader up-
wards, shorter than the corolla. Antherce, oblong, cora^
pressed, obtuse, erect, twin.

Pistillum. Germen, cylindrical, as long as the stamina.
Style none. Stigma, a knob, bifid.

Pekicarpium. Silique, cylindrical, generally with 2
valves.

Seeds. Many, egg-shaped, shining, adhering to the little
stalk that connects them with the receptaculum. Fecep-
taculum, narrow, situate between the seams of the
valves, and applied close to the seams through their
whole length, continuing entire.

*** The Chelidonium majus produces a long pod of
1 cell ; the Chelidonium glaucium and Chelidonium corni-
culatum 2l long pod of 2 capsular, and the Chelidonium
hybridum a long pod with 3 valves. Chelidonium majus has
a capsula resembling a pod, with knots where the seeds are
placed ; it has 1 cell and 2 valves. The seeds are egg-
shaped, with a kind of crest along the back, and fixed by
each end to a thread-shaped receptaculum and between the
edges of the valves. The Chelidonium glaucium and Cheli-
do?iium hybridum have a very long pod-like capsula com-
pressed transversely, of 2 cells, 2 valves, and a partition

POLYANDRIA.

291

inserted between the edges of the valves. The seeds are
globular, and fixed in hollow cavities to the middle of the
spongy receptaculum. This Genus is distinct from Papaver
by its siliqoose pericarpium.

Botanical Description of the Genus
PAPAVER.

Calyx. Perianthium, 2-leaved, egg-shaped, notched at
the end. Leaflets, 2, somewhat egg-shaped, concave,
blunt, shedding.

Corolla. Petals, 4, circular, flat, expanding, large, nar-
rowest at the base, alternately smaller.

Stamina. Filaments, numerous, hair-like, much shorter
than the corolla. Antheras, oblong, compressed, erect, blunt.

Pistillum. Germ en, nearly globular, large. Style, none.
Stigma, target-shaped, flat, radiated.

Pericarpium. Capsula, of 1 cell, divided half way into
many cells, opening by several apertures beneath the
crown formed by the large and flat stigma.

Seeds. Numerous, very small. Beceptaculum, consisting
of as many longitudinal plaits as there are rays in the
stigma, connected to the sides of the capsuU.

*** The Pericarpium varies in figure from globular to
oblong, and the number of rays in the 'stigma are likewise
yariable. The species may be divided into such as have
smooth and into such as have rough hairy pericarpia. Linn.

Botanical Description of the Genus
PJEONIA.

Calyx Perianthium, 5-leaved, small, permanent ; leaflets

roundish, concave, reflex, unequal in size and situation.
Corolla. Petals, 5, roundish, concave, narrow at the

base, spreading, very large.
Stamina. Filaments numerous, (about three hundred)

capillary, short. Antherce, oblong, quadrangular, erect,

4 -celled, large,

ORDER 1.

MONOGYNIA.

One Pistillum,

ORDER 2,

DIGYNIA.

Two Pistilla.

202

POLYANDRIA.

ORDER 3.

TRIGYNIAj

Three Pistilla.

Pistilla. Germina, 2, ovate, erect, tomentose. Styles,
none. Stigmata, compressed, oblong, blunt, coloured.

Pericarpium. A double Capsula, ovate, oblong, spread-
ing, and reflex, tomentose, celled, 1-valved, opening
longitudinally inwards.

Seeds. Several, oval, shining, coloured, fastened to the
opening suture.

"**.* The most natural number of the germina seems
to be 2, but they vary much in different, and even in the
same species. They hardly ever amount to 5.

Botanical Description of the Genus
DELPHINIUM.

Calyx. None.

Corolla. Petals, 5, unequal, placed in a circle, the
uppermost before, blunter than the rest, behind, extended
into a straight, tubular, long, blunt horn, the other, egg-
spear-shaped, expanding, nearly equal.
Nectarium cloven, its front standing in the upper part of
the circle of the petals, and its hinder part enclosed by
the tube of the uppermost petal.

Stamina. Filaments many (15 to 30,) awl-shaped,
broadest at the base, very small, inclining towards the
uppermost petal." Anthers, erect, small.

Pistilla. Germina, 3 or 1, egg-shaped, ending in styles
as long the stamina. Stigmata, simple, reflected.

Pericarpium. Capsule, 3 or 1, egg-awl-shaped, straight.

with 1 valve, opening inwards.
Seeds. Many, angular.

ORDER 5.

PENTAGYNIA.

five Pistilla.

Botanical Description of the Genus
AQTJILEGIA.

Calyx. Perianthium, none.

Corolla. Petals, 5, spear-egg-shaped, flat, expanding,
equal. JVectaria, 5, equal, alternating with the petals,
horned, gradually widening upwards, the mouth ascend-

POLYANDRIA. 293

ing obliquely outwards, fixed to the receptaculum in-
wardly, extending below into a long tapering tube, blunt
at the end.

Stamina. Filaments, many, (30 to 40,) awl-shaped, the
outer ones the shortest. Antheree, oblong, erect, as high
as the nectaria.

Pistilla. Germina, 5, egg-oblong, ending in awl-shaped
styles, longer than the stamina. Stigmata, erect, undi-
vided : 10 short, wrinkled, chaffy substances separate
and enclose the germina.

Pericarpium. Capsule, 5, distinct, cylindrical, parallel,
straight, tapering to a point, with 1 valve, opening from
the point inwardly.

Seeds. Many, egg-shaped, keeled, fixed to the opening
seam.

Botanical Description of the Genus orders.

STRATIOTES. hkT^.a.

Six Pistilla,

Flowers with only Stamina.

Calyx. Spatka, 2-leaved, containing 3 or 5 florets:
leaflets boat-shaped, compressed, blunt, approaching,
keeled, nearly equal, permanent

Calyx, 1 leaf, with three divisions, erect, deciduous.

Corolla. Petals, 3, inversely heart-shaped, erect, but
expanding twice as large as the calyx.
Nectaria, 20, resembling antherae, strap-spear-shaped,
acute, placed in a circle, standing on the receptaculum.

Stamina. Filaments, 12, thread-shaped, shorter than the
nectaria, fixed to the receptaculum. Antheree, strap-
shaped, erect.

Flowers with only Pistilla.
On the same plant.

Calyx. Spatha, as above, but enclosing only 1 floret.

Calyx, as above, superior.
Corolla. As above.

Nectaria, as above, but rather larger.

'-.'J-i

ORDER 7.

rOI.YGYMA;

Pistilla numer-
ous and indeii-
nite.

POLYAXDRIA.

Pistilla. Germen, beneath, egg-shaped, but with 6
angles, and compressed. Styles, 6, divided down to the
base. Stigmata, simple, bent outwards.

Pericarpium. Berry, egg-shaped, tapering at each end,
with 6 sides, and 6 cells j pulp pellucid.

Seeds. Many, oblong, cylindrical.

*** Nectaria from 21 to 1. Stamina from 11 to 13.
The Stratioies abides, in cold climates, bears perfect
tlowers, with 20 stamina in each.

Botanical Description of the Genus
RANUNCULUS.

Calyx. Perianthium, 5 leaves. Leaflets, egg-shaped,

concave, a little coloured, deciduous.
Corolla. Petals, 5, blunt, shining, with small claws.

Nectarium, a little cavity, just above the claw of each

petal.
Stamina. Filaments, many, nearly half as long as the

petals. Anthers, erect, oblong, blunt, double.
Pistilla. Germina, numerous, forming a knob. Styles,

none. Stigmata, reflected, very small.
Pericarpium. None. Receptaculum , connecting the

seeds by very short footstalks.
Seeds. Many, irregular, crooked at the point, figure various.

*** The essential character of this Genus consists in
the Nectarium , the other parts of the flower are inconstant.
This nectarium is in some species a naked pore, in others,
encompassed by a cylindrical border, and in others, closed by
a scale which is notched at the end. In this species there is
an awl-shaped receptaculum, and the fruit is in a spike.
In the Ranunculus Jrcaria the perianthium has three leaves,
and the blossoms more than five petals. The Ranunculus
hederaceus has only five stamina. In some species the
seeds are roundish, in others, depressed ; sometimes they
are beset with prickles like a hedge- hog, and sometimes
they are but a few in number. Linn.

POLYANDIUA. 295

Botanical Description of the Genus order 7.

CAjjlriA. POLYGYNIA.

PistiUa numer-
CALYX. None. ous arid indefi-

Cokolla. Petals, 5, egg-shaped, flat, expanding, large,

shedding.
Stamina. Filaments, numerous, thread-shaped, shorter

than the petals. Anthera, compressed, blunt, erect.
Pistilla. Germina, from 5 to 10, oblong, compressed,

erect. Styles, none. Stigmata, simple.
Pericarpium. Capsule, from 5 to 10, short, tapering to

a point, expanding, keeled at both edges, opening at the

upper seam.
Seeds. Many, roundish, with an edging fixed to the

upper seam.

MO^OGTTNIA

CLASS

ORMK. 1

J

1 1

"WHITE WATERHULI-lf
M -M

i PILE A AUBA

1

^z^rsi

NYMPJELEA CJEK.1PXEA

MONOGYNU

Dwarf '&tu*s

CIOTUS HELIAHTHEMTTM

-

CHELID OHIITM C ORWI rriLATTTM
an

POLYAWD

PAP.

SOMOTFElRiml
ran

PQJLYAlvrimiA

MONOGYNIA

CLASS X

ORDER 2

VI

RffiONY

PxEOIOA C'ORALI.l^A

k

POEX&NBMIA.
trigynia

■CLASS XII!

ORDER 3

TEA TMJEE

— V

( apsufa
• •tii-'i.'ttti.i ifircf seeds.

■r t/n Cap rula

THE A

POLTANDMIA

TRIGYNIA

Fidrf Zarkspicr

BEIPHWIUM COKSOLIBA

POJLYAIODKIA

PKNTAGYNTA

CI ASS ]

ORDER 5

t

COMMON rOlLITMBIWE

AQUILEGIA WLGAMS

"A^vv^

HEXAGYNIA

CLASS

ORDER 6

WATER ALOE

STMATIOTE § ALOIDE S

POMTAJSMRIA

POLYGYNIA

CLASS Xffl

ORDER 7

EGYPTIAN BEA^MXX

..CYAMU § SHBUUMB O

MJPE CAPSTCTEA WITH SEEBS OF THE
CYAMXTS WE3LITMB©

POLYCVYNIA.

CeUrv-Bu^d Crowfoot

RAJfUN CTU1L1TS SCEIEKAT1S

POLYGYRIA

Mars7i Mangold

CA1LTHA 1PAL.USTRI §

DIDYNAMIA.

CLASS XIV.

FOUR STAMINA, 2 LONG AND 2 SHORT.

THIS CLASS HAS TWO ORDERS.

This Class contains most of the labiate, ringent, or per-
sonate flowers, as the Balm, Dead-nettle, Snap-dragon,
Fox-glove, &c.

The Orders of this Class are named after the manner of
producing their seeds. The first Order produces "naked
seeds at the bottom of a Calyx, usually four in number.
The second Order produces seeds in a pod or capsula.8

ORDER I.

ORDER 1.

NEPETA. GYMNOSFER-

MIA.

Of the Genus Nepeta there is only one British Seedsexi,osed-
species.

This plant is called Nepeta by Pliny ; derived from
Nepa, being supposed to be efficacious against the bite of
a scorpion. Linnaeus derives it from the name of a town
in Italy between Rome and Viterbo.

a The plants which produce naked seeds are generally
aromatic, whilst those of the second Order of this class,
producing their seeds in a pod, are often of a poisonous
nature.

2 D

29S

DIDYNAMIA.

ORDER 1.

CYMNOSPER-
MIA:

Seeds exposed:

NEPETA CATAREA.
Nep, or Cat-mint.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters,

Gen. Ch. Corolla with the middle segment of its lower
lip crenate : orifice with a reflexed margin.
Stamina, approaching each other.

Sp. Ch. Floivers, spiked ; the whorls slightly pedun-
culated. Leaves, on foot-stalks, heart-shaped,
dentato-serrated.

This plant grows wild about hedges and
road-sides, in a chalky and gravelly soil, in
various parts of England, though seldom
very plentifully. It blossoms in the latter
part of the summer.

Every part of this herb emits, when
bruised, a pungent aromatic odor. Cats ap-
pear to be particularly fond of the scent.
Whenever they meet with it they entirely
destroy it, by chewing the young branches,
and rolling themselves upon the plant as
long as any scent remains. Cat-thyme,
Teucrium marum, is another plant for which
cats have a similar partiality.

DIDYNAMIA. 299

GLECHOMA. order i.

GYMNOSPER.
MIA.

Of the Genus Glechoma there is only one known Seeds exposed
species.

The name is derived from yA-^wv, a plant in Dios-
corides.

GLECHOMA HEDERACEA,
Ground- Ivy.

Essential Generic Character.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5 cleft, nearly regular. Anthene ap-
proaching each other in pairs forming a cross.

This plant is common in dry groves
about hedge banks, under park walls or
pales, and similar situations, where it puts
out its fragrant foliage on the first approach
of spring, and blossoms in April and May.

An extract of the leaves of this plant
has been long in use with the common
people, as a remedy for many complaints :
it is now but little prescribed by medi-
cal practitioners, but Ray gives a remark-
able instance of its efficacy in removing
a violent and inveterate head-ache by draw-
ing the juice of the plant up the nostrils.

2 d 2

300 DIDYNAMIA.

ORDER L TEUCRIUM.

GYMNOsfcR-

mia. Of theGenus Teucrium there are three Butish species.

The name is derived from Teucer, son of Scamander, and
father-in-law to Dardanus king of Troy.

TEUCRIUM SCORODONIA.

Wild Sage.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Upper lip of the Corolla divided down below its

base and divaricated. Stamina projecting"

above it.
Sp. Ch. Leaves heart-shaped, serrated, on foot-stalks.

Stem, erect. Flowers leaning to one side, in

lateral and terminal clusters.

This is a common English plant, the
leaves of which in appearance somewhat
resemble the garden sage, and when rubbed
in the hand have the same scent as the Hop.
In the island of Jersey it is said to be used
in brewing as a bitter : I have known it used
in Worcestershire for that purpose, dried
and prepared like the Hop, in the proportion
of twice the quantity, without any per-
ceivable difference in the flavour of the beer.
It grows wild by the sides of woods and
hedges, and is in blossom in July and August.

DIDYNAMIA. 301

VERBENA. order i.

GYMNOSPER-

Of the Genus Verbena there is only this one British mia.

Seeds exposed,
species.

The derivation of the name is very uncertain. In

Greek it is called Iefoforanj, the sacred herb, because

bunches of it were suspended in lustrations; but this name

was common to plants used in the sacred rites.

VERBENA OFFICINALIS,

Common Vervain.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, with 5 teeth, one of them shorter than
the rest. Corolla, funnel-shaped, nearly equal,
curved. Stamina, 1 or 4. Seeds, 2 or 4,
enclosed in a thin tunic.

Sp. Ch. Stamina, 4. Spikes, slender, panicled. Leaves,
deeply cut. Stem, mostly solitary.

This plant is not un frequent in waste
places about villages blossoming in July.
It is tbe Sagmina of Livy, and in the first
book of that historian there is a particular
description of the use that was made of it
to confirm and bind the treaties entered into
by the ancient Romans on the return of
peace with their hostile neighbours ; and
Pliny says expressly that sagmina and verbena

302 DIDYNAMIA.

meant the same plant ; which was also used
by the ambassadors when they went to re-
claim any thing that had been carried away
by an enemy, and the person who had the
particular office of carrying it was called
Verbenarius.

order i. THYMUS.

GYMNOSPER-

MIA.

Seeds exposed.

GYMNOSPER-

mia. Of the Genus Thymus there are four British species.

The name is So/ao^ in Theophrastus and Dioscorides ;
derived from Svpog, courage, strength ; being supposed to
revive the spirits : or from Svw, sacrifiao, because it was
used for incense in the temples.

THYMUS SERPYLLUM,
Wild Thyme.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 2-lipped, its orifice closed with hairs.

Corolla, the upper lip flat, notched.
Sp. Ch. Flowers in small heads. Stems, decumbent.

Leaves, flat, ovate, obtuse; fringed at the

base.

This plant abounds in dry and gravelly
countries, and bees are fond of frequenting
the flowers. It very much resembles com-
mon garden thyme in its scent, from whence

D1DYNAMIA.

it has its English name. It is in blossom order i

during; the summer months. gymnosper.

° MIA.

Seeds exposed.

In the province of St. Jago in Chili there
is a plant of this Class and Order, supposed
to be a species of wild Basil, Ocimum salinum, b
resembling the common Basil so much as
hardly to be distinguished from it, except
that the flower-stem is round and jointed,
and its scent and taste not like the Basil, but
rather like that of a sea flag, or some marine
plant. It is an annual, shooting forth in
the spring, and continuing till the com-
mencement of winter : every morning it is
covered with hard and shining' saline g;lo-
bules, resembling dew, which the country-
men shake off the leaves to serve them as
common salt, and in some respects is thought
to be of a superior quality. Every plant
produces daily about half an ounce of this
salt; but Molina, a scientific naturalist, to
whom we are indebted for this information,
says, that it is extremely difficult to account
for this phenomenon, as the situation where
he found these plants was in the most fertile

h Ocimum fol. ovatis glabris, eaule geniculata,

S04- DIDYNAMIA.

order 1. part of the kingdom, and at a distance from
gymnosper- the sea of more than seventy miles. c

MIA. J

Seed* exposed. When we see some plants secrete flint,

separate and distinct from their fibres, as
well as combined with their organic structure ;
and when we also know that plants secrete
alcali in every situation, I cannot per-
ceive why Molina should consider the con-
tiguity of the sea to be essential to the
production of a neutral salt in the Ocimum
salinum.

British Plants of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

6 Ajuga 4 B'JGLE

6 Ballota 1 Black Horehound

7 Betonica. . . 1 Betony

5 Clinopodium 1 Wild Basil

3 Galeobdolon 1 YellowDeao-nettle

4 Galeopsis 4 Hemp-nettle

1 Glechoma 1 Ground-ivy

13 Lamium 5 Archangel

5 Leonurus 1 Mother-wort

11 Marrubium 1 White Horehound

2 Melittis 2 Bastard-Balm

19 Mentha"1 13 Mint

20 Nepeta 1 Cat Mint

12 Origanum 1 Marjoram

3 Prunella 1 Self-heal

c This account I have translated from an Italian work,
entitled Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chile, del Signor
Abate Gio. Ignazio Molina, p. \3Q.

d Mentha odorata is the plant from which the Berga-
motte of the shops is produced ; and Mentha piperita,
Pepper-mint- water.

DIDYNAMIA.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

J 6 Scutellaria 2 Scull-cap

24 Stachys 5 Stachys

6g Teucrium 3 Germander

22 Thymus 4 Thyme

23 Verbena l Vervain

British Species figured in Sowerby's English Botany.

Ajtiga, 48$, 477, 77, 1270. Ballb~ta,46. Betomca, 1142.
Clinopodium, 1401. Galeoldolon, 787. Galeopsis, 884,
2353, 207, 667. Gkchoma, 853. Laniium, 768, 769,
770, 1Q33, 2550. Leonurus, 286. Marruluum, 410.
Melittis, 577, 636. Mentha, 686, 446, 2424, 687,
1025, 447, 2415, 1413, 2118, 44g, 211Q, 1026, 2120.
Nepeta, 137 . Origanum, 1143. Prunella, 961. Scutel-
laria, 523, 524. Stachys, 4l6, 1675, 829, 1154, 208^.
Teucrium, 1543, 828, 680. Thymus, 1514,411,1676,
1414. Verbena, 767-

305

ORDER II.

LINNiEA.

Of the Genus Linnjea there is only this one known
species, which was named by Gronovius in honour of Lin-
naeus.

ORDER 2.

ANGIOSPER-
MIA.

Seeds enclosed.

LINN^EA BOREALIS.

Two-fiozcered Linnaa.

Essential Generic Character.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, double ; that of the fruit 2-leaved ; that
of the flower in 5 divisions, superior. Corolla,
bell-shaped. Berry, dry, 3-celled.

Linnaeus borealis grows in dry, stony,
mossy woods ; it is found wild in the neigh-

2 E

506

DIPYNAMIA.

order 2, bourhood of Aberdeen, and blossoms in May
ANmia.per" an^ June« It is fragrant at night, and smells

Seeds enclosed. Uke the MwdaWSWeet.

Linnaeus found this plant as far north as
Lulea, and in his Lapland Tour he has thus
described it: " Though this flower is, not
without reason, reckoned by every body of
the regular kind, its stamina indicate the
contrary. They are four as in labiate flowers,
two small and two larger ones near the other
side. Betwixt these the pistillum is placed,
being; bent towards the side as in labiate
plants. The upper lip is therefore to be
understood as consisting of two lobes, the
lower of three, though alt the lobes are alike."
Linnseus, who seems to have had a particular
partiality to it, traced a fanciful analogy
between it and his own early fate — ' a little
' northern plant, flowering early, depressed,
' abject, and long over-looked. 'd

d Linnaeus, the celebrated naturalist and founder of this
system, was the son of a clergyman, born at Roeshult, in
the province of Smaland in Sweden, in 1/07 • He studied
physic at Leyden, and in 1/35 took his doctor's degree,
after which he settled at Stockholm. At the age of 34
he was appointed Professor of Physic and Botany in the
university of Upsal. Pie also became physician to the king,
who created him a knight of the polar star, and conferred
on him a pension with a patent of nobility. He was the
founder and first president of the academy of Stockholm,

DCDYNAMIA. 307

ANTIRRHINUM. order 2.

ANGIOSPER-

Of the Genus Antirrhinum there are eight British MIA-

species. Antirrhinum is derived from AvSippivov, by which
name it is known in Theophrastus and Dioscorides.

ANTIRRHINUM LINARIA.
Toad-flax.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5-leaved. Corolla, with a prominence at

its base, pointing downwards and bearing

honey. Capsula, 2-celled.
Sr. Ch. Leaves, linear-lanceolate, crowded. Stem, erect.

Spikes, terminal. Flowers, imbricated. Calyx,

smooth, shorter than the spur.

This plant is common on banks by road
sides and in dry pastures; blossoming from
July to September. This flower is a good
example of a personate corolla; a term
employed by Tournefort. The corolla of
the Glechoma and Teucrium and those of a
similar character he denominates labiate or
lipped. Linnaeus employs rin gens to express
both these kinds, not very aptly, by which,

and a member of several foreign societies. He travelled
into Norway, Dalecarlia, Desert Lapland, Germany, Hol-
land, Fiance, and England, in eager pursuit of his favourite
science. He died in 1/78.

2 E 2

308 PIDYNAMIA.

descriptions are sometimes confused : and I
perfectly agree with professor Marty n that
the confusion would be cleared up if the
term Labiate might be permitted to express
an irregular monopetalous corolla with two
lips; and to appropriate the term Ringent to
such as have the lips gaping or open, and
Personate, to such as have them closed.

orders. SIBTHOUPIA.

mia. Of the Genus Sibthorpia there is only this one known

Seeds enclosed, species, which was named by Linnaeus in honour of

Humphrey Sibthorp, M. D. Professor of Botany at Oxford.

SIBTHORPIA EUROP^EA.
Cornish Money -zcort.

Essential Generic Character.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, in 5 divisions. Corolla, 5-cleft irre-
gular. Stamina, approaching each other in
pairs. Capula, compressed, inversely heart-
shaped, of 2 cells with transverse partitions.

This plant is a native of Devonshire and
Cornwall, and grows in shady places chiefly
about springs : it is perennial and blossoms
from June till August.

In this Order the Acanthus is placed; an
herbaceous plant, of ornamental foliage, often

ANGIOSPER-
MIA:

Seeds enclosed.

DIDYNAMIA. 309

alluded to by the ancient poets, e and from orders.
which Callimachus, a Greek architect, is said
to have invented the Corinthian capital,
suggested to him by accidentally finding it,
growing round a basket covered with a tile.

British Plants of this Order.

Botnnical Generic Names. Common Names.

52 Antirrhinum 8 Snap-dragon

5 Bartsia 3 Bartsia

12 Digitalis 1 Fox-glovb

9 Euphrasia 1 Eye-bright

4 Lathr/ea I Tooth-wort

2 Limosella 1 Mud-wort

1 LlNNvEA 1 LiNNjEA

5 Melampyrctm 4 Cow-wheat

14 Orobanche 6 Broom-rape

\Q Pedicularis 2 Louse-wort

8 Rhinanthus 1 Penny-grass

22 Scrophularia 4 Fig-wort

1 Sibthorpia 1 Cornish Money-wort

e Et nobis idem Aleimedon duo pocula fecit,
Et molli circum est ansas amplexus acantho ;

Eel. iii. v. 44.

Virgil also mentions an Acanthus, which was an Acacia-
tree, supposed to be the Mimosa nilotica of Linnaeus, the
same tree which produces the gum Arabic. It is alluded to
in Eel. iv. v. 20. Georg. ii. v. 119, and a figure of it
is inserted in a new Edition of Martyn's Virgil, plate 24.

310 1MDYNAM1A.

ORDER 2.

a 'GiosPER- British Species figured in Sower by9 s English Botany,

MIA.

Seeds enclosed. Antirrhinum, 502, 6Q\ , 6Q2, 1253,658, 2014, 129, U55.
Bartsia,36\, 1045, 1415. Digitalis, \2QJ. Euphrasia,
1416. Lathrcea, 50. Limosella, 357. Linncea, 433.
Melampyrum, 41, 53, 1 13, 804. Orobanche, 42 1, 568,
422,423,184,1786. Pedicularis,3g9, 400. Rhindnthus,
657. Scrophularia, 154.4, S54,220g, 567. Sibthorpia,
649.

DIDYNAMIA.

311

The different Genera in this Class described by their
Generic Characters, taken from the seven parts of
fructification, agreeably to the principles of Lin-
nceus.

Botanical Description of the Genus
NEPETA.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 -leaf, tubular, cylindrical ; mozith
with 5 teeth, acute, erect, upper teeth, the longest, the
hwer, most expanded.

Corolla. Petal, 1, gaping. Tube, cylindrical, crooked ;
border, open. Mouth, expanding, heart-shaped, ter-
minated by 2 very short, reflected, blunt segments.
Upper Up, erect, circular, notched at the end. Loiver
lip, circular, concave, larger, entire, a little scallopped at
the edge.

Stamina. Filaments, 4, 2 long and 2 short, awl-shaped,
approaching, covered by the upper lip. Anthercc, fixed
sidewise.

Pistillum. Germen, with 4 clefts. Style, thread-
shaped, agreeing in length and situation with the
stamina. Stigma, cloven, acute.

Pericarpium. None. The perianthium standing erect
contains the seeds.

Seeps. Four, somewhat egg-shaped.

*^.* If the segments of the mouth be reckoned as a
part of the lower lip, that, lip must then be considered as
havinsr 3 divisions. Linn.

ORDER 1.

GYMNOSPER-
MIA.

Seeds naked
and exposed.

312

DIDYNAMIA.

ORDER 1.

GYMNOSPER-

MIA.
Seeds naked
and exposed.

Botanical Description of the Genus
GLECHOMA.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, tubular, cylindrical, scored,
very small, permanent, rim, with 5 clefts, segments un-
equal, tapering to a point.

Corolla. Petal, 1, gaping. Tube, slender, compressed.
Upper Up erect, obtuse with a shallow cleft. Lower Up,
expanding, large, obtuse, with 3 segments, the middle
one largest, and notched at the end.

Stamina. Filaments, 4, 2 long and 2 short, covered by
the upper lip. Anlheree, of each pair of stamina ap-
proaching so as to form a cross.

Pistillum. Germen, cloven into 4. Style, thread-
shaped, leaning under the upper lip. Stigma, cloven,
acute.

Pericarpium. None. The seeds at the bottom of the
calyx.

Seeds. Four, egg-shaped.

ORDER l.

GVMNOSPF-R-

MIA.
Seeds naked
and exposed.

Botanical Description of the Genus
TEUCRIUM.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, with 5 shallow clefts,
nearly equal, acute, bulging on one side of the base,
permanent.

Corolla. Petal, i, gnplng. Tube, cylindrical short,
ending in a crooked mouth. Upper lip, erect, acute,
deeply divided, even lower than its base, segments,
standing wide. Lower lip with 3 clefts, expanding,
lateral segments, a little erect, of the shape of the upper
lip, the middle one large, circular.

Stamina. Filaments 4, awl-shaped, longer than the upper
lip of the blossom, and projecting between its segments.
Anthcrcc, small.

Pistillum. Germen, with 4 divisions. Style, thread-

DIDYNAMIA.

shaped, agreeing in size and situation with the stamina.

Stigmata, 2, slender.
Pericari>ium. None. The Calyx remaining unchanged,

contains the seeds within it.
Seeds. Four, roundish.

*#* The ve|ry deep division of the upper lip of the
blossom, and its segments so wide apart, give the appear-
ance of a flower without any upper lip. The Teucrium
Chamtedrys has a tubular calyx, and bears its flowers in the
bosom of the leaves. Linn.

513

Botanical Description of the Genus
VERBENA.

ORDER 1.

GYMNOSPER.
MIA.

Seeds naked
Calyx. Perianthium, 1, leaf angular, tubular, slender, and exposed.

permanent with 5 teeth, one of the teeth lopped.

Corolla. Petal, 1, unequal. Tube, cylindrical, straight,
as long as the perianthium, dilated, and bowed inward
towards the top. Border, expanding, with 5 shallow
clefts. Segments, rounded, nearly equal.

Stamina. Filaments, 4, like bristles, very short concealed
within the tube of the corolla, 2 of them longer. Antherce,
crooked.

Pistillum. Germen, 4-cornered. Style, simple, thread-
shaped as long as the tube. Stigma, blunt.

Pericarpium. Very fine and thin, but generally none,
the perianthium containing the seeds.

Seeds. Two or four, oblong.

*#* Linneeus put this Genus in the Class Diarnlriu,
because some of the species have only two stamina, but as
the species found with us has uniformly four, and its
structure in other respects agreeing with the plants of this
Class it is introduced here, where the English Botanist
would expect to find it.

314

DIDYNAMIA.

ORDER I.

GYMNOSPER.

MIA.

Seeds naked
and exposed.

ORDER 2.

ANGIOSPER-

MIA.

Seeds enclosed.

Botanical Description of the Genus
THYMUS.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, tubular, cloven half way
down into 2 lips, permanent. Mouth, closed by soft
hairs. Upper lip, broader, flat, erect, with 3 teeth.
Lower lip, with 2 bristles, of equal length.

Corolla. Petal, 1, gaping. Tube, as long as the perian-
thium. Mouth, small. Upper Up, short, flat, erect, notched
at the end, blunt. Lower lip, long, expanding, broader,
with 3 segments, blunt ; middle segment, broadest.

Stamina. Filaments, A, 2 long and 2 short, crooked.
Anther ce, small.

Pistillum. Germen, with 4 divisions. Style, thread-
shaped. Stigma, cloven, acute.

Pericarpium. None. The perianthium becoming nar-
row at the neck, encloses the seeds.

Seeds. Four, small, roundish.

Botanical Description of the Genus
LINNJEA.

Calyx. Perianthium, double.

Calyx of the Fruit beneath, 4-leaved j 2 leaflets
opposite, very small, acute, the other 2 elliptical, con-
cave, erect, rough with hairs, embracing the germen,
converging, permanent.

Calyx of the Flowers superior, of 1 leaf with 5 divi-
sions, erect, slender, acute, equal.

Corolla. Petal, 1, bell-shaped, with 5 shallow clefts,
obtuse, nearly equal, twice the size of the calyx.

Stamina. Filaments, 4, awl-shaped, fixed to the bottom
of the blossom, 2 very small, the other 2 near together,
longer, but shorter than the blossom. Antherce, com-
pressed, vane-like.

Pistillum. Germen, roundish, beneath. Style, thread-
shaped, straight, leaning, as the blossom. Stig «m,globular.

PiiRiCARriUM. Berry, juiceless, egg-shaped, 3-celled,

DIDYNAMIA. 315

covered by the rough hairy glutinous calyx of the fruit,
deciduous.
Seeds. Two, roundish.

Botanical Description of the Genus ORDER2.

ANTIRRHINUM. an^oT^r-

MIA.

Seeds enclosed.
Calyx. Perianthium, with 5 divisions- permanent. Seg-

merits, oblong, the 2 lower, more expanding.

Corolla. Petal, 1, gaping. Tube, oblong, bulging;
border with two lips. Upper lip, cloven, reflected side-
ways. Lower lip, with 3 clefts, obtuse. Palate, con-
vex, mouth generally closed by a projection of the lower
lip, which is channelled on the under side.
Nectarium, projecting backwards from the base of the
corolla.

Stamina. Filaments, 4, 2 short and 2 long, nearly as long
as the corolla, and enclosed by the upper lip. Antherce,
approaching.

Pistillum. Germen, roundish. Style, simple, agreeing
in length and situation with the stamina. Stigma>
obtuse.

Pericarpium. Capsula, roundish, obtuse, cells 2. Figure
and manner of opening, different in different species.

Seeds. Many. Receptaculum, kidney-shaped, solitary,
fixed to the partition.

*** The nectarium and the seed-vessel differ greatly in
different species. In some, the nectarium is long and awl-
shaped and the seed-vessel opens equally. In others, the
nectarium is obtuse, scarcely protuberating ; the capsula
unequal at the base, opening at the top obliquely 5 in others,
stiil different.

Botanical Description of the Genus orders.

SIBTHORPIA. angler-

MIA.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, turban-shaped, with 5 di- Seeds enclosed
visions, expanding j leajlets, egg-shaped, permanent.

316

DIDYNAMIA.

ORDER 2.

ANGIOSFER-
MIA.

Seeds enclosed.

Corolla. Petal, 1, with 5 divisions, expanding, equal, as
long as the perianthium. Segments, rounded.

Stamina. Filaments, 4, hair-like, 2 of them approaching.
Anthercc, heart-oblong.

Pistillum. Germen, roundish, compressed. Style, cy-
lindrical, thicker than the filaments, as long as the corolla.
Stigma, a simple knob, depressed.

Pericarpium. Capsula, compressed, round and flat,
inflated on each side, edges, acute, valves 2, cells 2,
partition transverse.

Seeds. Several, roundish, oblong, convex on one side,
flat on the other. Receptaculum, globular, fixed to the
middle of the partition.

Older i

Seeds exposed

GYaCTOSriTiil f A

DIDXTS'AMIA

FOITJR STAMXWA Seeds enclosed

2 LC3G * I »E OBT

AyGiOSTIBMIA.

TOE CMAiRA€TEIROjFTHE CLASS & GKDIEBS OF

CLASS xrvr

BIBYKAMIA

GYMNOSPERMIA

CLASS XIV

ORDER 1

ca.t«mi^tt

WEPETA CATARIA

>^^>s^

s^s^.

DIBXISAMIA

GTMN O S PE RMI A.

Grow*

GLECHOMA HEDE1RACEA

X5V

JDIDYNAMIA

GBINOSPEBMIA.

TETTCMUM 8 C OB-OB ONIA

Corrov- n \%Vsrvazn
VE1RBEPTA ©ITICIHAJLI!

THYMUS s E RPYL1LFM

D>IPY>':\M I A

ANGIOSPERMIA

CLASS JW

ORDER 2

I

TWO-IFLOWEIREB UKK4EA

JLINMdEA BOIREAILIS
kj\j^j^j\ — — — — — »

ANGIOSPERMIA

Toad-fLaa:

AOTiaRHIlUM 1LI K"AB IA

IMiUYKAMIA

ANGIOSPERMIA

Ccrrash-_ Mercey-wcrt

SIBTHOILFIA E1T

33Y

TETRADYNAMI A.

CLASS XV.

SIX STAMINA, 4 LONG AND 2 SHORT.

THIS CLASS HAS TWO ORDERS.

The Orders of this Class, like the former, are named
after the manner of producing their seeds. The first
Order has its seeds in a short or roundish pod, or pouch.
The second Order has its seeds contained in a very long pod.

All the plants of this Class possess similar virtues ; they
are termed acrid and antiscorbutic in their raw state, as
Mustard and Water-cress ; when cultivated and boiled, they
become a mild wholesome food, as Cabbage, Turnip, &c.

The flowers of this tribe of plants are called cruciformed,
from their having four petals, which make a fanciful re-
semblance to a Greek cross.

2 F

318

TETRADYNAM1A.

ORDER 1.

SILICULOSA.

Seeds in a
short Pod.

ORDER I.
IBERIS.

Of the Genus Ibekis there are two British species.
The Genus is named lfisgis by Dioscorides, and the name
is supposed to be derived from Iberia, its place of natural
growth.

IBERIS AMARA.
Sitter Candy-tuft.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Corolla, irregular, the 2 external petals being
longest and largest. Pouch, with many seeds,
notched.

Sf. Ch. Stem, herbaceous. Leaves, lanceolate, pointed,
a little indented. Jlowers, racemose.

This plant is an annual, and grows wild
in great plenty in the neighbourhood of
Wallingford in Berkshire. It is hardy, and
its beauty has procured it a place in our
gardens, where Sir James Edward Smith
observes that it grows much more luxuriantly
than in its native chalky soil. It blossoms
in July, and the whole herb is nauseously
bitter. The Genus Iberis is unique in its
natural Order in having unequal petals.

TETRADYNAMIA. 319

DRAB A. ORDER l.

S1L1CULOSA.

Or the Genus Draba there are five British species. Seedsjna
Draba is a name in Dioscorides : according to Linnaeus,
derived from ?f aCy, acrid.

short Pod.

DRABA VERNA.
Common Whitlow-grass.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Pouch, entire, long oval : valves flattish, pa-
rallel to the partition. Style, scarcely any.

Sp. Ch. Stalks, naked. Petals, cloven. Leaves, lan-
ceolate, hairy, slightly cut.

On the tops of walls and on dry banks
this Draba is common, putting forth its
delicate blossoms in the month of March.
T first noticed it growing in the wall of the
Botanic Garden in Oxford ; and, from nu-
merous associations, if I have a favourite
plant, this, which I first Botanically knew,
may be said to be mine.

320 TETRADYNAMIA.

SUBULAR1A.

jbularia there is <
species. It is so named from its awl- shaped leaves.

ORDER 1.

M L1CU LOS .«.

short Pod. Of the Genus Subularia there is only this one known

SUBULARIA AQUATICA.

Ami-wort.
Essential Generic Character.

Gen. Ch. Pouch, entire, elliptical ; valves elliptical, con-
cave, contrary to the partition. Style, shorter
than the pouch.

This little plant is an annual, and seldom
exceeds two inches in height. It is found
at the bottom of lakes in Ireland, Scotland,
and Wales, always immersed in the water. At
first sight it might be mistaken for a Draba,
but an essential difference is found in the
partition, being contrary to the valves, and
not parallel with them as in that Genus. It
blossoms in July.

TETRABYNAMIA. 321

ISATIS.

ORDER i.
Of the Genus Isatis there is only one British species, sii.iculosa.

By Dioscorides it is called I<rati$, and by Pliny, Isatis : ?eeds in a

" ' short Pod,

but its primary derivation is not known.

ISATIS TINCTORIA.
Dyers' Woad.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Pouch, lanceolate, ] -celled, single -seeded, de-
ciduous, with 2 boat-like valves.

Sp. Ch. Radical leaves, crenated, stem leaves, arrow-
shaped. Pouch, oblong.

This plant has been supposed not to be
indigenous to this country, because it is
always found with us in and about cultivated
fields, and, according to Linnaeus, it is a
maritime plant ; but from Pliny we learn that
the ancient Britons painted their bodies with
it; at least, from his description, it would
seem to be the same ; if so, it must be
considered as a native British plant.

Woad is much used by dyers for its blue
colour, and it is the basis of black and many
other colours.

Queen Elizabeth took offence at the
scent of this herb, and on that account, it
2 G

322 TETRADYNAMIA.

order i. is said, she issued an edict prohibiting its
siliculosa. cultivation.*1

Seeds in a

short Pod, According to Hakluyt we were depen-

dent upon France for it in 1576, but in 1582
he says, " Thus was Woad brought in, and
came to good perfection, to the great loss of
the French, our old enemies."

British Plants of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

\J Alvssum 2 Madwort

9 Bunias 1 Sea Rocket*5

8 cochlearia 4 scurvy-grass

2 Coronopus 2 Wart-cress

6 CRAMBE 1 CoALWORT

9 Draba 5 Whitlow-grass

14 Iberis 2 Candytuft*

5 Isatis 1 Woad

23 Lepidium , . . . . 3 Pepper-wort

1 Subularia 1 Awl-wort

14 Thlaspi 6 Bastard-cress

2 Vella 1 Cress-rocket

British Species figured in Sowerby's English Botany.

Alyssum, 1254, 1/29- Bunias, 231. Cochlearia, 551,
552, 6Q6, 2323. Coronopus, \660, 245. Crambe, Q24.
Draba, 586, 1333, 388, 912, 1271. Iberis, 52, 327.
Isatis, Q7. Lepidium, 111, 182, 1595. Subularia, 732.
Thlaspi, J 659, 1385, 1803, 2354, 81, 1485. Fella, 1442.

u See Townsend's Journals, p. 25Q, and Stow's Annals.

e In the Hortus Kewensis this species of the Genus
Bunias is made to belong to a separate Genus, constituted
from its. Botanical specific name, and called Cakile maritima.

f The Hortus Kewensis makes two Genera of these two
pedes Iberis and Teesdalia.

TETRADYNAMIA. 323

ORDER II. ORDER 2.

siuquos'a
Seeds in ;
long Pcd.

SILIQUOSX

DENTARIA. S,na

Of the Genus Dentaria there is only this one British
species. It is named Dentaria from the toothed form of
the root.

DENTARIA BULBIFERA.
Bulbiferous Coral-wort.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Pod, bursting elastically, the valves rolling back.

Stigma, notched. Calyx- leaves, connected

longitudinally.
Sp. Ch. Lower leaves, pinnated ; the uppermost, simple.

This is a rare plant: it is found wild in
few parts of England ; it grows in Bucking-
hamshire in shady places and on the high
rocks at Tun bridge wells. In the bosom of
most of the leaves stands a solitary bud, or
bulb, which falling off, vegetates in the
ground, and by this mean the plant is plenti-
fully propagated. Its seeds are rarely ever
perfected, as is common Avith plants that in-
crease much by the root. It blossoms early
in May.

2 g 2

304 TETRADYNAMIA.

CHEIRANTHUS.

Of the Genus Cheiranthus there are three British
cies. Linnae
av&o;, a flower.

ORDER 2.

S1UOUOSA.

Seeds in a

Im> Pod. gpecies. Linnaeus derives the name from ££,?, a hand, and

CHEIRANTHUS FRUTICULOSUS.

Wild Wall-flower.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Germen, with a glandular tooth on each side.
Calyx, closed ; 2 of its leaves gibbous at the
base. Seeds, flat.

Sp. Ch. Leaves, lanceolate, acute, hoary beneath. Pubes-
cence, all simple and close-pressed. Stem,
somewhat shrubby. Branches, angular.

This plant is common in old ruined walls
of cities, castles, and monasteries, and is
supposed to be indigenous to Great Britain.
By Ray it is called Leucojum luteum. It is
thought to be the P aliens viola of Virgil;8
and the late Professor Martyn has bestowed
much learning to illustrate that opinion.
It blossoms in April and May.

b Eclogue ii. v. 47.

TETRADYNAMIA. 395

TURRITIS. ORDERS.

_ , , . j . SILlQt'OSA.

Uf the Genus Turritis there are three British species. Seeds in. a

The derivation of Turritis appears to be uncertain, but it is lon& Pod"
said to be from turns a tower, because, according to Lin-
naeus, it is tall and narrow.

TURRITIS GLABRA.
Smooth Tozver-Mustard.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Pod, very long, straight, somewhat angular.

Calyx, closed, erect. Corolla, erect.
Sp. Ch. Radical leaves, toothed, rough, the rest entire,

embracing the stem, smooth.

This plant thrives best in a dry gravelly
soil, and blossoms in May and June. The
root is annual ; the stem, which is round,
leafy, and simple, is much taller than the
Turritis hirsuta, being more than two feet
in height.

The Genus Turritis, Sir James Edward
Smith observes, is scarcely to be distinguished
from Arabis either by its natural habit or
technical characters.

British Plants of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

15 Arabis 4 Wall-crkss

10 Brassi ca 5 Cabbage

18 Cardamine 5 Cardamine

22 Cheiranthus 3 Wall-flower

$26 TETItADYNAMIA.

SII.IQUOSA.

Seeds in a
long Pod.

order 2. 4 dentaria 1 goral-wort

8 Erysimum 5 Hedge-mustaro

7 Hesperis 1 Rocket

6 Raphanus 2 Radish

19 Sinapis 3 Mustard

53 Sisymbrium 9 Wild-rocket

8 Tueritis 3 Tower-mustard

British Species figured in Sozverby's English Botany.

Ardbis, QO\ , 6l4, 46Q, 178. Brassica, 1804, 2234, 2146,
2176, 637. Cardamme, 2355, 80, 4g2, 776, 1000.
Cheiranthus, 1934, 462, 1935. Dentaria, 30Q. Erysi-
mum, 735, 443, 1129, 796, 942. Hesperis, 731.
Raphanus, 856, 1643. Sinapis, 1748, 16/7, 969.
Sisymbrium, 8.15, 2324, 1747, 1840, 525, 962,96?..
1631, IO9O. Turritis, 777, 587, lf4&

TETRADYNAMIA.

327

The different Genera in this Class described ty
their Generic Characters, taken from the seven
parts of fructification, agreeably to the principles
of JLinnaus.

Botanical Description of the Genus
IBERIS.

Calyx. Perianthium, 4 leaves ; leaflets inversely egg-
shaped, concave, expanding, small, equal, deciduous.

Corolla. Petals, 4, unequal; petals, inversely egg-
shaped, obtuse, expanding, the 2 outer ones much
larger, equal, the 2 inner small, reflected. Claws, ob-
long, erect.

Stamina. Filaments, 6, awl-shaped, erect, the 2 lateral
ones shortest. Anthera, roundish.

Pistillum. Germen, roundish, compressed. Style, sim-
ple, short. Stigma, blunt.

Pericarpium. Pouch, erect, nearly circular, compressed,
notched at the end, encompassed by an acute border.
Cells, 2. Partition, spear-shaped. Valves, boat-shaped,
keeled, compressed.

Seeds. Several, somewhat egg-shaped.

ORDER 1.

SiLlCULOSA*

Seeds in a
short Pod.

Botanical Description of the Genus
DRABA.

Caltx. Perianthium, 4 leaves, leaflets, egg-shaped,
concave, erect, but expanding, deciduous.

Corolla. 4 Petals, deciduous, forming a cross, petals ob-
long, rather expanding. Claws, very minute.

Stamina. Filaments 6, as long as the perianthium, 4
opposite ones a little longer than the other 2, erect, ex-
panding. Antherce, expanding.

ORDER I.

SILICULOSA.

Seeds in a
short Pod.

328

ORDER l.

SIUCULOSA.

Seeds in a
short Pod.

TETRADTNAMIA.

Pistillum. Germen, egg-shaped. Style, hardly any.

Stigma, a flat knob.
Pericarpium. Pouch, oval, oblong, compressed, entire,

without a style. Cells 2. Partition parallel to the

valves ; valves flat, but slightly concave.
Seeds. Many, small, roundish.

* #* In some species of this Genus the petals are di-
vided down to the base, in others they are only notched at
the end, and in others they are quite entire. The essential
character consists in the pouch being oval-oblong, com-
pressed, and almost without a style. These circumstances
readily distinguish it from the Alyssum, the Subularia, and
the Lunaria. Linn.

Botanical Description of the Genus
SUBULARIA.

Calyx. Perianthium, 4 leaves j leaflets, egg-shaped, con-
cave, a little expanding, deciduous.
Corolla. Petals, 4, forming a cross. Petals, inversely

egg-shaped, entire, rather larger than the perianthium.
Stamina. Filaments, 6, shorter than the corolla, the

2 standing opposite still shorter. Antheree, simple.
Pistillum. Germen, egg-shaped. Style, shorter than

the pouch. Stigma, blunt.
Pericarpium. Pouch, egg-shaped, somewhat compressed,

entire, furnished with a very short style. Cells, 2.

Partition, placed in a contrary direction to the valves,

which are egg-shaped and concave.
Seeds. Several, very minute, roundish.

ORDER i.

SIUCULOSA.
Seeds in a
short Pod.

Botanical Description of the Genus
ISATIS.

Calyx. Perianthium, 4 leaves ; leaflets, egg-shaped,
rather expanding, coloured, deciduous.

TETKADYNAMIA.

3Q9

Corolla. Petals, 4, forming a cross. Petals, oblong,
blunt, expanding, gradually tapering into claws.

Stamina. Filaments, 6, erect, but expanding as long as
the corolla, but 2 of them shorter. Antherce, oblong,
lateral.

Pistillum. Germen, oblong, 2-edged, compressed, as
long as the shorter stamina. Style, none. Stigma, a
blunt knob.

Pericardium. Pouch, oblong-spear-shaped, blunt, com-
pressed, 2-edged, with 1 cell, not opening. Valves, 2,
boat-shaped, compressed, keeled, deciduous.

Seed. Single, egg-shaped, in the centre of the peri-
carpium.

Botanical Description of the Genus
DENTARIA.

Calyx. Perianthium, 4 leaves; leaflets egg-oblong, ap-
proaching towards the top, blunt, deciduous.

Corolla. Petals, 4, forming across; Petals, circular,
obtuse, very slightly notched at the end, flat, ending in
clazus as long as the calyx.

Stamina. Filaments, 6, awl-shaped, as long as the calyx,
2 of them shorter. Antherce, heart-oblong, erect.

Pistillum. Germen, oblong, the length of the stamina.
Style, very short and thick. Stigma, obtuse, notched
at the end.

Pericarpium. Siliqua, long, cylindrical ; cells 2 ; valves 2,
opening with a jerk, and the valves rolling back -} par-
tition, rather longer than the valves.

Seeds. Many, somewhat egg-shaped.

ORDER 2.

SILIQUOSA.

Seeds in a
long Pod.

Botanical Description of the Genus
CHETRANTHUS.

Calyx. Perianthium, 4, leaves, compressed ; leaflets,
spear-$haped, concave, erect, parallel, but approaching

ORDER 2.

SILIQUOSA.
Seeds in a
long Pod.

330

TETRADYNAMIA.

ORDER 2.

SILIQUOSA,

Seeds in a
long Pod.

towards the top, deciduous, the 2 outer, bulging at the

base.
Corolla. Petals, 4, forming a cross. Petals, circular,

longer than the perianthium ; claws, as long as the

perianthium.
Stamina. Filaments, 6, awl-shaped, parallel, as long

as the perianthium, 2 of them shorter and bulging

at the base within the perianthium. Antherce, erect,

cloven at the base, acute, and reflected at the

top.

A Nectariferous Gland surrounding the base of the short

stamen on each side.
Pistillum. Germen, prism-shaped, with 4 edges, as

long as the stamina, with a small tubercle on each side

of the base. Style, very short, compressed. Stigma,

oblong, divided, reflected, thick, permanent.
Pericarpium. Pod, long, compressed, the 2 opposite

angles obliterated and marked with a little tooth ; cells 2,

valves 2, furnished with a very short style, and an erect

cloven stigma.
Seeds. Many, pendant, alternate, somewhat egg-shaped,

compressed with a membranaceous border.

*** The little tooth on each side of the Germen in
some species, almost disappears, in others it grows larger.
In the Cheiranthus tricuspidatus , the top has 3 points at the
end. Linn.

ORDER 2.

SIUQUOSA.

Seeds in a
long Pod.

Botanical Description of the Genus
TURR1TIS.

Calyx. Perianthium, 4 leaves ; leaflets egg-oblong, pa-
rallel, but approaching towards the top, deciduous.

Corolla. Four petals, forming a cross. Petals, e°-g-
oblong, obtuse, erect, entire. Claws, erect.

Stamina. Filaments, 6, awl-shaped, erect, as long as the
tube, 2 of them shorter. Antheiee, simple.

TETRADYNAMIA.

SSI

Pistillum. Germen as long as the corolla, cylindrical, a
little compressed. Style, none. Stigma, obtuse.

Pericarpium. Pod, exceedingly long, stiff and straight,
with 4 edges, but 2 of the edges which are opposite,
almost obliterated and somewhat compressed. Cells 2,
valves 2, rather shorter than the partition.

Seeds. Very numerous, roundish, notched at the end.

ORDER 2.

SlUQUOSA.

Seeds in a
long Pod,

Order 1

Shepherds purse*
a !ixd- ■

Se^ds in a
short pod

TE TBABITNAM I A
CXASS

SIX STAMINA

—^

Oiderfii' -

Seedsyin a
long- pi nl

SII/tQTTOSA

THE TMA^ArTElR Q1FTHTR C3LASS & OMUMRS OF

CLASS XV

t

TETRAin ." \

SILICULOSA.

OASS3V

ORDER 1

BITTEH. C'A^DY^mB'T

"M

IBERIS AMAJE.A

'•^7^-^?—

1ETRADYKAJOA

SIXICUXOSA

VErnon WTitdvw- ■

D1ABA VEJEOTA

SILICULOSA

Awl-wort

SUBULABIA A®Y: 1 B (' \
xv

TETKABJYNAMIA

SILICULOSA

Wood,

I 3 ATI S | llTKTCT ORL

IEIH&DXKA UA

SJXIQTTOSA

CLASS XV

ORDER 2

N V

BULBiFE IROII § C OIRAI/'WQjRT

BEKTAMA BULB I FE IRA
2S2SSZ "*~" t\ktj\

TETRAJDJYKAMIA

SILIQUOSA.

C HEIK AKTHIT S FRFTI C U! © S IT §

IT

TETRM3YNAMIA.

SILIQT

vaWM

TV KllTI S GI, IB EA

MONADELPHIA.

CLASS XVI.

ALL THE FILAMENTS OF THE STAMINA
UNITED INTO ONE TUBE.

THIS CLASS HAS EIGHT ORDERS.

ORDER I.

No British Plant of this Order.

SISYRINCHIUM.

Of the Genus Sisyri nchium there is no British species.
It is named Sisyrinchium by Pliny, and "E.ia-vpiyxj.ov by
Theophrastus ; derived from us, a swine, and § uyyys, a
snout. Swine's snout : from the form of the flower.

SISYRINCHIUM BERMUDIANA.
Iris-leaved Sisyrinchium.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, Spatha, 2-leaved. Petals, 6, almost equal.
Style, none. Capsula, 3 -celled, inferior.

Sp. Ch. Stem, Scopus, ancipital, branched leafy, Spatha,
sub-quadriflorous, shorter than the flowers 3
petals, mucronate, leaves, ensiform.

This plant is a native of the Burmudian
Islands ; it grows from one to two feet and

2 H

ORDER 1.

TRIANDRIA.

Three Stamina.

334- MONADELPHIA.

a half in height, and blossoms from May till
the end of July.

ORDER 2.

ORDER II.

PENTANURIA.

Five Stamina. HERMANNIA.

Of the Genus Hermannia there is no British species.
This name was given by Tournefort, in memory of the
celebrated Paul Hermann, who practised physic in Ceylon
and at the Cape of Good Hope, and was afterwards pro-
fessor of Botany at Leyden.

HERMANNIA ALTHiEI FOLIA.

Marsh- Mallow-leaved Hermannia.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Styles, 5, Petals, semi-tubular at the base,
oblique.

Sp. Ch. Leaves, ovate, crenate, ' plaited, tomentose.
Flowering calyces, bell-shaped, angular, sti-
pula, oblong, leafy.

This plant is a native of the Cape. It is
of free growth, and produces flowers during
most of the summer months. It bears its
flowers in pairs, and the corollas are twisted,
and, as I have before remarked, page 180,
always contrary to each other. Of this
Order Sir James Edward Smith makes the

MONADELPHIA. 335

Genus Erodium, of which, in his Flora
Britannica, he describes three species figured
in the English Botany under the numbers
646, 902, 1768.

ERODIUM. orders.

-, , . ^ x, , -r, • • i • PENTANDRIA*

Of this Genus there are three British species. j ive Stamina.

The name is derived from EpioSits, a Heron, from the
character of the beak of the fruit.

ERODIUM CICUTARIUM.
Hemlock Storks' -bill.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5-leaved. Petals, 5. Honey-glands, 5.
Barren filaments, 5. Fruit, beaked, sepa-
rating into 5. Capsulae, each tipped with a
long spiral awn, bearded on the inside.

Sp. Ch. Floiver-stalks, many, flowered. Leaves, pinnate.
Leaflets sessile, pinnatified, and cut.

This plant is not un frequent on waste
ground, especially on a sandy soil: it blossoms
from June till August or September. Erodium
is the only British Genus of this Order.
The flowers of this species have but little
scent, and the leaves have not the musky
odour of the Erodium moschatum.

335 MONADELPHIA*

ORDERS. ORDER III.

HKPTANDRIA.

Seven Stamina:

No British Plant of this Order.

PELARGONIUM,

Of the Genus Pelargonium there is no British species.
The name is derived from -UeXccpyos, a Stork. Arist. From
the length of the beak to the fruit.

PELARGONIUM ACETOSUM.
Sorrel Crane's-bilL

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5-parted, the upper segment ending in a
capillary nectariferous tube running along the
peduncle. Corolla, 5-petalled, irregular.
Filaments, 10, unequal, three of which (seldom
five), are castrated. Fruit, 5 -grained, beaked :
beak, spiral, bearded within.

Sr. Ch. Umlels, few-flowered, leaves, obovate, crenate,
smooth, fleshy, petals, linear.

This plant is a native of the Cape : it
blossoms during most of the summer, and is"
readily propagated by cuttings ; the leaves
have somewhat the taste of sorrel, whence
it derives its English name.

MONADELPHIA.

337

ORDER IV

No British Plant of this Order.

AITONIA.

Of the Genus Aitonia there is no British species.
This plant is so named to honour Mr. William Aiton, late
gardener to his Majesty at Kew.

ORDER 4,

OCTANDRIA.

Eight Stamina.

AITONIA CAPENS1S.
Cape Aitonia.

Essential Generic Character.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 4-parted. Style, I. Corolla, 4 -petalled.
Berry, dry, quadrangular; 1 -celled, many-
seeded.

Of this Genus there is only one known
species ; it is a native of the Cape of Good
Hope, and was brought to England in the
year 1774. It is a green-house shrub, of

a William Aiton was born in 173 1, near Hamilton, in
the county of Lanark, and being bred to gardening, came
in 1754 to London to seek employment. At the recom-
mendation of Philip Miller, in 175Q, he became superin-
tendent of the botanical garden at Kew, which he greatly
improved, and in 1783 he was appointed to manage also
the pleasure and kitchen gardens. In 1786 he published a
'* Hortus Kewensis." He died in 1/93.
2 1

338

MONADELPHIA.

ORDER 5.

DECANDRIA.

Ten Stamina.

slow growth, and seldom exceeds three feet
in height, and, when of a sufficient age,
produces flowers and berries throughout
most of the year.

ORDER V.
GERANIUM.

Of the Genus Geranium there are thirteen British
species.

The name is derived from ysgavog, a crane ; the fruit
somewhat resembling the form of a crane's head and neck.

GERANIUM PYRENAICUM.
Mountain-crane' s-bill.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Style, none. Petals, 5, regular. Nectar'mm,
5 glands at the base of the longer stamina.
Fruit, beaked, separating into 5 seed-cases,
each tipped with a long simple naked awn.

Sf. Ch. Stalks, 2-flowered. Petals, cloven, twice as>
long as the calyx. Leaves, kidney-shaped,
palmate, cut. Seed-cases, even, sharply ca-
rinated, slightly downy. Seeds, smooth.

The botanical name of this plant would
seem to imply, that it was peculiarly a native
of the Pyrenees, whereas it is found in waste
ground, and on the borders of fields, in

MONADELPIIIA.

339

various parts of Europe; common about orders.
London, as at Chelsea, Hammersmith, &e. uecandria.
The intricacy of this tribe of plants caused
Curtis to confound the Geranium molle with
this species in his Flora Londinensis. It
blossoms in July.

Of this Order, Linnasus put the numerous
Genus Geranium, but since his time, this
tribe of plants has been divided by M.
L'Heritier,b into three Genera, which he
arranged under this Order and the Orders 2,
and 3, of this Class, by the titles, Erodium,
Pelargonium, and Geranium.

This tribe consists of more than two
hundred species, of which thirteen grow wild
in Great Britain.0 It is remarkable, that
the fertilizing pollen of these flowers is very

Charles Louis L'Brutelle de Heritier was an eminent
French botanist, born in Paris 1745. He enjoyed many
places in the French government, but devoted himself
principally to botanical pursuits. In IJ86, Dombey having
brought from Peru and Chili an inestimable collection of
plants, L' Heritier undertook to publish a description of
them, which was executed at London, under the title of
the Flora of Peru. On his return to Paris he published a
work with the singular title of Flore de la Place Vendom.
He was assassinated in 1§01, but his murderers were not
discovered.

c These species are figured in Sowerby's English Botany,
322, lOpi, 121, 404, 1486, "5, 77$, 335, 405, 15/, 753,
259, 272.

2 I 2

340

MOXADELPHIA.

apt to mix with others of different species,
and so produce new species or varieties ; but
these plants so produced rapidly degenerate,
and in a few years become extinct.

ORDER 5.

DECANDRIA.

Ten Stamina.

GERANIUM PUSILLUM.

Small-flowered Crane's-bill.

Essential Specific Character.

Sp. Ch. Stalks, 2 -flowered. Petals, notched. Leaves,

kidney-shaped, palmate, cut. Seed-cases,

even, carinated, downy, with erect hairs.
Seeds, smooth.

This species is common in various parts
of England on waste ground, especially on
a gravelly soil, though not formerly distin-
guished from Geranium molleznd rotundifolium.
It differs from the former in having an even
and downy, not wrinkled and naked seed-
coat, and from the latter, in the downiness
of that part being close-pressed, or at least
pointing upwards, not spreading, and the
seeds smooth, not dotted. The petals scarcely
exceed the calyx and are notched, yet not
so deeply cloven as those of Geranium molle
and Geranium pyrenaicum, with which last,
though very different in size and appearance,
this species has more affinity in structure

MONADELPHIA. 341

than with any others of this intricate tribe.
It blossoms from June till September, and in
its general appearance agrees with Geranium
molle.

ORDER VI. ORDER 6.

F.NDECANDRIA.

Eleven Stamina.

No British Plant of this Order.

BROWNEA.

Of the Genus Brownea there is no British species.
It is named in honour of Patrick Browne,d M. D., author
of the History of Jamaica.

BROWNEA RACEMOSA.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, unequally bifid. Corolla, double; outer*
5-cleftj inner, 5-petalled. Legume, 2-celled.
Sp. Ch. Flowers, disjoined, umbelled.

This is the only Genus in this Order.
It is a shrub, or small tree, growing to the

A Patrick Browne was an eminent physician, born at
Crossboyne in Ireland, in 1720. When young he was
sent to a relation of his in the island of Antigua, but the
climate not agreeing with his constitution, he returned to
Europe in 1737- He resided at Paris five years, and then
removed to Leyden, where he took his degree of M.D.
He next went to London, where he formed an intimacy
with some of the most learned of the faculty, and once

342 MONADELPHIA.

height of eighteen feet in woody and hilly
places in America: the wood is covered
with an ash-coloured bark. The blossom is
scarlet.

ORDER 7. ORDER VII.

DODECANDRIA.

Twelve Sta-
mina.*

No British Plant of this Order.

PTEROSPERMUM.

Of the Genus Pterospermum there is no British species.
It is so named because the seed has a membranaceous wing.
Wing-seeded.

PTEROSPERMUM ACERIFOLIUM.
Maple-leaved Pterospermum.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, single, 5-parted. Corolla, 5-petalled.
Filaments, 15, with 5 ligules, one between
every three filaments. Capsula, 5-celled, with
the cells 2-valved. Seeds, many, winged.

Sp. Ch. Leaves, cordate repand.

This plant is a native of the East Indies,
where it grows into a tree; the bark is

more visited the West Indies, and fixed his residence in
Jamaica. In the year 1750 he published his Naturalr and
Civil History of Jamaica in folio, having the year before
published a correct map of that island, drawn by himself.
He died at Rusbrook in Ireland in 1790-

* This Order, though called Dodecandria, is chiefly
composed of flowers having fifteen stamina.

MONADELPHIA. 343

covered with a white wool, as is the under QRDER 7-
side of the leaves. The flower is sweet- TwefveSta^ina'
scented and the petals are white. The sta-
mina are fifteen in number, with long twisted
antherae, and their filaments unite at the
base ; among these are five club-pointed
bodies twice the length of the others, and
much stouter than the filaments ; and as
they are the only internal parts that appear
without forcibly opening the flower, it has
the appearance, when superficially observed,
of being pentandrous. It is propagated in
England by seeds imported from India: in
the winter it requires a stove, but may be
removed into a green-house in the summer.

341

MONADELPHIA.

ORDER 8.

POLYANDRIA:
Stamina numer-
ous and indefi-
nite.

ORDER FIJI.

GOSSYPIUM.

Of the Genus Gossypium there is no British species.
Vossius is of opinion that Gossypium is an Egyptian word :
it is called %v\ov in Greek. See Pliny, L. 1Q, c. 1.

GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM.

Common Cotton.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, double ; outer, trifid. Capsula, 4-celled.

Seeds, wrapped in cotton.
Sp. Ch. Leaves, 5-lobed, without glands underneath.

Stem, herbaceous.

This is an herbaceous plant, a native of
the East Indies, growing to about three feet
high. The whole plant is downy, and whilst
young, odorous. The blossom is of a pale
yellow, with five red spots at the bottom ;
and its seeds, which are ripened in Septem-
ber, are immersed in fine white cotton : the
cotton, which is produced in China, of which
the cloth called Nankin is made, is said to
be tinged with red in its vegetable state,
which is supposed to be the cause of its
washing of better colour than any cloth that

POLYANDRIA.

tamina numer-
ous and indefi-

MONADELPHIA. 345

we can manufacture to imitate it. Few ORDE]
plants are more useful than this: it furnishes s
clothing to the four quarters of the world ; nice
and the seeds are an article of food to the
inhabitants where it is cultivated.

There are six species of this Genus, and
the Barbadoes cotton is the species most
cultivated in the West Indies, and forms a
considerable branch of their exports.

This species is set in rows in the West
Indies, about five feet apart. It grows from
four to six feet high, and produces two crops
annually ; the first in eight months from the
time of sowing the seed, and the second, four
months afterwards. Each plant at the two
gatherings is reckoned to produce about one
pound weight of cotton ; and an acre of land
to produce 270 pounds weight on an average;
but the certainty of gathering a good crop
is very precarious ; since it may be almost
literally said of this plant, that in the morn-
ing it is green and flourishing, and in the
same evening, withered and decayed. For,
when the worms begin to prey upon a whole
plantation, though they are at first scarcely
perceptible to the naked eye, yet in three
days they will grow to such a size, and prove
so destructive, that the most verdant field,

346 M0NADELPH1A.

thickly and beautifully clothed with leaves
and flowers, is reduced to as naked and de-
solate a condition as trees are in the month
of December, in England. When these
worms, which are of the caterpillar kind,
have attained their full growth, they spin,
and in warp themselves as in a bag, or web,
like silk-worms, in the few remaining leaves,
or any other covering ; and after a few days,
in this their chrysalis state they turn into
dark-coloured moths and fly away.

orders. LAVATERA.

Stamina numer Of the Genus Lavatera there is only one British species.
°:1S and indcfi- It is named in honour of Lavater, a Physician at Zurich.

LAVATERA ARBOREA.
Sea Tree-Matfow.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx double ; the outermost 3-cleft. Capsules,
numerous, circularly arranged. Seeds, so-
litary.

Sp. Ch. Stem, arborescent. Leaves, downy, plaited, with
seven angles. Flo-wer-stalks, axillary, clustered,
single flowered.

It grows wild on several parts of the
south- west coast of England, and on the east

YANDRIA.

tamina numer-
ous an indefi-

MONADELPH1A. 347

coast of Scotland on rocky cliffs. It blossoms °^^ 8
in July and often produces a long succession ^
of flowers. In a garden, Sir James Edward nke
Smith observes, that this plant often re-
mains some years without producing flowers,
but dies in the winter after it has blossomed,
being naturally a biennial. It is said to bear
cold, when exposed to the sea air, much better
than in an inland situation.

The chief generic distinction between
this Genus and the Genus Maka is, that the
outer calyx is deeply divided into 3 large
lobes ; and not, as in Maka, formed of 3
separate leaves. This is a very slight dis-
tinction. The distinction between Pimm
and Lathyrus is founded upon as trifling a
variation.

348

HIONADELPHIA.

ORDER 8.

MALVA.

Of the Genus Malva there are three British species.

POLYANDRIA.

Stamina numer-
ous and inderi- _

nite. The name is given from the plants possessing the quality

of an emollient. In Greek it is named MxXayjy, for the
same reason.

MALVA SYLVESTR1S.
Common Mallow.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, double ; the outermost of 3 leaves.

Seed-cases, numerous, circularly arranged.

Seeds, solitary.
Sp. Ch. Stem, erect, herbaceous. Leaves, with 7

sharpish lobes. Leuj-stalks and jlower- stalks,

hairy.

This plant is common and plentiful by
road sides and in all waste places, blossoming
from May till September ; and as it is so
easily to be met with, it is well adapted to
illustrate this Order.

MONADELPHIA. 34-9

ALTHiEA. ORDERS.

POI.Y VKDRIA.

Of the Genus Althaea there is only one British species. Stamina numer-

■' r ous and inder..

It is named AASaia by Dioscorides, from a\$o$, a re- nice.

medy, or aXSaciveiv, to heal ; or, as Dioscorides himself

says, Sia. to irohvaK^ss ctDfrfi, from its many excellent

qualities.

ALTH^A OFFICINALIS.
Marsh Mallow.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, double; the external one in about 9
segments. Arilli, numerous, each containing
1 seed.

Sp. Ch. Leaves, simple, downy, slightly 5-lobed.

This plant abounds in salt-marshes and
on the banks of ditches in the fens. The
whole of it is covered with a delicately soft
pubescence. A decoction from this herb is
often used as an emollient.

British Plants of this Order.

Botanical Generic Names- Common Names.

7 Althaea 1 Marsh mallow

g Lavatera 1 Tree-mallow

34 Malva 3 Mallow

British Species figured in Sowerby's English Botany.
AlLhaa, 14?. Lavatera, 1841. Malva, 6jl, IO92, 754.

350

ORDER 5,

DECANDRIA.

Ten Stamina.

MONADELPHIA.

The different British Genera in this Class described
by their Generic characters, taken from the seven
parts of fructification, agreeably to the principles
of Linnaus.

Botanical Description of the Genus
GERANIUM.

Calyx. Perianthium, 5 leaves, or 1 leaf with 5 divisions 5
leaflets, egg-shaped, acute, concave, permanent.

Corolla. Petals, 5, inversely heart-shaped, or egg-
shaped, expanding, large.

Stamina. Filaments, 10, awl-shaped, united at the base,
so as to form a sort of perianthium, expanding towards
the top, alternately longer and shorter ; shorter than the
blossom. Antherce, oblong, turning about like a vane.

Pistillum. Germen, with 5 angles, beaked. Style, awl-
shaped, longer than the stamina, permanent. Stig?aata,
5, reflected.

Pericarpium. Capsula, 5-seeded, beaked, cells, opening
inwardly, each terminated by an awn-like tail, very long,
and rolling up spirally.
Seeds. Solitary, rarely in pairs, egg- oblong.

*** Linnaeus classed all these plants as of one Genus,
which more modern Botanists have divided into three
Genera now known by the names Erodium, Pelargonium,
and Geranium. Although there be an irregularity in the
number and union of the filaments in these different plants,
yet I doubt very much whether the making different
Genera in consequence of those irregularities be any im-
provement in Botanical science; and this doubt may be
very fairly indulged since those variations were as well
known to Linnaeus a? to those who have succeeded him.

ous and indefi.
nite.

MONADELPHIA. 351

Botanical Description of the Genus order 8.

LAVATERA. polyandry.

Sramina numer.
Calyx. Perianthium, doable.

Outer per'ianthium , J leaf, with 3 clefts, blunt, shorter,

permanent.

Inner perianthium, 1 leaf, with 5 shallow clefts. Segments,

more acute, erect, permanent.
Corolla. Petals, 5, united at the base to the tube of the

stamina, inversely heart-shaped, flat, expanding.
Stamina. Filaments, numerous, united at the bottom into

a cylinder, separate at the top, and on the surface of the

tube. Antheree, kidney-shaped.
Pistillum. Germen, round and fiat. Style, cylindrical,

short. Stigmata, many, (7 to 14), bristle-shaped, as

long as the style.
Pekicarpium. Capsula, round and flat, composed of as

many cells as there were stigmata, 2-valved, placed in a

whirl round the pillar-like receptaculum, at length falling

off.
Seeds. Solitary, kidney-shaped.

Botanical Description of the Genus

MALVA. POLYANDKIA,

Stamina numer-

Calyx. Perianthium, double. °^s and iudtt:"

Outer perianthium, 3 leaves, narrower ; leaflets, heart-
shaped, acute, permanent.

Inner perianthium, 1 leaf, with 5 shallow clefts, larger,
broader, permanent.

Corolla. Petals, 5, inversely heart-shaped, bitten, flat,
united at the base to the tube of the stamen.

Stamina. Filaments, numerous, united at the bottom into
a cylinder, separate at the top, and on the surface of the
tube. Anthera, kidney-shaped.

Pistillum. Germen, round and flat. Style, cylindrical,
short. Stigmata, many, bristle-shaped, as long as the
style.

ORDER

nite.

352

ORDER 8.

POLYANDRIA.

Stamina numer-
ous and indefi-
nite.

MONADELPHIA.

Pericarpium. Capsula, roundish, composed of several
cells, (as many as styles,). 2-valved, disposed in a whirl
round the pillar-like receptaculum ; at length falling off.

Seeds. Solitary, (sometimes, though rarely 2 or 3),
kidney-shaped.

Botanical Description of the Genus
ALTHiEA.

Calyx. Perianthium, double.

Outer perianthium, 1 leaf, small and permanent, with,

from 6 to o clefts Segments, very narrow.

Inner perianthium , 1 leaf, with 5 shallow clefts. Seg-
ments, broader, more acute, permanent.
Corolla. Petals, 5, united at the base to the tube formed

by the union of the filaments, inversely heart shaped,

bitten, flat.
Stamina. Filaments, numerous, united at the bottom into

a cylinder, separate at the top, and on the surface of the

tube. Antherce, nearly kidney-shaped.
Pistillum. Germen, round and flat. Style, cylindrical,

short. Stigmata, numerous, (about 20), bristle-shaped,

as long as the styles.
Pericarpium. Capsula, round and flat, composed of

many cells, (as many as there were styles), 2-valved,

disposed in a whirl round the pillar-like receptaculum ;

when quite ripe, separating.
Seeds. Solitary, kidney-shaped, but compressed.

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DIADELPHIA.

CLASS XVII.

THE FILAMENTS OF THE STAMINA UNITED,

MAKING TWO SETS, BOTH SOMETIMES

COHERING AT THE BASE.

THIS CLASS HAS FOUR ORDERS.

ORDER I.

ORDER l.

PENTANDRIA.

Five Stamina.

No British Plant of this Order.

MONNIEPJA.

Of the Genus Monnieria there is no British species,
It is named from Mons. Monnier of Paris.

MONNIERIA TRIFOLIA.
Three-leaved Monneia.

Essential Generic Character.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 4-cleft. Petals, 4. Berry, 2-celled.
Seeds, solitary.

This is the only Genus in this Order; a

very scarce annual plant, with white flowers,

a native of South America, and of which

there is no good figure that can be accurately

2 k

354 DIADELPH1A.

depended upon ; the one annexed is copied
from the French Encyclopid Methodique,
which is the best representation there is of
it, and that was delineated from a dried
specimen.

ORDER. 2.

HEXANDRIA.

Sk Stamina,

ORDER II.

FUMARIA.

Of the Genus Fumakia. there are six British species.
Fumiaria is so called because it is said to affect the eyes,
like smoke j hence also its Greek name, Karfvoj.

FUMARIA LUTE A.
Yellow Fumitory.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters
Gen. Ch

Si*. Ch.

Calyx, 2-leaved. Corolla, ringent. Fila-
ments, 2, membranaceous, each bearing 3
anthera:.
Pods, nearly cylindrical, shorter than their foot-
stalk. Stems, spreading, angular. Bractcce,
minute. Spur, short, rounded.

Tins plant is a native of many parts of
England, and blossoms in May. Its leaves
continue green throughout the year, and the
flowers are produced in succession till Octo-
ber. Of the Genus Fumaria there are fifteen

, DIADELPHIA. $5$

species, of which six are English.* Sir
James Edward Smith observes, that the
different species are remarkable for a great
variety of forms in their seed vessels. This
is the only British Genus of this Order.

ORDER III. order a

octandrla:
POLYGALA. Eight Stamina.

Of the Genus Poly gal a there is only one British species.
The name is derived from itoXu, much, and yaAa, milk,
the plant being supposed to make cattle yield much milk.
The name occurs in Pliny ; and Dioscorides has toAvycchoy.

POLYGALA VULGARIS,
Common Milk-wort.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx of 5 leaves, 2 of them wing-shaped, and
coloured. Pod, inversely heart-shaped,
2 -celled.

Sp. Ch. Flowers in a cluster, crested. Stems, herbaceous,
simple, procumbent. Leaves, linear-lan-
ceolate.

This plant is very common in dry heathy
pastures and on rocks ; it blossoms in June
and July. Poly gala is the only Genus of

a These species are figured in Sowerby's English Bo-
tany, 1471, 588, 58Q, 53°> 94'3 > 103-

2K2

Lo6

ORDER i.

DECAKDRtA*

Ten Stamina,

DIADELPHIA.

this Order, and this is the only British
species of the Genus.

Figurtd in Sozuerfy's English Boluny, 76.

ORDER IV.

ASTRAGALUS.

Of the Genus Astragalus there are four British
species. 'Aa-lpxyaXog is the name of a shrub in the Greek
writers, supposed to be so named from the seed being
squeezed in the legume into a squarish form, in some
species.

ASTRAGALUS HYPOGLOTTJS.
Purple Mountain Milk-wort.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Pod, of 2 cells, swelling.

Sp. Ch. Stem, prostrate. Floiuers in round heads. Pods,
ovate, with a channel along the back, com-
pressed, hairy ; tip reflexed.

This plant abounds on dry heaths, as on
the chalky tracts of Cambridgeshire, and on

* This Order is composed of plants Papilionacse. or
Leguminosse, which have usually nine Stamina in one set,
with a single one separate; but there are some exceptions :
Spartium, Lupinus, and Ulex, have ten stamina, with the
tenth evidently distinguished from the rest, but incor-
porated with them by its lower part. The Ononis and
some others have only a longitudinal slit in the upper side
of the tube, without any indication of a separate stamen.

DIABELPHIA. 257

some elevated gravelly or sandy spots of
Scotland as well as England. It blossoms
in June and July usually of a beautiful pur-
ple, but which sometimes vary to white.
The figure represents the plant of its na-
tural size.

TRIFOLIUM. order 4.

DEGANDRIi*.

Of die Genus Tkifolium there are eighteen British Ten Stamina.
species. It is named Tpi$v},ho by Hippocrates, and Dios-
corides : derived trom fpsis, three, and <pv?.A0v, a leaf.

TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE.
Common Purple Clover, or Honeysuckle Trefoil.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Flowers more or less capitate. Legumen
scarcely longer than the Calyx, never
bursting, but falling off entire.

Sp.-, Ch. Spikes, dense. Stems, ascending. Parts of the
Corolla unequal in length. 4 of the calyx-
teeth equal. Stipulus, awned.

This Clover is a truly perennial plant,
growing, in its native situation, on chalky
downs. It blossoms about the end of June.

These plants are therefore strictly monade/phous, and not
diadelphous; but, as Sir James Edward Smith observes, Lin-
naeus here swerves from his strict artificial laws, in compliance
with the decisive natural character which marks the plants
in question. Therefore, when ten stamina are all alike se-
parate and dist'nct , such plants are to be referred to the Class
Decandria; but if they are all combined, to the Class Dia-
dclplda.

558

D1ADELFHIA,

ORDER 4.

DECANDRIA.

Ten Stamina.

GENISTA.

Of the Genus Genista there are three British species.
This name of very uncertain etymology.

GENISTA TINCTORIA.

Dyers Green-weed,

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 2-lipped, with 2 teeth in the upper lip,
and 3 in the lower. Vexillum, oblong, bent
backwards from the rest of the flower.

Sp. Ch. Leaves, lanceolate, smooth. Branches, round,,
striated, and erect.

The Genista is frequently to be found
on dry barren banks in the borders of fields.
It blossoms in July and August. The whole
of this plant dyes a yellow colour, which, by
means of the Isatis, is afterwards made green,
and is preferred to all other yellows for
wool which is to be dyed green.

Plant agenet is said to be derived from
this plant, Planta Genesta, or genista; and
this story is told concerning it ; Fulke, Earl
of Anjou, who lived a century before the
Norman conquest, having been guilty of
some crimes, was enjoined, by way of
penance, to go to the Holy Land, which he

DIADELPHIA. 559

submitted to, and in his humble dress to
mark his penance he wore the genista in
his cap ; and, as this plant was considered
as a symbol of humility, he afterwards
adopted the title of Plantagenet, and his
descendants continued the name.

SPARTIUM. ORDER 4.

Of the Genus Spartium there is only one British species. ^^^
The name is derived from Lirxprtov of Dioscorides.

SPAKTIUM SCOPARIUM.
Common Broom.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Stigma, longitudinal, downy above. Fila-
ments, all united, adhering to the germen.
Calyx, extended downward.

Sp. Ch. Leaves, ternate or solitary. Branches, angular,
without thorns.

This shrub grows plentifully on dry
gravelly hills, and ornaments the country
with its yellow blossoms in the months of
May and June.

The Stamina of this plant are all united,
consequently it is truly monadelphous, but its
being papilionaceous, which characterizes

360

DIADELPHIA.

this Order, induced Linnaeus to supersede
his artificial arrangement in favour of na-
tural affinity.

ORDER 4.

DECANDRIA.

Ten Stamina.

PISUM.

Of the Genus Pi sum there is only this one British
species. The name is derived from iticrov of Theophrastus.,
but its primary etymology is uncertain.

PISUM MARITIMUM.
Sea Pea.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Style, triangular, keeled and downy at the
upper edge. Two upper segments of the
calyx shortest.

Sv. Ch. Footstalks, fiattish on the upper side. Stem,
angular. Stipulce, arrow-shaped.

This plant grows on various parts of the
east and south-east of England. The speci-
men from which this figure was made was
gathered by Mr. Sowerby on the shore at
Walmer in Kent. The account given by
the learned Dr. Caius of the peas which
grew so plentifully in the autumn of 1555
on the rocks between Aldburgh and Orford
as to afford food for thousands of people^
relates to this plant.

BIADELPHIA. 36*1

The style of the Genus Pisum being
sharp edged above, and not flat, separates
it from the Genus Lathy rus.

LOTUS. ORDER 4.

Of the Genus Lotus there are three British species.
The derivation of the word Lotus is very uncertain, and I
believe it to be of ^Egyptian origin, from this passage in
Herodotus, rd Alyvirrioi xaAeouen Kwrov. Although the
Lotus here referred to was a different plant from this Lotus,
yet it is evident, from this expression, that it was a word
used by the Egyptians.

DECANDRU,

Ten Stamina,

LOTUS CORNICULATUS.
Common Bird' 's-foot -Trefoil.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen.Ch. Leguma, cylindrical, straight. Wings, of the
corolla, cohering by their upper edge. Calyx,
tubular. Filaments, dilated upwards.

Sr. Ch. Beads, depressed, of few flowers. Stems, de-
cumbent, solid. Legumes, spreading, nearly
cylindrical, claw of the keel, ob-evate ;
filaments, all dilated.

The flowers of this plant are produced
in a sort of umbel Avith very short foot-
stalks, numerous, in flatted heads. The
blossoms before they expand are of a deep
red on the outside, and of a yellowish green

362

DIADELPHIA.

within, but when expanded they are quite
yellow. It appears from Theophrastus and
Dioscorides. as well as other ancient authors,
that in addition to the different plants which
were called by the name of Lotus, of which,
in this work I have already spoken at some
length, they had also a papilionaceous genus,
which was either this Lotus, a Medicago, or
our common Trefoil.

ORDER 4.

DECANDR1A.

Ten Stamina.

HEDYSARUM.

Of the Genus Hedysarum there is only this one
British species. The name is adopted from'HSvo-otpov in
Theophrastus and Dioscorides, which is derived from
5j Jt'tTjU,a, sweetness, and apov, ointment.

HEDYSARUM ONOBRYCHIS.

Saint-foin.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Carina of the Corolla transversely obtuse.

Legumen jointed, with 1 seed in each joint.
Sp. Ch. Leaves, pinnated. Legumen, single- seeded,

prickly. Alee of the Corolla equal to the

Calyx. Stem, elongated.

This plant grows in chalky pastures
and open downs in various parts of England,
always in dry barren situations, and blossoms
about June and July.

DIADELPHIA. 363

HEDYSARUM GTRANS.

ORDER <L

PF.CANDRIA.

Seyisitive Hedysarum. Ttn Stamina.

Essential Specific Character.
Sp. Ch. Having ternate leaves.

This species is a native of Bengal, near
the Ganges, and was first known in Eng-
land by some plants raised by Kennedy and
Lee of Hammersmith, from seeds sent to
them from India by Lady Anne Monson, in
the year •! 7/2. This may be considered as
one of the most extraordinary plants in the
vegetable world. When the air is very
warm, and quite still, its leaves are in con-
tinual motion, some rising, others falling,
and others whorling circularly, by twisting
their stems: the cause of this irritability
seems to be very different from that of the
common sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica. Its
motion does not appear to be at all influenced
by any external stimulus, as I have fre-
quently touched it, when the leaves have
been in quick and slow activity, and the
surrounding atmosphere at various tempera-
tures, but without producing any change in
its motion.

364

DIADELPHI4.

ORDER 4.

PECANDRIA.

Ten Stamina-

It is an annual plant, and grows to about
three feet high ; the leaves are of a bright
green, with somewhat of a sea-green hue in
the middle ; the flowers are of a pale red,
slightly tinged with blue, and sometimes
with yellow.

To this Order belong the leguminous
vegetables, as the Pea, Bean, Vetch, &c.b
they are all said to be wholesome, but I
believe there are some few exceptions to
that rule. The seeds of the Citisis Labernum,
in their green state, have an emetic quality;
and those, beautiful red seeds with a black
spot, brought from India, which are some-
times worn as ornaments of dress, c are said
by the natives to be so dangerous, that the
half of one of them is sufficiently poisonous
to destroy a man ; this account, however,
may exceed the truth ; but that they have a
very prejudicial quality I have reason to
believe ; for, within my own knowledge, I

b That which in common language is called a pea-shell,
in the language of Botany is called Legumen, the seeds
being arranged along one of its sutures. When, in a
similar covering, the seeds are affixed to the seams on both
sides, as in the plants of the second Order of Class XV.
that kind of seed-vessel is properly called a pod. The
English language wants this discrimination.

c The Botanical name of the plant that produces this
Pea is Abrus Precalorius.

DIADELPHIA. $65

have seen an extraordinary effect of the order 4.
poison of one of these peas. A poor woman xenSlw'
who had some of them given to her, and
who did not choose to be at the expense of
having them drilled to make a necklace, put
the seeds into hot water till they were suffi-
ciently soft to be perforated with a large
needle ; in doing this, she accidentally
wounded her finger, which soon swelled,
and became very painful, the swelling ex-
tending to the whole hand ; and it was a
considerable time before it was quite re-
covered.

At Crossthwait's Museum, in Keswick, a
gentleman (Mr. Sherbrook), inadvertently
swallowed one of these seeds in the evening,
and at night he was so dangerously ill that
medical aid was sent for. As these facts
have happened to persons within my own
knowledge, I have no doubt of the poisonous
nature of these peas; and as they are usually
given to children, it would be prudent to
discontinue that practice, as there is danger
of their being swallowed in their amuse-
ments.

566

DIADELPH1A.

ORDER 4, British Plants of this Order. .

MCANDRiA. Bot:anicai Generic Names. Common Names.

i en Stamina.

17 Anthyllis 1 Kidney Vetch

63 Astragalus 4 Milk Vetch

3 Ervum 2 Tare

\J Genista 3 Genista

67 Hedysarum 1 Saintfoin

5 Hippocrepis 1 Horse-shoe Vetch

23 Lathyrus 7 Lathyrus

23 Lotus 3 Bird's-foot Trefoil

1 1 Medicago 4 Medick

38 Ononis , 1 Rest-harrow

5 Ornithopus 1 Bird's-foot

16 Orobus 2 Bitter Vetch

3 Pisum 1 Pea

27 Spartium 1 Broom

51 Trifolium IS Trefoil

3 Ulex 2 Furze

25 Vicia g Vetch

British Species figured in Sozcerby's English Botany.

Anthyllis, 104. Astragalus, 203, 2/1, 466, 2522.
Ervum, 11T5, 9/0. Genista, 44, 20S, 132. Hedy-
sarum, 96. Hippocrepis, 31. Lathyrus, 11 67, 112,
1255, 6/0, 805, 1108, log. Lotus, 20g0, 925, 2091.
Medicago, 1749, 10 16, 9/1, 16 10. Ononis, 682.
Ornithopus, 369. Orobus, 1153, 518. Pisum, 1046.
Spartium, 1339. Trifolium, 1340, 1047, 1769, 1048,
1224, 1770, 190, 220, 944, 903, 1063, 1643, 1040,
1050, 945, 1257, 1545, 1256. Ulex, 742, 743.
Vicia, 79, 1 16S, 334, 30, 481, 482, 483, 1515, 1642.

DIADELPHIA. S6?

Hie different British Genera in this Class described
by their Generic Characters, taken from the seven
parts of fructification, agreeably to the principles
of Limits us.

Botanical Description of the Genus ORDER 2.

FUMARIA. SaSSt

Calyx. Perianthium, 2 leaves ; leaflets, opposite, equal,

lateral, erect, acute, small, deciduous
Corolla. Oblong, tubular, gaping, palate projecting and
filling up the mouth.

Upper Up, flat, obtuse, notched at the end, reflected.

(The Vexilhm.)
The Nectarium is the base of the upper lip projecting
backwards, obtuse.

Lower lip, altogether similar to the upper lip, towards
the base keeled. (The Carina.)

Nectarium, at the base keeled, but projecting less than
in the other.

Mouth, 4-cornered, obtuse, cloven perpendicularly.

{The Ales.).
Stamina. Filaments, 2, equal, broad, tapering, one en-
closed within each lip. Antherce, 3 at the end of each
filament.
Pistillum. Germen, oblong, compressed, tapering to a
point.

Style, short. Stigma, round, compressed, erect.
Pericarpium. Pouch, with one cell.
Seeds. Roundish.

*** The stamina are almost the only invariable part in
this Genus. The Fumaria officinalis has a roundish pouch,
generally containing a single seed, deciduous. In Fumaria
cluu'uulatu the seed vessel is an oblong., taper-pointed pod.

368

DIADELPHIA.

ORDER 3.

OCTAKDRIA.

Eight Stamina.

Botanical Description of the Genus
POLY GALA.

Calyx. Perianthium, 5 leaves, small; leaflets, egg-
shaped, acute, permanent, 2 placed beneath, and 1 above
the blossom, the 2 middle leaflets nearly egg-shaped, flat,
large, coloured, (the Alee), deciduous.

Corolla. Nearly butterfly-shaped.

Vexillum, generally cylindrical, tubular, short. Rim,
reflected, small, cloven.

Carina, concave, compressed, bulging towards the end.
Appendages to the carina (generally) 2 pencil- shaped
substances, with 3 divisions, fixed towards the end of
the carina.

Stamina. Filaments, 8, united, enclosed in the carina.
Antherce, 8, simple.

Pistillu.m. Germen, oblong. Style, simple, erect.
Stigma, terminating, rather thick, cloven.

Pericarpium. Capsula inversely heart-shaped, compressed,
acute at the edge. Cells, 2. Valves, 2. Partition,
placed crosswise to the valves, opening at the edge on
each side.

Seeds. Solitary, egg-shaped.

*V* The appendages to the carina are different in
different species, and in many they are not to be found.

ORDER 4,

PECANDKIA.

Ten Stamina,

Botanical Description of the Genus
ASTRAGALUS.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, tubular, with 5 acute teeth,
the lower teeth gradually smaller.

Corolla. Butterfly-shaped. Standard, longer than the
other petals, reflected at the sides, notched at the end,
blunt, straight. Wings, oblong, shorter than the
standard. Keel, as long as the wings, notched at the
end.

DIADELPHIA.

Stamina. Filaments, 10, almost straight, 9 united. An-
theree, roundish.

Pistillum. Germen, nearly cylindrical. Style, awl-
shaped, ascending. Stigma, blunt.

Pericarpium. Legumen, with 2 cells, the cells bending
to one side.

Seeds. Kidney-shaped.

*** The legumen differs in different species.

369

Botanical Description of the Genus
TR1FOLIUM.

Calyx. An Umlellula, or little head upon a common
receptaculum. Perianthium, 1 leaf, tubular, with 5
teeth, permanent.

Corolla. Butterfly-shaped, generallypermanent, shrivel-
ling. Standard, reflected. Wings, shorter than the
standard. Keel, shorter than the wings.

Stamina. Filaments, 10 ; Q, united. Anther**, simple.

Pistillum. Germen, somewhat egg-shaped. Sty le, awl-
shaped, ascending Stigma, simple.

Pericarpium. Legumen, scarcely larger than the pe-
rianthium with 1 valve, not opening, deciduous.

Seeds. Very few, roundish. t

*x* It is more difficult to give a true and essential
character to this Genus than to any other, and those who
have attempted to divide it have not been able to fix any
certain limits to their sub-divisions. Linn.

ORDER 4.

DECANDKJA.

Ten Stamina.

Botanical Description of the Genus
GENISTA.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, small, tubular, 2-lipped.
Upper lip, with 2 teeth, more deeply divided than the
lower lip, which has 3 teeth nearly equal.
2 L

ORDER 4.

DECANDRIA.

Ten Stamina.

370 DIADELPHIA.

Corolla. Butterfly-shaped. Standard, oblong, distant
from the keel, entirely bent back. Wings, oblong,
flexible, shorter than the other petals. Keel, straight,
notched at the end, longer than the standard.

Stamina. Filaments, 10, connected, rising out of the
keel. Antherce, simple.

Pistillum. Germen, oblong. Style, simple, rising up-
wards. Stigma, acute, rolled inwards.

Pericarpium. Legumen, roundish, turgid, with 1 cell
and 2 valves.

Seeds. Solitary, generally kidney-shaped.

*#* In Gmista tinctoria the seeds are many; in
Genista pilosa, there are 2 or more seeds ; and in Genista
anglica there are from 3 to ] 4 seeds.

ORDER 4.

PECANDRIA.

Ten Stamina.

Botanical Description of the Genus
SPARTIUM.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, heart-shaped, but tubular,
small, coloured, the upper margin very short, the lower
towards the end set with 5 little teeth.
Corolla. Butterfly-shaped. Petals, 5.

Vexilluin inversely heart-shaped, entirely reflected,
very large.

Aloe, egg-shaped, oblong, shorter than the vexillum,
connected to the filaments.

Carina, petals, 2, spear-shaped, oblong, longer than
the alae, connected at the keel-shaped margin by soft
hairs to the filaments.
Stamina. Filaments, 10, connected, unequal, adhering
to the germen, the uppermost very short, and from that
growing gradually longer : the lower cloven into Q parts.
Antherce, rather long.
Pistillum. Germen, oblong, hairy. Style, awl-shaped,
rising upwards. Stigma, fixed to the upper side of the
end of the style, hairy. _

DIADELPHIA.

Pericarium. Legumen, cylindrical, long, obtuse, with

1 cell and 2 valves.
Seeds. Many, globular, but somewhat kidney-shaped.

571

Botanical Description of the Genus
PISUM.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, with 5 clefts, acute, per-
manent, the 2 upper segments the shortest.

Corolla. Butterfly-shaped. Standard, very broad, in-
versely heart-shaped, reflected, notched at the end, with
a point between. Wings, 2, circular, approaching,
shorter than the standard. Keel, compressed, half-
moon-shaped, shorter than the wings.

Stamina. Filaments, 10 j 1, simple, superior, awl-shaped,
but flat ; g awl-shaped, united from the middle down-
wards into a cylinder, which is cloven towards the top.
Anlherce, roundish.

Pistillum. Germen, oblong, compressed. Style, ascend-
ing, triangular, membranaceous, keeled, the sides bent
outwards. Stigma, fixed to the superior angle, oblong,
woolly.
Pericarpium. Legumen, large, long, somewhat cylin-
drical, or compressed underneath; the point tapering
upwards, 1 cell, 2 valves.
Seeds. Many, globular.

ORDER 4.

DEC ANURIA.

Ten Stamina

*#* The style being sharp-edged above, not flat,
distinguishes this Genus from the Genus Lathyrus.

l2

372

DTADELPHIA.

ORDER 4,

BECANURIA.

Ten Stamina.

Botanical Description of the Genus
LOTUS.

Calyx. Umbel, simple : Perianthium, 1 leaf, tubular,
with 5 shallow clefts ; teeth, acute,, equal, erect, per-
manent.

Corolla. Butterfly-shaped. Standard, circular, bent
downwards, daw, oblong, concave. Wings, circular,
shorter than the standard, broad, approaching upward.
Keel, bulging in the lower part, closed above, tapering
to a point, ascending, short.

Stamina. Filaments, 10, ascending, Q united, broadish
at the ends. Antheree, small, simple.

Pistillum. Germen, cylindrical, oblong. Style, simple,
ascending. Stigma, a dot, bending inwards.

Pericarpium. Legumen, cylindrical, stiff" and straight,
filled full, longer than the perianthium, 2 valves and
many cells.

Seeds. Many, cylindrical.

ORDER 4.

VJECANDRIA.

Ten Stamina.

Botanical Description of the Genus
HEDYSARUM.

Calyx. Perianthium, 1 leaf, with 5 shallow clefts, seg-
ments, awl-shaped, erect, permanent.
Corolla. Butterfly-shaped, scored.

Vexillum, reflected and compressed, egg-oblong,
notched at the end, long.

Alee, oblong narrower than the other petals, straight.

Carina, straight, compressed, broader 3,t the outer

part, and transversely obtuse, cloven from the base to

the bulging part.

Stamina. Filaments, 10, Q united, bent at a right angle.

Antheree, roundish, compressed.

DIADELPHIA. 373

Pistillum. Germen, slender, compressed, strap-shaped. ORDER 4.
Style, awl-shaped, bent like the stamina. Stigma, un- decandria.
divided. Ten Stamina.

Pekicarpium. Legumen, with roundish joints, com-
pressed, with 2 valves and 1 seed in each joint.

Seeds. Kidney-shaped, solitary.

*#* The HeJysarum Onobrychis has a legumen of
only 1 joint, and a single seed.

MA3DE1LPHIA

PENTANDRIA

CLASS IWI

ORDER 1

V

IMEEEHLEA^MP MOFOTE1RIA

MONOTERIA TRITOJLIA

BIABELFH1A

HEXATSTDRIA

ciassxvh

ORDER 2

|S1 ~V

YELLOW JFUMIT OMX

F1TMAMIA X.ITTEA

J\S^K*?.

OCTANDRIA

CLASS WK

^r

•C OMM ON MILK-WORT

POJCYGALA. VULGARIS

BIABELFHIA

I>E C A3STDRIA

ciass xvn

ORDER 4r

MOITHTAI^ MILK-WOiaT

A3TKAGA1LITS HYP© GLOTTIS

r ■ — ======== — gggZZ,

JMABELPHIA

DE CANDRIA

Common, I^aple Clover, or Honeysuxl<Ze Trefoil
TBI!" Q ILIUM IPIRA.TES'SE

MABELPHIA

DEC ATSTDRIA

Dyers

GENISTA 'TET'I

BIABELPHIA

DECANDRIA

Commviv BrocTro

8 PARTI TO! S C O P APvI U M

BIAJDELPHIA

DZCANDXIA

iMTiMrm

BlABEiFHIA

DEC ANURIA

US COTBLMCFLATFS

*.■

BIABEHPHIA

DECANDRIA

HEBXSARITM OH OBKTCHI S

H E JD1T S ARIT M GYM S

POLYADELPHIA.

CLASS XVIII.

THE FILAMENTS OF THE STAMINA UNITED, MAKING
MORE THAN TWO PARCELS.

No part of the Linnaean system has been less accurately-
defined or understood than the Orders of this Class. Sir
J. Ed. Smith has therefore adopted some improvements., and
the following arrangement is conformable to them.

THIS CLASS HAS THREE ORDERS.

ORDER I.

ORDER 1.

DODECANDRIA.

No British Plant of this Order. Stamina from

_^____ twelve totwenty,

or twenty-five,
rTTBTTC their filaments

V/linUij. being uncon-

nected with the
Of the Genus Citrus there is no British species. Calyx.

The derivation of Citrus is very uncertain. Vossius says

that it is a Latin word originally introduced from Africa.

CITRUS AURANTIUM.
Orange.
Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5-cleft. Petals, 5, oblong. Anthera:,
10, filaments united into various bodies.
Berry, 9-celled.
Sp. Ch. Leaves, acuminate. Petiolus, winged.

The Orange-tree is a native of India, but
grows luxuriantly in many parts of Europe.
2 m

3/6 POLVADELPHIA.

order i. This fruit was not known to the ancient
dodecandria. Greeks or Romans, although the oranges now

Stamina from . . .

tueivetotwenty, produced in Malta are those which are most

or twenty-five, *■

their filaments esteemed in Europe. The Pomegranate is sup-

being uncon- * o j.

nmed with the pQSed tQ be the Golden Apple of the ancients.
There is one kind of orange, the pulp of
which is tinged with red, said to be produced
by grafting the common Orange on the
Pomegranate; but this is a vulgar error, as the
dark-coloured, called a black Rose,a Rosa
centifolia, is said to be in consequence of
gifting a red rose on a black currant tree,
which is a common error of the same kind.

To this Order belongs the tree which
produces the seed of which Chocolate is
made.b

a Among the various colours of flowers, scarlet is most
rave, and yellow the most common. The blossom of the
Lobelia julgens exhibits the deepest and most vivid
carmine red that is to be met with. There is no
flower that is entirely black. The black spot in the
blossom of the common garden bean is darker than that of
any flower I am acquainted with. The Rosa centifolia,
Lotus jacobceus, and the Pelargonium lobatum, are of a
dark purple.

b Linnaeus named this plant Theobroma (celestial food)
which shews him to have been more fond of Chocolate
than the Europeans who first tasted it. Benzo, who made
a voyage to South America in 1541, calls it a mess more
fit for pigs than for men. " I loathed it," he says, V for
move than a year," Lib. ii. c. J Q. And Acosta says, that
some persons who were not used to Chocolate were disgusted

POLYADELFHIA. 377

ORDER II. ORDER 2.

_ ICOSANDRIA.

, Stamina nume.

No British Pla/lt Of this Order. reus, their fila-

ments being in-

> serted, in several

parcels, into the

MELALEUCA. yx"

Of the Genus Melaleuca there is no Eritish species.
The name is derived from us\a;, black, and ?<?vko$, white.

MELALEUCA THYMIFOLTA.

Thyme-leaved Melaleuca.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5-cleft, half superior. Petals, 5.
Filaments, numerous, very long, united into
5 parcels. Style, 1. Capsula, 3 -celled.

Sr. Ch. heaves, opposite, elliptic, lanceolate, nerveless.
Flowering branches, lateral, very short, few-
flowered. Filaments, branched more than
halfway down.

This plant is a native of New South
Wales. It is rather a tender green-house
plant, seldom kept long, but easily renewed
from seed. The soil should be like that on
which the Heath kind are cultivated. The

at its appearance ; and he seemed to think, with good
reason — f* Porque tiene una espuma arriba, y un borbollon
como de hezes, que cierto es menester mueho credito para
passar con ello." Lib. iv. C. 22.

378 POLYADELPHIA.

first representation of this plant was pub-
lished in the Linnaean Transactions, 1797.

ORDERS. ORDER III.

POLYANDRIA.

Stamina very HYPERICUM.

numerous, un-
connected with

the Calyx. QptheGenusHYPERicuM there are eleven British species.6

The name is Hypericum in Pliny, and in Dioscorides,
tia.oiY.fiv. According to Linnaeus it is derived from wftf*
above, and sixuv, image.

HYPERICUM ELODES.
Marsh St. JohCs-wort.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 5-leaved. Petals, 5. Filaments, nu-
merous, united at the base in 3 or 5 sets.
Capsula, roundish.

Sp. Ch. Styles, 3. Stem, round, creeping, vellous, as
well as the leaves, which are roundish.

The Genus Hypericum is the only British
Genus of this Order. The different species
are produced in spongy bogs in several parts
of England, and blossom in July and August,
but the flowers seldom fully expand, unless in
bright sun-shine.

c These species are figured in Sowerby's English Botany,
1225, 370, 295, 296, 1226, 371, 1156, 1227, 100, 1986,
2017.

POLYADELPHIA.

379

Botanical Description of the Genus Hypericum
taken from the seven parts of fructification,
agreeably to the principles of Linnaus.

HYPERICUM.

ORDER 3,

POLYANDRIA.

na verv

POL'

Calyx. Perianthium, with 5 divisions ; segments, some- Sfami

what egg-shaped, concave, permanent. numerous, un-

°° r ,iii_i a connected with

Corolla. Petals, 5, oblong- egg- shaped, blunt, expand- the Calyx,
ing, bending from left to right.

Stamina. Filaments, numerous, hair-like, connected at
the base into 3 or 5 sets. Anthera, small.

Pistilla. Germen, roundish. Styles, 3, (sometimes 1,
2, or 5,) simple, distant, as long as the stamina. Stig-
mata, simple.

Pericarpium. Capsula, roundish, with as many cells as
styles.

Seeds. Several, oblong.

4=

POLYABEIPHIA

DODECANDRIA

CLASS 2VID

ORDER 1

DMANGE

|-1

CITRFS AFMAKTIFM

AAAA'

!'0[,Y.\1>KI,I'H'IA

ICOSANDRIA.

CIASS B

ORDER

ST

THYAIE'LEATEB MEIAIJEITCA

MELALEUCA THTMIEOTJA

V^s< _^/~"

POLYANDRIA

CLASS XVMI

ORDER 3

MARSH ST JOHN'S* WORT

^S

HYPERICUM EJLOBES

SYNGENESIA.

CLASS XIX.

ANTHERS UNITED INTO A TUBE. FLOWERS
COMPOUND.

THIS CLASS HAS FIVE ORDERS.

This Class comprehends those flowers which are
called compound. The essential character of a compound
floiver consists in the anthers being united together, so as
to form a cylinder, and the filaments separate at the base • a
which are, for the most part, five in number, and inserted
into the Corolla. The Dandelion and Thistle are of this
kind, composed of a number of small flowers called Florets.
To illustrate the character of this Class, a Floret of the
Dandelion is given, magnified : which plant is also of the
first Order.

a Those flowers which are composed of Florets, where
the antherce are not united into a cylinder, are called ag-
gregate flowers, as the Scabious, Class IV. the Teasel, &c.

2 N

182 SYNGENESIA.

order i. ORDER L

POLYGAMIA
/EOUAUS.

Both parts of CARLIjSA.

fructification

complete in each

Floret; and each Of the Genus Carlina there is wily this one British

fhSstan'ce'c.f species. The name is said to be derived from Carolus.

any other, capa- Charlemagne's army being said to be cured of the plague

ble of producing , ., r .,

perfect seed. bv ^ie use °* tne root«

CARLINA VULGARIS.
Common Carline.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, swelling: the outer scales, spinous ;

the inner, coloured, scariose, radiant. Recep-

taculum, chaffy. Doion, feathery.
Sp. Ch. Stem, many- flowered, corymbose. Flowers,

terminal. Outer scales of the calyx, pinnatifid ;

inner, whitish.

This plant is scattered over dry and
sandy heaths and pastures, and blossoms in
June and July.

The seeds of this flower, as of many
others of this natural Class, are furnished
with a plume, serving them as wings, which
in different plants are differently constructed ;
some, like a divergent tuft of hair, others
are branched like feathers ; some are elevated

SYNGENESIA. 383

from the crown of the seed by a slender
foot-stalk, which gives them a very elegant
appearance; others sit immediately on the
crown of the seed itself: by this provision
of nature they are wafted to a distance, and
are thus disseminated far from the parent
plant.

TRAGOPOGON. order i.

POLYGAMIA

Or the Genus Tragopogon there are two British _ -equalis.

Both parts of
species. The name is Tragopogon in Pliny, andT pccyottwycov, fructification

in Dioscorides. Derived from rgago;, a goat, and ifcuycvv, j^^l^ "c{j

a beard, on account of the large down to the seed. Floret, without

the assistance of
any other, capa-
■ ■ ble of producing

perfect seed.

TRAGOPOGON PORRIFOLIUS.
Purple Goat'9-beard.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gex. Ch. Receptacidum, naked. Calyx, simple, of many
leaves. Down, feathered.

Sp. Ch. Crlyx, half as long again as the corolla. Leaves,
entire, straight. Flower- stalk, swelling up-
wards.

This is a biennial plant, and blossoms in
May and June; when in blossom, the flower
opens at three or four o'clock in the morning,
and closes as early as nine or ten. The
root when boiled or stewed has a mild

384

SVNGENESIA.

ORDER i:

POLYGAMIA
^QUALIS.

Both parts of
fructification
complete in each
Floret; and each
Floret, without
the assistance of
any other, capa-
ble of producing
perfect seed.

sweetish flavour, and formerly was cultivated
for the table.

British Plants of this Order,

Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

3 Arctium 2 Burdock

14 BlDENS 2 BlDENS

18 Carduus . . . , 7 Thistle

Q Carltna 1 Carline

28 Cnicus 4 Cnicus

5 Cichorium 1 Endive

20 Crepis 4 Hawk's-beard

4Q Eupatorium 1 Hemp Agrimony

4 Hedypnois 4 Hedypnois

55 Hieracium 18 Hawk-weed

10 Hyoseris 1 Hyoseris

5 Hypoch.kris 3 Cat's-ear

11 Lactuca 3 Lettuce

5 Lapsana 1 Nipplewort

4 Leontodon 2 Dandelion

7 Onopordum 1 Cotton-thistle

6 Picris 2 Ox-tongue

19 Prenanthes 1 Prenanthes

6 Santolina 1 Sea Cotton-weed

20 Serratula 3 Saw-wort

19 Sonchus 4 Sow-thistle

14 Tragopogon 2 Goat's-beard

British Species figured in Sowerbys English Botany.

Arctium, 1228, 2478. Bidens, 1113, 1114. Carduus, 107,
1112, 973, 412, 976, 675, 161. Carlina, 1144.
Cichorium, 53g. Cnicus, 974,386, 177, 2502. Crepis,
406,1111,149,2325. Eupatorium, 428. Hedypnois,
554,555,1109,830. Hieracium, 1110. 10^3, 2332,
2368, 2082, 2031, IO94, 2210, 2379, 349, 2235> 1771*
1469, 2083, 2121, 2122, 2307, 2378. Hyose'ris, Q5.

SYNGENESIA* 385

UypocJiaerh, 225, 575, 831. Lactuca, \Q57, 268, 707.
Lapsana, 844. LeonlMon, 510, 553. Onopordum, 977 .
Picris, 9/2, 19(5. Prenanthes, 457. Santofina, 141.
Serratula, 38, 599, 975. Sonchus, 2425, 935, 674, 843.
Tragopogon, 434, 638.

ORDER II ORDER2.

POLYGAMIC
SUPERFLUA.

BELLIS. The central Flo-

rets having both
parts of fructifi*.

Of the Genus Bellis there is only this one British cation complete,
species. The name is derived from Bellus, pretty, hand- t]ie circumfer-

cnrnp ence have only

sumc' Pistilla, but both

— kinds producing

perfect seed.

BELLIS PERENNIS.
Daisy*

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Receptaculum, naked, conical. Down, none.

Calyx, hemispherical ; its scales equal. Seeds,

ob-ovate.
Sp. Ch. Root, creeping. Stalk, naked.

With this interesting little flower every
pasture and grass-plat is spangled, from the
beginning of spring till the end of autumn.

It is called in French La belle Margarete,
and with us, the Daisy, being emblematical,
as Chaucer expresses it, of the eye of the
Day, from its opening to the rising sun.
When the sun is declining the flower shuts
2 o

386 SYNGENESIA.

orders, itself up, as if to take its rest. It has

suferfYu'a: always been a favourite with Poets, and

ms%CavTngalbolh observers of Nature. Chaucer, who is

ca?on0compCiete" among the first that takes notice of the

while those in

the circumfer- opening and shutting or flowers at parti-

ence have only r ~

pistuia, but both cu}ar times of the day, thus expressed his

kinds producing •* ' A

perfeaseed. partiality for it :

Well by reason men is calle maie
The Daisie, or else the eye of the Daie

She that is of all flowris the floure,

Fulfilled of all virtue and honoure ;
And even alike fair and fresh of hewe,
As well in winter as in summer newe,
As soon as ever the sunne ginneth West
To sene this floure, how it will go to rest.
For fear of night, so hateth she darknesse ;
Her chere is plainly spread in the brightnesse
Of die Sunne.

Burns, that exquisite poet of Nature and
of feeling, has also paid his tribute to the
Daisy, and left us a moral for our instruction.

Wee, modest, crimson-tipped flow'r,
Thcu's met me in an evil hour ;
For I maun crush amang the stoure

Thy slender stem ;
To spare thee now is past my pow'r,

Thou bonnie gem.

See Burns, To a Mountain Daisy, Vol. III. P. 201.

SYNGENESIA.

387

ACHILLEA. order 2.

Of the Genus Achillea there are two British species, superflua.
The name is supposed to have its origin from Achilles, but T^e ,cei?tra] ' F1,°»

° * rets navmg both

without any very good reason. parts of fructifi-

cation complete,

while those in

the circumfer-
ence have only
Pistilla, but both
ACHILLEA PTARMICA. kinds producing

perfect seed.

Sneeze-wort, Yarrow.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Receptaculum, chaffy. Down, none. Calyx,
ovate, imbricated, unequal. Florets, of the
radius 5 to 10, roundish, or inversely heart-
shaped.

Sp. Ch. Leaves, lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrated.

This, though not a very common plant, is
plentiful in some parts of England about
wet hedges and the banks of rivers. On the
banks of the Ouse at York I observed this
species growing in the greatest plenty on
the one side of the river, and on the opposite
bank, the other species of this Genus, Achillea
Millefolium, and with so few examples of
either species being mixed with the other,
that the effect seemed more like cultivation
than spontaneous growth. It blossoms in
August and September*

2 o 2

388 SYNOENESIA.

order i. This plant is a good example of a Corym-

polygamia bose inflorescence.

SUPERFLUA.

The central Fir-
rets having both . . r i • r\ i

parts of fructifi- British t lants of this Uraer.

cation complete,

while those in Botanical Generic Names. Common Names.

the circumfer. . , ,

ence have only 27 ACHILLEA 2 MILFOIL

Pistilla, but both 20 AnTHEMIS 5 CHAMOMILE

kinds producing

perfectseed. " 44 Autemisia O WORMWOOD

65 Aster 1 Star-wort

2 B ellis 1 Daisy

2/ Chrysanthemum ... 2 Chrysanthemum
41 Cineraria 2 Cineraria

43 CoNYZA 1 FLEA-BA NE

3 Doronicum 1 Leopard's-bane

30 Erigeron 3 Erigeron

GO Gnaphalium 10 Everlasting

34 Inula 4 Inula

8 Matricaria 1 Wild Chamomile

3 Pyrethrum 3 Feverfew

75 Senecio 9 Groundsel

30 Solidago 1 Golden-rod

y Tanacetum I Tansy

14 Tussilago 3 Colt's-foot

British Species figured in Sozcobys English Botany.

Achillea, 757, 75S. Anthcmis, 2370, 98O, 602, 17/2,
1472. Artemisia, 338, 1001, 1230,978,2426, 1706.
Aster, 67. Bel/is, 424. Chrysanthemum, 601, 540.
Cineraria, 151 , 152. Ccmyza, 1 ] 95 . Doronicum, 630
Erigeron, 20ig, 1158,464. Gnaphalium, 1002,2018,
267,913,124, 1193,1194,2369, 1157,946. Inula,
1546, 1115, II96, 68. Matricaria, 1232. Pyrethrum,
1231, 676, Q7Q. Senecio, 747, 32, 748, 600, 574, 1 130,
1131, 650, 2211. Solidago, 301. Tanacetum, 1229.
Tussilago, 429, 430, 431.

SYNGENESIA.

389

ORDER III. 0RDER3-

POLYGAMIA.-
TRUSTRANEA.

CENTAUREA. 2KSK13T

parts of fruct fi-

Of the Genus Centaurea there are seven British ^^tlrf'
SDecies b This Genus is called Kerravpiov by Dioscondes, the circumfer-

" . . ence have nel-

and is supposed to be named from Chiron. ther stamina nor

Pistilla.

CENTAUREA CYANUS.
Blue-bottle, or, Corn-forcer.
Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. JReceptaculum, bristly. Seed-down, simple.
Corolla, of the radius funnel-shaped, irre-
gular, longer than those of the disk.

Sp. Ch. Scales, of the calyx serrated. Leaves, linear,
entire ; the lowermost dentated.

This is the only British Genus of this

Order.

This species is common in corn-fields,
and is a good example of this Order. It
blossoms in June and the two succeeding
months, and the petals are of a beautiful
blue colour, though sometimes white, and
sometimes purple.

b These species are figured in Sowerby's English
Botany, 2/8, 277, 56, 2256, 125, 243, I67S.

S90 SYNGENESIA.

order s. Among vegetables, colour i sso uncertain,

polygamia. that Linnaeus has seldom taken it into the

FRUSTRANEA.

The central Fio- account to characterise a species, for it is

rets having both l '

StSn compile, f°und often to depend upon a difference of
thedrcumf™- heat, climate, soil, and culture; and it is
ther stsmina nor remarked, that red more readily changes

Pistilla. .

into white and blue; blue, into white and
yellow ; yellow, into white ; and white, into
purple.

The flowers of the Hibiscus mutabilis are
remarkable for altering their colour. At
their first expansion they are white; they
then change to a deep red, or rose-colour,
which as they decay turns to purple. In
the "West Indies all these alterations happen
in the course of one day, which in those hot
countries is the longest duration of these
flowers ; but in England, where they con-
tinue nearly a week in perfection, the changes
are not so sudden.

While colour is the most uncertain cha-
racter of the Corolla, the figure of the petals
of the same species is more constant than
that of the fruit; hence it is recommended
by Linnaeus, to arrange under the same
Genus such plants as agree invariably in the
Calyx, Petals, and Stamina.

SYNGENESIA. 39 1

ORDER IF. order 4.

POLYGAMIC,
NECESSARIA.

No British Plant of this Order. The central Flo.

rets having Sta-
1 mina only, and

the Florets of

CALENDULA. SSj.'Sfft

tilla.

Of the Genus Calendula there is no British species.
Calendula is supposed to be derived from KctXaSos, as the
flower, when slightly expanded, somewhat resembles a
little basket, known to the Greeks by that name.

CALENDULA OFFICINALIS.
Garden Marigold.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, many-leaved, nearly equal. Recepta-
culum, naked. Down, none. Seeds, of the
centre, very often membranous.

Sp. Ch. Seeds, all boat-formed, prickly, bent inwards ;
the innermost seeds crowded together, the
outermost, erect, furnished with a tail.

This plant grows wild in the southern
countries of Europe, as the south of France
and Italy. Of the Genus Calendula there
are fourteen species. Of this species there
are several varieties. According to Lin-
naeus's observations these flowers are open
from nine in the morning till three in the
afternoon. The regular expansion of floAvers
attracted early notice ; and in the poems of

392 SVNGENESIA.

Rowley there is an allusion to this property
in the Marigold :

ORDER 4.

POLYGAMIA.

NEGESSARIA.

The central Flo-

Sahonlyf a'nd " The Mary-bad that shuttetb with the light."

the Florets of

enceContymp!s- And in Shakespeare it is thus expressed :

tilla.

" The Marigold, that goes to bed wi' the sun,
And with him rises weeping."

The knowledge of this fact has also fur-
nished him with a most beautiful poetical
image in his Tarquin and Lucrece :

" Her eyes like Marigolds had sheath'd their light,
And canopy'd in darkness sweetly lay,
Till they might open to adorn the day."

And again, in this exquisite song in
Cymbeline :

Hark ! Hark ! the lark at heaven's gate sings,

And Phoebus 'gins arise,
His steeds to water at those springs

On chalic'd flowers that lies j

And winking Mary-buds begin

To ope their golden eyes ;
With every thing that pretty bin :

My lady sweet, arise.

This property is not uncommon with
plants in this natural Class. The Dandelion
opens at five or six in the morning, and
closes at nine. The Mouse-ear Hawk-weed
opens at eight, and closes at twelve. The

SYNGENESIA,

Sow-thistle opens at five, and closes between
eleven and twelve, and the Goat's-beard, I
have already remarked, opens at three or four
in the morning, and closes at nine or ten.
In fine weather these flowers open earlier,
and close at an earlier hour.

393

ORDER V.

No British Plant of this Order.

ECHINOPS.

Of the Genus Echinops there is no British species.
The name is derived from E%<vo<r, a hedge-hog, and atyis,
on account of the rough appearance of these plants.

ORDER 5.

POLYGAMIA

SEGREGATA.

Compound i'lo-
rets, each having
a partial Calyx,
but all included
in one general
Calyx.

ECHINOPS SPHiEROCEPHALUS.
Great Globe Thistle.

Essential Generic and Specific Characters.

Gen. Ch. Calyx, 1 -flowered. Corolla, tubular, having

perfect florets. Beceptaculum, bristly.
Sp. Ch. Heads, globular ; leaves, sinuate, pubescent.

This plant is a native of most of the
countries in Europe, but not of England,
and was introduced into our gardens in 1596\
In its native state it grows in any soil or
situation, not more than two feet high ; but
by culture it grows to more than twice that

394 SYNGENESIA.

order 5. heiarht. It blossoms in July, and its seeds

Sm. ripen in August.
ret™each having In this Class Linnaeus made a sixth
but an included Order, which has been abolished by subse-

in one general

c*1^- quent Botanists.

This Class of compound flowers, Syn-
genesia, has been particularly treated upon
by Vaillant, who principally confined his re-
searches to this part of Botany, and pub-
lished his discoveries and method of arrange-
ment in the Memoirs of the Academy of
Sciences at Paris. c

c Sebastian Vaillant, a French physician and botanist,
was born at Vigny, near Pontoise, in 1 66g. He became
superintendant of the royal garden, and a Member of the
Academy of Sciences. He died in 1722. His works are,
Remarks on Tournefort's Botanical Institutions ; Discourse
on the Structure of Flowers ; Botanicon Parisiense, or a
Description of Plants which grow about Paris., folio, with
plates j and a small Botanicon, 12mo. 1743.

SYXGENESIA.

395

The different Genera introduced inthisCL ass described
by their Generic Characters, taken from the seven
parts of fructification , agreeably to the principles
of Linnozus.

Botanical Description of the Genus
CARLINA.

Calyx. Common, bellying, radiate, imbricated. Scales,
numerous, flexible, acute, the Inner, in a circle, very
long, expanding, shining, colored, forming radii to the
compound flower.

Corolla. Compound, uniform, tubular. Perfect Florets,*
equal.

Individuals, of 1 petal, funnel-shaped. Title, slender;
Border, funnel-shaped, with 5 clefts.

Stamina. Filaments, 5, hair-like, very short. Anther ee,
forming a hollow cylinder.

Pistillum. Germen, short. Style, thread-shaped, as
long as the stamina. Stigma, oblong, cloven or entire.

Pericarpium. None. Calyx, unchanged.

Seed. Solitary, rather cylindrical. Down, divided into
rays, somewhat chaff- like, branched, feathered.

Receptaculum. Flat, chaff bristle-like, membranaceous,
and a little united at the base, forming cells, with many
clefts, rays awl-shaped. Bristles, somewhat longer than
the chaff, and club-shaped, are intermixed with it.

d Perfect florets are such as have the parts of fructifica-
tion perfect and complete in each floret as, a stamen and
pistillum, in each.

ORDER I.

POLYGAMIA
^QUALIS:

Both parts of
fructification
complete in each
Floret ; and each
Floret, without
the assistance of
any other, capa-
ble of producing
perfect seed.

396

SYNGENESIA.

ORDER 1.

POLYGAMIA
yEOUALIS.

Both parts of
fructification
complete in each
Floret ; and each
Floret, without
the assistance of
any other, capa-
ble of producing
perfect seed.

Botanical Description of the Genus
TRAGOPOGON.

Calyx. Common, simple, with 8 leaves ; leaflets, spear-
shaped, equal, each alternate leaflet standing more in-
wards, all united at the base.

Corolla. Compound, imbricated, uniform. Perfect
florets, numerous, the outer rather longer.

Individual florets , of 1 petal, strap-shaped, topped, with
5 teeth.

Stamina. Filaments, 5 hair-like, very short. Anthera,
forming a cylinder.

Pistillum. Germen, oblong. Style, thread-shaped, as
long as the stamina. Stigmata, 2, rolled back.

Pericarpium. None; the Calyx closing, tapering to a
point, as long as the seeds, a little inflated.

Seeds. Solitary, oblong, tapering towards each end,
angular, rough, terminated by a long awl-shaped pillar,
supporting the down, which is feathered and flat, with
about 32 spokes.

Receptaculum. Naked, flat, rough.

*jt* In some species of this Genus the seeds are
straight and the calyx longer than the corolla ; in others,
the seeds are crooked and the calyx is shorter than the
corolla.

ORDER 2.

FOLYGAMIA
SUPERFLUA.

The central Flo-
rets having both
parts of fructifi-
cation complete,
while those in
the circumfer-
ence have only

Calyx.
10 to
equal.

Botanical Description of the Genus
BELLIS.

Common, hemispherical, erect, leaflets from
20, placed in a double row, spear-shaped,

SYNGENESIA.

397

Corolla. Compound, radiate; in the centre, Perfect Pistilla, but both
florets, tubular, numerous ; in the circumference, Florets perfect seed. S
having only pistilla, strap-shaped, more in number
than the leaves of the calyx.

Individual perfect florets, funnel-shaped, with 5 clefts.
Individual florets ivith only pistilla, narrow, spear-
shaped, very slightly marked with 3 teeth.

Stamina. Filaments, 5, hair-like, very short. Antherce,
forming a hollow cylinder.

Pistillum. Germen, in the perfect florets, egg-shaped.
Style, simple. Stigma, notched at the end.

Germen; in the florets, having only Pistilla, egg-shaped.
Style, thread-shaped. Stigmata, 1, standing wide.

Pericarpium. None. Calyx, unchanged.

Seeds. In all the florets, solitary, inversely egg-shaped,
compressed. Down, none.

Receptaculum. Naked, conical.

Botanical Description of the Genus
ACHILLEA.

Calyx. Common, egg-shaped, imbricated. Scales, egg-
shaped, acute, approaching.

Corolla. Compound, radiate; in the centre. Perfect
pZorets, tubular; in the circumference, florets from 5 to
10, containing only pistilla, strap-shaped.

Individual perfect florets, funnel-shaped, with 5 clefts,
open.

Individual florets, having only pistilla, strap-shaped,
inversely heart-shaped, expanding, cloven into 3 seg-
ments, the middlemost the smallest.

Stamina. Filaments, 5, hair-like, very short. Anthers,
forming a hollow cylinder.

Pistillum. Germen, in the perfect florets, small. Style,
thread-shaped, as long as the stamina. Stigma, blunt,
notched at the end.

ORDER 2.

POLYGAMIA
SUPERFLUA.

The central Flo-
rets having both
parts of fructifi-
cation complete,
while those in
the circumfer-
ence have only
Pistilla, but both
kinds producing
perfect seed.

356 S?NGENESIA.

Germen, in the florets containing only pistilla, small.

Style, thread-shaped, as long as the other. Stigmata, 2,

blunt, bent back.
Pericarpium. None. Calyx, but little changed. Recep-

taculum, thread-shaped, lengthens out when loaded with

the seeds, egg shaped, and twice as long as the calyx.
Seeds. In all the florets, solitary, egg-shaped, woolly.

Down, none.
Receptaculum. Chaffy, elevated. Chaff, spear-shaped,

as long as the florets.

ORDERS. Botanical Description of the Genus

CENTAUREA.

POLYGAMIA.
FRUSTRANEA;

The central Flo-
rets having both

cadon^ompiete, Calyx. Common, imbricated, roundish ; scales often ter-
while those in minating variously.

the circumfer- _ , n n .. i- 1 i_ t- Th-

ence have neither Corolla. Compound, florets all tubular, but ot different

Stamina nor Pis- shapes. In the centre, Perfect florets, many. In the
circumference, Florets having only pistilla, not so
many, larger, more flexible.

Individual perfect florets, of 1 petal. Tube, thread-
shaped. Border, inflated, oblong, erect, terminating in
5 strap-shaped, erect segments.

Individual florets with only Pistilla, 1 -petaled, fun-
nel-shaped. Tube, slender, gradually becoming wider,
bent backwards. Border, oblong, oblique, unequally
divided.
Stamina. Filaments, 5, hair-like, very short. Anthera,

forming a hollow cylinder, as long as the blossom.
Pistillum. Germen, in the perfect florets, small. Style,
thread-shaped, as long as the stamina. Stigma, very
obtuse, (in many cloven,) with a projecting point.

Germen, in the florets having only Pistilla, very
small. Style, almost none.
Stigma. None.
Pericarpium. None. Calyx, unchanged, closing.

SYNGENESIA. $gg

Seeds. In the complete florets, solitary. Down, mostly

feathered, sometimes hair-like.
Receptaculum. Bristly.

*#* The scales of the calyx, and the down of the seeds,
are different in different species. Linn.

Botanical Description of the Genus order 4,

CALENDULA. SSi

The central Flo-
rets having sta-

Calyx. Common, simple, many-leaved, rather erect: mina only, and

c , , , , the Florets of

Seg?nents, strap-spear-shaped, 14 to 20, nearly equal. the circutnfer-

Corolla. Compound, radiate: Perfect Jiorets, very many e.nce only Pis-
in the centre. Florets having only pistilla, not so many,
very long ; in the circumference, as many as the scales
of the calyx.

Individual perfect florets , tubular, with 5 shallow clefts,
as long as the calyx.

Individual florets with only Pistilla, strap-shaped, very
long, with 3 teeth, without nerves, woolly at the base.

Stamina. Filaments, 5, hair-like, very short. Antherce,
united so as to form a hollow cylinder, the length of the
floret.

Pistillum. Germen, in the perfect florets, oblong. Style,
thread-shaped, hardly so long as the stamina. Stigma,
blunt, cloven, straight.

Germen, in the florets having only Pistilla, oblong,
3-sided. Style, thread-shaped, as long as the stamina.
Stigmata, 2, oblong, tapering to a point, reflected.

PEniCARi-iUM. None. Calyx, closing, roundish, de-
pressed.

Seeds. In the perfect florets in the centre, none : more
outwardly; few solitary, membranaceous, inversely-
heart-shaped, compressed. In the florets having only
pistilla, which are in the circumference, solitary, larger,
oblong bent inwards, triangular, membranaceous at the

400 SYNGENESIA.

angles, marked on the outer side lengthwise, as if en-
graved with the figure of a plant. Doivn, none.
Receptaculum. Naked, fiat.

ORDER 5. Botanical Description of the Genus

poly^Imia ECHINOPS.

SEGREGATA.

Compound Flo-
rets, each having Calyx. Common, many -leaved : with scales awl-shaped,
a partial Calyx, „ . . r '

but all included totally reflected, containing many flowers.

Calyx5. generaI Perianlhium partial, 1 -flowered, oblong, imbricate,

cornered j leaflets, awl-shaped, loose above, erect, per-
manent.
Corolla. One-petalled, length of the calyx, tubular ;

■border, 5-cleft, reflex-spreading.
Stamina. Filaments, 5, capillary, very short. Antheret,

cylindrical, tubular, 5-toothed,
Pistillum. Germen, oblong. Style, filiform, length of

die corolla. Stigma, double, somewhat depressed, rolled

back.
Pericakpium. None. Calyx, unchanged, larger.
Seed. Single, ovate-oblong, narrower at the base ; with

an obtuse tip. Down, obscure.
Receptaculum. Common receptaculum, globose, bristly.

SYBTGENESIA

AFIOKET OW TBS BAFTDEMO^T
magnified

THE CHARACTER OF CIASS XIX

SH3TGENE SIA

TOLYGAMIA /EQUALIS

CLASS XK

ORDER 1

-COMMON €AJRJLINE

— 1/

^\V

~m

'ittTVSVT

CAIEMNA . VUL.GARI S

— — ' ■ aAAA'

POLYGAMIA ^EQUALIS

I

OTC5--, ti\ rL/FORRIFOMFS

SYKG-EN3ESIA.

TOLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA

CLASS XK

ORDER 2

jsi ' V

COMMOK BAISY
A N

POLYGAMIA SUPEItFLPA

Sneeze- wort A Yarrow

AC HULLEAWTARMI-r A

r

SYN&ENESIA.

POLY&AMTA FRUSTRANEA

CLASS m

ORDER 3

I'. l/lTE-BOTTIilE

H

C I'.^TAITMEA CYAMFS

T fflT

->V^IA,

vT

SYKGEHESIA

POLYGAMIA NECESSATUA

CLASS XIX

ORDER 4

VI

MMIGOLB
/u^ _ JN

CALEETBULA OFFICINALIS

SYNGENESIS

POLYGAMIA SEGREGATA

CLASS XIX

ORDER 5

GM3EAT GILOB1E THISTLE

A — — — . h

ECHIMOPS SF1LEROCEPHAOJS

Vv.t'vs

m

3*.

•.

TSs

^