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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Miscellaneous Publication No. 424

WASHINGTON, D. C. NOVEMBER 1941

A Classifieation of the
Seale Insect

Genus Asterolecanium

By
LOUISE M. RUSSELL

Assistant Entomologist, Division of Insect Identification

AS hs

Bureau cf Entomology and Plant Quarantine

_ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. -~ - = - <> Price 45 cents
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE |

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION NO. 424

Washington, D. C. November 1941

A CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCALE
INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM'

By Louise M. Russe.”

Assistant entomologist, Division of Insect Identification, Bureau of Entomology
and Plant Quarantine

CONTENTS

Page Page
TULUM UIONl ee te BRT R re eS Tel SPECIES STOUPS 29 eee 8 ee > ee 8
MeOnuoMic Importance <UL) 2 822 ae re Se | Z.key Loaault females es a de 12
Seorraphieal distribution: _-_.-_.. 9... 2. Sree ya Ollanvaer=s2 see oe Be ee 26
RLGSIASSORIAUIONS. Stas) <2 2 8 Re ee ae 2 oN MWESGHIP LIOnSaes ei Ssh eee ee ke tie 35
YE PDO ch oa Se re ee a 3 | Species unknown to the author______________- 229
Generic Synonymy... ese AcmIGtLeranunre Citede soa. . ee 1 oe tere aeeeet < 232
GENETIC GESCHPilOne ese 8 ee 5 | Illustrations (figs. 2-84; pls. 1-9)___._-______-- 237
Characters used in classification and their a6 (e)- cts SORE a le ea | ene See 321

LOTAMAN OMG Pes ee ses ae SE Se 6

INTRODUCTION

This revisionary study of the genus Asterolecanium * has evolved
from unsuccessful attempts to identify accurately an injurious mem-
ber of the genus which evidently was introduced into the United States,
and from difficulty experienced in satisfying numerous requests for
correct identifications of other economically important species. Con-
sideration of literature and specimens in these efforts disclosed a degree
of contusion regarding many of the especially destructive species which
could be clarified only through a critical classificatory review of the
kind here presented. In this publication the writer has attempted to

1 Submitted for publication September 9, 1940.

* The preparation of this publication has been greatly facilitated by the aid rendered by
Several individuals and institutions. The writer is particularly indebted to each of the
following individuals who have been extremely generous in the gift or loan of specimens,
and without whose cooperation many problems could not bave been solved: A. Balachowsky,
Station Centrale de Zoologie Agricole, Versailles: M. Beier, Naturhistorische Museum,
Vienna; G. Brittin, Motueka, New Zealand: G. F. Ferris, Stanford University, Calif. ;
E. E. Green, Camberley, Surrey, England; A. Hempel, Instituto Biologico de Defensa
Agricole e Animal, Sao Paulo, Brazil; F. Laing, British Museum: H. K. Munro. Collection
Entomologist, Pretoria, South Africa; I. Silvestri, Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria,
Portici; R. Takahashi, Department of Agriculture, Taihoku, Taiwan (Formosa); P.
Vayssiére, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris: R. 8. Woglum, Entomologist,
California Fruit Growers Exchange, Los Angeles, Calif. The writer is also grateful to
H. Morrison for his efforts in obtaining material and for discussion of problems and
constructive eriticism.

Others who have assisted in the preparation of this paper are Mary Foley Benson and
Sara Hoke DeBord, of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, who prepared
the drawings, and M. Foubert, of the Ilustrations Section, Division of Publications, Office
of Information, U. S. Department of Agriculture, who made the photographic illustrations.

Several botanists also have rendered assistance. W. R. Maxon, Curator of the U. S.
National Herbarium, and E. D. Merrill, during his directorship of the New York Botanic
Garden, extended to the writer the privilege of removing scale insects from plants in the
herbaria of those institutions. Further, F. A. McClure, of Lingnan University, Canton,
China, kindly granted the writer permission to examine a considerable amount of bamboo
material which he had accumulated in connection with his study of the Bambuseae.
Finally, the writer expresses her sincere thanks to all who have assisted in any way.

8 Superfamily Coccoidea, family Asterolecaniidae.

286720441 1

oe

2 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, bom S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

provide descriptions and illustrations adequate for the identification of
the included species and a classification of these species based primarily
on a critical study of their morphology.

Most of the previous taxonomic work on the genus has consisted
of individual descriptions or redescriptions of species, the nearest
approach to a comprehensive work being that of Green, in that part
of The Coccidae of Ceylon (42) * published in 1909, where 16 spe-
cies and 2 varieties were discussed and illustrated. Some of the
minute anatomical structures that have proved useful were first de-
scribed by Morrison and Morrison (73) in 1927, in a paper which
included redescriptions of the Maskell species of the genus. Of the
92 specific or varietal names definitely assignable to Asterolecanium
prior to the preparation of this publication, 26 were proposed by
Green, 8 by Cockrell, 5 by Kuwana, 5 by Brain, 5 by Takahashi, and
the remainder by a number of other authors. In the present study 19
of the 92 names have been suppressed, 4 varietal names have been
retained, and the remaining names have been accepted as repre-
senting valid species. Eighty -three new species have been recognized,
and their descriptions are included in the paper. Other new species
doubtless await discovery and description, and it is hoped that the
present study will have established a sound working basis for their
proper placement in the genus.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

Some species of Asterolecanium are well known as Sides
insects, and others are potential enemies of economic plants.
the Poo of bambusae and miliaris published in 1869 (9, rp
261-262), Boisduval warned that bamboos might suffer seriously
from severe infestations of these species, and his prediction has been
fully realized in the present-day abundance and destructiveness of
bambusae and miliaris in many of the bamboo-growing areas of the
world. Since 1836, when Audouin (1, pp. vaia- wen) wrote of the
damaged condition of oak trees in the Bois de Boulogne, caused by
a scale insect unquestionably belonging to Asterolecanium, species
going under the names of quercicola or variolosum have been recog-
nized as serious pests of oaks in Europe, Africa, New Zealand, and
the United States. With reference to coffeae in Kenya, James made
the following statement in 1933 (53, p. 427):

Heavy infestations of A. coffeae not only destroy the crop of the current
season but so warp and distort the crop-bearing wood as seriously to lower
the future reproductive power of the trees. In fact there is no known scale
pest of coffee in the Colony which produces such deleterious after-effects.

Asterolecanium pustulans, which infests many different plants,
and is widely distributed in tropical and semitropical areas, is recog-
nized as one of the most destructive species of the genus. Judging
from the intensity of infestation and the unhealthy condition of
their host plants, several of the new species described in this paper
are, or may prove to be, detrimental to agriculture. Although the
seriousness of the damage done by certain species is recognized, the
economic loss caused by the group as a whole is probably oreatly
underestimated, because of the inconspicuousness of the insects.

*Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 232.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 3

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

Representatives of the genus have been collected in each of the
6 major zoogeographical regions of the world, and from 22 of the 24
subregions, no species having been reported as yet from the Siberian
Subregion of the Palearctic Region, or the Celebesian Subregion of
the Oriental Region.

HOST ASSOCIATIONS

Although species of Asterolecanium have been found on at least
87 plant families ranging from the Gramineae to the Compositae,
they are most numerous on the Gramineae, Palmae, and Fagaceae.
The species occurring on bamboos, palms, and oaks are, so far as
known, limited to their respective host groups, but others may be
found on members of several plant families, and still others appear
to have a marked preference for a single host family and rarely occur
on other, unrelated, hosts. Some members of the genus seem to be
restricted in their feeding to one part of a plant, such as the leaves,
stems, or bark, while others live indiscriminately on leaves, stems,
twigs, fruit, and trunk. Some species apparently never produce
pits, while others cause pits in some plants but not in others; thus
the habit seems partially dependent upon the susceptibility of the
host to pit formation.

RELATIONSHIPS

Asterolecanium belongs in the family Asterolecaniidae, subfamily
Asterolecaniinae. The subfamily is poorly defined, and the total
number of genera correctly assignable to it 1s debatable. The sub-
family, as treated in this paper, is characterized in the adult females
by the presence of comparatively sessile 8-shaped pores and asym-
metrical tubular ducts and by the absence of characters which might
indicate a closer relationship with some other group. The following
genera (on the basis of their genotypes) are here included: Amelo-
coccus Marchal, Amorphococcus Green, Anomalococcus Green, Aster-
olecanium Targioni-Tozzetti, Birchippia Green, Callococcus Ferris,
Cerococcus Comstock, Frenchia Maskell, Lecaniodiaspis Targioni-
Tozzetti, Ollifia Fuller, Polea Green, and Solenococcus Cockerell.

The family Asterolecaniidae is more closely related to the Coccidae
and Dactylopiidae than to other families. This .affinity is evinced
by the presence, in some representatives of Asterolecaniinae, of
loculate pores associated with the spiracles, by the presence of spi-
racular setae and modified anal plates, and by the outline of the
posterior margin of the body, which may be cleft or strongly
lobed. All these characters are found in the families Coccidae and
Dactylopiidae.

Within the subfamily, Asterolecanium is most closely related to
Amorphococcus, Frenchia, and Polea. Adult females of these genera
have a tubular duct which is thickened on one side near the inner end,
usually bends slightly entad of the thickening, and is of practically the
same diameter each side of the thickening. They do not have spiracu-
lar spines or cribriform plates, and the posterior margin of the body is
not cleft or strongly lobed. Larvae of these genera usually have 28
marginal 8-shaped pores, a ventral submarginal row of minute

——-—— ——

4 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

8-shaped pores, and an antenna of distinctive shape, in which the third
seoment does not have setae, but does have a narrow, membranous band
encircling it. Within this group Asterolecanium and Polea are most
alike, the morphological structures and their arrangement being simi-
lar except that adult females and third-stage males of Polea lack the
marginal row of 8-shaped pores characteristic of these stages of
Asterolecanium, and adult males of Polea differ somewhat from those
of Asterolecanium. Adult females of Asterolecanium may be separated
from other genera of Asterolecaniinae by the following key :

Key to Genera of the Subfamily Asterolecaniinae

1. Apex of abdomen protruding; anal lobes strongly developed; with a

OU a 2k hi Amelococcus, Cerococcus, Solenococcus, Olliffia.

Apex of abdomen protruding or not; anal lobes not so strongly developed ;
MOOG 4 CRUGA.____ ee 2

2. Posterior margin of body with a narrow, fairly deep median cleft; cribri-
form plates present_______~-~_z Anomalococcus, Birchippia, Lecaniodiaspis.
Posterior margin of body without such a cleft; cribriform plates absent ____~_ 3

3. Dorsal surface with a median longitudinal band of quinquelocular and
-minute 8-shaped pores extending from anterior margin to anal open-
1 a eens eC Me PO Cullococeus.
Dorsal surface without such a band of. pores... 225. ee ee 4
4. Margin of body without a well defined row of comparatively large 8-shaped
[EET 2 ae a A a ve ee Bar fe EP Amorphococcus, Frenchia, Polea.
Margin of body with a well defined row of comparatively large 8-shaped
ROTO ee Asterolecanium,

GENERIC SYNONYMY

The genus Asferolecanium was established by Targioni-Tozzetti in
1869 (96, p. 734), and its type designated as Coccus aureus Boisduval.
The correct name for the type of the genus now appears to be epi-
dendri (Bouché), because aureus is here considered a synonym of
epidendri (see discussion, p. 84).

Planchonia, proposed by Signoret in 1870 (88, pp. 282-283) for
Coccus fimbriatus Fonsc olombe, has long been considered a synonym
of Asterolecanium, and is so regarded i in this paper.

In 1876 Signoret erected Asterodiaspis (89, pp. 606-607) (90, pp.
CCVIMI-CCIE ) for specimens which he believed were Coccus quercicola
Bouché. The name has long stood as a synonym of Asterolecanium,
and the writer’s study of Signoret’s s description and specimens shows
that Asterodiaspis has no generic “waleeg and that the insects on
which Signoret based the genus were misidentified (see p. 109).

The name Bambusaspis was suggested by Cockerell in 1902 (23,
p. 114) as a new section of Asterolecanium, and in 1906 (83, p. 3)
Sanders designated Chermes miliaris Boisduval as its type. Gouna
erell included miliaris, bambusae, delicatum, solenophoroides, palmae,
and wrichi in the subgenus, and characterized it as follows: “scale
elongated, often very narrow; living on bamboos and palms in the
tropics.” Because the writer does not think the shape of these spe-
cies, or morphological differences between them and related forms,
warrants their segregation in a subgenus, Bambusaspis is suppressed.

This study of the classification of the genus Asterolecanium has

not, in the writer’s opinion, produced any clear basis for segregating
the included species into formal groups, such as subgenera. The
most striking group characteristic that has been observed is the
par of dorsal tubes, present with and apparently restricted to the

~

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM a

adult females of the bamboo-infesting species of the genus.’ In all
other respects, however, these bamboo-inhabiting species show inti-
mate relationships with the other members of the genus, and it 1s
the present opinion that their segregation in a formally designated
subgroup would give an unbalanced picture of the species classifica-
tion within the genus.

GENERIC DESCRIPTION

Adult female——Enclosed in a rather glassy test; body saclike, without seg-
mentation; posterior margin of body not deeply cleft or strongly lobed; derm
mostly or entirely membranous; 8-shaped pores in a marginal row; minute
8-shaped pores present ventrally; loculate pores associated with spiracles; tubu-
lar ducts present dorsally; antenna a flat disk or short unsegmented stub,
usnally with 2 minute setae and with several larger setae; beak 1-segmented ;
thoracic spiracles present: genital opening transverse; setae usually in a
submarginal row ventrally and in pairs or groups near genital opening; apex
of abdomen with at least 1 pair of setae; anal opening present.

Second stage (same for both sexes).—Without tubular ducts, dorsal tubes,
genital opening, or multilocular pores; exhibiting other structures found in
adult females.

Larva (same for both sexes).—Body longer than wide; derm mostly mem-
branous; minute 8-shaped pores in a submarginal row ventrally; 2 eyespots
on anterior margin; antenna slightly sclerotized, either 5- or 6-segmented;
first segment with setae, second with 2 long and 1 minute seta, third without
setae but with a narrow, membranous, encircling band; sixth usually with
long setae with expanded tips, stout setae, fairly stout setae, slender setae,
and 2 minute setae; beak 1-segmented; leg slightly sclerotized, 5-segmented,
slender; anterior coxa with a minute seta on outer surface near point of attach-
ment of leg and 1 halfway between inner and outer margins on inner and
outer surfaces, latter seta lacking on middle and posterior coxae, all coxae
also with long setae; trochanter with 2 minute setae and 4 pores; tibia without
setae, shorter than tarsus; tarsus with 1 minute seta on outer margin near
base and usually with 2 on inner margin near claw, also with longer setae
near center, and with 2 digitules with expanded tips exceeding apex of claw;
claw elongate, slender, slightly curved, with 2 digitules with expanded tips
exceeding apex of claw; thoracic spiracles present: setae usually present on
anterior margin of body, between antennae and mouth parts, and in a sub-
marginal row ventrally; apex of abdomen with at least 1 pair of setae, anal
opening usually apparent.

Adult male.—Before emergence covered by test formed by third-stage male;
elongate; head membranous except for sclerotized lines, widest at posterior
third, vertex somewhat rounded; antennae on anterior margin, fairly close
together at bases, either 9- or 10-segmented; first and second segments short,
others longer, all segments with fairly long setae, second also with 1 minute
seta, and terminal segment with 2-4 very long setae and 2 minute setae; 2 eye-
spots on dorsal margin and 2 in ventral submedian area; setae anterior to
and between eyespots ventrally; a sclerotized linear bar on median line ven-
trally, extending to anterior margin, and forked at anterior end; 2 sclerotized
bars dorsally near base of head, their inner ends nearly contiguous, usually
with other curved sclerotized lines apparently forming framework of head;
thorax membranous except for attachment plate of legs, wings (when present),
and internal framework; a sclerotized bar between wing bases; wings usually
present, with vestiges of 1 or 2 longitudinal and 1 diagonal vein, covered with
minute setae; legs elongate, slender, apparently with minute setae and pores
as in the larva and with many larger setae: tibia nearly same length as
tarsus; 2 tarsal digitules; claw slender, curved, with 2 digitules exceeding
apex of claw; abdomen mostly membranous, partially reticulate; with sub-
marginal dorsal setae and submedian ventral setae; posterior lateral margin
of apical segment with at least 1 pair of setae; penis sheath rather elongate,
broadest at base, tapering to an acute tip, curved downward, sclerotized, a
longitudinal opening in ventral surface; penis sclerotized, elongate, flat, slender.

5 Comparable dorsal tubes are also present in adult females of undescribed bamboo-

infesting species of Polea; they have not been found by the writer in pseudococcine,
eriococcine, lecaniine, or diaspine genera.

6 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Male nymph.—Enclosed in test formed by third-stage male; elongate; derm
mostly membranous; antenna either 9- or 10-segmented; wing pads usually ap-
parent; legs 5-segmented; abdominal setae as in adult male; penis sheath short,
somewhat triangular; penis small, tongue-shaped.

Third-stage male.—Enclosed in a rather glassy test; somewhat elliptical; with-
out dorsal tubes, genital opening, or multilocular pores; legs represented by 3
pairs of raised sclerotized areas; exhibiting other morphological characters found
in adult females.

CHARACTERS USED IN THE CLASSIFICATION AND
THEIR TERMINOLOGY

Structural characters of diagnostic value are fairly numerous in
Asterolecanium, and the majority of these structures are illustrated in
diagrammatic form in figure 1. All structures of primary taxonomic
importance, which are actually present in a species, are discussed in the
individual descriptions, and characters of secondary importance, if
not noted in the text, are shown in the illustrations. On this account
no attempt is made to discuss these characters in detail at this point.
Users of the publication will find it to their advantage, however, to
study figure 1 carefully and acquaint themselves with the structures
there depicted and the terms applied to them.

In general the terms used in this publication are in current use in
coccid literature. One previously unnoted structure is named, how-
ever, a few terms are restricted in their usage, and some descriptive
words are added to known terms in order to assist in the location or
differentiation of certain structures. A pair of tubelike structures
found dorsally, near the posterior end of the body of some adult fe-
males, is here designated as dorsal tubes. Disk pores refer only to
minute, clear, nonloculate pores. Submarginal 8-shaped pores are
minute, are located ventrally, and extend around the body in a definite
row. There are other minute 8-shaped pores on the ventral surface
of the body, and these are called dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores. The
latter are usually readily distinguishable from the submarginal 8-
shaped pores by their structure and position. They are slightly in-
vaginated, and the rims appear very dark after staining. Moreover,
these pores are usually situated in a group each side of the beak, and
may be scattered elsewhere or arranged in fairly definite rows. The
term “interr upted” indicates a break in a row of pores or setae, and the
term “complete” denotes that a row of pores or setae is not interrupted.

Although characters of diagnostic value are treated rather fully in
the species descriptions, there a are some omissions which should be kept
inmind. First, the discussion usually is limited to the characters that
are present, the absence of structures being noted only in particular
cases; since the marginal disk pores of adults and the dorsal disk pores
of the larvae usually are in single rows, their singleness is not men-
tioned, though their presence is : noted, and certain characteristics of
some structures, although significant, are not discussed because they
are shown satisfactorily in the illustrations. Included in the last cat-
egory are the position of the antennae, the shape of the apical notch
(when present), and the shape and position of the anal tube and anal
opening in species having 6 setae on the anal ring.

Quantitative data concerning structures which vary in size or num-
ber within a species, such as the size of specimens, pores, and setae and
the number of spiracular and multilocular pores of adults, are pre-

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

Arterior row of lg

Siracular pores
Lark-ripmined &-
Shaped] —
Pore /
fa) Tibular aducr

argina/
wirnguelocular
pore | —

XN
SN
- i ie ,
a .* ’
cs a s
~~ La!
“, 4
‘yy
\
> i
at
ua
.
an
.
a

re
SVultilocu/ar pore
xX
eae a ne —(latyinal S-shaped Lore
Scleronized area ¥ A a
=
pea e 4r7a/ +ING SETA
hertra/l setae \ x x

Dorsal seta

Se foter qpica/ sera

Aypoica/ Sera

FIGURE 1.—-Diagrammatic drawing representing an adult female of Asterolecanium
having 6 setae on the anal ring.

8 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

sented so as to show the limits observed in the material examined.
When many examples of a species have been studied, the limits recorded
should cover satisfactorily the range of variation expected in that
species. On the other hand, where only a few specimens have been
studied, it may be expected that the quantitative limits here presented
will be widened as additional material is examined.

The drawings used in this paper present structural details of use
for the recognition of species. Divided drawings show the dorsal
surface on the right, and the ventral on the left. ~ Minute pores, sub-
marginal setae, and tubular ducts usually are omitted from the outline
figures. Where the enlargement of a structure is not given in the
explanation of figures, it lies within the range of 1,100 to 1,500 times.
The photographs are enlarged approximately 10 times.

SPECIES GROUPS

The genus Asferolecanium comprises an extremely homogeneous
array of species. Nevertheless, some species fall into definite groups,
and others stand alone. Structures of the nymphal and adult males
do not appear suggestive of grouping within the genus, and those of
the second-stage insects and third-stage males seem indicative only of
broad specific relationships. T herefore, species segregation is based
on structures of the adult females and larvae. In some cases groups
definable on the basis of morphological characters are also set apart
by indicated host preferences or geographical distribution. Since a

natural grouping usually is not followed in the keys, and since only
the most closely related species are discussed and contrasted in the
descriptions, it seems desirable to define these groups, and to point out
the zoogeographical regions inhabited by them. Claim is not made
for complete accuracy in these assignments because additional collect-
ing and study are necessary before the relationships and the native
habitats of some species can be known with even approximate cer-
tainty. The order in which the groups are given is arbitrary. Only
species studied by the writer are included and, with two exceptions,
the distribution shown is based only on records ‘listed in this paper.

Group I (abiectum, acutulum, amboinae, bambusae, bambusicola,
brunetae, captiosum, caudatum, ‘ceriferum ceriferum, ’ chinae, circu-
lare, coronatum., delicatum, disiunctum, elongatum, exiguum, florum,
fusum, gemmae, hemis phaericum, largum, longulum, longum, masuti,
miliaris miliaris, miliaris robustum, mimicum, minusculum, min-
utum, notabile, oblongum, ordinarium, parvum, penicillatum, pro-
boscidis, pseudolanceolatum, pseudomiliaris, pusillum, radiatum,
mubrocomatum, sasae, scirrosis, simplex, solenophoroides, sparus, sub-
dolum, udagamae, vulgare).—Known to occur only on Bambuseae.
The natural distribution of some of these species must be inferred
since some of them are now established in each of the six major
zoogeographical regions. Regardless of their present-day distribu-
tion, however, all of them probably are indigenous to the Oriental
Region.

Adult female characterized by the presence of dorsal tubes (restricted to
this group), an interrupted row of submarginal setae, and a beak without
setae. Larva (with one exception) characterized by absence of a minute seta
close to each of the posterior 2 or 3 pairs of marginal 8-shaped pores; sixth

antennal segment having 2 long, 2 stout, and 2 or 3 fairly stout setae; coxa
usually with 4 setae, femur usually with 3, and tarsus usually with 3.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM g

Group IT (boliviae, bondari, degeneratum, difficile, distinctum, gil-
vum, hilli, inlabefactum, inusitatum, oraniae, pallidum, palmae,
phoenicis, pinnangae, sabalis, simile, singulare, spectabile, trunc-
atum, unicum, urichi) —Known to occur only on Palmae. Repre-
sentatives of the group are found in the Neotropical, Ethiopian,
Palearctic, Oriental, and Australian Regions. Although the major-
ity of species appear indigenous to the Neotropical Region, several
are probably native to the Oriental, and one may be indigenous to
the Australian Region. The native homes of the species known from
the Ethiopian and Palearctic Regions are uncertain.

Adult female characterized by body being longer than wide, usually with
marginal row of 8-shaped pores interrupted, or terminating at a considerable
distance from bases of apical setae; anal opening simple, circular, without anal
ring or setae, or anal opening circular or elliptical with anal ring modified
into a plate or into 2 collars, without any setae or with 2 or 4; spiracular
atrium usually enlarged and containing pores. Larva usually characterized by
presence of a minute seta near each pore of the posterior 3 pairs of marginal
8-shaped pores, terminal antennal segment with 3 long setae, femur with 1
seta, and tarsus with 2 setae.

Group III (adjunctum, bellum, castaneae, horishae, ilicicola, ja-
ponicum, luteolum, minus, nitidum, pasaniae, perplexum, quercicola,
repugnans, roboris, semisepultum, skanianadé, suishae, variabile,
variolosum, viennae)—Known to occur only on Fagaceae. Some of
these species are now found in each of the six major zoogeographical
regions. Originally they were probably restricted to the Palearctic
Region, or to this and the Oriental Region.

Adult female characterized by body usually being somewhat circular; 8 or

fewer pairs of setae on apex of abdomen; anal opening ventral, fairly close

to body margin; presence of multilocular pores; margin of anal opening with
2 setae or with none. Larva with anterior margin of body provided with 2
pairs of setae; first and fourth antennal segments each with 1 seta, fifth with
none, sixth with 2 long, 2 stout, usually 2 fairly stout, and 2 slender setae;
coxa with 3, femur with 1, tarsus with 2 setae; 3 or fewer pairs of setae on
apex of abdomen, margin of anal opening or anal ring without any or with

2 setae.

Group IV (algeriense, arabidis, fimbriatum, launeae, nevadense,
stentae, zanthenes).—All these species are probably indigenous to
the Palearctic Region, although arabidis apparently has been intro-
duced into and is now established in the Nearctic Region, and
stentae 1s known to occur only in the Ethiopian Region.

Adult female characterized by a double or triple row of marginal 8-sShaped
pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a row 2 to 4 or 6 pores wide; a marginal
row of disk pores dorsad and ventrad of 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of setae on

apex of abdomen, absence of elongate sclerotized areas from ventral surface
of apex of abdomen. Larva with first antennal segment provided with 2

setae, fourth with 1, fifth with 1, sixth with 2 long, 2 stout, and 3 fairly stout
setae; coxa with 4, femur with 3, and tarsus with 3 setae; less than 9 pairs
of submarginal 8-shaped pores.

Group V (brachylenae, thespesiae)—Although brachylenae 1s
known to occur only in the Ethiopian and thespestae in the Oriental
Region, they are so similar structurally that their natural distribu-
tion may include only one region. On the basis of their relationship
to other members of the genus, they appear indigenous to the Oriental
Region.

Adult female characterized by a double row of marginal and submarginal

8-shaped pores, a marginal row of disk pores dorsad and yventrad of 8-shaped
pores, 6 pairs of setae on apex of abdomen, and 2 elongate sclerotized areas

10 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

placed ventrally on apex of abdomen. Larva having first antennal segment
with 2 setae, fourth with 1, fifth with 1, sixth with 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, and 2 slender setae; coxa with 4, femur with 3, tarsus with 3 setae; 9
pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores.

Group VI (agavis, cristatum, grandiculum, puteanum, sanbernar-
dense, townsendi, viridulum).—Species of this group are found in the
Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. Although they appear indigenous
to both regions, they may be native only to the Neotropical, because
certain members of the group appear only in, or appear to be spread-
ing from, the lower limits of the Nearctic Region, thus suggesting a
gradual extension of an original Neotropical distribution.

Adult female characterized by row of marginal quinquelocular pores usually
being interrupted, or terminating at a considerable distance from _ posterior
marginal 8-shaped pores; by the presence usually of a marginal row of disk pores
dorsad of 8-shaped pores; by the occurrence of 5 pairs of setae on apex of
abdomen; and by the absence of a rectangular sclerotized area or 2 elongate
sclerotized areas from ventral surface of apex of abdomen. Larva with first
antennal segment provided with 2 setae, fourth with 1, fifth with none, sixth
with 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly stout, and 2 slender setae; coxa with 4, femur
with 3, tarsus with 3 setae.

Group VIT (hakeae, quadrisetosum, subventruosum, ventruosum) —
All species of this group are found in, and doubtless are indigenous to,
the Australian Region.

Adult female characterized by a double row of marginal 8-shaped pores, a
marginal row of disk pores usually dorsad and ventrad of 8-shaped pores, a
complete row of marginal quinquelocular pores terminating less than 7 8-shaped
pores from posterior marginal 8-shaped pores, 4 pairs of setae on apex of abdomen,
absence of a rectangular or 2 elongate sclerotized areas from ventral surface
of apex of abdomen. Larva characterized by coxa with 3 setae, femur with 2,
and tarsus with 2 setae.

Group VIII (epacridis, inconspicuum, lacrimula, multiporum,
stypheliae, transversum).—All species of this group are found in, and
appear native to, the Australian Region.

Adult female usually characterized by a single row of marginal 8-shaped pores, a
complete row of marginal quinquelocular pores terminating at or near posterior
marginal 8-shaped pores, absence of a well defined marginal or ventral sub-
marginal row of disk pores; a rectangular or 2 elongate sclerotized areas, or
gradations between the two, placed ventrally on apex of abdomen; an anal ring
with 6 setae and usually with pores, Larva usually characterized by first antennal
segment with 2 setae. fourth with 1, fifth with 1, sixth with 2 long, 2 stout,
3 fairly stout, and 2 slender setae; coxa with 4 setae, femur with 2, tarsus with
2 setae.

Group IX (victoriae, vitreum).—Both these species are found in,
and appear indigenous to, the Australian Region.

Adult female characterized by a single row of marginal 8-shaped pores, a
complete row of marginal quinquelocular pores terminating near posterior
marginal 8-shaped pores, a cylindrical anal tube, a circular anal ring without
pores but with 2 or 4 setae about 2u long. Larva having first antennal seg-
ment with 1 seta, fourth with 1, fifth with 1, sixth with 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, and 2 slender setae; coxa with 4 setae, femur with 2, and tarsus
with 2 setae.

Group X (corallinum, javae, litseae, machili, psychotriae, stria-
tum).—These species occur within, and appear indigenous to, the
Oriental Region, though J/itseae has also been reported from the
lower part of the Manchurian Subregion of the Palearctic Region.

Adult female characterized by a single row of marginal 8-shaped pores, a
complete row of quinquelocular pores terminating at or posterior to posterior

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 11

marginal 8-shaped pores, a submarginal row of disk pores (usually), and a
rectangular sclerotized area or 2 elongated sclerotized areas on ventral surface
of apex of abdomen. Larva (only those of javae and striatum available)
having first antennal segment with 1 seta, fifth with 1, sixth with 2 stout and
3 fairly stout setae; coxa with 4 setae, femur with 2, and tarsus with 3 setae.

Group XI (coffeae, conspicuum, pustulans).—The species coffeae
and conspicuum are known only from the Ethiopian Region, but
pustulans is well disseminated, being found in each of the six major
zoogeographical regions. These insects are so similar morphologically
to various other species believed to be native to the Oriental Region
that there is definite question as to their distributional origin. The
relationship of these species to those included in group X is evident,
and additional species and further study may show that these two
groups should be consolidated.

Adult female characterized by a single row of marginal 8-shaped pores, a
row of marginal quinquelocular pores terminating at or near posterior marginal
8-shaped pores, a ventral marginal row of disk pores, a rectangular sclerotized
area or 2 elongate sclerotized areas on ventral surface of apex of abdomen.
Larva having first antennal segment with 2 setae, fifth with 1, sixth with 2
long and 2 stout setae; coxa usually with 4 setae, femur with 3, and tarsus with
3 setae.

Group XII (gutta).—This species is found in, and may be in-
digenous to, the Oriental Region.

Adult female and larva characterized by unusual shape of 8-shaped pores,
which are as wide as long, with the halves closely appressed; by apex of
abdomen being simply invaginated with anal ring at base of invagination, anal
opening and anal tube not differentiated from surrounding derm.

Certain species do not fit properly in any of the groups defined
above, although a few do resemble the species included in one or
another of the outlined groups. The species involved are the follow-
ing: acaciae, found in and indigenous to the Australian Region;
borboniae, found in the Ethiopian Region, native habitat uncertain;
borneense, garciniae, sumatrae, found in the Oriental Region, indige-
nous to the Palearctic or Oriental region, possibly belonging in one
group ; brevispinum, found in and indigenous to the Ethiopian Region;
epidendri, found in the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions (in green-
houses), and in the Oriental and Neotropical Regions, probably in-
digenous to the Neotropical Region, resembling species of Group VI;
euphorbiae, found in the Ethiopian Region, native habitat uncertain,
resembling species of Group VI; ewryopis, occurring in and indigenous
to the Ethiopian Region; fagellariae, found in the Oriental Region,
native habitat uncertain; 7ngae, known from and probably indigenous
to the Neotropical Region, resembling species of Group VI; medium,
found in and indigenous to the Australian Region, resembling species
of Group IX; petrophilae, occurring in and probably native to the
Australian Region; qguaesitum, found in and probably indigenous to
the Neotropical Region, resembling species of Group VI; tokyonis,
found in the Oriental and Palearctic Regions, probably indigenous to
the Palearctic Region; wagulatum, found in the Oriental Region and
indigenous to it or to the Australian Region, resembling species of
Group VIII. |

Type material of the new species described in this paper is included
in the National Collection of Coccidae and, in some cases, in the collee-
tion of the individual or institution furnishing specimens.

12

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10.

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MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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KEY TO ADULT FEMALES

Anal ring or margin of anal opening without setae or with 1
COT es Rr ah ee
Anal rile wither @ setae... ee
Marginal 8-shaped pores in a double row__------_---------_-
Marginal 8-shaped pores in a single row_____-_~-_-____~____
Marginal quinquelocular pores numerous; multilocular pores,
totaling 35-40, in 4 complete rows and 1 or 2 interrupted
rows; margin of anal opening without setae; mounted
specimens usually at least 1.25 mm. in diameter
acaciae Morrison and Morrison, p. 37.
Marginal quinquelocular pores sparse; multilocular pores,
totaling 2-6, in 2 indefinite rows; margin of anal opening
with setae; mounted specimens usually less than 1 mm.
iy eben te viennae, new species, p. 222.
Tubular’ ducts*arognd 72 p lonp22 SS eee
Tubular ducts @6-250n Jone. Se See eee
Multilocular pores approximately 250 in number, arranged
in groups within rows; dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores un-
usually numerous and arranged in conspicuous groups; 2
sclerotized contiguous collars sunken in derm at apex of
abdomen. 2 ee Fee distinctum, new species, p. 80.
Multilocular pores 36-46 in number, not arranged as above;
dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores not particularly numerous or
conspicuous; no such sclerotized collars
spectabile Newstead, p. 194.
Entire apex of abdomen heavily sclerotized; marginal 8-shaped
pores present only on lateral margins, with 7-11 on each
side of bodys. scirrosis, new species, p. 184.
Apex of abdomen not as above; marginal 8-shaped pores present
elsewhere than on lateral margins, more numerous than
REVO WO a ess a ee
Apical setae not more than 12 u long, shorter or very slightly
longer than a posterior marginal 8-shaped pore___--_-_--~-~-
Apical setae at least 20 uw long, much longer than a posterior
marginal S-shaped pORG@i.2- oh
Apical setae approximately 9 uw long, approximately the same
length as a posterior marginal 8-shaped pcre, about one-
half the length of a tubtlar duet. = eee
Apical setae not more than 5.5 u long, distinctly shorter than a
posterior marginal 8-shaped pore, one-fifth to one-ninth
the length of a tubular qdW@l. 3.242256 ee
With a sclerotized, heart-shaped area associated with anal ring
setae; anal ring setae around 16 uw long, about twice the
length of apical setae__________ difficile, new species, p. 78.
Without a heart-shaped area as above; anal ring setae 7-10 uw
long, of practically the same length as apical setae________
With 4-6 multilocular pores; marginal 8-shaped pores continu-
ous between apical setae; marginal trilocular pores absent
between apical setae; mounted specimens measuring 0.85-1
mm. long and 0.6 wide____ degeneratum, new species, p. 75.
With 20-28 multilocular pores; marginal 8-shaped pores usually
absent between apical setae; marginal trilocular pores
usually present between apical setae: mounted specimens
measuring 1—1.75 mm. long and 0.5-0.9 wide
simile, new species, p. 187.
With 8-shaped pores in median area of ventral surface approxi-
mating marginal 8-shaped pores in size; with quinquelocu-
lar pores dorsad as well as ventrad of marginal 8-shaped
PIGEON Sees et en ety Te ceriferum ceriferum Green, p. 63.
With 8-shaped pores on ventral surface, but none approximat-
ing marginal 8-shaped pores in size; without quinquelocu-
lar pores dorsad of marginal 8-shaped pores_____--_------
With a rectangular, sclerctized plate containing multilocular
pores, on ventral surface posterior to anal opening
singulare, new species, p. 190.
Without: sueh a. plate. ee

noo St

11

10

12

13

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

Key to Adult Females—Continued

ies Elongate and slender, 2.25-2.85 mm. long and 0.45 wide; with
median dorsal 8-shaped pores; anal tube fairly large, rather
long; anal opening ventral___elongatum, new species, p. 81.
Not elongate and slender, approximately 0.95 mm. in diameter ;
without dorsal 8-shaped pores; anal tube small, bulbous ;
anal opening apical___—__ proboscidis, new species, p. 157.
14, (7) With setae on anal ring or on margin of anal opening well
defined, 7-28 u long, at least as long as a posterior marginal
Shaped pene SS
Setae absent from anal ring and margin of anal opening, or, if
present, then minute or small, not more than 5 uw long and
shorter than a posterior marginal 8-shaped pore______--__
a5. Apical setae around 22 uw long; anal ring setae either about 9
or 16-24 p» long-—--_-___-___----_---________-_____-____-
Apical setae 36-56 u long; anal ring setae 16-28 yw long_-_---
16. Multilocular pores absent; anal ring setae 8-9 yu long
urichi Cockerell, p. 215.
Multilocular pores present; anal ring setae 16-24 uw long__-____
17. Dorsal 8-shaped pores usually numerous along median line;
marginal trilccular pores in a complete row, usually termi-
nating near the posterior marginal 8-shaped pores
palmae Cockerell, p. 146.
Dorsal 8-shaped pores sparse ; marginal trilocular pores starting
slightly anterior to anterior spiracular pore bands and
ending about halfway between posterior spiracular pore
bands and the posterior marginal 8-shaped pores
oraniae, new species, p. 148.
18. (15) Anal ring setae about 16 wu long; apical setae 3644 wu long;
interapical setae about 2.7 uw long; dorsal 8-sbaped pores
= 4:2 5) | Bet SER eg eS pinangae, new species, p. 156.
Anal ring setae 20-28 uw long; apical setae 46-56 uw long; inter-
apical setae about 10 » long; dorsal 8-shaped pores absent
Re page ee es ee ee eee
19. With dorsal 8-shaped pores, with marginal trilocular pores, and
with approximately 22 multilocular pores
boliviae, new species, p. 52.
Without dorsal 8-shaped pores, with marginal quinquelocular
pores, and without multilocular pores
petrophilae (Fuller), p. 153.
20. (14) Marginal row of 8-shaped pores rather poorly defined; dorsum
with numerous, scattered 8-shaped pores, the majority
measuring 18-20 uw long and 14 wide; mounted insect
slightly longer than wide, approximately 15 mm. wide;
tubular ducts 48 uw long__-__----_ brevispinum Brain, p. 56.
Marginal row of 8-shaped pores well defined; dorsum with or
without numerous, scattered 8-shaped pores, but if any
pores approximate the above in size, then the mounted in-
sects are conspicuously longer than wide, and are ap-
proximately 0.5 mm. wide; tubular ducts not more than

2A. Marginal 8-shaped pores with a sclerotized projection on dorsal
edge; certain species on Fagaceae from Asia__-—-_---_~~

Marginal 8-shaped pores without such a sclerotized projection__

a2. Dorsal 8-shaped pores distributed over much of surface, not
arranged in groups; atrium of spiracle slightly enlarged

and containing 2—4 quinquelocular pores: 9 or 10 quinque-

locular pores in each spiracular band; margin of anal

opening with 2 minute setae__ adjunctum, new species, p. 39.

Dorsal 8-shaped pores not distributed over surface, arranged

in groups when present; atrium of spiracle neither en-

larged nor containing pores; usually with less than 9 or

more than 10 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular band;

margin of anal opening normally without setae (rarely

uaa. ee on Sa ee ee aa oe ee

13

15
20
16
18

17

19

21

22
28

2A.

27.

28.

30.

31.

33.

MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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(21)

(28)

(31)

Key to Adult Females—Continued

Multilocular pores, totaling 3042, arranged in 4 complete and
4. interrupted pws: <--> 3 Se
Multilocular pores, totaling 20-36, arranged eitber in 8 or in
Che Wa RN TS he oe
Marginal quinquelocular pores in a single row where spiracular
pore bands meet body margin, approximately 18 at anterior
and 30 at posterior spiracular pore band; apical setae ap-
proximately 48 » long____---- nitidum, new species, p. 139.
Marginal quinguelocular pores much more numerous than
above, in a complete row terminating at or near the pos-
terior 8-shaped pores; apical setae approximately 56 » long
pasaniae Kuwana and Cockerell, p. 149.
Marginal quinquelocular pores in a complete row, numerous_-__-
Marginal quinquelocular pores either absent or present only
where spiracular pore bands meet body margin__--~----~-_
Marginal quinquelocular pores in a complete row, terminating
at or before the posterior 8-shaped pores; multilocular
pores in.4 rows. castaneae, new species, p. 59.
Marginal quinquelocular pores in a complete row, continuous
between apical setae; multilocular pores in 3 rows
skanianae, new species, p. 191.
Marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating about the length
of an apical seta from setal bases; marginal quinquelocular
pores absent; apical setae about 40 uw long
semisepultum, new species, p. 186.
Marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating twice a pore’s
length from bases of apical setae; marginal quinquelocular
pores usually present where spiracular pore bands meet
body margin; apical setae about 48 uw long
horishae, new species, p. 106.
Dorsum thickly strewn with 8-shaped pores measuring 12-13 yu
long and 8-9) wide; 40-99 quinquelocular pores in each
spiracular band... 3) ee at eee
Dorsum with or without 8-shaped pores, but not thickly strewn
With pores measuring 12-13 uw long and 8-9 wide; if some
dorsal 8-shaped pores approximate this size, then there are
less than 40 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular band__
Marginal quinquelocular pores starting a short distance ante-
rior to anterior spiracular pore bands and ending slightly
posterior to posterior spiracular pore bands; 71-99 quin-
quelocular pores in each spiracular band
roboris, new species, p. 177.
Marginal quinquelocular pores absent; 40-76 quinquelocular
pores in each spiracular band
repugnans, new species, p. 176.
Margin of anal opening with setae..s240.. ee
Margin of anal opening without setae (ring with minute setae
in. 44treum ) 23 ee ee ee ee
Dorsal §-shaped. pores. present:2 225.5) 2 epee
Dorsal 8-shaped. pores absent_.22 2 ee
Dorsal 8-shaped pores much smaller than marginal, present
in lateral and submarginal areas; marginal quinquelocular
pores present around most of margin; multilocular pores,
totaling 26-33, in 4 complete and 2 or 3 interrupted rows
luteolum, new species, p. 124.
Dorsal 8-shaped pores practically as large as marginal, scat-
tered over entire surface; marginal quinquelocular pores
absent; multilocular pores, totaling 4-9, in 2 or 3 indefinite
af 15 Hs os re Se Roe ees NO bellum, new species. p. 50
Marginal quinquelocular pores mostly in a double row but in
a single row near posterior end of body and continuous
between apical setae_____-__ japonicum Cockerell, p. 114.
Marginal quinquelocular pores not so numerous, normally ab-
sent between apical setae. . 4) see ee

26

Si

39
32
33

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

Key to Adult Females—Continued

34. Marginal quinquelocular pores 10-30 in number where each
spiracular pore band meets body margin, not present near
apical setae, and interrupted between anterior and poste-
rior spiracular pore bands; apical setae 64-72 uw long

ilicicola Targioni-Tozzetti, p. 107.

Marginal quinquelocular pores more numerous than above,
present nearer anterior and posterior ends of body, and
not interrupted between anterior and posterior spiracular
pore bands; apical setae not more than 50 uw long except

WO ec NACI Ts || eee an oe Se Sts Poe ee

30. Multilocular pores in 3 rows, usually totaling 6-8, but very

rarely up to 13; apical setae 28-32 uw long
minus Lindinger, p. 132.
Multilocular pores in more than 3 rows and totaling at least
2a aide Gia tet i WON eet ee pt

36. Multilocular pores in 4 or 5 complete and 2—5 interrupted rows;

13-30 guinquelocular pores in each spiracular band____--~__

Multilocular pores in 4 complete rows; 385-100 quinquelocular

poreceimexrcenyspiracniar bang: 2 > 25-2 ae he

Multilocular pores in 4 or 5 complete and 2-4 interrupted rows;

apical setae approximately 48 wu long; largest marginal
8-shaped pores about 9 uw long and 6 wide

variabile, new species, p. 217.

Multilocular pores in 4 complete and 5 interrupted rows; apical

setae approximately 64 uw long; largest marginal 8-shaped

pores about 12 uw long and 8 wide, smallest about 10 u long

SV CLE CGS | eae keen er perplexum, new species, p. 151.

38. (86) Usually with 238-383 multilocular pores, but very rarely with
as many as 88; mounted specimens averaging 1.25 mm.
in diameter; apical setae averaging 34 u long

quercicola (Bouché), p. 173.
Usually with 50-62 multilocular pores, but very rarely with
as few as 40, and occasionally with as many as 71; mounted
specimens averaging around 1.95 mm. long and 1.5 wide;
apical setae averaging 388 yu long
variolosum (Ratzeburg), p. 218.
Bee) 4 Om ar emares abseng — 2 yl a
Nintiler mata ieres RPTeSOmbs hosed ew iiey ee

40). Dorsal 8-shaped pores deeply invaginated, actually tubular;
marginal 8-shaped pores nearly as wide as long, and about
9 uw long and 8 wide; with a characteristic group of 5-7
pairs of setae posterior to genital opening

phoenicis Ramachandra Rao, p. 154.
Dorsal 8-Shaped pores absent; marginal 8-shaped pores not
nearly so wide as long; without such a group of setae____

41. With marginal trilocular pores: spiracle with a bar: mounted
specimens approximately 0.6 mm. long and 0.5 wide; dorsal
SE N( i ccpers l(c) c) (| Cape ees of eS ee re gilvum, new species, p. 99.

With marginal quinquelocular pores; spiracle apparently with-
out a bar; mounted specimens approximately 1.8 mm. long
and 0&9 wide; dorsal tubes present

simplex, new species, p. 189.

42) (So) Mpesaice-chaneds pores ‘presents ints ee

Biggest Snape ores 7a bsent_ =

43. Anal tube present, clearly differentiating anal opening from
anal ring; anal opening apical____~_ borboniae Brain, p. 53.

Anal tube absent; anal opening ventral, close to margin__--__

44. Apex of abdomen with 5 pairs of setae; with marginal quin-
quelocular pores: some dorsal 8-shaped pores twice size
Of marginal. Pee 6s inusitatum, new species, p. 113.

Apex of abdomen with 2 pairs of setae; with marginal trilocular
pores ; no dorsal 8-shaped pores twice size of marginal

inlabefactum, new species, p. 112.

45. (42) With marginal quinquelocular pores_____-_-______--- ii ee

With “nageinkh triioemiam pores! ere

ew)
a |

oT
38

40
42

41

46
47

t 16 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Key to Adult Females—Continued

46. Tubular ducts about 18 uw long; anal ring differentiated from
anal opening, the ring bearing minute setae
vitreum, new species, p. 225.
Tubular ducts about 24 u long; anal ring not differentiated from
anal opening, margin of anal opening without setae
suishae, new species, p. 203.
47. (45) Atrium of spiracle not enlarged, not containing pores
sabalis, new species, p. 180.
Atrium of spiracle slightly or greatly enlarged, containing pores_ 48
48. Atrium of spiracle slightly enlarged and containing 2 trilocular
or quinquelocular pores; multilocular pores, totaling ap-
proximately 60, in 3 complete rows__--- hilli Green, p. 105.
Atrium of spiracle greatly enlarged and containing 5-11
quinquelocular pores; multilocular pores, totaling fewer
than 40, in 3 complete and 1 or 2 interrupted rows_--_-- 49
49. Anal tube and anal ring distinct; marginal row of 8-shaped
pores interrupted near posterior end of body, but continued
and terminating around twice a pore’s length from bases
of apical setae; atrium of spiracle containing 5-8 quinque-
locular pores; 8-15 trilocular pores in each spiracular band
flagellariae, new species, p. 93.
Anal tube and anal ring not apparent; marginal row of
8-shaped pores not interrupted, terminating about one and
a half times the length of an apical seta from setal bases;
atrium of spiracle containing 8-11 quinquelocular pores;
apparently without pores in spiracular bands
unicum, hew species, p. 214.

50. (1) Anal ring ‘with 4 setme. a ee eee eee 5l
Anal ring with '@ sebaei.c2 23 See o§6
51. Marginal 8-shaped pores in a double row; anal ring a sclero-
uzed band with pores__quadrisetosum, new species, p. 170.
Marginal 8-shaped pores in a single row; anal ring a sclerotized
band or not; but if so, without pores. <2 25 22 52
52. Anal ring a circular, sclerotized band, with setae around 2 yu
1) ) in eee mM ees ek oo Oe 53
Anal ring consisting of 2 elliptical plates, with setae at least
20 » longa aa ee ee ee. 54
53. Multilocular pores, totaling 10-14, arranged in a longitudinal

row at each end of genital opening; 55-65 quinquelocular
pores ip each spiracular band__medium, new species, p. 127. |
Multilocular pores, totaling 71—-Sl, arranged in 8 transverse .

rows ; 6-10 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular band

victoriae, new species, p. 221.

54. (52) Marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating around one-half
length of an apical seta from setal bases; multilocular |
pores, totaling 37-50, arranged in 3 complete and 5 inter- .

rupted TOWws..-) 22S truncatum, new species, p. 211.
Marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating at least the length .
of an apical seta from setal bases: multilocular pores,
totaling fewer than 30. arranged in 2 or 3 rowS__--_---- 55
5D. Marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating around the length .

of an apical seta from setal bases; 23-26 multilocular :
pores ; apex of abdomen with 4 pairs of setae ;
pallidum, new species, p. 145.
Marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating two or three times
the length of an apical seta from setal bases; 9-14 multi-
locular pores ; apex of abdomen with 3 pairs of setae
bondari Lepage, p. 210.

56. (50) Marginal 8-shaped pores in a double or triple row_____-__-_____- 57
Marginal 8-shaped pores in a single row___-_____--__-__-_____ 74
57. Tubular ducts about 16 wu long; dorsal tubes present; 125-140
quinquelocular pores in each spiracular band. Found only :
on Bambuseae_________ hemisphaericum Kuwana, p. 104.

Tubular ducts at least 26 uw long; dorsal tubes absent; less than
100 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular band. Not
found on ‘Bambuseae..+........___._ See 58

58.

59.

61.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

Key to Adult Females—Continued

Marginal 8-shaped pores of unusual shape, the 2 halves closely
appressed, individual pores measuring 12 or 13 uw long and
wide; anal opening and anal tube not dilfferentiated from
adjacent derm; approximately 368 multilocular pores

gutta Green, p. 101.

Marginal 8-shaped pores not as above, if 12 or 15 uw long then

8 or 9 wide; anal opening and anal tube differentiated

Apexm@: abdonich with) paits ef setaest— ee
Apex of abdomen with more than 4 pairs of setae_____________
Dorsal 8-shaped pores scattered; antenna apparently with 3
setae; anal ring setae approximately 25 uw long
subventruosuim, new species, p. 202.
Dorsal 8-shaped pores absent; antenna apparently with 1 or 2
Semmes anatrimn= Seine about 30: p tongs
Marginal row of 8-shaped pores irregularly double, single at
points other than at posterior end, terminating around
the length of an apical seta from setal bases; 10-16 quin-
quelocular pores in each spiracular band; apical setae
approximately 47 » long____-_-___-~_ hakeae Fuller, p. 103.
Marginal row of 8-shaped pores double except near posterior
end, terminating one-half the length of an apical seta from
setal bases; 18-25 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular
band; apical setae approximately 65 u Jong
ventruosum (Maskell), p. 220.

62. (59) Ventral submarginal 8-shaped pores 7-S wu long and 5 wide,

66. (638)

nearly as large as posterior marginal 8-shaped pores;
dorsal 8-shaped pores 8-9 uw long and 5 wide
quaesitum, new species, p. 171.
Ventral submarginal 8-shaped pores either smaller than above
or, if that size, conspicuously smaller than posterior mar-
ginal 8-shaped pores; dorsal 8-shaped pores smaller or
cle Glee ey UO OWN ho Ll ook a ce ics ae 5 Se ee
Anexi oF abdomen wai S pairssor setae. fos. ees
Apex of abdomen with'G-pairs of setae__ + ee
Dorsal 8-shaped pores distinctly smaller than marginal, 5 u
lens anes “wide 233 hs ss tokyonis Kuwana, p. 206.
Dorsal 8-shaped pores of same size as, or slightly smaller than,
marginal, some 12-16 » long and 8-10 wide______________
Dorsal median 8-shaped pores about 18 uw long and 12 wide,
larger than marginal; marginal quinquelocular pores
present only near spiracular pore bands; 75-105 multi-
locular pores ; apical setae 80-108 uw long; interapical setae
Gt eg 93 et eet oF te grandiculum, new species, p. 100.
Dorsal median 8-shaped pores around 12 uw long and 8 wide,
of same size aS marginal; marginal quinquelocular pores
usually present except near posterior end of body ; 100-130
multilocular pores; apical setae 54-64 uw long: interapical
setae around 12.6 uw long________ viridulum Cockerell, p. 228.
Multilocular pores arranged either in 6 complete and 3 inter-
rupted or in 7 or 8 complete rows; tubular ducts about

Multilocular pores arranged in 3 or 4 complete rows, and some-
times in 1-4 interrupted rows, but with less than 5 complete
rows; tubular ducts at least 40 w long__________________

Dorsal 8-shaped pores arranged in short, transverse rows along
median line and in circles paralleling the margin else-
where; multilocular pores, totaling approximately 100, ap-
parently arranged in 6 complete and 3 interrupted rows

brachylenae Brain, p. 55.

Dorsal 8-shaped pores arranged in longitudinal rows along
median line, tending toward arrangement in transverse
rows elsewhere ; multilocular pores, totaling approximately
180, apparently arranged in 7 or 8 complete rows

thespesiae Green, p. 205.

286720—41——_2

17

59

61

63
66

68

r 18 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
lal
5 Key to Adult Females—Continued
i 68. (66) Marginal quinquelocular pores absent, or only 1-4 such pores
/ where each spiracular pore band meets body margin
ir zanthenes, new species, p. 227.
Marginal quinquelocular pores present and at least fairly numer- as
a POL eu kes OA Aa I a eee eye MRO ESS id eo TO
a 69. Dorsal 8-Shaped pores usually absent, but 2-6 such pores rarely
ts present along median line
le fimbriatum (Fonsecolombe), p. 91.
f Dorsal 8-shaped pores present, more numerous than above,
arranged in transverse rows, at least in median area_____ 70
70. Multilocular pores, totaling 55-180, arranged in 3 or 4 complete
\ and 2-4 interrupted rows, but with a total of at least 5 and
sometimes 6-S rows; apical setae 100-128 uw long_-_----~ 71
Hi: Multilocular pores, totaling 14-55, arranged in 3 complete rows,
I or in 3 complete and 1 interrupted row, but with a total
If of less than 5 rows; apical setae less than 100 w long__-~ 72
i, yak Dorsal 8-Shaped pores in median groups and scattered from

these to body margin, numerous, the majority as large as
marginal 8-shaped pores; marginal rew of quinquelocular
pores interrupted for at least 30 8-shaped pores of nearer
row anteriorly and terminating as near to posterior spi-
racular pore bands as to apical setae °
algeriense (Newstead), p. 42.
i Dorsal 8-shaped pores in median groups and sometimes scat-
tered from these to body margin, the scattered pores either
numerous and much smaller than marginal pores or sparse
i and slightly smaller: marginal row of quinquelocular pores
interrupted for less than 30 8-shaped pores of nearer row
anteriorly and terminating slightly or much nearer to
apical setae than to posterior spiracular pore bands

arabidis (Signoret), p. 44.
| 72. (70) Marginal quinquelocular pores in a single row starting about
I 4 pores anterior to anterior spiracuiar pore bands and
; ending about 10 pores posterior to posterior spiracular
pore bands; dorsal 8-shaped pores usually arranged in 3 or
4 transverse rows in median area, and totaling no more
than 20, but with a few sometimes scattered between
median group and body margin; 14-29 multilocular pores ;
without disk pores among spiracular quinquelocular pores

and with about 4 among multilocular pores
launeae, new species, p. 119.
Marginal quinquelocular pores much more numerous than
above, interrupted for a few pores at anterior end and
terminating about as near or nearer to posterior 8-shaped
pores than to posterior spiracular pore bands; dorsal
8-shaped pores arranged in 5—9 transverse rows in median
area and with many scattered between median groups and
body margin; 20-55 multilocular pores; with disk pores
among spiracular quinquelocular pores and usually with

more than 4 among multilocular pores_____-_----------~- 73
73. Dorsal 8-shaped pores arranged in 5 or 6 transverse groups

in median area and scattered from them to body margin;
24-36 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular band; multi-
locular pores in 3 complete rows near genital opening and
in 1 interrupted row anterior to posterior spiracles; anal
ring setae around 72 uw long_ nevadense Balachowsky, p. 138.
Dorsal 8-shaped pores arranged in 7—9 transverse groups in
median area and scattered from them to body margin;
43-65 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular band; multi-
locular pores in 3 complete rows near genital opening and
without any anterior to posterior spiracles; anal ring
setae 80-920 Tones. fe ccnro 8 sl Sees stentae Brain, p. 196.

6There is so much variation in these characters that associated larvae should be
examined for a positive segregation of the 2 species.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

Key to Adult Females—Continued

74. (56) Dorsal tubes absent; submarginal setae in a complete row
(present anterior, as well as posterior, to anterior
spiracles) except in euryopis, where they are absent; beak
with setae except in epidendri and ungulatum. Not found
on. Bambisese= eee ee ee a eee

Dorsal tubes present; submarginal setae in an interrupted row
(absent anterior to anterior spiracles, and usually absent
anterior to posterior spiracles); beak without setae.
yerithite cia ito Vee Cer See ee a

75. Apex of abdomen with 3 pairs of setae, an apical, an inter-
Pigetetl: eel ere ein pee ee ee

Apex of abdomen with more than 38 pairs of setae____________ 4

76. Marginal 8-shaped pores with a sclerotized tongue-shaped pro-
jection on dorsal edge: approximately 44 multilocular
pores; apical setae approximately 55 uw long

borneense, new species, p. 54.

Marginal 8-shaped pores without such a sclerotized projection ;
at least 50 multilocular pores: apical setae at least 63 u
UE ce cane See ee Se Sc ee, re ae ee

cg Marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating around twice
the length of a posterior pore from bases of apical setae;
dorsal 8-Shaped pores larger than marginal; tubular ducts
around 24 uw long; apical setae about 81 uw long; apex of
abdomen with a sclerotized area ventrally
garciniae, new species, p. 96.

Marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating around two-thirds
the length of an apical seta from setal bases; dorsal
8-shaped pores smaller than marginal; tubular ducts
around 18 u long: apical setae about 63 uw long; apex of
abdomen without a sclerotized area ventrally

sumatrae, new species, p. 204.
78. (75) Apex of abdomen with 4 pairs of setae, an apical, an inter-
sea BELT AN AIT So! So ee

Apex of abdomen either with 5 or with 6 pairs of setae_________

f (ip Marginal quinquelocular pores absent; dorsal 8-shaped pores
present; 2 or 3 quinquelocular pores between spiracle and
body margin; 70-81 multilocular pores

ungulatum, new species, p. 2138.

Marginal quinquelocular pores present ; dorsal 8-shaped pores
present or absent; at least 5 quinquelocular pores between
spiracle and body margin; fewer than 71 or more than
Soh ea ay LAROCHE etm OECS 2 2a hh ee

80. Marginal row of quinquelocular pores interrupted for 10-20
8-shaped pores at anterior end of body and terminating
5-20 8-shaped pores from posterior marginal 8-shaped
pores, conspicuously removed from 8-shaped pores; pores in
transverse rows on ventral surface of abdomen with only
3-5 loculi, but mueh larger than marginal quinquelocular
pores ; with 3 pairs of claws_ lacrimula, new species, p. 117.

Marginal row of quinquelocular pores not interrupted at
anterior end of body and terminating 1—5 8-shaped pores
from, or posterior to, the posterior marginal 8-shaped pores,
close to the 8-shaped pores; pores in transverse rows on
ventral surface of abdomen with more than 5 loculi: with
QrirWeEhOUt i wagers Ot Clawsh 2 ee

81. Dorsal 8-shaped pores present ; with 8 pairs of Claws

litseae Kuwana, p. 120.

Dorsal 8-shaped pores absent; without claws_____--_-_-__---_-~

82. Marginal row of quinquelocular pores triple at anterior end
of body, double or triple on lateral margins, and double
or Single at posterior end; a group of 7-11 quinquelocular
pores in atrium of spiracle and 3-10 similar pores between
this group and body margin, a total of 12-17 in atrium and
row combined ; 116-140 multilocular pores

multiporum Green, p. 187.

19

ta |

=~

9 6)

D

to

a |

EE OO eOOoooorererererererrrerererere nn

20. »=MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Key to Adult Females—Continued

Marginal quinquelocular pores in a single row; without a group
of pores at opening of spiracle, 5-12 quinquelocular pores
between the spiracle and body margin; 54-71 multilocular

pores] See ee ees stypheliae (Maskell), p. 199.
83. (78) Apex Of abdomen with G pairs of setae.) Soe ee ee 84
Apex of abdomen! with": pairsSiof setae! eases eee 91

84. Marginal row of 8-shaped pores poorly defined, rather difficult

to distinguish; marginal and dorsal 8-shaped pores con-
spicuously invaginated; marginal quinquelocular pores ab-
sent ; apical setae 18-20 uw long; anal ring setae 72-80 u long
euryopis Fuller, p. 88.

Marginal row of 8-shaped pores well defined, easy to dis-
tinguish; marginal and dorsal 8-shaped pores not con-
Spicuously invaginated: marginal quinquelocular pores
present ; apical setae at least 54 uw long; anal ring setae not

NODE: Cea pe Oe se eee Ne ae ee 85
85. Dorsal ‘S-shaped spores absent +22 206 Seen ee eee eee 86
Dorsal ‘8-Shaped spores presario says ec Le ee es ae 87

86. Marginal row of 8-sShaped pores terminating about the length

of an apical seta from setal bases; marginal row of quin-
quelocular pores terminating 6-17 8-shaped pores from the
posterior 8-shaped pores; without Submarginal disk pores
interspersed with submarginal 8-shaped pores; apical setae
around 54 uw long; anal ring setae 40-45 u long
euphorbiae, new species, p. 87.
Marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating about the length
of a posterior pore from bases of apical setae; marginal
row of quinquelocular pores terminating at the posterior
8-shaped pores; with submarginal disk pores interspersed
with submarginal 8-shaped pores: apical setae around 72
w long; anal ring setae around 28 wu long
machili, new species, p. 125.
87. (85) Disk pores in a ventral submarginal row close to submarginal
8-shaped pores, not in a row close to marginal quinque-
locular pores. 22 = — eee eee ree 88
Disk pores not in a ventral submarginal row close to submar-
ginal 8-shaped pores, sometimes in a row close tec marginal
quinguelocular’ pores=- 2 2 ee eee eee 90
88. With 3 pairs of claws; dorsal 8-shaped pores smaller than
majority of marginal________ corallinum Takahashi, p. 71.
With either 1 pair of claws or with none; some dorsal 8-shaped
| pores distinetly larger than “marcinal = eee 89
89. Bar of spiracle subcircular, about 32 uw wide; a group of 15-20
quinquelocular pores at opening of spiracle and 10-13 simi-
lar pores between group and body margin; largest dorsal
8-shaped pores measuring 16 uw long and 10 wide; without
Cla wS 2.2. ba So eee ee javae, new species, p. 116.
Bar of spirale subcireular, but only about 24 uw wide; a group
of 2 or 3 quinquelocular pores at opening of spiracle and
10-17 similar pores between group and body margin; larg-
est dorsal 8-shaped pores measuring 20 u long and 12 wide;
with 1 pair of rather slender claws in position occupied
by posterior pair when 3 pairs are present
psychotriae, new species, p. 162.
90. (87) With a row of disk pores close to marginal quinquelocular
pores; dorsal 8-shaped pores 12-16 uw long and 8-12 wide,
larger than marginal; tubular ducts about 34 u long; 132-—
177 multilocular pores________ pustulans (Cockerell), p. 165.
Without a row of disk pores close to marginal quinquelocular
pores; dorsal 8-shaped pores 4-6 uw long and 2.54 wide,
smaller than marginal; tubular ducts about 22 w long;
60-80 multilocular pores______ striatum, new species, p. 198.
Ot. (83). Dorsal S:shaped: porésvabsent2 40. \ os) Da lee 92
Dorsal 8-shaped pores (present: - ..! . 2 SR ee 93

92.

100.

(91)

(97)

THE SCALE [NSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

Key to Adult Females—Continued

Apex of abdomen with 5 pairs of setae, 1 apical, 1 interapical,
and 3 ventral; 9-16 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular
band; 74-88 multilocular pores; apical setae around 60 u
long; anal ring setae around 27 uw long

transversum Morrison and Morrison, p. 209.

Apex of abdomen with 5 pairs of setae, 1 apical, 1 interapical,
1 dorsal, and 2 ventral; 35-55 quinquelocular pores in each
spiracular band; 98-130 multilocular pores; apical setae
around 80 uw long; anal ring setae 36-40 uw long

sanbernardense Hempel, p. 181.

Marginal 8-shaped pores terminating three times the length
of an apical seta from setal bases; 72-88 multilocular
DORGRE Slt sii Pe a ee ingae, new species, p. 111.

Marginal 8-shaped pores terminating not more than the length of
an apical seta from setal bases; fewer than 72 or more than
88 multilocular pores, except in epidendri, which has less

Mounted insect around 2.25 mm. in diameter; about 271 multi-
WOCTPUTE POT OS = 8 oe es tounsendi Cockerell, p. 207.
Mounted insect not more than 1.75 mm. in diameter; fewer
ea Tana OCIA Fae et te
Anal ring without pores; 4-6 marginal quinquelocular pores
where each spiracular pore band meets body margin; around
50 multilocular pores____ inconspicuum, new species, p. 110.
Anal ring with pores; marginal quinquelocular pores more
numerous than above; 49-131 multilocular pores__________
Without a marginal row of disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores
or ventrad of quinquelocular pores
puteanum, new species, p. 168.
With a marginal row of disk pores either dorsad of 8-shaped
pores or ventrad of quinquelocular pores________-_-________
With a marginal row of disk pores ventrad of quinquelocular
pores but without a row dorsad of 8-shaped pores________-
Without a marginal row of disk pores ventrad of quinque-

Dorsal 8-shaped pores sparse, a few in median area and none
or a few in submarginal area; atrium of spiracle slightly
enlarged and containing 2-7 quinquelocular pores; apical
setae around 76 uw long__________ epacridis (Maskell), p. $2.

Dorsal 8-shaped pores numerous, present on most of dorsum:
atrium of spiracle not enlarged and not containing pores;
mea eeiaevess than: G04 Jone: i shat ee eG

Dorsal 8-shaped pores varying in size from smaller to larger
than marginal pores; marginal quinquelocular pores in a
complete row terminating near the posterior 8-shaped
pores ; the posterior 2 or 3 pairs of marginal 8-shaped pores
larger than adjacent pores______ coffeae Newstead, p. 67.

Dorsal 8-shaped pores varying in size, but at least as large
as majority of marginal pores; marginal quinquelocular
pores in an interrupted row from near antennae to near the
posterior 8-shaped pores; the posterior 2 or 3 pairs of
marginal 8-shaped pores smaller than adjacent pores

conspicuum Brain, p. 69.

Marginal quinquelocular pores in a complete row terminating
at or posterior to the posterior 8-shaped pores; 49-80
multilccular pores; 8-17 quinquelocular pores in each
spiracular band; dorsal 8-shaped pores arranged in groups
in median and submedian areas and often in lateral area,
also in a single submarginal row__epidendri (Bouché), p. 83.

Marginal quinqueloeular pores in an interrupted row, absent

between antennae, terminating anterior to the posterior

S-shaped pores; 88-105 multilocular pores; 18-40 quinque-
locular pores in each spiracular band; dorsal 8-shaped
Pores ot areaunee as aneye.

21

98
100

101

V——_——— =

panes

Dips MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Key to Adult Females—Continued

101. Dorsal 8-shaped pores nearly uniform in size and same size as
Mil | or Slightly smaller than marginal, largest 12-14 wu long
and 8-9 wide; tubular ducts about 30 u long; anal ring
setae: 20-2) falone 2. Pere es agavis, new species, p. 40.
Dorsal 8-Shaped pores varying in size with some much larger
om than marginal, largest 16-20 u long and 12-15 wide; tubular
ducts about 36 uw long; anal ring setae 30-36 wu long

cristatum Ferris, p. 74.

102. (74) Apex of abdomen with 1 pair of setae measuring 3.4 u long
pusillum, new species, p. 163.
Apex of abdomen with more than 1 pair of setae, and with at

fi least 1 pair measuring more than 5 pw long__=____________ 103
ul 103. Apex, Oh apdomenwithss. DAalrs.Ob Seiae= 3s sae eee ee 104
Apex o£ abdomen..with: 4, pairs of “setae hau a ee 113
104, Without multilocular or enlarged quinquelocular pores in
al | Penitalawe Cae swes a SE ops ee eS ee eee 105
! With multilocular pores or enlarged quinquelocular pores in
ih venitial: area: ane ees 4a ee ee Pe eh en ae 106
He 105. Dorsal 8-shaped pores in a submarginal row, much larger than

marginal pores; tubular ducts 32 uw long; 8-16 quinque-
locular pores in each spiracular band
amboinae, new species, p. 438.
Dorsal 8-shaped pores absent; tubular ducts about 24 uw long;
7-10 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular band
captiosum, new species, p. 59.
Li 106. (104) Enlarged quinquelocular pores on ventral surface of abdomen
in 8 complete rows anterior to genital opening, none pos-
terior to genital opening; apical setae around 7-10 uw long
coronatum Green, p. 72.
Kit Multilocular pores on ventral surface of abdomen in a variable
number of rows, but 1 row posterior to genital opening;

ih | apical setae at least 20 m long——-+___-____-__-__________ 107
Hil 107. Anal ring without pores; anal ring setae 5.4-18 uw long________ 108
| Anal ring with pores; anal ring setae at least 27 w long_______-_ 110
ih 108. Marginal quinquelocular pores mostly in a single row, terminat-

ing 4-14 8-shaped pores from the posterior 8-shaped pores ;
| 3 pairs of claws; 2 anal ring setae about 9 uw long, and 4
about ats. lone ess eee rubrocomatum Green, p. 178.
Marginal quinquelocuJar pores absent; without claws; anal
ring setae varying in length but none as long as 18 w_----_- 109
109. With about 11 dorsal 8-shaped pores in submedian area on each
‘| half of body ; mounted insect around 0.8 mm. long; majority
M of marginal 8-shaped pores 6 uw long and 4 wide
ih exiguum Green, p. 89.
hal Without dorsal 8-shaped pores except for a pair of large pores
hiss near posterior end; mounted insect at least 1.75 mm. long;
majority of marginal 8-shaped pores 9-10 u long and 5
Wa Wide. fs 2h. Cie ee ee es udagamae Green, p. 212.
(hh 110. (107) Mounted insects around 3.8 mm. long and 1.75-1.9 wide; dorsal
8-shaped pores numerous. arranged in about 11 groups
along median line; 40-60 quinquelocular pores in each
ep spiracular band; approximately 162 multilocular pores;
Hi both apical and anal ring setae around 40 » long
largum, new species, p. 118.
Mounted insects not more than 3 mm. long and 1.25 wide;
dorsal 8-shaped pores less numerous and not arranged as
above, or absent; less than 26 quinquelocular pores in each
spiracular band; less than 100 multilocular pores; apical

it setae and anal ring setae less than 35 pw long_______-_____-_- ifn fa |
i ia tal. Dorsal 8-shaped pores absent; 12-25 quinquelocular pores in |
each spiracular band___________ = __ masuii Kuwana, p. 126.

Dorsal 8-shaped pores present; less than 18 quinquelocular
pores in each. Spiracular: band: =-- Sse rae iby

112.

113. (103)

114.

115.

116.

44%.

118. (115)

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

Key to Adult Females—Continued

Marginal quinquelocular pores sometimes absent between an-
tennae, and terminating 10-20 8-shaped pores from the
posterior 8-shaped pores; dorsal 8-Shaped pores in median
and submarginal areas; mounted specimens measuring
1.25-1.85 mm. long and 0.75-1 wide

sasae, new species, p. 182.

Marginal quinquelocular pores present between antennae, and
terminating at the posterior 8-shaped pores; dorsal 8-shaped
pores in submarginal area; mounted specimens measuring
1.7-2.25 mm. long and 1—1.25 wide

florum, new species, p. 94.

Apical setae around 7.2 w long; anal opening very small, on
ventral surface well removed from margin; anal tube fun-
nel-shaped, with smaller end at opening; anal ring without
pores, the ring setae around 1.8 w long; disk pores on ven-
tral surface of abdomen in complete transverse rows, re-
placing multilocular pores______ gemmae, new species, p. 97.

Apical setae at least 16 w long; anal opening larger, not on
ventral surface well removed from margin; anal tube
not funnel-shaped, with one end only slightly smaller than
the other; anal ring with pores, the ring setae at least
20g tones disk pores NOL ASjabOVel os ts Pe

With 2 or many multilocular or quinquelocular pores on yven-
ifal jsuriace mear, senital opening

Without multilocular or quinquelocular pores on ventral sur-
PACER HeAe Citta? Openness Pat eye pe TE agit

With 2 quinquelocular pores posterior to genital opening and
none anterior; marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating
at least twice length of an apical seta from setal bases;
DES E eR IN se Se te ee

With more than 2 multilocular pores near genital opening, and
with pores anterior, as well as posterior, to opening; mar-
ginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating much less than
twice length of an apical seta frem setal bases; insects
Sion Capri cuisenh 2 eo a= nie WY eee eee ie EI

Marginal quinquelocular pores 4-14 (usually 6) in number
where each spiracular pore band meets body margin, inter-
rupted between anterior and posterior spiracular pore
bands; marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating two
and a half times the length of an apical seta from setal
Le ae ee solenophoroides (Green), p. 192.

Marginal quinquelocular pores in a single row starting near
midpoint between antennae and anterior spiracular pore
bands and ending 2-12 8-shaped pores from the posterior
8-shaped pores, continuous between anterior and pos-
terior spiracular pore bands; marginal 8-shaped pores
terminating at least three times the length of an apical
Ska ait iil SC icky ha SO sts ee he ee ee a a

With 2-5 quinquelocular pores between spiracle and body mar-
gin; insects elongate and very slender, usually about 1.75
mm. long and 0.25 wide; marginal row of 8-shaped pores
interrupted near anterior end, and terminating four to
eight times the length of an apical seta from setal bases

penicillatum, new species, p. 150.

With 6-9 quinquelocular pores between spiracle and body mar-
gin; insects not so elongate and slender, around 1.25 mm.
long and 0.3 wide; marginal row of 8-shaped pores com-
plete and terminating three or four times the length of
an apical seta from setal bases

pseudolanceolatum Takahashi, p. 158.

Marginal quinquelocular pores absent, or 2-8 where each
spiracular pore band meets body margin__--__--__-__--____

Marginal quinquelocular pores in a complete row terminating
at or near the posterior 8-shaped pores___________-_______-_

23

114
115
126

116

118

117

119

122

24 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Key to Adult Females—Continued

119. Disk pores in a marginal row dorsad of 8-shaped pores; apical
Setae: (G280 ee eHOM ES eo cul oiceten ah Lies a emis te a
Disk pores not in a marginal row dorsad of 8-shaped pores;
apical: seer O68 medlom eno SL Seen a eee eek Se
120. Dorsal 8-shaped pores absent; marginal row of 8-shaped pores
terminating twice a posterior pore’s length from bases of
apical setae, pores nearly contiguous
delicatum (Green), p. 76.
Dorsal 8-shaped pores numerous ; marginal row of 8-shaped pores
terminating one-half the length of an apical seta from bases
of setae, posteriorly pores at least twice a pore’s length
RID SUT ee ith rr so apd ee vulgare, new species, p. 226.
121. (119) Insects tapering strongly from anterior third to posterior end,
measuring 0.75-1.5 mm. long and 0.4-0.5 wide; marginal
8-shaped pores rather elongate and slender, 8-9 uw long and
about 4.5 wide; without claws; usually ‘several dorsal
8-shaped pores in submarginal area
acutulum, new species, p. 38.
Insects not tapering strongly from anterior third to posterior
end, measuring around 2.25 mm. long and 0.4 wide; mar-
ginal 8-shaped pores not particularly elongate and slender,
6-8 uw long and 4-5 wide; with 3 pairs of claws; 1 median
dorsal 8-shaped pore anteriorly
disiunctum, new species, p. 79.
122. (118) Multilocular pores, totaling 6-12, in 2 rows; more than 48 quin-
quelocular pores between each spiracle and body margin
notabile, new species, p. 140.
Multilocular pores, totaling at least 34, in more than 2 rows;
less than 43 quinquelocular pores between each spiracle
and body: -mareinee-4 23 3 ee ee ee eee
123. With 22-42 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular band and
approximately the same number in the anterior as in the
posterior band; apical setae 72-80 u long; dorsal 8-shaped
POLES Presenters 4) Saeeee bambusae (Boisduval), p. 47.
With 8-80 quinquelocular pores in a spiracular band, anterior
band with 12-30 and posterior band with 3-7; apical setae
28-36 « long; dorsal 8-shaped pores present or absent____---

124. Dorsal 8-shaped pores numerous______ chinae, new species, p. 65.
Dorsal S-shaped) pores a bS@niss eee ee eee

125. Marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating nearly the length
of an apical seta from bases of setae; 34-40 multilocular

Poles... 5. hese. nel eS fusum, new species, p. 95.

Marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating about a pore’s width
from bases of apical setae; about 80 multilocular pores
subdolum, new species, p. 201.
126. (114) Tubular ducts 9-12 u long; insects 2-3 mm. long and 1—1.5 wide_
Tubular ducts usually at least 24 u long, but 12 w long in parvum,
which: is. 0.5mm, in, diametersas tee eee
127. With 60-100 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular band;
marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating a pore’s length
from bases of apical setae; tubular ducts 9 u long; posterior
third of body not conspicuously narrowed
bambusicola Kuwana, p. 49.
With 16-21 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular band; mar-
ginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating the length of an
apical seta from bases of setae; tubular ducts 12 yw long;
posterior third of body conspicuously narrowed
sparus, new species, p. 193.
128. (126) Apical setae 16-30 uw long, not conspicuously longer than anal ring
setae; atrium of spiracle enlarged and containing 2—5 quin-
quelocular* pores=2: 2 2 8) eee ee
Apical setae at least 38 uw long and distinctly longer than
anal ring setae; atrium of spiracle not enlarged and not
containing pores, except in mimicum, in which it is very
slightly enlarged and contains 1 or 2 pores________________

120
121

123

124
125

127
128

129

129.

135,

136.

137.

138.

. (128)

(132)

(131)

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

Key to Adult Females—Continued

Dorsal 8-shaped pores numerous; marginal row of 8-shaped
pores terminating the length of an apical seta from setal
bases; apical setae around 30 uw long; anal ring setae 27-30
ge LON s es Sete Be een oe | 3 ordinarium, new species, p. 144.

Dorsal 8-shaped pores absent; marginal row of 8-shaped pores
terminating two to four times the length of an apical
seta from setal bases; apical setae 16-20 uw long; anal
pede ee Wee: at PY ae ues eee a ee

Submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row, usually 1 opposite
every other marginal 8-shaped pore; antenna with 2 setae
longer and 2 shorter than diameter of antenna

oblongum, new species, p. 142.

Submarginal 8-shaped pores in a double row, usually 2 opposite
every other marginal 8-shaped pore; antenna with 2 setae
longer but none shorter than diameter of antenna

longulum, new species, p. 121.

Mounted insect elongate, 0.7-3 mm. long and 0.3-0.7 wide__-----
Marginal quinquelocular pores absent, or 2-4 where each spi-
racular pore band meets body margin_________--_-_______
Marginal quinquelocular pores present on at least anterior
ace Serene apne gy at te S by fey ke, ee tpg oe ee Be bey
Dorsal 8-shaped pores in a submarginal row ; 3—5 quinquelocular
pores in each spiracular band__ brunetae, new species, p. 58.
Dorsal 8-shaped pores absent; 10-12 quinquelocular pores in
each spiracular band_______~_ radiatum, new species, p. 175.
Dorsal 8-shaped pores absent; marginal row of 8-shaped pores
terminating one and a half to two times the length of
an apical seta from setal bases, the space between pores
about equal to a pore’s width__ circulare, new species, p. 66.
Dorsal 8-shaped pores present; marginal row of 8-shaped pores
either terminating slightly more than the length of an
apical seta from sSetal bases and the space between pores
equal to at least twice a pore’s length, or the row terminat-
ing three to six times the length of an apical seta from
setal bases and the space between pores equal to at least
PNET ET ESSE CL * (2 SES ees a ee eee ee eee
Tubular ducts around 12 uw long; marginal row of 8-shaped
pores terminating slightly more than the length of an apical
seta from setal bases, the pores usually two to four times
a pore’s length apart_________- parvum, new species, p. 148.
Tubular ducts 24-27 uw long; marginal row of 8-shaped pores
terminating three to six times the length of an apical seta
from setal bases, the pores at varying distances apart_____
With 4-8 dorsal 8-shaped pores; anal ring setae practically
uniform in length and about 20 w long; usually 5 or 6
marginal 8-shaped pores posterior to posterior spiracular
Tyo LL re i a eer minutum Takahashi, p. 135.
With 8-17 dorsal 8-shaped pores; anal ring setae varying in
length, 2 setae 24 w and 4 setae 26-30 uw long; usually 2
or 3 marginal 8-shaped pores posterior to posterior spiracu-
lermone ands“. 2 minusculum, hew species, p. 133.
Marginal 8-shaped pores greatly reduced in number, a total
of 1-11 observed, usually present on lateral margins of
J Ree ee ee a a ae longum (Green), p. 122.
Marginal 8-shaped pores sometimes reduced in number but
more numerous than above, in a definite row around
Oe Sr a
Marginal 8-shaped pores usually at least twice a pore’s length
apart, the row of pores terminating more than twice the
length of an apical seta from setal bases; without marginal
quinquelocular pores and with 3-6 quinquelocular pores
between spiracle and body margin__ caudatum Green, p. 61.

25

130

132
137

133
134

135

136

Oe

ea oe

MM

26

139.

140.

141.

142.

MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Key to Adult Females—Continued

Marginal 8-shaped pores usually not more than a pore’s length
apart ; if the row of these pores terminates more than twice
the length of an apical seta from setal bases, then there is a
distinct row of marginal quinquelocular pores; if marginal
quinquelocular pores are absent, then there are at least 8
quinquelocular pores between spiracle and body margin___
Marginal row of 8-Shaped pores terminating about two and a
half times the length of an apical seta from setal bases;
atrium of spiracle slightly enlarged and containing 1 or 2
quinquelocular pores________ mimicum, new species, p. 130.
Marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating not more than
the length of an apical seta from setal bases; atrium of
Spiracle not enlarged and not containing pores___________
Dorsal 8-shaped pores present; a rather sparse row of disk
pores dorsad of marginal 8-shaped pores
pseudomviliaris Green, p. 160.
Dorsal 8-shaped pores absent; without a row of disk pores
dorsad. of marginal §-shaped pores === = See
Marginal 8-shaped pores rather elongate and slender, 12-14 uw
long and around 5 wide; tubular ducts about 34 w long;
17-82 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular band
abiectum, new species, p. 35.
Marginal 8-shaped pores not so elongate and slender, about 8 uw
long and 4.5 wide; tubular ducts about 24 uw long; 10-18
quinquelocular pores in each spiracular band ____________
Marginal row of quinquelocular pores single, starting between
antennae and anterior spiracular pore bands and ending
about half way between posterior spiracular pore bands
and the posterior marginal 8-shaped pores
miliaris miliaris (Boisduval), p. 129.
Without marginal quinquelocular pores or with 2-15 (usually
less than 6) such pores where each spiracular pore band
meets body margin, interrupted between anterior and pos-
terior spiracular pore bands
milaris robustum Green, p. 130.

KEY TO LARVAE

Anal ring or margin of anal opening without setae or with 1 or
2) Se@tae sss Ee ee eee ee ee ee eee
Anat Trmewith-4or"6~Setne i a ee ae eee eee:
Marginal S-shaped pores ‘absent = Ss ae ee eee
Marzinal’$-shaped pores present=— > 2 a ee eee
Without a pair of minute setae on lateral margins of penulti-
mate segment and of first 2 segments anterior to penulti-
meate-:seement: of body 2222 254s ee eee ee
With a pair of minute setae on lateral margins of penulti-
mate segment and of first 2 segments anterior to penulti-
mate segment ‘of body... = eee
Anterior spiracle with 2 pores, posterior with none; dorsal
8-shaped pores usually absent but very rarely up to 11
present; apical setae 58-72 uw long
ilicicola Targioni-Tozzetti, p. 107.
Anterior spiracle with 2 pores, posterior with 1 or 2; 32-44
dorsal 8-shaped pores; apical setae about 90 w long_____~-
With about 34 large dorsal 8-shaped pores; posterior spiracle

Withr2 poresnes: _ \ oes See borboniae Brain, p. 53.
With about 44 large dorsal 8-shaped pores; posterior spiracle
With lS pOress aes Saas sabe eo viennae, new species, p. 222.

(3) Anterior spiracle with 2 pores, posterior with none; anal ring
with 2 minute setae; apical setae 55-60 uw long

petrophilae (Fuller), p. 153.

Anterior and posterior spiracles each with 2 pores; anal ring

without setae; apical setae about 40 u long

spectabile Newstead, p. 194.

(2) With fewer than 28 marginal §-shaped pores_____----~-------~

With-28 marsinal S-shaped pores. eee eee

139

140

141

142

© 00

2 eee

lat,

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.
19.

20.
21.

22.

(7)

(10)

(9)

(18)

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

Key to Larvae—Continued

Anterior and posterior spiracles each with 2 pores; 1 or 2 dorsal
submedian 8-shaped pores on each half of body ; apical setae
about4Onslongaies Ss Sheet scirrosis, new species, p. 184.

Anterior spiracle with 2 pores, posterior with 1; dorsal 8-shaped
pores arranged in a submedian row of 4-7, and a lateral
row of 7-11, on each half of body; apical setae about 80
fi LOG aia EA gui Sa pee bellum, new species, p. 50.

Axes of all or of the majority of marginal 8-shaped pores trans-
verse ori diaconal temwbodyanarcine Ser SS ees

Axes of all or of the majority of marginal 8-shaped pores longi-
tadinaleto, bodyenian gin st See ee el eee

Anal ring or margin of anal opening with setae______________

Anal ring or margin of anal opening without setae___________-

Antenna 5-segmented; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinque-
LOCwmlargporee= tae Gr Ge see Weblo urichi Cockerell, p. 215.

Antenna 6-segmented ; spiracle with 2 trilocular pores__~_-____

Sixth antennal segment with 3 long, 2 stout, and 2 fairly stout
setae; tibia approximately one-third length of tarsus; 9
pairs of minute and 2 pairs of larger submarginal setae

degeneratum, hew species, p. 75.

Sixth antennal segment with 3 long, 2 stout, and 8 fairly stout
setae; tibia approximately one-half length of tarsus; 9 pairs
of minute and 1 pair of larger submarginal setae

simile, new species, p. 187.

Femur with 1 seta on inner margin near base and 1 on outer
margin near. center; tarsus with 2 setae on inner and 1 on
ouberanar sine. & SS et er) flagellariae, new species, p. 93.

Femur with 1 seta on inner margin near base, without other
setae; tarsus with 1 seta on inner margin and sometimes
Vs Tal COME ET Grn aerate eo ers Leet ed ee

Coxa with 3 setae; tarsus with 1 seta on inner margin and none
GHMOUMEETA AIO s 5 a truncatum, new species, p. 211.

Coxa with 2 or 3 setae; tarsus with 1 seta each on inner and
UIST: PATA eee eg Ss A ae Pe ty 2 one) 2. = a

Coxa with 3 setae; anal opening not apparent

distinctum, new species, p. 80.

Coxa with 2 setae; anal opening apparent_______________-___

Antenna 6-Segmented, first segment with 1 seta; about 16
dorsal 8-shaped pores; apical setae about 30 u long

difficile, new species, p. 78.

Antenna 5-segmented, first segment without setae; 27-86 dorsal

8-shaped pores; apical setae about 45 u long
sabalis, new species, p. 180.

With a pair of minute setae close to each of the posterior 2
Ons parrstor imarecinal Ssshaped sporess 4s ees

Without minite Ssetae-as: gbovet_ she) es Fe

With fewer than 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores______-_

With 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores__________________

Minute dorsal 8-shaped pores arranged in a lateral row of 9
on each half of body; beak short and rather blunt; 5 pairs
of submarginal 8-shaped pores; anal ring without satae

hilli Green, p. 105.

Large dorsal 8-shaped pores arranged in a submedian row of
7 or 8, and a lateral row of 9, on each half of body; beak
long and pointed; 7 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores;
anal ring with setae______ proboscidis, new species, p. 157.

Anal ring or margin of anal opening with setae_____________-

Anal ring or margin of anal opening without setae_________-__

Femur with 1 seta; around 2 large dorsal 8-shaped pores

boliviae, new species, p. 52.

Femur without setae; at least 20 large dorsal 8-shaped pores_——

First antennal segment with 1 seta; about 42 dorsal 8-shaped
pores, nearly uniform in size and slightly smaller than
marginal pores of same segments

oraniae, new species, p. 143.

27

10

dW 6
11
13

12

14

15

16

23

— ae

V——— ee

i

23.

24.

26.

29.

30.

31.

32.

MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Key to Larvae—Continued

First antennal segment without setae; 20-40 dorsal 8-shaped
pores, varying in size, some much smaller, others much
larger, than marginal pores of same segments

pinangae, new species, p. 156.

(20) Apex of abdomen with 3 or 4 pairs of setae; fewer than 18 dorsal

(23)

(26)

(17)

8-shaped pores, which are very small, not approximating
the mete ina ine Sizes 6 ee oe eee ee ee ee
Apex of abdomen with at least 4 pairs of setae; at least 18
dorsal 8-shaped pores, which are fairly large, some approxi-
matinesthesmareinal (ib) Sizes ie a ave sale see aoe
Anal ring differentiated from anal opening; beak with 4 pairs
of setae; about 12 dorsal 8-shaped pores; anterior margin
of body with 1 pair of setae
phoenicis Ramachandra Rao, p. 154.
Anal ring not differentiated from anal opening; beak with 2
pairs of setae; about 7 dorsal 8-shaped pores; anterior
margin of body with 3 pairs of setae
inlabefactum, new species, p. 112.
Femur without setae; sixth antennal segment with 2 long
setae; 18 dorsal 8shaped pores, the largest distinctly
smaller than a marginal pore__ singulare, new species, p. 190.
Femur with 1 seta: sixth antennal segment with 8 long setae;
at least 26 dorsal 8-shaped pores, some nearly or actually
as large;as mareinal occ s Sete he ee eee
Coxa with ‘2usetae. 2st Spe age ey he te oe Ee
Coxa with 8 setae: iid yee oe A Get eee ee
Fifth antennal segment without setae; about 40 dorsal 8-shaped
pores; marginal and dorsal 8-shaped pores conspicuously
elongate and slender____________ gilvum, new species, p. 99.
Fifth antennal segment with 1 seta; about 30 dorsal 8-shaped
pores; marginal and dorsal 8-shaped pores not conspicu-
ously elongate and slender_____---~- bondari Lepage, p. 210.
Apex of abdomen with 5 pairs of setae; apical setae about 54 u
long; 26-83 dorsal 8-shaped pores
inusitatum, new species, p. 1138.

Apex of abdomen with 4 pairs of setae; apical setae about 36 u

long; about 36 dorsal 8-shaped pores
palmae Cockerell, p. 146.
Anterior margin of body without setae; antenna 5-segmented ;
8 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; anal tube not
apparents2 42 sess ie acaciae Morrison and Morrison, p. 37.
Anterior margin of body with setae: antenna 6-segmented ;
8 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores in roboris, but
usually more, rarely less; anal tube very short, but present
and differentiating anal ring from anal opening_------~--
Anterior margin of body with 8 pairs of setae; coxa with 4
setae; apex of abdomen with 2 pairs of ventral setae___
Anterior margin of body with 2 pairs of setae; coxa with 3
setae; apex of abdomen either without ventral setae or
with only 1 pairs 22522266) eee ee ee
With 32-86 dorsal 8-shaped pores which are at least as large as
marginal pores; first antennal segment with 2 setae; 8
pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 5 pairs of submar-
sinalashliae@o in wh ee eee brevispinum Brain, p. 56.
With about 20 dorsal 8-shaped pores much smaller than mar-
ginal, and 2-5 of practically the same size as marginal;
first antennal segment with 1 seta; 9 pairs of submarginal
8-shaped pores; either 9 or 11 pairs of submarginal setae_
Anterior and posterior spiracles each with 2 pores; about 20
dorsal 8-shaped pores which are much smaller than mar-
Fecil) 102) tee yee eel ee aR IE 9 simplex, new species, p. 189.
Anterior spiracle with 2 pores, posterior with none; about 5
dorsal 8-shaped pores of practically the same size as mar-
ginal and around 25 minute____ vitreum, new species, p. 225.

24

BANS

30
31

32

33.

oT.

40.

41.

45.

45.

46.

47.

*The character used in separating the larvae of skanianae and suishae
Satisfactory since the space between the bases compared with the length of

(30)

(34)

(36)

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

Key to Larvae—Continued

Eight pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apex of abdomen
apparently without ventral setae
roboris, new species, p. 177.
Nine pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apex of abdomen
With patrof; venereal semies 5-2 Ses Se
Posterior spiracle witous pores: 2255 22) Sees +
POSECEIOL S PUCIGIE: WALH Ion zu OLeS 2 Sey es ee ee
Two pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts
semisepultum, new species, p. 186.
Three pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts
nitidum, new species, p. 139.
Posterior epiraclenyuiltls (2eporessies 2 Dee ee
Postertoraspiracle tywitthih Pipore= sei. et eee
Twenty-two to 28 dorsal 8-shaped pores, the largest of practi-
cally the same size as posterior marginal pores; apical
setae about 65 w long__________ japonicum Cockerell, p. 114.
Usually fewer than 22 or more than 28 dorsal 8-shaped pores,
the largest slightly larger than posterior marginal pores;
apical -setaeviess *than Gig longe = ws e_ As se eS
Two pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts
luteolum, new species, p. 124.
Three pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts
variabile, new species, p. 217.
Amma leraneryet thout setae a 8
Anant nese ae =e air Sheba rie. les (Pee he NS
Largest dorsal 8-shaped pores about two-thirds the size of
posterior marginal 8-Shaped pores
castanede, new species, p. 59.
Largest dorsal 8-shaped pores about one-half the size of
posterior marginal 8-shaped pores
pasaniae Kuwana and Cockerell, p. 149.

(39) Usually without but rarely with 1-8 dorsal 8-shaped pores

(42)

variolosum (Ratzeburg), p. 218.
Witheatvieast 20. dorsal: S-shaped: pores 2 te see
qin bsGhae ae TEAS. Oi) VOWS se 2D alte re 2 ee
EHC AIBReEACSIESS: hams Pe OME; Steet Swit tote
Beak with 2 pairs of setae; apical setae about 72 uw long

perplerum, new species, p. 151.
Beak with 8 pairs of setae; apical setae less than 70 uw long__
Apical setae about 54 uw long; normally 20-30 (usually about

30) dorsal 8-shaped pores_______-___ minus Lindinger, p. 132.
Apical setae about 66 uw long; fewer than 25 dorsal 8-shaped
MOCO ak a ess fe NS ets 2 quercicola (Bouché), p. 173.
Apical setae about 32 uw long; dorsal 8-shaped pores varying
TAS Tia ho Moe, Sees gy ig) eerste horishae, new species, p. 106.

Apical setae at least 40 uw long; all dorsal 8-shaped pores rather
small, no longer or only slightly longer than the width
Of pmanrinaluS-shaned pores. ss ee
Two pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts; dorsal
8-shaped pores slightly longer near anterior than posterior
end of row and slightly longer than the width of marginal
S-shaped: POress 2: sors) oe ss castaneae, new species, p. 59.
Three pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts; dorsal
8-shaped pores practically uniform in size and about as
long as the width of marginal 8-shaped pores___________-
Bases of antennae one-third length of antenna apart 7
skanianae, new species, p. 191.
Bases of antennae one-half length of antenna apart?
suishae, new species, p. 203.

is not
the antenna

29

2)

40
41

very

varies very slightly and the difference between the comparative lengths of the two in

these species is so small that it cannot be relied on completely.

species appear to be practically identical,

Larvae of these two

ow a << ~~ oo

=r. =. .<<F

ee eee

-- = —_— — «©

~-

ieee ee

eee

48.
49.

50.

51.
52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Key to Larvae—Continued

(1) Anal. ring! with 4¢setaesi=) 2) Skee a eee eee
Anal ringe*witheGiisetaehe- 2 es i ee eee ee ee
Anterior and posterior spiracles each with 2 pores; 66-76

dorsal 8-shaped pores__--___~ medium, new species, p. 127.
At least not both anterior and posterior spiracles with 2 pores
each ; fewer than 50 dorsal 8-sShaped pores______----_____-
Anterior spiracle with 2 pores, posterior with none; axes of all
marginal 8-shaped pores longitudinal to body margin;
about 14 dorsal 8-shaped pores
victoriae, new species, p. 221.
Anterior spiracle with 1 pore, posterior with 2; axes of at least
the posterior 6 pairs of marginal 8-shaped pores trans-
verse to body margin; 36-40 dorsal 8-shaped pores
quadrisetosum, new species, p. 170.
(48)? Apexof abdomentiwithts pairs: of Ssetacss. a ae ee
Apex of abdomen with more than 38 pairs of setae_____-_-______
Anterior spiracle with 2 pores, posterior with 1_______________
Anterior spiracle with 1 pore and posterior with 1, or anterior
spiracle with 2 pores and posterior spiracle with 2__----_~-
Fifth antennal segment without setae; femur with 1 seta;
tarsus with 2 setae; about 16 dorsal 8-shaped pores ar-
ranged in a Submedian row of about 8 and a lateral row of
about 5 on each half of body
borneense, new species, p. 54.
Fifth antennal segment with 1 or 2 setae; femur with 3 setae;
tarsus with 38 setae; more than 16 dorsal 8-Shaped pores
arranged in a Submedian and in a lateral row on each half
of body, but the number in each row not as above____--_~
First antennal segment with 1 seta; about 32 dorsal 8-shaped
pores arranged in a Submedian row of about 10 and a lat-
eral row of about 6, on each half of body; 2 pairs of setae
between antennae and mouth parts
exiguum Green, p. 89.
First antennal segment with 2 setae; about 24 dorsal 8-shaped
pores arranged in a Submedian row of about 10 and a
lateral row of about 2 on each half of body; 3 pairs of setae
between antennae and mouth parts
rubrocomatum Green, p. 178.
(52) Anterior and posterior spiracles each with 1 pore___-________-
Anterior and posterior spiracles each with 2 pores____________
Anal ring with approximately 16 pores: anal ring setae about
12.6) g lone2 =. eee jforum, new species, p. 94
Anal ring without pores; anal ring setae less than 8 uw long___-~
Fifth antennal segment with 1 seta; about 18 dorsal 8-shaped
pores arranged in a submedian row of about 9 on each half
of body; apical setae about 28 wu long
udagamae Green, p. 212.
Fifth antennal segment without setae; either less or more than
18 dorsal 8-shaped pores; apical setae about 45 uw long______
About 16 dorsal 8-shaped pores arranged in a submedian row of
about 8 on each half of body; axes of the posterior 6 pairs
of marginal 8-shaped pores longitudinal or slightly diagonal
to-body Margin2=@ 2:2 eae eee masuui Kuwana, p. 126.
About 35 dorsal 8-shaped pores arranged in a submedian row of
about 10 or 11 and a lateral row of about 7 or 8 on each half
of body ; axes of the posterior 6 pairs of marginal 8-shaped
pores transverse to body margin__ sasae, new species, p. 182.
(55) Fifth antennal segment without setae; femur without setae; 10
pairs of Submarginal 8-shaped pores; about 44 dorsal
8-shaped pores______________ sumatrae, new species, p. 204.
Fifth antennal segment with 1 seta; femur with at least 1 seta;
9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; fewer than 40 dorsal
8-shaped pores

49
51

50

52
62
53

55

54

56
59

57

58

4
|
7
q
{

62.

67.

70.

Fi.

72.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

Key to Larvae—Continued

Coxa with 3 setae, femur with 1 seta, and tarsus with 2 setae;
about 22 dorsal 8-shaped pores; apical setae about 40 yw long
garciniae, new species, p. 96.

Coxa with 4 setae, femur with 2 or 3, and tarsus with 2 or 3;

about 32 dorsal 8-shaped pores; apical setae about 28 uw long_
Femur and tarsus each with 2 setae; axes of all marginal
8-shaped pores longitudinal to body margin
pusillum, new species, p. 165.
Femur and tarsus each with 3 setae; axes of the posterior 6
pairs of marginal 8-shaped pores transverse to body margin,
axes of the other longitudinal____ coronaium Green, p. 72.
(51) Apex of abdomen with 5 pairs of setae. Not known to occur
Ay Cp Soe Lt CEs VEEL oeL Se Cas Oe ge ee eee 2
Apex of abdomen either with 4 or with 6 pairs of setae. Some
SPECIES (OCCHETMIS ON)! Ee AINDUSCAR e262 eee Se
Anal ring with 6 pores; anal ring setae about 12.6 uw long; an-
terior and posterior spiracles each apparently with 1 pore
inconspicuum, hew species, p. 110.
Anal ring with at least 16 pores; anal ring setae 9 or at least 16 u
long; anterior spiracle with 2 pores, posterior either with
LUCE eR ahs CE Ce pole Ae ee ees Oe ee eae Se ee er
Anterior spiracle with 2 pores, posterior with 1
transversum Morrison and Morrison, p. 209.
Anterior and posterior spiracles each with 2 pores____-----_-__
Without a pair of minute setae close to each of the posterior
> fait .of marcinal S-shaped, Pores. 4222. Fs
With a pair of minute setae close to each of the posterior 3
pairs of marginal: S-shaped pores._..._____. -» + » _ =
First antennal segment with 1 seta; coxa with 3 setae
epidendri (Bouché), p. 83.
First antennal segment with 2 setae; coxa with 4 setae________
Around 20 dorsal 8-shaped pores; minute setae in a double row

On,ABGOMENS tec in er oe sanbernardense Hempel, p. 181.
Around 40 dorsal 8-shaped pores; minute setae in a single row
ORyabdo mei: £92.02 on + puteanum, new species, p. 168.

(G5); Remnr.and. tarsus each witt? setae... =
Henpurwiths sciae. tarsus with 2.or 3 setae 2... ee
Ten piars of submarginal 8-shaped pores; axes of all marginal

8-shaped pores longitudinal to body margin; apical setae
about 45 w long; anal ring setae about 9 uw long
stypheliae (Maskell), p. 199.
Nine or 10 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; axes of the
posterior 6 pairs of marginal 8-shaped pores diagonal or
transverse to body margin; apical setae at least 65 uw long;
anal singe Sete as d@aGe 1G 6 lone ee Fis er ot
Ten pairs of submarginal 8-Shaped pores; 22-82 dorsal 8-shaped
pores, slightly smaller than marginal
epacridis (Maskell), p. 82.
Nine pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 14-18 dorsal 8-shaped
pores, distinctly smaller than marginal
multiporum Green, p. 137.
(68) Disk pores either in a complete or in an interrupted ventral
SETECTCCSER crc 1 Ro SR a a ne a ee a
Disk pores absent from ventral surface_________ ee
Seven pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 or 8 disk pores
in an interrupted, ventral, submarginal row, occurring on
abdomen only; tarsus with 3 setae; apex of abdomen with
a densely sclerotized rectangular area ventrally
coffeae Newstead, p. 67.
Nine pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 16 disk pores in a
complete, ventral, submarginal row, occurring on abdomen,
thorax, and head; tarsus with 2 setae; apex of abdomen
without a densely sclerotized rectangular area ventrally
ingae, new species, p. 111.

31

61

78

67

69

70

ba ie
we) | i)

em me ee ee ee OE ee ee. ee .

- re

-

lM OE LOT

ena

iui!

it {I
yi 't

gunn

rat

WU

mld
WII
Ml

73.
74.

(fe

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Key to Larvae—Continued

(70) A total of 1-23idorsal;s-shaped pores] SS
A total of 35-44 dorsal 8-shaped pores_.— _ 2222
Fifth antennal segment with 1 seta; a pair of submarginal

8-shaped pores between antennae
conspicuum Brain, p. 69.
Fifth antennal segment without setae; no submarginal 8-shaped
pores between antennae_________ agavis, new species, p. 40.
(73) Six or 7 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, none of which are
betweenthe ‘antemnae+: — oo. oe Wee eee
Hight pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, of which 1 pair is
DEtWEEn = tie MAN ESI AGN Sie eee eee Se ee ie eo
Six pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae between
antennae and mouth parts_grandiculum, new species, p. 109.
Seven pairs of Ssubmarginal 8-Shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae
between antennae and mouth parts
cristatum Ferris, p. 74.
(75) Dorsal 8-shaped pores of practically the same size as marginal
pores of same segments; anterior margin of body with 4
Pairs Of setae = San ees townsendi Cockerell, p. 207.
Dorsal 8-shaped pores distinctly smaller than marginal pores of
same segments; anterior margin of body with 3 pairs of
Setae 22.5 era ee a een viridulum Cockerell, p. 223.
(62) Apex of abdomen with 6 pairs of setae. Not known to occur
on Bambuseade 25 28 3 273 Be hl 2 a ee eee
Apex of abdomen with 4 pairs of setae. Some species occurring
on Bambuseaeic! 2 ee 6 sea et) EL ee ge ei
Without a pair of minute setae close to each of the posterior 3
or 4 pairs of marginal 8-shaped pores______-______________
With a pair of minute setae close to each of the posterior 3
or 4 pairs of marginal (S-shaped pores=-2 4422 ee
Anterior and posterior spiracles each with 1 pore_____________
Anterior and posterior spiracles each with 2 pores_________-__~
Axis of the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores trans-
verse to body margin, axes of other pores diagonal or
longitudinal; 44-48 dorsal 8-shaped pores arranged in a
submedian row of 9 or 10 and a submarginal row of 13 or
14 on each half of body, the submarginal row so close to
marginal as to appear almost as a second marginal row;
6 pairs of submarginal 8-Shaped pores, none of which are
between the antennae______________ euryopis Fuller, p. 88.
Axes of the posterior 6 pairs of marginal 8-shaped pores trans-
verse to body margin, axes of other pores longitudinal ;
about 84 dorsal 8-shaped pores arranged in a submedian
row of 7 or 8 and a lateral row of 9 on each half of
body, lateral row not close to marginal; 10 pairs of submar-
ginal 8-shaped pores, of which 1 pair is between the
antennae). ss eee eee javae, new species, p. 116.
(80) Fourth and fifth antennal segments each with 1 seta; sixth
antennal segment with 4 long setae____________-___________
Fourth antennal segment without setae and fifth with 1, or
fourth segment with 1 seta and fifth with none; sixth
antennal segment with 2 lone seraes= = ee ee
Femur with 8 setae, tarsus with 2; penultimate segment of
body with 2 pairs of submarginal setae
quaesitum, new species, p. 171.
Femur with 2 setae, tarsus with 3; penultimate segment of
body with 1 pair of submarginal setae
striatum, new species, p. 198.
(82) Fourth antennal segment without setae, fifth with 1; anterior
and middle coxae each with 4 setae, but posterior coxa with
only 3; 10 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores
pustulans (Cockerell), p. 165.
Fourth antennal segment with 1 seta, fifth with none; each
coxa with 4 setae; 8 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores
euphorbiae, new species, p. 87.

74
75

76
17

86.

87.

88.

89.

93.
94.

97.
98.

99.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

Key to Larvae—Continued

(79) Anterior and posterior spiracles each with 2 pores___-__-_______

(86)

(89)

(78

—

(94) Fifth antennal segment without setae

Anterior and posterior spiracles each with 1 pore_____________
A total of about 20 dorsal 8-shaped pores, arranged in a sub-
median row on each half of body; 7 pairs of submarginal
SE Cet Wb genie el se ng Ae Le ee ee
A total of about 46 dorsal 8-shaped pores, arranged in a sub-
median and a lateral or submarginal row on each half of
body ; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores______________
Dorsal 8-shaped pores slightly larger than marginal pores of

Sine ReSineiie = ees stentae Brain, p. 196.
Dorsal 8-shaped pores of same size as marginal pores of same
Seewietii ais see, arabidis (Signoret), p. 44.

Anterior margin of body with 3 pairs of setae; 2 pairs of setae
between antennae and mouth parts

brachylenae Brain, p. 55.

Anterior margin of body with 4 pairs of setae; 3 pairs of setae
between antennae and mouth parts

thespesiae Green, p. 205.

A pair of minute setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs of

marginal 8-shaped pores (rarely 2 setae on 1 side of body

Palo tise LSet © UE ee oh alma Slee SEE ates ee eR ee ee ee

A pair of minute setae close to each of the posterior 4 pairs of

marginal 8-shaped pores (rarely 3 setae on 1 side of body

PUT we he TiS RE coe AS, iy leila Ral an! Lael eae A aia A SSE eal ee

Seven pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apical setae about

ear eters te ees Oe Ts algeriense (Newstead), p. 42.
Usually 6, rarely 5, pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apical
setae 100—108 uw long ______ nevadense Balachowsky, p. 138.

Eight pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores
fimbriatum (Fonscolombe), p. 91.
Seven pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores__________________
With 16-20 dorsal 8-shaped pores; apical setae about 135 uw long;
interapical setae 36-41 uw long
zanthenes, new species, p. 227.
Without dorsal 8-shaped pores: apical setae about 120 uw long;
interapical setae about 32 wu long
launeae, new species, p. 119.
Anterior spiracle with 1 pore, posterior with 1________________
Anterior spiracle with 1 or 2 pores, posterior with 2_._____-___
Anal ring with more than 2 pores; anal ring setae 12-18 uw long__
Anal ring without pores or with 2; anal ring setae 2-8 uw long__
Fifth antennal segment with 1 seta; femur and tarsus each
with 2 setae; about 16 dorsal 8-shaped pores; apical setae
PENORYAS G2 te NAR ee acutulum, new species, p. 38.
Fifth antennal segment without setae; femur with 2 or 3
setae, tarsus with 3; fewer or more than 16 dorsal 8-
shaped pores; apical setae at least 45 uw long_____________
Axes of all marginal 8-shaped pores longitudinal to body mar-
gin; femur with 3 setae; about 7 dorsal 8-shaped pores
chinae, new species, p. 65.
Axes of the posterior 6 pairs of marginal 8-shaped pores trans-
verse to body margin, axes of others longitudinal; femur
with 2 setae; about 22 dorsal 8-shaped pores
fusum, new species, p. 95.
With, ane neemonL with t SeLa. 8 a
Without dorsal 8-shaped pores; apical setae about 72 u ‘ong
notabile, new species, p. 140.
With about 14 dorsal 8-shaped pores; apical setae about 54
PY F< eee Te? ect oblongum, new species, p. 142.

(97) Two pairs of setae near antennae (1 pair anterior to antennae

and 1 pair between antennae and mouth parts): largest
dorsal 8-shaped pores slightly smaller than marginal pores
of Same segment____- brunetae, new species, p. 58.

2867 20—41———_3

33
86
89
87

88

91

92

98
99

ot

100.

101.
102.
103.

104.

106.

107.

108.

109.

MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(93)

(102)

Key to Larvae—Continued

One pair of setae near antennae (between antennae and mouth
parts); largest dorsal 8-shaped pores at least as large
aS ~mMareinall pores: Of -saMmerseomente= === ae meee

About 2 dorsal submedian 8-shaped pores on each half of body,
the anterior pore smaller than the posterior

minusculum, new species, p. 133.

About 5 dorsal lateral 8-shaped pores on each half of body, the

anterior pore larger than the posterior
parvum, new species, p. 148.

Anterior spiracle with 2 pores, posterior with 2________________

Anterior spiracle with 1 pore, posterior with 2________________

Anal rine wath Gor with? 14-20) pores_2 == See ree

Anal rime swiblt Ollie pOres- sca es ee a ee ee

Axes of the posterior 6 pairs of marginal 8-shaped pores trans-
verse to body margin; first and fifth antennal segments
without setae; femur and tarsus each with 2 setae. Not
found on Bambuseae__ subventruosum, new species, p. 202.

Axes of the posterior 6 pairs of marginal 8-shaped pores slightly
diagonal or longitudinal to body margin; either the first or
fifth antennal segment with 1 seta; femur and tarsus each
with 3 setae. Found only on Bambuseae_________________

Anal ring with 6 pores; some marginal 8-shaped pores no
longer than width of others__ sparus, new species, p. 198.

Anal ring with 14 or 18 pores: no marginal 8-shaped pores as
short/as) the) width: of others == ==) 22 a eee

Fifth antennal segment with 1 seta; about 7 dorsal 8-shaped

DONC 222.5. eed! ee oe Tea Ee bambusicola Kuwana, p. 49.
Fifth antennal segment without setae; about 22 dorsal 8-shaped
DOLCS 222 Fae eek eel ae hemisphaericum Kuwana, p. 104.

Marginal 8-shaped pores 22 in number, of unusual shape, with
halves closely appressed, nearly as wide as long, axes of
all diagonal or transverse to body margin

gutta Green, p. 101.

Marginal 8-shaped pores 26 or 28 in number, not shaped as
above, longer than wide, axes of all longitudinal, or axes
of the posterior 6 pairs transverse and axes of the other
pores: longitudinal, to; body, marain= 2a

Fifth antennal segment with 1 seta; dorsal 8-shaped pores
arranged in a submedian and a lateral row on each half
of body. Not occurring on Bambuseae

lacrimula, new species, p. 117.

Fifth antennal segment without setae; dorsal 8-shaped pores
arranged either in a submedian or in a lateral row on
each half of body. Occurring only on Bambuseae___----~

Axes of the posterior 6 pairs of marginal 8-shaped pores
transverse to body margin, axes of others longitudinal

ordinarium, new species, p. 144.

Axes of all marginal 8-shaped pores longitudinal to body
PATS ce 8 as Fee oe Se ee ey nee ee

First antennal segment with 2 setae; 11-20 dorsal 8-shaped
pores ; apical setae about 36 u long

gemmae, new species, p. 97.

First antennal segment with 1 seta ; 9-12 dorsal 8-shaped pores ;

apicai setae about 52 uw long
longulum, new species, p. 121.

TOS S(O) Anal rime wi bho ut ORS ee a ee

ala

112.

Anal ring with at least 2 pores, usually with 8 or more___-____
First antennal segment with 1 seta; 7-10 dorsal 8-shaped pores,
varying in size, the largest slightly smaller than posterior
marginal 8-shaped pores____ minutwm Takahashi, p. 135.
First antennal segment with 2 setae; 138-15 dorsal 8-shaped
pores, uniform in size, about one-half the size of posterior
marginal 8-shaped pores____ circulare, new species, p. 66.

(110) — Without dorsall S-shaped: pores eee

With at least 2 dorsal 8-shaped pores, usually with at least 9__

100

102
110
103
106

104

105

107

108

109

ii tib
i

113
114

113.

oe
115.
116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

121.

122.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

Key to Larvae—Continued

Axes of the posterior 6 pairs of marginal 8-shaped pores diagonal
to body margin, all pores uniform in size except anterior
pair, which is slightly larger than the others

caudatum Green, p. 61.

Axes of all marginal 8-shaped pores longitudinal to body
margin, the posterior 6 pails of pores uniform in size and
slightly smaller than the next 7 pairs, which are smaller
fhan, the;anterionr gate. 2 = longum (Green), p. 122.

Ge.) Sea aes oe eh eS eS a

(114)

ETD ERY 18 NT a ee
COxXa, wath. 3 SCLBe. <2 a mimicum, new species, p. 130.
GySy. cM irc eee MRSS) eee re ee ee ee
Anal ring with a total of 4-8 pores arranged in an inner row of
2 and an outer row of 6 when 8 are present
pseudolanceolatum Takahashi, p. 158.
Anal ring with a total of 14 or 16 pores arranged in an inner
FOMmsOL GO) ANGe AM OMLET OW. Ol o> Oly Ap oe gente ee
Bases of antennae one-third length of antenna apart; marginal
8-Shaped pores uniform in size
solenophoroides (Green), p. 192.
Bases of antennae one-half length of antenna apart; marginal
8-shaped pores with posterior, penultimate, and anterior
pairs distinctly larger than the others
penicillatum, new species, p. 150.
Anal ring with 2-6 pores; marginal 8-shaped pores rather
elongate and slender, rather pointed at ends
abiectum, new species, p. 35.
Anal ring with 16-20 pores; marginal 8-shaped pores not par-
ticularly elongate and slender, rounded at ends____-----__
Fifth antennal segment with 2 setae; 2 pairs of setae between
antennae and mouth parts; apical setae about 55 wu long;
anal ring setae about 18 uw long
delicatum (Green), p. 76.
Fifth antennal segment without setae or with only 1; 1 pair
of setae between antennae and mouth parts except in
subdolum; apical setae not more than 45 uw long; anal ring
SETAC rNOL TOT CRUD Ts UG. G2 OTe a ee wee ee ee
Fifth antennal segment without setae; about 9 dorsal 8-shanped

1 TO: Tin 21S) eis a a Pees Oe subdolum, new species, p. 201.
Fifth antennal segment with 1 seta; at least 11 dorsal 8-shaped
IOECSSS © yyeess 3 eereeee SE ee Be part. age. eee th aoe ef DL

First antennal segment with 2 setae; apical setae about 45 u
long ; 16-19 dorsal 8-shaped pores
bambusae (Boisduval), p. 47.
First antennal segment with 1 seta; apical setae 27-30u long;
D1G. dorsalis-shanedemores a+ wesie tt scecay Fee eh a
Antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart
pseudomiliaris Green, p. 160.
Antennal bases one-fourth length of antenna apart_ miliaris mil-
iaris (Boisduval) and miliaris robustum Green, pp. 129, 130.

DESCRIPTIONS

ASTEROLECANIUM ABIECTUM, new species
(Fig. 2; at; pl. a; 1.)

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves.
Test of female.—Elongate elliptical, 1.5-2 mm. long, 0.75-1 wide; flat dorsally
and ventrally, with a faint longitudinal median carina dorsally; pale yellow,
transparent, thin, finely punctate; marginal filaments usually deep salmon;
larval exit a slit in margin.
Adult female.—EHlongate elliptical, posterior end slightly produced; 1.3-1.8
mm. long, 0 65-0.95 wide.
Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around length of apical
Seta from setal bases, the individual pores about 14 « long and 5—6 wide, usually

30

115
118

116

117

119

120

121

122

ee =a

a ss es ee

EE ——— =<. lO

36 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

spaced a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row from nearly
opposite antennae to about halfway between posterior spiracular pore bands
and apical setae, usually as numerous as 8-Shaped pores near ends of row and
twice as numerous as 8-Shaped pores elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores and disk pores sparse; tubular ducts
about 34 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna rough, irregularly elliptical, with 2 setae as long
as greater diameter of antenna and 1-3 much shorter; beak without setae;
spiracular bar fairly broad; 17-382 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle
to body margin in an irregularly double row; 1 or 2 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores
each side of beak, a few in submarginal area and in 2 transverse rows in genital
area; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating opposite genital
opening, usually half as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of sub-
marginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair slightly nearer to apical setae than
to the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae posterior to
genital opening, 1 pair anterior to opening, and 1 pair anterior to those.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 50-60 u long, interapical 8 u
long, intermediate ventral 5.2 uw long, outer ventral 7.2 w long; anal ring with
6 setae, each 24 uw long, also with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores.

Larva.—Elongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 rather elongate 8-shaped pores which are smallest at the
posterior end of the row and gradually increase in size anteriorly, axes of the
posterior 6 pairs diagonal,® axes of other pores longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae
anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: A submedian row of 6 or 7 8-shaped pores on each half of
body, the anterior pores slightly larger than the others and about as long as the
width of an anterior marginal pore; disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I,°1:; IV, 1; V,1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-fourth length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore and
posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa
4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins
near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half length of
tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of minute submarginal
setae on the abdomen and 2 pairs of larger submarginal setae anteriorly; 1 pair
of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 32 uw long, interapical 7.2 pu
long, intermediate ventral (fairly near median line) 3.6 wu long, outer ventral
4.6 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae, each about 5.4 uw long, also with 2 or 6 pores
in an outer row.

Data—Described from unmounted and mounted material as fol-
lows: On Bambusa vulgaris, Los Banos, Luzon, Philippine Islands,
A. S. Hitchcock, June 10, 1921, U. S. N. H.,° holotype and paratypes
(1 female and 1 larva mounted); on Gigantochloa apus, Buitenzorg,
Java, G. Haley, 1919, U.S. N. H. , paratypes (2 females mounted) ;
on Bambusa sp., Tung Heung, Kwong Ning, Kwangtung, China, F. A.
McClure, April 5, 1925, paratypes (3 females and 45 larvae mounted) ; :
on Dendrocalamus sp., Philippine Islands, F. A. McClure, September
1925, paratypes (1 female and 8 larvae, all available material, mounted).

This species resembles miliaris but is larger, and the marginal
8-shaped pores, which are longer in proportion to their width than
those of miliaris, terminate farther from the bases of the apical setae.
In the shape of the marginal 8-shaped pores, as well as in other charac-
ters, it resembles captioswm, but differs from that species in having
four, instead of three, pairs of setae on the apex of the abdomen.

8 Axes of pores are in respect to body margin at point where pores are situated.

® Roman numerals refer to antennal segments.

10 Many specimens described in this paper have been collected by the writer from plants
in herbaria. In the data given under the various species, specimens from this penned are
indicated by the letters U. S. N. H. if from the U. S. National Herbarium, and N. Y.
B. G. if from the Herbarium of the N. Botanic Garden. The name of the oie of
the plant material is given if known. Sueccere removed by the writer from preserved
bamboo collected by F. A. McClure are indicated by his name.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 3

ASTEROLECANIUM ACACIAE Morrison and Morrison
(Fig. 2, J-S; pl. 6, K)
Described in 1927 (73, pp. 3-4).

Habit.—Living on bark, in shallow or fairly deep pits.

Test of female.—Varying in outline, usually practically circular, measuring
1.25-1.5 mm. in diameter, and with posterior end occasionally slightly produced
and upturned; very slightly convex dorsally, usually with a few faint transverse
striations posteriorly, slightly convex ventrally ; brownish yellow, semitransparent,
punctate in submarginal area; fragmentary marginal filaments whitish or very
pale pinkish ; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Practically circular, 1.25-1.5 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores mostly in a double row, but posterior 6-12 pores usually
in a single row terminating about four times a posterior pore’s length from bases
of apical setae, posterior pores 8 uw long and 5.4 wide, the others about 10 yw long
and 7.2 wide, spaced once, twice, or rarely three times a pore’s length apart; the
double rows separated by a distance varying from the width to the length of
a pore; quinquelocular or small multilocular pores in a complete single row or
missing for a few 8-shaped pores at anterior end, terminating near end of double
row of 8-shaped pores, usually twice as numerous as 8-shaped pores of nearer
row between spiracular pore bands and as numerous as 8-shaped pores elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores very sparse ; tubu-
lar ducts 28 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna roughly conical, with 2 setae as long as, and 1
shorter than, diameter of antenna; beak apparently without setae; spiracular
bar rather broad; 22-85 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to body
margin in an irregularly single to a quadruple row; multilocular pores, with 10
loculi, arranged in 4 complete and 1 or 2 interrupted rows, with 8-10 in each
of the posterior 3 rows, 6-8 in anterior complete row, and 2 in each of interrupted
rows, a total of 35-40; 4-6 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts,
a few scattered anterior to mouth parts, others arranged in rather indefinite
transverse rows posterior to mouth parts; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single
row terminating near posterior row of multilocular pores, about one-half as
numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores of nearer row; submarginal setae
apparently in 7 pairs, all posterior to posterior spiracles, the posterior pair
sometimes nearly opposite the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores but
occasionally close to outer ventral setae; 2 pairs of setae in each complete row
of multilocular pores, except sometimes only 1 pair in anterior row.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical broken, apparently 35 uw long, interapical (on
ventral surface near margin) about 8 » long, intermediate ventral about 6 xu
long, outer ventral apparently 8 uw long; anal opening apical, circular, its margin
Slightly sclerotized.

Larva.—Apparently elongate ovoid.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores which are smallest at the posterior end
of the row and gradually increase in size anteriorly, where they are distinctly
larger than the posterior 8 pairs, axes of all pores longitudinal; apparently
without setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores apparently in a submedian and a lateral row
of about 6 or 8 each, on each half of body, with a total of about 30, slightly varia-
ble in size, the largest smaller than a posterior marginal pore; disk pores between
submedian and lateral 8-Shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antenna apparently 5-segmented: antennal setae, I, 1: IV
probably normally with 1, but sometimes with 2; V, 2 long, 4 stout, and 1 slender;
antennal bases apparently separated by two-fifths length of antenna; beak
Setae, 1 pair apical, 1 pair median, 1 pair basal; spiracle with Y trilocular pore;
leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and
outer margins (minute setae on inner margin near claw present in most species,
not apparent) ; tibia one-half length of tarsus; 8 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped
pores of which 1 pair is between the antennae; apparently 6 pairs of submarginal
minute setae posterior to posterior spiracles and 1 pair of submarginal larger
setae anteriorly; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical apparently 45 u long, interapical 3.6 « long,
intermediate ventral (observed only on 1 side of body) 1.5 u« long, outer ventral
1.8 w long; anal opening ventral, close to margin, circular, the surrounding derm
faintly sclerotized.

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38 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Data—Redescribed from two mounted females, Maskell Collection
No. 423, U. S. National Museum Catalogue No. 40359, holotype and
paratype, concerning which Morrison and Morrison (73, p. 4) said,
“obtained from the Maskell collection, and, on the basis of his descrip-
tive notes, collected at Sydney, New South Wales, on Acacia species.
This material was a part of his lot No. 423, and was regarded by him
as the species ventruosum”; unmounted material, three mounted fe-
males, and two mounted larvae, Maskell, Cockerell Collection.

The diameter of the specimens is 1.25— 1.5 mm. instead of “0. 7,” and
the number of rows of multilocular pores is four complete and one or
two interrupted instead of “apparently two,” as given in the original
description. The authors stated, “apparently without quinquelocular
disk pores, replaced at spiracles and along margin by small size multi-
locular disk pores, mostly with 10 loculi, but somewhat. variable”
(73, p. 4). In1 of the specimens examined the majority of these pores
have 5 loculi, and in the other specimens the majority have 6 to 8 loculi,
but there are some pores in all specimens with 5 to 10 loculi.

In adults of this species the interapical setae are situated on the ven-
tral surface close to the ventral setae and appear to be more closely
associated with the latter than with the apical. Moreover, what is
believed to be the posterior pair of submarginal setae is sometimes so
close to the ventral setae that it actually appears to be a ventral pair.
Thus the general appearance is, as shown in figure 2, A, of a pair of
apical setae and four pairs of ventral setae rather than an apical, an
interapical, two ventral, and a submarginal pair.

ASTEROLECANIUM ACUTULUM, new species
(Fig. 3, A—K; pl. 9, ZL)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Elongate, widest on anterior third, tapering to a rather
pointed posterior end, margin sometimes indented by growth against hairs on
leaf; 0.85-1.6 mm. long, 0.5-0.6 wide; slightly convex dorsally, usually with a
faint longitudinal median carina, flat ventrally; brownish or very pale yellow,
nearly colorless,.transparent, thin; marginal filaments colorless, glassy, longest
at anterior end, and whitish or brownish dorsal filaments longer than marginal
and sparse in submarginal area or along median line; circular larval exit in
ventral surface at margin.

Adult female.—Same shape as test, 0.75-1.5 mm. long, 0.4-0.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around one-half length of
apical seta from setal bases, posterior pores 6 uw long, or all pores 8-9 uw long and
44.5 wide, intervals between them ranging from the width to the length of a
pore; quinquelocular pores absent or 2 or 8 present opposite spiracular pore
bands.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores sometimes absent but usually present in sub-
marginal area and occasionally along median line, 8-9 w long and 4-5 wide;
minute 8-Shaped pores rather numerous; disk pores very sparse; tubular ducts
24 w long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, often sunken in derm, with 2 setae longer than
diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar slender and slightly
expanded at inner end; 10-13 (including those on margin) quinquelocular pores
extending from spiracle to body margin in a single row; multilocular pores, total-
ing 19-21, with 5-9 loculi, arranged in 3 complete rows each having 4-7, and 1
interrupted row having 2; 1 or 2 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak,
others occurring sparsely in lateral area of abdomen and in a transverse row
in each of anterior 2 complete rows of multilocular pores; submarginal 8-shaped
pores in a Single row ending opposite the posterior marginal 8-shaped pores,
usually aS numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal setae
on abdomen, the posterior pair opposite the penultimate pair of margilal 8-shaped
pores; 1 pair of setae in each complete row of multilocular pores.

- THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 39

Apex of abdomen: Slightly concave, lobes indicated; setae, apical 56 wu long,
interapical 9 uw long, intermediate ventral (close to margin) 4 uw long, outer ventral
7.2 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae, each 28 uw long, also with an inner row of 6 and
an outer row of 14 pores, possibly divided on dorsal side.

Larva.—Elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior 3 pairs slightly larger than
others, axes of the posterior 6 pairs diagonal, the others longitudinal; apparently
3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 8 on each half of bedy,
anterior pore largest and practically equal in size to marginal pores of same
segment, the others as long as the width of marginal pores of same segments;
disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1 very short; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2
stout, 3 fairly stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg
setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer margin near
center, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-half length-of tarsus;
9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal minute setae on
abdomen, apparently 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae anteriorly; 1 pair of
setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Slightly concave: setae, apical 36 uw long, interapical 9 u
long, intermediate ventral (rather close to median line) 2 uw long, outer ventral
3.6 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 14 u» long, and with an inner row of 6 and an
outer row of 12 pores, possibly divided on dorsal side.

Data.—Described from unmounted material, seven mounted females,
and three mounted larvae on Bambusa sp., Antipolo, Luzon, Philippine
Islands, A. S. Hitchcock, June 9, 1921, U. S. N. H., holotype and para-
types; unmounted specimens, four mounted females, and five mounted
larvae on Bambusa blumeana, Balic-Balic, Luzon, Philippine Islands,
A. Loher, June 20, 1893, U. S. N. H., paratypes.

Closely related to pseudomiliaris, but adults differ from those of
pseudomiliaris in having multilocular pores, and larvae of acutuluwim
have one instead of two pores near the posterior spiracle.

ASTEROLECANIUM ADJUNCTUM, new species
(Fig. 3, L-Z; pl. 9, DD)

Habit.—Living on twigs.

Test of female.—Elongate, tapering toward posterior end, posterior tip broken
off, margin indented by growth against hairs on twigs: broken test 0.95 mm.
long, 0.5 wide; strongly convex dorsally, flat ventrally: bright yellow, trans-
parent, rather thick, shiny, smooth; marginal and dorsal filaments rubbed off;
larval exit absent from broken test.

Adult female.—Elongate, 0.9 mm. long, 0.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating two-thirds the length of an
apical seta from setal bases, each pore with a conspicuous, sclerotized, tongue-
Shaped projection on dorsal edge, posterior pores 6 u long and 4 wide, the others
gradually increasing in size anteriorly to 9 u long and 5 wide, approximately a
pore’s length apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row, interrupted at anterior
end opposite about 16 8-shaped pores, and terminating about 8 8-shaped pores
from the posterior pair of those pores, about as numerous as 8-shaped pores at
ends of row, slightly more numerous before ends of row, and at least twice as
numerous as 8-shaped pores near spiracular pore bands.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores somewhat scattered but tending toward ar-
rangement in longitudinal rows, fairly numerous, 3.6-7.5 « long and 2.5—5.5 wide,
with the majority of lateral and submarginal pores 4-5 uw long and 2-3.5 wide
and majority of submedian pores 7.2 wu long and 4 wide: minute 8-shaped pores
very sparse, present only in posterior median area; disk pores fairly numerous;
tubular ducts 28 » long.

Ventral surface: Antenna roughly conical, with 1 or possibly 2 setae; beak
apparently without setae; spiracle with bar expanded at inner end, with atrium
slightly enlarged and containing 24 quinquelocular pores, and with 9 or 10
Similar pores extending to body margin in an irregularly single or double row;

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Pan A OO a ETS FS Ee Oe ee

40 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

multilocular pores, with 10 loculi, in 4 complete and 3 interrupted rows, 6 in each
of the posterior 3 rows, 4 in the anterior complete row, and 2 in each of the
interrupted rows, making a total of 28; 3 or 4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each
side of mouth parts and a few arranged in 2 transverse rows posterior to beak;
submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near anterior complete
row of multilocular pores, usually about aS numerous as the marginal 8-shaped
pores; 7 pairs of Submarginal setae posterior to posterior spiracles, the posterior
pair slightly nearer to the posterior pair of marginal 8-Shaped pores than to bases
of apical setae; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular pores, and 1 pair
in each of the other complete rows and in posterior interrupted row.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes barely indicated; setae, apical 54 uw long, interapical
(on ventral surface close to margin) 3.6 uw long, outer ventral 3 uw long; anal
opening ventral, its own diameter from body margin, circular, its margin sclero-
tized, with 2 setae, each apparently 2 uw long, on anterior edge.

Data.—Described from one unmounted specimen, paratype, and one
mounted female, holotype, on Quercus hemisphaerica, Indo-China,
August 1922, N. Y. B. G.

Resembling several oak-inhabiting species from the Orient, but dif-
fering from each of those in being elongate rather than circular, and in
having somewhat scattered dorsal 8-shaped pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM AGAVIS, new species
(Fig. 4, A-K ; pl. 1, C)

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves, usualiy in shallow depressions.

Test of female.—Nearly circular, posterior end slightly produced; 1.5-2 mm. in
diameter; convex dorsally, sometimes with faint transverse striations, flat ven-
trally; bright yellow, transparent, fairly thin, slightly punctate; marginal and
slightly shorter dorsal filaments white, the latter present in median area, entad
of submarginal area, and sometimes over most of surface; elliptical larval exit
in margin.

Adult female.—Shape similar to that of test, 1.25-1.75 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around one-half length of
apical seta from setal bases, posterior pores 12 » long and 8 wide, others 12-14 wu
long and 8-9 wide, usually spaced around a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular
(often actually trilocular or multilocular) pores in a single row starting about
10 8-shaped pores anterior to anterior spiracular pore bands and ending about
15 8-shaped pores posterior to posterior spiracular pore bands, sometimes inter-
rupted for 1-8 8-shaped pores between anterior and posterior spiracular pore
bands, usually as numerous as corresponding 8-Shaped pores; disk pores dorsad
of 8-shaped pores, irregularly spaced and less numerous than those and terminat-
ing near the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in median area and few to many entad of
submarginal area, sometimes arranged in transverse groups entad of submarginal
area, reaching median group only near mouth parts, rarely scattered between
median group and margin, 12-14 uw long and 8-9 wide; minute 8-shaped and disk
pores numerous; tubular ducts 30 u long.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, sunken in derm, with 3 setae about equal to,
and 1 slightly longer than, diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae;
Sspiracular bar slightly expanded at inner end; 20-40 (usually 30-40) quinque-
locular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a double to quadruple
row ; multilocular pores, with 10 or 11 loculi, in 5 complete and 3 or 4 interrupted
rows, each of the posterior 4 rows with 13-22, anterior complete with 11 or 12,
and each of the interrupted rows with 2-9, making a total of 89-105; 1-4 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts, others scattered anteriorly,
some in a rather indefinite lateral row, and in 2 or 3 indefinite transverse rows
on abdomen ; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near posterior
row of multilocular pores, in proportion of 1 to 3 or 4 marginal 8-shaped pores ;
submarginal setae in a complete row terminating near the posterior pair of
marginal 8-shaped pores; 4 or 5 setae in posterior row, and 2 or 8 in each of
next 2 rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 72-82 yw long,
interapical broken, at least 14.4 u long, dorsal 9-14.4 u long, intermediate ventral

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 4]

about 7.2 uw long, outer ventral 9-12.6 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 20-27 wu long,
and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 14 or 16 pores; ventral surface of
apex slightly sclerotized.

Larva.—E£longate ovoid.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs slightly smaller than
the others, which are nearly uniform in size, but the anterior pair slightly the
largest, axes of the posterior 6 pairs of pores transverse, of the others longi-
tudinal: a pair of setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs; 3 pairs of setae
anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a lateral row of 1-6 (usually 3-6) on only
one-half or on each half of body, with a total of 1-12 (usually 9-11), larger than
marginal pores of Same segments near posterior end, but of practically the same
size aS marginal near anterior end; disk pores near marginal 8-shaped pores and
a few in median area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 2 slender; bases of antennae one-half length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical and 1 pair basal; each spiracle with 1 trilocular and either
1 quadrilocular, quinquelocular, or small multilocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4,
femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer Margins near
center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin: tibia one-half length of
tarsus; 8 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, none between antennae; 9 pairs
of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 3 pairs of submarginal
larger setae on head; 1 pair of setae between antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present, lobes indicated ; setae, apical apparently 7zZ
» long, interapical 9 w long, dorsal 3 uw long, intermediate ventral 3.6 uw long,
outer ventral 5.4 » long; anal ring with 6 setae, each about 23 »w long, also with
an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 12 pores, divided on dorsal and ventral
sides.

Test of male.—Elliptical, with a minute notch in posterior margin; 1.25 mm.
long, 0.85 wide; slightly convex dorsally and faintly striated transversely, flat
ventrally; bright yellow, transparent, thin, shiny; fragmentary marginal fila-
ments whitish.

Adult male.—1 mm. long.

Head: Antenna 10-segmented, formula (longest to shortest), (III, IV, X),
(V, VI), (VII, VIII, IX), (1, II) ; antennnal setae, I, 4; II, 11; III-VIII, 13-17;
IX, 21; X, 21 short and 4 very long; basal bars strongly diagonal; 20 setae
anterior to ventral eyespots; 3 or 4 minute tubercles dorsally near antennae.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases curved on anterior margin, four times as
long as wide; with a large triangular clear area and a longitudinal fold in
center; tibia one and a half times length of tarsus.

Abdomen: Six segments each with a pair of setae dorsally on lateral margin,
3 segments each with a pair of setae in ventral lateral area; lobes indicated,
each with 1 long and 4 short setae; penis sheath with 1 pair of setae dorsally
near base, 2 pairs of setae ventrally near base. and at least 5 smaller setae on
each side of ventral opening.

Male nymph.—Exhibiting no distinguishing characters other than those de-
scribed for adult male.

Data—Described from unmounted and the following mounted ma-
terial (all unmounted and mounted specimens, except holotype, are
paratypes) : Fifteen females on Agave palmeri, El Paso, Tex., C. H.
Popenoe, October 1, 1922, holotype and paratypes; 2 females on Yucca
sp. ?, Ariz., D. W. Coquillett, November 8, 1893; 10 females and 7 lar-
vae on Agave sp., El Paso, Tex., J. N. Rose, May 18, 1908; 16 females
and 5 larvae on Agave sp., El Paso, Tex., C. R. Orcutt, May 6, 1924; 12
females, 4 larvae, 2 adult males, and 2 male nymphs on Yucca sp.,
Franklin Mountains, Tex., N. Perrine, February 1926.

This species resembles cristatum and puteanum. It can be distin-
guished from cristatum by the practically uniform size and smaller
number of dorsal 8-shaped pores, and from puteanuwm by a smaller
number of marginal quinquelocular pores, and the presence of a mar-
ginal row of disk pores.

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42 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ASTEROLECANIUM ALGERIENSE (Newstead)
(Fig. 4, L—O ; fig. 5, A-—D; pl. 1, B)

Described in 1897 (75, p. 99) as Planchonia algeriensis on Spartium
junceum from Constantine, Algeria.

Habit.—Living on stems.

Test of female—Somewhat ovoid, posterior end slightly produced ; 3 mm. long,
2 wide; convex dorsally with posterior tip flattened and sometimes elevated,
flat or slightly convex ventrally ; whitish with a pale yellowish cast, translucent,
rather thick; marginal and dorsal filaments whitish, fragmentary in specimens
examined ; larval exit elongate elliptical, in margin.

Adult female.-—Somewhat ovoid, 3 mm. long, 2 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores mostly in a double row but posterior 25-30 pores in
a single row terminating about twice a pore’s length from bases of apical setae,
posterior pores 12 » long and 8 wide, the others 16-17 uw long and 10 wide, intervals
between pores ranging from the width to the length of a pore, the two rows less
than a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores mostly in a double row, but single
at ends of row, starting posterior to antennae and terminating about halfway
between posterior spiracular pore bands and apical setae, as numerous as the
8-shaped pores of the nearer row at ends of row, and two or three times as
numerous as that elsewhere; disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores, extending to
apical setae and continued anterior to setae along edge of anal opening, irregularly
spaced, sometimes 1 near each 8-shaped pore, but usually much less numerous
than that, also ventrad of quinquelocular pores, terminating anterior to bases of
apical setae, as numerous as those dorsad of 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in 7 or 8 transverse groups along median line
and tending toward arrangement in transverse rows between groups and margin,
numerous median pores 16-18 uw long and 12 wide, majority of others 15-16 u
long and 11-12 wide, a few near posterior end 9-12 uw long and 5-6 wide; minute
8-shaped pores absent; disk pores numerous; tubular ducts 40 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna a cireular disk, sunken in derm, with 2 setae longer
and 2 or 4 shorter than diameter of antenna; 1-3 quinquelocular pores near an-
tenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar broad; a subcirecular sclero-
tized area around spiracular opening having 6 or 7 quinquelocular pores, and
35-39 similar pores extending to body margin in a double or triple row, a total
of 42-44 in group and row combined; multilocular pores in 8 complete and 3
interrupted rows with anterior interrupted row anterior to posterior spiracles,
posterior row with 21 pores, penultimate with 383, anterior complete with 25,
each of interrupted rows with 1-6, making a total of 91, the pores with 6-10
(usually 10) loculi; 8 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts,
some scattered anteriorly and others arranged in 7 transverse rows on abdomen ;
submarginal 8-shaped pores in a triple or quadruple row terminating near the
posterior marginal quinquelocular pores, the row broken up into groups which
are placed at fairly uniform intervals, but which contain a variable number of
pores, 1-5 pores opposite some marginal 8-shaped pores and none opposite others ;
disk pores in each spiracular quinquelocular pore band ranging from none to 4,
2 in each complete row of multilocular pores; submarginal setae in a complete
row terminating 2 8-shaped pores from the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped
pores; 2 setae in posterior and penultimate rows of multilocular pores, 1 in
anterior complete row.

Apex of abdomen: Notch very small; setae, apical apparently 108 u long, inter-
apical about 40 uw long, dorsal 28 uw long, inner ventral 8 uw long, intermediate
ventral 10 uw long, outer ventral 12 » long; anal ring with 6 setae, each about
96 uw long, apparently with around 45 pores arranged in an inner and outer row;
ventral surface of apex heavily sclerotized in a small area around inner ventral
setae, the Surrounding area slightly sclerotized in dentate rows.

Larva.— "Elongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, anterior pores slightly larger than the others,
axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse, others longitudinal; a pair of setae close
to each of the posterior 3 pairs of these pores; 4 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 9 or 10 on each half
of the body, anterior pores very slightly larger than the others, practically equal
in size to marginal pores of same segments: disk pores close to submedian 8-shaped
pores and a few near margin; a pair of setae near the anterior pair of 8-shaped
pores.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 43

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; bases of antennae one-fifth length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular (occasionally 1 quinque-
locular) pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each
on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin;
tibia three-fifths as long as tarsus; 7 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, none
between antennae; 8 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax,
4 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 3 pairs of setae between
antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Truncate or slightly concave; setae, apical about 126 yu
long, interapical about 25 uw long, dorsal about 5.4 w long, inner ventral 7.2 uw
long, intermediate ventral 9 uw long, outer ventral 10.8 uw long; anal ring with 6
setae 28-30 uw long, and an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 14 pores; ventral
surface of apex slightly sclerotized near margin.

Data.—Redescribed from unmounted material, 1 mounted female,
and 22 mounted larvae on Cistus salviaefolius, Azazga, Kabylie, Al-
geria, A. Balachowsky, December 13, 1936.

Material at hand has been placed as al/geriense on the basis of com-
parison with Newstead’s description. Although Newstead described
stages which he called “larva” and “ ? second stage,” both descriptions
apparently referred to the larval stage. He stated that the second
and fourth segments of the antenna had each a single hair, and the
sixth one long and two shorter; the second segment has two long setae,
and the sixth more than one long and two short setae.

Although listed as a synonym of fimbriatuwm by Lindinger in 1912
(61, p. 360), algeriense is not a synonym of fimbriatum or of arabidis,
to which it is more closely related. The adult female is difficult to
differentiate from arabidis, but the dorsal 8-shaped pores are more
numerous than in most specimens of that species, and those between
the median groups and the body margin tend to be larger than those
in the same area in avabidis; the marginal quinquelocular pores are
interrupted for a slightly greater distance at the anterior end and
terminate a little farther from the apical setae than in aradidis.
Larvae of the two species differ distinctly, algeriense having one and
arabidis two pores near each spiracle.

ASTEROLECANIUM AMBOINAE, New species
(Fig. 5, H-J; pl. 9, R)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Distinctly longer than wide, posterior end narrowed, some-
what produced and upturned, margin sometimes indented by growth against
hairs on leaf; 1.25-1.85 mm. long, 0.6 wide; very slightly convex dorsally, flat
ventrally; pale yellow, transparent, very thin, slightly punctate; marginal and
dorsal filaments whitish, the latter fragmentary, but much longer than marginal,
present in submarginal area; larval exit apparently elliptical, in margin.

Adult female.—Shape similar to that of test, 1.25 mm. long, 0.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around the length of apical
seta from setal bases, posterior pores 8 uw long and 5 wide, the others 9-10 « long
and 5.4 wide, about a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row
from opposite antennae to halfway between posterior spiracular pore bands and
the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, as numerous as 8-shaped pores near ends of
row, and one and a half times as numerous as 8-Shaped pores between, and for a
short distance outside of, spiracular pore bands.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submarginal row of 25, a few 12 « long
and 8 wide, but the majority 16 » long and 10 wide; minute 8-shaped pores
sparse; disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 32 « long: dorsal tubes
present.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, with 2 setae longer than diameter of antenna;
beak without setae; spiracle with bar fairly slender, with atrium slightly

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iil dH MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

| enlarged, shallow, and containing 2 or 38 quinquelocular pores, and with 8-15

mal qguinquelocular pores extending to body margin in an irregularly single or double

row; 1 or 2 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few scattered on

anterior end, and others in a lateral row on abdomen and in 2 sparse transverse

rows anterior to genital opening; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row

| terminating opposite genital opening, usually half as numerous as marginal

8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair

slightly nearer to the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores than to bases of

apical setae; 1 pair of setae posterior to genital opening, 1 pair anterior to it,
mil and 1 pair anterior to those.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes barely indicated; setae, apical about
56 uw long, interapical about 6.5 w long, outer ventral 4-5 w long; anal ring with
a ttt 6 setae 24-27 uw long, with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores, tending
Mtl toward division on dorsal side; ventral surface of apex rugose.

| Data—Described from. parasitized unmounted material, one intact
mn mounted female, and half of another, on Bambusa atra, Amboina,
‘i Moluccas Islands, C. B. Robinson, July—November 1913, U. S. N. H.,
holotype and paratypes.

at Most closely related to captioswm, from which it differs most con-
al spicuously in having dorsal 8-shaped pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM ARABIDIS (Signoret)

(Wig, 6, AT; pl. 2, #, A)

Described by Signoret in 1876 (89, p. 608) as Planchonia arabidis,
from specimens received from Lichtenstein. Although Signoret listed
‘ the species as “Planchonia arabidis Licht. mss.,” there is no indication
il that Lichtenstein was responsible for any part of the description.
Consequently the species is credited to Signoret.

3 Four names are here suppressed as synonyms of arabidis. Plan-
chonia hederae, described by Lichtenstein in 1880 (58, pp. xvlv—alvi)
on Hedera helix from Montpellier, is placed as a synonym because
! specimens presumed to be type material of hederae are specifically
identical with avabidis. In 1882 (59, p. leav) Lichtenstein gave the
. name Planchonia valloti to specimens which he had not seen, that had
i been described briefly, but not named, by Vallot, in 1838 (99, pp. 50-51).
Although Vallot’s material, found on ivy at Dijon, or other material
from this source, is not available, it seems likely that his specimens
ml belonged to arabidis, the species found commonly on ivy in Europe.
" Vallot did not indicate whether he removed any insects from the ivy,
| and the specimens treated by him and Lichtenstein probably are not
ml | extant. The name vailoti was listed as a synonym of hederae by
Fernald in 1903 (32, p. 51) and of fimbriatum by Lindinger in 1912
(61, p. 3875).

A. massalongianum was described by Targioni-Tozzetti in 1892
(98, pp. 295-298, 312) on. Hedera from Italy. Type material of the
| species is not available, but other specimens on Hedera from Italy
represent arabidis. Moreover, from the original description of mas-
i salongianum it seems certain that this name is synonymous with
| arabidis. It was given as a synonym of hederae by Fernald in 1903
mi (32, p. 51), and as a synonym of fimbriatum by Lindinger in 1912 (61,
i p. 175) and by Leonardi in 1920 (57, p. 247).

Al In 1893 Douglas described Pollina thesii, on Thesium humifusum
ah from the Isle of Purbeck (29, pp. 55-57). A mounted specimen from
| type material of theszi is the same as arabidis, and as a consequence the

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 45

name is suppressed. It was listed as a synonym of fimbriatum by
Lindinger in 1912 (61, p. 360).

Habit.—Living on twigs, stems, and leaf petioles.

Test of female-—Usually broadly pyriform, posterior end slightly produced and
often upturned; 2-3.5 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 wide, usually 2.5-3 mm. long, 2-2.5 wide ;
strongly convex dorsally, posterior tip flattened, flat or very slightly convex
ventrally: whitish, brownish, or pale yellowish, translucent to nearly opaque ;
rather thick, slightly punctate; marginal and dorsal filaments whitish, the latter
in a conspicuous tuft along median line and sometimes seattered elsewhere, the
median dorsal filaments longer and the others shorter than the marginal, all
dorsal filaments tending toward arrangement in transverse rows, but this tend-
ency most apparent along median line; larval exit elongate elliptical, in margin.

Adult female.—Broadly pyriform, 1.75-3.25 mm. long, 1.25-2.25 wide. _

Margin: 8-shaped pores mostly in a double or (for a short distance ) ina
triple row, but posterior 15-52 pores usually in a single row, terminating one to
two times a pore’s length from bases of apical setae, 16-18 uw long and 10-12 wide.
usually around a pore’s length apart; the rows usually separated by a space equal
to a pore’s width; quinquelocular pores usually in a double or irregularly triple
row (rarely in a crowded single row) in lateral area, but single at ends of row,
terminating 15-32 8-shaped pores from the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, the
row usually interrupted for 3-25 8-shaped pores anteriorly ; quinquelocular pores:
usually as numerous as 8-Shaped pores at ends of row and two or three times as
numerous as 8-shaped pores between and outside of spiracular pore bands; disk
pores irregularly spaced dorsad of, and less numerous than, 8-shaped pores, either
terminating with the latter or extending to apical setae and continued anterior to
them near edge of anal opening; disk pores also ventrad of quinquelocular pores,
terminating near apical setae, aS numerous as those dorsad of 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in 5-7 transverse groups in median area, some-
times also in inconspicuous transverse rows between median groups and margin,
majority of median pores 16-18 uw long and 12 wide, a few in median posterior
group and the majority of the others 12 uw long and 8 wide, although some are
only 8-10 uw long and 5-6 wide; minute 8-shaped pores numerous between median
8-shaped pores and margin, or absent if large 8-shaped pores are scattered be-
tween median groups and margin; disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts
40 » long.

Ventral surface: Antenna roughly circular, with 2 setae longer and 2-7 shorter
than diameter of antenna; 0-8 quinquelocular pores near antenna; beak with 2
pairs of setae; spiracle with bar broad; a subeircular sclerotized area around
spiracular opening, 4-10 quinquelocular pores in sclerotized area and 30-60 (usu-
ally around 50, very rarely with less than 40) extending to margin in an irregu-
larly single to quadruple row, making a total of 34-70 in group and row combined:
multilocular pores, having 6—11 loculi, in 3 or 4 complete and 2-4 interrupted
rows, the anterior interrupted row anterior to posterior spiracles, posterior row
with 16-32 pores (usually 22-27), penultimate with 19-52 (usually 24-38), first
row anterior to penultimate with 9-51 (usually 23-383), next with 1-28 (usually
3-8), without other rows posterior to spiracles or with 1 or 2 additional rows
each with 1-10 (usually 2-5), row anterior to posterior spiracles with 1-12 (usu-
ally 3-7), making a total of 55-180 (usually 95-125) ; 4-10 dark-rimmed 8-shaped
pores each side of mouth parts, some scattered on anterior end and others
arranged in 6 or 7 transverse rows on abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores in
an irregularly double to quadruple row terminating near anterior complete row
of multilocular pores, the row broken up into groups which are placed irregularly,
so that there are no pores opposite some marginal 8-shaped pores and 1—5 opposite
others; 1-6 disk pores in each spiracular quinquelocular pore band and usually
1—+4 in each row of multilocular pores except the anterior row, sometimes occurring
between fourth and anterior rows of multilocular pores; submarginal setae in a
complete row terminating opposite the penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped
pores; 1-3 setae in each of posterior 3 rows of multilocular pores and 0-2 in
fourth row.

Apex of abdomen: Usually slightly concave; setae, apical 100—128 uw long, inter-
apical 3240 uw long, dorsal 24-36 uw long, inner ventral usually 6-9 uw long (12 «
long on 1 half of type specimen), intermediate ventral 8-12 u long, outer ventral
10-16 w long; anal ring with 6 setae 80-104 uw long (usually 88-92) and with
approximately 46 pores; ventral surface of apex heavily sclerotized about inner
ventral setae, the surrounding area lightly sclerotized in dentate rows.

,

en Le A i el Oe ee Se TE Se a et

46 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Second stage-—Resembling adult female, but smaller; margin with 8-shaped
pores mostly in a single row, but in an irregularly double row at a few points;
quinquelocular pores less numerous than 8-shaped pores, disk pores fairly sparse
dorsad of, and very sparse ventrad of, 8-shaped pores; dorsal surface with a few
8-shaped pores arranged in 4 or 5 transverse rows, minute 8-shaped pores scat-
tered, fairly numerous; ventral surface with around 12 quinquelocular pores in
each spiracular pore band, 2 or 3 disk pores on abdomen; apex of abdomen as
in adult but all setae about one-third shorter.

Larva.—Elongate ovoid.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs slightly smaller than
the next 7 and the anterior pair slightly larger than any others, axes of the
posterior 6 pairs transverse, axes of others longitudinal; a pair of setae close
to each of the posterior 3 pairs of pores; 4 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-sShaped pores in a submedian row of 9 or 10 on each half
of body, anterior 3 pairs usually slightly larger than the others, of practically
same size aS marginal pores of same segments; disk pores hear margin, and
1-3 near submedian 8-shaped pores; a pair of setae near anterior pair of
8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-fifth length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; each spiracle with 2 pores, usually 1 quinquelocular
and 1 trilocular at anterior spiracle, and 2 trilocular or a trilocular and a
quadrilocular at posterior spiracle; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin
near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner
and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 7 pairs of submarginal
8-shaped pores, none of which are between the antennae; 8 pairs of submarginal
minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae at
anterior end; 3 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Truncate or slightly concave ; lobes barely or not indicated ;
setae, apical 118-126 p» long, interapical about 21.6 » long, dorsal about 5.4 u long,
inner ventral 5.4-6.8 » long, intermediate ventral 9-10.8 mw long, outer ventral
10.8-12.6 » long; anal ring with 6 setae 28.8-30.4 u long, and with an inner row
of 6 and an outer row of 14 pores; ventral surface of apex membranous or
slightly sclerotized near inner ventral setae.

Data.—Redescribed from 1 unmounted specimen, 1 mounted female,
and 58 mounted larvae on Arabis stricta, Montpellier, France, from
the Signoret. Collection, loaned by M. Beier, probably type material of
arabidis; 3 mounted females and 5 mounted larvae, labeled hederae,
from the Lichtenstein Collection, loaned by P. Vayssiére, probably
type material of hederae; 1 unmounted specimen and 1 mounted female
on Thesiwm humifusum, The Rectory, Corfe Castle, Isle of Purbeck,
E. R. Bankes, July 12, 1892, type specimens of thesii, loaned by F.
Laing; unmounted material, 1 mounted female, and 1 mounted larva
on Hedera helix, northern Italy, Chermotheca Italica IV, No. 76; un-
mounted material, 2 mounted females, and 1 mounted second-stage
specimen on P%ttosporum tobira, Varazze, Liguria, Italy, O. Jaap,
January 24, 1913; 1 unmounted specimen, 1 mounted female, and 8
larvae on Hedera sp., Naples, Italy, from F. Silvestri; 1 mounted
female on Pittosporum sp., Italy, intercepted at New York, April 18.
1937; unmounted material and 1 mounted female on Hieracium umbel-
latum, Znaim, Moravia, Czechoslovakia, loaned by M. Beier; a mass
of unmounted material, 116 mounted females, 3 mounted second-stage
specimens, and 8 mounted larvae bearing the following data: Lechea
sp., Mt. Carmel, Conn., W. E. Britton, July-September 1925; Panaz
sp., Paw Paw, W. Va., O. M. McDonald, September 1926; Fraainus
pennsylwanica lanceolata, Pa., F. M. Trimble, February 1927; Osmo-
dium carolinum, St. Thomas, Pa., F. M. Trimble, March 1927; Phlox
subulata lilacina and Phlox sp., Brookline, Mass., Olmstead Bros., July
1928; Pittsburgh, Pa., Mrs. J. V. Cook, August-September 1930; Ph/oa
sp., Bradford, Mass., C. W. Collins, August 1930; Phloaw divaricata,

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 47

Demarest, N. J., W. S. Fields, May 30, 1931; Phlow subulata, Chevy
Chase, D. C., D. P. Limber, July 15, 19382; privet, Washington, D. C.,
Mrs. W. F. Shenton, February 10, 1933; New Brunswick, N. J., C. llg,
March 29, 1983; garden sage, Takoma Park, D. C., A. J. Pieters, April
1933; Lychnis alba, Pittsburgh, Pa., J. M. R. Adams, June 26, 1933;
Phlox subulata, Swarthmore, Pa., G.S. Wherry, July 1933; Pentstemon
sp., Gladwine, Pa., Mrs. J. N. Henry, June 15, 1934; Jasmine, N. Y.,
intercepted at San Diego, Calif., March 12, 1935, loaned by G. F.
Ferris; Reading, Pa., A. Landen, August 5, 1935; privet, Washington,
D. C., A. W. Soverhill, October 8, 1935; red clover, Saratoga Springs,
N. Y., G. Rau, July 19386; Wezgelasp., Youngstown, Ohio, H. L. Jacobs,
September 1936; Linaria canadensis, Orient, N. Y., R. Latham, June
95, 1937; white ash, Lancaster, Pa., G. E. Sherbrooks, August 1937;
Aralia nudicaulis, Orient, N. Y., R. Latham, November 1937.
Females of this species show more than the ordinary amount of
variation both in arrangement and number of multilocular pores. ‘The
same condition is found in stentae, a species closely related to arabidis,
and to a less marked extent, probably owing to the few specimens
studied, in other closely related forms such as /auneae and fimbriatum.

ASTEROLECANIUM BAMBUSAE (Boisduval)
(Fig. 6, J-O ; fig. 7, A-G; pl. 2, F, G)

Described by Boisduval in 1869, as Chermes bambusae, on Bambusa
arundinacea and distorta from the garden of Hamma, Alger, Algeria
(9, pp. 261-262) ; redescribed by Signoret in 1870 (88, pp. 280-281).
Signoret indirectly disclosed the source of his material of bambusae
in the following statement contained in his description of méliaris,
which follows that of bambusae: “Cette espéce, comme la précédente,
se trouve en quantité quelquefois considérable sur les divers bambous
des Indes, Bambusa distorta, arundinacea, stricta, et elle nous a été
donnée par M. Boisduval et par M. Riviére, qui nous en a fait venir
obliigeamment du Jardin d’Acclimatation du. Hamma (Algérie).”
Thus it is reasonable to assume that his specimens of bambusae were
received from Boisduval or Riviére, and as such represent type
material. 3

Type specimens of bambusae var. bambusulae, described by Cock-
erell in 1897 (20, p. 590), on bamboo from Grenada, are identical with
bambusae ; consequently the varietal name is suppressed.

Habit.—Living on stems and both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female.—Usually distinctly longer than wide, somewhat ovoid, pos-
terior end slightly produced and often upturned; 1.5-3.5 mm. long, 1-2.5 wide;
Slightly to rather strongly convex dorsally, sometimes with a faint longitudinal
median carina hear posterior end, flat ventrally; greenish, brownish, or pale
yellow, transparent, thin, shiny; marginal and dorsal filaments whitish to pale
pinkish, a few of the latter along median line, and sometimes in submedian,
lateral, or submarginal area; larval exit narrow elliptical, in margin.

Adult female.—Broadly ovoid to elliptical, 1.25-3.25 mm. long, 0.75-2.25 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating two or three times a pore’s
length from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 8-9 wu long and 4 wide, others
around 12 wu long and 5 wide, spaces between pores ranging from the width to
the length of a pore; quinquelocular pores in a single row terminating at the
posterior pair of 8-shaped pores or 1-16 (usually 1-3) 8-shaped pores from that
pair, rarely interrupted at anterior end for 4-12 8-shaped pores, usually one and
a half times as numerous as 8-shaped pores but occasionally not more numerous,
particularly at anterior end; disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores, terminating

48 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

near the penultimate pair of 8-shaped pores, irregularly spaced and not more than
half as numerous as 8-shaned nores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores totaling 3-80 (usually 12-20), confined to
median area, or 16-30 additional pores in submarginal and lateral areas, these
pores in rather indefinite groups or in inconspicuous transverse rows; majority
of pores 16-18 » long and 8 wide; minute 8-shaped pores fairly numerous or
rather sparse; disk pores fairly numerous; no tubular ducts among median
8-shaped pores but scattered elsewhere, 36 u long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, flattish, with 2 setae longer and 1 or 2
shorter than diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar subcir-
cular; usually 22-42 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to body mar-
gin in an irregularly double or triple row; multilocular pores in 5 complete rows
(fifth row usually complete) and 38 or 4 interrupted rows, posterior row with
16-28 pores, penultimate with 20-88, next with 24-41, next with 11-20, anterior
complete with 8-16, each of interrupted rows with 2-9, a total of 90-154, with
6-10 (usually 10) loculi; 5-10 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth
parts, some scattered anterior and lateral to mouth parts, others in a longitudi-
nal row about 5 pores wide posterior to posterior spiracles, and a few in median
area of abdomen ; submarginal 8-shaped pores usually in a single row terminating
about midway between posterior row of multilocular pores and the posterior pair
of marginal 8-Shaped pores, aS numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 7 pairs of
submarginal setae, posterior to anterior spiracles, the posterior pair near the
posterior or penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae in each
of the posterior 3 rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes broad; setae, apical 72-80 wu long,
interapical 8 uw long, inner ventral 5.2 uw long, outer ventral 8 uw long; anal ring
with 6 setae 32-36 uw long, also with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 18-20
pores; ventral surface of lobes and margin of body between lobes somewhat
sclerotized.

Second stage.—Resembling adult but smaller and more elongate; margin with
disk pores slightly less numerous than in adult; dorsal surface with 3 8-shaped
pores in median area; ventral surface with 5 or 6 quinquelocular pores in each
Sspiracular row, no setae observed in median area; apex of abdomen as in adult
but all setae about one-third shorter.

Larva.—HElliptieal or elongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs of pores slightly smaller
than the next 7, and the anterior pair slightly larger than any others, axes of
all pores longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaper pores in a Submedian row of 7-10 on each half of
body, with a total of 16-19 observed, the next to anterior pore slightly smaller
than marginal pores of same segment, others one-half ta two-thirds size of a
posterior marginal pore; disk pores near marginal 8-shaped pores and a few
near dorsal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V,1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore, posterior
spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1
on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center,
tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia two-thirds as long as tarsus; 9
pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 8 pairs of submarginal minute
setae, on abdomen and thorax, 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae anteriorly; 1
pair of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch very small or absent; lobes present or absent; setae,
apical 45 yw long, interapical 5.4 uw long, inner ventral 2 uw long, outer ventral 2.2 uw
long; anal ring with 6 setae, each about 12.6 uw long, also with an inner row
of 6 and an outer row of apparently 14 pores, and with a tendency toward division
on dorsal and ventral sides.

Data.—Redescribed from unmounted material, 1 mounted female,
and 6 mounted larvae on Bambusa sp., Algeria, determined by Signoret,
loaned by M. Beier, presumably type; unmounted material, 8 mounted
females, and 2 mounted larvae on bamboo, Botanic Gardens, Grenada,
West Indies, W. E. Broadway, November 16, 1895, type of bambusae
var. bambusulae; a mass of unmounted material, approximately 600
mounted females, several mounted second-stage specimens, and sev-

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 49

eral mounted larvae collected on the following hosts from the following
localities: On Arundinaria sp.; on the following species of Bambusa:
Alphonse kurri, argentea-striata, arundinacea, aurea, aureo-striata,
balcooa, beecheyana, blumeana, macroculmis, multiplex vars. disticha
and distincta, nana, palmata, spinosa, thouarsi, tulda, viridis-striata,
vulgaris var. vulgaris, sp.; on Dendrocalamus latiflorus and D. strictus ;
on Gigantochloa aspera and G. scribneriana; on Oxytenanthera abys-
sinica; on Phyllostachys sp.; from New York (in greenhouses), Penn-
sylvania (in greenhouses), Washington, D. C. (in greenhouses), Illi-
nois (in greenhouses), Missouri (in greenhouses), Georgia, Florida,
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, California, Honduras, El
Salvador, Guatemala, Canal Zone, Venezuela, British Guiana, Brazil,
Argentina, Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada, Barbados, Dominica, Guade-
loupe, Montserrat, Antigua, St. John (Virgin Islands), Puerto Rico,
Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Cuba, Bermuda, Italy, Algeria,
Egypt, Gold Coast, Angola, Belgian Congo, Portuguese East Africa,
Reunion Island, India, Ceylon, China (Kwangtung and Kwangsi),
Philippine Islands, Guam, Hawaii, New Caledonia, Australia.

Males have not been observed among the material examined.

ASTEROLECANIUM BAMBUSICOLA Kuwana
(Pigs ts HEP; pit 23 5A)

Described in 1916 (55, pp. 146-147). Asterolecanium tuberculatum,
described by Takahashi as a variety of bambusae in 1928 (91, p. 339)
and elevated to specific rank in 1929 (92, pp. S, 46), is here suppressed
because specimens of tuberculatum studied, which are presumed to be
type material, are identical with bambusicola.

Habit—Living on stems.

Test of female——Nearly elongate elliptical, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.25-1.5 wide;
convex dorsally, with a broad, transverse, prominent carina immediately an-
terior to transverse median line, the surface gradually sloping from carina to
margin, sometimes also with a faint longitudinal median carina; strongly con-
cave or nearly flat ventrally; greenish or clear yellow, transparent, thin, shiny;
marginal filaments pinkish; elliptical larval exit in ventral surface at margin.

Adult female.—Nearly elongate elliptical, 2-8 mm. long, 1-1.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating a pore’s length from bases
of apical setae, 14 w long and 8 wide, less than a pore’s width apart; quinque-
locular pores in a single or an irregularly double row, terminating at or slightly
beyond the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, aS numerous as 8-shaped pores near
ends of body, more numerous near center, and two to four times as numerous as
8-shaped pores between spiracular pore bands; disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores,
terminating at the posterior pair of those pores and about as numerous.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores rather numerous; disk pores numerous ;
tubular ducts about 9 u long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, rough, with 2 setae longer and 8 slightly
Shorter than diameter of antenna; 5 or 6 quinquelocular pores between antenna
and margin; beak without setae; spiracular bar subcireular; 60-100 (usually
90-100) quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a row
3-8 pores wide; 5-12 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts,
others in a longitudinal row 8 pores wide in lateral area of abdomen; submar-
ginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating 3—5 8-shaped pores from the
posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores and one-half as numerous as those
pores ; 6 pairs of submarginal setae en abdomen, the posterior pair 3 8-shaped
pores from the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; a group of 8-13 setae
posterior to genital opening, a group of 4—7 anterior to opening, and another group
of 2-4 anterior to that group.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 90-100 « long,
interapical 8 « long, inner ventral 8 uw long, outer ventral 9-10 uw long; anal ring

286720—41 4

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50 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

with 6 setae, each about 32 uw long, also with an inner row of 6 and an outer one
of 12 pores, and divided on dorsal side and tending toward division on ventral.

Larva.—Elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, anterior pair slightly larger than the others,
axes of all longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: On each half of body a submedian row of 3 or 4 8-Shaped pores
and sometimes 1 pore laterally, anterior submedian pore slightly larger than the
others and two-thirds the size of marginal pores of same segment; disk pores in
submarginal area and a few in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, apparently 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2
stout, 3 fairly stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinque-
locular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on
inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin ;
tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of Submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs
of minute submarginal setae on abdomen, 2 pairs of submarginal larger setae
anteriorly ; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch shallow; setae, apical 62 mu long, interapical 9 u
long, inner ventral (fairly close to median line) 3.6 w long, outer ventral 5.4 u
long; anal ring with 6 setae, each about 16.2 uw long, also with an inner row of
6 and an outer row of 12 pores, and divided on dorsal and ventral sides.

Data—Redescribed from unmounted material and the following
mounted specimens: One female on bamboo, Japan, I. Kuwana, fob a
1913, from E. E. Green, possibly type; 11 females on bamboo, New
Orleans, La., E. R. Sasscer, March 9, 1919; 6 females on Bambusa sp.,
Taihoku, Taiwan (Formosa), R. Takahashi, January 1928, possibly
type material of tuberculatum,; 2 females on Phyllostachys bambu-
soides, Keijo, Chosen, S. Nakayama, November 3, 1928; 1 female and 2
larvae on bamboo, Ocean Springs, Miss., H. Gladney, April 12, 1929;
8 females and 2 larvae on bamboo, Japan, intercepted at Philadelphia,
Pa., A. B. Wells, December 19, 1932.

In the paper containing the original description of bambusicola
Kuwana (545, p. 147) published the following note:

With regard to this species, Prof. Green has given me the following remark:
“This resembles A. bambusae Bdv. superficially, but differs from that species
in several important particulars. In the first place the marginal fringe is of
a bright pink color. I note that the marginal series of paired glands is single
on the abdomen but irregularly double on the thorax. There are numerous simple
circular glands immediately within the paired series, and bands of similar pores
connect the stigmata with the margin. There are no supplementary paired
glands on the dorsum.” The writer should state here that he has not been able
to recognize the double series of paired glands on the thorax, mentioned by
Prof. Green.

As shown by Kuwana, there is no indication of a double series of
marginal 8-shaped pores on the thorax or elsewhere on the margin.
Green might have been dealing with another species, or notes concern-
ing two species might have become confused.

In the description of tuberculatum Takahashi mentioned a “trans-
verse tubercular ridge across about the middle of the scale.” The
ridge is characteristic of the test, and appears as two tiny humps
immediately anterior to an imaginary transverse median line.

ASTEROLECANIUM BELLUM, new species
(Fig. 8, A-L; pl. 3, EF)

Habit.—Living on bark, usually in shallow pits, and occasionally on the lower
surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Circular or nearly ovoid, 0.9-1 mm. in diameter; convex dor-
sally, with or without faint transverse striations, posterior end flattened and often
upturned, flat or slightly convex ventrally; greenish, brownish, or, rarely, clear

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 51

yellow, semitransparent, thin; marginal and dorsal filaments whitish, the latter
scattered and shorter than marginal; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female——Nearly circular, posterior end slightly produced; 0.8-0.9 mm.
in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row continued across apex of abdomen
between apical setae, individual pores measuring 9 uw long and 6 wide, one to
three times (usually twice) a pore’s length apart.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores scattered, present or absent at posterior end,
a few 5 uw long and 3 wide, majority 8 uw long and 5 wide; minute 8-shaped pores
absent ; disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 26—28 yu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, with 2 setae slightly longer than diameter
of antenna: beak with 3 pairs of setae near tip: spiracular bar expanded at
inner end: with or without a group of 5 or 6 quinquelocular pores outside spiracu-
lar opening, in either case 22-36 quinquelocular pores between spiracle and body
margin in a row which is double near spiracle and 6 or 8 pores wide hear margin;
multilocular pores, totaling 4-9. in 2 or 3 rows of 1-4 pores each, having 5-8
(usually 5) loculi: a loose group of 5-7 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side
of mouth parts and some arranged in 2 rather indefinite transverse rows posterior
to beak: submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near anterior
row of multilocular pores, somewhat less numerous than marginal 8-shaped pores;
submarginal setae in a complete row terminating nearly length of apical seta
from bases of apical setae: 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular
pores, 1 pair in anterior row, 1 pair anterior to those, and 1 pair anterior to the
last-mentioned pair.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 20-22 uw long, interapical 1.5-3.5 uw long, outer
ventral 2 w long; anal opening ventral, rather close to body margin, nearly
circular, its margin slightly sclerotized, with 2 setae, each about 1 » long, on
anterior edge.

Larva.—wNearly elliptical, posterior end slightly narrowed.

Margin: With 16-24 8-shaped pores, the posterior pair usually slightly larger
than anterior, distinctly larger than the others, and sometimes seeming to belong
with dorsal lateral rather than marginal pores; axes of the posterior 4 or 5
pairs of pores sometimes somewhat diagonal, but usually axes of all longitudinal;
2 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores, totaling 26-34, in a submedian row of 47 and
a lateral row of 7-11 (usually 9 or 10), on each half of body, the anterior 2 lateral
pores sometimes seeming to belong in an intermediate rather than in a lateral
row, Slightly larger than posterior marginal pores; disk pores near lateral
8-shaped pores; a pair of minute setae often present near anterior pair of sub-
median 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak with
3 pairs of setae near tip: anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular,
posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular, pore; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner
margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins: tibia one-third as
leng as tarsus: 8 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, of which 1 pair is between
the antennae; 7 pairs of submarginal minute setae posterior to posterior spira-
cles, 1 pair of submarginal slightly larger setae anteriorly: 2 pairs of setae
between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae. apical about 80 uw long, interapical about 4.5 u long,
outer ventral 2.5 « long: anal opening in margin; anal tube membranous and so
short that ventral side of anal ring is almost on surface; anal ring sclerotized,
with 2 setae about 7.2 wu long.

Pata.—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes) and the
following mounted material on Quercus: Five females on Q. suber,
San Felice, Italy, 1915, U. S. N. H., holotype and paratypes: 3 females
and 3 larvae on Q. humilis, Cape Spartel, Morocco, T. Williams, 1889,
U.S. N. H., paratypes; 2 females on Q. cerris, Hungary, 1892, N. Y. B.
G., paratypes; 2 females and 40 larvae on Q. aegilops, Melissiatika and
Nea Ankhialos, Greece, from J. Koroneos, paratypes.

This species resembles repugnans and roboris, but can be separated
from them, as well as from other species inhabiting oak, by the presence
of marginal 8-shaped pores between the apical setae. The larvae are
unusual in having a variable number of marginal 8-shaped pores.

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52 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ASTEROLECANIUM BOLIVIAE, New species
(Fig. 8, M-V; pl. 9, K)

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female.—Hlongate, truncate at anterior end, widest on anterior third,
tapering gradually to posterior end; 1.4-1.5 mm. long, 0.4-0.5 wide; dorsally
broadly convex from margin to margin, or strongly convex only in longitudinal
median area, with marginal area nearly flat, flat ventrally; pale greenish yellow,
transparent, thin, slightly punctate; marginal filaments brighter yellow than
body of test, shortest near posterior end; dorsal filaments of same color as test
or slightly pinkish, arranged in a submedian row and twice as long as marginal;
circular larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Shape similar to that of test, 1.25 mm. long, 0.4 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around twice the length
of apical seta from setal bases, posterior pores 6-7 w long and 4 wide, others
9 uw long and 5 wide, posterior 3 or 4 pores sometimes two or three times a
pore’s length apart, others separated by less than the width of a pore; trilocular
pores in a Single complete row or interrupted at anterior end for about 7 8-shaped
pores, apparently usually terminating with the 8-shaped pores, approximately
one-third as numerous as 8-Shaped pores at ends of row, usually half as numerous
as 8-shaped pores elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores tending to be concentrated along submedian
line and scattered from it to margin, less numerous close to margin, particularly
at posterior end, 6 or 8 at intervals along submedian line, measuring 16—20° u
long and 12-16 wide, the others 7-10 » long and 5 wide; minute 8-shaped pores
sparse; disk pores fairly Sparse; tubular ducts 28 u» long.

Ventral surface: Antenna slightly raised, nearly circular, with 3 setae about
equal to, and 2 longer than, diameter of antenna; 0-4 quinquelocular pores be-
tween antenna and margin; beak apparently with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with
bar slender, widest at inner end, with atrium enlarged, shallow, and containing
4—7 quinquelocular pores, 3—5 similar pores extending to body margin in a single
row; multilocular pores totaling about 22 and having 7-10 loculi, in 2 complete
and 8 or 4 interrupted rows, each complete row with 7 or 8, each interrupted
row with 2; 2-4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts, others
in a group posterior to antennae, in an irregular lateral row on posterior part
of abdomen, and in 1 or 2 transverse rows anterior to complete rows of multi-
locular pores; submarginal 8-Shaped pores in a Single row terminating near
posterior row of multilocular pores, about one-half as numerous as marginal
8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating two-thirds
length of apical seta from their bases; 2 pairs of setae in posterior complete
row of multilocular pores, 1 or 2 pairs in anterior complete row.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated ; setae, apical 46-56 uw long, interapical 8-10 u
long, intermediate and outer ventral each about 3.6 » long; anal opening ventral;
anal tube very short, membranous; anal ring sclerotized, apparently with 6
corrugations around outside, and with 2 setae each 20-24 yw long arising from
outer section of ring; ventral surface of lobe area slightly sclerotized in dentate
rows.

Larva.—Hlliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; a pair of minute
setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs of pores; 8 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 6 and a lateral row of
10, on each half of body, second pore from anterior end of submedian row larger
than marginal, all others minute; disk pores near several lateral 8-shaped pores ;
a pair of minute setae near anterior pair of Submedian 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 3 long; 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout ; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2 pairs apical,
1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore, or with 2
quinquelocular pores; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base,
tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-fourth as long as tarsus;
9 pairs (10 pairs in 1 of specimens studied) of submarginal 8-shaped pores;
apparently 10 pairs of minute submarginal setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head;
4 pairs of setae near antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Notch small; lobes indicated; setae, apical 54 uw long, inter-
apical 5.4 uw long, dorsal 1 uw long, intermediate ventral (nearly anterior to apical)
around 1 uw long, outer ventral (slightly outside apical) around 1 uw long; anal
opening indistinct; anal tube membranous, very short; anal ring circular, sclero-
tized, with 2 setae around 1 » long.

- €

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM D0

Data.—Described from one test. one mounted female, and four
mounted larvae on Palmae (Catostigma radiata?) , Cordoba, State of
Cauca, Colombia, C. B. Doyle, December 1905, U. S. N. H., paratypes;
unmounted specimens, two mounted females, and two mounted larvae
on Palmae, San Carlos, Bolivia, O. Buchtier, November 9, 1907, U.S.
N. H., holotype and paratypes.

Most closely related to palmae, from which it differs in several char-
acters, the most conspicuous being the number and arrangement of the
dorsal 8-shaped pores, the presence of 22 multilocular pores instead of
43 to 51, and the shorter anal ring setae, which are only about one-half

as long as the apical setae.

ASTEROLECANIUM BORBONIAE Brain
(Fig. 9, A-—H)

Described in 1920 (72, p. 1/1).

Habit—“On leaves” (12, p. 111).

Test of femule—“Test of adult 2 small, about 1 mm. Jong and 0.75 mm.
broad, rounded in front and rather pointed behind, slightly convex with the
margin rather thickened and slightly crenulate. The extreme posterior extremity
appears tubular and is upturned or recurved over the back. There is apparently
no marginal or dorsal fringe. The colour is pale greenish yellow and the test is
almost transparent, showing the dark body of the female at the anterior end.”
(12, p. 111.)

Adult female-—Somewhat ovoid, posterior end narrowed and slightly pro-
duced; 0.9-1.10 mm. long, 0.6—0.7 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around a pore’s length
from bases of apical setae, 12 u long and 7-8 wide, two to six times a pore’s
length apart.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores scattered over anterior two-thirds of body, not
numerous, 8-9 uw long and 5 wide; minute 8-Shaped pores not observed ; disk pores
fairly numerous; tubular ducts 32 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna faintly sclerotized, circular, often sunken in derm,
with 3 setae longer than diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae;
spiracular bar fairly broad; 20-35 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle
to body margin in a double to quadruple row; multilocular pores tctaling 7-10
and having 5—10 loculi, in 3 rows, posterior row with 2, median with 2 or 3,
anterior with 4 or 5; 3 or 4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores in a loose group each
side of beak, 1 or 2 anterior to mouth paris, and a few posterior to beak: sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near anterior row of multi-
locular pores, usually as numerous aS marginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 6
pairs of submarginal setae posterior to posterior spiracles, the posterior pair
near the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores: 1 pair of setae in posterior
row of multilocular pores, 2 pairs each in median and anterior rows, 2 pairs
anterior to those, and 1 pair still further anteriorly.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 44-60 uw long, interapical 5.4 uw long, outer
ventral about 6.4 uw long; anal opening in margin, circular; anal tube nearly
cylindrical, sclerotized near opening and near ring, membranous in middle: anal
ring a sclerotized band.

Larva.—Elongate ovoid.

Margin: Without 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores, totaling 32 or 34, in a submedian row of 4 or
5 and a lateral row of 12, on each half of body, anterior lateral pores very
slightly larger than posterior pores, submedian pores practically equal in size to
posterior lateral pores; disk pores between submedian and lateral 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout; antennal bases one-fourth length of antenna apart: beak setae, 2 pairs
apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore or with
2 trilocular pores; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each
on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin:
tibia around one-third as long as tarsus; 7 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores,
none between antennae; apparently 5 pairs of minute submarginal setae on
abdomen ; 1 pair of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

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it 54 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

iid Apex of abdomen: Notch small; setae, apical 90 u long, interapical 5.4 uw long,
outer ventral 3.6 uw long; anal opening in dorsal margin; anal tube very short,
faintly sclerotized; anal ring a sclerotized band.

Adult male.—1 mm. long.

Head: Antenna broken (10-segmented according to Brain (12, p. 111), formula
(longest to shortest), (V, VI), (III, IV, VII), (VIII), (1X), CII), (1), (X& miss-
il! ing); antennal setae, I, 5; II, 4; III-IX, 10-15; basal bars diagonal; 7 setae
int anterior to ventral eye spots.
hat Thorax: Bar between wing bases curved on anterior margin, twice as long as
it | wide, with an indication of a median longitudinal fold; tibia nearly twice length
of tarsus.

Abdomen: Four segments each with a pair of setae dorsally on lateral margin
and a pair in ventral lateral area; lobes indicated, each with 1 long and 2 short
setae; penis sheath with 3 or 4 pairs of long setae ventrally near base, and
smaller setae on each side of ventral opening.

(hh Data.—Redescribed from 15 females, 20 larvae, and 1 male, all
He mounted, from Borbonia cordata, Ceres, Cape Province, South Africa,
i November 23, 1906, Brain No. 302, type.

This is one of the few species without setae on the anal ring in which
the anal opening, anal tube, and anal ring are clearly differentiated.
ic The larvae differ from larvae of many species in lacking marginal 8-
shaped pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM BORNEENSE, new species

(Fig. 9, I-Q; pl. 9, V)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.
Test of female—Somewhat ovoid, 1.4 mm. long, 0.85 wide, slightly convex
aii dorsally, with a faint longitudinal median carina, flat ventrally; greenish
AW yellow, transparent, thin, punctate; marginal and dorsal filaments broken off;
' larval exit a slit in margin.
Adult female-—Somewhat ovoid, 1 mm. long, 0.7 wide.
Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about three times the
i length of a pore from bases of apical setae, each pore with a sclerotized projection
A on dorsal edge, posterior pores 7-8 uw long and 5 wide, others 9 wu long and 5 wide,
around a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular pores in a Single row terminating
at the penultimate or posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, one-fourth to one-half
as numerous as 8-shaped pores at ends of body, as numerous as 8-Shaped pores
elsewhere.
Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a median row, and in 14 or 16 groups of 24
vil each in lateral area, about 6 uw long and 4 wide; minute 8-shaped pores very
ay itl numerous; disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 24 wu long.
aii Ventral surface: Antenna bluntly conical, with 1 seta shorter (or broken) and
HV 1 longer than diameter of antenna; beak apparently with 1 pair of setae; spiracu-
i lar bar fairly broad; 9 or 10 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to body
bil margin in a double row; multilccular pores, with 10 loculi, in 4 complete and 4
ii i interrupted rows, posterior row with 8, each of next 2 rows with 10, next with 6,
mi! each of interrupted rows with 2 or 3, and a total of about 44; 4 dark-rimmed
x 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few scattered elsewhere, and some tending
iii toward arrangement in a longitudinal lateral row on abdomen; submarginal
ail 8-shaped pores in a Single row terminating near posterior row of multilocular
pores, nearly or quite as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal
setae in a complete row terminating 3 8-shaped pores from the posterior pair af
marginal 8-sShaped pores; 3 setae in posterior row of multilocular pores, 2 in each
i of other complete rows.
mM! Apex of abdomen: Notch small; lobes indicated ; setae, apical, tip broken, 55 uw
{ long, probably no more than 60 if unbroken, interapical 5 uw long, outer ventral
i ant 6 uw long: anal ring with 6 setae, each apparently at least 27 uw long, also with an
inner row of 6 and an outer row of apparently 12 pores, and with a very slight
indication of division on dorsal and ventral sides.
ul Larva.—Hiongate ovoid.
mpi Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae
| anteriorly.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 919)

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 3 and a lateral row of
5, on each half of body, the 3 lateral pores less than half the size of marginal
pores, others slightly larger than marginal; disk pores between lateral and
marginal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 2 slender; bases of antennae one- third length of antenna apart; beak with
2 pairs of apical setae; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quadrilocular
or quinquelocular pore, posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae, coxa
3, femur 1 on inner margin at base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins;
tibia one-half as long as tarsus; apparently 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped
pores; 7 pairs of submarginal minute setae on abdomen, apparently 2 pairs of
submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 3 pairs of setae near antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 38 » long, interapical 2.5 yu
long, outer ventral 2 uw long; anal opening in margin; anal tube very short a?
slightly sclerotized throughout, but heavily sclerotized in a transverse band
near opening; anal ring with 6 setae, each apparently 1.8 » long.

Data—Described from one unmounted specimen, one mounted fe-
male, and three mounted larvae on Quercus borneensis, Tawao, Elphin-
stone Province, British North Borneo, A. D. E. Elmer, October 1922
to March 1933, N.Y. B.G., holotype and paratypes.

This species seems rather closely related to swmatrae, from which it
can. be easily ae egated by the presence of a sclerotized projection on
each marginal 8-shaped pore.

ASTEROLECANIUM BRACHYLENAE Brain
(Fig. 10, A-—E)

Listed by Brain in 1920, in explanations of plates VII and VIII
(12), as A. pustulans var. brach ylenae. Although a section of the body
margin, the posterior apex of the body, and a photograph of tests were
shown in plates VIT and VIII, brachylenae was not mentioned in the
text dealing with Asterolecanium (12, pp. 108-115). It differs from
pustulans so strongly that it is here given specific rank.

Habit.—Living on bark, in pits.
J circular, 1.5 mm. long,
1.25-1.5 wide; flat dorsally, strongly convex ventrally; brownish yellow, trans-
parent, fairly thin, smooth; marginal filaments whitish, dorsal filaments broken
off ; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female——Nearly circular, posterior end slightly produced; 1.25 mm. in
diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores mostly in a double row but the posterior 7-14 pores
usually in a single row, terminating twice a pore’s length from bases of apical
setae, 12-13 » long and 7-8 wide, the spaces between the pores ranging from
the width to the length of a pore, the two rows usually a pore’s width apart;
quinquelocular pores in a crowded single or irregularly double row terminating
at, or 2 or 3 8-shaped pores from, the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, one or
two times as numerous as 8-shaped pores of nearer row near ends of body, and
three or four times as numerous as 8-shaped pores near spiracular pore bands:
disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores, terminating at the posterior or penultimate
pair of 8-shaped pores, one-third as numerous as 8-shaped pores of nearer row
at some points, quite as numerous at other points, also occurring ventrad of
quinquelocular pores, terminating at the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores and
as numerous as those dorsad of 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores numerous, arranged in short transverse rows
along median line, and in circles paralleling the margin elsewhere, 12-13 u« long
and 7-8 wide; minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts
32 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna dome-shaped, with 2 setae slightly longer and 3
shorter than diameter of antenna ; 6-8 quinquelocular pores between antenna and
margin ; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar subcircular; derm around
spiracular opening with a fold containing 2-4 quinquelocular pores, 16-26 similar
pores extending to body margin in a row which is usually irregularly single

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516) MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

except close to margin, where it is 4 or 5 pores wide, 19-30 pores in group and row
combined ; multilocular pores, totaling 93-100 and with 9 or 10 loculi, in 6 com-
plete and 3 interrupted rows, the anterior row anterior to posterior spiracles,
posterior row with 8, penultimate with 8-18, each of next 4 rows with 12-20,
each of interrupted rows with 3-7; 2 or 3 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side
of beak, a few scattered anterior to mouth parts, and a few on abdomen tending
toward arrangement in 6 transverse rows; Submarginal 8-shaped pores in an
irregularly double row, terminating near penultimate row of multilocular pores,
at least aS numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores of nearer row; 1 or 2 disk
pores sometimes near 1 or both ends of penultimate row of multilocular pores
and next anterior row; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating nearly
anterior to the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in
posterior row of multilocular pores and 1 pair in each of next 2 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 72 uw long,
interapical 18 u long, dorsal 9 » long, inner ventral 8 uw long, intermediate ventral
8 uw long, outer ventral 8 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae, each 32 yw long, also
with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 14 or 15 pores, and divided on dorsal
side and tending toward division on ventral; ventral surface of apex slightly
sclerotized and rugose, but with a more heavily sclerotized, roughly linear area
extending anteriorly from base of each interapical seta.

Larva.—Nearly elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs of pores slightly smaller
than the next 7 and the anterior pair slightly the largest of all, axes of the
posterior 6 pairs transverse, of the others longitudinal; a pair of minute setae
close to each of the posterior 3 pairs of pores; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores, totaling 48 or 44, in a submedian row of 9
or 10, a lateral of 9, and a submarginal of 3, on each half of body, anterior
submedian and lateral pores slightly larger than posterior pores but all nearly
uniform in size and slightly smaller t#an marginal pores of same segments;
disk pores between submedian and lateral and a few between lateral and
marginal 8-Shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1: VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 2 slender; antennal bases about one-third length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quadri-
locular or quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin at
base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and
1 on outer margin; tibia around one-third as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 10 pairs of submarginal minute setae,
on abdomen and thorax, and 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae anteriorly ;
2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 54 uw long, interapical 9 yu
long, dorsal 2 u long, inner ventral 3.6—5.4 u long, intermediate ventral 3.6 uw long,
outer ventral 3.6 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 20-22 uw long, also with an inner
row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores; divided on dorsal side and tending
toward division on ventral.

Data—Described from unmounted material, 7 mounted females,
and 42 mounted larvae on Brachylena discolor, Durban, Cape Province,
South Africa, 1916, Brain No. 28, paratypes, part of material from
H. K. Munro.

Closely related to thespesiae, but differing from it in possessing a
sai more marginal quinquelocular pores, in having the outer dorsal

8-shaped pores arranged in circular rather than transverse rows, and
in having a conspicuously smaller number of multilocular pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM BREVISPINUM Brain
Qhig SLOP ation elale AG)

Described in 1920 (72, p. 109).

Habit—Apparently living on twigs (12, pl. VII, fig. 188).

Test of female—‘Test of adult 2 about 3 mm. long, 2.2 mm. broad, very
convex, with the caudal extremity produced into a narrow upturned process.
The colour is bright yellow and somewhat transparent, except at the anterior end
which is bright brown in the few specimens at hand. probably owing to the

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 57

presence of the shrivelled female body. Of the eight specimens in this collection
five of the tests are entirely naked. The other three show the presence of
long large curved glassy filaments (fig. 188), which were apparently equally long
and equally numerous over the whole dorsal and marginal areas.” (12, p. 109.)

Adult female.—Slightly longer than wide, anterior end broadly rounded,
posterior end produced; 1.75—2 mm. long, 1.25-1.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single rather indefinite row terminating twice
length of apical seta from setal bases, individual pores slightly invaginated,
about 12 uw long and 9 wide, two to six times a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular
pores in a single row of 10-15 outside of anterior and posterior spiracular pore
bands, and in an irregularly single or double row between spiracular pore bands,
three or four times as numerous as 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores scattered, numerous, especially near margin
slightly invaginated, 14-22 uw long and 9-16 wide, the majority 18-20 uw long and
14 wide; minute 8-shaped pores not observed; disk pores numerous; tubular
ducts 48 wu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna a circular, thick disk, with 3 setae shorter than
diameter of antenna; beak apparently without setae; spiracle with bar greatly
expanded at inner end, with atrium enlarged and containing 10-15 quinquelocular
pores, and 3040 similar pores extending to body margin in a fan-shaped row:
multilocular pores, totaling approximately 135 and with 10 loculi, apparently in
6 complete rows, posterior row with 12, penultimate with 30, next with 36, each
of next 2 with 24, anterior with 10: dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores very numerous,
tending toward arrangement in transverse rows posterior to mouth parts,
scattered anterior and lateral to mouth parts; submarginal 8-shaped pores in
a very irregular double row terminating near anterior row of multilocular pores,
two or three times as humerous aS marginal 8-shaped pores; 4 pairs of submargi-
nal setae on posterior part of abdomen, the posterior pair slightly nearer to
the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores than to apical setae; 1-3 pairs
of setae in each of the 4 central rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 20 uw long, interapical, 5.4 uw-long, inner
ventral 3.6 uw long, outer ventral 5.4 w long; anal opening apparently in margin,
circular, its margin sclerotized; anal tube very short, sclerotized; anal ring
sclerotized.

Larva.—Broadly elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae
anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 5-7 and a Jateral row
of 11, on each half of body, with a total of 32-36, submedian pores practically
equal in size to marginal, lateral pores of same size or slightly larger than
marginal; disk pores between lateral and marginal and a few between submedian
and lateral 8-shaped pores; a pair of setae anterior to anterior pair of submedian
pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout ; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2 pairs apical,
1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner
margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus
1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia slightly more than one-half as long
as tarsus; 3 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, 1 pair between anterior and
posterior spiracles and 2 pairs posterior to posterior spiracles; 5 pairs of minute
submarginal setae on abdomen; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth
parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present: lobes indicated; setae, apical 100 « long,
interapical 1.8 uw long, inner ventral 1.8 uw long, outer ventral (nearly anterior
to the latter) 1.8 u long; anal opening apical; anal tube very short, membranous;
anal ring sclerotized.

Data.—Redescribed from 2 mounted intact and 2 mounted fragmen-
tary females, and 23 mounted larvae on veld-bush, Ceres, Cape Prov-
ince, South Africa, C. P. L. 1898, Brain No. 21, type and paratypes.

Adults of this species are unusual in having the row of marginal

8-shaped pores indefinite owing to the distance between these, to their

position, and to the proximity of the dorsal pores to the marginal. The
larvae are unusual in having only three pairs of minute submarginal
8-shaped pores. The species resembles ewryop?s in having invaginated
8-shaped pores and a poorly defined row of marginal 8-shaped pores.

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ASTEROLECANIUM BRUNETAE, new species
(mies sa Vee ole 85 %))

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Slightly longer than wide, posterior end produced and
turned up against dorsal surface; 0.75—-0.95 mm. long, 0.6—0.75 wide; convex
dorsally, sides slightly curved, top flat with a faint longitudinal median carina
and faint transverse striations, flat ventrally; pale yellow, transparent, thin,
slightly punctate; marginal filaments pale yellow, very short, fragmentary ;
dorsal filaments rubbed off; elliptical larval exit at tip of produced area in
dorsal surface.

Adult female.—Slightly longer than wide, posterior end slightly produced ;
about 0.75 mm. long, 0.6 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around one and a half
times the length of apical seta from setal bases, measuring 6 w long and 4 wide,
four to seven (usually six) times a pore’s length apart.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores 14-16 in number, occurring at fairly uniform
intervals in submarginal area, 8-10 uw long and 6-8 wide, posterior pores as large
as any; minute 8-shaped pores not observed ; disk pores fairly numerous; tubular
ducts 28 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna globular, with 2 setae slightly longer than diameter
of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar fairly broad; 1 quinquelocular
pore close to spiracular opening and 2-4 near body margin; 1 or 2 dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few on anterior end, and a few in 2 trans-
verse rows near posterior end of abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a
single row terminating Slightly anterior to genital opening, placed at uniform
intervals equivalent to slightly more than the length of a marginal 8-Shaped pore,
usually at least twice aS numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 5 pairs of sub-
marginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair closer to bases of apical setae than
to the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae posterior to
genital opening, 1 pair anterior to opening, and 1 pair anterior to those.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated; setae, apical 54 w long, interapical 7.2 uw
long, inner ventral 3.6 uw long, outer ventral 4 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae, each
about 27 uw long, with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 12 pores, and with
a tendency toward division on ventral side; ventral surface of apex slightly
sclerotized and rugose.

Larva.—Elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, anterior pair slightly the largest, axes of
the posterior 3 pairs diagonal or longitudinal, the others longitudinal; 2 pairs
of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores in a Ssubmedian row of 2 or 3 on each half of
body, posterior pore much smaller than middle pore when this is present and mid-
dle pore slightly smaller than anterior, which is a little smaller than marginal
pores of same segment; disk pores in lateral area and a few near margin.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 1 slender; beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle apparently
with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and
1 each on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer
margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores;
6 pairs of Submarginal minute setae on abdomen, 3 pairs of submarginal larger
setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae near antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated; setae, apical 29 u long, interapical 5.4 w
long, inner ventral 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 3.6 w long; anal ring with 6 setae,
each about 3.6 wu long.

Data.—Described from unmounted material, two mounted females,
and three mounted larvae on Bambusa sp., Antipolo, Luzon, Philippine
Islands, A. S. Hitchcock, June 9, 1921, U. S. N. H., holotype and
paratypes.

Closely related to parvum, but differing from it in lacking marginal

quinquelocular pores and in having tubular ducts 28 instead of 12 p
long.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 59

ASTEROLECANIUM CAPTIOSUM, new species
(Fig. 12, A-K; pl. 9, S)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Elongate, 1-1.25 mm. long, 0.5 wide; flat dorsally and ven-
trally, with a faint longitudinal median carina dorsally; pale greenish yellow,
transparent, very thin; marginal filaments very pale yellow, slightly longer at
anterior end than elsewhere; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Elongate, 0.9-1.10 mm. long, 0.45 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating slightly more than length
of apical seta from setal bases, posterior pores 8-9 » long and 4 wide, the
others 10 uw long and 4.5 wide, less than a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular
pores in a single row from near antennae to about halfway between posterior
spiracular pore bands and the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, as numerous as
8-shaped pores at ends of row, nearly or quite twice as numerous as 8-shaped
pores elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores rather sparse; tubular ducts
24 uw long: dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna very short, with 2 setae longer than diameter of
antenna; beak without setae: spiracular bar short and fairly slender; 7-10
quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a single row; 1
or 2 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, 8 or 4 anterior to mouth
parts and 5 or 6 in lateral area of abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a
single row terminating slightly posterior to the posterior pair of marginal
8-shaped pores, nearly aS numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 4 pairs of
submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair slightly nearer to the pos-
terior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores than to bases of apical setae; 1 pair of
setae posterior to genital opening, 1 pair anterior to opening, and 1 pair anterior
to the latter.

Apex of abdomen: Slightly concave and with a small notch; lobes indicated:
setae, apical 44 uw long, interapical 6—-7.2 uw long, outer ventral 2 w long; anal ring
with 2 setae apparently 14.4 uw long and four 18 uw Jong and apparently with 12
pores not arranged in definite rows, not noticeably divided; ventral surface
between lobes slightly sclerotized and rugose.

Data—Described from unmounted material and four mounted fe-
males on Bambusa sp., Antipolo, Luzon, Philippine Islands, A. S.
Hitchcock, June 9, 1921, U. S. N. H., holotype and paratypes.

This species resembles abiectum, but has three pairs of setae instead
of four on the apex of the abdomen. It is closely related to amboinae,
but does not have dorsal 8-shaped pores. In each of these species the
marginal 8-shaped pores are conspicuously long and slender.

ASTEROLECANIUM CASTANEAE, new species
(Fig. 12, L-Y; pl. 8, RB)

Habit.—Living on bark, in pits.

Test of female—Ovoid or nearly circular, 0.75-1 mm. long, 0.6—0.75 wide, or
around 0.75 mm. in diameter; dorsally slightly to conspicuously convex with
posterior tip flattened and slightly produced, with or without faint median
and lateral carinae and faint transverse striations, flat or slightly convex
ventrally ; greenish yellow, transparent to semitransparent, often shiny ; marginal
filaments pale salmon to nearly white, slightly shorter at posterior end than
elsewhere ; elliptical larval exit in dorsal surface at margin.

Adult female.—Usually ovoid, sometimes circular, posterior end usually
slightly produced; 0.7-0.9 mm. long, 0.5-0.7 wide, or around 0.65 mm. in
diameter. |

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating two to three times
a pore’s length from bases of apical setae, each pore with a sclerotized tongue-
shaped projection on dorsal edge (often inconspicuous if weakly stained),
posterior pores 7 uw long and 4 or 5 wide, the others 8-9 uw long and 5 wide.
usually a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row (sometimes

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in a double row near spiracular pore bands) terminating at the posterior pair
of 8-shaped pores or 1-8 8-shaped pores from it, nearly or quite as numerous
as 8-Shaped pores near posterior end, and two to three times as numerous as
8-shaped pores between and outside of spiracular pore bands, twice aS numerous
as 8-Shaped pores at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores usually numerous; tubular
ducts 24 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped or conical, with 1 seta as long as
diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar expanded at
inner end or throughout its length; 20-30 quinquelocular pores extending from
spiracle to body margin in an irregularly double row; multilocular pores, total-
ing 20-30 (usually 26 or 27), with 10 loculi, in 4 complete rows, posterior row
with 9 or 10, each of next 2 with 4-7, and anterior row with 5; a loose group
of 5-10 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts, a few scattered
between mouth parts and margin, and a few sometimes in a transverse row
posterior to beak; Submarginal 8-shaped pores in an irregularly single row
(occasionally appearing double at some points) terminating near posterior row
of multilocular pores, nearly or quite aS numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores:
submarginal setae in a complete row terminating near the posterior pair of
marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in the posterior row of multilocular
pores and 1 pair in each of the other rows.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical 44-52 yw long,
interapical 4.5-5.2 w long, outer ventral 5.2 w long; anal opening ventral, circular,
its margin membranous or faintly sclerotized.

Larva.—Hliliptieal.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae
anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a Submedian row of 7-9 and a lateral
row of 9, on each half of body, with a total of 32-86, anterior pores slightly
larger than posterior, the largest about two-thirds as large as a marginal pore;
aisk pores between submedian and lateral 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2
fairly stout, 2 slender; bases of antennae one-half length of antenna apart;
beak with 2 pairs of setae at tip; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1
quinquelocular pore, posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae, coxa
3, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins;
tibia one-fifth as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of Submarginal 8-shaped pores; 7
pairs of Submarginal minute setae posterior to spiracles, 1 pair of submarginal
larger setae anteriorly; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch small; setae, apical 42 w long, interapical 7.2-9 wu
long, outer ventral 5.2 w long; anal opening in margin; anal tube very short,
especially on ventral side, membranous; anal ring a sclerotized band, apparently
normally without setae, but some specimens with 1 or 2 about 7.2 wu long.

Pata—Described from unmounted and the following mounited
material collected on Castanea from China (all unmounted and mounted
specimens, except holotype, are paratypes) : Two females and 11 larvae
on C. henryi, Tientai Shan, Chekiang, R. C. Ching, May 5-18, 1924,
U.S. N. H.; 1 female on C. sequinéi, near Siachu, Chekiang, R. C. Ching,
May 22-24, 1924, U. S. N. H.; the following material intercepted at
Washington, D. C., in January 1932, January 1934, January and
February 1935, and January and April 1936 by the Division of Foreign
Plant Quarantines, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine:
7 females on C. mollissima, Ysi Hong, holotype and paratypes; 54
females and 3 larvae on C. mollissima, C. sequinu, or Castanea sp.,
from near Nanking, Kiangsu; near Hangchow, Chekiang; Kiangsi.

This species is closely related to pasaniae, but differs from it in
several particulars. Tests of castaneae are ovoid or circular and
distinctly smaller than the one available authentic test of pasaniae,
which is distinctly longer than wide. The most obvious microscopic
difference between the two is the arrangement of the multilocular pores,
which in castaneae are represented only by four complete rows and in

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 61

pasaniae by four complete and four interrupted rows. There are

also 20 to 30 multilocular pores in castanege, and 36 in pasaniae.
Another obvious difference is the greater number of marginal quin-
quelocular pores in proportion to the marginal 8-shaped pores in
castaneae, and the fact that the row extends as far, or nearly as far,
posteriorly as the marginal 8-shaped pores. Furthermore, the habits
of the two are different, castaneae being known only from bark and
pasaniae from leaves.

ASTEROLECANIUM CAUDATUM Green
(Fig. 13, A-F; pl. 5, P)

Described in 1930 (49, pp. 214-215).

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.——Elongate, rounded at anterior end, lateral margins of anterior
two-thirds of test parallel or indented by growth against hairs of leaf, posterior
third usually strongly narrowed and produced, but sometimes tapering rather
gradually from broader area to tip; 1.4-35 mm. long, 0.40.75 wide; slightly raised
dorsally, with a faint longitudinal median carina, flat ventrally; greenish or
very pale clear yellow, transparent, thin, slightly punctate; marginal filaments
colorless, or whitish to very pale yellowish, usually absent from posterior end
and rather sparse to fairly numerous elsewhere; sometimes with 1—20 whitish
dorsal filaments placed at varying intervals in submarginal area, longer than
marginal; circular larval exit in margin.

Adult female—Shape similar to that of test, parasitized specimens apparently
not strongly narrowed ; 1.4-2.75 mm. long, 0.40.65 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row, the posterior pair of pores usually
around four times the length of apical seta from setal bases and penultimate
pair of pores at posterior third, or about six times the length of apical seta
from setal bases; if posterior third is strongly narrowed, the row sometimes
terminates at posterior third; if specimens taper rather gradually, the pores
terminate about twice length of apical seta from bases of setae, several of the
pores posteriorly being closer together: the spaces between the pores range
normally from more than one to three or four times a pore’s length, but some-
times there are long areas without pores, the latter condition probably being
due to growth against hairs on the leaf; individual pores measuring 7-8 u
long and 4 wide.

Dorsal surface: None or 1-20 8-shaped pores in submarginal area, 8-10 xu
long and 6-8 wide; minute 8-shaped and disk pores rather sparse; tubular ducts
32 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, flat, with 2 setae slightly longer than
diameter of antenna; beak without setae, but rarely with 4 clear areas suggest-
ing setal bases; spiracular bar somewhat rectangular: 3-6 quinquelocular pores
close to spiracular opening or, rarely, extending toward body margin; 1 or 2
dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores sometimes present each side of mouth parts, usually
2 anterior to mouth parts, 1 each side of, and 2 anterior to, genital opening,
and usually a few in lateral area of abdomen arranged in 2-7 short transverse
rews: submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near genital
opening, spaces between pores about equal to twice the length of a marginal
8-shaped pore; 4 pairs of submarginal setae near posterior end of abdomen,
the posterior pair about midway between genital opening and apical setae; 1
pair of setae posterior and 1 pair anterior to genital opening.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes rarely indicated; setae, apical 60-64
w long, interapical 12 w long, inner ventral 7-8 w long, outer ventral 8 uw long:
anal ring with 6 setae 32-36 uw long, and with an inner row of 6 and an outer
row of 14 pores, divided on dorsal side and tending toward division on ventral.

Second stage—Elongate, slender, tapering gradually from anterior third to
posterior tip; margin with 8-shaped pores once or twice a pore’s length apart,
the row terminating three times a pore’s length from bases of apical setae;
available specimens poor and characters on dorsal surface indeterminable;
ventral surface with 1 or 2 quinquelocular pores outside spiracle, minute char-
acters indeterminable; apex of abdomen as in adult but apical setae broken,
and other setae one-fourth shorter.

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62 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Larva.—Elongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, anterior pore one-fourth larger than the
others, axes of the posterior 6 pairs of pores diagonal, of the others longitudinal ;
83 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: Disk pores in lateral area and a few in Submarginal area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore, posterior
spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur
1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center,
tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 9
pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of Submarginal minute setae on
abdomen, 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae anteriorly; 1 pair of setae between
antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 36 u long, interapical 9 uw long,
inner ventral 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 4 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae, each about
12.6 w long, and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 or 13 pores,
divided on dorsal side.

Test of male.—Nearly elongate elliptical, but somewhat pointed at posterior
end and with a notch in posterior margin; 1 mm. long, 0.40.5 wide; slightly
convex dorsally, particularly near anterior end, with a faint longitudinal median
carina often disappearing near anterior margin, flat ventrally; pale greenish
yellow, transparent, very thin, finely punctate; marginal filaments colorless to
pale greenish yellow, sparse; dorsal filaments not observed.

Adult male.—0.8 mm. long.

Head: Antenna 10-segmented; formula (longest to shortest), (III), (1V, VII,
X), (V, VI, VIII, IX), (1), (11) ; antennal setae, I-V, 12-15; VI, 18; VII, 20 (1
or 2 of which may be stout) ; VIII, 18; IX, 20; X, 1 very long (probably others
broken), 3 stout, and 17 slender; basal bars diagonal; 16 setae between ventral
eyespots and antennae.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases rectangular, two and a half times as long as
wide; tibia slightly shorter than tarsus.

Abdomen: Four or five Segments each with a pair of setae dorsally on lateral
margin; 2 segments each with a pair of setae in ventral lateral area; lobes
indicated, each with 1 long and 3 short setae; penis sheath with 3 or 4 setae
dorsally near base, and 5 or 6 on each side of ventral opening.

Male nymph.—Distinguishing characters similar to those of adult male.

Third-stage male.—Nearly elliptical, posterior third tapering; margin with
8-shaped pores terminating one-half the length to the length of apical seta from
setal bases, usually one to two times a pore’s length apart; dorsal surface with
0-14 8-shaped pores in submarginal area; ventral surface with 1 quinquelocular
pore outside spiracle, legs represented by 3 pairs of very small, inconspicuous,
circular areas, 5 pairs of Submarginal setae on abdomen, and 1 pair of setae
in median area; apex of abdomen as in adult female, but all setae about one-
fourth shorter.

Data—Redescribed from unmounted material and mounted speci-
mens consisting of 2 females and 2 adult males on Bambusa sp., Sao
Paulo, Brazil, J. Melzer, from E. E. Green, types; 66 adult females, 1
second-stage specimen, 85 larvae, 2 adult males, 1 male nymph, and 5
third-stage males, all on Bambusa, unless otherwise indicated, the data
for these being as follows: B. vulgaris, Brazil, P. H. Dorsett, U. S.
N. H.; B. flexuosa, Ding Bang, between Hanoi and Boi, Indo-China,
May 3, 1891, U.S. N. H.; B. pallescens, Sao Paulo, Brazil, J. Barbosa,
1907?, U.S. N. H.; B. pallescens var. ustert, Sao Paulo, Brazil, April
5, 1907, U.S. N. H.; B. pallescens, Botanic Gardens, Sao Paulo, Brazil,
J. Barbosa, May 1907, U.S. N. H.; B. pallescens, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
P. H. Dorsett, October 26, 1913, U.S. N. H.; B. pallescens, Santos, Bra-
zil, H. M. Curran, 1915, U. S. N. H.; B. pallescens, Botanic Gardens
near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, H. M. Curran, November 1915, U.S. N. H.;
Bambusa (Guadua) sp., Botanic Gardens near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
H. M. Curran, November 1915, U.S. N. H.; Dendrocalamus sp., Sai Lin,
Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure, January 21, 1925; B. pallescens,

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 63

Juiz de Fora, Minas Geraes, Brazil, Agnes Chase, February 21, 1925,
U.S. N. H.; Bambusa sp., T’ai P’ing Shi, Ts’ing Uen district, Kwang-
tung, China, F. A. McClure, April 20, 1925; Bambusa sp., Lingnan
University, Canton, China, F. A. McClure, August 19, 1926; B. cf.
spinosa, Honam Island, Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure, August
20, 1926; Dendrocalamus strictus, Jardin d’essai, Alger, Algeria, A.
Balachowsky, November 27, 1927; Bambusa sp., Chung Chou, Kwangsi,
China, F. A. McClure, December 10, 1928; Dendrocalamus sp., Wu-
chow, Kwangsi, China, F. A. McClure, December 14, 19, 1928; Bambusa
sp., San Ts’uen, Hainan Island, Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure,
November 18, 1929; B. nana, Lingnan University, Canton, China, F. A.
McClure, December 24, 1929; B. pallescens, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
Agnes Chase, April 26, 1930, U. S. N. H.; Bambusa_sp., Lingnan
University, P’oon Ue district, Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure, Sep-
tember 8, 1931; Bambusa sp., Po T’ing Shi, Ling Shui district, Kwang-
tung, China, F. A. McClure, April 29, 1932; bamboo, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, D. T. Fullaway, November 6, 1935.

The following statement occurs in the original description of cauda-
tum (49, p. 215):

Margin of body with a series of rather large paired pores at intervals of ap-
proximately four times their own longer diameter; with an irregular’ sub-
marginal series of very much smaller paired pores. The paired pores are
inconspicuous and difficult to demonstrate.

Actually, the smaller paired pores are the marginal, and the larger
pores are in the submarginal area of the dorsal surface. The marginal
8-shaped pores often occur at varying intervals. The dropping out of
pores at various points and the variability of the terminating point
of the 8-shaped pores probably are due to growth against hairs or
veins of the leaves.

The species is closely related to pseudomiliaris, but as a rule is
much larger, being 1.4-2.75 mm. long instead-of 0.7-1.2; the marginal
8-shaped pores are usually at least twice a pore’s length apart and they
terminate around four times the length of an apical seta from the
bases of apical setae. Asterolecanium caudatum also has 3 to 6 instead
of 8 to 14 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular pore band.

ASTEROLECANIUM CERIFERUM variety CERIFERUM Green
(Fig. 18, G-M; pl. 8, P)

Described in 1909 (42, pp. 324-325).

Habit— ‘On leaves of a species of bamboo, the insects resting in shallow
pits on the under surface of the leaf, these hollows appearing on the upper
Surface as raised orange-coloured patches bearing ridge-like rows of hyper-
trophied cuticular cells.”

Test of female—‘Test of adult female elongate, narrow: lateral margins
approximately parallel, extremities rounded. Dorsum moderately convex, the
posterior third depressed and slightly concave; sides and front almost per-
pendicular, slightly sloping inwards, demarked from the dorsum by the angular
marginal line; posterior extremity free, the under parts sloping sharply inwards
so that, in profile (fig. 4), it appears to be sharply pointed. Ventral surface
convex, owing to a marked depression in the leaf beneath the insect. Margin
with straight stout glassy colourless filaments. rather widely spaced, longest at
the two extremities. Sides thickly coated with opaque, white, mealy secretion,
which extends slightly over the margin, concealing the bases of the glassy fila-
ments. Colour, during life, pale lemon yellow, darkening afterwards to ochreous.
Length 15 mm. Breadth 0.5 mm.” (42, p. 324.)

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Adult female.——Elongate, lateral margins nearly parallel, somewhat constricted
near posterior end; 1 mm. long, 0.45 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near posterior con-
striction or six or seven times a posterior pore’s length from bases of apical
setae, anterior and posterior pores largest, one 12 uw long and 8 wide, the majority
around 8 w long and 5 or 6 wide, varying in size on lateral margins with the
smallest 6 uw long and 4 wide, axes of pores transverse, longitudinal or diagonal
to body margin, usually twice a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular pores ventrad
of 8-shaped pores in a Single or double row near posterior end, and in a row
2-6 pores wide elsewhere, terminating at the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores
or 3 8-shaped pores from it, also in a double row dorsad of 8-shaped pores,
terminating at posterior third, the rows either distinct or interspersed among
the 8-shaped pores; disk pores in a fairly regular row in the ventral row of
quinquelocular pores, and in an irregular row in the dorsal row of quinque-
locular pores, both rows of disk pores terminating slightly more than the length
of an apical seta from bases of setae.

Dorsal surface: Both large and minute 8-shaped pores absent; disk pores
fairly numerous; tubular ducts 28 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna stout thimble-Shaped, with 2 setae slightly shorter
and 1 much shorter than diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracle
with bar rather broad, with atrium large and with opening very large, quin-
quelocular pores in atrium and extending over edge of opening to marginal row
of quinquelocular pores, around 20 pores in and on edge of spiracle, around 10
or 12 outside opening of anterior spiracle in a band 5 or 6 pores wide, giving
the appearance of a widening of marginal row rather than that of a spiracular
row extending to body margin; posterior spiracle opening directly into marginal
row of quinquelocular pores; 8-shaped pores 5 uw long: and 4 wide, scattered on
anterior half of body and concentrated between mouth parts and posterior
spiracles; dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores observed only on abdomen, arranged in
a fairly definite single and double row from posterior spiracles to near penulti-
mate pair of marginal 8-shaped pores, and tending toward distribution in 2
or 8 Sparse transverse rows in lateral area; submarginal 8-shaped pores appar-
ently absent, the only indication of a Submarginal row being the dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores in lateral area; 6 pairs of Submarginal setae posterior to posterior
spiracles, the posterior pair nearer to the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped
pores than to the apical setae; 1 pair of setae posterior to genital opening, 1
pair anterior to opening, and 2 additional pairs placed at uniform intervals
anterior to the latter.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 5.4 u long, outer ventral 3 uw long; anal opening
in margin, circular; anal tube small at opening, greatly enlarged near center,
smaller at inner end, heavily sclerotized on outer half, and slightly sclerotized
on inner end; anal ring a sclerotized, circular band, with 2 setae apparently
2.7 uw long.

Second stage.—Resembling adult female in shape but without constriction
near posterior end; margin with quinquelocular pores in a single row only
ventrad of 8-shaped pores, disk pores very Sparse, all ventrad of 8-shaped pores;
ventral surface with atrium of spiracle slightly enlarged and with 3—5 quinque-
locular pores in atrium and extending to body margin, large 8-shaped pores less
numerous but in same relative position as in adult, dark-rimmed 8-Sshaped pores
very sparse, setae not observed, possibly owing to poor condition of specimen ;
apex of abdomen with apical and ventral setae broken, anal tube shorter than
in adult, anal opening, anal ring, and ring setae as in adult.

Third-stage male.—Resembling adult female in shape and size but without
constriction near posterior end; margin with 8-Shaped pores much less numerous
than in adult female, only 2 or 38 at anterior end and 1 in lateral area, quinque-
locular pores in a single row ventrad of 8-shaped pores, terminating before the
8-shaped pores, disk pores sparse and in a definite row only near posterior end;
dorsal surface with a semicircular submarginal row of 7 or 8 8-shaped pores near
anterior margin, which are one-third larger than posterior marginal 8-shaped
pores; ventral surface with 4 pores in spiracle and 3 or 4 outside spiracular
opening, large 8-shaped pores somewhat smaller in comparison to marginal
than in female, legs represented by 3 pairs of circular, slightly sclerotized areas,
apparently without claws, apparently without dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores but
with submarginal (possibly actually dark-rimmed) 8-shaped pores in a single
row on posterior half of body, terminating at the posterior pair of marginal
8-shaped pores and aS numerous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped pores,
setae present in median area; apex of abdomen with apical setae minute, anal
tube apparently sclerotized throughout, no ring setae observed.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 65

Data.—Redescribed from one test, two mounted females, one mounted

second-stage specimen, and one mounted third-stage male on bamboo,
Hewaheta, Ceylon, E. E. Green, March 1910.

’ The test available for study is in such condition that little of value

can be added to Green’s excellent description, but it should be noted

that the sides, though nearly perpendicular, curve from the dorsum

rather than being demarked by an “angular marginal line.”

The species is unusual morphologically. The presence of quinque-
locular pores on each side of the marginal 8-shaped pores has not
been observed elsewhere in the genus and the presence of relatively
large 8-shaped pores on the ventral surface has been observed rarely.
Green associated the 8-shaped pores with the dorsal surface. In all
adult females at hand, however, there are no 8-shaped pores on the
dorsal surface although they do occur on the ventral surface. Green
stated (42, p. 324), “anal rig apparently hairless, at the base of a
remarkable funnel-shaped chitinous tube.” The ring has two setae,
however.

ASTEROLECANIUM CHINAE, new species
(Fig. 14, A—I; pl. 6, B)

Habit—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female—Somewhat elongate ovoid, tapering strongly from center to
posterior tip, 1.75—2.25 mm. long, 1.10—1.45 wide; nearly flat dorsally, with a faint
longitudinal median carina, flat ventrally; brownish or very pale yellow, trans-
parent, thin, slightly punctate; marginal and dorsal filaments whitish, the
latter fragmentary, present in submarginal and a few in lateral or median
areas; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female-——Somewhat elongate ovoid, tapering rather strongly from center
to posterior tip, or not tapering strongly from center, but with posterior tip
narrowed and produced ; 1.25-2 mm. long, 1—1.25 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about a posterior pore’s
width from bases of apical setae, anterior pores around 14.4 uw long and 9 wide,
the others around 10.8 uw long and 7.2 wide, interspaces usually less than the
width of a pore but occasionally equal to the length of a pore; quinquelocular
pores in a single row normally terminating at the posterior or penultimate pair
of 8-shaped pores, usually as numerous as 8-shaped pores; disk pores dorsad of,
and terminating with, the 8-shaped pores, about as numerous as those pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores distributed in submarginal and lateral areas
and a few in median area, tending toward arrangement in indefinite transverse
rows, 29 and 112 the greatest range noted, some 10.8 u long and 7.2 wide, but
the majority about 14.4 » long and 9 wide; minute 8-shaped and disk pores
numerous; tubular ducts 3640 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, with 2 setae longer and 1 or 2 shorter than
diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar fairly broad; anterior
spiracle with 13-26 quinquelocular pores extending to body margin, usually in a
loose group near opening, then in an irregularly single row but usually in a
triple row at margin; posterior spiracle with 3-7 quinquelocular pores in a loose
group around opening, rarely with 1 or 2 at intervals between group and body
margin; multilocular pores, totaling 63-76 and with 10 loculi, in 5 complete rows
(1 of which is sometimes interrupted) and in 2, or sometimes in 3, interrupted
rows, posterior row with 10-16, penultimate with 15-21, next with 16-23, next
with 7-12, next with 2-6, and each of next 2 or 3 with 1-3; none or 1 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pore each side of beak, a few scattered anterior to mouth parts,
a few in lateral area of abdomen, and others arranged in 4 or 5 transverse rows
among multilocular pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a slightly irregular
Single row terminating near posterior row of multilocular pores, nearly or quite
as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 5 pairs of submarginal setae on
abdomen, the posterior pair 3 or 4 8-shaped pores from the posterior pair of
marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair -of setae in each of the posterior 3 rows of
multilocular pores.

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Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 30-86 uw long, one 7-9 uw long
presumably interapical and normally inside the apical, but sometimes actually
outside apical, inner ventral 5.4—7.2 w long, outer ventral 5.4—7.2 uw long; anal ring
with 2 setae 27-30 w long and four 32-36 and with an inner row of 6 and an outer
row of 16 or 17 pores, divided on dorsal side; ventral surface of apex slightly
sclerotized close to margin and median line.

Larva.—Hlongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior pair Slightly larger than the
others, axes of all longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a Submedian row of 1—5 on each half of
body, a total of 6 or 7 observed, the anterior pore the largest and about the same
size aS marginal pores of Same segment, the others around three-fourths as large
aS marginal pores of same segments; disk pores sparse, in Submarginal area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 1 slender; antennal bases about one-half length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae,
coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer
margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as
long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-Shaped pores; apparently 6 pairs of
submarginal minute setae on abdomen, 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae at
anterior end; 1 pair cf setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 63 u long, interapical 11 u long,
inner ventral 3.6 uw long, outer ventral 3.6 w long; anal ring with 6 setae 16-18 u
long, also with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 10-12 pores, divided on
dorsal side.

Data—Described from 2 mounted females on Bambusa sp., Kowloon,
China, A. Koebele, February 25, 1900, paratypes; 4 mounted females
on bamboo, Foochow, China, C. R. Kellogg, March 1, 1919, paratypes;
1 mounted female on Bambusa flewuosa, Chekiang, China, C. V. Chiao,
April 1925, U. S. N. H., paratype; unmounted material, 2 mounted
females, and 11 mounted larvae on Phyllostachys sp., Ho Ch’uen,
Kaang Shek, Ts’uen Fong, Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure, April
25, 1926, holotype and paratypes.

Most closely related to fuswm, subdolum, and vulgare. The com-
bined number and arrangement of spiracular quinquelocular pores in
chinae is unusual.

ASTEROLECANIUM CIRCULARE, new species
(Fig. 14, J-Q; pl. 7, T)

Habit—Living on the upper surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Circular or slightly longer than wide, posterior end slightly
produced and upturned; approximately 0.65-0.85 mm. in diameter; strongly
convex dorsally, flat ventrally; very pale greenish yellow, transparent, thin,
smooth; marginal filaments bright salmon or whitish, not observed at posterior
end; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Practically circular, 0.55-0.8 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a Single row terminating one and a half to twice
length of apical seta from setal bases, posterior pores 9 ww long and 4 wide,
the others about 11 uw long and 4.5 wide, nearly contiguous; quinquelocular
pores in a single row terminating at the posterior or penultimate pair of 8-shaped
pores, aS numerous as, or slightly more numerous than, 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores very sparse, a few on abdomen; disk
peres sparse; tubular ducts 28 u long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, sometimes very rough, with 2 setae longer
than diameter of antenna; 38 or 4 quinquelocular pores between antenna and
margin; beak without setae; spiracular bar fairly broad; 8-14 quinquelocular
pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a single row; 1 or 2 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few in lateral area of abdomen, and
a few in 1 or 2 transverse rows anterior to genital opening ; Submarginal 8-shaped
pores in a single row terminating near the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped
pores, about one-half as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 5 pairs of sub-

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 67

marginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair around length of apical seta from
bases of apical setae; 1 pair of setae posterior to genital opening, 1 pair anterior
to opening, aud 1 pair anterior to those.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 38-44 wu long, interapical 45.4
w long, intermediate ventral 3-5.4 uw long, outer ventral 4.6-5.4 w long; anal ring
with 6 setae, each about 24 uw long, also with an inner row of 6 and an outer
row of 12 pores; ventral surface of apex slightly Sclerotized in dentate rows
or sclerotized and rugose.

Larva.—Nearly elliptical.

Margin: With 28 rather elongate, slender 8-shaped pores, the posterior 2 pairs
of pores slightly larger than those adjacent, next 4 pairs uniform in size, the
others gradually increasing in size to antericr pair, which is slightly larger than
posterior pair; axes of the posterior 6 pairs strongly diagonal or actually
transverse, the others longitudinal; apparently 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores, totaling 18-15, in a submedian row of 6-8
on each half of body, about one-half the size of a posterior marginal 8-shaped
pore; disk pores in lateral area and a few in Submarginal area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
tairly stout, 1 slender; bases of antennae about one-half length of antenna
apart; beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spiracle with 1 tri-
locular, posterior with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa
4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins
near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half length of
tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 7 pairs of submarginal minute
setae, on abdomen and thorax, 8 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior
end; 1 pair of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 36-42 uw long, interapical 3.6 wu long, inter-
mediate ventral (rather close to median line) 3.6 uw long, outer ventral 3.6 4

- long; anal ring with 6 setae, each about 5.2 wu long.

Data—Described from specimens (80 females and 75 larvae
mounted) removed from Bambusa sp. unless otherwise indicated.
The following records are represented: B. spznosa, Hué, Annam, Indo-
China, A. S. Hitchcock, September 26, 1921, U.S. N. H.; Au Tsai and
Chung Chou, Kwangsi, China, F. A. McClure, September 21, 1925,
November 5 and December 10, 1928. The following lots collected in
Kwangtung, China: B. stenostachya, Canton, EK. D. Merrill, October
3—-November 9, 1916, U.S. N. H.; B. beecheyana, Canton, C. W. Howard,
March 21, 1918; B. beecheyana, Canton, A. S. Hitchcock, September 1,
1921, U. S. N. H. Host material for the following remaining lots
collected in China by F. A. McClure: Tai P’ing Shi, Ts’ing Uen
district, April 20, 1925, including holotype; Bamboo Garden, Lingnan
University, Canton, August 19 and September 3, 1926, September 8
and October 31, 1931, and March 15, 1932; B. spinosa?, Honam Island,
August 20, 1926; San Ts’uen, Hainan Island, November 18, 1929; Sing
Kok, Yeung Kong district, December 18, 1931; Shek Kwat, She Ts’uen,
Mau Ming district, December 22, 1931.

Rather closely related to parvum, but having marginal 8-shaped pores
close together and tubular ducts 28 instead of 12 » long. Closely re-
lated to radiatum, but with many marginal quinquelocular pores,
while radiatum has none.

ASTEROLECANIUM COFFEAE Newstead

(Fig. 15, A-K; pl. 4, C)

Described in 1911 (76, pp. 161-162) on Coffea arabica from Dutch
Kast Africa.

Habit.—Living on bark.
Test of female.—Elongate ovoid or broadly ovoid, posterior end slightly pro-
duced and often slightly upturned; 1.5 mm. long, 1-1.25 wide; convex dorsally,

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most strongly so at anterior end, sloping to posterior end, with 3 faint longitudinal
carinae or with none; flat ventrally; greenish or clear yellow, transparent, fairly
thick, punctate; marginal filaments pale yellowish or deep pinkish, fragmentary,
but apparently shorter near posterior end than elsewhere; dorsal filaments of
same color aS marginal, occurring along median line and sparse on either side
of median crest but more numerous in submarginal area, as long as to twice
as long as marginal filaments; circular larval exit in ventral surface at the
margin.

Adult female.—Shape similar to that of test, 1.10-1.25 mm. long, 1 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating nearly length of apical
seta from setal bases; the posterior 3 pairs of pores 12 uw long and 8-9 wide,
those adjacent 9-10 uw long and 7 wide, most of the others 10-12 uw long and 67
wide, usually a pore’s length apart, usually the axes of a few diagonal or some-
what out of alignment; quinquelocular pores in a Single row terminating at
the posterior or penultimate pair of 8-shaped pores, or with 1 pair posterior to
the posterior 8-shaped pores, about one-half as numerous as 8-shaped pores at
ends of body, and one and a half times as numerous elSewhere; disk pores
ventrad of quinquelocular pores, terminating posterior to 8-shaped pores nearly
directly anterior to apical setae, posteriorly as numerous as 8-shaped pores and
usually nearly as numerous elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores along median line, in lateral and submarginal
areas, and sometimes a few or many in submedian area, a few 10 uw long and
7 wide, majority 12-14 » long and 8-9 wide, and many 16-18 uw long and 10-12
wide; the largest pores placed at regular or irregular intervals along median
line with smaller pores surrounding them, these sometimes arranged in circles,
majority of submedian pores small, a fairly definite row of the larger pores
paralleling margin but well removed from it, a few smaller pores between the
larger ones, number and size of pores varying considerably but general arrange-
ment rather uniform; minute 8-shaped pores sparse among large 8-shaped pores,
numerous elsewhere; disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 30 w long.

Ventral surface: Antenna dome shaped, with 2 setae longer than diameter
of antenna; 3 or 4 quinquelocular pores between antenna and margin; beak
with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar broad, nearly subcircular; a sclerotized
area extending around spiracular opening inclosing a group of 8-12 quinque-
locular pores, and 8-13 similar pores extending to body margin in an irregularly
single row; multilocular pores, totaling 101-117 and having 6-10 (usually 10)
loculi, apparently in 7 complete and 2 interrupted rows, with anterior row
auterior to posterior spiracles, posterior and penultimate rows each with 8—10,
next with 15 or 16, each of next 2 with 19-27, next with 12-15, next with 7-9,
and each of anterior 2 rows with 4-6; 3-6 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each
side of beak, a few scattered anterior to mouth parts, and a few arranged in
5 or 6 transverse rows on abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row
terminating near penultimate row of multilocular pores, plainly single except
rear posterior end, where a few pores are so placed as to suggest a double row,
nearly or actually as numerous aS marginal 8-shaped pores; 1-4 disk pores
near ends of penultimate row (Sometimes in submedian area also) and of each
of the 4 or 5 rows anterior to penultimate row of multilocular pores; sub-
marginal setae in a complete row terminating nearly directly anterior to the
penultimate or posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in
posterior row of multilocular pores, 1 pair in penultimate row, and 1 pair in
first row anterior to penultimate.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes strongly developed; setae, apical 57
m long, interapical 12.6 uw long, dorsal 9 w long, inner ventral 5.4 uw long, inter-
mediate ventral 5.4 uw long: anal ring with 6 setae about 37 w long, and with
an inner row of apparently 6 and an outer one of apparently 12 pores, tending
toward division on dorsal side: ventral surface of apex with a densely sclerotized,
irregularly elongate area extending anteriorly from margin of notch on each
half of body, the surrounding area slightly sclerotized and rugose.

Larva.—Elongate ovoid, tapering near posterior end.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior, and the anterior 8 pairs,
slightly larger than the other 5 pairs, axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse,
of the others longitudinal; a pair of minute setae close to each of the posterior 3
pairs of pores; 4 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 10 and a lateral row
of 9 or 10, on each half of body, the posterior pores slightly smaller than the
anterior, all slightly smaller than, or same size as, marginal pores of same
segments; disk pores rather close to marginal, and a few between lateral and

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THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 69°

submedian 8-shaped pores; a pair of setae anterior to the anterior pair of
submedian pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1: V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracles each with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelccular
pore, or anterior spiracle with 2 trilocular pores; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on
inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center,
tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 7 pairs
of submarginal 8-shaped pores of which 1 pair is between the antennae and the
posterior pair on the third segment anterior to penultimate segment of body;
disk pores 6-8 in number, all posterior to the posterior submarginal 8-shaped
pores or 1 anterior to these and on same segment; 10 pairs of submarginal
minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae at
anterior end; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical, 63 u long, interapical 5.4 yp
long, dorsal 2.6 u long, inner ventral 3.6 u long, intermediate ventral apparently
2.4 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae about 23.4 uw long and with an inner row of 6
and an outer one of 12 pores, tending toward division on dorsal sidé; ventral
surface of apex with a heavily sclerotized, irregularly rectangular area anterior
to intermediate ventral setae, surrounding area slightly sclerotized and rugose.

Data—Redescribed from unmounted material, three mounted fe-
males, and six mounted larvae on Coffea sp., Kenya, Africa, R. H. Le
Pelley, March 1933, from E. E. Green.

Both Laing (56, p. 467) and James (53, p. 421) have pointed out
that the filaments of the tests of this species are distinctly pinkish
instead of golden yellow as stated by Newstead. In some tests at
hand, all of which are dry, the filaments are the same color as the test,
while in others they are distinctly pinkish.

Newstead stated (76, p. 161), “Margin with two rows of figure-of-8
spinnerets and also a number of others arranged irregularly along the
submarginal area; first marginal row placed closely together; second
marginal row widely separated.” There is only one marginal row of
8-shaped pores, the “second marginal row” of Newstead being on the
dorsal surface. In the antennae of the larva, according to James
(53, p. 424), “eight joints can be distinguished in the majority of speci-
mens.” The specimens at hand, however, have the antennae six-seg-
mented. Eight antennal segments have not been found in any species
of this genus.

ASTEROLECANIUM CONSPICUUM Brain
(Fig. 15, L-S; fig. 16, A; pl. 3, D)

Described in 1920 (72, p. 112).

Habit.—Living on bark in shallow or fairly deep pits.

Test of female.—Usually nearly circular, but often slightly longer than wide
or wider than long, approximately 1-1.5 mm. in diameter: nearly flat or very
slightly convex dorsally, sometimes with a faint longitudinal median carina, and
with faint transverse striations, slightly to rather strongly convex ventrally;
light brownish or greenish yellow, translucent, fairly thick; marginal filaments
Silvery or very pale yellowish, dorsal filaments of the same color and very
slightly longer than marginal, numerous; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Of same shape as test, 1-1.25 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating length of apical seta from
setal bases, individual pores measuring 12-13 u long and 8-9 wide, around a
pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row from near antennae to
3-9 8-shaped pores from the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, half as numerous
as 8-shaped pores at ends of row, elsewhere as numerous; disk pores mostly in
a single row but double near posterior end, situated ventrad of quinquelocular
pores, and terminating posterior to the 8-shaped pores nearly directly anterior
to apical setae, about as numerous as 8-shaped pores.

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Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores tending toward arrangement in short trans-
verse rows on median line and in circles near margin, those between definite
circles and the median line somewhat scattered but tending toward arrange-
i ment in circles, 138-16 uw long and 9-10 wide, the median pores as large as any;
ini minute 8-shaped pores present; disk pores numerous; tubular ducts 36 u long.
ni Ventral surface: Antenna nearly flat, sunken in derm, with 2 setae longer and
im © Shorter than diameter of antenna; with 3 or 4 quinquelocular pores between
in antenna and margin or with none; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar
wt fairly broad, sometimes nearly subcireular; 18-29 quinquelocular pores ex-
tending from spiracle to body margin in a row which is single to triple or even
4 pores wide at margin, occasional pores in Some specimens with an elongate,
slender, sclerotized projection on edge; multilocular pores, totaling 118-131
and having 10 loculi, in 9 rows of which 5-7 are complete and 24 interrupted,
anterior row anterior to posterior spiracles, interrupted rows very irregularly
arranged; posterior and penultimate rows each with 10-15 pores, next with
16-22, each of next 2 with 20-28, next with 15 or 16, next with 6-11, next with
8-15, and anterior row with 2-4; a few anterior multilocular pores sometimes
with an elongate, slender, sclerotized projection on edge; 3—5 dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores each side of beak, some scattered anterior to mouth parts, a few
seattered in lateral area, and a few arranged in 2 transverse rows among multi-
locular pores ; submarginal 8-shaped pores in an irregularly single row terminating
near the second row anterior to the penultimate row of multilocular pores, about
as numerous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a
complete row terminating two-thirds length of apical seta from bases of apical
setae ; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular pores, 1 pair in penultimate
row, and 1 pair in first row anterior to penultimate.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical 48
or possibly 50 uw long, interapical 10.8 uw long, dorsal 5.4-7.2 u long, inner ventral
5.4 uw long, intermediate ventral 5.4 u long; anal ring with 6 setae 89-43 uw long and
with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 14 or 15 pores, divided on dorsal and
Tu ventral sides; ventral surface of apex with a slightly sclerotized, elongate area

Ht extending anteriorly from base of each interapical seta, surrounding area slightly
sclerotized in dentate rows, or sclerotized and rugose.

A Larva.—Nearly elliptical.

an Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs slightly smaller than

the others and their axes transverse, axes of the others longitudinal; a pair of

Lh minute setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs of pores; 3 pairs of setae

si anteriorly.

mili Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 9 and a lateral row

of 2 or 3, on ach half of body, with a total of 22 or 23, submedian pores very

Tie slightly larger than lateral, and practically same size as marginal pores of

7 same segments; disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2- long, 2 stout;

i 3 fairly stout, 2 slender; bases of antennae one-fourth length of antenna apart;

He beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; anterior spiracle with 2 trilocular pores,
|

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|

posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa
4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near
center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half length of tarsus;
Iisa apparently 8 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, 1 pair of which is between
Mili the antennae; apparently 10 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen
and thorax, 2 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae
between antennae and mouth parts.

| Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 56 wu long, interapical about
Ibe i 7.2 uw long, dorsal 2 uw long, inner ventral 3 uw long, intermediate ventral 3
me w long; anal ring with 6 setae apparently 20 » long and with an inner row of
Min | 6 and an outer row of 12 pores, divided on dorsal and ventral sides: ventral
mi surface of apex slightly sclerotized in dentate rows, or rugose; a smalJl area
sll anterior to each intermediate ventral seta apparently slightly more heavily
He sclerotized than elsewhere.

i Data—Redescribed from unmounted material and the following
ae mounted specimens on Acacia sp., from Pretoria, South Africa: Six
i females and 2 very poor larvae, C. K. Brain, September 1914, Brain

sii No. 17, type and paratypes, and 4 females and 10 larvae from H. K.
iba Munro, August 24, 1988.
|

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 71

The filaments of available tests are whitish or yellowish instead of
reddish, as stated by Brain (72, p. 112).

This species is more closely related to coffeae than to other known
species. Both are unusual in having what appears to be an interme-
diate ventral seta unaccompanied by an outer ventral seta.

ASTEROLECANIUM CORALLINUM Takahashi
(Fig. 16, B—M; pl. 9, M)

Described in 1928 (91, pp. 339-340).

Habit.—Living on bark, in shallow pits.

Test of female.—Slightly longer than wide, about 14 mm. long, 1 wide;
slightly convex dorsally, with a faint longitudinal median carina and faint trans-
verse striations, slightly convex ventrally; greenish yellow, transparent, thin,
punctate; marginal filaments pale salmon, slightly shorter near posterior end
than elsewhere; dorsal filaments whitish, very short (possibly broken), and
sparse; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Longer than wide, 1-1.3 mm. long, 0.75-1 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around twice a pore’s
length from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 11-12 uw long and 8 wide, the
others 12-13 uw long and 8-9 wide, usually a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular
pores in a single row terminating at the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, at
least as numerous as 8-Shaped pores near ends of body and usually slightly more
than twice as numerous elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in median and submarginal areas, tending
toward arrangement in transverse rows, fairly numerous, about 10 uw long and
8 wide: minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores rather sparse; tubular
ducts 28 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, rounded, sunken in derm, with 2 setae slightly
longer, and apparently 5 much shorter, than diameter of antenna; 3 or 4 quin-
quelocular pores between antenna and margin; beak with 2 pairs of setae;
spiracle with bar nearly circular and with lines extending around opening, the
lined area sometimes slightly sunken and containing 7-15 quinquelocular pores,
15-25 similar pores extending to body margin in an irregularly single or double
row, a total of 23-87 in group and row combined; legs represented by 3 pairs
of small sclerotized areas each with a slightly curved, short, rather stout claw,
2 or 3 minute setae, and many clear areas suggestive of setal bases; multilocular
pores, totaling 95-106 and having 6-11 (usually 10) loculi, in 9 rows, of which
5) or 6 are complete and 3 or 4 are interrupted, anterior row anterior to posterior
spiracles, posterior and penultimate rows each with 8-12, next with 14-16,
next with 18-22, each of next 2 with 9-13, each of next 2 with 8 or 9, and
anterior row with 2-5; 2-6 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a
few scattered anterior to mouth parts, and a few tending toward arrangement
in 5 or 6 transverse rows on abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a singie
row terminating 3 or 4 8-shaped pores from the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped
pores, uSually as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal disk pores
in a single row interspersed among submarginal 8-Shaped pores, and terminating
anterior to the posterior pair of those pores, not nearly so numerous as sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating near
the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores: 5 setae in posterior row of
multilocular pores and 2 in penultimate row.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 72-74 uw long,
interapical 10.8 uw long, dorsal 12.6 uw long, inner ventral 5.4 uw long, intermediate
ventral 5.4 w long, outer ventral 9 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 27-30 u« long
and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 14 pores, divided on dorsal side;
ventral surface with an irregularly rectangular area between lobes, strongly
sclerotized in dentate rows, the surrounding area faintly sclerotized in slightly
dentate rows.

Data.—Redescribed from unmounted material and four mounted
females, apparently on Sideroxylon ferrugineum, Keelung, Taiwan
(Formosa), R. Takahashi, August 1, 1927, presumably cotype material.

This species is closely related to javae and psychotriae and rather so
to pustulans, it may also be related to /oranthi, but the dorsal 8-shaped
pores of that species are the same size as the marginal.

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2, MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ASTEROLECANIUM CORONATUM Green
(Big. 16, NV; fig. 17, A-—H# ; pl. 5, A)

Described in 1909 (42, p. 327).

Habit.—Living on stems.

Test of female.—Anterior five-sixths usually nearly circular and posterior sixth
strongly narrowed, produced, and tip upturned, but test rarely elongate ovoid;
0.85-1 mm. long, 0.65—0.85 wide; strongly convex dorsally with sides nearly per-
pendicular, a strong longitudinal median, a curved lateral carina, and a deep
sunken area between median and lateral carinae; flat ventrally ; brownish yellow,
transparent to translucent, punctate; marginal and dorsal filaments pale to
bright pink, the latter arranged in 12 or 14 groups within a submarginal ring
(situated on lateral carinae, the longest ones sometimes. fused and appearing
of same consistency as test) and scattered elsewhere; filaments of the groups
variable in length, but some longer than the marginal ones, the others mostly
shorter; circular larval exit at end of produced area.

Adult female.—Of same shape as test, 0.75—-0.9 mm. long, 0.6-0.8 wide.

Margin: 8-Shaped pores in a single row terminating about three times the
length of a posterior pore from bases of apical setae, usually 6-8 uw long and 4-5
wide on narrowed area and 8-9 uw long and 4.5 wide elsewhere, usually a pore’s
length apart, but sometimes slightly more; quinquelocular pores in a crowded sin-
gle or irregularly double row, the position of several posterior pores shifting dor-
sad, and the row terminating Slightly dorsad of the margin anterior to, and slightly
entad of, apical setae, with 3 or 4 posterior to the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores ;
1 opposite each 8-shaped pore and 1 opposite each interval between 8-shaped
pores on produced area, two or three times aS numerous as 8-shaped pores
elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores scattered over most of surface except produced
area, usually 13 large pores arranged in a Ssubmarginal row and each of large
pores surrounded by a circle of 6-13 smaller pores, also several pores between
outer circumference of circles and body margin; median area strewn with
8-shaped pores tending toward arrangement in transverse rows; largest pores
in submarginal row 12-16 uw long and 8-9 wide, most of pores in circles 8-9 uw long
and 5 wide, others 7-8 uw long and 4 wide; minute 8-shaped pores on base of
produced area and a few scattered wherever the large 8-shaped pores are rather
sparse; disk pores very sparse; tubular ducts 27 u long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, dome-shaped, sunken in derm, with 2 setae
longer than diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracle with bar fairly
broad and with atrium somewhat enlarged; anterior spiracle with 3-6 quinque-
locular pores in atrium and 7-15 such pores between spiracle and body margin
in a double or triple row; posterior spiracle with 7-12 pores in atrium and
over edge of opening, 9-20 between spiracle and body margin in a double or
triple row; enlarged quinquelocular pores, replacing multilocular pores and
totaling 22-25, in 8 rows, all anterior to genital opening, 4 pores in each of
posterior 4 rows and 3-6 in each of anterior 4 rows; 4 or 5 dark-rimmed 8-shaped
pores each side of mouth parts, a few in lateral area anterior to mouth parts and
arranged roughly in 5 or 6 transverse rows on abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped
pores in a crowded single row (at some points an irregularly double row) ter-
minating near narrowed part of abdomen, at least as numerous as marginal
8-shaped pores and occasionally slightly more so; 2 or 3 disk pores posterior
to terminating point of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal setae
on abdomen, the posterior pair opposite the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped
pores; 1 pair of setae posterior to genital opening and 1 pair each in posterior
and penultimate rows of enlarged quinquelocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 7-10 uw long, interapical apparently absent,
inner ventral 3.6 wu long, outer ventral (possibly the interapical, but directly
anterior to apical on ventral surface) 3.6 » long; anal opening in margin, anal
tube sclerotized, rather short, nearly cylindrical; anal ring with 6 setae 25-27
» long, and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 12 pores, tending toward
division on dorsal side; ventral surface of apex slightly rugose.

Second stage.—Resembling adult but all observed specimens elongate ovoid
in outline; margin with quinquelocular pores in a single row terminating 5
8-shaped pores from the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, 1 opposite each

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 73

8-shaped pore near posterior end, elsewhere 1 opposite each 8-shaped pore and
1 opposite nearly every interval between 8-shaped pores; dorsal surface without
large 8-shaped pores; ventral surface with bar of spiracle narrow, atrium with
1 quinquelocular pore and 1 or 2 pores between spiracular opening and body
margin; apex of abdomen with setae arranged as in adult, but apical setae
broken, and ventral setae one-half length of corresponding setae in adult; anal
ring without pores, not divided; ventral surface of apex not rugose.

Larva.—HElliptieal.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs slightly larger than
the next 7, and the anterior pair largest, axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse,
of the others longitudinal; 1 pair of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 10 and a lateral of 6,
on each half of the body, the posterior 4 submedian pores slightly smaller than
marginal pores of same segments, next 4 practically same size as the latter,
and the anterior 2 pores slightly larger; the posterior 4 lateral pores about
same size aS marginal pores of same segments, the anterior 2 pores distinctly
larger; disk pores near marginal, and a few between lateral and submedian
8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V,1; VI, 2 long, 1 very stout, 3
fairly stout, 1 slender; bases of antennae one-third length of antenna apart;
beak very sharply pointed, with 2 pairs of setae at tip and 1 pair in median area;
spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1
on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center,
tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half length of tarsus; 9 pairs
of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of Submarginal minute setae on abdomen,
2 pairs of submarginal larger setae anteriorly; 1 pair of setae between antennae
and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch very narrow; setae, apical 27 uw long, interapical
possibly absent, inner ventral apparently 1 uw long, outer ventral (possibly the
interapical situated entad of apical and nearly or actually on the margin) 2 u
long; anal opening a very narrow incision in margin; anal tube slightly sclero-
tized throughout, short, wider at ring than at opening; anal ring with 6 setae,
each approximately 1 wu long.

Data—Redescribed from unmounted material and the following
mounted specimens: Two females, two second-stage specimens, and
three larvae on Dendrocalamus giganteus, Peradeniya, Ceylon, E. E.
Green, January 1902, type material; five females and three larvae
on bamboo, Peradeniya, Ceylon, C. L. Marlatt, January 18, 1902, and
five females and one larva on bamboo, Royal Botanic Garden, Pera-
deniya, Ceylon, R. S. Woglum, October 1910.

Green (42, p. 327) said, “Posterior extremity without caudal setae,
but with two small marginal spines on each side.” The larger of the
two small setae is considered as apical even though it is small. Green
did not mention the small seta on the ventral surface close to the
median line. Because of its position in the larva, there is some ques-
tion as to whether the seta here called outer ventral is correctly labeled.
From its position in other stages, and from the condition observed in
the species most closely related to coronatum, however, it seems likely
that this seta does actually represent the outer ventral rather than the
interapical. This is the only known species of the genus in which
multilocular (enlarged quinquelocular) pores occur only anterior to
the genital opening.

The “male puparium” described and figured by Green probably is
an adult female. All specimens mounted from this type of test have
been females, no males having been found in the material at hand.
Some adult females have the same shape as second-stage specimens,
there being a great deal of variation in the extent. to which the posterior
end is narrowed and produced.

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74 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ASTEROLECANIUM CRISTATUM Ferris
(Onis, il7, IOS sol, 5 df)

Described in 1921 (33, pp. 73-74).

Habit.—Living on bark.

Test of female-—‘“Test about 1.5 mm. long, oval, high convex, in unrubbed
specimens entirely covered with short curling wax filaments and with numerous
long filaments which are as long as the test itself, these frequently forming a
prominent crest. Rubbed specimens of a uniform green.” (33, pp. 73-74.)

Adult female.—Practically circular, posterior end slightly produced; around
1 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating two or three times a pore’s
length from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 10 w long and 6 wide, the
others 12 w long and 8 wide, about the length of a pore apart; quinquelocular
pores in a single row between the spiracular pore bands, extending 6-14 8-shaped
pores anterior to anterior spiracular pore bands and 14-27 posterior to posterior
spiracular pore bands, as numerous as 8-shaped pores at ends of row, elsewhere
up to twice as numerous as the corresponding 8-shaped pores; disk pores dorsad
of 8-shaped pores or between them, terminating with 2 or 3 posterior to the
posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, irregularly spaced and less numerous than
8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores tending toward a broad longitudinal grouping
along median line and toward indefinite transverse groupings on posterior half
of specimen, but without apparent arrangement on anterior half, relatively few
pores 16-20 uw long and 12-15 wide interspersed among many pores 12-14 » long
and 8-10 wide; minute 8-shaped pores not observed; disk pores fairly numerous;
tubular ducts 36 » long.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, dome-shaped, sunken in derm, with 2 setae
slightly longer and 2 or 3 slightly shorter than diameter of antenna; beak with
2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar broad, nearly subcircular, 20-27 quinquelocular
pores extending from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly double or triple
row ; multilocular pores, with 8-10 loculi, apparently arranged in 5 complete and
4 interrupted rows, with anterior row anterior to posterior spiracles, arrange-
ment not exactly determinable in available specimens but somewhat as follows:
Posterior row with 10-16, penultimate with 20-25, each of next 2 with 15-22,
next with 10, each of next 3 with 4-6, anterior row with 2, a total of 88-98;
3 or 4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few scattered on anterior
end, and a few on abdomen in lateral area; submarginal 8-shaped pores in an ir-
regularly single row terminating near posterior row of multilocular pores, usually
1 opposite each marginal 8-shaped pore anteriorly and 1 opposite every other
8-shaped pore elsewhere; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating
nearly directly anterior to the posterior pair of marginal 8-Shaped pores; 1
pair of setae in each of the posterior 3 rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present, lobes indicated; setae, apical 92 wu long,
interapical 20 uw long, dorsal 10-12 » long, intermediate ventral 6 uw long, outer
ventral 8 uw long; anal ring with 2 setae 30 uw long and four 36 u long, the number
of pores indeterminable, ‘apparently tending toward division on dorsal side;
ventral surface of apex sclerotized and rugose.

Larva.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end slightly narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs slightly smaller than
the others and their axes transverse, axes of the others longitudinal; a pair of
setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs of pores; 4 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 10 and a lateral row
of 11 (2 or 8 lateral pores outside a straight line), on each half of body,
posterior pore of each row slightly smaller than the others, all slightly smaller
than marginal pores of same segments; disk pores between lateral and marginal
and a few between submedian and lateral 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae I, 2; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 2 slender; bases of antennae one-third length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quin-
qauelocular pore or with 2 trilocular pores; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner
margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2
on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 7 pairs of
submarginal 8-shaped pores, none present between antennae; 10 pairs of sub-
marginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 2 pairs of submarginal larger
setae anteriorly; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 75

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 81 » long, interapical 11 yw long,
dorsal 3 uw long, intermediate ventral 2.5 w long, outer ventral 4 w long; anal
ring with 4 setae about 21.6 uw long and 2 setae about 25 uw long, also with an
inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores, divided on dorsal side and tending
toward division on ventral.

Data—Redescribed from the following mounted paratype material
collected by G. F. Ferris in Lower California: One female on Solanum
hindnanian, East of Rosario; 1 female and 6 larvae on Jatropha
canescens, San Antonio, 1919; 2 females on Celosia floribunda, San
Bartolo, July 17, 1919; and 2 females on Heteromeles arbutifolia, La
Laguna, August 1919.

This species is closely related to townsendi, but differs from it in
being much smaller, in having an interrupted row of marginal quin-
quelocular pores, 20 to 27 instead of 35 to 55 quinquelocular pores in
each spiracular band, 88 to 98 instead of about 271 multilocular pores,
and fewer submarginal 8-shaped pores.

In the specimens at hand there is no indication of the small, densely
sclerotized area outside the outer ventral seta shown in the illustration
accompanying the original description (33, p. 73), and the inner ventral
seta is not shown on that illustration. ‘Tests examined by the writer
were too poor to permit a complete redescription.

ASTEROLECANIUM DEGENERATUM, new species
(Fig. 18, 4—J; pl. 9, U)

Habit.—Living on leaves.

Test of female—Longer than wide, posterior end narrowed and produced ;
0.95-1.10 mm. long, 0.65 wide; flat dorsally and ventrally; pale greenish or
brownish yellow, transparent, slightly punctate; marginal filaments nearly same
color as test, or whitish, slightly longer at ends of body than elsewhere;
elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Same shape as test, 0.85-1 mm. long, 0.6 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row interrupted for 4-10 pores near
posterior end but continued across apex of abdomen, 8 or 10 pores across apex
between interruptions; anterior and posterior pores 8-9 uw long and 5 wide, lateral
pores usually 7 uw long and 4 wide, the width to the length of a pore apart; the
Size and distribution of the pores varying considerably, however, owing to
growth against hairs, or irregularities on the surface of the leaf; trilocular pores
in a single row terminating at or near interruption in marginal 8-Shaped pores,
1 trilocular pore to about every 4 8-shaped pores near posterior end, becoming more
numerous cephalad (rarely lacking at anterior end), usually lacking or reduced
in number where 8-shaped pores drop out or are reduced in size.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores rather sparse; disk pores sparse, a
few near margin; tubular ducts about 22 u long.

Ventral surface: Antenna roughly circular, with 2 setae as long as, and 1
Shorter than, diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with
bar expanded at inner end, atrium enlarged, bag-shaped, and containing 5-8
quinquelocular pores, 5-17 similar pores in a single or double row, extending
from spiracle to body margin; multilocular pores in 2 indefinite rows of 2 or 3
pores each, slightly larger than trilocular pores, loculi 5 in number when deter-
minable; a group of 4-14 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few
Smaller pores scattered in lateral area, and a few in 3 or 4 rather indefinite
transverse rows posterior to beak; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row
terminating at interruption in row of marginal 8-shaped pores, about half as
numerous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a
complete row terminating near posterior end of interruption in row of marginal
8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae posterior to multilocular pores, 1 pair in each row
of those pores, and 1 pair in posterior row and also in penultimate row of dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 9 uw long, interapical 4 u long, outer ventral 3
H long; anal opening in dorsal surface at the body margin between bases of
interapical setae, very inconspicuous, elliptical, margin of opening membranous:

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76 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

anal tube either absent or very short; anal opening and tube sometimes not
differentiated from anal ring, which is close to or actually on the surface; ring
represented by a Somewhat elliptical plate, sclerotized on 1 side only in a narrow
band connecting bases of 2 setae 9-10 uw long; a sclerotized collarlike area
inclosing a minute pore at base of each seta; a circular opening in curve of
sclerotized band similar to opening in center of circular anal rings; ventral
surface of apex, near margin, slightly sclerotized and rugose.

Larva.—Hliliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all diagonal or transverse; a pair
of minute setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs of pores; 3 pairs of setae
anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores in a lateral row of 9 on each half of body,
uniform in size or anterior pores slightly larger than the others, at least three-
fourths the size of marginal pores; disk pores between dorsal and marginal
8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 3 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2 pairs
apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 2 trilocular pores; leg setae, coxa 2, femur
1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia
one-third as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores: 9 pairs of
minute submarginal setae, on abdomen and thorax, 2 pairs of submarginal larger
setae at anterior end; 3 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 30 uw long, interapical 7.2 4 long, outer ventral
2 u long; anal opening minute, in margin; anal tube very short, barely evident;
anal ring a circular sclerotized band almost on surface, with 2 setae 1.8 uw long.

Data.—Described from tests, 3 mounted females, and 2 mounted
larvae on Maximilliana sp., Esmeralda, Venezuela, G. H. Tate, No-
vember 8, 1928, N. Y. B. G., paratypes; ‘tests, 2 mounted females, and
10 mounted larvae on Cocos nucifera, Bahia, Brazil, intercepted at
Philadelphia, Pa., W. J. Ehinger, January 12, 1934, holotype and
paratypes.

This species appears to be a degenerate form closely resembling
urichi, simile, and difficile. It differs from wrché in having multi-
locular pores, and apical setae the same length as the ring setae; from
simile in having marginal 8-shaped pores extending across the apex
of the abdomen, in having fewer marginal trilocular pores with none
across the apex of the abdomen, and in having only 4 or 5 multilocular
pores, and from difficile in having at least 8 marginal 8-shaped pores
across the apex of the abdomen, in lacking a sclerotized heart-shaped
plate composing the anal ring, as well as in having the ring setae
practically the same length as the apical setae, and in having only 5 to
8 pores in the atrium of each spiracle.

ASTEROLECANIUM DELICATUM (Green)
(Fig. 18, K—N; pl. 8, A)

Described briefly in 1896 (40, p. 5) as Planchonia delicata, and re-
described and placed in Asterolecanium by Green in 1909 (42, p. 332).

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female—Nearly elliptical, posterior end sometimes rather pointed ;
2-2.5 mm. long, 1.25-1.5 wide: flat or very slightly convex dorsally, with a faint
longitudinal median carina, flat or slightly convex ventrally; bright brownish
yellow, transparent, fairly thin, finely punctate; marginal filaments very pale
yellow; elliptical larval exit in ventral surface close to margin.

Adult female.—Shape similar to that of test, 1.7-2.25 mm. long, 1-1.4 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around twice length of
a posterior pore from bases of apical setae, anterior pores 13-14 » long and
9 wide, the others 12-13 » long and 7-8 wide, nearly contiguous; 6-8 quinque- |
locular pores where each spiracular pore band meets body margin, usually 1
opposite each 8-shaped pore at these points; disk pores dorsad of, and less
numerous than, 8-shaped pores.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 77

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores fairly numerous; disk pores rather
sparse; tubular ducts 40 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna dome-shaped, slightly sunken in derm, with 2 setae
longer than diameter of antenna; beak without setae but with 4 clear areas
at tip; spiracular bar broad, atrium slightly enlarged but without pores; 11-20
quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly
single to triple row; multilocular pores, totaling 43-59 and having 7-10 loculi,
arranged in 4 complete and 2 or 3 interrupted rows, the posterior row with
7-11, each of the next 3 with 10-15, each of the interrupted rows with 1-5;
3 or 4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few scattered on anterior
end, and a few arranged in 4 or 5 transverse rows on abdomen; submarginal
8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near the posterior pair of marginal
8-shaped pores and usually about as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores;
5 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair near the third or
fourth pore from the posterior end of the row of marginal 8-shaped pores;
1 pair of setae in each of the posterior 3 rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 80 u long,
interapical 10-12 uw long, inner ventral 6-8 » long, outer ventral 8 » long; anal
ring with 6 setae 32-36 u long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of
14 pores, apparently tending toward division on dorsal side.

Second stage—Resembling adult, but much smaller; margin without quin-
quelocular pores; ventral surface with 2 quinquelocular pores between spiracle
and body margin, 1 pair of setae observed in median area; apex of abdomen
as in adult but setae one-fourth to one-sixth shorter.

Larva.—Elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs slightly smaller than
the next 7. anterior pair slightly the largest, axes of all longitudinal; 3 nairs
of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 1-7 (usually 4 or 5)
on each half of body, and totaling 2-10 (usually 9 or 10), anterior pore two-
thirds size of marginal pores of same segment and about one-fourth larger
than the other dorsal pores: disk pores fairly close to marginal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae. I, 2; IV, 1; V, 2; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 1 slender; bases of antennae one-third length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular
pore, posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae,
coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer
margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia around
one-half length of tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 8 pairs of
submarginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 3 pairs of submarginal larger
setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 55 uw long, interapical 9 uw long, inner ventral
7.2 uw long, outer ventral 7.2 u long: anal ring with 6 setae, each about 18 uw long,
with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores, divided on dorsal side
and tending toward division on ventral.

Test of male——Nearly elliptical, posterior end narrowed, a notch in posterior
margin; 1.4 mm. long, 0.75 wide; flat dorsally with a faint longitudinal median
carina, flat or slightly convex ventrally; yellow, transparent, thin, punctate;
‘marginal filaments pale yellow, longest at anterior end.

Male nymph.—Antenna 10-segmented; 5 segments of abdomen each with a
pair of setae dorsally on lateral margin and at least 2 segments each with a
pair of setae in ventral lateral area; lobes well developed, each with 1 long
and 2 short setae.

Third-stage male.—Resembling second stage: ventral surface with 3—5 quin-
quelocular pores in each spiracular row, legs represented by 8 pairs of rather
small claws, 3 pairs of setae in median abdominal region.

Data.—Redescribed from 1 mounted second-stage specimen, Ceylon,
Maskell Collection No. 353; unmounted material, 1 mounted female,
Ceylon, E. E. Green, Collection and Cockerell Collection; unmounted
material, 2 mounted females, 13 mounted larvae, 1 mounted male
nymph, and 1 mounted third-stage male on Arundinaria sp., Punda-
luoya, Ceylon, E. E. Green Collection, March 18, 1895, type.

Larvae of this species are unusual in having two setae on the fifth
seement of the antenna.

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78 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ASTEROLECANIUM DIFFICILE, new species
i al (Fig. 19, A-H; pl. 9, V)

weet || Habit.—Living on bark. ©

iif Test of female.—Longer than wide or roughly triangular, with margin often
indented by growth against hairs on bark, posterior end narrowed, produced
into a very short, upturned tube; 1.10-1.5 mm. long, 0.55-0.75 wide; nearly flat
to oval dorsally, flat ventrally ; pale greenish yellow, transparent, smooth, shiny ;
marginal filaments colorless, glassy, fragmentary; circular larval exit at end
of tube.

Adult female.—Shape similar to that of test, 1-1.4 mm. long, 0.5—0.7 wide.

ii | Margin: 8-shaped pores in a Single row interrupted at produced area but
aul continuing for 1 or 2 pores and terminating one or two times a pore’s length
, from bases of apical setae, pores near apical setae 8 uw long and 5 wide, anterior
wit pores usuaily 7 or 8 uw long and 5 wide, the others slightly smaller, those anterior
he to interruption 6 u long and 4 wide, usually slightly more than a pore’s length

iret on be

apart; trilocular pores in a single row terminating 10-20 8-shaped pores from

interruption in marginal 8-shaped pores, in proportion of 1 to every 3 8-shaped

bel pores near posterior end, 2 and occasionally 3 to each 8-shaped pore from

oT posterior spiracular area cephalad, but reduced in number or missing for 6-10

iy 8-shaped pores at anterior end.

Tat Dorsal surface: Usually 1-13 8-shaped pores in submarginal area, measuring
8-10 uw long and 5 or 6 wide; minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores very
| sparse; tubular ducts 22 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna fiat, with 2 setae slightly longer than diameter of

nl antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setal bases; spiracle with bar very narrow, atrium

Hil | enlarged, bag-shaped, and containing 12-20 quinquelocular pores, 10-20 tri-
locular pores extending from spiracle to margin in a row which is single or
double at opening and triple or quadruple at body margin; multilocular pores,
totaling 14-18 and with loculi 6 in number when determinable, arranged in 2
a complete indefinite rows of 3-5 pores each, and 38 or 4 interrupted rows, each
bit of the latter represented by a single pore; a group of approximately 10 dark-

rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak and a few smaller ones on abdomen

anterior to multilocular pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a Single row
apparently terminating near interruption in marginal row of 8-shaped pores,
nearly or quite aS numerous as corresponding marginal 8-Shaped pores; sub-
marginal setae in a complete row terminating near center of interruption in
marginal row of 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae posterior to multilocular pores,
1 pair in each complete row of these pores, and 1 pair in the posterior interrupted
row.
Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 9 uw long, interapical 7.2 uw long, outer ventral
2 wu long; anal opening in dorsal surface at body margin, between bases of apical
setae, margin of opening membranous; anal tube apparent only on dorsal side;
| anal ring apparently greatly modified, sclerotized in a heart-shaped area extend-
ing to margin of body, 2 setae 16 uw long arising from short collars at base of
| heart-shaped area and a small opening in sclerotized area halfway between bases
of setae and body margin possibly corresponding to opening in center of circular
anal rings.

it Larva.—Hlliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior pores slightly the largest, axes
of all usually transverse; 8 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a lateral row of 8 on each half of body,
about one-half the size of a posterior marginal pore.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 3 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout ; antennal bases nearly length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2 pairs apical,
1 pair basal; spiracle with 2 trilocular pores; leg setae, coxa 2, femur 1 on inner
margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins: tibia one-third
as long as tarsus, its articulation with tarsus rather indistinct: 9 pairs of
submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 9 pairs of minute submarginal setae, on
abdomen, thorax, and head; 3 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.
Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical apparently 30 w long, interapical 4 uw long,.
| outer ventral 2 u long; anal opening in margin, circular, its margin membranous;
anal tube very short, membranous; anal ring a sclerotized band close to opening,
apparently without setae but specimens too poor for certain determination of
this point. ;

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 79

Data—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes) and the
following mounted material removed from U. S. N. H. plants col-
lected by H. Pittier in the Canal Zone: Eleven females and 3 larvae
on Palmae (Cocos sp.?), vicinity of Las Cruces, February 1, 1911,
holotype and paratypes; 2 females on Acristacea ? and 2 females
on Palmae, between Gorgona and Gatun, June 7, 1911, paratypes.

Although this species is closely related to s¢ma/e, it differs from it in
having only 1 or 2 8-shaped pores in the marginal row between the
interruptions and the apical setae, approximately 14 multilocular
pores, the ring setae twice the length of the apical setae, and a
sclerotized heart-shaped area associated with the anal ring setae.

The available larvae are very poor. Consequently the recorded
absence of minute setae near the posterior marginal 8-shaped pores is
not positive, and the exact number of submarginal setae is uncertain.

ASTEROLECANIUM DISIUNCTUM, new species
(Fig. 19, I-P; pl. 6, L)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female——Very elongate and slender, posterior end strongly upturned;
2.5 mm. long, 0.4-0.5 wide; strongly convex dorsally, sloping from median line
to margin, flat ventrally; pale or bright yellow, transparent, fairly thin, slightly
punctate; marginal and dorsal filaments rubbed off; elliptical larval exit in
posterior surface of upturned area.

Adult female—Elongate and slender, about 2.25 mm. long, 0.4 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating length of apical seta from
bases of setae, posterior pores 6 uw long and 4 wide, others 8 uw long and 5 wide,
less than a pore’s width apart at posterior end, slightly more than a pore’s length
apart elsewhere; quinquelocular pores absent, or 2 or 3 where each spiracular
pore band meets margin.

Dorsal surface: One 8-shaped pore 12 yw long and 8 wide at anterior end,
sometimes 1-8 pores on median line posterior to mouth parts and measuring
9 w long and 7 wide; minute 8-shaped pores very numerous along median line,
sparse elsewhere; disk pores sparse; tubular ducts 24 uw iong; dorsal tubes
present.

Ventral surface: Antenna dome-shaped, with 2 setae longer than diameter of
antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar fairly broad; 6—10 quinquelocular
pores extending from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly single row;
legs represented by 3 pairs of fairly stout claws; multilocular pores, totaling 20
or 21 and with 10 loculi, arranged in 3 complete rows, the posterior row with 5,
middle with 7-9, and anterior with 7 or 8; 2 or 38 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each
side of beak, a very few on anterior end, and a few apparently arranged in 3
or 4 transverse rows anterior to anterior row of multilocular pores; submarginal
8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near anterior row of multilocular
pores, about one-half as numerous as marginal 8-Shaped pores; 5 pairs of
submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair about halfway between the
posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores and bases of apical setae; 1 pair of
setae in each row of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present ; lobes indicated ; setae, apical 68 u long, inter-
apical 8-10 uw long, inner ventral 5.2 u long, outer ventral 6 u long: anal ring with 6
setae 30-82 uw long and an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 16 pores, divided
on dorsal side.

Data—Described from one empty test and one mounted female on
Bambusa sp., Mengtze, Yunnan, China, N. Y. B. G., holotype, and
one empty test and two mounted females on Schizostachyum sp., Tung
King, Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure, January 21, 1932, paratypes.

The presence of 3 pairs of claws differentiates this species from all
other known species on bamboo except rubrocomatum, from which it
differs in many respects. It is rather closely related to acutulum.

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80 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ASTEROLECANIUM DISTINCTUM, new species
(Fig. 29, A-P; pl. 4, B)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Flat to oval dorsally, flat ventrally ; elongate elliptical, 2.5-3
mm. long, 1.25-1.5 wide; bright, or pale brownish, yellow, transparent, punctate ;
with portion posterior to shriveled female having a honeycomb appearance
which is due to relatively clear areas in the mass of fine, curly, white or yellow-
ish filaments in which the eggs are deposited and from which the larvae have
escaped, the larvae leaving the test through a slit between the dorsal and
ventral surfaces on the posterior margin; fine curly filaments and eggs also are
sometimes thrust out onto the leaf; marginal] filaments whitish or very pale
pinkish; dorsal filaments not observed, presumably present in submarginal area
of some specimens.

Adult female.—Elongate elliptical, posterior end drawn out to a narrow
truncate tip; 2-2.5 mm. long, 1-1.25 wide.

Margin: 8-sShaped pores in a single row terminating about one-half length
of apical seta from setal bases, individual pores measuring 8 uw long and 5 wide,
one to three times a pore’s length apart; trilocular pores in a single row ter-
minating near the posterior end of the row of 8-shaped pores, usually as numer-
ous as the latter near the posterior end and Somewhat more numerous elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores absent, or 1-16 such pores in submarginal area,
about 9 uw long and 6 wide; minute 8-shaped pores numerous or sparse in lateral
area, not present along median line or close to margin; disk pores fairly numer-
ous in lateral area and occasionally a few in median area; tubular ducts
scattered in lateral area, rarely present along median line or close to margin,
about 7.2 u long; 2, or rarely 3, elongate, tapering, internal ducts, opening near
posterior end.

Ventral surface: Antenna flat, with 1 or 2 setae as long as, and 2 longer than,
diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setal bases; spiracle with bar elon-
gate, expanded at inner end, atrium enlarged, bag-sShaped, and containing 12-15
quinquelocular pores, 20-30 similar pores extending from spiracle to body margin
in an irregularly single or double row; multilocular pores, with 8-12 loculi, in 7
rows, the posterior 5 rows usually complete and the anterior 2 rows usually inter-
rupted, each row segregated into groups, with a group of 1 row sometimes
appearing to merge with a group from an adjoining row, so that it is
difficult to determine the number of pores in each row, but the numbers in
the various rows approximately as follows: Posterior row with 38, penultimate
with 25, next with 57, next with 51, next with 45, next with 32, next with 10,
the total approximately 250; a group of 30-50 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each
side of mouth parts, usually a group of 5-10 posterior to each antenna, and
6 or 7 groups on each half of body posterior to, and in direct line with, outer
pores of the group beside beak, 15-20 in each of the anterior 2 of these groups,
6-10 in next, 1-5 in each of the others, the posterior 3 or 4 groups usually among
the multilocular pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row but more
crowded on posterior third than elsewhere, terminating at or near median line
at posterior end, two or three times aS numerous aS marginal 8-Shaped pores;
submarginal setae in a complete row terminating near the posterior pair of
marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in the posterior row of multilocular
pores and 1 pair in each of the other complete rows.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 66 uw long, interapical apparently 2 wu long,
outer ventral (outside apical on margin) 2 w long; anal opening and anal tube
not apparent; 2 heavily sclerotized contiguous collars, without setae, but with
inner ends divided into a varying number of clear areas suggestive of pores,
sunken in derm, their circular openings in margin; a smaller opening, presum-
ably corresponding to opening in the center of a circular anal ring, contiguous
to collar openings and on ventral side of them, its margin heavily sclerotized;
derm surrounding collars slightly sclerotized.

Larva.—Fliiptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of the majority transverse or diagonal;
3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian and a lateral row of 9 each
on each half of body, about two-thirds the size of a marginal pore; 3 or 4 disk
pores observed; 1 pair of Submedian setae near anterior end.

Ventral surface: Antenna apparently 5-segmented ; antennal setae, I, 1; IV,1;
V, 3 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly stout; bases of antennae one-half length of antenna

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM SI]

apart; beak setae, 2 pairs apical and 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and
1 quinquelocular pore, or with 2 quinquelocular pores; leg setae, coxa 5, femur
1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia
one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of Submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently
9 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 1 pair of sub-
marginal larger setae at anterior end; 3 pairs of setae between antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Notch minute; lobes sometimes indicated ; setae, apical 45 u
long, interapical 5.4 uw long, outer ventral (outside apical on margin) apparently
about 2.5 w long; without anal opening, anal tube, or anal ring.

Data—Described from unmounted material (paratype) and the
following mounted specimens collected on A ttalea cohune: One female,
‘Monte Cachirulo,” Guatemala, April 1869, U.S. N. H., paratype; four
females and one larva, Livingston, Guatemala, O. F. Cook, April 7,
1902, U. S. N. H., paratypes; one female, Puerto Sierra, Honduras,
Percy Wilson, February 18, 1903, U. S. N. H., paratype; nine females
and nine larvae, La Ceiba, Honduras, intercepted at New Orleans, La.,
Benton and Kostal, November 24, 1920, holotype and paratypes.

This species is unusual in having a large number of multilocular
pores segregated into groups within a row, and an extremely large
number of dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores, also arranged in groups on
the abdomen. It is the only species observed by the writer in which
the eggs are deposited in a thick mass of curly filaments that are thrust
out of the test through a splitting of the entire posterior margin.

ASTEROLECANIUM ELONGATUM, new species
(Fig. 20, Q-U; fig. 21, A, B; pl. 7, D)

Habit.—Living along midrib on upper surface of leaves.

Test of female.—tLanceolate, 2.25-3. mm. long, 0.4-0.5 wide; so strongly convex
dorsally that the raised area along median line appears as a strong carina with
slightly concave sides, flat ventrally; pale yellow or light brownish yellow
translucent, dull, slightly punctate; marginal and dorsal filaments rich golden
brown, the marginal ones slightly longer at anterior end than elsewhere, the
dorsal ones extending along median line and varying in length from half to quite
the width of test; larval exit not apparent.

Adult female.—Lanceolate, 2.25-2.85 mm. long, 0.45 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a Single row terminating about four times the
length of a posterior pore from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 8-9 u
long and 4 wide, increasing in size to 12 uw long and 6 wide at anterior end, the
width to the length of a pore apart near posterior end, but almost contiguous at
anterior end; quinquelocular pores in a single row terminating between the pos-
terior pair of 8-shaped pores and apical setae, 3-6 posterior to posterior 8-shaped
pores, at least as numerous as 8-shaped pores near posterior end, elsewhere one
and a half to two times as numerous.

Dorsal surface: 8-sShaped pores arranged in a group of 3 close to anterior
margin, and in a Single row extending along median line nearly to apex of body,
irregularly spaced, 54 counted in 1 specimen and 58 in the only other mounted
specimen available, the smallest pores 12-13 u long and 6-7 wide, but the majority
20 uw long and 12 wide; minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly numerous; tubular
ducts 36 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped, with 2 setae as long as diameter
of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar fairly broad; derm around
spiracular opening wrinkled, expanded, cup-shaped, and containing 4-9 quin-
quelocular pores, 13-19 similar pores extending from spiracle to body margin in
a row 3 or 4 pores wide; 1 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore each side of beak, 6 or 8
in median area arranged in 3 or 4 groups anterior to genital opening, and a few
scattered in lateral area; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating
near the thirteenth pore from the end of the marginal row and about one-half
as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 6 pairs of submarginal
setae on abdomen, the posterior pair near the fifth pore from the posterior end of

286720—41——-6

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$2 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

the marginal row of 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae posterior to genital opening,
1 pair anterior to opening, and 1 pair anterior to those.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 4 u long, interapical 1.8 uw long, both on ventral)
surface close to margin, outer ventral 2 uw long, anterior to and outside apical;
anal opening ventral, close to margin, narrow horseshoe-shaped; anal tube
sclerotized at opening, membranous in center, and sclerotized at inner end, where
it is larger than at outer end; anal ring sclerotized, thickened.

Data—Described from two unmounted and two mounted females
on Bambusa sp., near Tung Heung, Kwong Ning district, Kwang-
tung, China, F. A. McClure, April 25, 1925, holotype and paratypes.

This species resembles ceriferwm in some of the structures of the
apex of the abdomen, but differs from it in practically all other
characters.

ASTEROLECANIUM EPACRIDIS (Maskell)
(hig 21 C—Nes ple 84 ai)

Described in 1882 (68, pp. 224-226) as Planchonia epacridis on
Leucopogon frazeri from Amberley, New Zealand.

Habit.—Living on the upper surface of leaves, in shallow pits.

Test of female.—Rather elongate ovoid, posterior end sometimes slightly pro-
duced; 1.3-1.6 mm. long, 0.85-1 wide; strongly convex dorsally, most strongly
so at anterior third, sloping to margins, nearly flat at posterior end, with or
without a faint longitudinal median carina near posterior end; flat or slightly
convex ventrally; greenish yellow, transparent, thin, Shiny, slightly punctate in
submarginal area; marginal filaments whitish and dorsal filaments broken off;
elliptical larval exit in ventral surface.

Adult female.—Slightly longer than wide, 1-1.4 mm. long, 0.9-1 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around twice the length
of posterior pore from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 10 uw long and 7 wide,
the others 12 w long and 8 wide, usually about a pore’s width apart; quinque-
locular pores in a single row terminating near the fourth to the eighth pore from
the posterior end of the row of 8-shaped pores and at least as numerous as
the 8-shaped pores; disk pores ventrad of quinquelocular pores, terminating near
the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, much less numerous than the latter.

Dorsal surface: 8-sShaped pores in a median group of 5-9, and none, or 3-11,
in a submarginal row, median pores apparently arranged in a loose group near
center, Submarginal pores placed at irregular intervals, and measuring 12 uw long
and 8 wide; minute 8-shaped and disk pores numerous; tubular ducts about 32 u
long.

Ventral surface: Antenna very short, with 3 setae as long as, or slightly
shorter than, diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with
bar expanded at inner end, atrium somewhat enlarged but shallow, 2-7 quin-
quelocular pores in atrium and on edge of opening, and 2-10 extending from
spiracle to body margin in an irregularly single row, 7-17 pores in atrium and
row combined; multilocular pores, totaling 49-68 and having 7-11 loculi, in 5
complete and 3 or 4 poorly defined interrupted rows, posterior row with 4 or 5,
penultimate with 9-13, next with 8-15, next with 7-13, next with 5-8, each
of next 38 with 2-7 and occasionally a single pore representing another row
anterior to posterior spiracles; 2-4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of
beak, a few on anterior end, and a few arranged in 5 or 6 transverse rows on
abdomen; Ssubmarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near penulti-
mate row of multilocular pores, usually as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores ;
submarginal setae in a complete row terminating anterior to the posterior pair
of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular
pores and 1 pair in each of the next 3 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 76 yu long,
interapical 7.2-9 uw long. dorsal 3 w long, inner ventral 54-7 w long, outer
ventral 7.2-9 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 32-38 uw long, also with an inner
row of apparently 6 and an outer one of at least 14 pores, divided on dorsal
side and tending toward division on ventral; ventral surface of apex sclerotized
in a roughly linear area anterior to interapical setae, area between linear bars
sclerotized in dentate rows.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 83

Larva.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs very slightly smaller
than the next 7, anterior pair slightly the largest, axes of the posterior 6 pairs
diagonal, of the others longitudinal; a pair of minute setae close to each of the
posterior 3 pairs of pores; apparently normally 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 2-7 and a lateral row
of 9, on each half of body, posterior and anterior submedian, and the anterior 3
lateral pores slightly larger than the others, all very slightly smaller than
posterior marginal 8-shaped pores; disk pores close to marginal 8-Shaped pores
and a few in lateral area; a pair of Small setae anterior to anterior submedian
pair of pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; bases of antennae one-third length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular
pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer
margin near center, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-third
length of tarsus; 10 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently normally
9 pairs of minute submarginal setae, on abdomen and thorax, and 38 pairs of sub-
marginal larger setae at anterior end; 1 pair of setae between antennae and
mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 72 uw long, interapical 9-10.8
nz long, dorsal 1.8—2 yw long, inner ventral 9-10.8 uw long, outer ventral 5.4 uw long;
anal ring with 6 setae about 18 uw long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer
one of 10 or 12 pores, divided on dorsal side and tending toward division on
ventral side; ventral surface of apex sclerotized between inner and outer ventral
setae.

Data.—Redescribed from one mounted female and one mounted
larva on Styphelia scoparia, Oakleigh, Victoria, Australia, A. Morri-
son, June 5, 1891, U. S. N. H., and unmounted material, four mounted
females, and eight mounted larvae on Leucopogon frazeri, Motueka,
New Zealand, from G. Brittin, December 19, 1987, No. 1384. These
specimens have been identified from the description and figures given
by Maskell (68, pp. 224-226, pl. 16) and Morrison and Morrison (72,
pp. 4-9, pls. 2, 27). Tests at hand agree with those described by
Maskell, including the position on the host with the anterior end of
the test always toward the point of leaf attachment, and the females
studied agree rather well with the characters given by Maskell and by
Morrison and Morrison. Morrison and Morrison prepared their
description from a single specimen labeled as being second stage, but
which they presumed to be an adult. Maskell described the second
stage but it is impossible to be certain whether he had a second-stage
specimen or an adult female, since he did not mention the tubular
ducts. No second-stage specimens being available, it cannot be de-
termined whether the form described by Morrison, and Morrison
actually belonged to the second stage. They did not mention either
the presence or absence of tubular ducts although they did state that
the presence or absence of multilocular disk pores was not determined.

ASTEROLECANIUM EPIDENDRI (Bouché)
(Fig. 22, A—G; pl. 5, K)

In 1844 (10, p. 300) Bouché described Lecantwm epidendri as
follows:

“@ dunkelgelb mit braunem Kopfe, die weisslichen Fliigel am Vorderrande
rothlich. Linge 14 Linie.

“@ rundlich, flach, griinlichgelb, der Rand mit dicht stehenden verliingerten
Absonderungsfiiden gefranzt. Liinge % Linie.

“Wohnort auf Epidendrum cuspidatum in den Treibhiiusern. Das eigentliche
Vaterland ist wohl Westindien.

ae aan |

—-.
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84 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

“Die minnlichen Puppen haben ein braunliches Schild und sind kleiner wie
bei den Weibern. An letzteren ist die Riisselgegend dunkelbraun; das Afterende
ausgerandet. Jung sind sie langlich, hinten verschmalert, flach, gelb mit kurzen
Borsten gefranzt (an denen sich im Alter die Absonderungen ansetzen).
Afterende mit vortretender Fleischspitze und jederseits eine lange Borste; sie
haben alsdann nur eine Linge von 4 Linie.

“Hs ist eine der zierlichsten Scharlachlause.” -

In 1851 (71, p. 112), he again described Lecanium epidendri as
follows:

“QO oval, stark gewo6lbt, runzlig, filzig, dunkelbraun. Linge 4 Linie. Vater-
land Amerika. Auf den Arten von Epidendron.”

The female described in 1844 was unquestionably a species of
Asterolecanium, but the one described in 1851 was probably a species
of Coccus. Its size differentiates it from the epzdendri described in
1844, and there is no reason to believe that Bouché was in error in
the measurement published in 1851, as has been suggested by Lindinger
(62, p. 167). So far as known, there were no references to Lecanium
epidendri Bouché from 1851 until 1868, when Boisduval published
three notes concerning Chermes epidendri (Bouché) in Insectologie
Agricole, the first on April 2 (4, p. 95), the second on May 2 (6, p.
127), and the third in October (7, p. 287). In each note Boisduval
listed the host as L'pidendrum, and in two of them stated that the
insects were found in greenhouses. In Insectologie Agricole, Novem-
ber 1868 (8, p. 301), however, Boisduval described Coccus aureus from
Maranta vittata from hothouses in Paris, and stated that the insect
had been brought to them by a foreigner with exotic plants. In 1869
Targioni-Tozzetti established the genus Asterolecanium and selected
aureum as its type (96, p. 734).

In 1870 Signoret redescribed awreum and indicated that he had
discussed and illustrated this species, though without naming it, in
a characterization of the genus Asterolecanium published in 1869 (87,
p. 101, pl. 4, figs. 5,6). We made the following statement at the end of
the description (88, pp. 277-278) : “Nous devons cette espéce intéres-
sante a l’obligeance de notre collégue et ami M. le docteur Boisduval,
sans lequel nous n’aurions pu faire qu’un travail peu important sur
cette famille.” Study of type material of awrewm which has been avail-
able to the writer has settled the identity of the specimens described
by Boisduval and Signoret under that name, and has proved the
correctness of Targioni-Tozzetti’s identification of specimens from
Anthurium in 1892 (98, pp. 304-311), which Cockerell questioned in
1896 (19, p. 8).

Asterolecanium aureum is doubtless a synonym of epidendri, but the
synonymy must be assumed because Bouché’s specimens of epidendri
presumably do not exist today and it is impossible to place the species
from his description. Bouché described epidendri from orchids in
greenhouses, and Boisduval so reported it, although he later described
aureum from Maranta vittata, a host belonging to the Marantaceae
but rather closely related to the Orchidaceae. Since his specimens
from Maranta are the same species found on orchids in greenhouses
in Europe and on orchids in the West Indies, tropical America, and.
Ceylon, and since no other valid species of Asterolecanium from or-
chids has been encountered in greenhouses in Europe, the writer as-
sumes that aureum is a synonym of epidendri, as indicated by Lindinger
in 1934 (62, pp. 162, 169), and in 1937 (65, p. 180).

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 8)

Study of the type material of oncidii and greeni shows that they
also are synonyms of epidendri. In April 1893 (16, p. 255) Cockerell
listed oncidzi as Planchonia oncidii, n. sp., and in another publication,
also published in April 1893 (17, p. 78), he described the species and
suggested that Lecanium epidendri Bouché might be the same. In
discussing oncidzi in 1896 (19, p. 8) he wrote: “It is probable that the
‘Lecanium’ epidendri of Bouché is identified with this, but Bouché’s
description is very short. If the identity be assumed, epidendri has
long priority.” Thus, in 1893 and 1896 he indicated the possibility
of the synonymy which Fernald listed in 1903 (32, p. 50). Lindinger
was in error in accepting oncidii as a valid species in 1936 (64, pp. 153-
154). A. greeni, described by Marchal in 1904 (67, pp. 455-457),
was placed as a synonym of awrewm by Green in 1909 (42, p. 320).

Habit.—Living on leaves, stems, and seeds.

Test of female.—Slightly longer than wide or nearly circuiar, posterior end
produced; 1—1.6 mm. long, 0.8-1.5 wide; nearly flat to slightly convex dorsally,
often with a faint longitudinal median carina and a curved submarginal carina
meeting a transverse carina near anterior end, the median carina crossing the
latter and extending to margin, but the submarginal terminating at the trans-
verse carina, all carinae often obscure; flat ventrally; greenish, pale or clear
bright yellow, transparent, thin, punctate, shining; marginal and dorsal fila-
ments pale golden to bright salmon, the dorsal filaments arranged in about 6-11
groups along median line, in about 14 groups in submedian and submarginal
areas, and in a single submarginal row, usually slightly shorter than marginal
filaments; circular larval exit in ventral surface at margin.

Adult female.—Shape similar to that of test, 0.9-1.5 mm. long, 0.7-1.4 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around twice a pore’s
length from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 10 uw long and 6 wide, the
others 12 uw long and 8 wide, usually around a pore‘s width apart; quinquelocular
pores in a single row terminating at the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores or just
beyond, usually one and one-half to two times as numerous as corresponding
8-shaped pores; disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores and much less numerous
than those, terminating at the penultimate or posterior pair of 8-shaped pores,
spaced irregularly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores arranged in 6-11 median groups, 12-14 sub-
median groups, and 2 lateral groups (totals for entire body), also normally
24-26 individual pores in submarginal area; pores along median line usually
arranged in definitely transverse groups, but the anterior ones occasionally
scattered, submedian groups circular, oval, or transverse, submarginal pores in a
single row, lateral group Sometimes apparently part of the second submedian
group; all pores usually 10-12 uw long and 7-8 wide, but there is an occasional
larger pore measuring 16 uw long and 10 wide; minute 8-shaped pores numerous;
disk pores rather sparse; tubular ducts 27 u long.

Ventral surface: Antenna conical, sunken in derm, with 2 setae longer than
diameter of antenna; beak without setae, but sometimes with 2 or 4 Clear
areas suggesting setal bases; spiracle with bar broad, usually subcireular, with
wrinkles passing from bar around opening, and 8-17 quinquelocular pores ex-
tending from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly single or double row;
multilocular pores totaling 49-80 and with 8-11 loculi, arranged in 5 complete
and 4 or 5 interrupted rows, the anterior row anterior to posterior spiracles, the
posterior and penultimate rows each with 7-12 pores, each of next 3 with 7-16,
and each of interrupted rows with 2-4; 1-5 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each
side of mouth parts, a very few scattered on anterior end, a few in lateral area
of abdomen and in each of the anterior 3 complete rows of multilocular pores;
Submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near posterior row of
multilocular pores, as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae
in a complete row terminating near the penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped
pores; 1 pair of setae each in posterior and penultimate rows of multilocular
pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes strongly developed: setae, apical 90
# long, interapical 14.4 uw long, dorsal 7.2 uw long, intermediate ventral 7.2 « long,
outer ventral 7.2 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae about 36 « long and with an
inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 or 14 pores, divided on dorsal side and

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86 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

tending toward division on ventral; ventral surface of apex with a heavily
sclerotized, roughly triangular area extending anteriorly from bases of inner
lobes, surrounding area sclerotized in dentate rows.

Second stage-—Resembling adult female, but smaller; margin with quinque-
locular pores usually present opposite spiracles and at a few other points; dorsal
surface with 3 or 4 8-shaped pores in submedian area, these distinctly larger
than marginal 8-shaped pores; ventral surface with 2 or 3 quinquelocular pores
in each spiracular row; apex of abdomen as in adult, but all setae about one-
fourth shorter.

Larva.—Broadly elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs slightly smaller, and
the anterior 3 pairs slightly larger than the others, axes of the posterior 6 pairs
transverse, the others longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores in a Submedian row of 10, a lateral row of
8, and a submarginal row of 2 or 3, on each half of body; in the submedian row
the posterior 3 pores slightly smaller, and the anterior 2 or 3 pores slightly larger
than the others, all around one-fourth smaller than marginal pores of same
segment; anterior pore of lateral row much larger, and the one next to it
slightly larger than posterior pores, which are a little smaller than the submedian
pores; 1 or 2 submarginal pores the same size as those situated posteriorly in the
lateral row, but the anterior submarginal pores as large as anterior lateral or
anterior submedian pore; disk pores near marginal 8-Shaped pores and between
submedian and lateral 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1: V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; bases of antennae one-third length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinque-
locular pore; leg setae, coxa 38, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on
inner margin near center, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-half
as long as tarsus: 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 9 pairs of submarginal
minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 8 pairs of submarginal larger setae
anteriorly: 2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes not, or barely, indicated; setae, apical
42 uw long, interapical 5.4-6 w long, dorsal 3.6 » long, intermediate ventral 3.64
m long, outer ventral 4.2 w long; anal ring with 6 setae, each about 21.6 wu long,
also with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of apparently 14 or 15 pores,
divided on dorsal side and tending toward division on ventral; ventral surface
of apex sclerotized in dentate rows near median notch, but sometimes with a
more heavily sclerotized, roughly triangular area outlined.

Data.—Redescribed from unmounted material, 2 mounted females,
and 25 mounted larvae on Maranta vittata in greenhouses | Paris,
France], type material of awrewm, determined by Signoret, loaned
by M. Beier; unmounted material and 2 mounted females on Brough-
tonia sanguinea, Kingston, Jamaica, Cockerell Collection, types of
oncidii, unmounted material, 5 mounted females, and 6 mounted lar-
vae on Pheedia lateriflora, taken in greenhouses in Paris, France, P.
Marchal, 1904, types of greenz,; and a mass of unmounted material, 132
mounted females, 3 mounted second-stage specimens, and 25 mounted
larvae from the following sources: On Angraecum from Jamaica and
British Guiana; on Anthurium from New York (in greenhouses),
Puerto Rico, Italy (in greenhouses) ; on Brassia from Costa Rica,
Dominican Republic; on Cattleya from Costa Rica, Colombia, Brazil;
on EL'pidendrum from Dominican Republic, Cuba, Guatemala; on
Gongora trom Trinidad; on Hippeastrum from Trinidad; on Laelia
from Mexico; on Oncidiwm from England (in greenhouses), Domini-
can Republic, Costa Rica, Canal Zone, Trinidad; on Zama from Trin-
idad; on unknown genera of Orchidaceae from many of the preceding
localities and Cuba, Venezuela, Portugal, Ceylon; and on Chamaedorea
(Palmae) from Guatemala.

This species differs from zngae, which it resembles, in having nor-
mally a dorsal submarginal row of 24 to 26 8-shaped pores, as well as
in other characters.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 87

ASTEROLECANIUM EUPHORBIAE, hew species
(Fig. 22, H—-L; fig. 28, A; pl. 6, O)

Habit.—Unknown.

Test of female—Nearly circular, 1.4-1.9 mm. in diameter ; nearly flat or
very slightly convex dorsally and ventrally; pale yellow, sometimes almost
colorless, transparent, very thin, shiny or dull; marginal filaments whitish,
fragmentary; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Nearly circular, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around length of apical
seta from setal bases, posterior pores 9-10 » long and 6-8 wide, the others 10-12
w long and 8 wide, at least a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular pores in a
single row terminating 6-17 8-shaped pores from the posterior pair of those
pores, only about half as numerous as 8-Shaped pores hear posterior end of the
row, elsewhere at least as numerous.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly sparse; tubular ducts
30 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna cireular or oblong, sunken in derm, rough, some-
times ending in a Sharp spine, with 1 or 2 setae shorter than diameter of
antenna and 8 longer; without quinquelocular pores or with 1 or 2 between
antenna and margin; beak with 1 pair of setae; spiracle with bar greatly
expanded at inner end, the derm around opening and part of bar slightly sunken
and containing 3-5 quinquelocular pores, 18-28 similar pores extending from
spiracle to body margin in an irregularly double or triple row; multilocular
pores, totaling 112-157 and with 8-10 loculi, arranged in 5 or 6 complete (sixth
sometimes interrupted) and 3 or 4 interrupted rows, with anterior row anterior
to posterior spiracles, posterior row with 10-14 pores, penultimate with 12-19,
each of next 2 with 14-26, and each of next 3 or 4 with 3-10; 4-7 dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores each side of beak, some scattered on anterior end, a few in
lateral area of abdomen, and a few arranged in 2 rows among multilocular
pores; Ssubmarginal 8-shaped pores in an irregularly double row terminating
near posterior row of multilocular pores, one-half aS numerous as marginal
8-shaped pores at some points, quite aS numerous at other points; submarginal
setae in a complete row terminating halfway between the posterior pair of
marginal 8-Shaped pores and apical setae; 4 setae in posterior row of multilocu-
lar pores, 2 or 8 in penultimate, and 1 or 2 in first row anterior to penultimate.

Apex of abdomen: Concave; lobes indicated; setae, apical broken, apparently
54 uw long, interapical 7.2 » long, dorsal 5.4-7.2 4 long, inner ventral 3.6 uw long,
intermediate ventral 5.4 w long, outer ventral 6-9 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae
40-45 uw long, and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of apparently 14 pores;
ventral surface of apex slightly rugose.

Larva.—Ovoid.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs slightly smaller than the
others, and with their axes transverse, axes of the others longitudinal; 2 pairs
of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian and a lateral row of 9 each
on each half of body, about as long as the width of a marginal pore; disk pores
between lateral and marginal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal. setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0: VI, 2 long, 2: stout, 3
fairly stout, 2 slender; bases of antennae one-fourth length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quin-
quelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin at base and 1 each
on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin;
tibia one-third as long as tarsus; apparently 8 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped
pores, none noted between antennae; 10 pairs of submarginal minute setae,
on abdomen, thorax, and head; 3 pairs of setae near antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 108 « long, interapical 7.2 »
long, dorsal 3.6 uw long, inner ventral 5.4 uw long, intermediate ventral 5.4 « long,
outer ventral 5.4 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae, each about 22 uw long, and with
an indeterminable number of pores, apparently not divided.

Data.—Described from two mounted females on Huphordia pulvi-
nata, South Africa, intercepted at Washington, D. C., L. L. Spessard.
October 27, 1930, paratypes; unmounted material, four mounted fe-
males, and two mounted larvae on Fuphorbia fivow, Tausenville, South

ae ae

88 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Africa, intercepted at Washington, D. C., H. L. Sanford, February
23, 1935, holotype and paratypes.

This species resembles transversum, but differs from it in several
characters, the most important being the terminating point of the
marginal quinquelocular pores, which is much farther from the pos-
terior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores than in transversum, the pres-
ence of 22 to 32 pores in each spiracular pore band instead of 9 to 16,
more than 100 multilocular pores instead of less than 90, and a dorsal
seta on the apex of the abdomen.

ASTEROLECANIUM EURYOPIS Fuller
(hig 225 Me eo. bi lel er)

Described and named in 1899 (38, pp. 93-95, 39, p. $18).

Habit.—Living on bark.

Test of female.—Practically circular, posterior end slightly produced and
slightly to distinctly upturned; 2—2.5 mm. in diameter; strongly convex dorsally,
flat ventrally ; clear yellow, transparent, fairly thin; marginal filaments whitish,
varying in length, and not differentiated from dorsal filaments, which are so
numerous that test cannot be seen in unrubbed specimens, and which are some-
times replaced by a thin sheet of glassy material at any one spot although with
many distinct filaments present; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Shape similar to that of test, about 1.5-2 mm. in diameter,

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around five times the
length of apical seta from setal bases, the row poorly defined, not distinct from
dorsal pores, and particularly difficult to observe at anterior end; pores slightly to
deeply invaginated, 20-28 u long and 12-13 wide, the posterior pores as small as
any, one to three times a pore’s length apart; disk pores on either side, or at
end, of 8-Shaped pores, terminating fairly close to apical setae, aS numerous as
8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores scattered, and very numerous except close to
posterior end, the majority distinctly invaginated, 20-28 uw long and 12-20 wide;
minute 8-shaped pores absent; disk pores rather sparse; tubular ducts 46 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna normally a dome-shaped stub with 3 setae nearly
as long as diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar
greatly enlarged at inner end, with atrium not enlarged and not containing pores,
but derm surrounding opening and adjacent to bar sometimes sunken, pocket-
like, and filled with quinquelocular pores, 75-125 pores extending from opening
to body margin, either in an even band or in an irregular band which is broad
near opening, then narrows and then broadens to as much as 6-12 pores wide;
multilocular pores, totaling 145-170, with 6-10 (usually 10) loculi, in 4 complete
and 1-3 interrupted rows, the posterior row with 26-31, penultimate with 42-55,
next with 49-56, next with 13-24, and each of interrupted rows with 1-4; a loose
group of 10-15 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts, a few
scattered on anterior end, and many in lateral area arranged in rather indefinite
longitudinal rows 2 or 3 pores wide, and extending across median area in 5 or 6
transverse rows; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near
first row anterior to penultimate row of multilocular pores, well removed from
margin, slightly less numerous than marginal 8-shaped pores; Ssubmarginal setae
absent; 3 pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular pores and 1 pair in
penultimate row.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 18-20 uw long, interapical 12.6
mw long, dorsal 9-10.8 u long (close to, and outside apical, sometimes missing on
1 side of body), inner ventral 5.4 w long, intermediate ventral 5.4 wu long, outer
ventral 7.2-9 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 72-80 mw long, with around 40 pores
tending Teel arrangement in an inner row of 6 or 8 and an outer one of ar DUI,
30; ventral surface of apex sclerotized close to margin of notch.

Larva.—Nearly elongate elliptical, posterior end narrowed.

Margin: 8-shaped pores 28 in number, axis of the posterior pair transverse,
of the others slightly diagonal or longitudinal; 2 or 3 setae at anterior end
(sometimes as nearly submarginal as marginal).

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores, totaling 44-48, in a submedian row of 9 or
10 and a submarginal row of 18 or 14, on each half of body, the submarginal

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 89

row very close to margin and appearing almost as a Second marginal row: the
anterior 4 submedian pores slightly larger than the posterior ones, which are
the same size as marginal pores, submarginal pores very slightly larger than
marginal; disk pores between submarginal and marginal, and a few between
submarginal and submedian 8-shaped pores; a pair of minute setae close to
anterior pair of submedian pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2
fairly stout, and 2 slender; bases of antennae one-fifth length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg
setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer
margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half
as long as tarsus; 6 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, none between antennae;
usually 1 pair of submarginal minute setae near the third or fourth pair of
pores from the anterior end of marginal row of 8-shaped pores, rarely 1 or 2
rudimentary setae on abdomen, 2-4 submarginal larger setae at anterior end;
4 or 5 setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 125 uw long, interapical 5.4 p
long, dorsal 3.6 » long (anterior to interapical), inner ventral 7.2-9 u long, inter-
mediate ventral 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 5.4 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 28-30
» long, and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores.

Data.—Redescribed from unmounted material and the following
mounted specimens: Ten females on Huryops tenuissimus, Tarkastad,
Cape Province, South Africa, C. P. Lounsbury, 1898, Brain No. 20, type
and paratypes; 2 females and 24 larvae, South Africa, from Collection
of C. K. Brain, received from E. E. Green in 1934; 5 females and 14
larvae on Luryops sp., Tarkastad, Cape Province, South Africa, from
H. K. Munro, received in 1938.

This species differs from all except brevispinwm in having a poorly
defined row of marginal 8-shaped pores, in having the majority of
the marginal and dorsal 8-shaped pores conspicuously invaginated,
and in lacking a ventral submarginal row of setae. In the larval stage
it is difficult to determine whether the pores described as dorsal sub-
marginal should be considered so or as a second marginal row. It is
the only species where a well defined row of ventral submarginal setae
has not been observed in the larva, and where the setae which are
present are so variable in number.

As indicated by Fuller (38, p. 94) and Brain (72, pp. 113-114), tests
of euryopis, When unrubbed, are striking owing to the dense covering
of waxy filaments. Fuller recommended infesting the Harpuis
Bosch (HLuryops tenuissimus) with this insect in order to check the
spread of that plant (38, pp. 93-95).

ASTEROLECANIUM EXIGUUM Green
(Fig. 23, K—N; fig. 24, A-D; pl. 8, 8)

Described in 1909 (42, p. 315).

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Longer than wide, anterior two-thirds broad, posterior third
strongly narrowed; 0.85-1.10 mm. long, 0.3-0.4 wide; strongly convex dorsally
on anterior two-thirds, slightly so on posterior third, flat ventrally; brownish
yellow, transparent, rather thin, shiny; marginal and dorsal filaments whitish,
fragmentary, a few dorsal ones along each side of median line, and 2 in sub-
marginal area close to posterior end, the latter as long as width of test at that
point; circular larval exit in ventral surface at margin.

Adult female.—Shape similar to that of test, 0.8 mm. long. 0.4 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around twice length of
apical seta from bases of setae, the posterior pores 4-5 u long and 2-3 wide, the
others 6 » long and 4 wide, usually a pore’s length apart at posterior end, a
pore’s width apart elsewhere.

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90 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a longitudinal group on each half of body
in Submedian area posterior to mouth parts, each group apparently composed of
an inner row of 7 or 8 and an outer row of 3 or 4, individual pores measuring
6-8 uw long and 3-5 wide, a pair 9 w long and 7 wide also in submarginal area
about length of apical seta from bases of setae; minute 8-shaped pores fairly
numerous; disk pores not observed; tubular ducts 20 uw long; dorsal tubes
present.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, very short, with 2 setae longer than diam-
eter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar fairly broad, atrium slightly
enlarged and containing 1-3 quinquelocular pores, 3 or 4 similar’ pores extending
to body margin in a single row; multilocular pores, totaling 28, with 6-10 (usu-
ally 10) loculi, in 3 complete and 3 interrupted rows, each of complete rows with
6-8, each of interrupted rows with 2; 2 or 3 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each
side of beak and a few on abdomen arranged in 3 or 4 transverse rows; sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores in a single row apparently terminating near genital
opening, about as numerous aS marginal 8-shaped pores; 4 pairs of submarginal
setae on abdomen, the posterior pair the length of an apical seta from bases of
apical setae; 1 pair of setae in each of the posterior 2 rows of multilocular
pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present, lobes indicated; setae, apical 40 uw long,
interapical 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 5.4 uw long; anal ring with 4 setae 5.4 uw long
and two 10 uw long, a tendency toward division of ring on dorsal and ventral
sides; ventral surface of apex slightly sclerotized in dentate rows in median
area.

Larva.—Nearly elongate elliptical, posterior end slightly narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior and penultimate pairs slightly
larger than the first pair anterior to the penultimate, the latter the small-
est, and those anterior to it gradually increasing in size to the anterior pair,
which is distinctly the largest, axes of all longitudinal; 4 pairs of setae at
anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 10 and a lateral row of
6, on each half of body, posterior Submedian pores the smallest, increasing in size
to near anterior end of row, the anterior 3 pores at least slightly larger than
the marginal pores of Same segments; the posterior 2-5 pores of lateral row
about as large as posterior pore of Submedian row, anterior lateral pore slightly
larger than next to anterior submedian pore; disk pores sparse between sub-
median and lateral, and lateral and marginal, 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2
pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinque-
locular pore or with 2 trilocular pores, posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore;
leg Setae, coxa apparently 3, femur 1 on inner margin at base and 1 each on inner
and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia
one-half length of tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of
submarginal minute setae on abdomen, submarginal larger setae not observed;
2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch small; setae, apical 21 w long, interapical 3.64.4 uw
long, outer ventral 2 » long; anal ring with 6 setae 2-3 uw long, apparently not
divided.

Test of male.—Elongate elliptical, a notch in posterior margin; 1 mm. long,
0.3 wide; convex dorsally, most strongly se at anterior third, sloping to posterior
end, with median and lateral carinae rather faint on anterior third; flat ventrally ;
very pale yellow, transparent, very thin, shiny; marginal filaments pale yellow;
dorsal filaments not observed.

Adult male.—0.8 mm. long.

Head: Antenna broken, only 5 segments present, but presumably 10-segmented,
as in male nymph; antennal setae, I-V, 9-12; basal bars slightly diagonal ; 22 setae
between ventral eyespots and antennae, 3 setae along linear bar between antennae,
and 1 on dorsal surface.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases rectangular, nearly four times as long as
wide, with a fold in center; tibia three-fourths length of tarsus.

Abdomen: Five segments each with a pair of setae dorsally on lateral margin,
3 segments each with a pair of setae in ventral lateral area; lobe areas each
with 1 long and 2 short setae; penis sheath rather short and stout, strongly
curved near posterior end, with 1 pair of setae on dorsal surface near base and
4 setae on each side of ventral opening from near base toward tip, none at tip.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM Q]

Male nymph.—Antenna 10-segmented; distinguishing characters similar to
those of adult male.

Third-stage male—Hlongate, slender, posterior end slightly narrowed; margin
with 8-shaped pores terminating about two-thirds length of apical seta from
bases of setae, 3 or 4 quinquelocular pores opposite each spiracle; dorsal surface
with a median row of 9 or 10 and a submarginal row of 6 or & 8-shaped pores,
anterior pore in each row and posterior pore of submarginal row at least as
large as the others and larger than a posterior marginal pore; ventral surface
without pores between spiracle and body margin, or with the 8 or 4 pores usually
situated along margin placed between opening and margin but rather close to
margin, legs represented by 3 pairs of circular, slightly sclerotized areas, each
sometimes with a sharp, stout, straight claw and minute clear areas; apex of
abdomen with setae as in adult female; anal ring with 6 setae 21.6 » long, with
an inner row of 6 and an outer one of at least 10 pores, and tending toward
division on dorsal side.

Data.—Redescribed from unmounted material and mounted speci-
mens consisting of two females, five larvae, one adult male, a fragment
of a male nymph, and three third-stage males on bamboo, Yatiyantota,
Ceylon, E. E. Green, March 1902, types.

This species is most closely related to wdagamae, but is different in
shape, has smaller marginal 8-shaped pores, which terminate farther
from the bases of the apical setae, and has about 22 dorsal 8-shaped
pores. It is one of the few known species in which there are no pores
in the anal ring of adult females and larvae but in which there are
approximately 16 in the third-stage male.

ASTEROLECANIUM FIMBRIATUM (Fonscolombe)
(Fig. 24, H-N; pl. 2, D)

Described as Coccus fimbriatus in 1834 (34, p. 209), on Coronilla
glauca. Although the collection locality was not given, it may have
been Marseilles, France, because Fonscolombe stated that it was
given to him by Casimir Rostan, then permanent secretary of the
Academy of Marseilles. Also discussed briefly by Signoret in 1868
(S6, p. 515). Material at hand probably represents as authentic ma-
terial of the species as exists.

Habit.—lLiving on twigs and stems, in flattened areas or in shallow pits,
margin of test not sunken in pit.

Test of female——Nearly circular or broadly pyriform, posterior end slightly
upturned ; 2.5-3 mm. long, 2—2.5 wide; convex dorsally, sometimes rather strongly
So, nearly flat or slightly convex ventrally ; brownish or pale yellow, translucent,
rather thick, punctate, shiny; marginal filaments whitish, fragmentary ; elongate
elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Shape similar to that of test, approximately 2.5 mm. in diameter,
or 2.5-2.9 mm. long, 2—2.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a double row (usually single at 1 or 2 points)
terminating length of a posterior pore from bases of apical setae, 10-17 u long
and 8-9 wide, distances between pores of same row the width to twice the
length (usually about the length) of a pore, the two rows less than a pore’s
width apart ; quinquelocular pores in a single row, starting about 8 8-shaped pores
anterior to anterior spiracular pore bands and ending slightly nearer to apical
setae than to the posterior spiracular pore bands, the row sometimes interrupted
between the pore bands; pores usually about as numerous as 8-Shaped pores of
nearer row near ends of row, and about twice as numerous as those pores near
Spiracular pore bands; disk pores along dorsal row of 8-Shaped pores, terminating
between apical setae and anal opening, nearly half as numerous as 8-shaped pores
of dorsal row, also occurring ventrad of quinquelocular pores, and terminating
near the posterior pair of submarginal setae, these pores about one-half as
numerous as those dorsad of 8-shaped pores.

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92 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores absent or 2-6 in number along median line,
when present 8-12 uw long and 5-8 wide; minute 8-shaped pores very numerous;
disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 40 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna irregularly circular, Sometimes sunken in derm,
with 2 setae about twice as long as, and 2-6 shorter than, diameter of antenna ;
beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar broad, a sclerotized band extending
around opening, 3-8 (usually 6 or 7) quinquelocular pores in sclerotized area,
and 40-65 extending to body margin in a row 2-5 pores wide, a total of 44-70
(usually 53-60) in group and row combined; multilocular pores, usually totaling
42-48 (1 of specimens examined with a total of 70), and with 7-11 (usually 10)
loculi, in 3 complete rows, posterior and penultimate rows each with 15-20,
anterior row with 11-15; 4 or 5 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak,
a few scattered on anterior end, and others arranged in 6-8 transverse rows
posterior to mouth parts; submarginal 8-shaped pores in an irregularly double to
quadruple (usually triple) row terminating near anterior row of multilocular
pores, 2-4 opposite nearly every marginal 8-shaped pore of nearer row; 4-8 disk
pores in each spiracular pore band; submarginal setae apparently in a complete
row terminating about 6 8-shaped pores from the posterior pair of marginal
8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae each in posterior and penultimate rows of
multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes barely indicated; setae, apical 88-100 wu long,
interapical 40 uw long, dorsal 24-36 uw long, inner ventral 5.4 uw long, intermediate
ventral 7.2 u long, outer ventral 14-16 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 92-100 yu
long, usually with around 36 pores, but 1 of specimens examined with 54; ventral
surface of apex heavily sclerotized around inner ventral setae, surrounding area
lightly sclerotized in dentate rows.

Larva—HElongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs distinctly smaller than
the others, and their axes transverse, axes of the others longitudinal; a pair of
minute setae close to each of the posterior 4 pairs of pores; 3 pairs of setae at
anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 7-9 on each half of
body, posterior pores possibly very slightly smaller than the others, all practi-
cally same size as posterior marginal pores; disk pores fairly close to marginal
8-shaped pores, and a few fairly close to dorsal 8-shaped pores; a pair of small
setae Sometimes present near anterior pair of 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; bases of antennae one-third length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle usually with 1 trilocular pore, but
anterior spiracle sometimes with 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur
1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center,
tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; nor-
mally 8 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, not present between antennae; 9
pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 3 pairs of submarginal
larger setae at anterior end; 3 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 118-125 uw long, interapical 45-49 w long,
dorsal 7.2 u long, inner ventral 7.2 u long, intermediate ventral 9-10.8 wu long,
outer ventral 10.8-16.2 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 36-41 uw long, and an inner
row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores; ventral surface of apex faintly sclerotized
near margin.

Data.—Redescribed from unmounted material and the following
mounted specimens: Two females and 25 larvae on Coronilla glauca,
Montpellier, France, J. Lichtenstein, April 1880; 1 female and 10
larvae, Cockerell Collection: 1 female and 17 larvae on Coronilla
glauca, Montpellier, France, determined by Lichtenstein and Low,
loaned by M. Beier; 1 female from the Lichtenstein Collection,
loaned by P. Vayssiére.

The species is closely related to algeriense, arabidis, lawneae,
nevadense, stentae, and less closely allied to zanthenes, but differs
from all in being normally without dorsal 8-shaped pores.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 93

ASTEROLECANIUM FLAGELLARIAE, new species
(Fig. 25, A-H; pl. 7, N)

Habit.— Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female.—Elongate ovoid, 0.7-0.9 mm. long, 0.5—-0.75 wide; nearly flat
to slightly oval dorsally, sometimes with faint transverse striations, flat ven-
trally; pale greenish yellow, transparent, shiny; marginal filaments deep sal-
mon; elliptical larval exit in dorsal surface at margin.

Adult female——Elongate ovoid, posterior end sometimes slightly produced;
0.65-0.85 mm. long, 0.5-0.7 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row, interrupted near posterior end for a
space of 10-20 pores (1 of specimens examined, without interruption), contin-
ued for 2-12 pores beyond interruption and terminating one to three times a
pore’s length from bases of apical setae, 7 or 8 uw long and 3 wide, about the
width of a pore apart; trilocular pores in a single row between spiracular pore
bands, and 15-25 pores outside those bands, one and a half times as numerous
as 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores in lateral areas, sparse; disk pores
sparse; tubular ducts 20 wu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna slightly raised, more or less crenulate, with 2
setae as long as diameter of antenna; spiracle with bar very slender, atrium
enlarged, bag-shaped, and containing 5-8 quinquelocular pores, opening broad,
extending into a furrow which flattens out near margin, 8-15 trilocular pores
extending to body margin in an irregularly single or double row; multilocular
pores, totaling 20-26 and with 6-11 (usually 10 or 11) loculi, in 3 complete and
1 or 2 interrupted rows, posterior row with 8-10, penultimate with 8-12, next
with 5-7, each of interrupted rows with 2; a group of 2—5 dark-rimmed 8-shaped
pores each side of mouth parts, a few anterior and a few posterior to beak,
mostly in lateral area, and a few in median area near or among multilocular
peres ; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near the posterior
pair of marginal 8-shaped pores, about half as numerous as marginal 8-shaped
pores; 3 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair fairly near
the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in the posterior
row, 1 pair in each of the other complete rows, and 1 pair in each of the
interrupted rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes barely indicated: setae, apical at least 36 uw long
(tips broken), probably not more than 40, interapical (directly anterior to
apical) 1-2 uw long, outer ventral 1-2 uw iong; anal opening dorsal, close to body
margin, circular, its margin membranous; anal tube membranous, cylindrical;
anal ring a sclerotized band.

Larva. Elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, their axes transverse, anterior pair the
largest; a pair of minute setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs of pores;
3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores, totaling 28 or 30, arranged in a submedian
row of 8 or 9 and a lateral row of 6 or 7 on each half of body, and apparently
about two-thirds the size of a posterior marginal pore; disk pores sparse, between
submedian and lateral and lateral and marginal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V. 1: VI, apparently 2 long, 2
stout, 3 fairly stout, 1 slender; bases of antennae one-third length of antenna
apart; beak apparently with 1 pair of setae at tip and 1 pair near base; spiracle
with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner
margin near base and 1 on outer margin near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1
on outer margin; tibia one-third as long as tarsus: 9 pairs of submarginal
8-shaped pores; submarginal setae apparently in 11 pairs, occurring on abdomen,
thorax, and head; 8 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes barely indicated; setae, apical 50 uw long, interapical
3.6 w long, outer ventral minute, broken; anal opening in margin, circular; anal
tube sclerotized near opening, membranous at inner end, fairly small at opening,
then enlarged but constricted in center, large at inner end; anal ring sclerotized.

Test of male.—Elliptical, 0.75—1 mm. long, 0.45 wide; flat dorsally and ventrally ;
pale greenish yellow, transparent, thin; marginal filaments rubbed off.

Adult male.—0.95 mm long.

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94 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Head: Antenna 10-segmented; formula (longest to shortest), (III, IV), (V,
VI), (VII, VIII, TX, X), (1), (11); antennal setae, I, 1; II and III, 8; IV-x,
approximately 15, X also with at least 2 very long setae; basal bars transverse;
approximately 25 setae anterior to ventral eyespots and along linear bar between
antennae, and 1 or 2 on dorsal surface.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases reCtangular, five times as long aS wide, with
an indication of median longitudinal fold and with a small clear area in center;
tibia very slightly shorter than tarsus.

Abdomen: Four segments each with a pair of setae dorsally on lateral margin,
4 or 5 segments each with a pair of setae in ventral lateral area; lobes indicated,
each with 1 long and 3 or 4 short setae; penis sheath with a few minute clear
areas (possibly setal bases) on each side of ventral opening.

Male nymph.—Distinguishing characters similar to those of adult male.

Third-stage male.—Resembling adult female, but smaller ; margin with 8-shaped
pores in a complete row terminating a pore’s width from bases of apical setae;
presence or absence of trilocular pores at anterior end indeterminable, but such
pores present elsewhere even between apical setae; ventral surface with atrium
of spiracle apparently slightly enlarged but without pores; 6 or 8 pores in each
spiracular pore band; legs represented by 3 pairs of very small, sclerotized, raised
areas, apparently without claws; other characters on ventral surface inde-
terminable; apex of abdomen with broken apical setae, other characters
indeterminable.

Data—Described from unmounted material, and from mounted
specimens consisting of 18 females, 7 larvae, 2 adult males, 1 male
nymph, and 1 third-stage male on Flagellaria indica, Botanic Garden,
Singapore, Straits Settlements; found in the Herbarium at Manila,
Philippine Islands, by E. D. Merrill, received from R. C. McGregor in
March 1921.

This species, the first to be reported from the Flagellariaceae, is
rather similar to various species of Asterolecanium found on palm.
It can be segregated from any known species on palm, however, by
the presence of a well defined anal tube and anal ring in the adult
female.

ASTEROLECANIUM FLORUM, new species
(Fig. 25, I-P; pl. 8, B)

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end slightly produced ; 1.9-2.40 mm.
long, 1-1.25 wide; very slightly convex dorsally, sometimes with a faint longi-
tudinal median carina, flat ventrally; bright brownish yellow, transparent, fairly
thin, punctate; marginal filaments pale clear yellow or brownish yellow, longest
at anterior end, and fragmentary dorsal filaments pale yellow, sparse in sub-
marginal area; larval exit a slit in margin.

Adult female.—Similar to test in shape, 1.7—2.25 mm. long, 1—1.2 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a Single row terminating length of apical seta
from bases of setae, posterior pores 9 uw long and 7 wide, the others 12 uw long
and 7 wide, usually a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row
terminating near the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, usually as numerous as
8-shaped pores; disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores, terminating near the
posterior pair of those pores, about one-third as numerous.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submarginal row of 10-20, placed at
uniform or variable intervals, about 16 uw long and 12 wide; minute 8-shaped pores
rather sparse; disk pores usually present near large 8-shaped pores, very sparse
elsewhere; tubular ducts 32 mu long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna very short, with 2 setae longer and 2 shorter than
diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar fairly broad; derm
outside spiracular opening slightly sunken; 11-15 quinquelocular pores extend- —
ing from spiracle to body margin in a single row; multilocular pores, with 9 or 10
loculi, in 5 complete and 3 interrupted rows, each of the posterior 3 rows with
7-14, next with 5-8, next with 3 or 4, each of interrupted rows with 2, a total
of 38-60 (usually at least 50) ; dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores very Sparse in lateral
area of abdomen and in 3 or 4 transverse rows among multilocular pores; sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near the posterior row of

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM O5

multilocular pores, nearly as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 5 pairs of
submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair near the penultimate pair of
marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae in each of the posterior 3 rows of
multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 21-25 u» long, interapical 8 wu long, outer ventral
5.2 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae, each about 32 w long, and with an inner
row of 6 and an outer row of 16 pores, apparently not divided.

Larva.—Nearly elongate elliptical, posterior end narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs slightly smaller than
the others, which increase slightly in size from the sixth to the anterior pair,
axis of each of the posterior 6 pairs transverse, axis of each of the others
longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 8-10 and a lateral row
of 3-5, on each half of body, a total of 24-26, posterior pores of each row very
slightly smaller than anterior pores, all except anterior pore of submedian row,
which is slightly larger than anterior marginal pore, one-fourth smaller than
marginal pores of same segments; disk pores in a single row between lateral and
marginal, and a few between lateral and submedian 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1: IV. 1; V. 0: VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 1 slender: bases of antennae one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4,
femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer margin near center, tarsus
2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half length of tarsus; 9 pairs of
submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal minute setae on abdomen,
3 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end: 1 pair of setae between
antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 50 yw long, interapical 10.8 uw long, outer
ventral 2.5 u long: anal ring with 6 setae, each about 12.6 uw long, and with an
inner row of 6 and an outer of apparently 10 pores, apparently not divided.

Data—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes) and
the following mounted specimens (host material collected by F. A.
McClure in China): One female on Arundinaria amabilis, Yung Hui,
Kwangsi, November 12, 1925, paratype; three females and three larvae
on Arundinaria amabilis, Koo Shui, Kwong Ning district, Kwang-
tung. March 24, 1929, holotype and paratypes: two females on Arun-
dinaria sp., Naam Fung to Nodoa, Hainan, Kwangtung, August 29,
1929, paratypes; one female on Arundinaria sp., between Yan Ping
and Yeung Kong, Kwangtung, December 15, 1931, paratype.

Closely related to masuzi and sasae, but having dorsal 8-shaped pores,
which are not found in masuz, and having more marginal quinque-
locular pores than occur in sasae. The larvae differ from those of
we and sasae in having only one seta on the inner margin of the

emur

ASTEROLECANIUM FUSUM, new species
(Fig. 26, A—D ; pl. 9, P)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.——Longer than wide, posterior end slightly produced; 1.4 mm.
long, 1 wide; slightly convex dorsally, with a faint longitudinal median carina,
flat ventrally; yellow, transparent, rather thick; marginal filaments rubbed off;
larval exit a slit in margin.

Adult female.—Similar to test in shape, 1.25 mm. long, 0.85 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about the length of apical
seta from bases of setae, posterior pores 8 » long and 5 wide, the others 10 u
long and 6 wide, about a pore’s width apart: quinquelocular pores in a single
row terminating at, or posterior to, the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, usually
1 near each 8-shaped pore; disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores, terminating
between the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores and apical setae, usually 1 near
every fourth 8-shaped pore at anterior end, and somewhat more numerous
elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores rather sparse: disk pores very sparse:
tubular ducts 27 w long; dorsal tubes present.

06 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Ventral surface: Antenna dome-shaped, with 2 setae longer than diameter
of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar nearly subcircular; anterior
spiracle with 12 or 13 quinquelocular pores extending to body margin, the row
single near spiracle and 3 or 4 pores wide near margin; posterior spiracle with
8 pores in a group near spiracle and with none or with 1 or 2 extending
toward margin; multilocular pores, with 10 loculi, in 4 complete and 4
interrupted rows, the posterior complete row with 4—6, penultimate with 7-9,
next with 8-10, next with 5-7, and each of interrupted rows with 2-4, making a
total of 83440; dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores sparse, occurring in lateral area near
posterior spiracles and among multilocular pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores in
a Single row apparently terminating near the posterior row of multilocular pores,
irregularly spaced, approximately one-half as numerous as marginal 8-shaped
pores; 8 disk pores in submarginal area near the posterior 4 pairs of submarginal
setae; 6 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair near the pos-
terior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae in each of the posterior
3 rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 28-31 wu long, interapical 7.2 w long, inner
ventral 4 uw long, outer ventral 5.4 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 30-32 uw long, and
an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 16 pores, apparently divided on dorsal
side.

Larva.—Hlliptieal.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior and anterior pairs larger
than the others, axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse, of the others longi-
tudinal; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 10 or 11 on each half
of body, posterior pores smaller than anterior ones and one-fifth or one-sixth
smaller than marginal pores of Same segments; disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 1 slender; bases of antennae one-third length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg
setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer margin near
center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia about one-half as long
as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 6 pairs of sub-
marginal minute setae on abdomen, 2 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior
end; 1 pair of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch small; lobes indicated ; setae, apical 45 uw long, inter-
apical 12.6 uw long, inner ventral 3.6 uw long, outer ventral 3.6 w long; anal ring
with 6 setae about 12 wu long and apparently with a total of 12 or 14 pores.

Data.—Described from an empty test, three mounted females, and
five mounted larvae on Avrundinaria sp., Hung Mo Shan, Hainan,
Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure, August 22-27, 1929, holotype and
paratypes.

This species is closely related to chinae and subdoluwm, but the adult
female differs from that of chinae in lacking dorsal 8-shaped pores,
and from swbdolum in having the marginal 8-shaped pores terminating
farther from the apical setae. The larvae differ from those of chinae
and swbdolum in having the axes of the posterior 6 pairs of marginal
pores transverse, and in having about 22 dorsal 8-shaped pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM GARCINIAE, New species
(Fig. 26, H-K; pl. 7, G)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Longer than wide, posterior end slightly produced; 2 mm.
long, 1.5 wide; slightly convex dorsally, with a faint longitudinal median carina,
and indications of a broad, curved, submarginal carina meeting median at anterior
third, also with 2 flat tubercles at anterior end; flat ventrally ; rich yellow, trans-
parent, fairly thin, slightly punctate; marginal filaments pale golden, dorsal
filaments rubbed off; larval exit a slit in margin.

Adult female.—Similar to test in shape, 1.8 mm. long, 1.3 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about twice a pore’s length
from bases of apical setae, 12 » long and 6 wide, a pore’s width to length apart;

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM O7

quinquelocular pores in a single row terminating at or within 5 pores from the
posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, slightly more numerous than 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a median row of 3 or 4 posterior to mouth
parts, and in 12 or 14 fairly definite groups in submarginal area, the anterior
group with 3—5 pores, the others with 2-5, individual pores measuring 15-16 u
long and 9-10 wide; minute 8-shaped and disk pores very sparse; tubular ducts
rather sparse, 24 u long.

Ventral surface: Antenna conical, sunken in derm, with 2 setae longer than
diameter of antenna and apparently sometimes with 1 shorter; 1 or 2 quinque-
locular pores between antenna and margin; beak with 2 pairs of setal bases;
spiracular bar subcircular ; 6-12 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to
body margin in a single or double row; multilocular pores, totaling &6-92 and
with 10 loculi, arranged in 5 complete and 3 interrupted rows, posterior row
with 12 or 13, each of next 2 with 10-14, each of next 2 with 10-12, and each
of interrupted rows with 5-9; 9-12 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of
mouth parts, a few on anterior end, and others tending toward arrangement in
3 or 4 transverse rows among multilocular pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores
in an irregularly double row terminating near the posterior row of multilocular
pores, about one-half as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae
in a complete row terminating near the penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped
pores; 1 pair of setae in each of the posterior 5 rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes well developed: setae, apical 81 u
long, interapical 7.2-9 uw long, outer ventral 5.4-7 uw long: anal ring with 6 setae
30 w long and apparently with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores,
divided on dorsal and ventral sides: ventral surface of apex with a narrow
sclerotized area extending anteriorly from inner lobe on each half of body,
slightly sclerotized on margin.

Larva.—Elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs distinctly smaller, the
anterior pair slightly larger, than the others, axes of the posterior 6 pairs
transverse, of the others longitudinal: 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 6 and a lateral row
of 5, on each half of body, in each row, the posterior 3 pores smaller, and the
anterior one larger, than the others, which are about the same size as marginal
pores of same segments; disk pores closer to lateral than to marginal 8-shaped
pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1: IV, 1; V. 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender: bases of antennae one-half length of antenna apart: beak
apparently with 2 pairs of setae at tip; spiracle with 1 trilecular and 1 quinque-
- locular pore; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each
on inner and outer margins; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of sub-
Marginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 9 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on
abdomen and thorax, 2 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end: 4 pairs
of setae between antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Notch minute; setae, apical 40 uw long, interapical appar-
ently 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 2.5 » long: anal opening in margin, anal tube short,
sclerotized throughout; anal ring with 6 setae, each about 7 uw long.

Data.—Described from the following material: Unmounted speci-
mens, two mounted females, and one mounted larva on Garcinia
mangostana, Soekaboema, Java, C. L. Marlatt, December 19, 1901,
holotype and paratypes, and unmounted specimens and three mounted
females on Garcinia mangostana, Buitenzorg, Java, Dr. Treub, re-
ceived May 19, 1905, paratypes.

Resembling swmatrae, but with dorsal 8-shaped pores larger than
marginal.

ASTEROLECANIUM GEMMAE, new species

(Fig. 27, A-—J; pl. 6, D)

Habit.—Living on buds, and almost indistinguishable from them, having the
same shape and size, and practically the same color.

Test of female.—Longer than wide, posterior end produced and either conical
or flattened; 1-1.25 mm. long. 0.65-0.8 wide; convex dorsally, flat or slightly

286720—41——_7

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98 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

concave or convex ventrally ; light brownish yellow, translucent to opaque, appar-
ently slightly punctate; marginal filaments rubbed off; elliptical larval exit in
ventral surface of produced area.

Adult female.—Broadly ovoid, posterior end narrowed and produced; 1 mm.
long, 0.55 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around eight times a pore’s
length from bases of apical setae, 10-12 uw long and 7 wide, around a pore’s width
apart normally; quinquelocular pores in a single to quadruple row terminating
posterior to the 8-shaped pores and close to produced area of abdomen, the row
normally single between antennae, double, then triple or quadruple from well
anterior to anterior Spiracular pore bands to near the posterior 8-shaped pores,
and irregularly single or double from there to end of row, sometimes lacking, or
reduced in number if corresponding 8-shaped pores have dropped out; disk pores
dorsad of 8-shaped pores, terminating close to median line at posterior end, 1
near each 8-shaped pore and occurring at the same intervals posterior to
8-shaped pores, usually reduced in number if some 8-shaped pores have dropped
out.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores fairly numerous in lateral and sub-
marginal areas; disk pores fairly numerous in lateral and submarginal areas
and a few in median area near posterior end; tubular ducts absent along median
line, scattered elsewhere, 32 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna rough, irregular, dome-shaped, with 2 setae as long
as diameter of antenna and 2 or 3 much shorter; beak without setae; spiracular
bar subcircular, atrium slightly enlarged and containing quinquelocular pores,
pores extending from atrium over opening of spiracle and continuing to body
margin in a row 6-8 pores wide, a total of 75-100 pores in atrium and row
combined; 5-8 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts, a few
anterior to mouth parts, and others arranged in 5 or 6 transverse rows in
median and lateral (or only in lateral) area of abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped
pores absent; disk pores scattered on anterior end, arranged in 7 transverse
rows on the abdomen in the position usually occupied by the multilocular pores,
and in a submarginal row terminating close to median line, disk pores in sub-
marginal row much less numerous than marginal 8-Shaped pores; 8 pairs of
submarginal setae posterior to anterior spiracles, the posterior pair well anterior
to apical seta; 1 pair of Setae in each of the posterior 8 rows of disk pores.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 7.2 uw long, interapical (on ventral. surface
close to margin) 3 uw long, inner and outer ventral each 3.6 uw long; anal opening
ventral, well removed from margin, small, circular, its margin membranous;
anal tube funnel-shaped, small at opening and large at inner end, lightly

sclerotized close to anal ring, heavily sclerotized elsewhere; anal ring with 6.

setae 1.8 uw long.

Larva.—Eliiptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior pair slightly larger than the
others, axes of all longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores in a Submedian row of 5-10 on each half of
body, uniform in size if in a row of 7 or less, the anterior 3 pores larger than the
others if in a row of 10, larger pores seven-eighths, smaller pores about two-
thirds, the size of marginal pores of same segments; disk pores close to marginal
8-shaped pores, and a few in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 1 slender; bases of antennae one-third length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quin-
quelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1
each on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer
margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; apparently 8 pairs of submarginal
8-shaped pores, of which 1 pair is between the antennae; 8 pairs of Submarginal
minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 3 pairs of Submarginal larger setae at
anterior end; 1 pair of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 36 u long, interapical 7.2 u long, inner ventral
2 uw long, outer ventral 3.6 uw long; anal opening in ventral surface and margin,
longitudinally elongate, its margin sclerotized; anal tube rather short and
bulbous, heavily sclerotized throughout ; anal ring with 6 setae 4 uw long; ventral
surface of apex membranous, slightly rugose.

Data—Described from unmounted material, 4 mounted females,
and 50 mounted larvae on Schizostachywm sp., Bikal, Philippine
Islands, F. A. McClure, October 1925, holotype and paratypes.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 99

This is the only known species having numerous disk pores on the
ventral surface arranged in complete rows in the position usually oc-
cupied by multilocular pores. It is also unusual in lacking submarginal
8-shaped pores in the adult females.

ASTEROLECANIUM GILVUM, new species
(Fig. 27, K-T; pl. 9, CC)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Nearly circular, about 0.6 mm. in diameter; strongly convex
dorsally, flat ventrally; pale yellow, nearly colorless, transparent, thin, smooth ;
marginal filaments whitish, shortest on posterior half; elliptical larval exit in
margin.

Adult female.—Nearly circular, 0.45-0.55 mm. in diameter, posterior end some-
times slightly produced.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row, interrupted 1-3 times for 1-4 pores
near posterior end, but continued beyond for 3-5 pores and terminating once
or twice a pore’s length from bases of apical setae, the pores in that part of
the row having the interruptions, those just anterior to this section and some-
times 1 posterior to it 7 » long and 4 wide, the others 8 wu long and 4.5 wide,
usually about a pore’s width apart, but the 2 or 4 pores anterior to the interrupted
section sometimes nearly a pore’s length apart; trilocular pores in a single row
interrupted for 1-5 8-shaped pores at anterior end, terminating 2-5 8-shaped pores
anterior to interruption, 1 near each or near every other 8-shaped pore at posterior
end of row, elsewhere 1 near each such pore and usually 1 opposite each interval
between 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous in submarginal and lateral
areas, rather sparse elsewhere: disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts in
submarginal and lateral areas, 24 u long.

Ventral surface: Antenna irregularly circular, flat, with 2 setae slightly
longer than diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar
slender and expanded at inner end, atrium enlarged, bag-shaped, and containing
6-10 trilocular pores, 6-10 similar pores extending to body margin in an irregularly
double row: a group of 4-7 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, and
a few smaller pores in an irregular longitudinal lateral row; submarginal 8-shaped
pores in a Single row terminating near anterior end of interruption in row of
marginal 8-shaped pores, usually aS numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; ap-
parently 8 pairs of submarginal setae posterior to anterior spiracles, the
posterior pair near the penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of
setae posterior to genital opening, 1 pair anterior to opening, 1 pair anterior to
those setae, and 1 pair still farther anteriorly.

Apex of abdcmen: Lobes indicated; setae, apical 48 » long, outer ventral 3.6
vw long: anal opening ventral, close to margin, small, circular, its margin mem-
branous or faintly sclerotized.

Larva.—wNearly elliptical, posterior end narrowed.

Margin: With 28 elongate, slender 8-shaped pores, axes of all nearly longi-
tudinal; a pair of minute setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs of pores;
2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian and a lateral row of 10 each,
on each half of body; in the lateral row the next to the anterior pore much
smaller than marginal, the 3 posterior to it, the 1 anterior, and the posterior pore
larger than the other 4, which are practically the same size as marginal pores;
in the submedian row, the posterior and the anterior 3 pores larger than the
others, which are smaller than the marginal pores; disk pores between lateral
and marginal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0: VI, 3 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout ; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2 pairs apical,
1 pair basal; spiracle with 2 trilocular pores; leg setae, coxa 2, femur 1 on inner
margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia nearly one-half
length of tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 10 pairs of minute sub-
marginal setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head; 2 pairs of setae between antennae
and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch minute; setae, apical 18 u long, interapical 1-2 x
long, dorsal (anterior to apical) 1-2 uw long, outer ventral 1-2 u long; anal
opening apical, minute, its margin membranous; anal tube minute, cylindrical,
sclerotized.

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100 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Data.—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes) and the
following mounted material: Eight females and five larvae on Attalea
cohune, Culebra, Canal Zone, H. Pittier, November 1911, U. S. N. HL,
paratypes; two females and two larvae on Attalea cohune, old site
of Gorgona, Canal Zone, W. R. Maxon, June 6, 1923, U. S. N. HL,
holotype and paratypes; five females and seven larvae on Attalea
gomphococca, Puerto Armuelles, Chiriqui, Panama, G. F. Ferris,
August 1938, paratypes.

This species resembles sabalis and urtchi, but differs from sabalis
in having the atrium of the spiracle enlarged and containing trilocular
pores, and from wchz in not having setae on the anal ring.

ASTEROLECANIUM GRANDICULUM, new species

(Fig. 28, A-H; pl. 4, #)

Habit Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female.—Practically circular, 1.95-2.5 mm. in diameter; strongly
convex, more or less bluntly conical dorsally; flat ventrally; greenish yellow,
transparent, smooth, shiny; marginal filaments whitish, slightly shorter at
posterior end than elsewhere; numerous dorsal filaments also whitish, a tuft in
center at least twice length of marginal, others shorter than marginal; elliptical
larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Practically circular, approximately 1.5-1.9 mm. in diameter,
posterior end sometimes slightly produced.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a double (rarely triple) row terminating two to
three times the length of a posterior pore from bases of apical setae, posterior
pores 12 uw long and 8 wide, anterior pores 16 u long and 9 wide, the others around
14 uw long and 8 wide; interspaces between pores varying from the width to nearly
twice the length of a pore, the 2 rows around a pore’s width apart; 8-20 quinque-
locular pores where each spiracular pore band meets margin, the row usually
interrupted between anterior and posterior pore bands, usually 1 pore near each
8-shaped pore of nearer row; disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores terminating
between the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores and apical setae, and Somewhat
less numerous than 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores tending toward arrangement in circles parallel-
ing the margin in submarginal area, and in slightly curved longitudinal rows in
median area, some pores 12 uw long and 8 wide but the majority around 16 uw long
and 9-10 wide, while those in median area are 18-20 uw long and 12 wide; minute
8-shaped pores sparse; disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 36 u long.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, Sunken in derm, with 3 setae nearly as
long as diameter of antenna, and 1 longer; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular
bar expanded at inner end, more or less triangular; 11—28 quinquelocular pores
extending from spiracle to margin in a single, double, or rarely triple row;
multilocular pores, totaling 75-105 and with 9-12 loculi, arranged in 5 complete
and 4 interrupted rows, the anterior row anterior to posterior spiracles, posterior
row with around 20 pores, each of next 2 rows with 12-24, next with 11-17, next
with 6 or 7, and each of interrupted rows with 2-6; 1-4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped
pores each side of mouth parts, a few scattered anterior to mouth parts, and a
few arranged in 4 transverse rows posterior to mouth parts ; submarginal 8-shaped
pores mostly in a single row, but Sometimes in an irregularly double row for
a short distance, and terminating near the posterior row of multilocular pores,
not quite so numerous aS marginal 8-Shaped poreS; submarginal setae in a
complete row terminating opposite the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores;
2 pairs of setae in the posterior row of multilocular pores, 1 pair in each of the
next 2 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 80-108 u long,
interapical 17—20 uw long, dorsal 12 w long, inner ventral 8-9 uw long, outer ventral
10.8-12.6 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 28-32 uw long and an inner row of 6 and
an outer one of 14 pores; ventral surface of apex slightly sclerotized and rugose.

Second stage.—Resembling adult, but smaller; margin with 8-shaped pores in
a single row, without quinquelocular pores; dorsal surface with 8-shaped pores
less numerous than in adult, minute 8-shaped and disk pores not observed; ven-
tral surface with 4-6 pores in each spiracular row, Submarginal 8-shaped pores
in a single row; apex of abdomen as in adult, but all setae 2-4 uw shorter.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 101

Larva.—wNearly elongate elliptical, posterior end narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior pores very slightly smaller than
the others, axes of the posterior 6 pairs of pores transverse, of the others longi-
tudinal; a pair of minute setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs of pores;
2 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores, totaling 42-44, in a submedian row of 11 and
a lateral row of 10 or 11, on each half of body, the anterior pores slightly larger
than posterior ones and practically Same size as marginal pores of same seg-
ments, the posterior pores usually slightly larger than the marginal pores of the
segments on which they occur ; a disk pore near each of posterior and penultimate
marginal 8-shaped pores and near anterior 8-Sshaped pore of lateral row.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV,1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-fourth length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 2 trilocular pores; leg setae, coxa 4,
femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near
center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus;
6 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, none between antennae; apparently 10
pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 2 pairs of submar-
ginal larger setae at anterior end; 1 pair of setae between antennae and mouth
parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical_108 w long,
interapical 12 » long, dorsal 3 uw long, inner ventral 3.4 uw long, outer ventral 3.6
uw long; anal ring with 6 setae, each around 25 uw long, and an inner row of 6 and
an outer one of 12 or 14 pores; ventral surface of apex sclerotized in dentate rows,
or rugose.

Data—Described from unmounted material and the following
mounted specimens: One female on Yucca sp., Phoenix, Ariz., A. E.
Frazier collector, February 5, 1935, loaned by G. F. Ferris; 3 females
and 10 larvae on Agave sp., Phoenix, Ariz., C. D. Lebert, July 24,
1935, including holotype; 7 females, 5 second-stage specimens, and
5 larvae on Yucca sp., Phoenix, Ariz., C. D. Lebert, January 6, 1936;
2 females and 14 larvae on /dria columnaris, Mexico, intercepted at
San Ysidro, Calif., C. L. Ritchie, September 24, 1936; 11 females and
2 poor larvae on Cactaceae, New Mexico, intercepted at Blythe Quar-
antine Station, Calif., December 23, 1937 (1 loaned by G. F. Ferris).

Closely related to viridulum, but with fewer marginal quinque-
locular pores, with median dorsal 8-shaped pores larger than the
majority of the marginal 8-shaped pores, and with all setae in the anal
area, except the ring setae, much longer than in viridulum.

ASTEROLECANIUM GUTTA Green

(Fig. 28, F—M ; fig. 29, A-F; pl. 3, G)

Described in 1922 (46, pp. 1035-1036).

Habit.—“On young branches of Calophyllum walkeri: Pattipola.”

Test of female.—Nearly circular, or slightly longer than wide, posterior end
slightly produced; around 3 mm. in diameter, or 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 2-3 wide;
Strongly convex or hemispherical dorsally, flat or slightly concave ventrally;
greenish or clear yellow, opaque owing to a waxy secretion inside test and with
a honeycombed appearance resulting from position of eggs in waxy secretion,
smooth, shiny; marginal filaments rubbed off: larval exit circular, in dorsal
surface of produced area.

Adult female.—Nearly circular or broadly ovoid, posterior end slightly pro-
duced; 2-3 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in an irregularly double row terminating around
twice length of apical seta from bases of setae, spaces between pores usually
about equal to the length of a pore but sometimes less or much more, pores in
the double row mostly alternating, but when opposite, less than a pore’s length
apart, of unusual shape, 12-15 uw long and wide and their halves closely ap-
pressed ; pores with 5-9 loculi in a single row (sometimes crowded and appearing
double for short spaces), interrupted posterior to the last pair of 8-shaped pores

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102 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

but continued beyond and present between apical setae, at least one and a half
times as numerous as 8-shaped pores of nearer row; disk pores among the small
multilocular pores and nearly or quite aS numerous as those, present between
apical setae and also around anal opening.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts
40 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna oblong, with 2 very short setae and 2 longer than
diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar fairly broad,
derm outside opening slightly sunken, and containing a group of 9-14 small
multilocular pores, an irregularly double row of similar pores extending from
spiracle to body margin, a total of 45-55 in group and row combined, the major-
ity of these pores distinctly smaller than the marginal multilocular pores; mul-
tilocular pores on abdomen totaling approximately 368 and having 10-14 loculi,
their arrangement unusual, the posterior ones in a longitudinal median group,
the others in 5 transverse, semicircular bands in lateral area and a few some-
times in median area, posterior group apparently with 62 pores, next with about
71, next with 75, next with 69, next with 56, and anterior group with 35; 10-18
dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts, rather numerous on
anterior half, less numerous near posterior end, and these arranged in trans-
verse rows; Submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row, sometimes rather
crowded near posterior end, terminating near the posterior group of multilocular
pores, nearly aS numerous aS marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a
complete row terminating near the fourth posteriormost pair of marginal
8-shaped pores; 4 setae in the posterior row of multilocular pores, 3 or 4 in
the penultimate row, and none to 2 in the first row anterior to penultimate.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 30-36 wu long,
interapical (present on only 1 half of body in 1 of specimens examined) 7.2 uz
long, inner and outer ventral each about 12.6 uw long; anal opening and tube not
definitely differentiated from surrounding derm, apex invaginated; anal ring
at base of invagination, wide and filled with pores, also provided with 6 setae,
apparently around 55 wu long.

Larva.—Elongate ovoid.

Margin: With 22 8-shaped pores which are very slightly longer than wide,
their halves closely appressed, the anterior 3 or 4 pores on each side of body
larger than the others, which are uniform or only slightly variable in size, axes
of pores diagonal or transverse; 4 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores in a submedian row of 5 or 6 on each half of
body, the anterior pores slightly larger than the posterior ones and very slightly
smaller than marginal pores of Same segments; disk pores in lateral area, a few

near anterior marginal 8-Shaped pores and others near anterior Ssubmedian |

8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2
pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 apparently quinque-
locular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on
inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins;
tibia about one-third as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of Ssubmarginal 8-shaped pores;
9 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head, 1 pair of
submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and
mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch shallow; setae, apical around 72 wu long, interapical
14 w long, inner ventral 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 7.2 u long; anal opening not
definitely differentiated from surrounding derm, apex invaginated, and ring at
base of invagination; anal ring with 6 setae apparently 12.6 uw long and without

pores.

Data.—Redescribed from unmounted material, 1 intact mounted fe-
male, and half of another, and 15 mounted larvae, all on Calophyllum
walkeri, Pattipola, Ceylon, from E. E. Green, March 27, 1912, type.

The marginal 8-shaped pores are unusual in shape, being practically
as wide as long, a condition found in no other known species of the
genus except phoenicis. ‘The multilocular marginal and spiracular
pores are also unusual though similar ones are “sometimes found in
other species, and the undifferentiation of an anal opening and tube
from the surrounding derm is in definite contrast to the condition

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 103

found in other species having 6 setae on the anal ring. Among the
larvae of species having 6 setae on the anal ring, that of gutta is the
only one known with less than 26 marginal 8-shaped pores. Like the
adult, the larva is unusual in not having an anal opening and tube
definitely differentiated from the surrounding derm.

ASTEROLECANIUM HAKEAE Fuller
(Fig. 29, G-—J; pl. 8, Q)

Listed by Fuller in 1897 (36, p. 1345) as Planchonia hakeae but
described by him in 1899 (37, p. 456) as Asterolecanium hakeae.

Habit.—Living on bark in shallow pits.

Test of female.—Nearly circular, 1-185 mm. in diameter; slightly convex
dorsally, with or without faint transverse striations, convex ventrally; greenish
yellow, transparent, smooth or slightly rough, shiny ; marginal filaments whitish,
fragmentary in available specimens; ellipcical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Nearly circular, 0.9-1.25 mm. in diameter, posterior end some-
times slightly produced.

Margin: 8-Shaped pores in an irregularly double row on anterior five-sixths
of body or less, and in a single row on at least posterior sixth, terminating around
the length of apical seta from bases of setae, individual pores measuring 10-12 wu
long and 7 wide, usually around a pore’s length apart, pores of the 2 rows alternate
or opposite, in the latter case less than a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores
in a Single row terminating near the penultimate or posterior pair of 8-shaped
pores and aS numerous as those; disk pores ventrad of quinquelocular pores,
terminating near the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores and less numerous
than those pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly numerous; tubular
ducts 26 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna bluntly conical, with 1 seta shorter and 1 slightly
longer than diameter of antenna; 4—6 quinquelocular pores between antenna and
margin; beak apparently with 1 pair of setae; spiracular bar rather broad; 10-16
quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a single row;
multilocular pores, totaling 101-116 and with 9 or 10 loculi, arranged in 5 com-
plete and 5 interrupted rows, the anterior row anterior to posterior spiracles,
posterior row with 8-12 pores, penultimate with 11-18, each of next 3 with 16—24,
each of next 3 with 6-8, each of next 2 with 3-6; dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores
rather sparse, a few scattered on anterior end and others tending toward ar-
rangement in 2 or 8 transverse rows on abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores in
an irregularly double row terminating near the penultimate row of multilocular
pores, about half as numerous as marginal 8-Shaped pores; submarginal setae
in a complete row terminating between the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped
pores and apical setae; 3 or 4 setae in posterior row of multilocular pores, 2
in penultimate row, and 1 or 2 in first row anterior to penultimate.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 47 uw long, interapical 9 u long,
inner ventral 3.6—-5 » long, outer ventral 7.2 w long; anal ring with 6 setae around
30 uw long and an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 16 pores, divided on dorsal
and ventral sides; ventral surface of apex lightly sclerotized and lined.

Data—Redescribed from unmounted material and the following
mounted specimens: Four females on Hakea ilicifolia, Swan River,
West Australia, 1891, type material: eight females on Banksia sp.,
Swan River, Australia, G. Compere, Compere No. 940; six females on
Acacia sp., Melbourne, Australia, G. Compere, Compere No. 344; one
female on Acacia sp., Australia, C. French collector, from E. E. Green,
received in 1934.

Closely related to ventruosum but differing in having the marginal
row of 8-shaped pores irregularly double in spots instead of definitely
double around most of margin, in having fewer marginal quinque-
locular pores, and in lacking a row of disk pores dorsad of the marginal
8-shaped pores.

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104 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ASTEROLECANIUM HEMISPHAERICUM Kuwana
(Fig. 29, K—O ; fig. 30, A—EH; pl. 2, B)

Described in 1916 (55, pp. 147-148) on stems and branches of bamboo
in Japan.

Habit.—Living on stems, often near nodes.

Test of female.—Elongate ovoid, 2.5-8 mm. long, 1.5-2 wide; strongly convex
dorsally, particularly near anterior end, from where it falls abruptly to anterior
margin but slopes gradually to posterior margin; slightly concave ventrally ; pale
greenish yellow, transparent, smooth, shiny; marginal filaments whitish, frag-
mentary ; larval exit elliptical, in margin.

Adult female.—Elongate ovoid, 2 mm. long, 1.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores mostly in a double row but in a single row near
posterior end of body, terminating about one-half length of apical seta from
bases of setae, 12-13 w long and 8 wide, usually separated by about the length
of a pore, the 2 rows usually separated by less than the width of a pore; quinque-
locular pores in a row mostly 4 pores wide but sometimes 6 pores wide at 1 or
2 points, 3 pores wide before terminating point, and only 1 pore wide at end, which
is 10-20 8-shaped pores from the last pair of pores in that row; disk pores
along dorsal row of 8-shaped pores, terminating nearer to bases of apical setae
than to the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores, usually aS numerous as
8-shaped pores of dorsal row.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores numerous; tubular ducts
scattered except near posterior end, 16 « long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, slightly raised, with 1 seta shorter and 2
longer than diameter of antenna; 15-20 quinquelocular pores in a triple or
quadruple row between antenna and margin; beak apparently without setae;
spiracle with bar subcircular, with atrium expanded, shallow, and filled with
quinquelocular pores which continue over edge of opening and extend to body
margin in a row 38-8 pores wide, 125-140 in atrium and row combined; multi-
locular pores, totaling 98-117 and having 6-11 loculi, arranged in 2 complete and
6 interrupted rows, the penultimate row interrupted but the first row anterior to
it complete, posterior row with 13 pores, penultimate with 7-10, next with 8-12,
next with 11-15, next with 15-18, next with 14-18, next with 17-20, and anterior
row with 138-15; genital opening obscure in 1 of specimens studied, not at all ap-
parent in others; a loose group of 10-15 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of
mouth parts, some scattered on anterior end, and others tending toward arrange-
ment in 6 transverse rows posterior to mouth parts; submarginal 8-shaped pores
in a double row terminating near first row anterior to penultimate row of multi-
locular pores, about one-half as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores of the
adjacent row; 7 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair near
the sixth posteriormost pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 4 setae in posterior row
of multilocular pores, 2 in penultimate row, and 1 in first row anterior to
penultimate. ad

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 35 uw long, interapical 10.8 » long,
inner ventral 5.4 u long, outer ventral 9 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 36 uw long
and an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 16 or 18 pores, tending toward division
on dorsal side; ventral surface of apex slightly sclerotized and lined.

Larva.—Elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior pair and the anterior 4 pairs
slightly larger than the others, axes of all longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 10 or 11 on each half
of body, the anterior 2 pores larger than the others, all practically same size as
marginal pores of the corresponding segments; disk pores closer to marginal
than to Submedian 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-fourth length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular
pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner
and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia
one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently
8 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 3 pairs of sub-
marginal larger setae at anterior end; 1 pair of setae between antennae.

ee es ee eee

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 105

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 81 » long, interapical 12.6 yu
long, inner ventral 5.4 w long, outer ventral 3.6 w long; anal ring with 6 setae
about 12.6 w long and an inner row of 6 and an outer of apparently 8 pores,
divided on dorsal and ventral sides.

Data—Redescribed from the following material identified on the
basis of Kuwana’s original description: Unmounted specimens, two
mounted females, and six mounted larvae on Bambusa metake, River-
ton, N. J., H. B. Weiss, May 1916; one mounted female on Phz/-
lostachys sp., Lung T’au Shan, Ping Shan Hang, K’uk Kong district,
Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure, January 10, 1926; one test and one
mounted female on Arundinaria chino, Sendai, Japan, E. Lishiba, May

ms, 1926, No ¥. BE: G:
This is the only known species on bamboo in which the marginal
§-shaped pores are in a double row.

ASTEROLECANIUM HILLI Green
(Fig. 30, F-—M; pl. 5, 1)

Described in 1916 (44, pp. 63-64).

Habit—tLiving on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Elongate elliptical, 2.25 mm. long and 0.95 wide, posterior
end narrowed; nearly flat to slightly convex dorsally, flat ventrally; clear
yellow, transparent, thin, punctate; marginal filaments whitish, fragmentary;
circular larval exit in dorsal surface at the margin.

Adult female—Nearly elongate elliptical, 2 mm. long, 0.75 wide, posterior
end narrowed and Slightly constricted.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near constriction in body,
or about twice length of apical seta from bases of setae, 9 uw long and 4 wide,
the pores normally about a pore’s length apart: trilocular pores in a single row
between spiracular pore bands and extending about 15 pores outside them, 1 or
2 near each 8-shaped pore.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores not observed; disk pores sparse;
tubular ducts 28 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, apparently with 2 setae slightly longer than
diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pails of setae; spiracle with bar expanded
at inner end, opening broad, atrium somewhat enlarged and containing 2
trilocular or quinquelocular pores, approximately 15 trilocular pores extending
from spiracle to body margin in a single row; multilocular pores, having 6-10
loculi (usually 10), arranged in 3 complete rows, posterior row with 30 pores,
middle row with 20, and anterior row with 10; 2 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores
each side of beak, 4 on anterior end, and 4 near posterior end; submarginal
8-shaped pores at least as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores, in a double
row terminating near anal opening, inner pores larger and usually less numerous
than outer ones; apparently 6 pairs of submarginal setae, observed only posterior
to spiracles, the posterior pair about two-thirds the length of an apical seta
from bases of apical setae; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular pores
and 1 pair in each of the other rows.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical (on ventral surface near margin) 60 uw long,
interapical (also on ventral surface) 3.6 uw long, outer ventral 3 uw long; anal
opening ventral, anterior to bases of apical setae, circular, its margin faintly
sclerotized.

Larva.—Elongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 elongate, slender 8-shaped pores, which gradually increase
in size from posterior end of row, axes of all longitudinal; a pair of minute
setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs of pores; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a lateral row of 9 on each half of body,
shorter than the width of a posterior marginal pore; disk pores between lateral
and marginal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1: V. 1: VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
Stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae, 1

0 ee a ie ET ERS, SE SF ae be

106 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

pair apical, 1 pair median, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 2 trilocular pores or with 1
trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 38, femur 0, tarsus 1 each
on inner and outer margins; tibia one-third as long as tarsus; 5 pairs of sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores of which 1 pair is between the antennae; 10 pairs of
minute submarginal setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head; 2 pairs of setae near
antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical about 36 « long, interapical 9 uw long, one 1 uz
long mesad of interapical, outer ventral 0.5 w long; anal opening an elongate
incision in ventral surface close to margin; anal tube short bulbous, heavily
sclerotized ; anal ring a constriction at inner end of tube.

Data—Redescribed from three unmounted specimens, one mounted

female, and three mounted larvae on Livistona humilis, Stapleton,
Northern Territory, Australia, from E. E. Green, received in 1933,
type.
Thee stated (45, p. 64), “After examination of many preparations,
I have been unable to locate the position of the anal orifice.” In the
well stained specimen examined by the writer the anal orifice is clearly
defined.

This species is most closely related to wnicum.

ASTEROLECANIUM HORISHAE, New species
(Fig. 31, A-G; pl. 9, Y)

Discussed under the name Asterolecanium japonicum Cockerell in
1934 (95, p. 4) by Takahashi, who indicated, however, that he was not
sure of his identification.

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female.—Slightly longer than wide, measuring 0.8-1 mm. long and 0.75
wide, posterior end produced; flat or slightly convex dorsally, with a faint
longitudinal median carina and transverse striations in median area, flat ven-
trally; pale greenish yellow, transparent, punctate; marginal filaments pale
golden yellow.; dorsal filaments absent or arranged in 2-7 groups, pale golden,
slightly shorter than marginal filaments; larval exit elliptical, in dorsal surface
at margin.

Adult female.—Slightly longer than wide, measuring 0.8-1 mm. long and 0.7
wide, or circular, 0.75-0.9 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating two to three times a
pore’s length from bases of apical setae, each pore with a short, sclerotized,
tongue-shaped projection on dorsal edge, posterior pores 7 u long and 4 wide, the
others 8 uw long and 5 wide, distance between pores ranging from width to length
of a pore; usually 3-89 quinquelocular pores near point where each spiracular
pore band meets margin.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores sometimes absent but often in 7-10 groups of
2-11 pores each, the groups following the margin but well removed from it, and
apparently not at uniform distances from each other, not observed near posterior
end, the individual pores usually around 5-6 uw long and 4-5 wide, but the posterior
pores sometimes 3-4 uw long and 2 wide; minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk
pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 20 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna cireular, flat, usually with 2 setae slightly longer
than diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar slightly
expanded at inner end; 3-15 (usually 6-8) quinquelocular pores extending from
spiracle to body margin in a single row; multilocular pores, totaling 29-36 and
having 10 loculi, arranged in 4 complete rows of 6—10 each; 1 or 2 dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores each side of beak and 3 or 4 on anterior end; submarginal 8-shaped
pores in a single row terminating near the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped
pores and usually nearly as numerous as those pores; 7 pairs of submarginal
setae posterior to posterior spiracles, the posterior pair fairly near the pos-
terior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in the posterior row, 1
pair in each of the other rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of atdomen: Lobes barely indicated; setae, apical 48 u long, interapical
3.5 uw long, outer ventral 2 u long; anal opening ventral, close to margin, circular,
its margin membranous, usually without, but occasionally with, 1 seta 1 yu long.

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THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 107

Larva.—HElliptieal. .

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae at
anterior end. :

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian and a lateral row of 8 or 9 each,

on each half of body, the submedian pores usually varying in size, some being
nearly or quite as large as the marginal pores, others, like the lateral pores, only
about as long as the marginal pores are wide; a few disk pores posteriorly.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 2 slender: antennal bases nearly two-thirds length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular
pore, posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner
margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-fourth as
long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 7 pairs of
submarginal minute setae posterior to posterior spiracles, 1 pair of submarginal
larger setae at anterior end; 3 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Slightly concave, lobes barely indicated; setae, apical 32 u
long, interapical 3.6 uw long, outer ventral 2 » long; anal opening in margin, circu-
lar; anal tube short, bulbous, sclerotized; anal ring heavily sclerotized, with 2
setae 1-2 » long either on ring or in tube close to ring.

Data.—Described from the following material: One test, 2 mounted
females, and 2 mounted larvae on Pasania brevicaudata, Horisha,
Nanto province, Taiwan (Formosa), E. H. Wilson, March 9, 1918,
U.S. N. H., holotype and paratypes; unmounted material, 25 mounted
females, and 33 mounted larvae on Lithocarpus sp., Suisha, Taiwan
(Formosa), R. Takahashi, June 11, 1933, paratypes; unmounted ma-
terial, 7 mounted females, and 10 larvae on Lithocarpus sp., Shinten,
Taiwan (Formosa), R. Takahashi, March 21, 1938, paratypes.

This species has an unusually large variation in the number of
marginal quinquelocular pores. There is a tendency for insects re-
moved from the dorsal surface of leaves to have many marginal quin-
quelocular pores and no dorsal 8-shaped pores, and for those from the
lower surface to have few or no marginal quinquelocular pores and
some dorsal 8-shaped pores. So much variation occurs with respect
to each of these characters, however, that it seems unwise to segre-
gate the two forms on a specific or varietal basis. Larvae of horishae
are unusual in having the dorsal 8-shaped pores differing conspicuously
in size in different specimens; this seems to be typical of the species,
however, because specimens with all the pores small. or some small
and some large, have been removed from a single test.

ASTEROLECANIUM ILICICOLA Targioni-Tozzetti
(Fig. 31, H—-N; pl. 1, F)

Described in 1888 (97, pp. 422-424), and discussed further by
Targioni-Tozzetti in 1892 (98, pp. 285-295, 311-312).

Asterolecanium ilicis, described by Newstead in 1897 (75, p. 100)
as Planchonia ilicis on “scrub” from Constantine, Algeria, was listed
as a synonym of variolosum by Lindinger in 1912 (61, pp. 280, 360),
but has been accepted as a valid species by some authors, including
Balachowsky (2, p. wxiv). Newstead stated that éJicis was closely
related to ¢/cicola, but that the two could be differentiated by the
absence of a marginal fringe from the tests of the former and the
presence of such a fringe on those of the latter. This is not satisfac-
tory for separating the two forms. Newstead did not compare the
morphological characters of these species, and type material of ¢Jicis
has not been available to the writer. Specimens on Quercus from
Constantine, Algeria, have been studied, however, and have been found

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108 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

specifically identical with specimens of ¢écicola from Europe. Since
there is no information in the original description to warrant the
retention of z/7cis as a valid species, ‘and since specimens from its type
host and locality belong to 2licicola, dicis is here synonymized with
alicicola.

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female.—Ovoid or nearly circular, posterior end sometimes slightly
produced; 1.5-2.25 mm. long and 1.25-2 wide, or around 1.9 mm. in diameter;
convex dorsally, sometimes with very faint transverse striations ending in
minute tubercles in lateral area; flat ventrally; greenish, brownish, or rather
clear yellow, transparent, smooth, shiny; marginal filaments same color as test;
larval exit narrow, elongate, in dorsal surface at margin.

Adult female.—Similar to test in shape, 1.10-2 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around a pore’s length
from bases of apical setae, around 10 uw long and 6 wide, usually a pore’s length
apart; 10-80 quinquelocular pores near point where each spiracular pore band
meets margin, the groups not meeting between anterior and posterior spiracular
pore bands, the pores as numerous as the 8-shaped pores at ends of row, usually
at least twice as numerous in the center of each group.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores sparse; disk pores numerous; tubular
ducts 28 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna conical, with 2 setae as long as diameter of antenna;
beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar rather broad; 25-50 quinquelocular
pores extending from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly double row;
multilocular pores, with 10 loculi, arranged in 4 complete rows, posterior row
with 11-18, each of next 2 rows with 6-14, and anterior row with 2-10, a total
of 29-55; 4-8 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores in a transverse row posterior to
beak; submarginal 8-shaped pores mostly in a single row, but usually double
at posterior end, terminating near the posterior row of multilocular pores,
usually aS numerous aS marginal 8-shaped pores where row is single, and some-
times twice aS numerous where it is double; submarginal setae in a complete
row terminating near the fourth to eleventh posteriormost 8-shaped pore; 2 pairs
of setae in posterior row, 1 pair in each of the other rows, and 1 pair anterior
to multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes barely indicated; setae, apical 64-72 yu long, inter-
apical 8-14 uw long, outer ventral 8 w long; anal opening ventral, its margin
sclerotized, normally with 2 setae about 3.6 uw long on anterior edge.

Second stage-——Resembling adult female, but smaller; margin with 2 or 3
quinquelocular pores at each spiracular pore band; ventral surface with 8 or 9
quinquelocular pores in each spiracular pore band, submarginal 8-shaped pores and
submarginal setae very sparse; apex of abdomen as in adult but all setae broken
off at base.

Larva.—Ovoid.

Margin: Without 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-sShaped pores usually lacking, but present in larvae from
Corsica collected in 1913, where they are arranged in a submedian row of 1-5
and a lateral row of 1-8, on each half of body; disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs at tip; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore,
posterior spiracle without pores; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near
base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-fourth as long as tarsus;
8 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, none between antennae; apparently 7
pairs of submarginal minute setae posterior to posterior spiracles, apparently 1
pair of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae between
antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical 58-72 uw long,
interapical 9-12 u» long, outer ventral about 5 uw long; anal opening a narrow
incision in ventral surface and margin; anal tube very short, slightly sclerotized,
somewhat bulbous; anal ring slightly sclerotized, with 2 setae 6-8 wu long.

Test of male.—HElliptical, 1.25 mm. long, 0.75 wide; dorsally slightly convex at
anterior end, almost flat at posterior end, with faint transverse striations and
with a weak median carina extending from convex area to posterior end, occasional
specimens also with inconspicuous curved lateral carinae extending from anterior

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 109

to posterior ends of median carina ; flat ventrally; pale greenish yellow, trans-
parent, very thin; marginal filaments pale yellow to whitish.

Adult male.——1 mm. long.

Head: Antenna 10-segmented, formula (longest to shortest), III, IV, V, VI, VII,
VIII, IX, X, II, I; antennal setae, I, 1; I, 7; I1I-X, 12-18 and X also with 4
very long setae and 1 that is stout; basal bars diagonal; approximately 15
setae anterior to ventral eyespots, 1 or 2 on dorsal surface.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases rectangular, four times as long as wide, with
a faint median longitudinal fold; tibia one-sixth longer than tarsus.

Abdomen: Five segments each with a pair of setae dorsally on lateral margin,
4 or 5 segments each with a pair of setae in ventral lateral area; lobes indicated,
each with 1 long and 2 short setae; penis sheath with 2 setae dorsally at base,

_

6 or 7 setae ventrally at base, and 4 or 5 setae on each side of ventral opening.

Data—Redescribed from unmounted material and the following
mounted specimens collected on Quercus: One female, 35 larvae, and
1 male on Q. ilex, Nice, France, determined as guercicola by Signoret,
and used as the basis for the erection of Asterodiaspis, loaned by M.

Beier; 2 females and 6 larvae on Q. ilex, Montpellier, France, de-

termined as guercicola by Signoret, loaned by M. Beier; 1 female,
Europe, Maskell Collection No. 65, labeled guercicola Bouché; 1 female
on Q. ilex, Portici, Italy, Chermotheca Italica, Fasc. I, No. 47, Berlese
and Leonardi, 1895; 8 females, 52 larvae, and 2 males on Q. dex, near
Ajaccio, Corsica, O. Jaap, February 25, 1913, Jaap Collection No.
122b; 5 females and 4 larvae on Q. é/ex, E] Guerrah, Constantine,
Algeria, A. Balachowsky, November 15, 1926; 3 femaies on Q. coccifera,
Alger, Algeria, A. Balachowsky, January 1927; 4 females on Q. ilex,
Constantine, Algeria, A. Balachowsky, from E. E. Green, received
June 3, 1927; 4 females and 10 larvae on Q. tlex, Agay, Var, France,
A. Balachowsky, April 23, 1930; 2 females and 1 second-stage specimen
on Q. ilex, Ajaccio, Corsica, A. Balachowsky, November 4, 1930; 2
females on Q. suber, Spain, intercepted at Philadelphia, Pa., W. J.
Ehinger, December 28, 1932; 2 females on Q. z/ex, Portici, Italy, from
F. Silvestri, received May 1934.

This species, placed as a synonym of variolosum by Lindinger in 1912
(61, pp. 280, 360), is valid as considered by Leonardi (57, pp. 256-258)
and other writers. It is closely related to quercicola and variolosum,
but differs from them in habit as well as in structural details. It is
found on both surfaces of the leaves and does not produce pits, whereas
quercicola and variolosum occur on. the bark and do cause the forma-
tion of pits. Several characters of the adult females of the three
species differ in degree. Specimens of ¢licicola are consistently
larger than specimens of quercicola and have fewer marginal quinque-
locular pores than either guercicola or variolosum. In ilicicola there
are very few minute dorsal 8-shaped pores and also few dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores, whereas in quercicola and variolosum the minute dorsal
8-shaped pores are numerous and the dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores are
usually numerous around the beak and spiracular areas.

In the larvae the absence of marginal 8-shaped pores in ¢icicola is
in striking contrast to the presence of 28 such pores in guercicola and
wvariolosum. ‘The occurrence of dorsal 8-shaped pores in the larvae
of zlictcola from Corsica is unusual, there being no indication of such
pores in the other larvae studied. In other characters, however, the
larvae from Corsica agree with those from other lots, and the adult
seems the same as the adults from other sources that are considered
to be dicicola.

34

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110 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ASTEROLECANIUM INCONSPICUUM, new species
(Fig. $1, O-T;; fig. 32, A, B; pl. 4, K)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves, in shallow pits.

Test of female.—Nearly circular, 0.95—1.2 mm. in diameter, posterior end slightly
produced; flat dorsally, with or without a faint longitudinal median carina;
slightly convex ventrally; yellow, transparent, fairly thin, somewhat punctate;
marginal and dorsal filaments whitish, the latter very numerous, slightly longer
than marginal; larval exit elliptical, in ventral surface at margin.

Adult female.—Similar to test in shape, 0.85-1 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about one-half length
of apical seta from setal bases, 12 uw long and 8 wide, less than the width of
a pore apart; 4-6 quinquelocular pores where each spiracular pore band meets
margin ; disk pores ventrad of 8-shaped pores (as nearly submarginal as marginal),
terminating between the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores and apical setae, less
numerous than 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores arranged in around 13 fairly definite transverse
rows, absent on posterior end and close to margin, 12-13 uw long and 9 wide; minute
8-shaped pores rather sparse, disk pores numerous; tubular ducts 24 wu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped, ending in a sharp conical spine,
with 2 setae longer than diameter of antenna and apparently sometimes 1
shorter; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar subcircular, derm around
opening Somewhat sunken and containing 3-5 quinquelocular pores, 8 or 10 sim-
ilar pores (sometimes with 8 or 6 loculi) extending from spiracle to body margin
in an irregularly single row, a total of 11-13 pores in group and row combined;
multilocular pores, with 6-9 loculi, in 5 complete and 3 interrupted rows, the
posterior row with 6 pores, each of next 2 rows with 9, next with 8, next with
6, next with 5, next with 3, and anterior row with 4, a total of 50 in the single
available specimen in which they can be counted accurately, apparently less
than 50 in other specimens; dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores very Sparse; sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near the posterior row
of multilocular pores, nearly as numerous aS marginal 8-shaped pores; sub-
marginal setae in a complete row terminating near the posterior pair of marginal
8-shaped pores; 2 or 3 setae in the posterior row and 2 in each of the other
complete rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch shallow; lobes indicated; setae, apical 88 uw long,
interapical 5.4 w long, dorsal 2 » long, inner and outer ventral each about 5.4 uw
long; anal ring with 2 setae 20 uw and four 12.6—-14.4 uw long, divided on dorsal
and ventral sides; ventral surface of apex slightly sclerotized in dentate rows.

Larva.—Too poor for outline to be determined or to be described completely.

Margin: Apparently with 28 8-shaped pores, position with respect to margin
indeterminable; apparently 3 pairs of setae anterio1ly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores present but number and arrangement inde-
terminable, apparently slightly smaller than marginal pores; disk pores present
but position indeterminable.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 2 slender; beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle appar-
ently with 1 pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and
1 on outer margin near center, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia
about one-third as long as tarsus; apparently 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped
pores; Submarginal setae, and setae near antennae, present, but their number
indeterminable.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 72 u long, interapical 10.8 uw long, dorsal 2 u
long, inner ventral 3.6 uw long, outer ventral apparently 2 uw long; anal ring with
6 setae each about 12.6 » long and with 6 pores, apparently not divided.

Data.—Described from unmounted material, three mounted fe-
males, and one poor mounted larva on an unknown host, Brisbane,
Australia, G. Compere, Compere Collection No. 1161, holotype and
paratypes.

Asterolecanium inconspicuum is the only known species, among those
having six setae on the anal ring and not found on bamboo, in which
there are no pores in the anal ring of the adult female.

eae

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM iid

ASTEROLECANIUM INGAE, hew species
(Fig. 32, O-H; pl. 3, F)

Listed by Wolcott in 1936 (100, p. 122), as Asterolecanium sp. nov.

Habit.—Living on bark.

Test of female.—Broad ovoid, posterior end strongly narrowed, produced, and
sometimes slightly elevated; 1.25-1.5 mm. long, 1-1.25 wide; slightly convex
dorsally, without or with a faint, broad, longitudinal median carina; flat ven-
trally; greenish, pale yellow, or nearly colorless, transparent, thin, slightly
punctate; marginal and dorsal filaments pale to deep pinkish, sometimes nearly
rust, the latter dense along median line and in lateral and submarginal areas,
less numerous in submedian area, ranging from at least as long to twice as long
as marginal filaments; circular larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Similar to test in shape, 1-1.25 mm. long, 0.9-1.10 wide.

Margin: 8-Shaped pores in a single row terminating around three times the
length of an apical seta from setal bases, posterior pores 9-10 yw long and 6-8
wide, the others 12 » long and 8 wide, usually slightly more than a pore’s width
apart at posterior end, and from a pore’s width to a pore’s length apart else-
where; quinquelocular pores in a Single row, usually absent between antennae
and usually terminating at about the eighth (sometimes as much as the seven-
teenth) posteriormost pair of 8-Shaped pores, at least aS numerous as 8-shaped
pores near posterior end, elsewhere usually one and a half times and occasion-
ally twice aS numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores; disk pores ventrad of
quinquelocular pores and as near to submarginal as to marginal 8-shaped pores,
terminating around length of an apical seta from seial bases, nearly or actually
as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores along median line and scattered elsewhere
though sparse, and sometimes absent in a narrow submedian area on posterior
half, some pores 9-10 » long and 6-7 wide, the majority 12 uw long and 8 wide, and
some 18-20 « long and 13 wide, the largest pores along median line in a fairly
regular single row, and smaller pores in an irregularly single or double row on
each side, largest pores also occurring in 8 fairly definite rows paralleling body
margin and at fairly uniform intervals from it, with Surrounding area covered
with smaller pores; minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores fairly sparse;
tubular ducts 40 wu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna dome-shaped, sunken in derm, with 2 setae longer
and 1 or 2 shorter than diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle
with bar broad, atrium slightly enlarged, very shallow, 8-11 quinquelocular
pores in atrium and on edge of opening and 11-24 similar pores extending from
Spiracle to body margin in an irregularly single row, 22-85 in group and row
combined; multilocular pores, totaling 72-88 and with 10 loculi, arranged in 5
complete and 3 interrupted rows, the posterior row with 9-16 pores, penultimate
row with 7-14, next with 10-18, each of next 2 with 14-20, next with 2-5, and
each of next two rows with 2 or 3; 5-10 dark-rimmed 8-Shaped pores each side of
beak, Some scattered on anterior end and others tending toward arrangement in
5 or 6 transverse rows posterior to mouth parts; submarginal 8-shaped pores in
an irregularly single and double row terminating nearly twice length of apical
seta from bases of setae, usually as numerous as corresponding marginal
8-shaped pores, the row single posterior to marginal 8-Shaped pores; submarginal
setae in a complete row terminating near the fourth to sixth posteriormost pair
of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in the posterior row of multilocular
pores and 1 pair in each of the next 2 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical apparently 45
(certainly not more than 50) uw long, interapical 14.4-16.2 uw long, dorsal 7.2 u
long, intermediate ventral 2.8—3.6 uw long, outer ventral 5.4 « long; anal ring with
6 setae 36—41 uw long, with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 15 or 16 pores,
divided on dorsal side and tending toward division on ventral; ventral surface of
apex sclerotized and rugose, or sclerotized in dentate rows.

Larva.—Rather elongate elliptical, but the ends somewhat narrowed.

Margin: 8-shaped pores probably 28 in number, but posterior pair more nearly
on dorsal surface than on margin and appearing to belong with dorsal lateral
pores rather than with marginal pores, the posterior pair slightly larger than the
5 pairs anterior to it, the next 7 pairs slightly larger than the 5 behind them,
slightly smaller than the anterior pair, and of the same size as the posterior pair,

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112 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse, of the others longitudinal; a pair of
minute setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs of pores; 3 pairs of setae at
anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores in a submedian row of 10 and a lateral row of

ssa i a al Aa ES

ay | 13, on each half of body, lateral pores placed irregularly on thorax and suggest-
“alli ing a submarginal row, the posterior 4 or 5 submedian pores Slightly smaller than
valle the anterior 5 or 6 and practically equal in size to marginal pores of same seg-

ments, the anterior 3 or 4 lateral pores Slightly larger than the posterior pore
fl and slightly larger than marginal pores of Same segments; a few disk pores
Sl rather close to lateral 8-shaped pores; a pair of minute setae anterior to anterior
ig pair of submedian 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; articulation between fifth and sixth antennal segments rather
indefinite: antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2 pairs
apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore or with
2 trilocular pores; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1
each on inner and outer margins near center; tarsus 1 each on inner and outer
margins; tibia about one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped
pores; apparently 16 disk pores, submarginal in position, nearly in line with
submarginal 8-Shaped pores, occurring on head, thorax, and abdomen, and ter-
minating on penultimate segment of body; apparently 7 pairs of submarginal
minute setae, on head, thorax, and abdomen, the posterior pair on the fifth
segment from posterior end of body, 2 pairs of submarginal larger setae at |
anterior end; 1 pair of setae anterior to antennae and 2 pairs between antennae |
and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 48 mw long, interapical 5.4 u
long, dorsal 1.8 » long, intermediate ventral 2 u long, fairly close to median line,
outer ventral 3.6 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae each 21 uw long and with an inner
row of 6 and an outer one of 12 pores, divided on dorsal and ventral sides; ven-
tral surface of apex slightly sclerotized and rugose close to margin.

Data—Described from unmounted material, 9 mounted females,
and 15 mounted larvae on Jnga verra, Utuado, Puerto Rico, V. Medina, |
March 18, 1935, from G. N. Wolcott, holotype and paratypes.
ee Although ingae is most closely related ‘to various Neotropical spe-

‘a cles, it superficially resembles the Ethiopian species coffeae, from which

= it may, however, be readily distinguished in both the adult and larva
le by the absence of a sclerotized elongate bar extending anteriorly from
pl the base of each interapical seta.

[en ee

| ASTEROLECANIUM INLABEFACTUM, new species
ad (Fig. 33, A-F; pl. 9, X)

Mi Habit.—ULiving on bark and on the lower surface of leaves.
i Test of female.—Elongate, 1—1.35 mm. long and 0.4-0.5 wide, the posterior third
or half slightly narrowed, each end usually truncate, but Sometimes slightly
rounded ; convex dorsally, flat ventrally: pale greenish yellow, transparent, dull
or shiny, punctate; marginal filaments very pale greenish yellow, longest across
posterior end, dorsal filaments rubbed off; elliptical larval exit in dorsal surface
at the margin.
Adult female.—Similar to test in shape, 0.9-1.25 mm. long, 0.3—-0.4 wide.
Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row which is continued between the apical
setae, the posterior 4 pores slightly farther apart than the others, which are about
wa a pore’s width apart, the pores on anterior half of body and the posterior 5 or 6
Whe? pores around 8 uw long and 5 wide, the others around 7 uw long and 4 wide; trilocu-
4 lar pores in a Single row, which is either complete or interrupted toward anterior
end, and which terminates slightly nearer to the apical setae than to the
posterior spiracular pore bands, 1 trilocular pore opposite every 2 or 3 8-shaped
pores near end of row, and usually 1 or 2 near each 8-shaped pore elsewhere.
Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores 9 uw long and 5 wide, in 2 groups of 9-15 each
' in lateral area at anterior end; pores measuring only 5 uw long and 3 wide occur-
nai ring posterior to the large pores, extending across body and numerous in trans-
a) verse median area but sparse on posterior third; minute 8-shaped and disk pores
wit very sparse; tubular ducts 24 wu long.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 113

Ventral surface: Antenna sclerotized, roughly circular, flat, sunken in derm,
with 2 setae slightly longer than diameter of antenna; beak with 1 pair of
setae; spiracie with bar fairly wide and slightly expanded at inner end, atrium
enlarged, bag-Shaped, and containing 6-9 quinquelocular pores, 5-12 similar pores
extending from spiracle to body margin in a single row; multilocular pores with
6-10 loculi and arranged in 2 complete and apparently 2—5 interrupted rows,
each of complete rows with 6-9 pores and each of interrupted rows with 2;
2-4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few scattered in lateral
area of abdomen, and 4 or 5 tending toward arrangement in a transverse row
anterior to multilocular pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row
terminating near the posterior row of multilocular pores, approximately one-
third as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete
row usually terminating 3 8-shaped pores from the posterior pair of marginal
8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in the posterior row of multilocular pores, 1 pair
in the anterior complete row, 1 pair in the posterior interrupted row, and some-
times 1 pair in the next interrupted row.

Apex of abdomen: Notch minute; lobes indicated, on ventral surface close to
margin: setae, apical 52 uw long, outer ventral about 4 u long; anal opening ven-
tral, close to body margin, circular, its margin membranous.

Larva.—Eliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; a pair of minute
setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs of pores; 3 pairs of setae at anterior
end.

Dorsal surface: One 8-shaped pore on median line, and 3 in a lateral] row on
each half of body, the median pore as large as, or slightly larger than, lateral
pores, all about two-thirds the size of marginal pores; disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V. apparently 0; VI, 3 long, 2
stout, 2 fairly stout; antennal bases two-thirds length of antenna apart; beak
setae, at least 1 pair near tip, and 1 pair near base; spiracle with 1 trilocular
and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa apparently 2, femur 1 on inner margin
near base, tarsus apparently 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-half
as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 9 pairs of submarginal
minute setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head; 2 pairs of setae between antennae
and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 36 wu long,
interap-cal apparently 1.8 uw long, outer ventral 2 » long; anal opening in margin,
circular, its margin Slightly sclerotized.

Data.— Described from unmounted material, five mounted females,
and six larvae on Palmae (Chamaedorea sp.?), Cordoba, Mexico, O. F.
Cook, U.S. N. H., holotype and paratypes.

This species can be separated from other species on palm by the
uninterrupted row of marginal 8-shaped pores which extends across
the apex of the abdomen, by the presence of two groups of large
8-shaped pores near the anterior end of the body, and by the even dis-
tribution of many smaller 8-shaped pores posterior to the large pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM INUSITATUM, new species
(Fig. 33, G—M ; fig. 34, A, B; pl. 8, L)

Habit.—Living on the upper surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Elongate ovoid, 1.4 mm. long, 0.75 wide, posterior third
strongly tapered; mostly convex dorsally but posterior tip nearly flat, with a
faint longitudinal median carina; slightly convex ventrally; clear yellow, trans-
parent, shiny, punctate; marginal filaments rubbed off; dorsal filaments clear
yellow, scattered, varying in length; circular larval exit in dorsal surface at
margin.

Adult female.—Elongate ovoid, posterior end strongly tapered: 1.2 mm. long,
0.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about twice length of
apical seta from setal bases, posterior pores 8 uw long and 4 wide, others 9 u
long and 4 wide, twice a pore’s length apart at posterior end of row, a pore’s
width to length apart elsewhere; quinquelocular pores in a single row termi.

286720—41—_—_8

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114 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

nating about 8 8-shaped pores from the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, nearly
aS numerous as 8-shaped pores toward posterior end of row, usually one and
one-half times as numerous elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores scattered except at posterior end, 10-16 u
long and 7-12 wide, the majority 12-16 uw long and 10-12 wide; minute 8-shaped
pores numerous; disk pores fairly sparse; tubular ducts 24 wu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna a circular, raised area with 2 setae as long as, and
2 longer than, diameter of antenna; beak broken, presence or absence of setae
indeterminable; spiracle with bar triangular, atrium enlarged and containing
4 or 5 quinquelocular pores, 7-9 similar pores extending to body margin in a
single row; multilocular pores, with 7—10 loculi, arranged in 2 complete and 1
interrupted row, the posterior complete row with 11 and the other with 19
pores, the interrupted row with 2; 4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of
beak, a few in lateral area of abdomen, and a few tending toward arrangement
in a transverse row anterior to multilocular pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores
in a single row terminating near the posterior row of multilocular pores, nearly
aS numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row
terminating about one-half length of apical seta from bases of apical setae; 7
setae in posterior complete row of multilocular pores, 2 in anterior complete
row, and 2 anterior to those but posterior to interrupted row of pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch minute; lobes indicated, apparently on ventral
surface; setae, apical 60-64 uw long, interapical 7.2 uw long, a pair 1 uw long entad
of interapical on dorsal margin, intermediate and outer ventral (both nearly
anterior to apical) each 3.6 u long: anal opening ventral, very close to margin in
a slight indentation between lobes, circular, its margin membranous.

Larva.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, anterior pores slightly larger than the
others, axes of all longitudinal; a minute seta close to each pore of the posterior
3 pairs; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 4-8 and a lateral row
of 9, on each half of body, with a total of 26-33, posterior pores of each row
the smallest, submedian pores about one-fourth larger than lateral and slightly
or distinctly smaller than marginal pores of same segments; 2 disk pores between
lateral and marginal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 3 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout ; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2 pairs apical,
1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae,
coxa 38, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer
margins; tibia one-fourth as long as tarsus; apparently 9 pairs of submarginal
8-shaped pores; apparently 9 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen,
thorax, and head; 3 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical 54 u long, inter-
apical 5.4 uw long, a pair 1 uw long entad of interapical, intermediate and outer
ventral (both, nearly anterior to apical) each 1 uw long; anal opening in margin,
circular, its margin sclerotized.

Data.—Described from one unmounted specimen, one mounted
female, and six mounted larvae on Caryota sp., Cerro del Galipan,
north of Caracas, Venezuela, August 15, 1891, U. S. N. H., holotype
and paratypes.

In general appearance this species resembles boliviae and palmae,
but the absence of anal ring setae sets it off from these species im-
mediately. It can be segregated from any other known: species in-
festing palm by the presence of numerous 8-shaped pores scattered over
the dorsal surface.

ASTEROLECANIUM JAPONICUM Cockerell

(Fig. 34, C-K; pl. 7, M)

Described by Cockerell in 1900 (22, p. 77) as a variety of
Asterolecanium variolosum, and raised to specific rank by Takahashi
m 1934 (95, p. 4). Although Takahashi based his action on a mis-
identification of specimens (those he placed as this species belonging

so AN i Di rm ci a

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 115

to horishae), he was, in the writer’s opinion, correct. in elevating the
name to specific rank.

Habit.—Living on bark, in shallow pits.

Test of female—Circular, 0.8-1.10 mm. in diameter, posterior end slightly
produced; slightly convex dorsally, sometimes with faint transverse striations,
strongly convex ventrally; greenish or brownish yellow, semitransparent, shiny ;
marginal filaments pale pinkish; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Nearly circular, 0.75-1 mm. in diameter, posterior end slightly
produced and rounded or truneate.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about one-half length
of apical seta from setal bases, posterior pores 6-7 » long and 4 wide, the others
8-9 uw long and 6 wide, a pore’s width to length apart; quinquelocular pores in
a row which is continued across apex of abdomen between apical setae, ihe row
single on posterior third, double elsewhere, aS numerous as the 8-shaped pores
where the row is single, elsewhere at least twice 4S numerous.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores scattered, mostly
in lateral area, not numerous; tubular ducts 24 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna conical, with 2 setae as long as diameter of antenna;
beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar expanded at inner end, and with
5 or 6 quinquelocular pores in a semicircular group outside opening, 20-25
similar pores extending from group to body margin in an irregular single or
double row: multilocular pores, with 10 loculi, arranged in 4 complete rows,
posterior row with 10 pores, each of the others with 6 or 8; 25-30 dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores surrounding mouth parts, and a few posterior to beak in rather
indefinite transverse rows ; Submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating
near the posterior row of multilocular pores, about one-half as numerous as
marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating near
the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in the posterior
row, and 1 pair in each of the other rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical around 64 yw long, interapical 5 uw long, outer
ventral 4 w long: anal opening ventral, fairly close to body margin, nearly
circular, its margin sclerotized and with 2 setae, each around 3 u» long, on anterior
edge.

Larva.—Ovoid elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, anterior pores slightly larger than posterior,
axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian and a lateral row of 4-8 each,
on each half of body, the total number usually ranging from 22-28, the anterior
pore of each row tending to be larger than the posterior pore and about the
size of the posterior marginal pore; disk pores between Ssubmedian and lateral
8-shaped pores; a pair of minute setae near anterior Submedian pair of pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V. 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases two-thirds length of antenna apart: beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular
pore; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on
inner and outer margins; tibia one-fourth as long as tarsus: 9 pairs of sub-
marginal 8-Shaped pores: 7 pairs of submarginal minute setae on abdomen, 1 pair
of submarginal larger setae at anterior end: 2 pairs of setae between antennae
and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated; setae, apical about 65 uw long, interapical
10.8—12 uw long, sometimes an additional seta 3.6-5.4 u long mesad of interapical
on 1 side of body, rarely such a seta on each side, outer ventral 7 « long; anal
opening ventral; anal tube very short, membranous: anal ring lightly sclerotized,
with 2 setae about 5.2 u long.

Data.—Redescribed from unmounted material and the following
mounted specimens: Two females on Quercus glandulifera, Japan,
received in 1900, from type series; 2 females on Quercus sp.. Koshiu,
Chosen, S. Nakayama, March 9, 1929; 7 females and 16 larvae on
Quercus glandulifera, Chosen, Tabashi and Nakayama collectors,
March 10, 1929.

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116 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ASTEROLECANIUM JAVAE, hew species
(Fig. 34, L-O; fig. 35, A-@; pl. 9, F)

Habit.—Living on stems.

Test of female.—Nearly circular, 1.25 mm. in diameter, posterior end slightly
produced; slightly raised dorsally, with a faint longitudinal median carina not
extending to margin, with faint curved lateral carinae not extending to margins
or to median carina, and with faint transverse striations; flat ventrally; brown-
ish yellow, transparent, fairly thin, slightly punctate; marginal filaments whitish,
fragmentary; dorsal filaments rubbed off, presumably occurring over most of
test in unrubbed specimens; circular larval exit in ventral surface at margin.

Adult female.—Similar to test in shape, 1 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about two-thirds length
of apical seta from setal bases, posterior pores 10 u long and 7 wide, others 13 u
long and 9 wide, less than a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores in a single
row terminating at the posterior pair of 8-Shaped pores, at least one and one-half
times as numerous as 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores fairly numerous along median line and in
submarginal and lateral areas, anterior median and a few lateral pores 13-16 uw
long and 9-10 wide, majority of lateral pores 12 u long and 8 wide, a few 10 u
long and 7 wide; minute 8-Shaped pores very numerous; disk pores fairly numer-
ous; tubular ducts 26 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna dome-shaped, with 2 setae longer and 2 or 3 much
shorter than diameter of antenna; 3 quinquelocular pores between antenna and
margin; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar subcircular and 32 uw wide,
with area around opening slightly raised and containing 15-20 quinquelocular
pores, and with 10-13 similar pores extending to body margin in a single row,
25-30 in group and row combined; multilocular pores with 10 loculi, apparently
arranged in 4 complete and certainly in 5 interrupted rows, the anterior row
anterior to posterior spiracles, posterior row with 12 pores, nenultimate with 16,
next with 19, next with 12, and each of interrupted rows with 2-6; 3 or 4 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts, many scattered elsewhere;
submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row, apparently terminating near the
posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores and about as numerous as those pores ;
disk pores in a Submarginal row among submarginal 8-shaped pores, terminating
about halfway between the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores and bases
of apical setae, less numerous than marginal 8-Shaped pores; submarginal setae
in a complete row terminating slightly nearer to the posterior pair of marginal
8-shaped pores than to bases of apical setae; apparently 2 pairs of setae in
posterior row, and possibly 1 pair in penultimate row of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 80 wu Jong,
interapical 9 uw lons, dorsal 12.6 uw long, inner ventral 3.6 u long, intermediate
ventral 3.6 u long, outer ventral 7.2 u long; anal ring with 6 setae 32-34 uw long
and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of apparently 14 pores, divided
on dorsal side and tending toward division on ventral; ventral surface of apex
heavily sclerotized in a roughly rectangular area extending anteriorly from
interapical setae.

Larva.—Elongate ovoid.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, posterior and anterior pairs slightly larger
than others, axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse, of the others longitudinal ;
apparently 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 7 or 8 and a lateral
row of 9, on each half of body, the posterior pores of each row slightly smaller
than anterior ones, posterior submedian pores slightly smaller than, anterior
ones same size as, marginal pores of same segments; lateral pores slightly larger
than marginal pores of Same segments; disk pores between submedian and
lateral 8-shaped pores and a few between lateral and marginal 8-shaped pores;
a pair of minute setae anterior to the anterior pair of pores of the Submedian row.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 0; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout ; antennal bases about one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2 pairs
apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur
1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer margin near center, tarsus 2 on
inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia about one-half as long as tarsus; 10 pairs
of submarginal 8-shaped pores; disk pores in a submarginal row near submar-
ginal 8-shaped pores, apparently as numerous as 8-shaped pores; 7 pairs of

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 117

submarginal minute setae on abdomen, 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae at
anterior end; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 35 uw long, interapical 2 uw long,
dorsal 2 uw long, inner ventral 6 uw long, intermediate ventral 3.6 uw long, outer
ventral 2.8 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae, each 25 ww long, and an inner row of
6 and an outer one of 12 pores, divided on dorsal and ventral sides; ventral
surface of apex sclerotized in dentate rows.

Data.—Described from two tests (one empty), one mounted female,
and two mounted larvae, on Calophyllum spectabile var. ceramicum,
cultivated in Botanic Garden, Java, 1901, U. S. N. H., holotype and

paratypes. Piaals a vi
Closely related to corallinum and psychotriae, but differing in lack-

ing claws.

ASTEROLECANIUM LACRIMULA, new species
(Fig. 35, D-M; pl. 5, A)

Habit.—Living on the upper surface of leaves, in shallow pits.

Test of female—Pyriform, 1.5-2 mm. long, 1.25-1.5 wide; strongly convex
dorsally, with posterior end of dorsal surface slightly swollen, produced, and
hooked downward, produced area not touching host, but extending posterioriy
to the margin that rests on host; slightly convex ventrally: bright brownish
yellow, transparent, fairly thin, shiny or dull; marginal filaments whitish;
larval exit semicircular, in ventral surface of produced part.

Adult female.—More or less pyriform, longer than wide, posterior end slightly
produced; 1.10—-1.5 mm. long, 1—1.25 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating once or twice a pore’s
leng.h from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 11 uw long and 8 wide, others
12-13 » long and 8 wide, about a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular pores
(several quinquelocular pores replaced by pores with 3, or with 6-9, loculi) ina
single row, nearly submarginal in position, which is interrupted for 10-20
8-shaped pores at anterior end, and terminates 5-20 8-shaped pores from the pos-
terior pair of 8-shaped pores, less numerous than 8-shaped pores near posierior
end of row, aS numerous as the latter elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores rather sparse; tubular ducts
18 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna very short, with 1 seta longer than diameter of
antenna; beak with 1 pair of setae; spiracle with bar expanded at inner end,
club-shaped ; a group of 3-6 quinquelocular pores outside spiracular opening, 6-9
similar pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a single or double row,
9-15 pores in group and row combined; legs represented by 3 pairs of sclerotized
circular areas, each with an elongate conical, slightly curved claw; very large
‘quinquelocular (some trilocular) pores replacing multilocular pores and arranged
in 8 complete rows and 1 interrupted row, the anterior row anterior to posterior
spiracles, posterior row with 7 pores, penultimate with 8 or 9, each of next 3
with 15-19, each of next 2 with 21-25, next with 30-34, and anterior row with
2 or 3; dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores fairly numerous between spiracular pore
bands, rather sparse elsewhere, a few arranged in 3 or 4 transverse rows among
the large quinquelocular pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row
terminating near the posterior marginal quinquelocular pores, about half as
numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row
terminating near the penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae
in each of the posterior 5 rows of large quinquelocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes barely indicated, on ventral surface close to margin;
setae, apical 80 u long, interapical 12.6-14.4 u long, inner ventral 9 « long, outer
ventral 10.8-12.6 u long; anal ring with 6 setae 36-40 uw long, and apparently with
an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 16 pores, tending toward division on
dorsal and ventral sides.

Larva.—E lliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae
anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores apparently in a submedian row of 3 or 5 anda
Jateral row of 5, on each half of body, posterior pores of each row smaller than

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118 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

anterior ones, all practically same size as marginal pores of same segments;
disk pores between Ssubmedian and lateral, and between lateral and marginal,
8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, apparently 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, all broken,
but at least 7 of good size; antennal bases apparently length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 2 quinquelocular pores; leg
setae, coxa apparently 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer mar-
gin near center, tarsus 1 each on inner and cuter margins; tibia one-third as
long as tarsus; apparently 9 pairs of Submarginal 8-shaped pores; at least 8
pairs of submarginal setae, possibly more, the exact number not ascertainable
from the available material; larger setae present at anterior end, but number
and position indeterminable.

Apex of abdomen: Distorted, apparently with a Shallow notch; lobes barely
indicated ; setae, apical broken, interapical broken, inner ventral 5.4 u long, outer
ventral apparently 5 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae apparently 4 u long.

Data.—Described from unmounted material, two mounted females,
and one mounted larva on an unknown host, Darling River, Bourke,
New South Wales, from W. W. Froggatt, received in 1910, Froggatt
No. 40, holotype and paratypes.

This species is unusual in having the marginal quinquelocular pores
well removed from the 8-shaped pores, and in having large quinque-
locular pores replacing the multilocular pores on the abdomen. It
appears most closely related to multiporum, stypheliae, and ungulatum.

ASTEROLECANIUM LARGUM, new species
(Fig. 36, F—-N)

Habit.—Unknown.

Test of female—Nearly elongate elliptical, posterior end somewhat pointed ;
4 mm. long, 1.75—-2 wide; presumably nearly flat or very slightly convex dorsally,
flat ventrally; yellow, transparent, fairly thin; marginal and dorsal filaments
broken off; larval exit possibly elliptical, in margin.

Adult female.—In shape similar to test, 3.8 mm. long, 1.75-1.9 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about one and a half
times the length of apical seta from setal bases, 16-20 w long and 8-10 wide,
usually around a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores in a crowded single
or irregularly double row terminating at the third or fourth 8-shaped pore from
end of row, usually two and one-half times aS numerous as 8-shaped pores;
disk pores dorsad of, and much less numerous than, 8-shaped pores, terminating
near posterior quinquelocular pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in 9 groups along median line, anterior group
with 28 and 38, respectively, in the 2 available specimens, next with 28 and 38,
next with 31, next with 24 and 39, next with 21 and 37, next with 8 and 32, next
with 19 and 31, next with 18 and 22, next with 16 and 20, or a total of 203 and
292, the 2 anterior groups somewhat longitudinal, the others rather transverse,
individual pores measuring 16-20 w long and 8-14 wide, the majority 18-19 pu
long and 12-13 wide; minute 8-shaped pores not observed; disk pores numerous;
tubular ducts numerous except in groups of 8-shaped pores, 40 » long; dorsal
tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna very short, with 2 setae longer than diameter of
antenna and 1 or 2 very short; 5 or 6 quinquelocular pores between antenna
and margin; beak mutilated, presence or absence of setae .indeterminable ;
spiracular bar nearly subcireular; 40-60 quinquelocular pores extending from
spiracle to body margin in a row 2-5 pores wide; multilocular pores, with 8-12
loculi, probably arranged in at least 3 or 4 complete, and certainly in 4 and
possibly in 5 interrupted rows, with a total of 162 pores observed, probably not
more than 200 in perfect specimens; 5 or 6 dark-rimmed 8-Shaped pores each
side of beak, some in inner submarginal and lateral areas arranged in 3 or 4
rather indefinite longitudinal rows, others in at least 2 transverse rows on
abdomen; Ssubmarginal 8-shaped pores in an irregularly double row apparently
terminating near the seventh from the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores,
at least aS numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal Setae in an
interrupted row, but number and terminating point indeterminable; 6 setae
observed among multilocular pores, their arrangement indeterminable.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 119

Apex of abdomen: Apparently with a very shallow notch; setae, apical 40 u
long, interapical 10-12 uw long, outer ventral 8 » long; anal ring with 6 setae,
each about 44 uw long, and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 20 pores.

Data.—Described from the following material: One mounted female
on bamboo, China, intercepted at San Francisco, Calif., A. C. Dennett,
November 25, 1936, paratype; one test preserved in balsam and one
mounted female on bamboo, China, intercepted at New York, S. D.
Whitlock, June 8, 1937, holotype.

The paratype specimen of this species is partially covered with
fungus, and the holotype specimen is somewhat torn and mutilated on
the abdomen, consequently it is impossible to determine the exact
position and number of multilocular pores and a few other details.
This species differs strongly from most other species on bamboo in
size, and is the longest species known, the observed test being 4 mm.
long, or 0.56 mm. longer than any observed tests of bambuszcola. It
resembles masuzi most closely but differs from it in having a large
number of dorsal 8-shaped pores, as well as in many less conspicuous
characters.

ASTEROLECANIUM LAUNEAE, new species
(Fig. 37, A-G; pl. 1, E)

Habit—Living on stems, in shallow depressions.

Test of female—Usually slightly longer than wide, sometimes nearly circular
or slightly wider than long, posterior end very slightly produced and sometimes
slightly elevated; usually 2 mm. long, 1.5 wide, but a few specimens 2 mm. long,
2-2.5 wide; slightly to rather strongly convex dorsally, nearly flat to somewhat
convex ventrally; yellow, translucent, rather thick, smooth, sometimes shiny;
marginal and dorsal filaments whitish, or nearly colorless and glassy, a few
broken dorsal filaments in 2 or 3 tufts on median line in center of test and a few
scattered elsewhere in some specimens; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Similar to test in shape, 1.5-2 mm. long, 1.10-1.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in an irregularly double row terminating twice to
three times a pore’s length from bases of apical setae, the row single on part of
margin, but distinctly double either in spots or along most of margin, individual
pores measuring 13-14 uw long and 8 wide, usually around a pore’s length apart, the
2 rows less than a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores usually in a single
row between and outside spiracular pore bands, usually not more than 4 pores
anterior to anterior spiracular pore band and 10 posterior to posterior spiracular
pore band, the row sometimes interrupted between the pore bands, and the pores
usually no more numerous than 8-shaped pores of nearer row ; disk pores irregularly
spaced, dorsad of 8-shaped pores and around one-third as numerous as these,
terminating near the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores; disk pores also ventrad
of quinquelocular pores, terminating near the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores,
very irregularly spaced and much less numerous than 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores usually in 3 or 4 groups in median area, each
group usually with 2-6 pores, the total number being about 20, but sometimes
with pores strewn sparsely over entire surface, median pores 13-14 u long and
8 wide, the other pores, which have a tendency toward arrangement in indefinite
transverse rows, usually 11-12 u long and 7 wide, but a few 14 u« long and 8 wide,
or 8 uw long and 7 wide; minute 8-shaped pores fairly numerous; disk pores numer-
ous; tubular ducts 44 u long.

Ventral surface: Antenna a roughly circular area with 2 setae longer and
3-6 shorter than diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with
bar broad, often subcircular, with a sclerotized band extending around opening,
sclerotized area with 3-6 quinquelocular pores and with similar pores extending
to body margin in an irregularly double or triple row, 25-48 pores in group and
row combined; multilocular pores, with 7-10 loculi, in 3 complete rows, or in 2
complete rows and 1 interrupted row, the posterior row with 5-13, middle row
with 7-14, anterior row with 2-6, the total ranging from 14-29; 0-2 dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few scattered on anterior end, and others
arranged in 5 or 6 transverse rows on abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores in

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120 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

a row 2-4 pores wide, terminating near anterior row of multilocular pores, the
rows broken up into groups so that there are 2-4 pores opposite some marginal
8-shaped pores and none opposite others; 2 disk pores each in posterior and
penultimate rows of multilocular pores; submarginal setae in a complete row
terminating 2 or 8 8-shaped pores from the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped
pores; 1 pair of setae in each row of multilocular pores and 1 pair anterior to
these pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch shallow; setae, apical 80 mw long, interapical 36-40 p
long, dorsal 24 w long, inner ventral 8 uw long, intermediate ventral 6-9 w long,
outer ventral 12-16 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 64-72 uw long, and with an
inner row of 8 and an outer one of 22 pores, tending toward division on dorsal
side; ventral surface of apex rather heavily sclerotized around inner ventral
setae, Surrounding area sclerotized in dentate rows.

Larva.—Nearly elliptical, both ends slightly narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs slightly smaller than
the next 7, the anterior pair a little larger than any others, axes of the posterior
6 pairs transverse, of the others longitudinal; a pair of minute setae close to
each of the posterior 4 pairs of pores; 4 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: Disk pores in submarginal and lateral areas; 1 pair of setae
in Submedian area anteriorly.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1: VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2slender (unusually short) ;antennal bases about one-fifth length of antenna
apart ; beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 quinquelocular pore;
leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each On inner and outer
margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as
long as tarsus; 7 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, none between antennae;
7 pairs of submarginal minute setae on abdomen, 4 pairs of submarginal larger
setae at anterior end; 3 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch shallow; setae, apical 120 wu long, interapical 32 uw
long, dorsal 8 wu long, inner ventral 6-8 wu long, intermediate ventral 12 uw long,
outer ventral 16 » long; anal ring with 6 setae 28-32 uw long and with an inner
row of 6 and an outer one of 14 pores.

Data—Described from the following material collected by Ch.
Rungs and received from A. Balachowsky; unmounted specimens,
4 mounted females, and 45 mounted larvae on Lauwnea arborescens,
“Tagoud, Valley of the ould Draa, Sahara Morocco,” February 1934,
No. 750, holotype and paratypes; unmounted specimens, 3 mounted
females, and 3 mounted larvae on Lawnea arborescens, “Oasis de Ferkla,
Sahara Morocco,” May 10, 1934, paratypes.

This species is closely related to arabidis, fimbriatum, nevadense,
and stentae.

ASTEROLECANIUM LITSEAE Kuwana
(Fig. 38, A-—H; pl. 9, C)

Described in 1916 (55, p. 149) on Litsea glauca from Matsudo in
Chiba-Ken, Japan.

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Longer than wide, 1.2-1.5 mm. long, 0.9-1 wide, posterior end
slightly preduced; flat dorsally, or very slightly convex, with a faint longitudi-
nal median carina, flat ventrally: very pale yellow, transparent, very thin, shiny,
punctate; marginal and dorsal filaments very pale yellow, whitish, or slightly
pinkish, the latter scattered, and same length to nearly twice length of marginal;
elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Similar to test in shape, 0.8-1.2 mm. long, 0.75 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating twice a pore’s length from —
bases of apical setae, posterior pores 9 uw long and 6 wide, the others 10 uw long
and 8 wide, a pore’s width to length apart; quinquelocular pores in a single
row terminating near the posterior pair of 8-Shaped pores, and slightly more nu-
merous than 8-Shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-sShaped pores in median, submedian, and submarginal
groups, 11-14 submarginal and 3—5 submedian groups on each half of body, each
with 1-4 pores, median group divided into 7-9 fairly definite, transverse rows,

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 121

each usually with 2 pores which are 12-15 uw long and 8 wide; pores of sub-
median groups 10-12 » long and 8 wide, outer submarginal pores 16 » long and
12 wide, inner ones 13-14 w long and 9-10 wide; minute 8-shaped pores numer-
ous; disk pores sparse; tubular ducts 22 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna bluntly conical, sunken in derm, with 2 setae
slightly longer and 1 shorter than diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of
setae; spiracle with bar broad, nearly subcircular, with shallow furrows extend-
ing around opening, and with 1 or 2 quinquelocular pores in a group at opening,
3-9 similar pores extending to body margin in a single row, a total of 4-10 in
group and row combined; legs represented by 3 pairs of slightly curved, rather
slender claws: multilocular pores, with 9 or 10 loculi, in 5 complete and 4
interrupted rows, the anterior row anterior to the posterior spiracles, posterior
row with 5-7, penultimate with 9-17, each of next 3 with 6-15, each of next 2
with 4-8, and each of next 2 with 2-4 the total ranging from 55-70; 2-4 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few scattered on anterior end, and
others tending toward arrangement in 5-7 transverse rows posterior to beak:
submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near the posterior pair
of marginal 8-shaped pores, nearly aS numerous as marginal 8-Shaped pores;
disk pores in a submarginal row entad of submarginal 8-shaped pores, terminat-
ing nearly directly anterior to apical setae, about one-third as numerous as
marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating near
the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row
of multilocular pores and 1 pair in penultimate row.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes strongly developed; setae, apical 99 u
long, interapical 7.2 w long, intermediate ventral 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 7.2 u
long; anal ring with 2 setae 33-36 u long and four setae 28-30 uw long, and with
an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 16 pores, divided on dorsal and ventral
sides; ventral surface with a rather elongate sclerotized area extending an-
teriorly from intermediate ventral or interapical setae, area between bars taintly
sclerotized in dentate rows.

Data.—Redescribed from the following material: Unmounted ma-
terial and three mounted females on Litsea caulocarpa, Sandakan,
British North Borneo, September-December 1920, N. Y. B. G.; one
mounted female on Psychotria arborescens, Catanduanes Island,
Philippine Islands, Ramos and Edano, July-September 1928, Ney
B. G.; unmounted material and one mounted female on Litsea luzonica,
Mt. Madooy, Luzon, Philippine Islands, G. Edano, November 1925,
N. Y. B. G.; unmounted material and one mounted female on Litsea
sp., Upper Rejang River, Sarawak, Borneo, J. & M. S. Clemens, 1929,
N. Y. B. G.; one mounted female on Vanda sanderiana, Philippe
Islands, intercepted at California, R. D. Clemens, July 17, 1937.

Specimens used in preparing this description have been placed as
litseae on the basis of Kuwana’s original description and figure.

ASTEROLECANIUM LONGULUM, new species
(Fig. 38, F—-L; pl. 9, @)

Habit.—Unknown.

Test of female-—Elongate, sides parallel, 2.56 mm. long, 0.95 wide; slightly
convex dorsally, flat ventrally; clear yellow, transparent, thin, sbiny, slightly
punctate in submarginal area; marginal filaments pale yellow to pinkish, much
longer at anterior end than elsewhere; larval exit a slit in margin.

Adult female.—Elongate, 2—2.25 mm. long, 0.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row, usually terminating three or four
times the length of an apical seta from bases of setae, about 15 pores at anterior
end measuring 12 uw long and 6 wide, others measuring 10 « long and 5 wide,
nearly contiguous at ends of body, usually a pore’s width apart elsewhere :
quinquelocular pores in a single row extending from opposite or slightly anterior
to antennae to near posterior fourth of body, usually about one-half as numerous
as 8-shaped pores at each end of row and at least as numerous as 8-shaped pores
elsewhere: disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores and approximately one-third as
numerous as 8-shaped pores, terminating with 1 or 2 posterior to the last pair of
8-shaped pores.

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122 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly sparse; tubular ducts
30 u long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, with 2 setae longer than diameter of antenna;
usually 2 quinquelocular pores between antenna and margin; beak without setae;

mei spiracle with bar fairly broad, and with atrium slightly enlarged and containing
yt afl 3-5 quinquelocular pores, a total of 10-19 pores in atrium and in the row extend-
es, ing to body margin from spiracle, this row usually single near spiracle but 3 or
atl 4 pores wide at margin; 2 or 8 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a
ih few scattered on anterior end and in lateral area posterior to mouth parts, others
fl arranged in 4 or 5 transverse rows near pesterior end of abdomen; submarginal
iis ! 8-shaped pores usually in a double row, the inner row well removed from the
resi outer, terminating near genital opening, usually 2 pores opposite every other
rl marginal 8-shaped pore; 7 pairs of Submarginal setae posterior to anterior
i spiracles, the posterior pair nearer to the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped
ya ? pores than to the apical setae; 1 pair of setae posterior to genital opening, 1 pair
st ae anterior to opening, and 1 pair anterior to the latter.

4 Apex of abdomen: Slightly concave; setae, apical 18-20 wu long, interapical
ey 8-9 uw long, inner ventral 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 7.2 u long; anal ring with 6
a setae 24 and 27 uw long, and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores,

divided on dorsal side and tending toward division on ventral.
Larva.—Elongate, posterior end narrowed.

wl (i Margin: With 26 8-shaped pores (a pair missing immediately anterior to

_— anterior spiracles), the posterior pair a little larger than the penultimate pair,
tt the latter slightly larger than the next 4, the next 6 about the same size as the
ee penultimate, and the anterior pair the largest of all, axes of all pores longitudinal ;
ie i 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 4-6 on each half of body,
the anterior pore in each row the largest, all very slightly smaller ‘than marginal
pores of same segments; disk pores present in submarginal area and a few in
lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
i stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae,
Sinan 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore;
leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and
outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia nearly
one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of Submarginal 8-shaped pores; 8 pairs of
me submarginal minute setae posterior to anterior spiracles, 2 pairs of submarginal
hg larger setae at anterior end; 1 pair of setae between antennae and mouth parts.
, Apex of abdomen: Notch narrow; setae, apical 52 uw long, interapical 12 u long,
inner ventral 2 » long, Outer ventral 3.6 u long; anal ring with 6 setae 3.6 u long.

sr Pata—Described from unmounted material, five mounted females,
! and five mounted larvae on Arwndinaria sinica, Hong Kong, China,
i A. 8S. Hitchcock, November 5, 1921, U. S. N. H., holotype and para-
oe types.

: This species is closely related to oblongum.

E., ASTEROLECANIUM LONGUM (Green)
il (Fig. 36, A-E; pl. 3, B)

Described in 1896 (40, p. 5) as Planchonia miliaris longa. Re- |
described by Green in 1909 (42, pp. 336-337) as Asterolecanium lineare. )
In 1909 (42, in a note inserted in the volume) Green proposed the name
| lanceolatum in place of lineare, which was preoccupied by lneare
5 Lindinger. Although Green stated in 1909 (42, pp. 336, 339) that the

* variety described in 1896 contained a distinct species and variety, all
iy specimens described as miliaris longa in 1896 apparently belonged to
ral the species later designated as lineare and lanceolatum: Since longum

! is the older name, it is the valid name of the species, and /ineare Green
and lanceolatum are synonyms of it.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 123

The variety treated by Green as miliaris longum in 1909 (42, p. 339)
on Bambusa oliveriana from Peradeniya, Ceylon, can now be known
as miliaris robustum (see page 130).

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female——Elongate, tapering to each end, 1.75-2.5 mm. long, 0.4-0.5 wide ;
fairly convex dorsally, with a faint longitudinal median carina, usually with
more distinct curved lateral carinae meeting median carina and with a shallow
furrow between median and lateral carinae; flat ventrally; brownish yellow,
transparent, thin, shiny, finely punctate ; marginal filaments not observed ; circular
larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Elongate, 1.5—-2.25 mm. long, 0.4 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores 1-11 in number, 6-8 uw long and 4-5 wide, usually
situated opposite spiracles or on median section of lateral margin.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores rather sparse; tubular ducts
82 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna a circular area slightly sunken in derm, with 2
setae slightly longer than diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular
bar fairly slender; 2—5 quinquelocular pores between spiracle and body margin
(3 or 4 usually in a group fairly close to spiracle) ; 1 or 2 dark-rimmed 8-shaped
pores each side of mouth parts, a few scattered anterior to mouth parts, a few
arranged in a single longitudinal lateral row, and a few in 2 or 3 transverse
rows near posterior end of abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row
terminating about two-thirds length of apical seta from setal bases, fairly
numerous; apparently 3 pairs of suhmarginal setae near posterior end of
abdomen, the posterior pair about two-thirds length of apical seta from bases of
apical setae; 1 pair of setae posterior, and 1 pair anterior, to genital opening.

Apex of abdomen: Noteh present; lobes sometimes indicated: setae, apical 56
» long, interapical 12 uw long, inner and outer ventral 4-5.4 uw long: anal ring with
6 setae, each about 28 uw long, and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 14
pores, divided on dorsal side.

Second stage.—Resembling adult female but much smaller and not tapering
so Strongly; margin with 36 8-shaped pores varying from a pore’s width to six
times (usually three times) its length apart; ventral surface with 1 quinqueloc-
ular pore near each spiracle, 1 pair of setae observed in median area; apex of
abdomen as in adult but setae one-third or one-fourth shorter.

Larva—wNearly elongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs slightly smaller than
the others, the anterior pair about one-fourth larger than the adjacent pair and
one-third larger than posterior pair. axes of all longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae
anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: Disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1: IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 1 slender; antennal bases nearly one-third length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore,
posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4,
femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near
center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus:
9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal minute setae on
abdomen, 2 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 1 pair of setae
between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 36 u long, interapical 9 xu
long, inner ventral 4-5 uw long, outer ventral 4 u long; anal ring with 6 setae
14-16 » long, and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 12 pores, divided on
dorsal side.

Test of male.—Elongate, posterior end rather pointed: 1-1.10 mm. long, 0.3-0.4
wide; convex dorsally, with a faint longitudinal median carina; flat ventrally;
brownish yellow, transparent, thin, shiny, punctate; marginal filaments whitish,
sparse.

Adult male.—1 mm. long.

Head: Antenna 10-segmented ; formula (longest to shortest), (IV), (IIT), (VI,
VIT), (V, VIII, IX, X), (I), (13) : antennal setae, I-IMI, 10-12:“IV-IX, 18-20;
X, 8 of usual size, 2 slightly stouter than the others, and 3 very long; basal bars
diagonal; 19 setae between ventral eyespots and antennae.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases rectangular, three times as long as wide;
tibia five-sixths length of tarsus.

124 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Abdomen: Four segments each with a pair of setae dorsally on lateral margin,
2 segments each with a pair of setae in ventral lateral area; each lobe area
with 1 long and 2 short setae; penis sheath with 2 pairs of setae dorsally near
base, and 5 or 6 setae on each side of ventral opening.

Male nymph.—Distinguishing characters similar to those of adult male.

Third-stage male.—Resembling second stage in shape; margin with 8-shaped
pores more numerous and more regularly spaced than in second stage, usually
once or twice (sometimes as much as Six times) a pore’s length apart; ventral
surface with 3 pairs of legs represented by circular sclerotized areas apparently
without claws, but with minute clear areas suggesting setal bases, 2 pairs of
setae in median abdominal area; apex of abdomen as in second stage.

Data—Redescribed from unmounted material and the following
mounted specimens: ey females and 6 larvae on Arundinaria sp.,
Pundaluoya, Ceylon, EK. E. Green, received March 12, 1910, and Septem-
ber 11, 1911, type material: 2 females, Ceylon, Maskell Collection No.
354; i female, Ceylon, E. E. Green, Cockerell Collection; 7 females,
1 second- -stage specimen, 3 larvae, 3 adult males, 3 male nymphs, and
1 third-stage male on Arwndinaria sp., Pundaluoya, Ceylon; 3 females
and 6 larvae on Bambusa arundinacea, Ambagamuwa, Ceylon, July
1885, U.S. N. H.; 5 females, 10 larvae, 3 adult males, and 3 male nymphs
on Arundinaria sp., Eton, Ceylon, March 18, 1895; 1 female on Bam-
busa spinosa, Hué, Annam, Indo-China, A. S. Hitchcock, September
2651921 oe Sa Nee

‘Although the marginal 8-shaped Pits are reduced in number, those
present are well defined. Green (42, p. 336) expressed uncertainty as
to whether there was a complete marginal series. In stained speci-
mens at hand the marginal row of 28 nes shaped pores is apparent in
larvae inside adults, as well : as in those removed from the leaves. Green
did not mention these pores in the early larvae, although he did note
their presence in the later larvae (42, p. 337).

Asterolecanium longum is closely related to miliaris and caudatum,
ae can be separated from these by its small number of marginal

8-shaped pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM LUTEOLUM, new species
(Fig. 39, A-K; pl. 7, B)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves in slight depressions, in crevices
of rough bark, or in pits in smooth bark.

Test of female.—Ovoid, 0.65-0.85 mm. long, 0.5 wide; convex dorsally, sloping
to posterior end, flat at tip, with a faint longitudinal median carina and lateral
carinae meeting near anterior end and with distinct transverse striations;
Slightly convex ventrally; deep yellow, transparent, thin, shiny; marginal
filaments whitish, shorter near posterior end than elsewhere; dorsal filaments
also whitish, shorter than marginal, located in lateral and submarginal area;
semicircular larval exit in margin.

Adult female—Ovoid to nearly cireular, posterior end slightly produced;
0.6—0.8 mm. long, 0.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating twice a pore’s length
from bases of apical setae, the posterior pores 6 uw long and 4 wide, the others
8 w long and 5 wide, usually about a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores
in a single row terminating within 8 pores from end of row of 8-shaped pores,
as numerous as 8-shaped pores near posterior end, at least one and one-half
times as numerous as those pores anterior to posterior spiracular pore bands.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores scattered in lateral and submarginal area
except at posterior end, fairly numerous, the majority 4 w long and 3 wide, but
some 5 w long and 4 wide; minute 8-shaped pores numerous in median area,
sparse in Submarginal area; disk pores sparse; tubular ducts 24 » long.

Ventral surface: Antenna conical, with 2 setae longer than diameter of
antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar slightly expanded at inner

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 125

end; 10-23 (usually around 16) quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle
to body margin in an irregularly single or double row; multilocular pores,
totaling 26-33 and having 10 loculi, arranged in 4 complete and 2 or 3 inter-
rupted rows, each of the posterior 3 rows with 5-9 pores, anterior complete
row with 4-6, and each of interrupted rows with 2; approximately 20 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores in a loose row surrounding mouth parts, and 8 or 10
posterior to beak in rather indefinite transverse rows; submarginal 8-shaped
pores in a single row terminating near the posterior row of multilocular pores,
nearly as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a com-
plete row terminating near the penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped pores;
2 pairs of setae in the posterior row of multilocular pores, 1 pair in each of
the other complete rows, and 2 in postericr interrupted row.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated on ventral surface close to margin: setae,
apical 48 u long, interapical 4-5 u long, outer ventral 4-5 uw long: anal opening
ventral, fairly well removed from body margin, nearly circular, its margin
sclerotized, 2 setae 2.5-3 uw long on anterior edge.

Second stage—Much smaller than adult and elliptical in outline: margin
apparently with 5 or 6 quinquelocular pores; dorsal surface with a few very
large 8-shaped pores; ventral surface with 2 or 3 pores in each spiracular row,
with 4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores, and with 2 setae in median abdominal
area; apex of abdomen apparently as in adult, but with shorter setae.

Larva.—Somewhat ovoid, posterior end rather pointed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior ones slightly smaller than
others, axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores, totaling 29-39, in a submedian row of 5-10
and a lateral row of 911, on each half of body, the anterior pores of each row
usually slightly larger than posterior ones, submedian pores slightly smaller,
and lateral pores slightly larger, than marginal pores of same segments; disk
pores between submedian and lateral, and between lateral and marginal, 8-shaped

res.

E Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1: V.0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart: beak with
2 pairs of setae at tip; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore;
leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and
cuter margins; tibia one-third as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped
pores; 7 pairs of submarginal minute setae on abdomen, 1 pair of submarginal
jarger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch minute; lobes indicated; setae, apical 50 yw long,
interapical 5 w long, outer ventral 3 uw long: anal opening in margin; anal tube
very short, sclerotized: anal ring a sclerotized band almost on surface, with
2 setae, each about 3 uw long.

Data.—Described from the following material: Empty tests and 5
mounted females on Quercus serrata, Japan, 1893, U. S. N. H., holo-
type and paratypes; unmounted material, 10 mounted females, 2
mounted second-stage specimens, and 5 mounted larvae on Quercus
sp., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa., R. G. Pierce, November 1915,
paratypes.

Although this species resembles adjunctum, it differs from that
species in several respects, the most conspicuous of which are its shape,
the absence of a sclerotized tongue-shaped projection from each mar-
ginal 8-shaped pore, and the size and arrangement of the dorsal
8-shaped pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM MACHILI, new species
(Fig. 39, Z-R; pl. 7, H)

Habit.—Living on bark, in pits.

Test of female—Longer than wide or nearly circular, 1.6-1.9 mm. long and
1.3-1.5 wide, or about 1.5 mm. in diameter; slightly convex dorsally, with faint
transverse striations ; convex ventrally; greenish yellow, transparent, thin, fairly
shiny, punctate; marginal filaments whitish; elliptical larval exit in margin.

I
)

126 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Adult female.—Similar to test in shape, about 1.8 mm. long and 1.10 wide, or
1.10 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around a pore’s length
from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 10 uw long and 6 wide, the others
12-13 uw long and 8-9 wide, a pore’s width apart at anterior end, usually less than
that elsewhere ; quinquelocular pores in a single row terminating at the posterior
pair of 8-shaped pores, usually about as numerous as 8-shaped pores near
posterior end of row, more numerous elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores very humerous; disk pores fairly nume1
ous; tubular ducts 30 u long.

Ventral surface: Antenna rough, irregular, sharply conical, sunken in derm,
apparently with 4 (possibly more) setae shorter, and 2 slightly longer, than
diameter of antenna; 3-10 quinquelocular pores between antenna and margin;
beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar subcircular; derm outside spiracular
opening faintly sclerotized and containing 18-24 quinquelocular pores, 23-32 ad-
ditional pores extending to body margin in an irregularly single to triple row,
a total of 37-49 pores in group and row combined; multilocular pores, totaling
137-153 and having 8-10 loculi, apparently arranged in 6 complete and 3 inter-
rupted rows, the anterior row anterior to posterior spiracles, posterior and
penultimate rows each with 12-16 pores, next row with 22-26, each of next 2 with
23-33, next with 9-16, posterior 2 interrupted rows each with 7-12, and anterior
interrupted row with 4; 2-5 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a
few scattered on anterior end, some arranged in rather indefinite longitudinal rows
in lateral area, and others tending toward arrangement in 5 or 6 transverse
rows posterior to mouth parts: submarginal 8-shaped pores usually in an
irregular single row terminating near the penultimate or posterior pair of mar-
ginal 8-shaped pores, nearly as humerous as marginal 8-shaped pores ; submarginal
disk pores in a single row interspersed with submarginal 8-Shaped pores and
terminating nearly directly anterior to apical setae; submarginal setae in a com-
plete row terminating near the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 5 setae
in the posterior row of multilocular pores and 2 in the penultimate row.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 72 w long,
interapical 9 mu long, dorsal 7.2 uw long, inner ventral 3.6 mu long, intermediate
ventral 4 uw long, outer ventral 7.2 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 28 uw long and
with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of apparently 12 pores; tending toward
division on dorsal and ventral sides; ventral surface of apex strongly sclerotized
in an irregularly rectangular area extending anteriorly from margin through
inner lobes, surrounding area slightly sclerotized and rugose.

Data—Described from unmounted material and four mounted
females on Machilus sp., Sozan, Taiwan (Formosa), R. Takahashi,
March 27, 1932, holotype and paratypes.

This species is closely related to corallinum, but differs from it in
lacking large dorsal 8-shaped pores and claws, and in having usually
a larger number of spiracular quinquelocular and multilocular pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM MASUIL Kuwana
(Fig. 40, A-F'; pl. 4, A)

Described in 1916 (55, p. 148), on leaves of bamboo from Tokyo
and Nagasaki, Japan.

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Nearly elongate elliptical, posterior end slightly narrowed ;
3 mm. long, 1.10 wide; slightly convex dorsally, with a faint longitudinal median
carina having minute tubercles; flat ventrally; clear yellow, transparent, thin,
shiny, finely punctate; marginal filaments whitish with a very faint yellowish
cast, Slightly longer at anterior end than elsewhere; elliptical larval exit in
margin.

Adult female——In shape similar to test, 2.75 mm. long, 1 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about twice a pore’s length
from bases of apical setae, posterior pores about 12.6 u long and 7 wide, the
others about 14.4 w long and 8 wide, usually less than a pore’s width apart;
quinquelocular pores in a single row terminating at the penultimate pair of
8-shaped pores, slightly more numerous than 8-shaped pores; disk pores nearly

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 127

as numerous as 8-shaped pores, situated dorsad of them and terminating near the
posterior pair.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores numerous; tubular ducts
36 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna rough, dome-shaped, with 2 setae longer and 2
shorter than diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracle with bar broad
and with wrinkles in derm around opening; 12—25 quinquelocular pores extending
from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly double or triple row; multilocular
pores in 8 rows, 5 or 6 of which are complete and 2 or 3 interrupted, posterior
row with 14 pores in each of the 2 available specimens, penultimate 18 and 25,
respectively, next 15 and 18, next 9 and 11, next 5 and 8, next 2 and 8, next 2 and
4, and anterior row with 2, the individual pores with 8—10 loculi; 1 or 2 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pcres each side of beak, a few scattered on anterior end, some
arranged roughly in a single longitudinal lateral row and in 4 transverse rows
among multilocular pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a Single row termi-
nating near the posterior row of multilocular pores, usually about half as
numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen,
the posterior pair near the third posteriormost pair of marginal 8-shaped pores;
1 pair of setae in each of the posterior 4 rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 28-30 uw long, interapical 7.2 and
12.6 uw long, respectively, in the 2 specimens studied, outer ventral 5.4 and 9 u
long; anal ring with 6 setae 30-84 uw long and with an inner row of 6 and an
outer one of an indeterminable number of pores, divided on dorsal side and
tending toward division on ventral.

Larva.—Elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior pair slightly larger than next
5 pairs and about the same Size as the sixth, which is slightly larger than the
next 6 pairs, anterior pair slightly larger than the posterior pair; axes of the
posterior 6 pairs longitudinal or slightly diagonal, of the others longitudinal;
2 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 8 on each half of body,
about three-fourths the size of marginal pores of same segments; disk pores
in submarginal area and a few in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antenna indistinctly 6-segmented; antennal setae, I, 1: IV,
1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-third
length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle
with 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin at base
and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1
on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of Ssubmarginal 8-shaped
pores; 6 pairs of submarginal minute setae on abdomen, 3 pairs of submarginal
larger setae at anterior end; 1 pair of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 40 uw long, interapical 12.6 u
long, outer ventral 3.6 w long; anal ring with 6 setae apparently 4 wu long,
apparently without pores.

Male nymph.—Antenna 10-segmented: 5 segments of abdomen each with a
seta dorsally on lateral margin; each lobe area with 1 short and 2 very short
setae; other characters indeterminable.

Data.—Redescribed from one mounted female and one male nymph
on Arundinaria sp., Naam Kwan Shan, Sheung Ping, Lung Moon
district, Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure, April 28, 1931, and one
test, one mounted female, and one mounted larva on bamboo, Nagasaki,
Japan, I. Kuwana collector, from E. E. Green, possibly type.

The specimen from China is slightly smaller, and has fewer quin-
quelocular and multilocular pores and shorter interapical and ventral
setae than the specimen from Japan. The specimen from Japan is
doubtless from the type material, though it is not so labeled.

ASTEROLECANIUM MEDIUM, hew species
(Fig. 40, G—M; fig. 41, A; pl. 8, J)

Habit—Living on bark.

Test of female——Broad elliptical, 1.5-1.75 mm. long, 1.25-1.5 wide: convex
dorsally, with a longitudinal median and a submarginal carina, usually with
transverse striations crossing carinae; flat ventrally ; light brownish, transparent.

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128 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

fairly thin; marginal filaments whitish, very Short; elliptical larval exit in
ventral surface at margin.

Adult female—Longer than wide, posterior end slightly produced; 1.5 min.
long, 1.15—1.25 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores” in a single row terminating one and a half to two
times the length of an apical seta from bases of setae, posterior pores 9 uw long
and 5 wide, the others 10-12 uw long and 7 wide, usually a pore’s length apart.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores sparse; tubular
ducts 18 pu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna bluntly conical, with 1 seta nearly as long as, and
2 much shorter than, diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle
with bar broad, and with both bar and atrium heavily sclerotized; 55-65
quinquelocular pores extending from inner end of spiracular bar to body margin,
in a row which is usually 3 or 4 pores wide but occasionally 6 or 8 pores wide
at some point between spiracle and margin; multilocular pores, having 5-7
loculi, in a longitudinal row of 5-7 at each end of genital opening; 5 or 6 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few between spiracles, some scattered
in lateral area, and others arranged in 2-4 transverse rows posterior to beak;
submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row apparently terminating near the
posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores, about one-third aS numerous as
marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating
about halfway between the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores and
bases of apical setae; 2 setae near each end of each row of multilocular pores,
and 38 groups, each with 2 or 3 setae, anterior to each of those rows and spaced
at uniform intervals.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 56-64 w long, interapical 12 w long, one 5.4 pu
long usually entad of interapical on 1 side of body only, inner ventral 6-8 pu
long, outer ventral 8-10 wu long; anal opening in ventral surface, well removed
from margin; anal tube short and membranous or not apparent; anal ring
nearly or actually, on the surface, a sclerotized band with 4 setae apparently 1 u
long.

Second stage.—Resembling adult in shape, but much smaller; margin with
8-shaped pores terminating a pore’s length from bases of apical setae; ventral
surface with bar and atrium of spiracle slightly sclerotized, 10-12 quinquelocular
pores between spiracle and body margin ; apex of abdomen as in adult but without
a seta entad of interapical seta.

Larva. gate ovoid.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; a minute seta close
to each pore of the posterior 3 pairs; 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores arranged in a Submedian, a lateral, and a
submarginal row of 9-14 each, on each half of body, with a total of 66-76,
slightly variable in size and slightly smaller than marginal pores; 2 or 3 disk
pores observed.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 3 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-fourth length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular
pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsuS 1 each on
inner and outer margins; tibia about one-half length of tarsus; 8 pairs of
submarginal 8-shaped pores of which 1 pair is between the antennae; apparently
11 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head; 1 pair of
setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical 54 mw long, inter-
apical 10.8 uw long, a pair 2 uw long entad of interapical, inner and outer ventral
each about 3.6 w long; anal opening in margin; anal tube short, membranous;
anal ring sclerotized, with 4 setae, each apparently 1 wu long, or setae not
recognizable but their bases distinct, apparently with 2 pores, divided on dorsal
and ventral sides.

Data.—Described from unmounted material, 14 mounted females
(some very poor), 2 mounted second-stage specimens, and 15 mounted
larvae on Agonis sp., Coolgardie, West Australia, G. Compere, Com-
pere No. 1010, holotype and paratypes.

This is the only known species in which all the multilocular pores
are arranged in a longitudinal row at each end of the genital opening.
It is apparently rather closely related to victoriae.

|

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 129

ASTEROLECANIUM MILIARIS variety MILIARIS (Boisduval)
(Fig. 41, B-G; pl. 5, F)

Described in 1869 (9, pp. 261-262) as Chermes miliaris on Bam-
busa distorta from the garden of Hamma, Alger, Algeria.

Habit.—Living on stems, and both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female—Longer than wide but differing in proportions of length to
width, anterior end rounded, sides often parallel, posterior end slightly narrowed
and produced; 1-1.6 mm. long, 0.4-0.9 wide; nearly flat to very slightly convex
aorsally, usually with a faint longitudinal median carina and sometimes with
very faint transverse striations; flat ventrally; greenish, brownish, or clear
pale yellow, transparent, thin, shiny, slightly punctate; marginal filaments
whitish to pale pinkish; circular larval exit in ventral surface at margin.

Adult female.—In shape similar to test, 1-1.4 mm. long, 0.3-0.7 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row, terminating around one-half length
of apical seta from setal bases, around 8 uw long and 4.5 wide, slightly more than
a pore’s length apart near posterior end, usually around a pore’s width apart
elsewhere; quinquelocular pores in a single row, starting on anterior margin
approximately halfway between median line and anterior spiracular pore bands,
and ending halfway between posterior spiracular pore bands and the posterior

“pair of 8-shaped pores, at least aS numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores fairly numerous; disk pores rather
sparse; tubular ducts 24 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, flat, with 2 setae slightly longer than
diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar nearly linear; 10-18
quinguelocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly
single row ; 2-4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few on anterior
end, and a few on abdomen tending toward arrangement in 6 transverse rows with
most of pores in lateral area; Ssubmarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row
terminating near the penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped pores, about one-
third aS numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal setae on
abdomen, the posterior pair near the penultimate or posterior pair of marginal
8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae posterior to genital opening, 1 pair anterior to
opening, and 1 pair anterior to the latter.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 56-60 wu long,
interapical 9-12 » long, inner ventral 6-8 uw long, outer ventral 8-10 uw long; anal
ring with 6 setae, each 32 wu long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one
of 14 pores, divided on dorsal side.

Second stage—Resembling adult female but much smaller; margin without
quinquelocular pores; ventral surface with 4 or 5 quinquelocular pores in each
spiracular row, with 1 pair of setae in median abdominal area; apex of abdomen
as in adult but all setae around one-fourth shorter.

Larva.—Hlliptical.

Margin: 8-shaped pores normally 28 in number, but a few specimens with only
25 or 26, the posterior pair very slightly larger than the next 5 pairs, and about
Same size as the 7 anterior to those, anterior pair slightly the largest, axes of
all longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 4-8 on each half ef
body, with a total of 11—16, antericr pore slightly the largest, all about two-thirds
size of marginal pores of same segments; disk pores in lateral area and a few
in Submarginal area.

Ventrai surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1: VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly

stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-fourth length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular, posterior
spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quiugquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur
1 on inner margin near base and 1 on inner and outer margins near center,
tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia two-thirds length of tarsus;
9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal minute setae on
abdomen, 2 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 1 pair of setae
between antennae and mouth parts.
: Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 27-29 u long,
interapical 7.2 w long, inner ventral 5.4 w long, outer ventral 3.6-5.4 u long;
anal ring with 6 setae 12.6 uw long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row
of 10 or 12 pores, divided on dorsal and ventral sides.

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130 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Data—Redescribed from unmounted material, 2 mounted females,
and 12 mounted larvae on Bambusa sp., Algeria, loaned by M. Beier,
presumably type material; a mass of unmounted material, approxt-
mately 100 mounted females, several mounted second-stage specimens,
and several mounted larvae, on Bambusa argentea, B. balcooa, B.
spinosa, B. vulgaris, B. vulgaris var. aurea-striata, and unknown
genera of Bambuseae; from [linois (in greenhouses), Florida, Ber-
muda, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Culebra Island, Montserrat, St.
Kitts, Canal Zone, Trinidad, British Guiana; Kauai and Honolulu,
Hawaii; Luzon, Philippine Islands; Kwangsi, China; Lahore, India;
Peradeniya, Ceylon; and Brisbane, Austraha.

ASTEROLECANIUM MILIARIS variety ROBUSTUM Green
(Gigs AeA plato ae)

Described in 1908 (47, p. 19) on bamboo from Pusa, India. The
form erroneously treated by Green in 1909 (42, p. 339) under the name
Asterolecanium miliaris longum is identical with miliaris robustum
(see discussion on p. 122).

The marginal quinquelocular pores furnish an adequate basis for
distinguishing miliaris miliaris and miliaris robustum. In the typical
form these pores start between the antenna and anterior spiracular
pore band and end approximately halfway between the posterior
spiracular pore band and the last marginal 8-shaped pore. In
miliaris robustum, however, the quinquelocular pores are either absent
er occur in a group of 2 to 15 (usually less than 6) where each spiracu-
lar pore band meets the body margin. Other characters, including
the shape of the specimens and the distance between the marginal
8-shaped pores mentioned by Green (41, p. 19; 42, p. 339), have not
been found sufficiently constant for differentiating the two varieties.

Data—Redescribed from unmounted material, three mounted fe-
males, and four mounted larvae on Bambusa oliveriana, Peradeniya,
Ceylon, E. E. Green, December 1898; unmounted material and three
mounted females on Bambusa sp., Pusa, India, April 1906, from E. E.
Green, type; a mass of unmounted material, hundreds of mounted fe-
males, many mounted second-stage specimens, and many mounted
larvae, on Bambusa arundinacea, B. nana, B. pallescens, B. spinosa,
B. tulda, B. vulgaris, B. vulgaris var. aureo-variegata and var. vul-
garis, and Bambusa sp., Dendrocalamus strictus and D. thouarsti, |
Oxytenanthera abyssinica, Phyllostachys sp., and unknown genera of
Bambuseae, from Malanje, Angola; Amani, Tanganyika; Mauritius; |
Assam, Bangalore, and Lahore, India; Ceylon; Moulmein, Lower
Burma; Kwangsi and Kwangtung, China; Nisui, Taiwan (Formosa) ;
Philippine Islands; Tongatabu, Tonga Islands; Fiji Islands; Bahia |
and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; British Guiana; near Caracas, Venezuela;
Trinidad ; Canal Zone; West Indies; Florida; and Bermuda.

ASTEROLECANIUM MIMICUM, hew species

(Fig. 41, I—-N ; fig. 42, A>; pl. 7, 8)
Habit.—Living on stems, and on the lower surface of leaves. |
Test of female.—Elongate, 1 mm. long, 0.3-0.4 wide, posterior end narrowed; |

strongly convex dorsally, sloping sharply from median line to margin; flat |
ventrally ; greenish yellow, transparent, thin, smooth, shiny; marginal filaments |

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 131

whitish ; dorsal filaments either absent or 1-10 on median line, whitish; elliptical
larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—In shape similar to test, 0.7-0.9 mm. long, 0.3 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating two and a half times
the length of apical seta from setal bases, posterior pores 6-7 uw long and 4
wide, others 8 uw long and 4.5 wide, usually a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular
pores as numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores and arranged in a single
row extending from slightly anterior to anterior spiracular pore bands to a
point beyond posterior spiracular pore bands, which is nearer to the posterior
spiracular pore bands than to the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores absent, or 1-10 such pores on median line,
these 10-12 » long and 6-8 wide; minute 8-shaped pores fairly numerous; disk
pores sparse; tubular ducts 24 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, with 2 setae longer than diameter of antenna;
beak without setae; spiracle with bar very short, and atrium slightly enlarged
and containing 1 or 2 quinquelocular pores, 4 or 5 Similar pores extending to

body margin in a single row; 2 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak,,.

1 or 2 anterior to mouth parts, and 24 in each of 2 transverse rows anterior
to genital opening; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating
near the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores, nearly as numerous as
marginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior
pair the length of apical seta from bases of apical setae; 1 pair of setae posterior
to genital opening and 1 pair anterior.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 40 uw long,

interapical 8 w long, inner ventral 5.2 » long, outer ventral 6 w long; anal ring

with 6 setae 28-30 uw long and an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores,
divided on dorsal side and tending toward division on ventral.

Larva.— Elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs slightly smaller than
next 7, anterior pair Slightly the largest, axes of the posterior 6 pairs slightly
diagonal, of the others longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 11 on each half of body,
gradually increasing in size from posterior to anterior end of row, all distinctly
larger than marginal pores of Same segments; disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore,
posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa
3, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer margin near center, tarsus
2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of
submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of Ssubmarginal minute setae on abdomen,
1 pair of submarginal larger setae anteriorly; 2 pairs of setae between antennae
and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 27 uw long, interapical 7.2 up
long, inner ventral 3 » long, outer ventral 3.6 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 9 u
long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 6-8 pores, divided on
dorsal side and tending toward division on ventral.

Data—Described from unmounted material and the following
mounted specimens: Four females and 4 larvae on bamboo, Hong
Kong, China, G. Compere, Compere No. 242; 19 females and 17 larvae
-on bamboo, Hong Kong, China, C. W. Howard, April 26 and August
11, 1930, Nos. 176 and 191; 1 female, Tung Heung near Kwong Ning,
Kwangtung, April 25, 1925, and 4 females and 8 larvae, Au Tsai, Foo
Chiu Haang, Kwangsi, November 5, 1928 (including holotype),
_ collected by F. A. McClure in China on Bambusa.

Similar to pseudolanceolatum, but differing in being smaller, in
not having two quinquelocular pores posterior to the genital opening,
and in its shorter apical setae. Furthermore, the larva has only
three setae on each coxa whereas there are four in pseudolanceolatum.

Specimens from stems either have no dorsal 8-shaped pores or only

one to three, whereas specimens from leaves have at least five and
usually nine such pores.

Pee =? Mn ele Ss > «

v
——

CN eS Se En eee ST

——

132 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ASTEROLECANIUM MINUS Lindinger

(Fig. 37, H—-O; pl. 7, A)

The name Asterolecanium variolosum minor was applied by Leo-
nardi to specimens on Quercus sp. from Italy in 1909." Leonardi’s |

ti | entire notation concerning the variety was as follows: “Vive su
parecchie specie di Quercus. Gli esemplari furono raccolti in varie
localita dell’Italia meridionale.” In 1911 (85, p. 63) Sasscer listed
the name, stating that it had been published by Leonardi without a _
description. In 1912 (61, p. 360) Lindinger placed A. variolosum
minor Leonardi, 1909, as a synonym of variolosum, thereby validating
the name, and in so doing became the author of the variety. Study of
type material shows that mdnus is neither a variety nor a synonym
of variolosum but is a valid species, and it is therefore accorded that
standing. The species here described as minus Lindinger is unques-
tionably the species discussed by Leonardi in 1920 (57, pp. 250-253)
as variolosum Ratzeburg.

Habit.—Living on bark, in pits.

Test of female.—Slightly longer than wide or nearly circular, posterior end
slightly produced; 0.95-1.5 mm. long, 0.85-1.5 wide, usually 1-1.25 in diameter ;
flat to slightly convex dorsally, with broad, flat, median, and semicircular
isnt lateral carinae meeting at anterior end, and with transverse striations extend-

ll ing to punctate area, the space on a lateral carina between any two transverse
striations often having the appearance of a small, blunt tubercle; flat to convex
ventrally ; greenish yellow, fairly clear yellow, or rarely brownish yellow, trans-
parent to translucent, shiny, strongly punctate near margin; marginal filaments
whitish ; circular larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Slightly longer than wide, or circular, 0.85-1.10 mm. long, 0.75-1
wide, usually around 0.95 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around a pore’s length |
from: bases of apical setae, posterior pores 8 u long and 5 wide, others 9 uw long
and 6 wide, a pore’s width to length apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row, |
nF ae interrupted for 2-20 8-shaped pores at anterior end and terminating 8—25 (usually |

about 20) pores from the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, slightly more numerous |
than the 8-shaped pores opposite them.

hae Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores fairly numerous;
sii | tubular ducts about 24 » long.

ill | Ventral surface: Antenna globular, with 2 setae as long as diameter of antenna; |
beak with 8 pairs of setae; spiracular bar expanded at inner end; 4-6 quinque- |
locular pores in a rather indefinite group outside spiracular opening and about |
4 25-50 similar pores extending to body margin in a Single, double, or triple row; |
nc pores with 4 or 5 loculi, replacing the multilocular pores, arranged in 3 complete |
eH or interrupted rows, the posterior row usually with 8 or 4 pores, median row
with 2-4, and anterior row with 1 or 2, the total ranging from 4-13 (usually 6-8) ; |
a loose group of 4-8 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few scattered |
in spiracular area, and 15-20 others on abdomen either in indefinite arrangement |
or roughly in transverse rows; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row |
cli terminating near the posterior row of multilocular pores, sometimes somewhat |
crowded near posterior end and appearing irregularly double, around one-half as )|
numerous as 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating ||
Ay near the penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in the |
Se posterior row of multilocular pores, 1 pair each in median and anterior rows, |
1, 1 pair anterior to those, and 1 pair still farther anteriorly. |
Cail Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 28-32 uw long, interapical around 4 uw long, outer ’|
tal ventral 38-4. uw long; anal opening in ventral surface well removed from margin, ,
wag) | circular, its margin slightly sclerotized, with 2 setae not more than 4 uw long on)
casi anterior edge.
Larva—EHlongate ovoid.
ti, Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae:
sa | anteriorly. |

11 LEONARDI, G. CHERMOTHECA ITALICA [EXxSICCATI]. Fascicolo 5, No. 107. 1909.)

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 133

a

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores normally in a submedian row of 4 or 5 and a
lateral row of 6-9 (usually 9), on each half of bedy, with the total ranging from
20-30, these pores slightly larger than marginal pores; disk pores near posterior
end.

Ventral surface: Antenna apparently 6-segmented; antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1;
V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly stout, 2 slender ; antennal bases one-third length
of antenna apart; beak setae, 3 pairs apical; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular
and 1 quinquelocular pore, posterior spiracle with 1 apparently trilocular pore;
leg setze, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and
outer margins; tibia one-fourth as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped
pores; 7 pairs of submarginal minute setae on abdomen, 1 pair of submarginal
larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical 54 yw long, inter-
apical 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 4.6 wu long; anal opening in ventral surface and
margin, circular; anal tube very short; anal ring close to surface, sclerotized,
with 2 setae about 5.7 uw long.

Data—Described from unmounted material and the following
mounted specimens collected on Quercus: Two females and 1 larva
on Quercus sp., Italy, type; 5 females and 6 larvae, Fairmount Park,
Philadelphia, Pa., O. Paul, August 22, 1908; 2 females, Pencoyd, Pa.,
J. L. Means, received August 30, 1912; 7 females and 8 larvae on
Q. lanuginosa, near Sestri Levante in Liguria, Italy, O. Jaap, March

16, 1913, O. Jaap Collection No. 169; 5 females, Ardmore, Pa., from

Peters, Byrne and Co., received May 22, 1915; 5 females on white oak,
Foxburg, Pa., Hannah Fox, November 8, 1918; 7 females and 3 larvae
on white oak, Philadelphia, Pa., C. F. Jenkins, June 1, 1921; 4 females,
Philadelphia, Pa., H. W. Tradell, March 29, 1922; 3 females on chest-
nut oak, Philadelphia, Pa., H. Skinner, September 20, 1922; 7 females,
from Davey Tree Expert Co., Philadelphia, Pa., November 12, 1925;
2 females and 10 larvae on Q. cerris, Vallombrosa, Italy, from F.
Silvestri, received May 1934; 1 female, Berlin, Germany, intercepted
at Washington, D. C., W. B. Wood, January 26, 1937; 6 females and 4

| larvae, Norristown, Pa., from M. C. Van Horn, July 15, 1937; 2
females on Q. pedunculata, Warsaw, Poland, intercepted at Washing-
ton, D. C., D. P. Limber, March 17, 1938; 5 females on Q. montana,
Glen Lyon, Pa., S. Mesavage, August 31, 1938; 2 females, Germany,

intercepted at Washington, D. C., W. B. Wood, December 29, 1938.
This species is closely related to both quercicola and variolosum, but

differs most conspicuously in having less than 14 multilocular pores

with 4 or 5 loculi, instead of at least 23 multilocular pores with 6 to 10
loculi, in having 25 to 50, instead of 35 to 85, quinquelocular pores in
each spiracular pore band, and in averaging 0.95 mm. in diameter
instead of at least 1.25 mm.

ASTEROLECANIUM MINUSCULUM, new species
(Fig. 42, B-E; pl. 7, P)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Nearly circular or slightly longer than wide, sometimes in-
dented by growth against hairs on leaf, posterior end strongly produced and
usually turned up against dorsal surface ; 0.5-0.75 mm. in diameter, or 0.6-0.9 mm.
long, 0.5-0.75 wide; strongly convex dorsally, the sides nearly vertical, sloping
somewhat near posterior end, but posterior tip recurved and practically as high
as anterior end, a faint, broad, median carina in central third, also usually with
faint transverse striations; flat ventrally ; pale greenish yellow, transparent, thin,
shiny; marginal filaments pale greenish yellow, not observed on posterior half;
broken dorsal filaments same color as marginal, placed at uniform intervals in
submarginal area and 1 or 2 usually present in lateral area; elliptical larval

exit at end of produced area on dorsal surface.

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134 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Aduli female——In shape similar to test, 0.4-0.7 mm. in diameter, or 0.6-0.75
mm. long, 0.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a Single row terminating around six times the
length of an apical seta from bases of setae (usually only 2 or 3 posterior to
posterior Spiracular pore bands), 6—7.2 u long and 3.6 wide, the intervals between
them one to five times (normally apparently around twice) the length of a pore,
Sometimes absent along anterior margin; quinquelocular pores in a single row
terminating at the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores or slightly beyond, normally
at least as numerous as 8-Shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores 8-17 in number (usually at least 12), posterior
pore 9 uw long and 7.2 wide, in Ssubmarginal area near posterior end, others
placed at fairly regular intervals in submarginal area, and usually 2 in sub-
median or lateral area near beak, the majority 9 uw long and 7.2 wide, but some-
times 1 or 2 slightly smaller; minute 8-shaped pores not observed; disk pores
fairly sparse; tubular ducts 27 wu long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, flat, sometimes slightly sunken in derm,
with 2 setae longer than diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular
bar rather slender; 8-14 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to body
margin in a single row, except near margin, where it is 3 or 4 pores wide; 2 or
3 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a very few on anterior end,
a few in lateral area of abdomen, and in 1 or 2 transverse rows in genital area;
submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around length of apical
seta from bases of setae, 1 opposite each marginal 8-shaped pore when the latter
are twice a pore’s length apart, and at the same intervals where 8-shaped
pores are absent; apparently at least 4 pairs of submarginal setae near posterior
end of abdomen, the posterior pair around length of apical seta from bases of
apical setae; 1 pair of setae posterior to genital opening (so near posterior
end that in slightly folded specimens they almost appear to belong with those
Of apex of abdomen), 1 pair anterior to opening, and 1 pair anterior to these.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 52-56 mw long, interapical 5.4 pu
long, inner and outer ventral about 3.6 uw long; anal ring with 2 setae 24 w long,

and four 26-30 uw long, and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores;

ventral surface of apex sometimes slightly rugose.

Larva.—Practically elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior pair slightly larger than any
others, axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse or diagonal, of the others
longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: Two submedian 8-shaped pores on each half of body, anterior
pore slightly smaller than posterior, both slightly wider than marginal pores of
same segments; disk pores in Submarginal and lateral areas.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae; 1, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VE, 2) long, 2 stoutes
fairly stout, 1 slender; antennal bases about one-half length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae,
coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins
hear center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long
as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 6 pairs of sub-
marginal minute setae on abdomen, 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae at
anterior end; 1 pair of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 33 » long, interapical 7.2 p
long, inner ventral 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 3.6 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae
around 5.4 » long.

Data—Described from unmounted material, 28 mounted females,
and 47 mounted larvae removed from host material collected by F. A.
McClure in Kwangtung, China, unless otherwise indicated. The fol-
lowing lots are represented: Bambusa spinosa, Hué, Annam, Indo-
China, A. S. Hitchcock, September 26, 1921, U. S. N. H.; Bambusa
arundinacea, Hainan Island, China, A. S. Hitchcock, October 10-15,
1921, U.S. N. H.; Bambusa sp., Lung T’au Shan, K’uk Kong district,
January 7, 1925; Bambusa sp., Leng T’seng village, April 15, 1925;
Bambusa sp., Ahwat village near Chun Wong Shan, Ts’ing Uen dis-
trict, April 20, 1925; Bambusa sp., near Wan T’ong, Tsing Uen
cistrict, April 21, 1925; Bambusa sp. ?, Kwong Ning, April 24, 1925;
Bambusa sp., near Tung Heung, Kwong Ning district, April 25, 1925;

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 135

Bambusa sp., Tin Ha village, Honam Island, May 5, 1925; Bambusa
nana, Philippine Islands, September 1925; 2 females on Bambusa sp.,
Chung Chou, Kwangsi, September 21, 1925, holotype and paratype;
Bambusa sp., Bamboo Garden, Lingnan University, September 2, 1926;
Bambusa sp., Hak Ts’uen, Honam Island, April 4, 1929; Arwndinaria
sp., Lingnan University, P’oon Ue district, September 9, 1931; Bam-
busa sp., Lingnan University, P’oon Ue district, October 2, 1931; Bam-
busa sp., P’oh T’au T’suen, Mau Ming district, December 27, 1931.

This species is so similar to minutum that in the adult stage it is
sometimes difficult to differentiate the two although in the larval stage
they are easily separated. In the adult females of minusculum there
are 8 to 17 (usually at least 12) dorsal 8-shaped pores and in those of
minutum 4 to 8; there are 8 to 14 quinquelocular pores in each spiracu-
lar pore band in minusculum and 6 to 10 in minutum,; furthermore, in
minusculum the apical setae are 52 to 56 » long and the ring setae 24
to 30 » long, while in minutwm the apical setae are 44 to 50 p» long
and the ring setae 20 » long. The larvae of minusculum have 4 dorsal
8-shaped pores which are slightly larger than the marginal, while those
of minutum have at least 7, the largest of which is smaller than the
marginal pore of the same segment; also in ménusculum there is 1
trilocular pore near each spiracle, but in minutum 1 trilocular pore
near the anterior spiracle and 2 near the posterior spiracle.

ASTEROLECANIUM MINUTUM Takahashi
(Fig. 42, F—J; fig. 43, A; pl. 7, C)

Described in 1930 (93, pp. 10-11) from specimens on Bambuse
stenostachya from Taihoku, Nisui, Suisha, and Naze, Taiwan
(Formosa).

Habit— Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Broadly ovoid, sometimes indented by growth against hairs
on leaf; 0.5-0.75 mm. long, 0.4-0.6 wide; strongly convex dorsally, sides often
nearly vertical, top slightly rounded, most strongly convex at anterior end,
“sloping from anterior end to posterior third, tip of test produced and elevated,
with transverse striations which are most conspicuous between most strongly
convex area and produced portion; flat ventrally; pale greenish yellow, trans-
parent, thin, shiny; marginal filaments pale greenish yellow to slightly whitish,
not observed at posterior end; dorsal filaments also pale greenish yellow, much
longer than marginal, 4-8 located at intervals in submarginal or lateral area;
circular larval exit at tip of produced part.

Adult female.—In shape similar to test, 0.4-0.75 mm. long, 0.3—0.6 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating three to four times the
length of an apical seta from bases of setae, posterior pores usually 6 « long and
4 wide, others 7-8 uw long and 4.5 wide, posterior pores sometimes eight or ten
times a pore’s length from the penultimate pores, all pores usually a pore’s length
apart, but sometimes less and often more, sometimes dropping out for varying
distances, or reduced in size, due to growth against hairs on leaf; quinquelocular
pores in a single row terminating near the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores or
with 3 or 4 pores beyond this point, usually in the proportion of 1 to each
8-shaped pore and 1 opposite each interval between the 8-shaped pores that
are around a pore’s length apart, either persisting or dropping out where
8-shaped pores have dropped out and sometimes dropping out at a point where
specimen has grown against a hair, even if corresponding 8-shaped pore has
persisted.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores 4-8 in number; on each half of body, 1 near
posterior end in submarginal area, and 1 or 2 anteriorly in submarginal area,
sometimes 1 also present in lateral area, posterior pore 12 « long and 8 wide,

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136 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

others 10-12 u long and 7-8 wide; minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly sparse;
tubular ducts 24 wu long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna roughly dome-shaped, with 2 setae slightly longer |
than diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar fairly broad, |

vital) | somewhat expanded at inner end; normally with 6-10 quinquelocular pores ex-
sida | tending from spiracle to body margin in a single or double row; 2 or 3 dark-
er rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few in lateral area of abdomen,
ei] and others arranged in 2 or 3 transverse rows on abdomen ; submarginal 8-shaped
iy pores in a single row terminating about halfway between genital opening and
pill the posterior marginal quinquelocular pores, usually 1 opposite each marginal

8-shaped pore when the latter are slightly more than a pore’s length apart;
apparently at least 4 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair
nearly the length of an apical seta from bases of apical setae; 1 pair of setae
posterior to genital opening, 1 pair anterior to it, and 1 pair anterior to those.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 44-50 uw long, interapical 6—-7.2 wu long, inner
ventral 3.6 u long, outer ventral 4-5 w long; anal ring with 6 setae 20 uw long
and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores, tending toward division
on dorsal side; ventral surface of apex rugose.

Larva.—Broadly elliptical.

tl Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior, penultimate, fifth from posterior,
vi ! and anterior pairs very slightly larger than the others, axes of the posterior 6
a | pairs transverse, of the others longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.
Latin Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 2—5 on each half of
body, the total number ranging from 7-10, anterior pore largest and about one-
sixth smaller than marginal pores of same segment, the others, except the
second from anterior pore which is sometimes distinctly larger, one-half to
three-fourths size of marginal pores of Same segments; disk pores in lateral area
and a few in submarginal area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V,1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore, posterior
spiracle with 2; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on
inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin;
tibia two-thirds as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs
of submarginal minute setae on abdomen. 2 pairs of submarginal larger setae
at anterior end; 1 pair of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 28 u long, interapical 5 uw long,
wil inner ventral 2.7 « long, outer ventral 3 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 7.2 u long,
ox ce divided on dorsal side.

ihr: Data.—Redescribed from unmounted material and the following
mounted specimens: Two females and 2 larvae on Dendrocalamus sp.,
Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure; 1 female and 2 larvae on
Arundinaria glaucescens, Calcutta, India, R. A. Young, 1862, U. S.
N. H.; 5 females and 2 larvae on Bambusa tulda, India, May 1888,
U.S. N. H.;3 females and 1 larva on Bambusa sp., Hanoi, Indo-China,
A.S Hitchcock, October 5, 1921, U. S. N. H.; 1 female and 8 larvae on
Bambusa sp., Koo Long Ue, Sz Ming district, Fukien, China, F. A.
ah McClure, July 26, 1930; 7 females and 5 larvae on Bambusa sp.,
a Lingnan University, P’oon Ue district, Kwangtung, China, F. A.
mal | McClure, September 9 and 17 and October 13, 1931; 1 female on
=i Bambusa sp., Sing Kok T’sai, Yeung Kong district, Kwangtung,
China, F. A. McClure, December 1, 1931; 2 females and 2 larvae on
| Bambusa sp., Chan T’au Ling, Mau Ming district, Kwangtung, China,
Val F’. A. McClure, December 27, 1931; 6 females and 13 larvae on Bambusa
stenostachya, 'Taihoku, Taiwan (Formosa), R. Takahashi collector,
from E. E. Green, received in 1934, probably type.

This species resembles most closely minusculum and parvum, and is
rather similar to brunetae and circulare.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 137

ASTEROLECANIUM MULTIPORUM Green
(Fig. 43, B—M; pl. 6, M)

Described in 1915 (44, p. 48) as a variety of stypheliae, it is here
raised to specific rank.

Habit.—Living on stems.

Test of female—Longer than wide, measuring 2.25 by 1.45 mm., posterior end
slightly produced ; convex dorsally, with very faint transverse striations ; concave
ventrally; lemon yellow, transparent, fairly thin, fairly shiny; fragmentary
marginal filaments whitish; larval exit a slit in margin.

Adult femaie—Elongate ovoid, posterior end slightly produced, about 1.75 mm.
long, 1.25 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about three times a
posterior pore’s length from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 10 uw long and
6 wide, the others 12 u long and 8 wide, about a pore’s width apart; quinque-
locular pores in a row that is triple at anterior end, double and occasionally
triple in lateral areas, and then double posteriorly, sometimes single for 5 or
4 pores at posterior end, terminating at the third posteriormost pair of 8-shaped
pores, aS numerous as 8-shaped pores at posterior end, two or three times as
numerous elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores rather sparse; tubular ducts
32 u long.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, with 3 setae shorter and 2 longer than
diameter of antenna; 3 quinquelocular pores between antenna and margin: beak
with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar fairly broad and expanded at inner end,
atrium enlarged and containing 7—11 quinquelocular pores, 3-10 similar pores
extending from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly single or double row,
a total of 12-17 in atrium and row combined: multilocular pores. having 8-12
loculi, arranged in 6 complete and 4 interrupted rows, posterior and penultimate
rows each with 18—21, next 14-80, next 20-24, next 15-18, next 13, each of next
3 with 4-6, and anterior with 2 or 3, the total ranging from 116-140; 3-6 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak and a few scattered elsewhere: sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near the penultimate row of
multilocular pores, nearly as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal
setae in a complete row terminating near the penultimate pair of marginal
8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in the posterior row of multilocular pores and 1
pair in each of the next 3 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes barely indicated: setae, apical 70 u
long, interapical 7.2-9 uw long, inner ventral apparently 7.2 uw long, outer ventral
9 » long; ana! ring with 6 setae apparently 27 » long and apparently with an
inner row of 6 and an outer row of 10 or 12 pores, divided on dorsal side and
tending toward division on ventral; ventral surface with a heavily sclerotized,
elongate area extending anteriorly from near base of each apical seta, slightly
sclerotized in dentate rows between heavily sclerotized areas.

Larva.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end narrowed.

Margin: 8-shaped pores normally 28 in number, missing near posterior end
of body when less than 28 occur, posterior pores smallest, gradually increasing
in Size to the anterior pore: if 28 are present, the axes of the posterior 6 pairs
are diagonal or transverse, and of the others longitudinal; normally a minute
seta close to each pore of the posterior 3 pairs; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a rather irregular lateral row, normally
7-9 on each half of body, posterior pores smaller than anterior pores and about
two-thirds the size of marginal pores of same segments; disk pores on posterior
3 or 4 segments.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1: V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases nearly one-half length of antenna apart: beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal: spiracle with 1 trilocular or quadrilocular
and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near
.base and 1 on outer margin near center, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer
Margins ; tibia about one-half as long as tarsus: 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped
pores; 10 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head, 3
pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 1 pair of setae between
antennae and mouth parts.

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138 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 65 uw long, interapical usually
6 uw long, dorsal 2 uw long, inner ventral 5.4 u long, outer ventral 5.4 uw long; anal
ring with 6 setae 16.2 uw long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of
apparently 12 pores, divided on dorsal side and tending toward division on
ventral side; ventral surface with a sclerotized, irregularly elongate area anterior
to base of each apical seta, median area faintly sclerotized in dentate rows.

Data.—Redescribed from two tests, two mounted females (apex of
abdomen missing in one), and seven mounted larvae on Samolus
repens, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia, November 1914, from E. E.
Green, type.

Closely resembling stypheliae, but with many more marginal quin-
quelocular pores, with the tubular ducts 32 instead of 28 » long, with
7 to 11 pores in the atrium of each spiracle, and with 116 multilocular
pores. The larvae of the two species exhibit only minor differences.

ASTEROLECANIUM NEVADENSE Balachowsky
(Fig. 44, A-F'; pl. 4, D)

Described in 1935 (3, pp. 239-242).

Habit.—Living on stems, leaf petioles, and leaves.

Test of female.—About 2 mm. long and 1.5 wide; posterior end produced and
turned straight up, or hooked with tip nearly reaching dorsum of test; strongly
convex dorsally, flat or concave ventrally; pale whitish yellow, transparent to
translucent, rather thick, smooth, shiny; marginal and dorsal filaments whitish,
the latter in an inconspicuous tuft along median line and scattered to margin,
the median filaments same length as marginal filaments, the others shorter;
larval exit narrow elliptical, in margin.

Adult female—Somewhat ovoid, posterior end slightly produced; 1.7-1.9 mm.
long, 1-1.3 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in an irregularly double and single row terminating
around twice length of pore from bases of apical setae, irregularly or regularly
double from anterior end to slightly beyond posterior spiracular pore bands
and usually single from there to end of row, the pores usually alternate rather
than opposite when row is double, the intervals between them varying from
the width to the length of a pore, and the space between the rows about equal
to the width of a pore, individual pores measuring around 12 uw long and 8 wide;
quinquelocular pores in a single row interrupted for 40-50 8-shaped pores at
anterior end and terminating at about the twentieth pore from the ends of the
row of 8-shaped pores, about 1 quinquelocular pore to 1 8-shaped pore of nearer
row; disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped and veutrad of quinquelocular pores, each
row terminating near apical setae, the pores irregularly spaced, for the most
part about half as numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores in 5 or 6 groups in median area and dis-
tributed from these groups to margin, the median groups arranged transversely,
the other pores tending toward arrangement in transverse rows, the pores vary-
ing in size, those of the posterior 2 groups usually 10 uw long and 7 wide, the
majority of pores making up the other groups 12 uw long and 8 wide, most of
the scattered pores 9-10 » long and 6 wide; minute 8-shaped pores absent; disk
pores numerous; tubular ducts 40 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna a roughly circular area, with 2 setae slightly longer
and 3-6 usually much shorter than diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of
setae; spiracle with bar very broad, with a sclerotized subcircular area around
opening, 4-6 quinquelocular pores in sclerotized area and 20-30 (usually 20-25)
extending to body margin in an irregularly double or triple row; multilocular
pores in 3 complete rows near genital opening and 1 interrupted row anterior
to posterior spiracles, the posterior row with 8-12 pores, penultimate with
14-19, anterior complete with 7-11, interrupted row with 3-8, or a total of 41-43,.
majority of pores of complete rows with 8-11 loculi, those near spiracles occa-
sionally with only 5 loculi; 5-10 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak,
a few scattered anterior to mouth parts, and a few posterior to beak in median
area arranged roughly in 4-6 transverse rows; submarginal 8-shaped pores in
an irregularly single to triple or rarely quadruple row terminating near a trans-
verse line drawn through the twenty-fifth from the posterior pair of marginal

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 139

8-shaped pores, usually irregularly double but sometimes single or triple for
a few pores, interrupted at each antenna but continued between them, usually
arranged in groups placed at short intervals from one another, so that there
are 1-4 opposite some marginal 8-shaped pores and none opposite others; 1 or
2 disk pores in 1, or in each, spiracular row of quinquelocular pores, 1—5 in
each complete row of multilocular pores, 3-8 in a transverse row anterior to
anterior complete row of multilocular pores, and sometimes 2 or 3 in a second
transverse row farther anteriorly; submarginal setae in a complete row termi-
nating near the penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae
in each complete row of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes sometimes barely indicated; setae, apical 76 wu long,
interapical 32 uw long, dorsal 24 w long, inner ventral 6 yw long, intermediate
ventral 7-8 uw long, outer ventral 9-10 w long; anal ring with 6 setae 72 uw long
and apparently with around 30 pores; ventral surface heavily sclerotized near
inner ventral setae, surrounding area Slightly sclerotized in dentate rows.

Larva.—Somewhat ovoid.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs usually slightly smaller
than the others and with their axes transverse, axes of the others longitudinal ;
a minute seta close to each pore of the posterior 3 pairs (sometimes only 2 setae
on 1 side of body) ; 4 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores usually in a submedian row of 10 on each
half of body, as large as, or very slightly larger than, marginal pores of same
segments; disk pores fairly close to marginal! 8-shaped pores and 1-3 rather near
dorsal 8-shaped pores; a pair of small setae close to anterior pair of 8-shaped
pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1: VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 2 slender; antennal bases about one-third length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle usually with 1 trilocular but
sometimes with 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin
near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center; tarsus 2 on inner
and 1 on outer margin; tibia around one-half as long as tarsus; usually 6 but
sometimes only 5 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, none between antennae ;
11 pairs of minute submarginal setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head, anterior
setae slightly but not conspicuously longer than the others; 8 pairs of setae
between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical apparently 100-108 u long, interapical 23.4-27 u
long, dorsal 5.4 uw long, inner ventral 5.47.2 uw long, intermediate ventral 9 zu
long, outer ventral 912.6 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 28-32 uw long and with
an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 14 pores; ventral surface of apex faintly
sclerotized on margin.

Data—Redescribed from unmounted material, 4 mounted females,
and 29 mounted larvae on Thymus hirtus, Mulhacen, Sierra Nevada,
Andalusia, Spain, A. Balachowsky, August 10, 1984, type.

Closely resembling arabidis and stentae, but differing from those in
having fewer marginal and spiracular quinquelocular pores and also
fewer submarginal 8-shaped pores. It differs further from arabidis
in having fewer multilocular and dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores and
shorter apical setae, and from stenfae in having multilocular pores
anterior to the posterior spiracles. Larvae of nevadense differ from
those of arabidis and stentae in having 1, instead of 2, pores near each
spiracle, and 10 or 12, instead of 14, submarginal 8-shaped pores. The
occurrence of either 10 or 12 submarginal 8-shaped pores is most un-
usual, but there can be no doubt about the variation, all specimens
being in excellent condition for critical study.

ASTEROLECANIUM NITIDUM, new species
(Fig. 44, G—P; pl. 6, P)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female-——Somewhat ovoid, 1.6-2 mm. long, 1.25-1.5 wide; practically
flat dorsally, with a small longitudinal median carina: flat ventrally ; pale green-
ish yellow, transparent, thin, shiny, punctate; marginal filaments rubbed off;
circular larval exit in dorsal surface at margin.

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140 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, JU. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Adult female——Somewhat elongate ovoid, 1.25-16 mm. long, 1.10—1.25 wide.
Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about one-half length of
an apical seta from setal bases, each pore with a small, sclerotized, tongue-shaped ~

projection on dorsal edge, posterior pores about 8 » long and 5 wide, others 9-104

long and 5-6 wide, usually slightly more than a pore’s length apart; quinque-
locular pores in a single row at each spiracular pore band, 15—19 at the anterior

band and 29-33 at the posterior one, the row interrupted between the spiracular —

pore bands, 1 quinquelocular pore opposite each 8-shaped pore at ends of each
group and 2 opposite each 8-shaped pore elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores rather sparse; disk pores numerous;
tubular ducts 22-24 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped, with 2 setae longer than diameter
of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar fairly broad; 15-24 quin-
quelocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly single
or double row; multilocular pores, with 6-12 (usually 10) loculi, in 4 complete and
4 interrupted rows, posterior and penultimate rows each with 10 or 11 rores. each
of next 2 with 3-8, each of the interrupted rows with 2, the total number 30-42;
2 or 3 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few scattered on anterior
end, and a few in lateral area of abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a
single row terminating at median line slightly anterior to anal opening, as numer-
ous as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating
near the posterior pair of marginal $-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in the posterior
row of multilocular pores and 1 pair in each of the other complete rows.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes faintly indicated; setae, apical 48 uw long, interapical

5.4 uw long, outer ventral 3 » long; anal opening in ventral surface well removed

from margin, nearly circular, its margin slightly sclerotized or membranous.

Larva.—Elongate ovoid.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior pair slightly the largest, axes of
all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of apparently 10 or 11
and a lateral row of apparently 9, on each balf of body, the total number 38—40,
individual pores about as long as the width of marginal pores; disk pores between
submedian and lateral 8-shaped pores and a few between lateral and marginal.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1: IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2
fairly stout, 2 slender; antennal bases nearly one-half length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 3 pairs at tip; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular
pore, posterior spiracle without pores; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin
near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-fifth as long
as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 7 pairs of,submarginal minute
setae on abdomen, 1 pair of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 3 pairs of
setae between antennae and mouth narts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 45 » long, interapical 7.2 u long, outer ventral
2.5 uw long; anal opening in margin, circular; anal tube very short and heavily
sclerotized; anal ring a sclerotized band with ventral edge almost on ventral
surface and with 2 setae 3.6-5 uw long.

Data—Described from unmounted material, six mounted females,
and four mounted larvae on Pasania sp., and two mounted females
on Quercus (Li ithocarpus) sp., Tientai Shan, Chekiang, China, R. C.
Ching, May 5-18, 1934, U. S. N. H., holotype ‘and paratypes.

Closely related to pasaniae, but separable from it in the adult stage
by its small number of marginal quinquelocular pores, and in the larval
stage by the absence of a pore near the posterior spiracle and the
presence of two setae on the anal ring.

ASTEROLECANIUM NOTABILE, new species
(Fig. 45, A-G; pl. 5, B)

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves.
Test of female.——Hlongate elliptical, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5-1.8 wide; slightly
convex dorsally, with a faint longitudinal median carina; flat ventrally ; unpara-
sitized tests greenish yellow, parasitized test deep pink, transparent, fairly thin,
finely punctate; marginal filaments pale yellow on greenish-yellow tests, deep

a el

4

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 141

pink on pink test, slightly longer at ends than elsewhere; larval exit a slit in
margin.

Adult female.—Elongate elliptical, 2.5 mm. long, 1.4 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row usually terminating less than a
posterior pore’s width from bases of apical setae, the posterior pair of pores
14-15 uw long and 7.2 wide, next 10-15 pairs 15-16 uw long and 8 wide, the remainder
16.2-18 p» long and 9 wide, all nearly contiguous; quinquelocular pores mostly in
a single row but sometimes crowded so as to make the row double here and
there, terminating at or near the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, 1 opposite
each 8-shaped pore near end of row, more numerous elsewhere, there being
usually 2, and sometimes 8 or 4, opposite each 8-Shaped pore from a point
slightly posterior to posterior spiracular pore bands to near antennae, and
usually 2 opposite each 8-shaped pore at anterior end; disk pores dorsad of,
and somewhat less numerous than, 8-shaped pores, terminating near the posterior
or penultimate pair of those pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores fairly numerous; disk pores numerous;
tubular ducts 44 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna dome-shaped, with 2 setae slightly longer and 2
much shorter than diameter of antenna; 1-8 quinquelocular pores between
antenna and margin; beak without Setae; spiracle with bar rather broad, a
sclerotized area extending around opening and 2-8 quinguelocular pores on
edge of opening, 39-75 similar pores extending from spiracle to body margin in
a row 2-6 pores wide; multilocular pores having 5-10 loculi (usually at least
6) in 2 rows, each with 3-6 pores; 1-4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side
of beak, some scattered in a wide, irregularly double row entad of submarginal
area (except near posterior end), and others arranged in 2 or 3 Sparse, transverse
rows near posterior end of abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores in an irregu-
larly single row terminating near posterior row of multilocular pores, nearly
as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 7 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen,
the posterior pair near the fourth posteriormost pair of marginal 8-shaped pores;
1 pair of setae in posterior row of multilocular pores, 1 pair in anterior row,
1 pair anterior to these, and a pair sometimes anterior to the last.

Apex of abdomen: Notch small; setae, apical 23.4-27 w long, interapical 9 u
long, inner ventral 4-6 wu long, outer ventral 7.2-9 pu long (actually anterior to
posterior marginal 8-shaped pore) ; anal ring with 6 setae 32.4-86 uw long, and
with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of apparently 14 pores, apparently tending
toward division on dorsal side; ventral surface of apex sclerotized on margin.

Larva.—Nearly elongate elliptical, posterior end narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, anterior pair distinctly the largest, the next
pair smaller than anterior pair but slightly larger than the others, axes of all
longitudinal ; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: Disk pores in Ssubmarginal and lateral areas.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4,
femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near
center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus;
9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 7 pairs of submarginal minute setae on
abdomen, 2 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 1 pair of setae
between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch minute; setae, apical 72 u long, interapical 18 u long,
inner ventral 2 u long, outer ventral 5.4 w long; anal ring with 2 setae apparently
2.5 uw long, and four 5.4 uw long.

Data—Described from the following material: One mounted
female on Arundinaria amabilis, Koo Shui, Kwong Ning district,
Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure, March 24, 1929, paratype; three
unmounted specimens, three mounted females, »nd eight monnted
larvae on bamboo, China, intercepted at Seattle, Wash., E. I. Smith,
May 26, 1937, holotype and paratypes.

This species is rather similar to swhdolum.

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142 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ASTEROLECANIUM OBLONGUM, new species
(Fig. 45, H-M; pl. 9, H)

Habit.—ULiving on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Elongate, about 2 mm. long and 0.5 wide; slightly convex
dorsally, flat ventrally ; yellow, transparent, fairly thin, shiny ; marginal filaments
broken off; larval exit apparently a slit in margin.

Adult female.—Elongate, about 1.75 mm. long, 0.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating two to three times the
dength of an apical seta from bases of setae, about 15 pores at anterior end 12.6 pz
long and 7.2 wide, the others 10.8 w long and 5.4 wide, usually a pore’s width
apart near spiracular pore bands and nearly contiguous elsewhere ; quinquelocular
pores in a single row from near antennae to a point usually much nearer to posterior
spiracular pore bands than to the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, usually about
half as numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores near ends of row, and about
as numerous as those pores elsewhere; disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores and
much less numerous than the latter, although the row extends slightly beyond the
ends of the row of 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly humerous; tubular ducts
28 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, with 2 setae longer and 2 shorter than diameter
of antenna; beak without setae; spiracle with bar fairly broad and with atrium
slightly enlarged and containing 3—5 quinquelocular yores, 8-12 similar pores
extending from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly single, double, or triple
row ; 2-4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts, 1 or 2 anterior to
mouth parts, and a few on abdomen arranged in 3 or 4 transverse rows; sub- -
marginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near genital opening, usually
about half as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 8 pairs of Submarginal setae,
all posterior to anterior spiracular pore bands, the posterior pair Slightly anterior
to the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae posterior to
genital opening, 1 pair anterior to opening, and 1 pair anterior to those.

Apex of abdomen: Slightly concave; setae, apical 16-20 uw long, interapical 7.2 u
long, inner ventral 3.6 » long and slightly nearer to median line than to apical
seta, outer ventral 5.4-7.2 u long; anal ring with 6 setae 27-29 uw long, and with an
inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores, tending toward division on dorsal
and ventral sides.

Larva.—Elongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior pair larger than next 5 pairs,
which, together with the anterior pair, are slightly larger than the remaining 7
pairs, axes of all longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 7 on each half of body,
the posterior pores slightly smaller than the anterior ones, which are around
two-thirds the size of marginal pores of Same segments; disk pores in lateral
area and possibly in submarginal area. ‘

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 1 slender; antennal bases around one-third length of antenna
apart; beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular pore;
leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and
outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia
about one-third as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-Sshaped pores;
apparently 8 pairs of submarginal minute setae posterior to anterior spiracles,
= pairs of submarginal larger setae at antericr end; 1 pair of setae between
antennae and mouth parts. :

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 54 uw long, interapical 12.6-14.4 » long, inner
ventral apparently 2 uw long, outer ventral 3.6 wu long; anal ring with 6 setae,
each about 5.4 wu long, and possibly with 2 pores.

Data.—Described from the following material: Unmounted speci-
mens, two mounted females, and one poor mounted larva, on Gigan-_
tochloa tessellata, Chekiang, China, F. N. Myer, July 12, 1915, U.S.
N. H., paratypes; two mounted females and eight mounted larvae on
bamboo, China, intercepted at New York, S. D. Whitlock, one female

on June 8, 1937, the other specimens on June 18, 1937, holotype and
paratypes.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 143

Closely resembling Jongulum, but with a single, instead of a double,
row of submarginal 8-shaped pores and with two short, as well as
two long, setae on the antenna. The larva is distinguished from that
of longulum by having 28, instead of 26, marginal 8-shaped pores,
and only 1 pore near each spiracle.

ASTEROLECANIUM ORANIAE, new species
(Fig. 46, A-F; pl. 9, J)

Habit—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Elongate ovoid, around 1.4 mm. long, 0.65 wide; truncate
at anterior end, nearly uniform in width on anterior third, tapering gradually
to posterior end; dorsally convex at anterior end, sloping gradually to posterior
end; flat ventrally; brownish yellow, transparent, rather thick; marginal fila-
ments apparently whitish, fragmentary; larval exit not observed.

Adult female.—Elongate, around 1.25 mm. long, 0.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating twice or three times
length of an apical seta from bases of setae, the posterior pores 7 w long and
4 wide, the others 8 or 9 uw long and 5 wide, a pore’s length apart at anterior
end, two to six times that distance apart near posterior end; trilocular pores
(with some quinquelocular pores intermixed) in a single row from slightly
anterior to anterior spiracular pore bands to halfway between posterior spiracular
pore bands and the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, less numerous than 8-Shaped
pores at ends of rows, one and a half times as numerous elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Two and 6 8-shaped pores observed in different specimens
of the meager available material, these fairly close to anterior margin and 12 yw
long and 8 wide; minute 8-shaped pores numerous on anterior third of specimen,
sparse elsewhere; disk pores sparse; tubular ducts 24 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, Slightly raised, with 2 setae slightly
longer than diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar
expanded at inner end and with atrium enlarged, bag-shaped, and containing
) or 6 quinquelocular pores, 4-6 similar pores extending from spiracie to body
margin in a single row; multilocular pores, with 9 or 10 loculi, in 2 complete
rows of 11-16 each, 1 interrupted row of 8 or 10, and 5 interrupted rows each
with 2-4, or a total of 47-49; 2 or 3 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of
beak, a few scattered on anterior end, and a few on posterior half of body
tending toward arrangement in transverse rows mostly in lateral areas (some
in median area close to mouth parts) ; submarginal 8-shaped pores apparently
in a single row, terminating near the penultimate row of multilocular pores;
submarginal setae in a complete row terminating halfway between the posterior
pair of marginal 8-shaped pores and bases of apical setae; 2 pairs of setae in
the posterior row of multilocular pores and 1 pair in each of the next 8 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 20 uw long, interapical 1-2 uw long, outer
ventral 4 uw long; anal opening not cleary differentiated, apparently in margin;
anal tube very short or absent; anal ring not clearly differentiated, apparently
a somewhat elliptical plate which is sclerotized on ventral side and has 2
setae 16 uw long apparently arising from very short, inconspicuous collars, and
a clear area suggestive of a pore between base of seta and rim of collar.

Larva.—Elliptieal.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores varying slightly in size, the anterior pair as
large as any of the others, axes of all practically longitudinal; a minute seta
close to each pore of the posterior 3 pairs; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores, totaling 40-42, in a submedian row of 9-11
and a lateral row of 10-12, on each half of body, varying slightly in size,
anterior pores of each row usually larger than the others, and nearly as large
as marginal pores of same segments; disk pores near some of the lateral 8-shaped
pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout; antennal bases about one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular
pore or with 2 quinquelocular pores; leg setae, coxa 38, femur 0, tarsus appar-
ently 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-third as long as tarsus; 9
pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 7 pails of submarginal minute
setae, on abdomen and thorax, 1 pair of slightly larger submarginal setae at
anterior end; 3 pairs of setae near antennae and mouth parts.

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144 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 38 y long, interapical 5 uw long, a pair 1 uw

long entad of interapical, outer ventral 2.2 w long; anal opening apparently a
narrow incision in dorsal surface at margin; anal tube short, sclerotized; anal
ring with 2 setae apparently less than 1 » long.

Third-stage male.—Resembling adult female in shape, but smaller; margin
with 8-shaped pores terminating a posterior pore’s length from bases of apical
setae, 1 or 2 trilocular pores where anterior spiracular pore band meets margin,
others present between that point and the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores,
about as numerous as 8-Shaped pores, but 2 or 3 trilocular pores near each pore
of the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores; dorsal surface without large 8-shaped
pores; ventral surface with atrium of Spiracle not enlarged and not containing
pores, and with only 2 or 8 trilocular pores in each spiracular row, legs repre-
sented by 8 pairs of circular, faintly sclerotized areas; apex of abdomen with
lobes indicated, apical setae 48 w long, interapical setae 2 wu long, outer ventral
setae 2 uw long; anal opening in body margin, circular, its margin membranous,
anal tube, anal ring, and anal setae absent.

Data—Described from one test, three mounted females, nine
mounted larvae, and one mounted third-stage male on Orania philip-
pinensis, Mt. Giting-giting, Magallanes, Sibuyan, Philippine Islands,
A. D. E. Elmer, April 1910, U. S. N. H., holotype and paratypes.

Closely resembling pinangae, but differing from it in having mar-
ginal 8-shaped pores terminating well before the apical setae, in
having nearly 50 multilocular pores instead of about 20, and in having
apical setae which are only 20 u long.

ASTEROLECANIUM ORDINARIUM, new species
(Fig. 46, G-0; pl. 3, ©)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Elongate, widest on anterior third, tapering to posterior end,
margin sometimes indented by growth against hairs on leaf; 1.5-1.6 mm. long,
0.4-0.5 wide; convex dorsally, flat ventrally; pale greenish yellow or pale clear
yellow, transparent, thin; marginal filaments very pale yellow, almost whitish, or
very pale pinkish, not observed at posterior end, apparently slightly longer at
anterior end than elsewhere; dorsal filaments whitish, fairly numerous, mostly
slightly longer than marginal; larval exit apparently circular or elliptical, in
ventral surface at margin.

Adult female.—In shape similar to test, 1.10-1.4 mm. long, 0.35-0.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around length of an
apical seta from bases of setae, the anterior pores around 108 uw long and 7.2 wide,
the others 7.2-9 uw long and 4.5—-5.4 wide, normally around a pore’s length apart;
quinquelccular pores in a single row terminating within 10 8-shaped pores from
ends of that row, about as numerous as 8-shaped pores posteriorly, at least twice
as numerous elsewhere; disk pores dorsad of, and less numerous than, 8-shaped
pores, terminating with 1 or 2 beyond the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores fairly numerous, some 7-8 u long and 6 wide
but the majority 10.8-12 uw long and 7.2 wide; minute 8-shaped pores not observed ;
disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 28.8 » long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, short, with 2 setae longer, and 2 slightly
shorter, than diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracle with bar fairly
slender, slightly expanded at inner end, atrium slightly enlarged and containing
2-5 quinquelocular pores, 3-5 similar pores extending from Sspiracle to body
margin; 1 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore each side of beak, a few scattered on
anterior end, and a few arranged in 8 transverse rows on abdomen; submarginal
8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near genital opening, usually 1 op-
posite each marginal 8-shaped pore, when they are around a pore’s length apart;
6 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair near terminating
point of marginal 8-Shaped pores; 1 pair of setae posterior to genital opening,
1 pair anterior to it, and 1 pair anterior to those.

Apex of abdomen: Slightly concave; setae, apical 30.6 u long, interapical 10.8 u
long, inner ventral 54 wu long, outer ventral 7.2-9 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae

27-30 uw long, and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of apparently 12 pores,
divided on dorsal side.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 145

Second stage——Resembling adult, but smaller; margin with 8-shaped pores
terminating about a pore’s length from bases of apical setae, without quinque-
lecular and disk pores; dorsal surface with 8-shaped and disk pores less numer-
ous than in adult; ventral surface without pores in atrium of spiracle and with
2 in each spiracular row ; apex of abdomen as in adult but all setae »>pproximately
one-third shorter.

Larva.—Elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior pair slightly larger than the
others, axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse, of the others longitudinal; 3
pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 3-6 on each half of
body, the total ranging from 8-11, anterior pore slightly larger than the others,
all practically same size as, or slightly larger than, marginal pores of same
segments; disk pores in submarginal area and a few in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 1 slender; antennal bases about two-fifths length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair rather near base; anterior spiracle with 1
trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore or with 2 trilocular pores, posterior spiracle
with 2 trilocular pores; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner marg:n near base
and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1
on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal
8-shaped pores; apparently 7 pairs of submarginal minute setae on abdomen,
2 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 1 pair of setae between
antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch minute; setae, apical 50 w long, interapical 10.8 yu
long, inner ventral 2.5 uw long, outer ventral 3.6 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae
5.47.2 uw long.

Test of male—Elongaie, 1.10 mm. long, 0.4 wide; convex dorsally, flat
ventrally; transparent, very thin; marginal filaments paler yellow than test,
longest at anterior end; dorsal filaments very pale yellow, fairly numerous,
slightly longer than marginal ones.

Third-stege male.—Resembling adult female but smaller; margin with 8-shaped
pores term:nating about a pore’s length from bases of apical setae, quinque-
locular pores termifating around 20 8-shaped pores from the posterior pair of
8-shaped pores, usually 1 near each 8-shaped pore, disk pores apparently absent;
ventral surface with atrium of spiracie not enlarged, 2 or 3 quinquelocular
pores in each spiracular row, legs represented by 3 pairs of circular, sclerotized,
slightly raised areas, each with a very small, straight, clawlike spine in center;
apex of abdomen as in adult female but apical seta broken and other setae
around one-fourth shorter.

Data.—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes) and the
following mounted material: Six females, 1 second-stage specimen, 10
larvae, and 2 third-stage males on bamboo, China, intercepted at New
York, Fitzgerald and Garrett, March 25, 1932, holotype and para-
types; 1 female on bamboo, China, intercepted at Seattle, Wash., E. I.
Smith, May 28, 1937, paratype.

Allied to longulum and oblongum.

ASTEROLEZANIUM PALLIDUM, new species
(Fig. 47, A-—G; pl. 9, Q)

Habit—tLiving on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female——Longer than wide, anterior margin curved, tapering slightly
at posterior end; around 1.85 mm. long, 0.75 wide; dorsally strongly convex
at anterior end, not so high at posterior end; flat ventrally; pale greenish
yellow, transparent, very thin, glassy; marginal filaments fragmentary, paler
in color than test, almost whitish; circular larval exit in dorsal surface at
margin.

Adult female—In shape similar to test, around 1.75 mm. long, 0.65 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating slightly more than length
of an apical seta from setal bases, posterior pores 7 uw long and 4 wide, the
others 9 uw long and 4 wide, posterior 4 or 5 pores from a pore’s width to three
times a pore’s length apart, the others usually less than a pore’s length apart;

286720—41——_10

146 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

trilocular pores in a single row terminating 2-11 8-shaped pores from end of row,
about half as numerous as 8-shaped pores near ends of body (sometimes absent
opposite about 20 8-shaped pores at anterior end) and about as numerous as
corresponding 8-shaped pores elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores sparse; tubular ducts 24 wu
long.

yon al surface: Antenna very Short, with 2 setae longer and 1 much shorter
than diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar ex-
panded at inner end, atrium enlarged and containing 4-6 quinquelocular pores,
9-12 similar pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a single row;
multilocular pores, with 10 loculi, in 2 complete rows, each with 11-18; a group
of 9-13 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak and a few apparently in
8 transverse rows on abdomen; Submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row
terminating near median line, usually as numerous as corresponding marginal
8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating about one-third
length cf apical seta from bases of apical setae; 1 pair of setae in each row of
multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present: lobes indicated: setae, apical 60 uw long,
interapical 14-16 » long, a pair 4 uw long entad of interapical very close to margin
on ventral surface, outer ventral 3.6 u long; anal opening ventral, inconspicuous ;
anal tube membranous, inconspicuous; anal ring consisting of 2 sclerotized ellip-
tical plates, which are nearly contiguous, and each of which has a seta 27-29 u
il aes at each end and a large clear area in center; a circular opening between

the 2 plates.

Data.—Described from unmounted material and three mounted
females on Afta/ea sp.. Colon Province, Panama, H. Pittier, July-
August 1911, U. S. N. H., holotype and paratypes; one empty test and
one mounted female on Aftalea cohune, Culebra, Canal Zone, H. Pittier,
November 1911, U.S. N. H., paratype.

Resembling bondari and truncatum, but differmg from each in
having four pairs of setae on the apex of the abdomen.

il

th a

ASTEROLECANIUM PALMAE Cockerell
(Fig. 47, H-lM; pl. 6, H)

First referred to by Cockerell in 1892 (74, p. 333) as follows: “(16)
* fa Fiorinia camelliae Comst. on Coconut, near Montego Bay. (Coll.
“bs by Dr. Sinclair). On the same leaves I find a curious yellow creature,
| with a fringe all round, and some pink filaments at each end, so is it
possibly the young form of Fiorinia?” Later in 1892 (15, p. 142)
Cockerell commented on this insect as follows: “The ‘curious yellow
creature’ has nothing to do with 772 vorinad, but is a new species of
Asterolecanium, or a closely allied genus.” in April 1893 (16, p. 255)
he listed the species as Asterolecanium palmae, n. sp., and described
it in papers, published in April 1893 (17, p. 77), in 1894 (18, p. 308),
| AINGL aa ISIS (Ge p. 9). The species was erroneously recorded by
| Fernald in 1903 (32, p. 52) as having been described in the Journal of
the Institute of Jamaica, volume 1, 1892 2, page 76.

The original description of Asterolecanium lineare Lindinger was
contained in an article published by Brick in 1909 (13, pp. 449-450),
i] and the species was listed as Asterolecanium lineare, n. sp., in an
+ article by Lindinger immediately following the one by Brick (60, p.
he, 464). The description is inadequate to separate the species from
ie many others found on palm. In 1936, however, Lindinger stated that
| lineare was a synonym of palmae (64, D. 153). Although there is a
possibility that he erred in the assignment, the synonymy is accepted
by the writer, who has not had authentic specimens of lineare for
comparison.

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THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 147

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female—Elongate, tapering from center to posterior end; 1.45-2 mm.
long, 05-0.6 wide; convex dorsally, with a weak longitudinal median carina;
fiat ventrally ; bright brownish or clear yellow, transparent, punctate; marginal
filaments pale golden brown, slightly longer at anterior end than elsewhere;
dorsal filaments rubbed off; elliptical larval exit in dorsal surface at margin.

Adult female.—In shape similar to test, 1-1.75 mm. long, 0.4-0.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating four to six times the
length of an apical seta from setal bases, posterior pores 7 or 8 yw long and 4
wide, others 9 » long and 5 wide, usually about a pore’s width apart at anterior
end, and from the width to the length of a pore apart near posterior end;
trilccular pores in a single row (occasionally containing a quinquelocular pore
and rarely nearly as many quadrilocular or quinquelocular as trilocular pores)
usually terminating within 15 8-shaped pores from end of row, about as numerous
as corresponding 8-shaped pores near posterior end, about one and a hali times
as numerous as these pores elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores along median line and sometimes a few in
lateral area, a total of 10-60 (usually 30-40), 11-16 uw long and 4-12 wide;
minute 8-shaped and disk pores numerous; tubular ducts 28 w long.

Ventral surface: Antenna globular, with 2 setae as long as, and 2 longer
than, diameter of antenna, 4 or 5 quinquelocular pores between antenna and
margin; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar expanded at inner end,
opening large, atrium enlarged but Shailow and containing 5-8 quinquelocular
pores, 8-11 similar pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a Single
row; multilocular pores, with 10 loculi, in 3 complete and 5 interrupted rows,
posterior and median complete rows each with 14-20 pores, anterior compiete with
6-10, each interrupted row with 2, the total 43-51; a group of 6-12 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few tending toward arrangement
in 2 or 3 transverse rows in median area near posterior end; submarginal
8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near the posterior row of multilocular
pores, one-third as numerous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped pores;
subm:irginal setae in a complete row terminating around length of an
apical seta from bases of apical setae; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of
multilocular pores and 1 pair in each of next 3 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes sometimes indicated ; setae, apical around 20 wu long,
interapical 1 uw long, outer ventral 2 w long; anal opening apical; anal tube
absent or so short as to be indeterminable; anal ring practically or actually
at the surface, apparently consisting of an elliptical, weakly sclerotized plate
with a seta 18-24 yw long arising from each end, and with 3 or 4 minute pores
on the outer edge of each setal base, a more heavily sclerotized line outside
pores, and an opening in center of plate.

Second stage.—Resembling adult in shape but smaller; margin with 8-shaped
pores terminating length of an apical seta from bases of setae, 5 trilocular pores
where each spiracular pore band meets margin; dorsal surface with 1 large
8-shaped pore; ventral surface with atrium of spiracle enlarged and containing
1 quinquelocular pore, 2 or 3 similar pores between opening and bedy margin, 1
pair of setae in median abdominal area; apex of abdomen with anal lobes indi-
cated, apical setae 50 uw long, interapical setae 1.8 » long, outer ventral setae 1.8 u
long; anal opening in body margin, circular, its margin sclerotized; without ring
or setae.

Larva—wNearly elliptical, posterior end narrowed

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, posterior pairs slightly smaller than an-
terior ones, axes of all longitudinal; a pair of minute setae close to each of the
posterior 2 pairs; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian and a lateral row of 9 each,
on each half of body, anterior pore of each row slightly larger than posterior
one, submedian pores practically same size as marginal pores, lateral pores
about one-half size of submedian ; disk pores occurring between lateral and mar-
ginal 8-shaped pores at posterior end.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 3 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2 pairs
apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore;
leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and
outer margins; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped
pores; apparently 10 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen, thorax,
and head; 4 pairs of setae near antennae.

148 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Apex of abdomen: Lobes barely indicated; setae, apical 37 uw long, interapical
3.6 uw long, a pair 1 » long entad of interapical, outer ventral 1 » long; anal opening
apical, circular, its margin sclerotized.

Data—Redescribed from unmounted specimens and the following
mounted material: One female on coconut, Catherine Hall, Jamaica,
Dr. Sinclair, type; two females on Attalea cohune, Puerto Sierra,
Honduras, Percy Wilson, February 18, 1908, U. S. N. H.; three females
on Cocos nucifera, Puerto Sierra, Honduras, Percy Wilson, February
18, 1903, N. Y. B. G.; one female on Palmae, Limon, Costa Rica, Cook
and Doyle, May 1903, U.S. N. H.; one female on Martinezia aiphanes,
Miranda, Venezuela, H. Pittier, April 6, 1917, U. S. N. H.; two females
on Llaeis melanococca, near Panama City, Panama, W. R. Maxon,
June 3, 1928, U. S. N. H.; one female on coconut palm, San Andreas
Island, Colombia, J. Zetek, April 29, 1931; three females on Llaeis
melanococca, between Matias Hernandez and Juan Dias, Panama
Province, Panama, P. C. Standley, January 21, 1934, U.S. N. H.; four
females. two second-stage specimens, and three larvae on coconut
palm, Honduras, intercepted at New Orleans, La., A. K. Pettit, March
19, 1934; four females and four larvae on G'uzlielma sp. and one female
on Palmae (E£laeis?), Armuelles, Chiriqui Province, Panama, G. F.
Ferris, August 1938.

ASTEROLECANIUM PARVUM, new species
(Fig. 48, A-G; pl. 9, BB)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female——Virtually circular, 0.6 mm. in diameter; strongiy convex
dorsally, sides nearly vertical, top nearly flat, with a low, fairly wide longitudinal
median carina, a curved submarginal carina, a slight furrow between the carinae,
and with faint transverse striations across median carina; flat ventrally; green-
ish yellow, transparent, thin, shiny; marginal filaments fragmentary, apparently
same color as test, dorsal filaments broken off, apparently around 17 in number
placed at fairly uniform intervals in submarginal area, and 1 or 2 in submedian
or lateral area; elliptical larval exit in dorsal surface at margin.

Adult female—Nearly circular, 0.5 mm. in diameter, posterior end produced.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating Slightly more than length
of an apical seta from bases of Setae, 5.4-6 u long and 3.6 wide, usually two to
four (sometimes as much as eight) times a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular
pores in a single row terminating at the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, or with
1 beyond, usually 1 near each 8-shaped pore when the latter are twice a pore’s
length apart, and at about the same intervals where 8-shaped pores are farther
apart.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores placed at fairly uniform intervals in sub-
marginal area and a few in lateral area, the total being approximately 19, most
of the pores 9 uw long and 7.2 wide, with only 1 or 2 slightly smaller than that;
minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly sparse; tubular ducts 12 wu long; dorsal tubes
present.

Ventral surface: Antenna a circular disk, with 2 setae slightly longer than
diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar rather slender; a single
row of 5-10 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin; 2 or 3
dark-rimmed 8-shaped pcres each side of beak, a few in a single row in lateral
area, and a few in 2 transverse rows anterior to genital opening; submarginal
8-shaped pores in a Single row terminating near the posterior pair of marginal
8-shaped pores, the intervals between them twice the length of a marginal 8-shaped
pore; 5 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair at base
of produced part of abdomen; 1 pair of setae posterior to genital opening, 1 pair
anterior to opening, and 1 pair anterior to those.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 56 uw long, interapical 7.2 u long, inner ventral
3.6 u long, outer ventral 4.5 u long; anal ring with 6 setae 23.4-26 u long and with
an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 12 pores; ventral surface of apex sclerotized
and rugose.

|

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 149

Larva.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end slightly narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the penultimate and anterior pairs slightly
larger than the others, axes of the posterior 2 or 3 pairs transverse, of the next
2 or 3 pairs somewhat diagonal, and of the others longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae
at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 4 or 5 on each half
of body, the anterior pore and the second from it one-third or one-fourth larger
than the others, the largest pores slightly larger than marginal pores of same
segments, the others smaller; disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4,
femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near
center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus;
9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal minute setae on
abdomen, 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 1 pair of setae
between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 27 uw long, interapical 5.4 uv long,
inner and outer ventral each 3.6 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 3.6 w long.

Data.—Described from one parasitized test. two mounted females,
and two mounted larvae on Bambusa sp., Kachek, Hainan Island,
China, A. S. Hitchcock, October 18, 1921, U. S. N. H., holotype
and paratypes.

Closely resembling minutwm and minusculum, but differing from
them in having the marginal row of 8-shaped and quinquelocular
pores terminating the length of an apical seta from bases of setae,
instead of three to six times that distance, and in the tubular ducts
being only 12 » long. Larvae of parvum have one trilocular pore
near each spiracle instead of two near the posterior spiracle as in
minutum, and nine dorsal 8-shaped pores instead of four as in
minusculum.

ASTEROLECANIUM PASANIAE Kuwana and Cockerell
(Fig. 48, H-O; pl. 9, D)

Described by Kuwana and Cockerell in an article published by
Kuwana in 1909 (54, p. 152).

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Hlongate ovoid, 1.6 mm. long, 1 wide; slightly convex dor-
sally, with a longitudinal median carina and faint transverse striations; flat
ventrally; bright yellow, transparent, shiny, slightly punctate; marginal fila-
ments pale salmon; circular larval exit in margin.

Adult female——Hlongate ovoid, 1.10 mm. long, 0.85 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating one-third length of an
apical seta from bases of setae, each pore with a short, sclerotized, tongue-
shaped projection on dorsal edge, posterior pores 8 u long and 5 wide, others 9 a
long and 5 wide, usually around a pore’s length apart near anterior end and a
pore’s width apart near posterior end; quinquelocular pores in a single row
terminating within 20 8-shaped pores from end of row, usually at least as
numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores, but sometimes the row interrupted
anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores fairly numerous;
tubular ducts 24 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, with 2 setae as long as diameter of antenna;
beak apparently with 2 pairs of setae: spiracular bar fairly broad; a group
of 3 or 4 quinquelocular pores sometimes at spiracular opening, but in any
case with 29-30 quinquelocular pores extending from opening to body margin
in an irregularly single row; multilocular pores, with 10 loculi, in 4 complete
and 4 interrupted rows, the posterior row with 10-12 pores, each of the other
complete rows with 4-9, and each of the interrupted rows with 4 or 5. the total
being approximately 36; 2 or 3 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth

!

150 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

parts; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a Single row terminating near posterior
pair of marginal 8-shaped ports and about one-half as numerous as those
pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating near the posterior
pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular
pores and 1 pair in each of the other complete rows.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 56 w long, interapical 8 mw long, outer ventral
8 u long; anal opening ventral, fairly well removed from body margin, small,
nearly circular, its margin faintly sclerotized.

Larva.— Elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior pores slightly smaller than
the others, axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a Submedian row of 10-12 and a lateral
row of & or 9, on each half of body, varying slightly in size with the largest
about one-half the size of a posterior marginal pore; disk pores between
submedian and lateral 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2
fairly stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak
setae, certainly 2 pairs, and possibly 3 pails, all at tip; anterior spiracle with
1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore, posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore;
leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner
and outer margins; tibia one-fifth as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal
8-shaped pores; 7 pairs of minute Submarginal setae on abdomen, 1 pair of
submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae near antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 42 uw long, interapical 9 wu long, outer ventral
7.8 w long; anal opening an incision in margin, anal tube very short, slightly
sclerotized ; anal ring with ventral edge almost at opening.

Data.—Redescribed from one test, two poor, mounted females, and
three mounted larvae on Pasania cuspidata, Hachijo Shima, Japan,
1905, received from Cockerell, type material.

The characters considered here differ from those mentioned and
illustrated by Kuwana (54, p. 152) in the presence of two setae on the
antenna instead of one, and in the presence of marginal 8-shaped pores
at the anterior end of the body.

ASTEROLECANIUM PENICILLATUM, new species
(Fig. 49, A-L; pl. 8, WV)

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female—Hlongate, 1.6-2 mm. long, 0.25-0.3 wide, sides parallel,
or indented by growth against hairs on leaf, posterior end narrowed and some-
times slightly upturned; strongly convex dorsally, flat or convex ventrally;
greenish yellow, transparent, thin, shiny, slightly punctate near margin; mar-
ginal filaments whitish, observed only on lateral margins; dorsal filaments not
observed ; circular larval exit in ventral surface at margin.

Adult female——Elongate, posterior end slightly narrowed; 1.5-1.9 mm. long,
0.25 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row starting slightly nearer to anterior
Spiracular pore bands than to median line at anterior end and terminating 2
little nearer to posterior spiracular pore bands than to bases of apical setae,
ronhe to 3 at anterior end, the individual pores 7.2-8 wu long and 3.6-4 wide, once
to twice a pore’s length apart at ends of row and slightly less than a pore’s
length apart elsewhere; quinquelocular pores in a single row beginning at, or
slightly posterior to, the anterior pair of 8-shaped pores, and terminating near
the third to ninth 8-shaped pore from end of row, aS numerous as corresponding
8-shaped pores at ends of row, about one and a half times as numerous elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: One 8-shaped pore 12.6 » long and 7.2 wide at anterior end;
minute 8-shaped and disk pores sparse; tubular ducts 24 uw long; dorsal tubes
present.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, with 2 setae slightly longer than diameter
of antenna; beak without setae; spiracle with bar slender, sometimes expanded
at inner end, atrium very slightly enlarged and containing 1 or 2 quinquelocular
pores, 1-3 similar pores between spiracle and body margin; 2 quinquelocular
pores posterior to genital opening; 1-3 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 151

of mouth parts, 2 or 3 anterior to mouth parts, and a few in 2 transverse rows
near posterior end of abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a Single row
terminating slightly nearer to bases of apical setae than to the posterior pair
of marginal 8-shaped pores, nearly aS numerous as corresponding marginal
8-shaped pores where the latter are present, and similarly spaced at anterior
end where they are absent; 6 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the
posterior pair around length of an apical seta from bases of those setae; 1
pair of setae posterior to genital opening and 1 pair anterior to it.

Apex of abdomen: Slightly concave; lobes indicated; setae, apical 44-50 u
long, interapical 7.2-9 uw long, inner ventral 5.4 w long, outer ventral 54-7 p
long; anal ring with 6 setae 28-30 uw long and with an inner row of 6 and an
outer row of 14 pores, apparently divided on dorsal side; ventral surface of
apex Slightly sclerotized in dentate rows.

Larva.—Elongate.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior pair largest, first pair anterior
to penultimate pair smallest, the others gradually increasing in size anteriorly,
next to anterior pair as large as posterior and penultimate pairs, axes of the
posterior 6 pairs diagonal, of the others longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae at
anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 8-10 on each half of
body, the posterior and the anterior pores distinctly larger than the others, of
the remainder those toward posterior end of row the smallest, all slightly
larger than marginal pores of same segments; disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 1 slender; distance between antennal bases one-half length of
antenna; beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spirac’e with 1
trilocular pore, posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore;
leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer margin near
center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin: tibia one-half as long as
tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores: 6 pairs of submarginal minute
setae on abdomen, 1 pair of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs
of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 27 uw long,
interapical 54-7.2 »w long, inner ventral 2u long, outer ventral 3.6 uw long; anal
rirg with 6 setae 10 8 w long, and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 10
pores, divided on dorsal side.

Data.—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes), 12
mounted females, and 10 mounted larvae collected on Bambusa sp.
unless otherwise indicated; all host material collected by F. A. Me-
Clure in China. The source of the material is as follows: Bamboo
Garden, Lingnan University, Kwangtung, September 3, 1926; Au
Tsai, Kwangsi, November 5, 1928; Hak Ts’uen, Honam Island, Kwang-
tung, April 4, 1929; P’oon Ue district, Kwangtung, August 23, 1931,
holotype and paratypes; Lingnan University, P’oon Ue district,
Kwangtung, September 8, 1931; on Dendrocalamus sp., Sing Kok Tsaai,
Yeung Kong district, Kwangtung, December 18, 1931; Shek Kwat,
She Tsuen, Mau Ming district, Kwangtung, December 22, 1931;
Lingnan University, P’oon Ue district, Kwangtung, February 22, 1932.

This species is closely related to pseudolanceolatum and_solen-
ophoroides but is longer and more slender than these, and has a
different arrangement of marginal 8-shaped pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM PERPLEXUM, new species
(Fig. 49, M-W;; fig. 50, A, B; fig. 51, A-E; pl. 4, L)

Habit—Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female-—-Somewhat ovoid, 1.4-1.6 mm. long, 1-1.4 wide; nearly flat
dorsally, sometimes with a very faint longitudinal median carina; flat ventrally;
pale greenish yellow, transparent, very thin, shiny, punctate; marginal filaments
light brownish yellow; larval exit apparently a slit in margin.

Adult female.——Longer than wide, posterior end sometimes slightly produced;
1-1.4 mm. long, 0.85-1 wide.

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152 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about twice a pore's
length from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 9 w long and 7 wide, the others
11-12 uw long and 8 wide, a pore’s width apart at anterior end, less widely sepa-
rated posteriorly; quinquelocular pores in a single row terminating at end of
the row of 8-Shaped pores or extending 1 or 2 pores beyond this point, as
bumerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores near posterior end, usually one and
a half times as numerous as that elsewhere, sometimes twice as numerous as
corresponding 8-shaped pores near spiracular pore bands.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores fairly numerous;
tubular ducts 24 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna conical, with 2 setae longer and 1 slightly shorter
than diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar fairly
slender, expanded at inner end; 12-21 quinquelocular pores extending from
spiracle to body margin in an irregularly single or double row; multilocular

pores, with 10 loculi, in 4 complete and 4 or 5 interrupted rows, posterior and

penultimate rows each with 8-11 pores, next with 7 or 8, anterior complete row
with 8 or 9, posterior interrupted row usually with 3, each of other interrupted
rows with 2, the total ranging from 39-46; 2 or 3 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores
each side of beak; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near
median line nearly directly anterior to bases of apical setae, nearly as numerous
as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating
near the posterior or penultimate pair of marginal 8-Shaped pores; 2 pairs of
setae in the posterior row of multilocular pores and 1 pair in each of the other
complete rows.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical 64 uw long, inter-
apical 3.6 uw long, outer ventral 5.2 w long; anal opening ventral, twice its own
diameter from body margin, circular, its margin sclerotized; 2 setae 3-5 uw long

-on anterior edge.

Larva.—Hlongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae
anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 4-9 and a lateral
row of 9, on each half of body, the total number in the specimens studied 27-36,
around one-fifth smaller than marginal pores; disk pores between submedian
and lateral, and a few between lateral and marginal, 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V. 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases about one-half length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular
pore, posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner
margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-fifth as
long as tarsus; 9 pairs of Submarginal 8-Shaped pores; 7 pairs of minute sub-
marginal setae on the abdomen, 1 pair of submarginal larger setae at anterior
end; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch small; lobes sometimes indicated ; setae, apical 72 pw
long, interapical 52 w long, outer ventral 3.6 w long; anal opening ventral, close
to margin, nearly circular; anal tube short, rather bulbous, sclerotized; anal
ring not conspicuously differentiated from tube, with 2 setae, each 3.6 u long.

Test of maie——Elongate elliptical, 1 mm. long, 0.5 wide; dorsally convex at
anterior end, sloping to posterior end; flat ventrally; very pale yellow, trans-
parent, very thin, shiny, punctate; marginal filaments very light brownish yellow.

Adult male.—Broken, apparently 0.75 mm long.

Head: Antenna 10-segmented, comnarative length of segments indeterminable;
antennal setae, I, 1 or 2; II, 7; ITi—X, more than 7 but exact number inde-
terminable ; basal bars indeterminable; approximately 25 setae ventrally anterior
to eyespots and near bases of antennae; 8 or 9 setae dorsally near bases of
antennae.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases nearly rectangular, three and a half times -

as long as wide; tibia apparently about as long as tarsus.
Abdomen: Five segments each with a pair of setae dorsally on margin, ap-
parently 8 each with a pair of setae in ventral lateral area; lobes indicated,
each with 1 long and 2 short setae; penis sheath with 1 pair of setae dorsally
near base, apparently with 2 pairs of setae ventrally near base, and with 3 or 4
setae on each side of ventral opening.
Male nymph.—Distinguishing characters similar to those of adult male.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 153

Data.—Described from specimens (7 females, 11 larvae, 1 adult
male, and 2 male nymphs, mounted), on Quercus phillyracoides, Japan,
from I. Kuwana, letter of December 5, 1932, No. 85, holotype and
paratypes. bas be

This species is closely related to pasaniae and variabile. It is dis-
tinguished from the former, however, in lacking the sclerotized
tongue-shaped projections of the marginal 8-shaped pores and in hav-
ing setae on the margin of the anal opening. In perplexum the mar-
ginal 8-shaped pores are distinctly larger than in variabile, the
marginal quinquelocular pores terminate nearer the apical setae, and
the latter are 64 » long instead of 48 to 52 » long as in variabile.
Larvae of perplezum have only one pore near the posterior spiracle
while those of variabile have two.

ASTEROLECANIUM PETROPHILAE (Fuller)
(Mir. 52, A- spl. 9; °F)

Briefly described by Fuller as Planchonia petrophilae in 1897 (36,
p. 1345) from specimens on Petrophila linearis collected at Swan
River, West Australia; in 1899 (37, pp. 456-457) the species was more
fully characterized by the same author and transferred to the genus
Asterolecanium.

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves, in pits.

Test of female.—Broadly ovoid or nearly circular, 1.6 mm. long and 1.10 wide,
or 1.10-1.6 mm. in diameter; flat or slight!y convex dorsally and ventrally; pale
yellow, transparent, glassy; marginal filaments rubbed off; larval exit a slit in
margin.

Adult female.—Usually nearly circular, 0.75-1.5 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about one-half length
of an apical seta from bases of setae, about 9 or 10 uw long and 5 or 6 wide, the
intervals between them ranging from the width to the length of'a pore, the
axes of the pores transverse, diagonal, or longitudinal; quinquelocular pores in
a single row terminating 5-10 8-shaped pores from end of row, nearly as numerous
as corresponding &-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores and disk pores sparse, only a few of the
former observed on posterior half of body, and a few of the latter on anterior
half; tubular ducts 26-28 wu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna globular, with 3 setae slightly longer than diameter
of antenna; beak apparently with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar expanded
at inner end, atrium slightly enlarged, shallow, and containing 3-5 quinquelocular
pores close to edge, 12-20 similar pores extending from spiracle to body margin
in an irregularly single row; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminat-
ing near the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores and about half as numer-
ous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete
row terminating near the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 3-5 pairs
of setae in genital area, the posterior pair close to anal ring, the other pairs
anterior to genital opening and uniformly spaced.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 48-56 uw long, interapical 8-10 uw long, inter-
mediate and outer ventral each 6-7 uw long (1 sometimes lacking on 1 side of
body) ; anal opening ventral, between interapical setae, semicircular to elliptical ;
anal tube fairly short, a little larger at inner than at outer end, rather heavily
sclerotized; anal ring a sclerotized semicircular or circular band with 2 setae
20-28 u long.

Second stage—Resembling adult, but smaller and nearly ovoid; axes of ma-
jority of marginal 8-shaped pores longitudinal with body margin, marginal
guinquelocular pores lacking; dorsal surface with minute 8-shaped and disk
pores more numerous than in adult; ventral surface with atrium of spiracle
not enlarged, 2 quinquelocular pores outside spiracular opening and 6-10 similar

ea 154 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pil
fit pores extending to body margin, no submarginal 8-shaped pores observed, and
ae no setae in median abdominal area; apex of abdomen as in adult but all setae
all usually slightly shorter.
, Larva.—Ovoid.
ar Margin: Without 8-shaped pores; a minute seta on lateral margin of each
ie of the 3 segments anterior to the last; 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.
Y Dorsal surface: Without pores. |
air Ventral surface: Antenna indistinctly segmented, only 5 segments plainly

ea indicated; antennal setae, I, 0; IV, 1; V, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly stout, 2
Bo slender; distance between antennal bases about one-half length of antenna;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median, 1 pair basal; anterior spiracle wit
1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore, posterior spiracle with none; anterior
coxa with only 2 minute setae, the others with only 1, but all with 3 long
setae, femur with 1 seta on inner margin near base and 1 on inner margin near
center, tarsus with 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-third as long
as tarsus; the single pair of submarginal 8-shaped pores situated between the
antennae; apparently 9 pairs of Submarginal minute setae, on abdomen, thorax,
and head, 1 pair of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 3 pairs of setae
between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes barely indicated; setae, apical 55-60 mw long, inter-
apical 9-12 uw long, a pair 1 uw long entad of interapical, intermediate and outer
ventral each about 4 w long; anal opening in ventral surface and margin,
elongate; anal tube short, bulbous, sclerotized; anal ring a semicircular or
circular sclerotized band, with 2 setae, each 5 uw long.

Test of male.——Elongate ovoid, 1 mm. long, 0.5 wide; flat dorsally and
ventrally; pale greenish yellow, transparent, thin, punctate; marginal filaments
colorless, glassy.

Adult male.—0O.85 mm. long.

Head: Antenna 9-segmented; formula (longest to shortest), (III), (IV),
(Vi VI), (VIL, EX), (CVI). O)5) GD) antennal setaes2- <0): aisa0 arbi xe
6-10, IX also with 4 very long setae; basal bars not apparent; 6 or 8 setae
ventrally between eyespots and antennae; a minute sclerotized tubercle on
posterior lateral margin.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases curved on anterior margin, slightly more
than twice as long as wide; tibia as long as tarsus.

Abdomen: Five segments each with a seta dorsally on lateral margin, appar-
ently 4 or 5 segments each with a seta in ventral lateral area; each lobe area
with 1 long and 3 short setae; penis sheath with 1 pair of setae dorsally at
base, 2 pairs ventrally at base, and 8 setae on each side of ventral opening.

Male nymph.—Distinguishing characters similar to those of adult male.

Third-stage male.—Similar to second stage but with legs represented by 3
pairs of faintly sclerotized, raised areas.

Data.—Redescribed from unmounted specimens and the following

mounted material collected by G. Compere: Three females, 5 second-
stage specimens, 4 poor larvae, 5 males, 1 male nymph, and 5 third-stage
males, on Petrophila linearis, Perth, West Australia, Compere No. 874;
15 females and 1 poor larva on Hake sp., Australia, March 1, 1902,
Compere No. 874.
—s The larvae are unusual in not having marginal 8-shaped pores, in
" i) apparently having only two ventral submarginal 8-shaped pores, and
oi in having only two minute setae on the anterior coxa, and only one on
= each of the median and posterior coxae.

ASTEROLECANIUM PHOENICIS Ramachandra Rao
(Fig. 52, G-R; pl. 7, K)

Described briefly by Ramachandra Rao in 1922 (78, p. 17), illus-
trated by Dutt in 1922 (30, p. 12), and described in detail by Green in
1923 (47, pp. 469-470).

Habit.——“On the leaf stalks, leaves and fruits of the date palm (Phoenia¢

dactylifera)” according to Green (47, p. 470); observed by the writer only on
the lower surface of leaves.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 155

Test of female—Somewhat elongate, 1.5-1.95 mm. long and 0.75-0.95 wide,
widest at anterior third, tapering from there to anterior end and to constriction
near posterior end, wider and rounded at posterior end, appearing slipper-shaped
on ventral surface; convex dorsally, sloping strongly to margin, somewhat con-
stricted at posterior sixth with posterior end enlarged and sloping to margin;
ventrally concave at posterior end, flat elsewhere; pale greenish yellow or fairly
clear pale yellow, transparent, thin, smooth, shiny; marginal filaments whitish ;
larval exit a semicircular slit in ventral surface at margin.

Adult female——Constricted near posterior end and slipper-shaped, or not con-
stricted and elongate elliptical; 1.4-1.75 mm. long, 0.65—0.85 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around three times the
Jength of an apical seta from setal bases, 9 » long and 8 wide, usually a pore’s
width apart but sometimes spaced at intervals equal te the length of a pore,
and the posterior 2 or 3 pores occasionally three times a pore’s length apart;
quinguelocular pores in a single row of 8-16 at points where each spiracular
pore band meets body margin, the rows not meeting between the spiracular pore
bands, the spacing of these pores the same as for the corresponding 8-shaped
pores.

Dorsal surface: A total of 20-25 8-shaped, somewhat tubular pores in sub-
marginal area, 1 or 2 sometimes in median area anterior to mouth parts, 5-6 uw
long and 4-5 wide, the tube wider than a tubular duct and slightly more than
one-half as long, very slightly wider at outer end than at inner end; minute
8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts in scattered
groups, 28 yw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna very short, with 2 setae as long as, or slightly longer
than, diameter of antenna; beak with 3 pairs of setae; spiracular bar expanded
at inner end; approximately 12 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to
body margin in an irregularly single and double row, the 2 or 4 pores nearest
opening situated in a furrow which flattens out near body margin; 2 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, 1 anterior to mouth parts, and a
few tending toward arrangement in 3 or 4 transverse rows on abdomen; sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores in a single row apparently terminating at the fifth from
the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores, about one-third aS numerous as
corresponding marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row
terminating about length of an apical seta from bases of apical setae; 10, 12, or
14 setae posterior to genital opening, arranged in 4 transverse rows of 3 each
when 12 are present, occaSionally 2 setae between anterior row and genital
opening.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 76 u« long, interapical 10 » long, outer ventral
5 uw long; anal opening ventral, circular, its margin sometimes faintly
sclerotized.

Larva.—Elongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; a pair of minute
setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs; 1 pair of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 5 or 6 on each half of
body, about one-half the size of marginal pores; 2-4 disk pores between lateral
and marginal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V,1; VI, 3 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout; antennal bases nearly one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae, 3
pairs apical, 1 pair basal; each spiracle with 2 trilocular pores or posterior
spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 gquinquelocular pore: leg setae, coxa 8,
femur 1 cn inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins;
tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; appar-
ently 10 pairs of submarginal setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head; 5 setae near
antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 48-55 u long, interapical 7.2 u long, a pairlu
long entad of interapical, outer ventral 3.6 u long: anal opening ventral, circular,
its margin sometimes slightly sclerotized ; anal tube very short; anal ring poorly
differentiated.

Data.—Redescribed from the following material: One unmounted
specimen, two mounted females, and two mounted larvae on Phoenix
dactylifera, Iraq, from W. Horn, May 11, 1928; unmounted specimens,
three mounted females, and one mounted larva, Margil, Basra, Iraq,
from A. Dutt, January 19, 1929. )

156 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Distinguishable from all other known species on palm by the pres-
ence of dorsal tubular 8-shaped pores and the shape of the marginal
and dorsal 8-shaped pores. Although Green stated, “No supple-
mentary paired pores on the dorsum” (47, p. 470), they are fairly

sta ake : ;

si A distinct in all specimens examined.

jae

ey ;
ta ASTEROLECANIUM PINANGAE, new species
"

=i (Wig. 538, A-H; pl. 9, O)

ap | Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves, and on bark.

Test of female.——Hlongate, nearly elliptical, 1-1.5 mm. long, 0.5-1 wide; flat
dorsally and ventrally, with a faint longitudinal median carina dorsally; green-
ish or clear yellow, transparent, punc‘ate; marginal filaments very pale salmon;

(ae | larval exit ovoid, in dorsal surface at margin.
% ye | Adult female.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end narrowed; 0.9-1.25 mm. long,
sae 0.3-06 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating approximately a pore’s
length from bases of apical setae, 9 u long and 4 wide, less than a pore’s length
apart; quinquelocular (sometimes nearly as many trilocular as quinquelocular)
pores in a Single row, starting 6—20 8-shaped pores anterior to anterior spiracular
pore bands and ending the same distance posterior to posterior spiracular pore
bands (the row sometimes narrowly interrupted between pore bands), the
pores as numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores at ends of row, somewhat
more numerous elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores fairly numerous; disk pores sparse;
tubular ducts 28 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna a slightly raised, irregular area, with 2 setae as
long aS diameter of antenna; beak apparently with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle
with bar slender, atrium enlarged, bag-shaped, and containing 3-6 quinquelocular
pores, 5-12 similar pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a single
10w; multilocular pores, with 10 loculi, in 7 interrupted rows, the posterior
row with 2 or 8 pores, penultimate row with 6 or 8, and each of the other rows
with 1-4, the total ranging from 18-24; 2—4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each
| side cf beak and a few in an irregular row on abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped
el pores in a single row terminating near the posterior row of multilocular pores,
Ag about one-half as numerous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped pores; sub-
ins = marginal setae in a complete row terminating near the penultimate pair of

marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 nairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular pores
and 1 pair in each of the next 3 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical 36-44 uw long,
interapical about 2.7 w long, outer ventral 3 uw long; anal opening apical; anal
tube very short, often indeterminable; anal ring somewhat ellip‘ical, consisting
of a sclerotized band surrounding 2 short, sclerotized ecllars, each collar with a
seta 16 uw long and a minute pore: a membranous opening contiguous to ventral
sides of coilars; ventral surface of apex slightly sclerotized directly anterior to
apical setae.

Larva.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end slightly narrewed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, posterior pores sl'ghtly smaller than the
others, axes of all longitudinal; a minute seta close to each pore of the posterior
8 pairs; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 2-9 and a lateral row
Een 2 of 9-11, on each half of body, majority of lateral pores as long as width cf
ie. marginal pores, but 1 or 2 near anterior end at least as large aS marginal;
; the posterior pore and 1 or 2 anterior pores of the submedian row virtually as
ba) large aS marginal pores, the others distinctly smaller, submedian pores occur-
Dd ring near posterior end of body and usually at the anterior end but the row ©
5 ie often interrupted medially; disk pores between JAteral and marginal 8-shaped
San oat pores.
ee: Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 0; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 3 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
reat stout; antennal bases three-fifths length of antenna apart; beak apparently
at with 38 pairs of setae at tip; anterior spiracle with 2 trilocular or quinquelocular
Sel pores, posterior spiracle with apparently 2 quinquelocular pores; leg setae, coxa
Mlk 3, femur 0, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-fourth as long
5 oe as tarsus, articulation between tibia and tarsus very indefinite; 9 pairs of
nate submarginal 8-shaped pores; 10 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen,
thorax, and head; 4 pairs of setae near antenna: and mouth parts.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 157

Apex of abdomen: Notch small; lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical
40 uw long, interapical 10 w long, a pair 1 w long entad of interapical, outer
yentral 2 uw long; anal opening apical; anal tube very short, faintly sclerotized ;
anal ring a sclerotized band, with 2 setae apparently 2 u long.

Third-stage male——Resembling adult female, but smaller; margin with
trilocular or quinquelocular pores missing opposite only 2 or 3 of the anterior
8-shaped pores, or on entire margin anterior to anterior spiracular pore bands,
present elsewhere and terminating between the posterior pair of marginal
$-shaped pores and apical setae, approximately twice as numerous as corre-
sponding 8-shaped pores; ventral surface having atrium of spiracle slightly
enlarged but without pores, 2 or 3 pores between spiracle and body margin,
legs represented by 3 pairs of small, circular, sclerotized areas, each with a
distinct claw; apex of abdomen with lobes indicated, apical setae 35 w long,
interapical setae 1.5 w long, outer ventral setae 3 uw long; anal opening apical,
circular, its margin slightly sclerotized; no anal tube or anal ring but 2 setae 3 4
long on edge of opening.

Data—Described from specimens (34 females, 2 second-stage speci-
mens, and 44 larvae, mounted) that were removed from U. S. N. H.
material of Pinanga from the Philippine Islands. The following lots
of host material were involved: P. barnesii, Morong, Luzon, A. Loher;
P. philippinensis, Lamao River, Mt. Mariveles, Batan Province, Luzon,
R.S. Williams, January 3, 1903; P. insignis, Bongabon River, Mindoro,
H. Whitford, June 1906; P. modesta, Lake Lanao, Mindanao, M. S.
Clemens, April 1907; P. barnesiz, Lucban, Tayabas Province, Luzon,
A. D. E. Elmer, May 1907; P. pedicellata, Camiguin, E. Fenix. June—
July 1907; P. barnesiz, Polillo, C. B. Robinson, August 1909; Pinanga
sp., Butuan, Mindanao, E. D. Merrill, October 1910; P. copelandii,
Butuan, Mindanao, C. M. Weber, March—July 1911; Pinanga sp., near
Dupax, Nueva Vizcaya Province, Luzon, R. C. McGregor, March—A pril
1912; P. barnesit, Laguna Province, Luzon, R. C. McGregor, June—
August 1915; P. insignis and P. urosperma, Apayao, Luzon, E. Fenix,
May 1917; P. barnesii, Catanduanes, M. Ramos, November 14-Decem-
ber 11, 1917; 6 females and 3 larvae on Pinanga sp., Catanduanes, M.
Ramos, December 11, 1917, holotype and paratypes; P. negrosensis,
Dinagat Island, Ramos and Pascasis, May 1919; P. woodeana, Mt.
Tokduanbanoy, Rizal Province, Luzon, Ramos and Edano, November
1926.

Most closely allied to oraniae.

ASTEROLECANIUM PROBOSCIDIS, new species
(Fig. 53, F-N; pl. 9, AA)

Habit—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female——Nearly circular, 0.7 mm. long, 0.6 wide (this test broken,
rubbed, and in poor condition, probably unusually small) ; very slightly convex
dorsally, flat ventrally; pale greenish yellow, transparent, very thin; marginal
filaments fragmentary, apparently same color as test; larval exit not apparent.

Adult female—Slightly longer than wide or circular, around 0.9 mm. long
and 0.75 wide, or around 0.95 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating at posterior fifth of
body, 12 » long and 8 wide, around a pore’s width apart; row of quinquelocular
pores interrupted for a space equal to that occupied by’ 10-20 8-shaped pores
at anterior end, and terminating slightly before the posterior 8-shaped pores,
the row single anteriorly and posteriorly but double between spiracular pore
bands and for 5 or 6 8-shaped pores outside of them, 1 or 2 opposite each
8-shaped pore where the row is single, 24 opposite each 8-shaped pore where
it is double; disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores and continued beyond them
posteriorly, terminating near apical setae, 1 near each 8-shaped pore when
the latter are present, and spaced at the same intervals posterior to 8-shaped

M4
i

H il
al

i

el

ge

158 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

pores, disk pores also occurring ventrad of quinquelocular pores, the row
terminating near posterior pair of submarginal setae, slightly less numerous
than those dorsad of 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores fairly numerous; disk pores rather
sparse; tubular ducts 30-32 » long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna globular, apparently with 2 or 3 setae of nearly the
same length as diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracle with bar
expanded at inner end, atrium enlarged, bag-shaped, and containing 5-7 quinque-
locular pores, 14-20 similar pores extending from near inner end of bar to body
margin in a fan-shaped row; 3 or + dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak,
2 or 4 on anterior end near antennae, and a few Sometimes on abdomen; sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating fairly near genital opening,
nearly as numerous aS marginal 8-shaped pores anteriorly, about one-half as
numerous as those pores elsewhere; apparently 5 pairs of Submarginal setae
on abdomen, the posterior pair nearer to bases of apical setae than to the posterior
pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae posterior to genital opening, 1
pair anterior to opening, and 1 pair anterior to those.

Apex of abdomen: Slightly concave; setae, apical 5.2 mw long, intermediate
and outer ventral (both anterior to apical) each 3.6 uw long; anal opening ap-
parently apical, circular; anal tube a sclerotized, pouchlike sack; anal ring not
clearly differentiated, apparently membranous, on the ventral surface of the
tube.

Larva.—Nearly elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior and anterior pairs slightly larger
than the others, the penultimate pair smallest, the others gradually increasing
in size from penultimate pair anteriorly, axes of all virtually longitudinal; a pair
of minute setae close to each of the posterior 38 pairs of pores; 4 pairs of
setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row cf 7 or 8 and a lateral
row of 9, on each half of body, anterior pores of each row slightly larger than
posterior ones, posterior Submedian pores slightly larger than those of posterior
lateral row, all slightly larger than marginal pores of same segments; disk
pores between lateral and marginal 8-shaped pores and a few between lateral and
submedian rows.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3: fairly
stout, 1 slender; distance between antennal bases one-third length of antenna;
beak unusually long and pointed, wide on basal half and narrow on distal half,
proboscislike, with 1 pair of setae at tip, 1 pair in median area, and 1 pair at
base; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur
1 on inner margin at base and J each on inner and outer margins near center,
tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 7 pairs
of submarginal 8-shaped pores, none present between antennae; apparently 10
pairs of submarginal setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head; apparently 3 pairs of
setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated; setae, apical apparently at least 36 pu
long, interapical 3.2 w long, a pair 1 uw tong entad of, and anterior to, interapical
on dorsal surface, intermediate and outer ventral each 1 w long; anal opening
apical, longitudinally elliptical, its margin sclerotized; anal tube sclerotized,
small, apparently larger at inner than at outer end; anal ring a sclerotized band,
2 setal bases on ventral side of tube close to ring.

Data—Described from 1 poor test, 4 mounted females, and 11
mounted larvae on Bambusa sp., Antipolo, Luzon, Philippine Islands,
A. 8S. Hitcheock, June 9, 1921, U. S. N. H., holotype and paratypes.

The larva of this species is unusual in having a long, proboscislike
beak.

ASTEROLECANIUM PSEUDOLANCEOLATUM Takahashi
(Fig. 54, A-G; pl. 7, Q)
Takahashi described this species in 1933 (94, pp. 34-35) but stated

that it was part of the material he had listed as Zanceolatum Green in
1980 (93, p. 11).

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 159

Habdit.—Living on stems.

Test of female——Elongate, posterior third tapering, posterior end sometimes
slightly upturned; 1.25-1.5 mm. long, 0.4 wide; convex dorsally, without or
with faint transverse striations, flat ventrally; greenish or very pale yellow
transparent, thin, shiny ; margina! filaments very pale pinkish, not observed near
posterior end, slightly longer at anterior end than elsewhere; dorsal filaments
not observed; elliptical larval exit in ventral surface at margin.

Adult female.—In shape similar to test, 1-1.25 mm. long, 0.3 wide.

Margin: 8-Sshaped pores in a single row terminating near posterior fourth of
body (around three times the length of an apical seta from setal bases), the
posterior pores 5-6 w long and 3 wide, the others 7-8 » long and 4.5 wide, usually
about a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row beginning
closer to antennae than to anterior spiracles and extending to a point 6-12 8-shaped
pores from the posterior pair of those pores, aS numerous as corresponding
8-shaped pores near ends of row, usually one and a half times as numerous as
that elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores absent or 1-8 present along median line usually,
but rarely slightly more numerous, the pores 10-14 uw long and 6-8 wide; minute
8-shaped pores fairly numerous; disk pores rather sparse; tubular ducts 28 » long;
dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, with 2 setae longer than diameter of antenna;
beak without setae; spiracular bar rather short and wide, only fairly well
defined ; 6-9 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in
a single row; 2 quinquelocular pores posterior to genital opening; 2 or 3 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, 1 or 2 on anterior end, and a few
arranged in 2 or 3 transverse rows near posterior end of abdomen; submarginal
8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near genital opening, half as numerous
as marginal 8-shaped pores; 5 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the
posterior pair about length of an apical seta from bases of apical setae; 1 pair
of setae posterior, and 1 pair anterior, to genital opening.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes barely indicated; setae, apical 52 yp
long, interapical 8 uw long, inner and outer ventral each 5.2 w long; anal ring with
6 setae 28-32 uw long, with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of apparently 12
or 14 pores, tending toward division on dorsal side; ventral surface of apex
lightly sclerotized and rugose.

Second stage.—Resembling adult female, but smaller; margin without 8-shaped
or quinquelocular pores; dorsal surface with 1 or 2 large median 8-shaped pores
| at one or each end of body; ventral surface with 2 or 3 quinquelocular pores near
each spiracle ; apex of abdomen as in adult but all setae around one-sixth shorter.

Larva. Elongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior pair slightly larger than
penultimate and penultimate pair slightly larger than first pair anterior to it,
the next 3 pairs about as large as penultimate, the next 7 about same size as
posterior pair, which are a little smaller than anterior pair: axes of the posterior
6 rairs diagonal, of the others longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 11 on each half of
body, the anterior 2 pores slightly larger than the others, all about one-sixth
larger than marginal pores of same segments; disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 8 fairly
stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore, posterior
spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1
on inner margin near base and 1 on outer margin near center, tarsus 2 on inner
and 1 on outer margin; tibia two-thirds as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal
S-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal minute setae on abdomen, 1 pair of
submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and
mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 27 uw long, interapical 7.2 « long, inner and
outer ventral each 3.6 « long; anal ring with 6 setae, each 10 uw long and with 4
pores in specimens in which these can be counted accurately, but apparently
sometimes with 2 in an inner row and 6 in an outer row, divided on dorsal side.

Test of male.—Elongate, slightly narrowed at posterior end, a notch in posterior
margin: 0.9-1.10 mm. long, 0.38-0.4 wide; strongly convex dorsally, with a faint
longitudinal median carina and usually with a few faint transverse striations near
posterior end; flat ventrally; pale greenish yellow, transparent, thin, smooth:
marginal filaments whitish, slightly longer at anterior end than elsewhere.

Adult male.—1 mm. long.

|
;

160 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Head: Antenna 10-segmented; formula (longest to shortest), (X), (IV), (V
VI, LX), (iil, VIE; VIIE),; (1), (11) 3 antennal"setuey ia 4 ra TO
VII, 18-22; VIII, 16; IX, 23; X, 19 and also 3 very long and 2 rather stout;
basal bars transverse; 23 setae anterior to ventral eyespots.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases rectangular, three times as long as wide, an
oblong area in center less heavily sclerotized than the rest; tibia three-fifths
length of tarsus.

Abdomen: Five segments each with a pair of setae dorsally on lateral margins;
apparently 2 segments each with a pair of setae in ventral lateral area; each lobe
area with 1 long and.2 short setae; penis sheath with 2 or 3 short setae dorsally
near base and apparently with 5 setae on each side of ventral opening.

Male nymph.—Distinguishing characters similar to ‘those of adult male.

Third-stage male—Resembling adult female, but not so strongly narrowed
at posterior end, nearly elliptical, smaller than mature female; margin with
8-shaped pores terminating about one-half length of an apical seta from bases of
setae; quinquelocular pores in a complete row terminating closer to apical setae
than to marginal 8-shaped pores; dorsal surface with 1 8-shaped pore on median
line near posterior end and 5 larger pores in Submarginal area at anterior end, these
pores larger than posterior marginal pores; ventral surface with 2 or 3 quinque:
locular pores near each spiracle, legs represented by 3 pairs of circular, sclerotized,
slightly raised areas, each with or without a small, straight claw; apex of abdo-
men as in adult female, but interapical and ventral setae about one-sixth shorter.

Da‘a.—Redescribed from the following material: One mounted fe-
male. 2 mounted larvae on Bambusa sp., Chun Wong Mt., Ts’ing Uen
district, Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure, April 21, 1995: specimens
(10 females, 5 second- stage specimens, 11 larvae, 3 adult males, 1 male

nymph, and 1 third- stage male, mounted) on Bambusa sp., Taihoku,
Taiwan (Formosa). R. “Takahashi, April 20, 1929 (part of original
collection from which the species was described).

Closely resembling solenophoroides, but differing from it conspicu-
ously in shape, and in having a well defined marginal row of quin-
quelocular pores; also related ‘to penicillatum.

Although Takahashi stated that there were no dorsal 8-shaped
pores in this species, one or two have been noted in several of the
specimens examined.

ASTEROLECANIUM PSEUDOMILIARIS Green
(Fig. 54, H-S; pl. 7, R)

Described in 1922 (46, pp. 1036-1037) from specimens on Bambusa
sp. collected at Peradeniya, Ceylon.

The dorsal 8-shaped pores of this species vary much more than was
indicated in the original description, and on this account it is nec-
essary to Synonyms , charmoyi with pseudomiliaris. Green described
charmoyi in 1924 (48, pp. 45-46) on Bambusa sp. from Mauritius.
The dorsal 8-shaped pores, said by Green to be less numerous and
smaller in charmoy?i than in pseudomiliaris, vary greatly in number
and slightly in size, and do not furnish a basis for separating the two
forms. Moreover, the marginal 8-shaped pores, which were stated to

be closer together ‘in charmoy? than in pseudomiliaris, are practically -

the same distance apart in all specimens.

With the synonymizing of charmoyi, pseudomiliaris bambusifoliae
also becomes a synonym of pseudomiliaris. Takahashi described this
variety in 1930 (93, p. 11) on Bambusa sp. from Nisui, Taiwan (For-
mosa), and in 1933 (94, p. 35) indicated that it was a synonym of
charmoyi. Specimens bearing the collection data of the type speci-
mens of this variety, and studied by the writer, are the same “as ~
specimens described as charmoy? and pseudomiliaris.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 161

Habit.—-Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Elongate, anterior half widest, tapering sharply near pos
terior end, often indented by growth against hairs on leaf, 0.9-1.25 mm. long,
0.4-0.5 wide; slightly convex dorsally, without or with a faint longitudinal]
median carina: flat ventrally; greenish, very pale yellow, or nearly colorless,
transparent, very thin, finely punctate; marginal filaments whitish or colorless,
sligh ly longer at anterior end of test than elsewhere ; dorsal filaments whitish,
in a submarginal row of 10-25, none to 10 in a median row, and occasionally
1-4 in lateral area, usually not more than 10 in submarginal and 8 in median
row. about twice length of marginal filaments; larval exit irreguiar, in margin.

Acult female—tIn shape similar to test, 0.7-1.2 mm. long and 0.3—0.4 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores, 7-8 » long and 4 wide, in a single row terminating
one-half length to nearly the length of an apical seta from secal bases, the inter-
vals between pores ranging from the width of a pore to twice its length; 2-15
quinquelocular pores near point where each spiracuiar pore band reaches mar-
gin, the rows not meeting between anterior and posterior spiracular pore bands;

| disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores and much less numerous, terminating at or
| near the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, irregularly spaced.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submarginal row of 10-28, none to 10

| in a median row, and occasionally 1-4 in lateral area, 9-11 uw long and 67
wide: minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 26 4
i long; dorsal tubes present.
| Ventral surface: Antenna a circular disk having 2 setae slightly longer
than its diameter; beak without setae; spiracular bar fairly slender, sometimes
[eeently expanded at inner end; 8-14 quinquelocular pores extending from
| spiracle to body margin in an irregularly single row; 1-8 dark-rimmed 8-shaped
| pores each side of beak, a few scattered on anterior end, a few arranged in
a longitudinal row in lateral area, and others in 3 transverse rows of 2-4 pores
each in genital area; Submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating
near posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores or slightly anterior to that point,
- one-half as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal setae
on abdomen, the posterior pair near the posterior or penultimate pair of
_ marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae posterior to genital opening, 1 pair
- anterior to opening, and 1 pair anterior to those.
| Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes sometimes indicated: setae, apical
48-56 uw long, interapical 9-12 w long, inner ventral 4-6 uw long, outer ventral 8 u
Jong; anal ring with 6 setae 28 uw long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer
row of 14 pores, divided on dorsal and ventral sides.

Second stage.—Resembling adult but smaller and more slender, sides nearly
parallel, tapering near posterior end; margin with 8-shaped pores closer together
than in adult, without quinquelocular pores; dorsal surface with 1 8-shaped
pore on median line at posterior end and occasionally with 1 at anterior end
also; ventral surface with 1 or 2 quinquelocular pores between each spiracle
and body margin; apex of abdomen as in adult, but all setae one-third or
one-fourth shorter.

Larva.—Elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, anterior pair slightly larger than the others,
axes of all longitudinal, or axes of the posterior 4 or 5 pairs slightly diagonal;
3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 5-8 on each half of
body, and a total of 12-16, anterior pore larger than the others and about
che-fourth smaller than a marginal pore; disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 1 slender; distance between antennal bases about one-half length of
antenna; beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spiracle with 1

- trilocular pore, posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore;
leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and
outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia
five-sixths as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs
of submarginal minute setae on abdomen, 2 pairs of submarginal larger setae
at anterior end; 1 pair of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 27-80 uw long, interapical
7.2 w long, inner ventral 2.8-3.6 uw long, outer ventral 3.6 « long: anal ring with
6 setae 12.6 « long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 10 pores, divided
on dorsal side and tending toward division on ventral.

286720—41——__11

ae °° -_- <_< <_<. -.

a i Ginn Rai

—_—

— ai. a>. See ool

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162 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Data.—Redescribed from the following material: Unmounted ma-
terial and 12 mounted females on bamboo, Royal Botanic Gardens,
Peradeniya, Ceylon, R. S. Woglum collector, October 1910. Un-
mounted material, 7 mounted females, 3 mounted second-stage speci-

ai cl ae

ae mens, and 5 mounted larvae on Bambusa sp., Mauritius, De Charmoy

all collector, from E. E. Green, type material of charmoyi. Unmounted
Se .

af material, 15 mounted females, and 8 mounted larvae on Bambusa sp., |

bi Nisui, Taiwan (Formosa), R. Takahashi collector, April 19, 1929,

ile same collection data as type material of pseudomiliaris var. bambusi-
foliae. A mass of unmounted material, 125 mounted females, and 20
mounted larvae on Arundinaria glaucescens, Arundinaria sp., Bambusa
arundinacea, B. balcooa, B. nana, B. pallescens, B. spinosa, B. tulda,
B. tuldoides, B. vulgaris, B. vulgaris var. aureo-variegata, Bambusa
sp., and Dendrocalamus strictus, the localities involved being Chicago,
Ill. (in greenhouse); San Salvador, El Salvador; Cuba; Jamaica;
Puerto Rico; Grenada; Tobago; Antigua; St. Kitts; Trinidad; Brit-
ish Guiana; near Caracas, Venezeuela; States of Minas Geraes and
‘a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Alger, Algeria; Amani, Tanganyika; Assam
> and Calcutta, India; Peradeniya, Ceylon; Kwangtung, Kwangsi, and
| Fukien, China; and Japan.

Allied to caudatwum and miliaris. The ventral simple pores men-
tioned and illustrated by Green (46, pp. 1036-1037) probably are the
ventral submarginal 8-shaped pores rather than the marginal quin-
quelocular pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM PSYCHOTRIAE, New species
(Fig. 55, A-H; pl. 4, J)

an Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

bata Test of female.—Slightly longer than wide, around 1.75 mm. long and 1.9

saaitn To wide; flat or slightly convex dorsally; flat ventrally; pale greenish yellow,

li transparent, thin, punctate; marginal filaments pale greenish yellow to very

af pale salmon; dorsal filaments whitish, pale greenish yellow, or pale salmon,
aa some longer and some shorter than marginal filaments, occurring along median
nye line and in submedian and submarginal groups; elliptical larval exit in margin.
nal Adult female.—Longer than wide, around 1.8 mm. long, 0.9 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around twice a pore’s
length from bases of apical setae, posterior pores around 12 u long and 8 wide,
others about 14 uw long and 8 wide, less than a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular

i pores in a single row terminating with 2 pores posterior to the posterior pair of

8-shaped pores, aS humerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores toward posterior
end of row, somewhat more numerous elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores arranged roughly in median, submedian, and

ja submarginal groups, with submedian and submarginal groups sometimes merg-

itl ing; median group divided into 9 or 10 transverse groups, of which the posterior
|

]

si one has 1 or 2 pores, the penultimate one 3 (where 10 groups occur), and each of
~ sf the others 5-9; 3 definite submarginal groups and 3-6 fairly definite submedian
at groups on each half of body, 3-11 pores in each of submarginal groups, and 1-7
ere in each of Submedian; the total number of pores on dorsal surface ranging from
Bia 122-144 in the specimens examined; majority of median and some of submedian
and submarginal pores 14 uw long and 9 wide, a few median and the majority |
of submedian pores 12 uw long and 8 wide, 1 or 2 outer pores of submarginal
groups usually 20 uw long and 12 wide; minute 8-shaped pores fairly numerous;
disk pores rather sparse; tubular ducts 24 w long.
Ventral surface: Antenna conical, sunken in derm, with 1 (possibly 2) seta |
shorter than, and 2 about same length as, diameter of antenna; 3 or 4 quinque- |
locular pores between antenna and margin; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular
|
|

bar subcircular, 24 u wide; shallow furrows around spiracular opening containing
2 or 3 quinquelocular pores and 10-17 similar pores extending to body margin
in a single or double row; legs represented by a single pair of small, rather in-

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 163

conspicuous claws in the position occupied by the posterior claws when 3 pairs

are present; multilocular pores, with 9 or 10 loculi, in 5 or 6 complete and 3 or 4
interrupted rows, apparently with 9 rows in all, the anterior interrupted row
anterior to posterior spiracles, posterior row with 4 or 5 pores, penultimate row
with 6-13, each of next 4 with 13-22, and each of next 3 with 4-11, the total
observed being 168-110; 1-4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak,
some scattered on anterior end, and others arranged in 4-7 transverse rows
among multilocular pores ; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminat-
ing near posterior row of multilocular pores, nearly as humerous as corresponding
marginal 8-shaped pores; disk pores in a single submarginal row entad of sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores, terminating nearly directly anterior to apical setae,
about one-half as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a
complete row terminating near the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 4
setae in posterior row of multilocular pores, 2 or 3 in penultimate row, and 2
in each of next 2 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes strongly developed; setae, apical
100 u long, interapical 7.2 uw long, dorsal 5.4 uw long, inner ventral 4 u long, inter-
mediate ventral 5.4 » long, outer ventral 10.8 u long; anal ring with 2 setae 32.4 «

long and 4 setae 28.8 » long, and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 18 or
19 pores, divided on dorsal and ventral sides; ventral surface of apex strongly

sclerotized in a roughly linear area extending anteriorly from inner lobes, sur-
rounding area very weakly sclerotized and wrinkled.

Data—Described from unmounted material and three mounted
females occurring on Psychotria sp., Urai, Taiwan (Formosa), R,
Takahashi collector, December 27, 1931, holotype and paratypes.

Similar to corallinum, javae, and litseae. It differs from corallinum
in having some dorsal 8-shaped pores much larger than the marginal
ones, in having only 1 pair of claws, in having 13 to 19 spiracular quin-
quelocular pores instead of 23 to 37, and in having 2 linear sclerotized
areas instead of 1 rectangular sclerotized area on the ventral surface
of the apex of the abdomen. From javae and litseae it may be dis-
tinguished by having 1 pair of claws instead of none or 3, and from
the latter it differs further in having a pair of dorsal setae and 3 pairs
of ventral setae.

ASTEROLECANIUM PUSILLUM, new species
(Fig. 55, F-N; pl. 7, 0)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female—Circular, 0.6-0.7 mm. in diameter; convex dorsally, with
a low, fairly broad, longitudinal median carina not reaching margins, very low
submarginal carinae, and a shallow furrow between carinae, also with faint trans-
verse striations; flat ventrally; greenish or fairly clear pale yellow, transparent,
thin, shiny; marginal filaments usually clear pale yellow, sometimes pinkish, not
observed at posterior end; fragmentary dorsal filaments in a small transverse
group on median line near anterior end and in 1-3 smaller groups in lateral
area near posterior end; elliptical larval exit in dorsal surface fairly near margin.

Adult female.—Nearly circular, 0.6—0.7 mm. in diameter, posterior end produced.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near produced part of
abdomen, posterior pores 7-8 u long and 5 wide, others 9 u long and 6 wide, usually
a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row terminating near the
twelfth posteriormost 8-shaped pore, usually half as numerous as corresponding
8-shaped pores toward posterior end, and about as numerous as the latter else-
where.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a transverse group of 13 anterior to mouth
parts, and in 1-3 lateral groups, on each side of posterior half of body, consisting
of 1-4 pores each, the individual pores measuring 9 uw long and 5 wide; minute
8-shaped and disk pores rather sparse; tubular ducts arranged roughly in 6 longi-
tudinal rows, none on median line posterior to mouth parts or close to margin,
27 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, flattish, with 1 seta longer than diameter
of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar fairly broad; 2-5 quinque-

1. —~ ope Be

= + | we

——
p=” -. '

aS are

TT Sa + aw! oe

ee. |

164 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

locular pores in a group outside spiracular opening and 4 or 5 similar pores ex-
tending to body margin in a single row, 6-10 in group and row combined; slightly
enlarged quinquelocular pores replacing multilocular pores on abdomen, arranged
in 4 complete and 2 or 3 interrupted rows, each of complete rows with 4-7 pores
and each of interrupted rows with 1-4, the total being 25-82; 1-4 dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores each side of beak, a very few scattered near spiracles, a few
arrahged in a rather indefinite longitudinal row in lateral area, and a few tend-
ing toward arrangement in 3 or 4 transverse rows in median area posterior to
mouth parts; 2 disk pores between apical setae and quinquelocular pores and
1 at each end of posterior and penultimate rows of quinquelocular pores; sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near the posterior pair of
marginal 8-shaped pores, aS numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 4 pairs of
submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair at end of the posterior row of
quinquelocular pores and 1 pair of setae in each of the posterior 3 rows of quinque-
locular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 3.4 u long; anal opening apical; anal tube
heavily sclerotized on outer half, largest in center, slightly larger at ring than
at opening; anal ring with 6 setae, each 5.4 ww long; ventral surface of apex
sometimes finely wrinkled.

Larva.—Somewhat ovoid, posterior end almost pointed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae
at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 10 and a lateral row
of 6, on each half of body, posterior pore of submedian row smallest, the next
4 gradually increasing in size but all 5 slightly smaller than the rest, the posterio:
2 submedian pores practically same size as marginal pores, the others slightly
larger, the posterior 5 pores of lateral row around two-thirds as large as the
anterior pore, which is the same size as the anterior pore of Submedian row; disk
pores between lateral and marginal, and between lateral and submedian, 8-shaped
pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; each spiracle with 2 trilocular pores; leg setae,
coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on inner margin near center,
tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-half as long as tarsus;
9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 6 pairs of submarginal minute
setae on abdomen, 1 pair of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 1 pair
of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch very small; setae, apical 28 u long, interapical 3.6 uw
long, outer ventral 2.5 u long; anal opening apical, anal tube uniformly sclerotized
throughout, rather short, largest at center; anal ring with 6 setae 2 w long.

Test of male—Nearly elliptical, posterior end slightly pointed, a notch at
tip; 0.85 mm. long, 0.5 wide; slightly convex dorsally, sloping to posterior end,
with a broad longitudinal median carina and faint transverse striations; flat
ventrally ; yellow, transparent, thin, shiny; marginal filaments yellowish or paie
orange, apparently slightly shorter at posterior end than elsewhere; dorsal fi!a-
ments yellowish or orange, brighter than marginal and Slightly longer, apparently
in 10 transverse groups along longitudinal median line.

Adult male——Only available specimen enclosed in nymphal stage and most
characters indeterminable; 1 mm. long; antenna apparently 10-segmented; setae
present on abdomen and penis sheath but number and position indeterminable.

Male nymph.—Characters indeterminable beyond those listed for adult male,
except for the presence of 1 short seta and 2 minute setae in lobe areas of
abdomen.

Third-stage male.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end narrowed; margin with
8-shaped pores terminating a pore’s length from bases of apical setae, posterior
pores slightly smaller than the rest, quinquelocular pores present from a point
near antennae to the posterior pair of 8-Shaped pores, usually 1 opposite each
8-shaped pore; dorsal surface with 8-shaped pores in 10 transverse groups along
median line, posterior group with 2 pores, penultimate with 8, each of next 3
with 9, next with 10, next with 11, next with 13, next with 12, and anterior
with 15, the pores variable in size, but all larger than marginal; ventral surface
with 2 pairs of setae on beak, 1-3 pores in each spiracular row, legs repre-
sented by 3 pairs of circular, slightly sclerotized, raised areas each with a
small, straight, sharp claw, 1 pair of setae observed in median abdominal area;
apex of abdomen with apical setae 4.4 u long, outer ventral setae 2 uw long.
anal opening much larger than in adult female, anal tube, sclerotized in a

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 165

narrow band at opening, not distinctly enlarged in middle as in female, very
slightly smaller at ring than at opening, nearly cylindrical, anal ring with 6
setae 20 uw long and with an indeterminable number of pores, apparently not
divided, ventral surface of apex apparently not rugose.

Data—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes) and the
following mounted specimens from Hainan Island, Kwangtung, China:
Four females, five larvae. one adult male, one male nymph, and one
third-stage male from Bambusa sp., Kachek, A. S. Hitchcock, October
13, 1921, U. S. N. H.. holotype and paratypes; one female from Schizo-
stachyum sp., Hau Laan, F. A. McClure, 1929, paratype; one female
from Schizostachyum sp., Faan Maan Ts’uen, Ling Shui district, F. A.
McClure, May 8, 1932, paratype.

Asterolecanium pusillum is unusual in having one pair of setae on
the apex of the abdomen in the adult female, two pairs in the third-
stage male, and three pairs in the larva. It is more closely allied to
exiguum, rubrocomatum, and udagamae than to other known species.

ASTEROLECANIUM PUSTULANS (Cockerell)
(Fig. 56, A-E; pl. 4, F)

Described by Cockerell in 1892 (15, pp. 142-143) as Asterodiaspis
pustulans and redescribed by him in 1893 (17, pp. 77-78) as Planchonia
pustulans,

Asterolecanium pustulans sambuci, described by Cockerell in 1903
(26, p. 112), from material on Sambucus sp. from Cairo, Egypt, is
here synonymized with pustulans. No varietal differences have been
found between the two, the characters considered by Cockerell (26, p.
112) and Hall (50, pp. 4-4) fitting typical pustulans as well as speci-
mens named pustulans sambuci. A. pustulans seychellarum also is here
placed as a synonym of pustulans. Green described this variety on
Hevea brasiliensis from the Seychelle Islands in 1910 (43, pp. 3-5)
and stated, “The variety under consideration differs from the type
merely in superficial characters of the secretionary covering.” In the
writer’s opinion neither the tests nor the morphological structures of
type specimens of pustulans seychellarum exhibit differences, as com-
pared with typical specimens of pustulans, that justify varietal
distinction.

Habit—tLiving on bark, leaves, and fruit, on smooth surfaces or in shallow
or deep pits.

Test of female——Practically circular to ovoid, posterior end sometimes slightly
produced: 1-1.85 mm. in diameter, or 1.25-2 mm. long and 1-1.65 wide; nearly
flat to fairly convex dorsa'ly, usually with a faint longitudinal median carina and
faint transverse striations; flat to convex ventrally: brownish or greenish yellow,
transparent, punctate; marginal and dorsal filaments whitish to pinkish, some
dorsal filaments longer and others shorter than marginal ones; elliptical larval
exit in margin.

Adult female.—Nearly circular or ovoid, posterior end slightly produced : 0.9-1.6
mm. in diameter, or 1—-1.75 mm. long, and 0.9-1.5 wide.

Margin : 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating one-third to two-thirds length
of an apical seta from bases of setae, often somewhat crowded near anterior end
and some pores out of alignment, posterior pores 11-12 « long and 7 wide, others
12 # long and 8 wide, usually about a pore’s width apart: quinquelocular pores
ma single row terminating near the posterior or penultimate pair of 8-shaped
pores, or with 1 pore beyond the end of the row of those pores, 1 quinquelocular
to each 8-shaped pore near posterior end of row and often nearly to posterior
Spiracular pore bands, elsewhere usually 1 quinquelocular to each 8-shaped pore
and 1 opposite each interval; disk pores ventrad of quinquelocular pores, termi-

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166 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

nating at the posterior or penultimate pair of 8-shaped pores, usually about as —
humerous as 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores scattered, usually without apparent arrange-
ment, but sometimes with a tendency toward arrangement in transverse rows,
often most numerous in median area, and with a narrow submedian area at
posterior end with few or no pores, pores varying considerably in number, some-
times crowded and sometimes only fairly numerous, 12-16 w long and 8-12 wide,
the majority near the upper limits of those measurements; minute 8-shaped and
disk pores numerous; tubular ducts 34 yu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna rounded, with 2 setae slightly longer than diameter
of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar fairly broad to very
broad, with wrinkles in derm extending from bar around opening and with 3-6
quinquelocular pores in wrinkles, 10-20 (usually 10-15) similar pores extending
from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly single row, a total of 13—23 in
group and row combined; multilocular pores, with 9-11 loculi, in 6 or 7 complete
and 3 or 4 interrupted rows, but with 10 rows in all, the anterior interrupted row
anterior to the posterior spiracles, the posterior row with 11—23 pores, penulti-
mate row with 14-20, each of next 3 rows with 17-37, next with 11-18, next with
7-13, and each of anterior 3 rows with 2-10, the total 182-177; 2 or 3 dark-rimmed
S-shaped pores each side of beak, Some scattered on anterior end, and others
arranged in 5 or 6 transverse rows posterior to mouth parts ; submarginal 8-Shaped
pores in an irregularly double row terminating near posterior row of multilocular
pores, usually about as numerous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped pores;
3-6 disk pores in an irregular row caudad of each end of posterior row of multi-
locular pores, 1-3 near each end of the next 2, or rarely 3, rows of multilocular
pores ; Submarginal setae in a complete row terminating near the posterior pair of
marginal 8-shaped pores; 4-7 setae in the posterior row of multilocular pores
and 2 in the penultimate row.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present: lobes indicated; setae, apical 75-80 wu long,
interapical 10.8-12.6 u long, dorsal 7.2-10 » long, inner ventral 5.4 uw long, inter-
mediate ventral 5.4 u long, outer ventral 7 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 36-40 w
long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 14 pores, divided on dorsal
and ventral sides; ventral surface heavily sclerotized in a roughly rectangular
area extending from margin of inner lobes anteriorly to anal ring, sclerotized
area more heavily sclerotized in dentate rows, surrounding derm usually
wrinkled.

Second stage.—Resembling adult female but smaller; margin with quinque-
locular and disk pores not more numerous than corresponding 8-shaped pores;
dorsal surface with 8-shaped pores much less numerous than in adult, arranged
roughly in 8 longitudinal rows; ventral surface with 3 or 4 quinquelocular pores
in each spiracular row, 2 pairs of setae in median abdominal area; apex of
abdomen as in adult, but all setae around one-fifth shorter.

Larva.—Flongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior pair slightly larger than the
rest, axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse, of the others longitudinal; 3 pairs
of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 7-10 (usually 8) and
a lateral row of 9, on each half of body, lateral pores practically same size as
marginal pores, submedian pores slightly smaller than lateral; disk pores
between lateral and marginal, and between submedian and lateral, 8-shaped
pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 0; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 1 slender; distance between antennal bases equal to about one-half length
of antenna; beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle usually with 1
trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore, rarely with a quinquelocular and a small
multilocular pore; leg setae, anterior and middle coxae each 4, posterior coxa 8,
femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near
center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus;
10 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores ; 8-10 submarginal disk pores, on abdomen
and thorax, often very close to submarginal 8-shaped pores: 7 pairs of submar-
ginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 2 pairs of submarginal larger setae
at anterior end; 38 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes sometimes indicated: setae, apical 68
m long, interap‘cal 7.2 mw long, dorsal 2.5 w long, inner ventral 3.6 uw long,
intermediate ventral 3.6 « long, outer ventral 5.4 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae
22 uw long, with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores, divided on dorsal
and ventral sides; ventral surface of apex slightly sclerotized close to margin.

a —- —
—— cs testes esteem

*
THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 167

Data.—Redescribed from the following material: Unmounted speci-
mens, 5 mounted females, and 20 mounted larvae on oleander, King-
ston. Jamaica, Cockerell Collection, cotypes. Unmounted material, 1
mounted female, and 1 mounted larva on oleander, Kingston, Jamaica,
Rouse collector, cotypes. Unmounted material, 2 mounted females,
and 2 mounted larvae on Sambucus sp., Cairo, Egypt, Cockerell Collec-
tion, cotypes of pustulans sambuci. Unmounted material, 6 mounted
females, and 28 mounted larvae on Hevea brasiliensis, Seychelle Islands,
R. Dupont, received from E. E. Green, August 14, 1911, type of pustu-
lans seychellarum. Unmounted material from more than 100 lots,
approximately 300 mounted females, several mounted second-stage
specimens, and approximately 100 mounted larvae, from the following
hosts and localities: Acacia spp. from Florida, Panama, Egypt; Achras
sapota from Florida, Puerto Rico, Haiti, Jamaica; Agave sp. from
Puerto Rico; Annona spp. from Florida, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica,
Virgin Islands; Baryxylum africanum from Florida; Bauhinia sp.
from Florida, Canal Zone; Bignonia speciosa, locality unknown;
Blighia sapida from Florida, Canal Zone, Trinidad, Jamaica, Bar-
bados: Boehmeria nivea and Bougainvillea sp. from Seychelle Islands;
Bryophyllum sp. from Jamaica; Cajanus sp. from Montserrat, West
Indies; Calocarpum mammosum from Puerto Rico; Casimiroa tetro-
meria from Florida; Cassia sp. from Florida, Puerto Rico; Castz/loa
spp. from Florida, Puerto Rico, and Nicaragua; Casuarina equiseti-
folia from Puerto Rico; Cecropia sp. from Florida; Cezba pentandra
from Puerto Rico; Chrysophyllum caissita from Trinidad; Croton sp.
from Bahia, Brazil; Cupania edulis from Jamaica; Cydonia sp. from
Brazil; Euphorbia sp. from Florida; Ficus spp. from Florida, Louisi-
ana, Mexico (Lower California and other localities), Cuba, Puerto
Rico, Dominican Republic, Grenada, St. Croix (Virgin Islands), and
Palestine; Flacourtia ramontchi from Trinidad, British West Indies,
and Guam (Marianne Islands) ; Gossypium sp. from Peru; Grevillea
robusta from Florida, Isle of Pines, Cuba, Montserrat, Grenada, Puerto
Rico, Hawaii, and Portuguese East Africa; Hevea sp. from Brazil;
Hibiscus sp. from Florida and the Canal Zone; Jacaranda sp., locality
unknown; Jasminum sp. from Puerto Rico and Egypt: Lantana sp.
from Hawaii; Leucaena glauca from Grenada; Magnolia sp. from
Mexico; Malachra sp. from Puerto Rico; Mangifera sp. from Florida,
Honduras, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, St. Thomas, and
Hawaii; Manihot sp. from Antigua; Melocactus sp. from Cuba; Mom-
ordica balsaminal from Jamaica; Montezuma speciossima from Puerto
Rico; Morus sp. from Florida; Nerium spp. from Florida, Puerto Rico,
Costa Rica, Isle of Pines, Cuba, St. Croix, Mexico, Canal Zone, Peru,
Brazil, Hawaii, Taiwan (Formosa), and Portuguese East Africa;
Orchidaceae from Dominican Republic; Passifora sp. from Florida;
Persea sp. from Hawaii; Plumeria sp. from Mexico; Poinciana sp.
from Puerto Rico; Prosopis sp. from Hawaii; Prunus (Amygdalus) sp.
from Florida, Puerto Rico, and Brazil: Psidiwm quajava from Mexico
and Puerto Rico; Psychotria sp. from Barbados; Pyrus (Malus) malus
from Portuguese East Africa; Rapanea guianensis from Puerto Rico;
Russelia juncea from Cuba; Sapium sp. from Hawaii; Sedum sp. from
Puerto Rico; Sida antillensis from Puerto Rico; Tamarinda sp. from
Puerto Rico and Montserrat; Taonabo stahlii from Puerto Rico;
Lephrosia toxicaria from Dominican Republic; Vachellia farnesiana
from Lower California; Vanda teres from Jamaica: Xanth ophyllum

a 2 Ss. 6

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168 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

sp. from Canal Zone; Zizyphus spp. from Florida and Brazil; unknown
hosts from Florida, Cuba, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, Mexico, Canal
Zone, Honduras, Trinidad, Egypt, Palestine, Madagascar, and Hawaii.

Asterolecanium pustulans is an interesting species in several respects,
but particularly in its tendency to produce pits. This habit, however,
apparently is governed primarily by the susceptibility of the host to
pit formation because some infested hosts do not show any depres-
sions, while others show gradations from shallow pits to deep cavities.
When deep pits are formed there is a tendency for the host tissue to
draw together at the opening, thus concealing the insect. In the
mounted insects all structures are amazingly constant except the num-
ber of dorsal 8-shaped pores. The larva of pustulans is the only one
known to the writer in which there are different numbers of long setae
on the coxae, there being four on the anterior and middle ones but only
three on the posterior coxa.

ASTEROLECANIUM PUTEANUM, new species
(Hig. 56, F—K ; pl. 8, H)

Referred to by Felt and Bromley in 1987 (3/7, p. 20) as Asteroleca-
nium sp.

Habit.—Living on bark, in shallow or deep pits.

Test of female.—Usually ovoid, sometimes nearly circular, 1.2-2 mm. long and
1-1.8 wide, or 1.2-2 mm. in diameter; slightly convex dorsally, with a rather
broad, flat, longitudinal median carina, and without or with inconspicuous sub-
marginal carinae; slightly or strongly convex ventrally; greenish yellow, trans-
parent, thin; marginal filaments pale yellowish, sometimes slightly golden; dorsal
filaments pale yellowish, usually scattered over entire surface, but sometimes
numerous in median and submarginal areas and absent in submedian area near
posterior end, about the same length as marginal filaments; elliptical larval exit
in ventral margin,

Adult female.—Usually ovoid, sometimes nearly circular, posterior end slightly
produced; 1-1.75 mm. long and 0.9—-1.6 wide, or 1—-1.75 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around one-half length
of an apical seta from setal bases, posterior pores 10 uw long and 6 wide, the others
12 uw long and 8 wide, usually around a pore’s width apart, axes of some pores
diagonal to body margin; quinquelocular pores in a single row terminating with
1 beyond the end of the row of 8-shaped pores, slightly more numerous than
8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores scattered over entire surface or present only
in median and submarginal areas, submarginal pores in fairly definite transverse
groups not reaching median group except near mouth parts, slightly more numer-
ous along median line than elsewhere, 10-12 uw long and 6-8 wide; minute 8-shaped
pores fairly numerous; disk pores rather sparse; tubular ducts 30 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna very short, sunken in derm, with 2 setae shorter
and 2 slightly longer than diameter of antenna; 1—4 quinquelocular pores between
antenna and margin; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar subcircular ;
10-20 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle te body margin in an irregu-
larly single or double row; multilocular pores, with 10-12 loculi, in 6 complete
and 3 interrupted rows, the anterior interrupted row anterior to posterior
spiracles, posterior row with 6-9 pores, penultimate row with 11-15, each of next
3 with 14-23, next with 11-13, and each of interrupted rows with 2-5, the total
ranging from 90-115; 1-3 dark-rimmed 8-shaped peres each side of mouth parts,
a few scattered on anterior half of body, and a few arranged in 3 or 4 transverse
rows among multilocular pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores in an irregularly
single row terminating near the penultimate row of multilocular pores, usually
about half as numerous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal
setae in a complete row terminating near the penultimate or posterior pair of
marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular pores,
1 pair in penultimate row, and sometimes 1 seta in the next row.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 72-80 u long,
interapical 14.4-18 uw long, dorsal 9 uw long, intermediate ventral 7.2 u long, outer

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 169

ventral 9-12.6 u long: anal ring with 6 setae 28-36 uw long and with an inner row
of 6 and an outer row of 14 pores, divided on dorsal and ventral sides; ventral
surface of apex Slightly sclerotized in dentate rows.

Second stage—Resembling adult female, but smaller; margin with quinque-
lecular pores less numerous than in adult; dorsal surface with 8-shaped pores
much less numerous than in adult, arranged in a median, and a sparse sub-
median, row; ventral surface with 2-4 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular
row. dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores very sparse, 2 pairs of setae in median
abdominal area; apex of abdomen as in adult but all setae about one-fourth
shorter.

Larva.—Ovoid.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior pair smallest, next 6 or 7 pairs
gradually increasing in size, and slightly smaller than the anterior 4 or 5 pairs,
axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse, of the others longitudinal; 5 pairs of
setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-sShaped pores in a submedian row of 9 and a lateral row of
10 or 11, on each half of body, 2 or 3 pores of lateral row outside a straight line
and suggestive of a submarginal row, posterior pores of each row the smallest,
the rest gradually larger toward anterior end of row, the anterior 3 pores of
each row practically uniform in size, all pores about one-fifth to one-third smaller
than marginal pores of same segments: disk pores between submedian and lat-
eral, and between lateral and marginal, 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender: antennal bases about one-third length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinque-
locular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each
on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer
margin; tibia one-third as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of Ssubmarginal 8-shaped pores;
9 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 2 pairs of sub-
marginal larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and
mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 50 uw long,
interapical 11 uw long, dorsal 3.6 uw long, intermediate and outer ventral 5.4 uw long;
anal ring with 6 setae 20 w long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of
12 pores, divided on dorsal and ventral sides; ventral surface of apex slightly
sclerotized in dentate rows.

Test of male.—Nearly elliptical, 1.2 mm. long, 0.75 wide; slightly convex dor-
sally, with a rather broad, flat. longitudinal median carina, and sometimes with
a faint lateral carina; flat ventrally; greenish yellow; marginal filaments very
pale golden yellow: dorsal filaments same color as test, most humerous in median
and lateral areas, shorter than marginal filaments.

Adult male.—1 mm. long.

Head: Antenna broken, only 2 segments remaining; basal bars diagonal: 12
setae between ventral eyespots and antennae; 2 setae on dorsal surface.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases nearly rectangular, three and one-half times
as long as wide; tibia about as long as tarsus.

Abdomen: Five segments each with a pair of setae dorsally on lateral margin;
2 segments each with a pair of setae in ventral submedian area; lobes indicated,
each with 1 leng and 3 short setae; penis sheath with 2 setae dorsally near base,
and 9 or 10 on each side of ventral opening.

Male nymph.—Distinguishing characters similar to those of adult male.

Third-stage male—Resembling second stage, but nearly elliptical ; dorsal surface
With 8-shaped pores more numerous than in second stage, arranged in a median
and a submarginal row and in a large group at anterior end: ventral surface with
legs represented by 3 pairs of sclerotized areas, each with a straight, elongate
claw ; apex of abdomen as in second stage, but slightly sclerotized on ventral
ace and with a short, irregular, sclerotized area anterior to each interapical
Seta.

Data—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes) and the
following mounted material: Five females on Bumelia parviflora, Ft.
George, Fla., May 10, 1880, paratypes; five females on //ex vomitaria,
Brunswick, Ga., J. C. Bradley, February 16, 1911, holotype and para-
types; two females on /lea vomitaria, Fairhope, Ala., M. K. Chapin,
from G. F. Mitchell, June 11, 1925, paratypes; seven females on /Jex

sos

i |
i

170 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

sp., Cambridge, Md., J. A. Jordan, February 25, 1927, paratypes; six

females on Jlex sp., Norfolk, Va., F. W. Poos, March 19 and April 28,
1927, paratypes; five females on Jlew sp., Fayetteville, N. C., C. S.

Brimley, from R. W. Leiby, August 6, 1932, paratypes; three females,
three second-stage specimens, four larvae, one adult male, one male

nymph, and one third-stage male on //ex sp., Wilmington, Del., from

E. P. Felt, March 12, 1936, paratypes.

Most closely related to agavis.

ASTEROLECANIUM QUADRISETOSUM, new species
(Fig. 57, A-E; pl. 5, M)

Habit.—Living on smooth bark, or in cracks and crevices, margin of test not
closely appressed to bark.

Test of female.—Longer than wide, 1.25-1.75 mm. long, 0.75-1.25 wide; convex
dorsally, occasionally with a faint longitudinal median carina, usually with a low
lateral carina, usually with faint transverse striations which give the lateral
earinae the appearance of having minute tubercles on them; slightly convex
ventrally ; brownish or clear yellow, transparent, rather thick; marginal filaments
light brownish or whitish, very short; circular larval exit ventral, close to margin.

Adult female—Longer than wide, 1-1.5 mm. long and 0.65 to 1 wide, posterior
end sometimes slightly produced.

Margin: 8-shaped pores mostly in a double row but the posterior 4—7 pores
in a single row, terminating length of an apical seta from setal bases, the
posterior pores 9-10 uw long and 6 wide, the other 11-12 yw long and 7 wide, intervals
between the pores within a row one to three times a pore’s length, distance between
the 2 rows equal to at least a pore’s length; quinquelocular pores in a single row
terminating with the 8-shaped pores, one and one-half times as numerous as
8-shaped pores of nearer row; disk pores occurring along 8-shaped pores of
dorsal row, and about one-third as numerous as those, terminating near the
posterior or penultimate pair of 8-shaped pores, irregularly spaced; disk pores
also among quinquelocular pores and terminating at, or posterior to, the posterior
quinquelocular pores, irregularly spaced and less numerous than the qu'nquelocular
pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; 3 or 4 disk pores near
posterior end; tubular ducts 36 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna blunt, with 2 setae slightly longer than diameter
of antenna; beak with 3 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar expanded at inner end,
and with a sclerotized area extending around opening, atrium slightly enlarged
and containing 4-8 quinquelocular pores, 48 similar pores extending from
spiracle to body margin in a single row; multilocular pores having 10 loculi,
arranged in 6 or 7 complete and 1 or 2 interrupted rows, posterior and penulti-
mate rows each with 9-12 pores, each of next 3 rows with 11-17, next with 8-14,
and the anterior 2 rows each with 3-7, the total number 75-94; dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores scattered loosely each side of beak and arranged in 5-7 transverse
rows posterior to beak; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating
near the fourth posteriormost pair of marginal 8-shaped pores, as numerous as
corresponding 8-shaped pores of nearer row; submarginal setae in a complete
row terminating near the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of
setae in the posterior row of multilocular pores and 1 pair in each of next 3 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present or absent; lobes sometimes indicated ; setae,
apical 40 u long, interapical 12 w long, intermediate and outer ventral 4-6 u long;
anal opening apical; anal tube sclerotized in a narrow transverse band on dorsal
side and in a wider area on ventral side, inner end membranous and smaller
than outer; anal ring with 4 setae 12 uw long and apparently with 6 pores, divided
on ventral side; ventral surface of apex sclerotized, wrinkled.

Second stage.—Resembling adult in share. but smaller; margin with 8-shaped
pores in a single row terminating one-half length of an apical seta from setal
bases, quinquelocular pores in a row terminating before that of the 8-shaned
pores, and present or absent at anterior end. aS numerous As corresnonding
8-shaned pores; ventral surface with atrium of sniracle slightly enlarged and

containing 1 quinquelocular pore, a faintly sclerotized area around opening, 1 -

quinquelocular pore between opening and body margin; apex of abdomen as in
adult but all setae about one-fourth shorter.

en

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 171

Larva.—Elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior pores slightly larger than the
posterior ones, axes of at least the posterior 6 pairs transverse, axes of the
others either transverse, diagonal, or longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae at anterior
end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 8 or 9 and a lateral
row of 10 or 11, on each half of body, the anterior pores of each row slightly larger
than the posterior ones, and all slightly smaller than marginal pores; disk pores
between submedian and lateral and between lateral and marginal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 Iong, 3 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; anterior spiracle with 1 quinquelocular pore, posterior
spiracle with 2; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on
outer margin near center, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-third
as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 10 pairs of
submarginal minute setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head; 1 pair of setae between
antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present: setae, apical 54 uw long, interapical 10.8 u long,
intermediate ventral (fairly near median line) 2.5-3.6 uw long, outer ventral 3.6 u
long; anal opening apical; anal tube sclerotized on outer half and membranous
on inner half; anal ring with 4 setae 5-8 » long and apparently with 1 or 2 pores.

Pata.—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes) and the
following mounted material collected by G. Compere in Coolgardie,
West Australia: Four females, 3 second-stage specimens, and 1 larva,
Compere No. 85, holotype and paratypes; 7 females and 65 larvae on
Melaleuca sp., Compere No. 1005, paratypes.

This species resembles ventrwosum as closely as any other known
form.

ASTEROLECANIUM QUAESITUM, new species
(Fig. 57, F—K ; fig. 58, A-E ; pl. 4, I)

Habit.—Living on bark.

Test of female.——Broadly ovoid, posterior end slightly produced; 2.5-3 mm.
long and 2-2.5 wide; strongly convex dorsally, nearly fiat or slightly convex
ventrally; dull greenish yellow, translucent, smooth, shiny: fragmentary margi-
nal filaments apparently pale yellow or whitish, dorsal filaments rubbed off;
elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Nearly circular or slightly ovoid, 2 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores mostly in an irregularly double row but posterior
10-20 pores, and a few others, in a single row terminating slightly more than
length of an apical seta from bases of setae, posterior pores 9-10 uw long and 6
wide, the others 12 uw long and 8 wide, the pores one to three times (usually
slightly more than once) a pore’s length apart, distance between the 2 rows
equal to at least a pore’s length; quinquelocular pores in a single row from
near antenna to a point 5-20 pores from end of row of 8-shaped pores, usually
one and one-half times as numerous as corresponding 8-Shaped pores of nearer
row; disk pores among quinquelocular pores and in a similar position close to
8-shaped pores at anterior end where quinquelocular pores are missing, termi-
nating near posterior quinquelocular pores, not quite so numerous as correspond-
ing 8-shaped pores of nearer row.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores numerous, 8-9 « long and 5 wide; minute
8-shaped pores not observed; disk pores fairly sparse; tubular ducts 36 u long.

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped, sunken in derm, with 4 setae nearly
as long as, and 2 longer than, diameter of antenna; 4 or 5 quinquelocular pores
sometimes present between antenna and margin; beak with 2 pairs of setae:
Spiracular bar broad, sometimes slightly expanded at inner end; derm around
opening or on 1 side of spiracle sunken and filled with quinquelocular pores, a
total of 45-55 such pores in that group and in a double to quadruple row
extending to margin; multilocular pores in 7 complete rows and 1 interrupted
row, the posterior row with 10-12 pores, penultimate row with 21-25, each of
next 2 with 23-35, next with 19-24, next with 15, next with 9-10, and interrupted
row with 1 or 2, or a total of 132-153 pores, having 5—15 (usually 10) loculi;
5-10 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, some scattered anterior to

= 172 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

and laterad of mouth parts, and others arranged in 7 or 8 transverse rows
posterior to mouth parts; Submarginal 8-shaped pores much larger in com-
parison to the marginal than in other species, 7 or 8 w long and 5 wide, arranged
in a double row terminating near the first row of multilocular pores anterior
bile: to the penultimate row, nearly as numerous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped
pores; Submarginal setae in a complete row terminating slightly nearer to bases
of apical setae than to the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 setae
m each in the posterior and penultimate rows of multilocular pores and sometimes
1 in the first row anterior to penultimate.

us Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 45 uw long, interapical 9-10.8 u
long, dorsal (absent from 1 side of 1 specimen examined) 7.2-10.8 w long, inner
ventral 5.4 w long, intermediate ventral 7.2-9 uw long, outer ventral 10.8-14.4 wu
long, either inner or intermediate ventral seta usually lacking on 1 side of
Me: body; anal ring with 6 setae about 54 uw long, with an inner row of 6 and an
sr outer one of 26 pores, divided on dorsal and ventral sides; ventral surface of
Se} apex rugose or reticulate.

ae Second stage.—Resembling adult female but smaller, longer than wide; margin
ae with 8-shaped pores in a Single row though somewhat irregular and tending
sila to be double at some points; dorsal surface with 8-shaped pores less numerous
aie than in adult; ventral surface with bar of spiracle narrower than in adult and
¢ with 3 or 4 quinquelocular pores between spiracular opening and body margin,
= submarginal 8-sShaped pores much smaller in comparison with marginal pores
“atl than in adult and arranged in a single row; apex of abdomen as in adult but
rl all setae approximately one-fifth shorter.

Larva.—HEHlongate ovoid.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axis of the posterior pair transverse, axes of
the next 3 or 4 pairs diagonal or longitudinal, and of the others longitudinal ;
apparently 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a Submedian row of apparently 5-10 and a
lateral row of 10-12, on each half of body, or a total of 34-48, 1 or 2 pores of
Legal lateral row inside a straight line through the remaining pores and suggestive of
" an intermediate row, anterior pores of each row Slightly larger than posterior
fe. ones, lateral pores slightly larger than submedian, anterior pores of lateral row
“_ nearly as large as marginal pores, the posterior ones apparently larger; disk
pores between submedian and lateral, and between lateral and marginal,
8-shaped pores.

i Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, apparently 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 4 long, 2
ka stout, 3 or 4 fairly stout; distance between antennal bases slightly more than
F one-third length of antenna; beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle
‘Ss with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner
margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 1
| each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-third as long as tarsus; apparently
| 8 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores of which 1 pair is between the antennae;
‘a 8 pairs of submarginal minute setae on abdomen in a single row except on penul-
en timate segment, where the row is double, apparently 1 pair of submarginal larger
hea Setae at anterior end; 5 or 4 setae between antennae and mouth parts.
iy Bin Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical

: 95-100 uw long, interapical 5.4-10.8 u long, dorsal (lacking on 1 side in 1 specimen
_ examined) 3.6—5.4 u long, inner ventral (lacking on 1 side of 1 specimen exam-
Sie ined) 3.6—5.4 uw long, intermediate ventral 5.4-9 uw long, outer ventral 7.2 » long;

=, anal ring with 6 setae about 25.5 » long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer
ath, one of 14 pores, divided on dorsal and ventral sides.

is Test of male.—KElliptical, a notch in posterior margin; 1.5 mm. long, 0.7 wide;
dorsally slightly convex at anterior end, sloping to posterior end, with longitu-
dinal median and lateral carinae, and with faint transverse striations; nearly
i flat ventrally ; greenish yellow, transparent, thin; marginal filaments rubbed off;
dorsal filaments whitish, very short.

Adult male.—l.5 mm. long.

Se Head: Antenna 10-segmented; formula (longest to shortest), (III), (IV),
mg CVO GVA) SCV). .CVILLL,. 2DX*)-0. Gi, 1, 3Xe).antennallesserdess Incase ;
ie III, 13; IV apparently with 20; V, VI, VII, 19; VIII, 18; IX, 16; X, 5 very long,
a 1 stout, and 7 fairly long; basal bars strongly diagonal; 1 seta between veniral
ek | eyespots and antennae; 38 minute tubercles dorsally near base of each antenna.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases curved on anterior margin, with a longitudi-

nal fold in center, two and a half times as long as wide; tibia slightly longer
than tarsus.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 173

Abdomen: Three segments with a seta dorsally on lateral margin on 1 side of
body, and 2 segments! with a seta on the other side; 4 segments with a seta in
ventral submedian area on 1 half of body, and 8 segments with a seta on the
other half; lobes indicated, each wiih 1 long and 8 short setae, and with 3 setae
between lobe and median line on 1 half of body and 2 on the other half; penis
sheath with 4 setae dorsally near base, 5 long setae ventrally near base on 1 half
and 4 on the other, 9 smaller setae on each side of ventral opening, and
several minute clear areas at tip. ayy:

Male nymph.—Distinguishing characters similar to those of adult male.

Third-stage male.—Similar to second stage but more nearly elliptical; dorsal
surface with 8-shaped pores slightly more numerous than in second stage ; ventral
surface with legs represented by 3 pairs of circular sclerotized areas, each with
a shori, stout, straight claw, and 4-8 clear areas (possibly setal bases) ; apex of
abdomen as in second stage.

Data.—Described from specimens (eight females, one second-stage
specimen, three larvae, one adult male, one male nymph, and three
third-stage males, mounted) from “Tusca” [presumably Acacia monili-
formis|, Cordoba, Argentina, M. Kisliuk, June 20, 1927, holotype and
paratypes. >

This species is particularly interesting in three respects, namely, the
unusually large size of the submarginal 8-shaped pores as compared
with the marginal 8-shaped pores in the adult females, the constancy
with which one seta is missing on one half of the apex of the abdomen
in all stages, and the presence of four submarginal setae on the penulti-
mate segment of the body in the larval stage.

It is rather similar to viridulum.

ASTEROLECANIUM QUERCICOLA (Bouche)

(Fig. 58, F-K; pl. 8, @)

Lecanium quercicola was described by Bouché in 1851 (11, p. 112)
as follows, “ 2 fast kreisrund, erhaben, runzlich, dunkelbraun. Lange
¥Y% Linie. Auf Eichen selten.” In 1870 (88, pp. 279-280) Signoret
redescribed it and transferred it to Asterolecanium. He gave a French
translation of Bouché’s description, which he followed with this state-
ment: “Telle est la description donnée par Bouché d’un type que Von
trouve sur les chénes et que nous possédons a deux états, dont l'un se
rapporte entiérement comme couleur & la description ci-dessus, et
Vautre, d’un jaune pale brillant et transparent, présente & une des
extrémités une macule d’un brun foncé, qui n’est que la dépouille
repoussée vers ce point.” However, while Signoret considered
Bouché’s quercicola to be & species of Asterolecanium, Sanders, in 1909
(84, p. 431), believed it to be identical with Aspidiotus zonatus
Frauenf., and in 1912 Lindinger (67, p. 371) assigned it doubtfully to
Kermes quercus but in 1984 (62, p. 169) listed it as an unknown species.

The original description certainly is inadequate to differentiate this
form from many other scale insects, and the identity of the species
cannot be determined because the type specimens presumably are no
longer inexistence. Boucheé’s guercicola may belong to Asterolecanium,
the specimens treated being either immature or ones in which the
adults had not shrivelled in the test, which would account for the
dark-brown color. Since there is this possibility, and since Signoret
as well as some other writers have adopted this interpretation, it
seems best to assume that quercicola is the species treated below.

2a

:
.

174 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A. quercicola, as redescribed by Signoret on oak from Paris, and here
accepted as the true guercicola (Bouché), is distinct from variolosum,
with which it was synonymized by Cockerell in 1899 (21, p. 269), by
Sanders in 1909 (84, p. 431), and by Lindinger in 1912 (67, p. 360).

Habit.—Living on bark, in shallow or deep pits.

Test of female——Nearly circular, 1.25-1.7 mm. long and 1-1.5 wide, usually
1.5 mm. long and 1.4 wide; slightly to distinctly convex dorsally, with posterior
tip flattened, usually with faint transverse striations; slightly or distinctly
convex ventrally; usually greenish, sometimes brownish yellow, transparent,
often shiny, sometimes slightly punctate in lateral areas; marginal filaments
same color as test, slightly shorter at posterior end than elsewhere; elliptical larval
exit in dorsal surface at margin.

Adult female—Nearly circular, 0.95-1.5 mm, in diameter, posterior end some-
times slightly produced.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating one to three (usually
one) times the length of a posterior pore from bases of apical setae, the posterior
pores 9-10 u long and 6 wide, the others 12 uw long and 6 wide, from the width
to the length of a pore apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row terminating
at a point 10-28 (usually around 20) pores before the posterior pair of 8-shaped
pores, the row complete, or interrupted opposite 1-20 8-shaped pores at anterior
end, the quinquelocular pores in the proportion of 1 to each 8-shaped pore anter-
iorly and 1 to each 8-Shaped pore and 1 opposite the interval between every 2
8-shaped pores elsewhere, except Sometimes 2 to each 8-shaped pore near spiracular
pore bands, in this case the row almost double.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores fairly numerous;
tubular ducts 32 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped, with 2 setae nearly as long as
diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar expanded at
inner end, roughly triangular; a group of 8-16 quinquelocular pores outside
spiracular opening and a double or triple row of similar pores extending from
there toward body margin, this row often becoming 5 or 6 pores wide at the
margin, usually a total of 45-65 pores in group and row combined; multilocular
pores in 4 complete rows, posterior row with 8-13 pores (usually 10 or 11), each of
next 2 with 5-10 (usually 7-9), and anterior with 47 (usually 5 or 6), or a total
of 23-88, the pores with 6-10 loculi; a loose group of 7-10 dark-rimmed 8-shaped
pores each side of mouth parts, some scattered on anterior end, others tending
toward arrangement in 2 transverse rows posterior to beak ; submarginal 8-shaped
pores in an irregularly double row terminating near the posterior row of multi-
locular pores, usually 2 opposite every other marginal 8-shaped pore, but oc-
casionally in a slightly different proportion ; submarginal setae in a complete row
terminating near the penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of
setae in posterior row of multilocular pores, 1 pair in each of the other rows, and
1 pair before the anterior row.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 32-40 uw long, interapical 8-10 u long, ventral
8-9 uw long; anal opening ventral, circular, its margin sclerotized, 2 setae, 3 pz
long, on anterior edge.

Larva.—wNearly elliptical; posterior end sometimes narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae
at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores in a submedian row of 1-4 (usually 1 or 2) and
a lateral row of 9, on each half of body, or a total of 20—26, practically same size as,
or slightly larger than, marginal pores; disk pores near lateral 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases about one-half length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 3 pairs apical; anterior spiracle with 2 quinquelocular pores or with 1
quinquelocular and 1 trilocular pore, posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular or
quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus
1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-third as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of
submarginal 8-shaped pores: 7 pairs of submarginal minute setae on abdomen,
1 pair of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae between
antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 66 u long, interapical 7-10 u long, cuter ventral
4-7 uw long; anal opening apical; anal tube very short, slightly sclerotized ; anal
ring circular, sclerotized, with 2 setae, each about 7.2—9 u long.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 175

Data.—Redescribed from unmounted material, approximately 90
mounted females, and many mounted larvae from the following lots
(all collected on Quercus) : On English oak, no other data; Newburg,
N. C., Mrs. Rains, Cockerell Collection; on Q. pedunculata, Paris,
France, determined as guercicola by Signoret, loaned by M. Beier;
New York, August 30, 1898; on Q. bicolor, Breslau, Silesia, Germany,
C. Baenitz, November 9, 1899, U.S.N.H.; on Q. alba, Yonkers, N. Y..
E. P. Felt, September 16, 1901; ; Johannesburg, South Africa, January
20, 1908, C. W. Howard No. 56; on English oak, Botanic Garden, Wash-
ington, D. C., J. G. Sanders, ‘November 1908: New York Zoological
Park, N. Y., H. W. Merkel, March 25, 1909; on Q. robur, Prignitz,
Brandenburg, Germany, O. Jaap, June 2, 1916, No. 251; on Q. robur,
Christchurch, New Zealand, R. J. Tillyard, letter May 11, 1922; on
chestnut oak, Bear Mountain, N. Y., F. M. Schott, September 13, 1925;
Eberswalde, Germany, from W alter Horn, letter May 11, 1928; on
Q. robur, Berlin, Germany, intercepted at Washington, D. C., D. P.
Limber, January 27, 1930; Stanford University. Calif., C. T. Paine.
received in 1931; on red oak, Ithaca, N. Y., G. W. Herrick. June 27,
1932; on QY. ar genteo- marginata, Weener, Germany, intercepted at
Washington. D. C., D. P. Limber, April 20, 1934; Berlin. Germany,
intercepted at W ashington, D. C., W. B. Wood, January 26, 1937; on
Q. pontica, Germany, intercepted at Washington, D. C., D. P. Limber,
December 27, 1937; on Q. sessiliflora laciniata, Dublin, Ireland, inter-
cepted at Washington, D. C., D. P. Limber, January 7, 1939.

Closely related to minus and variolosum. In the adult stage it can
be distinguished from ménus by the presence of approximately 23 to 33
multilocular pores instead of about 8, and from variolosum by having
23 to 33 such pores instead of approximately 50 to 62. In the larval
stage it can be separated from minus by the presence of about 21 dorsal
8-shaped pores instead of around 30 and by having apical setae 66
instead of 54 » long, and from variolosum by the number of dorsal
8-shaped pores, variolosum having none or rarely 1 to 4.

ASTEROLECANIUM RADIATUM, new species
(Fig. 59, A—E; pl. 5, NV)

Habit—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of fe: longer than wide, posterior end produced and
upturned; 1.4 mm. long, 1.10 wide; slightly convex dorsally, with faint longi-
tudinal median and lateral carinae, and with faint transverse striations that
give the longitudinal carinae the appearance of having minute tubercles; flat
ventrally; pale yellow, transparent, fairly thin, slightly punctate, very shiny;
marginal filaments pale yellow; larval exit elliptical, at tip of produced area.

Adult female.—Slightly longer than wide, posterior end produced; 1 mm. long,
0.85 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating nearly length of an
apical seta from bases of setae, 8 wu long and 5 wide, about a pore’s width apart;
quinquelocular pores absent, or 24 where each spiracular pore band meets
margin.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous: disk pores rather sparse,
a few near margin; tubular ducts 32 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna dome-shaped, with 2 setae much longer than
diameter of antenna and possibly 1 much shorter; beak without setae; spiracular
bar fairly broad, sometimes expanded at inner end; 10-12 quinquelocular pores
(including any that may occur on margin) extending from spiracle to body
margin in a single row; 1 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore each side of beak, a few
on anterior end, and a few in 4 transverse rows anterior to genital opening;

ieee

»

a a a er kee rs

ne

Ss

- ot ied
“2

176 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near the posterior
marginal 8-shaped pores, half aS numerous aS the marginal 8-Shaped pores; 5
pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair slightly nearer to
the posterior marginal 8-shaped pores than to bases of apical setae ; af! pair of
setae posterior to genital opening, 1 pair anterior to it, and 1 pair anterior
to those.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 60 yw long,
interapical 8 uw long, inner ventral 3.6 « long, outer ventral 5 w long; anal ring
with 6 setae 34 » long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 20
pores, tending toward division on dorsal side; ventral surface of apex rugose.

Data.—Described from two tests (one empty) and one mounted
female on Schizostachyum sp., Tungking, Kwangtung, China, F. A.
McClure, January 21, 1932. rae Ge. }

Closely related to céreulare but differing from it in lacking marginal

quinquelocular pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM REPUGNANS, new species
(Fig. 59, FJ; pl. 8, £)

Habit.—Living on bark.

Test of female-—Somewhat ovoid, posterior end slightly produced ; 1.5-1.85 mm.
long, 1.4-1.5 wide; strongly convex dorsally, flat or very slightly convex ventrally ;
brownish yellow, transparent, fairly thin; marginal filaments whitish, frag-
mentary; dorsal filaments whitish, scattered, matted down but presumably ap-
proximately same length as marginal; elliptical larval exit in dorsal surface at
margin.

Adult female—Somewhat ovoid, posterior end produced; approximately 1.25
mm. long, 1 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row normally terminating a pore’s length
from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 12 u long and 8 wide, the others 12-18 u
long and 8-9 wide, usua'ly around a pore’s length apart; disk pores dorsad of
8-shaped pores and much less numerous than those, terminating near the penulti-
mate pair of 8-Shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores scattered, those near posterior end 9 wu long and
5 wide, most of the remainder 12 » long and 8 wide; minute 8-shaped pores absent ;
disk pores numerous; tubular ducts 36 wu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, with 2 setae as long as diameter of antenna;
beak with 3 pairs of setae; spiracular bar expanded at inner end ; 40-76 quinque-
locular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a row 3 or 4 pores wide
at the center and 8 or 10 pores wide near opening and near body margin; multi-
locular pores, with 10 loculi, in 4 comp!ete rows, posterior row with 11 or 12
pores, each of next 2 with 9-12, and anterior row with 7-9, or a total of 36-43;
an indefinite group of 8 or 10 (possibly more) dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each
side of beak, some scattered anterior to mouth parts, and others arranged in 3
wide, and 1 narrow, transverse row on abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores
well removed from margin, in an irregularly double row terminating near anterior
row of multilocular pores, 1 or 2 opposite each or every other marginal 8-shaped
pore; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating nearly directly anterior to
the posterior pair of mnrginal 8-shaped pores, 4 or 5 setae in posterior row of
multilocular pores, 2 in each of other rows, and 2 before the anterior row.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 36-40 uw long, interapical (anterior to and in-
side or outside apical seta, lacking on 1 side in 2 specimens examined) 6 u long,
oufer ventral (present on 1 side in 2 specimens examined) 6 uw long; anal opening
ventral, well removed from body margin, circular, its margin sclerotized, with 1 or
2 setae 2 uw long, without any indication of setae, or with a suggestion of 2 setal
bases.

Data—Described from the following material: Unmounted speci-

mens and two mounted females from Quercus ilex, Cannes, France,

determined as quercicola by Léw, loaned by M. Beier, holotype and
paratypes; empty tests, two mounted females, and fragments of an-
other mounted female from Quercus lanuginosa, Corfu, Greece, C.
Baenitz, May 30, 1896, U.S.N.H., paratypes.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM wy |

Allied to bellum and roboris. Like the latter it shows an unusual
amount of variation in the number and position of setae associated
with the apical setae and the anal opening.

ASTEROLECANIUM ROBORIS, hew species
(Fig. 60, A-D; pl. 8, F)

Habit.—Living on bark.

Test of female.—Ovoid, posterior end slightly produced: 1.5-2 mm. long,
1.5-1.75 wide; strongly convex dorsally, sometimes with faint transverse stria-
tions; flat ventrally: greenish yellow, transparent, fairly thin: marginal fila-
ments whitish, slightly shorter at posterior end than elsewhere; dorsal fila-
ments whitish, scattered, practically same length as marginal; elliptical larval
exit in dorsal surface at margin.

Adult female.—Ovoid, posterior end slightly produced; 1.5-1.7 mm. long, 1.2
wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about a pore’s length
from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 12 uw long and 8 wide, the others
13-14 uw long and 9 wide, slightly more than a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular
pores in an irregularly single and double row between spiracular pore bands
and extending to about the eighth 8-shaped pore anteriorly from the anterior
band and an approximately equal distance beyond the posterior band, 1 pore
near each 8-shaped pore at ends of row, 1-8 near each 8-shaped pore elsewhere;
disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores and much less numerous than these,
terminating near the penultimate pair of 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores scattered; the posterior pores 8-9 uw long and
5 wide, the majority of the others 12-13 uw long and 8-9 wide; minute 8-shaped
pores absent; disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 40 yu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped, with 2 setae as long as diameter
of antenna; beak with 3 pairs of setae: spiracular bar expanded at inner end;
71-99 quinguelocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a row
4-14 pores wide, the row widest toward margin; multilocular pores, with 10
loculi, in 4 complete rows, the posterior row with 11-17 pores, penultimate
row with 10-15, next with 10-12, and the anterior row with 6-10, the total
being 42-47; around 25 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores in a loose row surrounding
mouth parts, some scattered on anterior end, and others arranged in 4 trans-
verse rows on abdomen, 3 of them wide and 1 narrow; submarginal 8-shaped
pores well removed from margin, arranged in an irregularly double row termi-
liating near the second row of multilocular pores, 1 or 2 opposite each or every
other marginal 8-shaped pore; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating
hearly directly anterior to the penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2
pairs of setae in the posterior row of multilocular pores, 1 pair in each of the
other rows, and 1 pair before anterior row.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 40 w long, apparently normally with an inter-
apical seta, 1 of the specimens examined with one 3.6 u long entad of one apical
seta and the holotype with a suggestion of a setal base entad of one apical seta:
anal opening ventral, well removed from body margin, circular, its margin
sclerotized, apparently with or without setae, holotype with 1 seta 3 u long on
anterior edge.

Larva.—Elongate ovoid.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior pair slightly larger than others,
axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 3-6 and a lateral row of
9, on each half of body, the total in specimens examined being 26-30, individual
pores one-third larger than marginal pores; a disk pore just posterior to each
8-shaped pore of the lateral row; a pair of minute setae anterior to anterior
pair of submedian 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0: VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 2 slender; distance between antennal bases about equal to one-half length
of antenna; beak with 3 pairs of setae at tin; anterior spiracle with 2
trilocular pores or with 1 trilocular and 1 quadrilocular or quinquelocular pore,
posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner
margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-fourth as
long as tarsus; 8 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, of which 1 pair is between

286720 —41 12

:

me 178 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE a |
ie the antennae; 7 pairs of minute submarginal setae on abdomen, 1 pair of sub- |
Pd marginal larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and

ioe:

mouth parts.

git Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 63 u long, sometimes one 1 or 2 uw long inside
or outside apical ; anal opening in margin, circular; anal tube very short, slightly

ao sclerotized; anal ring a sclerotized band, with 1 or 2 setae 2-3 yu long, or with

cen 2 indefinite setal bases.

a Data—Described from the following material: One poor mounted

i female on Quercus lusitanica, probably from Spain, U. S. N. H., para- 7

a type; unmounted material, 2 mounted females, and 13 mounted larvae | |
- on Quercus pubescens, Laaerberg, Austria, determined as quercicola |
De by Low, loaned by M. Beier, holotype and paratypes.

de- Closely related to repugnans, but differing from it in having mar-

“e ginal quinquelocular pores.

f=

a ASTEROLECANIUM RUBROCOMATUM Green

Zora, (Fig. 60, E-J; pl. 6, I) |
Pil |
eS Described in 1909 (42, p. 316). |
a Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves.
ne Test of female—Nearly elongate elliptical, posterior end either rounded or
“ty rather pointed ; 1.5-2 mm. long, 0.75 wide; slightly convex dorsally, flat ventrally:

— brownish yellow, transparent, thin, shiny, punctate; marginal filaments yellowish
ge! to pinkish, slightly longer at anterior end than elsewhere; dorsal filaments 1
= rubbed off; larval exit apparently a slit in margin.

!
iy Adult female.—In shape similar to test, 1.4-1.8 mm. long, 0.6 wide.
Margin: 8-shaped pores in a Single row terminating about the length of an

: apical seta from setal bases, 14 » long and 8 wide at anterior end, 12 uw long and
| 8 wide elsewhere, around a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores mostly in a
a

: fe Single row, but in an irregularly double row at a few points, usually terminating |

IS at a point near the fourth to the fourteenth 8-shaped pore from end of row, 1
usually around three times as numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores, but
sometimes no more numerous than the latter posteriorly.

Pe Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in 6-8 transverse rows in median and sub-

Rye median area, and in a single or double submarginal row, each of 4 transverse

rows with 10-12 pores and each of the others with 2 or 3, the pores in posterior

and penultimate rows 6-7 uw long and 4 wide, the majority of the cthers 8-10 uw

long and 6 wide but a few 12 uw long and 8 wide; around 26 submarginal pores

a spaced at fairly uniform iniervals, the posterior pore 14 u long and 8 wide, its

he axis usually transverse, the other submarginal pores 8-10 » long and 5-6 wide
alent and their axes usually longitudinal; minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores
rather sparse; tubular ducts 32 « long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna conical, sometimes slightly sunken in derm, with
ea 2 setae longer than diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracle with
se bar fairly broad, atrium enlarged and containing 8-14 quinquelocular pores,

x 10-15 similar pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a single or
fees irregularly double row; legs represented by 3 pairs of fairly small to stout
p claws each in a circular sclerotized area, anterior claws smaller than the others,
bas and middle claw sometimes smaller than posterior one; multilocular pores,
pooh, with 9 or 10 loculi, in 4 complete and 4 or 5 interrupted rows, the posterior row
Ely with 8-13 pores, penultimate row with 16—21, next with 7-11, anterior complete
row with 3-8, and each of interrupted rows with 1-8, the total ranging from
i 45-61; 5 or 6 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, some scattered
er | anterior to mouth parts, a few in lateral area of abdomen, and others arranged
en in 38 transverse rows hear posterior end of abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores
Co mostly in a single row (sometimes irregularly double near posterior end) ter-
FR minating near the penultimate row of multilocular pores, 1 pore opposite each —
omit marginal 8-shaped pore; 8 pairs of Submarginal setae posterior to anterior
spiracular pore bands, the posterior pair near the posterior or penultimate pair }
of marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae in each of the posterior 3 rows of

f
'

Fring multilocular pores.
wr Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lebes indicated: setae, apical 52-56 uw long,
> interapical 4.2 uw long, outer ventral 4 uw long: anal ring with 2 setae apparently

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 179

9 » long and four 18 w long, apparently with a tendency toward division on
dorsal side; ventral surface of apex sclerotized in a narrow transverse band
along margin and in a short linear band extending anteriorly from base of each
apical seta, area between sclerotized linear bands lightly sclerotized in dentate
rows.

Larva.—Nearly elongate elliptical, posterior end slightly narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior and penultimate pairs slightly
larger than the next 4 pairs, which are the smallest of the row, the next 5
pairs gradually increasing in size anteriorly, and the anterior of these 5 the
largest of the row, the anterior 3 pairs about the Same size as the pair behind
the largest, axes of the posterior 6 pairs slightly diagonal, axes of others
longitudinal ; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores in a submedian row of 10 and a lateral row
of 2, on each half of body, the anterior 3 submedian pores slightly larger
than the others of that row, anterior pore of lateral row slightly larger than
posterior one and practically same size as anterior submedian pore, all pores
about three-fourths the size of marginal pores of same segments; disk pores
fairly close to marginal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular or
quinquelocular pore and 1 multilocular pore (having 8 loculi), posterior spiracle
with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin hear base
and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1
on outer margin: tibia three-eighths as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal
8-shaped pores; 8 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax,
2 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 3 pairs of setae between
antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 25 uw long, interapical apparently 3.6 wu long,
outer ventral 3.6 » long; anal ring with 6 setae apparently 5 wu long.

Test of male.—Elongate elliptical, 1 mm. long, 0.5 wide; dorsal surface slightly
convex on anterior third, flat elsewhere, with a longitudinal median carina not
reaching anterior margin; flat ventrally; very pale yellow, transparent, thin,
slightly punctate; marginal filaments whitish, apparently slightly shorter near
posterior end than elsewhere; dorsal filaments dark orange, in a dense group on
each side of median line on anterior third, apparently about as long as the anterior
marginal filaments.

Male nymph.—Antenna apparently 9-segmented; abdomen with a seta dorsally
on lateral margin of each of 5 segments and with a seta in ventral lateral area
of each of 2 segmenis; lobes indicated, each with 1 large and 2 smail setae.

Third-stage male.——Resembling adult female in shape, but smaller; margin
with 8-shaped pores terminating about twice, and quinquelocular pores about once,
an 8-shaped pore’s length from bases of apical setae, the quinquelocular pores
about one and a half times as numerous as the 8-shaped pores; dorsal surface
with 25-30 8-shaped pores in a curved group (ends of curve toward margin) each
side of mouth parts, sometimes with a few in submarginal area posterior to those
groups: the pores comprising the group usually as large as anterior marginal
8-shaped pores, submarginal peres about three-fourths as large as the largest
dorsal pores; ventral surface with atrium of spiracle slightly enlarged and con-
taining 1 quinquelocular pore, 1-5 similar pores in each spiracular pore band,
anterior and middle pairs of claws small, the posterior pair fairly large and
sharply pointed ; apex of abdomen with setae arranged as in adult female, apical
setae broken, interapical and ventral same length as in adult female; anal ring
with 6 setae 20 w long and with an inner row of probably 6 and an outer one of
an indeterminable number of pores, divided on dorsal side.

Data.—Redescribed from specimens (six females, two larvae, one
male nymph, and three third-stage males, mounted) on bamboo, Yati-
yantota, Ceylon, from E. E. Green, letter of March 12, 1910, type.

Attention is here called to three errors contained in the original
description of this species (42, p. 316). There are three pairs of claws
rather than two, as stated, six setae on the anal ring instead of none,
and in the third-stage male, erroneously called second stage by Green,
there are three pairs of setae on the apex of the abdomen, rather than

180 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

one. In the third-stage male the anal ring has pores even though
these are absent in the larvae and adult females.

Asterolecanium rubrocomatum is rather closely related to eazqguum
and udagamae, but can be separated from these by the presence of

claws.
ASTEROLECANIUM SABALIS, new species
(Fig. 61, AE; pl. 5, G@)

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female.—Hlongate elliptical, posterior end tapering slightly; 1.5-1.75
mm. long, 0.5-0.6 wide; slightly convex dorsally, sometimes with a faint longi-
tudinal median carina; flat ventrally; bright deep yellow, transparent, thin,
punctate; marginal filaments cream color; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Hlongate elliptical, posterior sixth tapering slightly; 1.25-1.5
mm. long, 0.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row that is briefly interrupted, usually
twice, near posterior end, and terminating one and one-half times a pore’s length
from bases of apical setae, the pores 9 w long and 5 wide, less than a pore’s
width apart on lateral margin, and slightly more than that distance apart an-
teriorly; trilocular pores in a single row starting near antennae and ending
near anterior interruption in row of 8-Shaped pores, aS numerous as corre-
sponding 8-shaped pores at ends of row, two or three times as numerous as that
elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores sparse; tubular ducts absent
along median line, except near anterior margin, scattered elsewhere, 24 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna flat, with 3 setae slightly longer than diameter of
antenna; beak apparently without setae; spiracular bar expanded at inner end;
15-25 trilocular pores extending from spiracle te body margin in an irregularly
single row; multilocular pores, with 10 loculi, in 3 complete and 3 or 4 inter-
rupted rows, the posterior row with 4-6 pores, the other complete rows each with
9-11, and each of the interrupted rows with 2, the total number 32-37; a group
of 8-15 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts; submarginal
8-shaped pores in a single row terminating directly anterior to apical setae, about
one-third as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 7 pairs of sub-
marginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair anterior to the penultimate pair
of marginal 8-shaped pores; 38 pairs of setae in posterior complete row of multi-
locular pores, 2 or 8 in median row, and 1 pair in anterior row.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated; setae, apical 60 » long, inner ventral and
outer ventral each about 3 uw long: anal opening ventral, circular, its margin
sometimes faintly sclerotized.

Larve.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores normally (sometimes only 27), the anterior
pair slightly larger than the others, axes of the posterior 8-11 pairs transverse,
of the others longitudinal; usually with a minute seta close to each pore of the
posterior 3 pairs; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a Submedian row of 4-10 (usually 8 or 9)
and a lateral row of 8 or 9, on each half of bedy, two-thirds as large as posterior
marginal pores; disk pores between lateral and marginal, and occasionally 1
between submedian and lateral 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antenna 5-segmented; antennal setae, I, 0; IV, 1; V, 3 long,
2 stout, 2 fairly stout; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular
pore; leg setae, coxa 2, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on
inner and cuter margins; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal
S-shaped pores; 10 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen, thorax, and
head: 2 pairs of setae near antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical 45 uw long, inter-
apical 5.4 uw long, inner and outer ventral each 1 uw long; anal opening apical,
cireular, its margin membranous.

Test of male.—Elliptical, 1 mm. long, 0.5 wide; slightly convex dorsally, with a
faint longitudinal median carina; flat ventrally; bright yellow, transparent, thin,
shiny ; marginal filaments rubbed off.

Adult male—0.75 mm. long.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 18]

Head: Antenna 10-segmented, formula (longest to shortest), (III, IV, V),
(V1), (VII), (VIII), (TX, X), (1), (11) ; antennal setae, I, 0; II, III, 5 or 6;
IV-X, 15-20; X also with 4 very long setae; basal bars diagonal; 6 or 8 setae
anterior to ventral eyespots.

Therax: Bar between wing bases rectangular, five times as long as wide,
with a faint median longitudinal fold and a small clear area in center; tibia very
slightly longer than tarsus.

Abdomen: Five segments each with a seta dorsally on lateral margin, appar-
entiy 3 segments each with a seta in ventral lateral area; lobes sometimes
indicated, each with 1 long and 2 short setae; penis sheath with 1 pair of setae
dorsally at base, also apparently with 1 pair ventrally at base, and with a few
setae on each side of ventral opening.

Male nymph.—Distinguishing characters similar to those of adult male.

Third-stage male-—Resembling adult female but smaller; margin with 8-shaped
pores in a single row continuous between apical setae, trilocular pores termi-
nating slightly before apical setae, slightly more numerous than corresponding
8-shaped pores at posterior end, absent at anterior end: ventral surface with
antenna thimble-shaped, 7 trilocular pores between spiracle and body margin,
sometimes 1 or 2 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores near mouth parts, legs repre-
sented by 3 pairs of very small sclerotized areas; apex of abdomen with anal
opening slightly nearer margin than in female, setae shorter than in female.

Data—Described from specimens (30 females, 7 larvae, 4 adult
males, 1 male nymph, and 1 third-stage male, mounted) on Sabal pal-
metto, Cayamas, Cuba, E. A. Schwarz, June 23, 1904, holotype and
paratypes.

The specimens of palm examined are very heavily infested.

ASTEROLECANIUM SANBERNARDENSE Hempel
(Fig. 61, F—J; pl. 4, G)

Described in 1937 (51, pp. 18-19).

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves, in shallow or fairly deep pits.

Test of female—Usually circular, sometimes slightly longer than wide, 1.5-2
mm. in diameter, or 1.5—-2 mm. long and 1.25 wide; flat dorsally, without, or with,
a faint longitudinal median carina and transverse striations; slightly to rather
strongly convex ventrally; greenish yellow, transparent, very thin, shiny,
punctate; marginal filaments pale greenish yellow; elliptical larval exit in
margin.

Adult female.—Nearly circular or slightly longer than wide, posterior end
slightly produced; 1.25-1.75 mm. in diameter or 1.25 mm. long and 1.10 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating length of an apical seta
from bases of setae, 12 uw long and 8S wide, around a pore’s length apart:
guinquelocular pores in a single row terminating at a point near the fifth to
the fourteenth 8-shaped pore from end of row, nearly as numerous as corre-
sponding 8-shaped pores near end of row, usually about one and a half times
as numerous as that elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores fairly sparse:
tubular ducts 32 wu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna an irregular, flat area on derm, with 3 setae longer
and 1 slightly shorter than diameter of antenna: 1 or 2 quinquelocular pores
between antenna and margin; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar greatly
expanded at inner end: wrinkles in derm around spiracular opening; 35-55
quinguelocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly
double row; multilocular pores, with 10 loculi, in 5 complete and 4 interrupted
rows, the posterior row with 12-14 pores, penultimate row with 12-24, next with
16-24, next with 15-18, next with 14-16, next with 10-12, next with 6-12, next
with 4-10, and anterior row with 2-4, the total 98-130; sometimes 1 or 2 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few scattered on anterior end,
and others arranged in 6 or 7 transverse rows posterior to mouth parts; sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores in an irregularly single row terminating near posterior
row of multilocular pores, somewhat less numerous than corresponding marginal
8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating nearly directly

a eS.

“a

. 182 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

anterior to the posterior marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae in the posterior
row of multilocular pores, 2 pairs in each of the next 4 rows, and 1 pair in
each of the next 2 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 80 w long,

sa | interapical 9-10.8 « long, dorsal 10.8 » long, inner ventral 6.5 uw long, outer ventral
ae 9 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 36-40 uw long, apparently with an inner row of 6
and an outer one of 14 pores, apparently divided on dorsal side and tending toward
awe division on ventral side; ventral surface of apex sclerotized in dentate rows.

i Larva.—Apparently nearly elliptical.
Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 8 pairs slightly smaller than the

ty next 5, and the anterior pair a little larger than any others, axes of the posterior
y 6 pairs somewhat diagonal, of the others longitudinal ; apparently 3 pairs of setae
, ee at anterior end.
Vee. | Dorsal surface: With 9 submedian pores and 1 lateral 8-shaped pore, on each
oil half of body, anterior submedian pore slightly larger than the others, all about
-eu three-fourths as large as marginal pores of same segments; disk pores in lateral
a area and a few in submarginal area; a pair of Small setae anterior to anterior
ae | submedian 8-shaped pores.
weal Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
awa stout, 2 slender; antenna! bases about one-half length of antenna apart; beak
c. setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quadrilocular
el or quinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base

and 1 each on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on
outer margin; tibia two-thirds length of tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped
pores ; submarginal minute setae in a double row of 6 pairs posterior to posterior
spiracles and in a single row of 8 pairs anterior to posterior spiracles, 1 pair of
submarginal larger setae at anterior end; apparently 8 pairs of setae between
antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical apparently at least 54 uw long,
: interapical apparently 7.2 wu long, dorsal 5.4 w long, inner ventral apparently 3.6
io | uw long, outer ventral 6.3 u long (exact length of Some setae indeterminable owing to

position on slide) ; anal ring with 6 setae 18 uw long and with an inner row of 6
ii. and an outer row of 18 pores, apparently divided on dorsal side and tending

te toward division on ventral; ventral surface of apex apparently slightly sclerotized
el close to margin.

Data—Redescribed from specimens (three females and two larvae,

<. mounted) ona forest shrub, Sao Bernardo, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil,
| H. 8. Lepage collector, April 18, 1934, from A. Hempel, cotype.

This is the only species examined by the writer in which the larvae

le have a double row of submarginal setae on the abdomen, although in

Sg quaesitum there are two pairs of setae on one segment.

Sa ASTEROLECANIUM SASAE, new species

aN (Bigs 62.64) pla ae)

7 Habit.—lLiving on the lower surface of leaves.

hac Test of female——Hlongate ovoid, tapering rather sharply to posterior end;
me often deeply indented by growth against hairs on leaf; 1.5-2 mm. long, 0.8—1.10
‘tna wide; moderately convex dorsally, sometimes with a faint longitudinal median
a" carina; flat ventrally; pale lemon yellow, transparent, thin, smooth; marginal
filaments whitish, slightly longer at anterior end than elsewhere; dorsal filaments
whitish, fragmentary, occurring in a submarginal and a median row; larval exit
Te narrow, in ventral surface at margin.

me Lh Adult femaie——In shape similar to test, 1.25-1.85 mm. long, 0.75-1 wide.

67 |. Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around length of apical
seta from bases of setae, posterior pores around 10.8 w long and 6 wide, others
around 12.6 w long and 7.2 wide, around a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular.
i = pores in a Single row, terminating at a point 10-20 8-shaped pores before end of
uaa row of those pores (missing opposite 23 8-shaped pores at anterior end of 1
al Specimen examined), about half as numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores
near posterior end, usually at least as numerous as 8-Shaped pores elsewhere ;
disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped pores and much less numerous than these, terminat- :
fg ing about halfway between the posterior 8-shaped pores and the posterior |
= quinquelocular pores. |

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 183

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a lateral row on each side of body and in a
median row, the lateral row usually single but sometimes double for 1 or 2 pores,
the median row usually single for posterior 2 or 3 pores, but double anterior to
those, and sometimes triple or even quadruple, a total of 23-46 observed (the ma-
jority of specimens examined with 28-38), individual pores 16-18 uw long and 9.5—
10.6 wide; minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 36 u
long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, short, with 2 setae longer and 1 or 2
shorter than diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracle with bar fairly
broad; 9-16 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in an
irregularly single or double row, the 3-7 pores nearest spiracle usually in a
fairly definite group; multilocular pores, with 10 loculi, in 5 complete and 3
interrupted rows, the posterior row with 10-18 pores, penultimate row with
14-21, next with 15-25, next with 10-19, next with 6-9, and each of interrupted
rows with 2-6, the total number 68-97; 1 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore each side
of beak, a few scattered anterior to mouth parts, a few in 2 rather irregular,
indefinite longitudinal rows in lateral area of abdomen, and others in 3 transverse
rows on abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near
genital opening, at least half as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 3-5
disk pores on each half of body in a submarginal row extending from near
posterior row of multilocular pores to near apical setae and 2 or 3 usually in
submarginal area near anterior end of body; 6 pairs of submarginal setae on
abdomen, the posterior pair fairly near the penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped
pores; 1 pair of setae in each of the posterior 4 rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Slightly concave; setae, apical 27.6-30 uw long, interapical
9-12.6 long, outer ventral 7.2-9 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 27-30.7 uw long
and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 14 or 16 pores, divided, or tending
toward division, on dorsal side; ventral surface of apex slightly sclerotized in
median area near margin.

Second stage.—Nearly elongate elliptical, posterior end narrowed; margin with
quinquelocular pores much less numerous than in adult: dorsal surface with
5 8-shaped pores in median and submedian areas; ventral surface with 3 or 4
quinquelocular pores in each spiracular row, no setae in median region; apex
of abdomen as in adult but all setae about one-half shorter and number of pores
in anal ring indeterminable.

Larva.—Elongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior pair distinctly the largest, the
next pair and the posterior and penultimate pairs about equal in size and
Slightly larger than the remainder, axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse, of
the others longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 10 or 11 and a lateral
row of 7 or 8, on each half of body, a total of 35 observed, 1 or 2 pores of each
row slightly larger than the rest, all at least slightly smaller than marginal
pores of same segments; disk pores between lateral and marginal, and a few
between submedian and lateral, 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 1 slender; distance between antennal bases around one-third length of
antenna; beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular
pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner
and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia
one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of
submarginal minute setae on abdomen, 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae at
anterior end; 1 pair of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae. apical 45 » long, interapical 14.4-16.2 u long, outer
ventral 3.6 « long; anal ring with 6 setae, each 5.4 « long, apparently not divided.

Test of male.—Elongate elliptical, 1. 10-1.4 mm. long, 0.5 wide; dorsally convex
at anterior end, sloping to posterior end; flat ventrally; pale yellow, transparent,
very thin, slightly punctate; marginal filaments whitish, slightly longer on
anterior than on posterior half; dorsal filaments whitish, fragmentary, appar-
ently arranged in a submarginal and a median row.

Adult male.—1 mm. long.

Head: Antenna 10-segmented, formula (longest to shortest), (III), (IV. V,
VI), (VII, X), (TX), (VIIT), (I, ID); antennal setae, I, 11: Il, 14: III, 12:
V7: V, 20; VI, VH, 24: VIII, 20: LX, 21; X, 18 fairly long and 4 very long;
basal bars diagonal; 29 setae between ventral eyespots and antennae; 2 setae
dorsally near antennae.

PAS et oF 2

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184 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Thorax: Bar between wing bases nearly rectangular, nearly three times as
long as wide, with a longitudinal fold in center; tibia as long as tarsus.

Abdomen: Five segments each with a seta dorsally on lateral margin; 3 seg-
ments each with a seta in ventral lateral area; lobes indicated, each with 1 long
and 2 short setae; penis sheath with 2 minute setae dorsally near base, and with
6-9 setae on each side of ventral opening.

Male nymph.—Distinguishing characters similar to those of adult male.

Third-stage male.—Elongate elliptical; margin with quinquelocular pores
slightly less numerous than in adult female; ventral surface with 4 or 7 quinque-
locular pores in each spiracular row, submarginal disk pores not observed, legs
represented by 3 pairs of circular, slightly sclerotized, slightly raised areas,
each with a straight spinelike claw, 2 setae observed in median abdominal area ;
apex of abdomen as in adult female but all setae around one-fifth shorter.

Data—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes) and the
following mounted material: Two females from Avrundinaria fastuosa,
Kyoto, Japan, A. 8. Hitchcock, July 28, 1921, U. S. N. H., paratypes;
six females, two second-stage specimens, five larvae, one adult male,
one male nymph, and one third-stage male from Sasa albo-marginata,
Yumoto, Nikko, Japan, S. I. Kuwana collector, July 1925, No. 1256,
holotype and paratypes.

Most closely related to forum and masuiz.

ASTEROLECANIUM SCIRROSIS, new species

(Fig. 62, H-L; pl. 8, M)

Habit—tlLiving at the point of articulation of the blade and sheath of the
leaf, the anterior end .of the test either pressed tightly between the leaf and
stem or resting rather loosely on the leaf petiole, the ventral surface of the test
against the upper surface of the leaf, the dorsal surface against the stem.

Test of female.—Dorsal and ventral surfaces flat at anterior end if pressed
tightly between leaf and stem, with 1 or 2 ridges formed around flattened area,
the entire test in this case broadly wedge-shaped; if resting rather loosely on
the petiole of the leaf, both surfaces fairly convex and the test roughly ovate
or nearly round, in any case the posterior end exposed, rounded, and slightly
produced; a distinct margin seldom clearly indicated; 0.75-0.95 mm. long,
0.55-0.75 wide; brownish or greenish yellow, nearly opaque, punctate, varying
from very rough and irregular to comparatively smooth; marginal and dorsal
filaments not observed; elliptical Jarval exit in produced area.

Adult female—Nearly circular, ovoid, or elongate ovoid, posterior end pro-
duced ; 0.65-0.85 mm. long, 0.45—0.65 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row opposite and posterior to spiracles
(occasionally 1 pore also close to sclerotized apex), 7-12 on each side of body,
9 w long and 6 wide, usually more than a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular
pores apparently in a single or double row along 8-shaped pores with 5-12
pores beyond each end of row of 8-Sshaped pores, not clearly differentiated from
quinquelocular pores surrounding spiracles; disk pores among quinquelocular
pores, extending from near anterior spiracles to sclerotized apex, fairly numerous.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian group of 5-8 and a lateral
group of 3 or 4, on each half of body, the submedian pores arranged in| a
double longitudinal row of 2—5 each, the lateral ones in a single longitudinal
row, a total of 17-24 observed in these groups, individual pores 8-9 uw long and
5-6 wide; majority of specimens also with 2-12 8-shaped pores 5 uw long and 4
wide scattered on anterior end, usually anterior to mouth parts; minute
8-shaped pores absent; disk pores sparse among 8-shaped pores and 2-6 some-
times present on sclerotized apex; tubular ducts, measuring 36 w in length,
arranged roughly in longitudinal rows; dorsal tubes close to margin in sclerotized
apex.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, with 2 setae nearly as long as diameter of
antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar globose; derm outside spiracular
opening wrinkled, more or less reticulate, sclerotized, sometimes appearing
slightly raised and containing 7-14 quinquelocular pores; spiracles situated
close to marginal row of quinquelocular pores and without the usual row of

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 185

quinquelocular pores extending from opening to body margin ; an area without
pores completely surrounding spiracle but a double or triple row of quinque-
jocular pores in a circle surrounding clear area except occasionally when the
pores extend in a direct line to a point before anterior spiracle instead of curving
and completing the circle; 8-shaped pores similar to those on anterior part of
dorsal surface usually scattered anterior to beak, and 2—5 rarely posterior to
beak; approximately of the same size and number as those on dorsal surface ;
submarginal row of 8-shaped pores absent; apparently 6 pairs of submarginal
setae on abdomen (5 pairs in membranous area and 1 in sclerotized area); 2
setae posterior to genital opening, usually 6 in successive pairs anterior to
opening.

Apex of abdomen: Heavily sclerotized ; setae, apical 12 uw long, others normally
absent but sometimes a minute seta close to 1 apical seta; anal opening apical,
circular; anal tube sclerotized near opening, membranous on inner half, slightly
larger in center than at ends; anal ring a sclerotized band with 2 setae about
2 uw long.

Second stage.—Ovoid; margin apparently with 12 pores on each side of body,
posterior pores largest, gradually decreasing in size anteriorly, quinquelocular
pores between spiracular pore bands; dorsal surface with 5 or 6 8-shaped pores
at posterior end, smaller than anterior marginal 8-shaped pores; ventral surface
with bar of spiracle fairly broad, area around spiracular opening membranous,
4 or 5 pores between opening and body margin, a few disk pores in a submarginal
row on abdomen, setae indeterminable; apex of abdomen too poor for deter-
mination of structures.

Larva.—Ovoid.

Margin: With 18 8-shaped pores, situated on abdomen and thorax, posterior
pair the largest, the others gradually decreasing in size to anterior pair, which
is one-half as large as posterior pair, axes of all practically longitudinal, except
sometimes axes of the posterior and the anterior pairs transverse or diagonal ;
3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: One or 2 8-sShaped pores each side of median line on thorax,
about the same size as anterior marginal pores; disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1: IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout ; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2 pairs apical,
1 pair median; spiracle with 1 quinquelocular and 1 quadrilocular pore; leg
setae, coxa 4, femur 1 each on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on
inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 2 pairs of sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores, 1 pair posterior to antennae and 1 pair posterior to
anterior spiracles; 12-16 disk pores in a submarginal row extending from near
anterior marginal 8-Shaped pores to a point 2 or 3 8-Shaped pores before posterior
8-shaped pore; 6 pairs of submarginal minute setae on abdomen, 2 pairs of sub-
marginal! larger setae at anterior end; 1 pair of setae between antennae and
mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated; setae, apical 40 uw long, interapical approx-
imately 3.6 uw long; anal opening an elongate incision in margin; anal tube short,
sclerotized, bulbous; anal ring a sclerotized band with 2 setae around 4.5 u long;
derm around opening sclerotized in a small rectangular area.

Test of male.—Eliiptical, 0.75 mm. long, 0.45 wide; dorsally slightly convex
anteriorly and flat posteriorly ; flat ventrally ; pale brownish yellow, transparent,
fairly thin; marginal filaments apparently same color as test, fragmentary.

Adult male.—0.75 mm. long.

Head: Antenna 9-segmented, formula (longest to shortest), (IX), CERES V:.. VI,
Peele ry), (Vil), (il), (1) :-antennal setae, I, 2: II, 12: Il-—Ix, 10-18: VII
and IX also with 1 stout seta, very long setae not observed on ninth Segment ;
basal bars curved; 12 setae anterior to ventral eyespots.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases curved on anterior margin, three times as
long as wide, with a faint longitudinal median fold; tibia very slightly longer
than tarsus. na

Abdomen : Three segments each apparently with a seta dorsally on lateral
Margin, apparently 2 segments each with a seta in ventral lateral area: each
lobe area with 1 rather short seta: penis sheath apparently without setae on dor-
Sal surface, 6 large setae on each side of ventral opening near base, 3 or 4
Smaller setae nearer tip.

Third-stage male-——Hlongate ovoid ; margin with 27 8-shaped pores on each side
of body, extending from a transverse line drawn through anterior part of mouth
parts to within once or twice a pore’s length from bases of apical setae, the

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186 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

posterior 11 pores the largest though Slightly variable in size, next 2 the smallest,
the rest slightly larger than the latter but smaller than the posterior pores,
quinquelocular pores in a single row extending from anterior end of row
of 8-shaped pores to the eighth 8-shaped pore from posterior end of row, some-

what more numerous than corresponding 8-shaped pores; dorsal surface with-

10 8-shaped pores scattered on anterior end, mostly anterior to mouth parts, one-
third as large as posterior marginal pores, disk pores arranged roughly in 3
transverse rows of approximately 4 each; ventral surface with spiracular bar
broad, derm outside spiracular opening slightly wrinkled, faintly sclerotized, and
containing 5 or 6 quinquelcocular pores, 4 similar pores between these and mar-
ginal pores, legs represented by 3 pairs of faintly sclerotized circular areas
without claws, 8 8-shaped pores similar to those on dorsal surface at anterior
end, disk pores occurring posterior to mouth parts and in a submarginal row,
submarginal setae present on abdomen but number indeterminable, none ob-
served in median abdominal area; apex of abdomen without setae but possibly
with setal bases, anal opening in ventral surface close to margin, apparently
nearly circular, anal tube apparently as in adult female, anal ring with 2 minute
setae, derm immediately Surrounding opening sclerotized, rest of apex mem-
branous.

Data—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes) and the
following mounted material: Seven females, 16 larvae, 1 adult male,
and 1 third-stage male from Bambusa nana, Bamboo Garden, Lingnan
University, Canton, Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure, December
24, 1929, holotype and paratypes; 4 females, 1 second-stage specimen,
and 17 larvae from Bambusa nana, Philippine Islands, F. ‘A. McClur e,
November 1925, paratypes; 2 females and 2 larvae from Dendro-
calamus strictus, Havana, Cuba, J. M. Estepé, August 15, 1933, from
R. A. Young, paratypes; 4 females and 4 larvae from Bambusa thouar-
sii, Herradura, Cuba, J. M. Estepé, August 15, 1933, from R. A. Young,
paratypes; 2 females and 2 larvae from bamboo, St. Kitts, intercepted
at New York, R. W. Woodbury, January 30, 1935, paratypes; 4 females
and 2 larvae from bamboo, Botanic Gardens, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
D. T. Fullaway, November 6, 1935, paratypes; 1 female from bamboo,
Trinidad, intercepted at New York, A. G. Lennox, December 4, 1936,
paratype; 2 females from bamboo, St. Kitts, intercepted at New York
A. G. Lennox, January 26, 1937, "paratypes: 1 female from bamboo,
Antigua, intercepted at New York, exe Peltier, February 24, 1937,
paraty pe.

This is the only known species of Asterolecanium in which the entire
apex of the abdomen is heavily sclerotized. It is also unusual in having

large 8-shaped pores ventrally and in lacking ventral submarginal
8- shaped pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM SEMISEPULTUM, hew species
(Fig. 63, A-E; pl. 8, T)

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves, and imbedded in the leaf tissue, the
dorsal surface of the test on a level with the surface of the leaf, the tissue
surrounding the test slightly raised.

Test of female——Nearly circular, posterior end slightly produced; around 0.5
mm. long, 0.45 wide; flat dorsally, with distinct transverse striations, strongly
convex ventrally ; pale brownish yellow, transparent, shiny; marginal filaments
not observed ; elliptical larval exit in dorsal surface at margin.

Adult female. —Nearly circular, ventral surface so much larger than dora
surface, because of its greater convexity, that the whole extent of the slide-
mounted insect is larger than dorsal surface; 0.5-0.65 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row which is probably normally complete
and which terminates the length of an apical seta from setal bases and the pores
once to twice a pore’s length apart, but with considerable variation due to

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 187

growth against host, pores normally around 8 uw long and 5 wide and the majority
of them with a very short, sclerotized, tongue-shaped projection on dorsal edge.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores fairly numerous;
tubular ducts 20 yu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna globular, with 2 setae slightly longer than diameter
ef antenna; beak apparently without setae; spiracular bar sometimes slightly
expanded at inner end, more or less globose; 10-14 quinquelocular pores extending
from spiracle to body margin in a single row; multilocular pores, with 6-10
(usually 10) loculi, in 4 complete rows of 6-8 pores each; 1 or 2 dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores each side of beak and a few scattered in submarginal area;
submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near the penultimate
row of multilocular pores, about one-half as numerous as corresponding marginal
8-shaped pores: submarginal setae in a complete row terminating nearer to apical
setae than to marginal 8-shaped pores: 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of multi-
locular pores, 1 pair in each of the other rows, and 1 pair cephalad of the
anterior row.

Apex of abdomen: Lobe barely indicated ; setae, apical 36-40 uw long, interapical
2 uw long, outer ventral 2.2 uw long; anal opening apical, circular, its margin
sclerotized.

Larva.—Short elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, posterior pores slightly smaller than the
anterior ones, axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 5 and a lateral row of
9, on each half of body, about one-half the size of marginal pores; disk pores
between submedian and lateral, and a few between lateral and marginal, 8-shaped
pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V. 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, appar-
ently 1 fairly stout, 2 slender; antennal bases nearly one-half length of antenna
apart; beak setae, apparently 4 pairs near tip; anterior spiracle with 2 quinque-
lecular pores, posterior spiracle with none; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner
margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-fourth
as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 7 pairs of submarginal
minute setae on abdomen, 5 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end;
2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes barely indicated; setae, apical 36 u« long, interapical
around 3.6 uw long, outer ventral 2 uw long; anal opening apical; anal tube short,
sclerotized, bulbous: anal ring a sclerotized, circular band with 2 setae 3.6 u
long.

Data—Described from one unmounted specimen, two mounted
females, and one mounted larva from Pasania polystachya, between
Takaw and Meh Soi, Chieng Mai Province, Siam, J. F. Rock, Janu-
ary 4, 1922, U. S. N. H., holotype and paratypes.

The chief differentiating character between this species and
castanede, the most closely related form, is the absence of marginal
quinquelocular pores in semisepultum and their presence in castaneae.

ASTEROLECANIUM SIMILE, new species
(Fig. 63, F—O; pl. 8, D)

Habit.—Living on leaves, twigs, and nuts.

Test of female—tLonger than wide, ovoid, or irregular in outline, owing to
position on host, posterior end narrowed and produced; specimens on smooth
surfaces 1.5-2 mm. long, 1-1.5 wide, specimens on rough surfaces around 1.5
mm. long, 0.5—0.75 wide; flat to slightly convex dorsally, flat ventrally: pale
greenish or clear yellow, transparent, thin, smooth, shiny: marginal filaments
whitish to slightly pinkish; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female—Varying in outline like test, 1-1.75 mm. long, 0.5-0.95 wide.

Margin: In normal specimens 8-shaped pores in a single row briefly inter-
rupted at produced area, but 4-10 pores beyond interruption, and terminating
one-half to the length of a pore from bases of apical setae, rarely extending
between setae, pores anterior to interruption 7 u long and 4 wide, the others
8-9 uw long and 5 wide, approximately a pore’s length apart; owing to growth
against rough places on the host, the row sometimes with short or long inter-

na

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ae ee =“ =

:
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188 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ruptions at various points or the pores reduced in size; trilocular pores in a
single row usually extending across interruption in row of 8-shaped pores and
around apex of abdomen between apical setae, rarely terminating with the
8-shaped pores, usually aS numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores near
posterior end and one and a half times as numerous as that elsewhere, but
present or absent, or reduced in number or size where 8-shaped pores are
missing or are reduced in size.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores sparse; tubular
ducts 24 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna a roughly circular area with 1-3 very small setae,
2 as long as, and 1 slightly shorter than, diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs
of setae; spiracle with bar very narrow, and atrium enlarged, bag-shaped, and
containing 12-16 quinquelocular pores, 10-20 similar pores extending to body
margin in a row varying from single to triple; multilocular pores, with 8-10
loculi, in 3 complete rows, the posterior row usually with 4 pores and each of
others with 6-12, the total number usually 20-28; a group of 10-25 (usually
around 20) dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, and few or many
tending toward arrangement in transverse rows posterior to mouth parts; sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores usually in a single row but sometimes crowded so that
the row appears more or less double in lateral area, terminating near anterior end
of interruption in marginal 8-shaped pores, hearly as numerous as corresponding
marginal 8-Shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating
anterior to the penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae in
each row of multilocular pores and 1 pair before the anterior row.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 8-10 uw long, interapical (inside, or rarely out-
side, apical) 3 uw long, outer ventral 2.5 uw long; anal opening very inconspicuous,
elliptical, situated on dorsal surface anterior to bases of apical setae, its margin
membranous, sometimes an inconspicuous fold in derm extending from end of
opening to bases of apical setae; anal tube very short, membranous; anal ring a
sclerotized, semicircular band connecting bases of 2 short, sclerotized collars, a
seta 7-10 uw long, and a pore sometimes outside seta, in each collar; a circular
opening in curve of band between collars, the margin of this opening appearing
somewhat sclerotized in some specimens, hardly discernible in others; ventral
surface of apex rugose.

Larva.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of nearly all transverse or diagonal: a
pair of minute setae close to each of the posterior 8 pairs; 3 pairs of setae
anteriorly.

Dorsal surface : 8-shaped pores in a lateral row of 9 on each half of body, about
one-fourth Smaller than marginal pores; disk pores slightly nearer marginal
than dorsal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 3 long, 2 stout,,3 fairly
stout; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2 pairs
apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 2 trilocular pores; leg setae, coxa 2, femur 1
on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-
half as long as tarsus: 9 pairs of submargina! 8-shaped pores: apparently 9 pairs
of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 1 pair of submarginal larger
setae at anterior end; 8 pairs of setae near antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 28-30 w long, interapical 7.2 uw long, rarely 1
minute seta entad of interapical on 1 half of specimen, outer ventral 2 wu long;
anal opening ventral, circular; anal tube very short; anal ring a sclerotized band
with 2 minute setae which are usually visible only when the circumference of
the ring is visible.

Test of male.—Hliptical, 0.75 mm. long, 0.5 wide; slightly convex dorsally, flat
ventrally ; pale greenish yellow, transparent, thin; marginal filaments whitish to
pale pinkish.

Adult male.—0.7 mm. long.

Head: Antenna 9-segmented, formula (lengest to shortest), III, IV, V, VI,
VER UX, VETE, I. Il; antennal .setae,, I. aia NS AV Gy orien Ven leo

VILIX, around 10, in addition VII and VIII each with 1 stout seta and IX with.

2 stout and apparently 3 very long setae; sclerotized bars not observed ; approxi-
mately 15 setae between ventral eyespots and antennae.

Thorax: Greatly modified; wings absent: internal framework of thorax rep-
resented by a T-shaped bar and 2 stout, sclerotized, hornlike processes, without
a bar in center; tibia very slightly shorter than tarsus.

Abdomen: Very slender; five segments each with a seta dorsally on lateral
margin, 4 segments each with a seta in ventral lateral area; each lobe area with

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 189

1 long seta and 1 or 2 short setae; penis sheath very slender, with 1 pair of
small setae dorsally near base, 2 pairs of large setae ventrally near base, and
83 short. and a few minute, setae on each side of ventral opening.

Male nymph.—Distinguishing characters similar to those of adult male.

Third-stage male.—HElliptical; margin with 8-shaped pores in a complete row
terminating near median line, the posterior 2 pores separated by twice the length
of a pore, the others about a pore’s length apart, trilocular pores in a single row
terminating near the posterior marginal 8-shaped pores, 1 near each 8-shaped
pore; dorsal surface apparently without minute 8-shaped and disk pores; ventral
surface with atrium of spiracle somewhat enlarged and containing 1 quinque-
locular pore, apparently sometimes with 1 quinguelocular pore also between
spiracle and body margin, 1 or 2 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak,
number of submarginal 8-shaped pores, submarginal setae, and areas represent-
ing legs indeterminable; apex of abdomen with apical setae apparently present
but broken, other setae and anal opening not observed.

Data—Described from unmounted specimens and the following
mounted material: Six females, 7 larvae, and 1 adult male from
Attalea cohune, La Ceiba, Honduras, intercepted at New Orleans, La.,
Benton and Kostal, November 24, 1920, including holotype; 1 female
and 1 larva from Attalea cohune, Puerto Sierra. Honduras, Percy Wil-
son, February 18, 1903, U. S. N. H.; 11 females, 19 larvae, 3 adult
males, and 1 male nymph from Attalea cohune, Honduras, inter-
cepted at Philadelphia, Pa., W. J. Ehinger, April 25, 1928; 1 female
and 2 larvae from coconut palm, Honduras, intercepted at New Orleans,
La.. J. C. Pritchett. June 25, 1934; 7 females, 23 larvae, 2 adult males,
and 1 male nymph from Palmae, Jamaica, intercepted at Philadelphia
Pa., M. Kisliuk, July 6, 1934: 3 females, 3 larvae, and 2 third-stage
males from Attalea cohune, Honduras, intercepted at New Orleans,
La., U. G. Haddon, June 28, 1935; 3 females and 12 larvae from palm,
Honduras. intercepted at Washington, D. C., H. Y. Gouldman, Sep-
tember 11, 1935.

Closely related to degeneratum, difficile, and wrichi. Characters
distinguishing it from degeneratum and difficile are discussed in the
treatment of those species. It is distinguished from wrichi by having
multilocular pores, and by the length of the : apical setae, which are only
approximately as long as the ring setae. In no other species of the
genus have apterous males been observed.

ASTEROLECANIUM SIMPLEX, new species
(Fig. 64, A-E; pl. 9, A)

Habit.—Living on stems.

Test of female.—Elliptical, around 2 mm. long, 0.9 wide ; convex dorsally, some-
times with 2 or 3 minute flattened tubercles on median line, posterior end some-
what flattened; slightly concave ventrally; pale brownish yellow, translucent,
dull, punctate: marginal filaments fragmentary, apparently whitish; elliptical
larval exit in dorsal surface at margin.

Adult female.—Hlliptical, 1.8 mm. long, 0.9 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about a pore’s length
from bases of apical setae, posterior pores S9 uw long and 5 wide, the others
10-11 « long and 5 wide, about a pore’s width apart: ealstailer ular pores in a
single row terminating with the 8-shaped pores, in the proportion of 1 to each
8-shaped pore and 1 for each interval toward posterior end, 3 or 4 to each 8-shaped
pore between spiracular pore bands, and 2 or 3 to each 8-shaped pore elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores fairly numerous; disk pores rather
Sparse; tubular ducts 30-32 u long: dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna jagged, conical, apparently with 2 setae as long
as diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracle without a bar, the atrium
enlarged and containing 6 or 8 quinquelocular pores, 15-20 similar pores extending
from spiracle to body margin in a double row: 3 er 4 dark-rimmed 8-sh: iped pores

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190 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE |

each side of beak and a few on abdomen tending toward arrangement in transverse
rows; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a double row, the pores of outer row about
ial twice aS numerous as those of inner row and about half as numerous as the
marginal 8-shaped pores with which they terminate; 5 pairs of submarginal
setae on abdomen, the posterior pair about two-thirds length of an apical seta

ge. from bases of apical setae, 7 setae arranged in 2 transverse rows posterior to |
eo genital opening, 2 setae anterior to opening, 2 anterior to those. |
Apex of abdomen: Lobes barely indicated; setae, apical (tips broken) 52 yu .

long, interapical 8 uw long, intermediate ventral 5 wu long, outer ventral 6 u long;
2 bi anal opening ventral, close to body margin, circular, its margin membranous.
; Larva.—Huiptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, posterior pair smallest, the others gradually
larger to the anterior pore, which is twice the size of the posterior one, axes
of all longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 2 (1 near each end
of body) and a lateral row of 8, on each half of body, about as long as the
width of a posterior marginal pore; a few disk pores between lateral and marginal
8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 1 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak pointed
but not elongate, with 2 pairs of setae at tip and 1 pair in median area; spiracle
with bar very small, and with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae,
coxa 4, femur | on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins
near center, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-half as long
as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 6 pairs of sub-
marginal minute setae on abdomen, 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae at
anterior end ; 2 pairs of setae near antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes barely indicated ; setae, apical 40 uw long, interapical
8 » long, intermediate and outer ventral each 3 w long; anal opening a short,
narrow incision in margin; anal tube sclerotized, larger at inner than at outer
end; anal ring a sclerotized band.

Data-—Described from 3 tests, 1 mounted female, and more than
50 mounted larvae on Schizostachyum sp., Bikal, Philippine Islands,
F. A. McClure, October 25, 1925, holotype and paratypes.

This species is most unusual in lacking a well-defined bar on the
spiracle of the adult female.

yee ASTEROLECANIUM SINGULARE, new species
pe (Fig. 64, F-Q; fig. 65, A; pl. 9, B)

Habit.—Living on bark.

Test of female—Somewhat elliptical, posterior end slightly narrowed; 1.6—-1.75
mm. long, 1.25-1.85 wide; slightly convex dorsally, flat ventrally; pale brownish
mi yellow, transparent, punctate, shiny ; marginal filaments fragmentary, apparently
si same color as test; elliptical larval exit in dorsal surface at margin.
i= Adult female.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end narrowed, produced, and truncate ;
1.6 mm. long, 0.95 wide.

i Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating at produced area of
salt abdomen, individual pores measuring 11-12 uw long and 8 wide, usually a pore’s
nm length apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row terminating with the 8-shaped

—— pores, 2—5 (usually at least 3) near each 8-shaped pore.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores rather sparse;
tubular ducts 32 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna globular, with 2 setae slightly longer, and 3 much
rg shorter, than diameter of antenna; beak with 3 pairs of setae; spiracle with
bar fairly slender, slightly expanded at inner end, atrium enlarged, bag-shaped,
Sua and containing 11-18 quinquelocular pores, 13-16 similar pores extending from
tie spiracle to body margin in an irregularly double or triple row; multilocular
mT pores, totaling 76, and with 9 or 10 loculi, apparently arranged in 4 complete and
ge 4 interrupted rows, the posterior row with 26, penultimate row with 17, next with
Praeh 13, anterior complete row with 4, and each of interrupted rows with 4; a group
"ty of 10-12 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few scattered on anterior
. end, and many posterior to beak, some scattered in lateral area and others tending
bs toward arrangement in at least 6 transverse median rows; submarginal 8-shaped

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 191

pores in a single row terminating caudad of the posterior row of multilocular
pores, nearly as numerous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped pores ; submarginal
setae in a complete row terminating caudad of posterior row of multilocular pores ;
4 or 5 setae in the posterior row of multilocular pores and 2 in each of other
complete rows.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical (on ventral surface) 4 uw long, interapical
4 » long, outer ventral 4 uw long; a cluster of 4 or 5 pores, surrounded by a some-
what rectangular sclerotized band, situated between the interapical setae, each
of these pores about the same size as the smallest multilocular pores (near genital
opening) and apparently with 6 loculi; a circular opening in ventral surface
directly anterior to this group of pores, margin of opening sclerotized.

Larva.—Nearly elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; a pair of minute
setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a lateral row of 9 on each half of body,
the posterior pores smaller than the anterior ones, the largest about three-
fourths the size of a marginal pore; disk pores between lateral and marginal
&-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1: VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 1 slender; distance between antennal bases equai to one-third length of
antenna; beak setae, 1 pair apical, 1 pair median, 1 pair basal; spiracle with
2 quinquelocular pores; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 0, tarsus 1 each on inner azud
cuter margins; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; claw very short; 9 pairs of
submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 9 pairs of submarginal minute setae,
on abdomen and thorax, 1 pair of Submarginal larger setae at anterior end;
4 pairs of setae near antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated; setae, apical 27 uw long, interapical 4 u
long, dorsal 1 » long, outer ventral 1.8 » long; anal opening apical; anal tube
very short, bulbous, sclerotized; anal ring a sclerotized band, apparently without
setae.

Data—Described from 2 unmounted specimens, 1 intact and
fragmentary mounted female, and 15 mounted larvae from Livistona
merrilli, Paracale, Camarines, Luzon, Philippine Islands, Ramos and
Edano, November-December 1918, U.S. N. H., holotype and paratypes.

Asterolecanium singulare 1s unusual in having pores at the apex
of the abdomen enclosed in a somewhat rectangular sclerotized area.
This pore plate may correspond to the anal ring found in many
species.

ASTEROLECANIUM SKANIANAE, hew species
(Fig. 65, B-F; pl. 9, W)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female—tLonger than wide to nearly circular, often irregular in
cutline owing to growth against hairs on leaf, posterior end slightly produced ;
1 mm. long and 0.6 wide, or 0.7-1 mm. in diameter; convex dorsally, posterior end
flattened, with transverse striations; flat ventrally; pale greenish yellow,
translucent, smooth, shiny or rather dull; marginal filaments whitish, fragmen-
tary ; elliptical larval exit in dorsal surface at margin.

Adult female.—tIIn shape similar to test, 0.6-0.9 mm. long, 0.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about three-fourths
length of an apical seta from bases of setae, each pore with a sclerotized tongue-
shaped projection on dorsal edge, posterior pores 8 u« long and 5 wide, the others
9 uw long and 5 wide, usually from the width to the length of a pore apart:
quinquelocular pores in a single row continuing around apex of abdomen between
apical setae, slightly more numerous than corresponding 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores fairly numerous:
tubular ducts 24 uw long.

Ventral! surface: Antenna conical, with 1 seta slightly longer than diameter of
antenna ; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar fairly broad; 15-20 quinque-
locular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a single row Spee ular
pores, totaling 20-24 and having 7—10 !oculi, in 3 complete rows of 5-8 (usually 8)
each; a group of 3-6 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak and a few

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192 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

between spiracular pore bands; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row
terminating near posterior row of multilocular pores, about one-third as numerous
as corresponding marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae observed only be-
hind posterior spiracular pore bands, the posterior pair about halfway between
the last pair of marginal 8-Shaped pores and apical setae; 2 pairs of setae in
posterior row of multilocular pores, 1 pair in each of the other rows, 1 pair
anterior to multilocular pores, and 1 pair still farther anteriorly.

Apex of abdomen : Lobes barely indicated ; setae, apical (tips broken) 54 u long,
interapical 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 4-5 w long; anal opening ventral, fairly close
to body margin, circular, its margin sclerotized, usually without sctae, but some-
times with 1 minute seta; a sclerotized area extending posterior!y from opening
nearly to body margin.

Larva.—EHElliptieal.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae
anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores, totaling 27-33 (usually 28 or 29), in a sub-
median row of 5-9 (usually 5-7) and a lateral row of 8 or 9, on each half of body,
uniform in size or a few anterior pores in each row slightly larger than the rest,
about one-half the size of marginal pores; disk pores between submedian and
lateral 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae,
certainly 1 pair and possibly 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; anterior spiracle with
2 quinquelocular pores and posterior spiracle with 1; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1
on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-
fourth as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 7 pairs of sub-
marginal minute setae on abdomen, 1 pair of submarginal larger setae at anterior
end; 3 pairs of setae near antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes faintly indicated; setae, apical about 42 uw long, inter-
apical about 5 uw long, outer ventral 3-4 w long; anal opening apical; anal tube
very short, sclerotized, bulbous; anal ring a sclerotized, circular band with 2 setae
around 5 uv long.

Data—Described from unmounted specimens, 8 mounted females,
and 14 mounted larvae from Quercus (Pasania) skaniana, Tuk Shan,
Kweichow, China, Y. Tsing, September 8, 1930, N. Y. B. G., holotype
and paratypes.

This species can be separated from all known species on oak from
the Orient, except japonicum, by the presence of marginal quinque-
locular pores across the apex of the abdomen. It differs from japoni-
cum in having a sclerotized tongue-shaped projection on each of the
marginal 8-shaped pores, the arrangement of the marginal quinque-
locular pores in a single, uncrowded row, in having fewer than 20
quinquelocular pores in 1 each spiracular row, and in having only 3 rows
of multilocular pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM SOLENOPHOROIDES (Green)
(Fig. 65, G—-L; pl. 5, 0)

Described by Green as Planchonia solenophoroides in 1896 (40, p. 6) ;
redescribed by him in 1909 (42, p. 334) and placed in Asterolecanium.

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Elongate, anterior two-thirds swollen, posterior third strongly
narrowed, apex sometimes slightly upturned; 0.75-1.25 mm. long, 0.4-0.5 wide;
strongly convex dorsally, often with a faint longitudinal median carina; flat
ventrally; brownish yellow, semitransparent; marginal filaments whitish, not
observed on posterior third; 0-4 dorsal filaments along median line, whitish,
longer than marginal; elliptical larval exit in ventral surface at margin.

Adult female.—In shape similar to test, 0.6-1.4 mm. long, 0.4 wide.

Margin: 8-Shaped pores in a Single row terminating near posterior fourth
(more than twice length of anical seta from setal bases). posterior pores 5-6 u
long and 3-4 wide, the others 7-8 » long and 4 wide, from the width to the length

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THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 193

of a pore apart; 4-14 (usually 6) quinquelocular pores usually present where
each spiracular pore band meets margin.
Dorsal surface: With or without 8-shaped pores, when present 1-4 along

/median line, 10 » long and 6 wide; minute 8-shaped and disk pores sparse;
tubular ducts 28 » long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, short, with 2 setae longer than diameter
_of antenna ; beak without setae; spiracle with bar small, sometimes rather incon-
spicuous, atrium slightly enlarged and containing 1-3 quinquelocular pores, with
4 or 5 similar pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a single row ;
2 slightly enlarged quinquelocular pores posterior to genital opening; 2 or 3

' dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak and 2 or 3 in a transverse row

anterior to genital opening; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row appar-
ently terminating slightly before the marginal 8-shaped pores and at least one-
half aS numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of Submarginal setae on
abdomen, the posterior pair around three-fourths length of an apical seta from
bases of apical setae; 1 pair of setae posterior, and 1 pair anterior, to genital

| opening.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 48 uw long,
interapical 9 uw long, inner ventral 5.4-7.2 w long, outer ventral 6.5 uw long; anal

_ ring with 4 setae 30 and two 34 uw long, with an inner row of 6 and an outer one

apparently of 12 or 14 pores, tending toward division on dorsal and ventral sides ;
ventral surface of apex slightly sclerotized and rugose near median line.

Larva.—wNearly elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of the posterior 6 pairs diagonal, of
the others longitudinal; normally 8 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 8-11 on each half of
body, posterior pores smallest, the others gradually larger cephalad, but anterior
pore only slightly larger than posterior, these dorsal pores around one-fourth
larger than corresponding marginal pores; disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 1 slender; antennal bases about one-third length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular
pore, posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae,
coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer margin near center,
tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia three-fourths as long as tarsus;
9 pairs of sabmarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of Submarginal minute setae,
on abdomen and thorax, 1 pair of submarginal larger setae at anterior end;
2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 28 uw long, interapical 3.6 u
long, inner ventral 3.6 w long, outer ventral 3.6 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae
about 10.8 uw long and an inner row of 6 and an outer row of apparently 8 or
10 pores, tending toward division on dorsal side.

Test of male.—Elongate, tapering gradually from anterior third to posterior
end; 1 mm. long, 0.8 wide; convex dorsally, sometimes with faint transverse
striations along median line; flat ventrally; brownish or greenish yellow, trans-
parent, thin, shiny or dull; marginal filaments pale brownish or whitish; dorsal
filaments whitish, arranged in a median and in a lateral row, longer than
marginal.

Male nymph.—Antenna 10-segmented; each lobe area of abdomen apparently
with 1 long and 2 short setae; other characters indeterminable.

Data.—Redescribed from specimens (10 females, 15 larvae, and 1
male nymph, mounted) on Arwndinaria sp., Pundaluoya, Ceylon, E.
E. Green, January 1907, type.

Allied to penicillatum and pseudolanceolatum.

ASTEROLECANIUM SPARUS, hew species
(Fig. 66, A—F’)

Habit— Unknown.

Test of female.—Elongate, posterior end broken off, broken test 3 mm. long,
1 wide; flat dorsally, with a faint longitudinal median carina: flat ventrally;
dull yellow, transparent, fairly thin, punctate: marginal filaments salmon,
fragmentary.

Adult female.—Lanceolate, 3 mm. long, 1 wide.

286720—41——_18

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194 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row interrupted at anterior end for a
space equivalent to that occupied by about 5 pores and terminating length of
an apical seta from bases of setae, posterior pores 8 wu long and 4.5 wide, the
others 12 uw long and 6 wide, around a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular
pores in a Single row starting slightly posterior to antennae and ending slightly
nearer to the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores than to the posterior spiracular
pore bands, a little more numerous than corresponding 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores sparse; tubular ducts 12 u
long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, craterlike at end, with 2 setae longer than
diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracle with bar fairly broad, atrium
slightly enlarged and containing 3 or 4 quinquelocular pores, 16—21 similar
pores extending from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly double row;
1 or 2 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts and a few in
lateral area of abdomen; submarginal 8-Shaped pores in a single row terminat-
ing near the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores, half as numerous as
marginal 8-shaped pores; 4 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior
pair slightly behind the posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of
setae posterior and 1 pair anterior to genital opening.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 54 wu long,
interapical 5.4 u long, intermediate ventral 3—3.6 u long, outer ventral 5.4 u long:
anal ring with 6 setae 27 uw long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of
14 pores, apparently not divided.

Larva.—Elongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior, penultimate, ninth from
posterior, next to anterior, and anterior pairs fairly large and nearly uniform
in size, the others also uniform in size and as long as the width of the larger
pores, axes of the posterior 6 pairs slightly diagonal or longitudinal, of the
others longitudinal ; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: A submedian row of 5-8 8-shaped pores and 1 lateral pore,
on each half of body, smallest pores slightly larger than smallest marginal pores
and largest pores slightly smaller than largest marginal; disk pores in lateral
area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 1 slender: antennal bases one-fourth length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore ;
leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and
outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half
as long as tarsus: 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal
minute setae on abdomen, 2 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end;
2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present: setae, apical 40 u» long, interapical 9 u long,
intermediate ventral 2 uw long, outer ventral 3 » long; anal ring with 6 setae 9 u
long and apparently with 6 pores.

Data—Described from 1 test destroyed in mounting, 1 mounted
female, and 18 mounted larvae from Dinochloa sp., Naam-fung,
Hainan, Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure, 1929, holotype and
paratypes.

This species is most closely related to bambusicola, but differs from
it in having the marginal row of 8-shaped pores terminating the
length of an apical seta from the bases of the apical setae, in having
16 to 21 instead of 60 to 100 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular
band, and in lacking a group of 10 to 14 setae posterior to the genital
opening, as well as in less conspicuous characters.

ASTEROLECANIUM SPECTABILE Newstead
(Fig. 66, G—P; fig. 67, A; pl. 3, A)
Described by Newstead in 1917 (77, pp. 15-16) from specimens on
palm from Mauritius.

Habit.—Living on the upper surface of leaves.
Test of female—Lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, 0.75-1 wide: flat dorsally,
with a faint longitudinal median carina; flat or slightly convex ventrally ; bright

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 195

orange scarlet, transparent, strongly punctate ; marginal filaments salmon, absent
from anterior and posterior ends; elliptical larval exit in dorsal surface at margin.

Adult female.—Lanceolate, sometimes slightly constricted near posterior end;
1-2 mm. long, 0.75 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row on lateral margins, absent from both
ends of body, terminating about twice length of an apical seta from bases of
setae, 7-8 uw long and 4 wide, mostly a pore’s width apart, but a pore’s length apart
at ends of row; trilocular pores in a single row between spiracular pore bands
and opposite about 20 8-shaped pores outside those bands, 1 near each 8-shaped
pore at ends of row, 2 near each 8-shaped pore elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores not observed; disk pores sparse;
tubular ducts in lateral area, 7.2 u long.

Ventral surface: Antenna a faintly sclerotized, minute, irregular area with
2 setae much shorter than diameter of antenna; beak with 3 pairs of setae;
spiracle with bar narrow, atrium enlarged and containing approximately 12
pores whose number of loculi is indeterminable; approximately 16 apparently

trilocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a single row; multi-

locular pores, totaling 36-46 and with 10 loculi, in 4 complete and 4 interrupted
rows, the posterior row with 6 or 7, each of other complete rows with 8-11, and
each of interrupted rows with 2; 2-4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of
beak and a few on abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores apparently in a single
row terminating anterior to bases of apical setae, about one-third as numerous
as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae apparently in an interrupted row
terminating about the length of an apical seta from bases of apical setae; 2
pairs of setae in the posterior row of multilocular pores and 1 pair in each of
the other rows.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated; setae, apical broken in all specimens at
hand except in 1 adult enclosed in an intermediate stage, 52 u long in that speci-
men, outer ventral 1 uw long; anal opening apical, circular, its margin membranous.

Second stage—Resembling adult but Smaller; margin with 8-shaped pores
present at anterior end of body and terminating around the length of an apical
seta from bases of apical setae, trilocular pores not meeting between spiracular
pore bands, present opposite about 16 8-shaped pores at anterior spiracular pcre
band, and opposite about 25 8-shaped pores at posterior spiracular pore band;
dorsal surface without disk pores; ventral surface with atrium of spiracle con-
taining 3 pores, 6 trilocular pores between spiracle and body margin, 1 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pore each side of beak, 4 pairs of setae in median abdominal
area; apex of abdomen as in adult.

Larva.—Huiptical.

Margin: 8-shaped pores absent; a pair of minute setae on lateral margins
of each of the first 3 segments before the last; eyespots usually invisible, barely
visible in a few of the specimens examined ; apparently 1 pair of setae at anterior
end.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores apparently in a lateral row on each
half of body ; disk pores in submarginal area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 4 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae, 3 pairs apical,
1 pair basal ; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore ; leg setae, anterior
coxa 4 instead of 3 minute, other coxae apparently 3 instead of 2 minute, all
coxae with 4 long, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer margin
near center, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-fifth as long as
tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; a disk pore entad of, and fairly
close to, each submarginal 8-shaped pore of the posterior 8 pairs; apparently 22
submarginal setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head; 1 pair of small and 8 pairs
of larger setae at anterior end between margin and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen : Setae, apical 40 u long, interapical 5.4 uw long, a pair 1 u long
nearly anterior to apical on dorsal margin, and a pair 1 uw long anterior to inter-
apical on dorsal surface close to margin ; anal opening apical, an elongate incision,
its margin heavily sclerotized except at ventral end; anal tube funnel-shaped,
much larger at inner than at outer end, slightly sclerotized ; anal ring sclerotized.

Data—Redescribed from specimens (6 females, 2 second-stage
specimens, and 24 larvae, mounted) on palm, Mauritius, from E. E.
Green.

This is the only known species of Asterolecaniwm which is red, and
one of the few whose larvae lack marginal 8-shaped pores.

196 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ASTEROLECANIUM STENTAE Brain
(Fig. 67, B—J; pl. 1, A)

Described in 1920 (12, pp. 114-115).

Habit.—Living on twigs, in slightly depressed areas or in shallow pits.

Test of female.—Practically circular, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, posterior end
produced and sometimes upturned; convex dorsally, with a broad longitudinal
median carina, and sometimes with faint transverse striations; nearly flat or
Slightly convex ventrally ; pale yellow, translucent to nearly opaque, rather thick,
slightly punctate; marginal filaments whitish, shortest at posterior end; dorsal
filaments whitish, arranged in transverse tufts along median line, and in inceon-
Spicuous transverse rows elsewhere, tuft filaments broken, but presumably longer
than the others, the majority of which are practically the same length as the
marginal filaments; larval exit elongate elliptical, in margin.

Adult female.—Usually slightly longer than wide, sometimes nearly circular,
posterior end slightly produced; 1.5-2.25 mm. long, 1.25-2 wide, or around 2 mm.
in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in an irregularly single and double row terminating
once or twice a pore’s length from bases of apical setae and usually irregularly
single around much of margin although distinctly double at some points, some-
times double except near posterior end, the pores 15-16 uw long and 9 wide, sepa-
rated by a space varying from the width to the length of a pore, the 2 rows less
than a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores interrupted at anterior end for
a space equal to that occupied by 30-60 8-shaped pores, starting nearly opposite
antennae, and ending slightly nearer to posterior spiracular pore bands than to
apical setae, the row usually single, but sometimes distinctly double, triple at
several] points, the pores as numerous as 8-shaped pores of nearer row at ends
of row and usually two or three times as numerous as that elsewhere; disk pores
dorsad of 8-shaped pores and about half as numerous as those, terminating near
apical setae or along edge of anal opening, also occurring ventrad of 8-Shaped
pores, this row terminating fairly near the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, the
pores irregularly spaced and Jess numerous than those dorsad of 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores arranged in 7-9 transverse groups along median
line, and distributed between those groups and margin in fairly definite trans-
verse rows, majority of pores in median groups 16 » long and 12 wide, those of
posterior and penultimate groups 12-13 uw long and 8-9 wide, the others around
12 uw long and 8 wide; minute 8-shaped pores absent; disk pores fairly numerous;
tubular ducts 40 u long.

Ventral surface: Antenna irregular, usually sunken in derm, with 2 setae
longer and 2-6 shorter than diameter of antenna; 2 or 3 trilocular or quinque-
locular pores between antenna and margin; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle
with bar very broad, with a sclerotized subcircular area around opening and with
5-10 quinquelocular pores in sclerotized area, 35-55 similar pores extending from
spiracle to body margin in a row that is irregularly double to quadruple; multi-
locular pores, having 4-10 (usually 8-10) loeculi, in 3 rows, one of which is
Sometimes interrupted, posterior row with 7-21 pores, middle row with 9-27,
anterior row with 1-16, the total number observed ranging from 20-55; 3-7 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few seattered elsewhere, occasionally
2-4 posterior to beak; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a row 4-6 pores wide (the
pores far apart, Some toward center of body), interrupted near each antenna,
but continued between them, and terminating near a transverse line through
about the twenty-fifth posteriormost pair of marginal 8-shaped pores, 4-6 oppo-
site every other marginal 8-shaped pore of nearer row; 1-4 disk pores in each
spiracular pore band, 2-5 in each row of multilocular pores, and usually 1-3
in a transverse row anterior to multilocular pores; submarginal setae in a
complete row terminating near third or fourth posteriormost pair of marginal
8-shaped pores; 2-4 setae in each row of multilocular pores and 1 or 2 usually
anterior to multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch minute; setae, apical 80-92 u long, interapical 28-36 u
long, dorsal 12-16 » long, inner ventral 4—5.2 uw long, intermediate ventral 5.2-7.2
u long, outer ventral (slightly outside intermediate and more nearly anterior to
interapical than to apical) 8 w long; anal ring with 6 setae 80-92 uw long, and
apparently with 36 pores; ventral surface of apex usually sclerotized in a small

THE SCALE INS#CT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 197

area around inner ventral setae, surrounding area slightly sclerotized in dentate
rows.

Larva.—Elongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs slightly smaller than
the rest, and with their axes transverse, axes of others longitudinal; a pair of
minute setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs; 4 pairs of setae at anterior
end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 10 on each half of
body, larger than marginal pores of same segments; disk pores near marginal

8-shaped pores and fairly near a few of the submedian pores; a pair of minute ©

setae near anterior pair of 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1 stout and sometimes 1
slender; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-sixth
length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle usually
with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore but occasionally 2 trilocular pores ;
leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 On inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and
outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia about
two-thirds as long as tarsus; 7 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, none between
antennae; 11 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head;
8 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 125 uw long, interapical 25.4-30 w long, dorsal
5.4 w long, inner ventral 7.2 uw long, intermediate ventral 9 uw long, outer
ventral (close to intermediate, not anterior to apical) 7.2 » long; anal ring with
6 setae 27-28.8 uw long and with about 20 pores, apparently not divided; ventral
surface of apex sometimes slightly sclerotized around inner ventral setae.

Data.—Redescribed from the following material: Unmounted speci-
mens, 7 mounted females, and 11 mounted larvae from Asclepias fruc-
ticosa, Pretoria, Transvaal, C. P. Lounsbury, September 20, 1914, Brain
No. 16; 1 mounted female from Huernia transvaadlensis, Pretoria,
Transvaal, S. Stent, July 8, 1916, Brain No. 29, paratype; 7 mounted
females from Caralluma caudata, Pretoria, Transvaal, S. Stent, July 8,
1916, Brain No. 29, type and paratypes; 1 mounted female from Stape-
lia kavirrondo, Kenya, intercepted at Washington, D. C., L. L. Spes-
sard, March 28, 1935; 1 mounted female from Hwuernia sp., Bushman
Land, Cape Province, intercepted at Washington, D. C., J. M. R.
Adams, June 3, 1935; 1 mounted female and 2 mounted larvae from
Caralluma sp., South Africa, intercepted at San Francisco, Calif.,
September 15, 1936; 4 mounted females from Hoodia sp. and 2
mounted females from Huernia bicampanulata, South Africa, inter-
cepted at San Francisco, Calif., A. C. Dennett, September 15, 1936.

Asterolecanium stentae is very closely related to arabidis. However,
the multilocular pores of stentae usually are much less numerous, are
arranged differently, and have fewer loculi than those of arabidis.
Another difference between the two is the greater number of dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores and their conspicuous arrangement in several
transverse rows in arabidis. The arrangement of the submarginal
8-shaped pores is also different in the two. In arabidis they occur in
groups within the row, and occupy a comparatively narrow space,
whereas in stentae they are spaced uniformly and spread out toward
the center of the body. At the apex of the abdomen all the setae
usually are conspicuously longer in arabidis than in stentae, and the
outer ventral setae are nearly anterior to the apical in the former but
are virtually anterior to the interapical in the latter. Larvae of these
species are nearly identical, but the dorsal 8-shaped pores in stentae
are slightly larger in comparison to the marginal pores than in arabidis.
The species also is allied to algeriense, launeae, and nevadense.

<~

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.
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Witten |

198 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ASTEROLECANIUM STRIATUM, new species
(Fig. 68, A-K; pl. 6, J)

Habit.—Living on bark and fruit.

Test of female-——Somewhat pyriform, 1—-1.25 mm. long, 0.75-1 wide; slightly
convex dorsally, with a longitudinal median and a submarginal carina, and with
transverse striations; flat ventrally; greenish or brownish yellow, fairly trans-
parent, fairly thin, shiny or dull; marginal filaments whitish, broken; dorsal
filaments whitish, scattered, shorter than marginal; elliptical larval exit in

- margin.

Adult female.—Longer than wide, posterior end narrowed and produced ; 0.75-1
mm. long, 0.5—-0.75 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about two-thirds length of
an apical seta from bases of setae, posterior pores 6-7 wu long and 4.5 wide, the
others 8 » and 5 wide, a pore’s width to length apart; quinquelocular pores in a
single row terminating about the length of an 8-Shaped pore from bases of apical
setae, at least as numerous as 8-Shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores numerous, tending toward arrangement in close
transverse rows, the majority 4 wu long and 2.5 wide, a few in rather indistinet
submarginal rows 5-6 uw long and 3.5-4 wide; minute 8-shaped pores absent;
disk pores in submarginal area, very sparse; tubular ducts 22 wu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna very short, sunken in derm, with 1 or 2 setae about
as long as or longer than diameter of antenna; beak apparently with 2 pairs of
setae; spiracle with bar expanded at inner end and with atrium slightly enlarged
and containing 4-6 quinquelocular pores, 7-12 similar pores extending from
spiracle to body margin in a double or triple row; multilocular pores, totaling
60-80 and having 10 loculi, in 6 or 7 complete and 2 or 8 interrupted rows (9
rows in all), each complete row with 6-11 pores and each interrupted row with
2-4; 5 or 6 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few scattered on
anterior end, and others tending toward arrangement in 5 or 6 transverse rows
posterior to mouth parts; submarginal 8-shaped pores in an irregularly double
row terminating near the fourth posteriormost row of multiocular pores, nearly
as unmerous aS marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row
terminating slightly beyond the posterior pair of margainal 8-shaped pores; 3-5
setae in the posterior row of multilocular pores and 2 in each of the next 3 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes well developed; setae, apical 60 u
long, interapical 10.8 » long, dorsal 5.4 u long, inner ventral 5. 8 » long, intermedi-
ate ventral about 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 5.4 w long; anal ring with 6 setae 32 pu
long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 16 or 18 pores; ventral
surface of apex with an irregular sclerotized area extending anteriorly from
interapical setae, Surrounding area reticulate.

Second stage—Resembling adult but smaller; ventral surface with 4 pores in
each spiracular row; apex of abdomen as in adult but all setae one-third to
one-fifth shorter.

Larva.—Eliiptieal.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 4 pairs slightly smaller than the
rest, and their axes transverse or diagonal, axes of the others longitudinal;
apparently 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: A total of 32-40 8-shaped pores arranged in a submedian row
of 7-9 and a lateral row of 9-11 (4 pores outside a straight line and suggestive
of an intermediate row), on each half of body, submedian pores apparently
about one-fourth smaller than marginal, anterior lateral pores larger than the
rest and as large as marginal pores of same segments; disk pores between sub-
median and lateral, and between lateral and marginal, 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, apparently 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 4 long,
2 stout, 3 fairly stout; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 2 apparently quinquelocular
pores; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer mar-
gin near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-third as long
aS tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 9 pairs of submarginal minute
Setae, on abdomen and thorax, 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior
end; 3 pairs of setae between antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 34 » long, interapical 7.2 u
long, dorsal apparently 3.6 u long, inner ventral 2.8 u long, intermediate ventral
2.8 « long, outer ventral 3.6 w long; anal ring with 6 setae 18 w long and appar-
ently with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores, divided on dorsal and
ventral sides.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 199

Test of male.—Elliptical, 0.8 mm. long, 0.5 wide; slightly convex dorsally, with
longitudinal median and lateral carinae and rather indefinite transverse stria-
tions; flat ventrally; pale greenish yellow, transparent, very thin; marginal and
dorsal filaments rubbed off.

Adult male.—0.7 mm. long.

Head: Antennae broken; characters indeterminable.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases curved on anterior margin, with a fold in
center, three times as long as wide; tibia and tarsus broken off.

Abdomen: Five segments each with a seta dorsally on lateral margin; 4 seg-
ments each with a seta in ventral submedian area; each lobe area with 1 long
and 3 short setae; penis sheath apparently with 4 setae on dorsal surface near base
and 14 on each side of ventral opening.

Male nymph.—Antenna 10-segmented ; other characters indeterminable.

Data.—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes) and the
following mounted material: Six females from Citrus sp., Java, G.
Compere, Compere No. 514, holotype and paratypes; 16 females, 4
second-stage specimens, 24 larvae, 2 fragmentary adult males, and 1
male nymph from Citrus sp., Singapore, Straits Settlements, from
T. H. Burkill, January and June 1924, paratypes; 1 female from
pomelo, Batavia, Java, intercepted at Boston, Mass., O. A. Hardy,
July 8, 1934, paratypes; 5 females and 8 larvae from C7ztrus sp., “Pasar
Minggoe,” Java, C. Franssen collector, 1936, from K. G. E. Kalshoven,
paratypes.

Most of the host material has been heavily infested with this scale,
and the majority of the insects have been severely attacked with fungus.

ASTEROLECANIUM STYPHELIAE (Maskell)
(Fig. 68, Z—P; pl. 6, A)

Described by Maskell in 1892 (69, pp. 24-25) as Planchonia styphe-
liae from Styphelia richei and Leptospermum juniperinum from Aus-
tralia, supplied by Mr. French.

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female.—Elongate ovoid, 1.6-2 mm. long, 1-1.5 wide; convex dorsally,
sometimes with a faint longitudinal median carina and transverse striations;
flat ventrally ; pale brownish yellow, transparent, thin, shiny: marginal filaments
white; elliptical larval exit in ventral surface at margin.

Adult female.—Elongate ovoid, 1-1.7 mm. long, 0.9-1.3 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating two to three times a pore’s
length from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 9 uw long and 5 wide, the others
11-12 uw long and 7 wide, from less than a pore’s width to slightly more than the
length of a pore apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row terminating within 6
8-shaped pores from end of row of those pores, slightly more numerous than corre-
sponding 8-Shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores fairly numerous; disk pores rather
sparse; tubular ducts 28 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped, with 2 setae slightly shorter, 1 much
shorter, and 2 slightly longer than diameter of antenna: 1-7 quinquelocnlar
pores between antenna and margin; beak with 2 pairs of setae: spiracular bar
fairly broad, 5-12 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin
in a single row; multilocular pores, totaling 54-71 and with 8-10 loculi, in 6
complete and 3 or 4 interrupted rows, the posterior row with 57 pores, each
of the next 2 with 10-12, next with 10-15, next with 8-12, next with 5-8, next
with 2-7, each of the next 2 with 2-4, and next (if present, anterior to posterior
spiracles) with 2; 1 or 2 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few
scattered on anterior end, and others arranged in 2 transverse rows among
multilocular pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a row which is usually
Single, although occasionally double for a few pores, and terminating near penulti-
mate row of multilocular pores, the pores as numerous as marginal 8-shaped
pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating near penultimate pair
of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular
pores and 1 pair in each of the next 2 rows.

’

200 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Apex of abdomen: Notch present ; lobes indicated ; setae, apical with tip broken,
77 w long (probably not more than 80 if entire), interapical 9-12.6 uw long, inner
ventral 3.6-5.4 w long, outer ventral 9 w long; anal ring with 6 setae 32 » long
and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 16 pores, divided on dorsal side;
ventral surface of apex strongly sclerotized in a rather wide linear area extending
anteriorly from each interapical seta, lightly sclerotized in dentate rows
elsewhere.

Second stage-—Resembling adult but smaller; margin without quinquelocular
pores at ends of body; apex of abdomen much as in adult but all setae one-sixth
shorter and with a setal base in the position of a dorsal seta.

Larva.—Elongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, posterior pores smallest, the others gradually
increasing in size cephalad, axes of all longitudinal; a minute seta close to
each pore of the posterior 3 pairs; 3 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: A total of 14-17 8-shaped pores usually in a submedian row
of 6 or 7 and a lateral row of 1-3, on each half of body, but the lateral pores
sometimes absent on 1 half, posterior pores slightly smaller than anterior ones,
all a little smaller than marginal pores of same segments; disk pores between
submedian and marginal, and entad of submedian, 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2
pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore;
leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer margin near
center, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-third as long as
tarsus; 10 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 10 pairs of submarginal minute
setae, on abdomen and thorax, 2 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior
end; 1 pair of setae between antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 45 w long, interapical 5.4—7.2 w
long, dorsal so minute as to be nearly indistinguishable, inner ventral 3.6 u long,
outer ventral 5.4 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae Y uw long and with an inner row of
apparently 6 and an outer row of apparently 12 pores, divided on dorsal and
ventral sides ; ventral surface of apex with a sclerotized area extending anteriorly
from near each apical seta.

Test of male.—Hlongate elliptical, 1-1.4 mm. long, 0.6 wide; dorsally slightly
convex near anterior end, nearly flat near posterior end, with faint longitudinal
median and lateral carinae and with transverse striations; yellow, transparent,
thin, shiny; marginal filaments white, shortest at posterior end.

Adult male.—1 mm. long:

Head: Antenna 10-segmented, formula (longest to shortest), III, IV, V, VI, X,
VII, VIII, TX, I, 11; antennal setae, I, 7; IT, 9; TIT, IV, 113°V, 153 VE, Vil; Vile
IX, 11-18; X, 16 shorter and 2 very long; basal bars strongly diagonal; 20 setae
between or anterior to ventral eyespots; 4 setae on dorsal surface.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases nearly rectangular, two and a half times
as long as wide; tibia one-ninth longer than tarsus.

Abdomen: Five segments each with a seta dorsally on lateral margin, 3
segments each with a seta in ventral lateral area; each lobe area with 1 long
and 2 or 3 short setae; penis sheath with 1 pair of long and 1 pair of short
setae dorsally near base, and 10 setae on each side of ventral opening.

Male nymph.—Distinguishing characters similar to those of adult male.

Third-stage male.—Similar to second-stage but elliptical, and with more quin-
quelocular pores.

Data.—Redescribed from the following material: Four females,
one second-stage specimen, eight larvae, one adult male, two male
nymphs, and one third-stage male (all mounted) from Australia,
Maskell Collection No. 218; two mounted females from Leucopogon
wirgatus, New South Wales, E. Damel, 1865, U. S. N. H.; unmounted
specimens and three mounted females from Leucopogon richet, Swan
District, Australia, E. Pritzel, August 1901, U.S. N. H., and specimens
(including seven females, six larvae, one adult male, and two male
nymphs that have been mounted) on Styphelia richei, Cheltenham,
ne Australia, C. French, June 1905, from W. W. Froggatt,

o. 54.

Closely related to multiporum, and rather similar to transversum.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 201

ASTEROLECANIUM SUBDOLUM, new species
(Fig. 69, A-E; pl. 6, F)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end slightly produced and bluntly
pointed; 2 mm. long, 1 wide; nearly flat dorsally, with a faint longitudinal
median carina; flat ventrally; bright yellow, transparent, thin, shiny, punctate ;
marginal filaments whitish, longest at anterior and posterior ends.

Adult female.—In shape similar to test, 1.75 mm. long, 1 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating a pore’s width from bases
of apical setae, posterior pores 12 uw long and 7 wide, others 14 uw long and 8 wide,
a pore’s width apart at anterior end, less than that elsewhere; quinquelocular
pores in a single row terminating near the penultimate or posterior pair of
8-shaped pores, half as numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores near posterior
end, as numerous as 8-shaped pores elsewhere; disk pores dorsad of 8-shaped
pores and about half as numerous as those, terminating slightly before or beyond
the end of the row of 8-shaped pores, irregularly spaced.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly sparse; tubular ducts
absent along median line posterior to mouth parts, numerous elsewhere, 50 yu
long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna dome-shaped, with 2 setae longer and 2 shorter
than diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar fairly broad;
25-30 quinquelocular pores extending from anterior spiracle to body
margin in a row which is single at the spiracle, but 5 or 4 pores wide at
the margin; 5 or 6 pores in a group near posterior spiracle and 1 or 2 extending
toward body margin but nearer the group than the margin; multilocular pores,
totaling 80 and with 8-10 loculi, in 4 complete and 3 interrupted rows, posterior
row with 14 pores, penultimate with 15, next with 26, next with 14, and each
of interrupted rows with 2-6; 1 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore 1 side of beak,
a few anterior to mouth parts, and a fair number in 3 longitudinal lateral
rows on abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near
the posterior row of multilocular pores, half as numerous as corresponding
marginal 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior
pair near the fifth 8-shaped pore from end of row; 1 pair of setae each in the
posterior and penultimate rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical, 28 u long, interapical 8 uw long, inner ventral
4 uw long, outer ventral 5.4 w long; anal ring with 6 setae 36 uw long and with an
inner row of 6 and an outer one of 20 pores, divided on dorsal side and tending
toward division on ventral; ventral surface of apex slightly sclerotized near
median line and margin.

Larva.—Elliptieal.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, anterior pores slightly larger than the rest,
axes of all longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 4 or 5 on each half
of body, anterior pore slightly larger than the others, all smaller than marginal
pores of same segments; disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 1 slender; antennal bases nearly one-half length of antenna apart;
beak with 2 pairs of setae at tip; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular pore,
posterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular; leg setae, coxa 4,
femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins
near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long
as tarsuS; probably 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 7 pairs
of submarginal minute setae on abdomen and apparently 2 pairs of submarginal
larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical broken near base, interapical apparently 9
long, inner ventral 2 uw long, outer ventral 3.6 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae
12.6 « long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of apparently 12
pores, tending toward division on dorsal side.

Data—Described from one unmounted specimen, one mounted fe-
male, and one mounted larva from Phyllostachys aurea, Koolong Ue,
Fukien, China, F. A. McClure, July 26, 1930, holotype and paratypes.

This species is closely related to chinae and fusum. It differs from

202 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

chinae, however, in lacking dorsal 8-shaped pores, and from fuswm
in having the marginal 8-shaped pores terminating very near the |
apical setae and in having 80, instead of 34 to 40, multilocular pores. |

ASTEROLECANIUM SUBVENTRUOSUM, new species
(Hig? 69, FJ igs OAS plain)

Habit.—Living on bark, in shallow pits. |

Test of female.—Nearly circular, 1.25-1.5 mm. in diameter; slightly convex |
or nearly flat dorsally, with faint transverse striations; convex ventrally ; brown- |
ish or clear yellow, transparent, slightly rough; marginal filaments whitish ;
dorsal filaments not observed ; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Nearly circular, around 1.25 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores mostly in a double row but posterior 2-10 pores some-
times in a single row, terminating about one-half length of an apical seta from
bases of setae, the posterior pores and a few others 9 w long and 6 wide, the
majority 12 u long and 8 wide, the pores usually spaced about a pore’s length
from each other, the rows usually a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores in
a single row terminating near the third 8-shaped pore from end of row, slightly
less numerous than corresponding 8-shaped pores of nearer row at end of row,
slightly more numerous than 8-shaped pores elsewhere; disk pores dorsad of, and
much less numerous than, the 8-shaped pores, also occurring entad of quinque-
locular pores, and terminating anterior to bases of apical setae, more numerous
than those dorsad of 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores scattered except close to margin and posterior
end, fairly numerous, 8 wu long and 5 wide; minute 8-shaped and disk pores rather
numerous: tubular ducts 28 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna sharply conical, its apex spinelike, with 2 setae
shorter than, and 1 as long as, diameter of antenna; 3-5 quinquelocular pores
between antenna and margin; beak with 1 pair of setae; spiracular bar subcircu-
lar; 12-15 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a
single row; multilocular pores, totaling 100-112 and with 9 or 10 loculi, in 5
complete and 5 interrupted rows (posterior 3 interrupted rows with 1 or 2 pores
missing in median area), the anterior row anterior to posterior spiracles, pos-
terior row with 10 pores, each of next 3 rows with 15-21, each of next 4 with
6-10, anterior row apparently with 5 or 6; 1 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore each side
of mouth parts, a few scattered on anterior end, and a few tending toward
arrangement in 8 or 4 transverse rows posterior to beak; submarginal 8-shaped
pores in a single row terminating near the posterior row of multilocular pores,
about half as numerous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped pores of nearer row;
submarginal setae in a complete row terminating near the posterior pair of mar-
ginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in the posterior row of multilocular pores
and 1 pair in the penultimate row.

Apex of abdomen: Notch shallow; lobes barely indicated; setae, apical 58 yu
long, interapical 5.4 u long, inner ventral 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 9 uw long; anal
ring with 6 setae 25 uw long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of
apparently 12 pores, divided on dorsal and ventral sides; ventral surface of apex
sclerotized in dentate rows.

Larva.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 5 or 6 pairs smaller than the
others, the anterior pair largest, axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse, of the
others longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores, totaling 9-11 in the specimens examined, in a
submedian row of 2-4 and a lateral row of 1 or 2, on each half of body, nearly as
large as posterior marginal 8-shaped pores; disk pores nearer marginal than
lateral 8-shaped pores, and near submedian pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 0: IV, 1; V, 0: VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout; antennal bases about one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2
pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore;
leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer margin near
center, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-half as long as
tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 7 pairs of submarginal minute
setae, 6 of which are on the abdomen and 1 at the anterior end; 2 pairs of setae
between antennae and mouth parts.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 203

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 64 uw long, interapical 7.2 » long, inner ventral by
- 2.5 « long, outer ventral 5 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 16.2 » long and with c
| an inner row of 6 and an outer one apparently of 12 or 14 pores, with a tendency }
- toward division on dorsal and ventral sides; ventral surface of apex slightly
_selerotized in dentate rows.
p
>

:

|

|

i

_ Data—Described from unmounted specimens, four mounted females,
H and seven mounted larvae from Styphelia sp., Australia, G. Compere,
_ Compere No. 872, holotype and paratypes. ;
_ This species is closely related to ventruosum, the most conspicuous

_ difference between the two being the presence of numerous dorsal ‘
_ 8-shaped pores in swbventruosum and their absence in ventruosum.

|

H ASTEROLECANIUM SUISHAE, new species 3
(Fig. 70, B—E; pl. 4, H)

Erroneously assigned to pasaniae by Takahashi in 1930 (99, pp. 33,
40).

| Habit—Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female.—Circular, 1.85-2.25 mm. in diameter; flat dorsally, sometimes

_ with a faint longitudinal median carina; flat ventrally ; light brownish or green-
ish yellow, transparent, very thin, shiny, punctate; marginal filaments very pale

_ brownish yellow or bright salmon; larval exit apparently a slit in ventral surface
at margin.

Adult female.—Circular, 1.65—2.10 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around a pore’s length from
bases of apical setae, posterior pores 8 uw long and 5 wide, or all pores 9-10 zu
long and 5 wide, around a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores in a single
row, usually interrupted for a space equal to that occupied by 9-35 8-shaped pores

_ at anterior end and terminating at a point opposite one of the posterior 33 8-shaped

_ pores, the pores varying in number but usually less numerous than corresponding
8-shaped pores near ends of row and around twice as numerous as 8-Shaped
pores elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores sparse; disk pores numerous; tubular
ducts 24 » long.

Ventral surface: Antenna roughly conical, with 3 setae nearly as long as, and
1 much shorter than, diameter of antenna: beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular
bar fairly broad ; 23-89 (usually around 30) quinquelocular pores extending from
spiracle to body margin in a row that is irregularly single to triple; multilocular
pores, totaling 57-68 and with 6~—10 loculi, in 4 complete and 4 or 5 interrupted
rows, the posterior row with 13-17 pores, penultimate row with 11-16, next with
12-14, next with 10-13, and each of interrupted rows with 2-4; 2 or 8 dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts, a few scattered near spiracles and on
abdomen ; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a double row terminating near median
line, usually 1 or 2 opposite each marginal 8-shaped pore; submarginal setae
present only posterior to posterior spiracles, the posterior pair near the penulti-
mate or posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores ; 2 pairs of setae in the posterior
row of multilocular pores and 1 pair in each of the other complete rows.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 56 uw long, interapical 12 u long, outer ventral
3.6 uw long; anal opening ventral, circular, its margin membranous.

Larva.—Fliiptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior pair slightly larger than the rest,
axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 5-7 and a lateral of 9,
on each half of body, anterior pore of each row slightly larger than the others,
about as long as the width of marginal pores; disk pores between submedian and
lateral, and a few between lateral and marginal, 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart: beak with 2
pairs of setae at tip; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore,
posterior spiracle with 1 apparently trilocular pore; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on
inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-fifth
as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores: 7 pairs of submarginal

204 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

minute setae on abdomen, 1 pair of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 3
pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 45 uw long, interpical 7.2 u long, outer ventral
2 uw long; anal opening apical; anal tube very short, slightly sclerotized, some-
what bulbous; anal ring a sclerotized band, its ventral side nearly on surface,
with 2 setae 4-5 wu long.

Data—Described from unmounted material, nine mounted females,
and two mounted larvae from Lithocarpus sp., Suisha, Taiwan
(Formosa), R. Takahashi, September 1928, holotype and paratypes.

Closely related to pasaniae, but differing from it in lacking a scle-
rotized, tongue-shaped projection from the marginal 8-shaped pores,
in having 57 to 68 instead of around 36 multilocular pores, and in
having a double, instead of a single, row of submarginal 8-shaped
pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM SUMATRAE, new species
(Fig. 70, F-L; fig. 71, A)

Habit.—Living on the upper surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Slightly longer than wide, around 3 mm. long and 2.5 wide;
flat dorsally and ventrally; yellow, transparent, thin, shiny, punctate; marginal
filaments pale golden, fragmentary; dorsal filaments rubbed off; circular larval
exit in ventral surface at margin.

Adult female.—Slightly longer than wide, around 2.5 mm. long, 2 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating two-thirds length of an
apical seta from setal bases, the posterior pores 9-10 uw long and 5 wide and the
others 11-12 uw long and 7-8 wide, around a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular
pores mostly in a single row, but sometimes ina double row near spiracular pore
bands, terminating near the posterior or penultimate pair of 8-shaped pores, at
least twice aS numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores except near spiracular
pore bands, where they are four times as numerous as 8-shaped puwres.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in at least 10 groups of 7-12 pores each, along
median line (derm torn anterior to mouth parts and presence or absence of other
median pores indeterminable), and in 22 groups (1—5 pores in each of the posterior
3 groups, 10-14 in each of the others) in submarginal area, majority of pores 8 u
long and 6 wide, a few 6-7 uw long and 4-5 wide; minute 8-shaped pores numerous;
disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 18 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped, with numerous minute papillalike
excrescences, presence or absence of long setae indeterminable; beak appar-
ently without setae; spiracular bar broad; a group of 5-7 quinquelocular pores
outside spiracular opening and 45-55 similar pores extending from group to
body margin in a triple or quadruple row; multilocular pores, totaling about
105 and with 8-10 loculi, in 3 complete and apparently 8 interrupted rows
(interrupted rows irregularly disposed and exact number indeterminable), 17-25
pores in each complete row, 3-7 in each interrupted row; 6 dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores each side of beak, some scattered on anterior end, and others
tending toward arrangement in 3 or 4 transverse rows among multilocular pores;
Submarginal 8-shaped pores in a triple row terminating near the posterior row
of multilocular pores, at least twice as numerous as corresponding marginal
8-shaped pores; Ssubmarginal setae in a complete row terminating near the
penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae each in the
posterior and penultimate rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes strongly developed; setae, apical
(tips broken) 63 u long, interapical 11 » long, outer ventral 9 » long; anal ring
with 6 setae 32 uw long and apparently with an inner row of 6 and an outer row
of 14 pores, apparently not divided; ventral surface of apex slightly sclerotized.

Larva.—Apparently elongate ovoid.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior pair slightly larger than the
others, axes of all longitudinal; apparently 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 10 and a lateral row
of 12, on each half of body, 3 pores of lateral row outside a straight lateral
line and Suggesting a submarginal row, pores of submedian row gradually
increasing in size from posterior pore to the second from anterior end, about

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 205

same size as marginal pores of same segments, lateral pores about half the size
of marginal pores of same segments; disk pores occurring fairly close to margi-
pal 8-shaped pores, and between submedian and lateral 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, apparently 1; IV, 1, V, 0; VI, 2 long,
2 stout, 2 fairly stout; antennal bases about one-half length of antenna apart;
beak with 2 pairs of setae at tip; spiracle with 2 quinquelocular pores; leg
setae, coxa 3, femur 0, tarsus 1 on inner margin; tibia one-half as long as tarsus;
10 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 8 pairs of submarginal minute setae,
on abdomen and thorax, 2 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 1
or 2 setae between antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 45 u long, interapical 5.4 » Jong, outer ventral
apparently 5 » long; anal ring with 6 setae 2 u long.

Data—Described from one test (partially destroyed in mounting
insect), one mounted female, and two mounted larvae from Quercus

hystrix, “Toetoepan,”’ Tapanuli, Sumatra, H. S. Yates, N. Y. B. G.,

holotype and paratypes.

ASTEROLECANIUM THESPESIAE Green
(Fig. 71, B—F; pl. 6, V)

Described in 1909 (42, p. 331).
Habit—‘On small branches of Thespesia populnea. Jaffna. March. The

) insects occupy small depressions in the bark.” (42, p. 331.)

Test of female—Broadly ovoid, posterior end very slightly produced; 1.85-2
mm. long, 1.25-1.75 wide; nearly flat dorsally, lateral margins sometimes slightly
raised, thereby giving the effect of marginal carinae, usually with a low, rather
indistinct longitudinal median carina and faint transverse striations; usually
distinctly convex ventrally, sometimes nearly flat; brownish yellow, transparent,

_ fairly thick; marginal filaments whitish, fragmentary; dorsal filaments whitish,
_ yery short; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Nearly circular, posterior end slightly produced; 1.25-1.75 mm.

in diameter.
Margin: 8-shaped pores in a double row (the row sometimes triple for a few

pores) terminating twice a pore’s length from bases of apical setae, 10-12 u long

and 8 wide, the intervals between them varying fram the width to twice the

length of a pore, the 2 rows about a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores in

a single row, often crowded with the row appearing double in lateral area,
terminating with the 8-shaped pores or beyond, at least as numerous as cor-
responding 8-shaped pores of nearer row at ends of body. two or three times as
humerous as 8-shaped pores in crowded lateral areas; disk pores in a rather in-
definite row dorsad of 8-shaped pores, irregularly spaced and rather sparse, also
in a single row ventrad of quinquelocular pores, not quite so numerous as
8-shaped pores of nearer row, and terminating near end of that row.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores numerous, present except near posterior end
and close to margin, median pores tending toward arrangement in longitudinal
rows, the others toward arrangement in transverse rows, 9-12 uw long and 6-8
wide, the median pores as large as any of the rest; minute 8-shaped pores nu-
merous; disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 30-32 u long.

Ventral surface: Antenna bluntly conical, with 2 setae slightly longer, and 3
a little shorter, than diameter of antenna; 3 or 4 quinquelocular pores between
antenna and margin; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar subcireular,
atrium enlarged, shallow, and containing 6 quinquelocular pores, 6 (at anterior
spiracle) to 15 (at posterior spiracle) similar pores extending from spiracle to
body margin in a single row; multilocular pores, totaling 177-190 and with 7-10
loculi, apparently in 7 or 8 complete rows, the anterior row apparently anterior
to posterior spiracles, posterior row with 15-17 pores, penultimate row with

27, next with 31-87, next with 30-36, next with 26-31, next with 19, next with
14, and anterior row with 15; 1-4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak,
a few scattered anterior to mouth parts, and a few tending toward arrangement
in 5 or 6 transverse rows posterior to mouth parts; submarginal 8-shaped pores
in a double row terminating near posterior row of multilocular pores, 2 opposite
each or every other marginal 8-shaped pore; submarginal setae in a complete

<=

ole ie Des GO

* ss

206 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

row terminating near posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae
in posterior row of multilocular pores and 1 pair in each of the next 2 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 77.4 uw long
(tips broken, probably not more than 80 wu if intact), interapical 16.2 uw long,
dorsal 12.6 uw long, inner ventral 10.8 uw long, intermediate ventral 9 uw long, outer
ventral 10.8-12.6 uw long: anal ring with 6 setae around 40 uw long, but with the
number and arrangement of pores indeterminable, divided on dorsal and
ventral sides; ventral surface of apex with an irregularly linear sclerotized area
extending anteriorly from intermediate ventral seta, surrounding area sclero-
tized and rugose.

Larva.—Nearly elongate elliptical, posterior end narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior pores slightly smaller than
the others, axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse, of the others longitudinal;

‘a minute seta close to each pore of the posterior 3 pairs; 4 pairs of setae at

anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores in a submedian row of 9 or 10 and a lateral
row of 13. on each half of body, 24 lateral pores inside a straight line and
suggesting an intermediate row, anterior pores slightly larger than posterior
pores and all a little smaller than marginal pores of same segments; disk pores
between lateral and marginal, and between lateral and submedian, 8-shaped
pores; sometimes a pair of minute setae near anterior pair of submedian
8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-fourth length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore;
leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and
outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-
third as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of Submarginal 8-shaped pores; sometimes 2 or 4
disk pores beside or posterior to the posterior 2 submarginal 8-shaped pores; 10
pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 3 pairs of sub-
marginal larger setae at anterior end; 3 pairs of setae between antennae and
mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes barely indicated; setae, apical 63 u
long, interapical 7.2 uw long, dorsal 4.5 w long, inner ventral 3.6—5.4 uw jong, inter-
mediate ventral 2.5 uw long, outer ventral 4 uw long; anal ring with 6 Setae 27 u
long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 12 pores, tending toward
division on dorsal and ventral sides.

Data.—Redescribed from specimens (2 females and 20 larvae,
mounted) on Thespesia populnea, Jaffna, Ceylon, from E. E. Green,
type.

Very similar to brachylenae.

ASTEROLECANIUM TOKYONIS Kuwana
(Fig. 71, G—J; pl. 3, 1)

Described by Kuwana (55, pp. 149-150) in 1916 from Pasania
cuspidata, from Nishigahara and Tokyo, Japan.

Habit.—Living on bark, in shallow pits.

Test of female—Longer than wide, with a shallow notch in posterior margin ;
2.5 mm. long, 2 wide; nearly flat dorsally, slightly convex ventrally; greenish
yellow, transparent; marginal filaments whitish, fragmentary; dorsal filaments
entirely rubbed off; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Slightly longer than wide, measuring 2 mm. in length and
1.75 in width.

Margin: 8-shaped pores mostly in a double row but posterior 6 or 7 pores in
a single row, terminating around length of an apical seta from bases of setae,
9 uw long and 6 wide, one to three times (usually about twice) a pore’s length
apart, the 2 rows about a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular pores in a Single
row terminating with 2 pores posterior to the last 8-shaped pore, one and one-half
times aS numerous as 8-shaped pores of nearer row.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores very numerous, about 5 uw long and 3 wide;
minute 8-shaped pores absent; disk pores numerous; tubular ducts 32 u long.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 207

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped, with 3 (broken) setae; 2 quinque-
locular pores between antenna and margin; beak setae, apparently 2 pairs apical
and 1 pair median; spiracle with bar broad, atrium slightly enlarged and con-
taining 3-7 quinquelocular pores, 31-40 similar pores extending from spiracle
to body margin in an irregularly single or double row; multilocular pores, total-
ing 157 and with 7-12 (usually 10) loculi, apparently in 6 complete rows (anterior
row possibly interrupted), posterior and penultimate rows each with 30, each
of next 2 with 34, next with 13, and anterior row with 6; 4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped
pores each side of beak, a few scattered elsewhere, possibly tending toward
arrangement in transverse rows posterior to mouth parts; submarginal 8-shaped
pores in a single row terminating near posterior row of multilocular pores, about
one-third aS numerous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped pores of nearer row;
submarginal setae in a complete row terminating slightly farther posteriorly than
the marginal 8-shaped pores, much more numerous than usual, 34 occurring be-
hind posterior spiracles: 1 pair of setae in each of the posterior 4 rows of
multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: In poor position for study. Notch present; lobes indicated ;
setae, apical broken, at least 68 uw long, interapical broken, dorsal 12.6 uw long,
intermediate ventral apparently 5.4 w long, outer ventral 18 uw long; anal ring
with 6 setae apparently 36 uw long, with an inner row of apparently 6 and an outer
row of an indeterminable number of pores, divided on dorsal and ventral sides;
ventral surface of apex slightly sclerotized and slightly reticulate.

Data.—Redescribed from one test and one mounted female on
Quercus (Pasania) henryi, Tuk Shan, Kweichow, China, Y. Tsiang,
August 22, 1930, N. Y. B. G.

Assigned to tokyonis on the basis of the original description. In
the specimen examined there are many small, conspicuous dorsal
8-shaped pores which were not mentioned by Kuwana, and two pairs
of setae in the anal area in addition to those included in the original
description.

ASTEROLECANIUM TOWNSEND! Cockerell
(Rig 12, AK » plies: 3)

Described in 1902 (25, pp. 468-469).

Habit.—Living on bark, sometimes in shallow pits.

Test of female.—Broadly ovoid or nearly circular, posterior end slightly pro-
duced and slightly or distinctly elevated; 2.5 mm. long, 2.25 wide, or 2-2.5 mm.
in diameter; convex dorsally, sloping to posterior tip, sometimes with a faint
longitudinal median carina near posterior end; presumably flat or very slightly
convex ventrally; brownish or clear yellow, transparent, rather thick, shiny,
punctate; marginal filaments whitish, fragmentary; dorsal filaments rubbed off;
elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female——Nearly circular, posterior end slightly produced; around 2.25
mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around three times a pore’s
length (less than one-half length of an apical seta) from bases of setae, 12 u
long and 8 wide, usually a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores in a row that
is Single posteriorly and irregularly so anteriorly but double on the middle por-
tion, terminating at or near the posterior pair of 8-shaped pores, quinquelocular
pores as humerous as 8-shaped pores at posterior end of row, nearly twice as
humerous on remainder of posterior fourth and on the anterior fourth, and up
to four times as numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores on middle portion ; disk
pores among 8-shaped pores and terminating with 1 posterior to the last 8-shaped
pore, 1 near each 8-shaped pore near end of row, and 1 near every other 8-shaped
pore elsewhere,

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores with a tendency toward a longitudinal grouping
in median area and occurring in transverse rows elsewhere, majority 14-16 u
long and 10-12 wide, many 20 uw long and 14 wide; minute 8-shaped pores absent ;
disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 36 a long.

Ventral surface: Antenna dome-shaped, sunken in derm, with 2 setae longer
and 2 slightly shorter than diameter of antenna: 5 or 6 quinquelocular pores
between antenna and margin; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar fairly

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208 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

broad and expanded at inner end; 35-55 quinquelocular pores extending from
spiracle to body margin in a row irregularly double or triple near spiracle but
5 or 6 pores wide near margin; multilocular pores, totaling 271, with 6-14 (usually
10-12) loculi, in 5 complete and 4 interrupted rows, the posterior row with 26
pores, penultimate row with 40, next with 66, next with 56, next with 43, next
with 17, next with 11, next with 7, and anterior row with 5; 4 or 5 dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores each side of beak, some scattered on anterior end, and others
arranged in at least 4 transverse rows on abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores
in a double row terminating near the posterior row of multilocular pores, 1 or 2
opposite each marginal 8-shaped pore; submarginal setae in a complete row
terminating anterior to posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of
setae in posterior row of multilocular pores and.1 pair in each of the next 2 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 92 yw long,
interapical 20 uw long, dorsal 16 mw long, intermediate ventral 8 uw long, outer
ventral 12 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 36-40 uw long and with an inner row of
apparently 6 pores and an outer one of an indeterminable number, but probably
around 14, divided on dorsal side and tending toward division on ventral side;
ventral surface of apex sclerotized and rugose.

Larva.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end slightly narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs slightly smaller than
next 7, the anterior pair a little larger than any others, axes of the posterior 6
pairs transverse, of the others longitudinal; a pair of minute setae close to each
of the posterior 3 pairs; 4 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 9 or 10, a lateral row
of 3-5, and a submarginal row of 5-7, on each half of body, the total number
ranging from 88-42, lateral and submarginal rows rather indistinct and appear-
ing somewhat as an irregular lateral row, anterior pores slightly larger than
posterior pores, all practically the same size as marginal pores of same seg-
ments; disk pores between Submarginal and marginal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; 1V, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout, 2 slender: antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinque-
locular pore; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and
1 each on inner and outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on
outer margin; tibia three-fifths as long as tarsus; 8 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped
pores of which 1 pair is between the antennae; 10 pairs of submarginal minute
setae, on abdomen and thorax, 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior
end; 2 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical
81 u long, interapical 9 uw long, dorsal 2-3 uw long, intermediate and outer ventral
5.4 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 24 uw long and with an inner row of 6 and an
outer one of apparently 12 pores, divided on dorsal side.

Test of male.—-Elongate elliptical, a minute potch at posterior end; 1.5—-1.75
mm. long, 0.7 wide: fairly convex dorsally, with a faint longitudinal median
carina ; presumably flat ventrally ; pale yellow, transparent, thin, shiny, punctate ;
marginal and dorsal filaments whitish, fragmentary ; dorsal filaments presumably
scattered over surface.

Third-stage male.—Elongate ovoid, posterior end narrowed; margin with quin-
quelocular pores much less numerous than in female ; dorsal surface with 8-shaped
pores arranged in transverse groups along median line and in lateral and sub-
marginal areas, less numerous than in female, varying in size like those of
female; ventral surface with 6—9 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular row;
submarginal 8-shaped pores in an irregularly single row, less numerous than in
female; legs represented by 3 pairs of faintly sclerotized, slightly elevated, cir-
cular areas, each with a minute spurlike claw or a bluntly sclerotized spot ; apex
of abdomen as in female, but all setae, except dorsal and ring setae, around
one-third shorter, the ring setae as long as, the dorsal setae slightly longer than,
corresponding setae in female.

Data—Redescribed from specimens (two females, seven larvae,
and six third-stage males, mounted) on Guazwma sp., Platanas, Jalisco,
Mexico, received July 1903, type.

Most closely related to créstatwm.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 209

ASTEROLECANIUM TRANSVERSUM Morrison and Morrison
(Fig. 72, L-N; fig. 73, A, B; pl. 6, B)

Described in 1927 (73, pp. 7-8).

Habit.—Living on bark, in pits.

Test of female—wUsually wider than long, posterior end sometimes slightly
produced ; around 1 mm. long and 1.2 wide or 1-1.5 mm. in diameter ; flat to sli ghtly
convex dorsally, with faint transverse striations; convex ventrally ; brownish
yellow, transparent, thick, rather rough, dull; marginal filaments whitish, frag-
mentary ;: elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult femalte.—Usually wider than long, measuring around 0.8 mm. long and
1 wide. ,

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating three or four times a
pore’s length from bases of apical setae, a few pores out of alignment or set
diagonally to margin, posterior pores 8-9 u long and 5 wide, the others 9-10 uw long
and 6-7 wide, usually a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row,
usually terminating posterior to posterior pair of 8-shaped pores although some-
times between penultimate and posterior pores, slightly more numerous than
8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores rather sparse; disk pores very sparse;
tubular ducts 28 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped, with 2 setae longer than diameter of
antenna; 3-8 quinquelocular pores between antenna and margin; beak with 2
pairs of setae; spiracular bar broad; 9-16 quinquelocular pores extending from
spiracle to body margin in a single row; multilocular pores, totaling 74-88 and
with 9 or 10 loculi, in 5 complete and 4 interrupted rows, anterior row usually
anterior to posterior spiracles, posterior row with 5~7 pores, penultimate row with
9-15, each of next 3 with 10-17, next with 8-10, next with 4-7, next with 4, and
anterior row with 2; 1 or 2 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few
Scattered on anterior end and a few tending toward arrangement in 2 transverse
rows among multilocular pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row
terminating near penultimate row of multilocular pores, about half as numerous
as corresponding marginal 8-sShaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete
row terminating about halfway between posterior marginal 8-shaped pores and
apical setae ; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular pores and 1 pair in
each of the next 2 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical (tips broken)
60 uw long, interapical 9-10.8 w long, inner ventral 2 w long, intermediate ventral
45.4 uw long, outer ventral 5.4-7.2 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 27 uw long
and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 14 or 16 pores; ventral surface of
apex with a short sclerotized area extending anteriorly from intermediate ventral
seta.

Larva.—Elongate ovoid.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse or
diagonal, of the others longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 9 or 10 and a lateral row
of 11 or 12, on each half of body, 4 pores of lateral row outside the line of the
others and suggesting a submarginal row, practically uniform in size or anterior
pores larger than the rest, distinctly smaller than marginal pores; disk pores
between submedian and lateral, and between lateral and marginal, 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart: beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; anterior spiracle with 2 trilocular pores, posterior
with 1; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer ma rgin
near center, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-half as long as
tarsus; 10 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 8 pairs of submarginal minute
setae, on abdomen and thorax, 3 pairs of submarginal larger setae at anterior end:
1 pair of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 54 u long, interapical 7.2 u
long, inner ventral 2.5 uw long, intermediate ventral 5.4 # long, outer ventral 4.8 «
long; anal ring with 6 setae 21.6 uw long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer
one of 14 pores, divided on dorsal and ventral sides; ventral surface of apex
heavily sclerotized in a small area extending anteriorly from each intermediate
ventral seta, lightly sclerotized elsewhere.

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210 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Data.—Redescribed from the following material: Three mounted
females and 8 mounted larvae, Australia, Maskell Collection No. 218,
holotype and paratypes (source unknown, possibly Tasmania, 73, p.
8); unmounted material, 4 mounted females, and 12 mounted larvae,
Maskell Collection No. 44, Cockerell Collection; unmounted mate-
rial and 2 mounted females from Banksia sp., Mittagong, New South
Wales, W. W. Froggatt, January 10, 1901, Froggatt No. 52; unmounted
material, 3 mounted females, and 5 mounted larvae from Banksia
integrifolia, Somerville, Victoria, Australia, from W. W. Froggatt,
1910, Froggatt No. 1.

Asterolecanium transversum is rather similar to stypheliae and
hakeae but has an additional pair of ventral setae at the apex of the
abdomen, and also differs from them in other characters. There are
three pairs of ventral setae on the apex of the abdomen instead of
two as was stated in the original description (73, p. 8).

ASTEROLECANIUM BONDARI Lepage ”
(Hig. 75, C—P; pl. 9, 1)

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female.——Elongate, widest on anterior third, tapering gradually to
posterior end, anterior end usually truncate; 1.25-1.50 mm. long, 0.5-0.75 wide ;
sharply convex dorsally, flat ventrally ; greenish or dull yellow, transparent, thin,
punctate; marginal filaments light brownish or pale salmon; circular larval exit
in margin.

Adult female.—In shape similar to test, 1.10-1.4 mm. long, 0.5-0.7 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating two to three times the
length of an apical seta from bases of setae, posterior pores 8 uw long and 4 wide,
the others 9 uw long and 5 wide; usually about a pore’s width apart; trilocular
pores in a single row terminating at a point opposite one of the last 9 8-Shaped
pores, about one and one-half times as numerous as 8-Shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-Shaped pores in median area, sparse; disk pores
sparse; tubular ducts 28 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped, with 2 setae longer and 1 or 2
shorter than diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar
slender, atrium slightly enlarged, but not containing pores; 9-12 quinquelocular
pores extending from spiracle to body margin in a single row; multilocular pores,
with 9 or 10 loculi, in 2 complete rows and 1 interrupted row of 3-5 pores each;
a group of 8-13 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts and 2 or 3
posterior to beak; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near
posterior row of multilocular pores, about half as numerous as corresponding
marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating
around one-half length of an apical seta from bases of apical setae; 1 pair of
setae each in posterior row and in median row of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated; setae, apical 40-45 uw long, interapical
10-12 uw long, outer ventral 4 uw long; anal opening in margin, inconspicuous;
anal tube membranous, inconspicuous; anal ring consisting of 2 sclerotized,
elliptical plates with an end of one contiguous to an end of the other, each plate
with a seta 20 u long at each end and a roughly rectangular clear area in center;
a circular opening ventrad of, and in the angle formed by, the junction of the
2 plates.

Larva.—Hlongate elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior pair and the anterior 2 pairs
larger than the rest, axes of all practically longitudinal; a pair of minute
setae close to each of the posterior 3 pairs; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 10 and a lateral row
of 5, on each half of body, submedian pores about as large as marginal pores
of same segments, anterior lateral pore slightly smaller than submedian pores
and much larger than the other lateral pores; disk pores in submarginal area.

™ This species was described by H. S. Lepage (Papéis Avulsos do Departamento de
Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, Brazil, v. 1, pp. 69-72, illus. 1940) while
this publication was in press. Part of the material studied by the present writer bears
the Same collection data as the type specimens.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 211

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V. 1; VI, 3 long, 2 stout, 3
fairly stout; antennal bases around one-half length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular
pore; leg setae, coxa 2, femur 1 on inner margin hear base, tarsus 1 each on
inner and outer margins; tibia one-half as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submargi-
nal 8-shaped pores; 11 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen, thorax,
and head; 2 pairs of setae near antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated; setae, apical broken at base, interapical
3.6 u long, a pair 1 w long entad of interapical, cuter ventral 1.8 yw long:
anal opening apical, apparently small and circular; anal tube sclerotized, very
short. and larger at inner end than at opening; anal ring not differentiated
from tube, apparently without setae or pores.

Test of male—Somewhat elliptical, anterior end more often truncate than
rounded; 1.10 mm. long, 0.5 wide; convex dorsally, sometimes with a faint
longitudinal median carina: flat ventrally; pale yellow, transparent, thin;
marginal filaments very pale yellow, nearly colorless.

Third-stage male.—Elliptical; margin with 8-shaped pores terminating twice
a pore’s length from bases of apical setae, trilocular pores terminating hear
third 8-shaped pore from end of row, nearly as numerous as 8-shaped pores;
ventral surface with 5~7 quinquelocular pores between each spiracle and body
margin and 1 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore beside beak, legs represented by 3
pairs of circular, slightly raised areas apparently without claws; apex of
abdomen with apical setae broken, interapical and ventral setae smaller than
in female: anal opening possibly apical, anal tube, anal ring, and anal setae
apparently absent.

Data.—Redescribed from unmounted specimens and the following
mounted material: Three females and three larvae from Maximilliana
sp., and three females from Cocos sp., Santa Catalina, Lower Orinoco,
Venezuela, Rushby and Squires, 1896, N. Y. B. G.. U. S. N. H.; one

female from Maximilliana caribaea, “Teteron Bay,” Trinidad, British

West Indies, N. L. Britton, March 11, 1920, N. Y. B. G.; seven females
and one third-stage male from Attalea funifera, Bahia. Brazil, received
from G. Bondar, 1923. No. 619.

Closely related to pallidum and truncatum, but differing from them
in lacking pores in the atrium of the spiracle and in the arrangement
and number of the multilocular pores.

ASTEROLECANIUM TRUNCATUM, new species
(ist (4 A— Spl yo. fh)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of jemule.—Elongate, both ends usually truncate, widest on anterior
third, tapering gradually to posterior end: 1.75-2 mm. long, 0.5-0.75 wide: convex
dorsally, flat ventrally ; brownish or light yellow, transparent, fairly thin, punctate:
marginal filaments light brownish or pale salmon; circular larval exit in dorsal
surface close to margin.

Adult female.—In shape similar to test, 1.5-1.75 mm. long, 0.5-0.7 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around one-half length
of an apical seta from setal bases, posterior pores 8 u long and 4 wide, the others
9 » long and 4 wide, from the width to the length of a pore apart; trilocular pores
In a single row terminating opposite a point between the fourteenth to the
thirtieth 8-shaped pore from end of row of those pores, slightly more numerous
than corresponding 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores in median area, very sparse ;
tubular ducts 28 « long.

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped, with 2 setae twice as long as,
and 1 or 2 about as long as, diameter of antenna; 3-7 trilocular pores between
aitenna and margin; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar expanded at
Inner end, atrium enlarged and containing 5 or 6 quinquelocular pores, 10-15
Similar pores extending from spiracle to body margin in an irregular double
row ; multilocular pores, with 10 loculi, in 3 complete and 5 interrupted rows, the
posterior row with 9-14 pores, penultimate row with 13-20, anterior complete

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212 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

row with 5 or 6, each of interrupted rows with 2, the total number observed being
37-50; a group of 4-6 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts
and a few in lateral area of abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single
row terminating near median line, half as numerous as corresponding marginal
8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating near posterior
pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular
pores and 1 pair in each of the other complete rows.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated; setae, apical 60-64 uw long, interapical
16-20 u long, intermediate (7) ventral (slightly entad of, and anterior to, inter-
apical) 4 uw long; anal opening apical, inconspicuous ; anal tube membranous and
also inconspicuous; anal ring consisting of 2 sclerotized elliptical plates each
with a seta 32-36 » long at each end and a roughly rectangular, rather clear area
in center; a circular opening between the plates.

Larva. ~Blliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 2 or 3 pairs larger than the
next 7 or 9, the anterior 3 or 4 pairs largest of all, axes of all diagonal or trans-
verse; a minute seta close to each pore of the posterior 3 pairs; 2 pairs of setae
at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores apparently in a submedian row of 8-10 and a
lateral row of 5-7, on each half of body; next to anterior submedian pore much
larger than others, the anterior submedian pore smaller, the others virtually the
same size as marginal pores of the same segments, next to anterior lateral pore
much larger than the other lateral pores which are slightly smaller than anterior
submedian pore: a few disk pores between lateral and marginal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 3 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2 pairs
apical, 1 pair basal: spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg
setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 on inner margin; tibia
one-third as long as tarsus: 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently
10 pairs of Submarginal minute setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head; 3 pairs of
setae near antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Setae. apical 30 wu long, interapical 3.6 uw long, intermediate
(?) ventral (entad of interapical on ventral margin) 1.8 » long; anal opening
in margin; anal tube short, membranous; anal ring not differentiated from tube.

Data—Described from the following material: Unmounted
specimens, three mounted females, and six mounted larvae from
Maximilliana caribaea, Santa Lucrecia, Mexico, B. P. Reko, April 29,
1923, U. S. N. H., holotype and paratypes; one ‘mounted female from
Attalea cohune, “Monte Cachirulo,” Guatemala, April 1869, U. S.
N. H., paratype; unmounted material and three mounted females from
Attalea cohune, Manzanillo, Mexico, E. Palmer, December 1-31, 1890,
U.S. N. H., paratypes; unmounted material and two mounted females
from Attalea cohune, La Ceiba, Honduras, intercepted at New Orleans,
La., Benton and Kostal, November 24, 1920, paratypes.

Allied to pallidum and bondari.

ASTEROLECANIUM UDAGAMAE Green
(Fig. 74, G-R; pl. 8, C)

Described in 1909 on bamboo from Udagama, Ceylon (42, p. 319).

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Hliongate, sides parallel, somewhat pointed at posterior end;
about 2.10 mm. long, 0.4 wide; slightly convex dorsally, with a faint median
longitudinal carina: nearly fiat ventrally; pale greenish yellow, transparent, very
thin, punctate; marginal filaments pale greenish yellow, longest at anterior end ;.
dorsal filaments rubbed off: circular larval exit in ventral surface at margin.

Adult femaie.—Klongate, presumably around 2 mm. long, 0.35 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row apparently terminating around four
times a pore’s length (arcund two-thirds length of apical seta) from bases of
setae, apparently 9-10 « long and 5 wide, nearly contiguous.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 213

Dorsal surface: A pair of submarginal 8-shaped pores near posterior end,
apparently 12 uw long and 6 wide; minute 8-shaped pores rather numerous; disk
pores very sparse; tubular ducts 24 w long; dorsal tubes presumably present,
but not observed owing to poor condition of specimen.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, short, with 2 setae longer than diameter
of antenna; beak without setae; spiracle with bar rather broad, atrium slightly
enlarged and containing 6-9 quinquelocular pores, apparently 4 or 5 similar pores
extending from spiracle to body margin in a single row; multilocular pores, with
9 or 10 loculi, apparently in 3 rows, 6 pores in posterior row, 6 in median, 4 in
anterior ; 2 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, and a few on abdomen
apparently arranged in 2 transverse rows; Ssubmarginal 8-shaped pores not ob-
served owing to poor condition of specimen; only 1 pair of submarginal setae
observed (others probably present but indéeterminable), this pair near the
posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 1 pair of setae each in the posterior
and median rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 48 wu long,
interapical 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 5.4 « long; anal ring with 4 setae 5.4 uw long
and two 9 uw long, tending toward division on dorsal side; ventral surface of apex
faintly sclerotized in dentate rows close to median line.

Larva.—Somewhat elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior 2 pairs longer than others, axes
of all longitudinal; apparently 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of apparently 9, on each
half of body, posterior pore apparently the smallest, anterior pore the largest,
all one-fourth to one-third smaller than marginal pores; disk pores not observed.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 1 slender; antennal bases apparently one-fifth length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae,
coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins
near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin: tibia one-half as long as
tarsus; apparently 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; probably 5 or 6 pairs
of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, apparently 1 pair of sub-
marginal larger setae at anterior end; 1 pair of setae between antennae and
mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 28 uw long, interapical 3.6 u long,
outer ventral around 2 uw long; anal-ring with 6 setae 3.6 uw long.

Data.—Redescribed from two tests, one badly wrinkled mounted
female, and two poor mounted larvae from Arundinaria sp., Avisa-
wella, Ceylon, E. E. Green, October 1909.

_The available specimens are very poor. Consequently it was impos-
sible to observe the dorsal tubes, the ventral submarginal 8-shaped
pores, and the submarginal setae in the adult. Inthe female examined
marginal quinquelocular pores were also indeterminable, though they
were mentioned and figured by Green. The anal extremity in this
specimen, is not retracted within the margin as originally described.

ASTEROLECANIUM UNGULATUM, hew species
(Fig. 75. A—F; fig. 76, A—K ; fig. 77, A; pl. 6. @)

Habit.—Living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female-——Nearly circular, approximately 1.3-1.6 mm. in diameter: prac-
tically flat dorsally, with a small longitudinal median carina; flat ventrally ; pale
greenish yellow, transparent, very thin, punctate, dull or shiny; marginal and
dorsal filaments pale pinkish or pale golden, the latter present along median line
and sometimes at varying intervals in submarginal area; triangular larval exit
In ventral surface at margin.

Adult female.—Nearly circular, 1.2-1.4 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about twice a pore’s length
from bases of apical setae, 10-11 u long and 6 wide, slightly more than a pore’s
length apart.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a median row of 2-8 and sometimes 2-6 in
lateral area on each half of body, 11-12 uw long and 8 wide: minute 8-shaped and
disk pores sparse; tubular ducts 24 u long.

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Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped, with 1 or 2 setae much shorter and 2
slightly longer than diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar
subcireular ; 2 or 3 quinquelocular pores nearer spiracle than body margin; legs
represented by 3 pairs of stout claws; multilocular pores, totaling 70-81 and
with 8-10 loculi, in 5 complete and 3 or 4 interrupted rows (often 3 interrupted
rows on 1 half of body and 4 on the other), the anterior row anterior to posterior
spiracles, each of posterior 5 rows with 9-14 pores, each of the others with 2-7;
dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores scattered and sparse; submarginal 8-shaped pores
mostly in a single row but in a double row at posterior end, terminating near
posterior row of multilocular pores, about half as numerous as corresponding
Marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating near
penultimate pair of marginal 8-Shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of
multilocular pores and 1 pair in penultimate row.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated; setae, apical 72 w long, interapical 10.8 u
long, intermediate ventral 3.6 uw long, outer ventral 7.2 » long; anal ring with 6
setae 28 uw long and with an inner row of 6 and an outer one of 14 pores, divided
on dorsal and ventral sides ; ventral surface of apex with an irregularly sclerotized
area anterior to each interapical seta, area between these sometimes slightly
sclerotized in dentate rows.

Second stage.—Resembling adult female but distinctly longer than wide: dorsal
surface without 8-shaped pores; apex of abdomen as in adult but all setae about
one-fourth shorter.

Test of male——Klliptical, 1 mm. long, 0.6 wide; dorsally slightly convex at
anterior end, sloping to posterior end; flat ventrally ; pale greenish yellow, trans-
parent, very thin, punctate, shiny; marginal filaments pale yellowish, slightly
longer at anterior end than elsewhere ; dorsal filaments brownish, occurring along
median line and in lateral area.

Adult male.—1 mm. long.

Head: Antenna 10-segmented: formula (longest to shortest), (X), (II), (IV,
WV), GVI); (VII, VILE), (EX), CG ID).s antennal’Setae a. 1 i, dis on Ge aie
V, 19 or 20; VI, VII, 25-27; VIII, IX, 21 or 22: X, 29 slender, 3 stout, and 3
apparently rather long; basal bars diagonal; 30 setae between ventral eyespots
and antennae; 2 setae on dorsal surface.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases rectangular, with a longitudinal fold and a
clear area in center, four times as long as wide; tibia one-fifth shorter than tarsus.

Abdomen: Five segments each with a seta dorsally on lateral margin, 2 segments
each with a seta in ventral submedian area; each lobe area with 1 long and 3
Short setae; penis sheath with 1 pair of setae dorsally near base and 6 setae on
each side of ventral opening.

Pata.—Described from specimens (13 females, 1 second-stage speci-
men, and 1 adult male, mounted) on Durio zibethinus, Botanic Garden,
Singapore, Straits Settlements, I. H. Burkill, April 3, 1922, holotype
and paratypes, and unmounted material and 1 mounted female from
Durvo zibethinus, Java, A. Zimmermann collector, from E. E. Green,
received in 1933, paratypes.

Of the known species not living on bamboo, wngulatum and epidendri
are the only ones having six setae on the anal ring in which setae have
not been observed on the beak.

ASTEROLECANIUM UNICUM, new species
(Fig. 77, B-F)

Habit.—Living on the upper surface of leaves.

Test of female——Elongate, sides nearly parallel, tapering near ends; 2.5 mm.
long, 0.7 wide: strongly and sharply convex dorsally, flat ventrally; pale yellow,
transparent, punctate, shiny; marginal filaments same color as test; cireular
larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Elongate. 2.25 mm. long, 0.6 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating around one and a half
times the length of an apical seta from setal bases, 8 u long and 5 wide, from
the width to twice the length of a pore apart; trilocular pores in a single row
opposite about 30 8-shaped pores on lateral margins, 1 opposite every other
8-shaped pore at ends of row, about twice as numerous in middle of row.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 215

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly numerous; tubular
ducts 28 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped. apparently with 2 setae as long as
diameter of antenna; beak apparently without setae; spiracle with bar slightly
expanded at inner end, atrium enlarged, bag-shaped, and containing 8-11
quinquelocular pores, apparently without pores extending from spiracle to body
Margin; multilocular pores, totaling 35 and with 10 loculi, in 3 complete and 2
interrupted rows, the posterior row with 18 pores, next with 11, next with 7, and
each of the others with 2; 4 or 5 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak,
a few in an irregular longitudinal lateral row, and others tending toward
arrangement in 3 transverse rows among multilocular pores; submarginal
8-shaped pores apparently in a single row, terminating near posterior row of
multilocular pores, about half aS numerous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped
pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating somewhat anterior to
apical setae; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular pores and 1 pair in
each of the next 3 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated, on ventral surface; setae, apical 64 uw long,
one 1 uw long anterior to apical on 1 side of single specimen examined: anal open-
ing indeterminable (probably because specimen is weakly stained); ventral
surface of apex slightly sclerotized in dentate rows.

Data.—Described from one test. (destroyed in mounting adult)
and one mounted female from Calamus sp., Tayabas Province, Luzon,
Philippine Islands, B. Acedillo, April-May 1915, U.S. N. H., holotype.

This species resembles 7/7, but differs from it in having the atrium
of the spiracle greatly enlarged and containing 8 to 11 quinquelocular
pores, in apparently lacking pores between spiracle and the body
margin, in having only about 35 multilocular pores and apparently
a single instead of a double row of submarginal 8-shaped pores, and in
lacking interapical setae.

ASTEROLECANIUM URICHI Cockerell
(Fig. 77, G—N; pl. 6, C)

Described in 1894 (18, p. 308).

Habit.—Living on leaves, nuts, and bark.

Test of female.—Elongate, margin sometimes indented by growth against
hairs on leaf; 1-1.5 mm. long, 0.5-0.75 wide: nearly flat to slightly convex
dorsally, rarely with a faint longitudinal median carina; flat ventrally; brown-
ish or greenish yellow, sometimes very pale, transparent, faintly punctate;
marginal filaments rich light brown, rarely with a pale-salmon cast; elliptical
larval exit in dorsal surface at margin.

Adult female-——Elongate, around 1 mm. long, 0.6 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating about one-third length
of apical seta from setal bases, 8-9 uw long and 5 wide, usually about a pore’s
width apart, but the posterior 2 or 3 pores sometimes more widely separated :
trilocular pores in a single row from nearly opposite antennae to about halfway
between posterior spiracular pore bands and posterior pair of 8-shaped pores,
rarely extending nearer posterior end of body, about as numerous as correspond-
ing 8-shaped pores at each end of row. approximately twice as numerous as
that elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores normally lacking but 3 or 4 noted rarely, 12 u
long and 8 wide; minute 8-shaped pores fairly numerous: disk pores sparse;
tubular ducts 24 uw long. |

Ventral surface: Antenna a circular, raised area, with 2 short setae and 2
that are slightly longer than diameter of antenna: beak with 2 pairs of setae;
spiracle with bar narrow, slightly expanded at inner end, atrium enlarged,
bag-shaped, and containing 6-16 (usually 6-10) quinquelocular pores, 10-15
similar pores extending from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly single
or double row; a group of 8-18 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak
and 8-10 posterior to mouth parts; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row
terminating near third or fourth 8-shaped pore from end of row, about one-

= 2 ae

:
|
\
,

216 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

third as numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a com-
plete row terminating near penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped peres; 2
pairs of setae (their bases nearly or actually contiguous) posterior to genital
opening, 3 pairs of setae anterior to genital opening, equidistant from one
another and situated successively farther cephalad.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 20-24 uw long, interapical 7-8 yw long, outer
ventral 3.6 w long; anal opening apical, anal tube very short or absent, anal
cpening and tube usually not differentiated from anal ring, which is an elliptical
plate, appearing as a semicircular rather than an elliptical plate if more heavily
sclerotized on the dorsal than en the ventral side, with a seta 8-9 w long at
each end and a pore beside each seta, also a small circular opening in or near
center of plate; ventral surface of apex rugose.

Second stage-—Resembling adult but smaller; margin with 4-6 trilocular pores
opposite each spiracular pore band; ventral surface with atrium of spiracle
enlarged and containing 1 or 2 trilocular or quinquelocular pores, 3 or 4 similar
pores between spiracular opening and body margin, 1 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore
each side of beak and 3 or 4 posterior to mouth parts; apex of abdomen without
apical or interapical setae, or setal bases; with a pair of minute ventral setae;
anal opening apical; anal tube very short, membranous; anal ring slightly sclero-
tized, with 2 setal bases.

Larva.—E lliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of virtually all transverse or diagonal ;
a minute seta close to each pore of the posterior 3 pairs; 3 pairs of setae at
anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a lateral row of 9 on each half of body,
about two-thirds the size of marginal pores; disk pores between lateral and
marginal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennae 5-segmented; antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 3
long, 2 stout, 3 fairly stout; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair median; spiracie with 1 trilocular and 1 quin-
quelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 2, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1
each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-third as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of
submarginal 8-shaped pores; apparently 11 pairs of submarginal minute setae,
on abdomen, thorax, and head; 3 pairs of setae near antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 36 u long, interapical 9 uw long, outer ventral 2
wm long; anal opening apical, anal tube very short; anal ring circular, heavily
sclerotized, with 2 setae apparently 4 u long.

Data.—Redescribed from unmounted material and the following
mounted specimens: Four females from palm, Port-of-Spain, Trini-
dad, F. W. Urich No. 4, type; 3 females and 17 larvae from Palmae
(Guilielma sp.?), Panama, U.S. N. H.; 17 females and 8 larvae from
Bactris minor, Grenada, West Indies, July 1900; 3 females and 10
larvae from Palmae, Mexico?, June 30, 1906, U. S. N. H.; 21 females,
1 second-stage specimen, and 27 larvae from unknown palm, St. Clair,
Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, H. Morrison, November 24, 1918, probably
from the same tree as the type material; 2 females from palm fruit,
Bluefields, Nicaragua, intercepted at New Orleans, La., E. Kostal,
October 26, 1920; 5 females and 4 larvae from Guilielma speciosa,
Goeldi Museum, Para, Brazil, intercepted at Washington, D. C., W. B.
Wood, April 23, 1921; 1 mounted female from Pyrenoglyphis (Bac-
tris) major, Canal Zone, intercepted at New Orleans, La., M. S. Miri-
manian, August 26, 1935.

Asterolecanium urichi is closely related to difficile and_ simile.
Characters differentiating it from simile are discussed under that
species. It can be separated from difficile by the lack of a conspicuous
interruption in the marginal row of 8-shaped pores, by the absence
of marginal trilocular pores on the anterior end of the body, by the
absence of multilocular pores, and by the length of the apical setae,
which are about twice the length of the ring setae.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM vA)

ASTEROLECANIUM VARIABILE, New species
(Fig. 78, A-H; pl. 8, 0)

Habit—Living on the upper surface of leaves, in shallow pits.

Test of female—Circular, longer than wide, or slightly wider than long,
posterior end sometimes slightly produced ; approximately 0.7-1.10 mm. in diam-
eter; flat or slightly convex dorsally, sometimes with a faint longitudinal median
carina and curved lateral carinae meeting at anterior end, and with transverse
striations; convex ventrally; greenish or clear yellow, translucent, punctate
near margin; marginal filaments pale salmon, slightly shorter at posterior end
than elsewhere; elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—In shape similar to test, approximately 0.65-1 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating twice a posterior pore’s
length from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 8 uw long and 5 wide, the
others 9-10 uw long and 6 wide, usually about a pore’s width apart, but some-
times about a pore’s length apart at posterior end; quinquelocular pores varying
considerably in distribution and number, arranged in a single row terminating
anywhere between posterior pair of 8-shaped pores and midpoint between these
pores and posterior spiracular pore bands, complete, or interrupted at anterior
end for a space equal to that occupied by 15-25 8-shaped pores, slightly less
numerous than corresponding 8-Shaped pores near posterior end of row, a little
more numerous than 8-shaped pores close to posterior spiracular pore bands
and usually twice as numerous as 8-shaped pores anterior to posterior spiracular
pore bands.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores fairly sparse;
tubular ducts 24 wu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, with 2 setae as long aS diameter of antenna;
beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar fairly broad; a group of 3 or 4
quinquelocular pores near spiracular opening, and 18-22 extending to body margin
in an irregularly double row; multilocular pores, totaling 35-45 and having 5-10
(usually 10) loculi, in 4 or 5 complete and 2-4 interrupted rows, each of 4
complete rows with 6-8 pores (fifth when present with 3 or 4) and each of
interrupted rows with 2; dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores scattered each side of
beak and on anterior half of body; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row
terminating near posterior row of multilocular pores, about aS numerous as
marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating
about one-half length of an apical seta from bases of apical setae; 2 or 4
pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular pores, 1 pair in each of the other
complete rows, and 1 pair in 1 or 2 interrupted rows.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes indicated; setae, apical 48-52 wu long, interapical
5-7 w long, outer ventral 4—5 uw long; anal opening ventral, well removed from
body margin, circular, its margin faintly sclerotized, with 2 setae 4 u long on
anterior edge.

Larva.—Nearly elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, posterior pores smallest, the others gradually
increasing in size anteriorly, but those on anterior half nearly uniform in size,
axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores possibly normally in a submedian and in a
lateral row of 8-10 each, on each half of body, the total number ranging from
33-37, but some larvae with a total of only 4-28; when there are several pores
in each row, the posterior pores are slightly smaller than the anterior ones, but
all are at least as large as the marginal pores of the same segments; disk pores
between submarginal and lateral, and a few between lateral and marginal 8-shaped
pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae,
3 pairs apical; spiracle with 1 trilocu’ar and 1 quinquelocular pore; leg setae,
coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer
margins; tibia one-fourth length of tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped
pores; 7 pairs of submarginal minute setae on abdomen, 1 pair of submarginal
larger setae at anterior end; 3 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical 48-54 u long, inter-
apical D.4 « long, outer ventral 3.6 u long; anal opening ventral, close to body
margin; anal tube very short, sclerotized; anal ring a sclerotized band, with 2
setae 3.6 u long.

ee PA

se

-

LIE PA OEE OES, ee

i en a a
es ha a GS

ieee we

~tz

ie & = 4

a -

= ca 218 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

4 f

tb Third-stage male.—Resembling adult female but distinctly longer than wide;
a margin with quinquelocular pores interrupted for a space opposite 9 8-shaped

pores at anterior end and terminating about 11 8-shaped pores from the posterior
8-shaped pores, less numerous than in female; ventral surface with 6 or 7 quinque-
locular pores between each spiracle and body margin, legs represented by 3 pairs
of heavily sclerotized, circular, raised areas, each with a straight, stout claw; 4
pairs of median setae near posterior end of abdomen, the pairs in a successively

ll At cephalad arrangement; apex of abdomen as in adult female.
TS al Data.—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes) and the
ea : following mounted material : Five females and 19 larvae from Japanese
§ | oak, Westbury, N. Y., September 8, 1903, paratypes; 4 females, 5 larvae,
pute and 1 third-stage male from Quercus variabilis, Tsingtao, Shangtung,
oT China, C. Y. Chiao, July 17, 1930, N. Y. B. G., holotype and paratypes.
Eg at Allied to perplexum.

iil
i ASTEROLECANIUM VARIOLOSUM (Ratzeburg)
2 x be (Fig. 78, F—P; pl. 5, J)
= FE Described as Coccus variolosus on oak from Kunersdorf, near Pots-
si, dam, Germany, and reported from Friedrichshain, Germany, in 1870
to. (SO, pp. 187-194).
og The original description is practically useless for separating this
a | species from other pit-forming species occurring on the bark of oak.
i Moreover, type specimens of the species have not been available for
i study, and they may be no longer in existence, since they have not been
del located in Eberswalde or Berlin. The species treated here is so com-

mon in Germany, however, that there is a strong possibility it is the
true variolosum. ;
The synonymy indicated by Lindinger (63, p. 130) is not accepted in

pits this paper. Some of the species which he synonymized with vario-
ret losum definitely do not belong to Asterolecanium, and it 1s impossible
Si to tell whether others do or do not. If any of them do belong in this

genus, there is no certainty that they are the same as wariolosum.

Habit.—Living on bark, in shallow to deep pits.

Test of female.—Usually longer than wide, rarely wider than long or cireular;
1.75-2.25 mm. long, 1.5-1.95 wide, usually about 2 mm. long and 1.6 wide:
slightly to distinctly convex dorsally, with posterior tip flattened, and usually
with faint transverse striations; slightly or distinctly convex ventrally ; greenish,
brownish, or golden yellow, transparent, often shiny, sometimes slightly punctate
in lateral areas; marginal filaments same color as test, slightly shorter at
mi posterior end than elsewhere; elliptical larval exit in dorsal surface at margin.
Flt Adult female.—Slightly longer than wide. posterior end slightly produced ;
1.7-2.15 mm. long, 1.3-1.7 wide, usually 1.95 mm. long, 1.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating once or twice the length
of a posterior pore from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 8 uw long and 5
wide, the others 9-10 u long and 6 wide, from the width to the length of a pore
apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row (sometimes in a double row near
spiracular pore bands) terminating 13-46 (usualiy 25-86) 8-shaped pores from
end of row, usually interrupted opposite 22-35 8-shaped pores at anterior end,
less numerous than corresponding 8-shaped pores at ends of row, one and a half
times aS numerous as 8-shaped pores elsewhere, except near spiracular pore
bands, where they are still more numerous.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores numerous; disk pores fairly numerous;
tubular ducts 32 wu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna thimble-shaped, with 2 setae as long as diameter of ~
antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae: spiracular bar expanded at inner end: a
group of 7-16 quinquelocular pores outside spiracular opening and others extend-
ing to body margin, the row double or triple near spiracle and 5 or 6 pores wide
near margin, a total of 35-100 (usually 50-75) in group and row combined;

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 219

multilocular pores, with 7-10 loculi, in 4 complete rows, the posterior row with
12-23 pores, each of the others with 7-16 (usually 10-14), the total number
being 40-71 (usually 50-62) ; a loose group of 7-10 dark-rimmed 8-Shaped pores
each side of beak, some scattered on anterior end, and others tending toward
arrangement in 2 transverse rows posterior to beak; submarginal 8-shaped pores
in an irregularly double row terminating near penultimate row of multilocular
pores, in the ratio of 1 or 2 to about 3 marginal 8-shaped pores; submarginal
setae in a complete row terminating near penultimate pair of marginal 8-shaped
pores; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular pores, 1 pair in each of
the other rows, and 1 pair before anterior row.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 36-44 uw long, interapical 8-9 yu long, outer
yentral 7 » long; anal opening ventral, near body margin, its margin sclerotized,
with 2 setae, each 2-3 uw long, on anterior edge.

Larva.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end sometimes narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal; 2 pairs of setae at
anterior end.

Dorsal surface: Normally without 8-shaped pores, but rarely with 1-3 on
anterior end, these as large aS marginal pores; disk pores in lateral area.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2
fairly stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak
setae, 3 pairs apical; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular or quadrilocular and
1 quinguelocular pore, or with 2 quinquelocular pores, posterior spiracle with
1 guinquelocular pore; leg setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base,
tarsus 1 each on inner and outer margins; tibia one-fourth as long as tarsus;
9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores; 7 pairs of submarginal minute setae
on abdomen, 1 pair of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae
between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 64 uw long, interapical 12 uw long, outer ventral
6-8 » long; anal opening apical; anal tube very short; anal ring with 2 setae
about 7.2 uw long.

Data—Redescribed from unmounted material and more than 100
mounted females and many mounted larvae from the following
sources (all collected on Quercus): Q. sideroxyla, England, R. New-
stead; Europe, Maskell Collection No. 65; Botanic Garden, Sydney,
New South Wales, W. W. Froggatt No. 18; West Australia, G. Com-
pere No. 33; QY. robur, Breslau, Silesia, Germany, C. Baenitz, U. S.
N. H.; @. pedunculata, Vienna, Austria, labeled guercicola det. Low

’ Z Rd y ’ aS qY ’
loaned by M. Beier; white oak, August 8, 1878; D. C., T. Pergande,
November 22, 1879; Q. sideroxyla, November 22, 1879; Q. robur,
November 22, 1879; Department of Agriculture Grounds, Washington,
D. C., December 18, 1880; Smithsonian Grounds, Washington, D. C.,
N. L. Britton, September 24, 1885; Ridgewood, N. J., A. S. Fuller,
April 4, 1893; Washington, D. C., F. C. Pratt, May 15, 1894; white
oak, Washington, D. C., May 15, 1894; Q. pedunculata, near Prague,
Czechoslovakia, K. Sule, April 3, 1894; Geneva, N. Y., S. H. ver Plank,
July 12, 1895; golden oak, Worcester, Mass., November 2, 1896; De-
partment of Agriculture Grounds, Washington, D. C., C. L. Marlatt,
November 11, 1898; Carthage, Mo.. July 9, 1899; Ottawa, Canada, J.
Fletcher, August 1900; Philadelphia, Pa., January 21, 1905; Q. con-
cordia, Dreshertown, Pa., S. N. Baxter, June 2, 1905; Department of
Agriculture Grounds, Washington, D. C., C. Popenoe, September 10,
1907; Washington, D. C., E. R. Sasscer, July 19, 1910; golden oak,
Overbrook, Pa., F. Windle, September 1911; Q. pedunculata, Stock-
ton, Calif., F. Maskew, August 1913; Funchal, Madeira, C. H. Gable,
May 7, 1915; Washington, D. C., S. Keen, August 25, 1919; Q. peduncu-
lata, in Herbarium at Novocherkassk, Russia, 1920, collection locality
unknown; Wheeling, W. Va., E. J. Spaeth, October 7, 1921; Depart-
ment of Agriculture Grounds, Washington, D. C.. W. B. Wood, March
§, 1922: England, intercepted at Washington, D. C.. W. B. Wood,

OS Ss Oe a ag a ee oe

220 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

April 17, 1922; Q. robur, Funchal, Madeira, A. de Moronha, April
1923; English oak, Department of Agriculture Grounds, Washington, —
D. C., H. Morrison, July 11, 1924; Webster Grove, Mo., L. Haseman,
September 10, 1925; Santiago, Chile, C. E. Porter, November 25, 1926;
Q. robur var. monstrosa cucullata, Berlin, Germany, intercepted at
Washington, D. C., W. T. Owrey, January 27, 1930; Y. robur, Berlin,
Germany, intercepted at Washington, D. C., R. G. Cogswell, January
27, 1980; Q. pedunculata thomasii, Germany, intercepted at Wash-
ington, D. C., W. B. Wood, February 8, 1930; from a Mr. Bartlett,
September 22, 1932, no further data; Q. sessilis var. mespilifolia,
Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, intercepted at Washington, D. C., J. M. R.
Adams, March 4, 1936.

This widely distributed species is well known for its destructiveness.
It is closely related to quercicola.

ASTEROLECANIUM VENTRUOSUM (Maskell)
(Fig. 78, Q, R; fig. 79, A—C)

Described by Maskell in 1895 as Planchonia ventruosa (70, p. 63).

Habit.—“This insect forms for itself depressions or pits in the bark, adapted
to the convexity of its ventral surface; and, when it is lifted out, there remain
slender, white, cottony trails, denoting the spiracular regions.” (70, p. 63.)

Test of female——“Test of adult female green, waxy, flat or sometimes slightly
concave. The green colour is in the test itself, and not due to the insect showing
through it. Form of test broadly elliptical, or with a very slight posterior
tapering. Fringe pink or white.” (70, p. 63.)

Adult female —Cireular, posterior end slightly produced; 0.75 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores mostly in a double row but about posterior 16 pores in
an irregular single row, terminating about one-half length of an apical seta from
setal bases, posterior pores 11 uw long and 7 wide, others 12-13 uw long and 8 wide,
about a pore’s width apart where single, and from a pore’s width to twice a
pore’s length apart where double, the 2 rows less than a pore’s width apart;
quinquelocular pores in a single row interrupted at anterior end opposite 2
8-shaped pores and terminating 4-7 8-shaped pores from end of row of those pores,
less numerous than corresponding 8-shaped pores near end of row, usually twice as
numerous as 8-shaped pores of nearer row elSewhere; disk pores along dorsal
row of 8-shaped pores, terminating sometimes before and sometimes beyond end
of row of those pores and less humerous than they are; disk pores also occurring
ventrad of quinquelocular pores, this row terminating anterior to bases of apical
setae, the pores as numerous as 8-shaped pores of nearer row.

See surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts

( » long.

Ventral surface: Antenna sharply conical, apex spinelike, with 1 seta appar-
ently shorter than diameter of antenna ; 2-4 quinquelocular pores between antenna
and margin ; beak apparently with 1 pair of setae; spiracle with bar fairly broad,
expanded at inner end, atrium slightly enlarged and containing 3-7 quinquelocular
pores, 14-18 similar pores extending from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly
single row; multilocular pores, totaling 91 and with 7-11 loculi, apparently
arranged in 7 complete rows and 1 interrupted row, the latter anterior to posterior
spiracles, the number in each row not readily determinable but posterior row
apparently with 14, penultimate row with 9, next with 13, next with 11, next
with 19, next with 12, next with 9, and anterior row with 4; a few scattered,
dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores ; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminat-
ing near penultimate row of multilocular pores, about as numerous as corre-
sponding marginal 8-shaped pores of nearer row; submarginal setae in a complete
row terminating near posterior pair of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae
in posterior row of multilocular pores and 1 pair in each of the next 2 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 65 uw long, interapical 7.2 uw long,
inner ventral 7.2 « long, outer ventral 9 » long; anal ring with 6 setae 28 u long
and with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 14 pores, divided on dorsal and
ventral sides ; ventral surface of apex weakly sclerotized close to notch, slightly
reticulate.

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Miscellaneous Publication 424, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

licitcola.

?
re

F,

launeae;

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D, euryopis; I

CIES OF ASTEROLECANIUM.

-

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, algeriense; C, agavis;

A, stentae; B

ah Miscellaneous Publication 424, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

.-E
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SPECIES OF ASTEROLECANIUM.

| A, bambusicola; B, hemisphaericum; C, zanthenes; D, fimbriatum; E, arabidis,
| type; F, bambusae, not type; G, bambusae, type; H, arabidis, not type.

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CIES OF

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Miscellaneovs Publication 424, U. S. Dept. of Agricuiture

e: G.

bellum; F, inga

E,

consprceuum,

D,

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ordina rau My

B, longum;

A, spectabile;

tokyonts.

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PLATE 4

Miscellaneous Publication 424, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

STERCLECANIUM

s or A
ffeae
,

SPECIE

?
d

F, pustulans

2

, nconspicuum

K

ae

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L,

Miscellaneous Publication 424, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATES b

SPECIES OF ASTEROLECANIUM.

A, lacrimula; B, notabile; C, vitreum; D, viennae: E, miliaris miliaris: F, miliaris
robustum; G, sabalis; H, coronatum; I, hilli; J, variolosum; K, epidendri; L,
viridulum; M, quadrisetosum; N, radiatum; O, solenophoroides; P, caudatum.

Miscellaneous Publication 424, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 6

es

tie tuncdedak

e F
?

ees

ge des
Sere

Pre ke

SPECIES OF ASTEROLECANIUM.

A, stypheliae; B, transversum; C, urichi; D, gemmae; E, chinae; F, subdolum; G,
ungulatum; H, palmae; I, rubrocomatum; J, striatum; K, acaciae; L, disvunctum ; |
M, multiporum; N, thespesiae; O, euphorbiae; P, nitidum.

Miscellaneous Publication 424, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

(3

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/

oF A

PECIES

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Miscellaneous Publication 424, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 8

BE ea es,

SPECIES OF ASTEROLECANIUM.

A, delicatum; B, florum; C, udagamae; D, simile; E, repugnans; F, roboris; G,
quercicola; H, puteanum; I, epacridis; J, medium; K, vulgare; L, inusitatum;
M, scirrosis; N, penicillatum; O, variabile; P, ceriferum ceriferum; Q, hakeae
R, castaneae; S, exiguum; T, semisepultum.

Miscellaneous Publication 424, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture P

DD

SPECIES OF ASTEROLECANIUM.

A, simplex; B, singulare ae 2 litseae: dD, pasaniae 5 BE. qavae : F. pet ‘op! rlae “é
longulum; H, oblongum; I, truncatum; J, oraniae; K, boliviae; L, acutulu
M, corallinum: N, borneense: O, pinangae pos fusum; Q, pallidum; R. ambotnate
S, captiosu 72. fis bondart: l fe de Ok neratum: VY. difficile; W. skan ra? ae x
inlabefactu m: Y, hortshae: Z. brunetae; AA, proboscidis;: BB, parvum: Ctl
givum; DD, adjunctum.

;

|
\

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 221

Data.—Redescribed from one mounted female labeled Australia,
Maskell Collection No. 423, U. S. National Museum Catalogue No.
40362, allotype.

Maskell stated (70, p. 62), “Hab. In Australia, on Acacia sp.
I have specimens from Adelaide, sent by Mr. Koebele, on twigs with
dark-red bark, and in these the fringes of the adult are pink; others,
from Sydney, sent by Mr. Froggatt, are on twigs with lghter and
greyish bark, and the fringes are white; but otherwise the specimens
are identical.” From these data, published with the original de-
scription, it seems that the specimen at hand is from the lot collected
by Mr. Koebele. Morrison and Morrison pointed out (73, p. 8) that
the specimens mentioned by Maskell as being from twigs with dark-
red bark and having the marginal fringe pink might be considered
as ventruosum because they are treated first in the description, and
that the specimens from lighter and grayish bark with the marginal
fringe whitish actually represented another species, which they de-
scribed as acaciae (73, pp. 3-4).

The two pores on the antenna mentioned by Morrison and Morrison
probably were setal bases, pores not having been found on the antennae
of members of this genus. The apical setae are 65 » long, instead of
165 » long, as stated by Morrison and Morrison, the latter length un-
doubtedly being a typographical error.

ASTEROLECANIUM VICTORIAE, New species
(Fig. 79, D-I; pl. 7, F)

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves, in shallow depressions.

Test of female—Nearly ovoid, 1.10-2 mm. long, 1-1.75 wide; slightly convex
dorsally, flat or slightly convex ventrally; brownish yellow, transparent, thin,
smooth; marginal filaments whitish; circular larval exit in ventral surface close
to margin.

Adult female—Somewhat ovoid, 1-1.75 mm. long, 0.75-1.5 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating twice the length of a
posterior pore from bases of apical setae, posterior pores 9 uw long and 6 wide,
the remainder 11-12 uw long and 7-8 wide, usually less than a pore’s width apart;
quingnelocular pores in a single row terminating near the tenth 8-shaped pore
from end of row, about half as numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped pores fairly numerous; disk pores sparse;
tubular ducts 24 uw long.

Ventral surface: Antenna nearly flat, with 2 setae longer and 3—5 much shorter
than diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular bar broad; 2-5
quinquelocular pores in a group at spiracular opening and 3 or 4 similar pores
extending to body margin in a single row, 6-10 in group and row combined:
multilocular pores, totaling 71-81 and with 6-10 loculi, in 6 complete and 2
interrupted rows, the posterior row with 4 or 5 pores, each of next 4 rows with
11-15, each of the next 3 rows with 5-8; 1-3 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each
side of beak and a few arranged in 4 or 5 transverse rows posterior to beak:
Submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near the second from the
last row of multilocular pores, as numerous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped
pores ; submarginal setae in a complete row terminating near penultimate pair of
marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs of setae in posterior row of multilocular pores,
1 pair in each of next 2 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present ; lobes indicated ; setae, apical 72 « long, inter-
apical 9 u long, one 5.4 u long usually entad of interapical on 1 side of body only,
Inner ventral 7.2 w long, outer ventral 9 « long; anal opening ventral, cireular,
itS margin membranous; anal tube slightly sclerotized, evlindrical: anal ring
With 4 setae 2 uw long.

Larva.—Eliiptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, axes of all longitudinal: 3 pairs of setae at
anterior end.

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222 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 7 on each half of body,
anterior pores slightly larger than posterior ones, all a little smaller than marginal
pores ; disk pores close to submedian and to marginal 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; distance between antennal bases equal to one-fifth length of
antenna ; beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular
and 1 quinquelocular pore, posterior spiracle with none; leg setae, coxa 4, femur
1 on inner margin near base and 1 on outer margin near center, tarsus 1 each on
inner and outer margins; tibia about one-half as long as tarsus; 10 pairs of sub-
marginal 8-shaped pores; 10 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen and
thorax, 1 pair of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae between
antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes sometimes indicated ; setae, apical 65 pu
long, interapical 7.2 uw long, one 2.5 wu long usually present entad of interapical on 1
side of body only, inner ventral 3.6 uw long, outer ventral 5.4 « long; anal opening
in margin; anal tube short; anal ring with 4 setae about 5.4 » long.

Test of male.—Elliptical, 1 mm. long, 0.75 wide; slightly convex dorsally, with
a longitudinal median carina; flat ventrally; yellow, transparent, thin; marginal
filaments whitish.

Adult matle.—0.95 mm. long.

Head: Antenna broken; basal bars transverse; 9 setae anterior to ventral
eyespots.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases curved on anterior margin, two-fifths as
long as wide, with a median longitudinal fold; tibia as long as tarsus.

Abdomen: Five segments each with a seta dorsally on lateral margin, 3
segments each with a seta in ventral lateral area; each lobe area with 1 Jong
and 2 short setae; penis sheath very long, with 3 pairs of setae dorsally near
base and 8 or 9 setae on each side of ventral opening.

Male nymph.—Distinguishing characters similar to those of adult male.

Data—Described from specimens (four females, three larvae, one
adult male, and one male nymph, mounted) on Leptospermum sp.,
Sandringham, Victoria, Australia, from Ch. French, received in June
1905, holotype and paratypes.

Alhed to vztreum.

ASTEROLECANIUM VIENNAE, new species
(Fig. 80, A—I; pl. 5, D)

Habit.—Living in pits in the bark.

Test of female-—Roughly circular, approximately 1 mm. in diameter. posterior
end usually slightly produced and turned forward: more or less convex dorsally,
with faint transverse striations. and sometimes with a faint longitudinal median
carina: nearly flat, or convex ventrally; bright greenish yellow, semitransparent,
shiny, punctate: marginal filaments whitish; larval exit at or close to end of
produced area.

Adult female.—Nearly circular, posterior end slightly produced ; approximately
0.95 mm. in diameter.

Margin: 8-shaped pores mostly in an irregularly double and single row ter-
minating around one-half length of apical seta from setal bases, 8-10 uw long and
5-8 wide, usually a pore’s length apart; quinquelocular pores in a single row
of 4-17 (usually 10-12) where each spiracular pore band meets margin.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores numerous; tubular ducts 28 u
long.

Ventral surface: Antenna short, with 2 setae as long as diameter of antenna:
beak apparently with 2 pairs of setae: spiracle with bar slightly expanded at
inner end; 21-45 quinquelocular pores extending from spiracle to body margin
in a row which is double or triple at opening but 8-12 pores wide at margin;
enlarged trilocular or quinquelocular pores replacing multilocular, in 2 rows of
1-3 each; dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores not observed; submarginal 8-shaped pores
usually in an irregularly double row terminating near anterior row of multi-
locular pores, at least aS numerous as corresponding marginal 8-shaped pores;
submarginal setae in a complete row terminating fairly near penultimate pair of
marginal 8-shaped pores: 1 or 2 pairs of setae in posterior row and 1 pair in
anterior row of enlarged quinquelocular pores, and 3 pairs anterior to those, the
latter uniformly spaced.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM igi

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical apparently 29 » long, interapical (entad of,
and anterior to, apical seta on ventral surface) 7.2 u long, outer ventral (some-
times present) about 6 uw long; anal opening ventral, circular, its margin sclerotized,
with 1 seta around 4 uw long on anterior edge.

Larva.—Eliptical.

Margin: 8-shaped pores absent; 2 pairs of setae anteriorly.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 9 or 10 and a lateral
row of 12, on each half of body, lateral pores slightly larger than submedian,
anterior pores of each row slightly larger than posterior pores; disk pores near

— jJateral 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 2 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-half length of antenna apart; beak setae,
3 pairs apical; anterior spiracle with 2 trilocular pores, posterior with 1; leg
setae, coxa 3, femur 1 on inner margin near base, tarsus 1 each on inner and
outer margins ; tibia one-fourth as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped
pores; 7 pairs of submarginal minute setae on abdomen, 1 pair of submarginal
larger setae at anterior end; 38 pairs of setae between antennae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 90 uw long, interapical 5.4 « long, outer ventral
5.6 » long: anal opening ventral, close to body margin, circular, its Margin
sclerotized, with 2 setae 4—-5.4 wu long on anterior edge.

Data—Described from unmounted specimens, 3 mounted females,
and 26 mounted larvae from Quercus cerris, Rekawinkel, near Vienna,
Austria, May 23, 1896, holotype and paratypes.

In the adult stage the double row of marginal 8-shaped pores dis-
tinguishes this species from all other known forms occurring on
Fagaceae except tokyonis. It differs from tokyon?s in many respects,
but particularly in lacking an anal ring having pores and six setae.
In the larvae the absence of marginal 8-shaped pores serves to sepa-
rate it from all other known species on oak except 7/2c7cola, but the latter

normally lacks dorsal 8-shaped pores whereas viennae has more than 40.

ASTEROLECANIUM VIRIDULUM Cockerell
(Fig. 80, J-Q; pl. 5, L)

Described by Cockerell in 1902 (24, p. 89) and redescribed by
Morrison in 1919 (72, pp. 66-67).

Habit.—tLiving on bark, either on flat surfaces or in shallow pits.

Test of female.—Circular or ovoid, 1.5—2 mm. in diameter to 1.5—2.5 mm. long
and 1.4-2 wide, posterior end usually slightly produced and elevated: convex
dorsally, slightly convex or flat ventrally; greenish or rather clear bright yellow,
transparent, smooth, shiny; marginal and dorsal filaments usually dirty white,
sometimes with a pale-golden tinge, the latter varying in length, none longer
than marginal, arranged in transverse rows except for a median longitudinal
group, median filaments as long aS any and having a low, crestlike appearance ;
elliptical larval exit in margin.

Adult female.—Cireular or ovoid, 1.3-1.9 mm. in diameter to 1.38-2.2 mm.
long and 1.4-1.8 wide, posterior end slightly produced.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a double or triple row (Sometimes posterior 5-10
pores in a Single row) terminating about length of an apical seta from setal
bases, 12-13 uw long and 8 wide, from the width to nearly twice the length of
a pore apart; the 2 rows from the width to the length of a pore apart; quin-
quelocular pores usually in a complete (sometimes briefly interrupted at anterior
end) single row terminating at a point removed by 9-26 pores from end of row
of 8-shaped pores, nearly or quite as numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores
of nearer row at ends of body, usually twice as numerous as that elsewhere:
disk pores along dorsal row of 8-shaped pores, much less numerous than the
latter.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaned pores sometimes in a median longitudinal row, and
tending toward arrangement in transverse rows elsewhere, the majority 12 «
long and 8 wide, a few 9 uw long and 6 wide; minute 8-shaped pores sparse; disk
pores fairly numerous; tubular ducts 32-84 u long.

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224 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Ventral surface: Antenna bluntly conical, with 2 setae about same length
as, and 2 longer than, diameter of antenna; 4 or 5 quinquelocular pores some-
times present between antenna and margin; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracu-
lar bar broad, and expanded at inner end; 20-30 quinquelocular pores extending
from spiracle to body margin in an irregularly single, double, or triple row;
multilocular pores, totaling 100-130 and with 8-14 (usually 9 or 10) loculi, in
6 complete and 1-3 interrupted rows, posterior and penultimate rows each with
15-20 pores, each of next 2 rows with 20-25, next with 15-20, anterior com-
plete row with 10-15, and each of the others with 2-6; 4-6 dark-rimmed 8-shaped
pores each side of mouth parts, a few scattered anterior to mouth parts, and
a few tending toward arrangement in 38 or 4 transverse rows near posterior
end of abdomen; submarginal 8-shaped pores usually in an irregularly singie
or double row, terminating near posterior row of multilocular pores, 1 or 2
opposite each marginal 8-shaped pore of nearer row; submarginal setae in
a complete row terminating with o beyond marginal 8-shaped pores; 2 pairs
of setae in posterior row of multilocular pores and 1 pair in each of the next
2 rows.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical
54-64 uw long, interapical 12.6 uw long, dorsal 3.4-7.2 uw long, intermediate ventral
5.4-7.2 uw long, outer ventral 9 w long; anal ring with 6 setae 45-52) w long and
with an inner row of 6 and an outer row of 16—20 pores, divided on dorsal and
ventral sides: ventral surface of apex slightly sclerotized and rugose.

Second stage-——Resembling adult female but smaller; margin with 8-shaped
pores in a Single row except at 1 or 2 points, where it may be irregularly double
for 2-4 pores, quinquelocular pores terminating at a point 5-10 8-shaped pores
from end of row of those pores, the row interrupted at anterior end, the pores
less numerous than corresponding 8-Shaped pores; dorsal surface with 8-shaped
pores less numerous than in adult, arranged in a double lateral and a submedian
row somewhat as in the larva, slightly smaller than marginal pores; ventral
surface with 4 or 5 quinquelocular pores in each spiracular row, submarginal
8-shaped pores in a single row; apex of abdomen as in adult but all setae about
one-fifth shorter.

Larva.—Nearly elongate elliptical, posterior end narrowed.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, posterior pores smallest, the others gradu-
ally increasing Slightly in size cephalad, axes of the posterior 6 pairs transverse,
of the others longitudinal; a minute seta near each pore of the posterior 3 pairs;
3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 8-10 (usually 9 or 10),
and a lateral row of 7-10 (usually 9), on each half of body, the pores of each
row nearly uniform in size, but the posterior one slightly smaller than anterior
pore, all smaller than marginal pores of same segments; disk pores between
lateral and marginal, and between lateral and submedian, 8-shaped pores; a pair
of minute setae near anterior pair of submedian 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2: IV, 1; V, 0; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae, 2
pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocular pore;
leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near pase and 1 each on inner and
outer margins near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-
half as long as tarsus; 8 pairs of submarginal 8-saaped pores of which 1 pair is
between the antennae; 11 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen, thorax,
and head, 1 pair of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae
between antennae.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes sometimes indicated; setae, apical
90 uw long, interapical 10.8-12.6 uw long, dorsal 4 uw long, intermediate ventral 3.6
uw long, outer ventral 7.2 u long; anal ring with 6 setae each 21.6 uw long, with an
inner row of 6 and an outer one of 12 pores, divided on dorsal side and tending
toward division on ventral; ventral surface of apex sclerotized in dentate rows.

Test of male.—Elliptical, with a minute notch at posterior end; 1 mm. long,
0.5-0.6 wide: nearly flat dorsally but slightly raised at anterior end, with a
faint median and lateral carina and transverse striations: flat or convex ven-
trally; greenish yellow, transparent, smooth, shiny; marginal and dorsal fila-
ments whitish, the latter apparently very short.

Adult male.—t1.75 mm. long.

Head: Antenna 10-segmented, formula (longest to shortest), (X), (III, IV),
(V),2CVE) 0 (11, Vi, VERE. PX) Gl):; -antennall setae; 5, Di-ghi tee alle ORV. avi
apparently 11; VJ, 12; VII, 7; VIII, 9; 1X, 10;,X,.15, slender and. S:very done;
basal bars very faint, slightly diagonal; 12 setae on ventral surface.

~ ral

EY

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM ype 5

Thorax: Bar between wing bases curved on anterior margin, slightly more
than twice as long as wide; tibia one-third longer than tarsus.

Abdomen: Five segments each with a seta dorsa!ly on lateral margin, 3 seg-
ments each with a seta in ventral submedian area; lobes strongly developed, each
with 1 long and 4 short setae; penis sheath with 1 pair of setae dorsally, with 6
setae on each side of ventral opening and many minute clear areas at tip.

Male nymph.—Distinguishing characters similar to those of adult male.

Third-stage male-—Resembling second stage but elliptical; dorsal 8-shaped
pores slightly more numerous than in earlier stage, legs represented by 3 pairs of
circular sclerotized areas each with a short, stout claw.

Data.—Redescribed from unmounted material from all but type lot,
and the following mounted specimens: Four females from “kind of
tronweed,” Tucuman, Argentina, L. Bruner, July 26, 1897, type; 2
females from Compositae, Campinas, Brazil, received from F. Noack,
1897; 3 females, Estaca, Rio Grande, Brazil, from H. von Ihering,
March 19, 1905; 19 females, 4 second-stage specimens, 6 larvae, 1 adult
male, 2 male nymphs, and 1 third-stage male from Hupatorium sp.,
Bompland, Misiones, Argentina, P. Jorgensen, July 1910, No. 819a; 8
females, 38 larvae, and 1 adult male from “Mio-mio” [| Baccharis coridi-
folia| (the scientific name was determined from the vernacular name
and not from identification of plant material), Corrientes, Argentina,
M. Kisliuk, June 20, 1927; 2 females from Vernonia sp., Santos, State
of Sao Paulo, Brazil, H. S. Fawcett, January 25, 1937, received from
A. Hempel.

Alhed to grandiculum.

ASTEROLECANIUM VITREUM, New species
(Fig. 81, A-G; pl. 5, C)

Habit.—Living on both surfaces of leaves.

Test of female-—Somewhat ovoid, posterior end sometimes very slightly pro-
duced ; 1-1.6 mm. long, 0.75-1.25 wide; convex dorsally, sloping to posterior end,
flat ventrally; bright lemon yellow, transparent, fairly thin; marginal filaments
whitish ; e!liptical larval exit in ventral surface at margin.

Adult female.—Ovoid or nearly circular, posterior end slightly produced ; 0.85-
1.35 mm. long, 0.6—1.25 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating twice to three times the
length of a posterior pore from bases of apical setae, around 10 uw long and 5.4 wide,
usually slightly less than a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores in a single
row terminating opposite a point 2-16 8-shaped pores from end of row of those
pores, the row complete, or interrupted at anterior end for a space opposite 2-15
8-shaped pores, usually about half as numerous as corresponding 8-shaped pores
near ends of row, as numerous as 8-shaped pores elsewhere.

Dorsal surface: Minute 8-shaped and disk pores fairly sparse; tubular ducts
very numerous, 18 yu long.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, slightly raised, with 2 setae longer and 1
much shorter than diameter of antenna; beak with 2 pairs of setae; spiracular
bar somewhat expanded at inner end; 4-12 quinquelocular pores between opening
of anterior spiracle and body margin, 3 or 4 of which may be in a rather irregu-
lar group near opening and the others extending toward, or actually attaining,
the body margin; with 2-6 quinquelocular pores, usually in a-rather loose group
outside opening of posterior spiracle and occasionally 1 or 2 toward body margin;
multilocular pores, having 9-13 loculi, in 6 or 7 complete and 2 or 3 interrupted
rows, with the anterior row in line with, or posterior to, the posterior spiracles;
posterior row with 3-6 pores, each of the next 3 rows with 9-17, next with
11-16, next with 5-18, next with 5-11, and each of interrupted rows with 1-5,
the total number being 69-98 ; 2-4 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak,
a few scattered on anterior end, and a few on abdomen some of which are
arranged in 3 or 4 transverse rows; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a rather
crowded single row (appearing double at some points) terminating near penulti-

286720—41——-15,

SP AO OEE a ee a as es
ar 6 = 3 = = === =

er as Zz

226 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

mate row of multilocular pores, nearly aS numerous as marginal 8-shaped pores;
submarginal setae in a complete row terminating near penultimate pair of mar-
ginal 8-shaped pores; 3-5 setae in posterior row of multilocular pores and 2
setae in each cf the next 2

Apex of abdomen: Lobes usually indicated; setae, apical (broken) apparently
80 u long, interapical 5.4 u long, inner ventral (nearly directly anterior to inter-
apical) 3.6-5.4 w long, outer ventral 5.4-7.2 mw long; anal opening in ventral
surface and margin, elongate, fairly slender; anal tube short, cylindrical, faintly
sclerotized thrcughout; anal ring a sclerotized unclosed band at end of anal
tube, with 2 setae 2 uw long, the ring broken on ventral side for about a fifth of its
circumference.

Second stage.—Resembling adult female but smaller; margin with 2 or 3 quin-
quelocular pores near each spiracular pore band; ventral surface with 3-5
quinquelocular pores between each spiracle aud body margin, dark-rimmed
8-shaped pores very Sparse, 2 pairs of setae observed in median abdominal area ;
apex of abdomen much as in adult, apical setae broken, others slightly shorter
than in adult, anal opening in ventral surface, not extending to margin, anal tube
very Short, anal ring as in adult.

Larva.—KElongate ovoid.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the anterior 2 pairs slightly larger than the
others, axes of all longitudinal; 3 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: One to 3 submedian 8-shaped pores on each half of body,
situated on head and thorax, practically the same size aS marginal pores of same
segments; minute 8-shaped pores in a lateral row of apparently 10-13 on each
half of body: disk pores in submarginal and submedian areas; a pair of small
setae near anterior pair of large 8-shaped pores.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 1; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, 3 fairly
stout, 2 slender; antennal bases one-third length of antenna apart; beak setae,
2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; anterior spiracle with 1 trilocular and 1 quinquelocu-
lar pore, posterior with none; leg setae, coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near
base and 1 on outer margin near center, tarsus 1 each on inner and outer mar-
gins; tibia around one-third as long as tarsus; 9 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped
pores: 10 pairs of Ssubmarginal minute setae, on abdomen, thorax, and head, 1
pair of submarginal larger setae at anterior end; 2 pairs of setae between anten-
nae and mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; setae, apical 54 u pone g, interapical 5 D4 uw
long, dorsal (present in only 1 of specimens examined) 2 mu long, inner ventral
3.6 u long, outer ventral 3.6-5.4 uw long; anal opening in ve entral surface and
margin; anal tube very short on ventral side, sclerotized throughout, slightly
smaller at opening and ring than in center; anal ring sclerotized, with 2 setae
5.4-6.2 uw long.

Data—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes) and the
following mounted material: Two females and 18 larvae, Maskell No.
44, Cockerell Collection, paratypes; 5 females and 1 second-stage speci-
men from Leptospermum sp., Motueka, New Zealand, from G. Brittin.
received in 1937, holotype and paratypes.

Although this species is quite distinct from the others treated in
this paper, it appears most closely related to victoriae.

ASTEROLECANIUM VULGARE, new species
(Qigk Silt v= ply Sa Ke)

Habit.—living on the lower surface of leaves.

Test of female.—Longer than wide, posterior end slightly produced ; 1-1.5 mm.
long, 0.65-1 wide; flat dorsally and ventrally ; pale brownish yellow, transparent,
fairly thin, slightly punctate; marginal and dorsal filaments very pale yellow.
the latter fairly numerous; circular larval exit in margin.

Adult female——Longer than wide, posterior end sometimes slightly produced ;
1-1.4 mm. long, 0.6—1 wide.

Margin: 8-Shaped pores in a single row terminating about one-half length of
an apical seta from setal bases, penultimate pore twice its own length to slightly
more than twice length of apical seta from posterior pore and a few pores just
anterior to penultimate pore, twice a pore’s length apart, the rest normally a
pore’s length apart, posterior pore 7-8 u long and 5 wide, penultimate and a

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 297

few pores anterior to it 8 w long and 6 wide, the others 10 » long and 6 wide;
disk pores dorsad of, and about as numerous as, 8-shaped pores, terminating
near posterior pair of 8-shaped pores.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in median, submarginal, and lateral areas, but
usually absent from a narrow submedian area posterior to mouth parts, arranged
roughly in transverse rows of about 6-10 each, 12 uw long and 7-8 wide; minute
8-shaped pores fairly numerous in median area, sparse elsewhere; disk pores
near majority of 8-shaped pores, 1 or 2 to an 8-Shaped_ pore, a few elsewhere;
tubular ducts 32 uw long; dorsal tubes present.

Ventral surface: Antenna circular, slightly raised, with 2 setae much longer
than diameter of antenna; beak without setae; spiracular bar expanded at inner
end; 3-7 quinquelocular pores in a loose group near spiracular opening, the
pores in excess of 4 in direction of body margin, but not reaching it; multilocular
pores, with 10 loculi, in 4 complete and 2 interrupted rows, posterior
row with 7-10 pores, penultimate with 8 or 9, next with 9-12, next with 5 or 6,
and each of interrupted rows with 1-4, the total number being 34-41; 1-3 dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of beak, a few anterior to mouth parts, a few
in lateral area of abdomen, and in 2 or 3 transverse rows among multilocular
pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a single row terminating near penultimate
row of multilocular pores, less numerous than corresponding marginal 8-shaped
pores; 6 pairs of submarginal setae on abdomen, the posterior pair around
one-half length of an apical seta from bases of apical setae: 1 pair of setae in
each of the posterior 3 rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch present; lobes indicated; setae, apical 76 w long,
interapical 9 uw long, inner ventral 5.4 uw long, outer ventral 7.2 uw long; anal ring
with 4 setae 32 wu long and two 36 uw long and with an inner row of 6 and an
outer one of apparently 14 pores, tending toward division on dorsal side; ventral
surface of apex weakly sclerotized in dentate rows.

Test of male.—Nearly elliptical, posterior end slightly pointed; 1.4 mm. long,
0.75 wide; slightly raised dorsally, without or with a very faint longitudinal
median carina; flat ventrally; pale yellow, transparent, very thin; marginal fila-
ments very pale yellow to whitish, longest at anterior end.

Adult male.—1.3 mm. long.

Head: Antenna 10-segmented, formula (longest to shortest). (1V), (WV), (III,
ep Va) ie, VA EX) CL LL)’; antennal. setae,1 44; Ey 17 + TIRXx,: 21-24:
X also with 1 stout and 4 very long; basal bars diagonal; 21 setae near ventral
eyespots.

Thorax: Bar between wing bases curved on anterior margin, nearly three times
as long as wide; tibia nearly as long as tarsus.

Abdomen: Five segments each with a seta dorsally on lateral margin, 3 seg-
ments each with a seta in submedian ventral area; each lobe area with 1 long
and usually 2 short setae; penis sheath with 2 pairs of setae dorsally near base
and 6 or 7 setae on each side of ventral opening.

Pata.—Described from unmounted material, six mounted females,
and two mounted adult males from Bambusa sp., Lung T’au Shan,
K’uk Kong district, Kwangtung, China, F. A. McClure, January 7,
1925, holotype and paratypes.

This species closely resembles chinae, but it lacks marginal quinque-
locular pores and the spiracular quinquelocular pores are arranged
differently than in chinae.

ASTEROLECANIUM ZANTHENES, new species

(Fig. 82, A-M; fig. 83, A; fig. 84, A-G; pl. 2, C)
Treated by Leonardi in 1920 (57, pp. 244-246) as A. thesii (Doug-
las).

Habit.—Living on twigs, stems, and leaf petioles and occurring on flat surfaces
or in shallow pits.

Test of female.—Longer than wide, sometimes slightly pyriform, posterior end
elevated and often turned forward; 2-2.5 mm. long, 1.5-2.15 wide: eonvex dor-
sally, flat ventrally; brownish or pale clear yellow, translucent, rather thick,
slightly punctate; marginal filaments whitish; dorsal filaments in a tuft along

FP a2

a

PD AT LET a

F

-

APE oS ET

228 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

median line, and sometimes scattered from there to margin, whitish or pale yellow,
median filaments twice as long as marginal, the rest shorter than marginal; larval
exit elongate elliptical, in margin.

Adult female.—Broadly ovoid, 1.9—2.4 mm. long, 1.25-1.75 wide.

Margin: 8-shaped pores in a distinctly or irregularly double row (rarely in a
triple row at some point in lateral area and usually irregularly single for around
posterior 15 pores), terminating once or twice a pore’s length from bases of
apical setae, 12-16 uw long and 8-9 wide, the pores of each row around a pore’s
length apart and the 2 rows around a pore’s width apart; quinquelocular pores
usually absent but rarely 1-8 near points where spiracular pore bands meet
margin; disk pores dorsad of, and about half as numerous as, 8-shaped pores of
dorsal row, terminating near anal opening, also occurring ventrad of, and termi-
nating with, the 8-shaped pores, approximately one-fourth as numerous as
8-shaped pores of nearer row.

Dorsal surface: 8-Shaped pores in 4-6 groups along median line and sometimes
seattered between those groups and margin, tending toward arrangement in
transverse rows, the pores in median groups 16-18 u long and 9 wide, the others
12-14 w long and 8 wide; minute 8-shaped pores absent in specimens having
8-shaped pores scattered over surface, numerous and scattered between median
8-shaped pores and margin in other specimens; disk pores numerous; tubular
ducts 40 u long.

Ventral surface: Antenna irregularly circular, sometimes sunken in derm,
with 2 setae slightly longer and 1-6 shorter than diameter of antenna; beak with
2 pairs of setae; spiracle with bar subcircular, a sclerotized area extending
from bar around opening, 5—7 quinquelocular pores in sclerotized area and 38-58
similar pores extending to body margin in a double to quadruple row, a total
of 45—64 in group and row and along margin ; multilocular pores, with 7-13 (usually
10 or 11) loculi, in 3 complete rows of 9-16 each, the total ranging from 32-47;
4-8 dark-rimmed 8-shaped pores each side of mouth parts, a few scattered on
anterior end, and others arranged in 7 or 8 transverse rows posterior to mouth
parts; minute submarginal 8-shaped pores in an irregularly double, triple, or quad-
ruple row terminating near a transverse line drawn through anterior row of
multilocular pores, interrupted near antennae, but continued. between them,
2-4 opposite every other marginal 8-shaped pore of adjacent row ; 3 or 4 disk pores
present in each spiracular pore band and 1-4 in each row of multilocular pores;
submarginal setae in a complete row terminating opposite a point 3 or 4 pores
from end of row of marginal 8-shaped pores; 2, or rarely 3, setae each in
posterior and penultimate rows of multilocular pores.

Apex of abdomen: Notch small; setae, apical 92-100 uw long, interapical 40 u
long, dorsal 20-24 uw long, inner ventral 7.2-8 w long, intermediate ventral 8-9 u
long, outer ventral 12-16 uw long; anal ring with 6 setae 72-76 uw long and with
around 36 pores; ventral surface of apex heavily sclerotized around inner ventral
setae, Surrounding area sclerotized in dentate rows.

Larva.—Somewhat ovoid or broadly elliptical.

Margin: With 28 8-shaped pores, the posterior 6 pairs distinctly smaller than
next 7 pairs, which are slightly smaller than the anterior pair, axes of the
posterior 6 pairs transverse, of the others longitudinal; a minute seta close to
each pore of the posterior 4 pairs; 4 pairs of setae at anterior end.

Dorsal surface: 8-shaped pores in a submedian row of 7-10 on each half of
body, posterior pores very slightly smaller than anterior, all slightly smaller than
marginal pores of same segments; disk pores occurring rather close to marginal
8-shaped pores and a few fairly close to dorsal 8-shaped pores; a small seta
anterior to each anterior 8-shaped pore.

Ventral surface: Antennal setae, I, 2; IV, 1; V, 1; VI, 2 long, 2 stout, ap-
parently 3 fairly stout, 2 slender ; antennal bases one-fifth length of antenna apart;
beak setae, 2 pairs apical, 1 pair basal; spiracle with 1 trilocular pore; leg setae,
coxa 4, femur 1 on inner margin near base and 1 each on inner and outer margins
near center, tarsus 2 on inner and 1 on outer margin; tibia one-half as long as
tarsus; 7 pairs of submarginal 8-shaped pores, none present between antennae;
9 pairs of submarginal minute setae, on abdomen and thorax, 3 pairs of sub-
marginal larger setae at anterior end; 3 pairs of setae between antennae and
mouth parts.

Apex of abdomen: Setae, apical 135 uw long, interapical 36-41 wu long, dorsal 7.2
u long, inner ventral 7.2-9 uw long, intermediate ventral 410.8 u long, outer ventral
10.8-14.4 uw long ; anal ring with 6 setae 32-35 u long and with an inner row of 6 and
an outer row of 12 pores.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 229

Data.—Described from unmounted specimens (paratypes) and the
following mounted material: Six females and 19 larvae from
Phagnalon annoticum, near Ragusa, Dalmatia, Yugoslavia, O. Jaap,
March 25, 1914, No. 217, including holotype; 3 females and 8 larvae
from Pittosporum tobira, Sardinia, Chermotheca Italica IV, No. 87;
3 females and 14 larvae on Coronilla valentina, Menton, France, April
6, 1863, U. S. N. H.; 1 female and 2 larvae from Phagnalon saxatile,
Algeria, A. Balachowsky, December 25, 1926, from E. E. Green; 1
female and 6 larvae from Salvia sp., Antioch, Syria, F. H. Boden-
heimer, 1933, from A. Balachowsky; 1 female and 1 larva from
Pittosporum sp., Palermo, Italy, Chermotheca Italica, received from
E. E. Green in 1933; 1 female and 6 larvae from Pittosporum sp.,
Naples, Italy, and 1 female and 2 larvae from Templetonia sp., Paler-
mo, Italy, received from F. Silvestri in May 1934.

Closely related to arabidis, fimbriatum, launeae, nevadense, and
stentae, but differing from each of these in lacking a marginal row
of quinquelocular pores.

SPECIES UNKNOWN TO THE AUTHOR
ASTEROLECANIUM BORNMUELLERI Rubsaamen

Described in 1902 (82, pp. 314-316, 336) from specimens collected
on Quercus persica in South Persia, in the Province of Farsistan near
Myan-Kotel, between Schiraz and Kaserun.

Although the description is incomplete, the writer is of the opinion
that this is a valid species, and is not a synonym of variolosum as
Lindinger stated in 1912 (61, p. 360).

ASTEROLECANIUM CERIFERUM variety PROMINENS Green

This variety, described in 1909 (42, p. 326) from specimens collected
on Oxytenanthera thwaitesii, Nuwara Eliya, Ceylon, is said to differ
from the typical form “principally in the form of the female test,
which, seen in profile, slopes distinctly upwards to the posterior ex-
tremity.” The author adds, “Structure of adult female as in type:
the marginal paired pores slightly larger and more distinct.” Unless
there are other differences between the two, the validity of ceriferwm
prominens is questionable.

ASTEROLECANIUM CONIMBRIGENSE Coutinho Saraiva

Described in 1936 (28, pp. 1-18) from specimens collected on
Quercus humilis and Q. hybrida, presumably from near Coimbra,
Portugal. Ceutinho Saraiva states that this species is closely related
to seabrai (see discussion under seabrai on p. 231).

LECANIUM EBURNEUM Heyden

Described in 1860 (52, p. 90) from specimens collected on Hedera
helix, Neuchatel, Switzerland. Mayr, in 1876 (71, p. 759), discussed
some parasites of Coccus eburneus Heyden, and Lindinger, in 1935
(63, p. 130), indicated that the name eburneum proposed by Heyden
and used by Mayr was a synonym of fimbriatum. The species is un-

230 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

recognizable from the description. If the insect actually belongs to
A sterolecanium there is greater possibility of its being identical with
arabidis than with any other species. In case Heyden’s specimens are
found and prove to be the same as arabidis the name eburneum would
have priority.

ASTEROLECANIUM FLAVOCILIATUM Green

Deseribed in 1909 (42, p. 322) from specimens found on small
branches of Arwndinaria, usually concealed beneath the leaf sheaths,
from Pundaluoya, Ceylon. The species appears to be rather similar
to coronatum.

ASTEROLECANIUM GRANDE (Newstead)

Described in 1894 (74, pp. 179-183) in the genus Pollinia, from
specimens collected on a grasslike plant in Baluchistan; placed in
Asterolecanium by various workers including Fernald (32, p. 61).
The species 1s not recognizable from the original description.

ASTEROLECANIUM HANCOCKI Laing

Described in 1929 (56, pp. 466-407), from specimens found on the
bark of coffee, Kuvezeke, Uganda. Laing stated, “Scattered fairly
thickly throughout ventral surface are small 8-shaped pores about
half the size of marginal series, while on dorsal surface are numerous
circular pores slightly larger than those of marginal series, indefinitely
arranged immediately in front of anal setae, but on each of the pre-
ceding five segments there is a single transverse discontinuous series.”
On the basis of analogy with other species it seems likely that the
8-shaped pores of this form are on the dorsal surface rather than the
ventral, and that the “circular pores” (doubtless multilocular) are on
the ventral surface.

ASTEROLECANIUM LORANTHI Green

Described in 1922 (46, p. 1036), from a single specimen collected on
Loranthus neelgherrensis, Hakgala, Ceylon. The species appears to
resemble Uitseae.

ASTEROLECANIUM MINUTUM Green (Ms.)

In 1930 (79, p. 55), Ramakrishna Ayyar applied the name Astero-
lecanum minutum Green (Ms.) to specimens collected on bamboo
leaves, Dhone Valley, Malabar. The name has not been validated
and it is now preoccupied, Takahashi having described a species under
the name minutum in 1930 (93, pp. 19-11). Specimens bearing the
above data have been examined by the writer and it is her opinion
that they do not belong in Asterolecanium, but represent an unde-
scribed species of Polea.

ASTEROLECANIUM MORINI Mamet

Described in 1987 (66, p. 176) from specimens collected on Pentas
carnea, Port Louis, Mauritius. From the description and figures,

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 231

this species appears very similar to pustulans, but Mamet mentioned
and illustrated only four rows of multilocular pores, and only three
pairs of setae on the apex of the abdomen. Although the name
morini may be a synonym of pustulans, the available information
does not warrant its suppression.'®

ASTEROLECANIUM PUDIBUNDUM Green

Described from specimens found on Arundinaria, Pundaluoya, Cey-
lon, in 1909 (42, p. 323). It apparently is allied to such forms as
ceriferum, elongatum, proboscidis, and scirrosis,

ASTEROLECANIUM PYRIFORME (Froggatt), new combination

Described as Cerococcus pyriformis in 1915 (35, p. 1057) but doubt-
less belonging to Asterolecanium, judging from the presence of the
marginal filaments on the test, and the occurrence of six hairs on the
anal ring. The species is unrecognizable from the description.

ASTEROLECANIUM REHI Rubsaamen

In 1902 (S81, p. 62) the name Asterolecanium rehi was given to speci-
mens collected from Globularia salicina in Funchal, Madeira. Riib-
saamen stated that the insect was bright yellow, but gave no further
descriptive notes and no illustrations. Lindinger listed the name as a
synonym of fimbriatum and also as a nomen nudum (61, p. 164).
Since it is impossible to consider the name a nomen nudum or to be
certain of the identity of the form, the name veh is retained as repre-
senting an unknown species. The writer believes, however, that the
name may be synonymous with some older one, though not with
fimbriatum.

ASTEROLECANIUM SEABRAI Coutinho Saraiva

Described in 1936 (27, pp. 1-31) from specimens collected on Quercus
faginea near Coimbra, Portugal. From the descriptions of this species
and conimbrigense (28, pp. 1-18) it appears that these insects show a
stage in the evolution of the genus which has neither been recorded by
other workers nor observed by the present writer. The adult females
are said to have two minute setae on the anal ring, while the larvae
have six long ring setae. The writer has not observed any species of
Asterolecanium whose larvae have six anal ring setae the adults of
which have a different number than the larvae. The discovery of two
species exhibiting such development is very interesting.

ASTEROLECANIUM TENAX Bodenheimer

Described and illustrated in 1929 (4, pp. 111-112, pl. 23, figs. 47-49),
from specimens collected in twig notches of Z’@marix at Wadi Nasib,
Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. A. tenax is said to have a double row of
marginal 8-shaped pores and many marginal and spiracular simple

18Since the preparation of this publication, Mamet has elevated the variety pustulans
seychellarwm Green to specific rank and, after comparing specimens, has synonymized
morini with seychellarum (Roy. Ent. Soc., London Proc., Ser. B, Taxonomy 8: 238-239,
1939). The present writer has already pointed out (see p. 165) that, in her opinion.
seychellarum is a synonym of pustulans and Mamet’s reasons for changing the status of
the varietal name do not alter this opinion. It therefore seems necessary to consider
morini, as Well as seychellarum, synonymous with pustulans.

=

ee ON NE ES. Oe eee

(REET tan EZ

232 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

pores, and to lack anal ring and apical setae. The absence of apical
setae is questionable because they are present in all other known
species, although they are sometimes very short.

ASTEROLECANIUM TENUISSIMUM Green

Described from specimens collected on both surfaces of leaves of
bamboo from Udagama and Yatiyantota, Ceylon, in 1909 (42, p. 318).
The species appears to resemble penicillatum, pseudolanceolatum, and
solenophoroides, but it differs from them in having three instead of
four pairs of setae on the apex of the abdomen, and in having several
multilocular pores, instead of two quinquelocular pores, near the gen-
ital opening.

ASTEROLECANIUM TUMIDUM Green

Described in 1909 (42, p. 330), from specimens found on leaves of
bamboo, Udagama, Ceylon. The species appears to be rather similar
to exiguum and udagamae.

LITERATURE CITED

(1) AUDOUIN, J. V.
1836. SEANCE DU 6 AVRIL 1836. Soc. Ent. de France Bul. 1836: xxix—xxx.
(2) BALACHOWSRY, A.

1932. ETUDE BIOLOGIQUE DES COCCIDES DU BASSIN OCCIDENTAL DE LA MEDI-
TERANEE. Encyclopédie Entomologique, ser. A, xv, 214+1]xxi pp.,
illus.

(3)

1935. SUR UNE COCHENILLE NOUVELLE DE LA SIERRA NEVADA (ANDALOUSIE).
Soc. Ent. de France Bul. 40: 239-242, illus.
(4) BopENHEIMER, F. S.
1929. B. DIE COCCIDENFAUNA DER SINAI-HALBINSEL. Jn Bodenheimer, Fried-
rich Simon, and Theodor, Oskar, Ergebnisse der Sinai-Expedition,
1927, pp. 104-117, illus.
(5) Botspuvau, [J. B. A.].
1868. LES KERMES. Insect. Agr. 2: 84-95, illus.

1868. LES KERMES. Insect. Agr. 2: 127.

1868. CONFERENCE FAITE LE 18 AOUT PAR LE DR. BOISDUVAL, AU PALAIS DE
L’INDUSTRIE, SUR LES INSECTES QUI ONT RAVAGE LES PLANTES
EXPOSEES PAR MM. BUREL EY RIVIERE. Insect. Agr. 2: 266-283.

(8)

1868. NOTE SUR DEUX COCCIDES NOUVELLES TROUVEES PAR M. BUREL DANS LES
SERRES CHAUDES A PARIS. Insect. Agr. 2: 301.

(9)
1869. NOTE SUR DEUX ESPECES NOUVELLES DE COCCIDES VIVANT SUR LES
BAMBOUS CULTIVATES AU JARDIN DU HAMMA. Insect. Agr. 3: 260-262.
(10) BoucHs, P. Fr.
1844. BEITRAGH ZUR NATURGESCHICHTE DER SCHARLACHLAUSE (COCCINA).
a Stettin. Ent. Ztg. 5: 298-302.
(11)

1851. NEUE ARTEN DER SCHILDLAUS-FAMIIIE. Stettin. Ent. Ztg. 12: 110-112.
(12) Brain, CHAS. K.
1920. THE COCCIDAE OF SOUTH AFRICA—Iv. Bul. Ent. Res. 10: 95-128, illus.
(13) Brick, C.
1909. XI. BERICHT UBER DIE TATIGKEIT DER ABTEILUNG FUR PFLANZENSCHUTZ
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1892. LIST OF COCCIDAE OBSERVED EV JAMAICA. Insect Life 4: 333-334.

a

(26)

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THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 233

COCKERELL, T. D. A.
1892. coccIDAE OF JAMAICA. Jour. Inst. Jamaica 1: 142-143.

1893. A LIST OF WEST INDIAN CoccIDAE. Jour. Inst. Jamaica 1: 252-256.

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a)

EO TL EF

OE It y
—— so ~

APPR 1 OT eee PP EE inthe poe

234 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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(40)

(41)

(42)

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THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 235

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illus. \

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

ILLUSTRATIONS

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FIGURE 2.—Asterolecanium abiectum: A, section of margin, X 900: |]
60; C, genital and anal area, X 650: D. antenna ; B, marginal 8-shaped pore: ?.
dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; G, disk pore; H, submarginal 8-shaped pore: /
tubular duct. A. acaciae: J, outline, « 87; K, genital and anal area, X 330:
ZL, minute dorsal 8-shaped pore: M. dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore: N. submarginal
8-shaped pore: 0. disk pore; P, section of margin :
pore; S, quinquelocular pore,

Q, antenna: R. multilocular
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| 238 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
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| x 460; C, section of margin, X 650; D, antenna; H, dorsal 8-Shaped pore;

F, marginal 8-shaped pore; G, minute dorsal 8-shaped pore; H, disk pore; J,

submarginal 8-shaped pore; J, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; A, tubular duct.
A. adjunctum: L, section of margin, X 650; M, antenna; WN, genital and anal
area, X 3830; O, outline, X 165; P, marginal 8-shaped pore; Q, R, S, dorsal
8-shaped pores; 7’, disk pore; U, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; V, minute dorsal
8-shaped pore; W, submarginal 8-shaped pore; X, tubular duct; Y, multilocular
pore; Z, quinquelocular pore.

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THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 239

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.

Figure 4.—Asterolecanium agavis: A, outline, X 60; B. section of margin; C,
tubular duct; D, antenna; EZ, multilocular pore; F, G, marginal quinquelocular
and small multilocular pore; H, submarginal seta; I. dorsal 8-Shaped pore; J,
disk pore; K, genital and anal area, X 460. A. algeriense: L, genital and anal
area, X 165; M, multilocular pore; Y, quinquelocular pore; O, antenna.

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240 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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Ficure 5.—Asterolecanium algeriense: A, outline, X 40; B, section of margin, X
500; CO, section of submargin showing submarginal 8-shaped pores, x 500; D,
spiracle, X 500. <A. amboinae: EF, genital and anal area, X 650; F, outline, X
87: G, antenna; H, dorsal 8-shaped pore; J, section of margin, X 650; J,
tubular duct.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 24]

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OV

Ficture 6.—Asterolecanium arabidis: A, outline, X 40; B. spiracle. X O00 : C,
multilocular pore; D, quinquelocular pore, E. antenna: F, genital and al
area. X 90: G, section of margin, X 500: H,. minute dorsal 8-shay ed pore
submarginal 8-shaped pore. A. bambusae: J, outline, X 70: K. submargina!
seta: L. submarginal 8-shaped pore; IM, disk pore; N. dark-rimmed 8-shap
pore; O, minute dorsal 8-shaped pore.

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242 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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Figure 7.—Asterolecanium bambusae: A, genital and anal area, X 460; B, section
of margin, X 815; C, dorsal tube; D, antenna; #, multilocular pore; F, quin-
quelocular pore; G, tubular duct. A. bambusicola: H, antenna; J, genital and
anal area, X 230; J, tubular duct; K, outline, x 70; L, section of margin, X
650; M, submarginal seta; N, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; O, disk pore; P,
submarginal 8-shaped pore.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 243

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Fictre 8.—Asterolecanium bellum: A, outline, X 87; B, tubular duct; C, section
of margin; D, antenna; FE, F, G, dorsal 8-shaped pores; H, marginal 8-shaped
pore; I, disk pore; J, quinquelocular pore; K. multilocular pore: L, genital
and anal area, X 460. A. boliviac: M, outline, X 87; N, tubular duct; O,
genital and anal area, X 460; P. antenna: Q, multilocular pore; R, quinqueloc-
ular pore; S, section of margin; T, spiracle ; U, submarginal 8-shaped pore; F,
minute dorsal 8-shaped pore.

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244 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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.

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FicurE 9.—Asterolecanium borboniae: A, outline, X 87; B, genital and anal area,
< 165; C, antenna; D, marginal 8-shaped pore; EH, dorsal 8-shaped pore; F,.
mu!tilocular pore; G, H, quinquelocular pores. A. borneense: I, outiine,
xX 115; J, genital and anal area, X 650; K, antenna; L, dorsal 8-shaped pore ;
M, marginal 8-shaped pore; N. section of margin, X 530; O, tubular duct;
P, @, minute dorsal 8-shaped pores.

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Ficure 10.—Asterolecanium brachylende: A, outline, « GO= 2; a iy i.
section of margin, X 650; D, antenna, H, genital and anal area, a Sneee
brevispinum: F, antenna; G, anal area, X 650 : H, i. dark-1 rye ng -
pores; J, K, disk pores; L, spiracle, X 530; UM, section “s geen i.
submarginal seta; O, quinquelocular pore; P, multilocular pore.

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Ais 246 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Figure 11.—Asterolecanium brevispinum: A, outline, X 50. A. brunetae: B,
submarginal 8-shaped pore; C, marginal 8-shaped pore: D, dorsal 8-shaped
pore; H#, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; F, disk pore; G, section of margin, X
650; H, antenna; J, tubular duct; J, genital and anal area, X 650; K, outline,
xX 175; L, quinqueloeular pore.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 247

Ky >

Ficure 12.—Asterolecanium captiosum: A, outline, X 60; B, genital and anal
area, X 230; C, antenna; D, marginal 8-shaped pore; B, section of margin, X
230: F. tubular duct; G, disk pore; H, minute dorsal 8-shaped pore; J, submar-
ginal 8-shaped pore; J, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; A, quinquelocular pore.
A. castaneae: L, outline, X 175: M, section of margin, X 330: N, tubular duct;
O, 8-shaped pore; P, genital and anal area, X 120: Q. multilocular pore: R,
quinquelocular pore; S, 7, U, minute dorsal 8-shaped pores: V. antenna: W,
dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore: X. submarginal 8-shaped pore; ¥, disk pore.

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248 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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Figure 13.—Asterolecanium caudatum: A, outline, X 87; B, section of margin
and ventral submarginal area, 650; C, genital and anal area, X 460; D,
antenna; H, marginal 8-shaped pore; F, dorsal 8-shaped pore. A. ceriferwm
ceriferum: G, outline, X 115; H. genital and anal area, X 230; J, spirable; J,
marginal 8-shaped pore; K, ventral 8-shaped pore; ZL, section of margin, X
750; M, antenna.

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Figure 14.—Asterolecanium chinae: A, outline, X 60: B, genital and ana!
x 830; C, section of margin, X 650; D, antenna; f
marginal 8-shaped pore; G, H, I, disk pores. A. circulare: J, outline, X lle:
K, genital and anal area, X 150: L, section of margin and ventral submarginal
area, X 650; M, dorsal tube; NV, antenna; O, disk pere; P. 8-shaped pore: @.
tubular duct.

oY >
aita

BH. dorsal 8-Shaped pore: fF,

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250 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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Ficurn 15.—Asterolecanium coffeae: A, outline, X 87; B, section of margin, X

650; CG, genital and anal area, X 330; D, antenna; ZH, tubular duct; 7, multi-
locular pore; G, quinquelocular pore; H, minute dorsal 8-shaped pore; J, disk
pore; J, Submarginal 8-shaped pore; K, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore. A. con-
spicuum: L, outline, X 87; J, dorsal 8-shaped pore; N, marginal 8-shaped
pore; O, antenna; P, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; Q, section of margin, X 460;
R, disk pore; S, submarginal 8-shaped pore.

S. Hohe De Bord

Ficure 16.—Asterolecanium conspicuum: A, genital and anal area, xX Sdo. ues
corallinum: B, genital and anal area, X Boose. claw ; D, antenna ; 4, outline,
X< 87; F, section of margin and ventral submarginal area, X 650; G, tubular
duct ; H, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore ; I, submarginal 8-shaped pore ; J, minut e
dorsal 8-shaped pore; K, disk pore; L, multilocular pore; M, quinqueloc ular
pore. A. coronatum: N, genital and anal area, X 650.

DO TP DT ME EP POEL Oe Fre

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252 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S.

DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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FicurE 17.—Asterolecanium coronatum: A, outline, X 120; B, section of margin,
xX 900; C, antenna; D, anterior spiracle, X 900; HE, posterior spiracle, X 900.
A. cristatum: F, antenna; G, genital and anal area, X 345; H, outline, X 60;
I, tubular duct; J, section of margin, X 650; AK, multilocular pore; L, quinque-
locular pore; M, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; N, submarginal 8-shaped pore; O,
disk pore.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 253

Figure 18.—Asterolecanium degeneratum: A, genital and anal area, X 900; B, C,
multilocular pores; D, outline, X 165; E, antenna; F, section of margin, X 530 :
G, trilocular pore; H, quinquelocular pore; J, spiracile; J, 8-shaped pore. A.
delicatum: K, outline, X 60; L, genital and anal area, X 230; M, antenna: N,
section of margin, X 900.

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954 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FigurE 19.—Asterolecanium difficile: A, genital and anal area, X 650; B, outline,
115; C, antenna; D, 8-shaped pore; E, section of margin, X 650; F, spiracle;
G, multilocular pore; H, trilocular pore. A. disiunctum: I, outline, < 87; J,
genital and anal area, X 650; K, claw; ZL, antenna; MV, section of margin, X
650; NV, marginal 8-shaped pore; O, dorsal 8-shaped pore; P, tubular duct.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

S. Hohe DeBard

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Figure 20.—Asterolecanium distinctum: A, section of margin, X 650; B, antenna
C, spiracle, X 815; D, genital and anal area, X 460; E, outline, X 60: F. G.
dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore, two views; H, disk pore; J, submarginal 8-shaped
pore; J, dorsal 8-shaped pore; AK, marginal 8-shaped pore; L, M, tubular duct,
two views; N, internal duct; O, multilocular pore; P, cones and anal opening,

cross section. A. elongatum: Q, C

section of margin, X 3830; R, antenna; S
marginal 8-shaped pore; 7, dorsal 8-shaped pore; U, genital and anal area, X
175.

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256 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Figure 21.—Asterolecanium elongatum: A, outline, X 165; B, tubular duct. A.
epacridis: C, tubular duct; D, outline, X 60; #, genital an anal area, X 380;
F, spiracle; G, antenna; H, section of margin, X 650; J, multilocular pore; J,
quinquelocular pore; K, minute dorsal 8-shaped pore; L, dark-rimmed 8-shaped
pore; M, disk pore; N, Submarginal 8-shaped pore.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM PAY |

Ficure 22.—Asterolecanium epidendri: A, section of margin, X $00; B, antenna,
’ multilocular pore; F,

C, genital and anal area, X 380; D, outline, X 60; £E,
quinquelocular pore; G, tubular duct. A. cuphorbiae: H, section of margin, X
900; J, antenna; J, outline, X 60; A, tubular duct: LZ, submarginal seta. A.

euryopis: M, spiracle, X 530.

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Figure 23.—Asterolecanium euphorbiae: A, genital and anal area, X 3830. A.

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euryopis: B, tubular duct; 0, outline, X 60; D, H, 8-shaped pores; F’, multi-
locular pore; G, H, spiracular multilocular and quinquelocular pores, respec-
tively; J, genital and anal area, X 230; J, antenna. A. exiguum: K, genital
and anal area, X 650; ZL, tubular duct; 3/7, multilocular pore; N, quinqueloc-
ular pore.

ie i all

~~ o

FicureE 24.—Asterolecanium cviguum: A, outline, X 165: B, spiracle; C, antenna ;
D. section of margin. A. fimbriatum: E, tubular duct; F, outline, X 60; G,
genital and anal area, X 230; H, spiracle, X 530; J, antenna, xX 530; J, section
of margin, X 460; K, quinquelocular pore ; L, submarginal 8-shaped pore ; M,
multilocular pore; NV, disk pore.

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. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Ficure 25.—Asterolecanium flagellariae: A, outline, X 115; B, section of margin;
C, antenna ; D, genital and anal area, X 650; EH, spiracle, X 1500; F, submarginal
seta; G, multilocular pore; H, tubular duct. <A. florum: J, outline, X 115; J,
genital and anal area, X 460; K, section of margin, X 460; LZ, multilocular
pore; M, quinquelocular pore; N, minute dorsal 8-Shaped pore; O, submarginal
8-shaped pore; P, antenna.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 261

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FicureE 26.—Asterolecanium fusum: A, outline, X 100; B, genital and anal area,
xX 900; C, section of margin, X 900; D, antenna. A. garciniae: E, genital and
anal area, X 345; F, antenna; G, outline, X 60; H, multilocular pore; J, quin-
quelocular pore: J, section of margin, X 650; K, submarginal seta.

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wr sin’

FIGURE 27.—Asterolecanium gemmae: A, outline, X 100; B, section of margin, X
900; C, genital and anal area, X 900; D, antenna; H, disk pore; F, quinque-
locular pore; G, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; H, minute dorsal 8-shaped pore;
If submarginal 8-shaped pore; J, spiracle. A. gilvum: K, outline, X 165; L,
genital and anal area, X 330; M, section of margin, X 900; N, spiracle, <X 900;
O, antenna; P, trilocular pore; Q, disk pore; R, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore;
S, minute dorsal 8-shaped pore; 7, submarginal 8-shaped pore.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 263

Ficure 28.—Asterolecanium grandiculum: A, outline, X 87; B, antenna; C, section
of margin, X 800; D, genital and anal area, X 230; E, tubular duct. A. gutta:
F, G, multilocular pores; H, genital and anal area, X 330; J, quinquelocular
pore; J, anal ring, X 750; K, antenna; ZL, disk pore; M, submarginal 8-shaped
pore.

264 MISC.

FIGURE 29.—A sterolecaniwm gutta: A, outline, X 50; B, section of margin, X 650;
C, submarginal 8-shaped pore; D, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; E, minute dorsal
8-shaped pore; F, marginal 8-shaped pore. A. hakeae: G, outline, X 60; H,
genital and anal area, X 230; J, section of margin, X 650; J, antenna. A.
hemisphaericum: K, dorsal tube; L, section of margin, X 460; M, submarginal
seta; NV, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore near beak; O, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore
on abdomen.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 265

Ficure 30.—Asterolecanium hemisphaericum: A, outline, X 50; B, spiracle, X
460; C, genital and anal area, X 230; D, antenna; FE, tubular duct. A. hilli:
F, spiracle; G, outline, x 60; H, genital and anal area, X 330; J, multilocular
pore; J, trilocular pore; K, 8-shaped pore; L, section of margin, X 650; M,
antenna.

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2966 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

$. Hoke Deford

FicurE 31.—Asterolecanium horishae: A, outline, X 115; B, section of margin, X
650; C, marginal 8-shaped pore; D, dorsal 8-shaped pore; H, antenna; F, genital
and anal area, X 460; G, tubular duct. A. ilicicola: H, multilocular pore; J,
quinquelocular pore; J, outline, X 60; K, genital and anal area, X 230; L,
antenna; M, section of margin, X 650; N, tubular duct. A. imconspicuwm: O,
minute dorsal 8-Shaped pore; P, marginal 8-shaped pore; Q, antenna; R, sub-
marginal seta; S, tubular duct; 7, multilocular pore.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 267

S. Hoke DeBord

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Fieure 32.—Asterolecanium inconspicuum: A, outline, X 115; B, genital and
anal area, X 460. A. ingae: C, anal ring, X 750; D, spiracle, X 900; F, section
of margin, X 650; F, outline, X 100; G, antenna; H, genital and anal area, > 4
460.

268 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

SPs
9806 6006

FIGURE 33.—Asterolecanium inlabefactum: A, outline, X 100; B, genital and anal
area, X 220; C, spiracle; D, antenna; H, section of margin: F, tubular duct.
A. inusitatum: G, spiracle; H, antenna; J, outline, X 100; J, tubular duct; K,
trilocular pore; LZ, quinquelocular pore; M, multilocular pore.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 269

Figure 34.—Asterolecanium inusitatum: A, section of margin; B, genital and
anal area, X 220. A. japonicum: C, outline, X 87; D, antenna; 2H, section of
margin, X 650; F, genital and anal area, X 460; G, submarginal seta; H,
multilocular pore; I, quinquelocular pore; J, trilocular pore; K, tubular duct-
A. javae: L, genital and anal area, X 230; M, multilocular pore; V, quinque-
locular pore: O. tubular duct.

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927() MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Figure 35.—Asterolecanium javae: A, outline, X 60; B, section of margin and
ventral submarginal area, X 990; C, antenna. A. lacrimula: D, claw; #,
genital and anal area, X 345; F, outline, X 87; G, H, I, J, marginal quinque-
locular, trilocular, and small multilocular pores; K, enlarged ventral quinque-
locular pore; LZ, antenna; M, section of margin, X 650.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 271

Figure 36.—Asterolecanium longum: A, antenna; B, marginal 8-shaped pore; C,
genital and anal area, X 460; D. outline, X 87; FE, tubular duct. A. largum:
F’, tubular duct; G, outline, X 50; H, antenna; J, section of margin, X 230; d,
genital and anal area, X 330; A, multilocular pore; ZL, quinquelocular pore;
M, submarginal 8-shaped pore; N, d’sk pore.

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FIGuRE 37.—Asterolecanium launeae: A, outline, X 60; B, section of margin, X
650; C, genital and anal area, X 165; D, multilocular pore; H, tubular duct; F,
spiracle, X 650: G, antenna. A. minus: H, outline, X 87; J, genital and anal
area, X 230; J, ventral quadrilocular pore; AK, marginal quinquelocular pore ;
L, tubular duct ; VW, antenna; N, 8-shaped pore; O, section of margin, X 650.

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SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM Zhe

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Ficure 28.—Asterolecanium litseae: A, outline, X 120: B. claw: C, genital and
anal area, X 460; D, section of margin and ventral submarginal area, X 900;
E. antenna. A. longulum: F,
X% 650: J. dorsal tube; J, genital and anal area, X 460; A, 8

disk pore.

outline, X 60: G, antenna; H, section of margin,
-shaped pore; L

974 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FTE 7 PO; LS = Fe

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BP PO

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Figure 39.—Asterolecanium luteolum;: A, outline, X 120; B, antenna; C, genital

and anal area, X 460; D, marginal 8-shaped pore; EH, F, dorsal 8-shaped pores ;
i) G, submarginal 8-shaped pore; H, tubular duct; J, section of margin, X 650; J,
| quinquelocular pore; K, multilocular pore. A. machili: L, outline, X 100; M,
genital and anal area, X 330; N, multilocular pore; O, minute dorsal 8-shaped

pore; P, antenna; Q, section of margin and ventral submarginal area, X 650 ;
RF, quinquelocular pore.

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Ficure 40.—Asterolecanium masuii: A, outline, X 87; B, genital and anal area,
X 330; C, dorsal tube; D, antenna; EB, tubular duct; PF, section of margin, X
650. A. medium: G, outline, X 60; H, section of margin, X 650; J, tubular duct ;

J. multilocular pore; K, quinquelocular pore; ZL, antenna; J/, minute dorsal

8-shaped pore.

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276 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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Figure 41.—Asterolecanium medium: A, genital and anal area, X 345. A. miliaris:
miliaris: B, section of margin; CO, outline, X 165; D, dorsal tube, X 900; E,
antenna, <X 900; F, tubular duct; G, genital and anal area, X 650. A. miliaris
robustum: H, spiracles and section of margin, X 330. A. mimicum: I, outline,
xX 165; J, antenna; K, spiracle; L, section of margin; M, marginal 8-Sshaped.
pore; N, dorsal 8-shaped pore.

ND
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THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

i) 6B
al 2) ® $8.

Ficure 42.—Asterolecanium mimicum: A, genital and anal area, X 650. A. minus-
culum: B, section of margin, X 650; C, outline, X 175; D, antenna; E, genital
and anal area, X 650. A. minutum: F, section of margin; G, H, dorsal 8-shaped
pores; 7, antenna; J, genital and anal area, X 650.

Se

278 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Figure 43.—Asterolecanium minutum: A, outline, X 175. A. multiporum : B,
section of margin, x 650; C, spiracle, X 900; D, antenna, X 900; E, multilocular
pore; #, quinquelocular pore; G, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; H, disk pore; J,
minute dorsal 8-shaped pore; J, outline, X 60; K, genital and anal area, X 330;
L, submarginal 8-shaped pore; M, tubular duct.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 279

"9

Ficurre 44.—Asterolecanium nevadense: A, section of margin, X 650; B, outline,
x 60; C, genital and anal area, X 165; D, antenna; 2, spiracle, X 800; FP, dark-
rimmed 8-shaped pore. A. nitidum: G, antenna ; H, marginal 8-shaped pore; J,
section of margin, X 650; J, genital and anal area, X 230; K, tubular duct; L,
outline, X 60; M, N, multilocular pores ; QO, submarginal seta; P, quinquelocular
pore.

Pa" |

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980 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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Ficure 45.—Asterolecanium notabile: A, outline, X 50; B, antenna; C, genital and
anal area, X 330; D, section of margin, X 750; H, tubular duct; F, multilocular
pore; G, quinquelocular pore. A. oblongum: H, antenna; J, outline, X 120; J,

penal eee anal area, X 460; K, section of margin, X 650; L, spiracle; M, tubu-
ar duct.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 281

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Ficure 46.—Asterolecanium oraniae: A, outline, X 120; B, section of margin, X
330; C; spiracle; D, 8-shaped pore; E, antenna; F, genital and anal area, X
290. A. ordinarium: G, antenna; H, section of margin, X 650; J, outline, X
115; J, dorsal tube; K, genital and anal area, X 650; L, dorsal 8-shaped pore; M,
marginal 8-shaped pore; N, disk pore; O, spiracle.

: 282 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE |
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Ficure 47.—Asterolecanium pallidum: A, outline, X 100; B, antenna; C, section of
margin, X 900; D, spiracle; EZ, genital and anal area, X 460; F, 8-Shaped pore;
G, modified anal ring and setae. A. palmae: H, outline, X 115; J, antenna; J,
genital and anal area, X 460; K, spiracle; LZ, section of margin, X 650; M,
tubular duct.

Ficure 48.—Asterolecanium parvum: A, outline, X 165; B, antenna; C, section of
margin, X 650; D, tubular duct; H, dorsal 8-shaped pore; F, marginal 8-shaped
pore; G, genital and anal area, X 650. A. pasaniae: H, genital and anal area,
< 650; I, outline, X 60; J, section of margin, X 650; K, 8-shaped pore; L,
antenna; M, tubular duct; NV, quinquelocular pore; O, multilocular pore.

284 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Ficure 49.—Asterolecanium penicillatum: A, outline, X 606; B, genital and anal
area, X 650; C, section of margin; D, antenna; EH, 8-shaped pore; F, tubular
duct; G, ventral quinquelocular pore; H, marginal quinquelocular pore; f,
minute dorsal 8-shaped pore; J, submarginal 8-shaped pore; K, dark-rimmed
8-shaped pore; L, disk pore. A. perplexum: M, outline, X 60; N, genital and
anal area, X 230; O, section of margin, X 900; P, antenna; Q, tubular duct;
R, disk pore; S, submarginal 8-shaped pore; 7’, minute dorsal 8-shaped pore;
U, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; V, multilocular pore; W, quinquelocular pore.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM P85

oe

Figure 5().-—Astervlecanium perplexum, larva; A, outline, X 220; B, antenna.

286 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S.. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

®

LB

FIGURE 51.—Asterolecanium perplexum, larva: A, apex of abdcmen; B, beak; C,
anterior leg ; D, spiracle and pores; EZ, submarginal 8-shaped pore, two views.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM I87

§. Hohe Debord

Ficure 52.—Asterolecanium petrophilae: A, outline, X 87; B, section of margin,

xX 530; OC, spiracle, X 530; D, 8-shaped pore; #, genital and anal area, X 650;
F,antenna. A. phoenicis: G, outline, X 100; H, genital and anal area, X 230:
J, dorsal tubular 8-shaped pore; J, section of margin, X 900; K, marginal
8-shaped pore; L, antenna; M, quinquelocular pore; NV, tubular duct; O, disk
pore; P, minute dorsal 8-shaped pore; Q, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; R, sub-
marginal 8-shaped pore.

)

21!

—____—_—

288 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 53.—Asterolecanium pinangae: A, outline, X 120; B, genital and anal area,
X 330; C, antenna ; D, spiracle ; H, section of margin. A. proboscidis: F, outline,
X 120; G, genital and anal area, X 330; H, section of margin; J, spiracle; J,
antenna ; It, beak of larva; ZL, tubular duct; M, minute dorsal 8-shaped pore;
N, submarginal 8-shaped pore.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 289

Figure 54.—Asterolecanium pseudolanceolatum: A, outline, X 100; B, section of
margin; C, antenna; D, genital and anal area, X 460; E, tubular duct; FP, mar-
ginal quinquelocular pore; G, ventral quinquelocular pore. A. pseudomiliaris:
H, outline, X 87; J, genital and anal area, X 460: J, dorsal 8-shaped pore; K,
marginal 8-shaped pore; L, section of margin, X 650: M, submarginal seta; N,
cuinauelocular pore: O. antenna: P, tubular duct; Q, submarginal 8-shaped

)
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=

290 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Figure 55.—Asterolecanium psychotriae: A, outline, X 87; B, genital and anal }
area, X 330; C, antenna; D, claw; LZ, section of margin and ventral submar-
ginal area, X 900. <A. pusillum: F, section of margin, X 650; G, antenna; H,
genital and anal area, X 650; J, ventral quinquelocular pore; J, marginal
quinquelocular pore; K, outline, X 115; L, tubular duct; M, disk pore; N, |
submarginal seta. |

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 29T

Figure 56.—Asterolecanium pustulans: A, outline, X 87; B, antenna; C, section

of margin, X 530; D, genital and anal area, X 345; E, submarginal seta. A.

| puteanum: F, genital and anal area, X 460; G, section of margin, X 650; H,
| outline, X 60; J, antenna; J. K, multilocular pores.

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AGRICULTURE

Ficure 57.—Asterolecanium quadrisetosum: A, outline, X 87; B, section of mar-
gin, X 530; C, antenna; D, spiracle, X 815: #, genital and anal area, X 340.
A. quaesitum: F, section of margin, X 330; G, outline, X 60; H, genital and
a area, X 230: I, marginal 8-shaped pore; J, dorsal 8-shaped pore; K,
antenna.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 293

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Ficure 58.—Asterolecanium quaesitum, third-stage male: A, outline, X 136: B,
section of margin, X 800; C, antenna; D, claw; FP, posterior part of abdomen,
x 280. A. quercicola: F, G, multilocular pores; H, outline, X 87; J, genital
and anal area, X 230; J. antenna, X 900; K, section of margin, X 650.

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Ficure 59.—Asterolecanium radiatum: A, outline, X 115; B, section of margin;
C, genital and anal area, X 650; D, antenna; H, tubular duct. A. repugnans:
F, tubular duct: G, section of margin; H, outline, X 100; J, antenna; J,
genital and anal area, X 230.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 295

Ficure 60.—Asterolecanium roboris: A, outline, X 60; B, genital and anal area,
< 460; C, section of margin, X 900; D, antenna. A. rubrocomatum: E, out-
line, X 87; F, antenna; G, claw; H, genital and anal area, X 460; I, spiracle ;
J, section of margin, X 230.

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296 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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Figure 61.—Asterolecanium sabalis: A, outline, X 115; B, genital and anal
area, X 460; C, section of margin, X 650; D, 8-shaped pore; HF, antenna. A.
sanbernardense: F, genital and anal area, X 230; G, outline, X 60; H,
antenna; J, section of margin, X 650; J. multilocular pore.

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Ficure 62.—Asterolecanium sasae: A, outline, X 60; B, genital and anal area, X
460; C, section of margin, X 650; D, antenna.

A. seirrosis: E, outline, X 120;
F, genital and anal area, X 460; G, section of margin, spiracle, and quinque-
locular pores, X 900; H, antenna; J, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; J, dorsal
8-shaped pore; K, marginal 8-shaped pore; ZL, smaller dorsal and ventral
8-shaped pore.

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998 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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FIGURE 63.—Asterolecanium semisepultum: A, outline, X 120; B, section of mar-
gin, x 650; C, genital and anal area, X 460; D, 8-shaped pore; #, antenna.
A. simile: F, antenna; G, spiracle; H, outline, X 87; J, genital and anal area,

X_ 650; J, section of margin, X 650; K, 8-shaped pore; L, tubular duct; MM,
minute dorsal 8-shaped pore; NV, submarginal 8-shaped pore; O, disk pore.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 299

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Ficure 64.—Asterolecanium simplex: A, antenna; B, outline, X 100; C, spiracle ;
D, section of margin, X 900; F, genital and anal area, X 230. A. singulare: F,
section of margin, X 900; G, spiracle; H, antenna; J, genital and anal area,
x 165; J, anal area; K, L, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore, two views; M, multi-
locular pore; N, quinquelocular pore; O, minute dorsal 8-shaped pore; P, disk
pore; Q, submarginal 8-shaped pore.
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Ficure 65.—Asterolecanium singulare: A, outline, X 60. A. skanianae: B, outline,
x 60; C, antenna; D, section of margin, X 900; H, 8-shaped pore; F, genital
and anal area, X 460. A. solenophoroides: G, outline, <x 60; H, genital and
anal area, X 650; J, antenna; J, section of margin; K, ventral quinquelocular
pore; L, tubular duct.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 301

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FicurE 66.—Asterolecanium sparus: A, outline, X 60; B, antenna; C, genital and
anal area, X 460; D, section of margin; FH, spiracle; F, tubular duct. A.
spectabile: G, genital and anal area, X 460; H, section of margin; J, spiracle; J,
multilocular pore; K, 8-shaped pore; L, antenna: M. tubular duct; N, O, indis-
tinctly trilocular pores; P, submarginal seta.

302 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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Ficure 67.—Asterolecanium spectabile: A, outline, X 87. A. stentae: B, section of
margin, X 650; C, outline, X 50; D, genital and anal area, X 165; H, multilocu-
lar pore; F, spiracle, X 900; G, antenna; A, tubular duct; J, submarginal
8-shaped pore; J, disk pore.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 303

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Ficure 68.—Asterolecanium striatum: A, section of margin, X 650; B, marginal
8-shaped pore; O, antenna; D, genital and anal area, X 650; HE, outline, X 87;
F, G, dorsal 8-shaped pores; H, submarginal 8-shaped pore; J, dark-rimmed
8-shaped pore; J, disk pore; K, spiracle. A. stypheliae: L, section of margin,
x 900; M, genital and anal area, X 460; N, outline, X 60; O, antenna; P,
tubular duct.

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304 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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FIGURE 69.—Asterolecanium subdolum: A, outline, X 60; B, section of margin, X
900; C, genital and anal area, X 650; D, antenna; H#, tubular duct. A. swb-
ventruosum: F, section of margin, X 900; G, outline, X 60; H, antenna; J,
marginal 8-shaped pore; J, dorsal 8-shaped pore.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 305

Ficure 70.—Asterolecanium subventruosum: A, genital and anal area, X 460. A.
suishae: B, outline, X 120; C, section of margin, X 900; D, antenna: E, genital
and anal area, X 650. A. sumatrae: F, outline, X 87; G, antenna ; H, spiracle;
I, marginal 8-shaped pore; J, K, dorsal 8-shaped pores; L, section of margin,
xX 650.

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S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 11.—Asterolecanium sumatrae: A, genital and anal area, X 650. A.
thespesiae: B, outline, X 60; C, antenna, X 900; D, genital and anal area, X

ik 330; H, spiracle, x 900; F, section of margin, X 650. A. tokyonis: G, marginal
Sy pore; H, section of margin, X 650; J, antenna, X 650; J, spiracle,

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 307

——

> i

Ficure 72.—Asterolecanium townsendi: A, tubular duct: B, anal area, X 650; C,
section of margin, X 460; D, antenna; #, outline, x 60: F, disk pore; G,
8-shaped pore; H, dark-rimmed 8-Shaped pore ; IT, multilocular pore; J, quin-
quelocular pore; K, submarginal seta. A. transversum: L, section of margin,
<x 900; M, antenna; N, tubular duct.

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FIGURE 73.—Asterolecanium transversum: A, genital and anal area, X 650; B,
outline, Xx 60. A. bondari: C, genital and anal area, X 460; D, antenna;
#, outline, X 87; F, 8-shaped pore; G, disk pore; H, submarginal 8-shaped
pore ; I, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; J, quinquelocular pore; K, section of
margin; L, tubular duct; M, multilocular pore; N, submarginal seta; O,
quadrilocular pore; P, trilocular pore.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 309

S Hohe beBord

Ficure 74.—Asterolecanium truncatum: A, outline, X 60; B, section of margin,
x 900; C, genital and anal area, X 345; D, 8-shaped pore; E, spiracle; F, ;
antenna. A. udagamae: G, antenna; H, 8-shaped pore; J, outline, X 100; J, |
genital and anal area, X 650; K, spiracle; L, tubular duct; M, multilocular
pore; N, quinquelocular pore; O, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore; P, minute dorsal
8-shaped pore; Q, submarginal 8-shaped pore; R, disk pore. |

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310 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 15.—Asterolecanium ungulatum, adult male: A, bar between wing bases,
Xx 220; B, section of reticulate area of derm, X 900; C, ventral view of penis

Sheath and penis, X 220; D, antenna, X 220: EH, leg, X 220: F, lobe area of
abdomen, X 900.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 311

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Ficure 76.—Asterolecanium ungulatum, adult male: A, ventral surface of head,
< 220; B, margin of wing; C, outline, dorsal surface. A. ungulatum, adult
female: D, claw; E, antenna; F, outline, xX 60; G, dorsal 8-shaped pore; H,
marginal 8-shaped pore; J, section of margin, X 650; J, multilocular pore; K,
submarginal seta.

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212 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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ie FicurE 77.—Asterolecanium ungulatum: A, genital and anal area, X 460. A.
Ae unicum: B, antenna; C, outline, X 60; D, spiracle; EZ, genital and anal area, X |
e? 345; F, 8-shaped pore. A. wrichi: G, section of margin, X 825; H, antenna; I, |
yt genital and anal area, X 650; J, outline, X 87; K, 8-shaped pore; L, spiracle; i
PL M, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore near beak; N, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore 00
4 abdomen. Sy

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 313

Ficure 78.—Asterolecanium variabile: A, outline, X 100; B, section of margin,
< 650; C, antenna; D, genital and anal area, X 349; E, multilocular pore. A.
variolosum: F, outline, X 60; G, antenna; H,. genital and anal area, X 460; J,
section of margin, X 730; J, 8-shaped pore; A, multilocular pore ; L, M, minute
dorsal 8-shaped pores; N, disk pore; O, submarginal 8-shaped pore; P, quin-
quelocular pore. <A. ventrwosum: Q, section of margin, X 900; R, antenna.

214 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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Figure 79.—Asterolecaniuin ventruosum: A, genital and anal area, X 460; B,
outline, X 60; OC, spiracle, x 900. A. victoriae: D, antenna; HE, genital ‘and
anal area, X 650; F, outline, x 60; G, section of margin, X 330; H, quinque-
locular pore; JZ, quadrilocular pore.

a

———_—_—-—

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 315

FicurE 80.—Asterolecanium viennae: A, outline, X 87; B, section of margin, X
230; C, 8-shaped pore; D, genital and anal area, X 165; FB, antenna; F, disk
pore; G, submarginal 8-shaped pore; H, minute dorsal 8-shaped pore; J, ventral
quinquelocular pore. A. viridulum: J, outline, X 50; K, antenna; ZL, genital
and anal area, X 165; M, section of margin, X T0O: N, tubular duct: O,

multilocular pore; P, quinquelocular pore; Q, submarginal 8-shaped pore.

. 316 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Bs

i Ficure 81.—Asterolecanium vitreum: A, outline, X 60; B, section of margin, X
( i | 650; C, 8-shaped pore; D, antenna; H, genital and anal area, X 2380; F, tubular
; ‘ duct ; G, multilocular pore. A. vulgare: H, section of margin, X 900; J, outline,
. I, x 60; J, genital and anal area, X 460; K, antenna; ZL, dorsal 8-shaped pore;
~ M, marginal 8-shaped pore; N, tubular duct; O, disk pore; P, multilocular
x pore; Q, quinquelocular pore; R, submarginal 8-shaped pore; S, minute dorsal
ii 8-shaped pore; 7, dark-rimmed 8-shaped pore.

THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM

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FIGURE 82.—Asterolecanium zanthenes: A, outline, X 50; B, section of margin, X
230; C, spiracle, X 650; D, genital and anal area, X 165; EB, antenna; F, sub-
Marginal seta; G, abdominal multilocular pore; H, spiracular multilocular
pore; J, spiracular quinquelocular pore; J, tubular duct; A, L, disk pores;

M, submarginal 8-shaped pore.

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AGRICULTURE

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Ficure 83.—Asterolecanium zanthenes, larva: A, outline, X 220.

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THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 319

Figure 84.—Asterolecanium zanthenes, larva: A, posterior leg; B, antenna; OQ,
beak ; D, apex of abdomen; EF, spiracle and pore; /, submarginal 8-shaped pore;
G, anal ring.

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INDEX

(Valid names are in roman type, Synonyms and nomina nuda in italics.)

Page
aDIeCtlm jiSse Us a Se eee spi | Ini PPG eyek ee ee ee eee
acaciae Morrison and Morrison_-_-_~_ Sitar Shae USSOM eee eas Ss
aAchculum Russell. a= 2S es eS 38 | ilicicola Targioni-Tozzetti___________
Ag wNe Lum wusSselia =< == 2" = Rees SS oo acs CNG wslead) == == Ss eet
agawis Russelle 24 eee ae 40 | inconspicuum Russel]___--___-__-__
algeriense (Newstead) ______------_-~ AO Wingae oR USSe Mee Se a. ORR eR De
amboimae RuSssell= = = ee ee 43° \indabeiactum: Russell 22 es
Agnelococcus: Marchal. See es S| Mmgsitatum Hussell —_— 22. Ss ee
Amorphococeus Green ——~~—___--~—~-~ PriLjamoenicum Cockerell. -- -- = aa
Anomalecoccus Green] 2-2-2 Sninawae Hessel. a ee a
ATADIGIS MU SISNOLeL) === = = 44 \daemmuala: Russell - <3 aie
Asterodiaspis Signoret_—___________ 4 \\tanceolatum Green. —_ == See
Asterolecanium Targioni-Tozzetti---_ Sidaroum):- husseue-= See ee ee
CUCM AEs OISGHVal)) = = S44iaunerie (Russell. > eee
bambusae bambusulae Cockerell_____~ 47 | Lecaniodiaspis Targioni-Tozzetti_____
bambusae, (Boisduval) ==. . __ _— ae | neare Green. = <= - - s e
Bambusaspis Cockerell_________-___ 4.) \ineore. Vandinger——- === "se Sees
bambusicola Kuwana ———_____-_____ 49)) atsese Kuwana =" 3 -ae eee
ella ets SSG ld ee ee 50: longulum) Russell. See eee
BinchippinWefeen a ee 3) fongum: (Green), ——- = ee
Roce apart tad 59 ioranthi. Green] 2.8 ee ee ee
itecg am Dela): i 216) Shien Lasse
borboniaesrine= So | sade Russel. =
baerucense dusselt)= 29 Se ee 54 | massalongianum Targioni-Tozzetti___
bornmuelleri Riibsaamen____________ 909 | mnnell Kiwalas = Se
brachvlenae Beam oo 55 | medium Hussetl- = ____ _ ==
Breyaspianm (iaranie Ss 56 | miliaris miliaris (Boisduval)________
iiraneiic ‘Busnei == =- 2 58 | miliaris robustum Green________--_~_
Callocectus -Werrig==- —- -S— 3 | auineum hassel
eiptiosum (Russell 2 2 59 | minusculum Russell_-_--------__--
eastiniene: Wusceie es 59 janings. Gintlinger 2. ee
ENVIR E Eire We @ res) c c= ee en 61 | minutum Green Ms.--______________
ceriferum ceriferum Green__~---~~-~~ G3 | minutum Takahashi— <--->
ceriferum prominens Green__________ 229 | morint Mamet _———_—-
Cerococcus Comstock_______________ wiltiperum Greens __
phar nay Greennn se 8 so es ae a 160 | nevadense Balachowsky___~-~--______
eiinae Husselloeee —. o Se 2 eS Gaumodand Hussell—— - Se
PITCHIATO HIRSS Olle en ee Gen norabile Busse... ee
coffene: Newstesd®™ 2 2 = 2 52 as Gy povlencum Ieassell—. = se
conimbrigense Coutinho Saraiva______ peal Olmila Waller 2. Se
econspicuum Bram Ro pemad. (Cockerell)_—____.___
ecorallinum: Takahaght — fa esemine: Russell <— See
earotntanGreet so 2S ees AI 7. orumarium Russell... =
Cristaiumulernsee ee PA pareeaeaia TeTISNO UD
gegeneratum Russell ______________~ Te peinae « COCKETAlL-—.. — "eee eee
Meheaiam, (Greeny =— 8 76) panvyom Russell. __._._= == 2
TEED GPOTEG Be (Cs ee = ere ee 78 | pasaniae Kuwana and Cockerell_--__~
distanctums mussel - 7Q) |: penielatum:, Russelle - ==. -ese=22——
Mastinchilim sRGsselle = o> 8 | = ee 80'|, perplexum: Russell. <= 5)
eburncum! Heyden. =.= 999 | petrophilac (Wuller)._._. _=== = = =
planantam, ussells) 2 81 | phoenicis Ramachandra Rao_____--~-~
epacriais’ (Maskell)io = RO" pinaneae Russeli-: =>... 7a eee
eridendrin( Bouche) yo 89 | Planchonta Signoret——___-. —__-_
euphorbisae Russell —_. gy jeeoleat Green] 26. 2 5 2a eee
Parewaennts Wblor) =) es ss S9 | proboscidis Russell...
SxIomnM Green te ee 89 | pseudolanceolatum Takahashi___-____
fimbriatum (Fonscolombe)_—_~____--__ 91 | pseudomiliaris bambusifoliae Taka-
flagellariae Russell___.____________ 93 IS Sid eee ee ee tS ee ae
flavociliatum Green _______-________ 230 | pseudomiliaris Green __-____________
Onis SSCL ee oao psyenotriee Russell.) eee
Mrenchin Mankene = = See 5)| pudihundum Green. eee
PANETT a TINSO Lo a ee OF | pasitunt Russell. —- -- - eae
Parewmiine eSsell to ee 9¢)| pustulans: (Cockerell) —2--222.4-"
Ramnid#es RUSSCIL ee Sh 97 | pustulans sambuci Cockerell_______-_
RTT ARISE =e 99 | pustulans seychellarum Green___-- 165
Beande (Newstead)... -—- 930 | peteanum Fousself-_ —_ 2 = 2 Fe.
grandiculum Russell_______________ 100) Wpyeuorme (lropeatt) =) ee
greeni Marchal er SA ee RR eet Sh quadrisetosum Russell en re
ES a2. nee es ee See eae fod | sanesitum Russell < . =
a re a 703 | a@ercicola (Bouché)... -_.____
aeacht Mate 2 ees So9 | radiatum Russell... = =
hederae (Lichtenstein) _____________ Babi Tene Risa amen = 2 See
hemisphaericum Kuwana__—-__--____ TOs" TenUPTaNS FeuSsetl: = 9s Bas

De Oe OS

109 111-1

4 392 MISC. PUBLICATION 424, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Page Page
PODOLIS RUSSClI ee ae Se LT | tenuissimiumy Cire ene oere 232
Tubrocomatum Green=——__—_=—- --- == LCS) Ghesvis CD Oue aS) ee ee 44
Sab alismussellm.) ee ee Se aS 180: |) thespesiaelGree ne eee ee - 205
sanbernardense Hempel__________-_—- PSM |) Coke yomis ue ene 206
Sasne Russelle eee ene 182) townsend Cockerell === 207
SCILLOSISU RUSSClINw ee ae Se ee 184 | transversum Morrison and Morrison__ 209
Seabrai Coutinho Saraiva_—_—-———__—_—_ Peak || GrianboKeenarurny 1E WR ONNY 211
Semisepultum Russell) = aoe DCR ie Makalhas hiss ease kee see
i Sin ei Roh | a a « |'tumidum (Greens =e eee eee
i aunlex Russellieieh 28 a i ew L389 udagamad iGreen 2 Soe ere Se 212
<1! Rinculareskussells = sso oe eee 190)|uneulatum, Russell 25 Sa 2 is
; Skanianaewkussell 92.5 L9i| “anicum) (Russell Sele ee eee 214
Solenococcus Cockerell__--____-___-— Sil FUEL CI COCKE TE Il eee eee en ee 215
solenophoroides (Green) —~--------~-~ 192 | valloti (Lichtenstein) ______________ 44
el SSDS) FOU SSO 1M sae oo ne 198 | variabile Russello— 2 ee i ly/
spectabile Newstead22_=5- ===) == sss 194 | variolosum (Ratzeburg) ____________ 218
| Nientaeubrain. 2.0 22a 1.2 ee Pe 196 | ventruosum (Maskell) ___-__________ 220
aa | Stratum. Russell ee T9381 victoriae Russell =, ene samen ee 221
i | Stypheliae.( Maskell) — 2-2-2 22 199 VACTMAG. UL SS ee ee ee 9922
subdolum Russell_-_____-___-__---- 201 Vainidwlunn iCockerell= === 320522 2he= 223
I subventruosum Russell rane amigo a au vitreum Russell... a See 995
: ait rae Russell. 2 = ae) Spoil pgutenines anise ee ee 296
a | tenax Bodenheimer_________________ 231 | zanthenes Russell________-___--____ 22

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