SHU He Wintel ial if is sWic Hees pe past SER TaN Pansija < te t BoA Sealiese Sep aN meen are, Me Dea Re cg VASP SteRG AE bxwee Ds i Motstentedy) ny) Rpts Dean tn ye ASDA fe HDs Rate ae ae My] ts eh Ars et see mages RES WAAAY mie AU ae il s » ‘> Vy « east we SANS SUH Nees ea Ean ‘ RA WAY a on ry Hah I rMe ci ; renga PON eat ANC Vi PAX sta aay 31 a Koy oe *) s ; » rs j ; ah ANGE Ni ‘ ai) ey i i i teOH WER EON yy \) eau RAY ah xO ‘i K » ‘ SAR a 5) Reus f sae AY ay me : Av Naa AY \ Wei 4 NG OS Y NAY be Chea x \ Oho NH : NaN ae erie Na Hi eS , Sas : ae TaN th ee Aa i a ») is A PANS: aN PNA a SON a ean 0 aN) 3 errs eerie is AER EAN Hn Kai ARN Me i va% Ba AN NASA iy es oo , Ny ty un is R Y aN =: 3 Seema ce tere as = ee Sena % es = eek aes et fat AN i res rah “y, ® ri Ait sta] at a) ute » i RY 2 ‘ pea " } Ahn y és : ty) “ Weitati tee Ms a 5 ies E a senor ' % ye ; ie Peers Steins A Ne . ts RCs ae Ranh PSE Taa RAMAN RANA i a 2 an ae ee Hee AGS ee ue Ne he RONAN ann : CE SUG UAPNIR ST toa Ses is BRA AN a Re i oe ele : R ii Mmtnt air I) a a: Aas UB LOIN a y an Rae cay Aina RDN ras } ) ie OG ; * eter Ee At Oy, SENG S i; a oe AE Sain Pit, Vi FR _ ie cela ‘yt Detikl ‘ at SSO Sos OM: SNH si ye BN i HO eas an MS OAT UR Pe Set see ‘ ST A sano ROE RONAN : TESA NOS TRE OSG naka : Bet PERN a ea ie pissy MILA TER & DS GaN . ; ROE RED aay aetna Wht aR aE < ; UATE RENN UAT RAR tS RRS xf Rese % a HREM ta aie < 580 POSEN OLA Neisroestias tans 4 peter RANE: he ett eye reeeerte eae SAUNA x wan Senne are S i & bes 0 . ‘ \ \ \ me ~\ | OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NEW JERSEY Ay * N \ Fi fA 7 HENRY B. KUMMEL, State Geologist The Clays and Clay Industry of New Jersey / BY HEINRICH RIES AND HENRY B. KUMMBEL ASSISTED BY GH OR'GE NG EeNCAE EE Volume VI of the Final Report of the State Geologist TRENTON, N. J.: MacCretitisH & QuicLEy, Book anp Jos PRINTERS. 1904. oo on MAR 4 7 1983 CiaRaRK \ } CONTENTS. PAGE POan Ge OLe Mana Senss as see re eecherc te ener orale il ree ees MR once ae B eae XVil MPCLEC HS Ope EAT STINE balms cra Aer tans Dement aN RE ua NU OMMeK einai Tenses SiR RAIL xix IBYGLENSO WE a olga ns SSIES ONE Rea NCUA UE rel SUS, ene ee Aaa es ear tae SPO Bea XXI PART I.-CLAY AND ITS PROPERTIES. CHAPTER I (CLAY, AND! ITS) MODE OF OCCURRENCE (15.0 te vo ee 3-24 TER TMETO Tepe er ee ia mee SHOR sespeie Huc ng t 3 Oxisinvoticlayei ase elke eee AT EE Ce eon 4 Resi dirallrel ayy eye ik oserts ere ner spay ines arene Tat 6 Sedimientanyeelayeveriiek ck eevee ene one tas Sc reaneynek 8 Miairirmee lavish recess arch can seq anette ntact eee oN II eSttiarinemclaysun reise eae eer ere ieee II Swampkatdulakey clay. sammy yim eye ae 12 Bloodyplainionternace clays... saci vate 12 Drittorsbowilderclaysn.s css ccseiee ne Gnome ae 13 Secondary changes in clay deposits,............... 14 Mechanical echanges nae aera nea 14 iltinoesHoldine Faulting nensess acer 14 IROOM 5 doen oe AL du Dement Ae TREN 17 Chemircalkchangesy eee eee 20 Changeror colonies eee hee 21 Wea chit say eine any escape NC acs 22 SOfteniin oe gare NA Ae AAS 22 Consolidation ns sane eee ele ae 22 ConcretiOnsdr signa ea Le aoa 23 Shalestonmationweerepwur nessa (ne 24 CuHapter IJ. Metuops oF WorkKING CLAY DEPOSITS,.................+ 25-38 RrOSPeChingarOrmCl ays ure see eae ee narra 25 OUCCEO PS eee ese aE ee ae 25 SEIN ESE rea eter tee Pore n eh etol Len Ae Cee SN pe 20 TEXOS OKI sa erin Hines BEAL Aeneas a aN a RE Pi ee 26 Wie me tationiam atin plantar aten ta eenene Minn Mr a uciaa a 27 Exploitation: ofvclay deposits se 22s. ee ka 27 Adaptability; oficlay fora wOLkinouve once oes 29 Miethodskofamininewee een ene oon oe eae 30 Undersroundeworkings cece eee 30 SUTACe mW OL kno Meta Sonia Neri tiare ances 32 Eliailagie-n incon ape We aie Unis mule sedis su Nit Wade 36 Shalewniimingeameye ee ow seortsn Cina nck a eons: 36 Preparationion clays tom manketeg.s es sssicisec cele 30 IW iashinpearieereeerute a orn meta seatnne eccat a are ve 36 INIT SEPA ALLOM rarer cea nee ieee pra cevsr nieve bel ake 38 (iii) iv CONE NGS: PAGE Crwnsine IU (Cisapimaear, IPommeimuns On (Cie, 46ccccandeccoscc soe 39-80 Introductonya mia te ee ee eee EES ood eaec 40 Mineralcitounceinclayag ene ceria eee 42 OUariz ss Mrs iin aire ee etn eartacic te eee 42 Feld spat =. 22Us. ets reise tia 43 1 hic RRP NE UUM i Sk aul Tron OneS, 3 hee Reena cael aaiays reall a eae eae 44: Payrateois So Nan, seer acini tes bsnl a ee a 45 Glauconite, (faassen eo eee 46 FCA OLIM IES, PN, RAN SN See Reeh S N a gee c O ee 46 EBSD eh (eer ra Menara MNS aia ear G YS, ol avc'es 47 Gal cite ice ene eA ay oe ai 9: ee 47 Gy pStimh cc. saree ae odin cena yes cae ee 48 Hornblendevandtcarnety ean irre er eer 48 Dolomite cK ae ie eee ahs eee eee 48 Chemicaltanalysissotclays 4st ee eee 49 Method of ultimateranaliysis. J... ncde cee 49 Ratronalvanaly sis a5 see scene nee 52 Compounds in clay and their effects, ......5...5.. 53 OuliCay Aisa nd eek cco hansen ste anecee Oe ee 54 Tro most despise cidetcccrren ome musae ogre hars ery ek ee ae 56 Sources of iron oxide in clays, ........... 56 Effects of iron compounds, .....:.-..0... 56 Coloringsactionsonsrawaclaya oso eee ene 57 Coloring action on burned clay, .......... 57 Pluxing, action, ofnonsoxide;=..-- eee 59 Effect on absorptive power and shrinkage, 50 TAMIW = pease cia dere nee ee 59 Effect of lime carbonate on clay, ......... 60 Effect of lime-bearing silicates, .......... 62 Bitect oheypsuiny ean ian annie ee 62 Maciiesiay sia cc eae ane ae ia 64 AT Kali ess (55254: hae oo Rs oc ee eee 67 Titanium... 52.5.e0). 2 ee eee ee ee 690 Watery: carogiscciepats icseete sit pees eee I ae eee 71 Mechanically combined water,............ Al Chemically combined water, ............. 73 Organic: matter, lesen ee eee WB Solublexsalts.{ccaaleacee ae eo ee 75 Origins ouch ahs ee ee See 75 Quantity; present unm claysieemacrse ee eee 76 Prévention of 304 At Trenton.) achideias.t chen cee era ee Eee 305 Atvother localities, .2 hic oac ease eee 308 CONTENTS. 1X PAGE CHAPTER XVI. THE FirE Clays AND FIRE-BRICK INDUSTRY, ......... 311-333 Properties otaninesclayseerianie cic ion eer one eee 311 ID Yes thobla toy itysen rarseteectes cacireereunsicr euPea 1S Gan ae nci eeeeacl oie a eau Chemuicalkcompositiontee ace ee keer 311 EG TECELOEN S111 Capp smace eae co occur 312 Fe hectvOd titanium sate koe elaine 317 Otherpropertiess: ca rsewase ees rohit we mere 321 Mineraleimpiiitiesh saree serene es cce eerie 322 Wsessor hrerclaysves axcvic neias Metin aretclg sista tiene 322 History, of the fine-brick industhyaicmesss «acces 323 Methodkotamanittactunes waeernaae rune oro nee 324 ‘Rests of New Jersey fire: brick, <4. 2... eves. 326 CHAPTER XVII. THE CrLay-mMInING INDUSTRY, ........- is Hie re ayy 335-342 Introdictornyestatenentyryacseee eee: 335 Mirdidlesexnicountyay! sani: cics aoe eens eae cece Naas 336 INOS etyetar Cr Chaiyseresie Ui al eee, ORL Miao Nt Naan 337 INO 2 shinesclayiee ns sl, sons amt Magy Rl yeni 337 Re tontac lay. shennan user seen erare een ereane 337 Stonewanevclayececccoanenra ee rene 337 Bali anys aisites cts. acta uy ieee Were a nea he ae 338 Sagger clay, ..... PARE ES RENE Aa enicca Hara arene 338 Wiel dintchaysy tages scremnchatsis aya ccaetan Ceo ate a 338 MEetha=cOttapel ayaa vase cra ssh Ee oreo: 338 Ripe ne lary aes cea sscec sia) gee ae ese ee Co 338 Hollowawaneclayausrine es elie oer a eerie 338 SPRENTOHgaLeay yee ey as asc eo aaa Maine 339 Delawarernivier areas cain eterce fea ee 339 Wroodimansie ‘area; acynesn cracitine Riles oie 339 Miethodsrotsmining. vasa emcees eons 339 MmountoLclay, mine deimmOO2. oer. nee ci siae cle 340 ShipmentsstovothersStateswer nee teak iene 341 Directonyaotmelaysminerss ere eas an eek 342 PART IV.-THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE NEW JERSEY CLAYS. CuHapterR XVIII. Economic Description oF THE CLAY-BEARING For- IMGACIST OINIS Setteces te eae asain aC sued Callen): ners eat 343-366 Post-Pleistocene and Pleistocene, :.:...2.......-: 343 Cohanseyaclay sania sy iirer ere Meter tne ce glenn ie 348 ANT owen Clavie ul ast ar eetieen en ean eae a crea anodes rant 351 WANS yt Teves Clea yest ae eee eae aE AIS ear arate ie ape Silene 353 Glan aN ar O IN arene eoae se gee arishens once cpt a naar 356 (Oe aioe ere Pad UL] Pave eer sR eta od ta pe a 357 Clay ai eave legen see cree aghuerevarte Satan pareen tee atlas, aM Ne 357 CIR Pdi lotrel al met eles t ernie a Mie ttre Une an AIR PEC 360 Rati PATINC AViSte nua Te Tey eR Pe re ne es 363 A aASSICH SHaleSse sae pA Ne ee eects eee eee no ias 365 Elnidsonkshalestmarcrae tern map tees siecle sree 365 x CONDENS: PAGE CHAPTER XIX. CLays AND Clay INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES, .......... 367-508 Atlantiercountyss sas: sao che asec Leone 360 iBergenscountys, Sym 1s eee eee 373 Bunlinestonicountyaeeer eee er Oren ce Cenc ercee 376 Canrdenkcountysees aire e nie ee ee eee 301 CapesMay.countyAtas esac ener ee Cee 406 Cumberlandtcountyaeeee oe ee eee 408 Hssex: county; -).0ck ses nee dl sha 418 Gloucester county. 2 cee see eee 419 Elid sonkeo unityenig 2s nen ee ce Pe aee 424 HunterdonicoiuntyAss seme oeee an Coreen 425 Menrcenncountys 232s she oe a ae ee ae 428 Middlesexcountyzrrnc. cn ce eee eee eee 434 TimpoOrtance seal ee kite oa eae ere 434 Clay-bearings tormations = --an-cee ee 435 Method? of iclassitscations 22i-. eel eee ee 438 Highlysnetractonmy clays scence hee ee 439 Fire claysiic on oe, Se eee 439 Balla clay: acne ee 442 Refractory: clays acs4)ccke test he ee 444 Fire clays): occcnanm aaa ao ee eee 444 Woodbridge nine acces ceric seneee 444 Blorida*Grovet= att iene 445 Sand Hills and Bonhamtown, ........ 446 Burt: Greek. ssa a ie ees ane 450 Ball clays- Ate acts eee eee 452 Stoneware clays oases eee 453 Semineiractony aclayanemer ee eee 455 Fire: clays eso ese tor one Ucar 455 Bire-mortan clayaen seen cen ern 458 Stonewarexclays Stacie ee ace ee 459 Piperclays ccs tec cee ee ee 459 Miscellaneous, {s)Sauhies an oe ee 460 Nonnefractomy clay.Si rece cia ere 463 Woodbridge. 3.1 oe eee ee eee 404 North side of the Raritan river, .......... 464 Sayreville, cavie@nas uecen ee nee 467 Feldspar. (eis s ice ie eee 468 Biressands)” 2.36 25h oh ee ee eee 469 Clay=working industryyve se eee eee 470 Monmouth) (countys) Seseoa-e ee eee eeeeeeee 472 Morfis'-conty) 225425: eis eo eee eee 479 Océan: County Sui Sac ee eee 481 Passaicucolntys. serie eine Oo eee 493 Salen county, 2.0. bushes Go ee eae eee eee 494 Somerset county. a ae ener eee 503 Sussex: (COUMEY,| kas Caen eon Oe 505 Union: cotmntys) oc atenc See eee eee 506 Warren county,c os2c-—-eeee Fig. 1. Updraft common-brick kiln with perma- nent “walls” Wea eceieni eo en GEE ee Fig. 2. Top of same showing the settling which -hasoeccurred during burning, -25.5.--- eee View of Perth Amboy ‘Terra-Cotta Company’s iO ech a earaloe et OI AEN eA aaa Gee em Mae ties) es 8 Sorc 9 0 Fig. 1. Making fireproofing, National Fireproofing Company: . ocr ace ha aa otic Le ee eee Fig. 2. Large excavation for fireproofing clay, .... Fig. 1. The works of Henry Maurer & Son, ..... Fig. 2. The works of the National Fireproofing Company, *PonteMutnrayanaes sae ace eee eee Fig. 1. Stiff-mud machine for molding conduits, . Fig. 2. Hollow-brick works of John Braislin & Son; “(Crosswicks:os. eines eet ee eae State School of Ceramics, New Brunswick, ........ Brickmaking outfit, State School of Ceramics, ..... W. H. Cutter’s clay bank near Woodbridge, ....... Fig. 1. Brickyards= at avittle erty oes eee Fig: 2) Clay, pit behind thesyards! +s eeecee View of Mehrhoff Brick Co. clay pits, Little Ferry, Fig. 1. S. Graham & Company’s brickyard near Bordeéntowns\' }. chistes ghee EL ee Ore Fig. 2. Black Raritan clay overlain by gravel, .... Fig. 1. Reeve’s clay pit, Maple Shade, ........... Fig. 2. Joseph Martin’s clay pit, ..............--- Fig. 1. Hatch & Sons’ clay pit, Fish House, ...... Fig. 2. Eastern Hydraulic Press Brick Company’s works: Winslow Junctions 555456: eee eee PAGE 180 184 200 240 274 278 . 282 284 292 204 340 374 374 380 384 402 PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure XLVIII. Ss) XLII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLIX. L,. LI. LII. LIII. LIV. LV. LVI. CONTENTS. Fig. 1. Clay pit of Bushnell & Westcott, near WOO bitte rtextersrnten Ache erie eae Gara ror a stat arcramstans Fig. 2. Pit of Clayville Mining & Manufacturing Cos Clay ville nee G ne etc he REE nO oon tn ay Fig. 1. J. C. Pedrick’s brickyard, Flemington, .. Big. 2: Clay. bank at same ibrickworks, 0.0.2 $0 Views of the Mutton Hollow opening, Woodbridge, Fig. 1. Clay pit of M. D. Valentine & Bro., Wood- [DVO KX in ee eo Sea UA cae aLs ri ea aN ines Fig. 2. C. A. Bloomfield’s clay bank, Bonhamtown, Fig. 1. McHose Brothers’ pit, north of Florida Grover eae eee re eT ee a eee ee Fig. 2. Fire-clay pit of National Fireproofing Com- Panyann calm Weasbeyase nae nie eee cre Fig. 1. Portion of R. N. & H. Valentine’s pits near Sra be WD ieee s Reni ence Nia AHS UR Fig. 2. Ostrander Brick Company’s southern pit, SEK (PH ee OU SE art aac en a PE A ep DIST Edgar Brothers’ Ball Clay Washing Plant, near Sayrevilles, Veco CS GIDE a COME REST ores Bigs i Digoimeiballitclay.y Re OuUChiS pitas see « Fig. 2. Digging pipe clay, J. C. Crossman’s pit, Burt, Creel tetra ever vac ayaa ker ye pan) teenie a eee eaca Fig. 1. Armstrong’s soft-mud brickyard, Morris- UND, odogudd50D Oc D ODD ODDOKO ODO DOO OO dbOU DUDS CO Fig. 2. The clay deposit at Armstrong’s brickyard, Fig. 1. The works of the Moore Brick Company, Wihippanys : circum eis ieee care eee eae eae elaine Fig. 2. The clay deposit and brick works, Whip- (Dhan efi ica A RRM RE LA RAIS) ch HATA Meats ce UU a AUR Bigs i Clay: pitynear WWVinitingsee ee eee ene: Fig. 2. Method of working the clay, Whitings, ... Fig. I. Prospecting for clay with an auger, ...... Fig. 2. Adams Clay Mining Company’s clay pits, Old PlalieWray eye ON eee ae ee rnin Fig. 1. D. F. Haines’ brick works, Yorktown, .... Fig. 2. Bank of Alloway clay, Haines’ yard, ..... Fig. 1. Shale pit of National Fireproofing Com- Paty PROLEINUIGKAVAE ee Ha ee niee ie eric Fig. 2. Shale in the railroad cut at Port Murray,.. FIGURES IN TEXT. Section showing downward passage of clay into rock, ..... Section showing horizontal and vertical variations of clay,. Section showing uneven boundary between two clay beds,. . Section showing parallel faults in strata, ...5............. Strata broken by a fault plane of low inclination, ......... XV PAGE 406 424 434 440 446 448 452 450 478 480 482 482 494 KV1 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure CONTENTS. Section ofhorizontalustratae-iosmee ene eee ee era Exposure of horizontal beds along the sides of a valley, ... Section showing the outcrop of tilted strata, .............. Section of vertical beds se anise e eee eee Section of folded beds, (xcm.-- 0 sara eee Section) of horizontal bedsiin-mseti eee Horizontal beds with several layers exposed, .............. Inclined strata, showing rise of the bed above sea level, ... Outcrops of a clay bed on two sides of a hill and its prob- ablevextension intosamey qasseeaas eee ee eee Weathering penetrating, a) claysbedi S42 54 Saree eee Section showing weathered clay where the overburden is I ene ane MeN UMN LNs Mal a ed ao Occurrence of concretions in certain layers, .............. Formation of spring due to ground water following a clay layieraaeeiecrs Ne ala aa lo ahs [alate Rear Sete ae ee Formation of a spring due to a layer of cemented sand, .... Formation of a pond due to a clay bed underneath a de- PRESSION cL 6 iieteienelticuetele Cal Geko ieee eee a eee ae Mugen used tor bonne clayey conan eee nee nee Working clay by a tunnel, ...... cha oes Soca ee NA rear 35 Miningdclayx bya, shattanenn seemeic cee oer teenie ee Pit working of Middlesex districtie sass osc heoeeeee Curve showing effect of titanium oxide on fusibility of (ol Fe pane cL aera PPS ene uN DEM Rep Od Bea ord mi5.0 3:6 0.0 Briquette for testing the tensile strength of clay, .......... Curves showing relation of texture to tensile strength, .... Drawing showing particles of a Cape May clay, .......... Drawing showing particles of an Alloway clay, .......... 5 Drawing showing grains of sand ina Clay Marl I, ........ Grains of fine and medium sand of Clay MarlI, .......... Particlesof Clay Mani sigan cece eee ree ere Erosion of a clay layer before the glacial drift was de- POSIted Ee Nets es ee OEE oe ee Erosion along a valley through several clay beds, ......... Method of testing the breaking strength of brick, ......... Diagram showing relation of crushing strength to trans- verse) strength: of a) sott-mud) brick) 4. 4eeeee oe ee eee Diagram showing relation of crushing strength to trans- verse strength of /stitt-mrdi brick) sey. 2 serie ees eee Diagram showing effect of silica on the fusion point when mixed ‘with alumina and kaolin} a5... 4.4) oe eee Diagram showing effects of silica and titanium on the fusi- bility “of Kaolin, oioc8 Sesh ae Ce oe Eee IIO Tats TIi2 113 187 188 252 257 258 313 314 Board of Managers. His Excettency FRANKLIN MURPHY, Governor, andmen-onvGlo president:on: the “bOandWa wor ss conde es seen Trenton. MEMBERS AT LARGE. Terms B expire. EVER ROBE WEG TS ack. teen eee es Moorestown st5 234 OOS BURINGEC Sal Ree C@IKGECRIMIAUN eyes tice cakes Planning een oes See Date cre 1906 SBORGE RG ENNAN DT woe oes wae Jersey. Citys visas ean 1906 EREORB BRAT Merely le OND esc ases us os actor Montclaire eee orn 1907 TEVASURILSOUNE, WINE SIDIOINAN Ey os Sie Oe INewiaeknianiecipes uc tee tant: 1907 S. TEVA S DISM DIO) Die areas Ame Wns ciara Oran gien eee ye wea aaa 1908 OEUIN GS CA) SIMO Cleese ee se ct, ene ae AL RETOTIM IAM ane eaters eae 1908 PREIOINIAS WG VNINO TD oe feck ee Niet onal. reer eaN 1909 /NILIBIRIZIDY TaN. -\WOXODSLUMLAD. oo Sore bo cee PrincetOnin eer ttionas 1909 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. PE RED HRC Ro BRA CH ie. ie aint Blackwood renner 1906 ie Dy WIA RDM Cass ORK Si ae een): IMEI Saul aN aa ey Wale oe ae 1907 Me DL AVALEN TING... 2 0 2). Woodbridge, ............. 1909 WANA SELUNGLONZAS ROEBLEUNG?::irenton pace s4s50 cache: 1908 VES Hien DH RTCK Aa CANE Wes Ovens cr en sa emer cuts 1905 VI. GEORGE W. WHEELER.,.......... Elackensackemen cen eter 1906 MIM WENDEML PCARRISON 2/2. tOrance, ase. 2) 1007 Bi ets any) SEE eal IMENININirate ayereesareoes eee Neral kan eae eyaetetne aL arts 1909 Dea OSE PA sD Br Dilber. et. yee uuler Seyi Cit yn me austen dein 1908 Me NARON SRAM WING; oe. Heboken, tel ue tous 1905 STATE GEOLOGIST, HENRY B. KUMMEL, (xvil) Letter of Transmittal. To His Excellency, Franklin Murphy, Governor of the State of New Jersey and ex-officio President of the Board of Managers of the Geological Survey: Str—TI have the honor to submit herewith a Report upon the Clay Deposits and Clay Industry of New Jersey, and to request that it be published as Vol. VI of the Final Report Series of the State Geologist. Respectfully, HENRY B. KUMMEL, State Geologist. March 22, 1904. (xix) PREFACE. Tuts Report is Vol. VI, in the Final Report series of the Geological Survey, the previous volumes being as follows: Vol. I, Topography (out of print); Vol. II, Pt. I, Mineralogy and Botany (postage, 25 cents); Vol. II, Pt. Il, Zoolegy (postage, 30 cents); Vol. III, Water Supply (postage, 21 cents); Vol. IV, Physical Geography (very scarce), and Vol. V, Glacial Geology (postage, 35 cents). The value and importance of the New Jersey clays and clay industry have long been known and much attention has been given to them by the Geological Survey. In his report entitled “The Geology of New Jersey,’ published in 1868, Prof. Cook described the clays about Woodbridge and South Amboy, and gave numerous chemical analyses. ‘Ten years later the Survey issued an elaborate report upon the Clay Deposits of Woodbridge, South Amboy and other places in New Jersey. This volume was accompanied by a map showing the location of all the clay pits in the Woodbridge-Amboy district, and also the geographical distribution of the beds of fire clay, feldspar and potter’s clay. The information made public by this report and map was of great importance. Prospecting for clays was stimulated and at the same time large sums of money were saved to the clay miners by the in- formation given as to the distribution of the clay and the regions where success was to be sought. A striking commentary upon the accuracy of this map is that all the new clay openings made since 1878 are within the areas marked as clay, in so far as they are within the area covered by the map. Considerable clay is now dug from areas beyond the limits of the former map, but for the area covered, it was accurate and reliable, as shown by sub- sequent developments. *For sale, prepaid, $1.35, without the accompanying photo relief. map; $2.85 with map; map alone, $1.50. (xx1) XXil PREFACE. The fact that the map of the same district accompanying this report—Plate XI—differs from it in detail does not contradict tlie above statement. The differences are more apparent than real, and are due to the slightly different classification adopted. Many clay beds, formerly thrown aside as worthless and not included on Dr. Cook’s map, have been delimited on the present map. ‘Then, too, the attempt has been made to indicate not only the outcrop of each clay belt, but also its probable underground extension, so far as it is not too deeply buried by later deposits to permit its being worked. Subsequent to the publication of the Report on Clays in 1878, an exhaustive study of the fusibility of New Jersey clays was made, as. well as of all the important fire clays of other states and foreign countries. ‘The results of these tests were published in the Annual Report for 1880. Owing, however, to the fact that it was not considered practicable to determine the intensity of the heat obtained, nor to measure the pyrometric effects, other than as indicated by the fusing of platinum before the more refractory clays were melted, these tests show only the relative infusibility of the clays tried, and cannot be used in comparison with the fusion tests in this report, where the conditions were different and the temperature effects are indicated in terms of the standard Seger cone numbers. In 1897 and 1808 a thorough canvass of the brick and clay industries (not including pottery) of the State was made and the results published in the Annual Reports of the State Geologist for those years. It showed that.during 1898, 7,510 men were employed, 403,711,708 brick were made, and that the total value of the clay industry (exclusive of pottery) was $5,748,726. Requests are frequently received by the Survey for informa- tion regarding the clays of the State, and, although a few copies of the Clay Report for 1878 are still available for distribution, yet it has been felt for some time that that volume did not fairly represent the present condition of the clay industry, particularly as there has been a marked development in the southern portion of the State, a region almost entirely untouched by the earlier report. Accordingly, field work was commenced in the fall of * Pages IOI et seq. PREFACE. XXiil IQOI upon a new report, which should consider not only the known and developed clay deposits, but which, so far as possible, should contain definite and practical information concerning unworked beds, which future demands may render profitable. It was felt, too, that a new clay report should consider more in detail the technology of the ciay industry, and so be of value not only to the miners of clay, but also to the manufacturers. The present volume is the result of the work commenced in Igo0I and continued, with some interruption, to the present time. While three names appear upon the title page, it is but fair to Dr. Ries to state that the general plan of the report is his. He visited in the field nearly all the clay deposits noted and nearly all the important clay-working establishments. All of the physical and some of the chemical analyses and tests, except the breaking and crushing tests upon the brick, were made by him, and he is the authority for the statements regarding the economic value of the clays, as well as the methods of manufacture. For several years Mr. Knapp has been engaged in a detailed study of the formations in southern New Jersey, and while his work has not been primarily upon the clay deposits, nevertheless he had accumulated a large amount of valuable information regarding the occurrence of clay beds, which very much simplified the task of locating undeveloped deposits. His studies also assisted materially in the correlation of the clay deposits and their reference to the proper geological horizon. ‘The geological data on the general map of the State, Plate X, and of the Alloway clay, Plate XIII, were furnished mainly by him. The stratigraphy of the clay deposits has been the particular work of the State Geologist, assisted, as above noted, by data furnished by Mr. Knapp. He is also responsible for most of the detailed mapping of the clay beds in the district from Wood- bridge to Keyport, Plates XI and XII. Although Parts I and III and Chapter XVIII of Part IV were written by Heinrich Ries, Part II by H. B. Ktmmel and Chapter XIX of Part IV conjointly, yet both authors have had the benefit of the others’ suggestions and criticisms. In the present report, in Part I, Dr. Ries discusses in consider- able detail the origin, modes of occurrence and physical and XXiv PREFACE. chemical properties of clay. In Part II the stratigraphy of the New Jersey clay deposits is considered, and the geological forma- tions of the State which contain workable clays are. described. Brief mention is made of all the worked deposits, reference being made to the maps by locality numbers. In Part III the methods of manufacture of the various classes of clay products are discussed, with particular reference to New Jersey methods. No attempt is made to describe individual plants for two reasons. No advan- tage was to be gained by repeating details of manufacture, where commonly accepted methods were employed and similar types of machinery used, and on the other hand it was felt that all manufacturers had a right to have their trade secrets, in so far as they had any, respected and preserved inviolable. Inasmuch as the technology of the pottery industry, particularly of the higher grades, is exceedingly complex, its full treatment would transcend the limits of a report of this character. Moreover, inas- much as comparatively little New Jersey clay is used in the higher grades of pottery ware, in which flint and feldspar are large ingredients, it was thought best to restrict the chapter on pottery to somewhat narrow limits. In Part IV the economic geology of the New Jersey clays is considered, and they are discussed, first by formations, their physical and chemical characters being sum- marized, and then by counties. In this chapter mention more or less brief is made of all the clay deposits of the State, so far as known. In the case of those districts, however, where the clays have been worked for many years, and clay banks are so frequent that descriptions of each bank would pad the report unnecessarily, only the most important banks or the more representative types of clay have been tested and described. In preparing the report the endeavor has been to make it of interest and value to all clay workers. The fact has been recog- nized that the great majority of them are not thoroughly familiar with chemical and geological terms. It has not been possible. however, to avoid the use of these, but the endeavor has been made either to explain them when first used, or to use them in such a way that their meaning is apparent. For this reason, also, the use of chemical symbols, unless accompanied by cnet names, has been avoided as far as possible. PREFACE. XXV It will be noticed that comparatively few chemical analyses have been made, most of those published being copied from earlier reports. On the other hand, several hundred physical tests were made, that is, tests of the air shrinkage, fire shrinkage, color in burning, temperature of vitrification, and of fusion, etc. It was believed that these tests would better supply the informa- tion needed by the practical clay worker, particularly since an ultimate chemical analysis may not be a true index of the char- acter of the clay. In other words, two clays of nearly the same chemical composition may behave quite differently in working, ‘owing to the different ways in which the chemical elements may be combined. As already indicated, the endeavor was made to obtain informa- tion regarding the location and character of undeveloped clay deposits. That we have succeeded in locating all the unworked clay deposits of the State, particularly in the sandy pines district, is, of course, improbable. It is likewise certain that all the out- crops of the clay deposits, which occur in regularly defined belts, like the Raritan clays, the Clay Marl clays, I and Il, and the Alloway clay, have not been seen, but the zones within which these may be looked for have been accurately determined and shown upon Plates X—-XIII, and many localities have been sampled. Private endeavor must do the rest. Certain it is that very few, if any, reports have ever been issued which give so much detailed information regarding unworked and heretofore unknown deposits. Two other special features of the report may be emphasized. The first of these is the series of tests on the breaking and crushing strength of New Jersey brick and the deductions which may be drawn from them (Chap. XI). So far as known they are the most complete tests along these lines ever published in this country, and it is believed that these results will be accepted as a standard by all engineers. Acknowledgment must be made to Prof. I. H. Woolson, of Columbia University, for the pains- taking care with which these experiments were made. The other important line of investigation is that relating to the chemical composition of fire brick and its relation to their XXV1 TAR EUACIE, refractoriness. ‘The series of tests carried out in this connection include all the brands made in the State, with the exception of those of three manufacturers, one of whom maintains only a branch establishment in New Jersey, who declined to permit their brick to be tested. It is, of course, impossible to say whether this reluctance on their part arose from a disbelief in the express promise of the State Geologist that the identity of the various brands would not be made known, or from a consciousness that their brick would not compare favorably with other brands, or from some other reason. In strong contrast to this attitude was that of the other manufacturers, most of whom were not only willing to have the tests made, but were willing to have the results published under their own names. So far as known, this set of fire-brick tests is the most complete ever published in this country. A careful study of the fusion temperatures in comparison with the chemical composition can- not fail to indicate many important points, one of the most marked of which is the effect upon the fusion of a large amount of free silica, and of the fineness or coarseness of its grain. It is with great pleasure that acknowledgment is made to all who have supplied information or assisted in the preparation of this report. By clay miners and clay manufacturers, by foremen and superintendents, by laborers and proprietors, we have been received with a courtesy and attention so uniform that the very few instances where information has been refused and the door shut in our faces stand out strongly by contrast. While thanks are due to many, especial mention must be made of favors received from Messrs. J. A. Campbell and E. C. Stover, of the Trenton Potteries Company; Alfred Lawshe, of the Trent Tile Works; J. E. Rossi, of Perth Amboy; M. D. Valentine, of Wood- bridge; E. C. Fisher, of the Sayre & Fisher Company, and. Mr. O. Speir, of the Perth Amboy Terra Cotta Company. Messrs. L. C. Gratton, Fellow in Geology, and W. E. McCourt, Assistant in Economic Geology, at Cornell University, gave very material assistance in the chemical and physical analyses, and the latter also made most of the drawings for the report. It is, perhaps, too much to hope that no errors have crept into these pages. The compilation and sifting of all the data collected PREFACK. XXVIi has been a long and tedious work. If any errors or omissions are noted, the reader will confer a favor by calling the attention of the undersigned to them. Henry B. KUMMEL, State Geologist. PART I, CLAY AND ITS PROPERTIES. By HEINRICH RIES. bat ey lay ; =} . CHAPTER I, CLAY AND ITS MODE OF OCCURRENCE CONTENTS. Definition. Origin of clay. Residual clay. Form of residual deposit. Depth of residual deposit. Sedimentary clay. Marine clays. Estuarine clays. Swamp and lake clays. Flood plain or terrace clays. Drift or bowlder clays. Secondary changes in clay deposits. Mechanical changes. Tilting, Folding, Faulting. Erosion. Chemical changes. — Change of color. Leaching. Softening. Consolidation. Concretions. Shale formation. Definition.—Clay is the term applied to those earthy materials occurring in nature, whose most prominent property is that of plasticity when wet. On this account they can be molded into almost any desired shape, which is retained when dry. Further- more, if heated to redness, or higher, the material becomes hard and rock-like. Physically, clay is made up of a number of small mineral particles, ranging from grains of coarse sand to those which are of microscopic size, or under one one-thousandth of an inch in diameter. (Figs. 30-34.) Mineralogically, it con- sists of many different mineral fragments, some of them fresh, (3) 4 CEAYS AND CLAW IN DUS Re but others in all stages of decay, and representing chemically many different compounds, such as oxides, carbonates, silicates, hydroxides, etc. . (See Chap. IIT) The discussion of the chemical and physical properties of the clay will be left until later, but it may simply be stated here that two prominent minerals in clay are quartz (silica) and kaolinite (a mixture of water, silica and alumina, and known chemically as a hydrated silicate of alumina). ORIGIN OF CLAY.! Clay results primarily from the decomposition of other rocks, and very frequently from rocks containing feldspar, so that for this reason most writers have stated that it was derived from feldspathic rocks. There are some rock species, however, that contain no feldspar (such as serpentine), and others with very little (as some gabbros), which, on weathering, produce some of the most plastic clays known. In all of these clays there is found a variable amount of the mineral kaolinite, which is of secondary origin, 1. é., it is derived from other minerals by decomposition. This is termed the clay base. In order to trace the process of clay formation, let us take the case of granite, a rock which is commonly composed of three minerals, viz., quartz, feldspar, and mica. When such a mass of rock 1s exposed to the weather, minute cracks are formed in it, due to the rock expanding when heated by the sun and con- tracting when cooled at night, or they may be joint planes formed by the contraction of the rock as it cooled from a molten condition. Into these cracks the rain water percolates and, when it freezes in cold weather, it expands, thereby exerting a prying action, which further opens the fissures, or may even wedge off fragments of the rock. Plant roots force their way into these cracks and, as they expand, in growth, supplement the action of the frost, thus further aiding in the breaking up of the mass. *In this chapter the different kinds of clay are discussed according to their origin. A classification according to uses is given in the Introduction to - Jeehas JOUE CEA AND IS MODEFOET@CCURRENCE. 5 This process alone, if kept up, may reduce the rock to a mass of small angular fragments. The rain water, however, acts in another way. It not only carries oxygen into the pores of the rock, but also acids in solution, the latter having been gathered in part from the decay- ing vegetable matter in the soil and in part from the air. The result of this is that the oxygen and the acids attack many of the mineral grains of the rock and change them into other com- pounds. Some of these are soluble and can be carried off by the water circulating through the mass, but others are insoluble and are left behind. It will thus be seen that one effect of this action is to withdraw certain elements from the rock, and, the structure of the minerals as well as the rock being destroyed, it crumbles down to a clayey mass. The three minerals mentioned as being commonly present in granite are not equally affected, however, by the weathering agents. Thus the quartz grains are but slightly attacked by the soil waters, while the feldspar loses its lustre and changes slowly to a white, powdery mass, which is usually composed entirely of grains of kaolinite. The mica, if whitish in color, remains un- attacked for a long time, and the glistening scales of it are often visible in many clays. If the mica is dark colored, due to iron in its composition, it rusts rapidly and the iron oxide, thus set free, may permeate the entire mass of clay and color it brilliantly. If now a granite, which is composed chiefly of feldspar, decays under weathering action, the rock will be converted into a clayey mass, with quartz and mica scattered through it. Re- membering that the weathering began at the surface and has been going on there for a longer period than in deeper portions of the rock, we should expect to find on digging downward from the surface, a) a layer of fully formed clay, b) below this a poorly defined zone containing clay and some partially decom- posed rock fragments, c) a third zone, with some clay and many rock fragments, and d) below this the nearly solid rock. (Fig. 1.) In other words, there is a gradual transition from the fully formed clay at the surface into the parent rock beneath. The only exception to this is found in clays formed from limestone, where the passage from clay to rock is sudden. The reason for 6 CLAYS AND CLAW IND SiRave this is that the change from limestone into clay does not take place in the same manner as granite. Limestone consists com- monly of carbonate of lime, with a variable quantity of clay impurities, so that when the weathering agents attack the rock, the carbonate of lime is dissolved out by the surface waters, and the insoluble clay impurities are left behind as a mantle on the undissolved rock, the change from rock to clay being, therefore, a sudden one, and not due to a gradual breaking down of the minerals in the rock, as 1n the case of granite. Fig. 1. Section showing the passage of the fully formed residual clay on the surface into the solid bed rock below. A. Clay. B. Clay and partly decomposed rock. C. Bed rock below, passing upward into tock fragments with a little clay. RESIDUAL CLAY. Where the clay is thus found overlying the rock from which it was formed, it is termed a residual clay, because it represents the residue of rock decay, and its grains are more or less insoluble. A residual clay formed from a rock containing little or no iron oxide is usually white, and is termed a kaolin, and deposits of this type generally contain a high percentage of the mineral kaolimte. On the other hand, a residual clay derived from a rock containing much iron oxide will be yellow, red, or brown, depending on the iron compounds present. Between the pure white clays and the brilliantly colored ones, others are found CLAY AND ITS MODE OF OCCURRENCE. UT representing all intermediate stages, so that residual clays vary widely in their purity. | The form of a residual clay deposit, which is also variable, depends on the shape of the parent rock. Where the residual clay has been derived from a great mass of granite or other clay-yield- ing rock, the deposit may form a mantle covering a considerable area. On the other hand, some rocks, such as pegmatites (feld- spar and quartz), occur in veins, that is, in masses having but small width as compared with their length, and in this case the outcrop of residual clay along the surface will form a narrow belt. The depth of a deposit of residual clay will depend on climatic conditions, character of the parent rock, topography and location. Rock decay proceeds very slowly, and in the case of most rocks the rate of decay is not to be measured in months or years, but rather in centuries. Only a few rocks, such as some shales or other.soft rocks, change to clay in an easily measurable time. With other things equal, rock decay proceeds more rapidly in a moist climate, and consequently it is in such regions that the greatest thickness of residual materials is to be looked for. The thickness might also be affected by the character of the parent tock, whether composed of easily weathering minerals or not. Where the slope is gentle or the surface flat, much of the residual clay will remain after being formed, but on steep slopes it will soon wash away. In some cases the residual materials are washed but a short distance and accumulate on a flat or very gentle slope at the foot of the steeper one, forming a deposit not greatly different from the original ones,’ although they are not, strictly speaking, resi- dual clays. Shallow deposits of clay of this sort are not uncom- mon in the Highlands of New Jersey. Residual clays, usually of low purity, are widely distributed over the southern portion of the United States, and they probably existed at one time to an equal depth in the northern states, but were removed by the great continental ice sheet, which, in the glacial period, spread over that part of the country. The northern portion of New Jersey was involved in this change, the southern * Clays accumulated in this manner are termed colluvial by G. P. Merrill. 8 CILANTS JAUINID: (CIA! JONIDIUIS IRS, limit of the ice sheet during its latest advance extending from Perth Amboy to Belvidere, along the line now marked by the terminal moraine (Pl. X).' For this reason no extensive deposits of residual clay are to be looked for north of this line, while south of it a few small deposits are known, but they have no great economic value. SEDIMENTARY CLAY. ‘As mentioned above, residual clays rarely remain on steep slopes, but are washed away by rain storms into streams and carried off by these to lower and sometimes distant areas. By this means residual clays possibly of very different character may be washed down into the same stream and become mixed together. This process of wash and transportation can be seen in any abandoned clay bank, where the clay on the slopes is washed down and spread out over the bottom of the pit. As long as the stream maintains its velocity it will carry the clay in suspension, but 1f its velocity be checked, so that the . water becomes quiet and free from currents, the particles begin to settle on the bottom, forming a clay layer of variable extent and thickness. ‘This may be added to from time to time, and to such a deposit the name of sedimentary clay is applied. All sedimentary clays are stratified or made up of layers, this being due to the fact that one layer of sediment is laid down on top of another (Pl. I, Fig. 1). If there were absolutely no difference in the character of the material deposited, it would form one thick, homogeneous bed, but there is usually more or less variation, a layer of very fine material being laid down at one time, and a layer of coarser material on top of it, or vice versa. ‘These layers may also vary in thickness, and, since there is less cohesion between unlike particles, the two layers will tend to separate along their line of contact. As the finer material can only be deposited in quiet water, and coarse material in disturbed waters, so from the character ‘For a full account of the Glacial Deposits of the State, see Vol. V of the N. J. Survey Reports. PLATE lI. Fig. 1. A series of sedimentary clay beds. W. H. Cutter’s pit, Woodbridge. Fig. 2. Cross-stratified beds of sand near Florida Grove. Standard Fireproofing Company. CEA ANDY (is MODE? OF @CCURRE NCE, 9 of the deposit we can read much regarding the conditions under which it was formed. If, therefore, in the same bank alternating layers of sand, clay and gravel ate found, it indicates a change from disturbed to quiet water, and still later rapid currents over the spot in which these materials were deposited. The com- monest evidence of current deposition is seen in the cross-bedded structure of some sand beds, where the layers dip in many differ- ent directions, due to shifting currents, which have deposited the sand in inclined layers (Pl. I, Fig. 2). The beds of thinly stratified or laminated sands and clays, found in many cases over the Woodbridge fire-clay bed, are another example of rapid changes in the conditions of deposition. Sedimentary clays can be distinguished from residual clays chiefly by their stratification, and also by the fact that they com- a hre chy Sandy attempted to determine the effect of the fineness of grain on the tensile strength of clays by taking a very fine-grained clay and mixing different sizes of sands with it, the sand being obtained by grinding and screening vitrified bricks. His conclusions were “‘(1) that the tensile strength of mixtures of a plastic ball clay with equal quantities of nonplastic sands *See Asbury clay, sample 695 S, Table, Chap.. XVIII. ? See Raritan clay, sample 723. Table, Chap. XVIII. ® Transactions American Ceramic Society, Vol. II, p. 100, and Vol. ITI, p. ro8. Et eI vSle we PROBE RATE SOB Ci Ay. 87 will vary inversely with the diameter of the grains of the sand from grains of 0.04 inch down to the finest sizes obtainable. (2.) That the nonplastic ingredients of clay influence its tensile strength inversely as the diameter of their grains, and fine- grained clays will, other things being equal, possess the greatest tensile strength.”’ In other words, the coarser the grains of sand, the less the tensile strength of the mixture containing them. In order to obtain some information regarding the relation of texture to tensile strength the writer selected 5 clays at random _ from the New Jersey series tested for this report, the only pre- caution taken being to pick out samples ranging from high to low tensile strength. ‘These 5 samples were the following: 1. Alloway clay from the railroad cut north of Alloway (Loc. 164, Lab. No. 680). This is a very plastic, slightly gritty, dense, red-burning clay, with an average tensile strength of 453 pounds per square inch. 2. Pleistocene clay from the brickyard near Somerville (Loc. 234, Lab. No. 659). This was also a gritty, plastic clay, but not as dense as the previous one. Its average tensile strength was 297 pounds per square inch. 3. A Cape May clay from along the river south of Millville (Loc. 181, Lab. No. 645). A gritty, plastic clay, with an aver- age tensile strength of 289 pounds per square inch. 4. Sample of Raritan clay from Cliffwood (Loc. 220, Lab. No. 615). A black, sandy, micaceous clay, with an average tensile strength of 105 pounds per square inch. 5. A soft, powdery, washed ball clay from near Sayreville (Loc. 268, Lab. No. 723). It was plastic to the feel, with very little grit, and a tensile strength of under 20 pounds per square inch. Fach of these clays was put through a mechanical analysis and separated into the 5 classes of grains,’ shown in the table below. The percentage of these sizes in each of the 5 samples is shown in the following table: * For explanation of sizes, see “Texture” in this chapter. 88 | OLANTS (ANID QigaAN’ JUN IDIUS TR. Mechanical Analyses of some New Jersey Clays. I 2 3 4 5) Conventional Lab. Lab. Lab. Lab. Lab. _ Names. No. 680. No.659. No. 645. No. 615. No. 723. Clay substance, ..... 59.00% 44.00% 22.00% 30.645 % 87.90% Poirre oil taper M ae nL hes 11.00 7.11 5.66 14.21 6.95 Silt and fine sand,... 14.70 24.35 26.55 5.585 3.00 Medium sand, ...... 3.50 7.80 11.45 6.400 1.00 SENG, | 5 eich Ben AIAES 11.40 16.35 33.44 42.950 99.60 99.61 99.10 99.790 98.91 These figures seem to throw some light on the relation of the texture to the tensile strength, but, while highly suggestive, are not to be taken as final. The writer hopes, however, to have the opportunity of supplementing them by additional tests at some later date. Before discussing the bearing of the mechanical analyses given above it seems desirable to plot them in the form of curves, as shown in Fig. 27. Here the horizontal lines rep- resent percentages. Of the 6 columns, the first 5 represent the grain sizes and the sixth the tensile strength. Taking No. 5 of the above table of analyses we find that it contains 87.96 per cent. of clay substance. This point is plotted in the first column. ‘The point representing the percentage of fine silt is then plotted in the next column, and so on with the other sizes. ‘These points are then connected with a curved line. In the same way the percentages of the different sizes of grains of the other samples were plotted and connected by curved lines. The lines are drawn in different ways so that those representing the different clays can be more readily distinguished at a glance. From a study of this table it is seen that the clay having the lowest tensile strength (No. 5) contains a very high percentage of the finest clay particles. Furthermore, the clay having the second lowest tensile strength (No. 4) contains the largest per- centage of sand (42.9 per cent.). From this it appears that an excess of either coarse or fine grains lowers the tensile strength. On the other hand, in those clays having the high tensile strength the percentages of fine, medium and coarse particles are PEE OPED SICA PROPER SO TCLAY. 89 more nearly equal. This is perhaps what might be expected, for if the tensile strength is due to the interlocking of the grains, a mixture of different sizes would fit together more closely than if particles of one size predominated, as in Nos. 4 and 5 of the table. It is rather difficult, however, to compare these results Me Ubslance Tensilestrensth OS. per sq.1N. Cla fg. 27. Curves showing relation of texture to tensile strensth,. with Orton’s, as in his artificial mixtures the nonplastic particles were of uniform size, while in the natural mixtures a variety of Sizes existed. If the theory of interlockment is true, then it should be pos- sible to make a mixture of two clays, whose tensile strength is ’ 90 CLAYS AND CLA YoUNDUSiRNe higher than that of either of the clays alone, or vice versa. While no experiments were made with the object of proving this point, some results were obtained in the course of the physical work on the New Jersey clays that have an important bearing, as follows: Of several clays tested from the Asbury clay, near Asbury Park, one was a Slightly gritty, black clay, with an average tensile strength of 182 pounds per square inch. The other was a plastic loam, whose average tensile strength was 137 pounds per square inch. A mixture of the two in equal proportions, however, had an average tensile strength of 258 pounds per square inch. Another clay from a different formation (Lab. No. 695) had an average tensile strength of 108 pounds per square inch, while a mixture of equal parts of this clay and sand showed a tensile strength of but 65 pounds per square inch. In the latter case the decrease in strength was due to the excess of sand. The tensile strength of a clay is used by some as a means of measuring its plasticity, but there are probably fewer advocates of this idea than there were a few years ago. It is true that many very plastic clays have a high tensile strength, and that many very lean ones have a low tensile strength, but we cannot say more than this. Many clays, as, for example, some of the Clay Marls, have a lean, gritty feeling when wet, and yet show a high tensile strength when air dried. Again, many of the Raritan clays feel very sticky and plastic, and yet their tensile strength may be under 100 pounds per square inch. Some clays of high bonding power will, when tested alone, develop little tensile strength, but this is because the high plasticity of the clay causes it to shrink, warp and crack so much in drying that it is impossible to get a briquette free from flaws. When mixed with sand or grog, its shrinkage and cracking are greatly reduced, and the proper texture is developed for high tensile strength. Some of the No. 1 fire clays of the Woodbridge district, which are very fine grained, crack so much when dried alone that it is impossible to get a flawless briquette for testing. REEISiK 276 189 179 234 188 + Diagrams showing the rel me Rast we! | aba a PLATE XIIlA. PLEISTOCENE AND CAPE MAY 276 189 179 234 188 127 291 190 169 137 280 18a 180 SST (LIANE 137178290 284 \61 219 218 219 183 200 219 213 207 183 218 210 201 186 jy 199 182-191 609a 202 195 197 208 195 185 206 185 187 au OE om i i a a ie 60} | —— T : i z L ac 1 5 ee “5 = 40, se | ; | ar y) RARITAN 136 139 24 4135 29 4G 6S 7 132 86 268 18 67 120 256 5 101 120 2 4 45 6 64 67 268 67 101 134 ral el eI 35) xo} 1 Je 25} | ISIE I IE al i [ RARITAN (CONTINUED.) (s Jol 134) 132 222 121 6 3024 IS 220 906 542221107 S220 5S 7 bei | Diagrams showing the relation of the air shrinkage (lower line) to the water absorbed in tempering (upper line) New Jersey clays. THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY. 91 SHRINKAGE. All clays shrink in drying and burning, the former loss being termed the air shrinkage, and the latter the fire shrinkage. Air shrinkage.1—When a mass of clay is mixed up with water, each of the grains of clay can be considered as being surrounded by a film of the liquid, which may prevent them from coming into close or actual contact. As soon as the wet, molded mass is set aside to dry, however, evaporation of the water contained in the pores of the clay begins, and, as it passes off, the particles of clay draw closer together, causing a shrinkage of the mass. This will continue until all the particles come in contact, but since they do not fit together perfectly, there will still be some spaces leit between the grains, and these will hold moisture, which cannot be driven off except by gentle heating. The air shrink- age, may, therefore, cease before all the water has passed off. This fact can be told by the loss of weight which takes place in the clay, if put in a hot-air bath (at 100° C.) after the air shrink- age ceases. The amount of air shrinkage is usually low in lean clays, and high in very plastic clays, for the reason that the latter absorb considerable water in mixing, which they then give off in drying. At the same time, however, it must be noted that all clays which require a high percentage of water in mixing, do not show a high air shrinkage, as is shown by the diagrams on Plate XIII A. In these, the horizontal lines indicate percentages; the num- bers at the top of each diagram represent the locality, arranged according to the percentage of air shrinkage which they showed, the lowest being placed at the left end, and the highest at the right. ; . Taking the diagram for the Cohansey clays, the first one is No. 219 (Lab. No. 699). A point was marked indicating its air shrinkage, viz., 2.5,7 and above this a second point was marked. _* Whenever the term air shrinkage is used in this report it refers, unless otherwise stated, to the linear shrinkage, expressed in terms of the length of a freshly molded brick, and measured on its greatest dimension. *The percentage of both air and fire shrinkage is expressed in terms of the length of the freshly molded bricklet. g2 CIBANGS) JAINID (C]iyase UN IDIUIS URN. corresponding to the amount of water required to mix it, viz., 21.3 per cent. of the weight of dry clay taken. In the same way similar pairs of points were plotted for the other localities, and each series of points was then connected by a line. Since the different clays were arranged according to the amount of their air shrinkage, the line representing this will naturally rise from left to right. If now the amount of water required for mixing stood in direct relation to the air shrinkage, the upper line should also rise steadily from left to right, which it does not do in all cases. In the Cape May clays there seems to be less irregularity than in the case of the other formations, in all of which the upper line is very irregular, due, no doubt, to the variation in texture of the clays. The air shrinkage of a clay will not only vary with the amount of water added, but also with the texture of the material. Soft- mud bricks may shrink more than stiff-mud ones, because in the latter case less water is added to the clay, and it is molded under greater pressure. At the same time, the shrinkage of many soft-mud bricks is low, because so much sand is often added to the clay. The effect of the sand on the air shrinkage is well seen by comparison of samples 695 and 6958, both from locality 218, t mile south of Herbertsville. In preparing sample 6958, 50 per cent. of sharp sand was added. Table showing effect of sand on the air shrinkage and tensile strength of a clay. Per cent. of water Per cent. of air Tensile strength required. shrinkage. lbs. per sq. in. Lab. No. 695, Loc. 218,. . 32.6 5.3 108 Fads scp COO SSS Ne ee re dies 15.6 3:3 65 From the above it is seen that the addition of 50 per cent. of sharp sand reduced the amount of water required a little over one-half. The air shrinkage was reduced 37.73 per cent., but it was accompanied by a loss in the tensile strength of very nearly 40 per cent. Similar examples can be seen by an inspection of the tabulated tests in Chapter XVIII, where it will be seen that in some cases a gain is made all around by the mixing process, as for instance, in the clays from the Raritan, used at locality 222, near Keyport. Here, sample 606 (Lab. No.) represents a fat, THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY. 93 black clay, which cannot be used alone for bricks, as it shrinks too much, especially in burning, and consequently a more sandy clay (Lab. No. 603) is added to it. Table showing air shrinkage and tensile strength of a fat and of a sandy clay. Per cent. of water Per cent. of air. Tensile strength . required. shrinkage. Ibs. per sq. 1m. Tab. No. 606, Loc. 222,.. 30 6. OI “ce “e 603, 7 “e ce 23 583 106 While coarse or sandy clays shrink less than fine-grained ones, they may sometimes absorb considerable water, especially if they are silty in their character, but the fact that their pores are much coarser allows the water to escape rapidly, and thus often per- mits more rapid drying. The cracking of some fine-grained clays in drying is due partly to the surface shrinking more rapidly than the interior, because the evaporation there is greatest. As the outer portion of the product cannot stretch, it must pull apart and crack. Fire shrinkage.—All clays shrink during some stage of the burning operation, even though they may expand slightly at certain temperatures. The fire shrinkage varies within wide limits, the amount depending partly on the quantity of volatile elements, such as combined water, organic matter and carbon dioxide present in the clay, and partly on the texture. It reaches a maximum when the clay vitrifies, but does not increase uni- formly up to that point, and, in fact, is very irregular. Thus a certain amount of shrinkage takes place when the combined water begins to pass off, namely, at -400° C. (752° F.), and an additional amount occurs at higher temperatures, but not appar- ently the result of contraction following volatilization of some of the elements. Wherever the fire shrinkage is given in this report, it refers to the linear shrinkage occurring during burning, and is ex- pressed in terms of the length of the bricklet when molded. Thus, if the fire shrinkage at cone I is given as 4 per cent., it means that the amount of fire shrinkage at that cone is 4 per cent. of the length of the bricklet when freshly molded. 94 CLAY'S AND" CLAYOIND US TRE As an example of the rate of fire shrinkage and accompanying loss of weight, a series of eight clays was selected and burned at temperatures 100° C. (180° F.) apart from 500° C. (932° F.), up to 1100° C. (2012° F.), inclusive. | ermenoon | ‘aSeyurys | And dode Y | Lal | | We Oyeey | diy jue. I9g | oo | 88 a d | OHACAMTN | Aa SA ae eal tsa MORONS | yySIOM “yUId 19q | 66606060600 | n es ea | Bell ‘oBeyurrys SHON STI | < | Om a1 “jus. Tod OO O WH aia) 4 | | go || 0.0 = Ay |] ON | = || Sao "150 ANWo+aATO wW | el = é + I HHO bts OOH eal TEES EES) Rial oodddd66 ca an 7, a ie ae 1 pate ea wg ‘ | ia Siz ES e0000000 | a aie aig “jus. I9g | A | OF | me |i o oF SS SSS SSS SS 5 | S wn H || oS BL | GEN es ee i | ISM 429 Id | scodgdéooe | es | jan] = a x SSS st re | 1S) G | A Sees eo0000000 - aig ‘jus. Jag OF te ° liane = -z = = ee a faa Le RE on 8 oR | ot | “4SOT MINAS ON wn Lal Slam ‘judd JO EACH Ge sore SEN I 3qS1 d Sd0d00060 | (o) Hy a ee Se Ns = =| (fe) z | ‘aSeYUIIYS oomoooo°O | < Or | aig ‘jue. Jag S oN as ° a : Onn HO MH Rg aust og | PESTS Wow z WsIem “Jus. Ioq oddGHOOO =! faa pues Sa a = a jpSEqUIIYS SALOU ota O a : aig ‘jus. Jag 6069000000 > OF Lam un RS —= $$ B of AOnKRnRHMOM m4 eH “4SOT NmMOOORO S bed yASTIOM “jus. Jog yey eee x a ————————————— . . | ° Of | motrmananm a © o |*4SO] JYSIaM “UID Jog MH NO TINA = 751 66 to Atm - mV a ae J die osnartet AP pate . DO 0 00 MAO e qreq OmntHOAR ie IIe UL 4SOT JYSIOM “JUS. Jog AHHH MOMS al < i= |; oomowood ‘aBeNULIYS Ie JO “jus. Jag Sg cakes te =) THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY. 95 Explanation of table-——The clays tested were the following: 648. Fat, black micaceous clay, of Clay Marl I from Maple Shade (Loc. 149). 655. A clay marl. Exact locality unknown. 663. A Pleistocene clay from Vineland (Loc. 183). 665. A yellow, finely gritty, Cohansey clay, heavily stained with limonite from Toms River (Loc. 206). 696. Black, Asbury clay from west of Asbury Park (Loc. 217). 703. Sandy, Raritan clay from near Fish House (Loc. 136). 717. A very plastic clay from Clay Marl III, south of Woodbury (Loc. 156). 728. Hudson River shale from Port Murray (Loc. 282). The bricklets had been standing in a warm room for several weeks and although they appeared perfectly dry, they were placed in a hot-air bath and kept at a temperature of 110° C. for a day, being weighed both before and after. This drove off the moisture remaining in the pores, and the resulting loss in weight indicated in the third column of the above table shows the quantity of moisture that may remain in a brick after the air shrinkage has ceased. It is least in the sandy, lean clays, and highest in the black one which is colored by organic matter. The second column indicates the per cent. of air shrinkage, cal- culated upon the length of a freshly molded bricklet. The fourth column, headed 500° C. (932° F.), gives the loss in weight from the thoroughly dried condition up to 500° C., calculated on the weight of the air-dried.sample. The following columns give the additional loss in weight for each 100° C. (180° F.), as well as the fire shrinkage taking place in this temperature interval. From an inspection of the table it is seen that most of the volatile substances, such as the chemically combined water con- tained in kaolinite, mica, or limonite, and organic matter pass off before 500° C. (932° F.), and that an additional appreciable amount is expelled between 500° C. and 600° C. Between pegmane. (1t12° F.) and 1100° C: (2012°. F2)) there jwas\ a small but steady loss, while in one case (No. 663), there was even a gain in weight at 1000° C. (1832° F.). ‘Two samples, Nos. 696 and 665, showed a high loss at 500° C. and 600° C., as compared with the others, but this was due to the former containing considerable organic matter, and the latter having a 96 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. very high percentage of limonite, which would supply an addi- i tional quantity of chemically combined water.? The amount of fire shrinkage shown by these samples is equally interesting, for it is seen that although the loss in weight between 500° C. (932° FE.) and goo? ©. (16527 0a))misecen= siderable, still there is little or even no shrinkage, so that after the volatile elements have been driven off the clay must be very porous, and remains so until the fire shrinkage begins again. From the table it will be seen that with one exception, no shrink- age occurred between 600° C. (1112° F_) and q002 CGosz Ff), but between goo° C. (1652° FE.) and 10007 s@ (mesa. F.), all except No. 663 decreased in size, and there was an additional but greater shrinkage between 1000° C. (1832° F.) and 1100° C. (2012° F.). None of the bricklets became steel- hard, that is, sufficiently hard to resist scratching with a knife until 1000° ‘C. (18322 F!), or even 1100? (C. (zorz2ns) amen the case of those burning red, a good red coloration began to appear at 1000° C. (1832° F.). From this it can be seen, and this is a fact already known, that up to 600° C. (1112° F.), a clay should be heated slowly, but from that point up to 1000° C., the temperature can be raised quite rapidly, unless much carbonaceous matter is present. The gradual burning off of this carbon is well shown in Pl. XVII, Fig. 1, which repre- sents a series of bricks taken from a kiln, at regular intervals as the burning proceeded. Further heating should be done slowly, as the shrinkage recommences at the last mentioned temperature. Since many clays when used alone shrink to such an extent as to cause much loss from warping and cracking, it is neces- sary to add materials, which of themselves have no fire shrinkage, and so decrease the shrinkage of the mixture in burning. Sand or sandy clays are the materials most commonly used for this purpose, but ground bricks (grog) and even coke or graphite may be employed. These materials serve not only to decrease the shrinkage in drying and burning, but also tend to prevent blistering in an easily fusible ferruginous clay when hard fired. They furthermore add to the porosity of the ware, and thus +See Chapter III, p. 73. —— ad THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY. 97 facilitate the escape of the moisture in drying and in the early stages of burning, as well as enable the product to withstand sudden changes of temperature. If sand is added for this pur- pose, it may act as a flux at high temperatures, and this action will be the more intense the finer its grain." Large particles of grog are undesirable, especially if they are angular in form, because in burning the clay shrinks around them, and the sharp edges, serving as a wedge, open cracks in the clay, which may expand to an injurious degree. Large pebbles will do the same, and at many of the common brickyards in the State, the writer has seen numbers of bricks split open during the burning because of some large quartz pebble left in the clay, as the result of improper screening of the tempering sand. For common brick, the type of sand used does not make much dif- feren, as long as it is clean, but if sand is to be added to fire brick mixtures, it should be coarse, clean quartz sand. Burned clay grog is more desirable than sand for high-grade wares, since it does not affect the fusibility of the clay, or swell with an in- crease of temperature as sand does, but precaution should be taken to burn the clay to its limit of shrinkage before using it. FUSIBILITY. The changes occurring in the early stages of burning have already been referred to on pp. 93-96, and in the table of tests there given it was seen that the clay had become steel-hard. The temperature at which this occurs varies with the character of the material, impure, easily fusible clays becoming so at a low temperature, such as cone 05, while others, such as kaolins, will not become steel-hard before cone 5 or possibly 8.? The attainment of a steel-hard condition represents the begin- ning of fusion, not of the whole mass, but of some of the more fusible elements in the clay, the result of this preliminary soften- *See Chapter on Fire Clays and Fire-Brick Industry. * The cones referred to are small pyramids of definite chemical composition and a theoretic fixed fusion point. Their exact nature and method of use are explained on p. I01. G) (Ge 98 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. ing being to stick the grains together. This is termed incipient fusion, but the softening has not been sufficient to prevent identi- fication of the coarser grains in the clay. With a further variable increase in the temperature, depending in amount on the clay, and ranging irom 27.7> ©, (50° F.) to 111.1 ©. (oe Aason sometimes even more, an additional amount of shrinkage occurs, and most of the particles become sufficiently soft to allow them to settle into a compact impervious mass, thus closing up all the pores in the clay. This condition is termed vitrification, and a piece of vitrified clay when broken shows a very smooth fracture and sometimes a slight luster, since all the particles except the coarse quartz grains have been welded into a dense solid mass. This condition, since it represents one of the closest compactness of the clay particles, also represents the maximum of shrinkage. If the heat is raised still further the clay softens so that it can no longer hold its shape and flows or gets viscous. We can, therefore, recognize three stages in the burning of a clay,! viz. : Incipient fusion. Vitrification. Viscosity. It is sometimes difficult to recognize precisely the exact attain- ment of these three conditions, for the clay may soften so slowly that the change from one to the other is very gradual. The difference in temperature between the points of incipient fusion and viscosity varies with the composition of the clay. In many calcareous clays these points are within 27.7° C. (50° F.) of each other, while in refractory clays they may be 377.7° C. (700° F.) to 444.4° C. (800° F.) apart. The glass-pot clays, which are refractory, but still burn dense at a comparatively low temperature, approach the last mentioned condition quite closely. It is of considerable practicable importance to have the points of incipient fusion and viscosity well separated, because in the manufacture of many kinds of clay products the ware must be vitrified or rendered impervious. If, therefore, the temperature interval between the points of vitrification and viscosity is great, 147. A. Wheeler, Vitrified Paving Brick, p. 12, 1895, Indianapolis. THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY. — 99 it will be safer to bring the ware up to a condition of vitrification, without the risk of reaching the temperature of viscosity and melting all the wares in the kiln, because it is impossible to con- trol the kiln temperature within a range of a few degrees. In many clays the point of vitrification seems to be midway between that of incipient fusion and viscosity, but in others it is not. — Temperature of fusion.—The temperature at which a clay fuses depends on: .1) the amount of fluxing impurities; 2) the condition of the fluxes; 3) the size of the grains, and 4) the condition of the kiln atmosphere, whether oxydizing or reducing. 1. Other things being equal, the temperature of fusion of a- clay will fall with an increase in the percentage of total fluxes. If we compare the analyses of a brick clay and a fire clay we shall find that the analysis of the former shows perhaps 12 or 15 per cent. of fluxing or fusible ingredients, while that of the latter may show only 2 or 3 per cent., and that their fusion points are perhaps 1093° C. (2000° F.) and 1644° C. (3000° F.) respect- ively. All fluxing impurities do not, however, act with equal energy, some betng more active than others. 2. The condition of chemical combination may also affect the result. Thus lime, for example, will induce a fluxing action in clay at a lower temperature if present in the form of carbonate of lime than as silicate of lime. 3. The size of the mineral grains in a clay undoubtedly exerts more effect than some investigators have been willing to admit. Other things being equal, a fine-grained clay will fuse at a lower temperature than a coarse-grained one,” for the reason that when the particles of a clay begin to fuse or flux with each other, this action begins on the surface of the grains and works inward towards the centre. If, therefore, the easily fusible grains are of small size, they fuse more rapidly, and are more effective in their fluxing action than if the grains were large. Since some of the mineral grains in the clay are more refractory than others, the clay in the earlier stages of fusion can be regarded as a mixture *H. O. Hofman, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Engrs. XXVIII, p. 440, 1808. *See Chapter XVI, The Fire Clays and Fire-Brick Industry; also paper by H. Ries, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Engrs., Feb., 1903. 100 CLAYS ANDY CEAY] INDU Sa Rave of fused particles, with a skeleton of unfused ones. If the pro- portion of the former to the latter is very small there will be a strong hardening of the clay with little shrinkage, and the burned clay will still be porous. With an increase of temperature, and the fusion of more particles, the pores fill up more and more, and the shrinkage goes on until, at the point of vitrification, the spaces are completely filled. Above this point there is no longer a sufficiently strong skeleton to hold the mass together, and the clay begins to flow. The conditions which influence the differ- ence in temperature between vitrification and viscosity still remain to be satisfactorily explained, but 1t probably depends on the relative amounts of fluxes and nonfluxes and the size of grain of the latter. 4. Finally, it is found that the same clay will fuse at a lower temperature, if in burning it is deprived of oxygen, than it will if burned in an atmosphere containing plenty of the latter.’ Classtfication of clays based on fustbtlity.—The fact that dif ferent clays fuse at different temperatures makes it possible to divide them into several different groups, the divisions being based on the degree of refractoriness of the material. Such a grouping however is more or less arbitrary, since no sharp natural lines can be drawn between the different groups, and it 1s to be expected that no grouping proposed will meet with universal approval. ‘The following classification has been adopted in this report: 1. Highly refractory clays, those whose fusing point 1s above cone 33. Only the best of the so-called No. 1 fire clays belong to this class. 2. Refractory clays, those whose fusion point ranges from cone 31-33 inclusive. This group includes some of the New Jersey No. 1, as well as some No. 2 fire clays. 3. Senurefractory clays, those whose fusion point lies between cone 27 and 30 inclusive. 4. Clays of low refractoriness, those whose fusion point lies between cone 20 and 26 inclusive. *See also “Iron Oxide,” Chap. III. pp. 58, 59. ‘QAOGP 9]}}I[ 2 IO ‘6 9UOD Jo JUTOd SUISN} oY} Posyover sinqesoduray, ‘“payot jou yng ‘19A0 Ajoyatdurod uaq seM 6 ‘ON {pajoayeun seM ZI ‘ON {poauaiyzos A]JYSIJS SVM OF “ON ‘paz Ajajayduroo stam g pue Z ssaquinN ‘suypIyY Ur oinyzesodure} oy} Sururutiajap 10f pasn souod 1989 ‘AIX ALV 1d PEE OES oP ROPERITE S OR (CLAY...) Tex 5. Nonrefractory clays, fusing below cone 20. Determination of fusibility—The temperature at which a clay fuses is determined either by means of test pieces of known composition, or by some form of apparatus or mechanical pyro- meter, the principle of which depends on the expansion of gases or solids, thermoelectricity, spectrophotometry, etc. Seger cones.—These test pieces consist of a series of mixtures of clay with fluxes, so graded that they represent a series of fusion points, each being but a few degrees higher than the one next to it. They are so called because originally introduced by H. Seger, a German ceramist. The materials which he used in making them were such as would have a constant composi- tion, and consisted of washed Zettlitz kaolin, Rorstrand feld- spar, Norwegian quartz, Carrara marble, and pure ferric oxide. Cone No. 1 melts at the same temperature as an alloy composed of one part of platinum and nine parts of gold, or at 1100° C. (2012° F.). Cone No. 20 melts at the highest temperature @miamed im a porcelain furnace, or at 1530° C, (2786° F.). The difference between any two successive numbers is 20° C. (36° F.), and the upper member of the series is cone 36, which is composed of a very refractory clay slate, while cone 35 is composed of kaolin from Zettlitz, Bohemia. A lower series of numbers was produced by Cramer, of Berlin, who mixed boracic acid with the materials already mentioned. Hecht obtained still more fusible mixtures by adding both boracic acid and lead in proper proportions to the cones. The result is that there is now a series of 58 numbers, the fusion point of the lowest being 590° C. (1094° F.), and that of the highest 1850° C. (3362° F.). As the temperature rises the cone begins to soften, and when its fusion point is reached it begins to bend over until its tip touches the base, Plate XIV. For practical purposes these cones are very successful, though their use has been somewhat unreasonably discouraged by some. They have been much used by foreign manufacturers of clay products and their use in the United States is increasing.’ The full series can be obtained from Messrs. Seger and Cramer, of Berlin, for $0.01 each (or about two and one-half cents apiece, including duty and expressage), or numbers .o10 to 35 can be 102 CE AY SND CLAW SUNID OS AsRave obtained for $0.01 each from Prof. E. Orton, Jr., of Ohio State University, Columbus, O. The table of fusing points of these cones and their composition is given below. Composition and fusing points of Seger cones. No. of cone. Composition. eae pee .022 j Be mae ' Ba een ions ! an EON eee eet esd ES 021 ee Bees } ope INO) hee ae J EER 1,148 620 .020 ee Ae ; 0.2 AlOs jee ont a soy ene wie AS 1,202 650 019 ie Na ; 0.3 AlLOs | 2° Pion Pea tere AO te 1,256 680 018 (3 Nee i 0.4 Al,Os } 28 a ; pie ree AP at ee | 1,310 710 O17 ee Net ; o5 ALO: } ae Ot RE GPS N Dor). 1,364 740 HG ee Neon 0.55 AlOs ee yon Bin ual eo eee 1,418 770 O15 ee ot 0.6 ALO; es Soni TNO ER echo Zee 1,472 800 or {OSH} 065 ALO: |33 Bos 152 80 013 yee ea 0.7 AlbOs ee Pion SRR oS at 1,580 860 o12 ee Neon 0.75 AlOs ee nent Se RN 1,634. 890 or: (C5 NO} 08 ALO, ey area 1,688 920 oo {23 5} 03 ALO: LesoB.O.f 7 wo 09 | ae &0 } ae ALO: ee BO, oa 4778 one 8 102 GO} 03 ALO: lasB.Osf 7 Si ee 07 } = ae i Be poo } Se slau Sh 1S st E OS cam 1,850 1,010 je) Gol 03 AiG 1osrOs) soe 05 ee Gat ae hak ee Bion Aes Ree nae 1,922 1,050 04 } ao ee ; ae ee } os eel Lee) al pangs 1,958 1,070 Pa Sete ieg. Alon ternion es ca EE DED oICAr, PROPERTIES 2O8 CLAY. "102 No. of cone. Composition. Fusing point. a, aC. .02 nee ae f He Poe } ees Bloat Retr aatlercya, shea 2,030 1,110 eo oo 2,066 1,130 I ee ae ; me ae \4 Si@ Sorrento es 2,102 1,150 = & ee ' a pee \4 SI Oa ere receian aen 2,138 1,170 3 sae eo. oe fone \4 SiOs ea the ees 2,174 1,190 4 } on ee t OH AL OMSIO Ree a sles aiarne 2,210 1,210 5 es ESE t Gxgehid MEO MASH OR Ga aaa aa eR Ting 2,246 1,230 NE Coy 00 ALLOSIOl ee 2,282 —-1,250 7 } a ae t OG A INI OPV ASTI OEinia Ria ere tenn NL Dis em LOTT 2,318 1,270 8 } Be aS f OSH VAL OS SiOs sian ene 2,354 1,290 9 } se Bee f OO ALO ,OS1Osaosrtiratoes eee 2,390 1,310 10 ie noe ; HOeIPA LO) TOSI Os tasrinecleeu tonne ini tea: 2,426 1,330 au | ae oe \ eZee VAL: Ost Zoi Oa srvaciacr rane ie le eens 2,462 1,350 Le | a Be \ DMPA Og Si Ozi.ciieee cite cceae ae 2,498 1,370 13 | a ae f DOPwAL OSTOSIOs meas abias setae aia. 2,534 1,390 #4 } oe ee f OM NI OsIS SiOz ean ede tig 2,570 1,410 SM oz, (ALORS, eas kilns aa 16 | ae Se } ARVN s24 510s cane ee ee oe 2,642 1,450 EL (23 eo BiG NOPE YASH Osta aries ps ae le i 2,678 1,470 18 ee ie) Bare Osa Si On eacn Sere ona tei 2,714 1,490 | oe Boe f Bie PATO) 725 SiOm aura Nene ra ee ie 2,750 1,510 28 | ee a8 ; BENE Os30 Si On ene eee: 2,786 1,530 23 | ae Boe AA AO AAI Onerie, aca ker akeee Vas 2,822 1,550 104 (CIANCS) CAUNIDE (CIE LN IDIUSS IR W. No. of cone. Composition. Fusing point.> eo TIP es 22 ee Cad } 49 ALO 4OSIO {RRA Rec ee 2,858 1,570 3 K:O : 23 ee oO CA. VAL Ors4o1Orme eee See eee CO 1,590 24 sae Heat HOA ONCOSOS Ase ominven nesode son ooo 2OQo 1,610 25 ioe ee t 6.6) AIL @66S\ On ee ee AWG 1,630 26 | ae nee ; TDW NE @s72 Si © seta ee ne 3,002 1,650 27 | ee ays i 20), .Al;@;20091@3 ue ne are 3,038 1,670 ZA ASS ANI ES © Frag 1 OAM S | @ PronenciRee tert anie Mamia cae uN ered aera Scie! oI 3,074 1,690 20 Og. Si SOS TORRE ae oie eatin nae Ra 3,110 1,710 30 ALOs, 262, “Si @ ar wes uO Sees en tet Sean oer Np ae 3,146 1,730 3I AlLOs 5 SHO Say ee renner Dn en Mmeer es Ca MRCS ara ct 3,182 1,750 32 AT OF! (AN le SiO gues Mate satya rate oie En een DRA ant oe 3,218 1,770 33 ATE O's NBS, SIG Seem mia tru weber stak te ere tae a Cer 3,254 1,790 34 AlsO ss “255 ->" SiO a Mies eras hee. 5 See eee ots SOIR 3,290 1,810 35 Al.O3 2 SILOS reeeat mech tae ieee: eieea ea bat ed eee en 3,326 1,830 36 AT ORT 5) SSL Oa im eaten Hite ea keer asec ea cerca aaa 3,362 1,850 If the heat is raised too rapidly the cones which contain much iron swell and blister and do not bend over, so that the best results are obtained by the slow softening of the cone under a gradually rising temperature. In actual use they are placed in the kiln at a point where they can be watched through a peep hole, but at the same time will not receive the direct touch of the flame from the fuel. It is always well to put two or more cones of different numbers in the kiln, so that warning can be had, not only of the end point of firing, but also of the rapidity with which the temperature is rising. In determining the proper cone to use in burning any kind of ware, several cones are put in the kiln, as for example, numbers .o8, I and 5. If .o8 and 1 are bent over in burning and 5 1s not affected, the temperature of the kiln is between 1 and 5. The next time numbers 2, 3 and 4 are put in, and 2 and 3 may be fused, but 4 remains unaffected, indicating that the temperature reached the fusing point of 3. » PEED SICA ROPER MIE SiO CLAY. — 4105 The cone numbers used in the different branches of the clay working industry in New Jersey are as follows: “SONEDITAOTR TOTES ESS SY geeteas Gee VETS NEP MRCS EONS GS Sats estes IEC RE” ole cy ct nee o8-O1 SIRO AEN EC COMM| OM DiLCkey ee acdsee sick soe ee) eee eI A ee oe I- 2 [E OF CRE TACZOUS FORMATION: 161 where the contrast 1s, if anything, more definite than in Mon- mouth county. The thickness of Clay Marl I increases slightly from north- east to southwest. In Monmouth county its thickness is about 35 feet, at Bordentown it is 60 feet, and in Salem county about the same. Its outcrop across the State is shown on Plate X, and more in detail for the Matawan region on Plate XII. Localities —At the present time Clay Marl I is used wholly or in part at the following places: Edward Farry, Matawan (228) ; Pennsylvania Clay Company, Matawan (226); Dunlap & Lisk, Matawan (230); Reed Brothers, Hightstown (193); The Bor- dentown Brick Company, Bordentown (109); Murrill Dobbins, Kinkora (113); Augustus Reeve, Maple Shade (149), and Budd Brothers, Camden (143). The results of tests upon sam- ples of this bed and those from other localities are given in Chap- ters XVIII and XIX. (PEt aR ARAN CE Aw SERIES: Character —The Raritan or Plastic Clay series, as it was called by Dr. Cook, is the lowest and oldest of the three divisions of the Cretaceous in New Jersey. It consists of a number of beds of clay, sand, and locally, of gravel. The clays are of various kinds, from nearly white or steel-blue fire clay of the highest grade to black, sandy clay, containing varying amounts of pyrite and sulphur, and used only for common brick. Some of the sands are nearly pure quartz, sharp and angular in grain, suitable for a high grade of fire sand; others are highly micaceous, or lig- nitic, or arkose. Some of the latter, composed of coarse grains, or even pebbles of quartz and decomposed feldspar crystals, form the beds of so-called “feldspar” used in the manufacture of fire brick. Along the Delaware river, beds of gravel and cobble stones are known to occur locally, but in Middlesex county noth- ing larger than very coarse (pea) sand has been seen. The Raritan series is characterized by the rapid alternation of strata, the abrupt transition both vertically and horizontally from one to another of these beds, and by the absence of any DE Ck. .G 162 CLAWS AND CLAY INDUST Re definite and orderly arrangement over extended areas. Individual beds of clay thin out rapidly or grade bodily into beds of sand within short distances. In not a few instances data have been observed, which indicate that beds after deposition were partially swept away by shifting currents, before the overlying layers were formed. Within comparatively short distances, also, sand and clay were being deposited simultaneously, so that rapid changes in the character of the deposit have resulted. In these respects the Clay series is in marked contrast to the Clay Marl or Marl series, during the deposition of which uniform conditions prevailed over wide areas, and successive deposits were formed, which can be traced as individual beds across the State. Although it is impossible to establish any divisions in the Raritan series, which can be accurately identified at widely sepa- rated intervals, nevertheless, as was long ago pointed out by Cook and Smock,’ in Middlesex county, in the vicinity of Woodbridge, Perth Amboy, South Amboy and South River, where the beds have been extensively opened in many localities, there are cer- tain divisions, which in their general features persist from open- ing to opening, and so can be traced through all the region. Yet even here, not infrequently many of the minor beds seen in one pit are wanting in the next one a few rods away, showing that variable conditions prevailed, even in this area. The degree, however, to which the Clay series has been sub- divided in this part of Middlesex county is probably not due entirely to the distinctness and persistence of individual mem- bers. The great number of exposures, both natural and artificial, . enable one to trace the beds with much greater detail than in any other portion of the State. Were the formation everywhere so well exposed as in this region, it is highly probable that some similar classification could be made in other districts, and that the formation would not prove to be such a varying complex of clay and sand, as seems to be the case. It is certain, however, that the classification which is applicable to Middlesex county would not apply to Burlington, and it is equally certain that no *Report on the Clay Deposits ef Woodbridge, South Amboy, etc., 1878, PP. 33-75. CPAs OF CRE TACK OUSPRORMATION® 163 such definite subdivision would be possible in the case of the Raritan as has been made in the Clay Marls or Marl series. Thickness —The thickness of the Raritan series varies con- siderably, as is shown by numerous well borings which have penetrated to the older rocks beneath. Cook and Smock made an estimate of 347 feet from a detailed study and comparison of the various beds in Middlesex county. Our own estimates for this tegion give 380 to 390 feet. At Asbury Park, 20 miles down the dip from the outcrop, a well penetrated 367 feet of beds belonging to this series without reaching its base; whereas, at Bordentown, the entire thickness of the formation, from top to bottom, as shown by borings, does not exceed 250 feet. At Jobstown, southeast of Bordentown and 8 miles farther down the dip, the Raritan was penetrated for 409 feet, and bottom not reached. At Delair, north of Camden, the base of the Raritan is 162 below tide. Making due allowance for the upper part of the formation not present here, owing to post-Cretaceous erosion, the thickness is 275 to 300 feet. The greatest thickness, how- ever, has been reached in a boring at Fort Dupont, Del. (oppo- site Fort Mott, N. J.), where 594 feet of the strata belonging to the Raritan were penetrated without reaching its base. These figures indicate that the formation is thinner along its outcrop than down the dip to the southeast. This conclusion is in accord with what is known of other formations of the coastal plain. Stratigraphic relations——As has already been stated, the con- tact of the Raritan and the Clay Marls above is sharp and easily recognized. Wherever seen, its top is a loose sand, or a sand with clay laminz, whereas the base of the Clay Marl is a glau- conitic clay, black when fresh, a rusty brown where weathered, and frequently fossiliferous. The contact is, moreover, fre- quently emphasized by a bed of ironstone due to cementation of the upper layer of sand. The basal contact is less frequently shown. In Middlesex county, wherever exposed, the Raritan beds rest unconformably upon the eroded edges of the Triassic (Newark) shale, while some well borings show that locally they are underlain by trap tock. From Trenton, southwestward, they rest upon the Phila- delphia gneiss and schist, as is shown by a few well borings. So 1604 CHAS ANDI CEA) MENTO ICIS suas far as known, the lowest layers are always derived from the subjacent formation. At Brinkman’s clay pit, Piscataway (96), there is a gradual transition from the undecomposed Triassic red shale to a red and white plastic clay, which is undoubtedly Cretaceous. Since, however, the Triassic beds dip to the north- west, and the nearly horizontal Cretaceous beds lie upon their beveled edges, we know that there was a long period of erosion, accompanied by great crustal movements after the formation of the shale and before the deposition of the Cretaceous. Never- theless, it is here impossible to draw a sharp line between them. The apparent transition is undoubtedly due to a partial re-work- ing of the residuary red clay, which mantled the Triassic at the beginning of Cretaceous time. At other localities there is a distinct alternation of sediments derived from the shale, and from more distant sources.1 In general, wherever the under- lying rock is red shale, the lowest bed of the Raritan is a very sticky red clay, evidently derived in part, if not wholly, from it. Where the Raritan rests upon a micaceous schist or gneiss, as is the case at Delair, near Camden, borings have shown that the lowest beds of the Raritan are mica sands, such as would be derived from the subjacent formation. Conditions of formation.—It has been generally considered that the Raritan formation was accumulated under broad estu- arine conditions. ‘The rapid alternation of layers, the horizontal variation in character of the beds, and their abrupt changes in thickness, have been interpreted to mean shifting currents and ereat variations in conditions within comparatively narrow limits. The cross-bedded structure of many of the sand beds, the billowy, eroded upper surface of some clay layers, the bits of lignite, and even trunks of trees and great masses of leaves, all indicate shallow water and proximity to a shore line, as well as shifting” currents. The beds of extremely fine clay, however, indicate that still waters must have prevailed a portion of the time, even although the shore was not many miles distant. The few fossil shells which have been found are of brackish water, rather than marine types. In all these respects the Raritan beds stand in 1Cook and Smock, loc. cit., pp. 169-170. CLAYS OF CRETACEOUS FORMATION. 16s marked contrast to the Clay Marl and Marl series, which, by their constitution, indicate deeper water, uniform conditions over much wider areas, marine rather than brackish water, and a tend- ency to uniform, rather than strongly varying rates of accumu- lation. Location.—The area occupied by the Raritan series is shown upon the accompanying map, Plate X. It forms a broad belt, extending from Raritan bay across the State to Trenton and Bordentown, and a much narrower strip along the Delaware river to Salem county. Its greatest width is something over 8 miles, while for a few miles below Bordentown it is limited in outcrop to the face of the bluff above the river, and the side slopes of the neighboring ravines, the greater part of the outcrop belt being beneath the bed of the river. Over most of its outcrop across the State its surface is more or less covered by later deposits of sand and gravel, the Pensauken or later formations. ‘These are often so thick as to conceal effectually the beds beneath, and in not a few localities to hinder or entirely prevent digging or even prospecting for clay. This is particularly the case in the flat, low-lying portion of the State from Fresh Ponds and Spots- wood to Trenton. Within this area it is not only impossible to make out any subdivisions in the Raritan, but it is a matter of some difficulty even to determine accurately its. boundaries. Nevertheless, occasional well borings show that extensive beds of clay occur within this area, although not at horizons which render them economically valuable. NorRTHEASTERN MIDDLESEX COUNTY. Within the region lying between Woodbridge, South River and Cliffwood, shown in detail on the maps, Plates XI and XII.’ it has been possible to subdivide the Raritan formation into nine members, which can be differentiated and mapped with reason- able accuracy. These are as follows, beginning at the top: * These maps are described in detail in Appendix E. 166 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. Subdivisions of the Raritan formation in Middlesex County. The Cliffwood lignitic sands and clays. No. 4. Sand—laminated quartz sand. The Amboy stoneware clay. No. 3 Sand—chiefly quartz. The South Amboy fire clay. No. 2 Sand—including beds of so-called ‘“‘feidspar” and Ekaolim: The Woodbridge clays—fire, stoneware and brick clays. No. 1 Sand—in part, fire sand. The Raritan clays—fire, and terra-cotta clays. Locally, still more minute subdivisions can be recognized, but the above are the only ones which can be successfully mapped. THE CLIFFWOOD LIGNITIC SANDS AND CLAYS. - These beds, the upper portion of the Raritan, are nowhere exposed in a continuous section, but are well shown, a) in, the cliffs along the Raritan bay from the southeast side of Cheese- quake creek to Prospect Grove, near Cliffwood; b) in the vari- ous clay pits about Cliffwood, and c) in the cuts of the Long Branch railroad, southeast of Cheesequake creek. Combining these various exposures, as well as possible, we have the following sequence of beds. At Prospect Grove 40 feet of white sand, with seams of black lignite and thin beds of black clay (becoming thicker and more numerous in base of section), are exposed immediately beneath Clay Marl I. At tide level the top of a massive black clay is shown. ‘These beds contain many sandstone concretions which have yielded numerous plant remains.!. The lenses of clay in the sand thicken and thin out variously, as shown in the bluff along the shore. Apparently the basal portion of these alternat- ing sands and clays are exposed in the higher beds at Geldhaus’ 1 Hollick, Arthur—The Cretaceous Clay Marl exposure at Cliffwood, N. J. mans meNGe Vem cade sci., Viol XxOee paton. CLAYS OF ‘CRE FACEOUS FORMATION. 167 clay bank (223), at the south bank of the Cliffwood Brick Com- pany (220), and at Gaston’s pits (221). The massive black clay at sea level at Prospect Grove is probably the same as that at Furman’s bank (222), at Gaston’s, and at the more northerly exposures of the Cliffwood Brick Company. ‘The thickness of this clay bed is not known, but it is probably at least 15-20 feet. One-fourth mile northwest of the Cliffwood Brick Company’s bank there is a deep cut along the railroad, which shows WWieatinene diclay ata aca Wrst asia etasiarereee eine eR note eats 6 feet ‘Saal enna le Glee ara oven ocice etnies cco eis eine eed Semin a SANE eas 14 feet Clays withiiversy, sire Chie iota teary esrieva tree muan lela ae 10 feet Beneath the lignite is a massive black clay, seen at the level of the track, which apparently extends down to tide level (20 feet) and borders the meadow east of Cheesequake creek. The weath- ered clay in the railroad cut is probably the basal portion of the more massive black clay dug in the Cliffwood Brick Company’s banks. If so, the entire thickness of the lignitic sands and clays east of the Cheesequake meadows is about 104 feet. ‘This cor- responds closely with an estimate of the thickness (113 feet) a) based upon the dip of the base of the Clay Marls, 35 feet per mile, and b) on the distance from the appearance of the lowest bed bordering the Cheesequake meadows at the railroad cut to the Clay Marls near Cliffwood station. The lignite bed exposed in the railroad cut has been struck at numerous points in this vicinity, and many years ago consid- erable exploring and mining work was done, particularly on the farm of George C. Thomas,! in the hope of opening a workable bed of coal. The material contains considerable pyrite (“‘sul- phur’), which causes a disagreeable odor in burning, and it is always mixed with considerable quantities of sand and clay, so that these efforts were unsuccessful. A good specimen of it, analyzed some years ago in the laboratory of the Geological Sur- vey, yielded (GRIGIESS, «Siar te bie SES OCRG DN GI CRE LICE IRE M erin eho Ba ns Aue 50.2% WOK ee Ae Ne partie aii Eine ine eevee eee ER 34.6% De Tot A ORR OG CROAT TN APR ERS OER A I eri s RNase ie A 15.2% * Report on Clay Deposits of New Jersey, 1878, p. 74. 168 CLAYS AND’ CLAY INDUSTRY. Traced southwest towards the head of Cheesequake creek, these beds apparently become more sandy and less clayey. Black clays occur in the bluffs at the head of the creek, where they have been dug to some extent for brick clay, but they are not as thick as farther northeast, for here the greater part of the first go feet underlying the Clay Marls is sand. Black clays occur in the low ground southwest of Cheesequake (Jacksonville), but whether they belong to this horizon or to lower beds cannot be definitely asserted. LAMINATED SANDS—NO. 4. Below the lignitic clays and sands just described there occurs a great thickness of quartz sand which 1s usually distinctly lami- nated, often with very thin seams of more clayey material. ‘These sands are well exposed in the bluff above the clay in H. C. Per- rine’s South Amboy pits (77), where there are 27 feet of yellow and white sand with thin laminz of black clay in the lower por- tion. Southeast from here along the shore to Morgan station the same and higher beds are exposed. Here they are covered by a few feet of yellow gravel belonging to the Cape May formation. Locally these sands are lignitic, but on the whole they are light- colored and present a marked contrast to the dark-colored sands and clays east of Cheesequake creek, which lie above them. These same sands are also well exposed in the bluffs along the west side of Cheesequake creek, above the stoneware clay, which is dug at several points. At Perrine’s bank (80) (formerly Ernst’s), about 75 feet of sand with some thin clay seams are shown along the road leading down to the clay pits. The thickness of this member was estimated by Cook and Smock to be about 40 feet, but this seems to be too small, in view of the above exposure. The maximum is probably not less than 75, feet. THE AMBOY STONEWARE CLAY. The next lower member of the Raritan series is the Amboy stoneware clay. This name was given by Cook and Smock, and GRAMS OEICRE TACHOUS) PORMATION: 169 is retained here, although only a part of the bed is a stoneware clay. It is best shown at present in H. C. Perrine & Son's pits southeast of South Amboy and the various banks at the base of the bluff on the west side of Cheesequake creek. It has, how- ever, been opened at a number of other places, although most of these are no longer worked. The upper portion of the bed is usually, but not always, a black, more or less sandy clay, with some lignite and pyrite (“sulphur”). It varies greatly in texture, being sometimes al- most a sand, and elsewhere rather a tough, black clay. Locally, at least, its upper part was eroded by shifting tidal currents be- fore the overlying sands were deposited. Moreover, this black clay in places rests upon the sharply undulating, eroded surface of the underlying stoneware clay proper, but this 1s not always the case. Owing to the inequalities in its top and bottom its thickness varies greatly, ranging from nothing up to 18 feet. The stoneware clay proper, which underlies the black clay, is generally a light-blue or white clay, carrying from one-third to one-half its weight of fine quartz sand,’ and very commonly con- taining minute specks of iron sulphide or pyrite, as a result of which it is often called “flyspeck” clay. In some pits a portion of the bed is red mottled, and is regarded as of less value than the light-blue or white clay. The thickness of the stoneware clay varies greatly, owing to its partial erosion by tidal currents immediately after its formation, and probably also to differences in original deposition. In some banks, as in H.C. Perrine & Son’s (77), the old Ernst banks (80), and in the old clay mines of Morgan & Furman, thicknesses of 30 or even 35 feet have been found. The average thickness, how- ever, is much less. In the bottom of the pits in the stoneware clay, there is found either a black, lignitic sandy clay or a loose quartz sand. Our knowledge of these beds, however, is limited to the information derived from borings, since they are nowhere exposed in a natural section. A boring made many years ago by Otto Ernst, at his pits near the mouth of Cheesequake creek, showed 22 feet of sand * Cook & Smock, loc. cit. p. 17. 170 (CLANGS JAINID) (CIDE JON IDIOSS IRS below the stoneware clay proper, and then another bed of similar clay 15 feet thick. This lower clay was, however, extremely local in extent and could be followed only a few rods. Extent.—The outcrop of the stoneware clay with the asso- ciated black, sandy clay is indicated on the map, Plate XI. At the pits of Perrine and of Whitehead (78) and (76), at the head of Henry street, South Amboy, a dark-bluish to black clay is dug. Similar clays occur beneath the sand in the neighboring cuts along the Raritan River R. R. Along the Pennsylvania R. R., south of the coal yards, the black, lignitic clay occurring in the bottom of the cut is probably just above the stoneware clay proper. Farther southwest along the railroad, C. P. Rose digs a red and white-mottled, stoneware clay, while in pits at a somewhat greater elevation near Ernston station, a black, lignitic clay has been found. Since the base of the bed has here an elevation of about 67 to 70 feet, the northwestern extension of the clay in this vicinity is limited by the low ground west of the railroad. South and southwest of Ernston the country is high and the clay is buried, by the overlying Cretaceous sands and later gravels, to depths in some cases approximating 100 feet. It is impossible, therefore, to limit accurately the northwestern extension of the clay bed in this high area, but in the lower ground a mile and one- half south of Ernston, the clay outcrops again and is dug by H. C. Perrine & Son (81)—Poorhouse bank—one-half mile east of the railroad. Here the top of the stoneware clay has an elevation of 43 feet above sea level, varies in thickness from 4 to 10 feet, and is) overlain by several feet of sandy, black or brown, weathered clay. South of this locality, the clay probably underlies consid- erable areas of the low ground about the headwaters of Tennant brook and its branches. A light-colored, sandy clay was formerly dug there by Charles Reynolds, and both black and white clays are found upon the farm of E. Z. Lambertson. Still farther southwest and a mile southeast of Old Bridge a black lignitic clay occurs at an elevation fairly well in accord with that of the black, sandy clay overlying the stoneware clay proper. So, also, clay has been observed at a number of points along the road southwest of Old Bridge, at the proper elevation for the stoneware bed. In default, however, of further knowledge of the character and aS ae CLAYS OF CRETACEOUS FORMATION. 7a extent of these deposits, it would not be safe to do more than sug- gest their correlation with this member. From the pits at the head of Henry street, South Amboy, the clay bed can be traced along the bluffs by frequent exposures to Perrine’s large banks (77) on Raritan bay. Most of these ex- posures are of the black clay, and the stoneware clay proper does not seem to be present, or, if present, is thin. Marked variations in thickness and local absence is a feature quite characteristic of the stoneware clay, but nevertheless the fact that it has been opened at many widely separated localities indicates that it was originally deposited over a considerable area. Southeast of Perrine’s bank, on Raritan bay, the clay descends below sea level, and the overlying sands are exposed along the shore to Morgan station. Since, however, the beds all rise towards the northwest, this clay horizon outcrops along the sides of Cross- way brook valley, where the stream has cut through the clay bed into the sand beneath, except at its headwaters. The approximate line of outcrop is indicated on the map, but the old diggings and borings indicate that the clay is somewhat irregular in distribution and decidedly variable in thickness. It is not at present (1903) being dug along this valley. Southwest from Morgan station the clay outcrop follows the sinuosities of the bluff bordering Cheesequake creek. Since the bluff rises steeply, the outcrop is in general a narrow one, even where the clay attains considerable thickness. For the most part, it lies at the foot of the bluff, and underlies the low ground just above the salt meadow. Locally, it extends out under the latter for some distance, but borings have shown that in some places the marsh mud extends down to depths below the level of the clay. This is not to be interpreted as indicating that the clay bed did not formerly extend across the Cheesequake valley to the south- east, but rather that in this direction it was worn away in the erosion of the valley, the bottom of which has since been partially filled with marsh mud. As indicated on the map, the Amboy stoneware clay undoubt- edly underlies the high ground west of the bluffs, and connects with the line of outcrops along the Pennsylvania railroad (Cam- den & Amboy Div.). Since, however, the overlying sand and WZ CLANGS UNNID) GUase NUNIDIUS TORY, gravel deposits are locally 135 feet thick, the great mass.of the clay is unavailable. | At present the clay along Cheesequake creek is being dug only by Leonard Furman and H. C. Perrine & Son. The former mines his clay by shafts and drifts, the latter firm, controlling several banks, works in open pits. All in all, the stoneware bed is worked much less than was the case twenty-five years ago. SAND BED, NO. 3. Underlying the Amboy stoneware clay and overlying the fire clays, which are dug at Sayreville and Burt Creek (to be de- scribed below ), there is a thick deposit of quartz sand. ‘The lower portion of the bed is exposed in most of the excavations made to reach the underlying fire clay, while the upper part has been pene- trated by a few borings made in the bottom of the overlying stone- ware-clay beds. The entire bed is nowhere exposed in a contin- uous section. In general the material is a loose, clean, quartz sand, often coarse and occasionally even approximating fine gravel. Much of it is sharp and angular and of value for fire, foundry, and build- ing sand. The sand pits of Sayre & Fisher, Edward Furman, William Albert, Whitehead Brothers and J. R. Crossman, at Sayreville and Burt Creek, are located in this bed, which under- lies the high ground south of the Raritan river and northwest of the Camden & Amboy Rwy., between Sayreville and South Am- boy. A heavy bed of yellow gravel (Pensauken) forms the tops of the hills, but the sand underlies the gravel at an elevation of about go feet. Locally, however, it contains some thin lenses of clay, such as are seen in the upper part of Whitehead’s bank (69), west of Burt Creek. The sandy clays formerly dug along the shore near George street, South Amboy, seem also to belong here, as they are too low for the Amboy stoneware clay. As already noted in connection with the stoneware clay, the upper part of this sand member is, in some pits, a black, lignitic sand or sandy clay. This was reported to be the case at Perrine’s poorhouse bank (81), one of the shafts at the old Ernst property CLAYS OF CRETACEOUS FORMATION. 173 (80), and at several of the abandoned workings near the head of Crossway brook. At other points the Amboy stoneware clay rests upon clean, light-colored, quartz sand. So, also, the basal portion is variable. At some banks a clean, quartz sand rests upon the undulatory surface of the fire clay beneath. In other banks or even in other parts of the same bank, a black sand or sandy clay, or alternating layers of black sand and clay with a maximum thickness of 15 feet occur between the fire clay and the quartz sand. These beds are more or less lignitic, and Cook and Smock? report finding numerous well-preserved leaf impressions in some layers. Locally also, small masses of amber are found in these dark clays immediately above the fire clay. These dark, sandy clays are best exposed at the J. R. Crossman banks (65 and 66), J. R. Such’s bank (67), and in several banks on the old E. F. & J. M. Roberts property, north of Burt Creek, now owned by Sayre & Fisher. Judging from the width of outcrop of this sand bed, where its boundaries can be well determined, and assuming that its dip is the same as that of the adjoining beds, 35 to 40 feet per mile, it has a thickness of 45 to 50 feet. Exposures of 30 or even 40 feet are not uncommon in some of the fire-clay banks near Sayreville and Burt Creek. At Whitehead’s clay pit (69) the base of the sand has an elevation of about 38 feet above tide. Thence the sand is apparently continuous to a height of 90 feet near the crest of the hill just east of the pit. This thickness (52 feet) agrees fairly well with that estimated from the dip, when the irregular character both of the upper and lower beds of clay are considered. Fifty feet seems a fair measure of the thickness of this member where both the adjoining clay beds are moderately well developed. SOUTH AMBOY FIRE CLAY. The South Amboy fire-clay bed lies beneath the quartz sand bed just described. Its main outcrop is on the northern and west- ern slope of the high hills, which lie south of the Raritan river *Clay Report of 1878, p. 60. 174 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. between Sayreville and South Amboy. It is also found north of the Raritan, in the high ground north of Eagleswood and Florida Grove. It has not been recognized west of South river, although, if present at all, it should occur in the high slopes bordering the stream between South River village and Old Bridge. The upper part of these slopes are, however, gravel (Pensauken) and the lower are quartz sand, with some thin clay lamine. South of the Raritan and east of Sayreville the bed has a nar- row outcrop along the lower slope of the hill. Since it dips gently to the southeast and the surface rises steeply in the same direc- tion, the clay bed occupies but a narrow belt at the surface, and, when followed into the hill, is soon deeply buried by the overlying Cretaceous sands (No. 3) and the much more recent Pensauken gravel. North of the Raritan the surface is more nearly level, or slopes in the same direction as the dip of the clay bed, so that the latter occurs near the surface over a wider area. These facts are shown on Plate XI, where the zone of outcrop is shown, as well as the probable extension of the clay beneath the overlying beds. The South Amboy fire-clay bed is in general a white, light-blue, or red-mottled clay. Locally some portions of the bed are quite dark and contain bits of lignite. The following succession has frequently been observed, beginning at the top: (a) Sandy white to buff-colored clay, (b) blue fire clay, (c) sandy red-mottled clay. These are not distinct layers, but gradations from top to bottom in the one bed, and similar horizontal variations fre- quently occur. ‘The upper and lower portions are often more sandy than the middle part, but in at least two widely separated localities, McHose Brothers (45) and J. R. Such (67), one north and the other south of the Raritan, beds of loose quartz sand, varying from 2 to 12 feet in thickness, are known to occur in the middle of this bed, separating the fire clay into a top and bottom layer. Mr. Such also reports finding in one portion of his bank a lense of fine clay in the middle of this intermediate sand layer. It is apparent, therefore, that this clay bed shows considerable variation in different banks. “ ‘Sulphur balls, or round ball-like aggregations of pyrite crystals, are found in many places in this bed. They occur irregularly in all parts of it in the rich white, or fine fire clays, just as in the inferior red clays. These are from CLAYS OF CRETACEOUS FORMATION. 175 I to 4 inches in diameter. Frequently the outer shell or periphery is completely changed to ferric oxide, while the interior is still unchanged sulphide of iron. Pyrite in smaller lumps and frag- mentary pieces is also quite common, and diffused throughout the clay of the whole bed as worked in some places.’’* In the banks of J. R. Crossman (65, 66), J. R. Such (67) and some of the old excavations on the Kearney tract, north of Burt Creek, a black, lignitic clay, or alternating bed of clay and sand occurs immediately above the fire clay proper and is included with the fire clay on the map. Small pieces of amber occur near the base of the black clay in some localities. ‘The surface of the fire clay beneath this black clay is often sharply undulatory, so much so as to suggest some erosion of the fire clay previous to the deposition of the black clay. The interruption to continuous de- position was probably not long, and the erosion is no more than could have been accomplished by shifting tidal currents. At most exposures, however, the fire clay is overlain either by the quartz sand (No. 3), which belongs to the Raritan series, or by the much more recent Pensauken gravel or red glacial drift. In the latter case the overlying Cretaceous sand, and often the upper por- tion of the clay itself was removed in the long period of erosion, after the formation of the Cretaceous beds, and before the deposi- tion of the Pensauken gravel or the still later glacial drift. But even where the clay is overlain directly by the quartz sand (No. 3), its upper surface is sharply irregular and the bed varies greatly in thickness, indicating that there was at least a brief interruption in sedimentation and some erosion of the clay, as a result of the changed conditions and swifter moving currents, which began the . deposition of the sand. As may be inferred from what has been said, the South Amboy fire-clay bed presents great variations in thickness. At Sayre & Fisher's bank (273) variations of 15 feet in the height of the surface in a horizontal distance of 30 feet have been observed, with corresponding variations in thickness. In a few banks a thickness of 30 feet is sometimes found, but the average is much less than this. In not a few localities the clay is absent entirely. * Report on the Clay Deposits of New Jersey, 1878, p. 67. 176 CANES, JAINID (CILANE JUNIDIUISTUR YY, At Charles Edgar’s pits (268) the average thickness is 15 feet; at Sayre & Fisher’s (267) 8 feet, while in the adjoining railroad cut near Van Deventer’s station,on the Raritan River railway, it is ab- sent entirely or represented only by a sandy clay 1 or 2 feet thick. In Whitehead Brothers’ banks, between Sayeville and Burt Creek, the thickness varies from 5 to 15 feet, but in the isolated hill just north of bank 69 (see map) quartz sand apparently occupies the horizon of the clay, which is absent. So, too, farther east, J. R. Crossman’s and J. R. Such’s clay (65, 66, 67) ranges from 8 to 30 feet, including all grades. In the various pits on the old Kear- ney tract (60, 61, 62) the clay has been found to run from 8 to 20 feet, but at Crossman’s sand pit (63), and in the isolated hill just south of his dock, there is no sign of the fire clay, its horizon being occupied by coarse quartz sand. One-fourth mule east, however, in a new bank of the Sayre & Fisher Company (274), 12 to 15 feet of white and red-mottled clay is found at an eleva- tion of between 70 and 58 feet above tide, while a few rods still farther east a dark-blue terra-cotta clay occurs at a corresponding elevation. For two-thirds of a mile farther north along the west- ern face of the hills, a number of small openings have been made in search of the fire clay, but it is absent altogether, or is too thin to be worked profitably. Many years ago, however, it was found at an elevation (top) of 60 feet in considerable thickness about one-half mile southeast of Kearney’s dock, where a large area was dug over. East of this point the clay cannot be traced con- tinuously, but the sandy clay (4 to 7 feet thick) dug by George A. Thomas (56) at South Amboy apparently corresponds strati- graphically to the fire clay. North of the Raritan river this clay bed is dug chiefly by Mc- Hose Brothers (45) north of Florida Grove, and by Henry Maurer & Son (42). At the McHose bank the clay varies greatly in thickness and quality. In one part of this bank there was found a black, lignitic clay, beneath which the fire clay was supposed to exist, but instead a boring penetrated between 30 and 40 feet of sand. At this depth 9 feet of blue and buff clay were found, but at too low a level to be correlated with the Amboy fire-clay bed. In adjoining portions of the bank 15 to 25 feet of clay of various grades are found, all belonging to the fire-clay horizon. Maurer’s CLAYS OF CRETACEOUS FORMATION. Wy, clay varies from 9 to 17 feet in thickness, and is mostly red or red-mottled, instead of white. The same bed has also been opened at other places, as indicated on the map, Plate XI. Owing to the extreme variations in the thickness of this clay bed and its entire absence locally, it is difficult to map it accurately. Yet on the basis of its dip, which is about 4o feet per mile, its probable position has been approximately determined. THE “FELDSPAR — “KAOLIN” SAND BED. Beneath the South Amboy fire-clay bed and above the Wood- bridge clays, there is an assemblage of beds, mostly sand, of vary- ing texture and order of stratification. Here are included the so-called “feldspar” and “kaolin,” as well as beds of loose quartz sand, thin clay lenses and layers of fine, white, micaceous sand. The upper portion of this member has been explored ‘by a num- ber of borings in the bottom of the Amboy fire-clay pits, while the middle and lower parts are shown at the top of some of the excavations in the higher portions of the Woodbridge clays and in the “feldspar” banks. That there is great variation in the order of stratification, and that the so-called “feldspar” and “kaolin” beds do not occupy definite stratigraphical horizons is soon apparent upon examination in the field, and may be readily seen from the following sections. At McHose Brothers’ pit (45) a boring gave the following sec- tion beneath the fire clay: A Boring at McHose Brothers’ Clay Pit. mij lteetal SEE DAG bs) Bian a Wa Cee SDE EIA ORTON AIG Tiny OULD CHE Ber aiaiG 6 ft. EMSC SPAT aaerise dagsraralesesesccteirievexsyetsbevnyetecshe eee tm alake tae tne Aine emenitiersan ds SOME Clay “SEAMS. )«/.\01-: 5 che. /eranrs oatem rovers shovcleys #10) 30 ft. Another boring’ made years ago in J. H. Manning’s banks (38) showed below the fire clay: * Report on the Clays of New Jersey, 1878, p. 132. 2 CLG 178 GLANTS), ANID) QUANG IONIDIOS TR YC. A Boring at J. H. Manning’s Clay Bank. am Billackusanidyeclayyt iu. ic sihsetebeisaeea see rae ee RS eae PY sie. Joe IEMA SY: CENTLY Tye te ea ear seam eUN EE Rat Io “ cMBiti=colonedaclayr : cai arate vee ey alata etn ale Se a Ay CUMSETReISATT tee cs se sss rc uote RISER EIR Parent ete leet ee a ay & Chamblee smarty c).'s) his a cla etal Mess a ete PN oe nse eye pn 0)" 30 ce In still another boring’ in a pit east of McHose Brothers’ bank. and formerly worked by E. F. Roberts, these beds were found beneath the fire clay. A Boring at E. F. Roberts’ Clay Bank. aaa Vihitessand andeka@ lamisil oye i iene enn 10 ft. bes Meldspars”” sais bees eee ach PRN R Ge ie Res ome a ee Neen 3-4 “ Cx Wihite: Ssanid,, i) cera ey eh caeeee esas ese Ame NU Aa Borer ar in disBlack clayratathe bottom aeoarcascee eee Ooo nee The black clay at the bottom is believed to be the top of the Woodbridge clays. These three borings were in the area north of the Raritan river. Within the same region intermediate portions of this division are now exposed at the “‘feldspar’’ banks of EK. W. Valentine & Bros. (40), Henry Maurer & Son (41), The Staten Island Clay Com- pany (32), Remy & Son (242). Valentine’s and Maurer’s banks are close together, and by combining the sections there exposed the following sequence of strata can be made out: ‘ Combined Sections at Valentine's and Maurer’s Feldspar Banks. a. Cross-bedded sands with thin clay lenses, ........... 8 ft. bs @wartz sand! wath thintclay, lamuinzesyern service eee 13-8 “ c. “Feldspar,’ varying greatly in thickness, average, .... 4-9 “ cen lack micaceous sandy em ric ache pees eer Sires Ot al 9 i s,ic sad GIS aPC EE PCRS ASEM ee ORE cee Ee Bye} e. Black clay, reported to be 35 feet thick. The underlying black clay (e), seen at the eastern end of Maurer’s bank belongs to the Woodbridge beds; the other strata are included in the “‘feldspar-kaolin’”’ sands. *Tdem, p. 134. CREAMS OF CRETACHOUS FORMATION. 179 West of Florida Grove at the sand pits of the Standard Fire- proofing Company (47) there are, belonging to this bed: Section at Standard Fireproofing Company's Sand Pits. a. Cross-bedded white and yellow quartz sand, .......... 30 ft. pasweldsparemilensesmupitOmac cr ct a irectat he unite T 2a CMMVVHIIE atm TGA CSA ys ereeccn crete sear ewel eeu rai sired she ean e rye nore cnet a so tall ge ee ce ctehs ance cre cine aeidaeemienOtatn Screen eee AUAN SP d. Black clays and sands (Woodbridge beds). South of the Raritan river “kaolin” occurs immediately beneath the South Amboy fire clay in the banks of Sayre & Fisher (273), Whitehead Brothers (75), (69), J. R. Crossman (65), and some of the banks on the old Kearney tract. In other pits coarse quartz sand or a white micaceous sand is found beneath the fire clay. In the cut on the Raritan River railroad near Van Deventer station, the following section occurs at the horizon of this mem- ber of the Raritan: Section near Van Deventer Station, Raritan River R. R. PAV ILE NSATIGYUClAYs car.--tcponere eieletay AI adatom etna NS 1-2 ft. 1d: WAGES. GPR InANEL Wika won ceesaioua aoe PoGE Aone mG en ues 10) Gmwvilhitesnriicaceous clayntar cre nn Sere eee ee ies CaO IRI Beet acc an MN Cathay ces Bete 6 Sou hee en Ga ta seks GmNviicaccousesande (lignite) macnn aoe ae. Bt hed FeV VN EeumI EA CEOUIST SAIC Meee aaa oO Echo eee TM ALCL Fa a Sera ee rete IC uCCS CR IP Ca Sear nr PMO ERO TEN im 32 eae g. Woodbridge clays. In this exposure the Amboy fire clay is not present, unless repre- sented by the white, sandy clay (a), which is overlain by quartz sand. The latter apparently extends to the top of the hill, and belongs to the sand bed overlying the fire clay. Near Crossman’s dock, north of Burt Creek, in a semi-isolated hill, the following beds occur: 180 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. Section near Crossman’s dock, Burt Creek. ain © WaTezeSam its deevsoais viel a evsleuees ial ate eave PERE Ser Ee 20 ft. 1b, Chocolates sarnchClen, cogboodcaccnoouscbun oso bdoeoues G ¢ @Quartz’sand with lenses of “feldspar,” ...:...:...2.-.8 wl daiinesmica sand ands kaolin ieee oe ores ce eae G MOEA Ss, 5 35 cbs ae eae US eRe ea OR ene A) f. Black laminated clays of the Woodbridge member. No section is known in the State nor any boring embracing the whole of this subdivision, but it is believed that the total thick- ness does not greatly exceed the maximum given above. Prob- ably a thickness from 40 to 45 feet would be not far from the average. As was pointed out in the earlier clay report,’ the terms “‘feld- spar” and “kaolin,” as used in the Woodbridge district are mis- applied. The “feldspar” is a coarse, arkose sand or gravel, 7. e., a mixture of quartz, and more or less decomposed feldspar and pellets of white clay, together with extremely minute amounts of other minerals. Hornblende or pyroxene and undecomposed granitic pebbles occur very sparingly. In the most typical beds the quartz amounts to about 60 per cent. by weight and 50 per cent. by volume.? The feldspar pebbles occur up to an inch and a half in diameter, but the bulk of the material is much finer. Nearly all the feldspar has been decomposed to a white clay, a nearly pure kaolinite, but occasionally pebbles of unaltered feldspar are found, which still show planes of cleavage on their fractured surfaces. Many of the kaolinized masses, however, are not pebble shaped, but are irreg- ular in outline and are squeezed around the quartz pebbles. The quartz pebbles are generally rounded or at least subangular, and lack the sharp edges and corners of grains which have not been waterworn. The “feldspar” beds occur as local lenses, which thicken and thin, pitch steeply or extend horizontally, and vary greatly in composition within narrow limits. The accompanying sands are * Report on Clays of New Jersey, 1878, p. 61. * Loc. cit. p. 63. PLATE XX. Fig. 1. “Feldspar” bank of M. D. Valentine & Bro., south of Woodbridge. The dark-colored upper portion of section is glacial drift. Fig. 2. Section showing black laminated sands and clay, and kaolin overlain by cross- stratified feldspar sands. Standard Works of the National Fireproofing Company, near Keasbey. CLAYS OF CRETACEOUS FORMATION: 181 cross-bedded, and this, together with the irregularity of the “feld- spar” lenses, indicates that the deposit was made in rapidly mov- ing water, where shifting currents brought about constantly re- curring conditions of deposition, erosion and re-deposition. It has been stated * that the “feldspar” beds are entirely un- stratified, and that in this respect they are in marked contrast to the other beds of the Raritan. It is true that in these lenses there is no stratification or lamination of such a nature as to separate the quartz pebbles from the decomposed feldspar masses. The two are most intimately mingled without a trace of the alternation of clay seams and sand layers, which is sometimes seen in other portions of the Cretaceous. Nevertheless, there are definite, though not always obtrusive, lines of stratification in the “feld- spar” lenses, and there is plain evidence of its deposition in water. (Plate XX, particularly Fig. 1.) As was noted above, the quartz pebbles are somewhat rounded, and hence have suffered at least a moderate amount of wear dur- ing transportation by streams or waves. The clayey or kaolinized material is now for the most part so soft that it is difficult to imagine how it could have been transported any distance in its present condition along with the hard quartz without complete disintegration. ‘This difficulty is met, if it be assumed that the alteration of the feldspar pebbles to the clay masses has taken place subsequent to their deposition. The pebble-like form and incomplete alteration of a portion of them accords with this as- sumption, but the irregular shape and the manner in which much of the clayey material surrounds the quartz pebbles are apparently inconsistent with this hypothesis. It must be borne in mind, how- ever, that, as the feldspar changes to kaolinite, water is absorbed and there is some increase in volume. ‘This swelling may account in part for the irregular outlines of the clay particles. ‘To some extent, also, settling of the beds since deposition may have squeezed the clayey material around and between the quartz peb- bles, but these explanations do not seem wholly adequate. If the material were derived from a partially decomposed rock composed of quartz and large feldspar crystals, it may be assumed that some * Report on the Clays of New Jersey, 1878, p. 62. 182 CILANES ININID CIA! JUNIDIOSS OR NZ. of the feldspar would be hard enough to resist much wear, and be finally deposited in a firm condition. Part may have already been completely kaolinized and formed clay lumps, in which suban- gular quartz grains were already imbedded or became imbedded during transportation. The clay lumps would of course have been greatly diminished in size by transportation even a short distance only, but may still not have been completely worn away. But whatever may be the difficulties in determining the exact method in all details by which this material was formed, its ultimate derivation from a quartz-feldspar rock, and its deposition in its present position by water cannot be questioned. The “feldspar” is used chiefly in the manufacture of fire brick, but it is not dug so much as formerly. The main workings at present are the banks of Valentine (40), Maurer (41), Staten Island Clay Company (32), and Remy (242), all north of the Raritan river. A few pits have been dug near the shore northwest of South Amboy, but they are not worked at present. Since the “feldspar” occurs as lenses, and not as a continuous bed, it is impossible to map it definitely. Its occurrence, however, is limited to the zone between the black clay of the Woodbridge bed and South Amboy fire clay, so that its general horizon can be definitely fixed. The so-called “kaolin” is not in any sense of the term a kaolin, although always so named in this district. It “is a micaceous sand, consisting of very fine-grained, white quartz sand, mixed with a small and varying percentage of white mica, in small flakes or scales, and a very little white clay. The mica is, however, con- spicuous, and gives the mass a glistening appearance and a some- what soft and soapy feel, but the sand is largely in excess, consti- tuting from 60 to go per cent. of the mass in the more clayey and micaceous specimens.” THE WOODBRIDGE CLAY. General distribution.—Beneath the ‘Feldspar-Kaolin” sands, there occurs the Woodbridge clay bed, the most important and most widely worked of all the subdivisions of the Raritan forma- CLAYS OF CRETACEOUS FORMATION. 183 tion. Its importance is due to its great thickness (50 to 80 feet where not eroded), to its wide outcrop, and to its character. It has been opened in four somewhat distinct areas, a) south of Woodbridge, b) north of the Raritan river from Florida Grove to Bonhamtown, c) south of the Raritan from South Amboy to Sayreville and south to Jas. Bissetts’ brickyard on South river, d) at South River village and west to Milltown. The four dis- tricts may be spoken of briefly as a) the Woodbridge area, b) the Sand Hills area, c) the Sayreville area, d) South River area. The Woodbridge and Sand Hills areas are separated from each other by a belt of hills, the tops of which are formed either by thick de- posits of glacial drift or by the higher members of the Raritan formation, 7. ¢., the ““Feldspar-Kaolin” sands, and the South Am- boy fire clay. Whether or not the Woodbridge clays. are contin- uous across the belt beneath these later deposits, or whether the core of the ridge of hills is formed by the Triassic red shale, as may be inferred from an isolated knoll of this formation between Eagleswood and Spa Spring is uncertain. The Sayreville and South River areas are separated from each other, and from the other two by the deep trenches of the Raritan river and of its tributary, South river. The clay bed was beyond a doubt formerly continuous between them, but the excavation of the river valleys has dissected it and removed a large part of the clay, so that, al- though these rivers, by affording navigable waterways and cheap means of transportation, have greatly enhanced the value of the clays along their valleys, yet their existence has been accomplished by the erosion and removal of much of the clay stratum. Thickness—The thickness of this member varies from about 50 feet in the vicinity of Woodbridge to 80 feet near Spa Spring and Maurer, as shown by borings, but this amount of clay is nowhere exposed in any one bank. At many of the banks near Woodbridge, particularly the more northwesterly openings, the upper part of the bed has been eroded away, and only the lower 15 or 20 feet remain. In fact, there has been a varying amount of erosion wherever the yellow Pensauken gravel or the red glacial drift lies upon the clay (Plate XXI, Fig. 1). In some cases also huge masses of the clay many feet in diameter have been included in the drift, as in Plate XXI, Fig. 2. But where the black, lam- 184 CWAYS AND CLAY INDUS TRE inated clay at the top is overlain by a white, micaceous sand, that is by the next higher Cretaceous bed, there has been no erosion of the Woodbridge clay (Plate XX, Fig. 2). This is the case in most of the banks about Maurer and Keasbey, and at Sayreville. Here, however, the base of the clay lies so deep that it is below sea level and is reached only by borings. The thicknesses given above make due allowance for the upper layers where they have been eroded, or are based on the data furnished by borings where the base of the clay is not exposed. The Woodbridge clays do not form a homogeneous bed, but a are made up of many layers of varying quality. At the top there is a black, lignitic clay with alternating seams and layers of sand. These were called by Dr. Cook the “laminated clays and sands.” At the base there is a bed of fire clay,—Cook’s Woodbridge fire- clay bed. In some areas certain beds just above the fire clay have a marked individuality, and can be recognized in adjoining banks. Elsewhere the corresponding layers are not sharply separable from the laminated clays and are included with them. The black laminated clays.—As above noted, the upper portion of the Woodbridge-clay bed consists of a succession of beds of black clay carrying some lignite and pyrite, and alternating with thin seams of white quartz sand, which is often darkened by dis- seminated bits of lignite. ‘There is no order or regularity in this alternation. Both the clay and the sand layers vary in every con- ceivable manner in thickness and position. Locally the clay beds are thick and the sand is reduced to leaf-like partings; elsewhere the reverse may be true, and the greater part of the section may be sand, although the clay predominates on the whole. Layers of clay from one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch in thickness, sepa- rated by seams of sand scarcely thicker than a sheet of stiff paper, are of common occurrence. It is utterly impossible to trace in- dividual layers any distance, or to identify any particular portion of this member in a small exposure, except locally in the case of some beds just above the fire clay, as noted in the preceding para- graph. Lignite and pyrite are irregularly disseminated through the entire mass, occurring in nearly every layer in at least small quantities and forming a large part of some beds. Concretions PLATE XXII. Fig. 1. Clay pit near Woodbridge, showing irregular eroded surface of clay, capped by glacial drift. Fig. 2. Section of Raritan clay included in glacial drift. The lighter streaks and spots represent the clay. The upright rod is ten feet long. CLAYS OF CRETACEOUS FORMATION. 185 or “ironstones”’ are not uncommon at some horizons, and are locally so abundant as to form an almost continuous layer of stone. At many banks these layers have to be removed in order to get at the fire clay. They were formerly thrown away in great part, and this is to some extent the case at present, but most of them can be used in hollow brick, fireproofing, common brick, etc., and at many points, particularly near Maurer, Keasbey, Sayreville and South River, they are so used very extensively. These clays, where uneroded, vary from 30 to 60 feet in thick- ness, according as it is possible to differentiate certain beds just above the fire clays, or as all beds down to the fire clays are in- cluded. In the area about Woodbridge the black laminated clays are shown in the upper part of the banks worked by M. D. Valentine Sasoss (14). J: EL Weisen (16), Anness & Potter (6), Perth Amboy Terra Cotta Company (7), P. J. Ryan (8), W. H. Cutter (29, 30), and James P. Prall (28, 31), while the banks near Maurer Station, 7. e., of the Staten Island Clay Company (33, 43) and of Henry Maurer & Son (36, 34), are entirely in this member. In the Sand Hills area, the black laminated clays are well ex- posed in the bluff west of Florida Grove and in the banks of the Perth Amboy Terra Cotta Company (241), the Standard Fire- proofing Company (46, 47), the International Clay Company (48, 49), Henry Weber (52), Mrs. John Goodrich (51), Ostrander Fire Brick Company (53), R. N. & H. Valentine (55, 86), D. A. Brown (87), and Charles Edgar (94), near Bonhamtown. South of the Raritan river they occur along the shore from Kear- ney’s dock southwest to Crossman’s dock, where the upper beds aredug. At Sayreville, the black clays dug by the Sayre & Fisher Company (71), William F. Fisher (74), Edwin Furman (72), and Boehm & Kohlhepps (73), for common: brick, belong to this member. In the vicinity of South River and Milltown, they are found in the banks of Jos. Bissett (85), Yates Brothers (82), Theodore Willets (83), John Whitehead (84), Pettit & Co. (247, 249), National Clay Manufacturing Company (244), N. A. Pyrogranite Company (246), M. A. Edgar (252), and the Sayre & Fisher Company (253, 254). 186 (CIANNES, GNINID) (CIA IENIDIOSS IE’. Fire-clay bed.—A thick, persistent bed of high-grade fire clay occurs at the base of the Woodbridge clay. It is usually a light- blue or gray color, although parts of it are red mottled, due to a larger percentage of iron oxide in these portions. The clay carries more or less white quartz sand, which is generally more abundant in the upper and lower portions of the bed. These are often called the “top-sandy” and “bottom-sandy” clay, respectively. Where not sandy, the clay is hard and brittle and of a high degree of refractoriness. Some of the No. 1 fire clay contains as low as 0.5 per cent. of quartz sand, but the average is 5 per cent., while some of the sandy portion runs over 50 per cent.’ Some portions of the bed contain considerable pyrite in the form of “sulphur” balls or nodules which have to be carefully picked out and rejected in mining. The best clay, the “fine clay,’ or “No. 1 fire clay,” as it is va- riously called, is commonly in the central portion of the bed, but there are frequent exceptions to this. The spotted or red clays are an inferior grade, and most commonly, but not always, occur below the “‘fine clay.” The line of demarkation is never a sharp one, and the two varieties are both parts of a single bed. In some pits the spotted clay does not occur and the whole bed is blue or bluish-white clay. In other pits the spotted clay overlies the blue, in still other localities it passes into the blue horizontally. As is shown in Chapter XVIII, there is considerable variation in the quality of even the “No. 1” clay dug in various banks. The surface of the Woodbridge fire clay is in places strikingly irregular or wavy, just as was the case with the South Amboy fire clay. Many instances are known where the top of the clay undulates from 5 to 15 feet within a few rods. Where the top of the bed is exposed over considerable areas, this undulatory surface is apparent; “sometimes rising and falling quite gently, forming ridges or dome-like knobs or elevations and irregularly shaped depressions or hollows; at others, marked by exceedingly irregular ‘bunks,’ as the miners call them, and sink-like holes that succeed each other without any apparent order or system.” The irregu- * Cook & Smock, loc. cit. p. 51 and 53. * Cook & Smock, loc. cit. p. 40. nee CLAYS OF CRETACEOUS FORMATION. 187 larities are well shown in some of the banks west of Woodbridge. At other localities, on the contrary, the upper surface of the fire clay holds a constant level over somewhat wide areas. Nowhere is this better shown than in the long exposures in W. H. Cutter’s banks (29, 30). (Compare Pl. XXI, Fig. 1, with Pl. I, Fig. 1.) In general, the inequalities of the surface are most marked where the fire clay is immediately overlain by glacial drift or by the yellow gravel (Pensauken) formation (Fig. 35, B). In this case, the irregularities are due to erosion which removed the overlying Cretaceous beds before the much later drift was depos- ited. In those cases not only has a part of the fire clay been worn away, but also a great thickness of overlying Cretaceous beds, and perhaps a part of the Miocene. firetla fire Sarid 78.35. A. Erosion and partial removal of the black laminated Clay before the. glacialdritt was deposited. BC ormplete rernoval of the black laminated DV clereh erosion of the top of the fire clay, before the glacial adrift was deposited. (E. Complete removal of the black laminated clay ard of the tire ‘clay before the dritt was deposited. Locally, erosion may have been so extensive as to remove the fire-clay bed itself. In such cases borings through the drift would strike not fire clay, but the underlying fire sand (Fig. 35 C). Erosion since the deposition of the drift will account for the absence of the fire clay along those streams such as Heard’s brook near Woodbridge, where the stream has cut down its valley below the level of the fire clay. In such a case, the fire clay is found on either side the stream at a higher level (Fig. 36, A). In some cases, however, the undulatory upper surface of fire clay is fol- lowed immediately by beds of Cretaceous sand or sandy clay. In these cases the irregularities are apparently due to erosion by shifting currents, tidal or otherwise, during the deposition of the 188 CLAWS AND CE AG mINIDIO Savane beds (Fig. 36,B). ‘The few instances known where borings have shown that the fire clay is absent, although the overlying clays are present (Fig. 36, C), are due probably to this interdepositional erosion. The base of the clay is somewhat undulatory, but less so than the top. Inasmuch as the basal undulations do not correspond with those of the top, the clay varies greatly in thickness. In- stances of 40 feet have been reported, but the average is much less than that. Most commonly there is but 6 to 10 feet of the best clay, and 20 feet is a fair average thickness, including the sandy top and bottom. It is often much less than that. The fire-clay bed is found in the bottom of all the banks about Woodbridge at present worked, except the Dixon banks (9, 10), which go down to a lower level, and the Perth Amboy Terra Ss = : fie 36. 7, Erosion alonga veey, through the drift laminated clay and tire Clay. Borirtgs 17 bottorn of the valley showcnly tire sand while those onthe valley sides strike the clay. B Fartial erosion and rernoral ofthe fire clay hetore the overly/n »S larhated b/3ck clays were deposited. C. Lrasion arrdremoval of the fire clay before the deposition of the Jaminated Clay which 1s here thicker than usttal. Borings here pass directly trom the laminated clay into the firesand. Cotta Company (7) which does not go deep enough. P. J. Ryan (1, 2,8, 21), William Berry (11, 13),M. D. Valentine & Bros. Co. (14, 15, 23), J. H. Leisen (16), the Staten Island Clay Company (17, 18, 19), Albert Martin (20), Anness & Potter: ((@)(pilenmy, Maurer & Son: (24), W. H. Cutter (29, 30)), and J. BP? PralkiGy are the principal miners of this clay about Woodbridge, and the various phases of the bed are shown in their banks. None of the banks near Spa Spring and Maurer Station now go deep enough to reach the fire clay, its surface lying 10 feet or more below sea level near Maurer Station. The same thing is true of the banks between Florida Grove and Keasbey, wells along the water-front between these places showing the fire clay to occur far below sea level. CLAYS OF CRETACEOUS FORMATION. 189 Just north of Keasbey Station, however, the fire clay rises to about sea level, and is reached in the lowest pits of the Interna- tional Clay Company (48, 49). In Goodrich’s bank (51), Os- franders bank (53, 54), R. N. & H. Valentine’s (55, 86), and also D. A. Brown’s (87) at Sand Hills, the fire clay is well above sea level and is extensively dug. Nearer Bonhamtown the very base of the Woodbridge fire clay is shown in a small opening on the hillside over J. Pfeiffer’s bank (go), but the greater part of the hill above is of Pensauken gravel. A number of shallow pits between Brown’s bank and Pfeiffer’s are in the weathered basal portion of the fire clay. South of Bonhamtown are the banks of Charles Edgar (94, 98), and the Raritan Ridge Clay Company, formerly Augustine Campbell (99). A fire clay is dug at the for- mer, but at Campbell’s banks a terra-cotta clay is found in the same stratigraphical position as the fire clay, so that there seems here to be a marked local variation in the quality of the clay. Campbell has, however, recently opened a new bank in the fire clay on the north side of the ridge near Bonhamtown. South of the Raritan river the fire-clay bed lies far below sea level in the Sayreville area, and only the black laminated clays are dug, but a white clay, probably the fire clay, was penetrated in a boring at Furman’s brickyard 35 feet below sea level.t North of South River village, the fire clay occurs in the lowest pits of the N. A. Pyrogranite Company (245), and of the Na- tional Clay Manufacturing Company (244). Between Milltown and South River, M. A. Edgar (232, 252), the Sayre & Fisher Company (233, 237, 259), and the American Enamel Brick and Tile Company (256), have opened the Woodbridge clay bed at the horizon of the fire clay, but the clay is reported not to be so refractory as that of the same bed farther east, a sample from the American Enamel Brick and Tile Company’s bank melting to a glass at cone 30, whereas the No. 1 fire clay of the banks near Woodbridge do not melt under cone 35. In addition to these local- ities where this bed has been opened, a white and red-mottled clay, said to be 20 feet thick, outcrops along the road southeast of Hoey’s schoolhouse, on the property of George Hardenberg. Its *Cook & Smock, loc. cit., 1878, p. 183. 190 CLAYS AND CLAY UND Side position and elevation, as well as its general appearance, indicate that 1t belongs to this horizon. Intermediate beds—AlIthough the black laminated clays and sands at the top and the fire clay at the bottom are the only two subdivisions of the Woodbridge clays which can be generally rec- ognized, yet between them there are a few beds which locally be- come somewhat conspicuous. The fire clay 1s often, but not always, overlain by a bed of dark sand or sandy clay, which is usually rejected by the miners. ‘This bed was somewhat fully described by Cook and Smock in the Clay Report of 1878," from which the following sentences are quoted : “Lignite or, as it is more commonly termed, wood, and pyrite (sometimes known as ‘sulphur balls’) are also common in this bed, and the dark color of the sandy mass is often due to the amount of carbonaceous material disseminated in small fragments and particles through it. ‘This is sometimes so abundant that the bed appears made up of many thin layers of compressed woody mat- ter in the form of flattened limbs and trunks of trees and leaf im- pressions packed so closely together that it is difficult to get good specimens or well marked prints. These all lie with the stratifica- tion, that is, with their longer axes conformable to the plane of bedding. Inthe banks of H. Cutter & Sons [now W. H. Cutter], and at Sayreville, the bed seems like a great herbarium, with its specimens nicely pressed and preserved in the sandy layers.” The leaf-bed has been recognized at seven or eight different banks, but our studies have failed to convince us that the bed is well enough characterized or persistent enough to be recognized over the whole district. In a number of banks north of Keasbey, a white or light- colored, sandy clay occurs a little way above the fire clay and stands in somewhat marked contrast to the lignitic clays or sands between it and the fire clay. It varies in thickness from 2 to 10 feet, with an average of 3 or 4. This clay has been called the “top-white” clay, and is used for retorts, stoneware, etc. In other banks a well-marked black or dark-blue plastic clay of generally greater thickness than the top-white occurs at about the same * pp. 53-54. CEA OF ERE TACHOUS HORMADION: IOL horizon. Locally there are several such layers separated by thin beds of sand. In the latter case they might very well be classed with the laminated clays and sands. The best of these black clay beds were formerly much used for pipe, and are now in demand for conduits, speckled brick, front brick, ete. At Cutter’s and Prall’s banks a thin bed (2 to 3 feet) of buff-colored clay—known as rockingham clay—occupies about the same relative position respecting the fire clay as did the “top-white” clay in the banks near Keasbey. Where best developed these various beds—the sandy leaf-bear- ing clay, the top-white, pipe and rockingham clays—do not ex- ceed 15 feet in thickness. ‘They are nowhere so sharply marked in their contacts and so distinctive in their characteristics that they can not be regarded as parts of the laminated clays and sands, which form the upper half of the Woodbridge clay. The varying orders of stratification of the Woodbridge clays 1s shown by sev- eral detailed sections which are given in Chapter XIX, in con- nection with the discussion of the clays from Middlesex county. FIRE SAND, NO. I. Below the Woodbridge clays there occurs a bed of quartz sand, much of which is so angular in grain and so free from other minerals as to be dug extensively for foundry and fire sand, as well as for building purposes. Locally it contains thin beds of gravel, and towards its base it carries lenses or seams of clay. The upper portion of this sand bed is occasionally penetrated in the deepest pits in the Woodbridge fire clay, but it is best exposed at the numerous localities south of Bonhamtown, and south and east of Milltown, where it is extensively dug. It is, also, well exposed in the upper part of many of the clay banks near Bonhamtown, which go down to the underlying fire and terra-cotta clays. North of the Raritan river it outcrops somewhat extensively east of Mill brook and south Bonhamtown. It also forms a well- defined belt south of the Raritan from the ‘Island farm,’ near the mouth of Lawrence brook, southwest past Milltown and Hoey’s schoolhouse. The numerous localities at which this sand bed has been opened are indicated on the map, Plate XI. 192 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. Its thickness varies from 15 to over 35 feet. North of the Raritan river its average thickness is between 15 and 20 feet, but south of the river it is known to exceed 35 feet at several localities. THE RARITAN FIRE AND TERRA-COTTA (POTTER'S) CLAY. In the Report upon the Clays of New Jersey, 1878, the terms “Raritan potter’s clay” and “Raritan fire clay” were used by Dr. Cook to indicate the two lowest subdivisions of the Plastic clay series. Inasmuch as the whole series is now known as the Raritan formation, these names are not now so appropriate, and yet, since they have been used in the earlier clay report, and are to some extent used locally by the clay workers, it seems best to retain them, in spite of the possibility of confusion. Inasmuch, however, as the evidence is not conclusive that the fire clay and the potter’s clay form coextensive distinct beds, and since it 1s not easy to separate the two in mapping, they are here considered together. This clay underlies the fire sand described above. Wherever its base has been seen it rests upon the red shale, into which it apparently grades without a break. This is the case at Brinck- man’s pit (96), on the Mill brook, and at the abandoned pits of Calvin Pardee (237) a little to the east. The apparent transition from the Triassic shale, which dips 15 degrees to 20 degrees northwest, to the Cretaceous clay, which dips very gently south- east, is interpreted to mean, not that the clay was deposited im- mediately after the shale, but that the tilted and eroded edges of the shale were, at the beginning of Cretaceous time, covered by a residuary clay formed from the decay of the shale itself, and that, as the land was submerged prior to the deposition of the Cre- taceous beds, this clay layer was in many places gently re-worked in its upper portion and re-deposited. With the gradual influx of other material, the deposit passed upward into the more typical Cretaceous clay, which was evidently not derived from the red shale. So gradual is this transition that even where the section is freshly exposed, it is frequently impossible to say within sey- eral feet, where the Triassic shale ends and the Cretaceous clay begins. CLAYS OF CRETACEOUS FORMATION. 193 Excavations and borings indicate that this clay bed, at least its lower part, rests in hollows in the shale, and that it is more or less discontinuous. This was clearly shown a number of years ago in exposures near Silver lake, Piscataway,’ where the clay, with a maximum thickness of 18 feet, was pinched out within a few yards to the south between the underlying shale and overlying drift, by the ascent of the shale. The same thing is indicated by borings in the vicinity of Bonhamtown. At the trolley barns a well pene- trated 65 feet of gravel and then struck red shale; at the road fork, a few rods east and at an elevation 10 feet lower, a fire clay was reached beneath 4o feet of gravel,? and a third boring in the bottom of the gravel pit just north of these localities revealed a white clay beneath the gravel at about the same elevation. The top of the clay bed beneath the fire sand is, also, very un- even, undulating sharply within comparatively narrow limits. This was well shown (1901) at Bloomfield’s and Pfeiffer’s banks (92, 90). It is evident that with the changed conditions, which brought about the deposition of the coarse fire sand on the clay, the surface of the latter was somewhat eroded by the estuary currents. Owing to these variations in the top and bottom of the clay, its thickness is extremely variable. Locally, the fire sand seems to rest upon the shale and so cut out the clay entirely. More com- monly, however, the clay is present in thicknesses varying from a few feet up to 35 feet. The latter thickness is said to occur at Bloomfield’s bank (92), 15 to 20 feet of it being merchantable clay. The fire clay—The upper portion of this clay bed is a fire clay—the Raritan fire clay of Cook’s report. It is a drab or light- blue clay, sometimes red mottled and sometimes almost black. It is usually quite sandy, much more so than the better portions of the Woodbridge fire clay, specimens showing from 29 per cent. to 50 per cent. of fine-grained quartz sand.? At present it is dug by C. A. Bloomfield (92), John Pfeiffer (go), C. A. Edgar (89), *Cook & Smock, Report on the Clays of N. J., p. 171. * Cook & Smock, loc. cit. p. 162. * Cook & Smock, loc. cit. p. 45. ie Cl) 1G 194 CEA S AIND CLAY SIND UW Si Rae and at the Dixon bank in Woodbridge by M. D. Valentine & Bros. (9). It was also formerly dug on the Ellison property, southeast of Edgar’s banks (94). Here a pit passed through the following section: ? Section in a pit on the Ellison property. GP sand coarse; and in parivatinesand. 42. 4.cs see Gf Th (2) “Hard pan” of sand, cemented by oxide of iron,.... I “ Game Clays Cai ORO hae eb seas seam alts e 2 on hi 2 Su Adie (4) Clay, Sand? lignite wage ears ane rt ee 2) Bite G)ipebard pans layer (cementedtisand) hice eee iy “ (GN) ea) a acer nue bine on cust ea Pea a RNS bi Enc 4-42. ~ The upper clay (3) was a fire clay; the lower clay a potter's or terra-cotta clay. The sand bed between them separates the fire clay above, from the potter’s clay below, so that here they apparently occur in two well-defined beds. The potter's clay.—The Raritan potter’s clay of the earlier re- port, which at Ellison’s bank underlies the fire clay and apparently constitutes the lower part of this clay member, is extremely vari- able in color and in composition. It is often a white or white- blue clay; elsewhere it is a red-spotted clay, and its basal portion is usually a deep chocolate red, closely resembling the decomposed shale from. which it was doubtless in part derived. It has been found beneath the fire clay only on the old Ellison property; elsewhere, so far as exposed, it occurs without the fire clay, being directly overlaid, either by the much later Pleistocene deposits (glacial drift, or Cape May sand and gravel) or less fre- quently by the fire sand (Sand No. 1). In the former case the absence of the fire clay may be assumed to be due to erosion in the long interval between Cretaceous and Pleistocene times. In the latter case, it may be that the fire clay was never deposited, or that it was eroded away by the swifter currents, which attended deposition of the overlying fire sand. Over the larger part of the area mapped as the Raritan fire and potter's clay, Plate XI, only the potter’s clay occurs, so far as present data show. At the present time it is dug only by the Brinckman Terra Cotta Company (96) east of Martin’s dock, and by Augustine *Idem, p. 167. CLAYS OF CRETACEOUS FORMATION. 195 Campbell at several pits south of Metuchen. In addition to these,- it has been dug by Calvin Pardee (237), on the John Conger farm (97), and by N. Lorensen (238), since the publication of the 1878 Clay Report. In some of the pits mentioned in that re- port, but long since abandoned, samples of the clay can still be seen. In addition to these localities, where there is no question as to the stratigraphical position of the clay, a red-spotted, terra- cotta clay has been dug by Joshua Little and George Cutter a mile north of Fords and 2 miles southwest of Woodbridge. The clay resembles very closely that of the Brinckman Terra Cotta Company, so far as color and feeling goes, but the altitude of its top in the two pits, 135 feet and 145 feet respectively, is much greater than the Raritan potter’s clay bed should have in this vicinity, unless the underlying shale rises very rapidly at this point. The clay was reported to have a thickness of 37 feet, which would make the altitude of its base 108 feet. In spite of the dis- crepancy in elevation, this clay is tentatively referred to the Raritan potter’s clay. South of the Raritan river, and within the area shown on Plate XI, the outcrop of this clay bed is a very narrow one, being limited to a ribbon-like strip along the sides of Lawrence brook and its tributaries. A black clay grading downward into a white clay, and exposed to a depth of 7 feet, is seen in the bottom of one of Whitehead Brothers’ sand pits, a mile southeast of Weston’s mills. The same dark clay has also been found in the bottom of the sand pits on the Island farm, just east of this locality. For the most part, the exposures along Lawrence brook are of a red- spotted clay occurring directly above the shale, and overlaid by a great thickness of Pensauken or by the next higher member of the Cretaceous, the fire sand. Owing to the thickness of this covering, these localities are not, for the most part, favorable for the economic development of the clay. Beyond the limits of the map and southwest of Parson’s mills, a white and mottled clay is reported to occur in considerable thickness on the property of Mrs. Eva Van Deventer (264). It is conveniently located in respect to the Trenton & New Brunswick trolley and is not deeply cov- ered by drift. A mile farther southwest, on the property of T. W. Buckalew (263) (Plate X), 18 feet of gray-white clay—a low- 196 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. grade fire clay—were found in digging a well. There is here no overburden. A considerable thickness of white clay (14 feet) was also reported from a well at Franklin Park station, 4 miles southwest of New Brunswick, but the overburden of gravel is here considerable. 3 THE RARITAN FORMATION SOUTHWEST OF THE WOODBRIDGE- SoutH River District. From the Woodbridge-South River area, represented on Plate XI, the Raritan formation extends across the State to the Dela- ware river between Trenton and Bordentown, but over most of this area it is somewhat deeply buried by the Pensauken gravel. Nevertheless, at a few localities plastic clays have been noted and borings at other points have demonstrated the extension of the clays in this direction. . The occurrence of clay just above the red shale along the val- ley of Lawrence brook has been mentioned in the previous section, as well as its occurrence in a thick bed on the Buckalew farm (263) and on the Van Deventer property (264). This clay is at the base of the Raritan formation in the Raritan potter's and fire-clay bed. ‘Two miles west of south of Monmouth Junction a dark-gray clay is exposed in the bottom of a cut along the Trenton and New Brunswick trolley at an elevation of 95 feet. The over- burden is very slight and the clay is favorably located as regards shipment. Clay has also been found by boring along the Muill- stone river midway between Hightstown and Princeton Junction, but it is not exposed at the surface and the overburden of gravel is heavy. Still farther southwest sandy clays are reported to occur along the Pennsylvania railroad (a) a mile southwest of Princeton Junction (b), near the Clarksville road, and (c) near Lawrence station, but very little is known of them.* TEN-MILE RUN. An tsolated area of the Raritan formation is found on the hills north of Monmouth Junction and near Ten-Mile Run. The Rar- * Cook & Smock, loc. cit. p. 233. CLAYS OF CRETACEOUS FORMATION. 107 itan potter’s clay resting on red shale has been worked in times past at several points, and at present is dug by the Excelsior Terra Cotta Company for use in their works at Rocky Hill. An anal- ysis of this clay is given in Chapter XIX, under clays of Somerset county. Overlying the clay bed, which is said to reach a thickness of 14 feet in places, is a quartz sand, which is undoubtedly to be cor- related with the fire-sand bed near Woodbridge. TRENTON CLAYS. Two miles east of Trenton clays are dug in a number of pits along Pond run. These are locally known as Dogtown clays. The stripping, chiefly Pensauken gravel, varies from 5 to 12 feet in thickness. The clay is commonly red or red-spotted, grading into a blue at the bottom of the pits. In some places the upper layer is a white clay, and locally a black lignitic clay occurs be- neath the blue clay. Elsewhere a sand bed underlies the clay. The most extensive diggings are those of James Moon (101) (Plate VI). The general section as reported by Mr. Moon is as follows: Section at pits of J. J. Moon, Dogtown, near Trenton. MEMIDD INGA CHICK Yer CLAVE a ere antes ae aelat, iviaie nrc 5-12 ft. White clay (where stripping is thin), ................ 2-3 ft. Red clay, grading down into a red-spotted and thence CORA TIER Alyse Rae PER eerie hare eee eens 14-28 ft. SEW AVG aeeeeeis Ral Aaa e pea Ea ORG Seth SE Pec i ae iti Ie a 3-4 ft. Hard, tough, blue clay, called “hard-pan,” ............ 3-4 ft. LOOSE: .Witifer said: more. thatic csr: ser sneer sees oe 8 ft. Somewhat similar clays are dug on the J. Priest farm (100), by D. South (102), by A. Lattimer (105), by J. Kuhn adjoining Lattimer’s pits, and on the A. Worthington property (104). Priest’s clay is reported to range from 16 to 22 feet in thickness, Moore’s 18 to 32, South’s 10 to 14 feet, and Lattimer’s 15 to 22 feet. They are used chiefly for saggers and wad, and are hauled by wagon to the Trenton potteries. Clay has also been found at other points in this neighborhood, but the pits are no longer 198 CLAYS AND CLAY ANDUSTERNe worked. It is not possible to correlate these clays with any of the beds in the Woodbridge area. In addition to the Dogtown clays, pits have been opened in the Raritan formation at other points near Trenton, but they are no longer worked. Clay occurs in the bluff along the Delaware river south of Trenton and north of Crosswicks creek, particularly on the property of Dr. C. C. Abbott and P. E. De Cou. Some of this clay was at one time taken out by tunneling into the hillside, some drifts being 200 feet long, but owing to the cost of timber- ing it was abandoned. A black sandy clay, 6 to 7 feet thick, is exposed beneath 10 or 15 feet of Pensauken gravel in a ravine west of Yardville (107), but it has not been worked. BORDENTOWN. From Bordentown to Kinkora the base of the Clay Marl I is found at the top of the bluff along the river, and black lignitic clays and interbedded sands of the Raritan formation form the basal portion. Landslides and washes have very generally ob- scured the section, but occasionally fresh faces are visible. About one-half mile south of the Bordentown depot the following sec- tion was reported by Drs. Cook and Smock. Section near the Bordentown Depot. Gi) Yellows sandsandserayelhwres peere eree ater 8-10 ft. (2) Clay. mari (greensand)) seer ere eee ee eee Sane, (3) Black, sandy clay full of pyrite and lignite, alter- nating with layers of white quartz sands,...... 35-40 ft. (4) White quartz sand at the level of the track (10 feet A. T.) At White Hill, at the north end of the forge building, they re- ported the following?: Section near White Hill. @s) Yellow, earthoandtenavellie sss eee eee eee 8-10 ft. (G)eGClay. 'Marl,. .2. cae etna eee pen Cee 6 ft. _ (3) White sand containing red oxide of iron crusts, .... T2\ctts (4) Black, sandy clay alternating with thin layers of Chi\( Ae eee Shite Sane ete O SG obiald bio UA) iit (5) White sand from railroad track level to tide level,. . 10 ft. * Cook & Smock, loc. cit. p. 239. * Idem, p. 240. CRAMSTOR TERE LACHOUS FORMATION.) 199 Forty distinct layers were counted in a vertical section of 3 feet in No. 4, while above them was a single bed of clay 3 feet thick. This illustrates the great variation in thickness of the clay and sand layers. At S$. Graham & Co.’s brickyard (112), the same thin-bedded, black clay, with fine laminz of white sand is dug in pits east of the wagon road, while along the railroad more sandy beds are exposed. The horizontal variation from clay to sand is well . brought out in these banks (Plate II, Fig. 1). At Dobbin’s bank, Kinkora (113), a few feet of the same black laminated clays are shown, but the greater portion of the clay there dug belongs to the overlying Clay Marl series. FLORENCE. Below Kinkora the course of the river is more to the west and it crosses obliquely the outcrop of the Raritan formation towards the base. The immediate consequence of this is that, in the bluff below Kinkora, lower beds of the formation are exposed, so that at Martin’s brickyard (115) a tough, white and red-spotted plastic clay is found in pits in the lowest portion of the yard. This clay belongs below the black laminated clays of S. Graham & Co.’s bank, but the interval between them is unknown. A black clay is also dug in another part of Martin’s yard at a higher level. It does not, however, belong to the Raritan formation, but is of much later age, being a Pleistocene clay similar to that found at Fish House (p. 133). For a mile or more above Florence the river flows at the foot of a high bluff, in the lower portion of which white and red clays outcrop at numerous points. They were somewhat extensively worked twenty-five or thirty years ago, and the following sections are given in the Clay Report of 1878. Section at Joshua Eayre’s clay banks. (1) Yellow sand, in undulating wavy lines, ............. 16 ft. (CB). CURRY BG eer SERIA HG er API Te ter icp Ey 2) its @)iereddish wands variegated: clays ans sacs sae 18 ft. CA mWinitemelays ery spite se eeu ONIN Ame heresy A AAO 2 Av tt: Gye Clavaandesandyneanthss ater ee mete ne ea ari eeNan tat ts 2 ft. GOWihnitelsanda(calledseaolin irre sein: yale tre ere ee: Ott. (7) Sand at mean tide level. 200 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. In other portions of the bank, however, the section was quite different. Section at Henry I. Tinsman’s clay bank—3o00 yards from Eayre’s. (GO Sei aNG hats (0 eC Nid eso Renee Ua enema aU TaN co: 5 15 ft. @)eBlackiclayswithelionites ee ee eee ee cece 5-8 ft. (3) Bluish white clay with some included masses of red claysinvit, down to tidewater...) eee eee 12 ft. These pits are no longer worked, but EK. M. Haedrich has made extensive excavaticns in the bluff a mile northwest of Florence station, where both Pensauken and Cretaceous gravel and sand are worked. Several feet of Clay Marl I are here exposed be- neath the Pensauken and above the sands of the Raritan forma- tion. Incidentally some beds of white and red clay are also taken. A black sandy clay, probably corresponding to the laminated clay at S. Graham & Co.’s brickyard, is reported in wells around Florence and Florence station at depths of 15 to 25 feet. BURLINGTON. White and red plastic clay occurs 2 miles east of Burlington, along Assiscunk creek, on both banks of the river, on property belonging to Mr. Joseph P. Scott (120) and Mr. Hays (121). On the north bank it occurs in low ground covered by a few feet of sand; on the south bank it is seen at the base of the creek bluff, overlain by yellow sand at an elevation of 12 or 14 feet above the creek. Stripping of 20 to 25 feet will be encountered in working back into the bank for any distance, but considerable clay can be dug along the creek without much stripping. Samples of these clays have been tested, the results being given in Chapter XIX, under the clays of Burlington county. BRIDGEBORO. The clay dug by J. W. Paxon & Co., at Bridgeboro, on the south bank of Rancocas creek (132), belongs to the Raritan formation. At the western openings a red-mottled clay, with some yellow and some white masses, was exposed to a depth of 10 feet, below 8 or 10 feet of Pleistocene sand and gravel. The VAIL, ONIN Eilgavl: General view of a portion of H. Hylton’s sand and clay pit, near Palmyra. Fig. 2. Raritan clay overlain by Pensauken sand in H. Hylton’s pits, near Palmyra. CLAYS OF CRETACEOUS FORMATION. 201 clay was reported to be 14 feet thick and to be underlain by a white, water-bearing sand. ‘Traced southeast 200 yards, the red clay grades into white clay, in the upper portion of which is a 6-inch layer containing lignite. A hundred feet farther east the lignitic clay layer passes rapidly into a lignite-bearing sand bed. These facts illustrate the constant variation in color and texture of the Raritan beds in this part of the State. PENSAUKEN CREEK. The Raritan clay has been dug at three points along Pensauken ereek (133, 134, 135). At Parry (North Pennsville), excava- tions no longer worked, show a loose, white sand, with some beds of sticky clay, as well as intermediate grades. These Cretaceous beds are overlain with Pensauken gravel from 10 to 35 feet thick. A mile west there is the enormous Hylton opening, which has been worked for gravel, sand and clay for many years, Plate XXII. Here an almost continuous section is shown for nearly three-fourths of a mile, but much of it is obscured by wash. In the eastern part 40 to 50 feet of Pensauken sand and gravel occurs above the clay, the top of which is about 12 feet above the meadow bordering Pensauken creek. The clay is white or red spotted, varying locally. When seen in 1902, it averaged 6 or 7 feet in thickness and was underlain by a fine white clayey sand, the so-called “kaolin.” In the western portion of the bank the Pensauken gravel is thinner, and a white and yellow Creta- ceous sand occurs below the gravel and above the clay. Locally this sand bed contains thin lenses of white clay, which often vary in thickness or pass into sand within the space of a few rods. The clay bed is reported to be 20 or 25 feet thick in places. In previous years great quantities of fire clay have been dug here, but at the present time sand and gravel constitute a larger part of the material handled. Above the Pensauken gravel there is a clay loam 4 or 5 feet thick over much of the surface. In general appearance it resembles the clay loams used at many points for brick (p. 121). Just west of Hylton’s bank the same beds of gravel, sand and clay are dug by P. Erato, along the Pennsylvania R. R. at Morris 202 CEAYS AND CEAY INDUSMRNs station (Pl. XXIII, Figs. 1 and 2). Here the lense-like character of the clay beds are strikingly shown. In the middle of the bank, where it is highest, the section in 1902 showed: Pensauken sora viel asrrrssercrereitiscerceieie.c ai cee ee Io ft. Raritan white sand, with thin clay lenses, .............. 30 ft. Much of the sand is sold for fire sand, and some of the clay is said to be a fire clay. The variable character of the Raritan formation in this part of the State and the impossibility of separating it into persistent horizons is well brought out by the record of 2 wells at Jordan- town, I mile northeast of Merchantville, drilled for the water supply of the latter place. The wells are located along the swampy flood plain of the South Branch of Pensauken creek at an eleva- tion of less than 5 feet A. T. and 100 yards apart. Sections in Wells at Jordantown, near Merchantville. Well No. tf. Grittyawhiteiclayy thOMm~ ee ne eee eee eae eee Ali tOney2 atts Grittyawhitexelary cus ieee 1A is cena pantera mete Gy) Woy - (o%} Sandy clay, HF sl eect aes Rie Vela ATS ee nN ae oe ZO tO 73s White clay, SE STS seve con atid ales eh POE ae 78 to 80 “ Sandy clay, Se tae ORS te Vso Rt yeh aEY A ESE MT oR SATtOmmcOne Sandy clay SII Sten Ane TORS Ai ett SE yEics O5#tOm Oya ‘WMathoy Gevavahy) GENE, BIE a cnc dcoodnoccnouda coo ouaSd bow 46 ft. Smooth clay. ¢rOmnvyar sere ee Mine ere ae 56-58 ~ ‘Nhiree=inchy seamyonclayava tin enamel eee ee Fay 2 Sanday FROMM sha Sh gcs ee ee ee Hep eA eeee Pee ors ena eae 7.2 tO mii tae Gritty, clay: frome sence oe eco eer ere Tet O) STIS eae Smoothawhiterclaysatronle | seseee ere rnc cee 136 to 146 “ Blue ‘clay, froma See ye ease saosin tera eee ise eo 183 to 205-+ ft. Between the clay beds loose sand, ranging in some cases up to small gravel, was found. The above sections show that the first three clay beds in Well No. 1 are represented by only thin seams in No. 2, while the last three clay beds in No. 1 are absent entirely in No. 2, or were so thin as not to have been recognized at all in drilling. The deeper clays in Well No. 2 were not reached by Well No. 1, so we cannot compare that part of the section. PLATE XXIll. Fig. 1. General view of Erato’s clay and sand bank in the Raritan formation, Morris station. Fig. 2. Pensauken gravel, Raritan cross-bedded sand and Raritan clay, in Erato’s bank, Morris station. CRAYS OF CRETACKOUS FORMATION: 20 Oo CAMDEN AND SOUTHWARD. At Fish House, north of Camden, white clay belonging to the Raritan formation has been found under the black Pensauken clay (p. 133). Beds of similar clay are exposed intercalated in sands along the ravines south of Fish House (135, 136), but the clay layers are apparently not thick. So, too, thin beds of sandy clay were noted along the banks of a small stream north of Dudley station at East Camden, but the Raritan formation in this vicinity is chiefly sand. Raritan clay is also reported to occur on the United States government land at Red Bank, below Gloucester ; on property of B. A. Lodge, near Billingsport, and of James Kirby, near Raccoon creek, a mile south of Bridgeport.* At none of these localities is the clay dug at present. From Bridgeport southwestward the country is low and flat. The Raritan forma- tion is nearly everywhere covered by the later Cape May sand and gravel, and, although there is no reason to doubt the existence of clay beds at various horizons beneath this later cover, yet their exact location, as well as their nature are unknown. From this brief summary it is evident that the Raritan forma- tion, outside of the Woodbridge-South River area of Middlesex county, is not a great clay producer. Although clay is dug in a few localities, as at Dogtown (near Trenton), at Kinkora, and on Pensauken creek, the formation, as a whole, is not so important as some of the higher members. This is in part due to the fact that from Trenton southwestward the channel of the Delaware river covers a considerable portion of the formation, and in part to the fact that across the central part of the State, as well as farther southwest, the later Pleistocene sands and gravels are quite thick and so conceal the clay. But it is also true that in this part of the State the formation, so far as we know it, contains more sand and gravel and less clay than farther northeast, and that the clay beds are more local and discontinuous. *Cook & Smock, loc. cit. pp. 251, 252. CHAPTER IX. CLAY DEPOSITS IN SYSTEMS OLDER THAN THE CRETACEOUS. CONTENTS. Triassic. Devonian. Silurian. Cambrian and Ordovician. Pre-Cambrian. TRIASSIC. The Triassic or Newark series in New Jersey consists chiefly of red shales and sandstones with some masses of trap rock. It has been described in detail in the Annual Reports of the State Geologist for 1896 and 1897. It forms a belt across the State be- tween the Highlands on the northwest and the Cretaceous strata on the southeast, extending from the New York State line be- tween Suffern and the Hudson river, to the Delaware river be- tween Trenton and Holland. The red shale where disintegrated forms a sandy, clayey soil of shallow depth. Locally this may ac- cumulate in hollows as the result of wash from surrounding slopes and form clay beds of no great depth and limited extent, but so far as known beds of this description are nowhere used. ‘The shale itself is for the most part rather gritty and not favorable for use in clay products, but locally it is fine grained and suitable for brick. It is so utilized at Kingsland, Bergen county, with ap- parent success. A few experiments on shale from other localities were made in the course of these studies, and although unfavor- able and decisive so far as they went, they were not sufficiently numerous to test the formation thoroughly. Beds suitable for (205) 206 CLAYS “ANDY CLAY TEND Sieve brick or draintile are more likely to occur in the Brunswick shales, rather than in the Lockatong or Stockton subdivisions,’ and in the Brunswick shales rather to the south of a line from Passaic to Morristown than to the north of it, but there may be local excep- tions to this rule. At Pedrick’s brickyard, Flemington, the basal portion of the clay used has been formed by the disintegration of the red shale beneath, and it is expected to use the less disintegrated material as soon as suitable machinery for crushing it can be installed. The trap rock, where deeply weathered, gives rise to a yellow, more or less stony clay, usually containing many fragments of the less disintegrated portions of the rock. South of the drift-covered area, 7. e., southwest of a line from Morristown to Perth Amboy, this residuary deposit often attains a thickness of several feet. Locally, it has been utilized for clay, as at Daniel’s brickyard, on Sourland mountain, southeast of Lambertville (277), but it is full of bowlders, which are left in the pit (Pl. XXIV, Fig. 1). DEVONIAN. The Devonian formations of New Jersey are limestones, shales, sandstones and conglomerates. They occur in Sussex county along the Delaware river from Wallpack bend northward to the State line, and also in the Green Pond-Bearfort mountain region. In the former region they are chiefly limestones with some shales; in the latter, gritty shales, sandstones and conglomerates. In some states the Devonian shales are a source of valuable materials for paving brick, sewer pipe, drain and roofing tile, terra cotta, etc. In New Jersey, however, they are nowhere used, and in view of the unfavorable nature of most of the Devonian rocks, as well as the present inaccessibility by railroad transportation of much of the region covered by them, it is doubtful whether they will prove of any immediate importance. SILURIAN. The Silurian formations in New Jersey consist chiefly of sand- stones, with a few limestone.and shale strata. They occur in *Annual Report of the State Geologist, 1897. PLATE XXIV. Rigas Shallow bed of clay formed by disintegration of trap rock. Daniel's clay pit, Lambertville. Fig. 2. Rolls for disintegrating clay before putting it through stiff-mud machines. E. Farry’s yard, Matawan. CEAY DEPOSE Ss IN OLDER SYSTEMS. 207 Warren and Sussex counties in Kittatinny mountain and the lower country on the west, and also in the Green Pond-Bearfort mountain region. ‘The shales are nowhere utilized, and no tests have been made of them in this investigation. They are for the most part sandy and unpromising. CAMBRIAN AND ORDOVICIAN. The Cambrian and Ordovician rocks are limestones and shales with some beds of sandstone and quartzite. They occur chiefly in Warren and Sussex counties in the great Kittatinny valley, be- tween the Kittatinny mountain on the northwest and the High- lands on the southeast. They also occur within the Highland area in the valleys of the Musconetcong and Pohatcong, the South Branch of the Raritan northeast of Califon, and in the Green Pond mountain region. They also are found in a few small areas south- east of the Highlands between the crystallines and the Trias red shale, the largest of these isolated areas being in the vicinity of Clinton and Pattenburg. Southwest of the terminal moraine, which marks the south- ward border of the region covered by the ice of the last Glacial epoch, the rocks are in places somewhat deeply weathered and buried beneath the products of their own disintegration. ‘The limestone commonly weathers into a yellow sticky clay, containing more or less abundantly the insoluble black cherts or flints, which occur in it. Locally beds of clay may thus be formed, partly by the decay of the rock beneath and partly by the wash from similar material on higher slopes. The smooth clay on the prop- erty of L. T. Labar, near Beattystown (Loc. 283), has probably originated in this way,' although some of it may belong to a very early glacial drift. At Alpha (Loc. 278), near Phillipsburg, the Portland cement rock (Trenton age) is covered by 3 or 4 feet of yellow sticky clay, with a soapy feeling, which contains occasional small masses of vein quartz, etc., and which was derived from the cement rock * See Chapter XIX for physical tests of these clays. 208 CE ANCS) VAINIDGILVAN UNIDIUS WIRNG by the solution and removal of the calcium carbonate. It is used in the manufacture of common brick. Outside of the moraine the shale also is deeply weathered, as is well shown in several railroad cuts between Hackettstown and Washington. At Port Murray (Loc. 282) it is utilized by the Natural Fireproofing Company in the manufacture of fire- proofing (Plate LVI). Similar weathered material occurs abun- dantly in this vicinity and in the shale belt west of Clinton along the line of the Central R. R. of New Jersey. North of the moraine the shale is covered by the glacial drift, or if exposed, is in general but slightly weathered. The fresh shale, when ground up and mixed with water, is lacking in plasticity and tensile strength and, therefore, does not give such good results as that which has been deeply weathered. This being so, it is doubtful whether the great shale deposits within the glacial area will ever prove of value for these purposes. PRE-CAMBRIAN ROCKS. The pre-Cambrian rocks occur in the Highlands. They are chiefly gneisses, schists and granites. Some of the latter are coarse feldspathic rocks, although by far the greater part are not. Under favorable conditions the decay of a coarse-grained granite will give rise to a mass of kaolin, with some mica and quartz. Such deposits are known to occur in New Jersey, but they are of small extent and unworked at the present time. In the Annual Report for 1874 such a deposit is noted as occurring in a narrow valley one and one-half miles southwest of Bethlehem, Hunterdon county, on lands owned by Mr. Will- ever, and later by S. L. Shimer, of Phillipsburg. A shaft 33 feet deep is reported to have been sunk in it without reaching its bottom. The bed was a mixture of white clay, with a large per- centage of very fine white quartz and partially decomposed feld- spar. Analyses of the crude material show a large amount of potash, with some lime and magnesia and a little oxide of iron, the latter giving it a dark color in burning. CE DE POSES INT OLDER SYSTEMS: 209 A somewhat similar appearing deposit has also been observed near Amsterdam, Hunterdon county, on the property of Mr. Rapp. It lies in a little hollow, near the road from Amsterdam to the Delaware river. A small opening was made here some years ago, and a little clay shipped. An analysis of this clay is given in Chapter XIX, under the head of Hunterdon county. Within the region which was covered by the ice sheet of the last Glacial epoch, the surface of the Highlands was in general severely eroded and all residuary material removed. ‘The rocks there, where outcropping on the surface, as well as where ex- posed beneath their covering of glacial drift, are generally hard and unweathered. Under these circumstances it is extremely doubtful whether any workable residuary kaolin deposits will ever be found in that area. 14 CL G PART IIL, Seae MANUFACTURE OF CLAY PROD- UCTS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE NEW JERSEY INDUSTRY. By HEINRICH RIES. (Aus) INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT. Probably few persons have any conception of the many dif- ferent applications of clay in either its raw or burned condition. These varied uses can be best shown by the following table, com- piled originally by R. T. Hill and amplified by the writer: Domestic.—Porcelain, white earthenware, stoneware, yellow ware and Rockingham ware for table service and for cooking: majolica stoves; polishing brick, bath brick, fire kindlers. Structural—Brick: common, front, pressed, ornamental, hol- low, glazed, adobe; terra cotta; roofing tile; glazed and encaustic tile; draintile; paving brick; chimney flues; chimney pots; door- knobs; fireproofing; terra-cotta lumber; copings; fence posts. Hygenic—Urinals, closet bowls, sinks, washtubs, bathtubs, pitchers, sewer pipe, ventilating flues, foundation blocks, vitrified bricks. Decorative.—Ornamental pottery, terra cotta, majolica, garden furniture, tombstones. Minor wses——Food adulterant; paint fillers; paper filling; electric insulators; pumps; fulling cloth; scouring soap; packing for horses’ feet; chemical! apparatus; condensing worms; ink bottles ; ultramarine manufacture; emery wheels; playing marbles; battery cups; pins, stilts and spurs for potters’ use; shuttle eves and thread guides; smoking pipes; umbrella stands; pedestals; filter tubes; caster wheels: pump wheels; electrical porcelain; foot rules; plaster; alum. : Refractory wares.——Crucibles and other assaying apparatus; gas retorts; fire bricks; glass pots; blocks for tank furnaces; saggers; stove and furnace bricks; blocks for fire boxes; tuyeres; cupola bricks; mold linings for steel castings. * Mineral Resources U. S., 1891, p. 475, Washington. (213) 214 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY: Engineering works.—Puddle; Portland cement; railroad bal- last; water conduits; turbine wheels; electrical conduits; road metal. Nearly all of the more important products are made in New Jersey, and these branches of the industry are treated in some detail in the following pages. Classification of clays based on uses.—Clays are sometimes classified according to their uses into the following groups: Kaolins or China clays——Those burning white and used in manufacture of white earthenware or porcelain. Fire clays.—Buff-burning clays of refractory character used chiefly for fire brick. Stoneware clays.—Semirefractory clays, which burn to a dense body and possess good plasticity and tensile strength. Pipe clays.—Nonrefractory clays, of good plasticity, and which are vitrifiable. Brick clays.—Impure clays, usually red-burning. These do not by any means represent all the names commonly met with in the clay-working industries. For this reason it may be well to give at least the more important ones below. Kaolins.—A term applied to white-burning residual clays, used in the manufacture of white earthenware, porcelain, wall tiles, white floor tiles, paper making, etc. Ball clays.—White-burning, plastic, sedimentary clays, used chiefly in the manufacture of the fine grades of pottery, viz.: those having a white body. Ware clay.—A term applied to ball clays mined near Wood- bridge. Fire clay.—A term loosely applied to clays considered suitable for making fire brick. No standaid of refractoriness has been adopted in this county, and many clays are called fire clays which have absolutely no right to the name. Fire clays are often classed as No. 1 and No. 2 grades. Since the term is so loosely used, and, furthermore, as even in New Jersey there is no uniform usage of the name, in this report the fire clays have been grouped as highly refractory, refractory, semirefractory (p. 100), and no clay fusing below cone 27 is considered a fire clay. The terms No. 1 and No. 2, when used, refer to the designations given by NAN AGH URE, JOR TCIUAY PRODUCTS. (215 the clay miner, and often mean no more than that the clay is the best or second best dug by him. Stoneware clays.—Under this term are included such clays as are adapted to the manufacture of stoneware. ‘They must, there- fore, possess good plasticity, dense-burning qualities and prefer- ably good tensile strength. The lower grades of stoneware are often made from a nonrefractory clay, but the better grades, and in New Jersey even the common ones, are generally made from a No. 2 fire clay. Sagger clay.—This is a term applied to clays which are used in a mixture for making the saggers, in which the white ware and other high grades of pottery aré burned. They are commonly rather siliceous in their character, although some may be used on account of their bonding power and freedom from grit to hold the more porous grades together. As far as the physical prop- erties go, the sagger clays are not, therefore, represented by any one type. Their refractoriness varies from that of a refractory to a semirefractory clay. Wad clay.—This is a low grade of fire clay, which is used for grouting the joints between the saggers, when they are set up in bungs in the kilns. It is dug at several localities in Middlesex and Mercer counties. Terra-cotta clay.—This term does not mean very much and is used rather indiscriminately to indicate different beds of clays, which are being dug for the manufacture of terra cotta. In the majority of cases they are semirefractory clays of buff-burning character, sometimes sandy, at other times dense-burning. At one or two places a red-burning clay is dug for terra-cotta manufacture. The wide difference in character between two of them is shown elsewhere in this report. Retort clay—A dense-burning, plastic, semirefractory clay, used chiefly in the manufacture of stoneware. In New Jersey the term is restricted to the Woodbridge district. Pipe clay.—This is a term applied to almost any fine-grained plastic clay. Strictly speaking, it would refer to a clay used for making sewer pipe. Brick clay.—This includes all impure, nonrefractory clays suit- able for the manufacture of common brick. 216 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY: Pot clay.—A clay used for the manufacture of glass pots, and consequently representing a very dense-burning fire clay. In refractoriness it ranges from a highly refractory to a refractory clay. Paper clay.—This term is generally applied to fine-grained white clays that can be used in paper manufacture. CHAPTER X. THE MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK. CONTENTS. Raw materials. Common brick. Pressed brick. Enameled brick. Glazed brick. Methods of manufacture. Preparation. Dry crushing. Soak pits. Ring pits. Pug mills. Wet pans. Molding. Soft-mud process. Stiff-mud process. Dry-press and semidry-press processes. Re-pressing. Drying. Covered yards. Pallet driers. Drying tunnels. Burning. Effects in burning due to the clay. Flashing. Kilns. Updraft kilns. Building brick include common brick, face and pressed brick, enamel brick and glazed brick. Common brick include all those used for ordinary structural work, and are employed commonly for side and rear walls of buildings, or, indeed, for any portion of the structure where appearance is of minor importance, (217) 218 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSMiRye although for the sake of economy they are often used for front walls. They are usually made without much regard to color, smcothness of surface, or sharpness of edges. Face, front or pressed brick include those made with greater care, and usually from a better grade of clay, much consideration being given to their uniformity of color, even surface and straight- ness of outline. Enamel brick are those which have a coating of enamel on one or sometimes two sides. Glazed brick differ from enamel brick in being coated with a transparent glaze instead of an opaque enamel. Raw MATERIALS. Clays for common, brick.—The clays used for common brick are usually of a low grade, and in most cases red-burning. The main requisites are that they shall mold easily and burn hard at as low a temperature as possible, with a minimum loss from cracking and warping. Since most common clays when used alone show a higher air and fire shrinkage than is desirable, it is customary to decrease this by mixing some sand with the clay, or by mixing a loamy or sandy clay with a more plastic one. Measurements made at 29 yards manufacturing common brick showed, however, that in practice there is apparently no uni- formity in the air shrinkage of the brick, the linear air shrinkage ranging from 0.7 per cent. to 10.9 per cent., with an average of 5.41 per cent. This variation in the air shrinkage is due to the character of the clay and the process of manufacture. Com- mon-brick clays are mostly nonrefractory, for this insures their hardening at a low temperature, whereas when No. 2 fire clays. are employed, they must be burned at higher temperatures to pre- vent the brick from being soft and porous. Some common-brick clays of the Cohansey formation found in Monmouth county are a good example of this, for they remain porous even when fired up to cone 8, and for use these are mixed with more fusible clays. The plasticity of common-brick clays is usually good, although it is possible to employ some very lean ones, and the tensile strength of those employed in New Jersey ranges from 60 Ibs. per square inch up to 300 lbs. or more. THE MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING.BRICK. 219 The general variation in the physical characters of New Jersey common-brick clays can be seen from the following table: Table showing physical characteristics of New Jersey brick clays. Air : ara P : S Tensile strength ere ere a eee Nim or eee he aera 5.60 Buff 168 @himwOod, -. 2... 4... 6.5 TS ay Red 88 IMerEAWATIN «- 50 50s 6.3 I. 27. Red 197 Bordentown, ...... 8.8 8.2 11.8 Red 251 shoOms River, -...).\..: 4.3 Aaoe 2.3 Red 68 Somenville; . 0.00... 5.0 eae 6.6 Red 207 Herbertsville, ..... 2.5 0.5 1.5 Red 49 DOTKCOW I) — << eesic 7.6 Te 2.8 Red 220 Flemington, ....... 2 1.6 7.6 Red 159 iBuckshutem, |. ..... Wi 253 6. Red 291 The above figures refer to laboratory tests made on the raw clay. In the case of some, such as the clay from Bordentown, it will be seen that both the air and fire shrinkage are high, and too. , great, in fact, to permit their being used alone. It is, therefore, necessary to mix some sandy clay with them. Common-brick clays vary widely in their composition, but most of them contain a rather high percentage of fluxing impurities. The following table gives the maximum, minimum and average percentage of the different constituents in a brick clay, compiled from a number of analyses?: Chemical Composition of Common-brick Clays? Constituent. Range. Average. STIG a Ae CR ae Srihari 34.35 —90.877% 40.277 PAU {TINT TAs A Ueaie ts a) ysy hed encve i ee OORG 22.14 —44.00% 22.7740 CRI CHONG Cre ays, 2's). feyvaeycterere = oles 0.126-33.12% 5.311% Ji aa Lee ee Gee MnO te apeiia rie etna 0.024-15.38% 1.513% IMalonesian meen ata aie aeons 0.02 — 7.20% 1.052% ZMUAIVECE? Ca he err OTERO te a een oOterc 0.17. -15.32% 2.768% WAS BWR Ose BC OE ee eon 0.05 —13.60% 5.740% EOISENIT Cerro eis emote 0.17 — 9.64% 2.502% *H. Ries, The Clays of New York, Bull. N. Y. State Museum, No. 35, p. 630. * The lime and magnesia of this table represent new calculations, and, hence, differ from the original. 220 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. Analyses of New Jersey Common-brick Clays. I 2 3 4 5 6 Silica (Si@>) mee eiesiyenion sy 66.67 66.66 65.53 72.37 60.18 68.96 Niece, (UNHOR). “ooaseos 18.27 14.15 17.21 14.40 23.23 17:87 Ferric oxide (Fe:O;), .... 3.11 3.43 5.23 3.43 3.27 3.27 Wimen(Ca@) iat ween. oe... 1.18 2.15 0.95 0.75 1.00 0.25 Magnesia (MgO), ....... 1.09 0.38 0.31 0.49 0.67 0.25 IPoaisiny "(IKSO)) 5-6 6obe oboe s 2.92 DED 2.84 Zoom Souk (Nad). ssegcoueces 1.30 1.38 0.96 1 1.60} 0.80 { 10 iitanieracid s(4iOs), 25.0. » 20:85 hee sea Water @EI:@)) ies... j.os-. 5: 4.03 6.05 OncantGematter senses: RE 48.40 4.54 6.70 8.544 Been . Pleistocene clay from Little Ferry. . Clay Marl I and loam, Budd Brothers’ yard, City Line Station. Black clay and loam mixture, used for common brick, Fish House. Cape May clay. Buckshutem (Loc. 180). . Raritan clay. Sayreville (Loc. 71). . Mixture of Alloway clay and some surface loam, used for brick near Yorktown. Aw Bh wh H Clays suitable for common brick are found at many localities in New Jersey and in many formations. Those obtained in the northern part of the State are chiefly of glacial origin and occur at many points, as mentioned under Bergen, Warren, Sussex, Union and Hunterdon counties (Chap. XIX). Farther south the Raritan formation contains an inexhaustible supply of good brick clay, as described under Middlesex and Burlington counties. The Clay Marls I and II can be drawn upon for an abundance of clay in the counties of Monmouth, Mercer, Burlington and Camden. The Alloway clay is of value for common brickmaking in Salem county, and the Cape May formation, together with the clay loams, likewise carry brick materials in Cumberland, Camden, Mercer and Cape May counties. In Monmouth county the Asbury clay is drawn upon, and in Atlantic and Ocean counties the Cohansey clays can be easily used when the deposits are red burning. In the selection and preparation of raw materials there is some- times a tendency on the part of the clayworker to overload his mixture with sand, especially if the soft-mud process of molding is used. This has a bad effect since it produces a soft, porous product, unless the materials are burned harder than is usually THE MANUFACTURE, OF BUILDING BRICK. 221 done. In the southern half of the State the extensive mantle of loamy clay found on the surface at so many localities forms a de- sirable material to add to the more plastic clay beneath. Pressed brick.—Pressed brick call for a much higher grade of clay than is necessary for common brick. The kinds now in use fall in three groups, viz, 1) red-burning clays, 2) white-burning clays, 3) buff-burning clays, usually semirefractory. ‘The com- position of a sample of each of these three types is given below: Analyses of clays used for making pressed brick. Front brick Shale—Kan- White clay— clay—Sayre- sas City, Mo. Grover, N.C. ville, N. J. Silica. (QOS eee ane ies 55-75 68.28 56.10 PMemmairicey CAs @s)\ oi ie asc eeet 2ST. LO 18.83 27.42 nieRmeoxIde (HR e:O3), .c.5 wees ss LOO 2.60 2.68 Wenacm(Ca@)) erste chy. Ske eee ees Be 0.70 pee Mierommes icin (Mic ©)) so aren.5. ce. sce crete 2.84 0.13 0.18 Mikelres: (G@NasO> KeO)), 2.2.2.2 2-258 3.02 2.29 2.71 Water {Q51KO))s tare a rere ey iene rae 8.45 6.47 6.00 TONG TIGIETUERES Me ce Sata SS a ee Ee ee EE wor 0.76 2.90 ‘Tiitamincaay Grae (AOD eeesceesoceu socks 0.27 1.00 The physical requirements of a clay for pressed brick are 1) uniformity of color in burning, 2) freedom from warping or splitting, 3) absence of soluble salts, and 4) sufficient hardness and low absorption when burned at a moderate temperature. The air shrinkage and fire shrinkage, as well as tensile strength, vary within the same limits as common bricks. Red-burning clays were formerly much used, and, indeed, are still employed to some extent around Trenton and Philadelphia, but in recent years other colors have found greater favor, and the demand for the former has greatly fallen off. Buff-burning, semi- refractory or refractory clays are, therefore, much employed now, partly on account of their color and partly because coloring mate- rials can be effectively added to them, for since the range of nat- ural colors that can be produced in burning is limited, artificial coloring agents are sometimes used. Manganese is the one most employed. The clays must necessarily burn hard at a moderate temperature, and in the case of red-burning clays the temperature reached is 222 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. usually the fusing-point of cone 1 or 2, while for buff-burning clays it is commonly necessary to go to cone 7 or 8 to make the brick steel-hard. The following table gives the physical characters of several clays used for pressed brick in New Jersey. Physical properties of some New Jersey clays used for front brick. Locality ESS Shee Lovsiie Hire peerane Formation. num- ae > age, strength, shrinkage Ape Color. ber. per lbs. per 7 & Gein cent. sq. in. cone I anita n sesh 4 516 32:00))) 5:0 65 4cone5 5.0% 11.68%; Buff cone 8 6.6% 11.34% cone I 2.8% 8.00% Cohansey, .. 105 23.17 7A 282 cone 5 4.5% 3.08% + Buff cone 8 6.5% 0.84% Cohansey, .. 201 37.50 5.5 196 cone 8 9.1% 4.01% Buff In New Jersey the Raritan, Pleistocene and Cohansey forma- tions supply materials for the manufacture of pressed brick. The Raritan clays found around Perth Amboy were formerly much used for making pressed brick, but at the present time compara- tively few are manufactured in this district, although much Rari- tan clay is shipped to other States to be used for this purpose. They are commonly molded in stiff-mud machines and re-pressed. The Pleistocene (post-Glacial?) clay loams were much used in former years for making red pressed brick, and are still employed to some extent. ‘They cover large areas around Trenton, in Mer- cer county, but, owing to their shallowness, much of the material has been removed. Similar loams are found in western Burling- ton and Camden counties. The Cohansey clay is often found to make a good buff-burning brick, with either the stiff-mud re- pressed, or dry-press process, but trouble is experienced now and then in making the bricks flash well. These Cohansey clays are available in Burlington, Camden; Atlantic, Cumberland, and Ocean counties. They are not fire clays, and can barely be classed as semirefractory, but burn to a good hard buff brick at cones 6 to 8. They are utilized for this purpose at present at Winslow Junction, Mays Landing and Rosenhayn. Enameled brick.—The clays used for these are similar to those employed in the manufacture of pressed brick. There are two THE MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK. 223 factories in the State making enameled brick, and both employ a mixture of fire clays from the Middlesex county district. Glazed brick are made only to a slight extent in New Jersey. The clays used are similar to those employed for enameled brick. MeEtTHODS OF MANUFACTURE. The methods employed in the manufacture of common and pressed brick are usually very similar, the differences lying chiefly in selection of material, the degree of preparation, and the amount of care taken in burning. The manufacture of bricks may be separated into the following steps: preparation, molding, drying and burning. PREPARATION. In brickmaking some preparation of the clay is commonly necessary, since few clays can be sent direct from the bank to the molding machine, although some common brick manufacturers in New Jersey reduce the preparation process to a minimum. Weathering —Many clays are prepared by weathering, espe- cially if they are to be used in the manufacture of pressed brick. This is done by distributing the clay in a thin layer over some flat surface not more than 2 or 3 feet in thickness and allowing it to lie there exposed to frost, rain, wind, and sun. ‘This results in a slow but thorough disintegration or slacking. Iron nodules, if present, tend to rust, and are thus more easily seen and rejected, while pyrite, if present, may also decompose and give rise to soluble compounds, which form a white crust on the surface of the clay. Although some clays are weathered, yet in great part their preparation is done by artificial means. Dry crushing.—When the clay or shale is to be disintegrated or crushed, it is commonly done dry, and the machine employed varies with the character of the material. Hard shale is usually disintegrated in a jaw crusher, which consists of two movable jaws that interact, and are set closer together at their lower than at their upper ends. Where a soft shale, or a hard, tough, dry clay 224 CLAYS ANDECELAYTINDW Siikave is to be used, dry pans are often employed. ‘These consist of a circular pan, in which there revolve two iron wheels on a hori- zontal axis. ‘The wheels turn because of the friction against the bottom of the pan, the latter being rotated by steam power, and in turning they grind by reason of their weight, which ranges from 2000 to 5000 pounds. The bottom of the pan 1s made of re- movable, perforated plates, so that the material falls through as soon as it is ground fine enough. ‘Two scrapers are placed in front of the rollers to throw the material in their path. The diam- eter of a dry-pan may range from 6 to 9 feet. For a g-foot pan with rollers 48 inches in diameter and 12 inches face, the total weight would be about 20 tons, while the weight of the two rollers with their shafts and boxes is about 6% tons. From 12 to 16 horsepower are required to operate the pan. The capacity of such a machine will depend on the size of the screen meshes, and char- acter of raw material, whether hard or soft, dry or moist. Fora medium, shale, it is possible to grind 8 tons per hour through a ¥g-inch screen and about 12 tons through a %-inch screen. Disintegrators represent a third type of machine used for break- ing up clay or shale, and, where used, are commonly found to be quite effective. Their capacity is large, but much power is also required to drive them. A disintegrator has several drums, or knives on axles, revolving rapidly within a case, and in opposite directions. As the lumps of clay are dropped into the machine they are thrown violently about between the drums and also strike against each other, thus pulverizing the material completely and rapidly. Such machines can pulverize from 8,000 to 28,000 pounds of material, such as shale or gypsum, in one hour, and require from two and one-half to four horsepower per ton per hour. Rolls (Pl. XXIV, Fig. 2) are often employed for breaking up clay and pebbles, and, where dry material is used, they are quite effective, but if damp clay is put through them, as is done at some yards, the lumps are simply flattened out. Rolls are also supposed to break up any stones that may be present in the clay. The sur- face of the rolls is smooth, corrugated or toothed, or tapering. The two rolls revolve in opposite directions and with differential velocities of 500 to 700 revolutions per minute. PLATE XXV. Fig. 1. Ring pit for tempering clay. Steam power. Standard Brick Co., Mountain View. Fig. 2. Ring pit, operated by horsepower. Newton. THE MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK. 225, All the machines mentioned above are used on dry or nearly dry clay, but there are several other types which are employed for wet clays only, and these in addition to breaking up the clay may also be used to mix it. The process is sometimes termed tem- pering. Soak pits—These are the simplest. of the different types of machinery used for tempering, and are employed at a number of common brickyards. ‘Their construction is simple, consisting merely of a pit lined with planking and usually set immediately behind the molding machine. The clay or mixture of clays, with possibly some sand, is dumped into the pit, water poured on, and the whole allowed to soak over night. This process softens the clay, but does no mixing, which is done entirely within the molding machine. The soaked clay is shoveled directly into the machine. Ring pits—Ring pits (Pl. XXV, Figs. 1 and 2) are employed at many yards where common brick are manufactured and give much better results than soak pits, for the clay receives a more thorough mixing. They are of circular form, 20 to 25 feet in diameter, about 3 feet deep and lined with boards or brick. Re- volving in this pit is an iron wheel, 6 feet in diameter and geared so as to travel around the pit, and at the same time move back and forth between the centre and circumference, thus thoroughly m1x- ing the mass. Before starting the wheel, the mixture of clays or clay and sand is dumped into the pit and sufficient water added. ‘The tempering is accomplished usually in 5 or 6 hours, and one pit commonly holds enough clay for 25,000 to 30,000 brick. Two ring pits are often operated in conjunction with one mold- ing machine, so that while the clay is being shoveled out of one pit, the second is tempering the clay for the next. day’s supply. Ring pits are cheaper. than pug mills, but have a lower capacity and require more room. ‘They are operated by either steam or horsepower. Pug muills—These are semicylindrical troughs, varying in length from 3 to 14 feet, with 6 feet as a fair average. In this trough there revolves a horizontal shaft, bearing knives set spirally around it and having a variable pitch. The clay and water are BS €L,¢ 226 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. charged at one end, and the blades on the shaft not only cut up the clay lumps, but mix the mass, at the same time pushing it towards the discharge end. The speed of the clay through the machine varies with the angle of the blades on the shaft. It will be seen at once that the thoroughness of the mixing depends to a large degree on the length of the pug mill, as well as the angle at which the blades are set. For some clays, therefore, it is very inadvis- able to use a short mill, one not more than 3 or 4 feet long. Pug mills are thorough and continuous in their action, take up less space than ring pits and do not require much power to operate. ‘They are nearly always used in connection with stiff- mud machines, and at the present day are often used with the soft-mud process. Wet pans—These are similar to dry pans, but differ from them in having a solid bottom. The material and water are put into the pan and the clay is crushed and tempered at the same time. Where the clay contains hard lumps of limonite or pyrite nodules, a wet pan is superior to a pug mill or disintegrator, for the charge is crushed and tempered in a few minutes, and can then be replaced by another one. MOLDING. Bricks are molded by one of four methods, viz., soft-mud, stiff-mud, dry-press, and semidry-press, although in reality there is not much difference between the last two methods. Soft-mud process —In this method the clay, or clay and sand, are mixed with water to the consistency of a soft mud or paste and pressed into wooden molds. Since, however, the wet clay is sticky and likely to adhere to a wooden surface, the molds are sanded each time before being filled. Soft-mud_ bricks, therefore, show five sanded surfaces, and the sixth surface will be somewhat rough, due to the excess of clay being wiped off even with the top of the mold. ‘They are also slightly convex on one side and slightly concave on the other, due to the sides of the soft brick dragging slightly as it is dumped from the mold to the drying floor. Soft-mud bricks are molded either by hand or in machines. THE MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK. 227 In hand molding, the clay is tempered quite soft. A lump more than sufficient to fill the mold is taken and forced into the wooden mold by the molder, who then, by means of a wire, cuts off the excess of clay from the top of the mold box. The latter is then turned over on the drying floor and the brick dumped out (PI. XXVI, Fig. 1). With such an outfit one man is able to mold about 2,500 bricks in ten hours. Hand molding is in most cases confined to small yards, where the production is small and the capital invested of corresponding size. ‘The hand-molded bricks are usually more porous than the machine-molded variety. The soft-mud machine consists usually of an upright box of wood or iron, in which there revolves a vertical shaft, bearing several blades or arms. Attached to the bottom of the shaft is a curved arm, which forces the clay into the press box. The molds, after being sanded, are shoved underneath the press box from the rear side of the machine. Each mold has six divisions, and as it comes under the press box the plunger descends and forces the soft clay into it. he filled mold is then pushed for- ward automatically upon the delivery table, while an empty one moves into its place. As soon as the mold is delivered its upper surface is “struck” off by means of an iron scraper. Under favorable conditions soft-mud machines have a capacity of about 40,000 brick per day of ten hours, although they rarely attain this. Four men are commonly required to tend a machine which is operated by steam or horsepower. The molds are sometimes sanded by hand, but more frequently by a machine consisting of a barrel on which the molds are fastened to form the sides. Sand is then put inside and as the barrel revolves on its horizontal axis, the sand falls into the compartments of the molds. As soon as one mold is removed, another requiring sanding is put into its place. The soft-mud process was the first method of molding em- ployed, and is still largely used at many localities. It is adapt- able to a wider range of clays than any of the others, and possesses the advantage of not only producing a brick of very homo- geneous structure, but one that is rarely affected by frost action. Its cost is small, but the capacity is limited, as compared with a good stiff-mud machine, and a large number of men are also 228 CLAYS AND Cl ANG END USAR. required. It does not produce a product with smooth faces and sharp edges, but this defect can be overcome by re-pressing the product. Stitf-mud process—In this method of molding (Pl. XXVI, Fig. 2), the clay is tempered with less water and consequently is much stiffer. The principle of the process consists in taking the clay thus prepared and forcing it through a die in the form of a rectangular bar, which is then cut up into bricks. The machine now most used is known as the “auger” type, the “plunger” type having nearly disappeared from use. Its gen- eral form is that of a cylinder closed at one end, but at the other end tapering off into a rectangular die, whose cross section is the same as either the end or the largest side of a brick. With- in this cylinder, which is set in a horizontal position, there is a shaft, carrying blades similar to those of a pug mill, but at the end of the shaft nearest the die there is a tapering screw. ‘The internal shape of the die is variable, depending on the make of the machine. It is heated by steam or lubricated by oil on its inner side, in order to facilitate the flow of the clay through it. The tempered clay is charged into the cylinder at the end farthest from the die, is mixed up by the revolving blades, and at the same time it is moved forward until seized by the screw and pushed through the die. Since this involves considerable power, it results in a marked compression of the clay. Wiuth such con- ditions, there will naturally be more or less friction between the sides of the bar and the interior of the die, causing the centre of the stream of clay to move faster than the outer portion. Much attention has, therefore, been given to the construction of the die, in order to overcome this and facilitate the flow of the clay as much as possible. In case the amount of friction between die surface and clay is greater than the cohesion in the plastic mass, the bar of clay is likely to tear om the edges, producing serrations like the teeth of a saw. The effect of the screw at the end of the shaft, together with the differential velocities with- in the stream of clay, also produces a laminated structure in the brick, which is often greatest in highly plastic clays, but is some- times marked in clays of only moderate plasticity when machines PLATE XXVI. Fig. 1. Molding soft-mud brick by hand. Thackara’s yard, Woodbury. Filge2: Stiff-mud machine with automatic cut-off for making end-cut brick. E. Farry’s, Matawan. The bar of clay is seen issuing on the cutting table, and the separate bricks are seen on the second belt to the left of the revolving cutter. THE MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK. 229 of a particular structure are used. Irregularity of clay supply may also cause laminations. Laminations‘are sometimes quite noticeable in brick made from many of the New Jersey Clay Marl beds. These are molded at many localities by the stiff-mud process, and while the clays themselves do not show wide variation, the structure of the bricks often exhibit considerable irregularity, due apparently either to improper mixing or to the machine. The laminated structure is less harmful, however, in common brick than in paving brick, and may at times be considerably diminished by re-pressing or thorough burning. In some instances, however, the shells shrink away from each other during the burning, and the laminated appearance of the product is increased. Judging from the tests made on the New Jersey brick, the presence of these shells did not much affect the strength when the product was hard burned.t The brick made in auger machines are either end cut or side cut, depending on whether the area of the cross sections of the bar of clay corresponds to the end or side of a brick, and con- sequently the mouth of the die varies in size and shape. The auger machine is probably used more extensively at the present day than either the soft-mud or dry-press machine, especially for making paving brick. It has a large capacity and can produce 45,000 or even 60,000 brick in ten hours, the output of the machine being sometimes increased by the use of double or even triple dies, but this is not a desirable practice. When a triple die is employed, the middle stream of clay flows faster than the two side ones. As the bar of clay issues from the machine it is received on the cutting table, where it is cut up into bricks. ‘This may be done in several ways, as follows: 1. Attached to the cutting table is a framework carrying a number of parallel steel wires. When a bar of clay has issued to a sufficient distance, these wires are drawn through it to cut it up. In some machines it is necessary to stop the machines while this is being done; in others the construction is such that the cutting frame moves forward with the stream of clay as it cuts through *See Tests of New Jersey Brick, Chap. XI, p. 256. 230 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. it. As soon as the bar is cut up the bricks are removed. ‘This style of cutter is used for side-cut brick. 2. At the end of the delivery table there is a revolving: auto- matic cutter (Pl. XXVI, Fig. 2), carrying a number of short transverse wires, each borne on a fork-like frame at the end of a series of arms corresponding to the spokes of a wheel. ‘This. cutter revolves as the bar of clay issues from the die, so that each wire, as it descends, cuts through the bar. The wheel is so geared that the wire moves with the same velocity as the clay, thus pro- ducing a vertical cut. ‘This cutting device is used for end-cut bricks. In New Jersey this type of cutter is used much more than it 1s in most other states, but its action is not found to be as satisfactory as the preceding one. 3. Some side-cut machines have the cutting table provided with a wheel carrying several wires in the position of spokes. The centre of the wheel is to one side of the delivery belt, and the plane of it at right angles to the same. As the clay bar issues from the die, the wheel revolves, the wires cutting the clay and moving forward at the same time. One cut is made at a time. The stiff-mud process is adapted mainly to clays of moderate plasticity. It does not work well with stony clays, for the cutting wire 1s liable to be broken by contact with the stones, necessitat- ing the frequent stoppage of the machine for repairs. These are not difficult to make, but frequent delays are in the long run expensive. The stiff-mud brick, like the soft-mud ones, can be re-pressed, and many face brick are now made by this process. The stiff-mud process is a good one, if properly used, but the clays should be thoroughly tempered before molding, and the elimination of a pug mill for reasons of economy is bad. Small molding machines having a short cylinder have been put on the market, and some small manufacturers, tempted by their cheap- ness, have used them, usually with poor results, for a pug mill is rarely used in connection with them, although a pair of rolls is sometimes substituted for it. This does not, in most cases, do more than break up occasional pebbles. Dry-press and semidry-press process——This process in New Jersey is restricted to the production of front brick. The clay is powdered and then pressed into steel molds in a dry or nearly dry ° THE MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK. 231 condition. In order to prepare the clay for disintegration, it is usually stored in sheds for some time before being used, and is then broken up either in a disintegrator or dry pan before passing to the screen. The latter is commonly from 12 to 16 mesh. The molding machine consists of a steel frame of varying height and heaviness, with a delivery table about three feet above the ground, and a press box sunk into the rear of it. The charger is connected with the clay hopper by means of a canvas tube, and consists of a framework which slides back and forth over the molds. it is filled on the backward stroke, and on its forward stroke lets the clay fall into the mold box. As the charger recedes to be refilled, a plunger descends, pressing the clay into the mold, but at the same time the bottom of the mold, which is movable, rises slightly, and the clay is thus subjected to great pressure. The plunger then rises, while the bottom of the mold ascends with the freshly molded bricks to a level with the delivery table. These are then pushed forward by the charger as it advances to refill the molds. The iaces of the mold are of hard steel and heated by steam to prevent adherence of the clay. Air holes are also made in the dies to permit the air, which becomes imprisoned between the clay particles, to escape. If this were not done, the air in the clay would be compressed, and when the pressure was released, its expansion would tend to split the brick. ‘The great pressure necessary to form the clay is generally applied by means of a toggle joint, and 1 to 6 bricks are molded at a time, according to the size of the machine. At Winslow Junction, N. J., and at several localities-in other states, an hydraulic dry-press machine is used. In this the pressure is produced by a pair of hydraulic rams acting from both above and below and is applied gradually. The advantages claimed for the dry-press process are, that in one operation it produces a brick with sharp edges and smooth faces. ‘There is practically no water to be driven off, as the clay has been pressed in a nearly dry condition, hence drying tunnels can be dispensed with, although sometimes used. When hard burned, dry-pressed bricks are as hard as others, as can be seen from tests of New Jersey brick given on later pages. On account of the method of molding, dry-press bricks usually show a granular structure. s 232 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. _ The capacity of a dry-press machine is about the same as that of a soft-mud one, provided six bricks are molded at a time. ‘Iwo and four-mold machines are, however, also made. ‘The initial cost of the machinery is considerable, although, this may be more than offset by the saving in dryers. RE-PRESSING. Many soft-mud and stiff-mud brick that are to be used for fronts are improved in appearance and often in density by re- pressing. This smoothens the surface and straightens and sharpens the edges of the product, as well as sometimes increas- ing the strength.1 _ The re-press consists essentially of a steel mold box, having both bottom and top movable. ‘The green brick are placed in this mold box, and pressure applied to it by the vertical motion of the top or bottom of the mold, the effect of this being to re-form the brick to a slight degree. Re-pressing machines are operated either by hand or steam power. In the hand power machines, the bottom of the mold is moved upwards by means of a lever and applies the pressure. With such a machine, one man and two boys can re-press 2,500 to 3,000 per day. In steam power re-presses, both the top and bottom of the mold box move. They are commonly constructed with two compartments, and their capacity 1s about 25,000 per day of ten hours. In both types of re-presses the dies have to be liberally oiled. Soft-mud brick are allowed to dry for a few hours before re-pressing, but stiff- mud brick can be re-pressed as soon as molded. The change in volume that occurs in a brick in re-pressing can be seen from the following measurements of a paving brick. Before re-pressing, 8} by 42 by 3} inches, . . . 1193 cubic inches. After re-pressing, 841 by 42 by 2i inches, . . . 109} cubic inches. *See Table of Brick Tests, Chap. XI. PLATE XXVII. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. “Hacks” of partially dried soft-mud brick. The men are placing freshly molded brick on the drying floor. The Sayre & Fisher Company, Sayre- ville. THE MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK. 233 DRYING. Bricks made by either the stiff-mud or soft-mud process have to be freed from most of their water of tempering before they can be burned. This is done by drying them in 1) open yards, 2) cov- ered yards, 3) on pallet racks, 4) tunnel driers, or 5) floors. Open yards——These are used at most soft-mud brick plants, and are simply smooth flat floors of earth or brick, on which the bricks are dumped as soon as molded, and allowed to dry in the sunlight. (Pl. XXVII, Fig. 1.) They are cheap, but require much space, and in case of a sudden shower the green bricks are washed from lack of cover. After being spread out for a day the bricks are generally piled in double rows several courses high along the sides of the yard. These rows, called “hacks,” are often covered with planking as protection from rain (Plate XXVII, io. 2). Covered yards.—Covered yards differ from the preceding in having a sectioned roof that can be opened in fair weather. ‘They are not used to any great extent, for when some form of protec- tion against weather is desired, the type of drier next mentioned is more commonly used. Pallet driers —These are covered frames for holding the boards or “pallets,” on which the bricks are dumped from the mold at the machine. They are used at many soft-mud yards and even some stiff-mud plants, and possess the advantage of cheapness, large’ capacity, economy of space and protection against rain. One disadvantage common to all three of the above methods is that they cannot be used in cold-weather. Dampness in summer may also interfere with them, and therefore sunlight and wind are the most favorable weather conditions in most cases. Some clays are quite susceptible to air currents, however, and crack easily when exposed to them. Drying tunnels —Many brickyards dry their Aroaee by this method, especially if they continue in operation throughout the year. With this system the bricks, after molding, are piled on cars, which are run into a tunnel heated artificially. Several of these tunnels are generally constructed side by side, and the green 234 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. bricks are run in at the cooler end, and pushed along slowly to the warmer end, where they are removed. This passage through the tunnel requires commonly from 24 to 48 hours. If the bricks are soft-mud, it is necessary that the cars be provided with pallet racks, but if stiff-mud, they can usually be piled on top of each other, a car holding about 350 brick. The tunnel dryers used at different localities differ chiefly in the manner in which they are heated, the following methods being employed. 1. Parallel flues underneath and heated by fire placed at one end. 2. By steam heat, the pipes being laid on the floor or sides of the tunnel or both. 3. By hot air, the latter being supplied from cooling kilns and drawn through the tunnel by natural draft or fan. If the air is too hot, cooler air is mixed with it before it enters the dryer. The temperature to which tunnels are heated varies, and in most cases ISMOLOVer LOO Ci) (212 201.) Floor driers —Floor driers are used at some brick works, al- . though their application is more extended at fire-brick works. They are made of brick, and have flues passing underneath their entire length, from the fireplace at one end to the chimney at the other. Such floors are cheap to construct, but the distribution of the heat under them is rather unequal, and a large amount of labor is required to handle the material dried on them. In rare cases, drying racks are set up on the top of the kiln, and in at least one instance in the State, brick are dried by being placed on steam pipes not enclosed in tunnels, but merely roofed over to afford protection from the rain, BURNING. This stage of the process of manufacture is an important one, and although the clay may have passed safely through the preced- ing stages, much loss may occur at this very point. ‘The imper- fect bricks thus obtained may be due 1) to mistakes of the burner, 2) to the clay, 3) to the fuel, 4) to the construction of the kiln. In burning, certain changes, partly physical and partly chemical, take place in all clays, as a result of which the brick is converted THE MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK. 235 into a solid mass, which is hard and rock-like when cool. Other changes, due to the presence of certain ingredients or certain physical characteristics of the clay, occur in specific cases. The amount of heat required for burning brick will vary with the clay, and the color, density and degree of hardness desired, the same clay giving different results, when burned at different tem- peratures. Common bricks are rarely burned higher than cone 05 or 03, while pressed brick are frequently fired to cone 7 or 8, be- cause the clays generally used have to be burned to that point to render them hard. General effects ——In burning, the last traces of moisture are driven off. This vapor, which is termed water-smoke or steam by the brickmaker, is simply the moisture which has been retained in the pores of the clay. Its expulsion results in a slight loss of weight. With further heating to very dull redness the chemically combined water disappears. If the clay contains considerable carbonaceous matter, this will burn off at a low red heat, provided in the first place sufficient air is present to insure an oxidizing atmosphere. In this case carbon in the clay uniting with the oxygen of the kiln atmosphere, burns off as carbon dioxide. If the heat is raised too rapidly the clay contracts before all the carbonaceous matter has burned off, and the result is a black centre to the brick, which may also be accom- panied by a swelling of the clay. In calcareous clays the carbonate _ of lime present also loses its carbon dioxide. ‘The driving off of all these substances will, therefore, tend to make the brick very porous. Further heating, however, after the volatilization of these substances, causes a drawing together of the clay particles, or shrinkage, and this is accompanied by an increase in density and hardness, the maximum density and shrinkage being reached when the brick is vitrified. These effects of heating a clay can be summarized as follows: 1. Loss of volatile substances present, such as water, carbon dioxide and sulphur trioxide, the volatilization of these leaving the clay more or less porous. 2. A shrinkage of the mass, by further heating. 3. Hardening of the clay due to fusion, of some at least, of the particles. 236 CLAYS ANDICLAY INDUS 1 Rave 4. Increasing density with rising temperature, the maximum being reached at the vitrifying point of the clay. Effects due to variation im the clay.—Burned clays may be of many different colors. Although the majority of clays contain suff- cient iron oxide to burn red, nevertheless it is not safe to predict, from the color of the clay, the shade that it will burn, since some bright red or yellow clays may yield a buff brick. If consider- able iron oxide is present, 4 to 5 per cent., the brick burns red, unless much lime is also present. If only 2 to 2 per cent. are present, a buff product is obtained, whereas, with 1 per cent., or under, the clay burns white, or nearly so. An excess of lime in ~ the clay will, however, counteract the effect of the iron oxide and yield a buff brick, but a brick owing its buff color to this cause will not stand as much fire as one which owes its buff color simply to a low percentage of iron oxide. . Where a clay is mottled, as red and white, for instance, the colors of the different spots will retain their individuality most plainly after burning, unless the clay is thoroughly mixed. Some clays of South Jersey contain lumps of whitish clay, much tougher than the rest of the mass. These resist disintegration in the tempering machines, so that after burning they can be plainly seen, as white spots in the red ground of the brick. The normal iron coloration may often be destroyed by the effects of the fire gases. When these are reducing in their action (1. e., taking a part of the oxygen from the ferric compounds and — reducing them to ferrous compounds, pp. 57-59), the red color may be converted to gray, or even bluish black, if the reduction is sufficient, so that in some districts the bricks, on account of lack of air in the kilns and carbonaceous matter in the clay, do not burn a very bright red. Moreover, other things being equal, the higher the temperature at which a clay is burned, the deeper will be its color. The surface coloration of a burned brick may often be different from the interior. This is due to several causes. 1) Soluble salts may accumulate on the surface, sometimes causing a white coating, because they have been drawn out by the evaporation of the water during the drying of the brick.1. 2) The deposition *See “Soluble Salts in Clays,” pp. 75, et seq. THE MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK. 237 of foreign substances by the fire gases may cause a colored glaze. This is especially seen on the ends of arch brick, and on the bag walls of a down-draft kiln, where the particles of ash carried up from the fires stick to the surface of the hot brick and cause a fluxing action. 3) If the clay contains much lime carbonate, and there is much sulphur in the coal, the latter may unite with the lime, forming sulphate of lime, and thereby prevent the com- bination of the lime and iron. In this case the centre of the brick, not being thus affected by the gases, may show a buff color, whereas the outside has another tint. Flashing..—Many bricks used for fronts are often darkened on the edges by special treatment in firing, caused chiefly by setting them so that the surfaces to be flashed are exposed, to reducing conditions, either at the end of the firing or during the entire period of burning. This color is superficial and may range from a light gold to a rich, reddish brown. ‘The principle of the operation depends on the formation. of ferrous silicate and ferrous oxide, and their subsequent partial oxidation to the red or ferric form. ‘This oxidation probably takes place during cooling, for if the kiln be closed so as to shut off the supply of oxygen, the brick are found to be a light grayish tint. The degree of flashing is affected, 1) by the composition and physical condition of the clay, 2) the temperature of burning, 3) the degree of reduction, and 4) the rate of cooling and the amount of air then admitted to the kiln. y 1. The percentage of iron oxide should not be large enough to make the brick burn red, but to produce buff coloration, and the clay should have sufficient fluxes to reduce the point of vitrification to within reasonable limits, thus facilitating the flashing. Clays high in silica are apparently better adapted to flashing than those low in silica and high in alumina. The con- dition in which the iron is present in the clay probably exerts some influence, that is, whether it is there as ferric oxide, fer-. rous silicate, concretionary iron, ferrous sulphide or perhaps ferrous carbonate. Bleininger’s experiments showed that of three clays, which were used for flashing, all contained considerable *A. V. Bleininger. Notes on Flashing. Trans. Amer. Ceramic Soc. II :74. 238 CLAYS AND’ CLAY INDUSTRY. quantities of iron soluble in acid. Some eastern manufacturers are obliged to add magnetite ores to their clays, which are low in combined iron, and No. 2 fire clays, which contain more iron that the finer grades, seem to give the best results. As to the effect of the physical condition of the clay, finer grinding seems to give more uniform flashing effects, and the reason that stiff- mud brick flash better than dry-press ones is claimed by some to be due to vitrification taking place more easily 1n the former. The following analysis gives the composition of a No. 2 fire clay from Ohio used for flashed brick: Analysis of an Ohio No. 2 fire clay. Siliieasea Si@ sn) ese Ree oo Rie tenn ee cena e tee avai quosoyip “paed utes hes "| gke ‘Aejo AlepuosaG e—o9uad0}sIa[q |ge' v1 z |¢tg 19 S19 z |9gSb'e Sgg't gbz'e Sesto eh rere ‘TeULION |'* °° ‘pot yysi’T z . “‘pues pure Ae] vf UR}IeY zS'V1 S 00S [i%e) So iS or6'¢ Szo'v ovpere coer ere ‘TeUlION ec e cece . pry : Pee ee re rd eee ‘O.1ny XIU Key) ZZ *Aasuvyord |ge’Sr G |ib1 Cot bz S |199 gb sss siete eal TBUSTON pecs POLE UOLeyi |¢ slsteferskedenere roles sists **fureo] pue Ae) iz *AQsueyor) Lgb1 (S gfe bls C¢tz 9 og6'T CC6‘z olz‘1 eee eee ee eee ‘Teulon we ae ‘por qs] . eee . 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Taking the two largest groups of bricks as a whole, that is, the stiff-mud brick and the soft-mud brick, we find that the crush- ing strength in the former ranges between 1,694 and 13,873 pounds per square inch, with an average of 4,856 pounds, while WAS S. 6000 SOFT MUD BRICK 212 AEA ODS JORES Rae ammmely sammie ae ae 5500 SSO lenin nC une Os sent Ova Upheetie! fi /é. 38. Dia Diagrarm showing lack of close agreement ween crushing strength and trans ve rsé€ en the latter range from 661 pounds to 5,909 pounds per square inch, with an average of 3,703 pounds. Even if the two exceptionally high tests, Nos. 1 and 12, are deducted, the average of the stiff- mud crushing tests still remains higher, being 4,055 pounds. 2. Comparing the transverse tests in the same manner, we find CLG 258 CIE NGS) ANID) CIGANE IUNIDIUS IIR that the modulus of rupture in the stiff-mud bricks ranges from 513 to 1,750 pounds, with an average of 950 pounds, while in the soft-mud the variation lies between 141 pounds and 1,042 pounds, vs COPE PEE Ee LBS. Pe ea eee ee a ea | tt a hc | oa] 2 REAM OTe Ks) Vom Wis wise wis 1) 2O 20 "22 2s Fig. 39. Diagram showing lack of close agreement between crushing strength and transverse strength of stiff-mud brick. with an average of 571 pounds, or nearly 50 per cent. less than that of the stiff-mud. 3. If the crushing and transverse tests are shown graphically, as in Figures 38 and 39, it will be seen that the transverse breaks NEW JERSEY BRICKMAKING INDUSTRY. 259 do not seem to stand in direct relation to the crushing resistance, bricks of high crushing strength in some cases showing a low strength on the transverse test, and vice versa. ‘This is notably true of the stiff-mud bricks tested. 4. In testing the individual bricks it will be noticed that there is sometimes a great difference between the maximum and min- imum figures, as in tests Nos. 5 and 19. The lower breaks are in many cases due to carelessness in the manufacture, and wherever a low break occurred, it was found in the majority of instances to be due to pebbles in the brick three-fourths of an inch or an inch in diameter. These come from the loam that is mixed with the clay, and could be removed by a proper preliminary screening. 5. The hardness of the brick and porosity as shown by the absorption test are not necessarily an index to its crushing strength, except within very wide limits. Thus No. 1 is of low porosity and great hardness, but its crushing strength is very high, whereas No. 19, which is also of low porosity and great hardness, has a crushing strength of only about one-half that of No. 1, due perhaps to the fact that it is made of a much more plastic clay, which tends to warp and split somewhat in burning. Again, No. I2 is extremely porous, and hard burned, but has a crushing strength almost equal to No. 1. On the other hand, examples of high porosity and low crushing strength are shown in Nos. 2, 3, 7, 8, 13, 15, so that, while it is perhaps safe to say that high porosity 1s more frequently accompanied by low crushing strength, and vice versa, nevertheless, these tests prove that there are many striking exceptions to this generalization. If we compare the transverse strengths with the porosity, we find the same lack of any close accord, although generally speak- ing the least porous brick shows the higher transverse strength, and vice versa. Thus, No. 21 has the least strength and the great- est porosity, and No. 19 has the least porosity and next to: the greatest transverse strength, which accords well with our gen- eralization. A striking exception is to be noted in the case of No. 12, which stands first in point of strength and is, also, one of the most porous, standing eighth in a list of 26, instead of last, as the generalization demands. So, too, No. 4 stands low in 260 (CIANGS) WANINIID) (CILZANY) JONPDIOLS TRO. strength, and also low in porosity, contrary to what we might expect. 6. Re-pressing increases the strength of the brick so far as the New Jersey experiments go; it also increases the density and, therefore, decreases the absorption. As an example of this, we may take samples 26 and 27, representing the red brick made around ‘Trenton. In this case the re-pressing has increased the crushing strength about 40 per cent. and the transverse strength nearly 30 per cent., while the absorption has decreased 2.24 per cent. A similar difference is observable in specimens 30 and 31, where the difference is still greater, but in this case it has been in- creased somewhat by harder burning. 7. The material added to decrease the shrinkage may seriously affect the strength of the brick. Thus Nos. 20 and 21 are com- mon bricks made from the same clay bed, at two different, but not widely, separated points. No. 20 contains clean, sharp sand as an anti-shrinkage ingredient, while No. 21 has a sandy loam added to it in tempering. The latter has evidently made the brick more porous, softer, and less ringing. It also lowers its crushing strength more than 66 per cent. and its transverse strength over a half. 8. In one instance the same yard was found to be using both the stiff-mud and the soft-mud process; the clays used were ob- tained from the same bed, and the mixtures used differed but little. No. 4 represents the stiff-mud, and No. 22 the soft-mud brick. The greater crushing strength of the latter is probably due to its more homogeneous character, for the former contains many small cracks. 9. The effect of hard burning is seen in Nos. 11 and 12. Both lots came from the same down-draft kiln, but No. 12 was taken from the top, where it had been subjected to greater heat. Its strength is more than double that of No. 11. For the sake of completeness of data, and also to indicate the character of the clays used, the conditions surrounding the manu- facture of each brick are given here in detail, the numbers corre- sponding to those given in the first column of the table of tests. NEW JERSEY BRICKMAKING INDUSTRY. 261 STIFF-MUD BRICKS. 1. A front brick, made from a plastic, gritty clay, having a high tensile strength, and vitrifying at above cone 12. ‘The bricks are burned in down-draft kilns, at about cone 6 or 7. The crush- ing tests ran quite uniform, and the lower figures of the trans- verse tests were due to fine cracks in the bricks. 2. A common brick made from a mixture of black clay and loam, in the proportion of about two-thirds of the former and one- third of the latter. Little or no water is added to the clay in the stiff-mud machine. ‘The bricks are dried on pallets and burned in up-draft kilns. The brick are all fine grained, but some showed a laminated structure. The minimum modulus of rup- ture was caused by a one-inch pebble in one sample. . 3. Common brick made from Cape May clay. The raw ma- terial is a highly plastic, gritty and sometimes pebbly clay, with an average tensile strength of 289 pounds per square inch. ‘The linear air shrinkage was 8.4 per cent. and the fire shrinkage 1.5 per cent. The bricks are dried on pallets and burned in scove kilns. On the fracture they showed a coarse grain, with small clay nodules and gravel, and also slight laminations. 4. A common brick made from a mixture of Raritan clay and surface loam. The mixture is gritty, moderately plastic and not of high tensile strength. No temperature or cone measurements were made on the kiln, but the laboratory bricklet at cone 05 shows about the same absorption as the large brick. The linear air shrinkage is 0.7 per cent. and the fire shrinkage o per cent. The cubical air shrinkage 0.7, and fire shrinkage 5.2. The bricks show numerous fused specks of limonite, and the centres are sometimes black and shelly. The minimum transverse break was caused by a one-inch pebble. 5. Common brick made from a dense-burning clay of high tensile strength and red-burning if fired slowly. The clay was molded as taken from the bank in a small stiff-mud machine, stacked up to dry under sheds, and burned in up-draft Dutch kilns. The linear air shrinkage in drying is 5.4 per cent. and the fire shrinkage, as measured on the greatest length, is o per cent., but 262 (OIUANTS) (AINID CIGANS IUNIDIOTS MIR SY, the cubical fire shrinkage is 8.9 per cent., since the decrease in size occurs in the other two dimensions. ‘The bricks were fine- grained, laminated, with a black centre, showing many fragments of burned lignite or coal. Their surface was rather rough. The average modulus of rupture is much better proportionately than the average crushing strength. The absorption is low. 6. Common brick made of a mixture of loam, black sandy clay, and yellow sandy laminated clay. None of the three indi- vidually have very high tensile strength (although that of the black clay is good) nor high fire shrinkage. The last two contain scattered limonite nodules. The bricks are molded in a stiff-mud machine, with little or no water added to the clay, and hacked up in the sun to dry. They are burned in Dutch kilns. The cubic air shrinkage is 5.5 per cent. and the cubic fire shrinkage 14.1 per cent. Many of the bricks showed fire cracks, which seemed to have affected the modulus of rupture rather than the crushing strength. The former was also no doubt lowered by the pebbles of one-fourth to one inch in size, which were visible on the fracture. 7. Common brick made from a mixture of black laminated clay, separated by thin layers of white sand and surface loam. The clay burns fairly dense and has good tensile strength. The bricks are dried in tunnels and burned in up-draft kilns. They are fine-grained, but slightly laminated and with few lumps or pebbles. The cubic air shrinkage is 9.7 per cent. and the cubic fire shrinkage 15.1 per cent. 8. Common brick made from a mixture of black, plastic Pleis- tocene clay, and loamy clay, with some loam. ‘The clays have a high tensile strength and burn quite dense at a temperature but a few cones higher than that at which the bricks are burned. The product is fine-grained, but those with low fracture showed many clay nodules ranging up to one-half an inch in size. g. Common bricks, made from a mixture of slightly weathered Alloway clay, and about one-third surface loam. The bricks, after molding, are hacked up to dry under sheds, then burned in a down-draft kiln, and are somewhat harder than the general run of common brick. The clays used are very plastic, have a high tensile strength and burn to a good red color. The crushing NEW JERSEY BRICKMAKING INDUSTRY. 262 strength is excellent for a common brick and the transverse strength is very fair. The bricks have a cubic air shrinkage of 19.3 per cent. and a cubic fire shrinkage of 14.8 per cent. 10. Common brick made from a mixture of light gray sandy Raritan clay, a black sandy clay of late Pleistocene age, and Cape May sandy loam in the proportion of one to one and one-half. The clays are put through a short pug mill, without previous dis- integration, and after molding are hacked up to dry and burned in Dutch kilns. The cubic air shrinkage is 9.7 per cent. and the cubic fire shrinkage 15.1 per cent; the bricks are commonly even and fine-grained, with little trace of lamination. If the Raritan clay does not get thoroughly broken up in the pug mill it shows as white spots in the brick. It and 12. Common brick made from a mixture of Clay Marls I and II, with a small amount of surface clay added. The clays are charged directly into the stiff-mud machine and the drying is done either on racks or in tunnels. They are burned in circular down-draft kilns to about cone 1. In the normally burned brick the cubic air shrinkage is 14.6 per cent. and the cubic fire shrink- age 3.1 percent. The bricks are fine-grained and dense, although some showed scattered pebbles on the fracture. No. 12 shows an increased strength due to harder burning. 13. Common brick made from a mixture of Clay Marls I and II and loam. The loam is first screened through a sieve with one-inch mesh, but this fails to remove many pebbles. ‘The bricks are dried in tunnels and burned in up-draft kilns. They show few laminations. The cubic air shrinkage is 4.7 per cent. and the cubic fire shrinkage 12.3 per cent. The modulus of rupture is rather high as compared with the crushing strength. 14. Front bricks made from a gritty, plastic clay of moderate tensile strength. The brick, after molding are re-pressed and dried in tunnels. They are burned in down-draft kilns at about cone I. The cubic air shrinkage is 19.2 per cent and the cubic fire shrinkage 5.2 per cent. ‘The strength is good and absorption not high. 15. Common bricks made from more or less weathered beds of Clay Marl II. After molding they are hacked under sheds to dry, and burned in up-draft scove kilns. The bricks are 264 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. slightly laminated, with black centres at times. The brick showing the lowest transverse test broke off the centre and con- tained numerous sandstone fragments. Nearly all were dotted with pebbles on the broken surface. 16. Front bricks, made from Raritan clay of only moderate tensile strength, but dense burning and of semirefractory char- acter. ‘They are dried in tunnels and burned at about cone 9 in down-draft kilns. The grain of the brick is fine, and some- what brittle, with no laminations. 17. Made in same manner as 16, but from different clay. Strength is similar. 18. Common bricks made from a black, dense-burning clay, of high tensile strength and shrinkage, to which is added a sur- face loam of opposite physical characters from the clay. The bricks are dried on pallets and burned in Dutch kilns. The cubic air shrinkage of the bricks is 5.9 per cent., and (ine cubic fire shrinkage is 9.2 per cent. 19. A dense, nearly vitrified brick made from a plastic, dense- burning surface clay. The cubic air shrinkage is 17.3 per cent., and the cubic fire shrinkage 19.4 per cent. The bricks have a smooth, dense fracture, and fine grain, with scattered angular quartz fragments. The surface shows some cracks. SOFT-MUD BRICKS. 20. Common bricks made from a mixture of sandy clay and clean sand. The clay was tempered in ring pits and molded in a horsepower soft-mud machine. It was dried on an open yard and burned in a scove kiln, at a cone number probably not higher than 05. The mixture used has a low tensile strength and air shrinkage. The bricks are moderately hard, have a slight ring, and on the fracture show numerous pebbles and ash fragments up to one-half inch diameter. 21. Common brick made from a mixture of sandy clay and loam; tempered in a soak pit, molded in a soft-mud horsepower machine, dried on open yards, and burned in a scove kiln prob- ably at a low temperature. The product is rather porous, lacks a NEW JERSEY BRICKMAKING INDUSTRY. 265 ring and shows many ash fragments on the broken surface. Its strength is the lowest of any tested, due to the loam used to temper the clay. Better results would be obtained by the use of sand. 22. Common bricks made from a mixture of lignitic clay and surface loam. ‘The clay mixture is moderately plastic, has moderate tensile strength and low shrinkage. The bricks are dried on open yards and burned in scove kilns. The cubic air shrinkage is 26.2 per cent., and the cubic fire shrinkage 7.3 per cent. ‘The bricks show a somewhat coarse grain, and some have a black centre. 23, 24, 25. Common bricks made from a sandy, open-burning, Pleistocene surface clay. ‘They were molded in a horsepower machine, dried on an open yard and burned in a scove kiln. ‘The three samples represent different mixtures and banks. 26. A machine-molded common brick made from the clay loam used so extensively about Trenton. It was dried in the sun and burned in an up-draft Dutch kiln. The fracture shows numerous small pebbles. 27. The same clay, with the addition of some more plastic material, but brick re-pressed after molding. It shows a more even grain. ‘The cubic air shrinkage was 19.9 per cent. and the cubic fire shrinkage 0.6 per cent. 28. Common bricks from the Hackensack district, made of a mixture of clay and sand. ‘The clay has a moderate tensile strength and burns dense at a low temperature, viz., cone OI. The mixture is tempered in ring pits, dried on open yards and burned in scove kilns. ‘The fracture is moderately fine-grained and homogeneous and showed few pebbles. 29. Common bricks made from sandy glacial clay. It is tem- pered in ring pits, dried on open yards and burned in scove kilns. Only one sample was tested, which represented a normally burned brick. 30 and 31. Two common bricks from the same yard, the second one re-pressed. They were made from a red-burning, laminated Raritan clay, of moderate tensile strength. ‘The re- pressed bricks show higher strength, due in large part to harder burning. 266 ClAWS VAINIDY Cl AYE INDIO Sieve DRY-PRESSED BRICKS. 32, 33, 34 and 35 are all dry-pressed bricks made from Co- hansey clays. The raw materials are of moderate tensile strength and are buff-burning at cone 6 to 8. Value of New Jersey Brick. The value of the different kinds of brick produced in New Jersey in‘1902' was as follows: Quantity. Average price Kind. Thousands. Value. per thousand. Commons Heenan a ese ee So ee 300,583 $1,506,224 $5.01 ESTOM be eee i erties rete ee Py Penictar 42,926 552,000 12.86 WatDIREUE BAD ane ele Re ote ak Oe ee 1,014 10,437 10.29 Haney orsornamiental (bricks, cijer scant sees = 11,407 eis * Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902, Chapter on Clay-working Industries. DIRECTORY OF FIRMS MAKING BRICK. C=common. F= front. E= enameled. VO Ios, sobboooudobbasouodbaoonecou od Millia Vai teeter eee G Drummond! (Brothers) oe... daa eneeeeee metic NS DUhy an acy eee eee (C. Somensmp nick, Compatiyaceeras ate oa eco Balkersvalley enoanceoceee & Ret Greenl ees aan pices ont heen Belleplaintaseanaaeoeoe Cc ikresmee @e Jalolikiel socogsoasdosdooudbuodoos Berkeley Heights, ...... C, Bordentown Brick Company, 22. ssaeee sees Bordentown; 222-2 sen0ee ee SmGraham ca Company eee eee Oren ote Bordentown; 5. aeseeeeer (C. JYCEBenwar de ways ees he eps epee cine BrasseiCastleseee seEeeee Ce BUG RICKS Os? ssc ee eee eT ole ac Shorde ists IBinKakeXaKONN, Gooooouancooor CG. Buddwbrotherss ssa ie nat Aen aerate dies Camden.) 333 250, ee eee (Cz Chitwood=Brick, Company, im. secesseeeeee eee Chittwood{. 2a Cc: Ate Gaston) eo 0 5/de 5 sek ise setae she Seer Seer Cliffwood; »2.9-.2eeerheee (C. @!Gehtliatisie te Aeictas kes, ee Cr eae Clifftwoods ) 3.) eereree Cs JANGCSAD Ob DS, Eye ates real. Goi oh eee Collingswood seeeeeoee (Se (eB raslineeck Sone aaa cee eee oe Ceres Crosswicks =n Seen ene Cs DPD) Gerry ae eee a akios ote eee coe DaiCostayna see eee (ee SUSE N(GIAUEY, eo ah te RDN ENTS Oy OTS poo ae motes Dunellen eoeeec eee (Oxy EI IG Adarsh av aye Sy ise at an ac on nn een renee Edgewaternsbatky assess & Jig Eiinist ed el eae on ccumereree ie ey aera ne Ego Elarborm Citys. seeeece (ee Rupp & Sawyenmiase eter: core eee IVb ROOG, Goosocousaboone Cc NEW JERSEY BRICKMAKING INDUSTRY. 267 MRED chustiame Sip PiM CObts: |S. c/a ce siecle sa aie wis: sletsje sieies) er Bariminodaleneae a anes: (ce Hinge: Ge: Solna oer sen Noche cismutoemmceetaaicts HishmElOuse: mines erie © MORE CUTIG eer rece we eee eee numiN mila Hlemingtonsee oes asec G, Passe. Brace (Compa mibyacocnudcdocaatoos Garriiel date ert d ys & Te, Saiiap Ce See ae ena A eee ana Hackensack ais seers (Ce To Tess, UNG n WARM tater ie SN yet Aes Elerbertsvalle iis seeia iss (Ce iElierbertsville Brick Company, 55:55...42-2-.. Ierbertswalle ec ciiieric: Cc: VN Tie SUC OS ann Seemed concider tcc Fler bentswallllesierrsteprtute: (ee Dap tee ce daGewBrOtheni acim eine eines wanes Eli ohtstowile ee eee G AN, TB, Beeld Global Aue Mines ane a nh oMectaoio dec ETO Well ieee aati aie raeeias @ iDeasenial: 10k Cle) ay ae Hemera mach ciel rl Clie eee Fans Marrsvilllenii wiser yaar tr. Cc Kanesland ‘Brick ‘Company,. 1s aaete sees « - Kanosland ee sea ae G1 FE: INIRID Ob Dim Si aarasscsecsssieter ato vinee ree eee Semone Kenlronasnne ey yea Cc IPS COR MBEWSTIG bt, BRR sate ML G5 He ier ere pea Wambentvilleseceeceiace Cc CTE SIG Te a eerie apres tne rs Fires een leittlewMernry ap eee ae c SCARLET o's oR hs SP Os des, 8 2 Wittle Mentyatcaaeeoen es (C. Nearly amen Garcdnenr: oyun aaa eee eitGle tHenryer tare eae Oe NigiGar leet acGardner.* ills 200 tae a Misi emaen ios: Tittlenenny. tec le haey eave Cc ie Wee Gilliesae tas 2.0.0) MOR oe ae ee een WittletPerny tesco ues (G. Mehrhot BricksCompany, °s.s.ascmec nee MittlesMernyate ances see Cc NesMchrhotmé: Company, os. 665 .ccee eee en Wittle vb ernye ase eee C. EMViclinhoreree eit occ Pek a ee eat anes Wittle Hertys ce esecce ad C Ch TE NETS Ore Bee SD alae Wittlesbenty.ce eee ese C GME MISCONAT. GA. o6m ae sh Lea ee ose Wovarnivallenmevanen te astats S, Th, OSENGISGIGITRS (8 in an ieee aR een note g at Naplen shades amie. O, Maple Shade Brick Works, A. Reeve, ........ MaplesShade cece: (Oy Ter LE EET gee PG eee Ea RPL NEN PS Se) IMianaNOs Goat ooudsacdo.u (CG RennsylvaniasClay, Company, =. sees dso IMINO, boaebd odbo da 060 Cc. Atlantic Brick Manufacturing Company, ....Mays Landing, .......... F. Soutw jersey, Brick and Drain Mile Works,2.2Mallvalle\. 2.2. ie .se 8 C. Ee ATI SELONO is, .15) 0d sis 3 He eis A ree MOGEIStO Wie iol cin elee Cc Standard Brick Company, 02814 daa eecee doe Motuntaim Wiew)))2/4- 246 6.c: sekwold QamUinich ss... sais sce, var enieitetrere ene Mountain’ View, .........C. 15, IDYEIS NEA pete ye eh em EP RON Rar Aa pikeas 8 MotintwElollyansne oman cee G 1B, ELS Ea Sere 7 ee a ee ore Ie aa) Ue pa INE witOnly Cpe taser iae: C WB ELaird yee OOM ei. ofoi< hik.otl se Ee kasama owes eo does od oe Cc: ESIC CT yo a5, <0 sik ate Gets RC oe Rentonwvalle yee see Cc: WEAVER SCALE OOOCs iaslescane aie ee en Ran COCAS Hi arery ser nis) cae eis C: Gemabrp Decker” At eileen licen ee eet RedbBankieaeie tracq meters Gc: RGA Orrimia GIDSOMs oo oicre-iahtseT oe IRNGseniaryiee sees ea (Ox 10, Beeline Gcrwohihepps:, 51/105 sua seamen Saynevillewmienearacstienc C, Wee be bisheri&Compatiy,, 2.0 she eee Say nevsllllen ee gua casks ate (e Beebtiiririaty. COMmpany,|- s15 sae nese Beebe ae AL Sanitevall ema ere iis rt. & DavnerecHisher Companys sues aera ee se Saymevallllenie Seas eae, €: COMME ONMETS!. 12 Sccalui a Toes eeeiek LNAI Se. Sin a Chae oes inh MM tae nla C: pica Cab rick: | COMpatly,) anon ees sae oe Sib aver clei eat a mln e ae ee Cc die Cy IRCCS SIS EN REEL ON tata ye CRE Somenvslem ence seme cian (C. American Enameled Brick & Tile Company,.. South River, ............ E. Emer ISSER ty ates colors tyailoss eect ore koe SOtichmRivery mem cues Cc. 268 CLAYS AND CEAVAIINDU SApRave IRatitie Ca (Corie, weabescoogsusbooododccneed SonthwRiven ieee eee c& NationalePyrosranite) Company, sees eae South Rivers oo-oeee eee Be Pettit & Cook Company, ........ Seed aR SouthwRiverusreeeeeneeee Cc, PAWihhiteheade 2,64 .s)fstadcautrenca detente mere tarerot SoutheRivierue eee oeeercee (C, SiMe beh Nei crear aia del eM cM esl areata SouthuRivier eee eee (GS Mates bricks VWiOnKSSer mp meaner ere cre ner rare SOMITE, Gocancocosdc €. 1B} cect Baik toys aE ERPaees cic ogts came reins in ae Oo Sonora Toms River os. ceeeeeeee i INpplegatessci Goi Patlyaneee eer i alae Trenton, 3 2.cseeee eee c Doran CoINGlein, Goscsecsuncdacsonucooasos ‘Trenton; acer ape @ New wWlersey, Bricks Companyaiee noses see neeee Trenton) .0scla eee Cc Ree Vie rakerwa Companiyameneeeciere sere Menton) --+ = eardsoq| Lor £€ 9gu0D Ses oteDONT o1 10 9u0D ‘port doaq v Jen a COLOTIOS) ‘UMOId -6vs8 paTyoeds Grr * + * OI oop B30 ‘pow pe eae co (9 uo) Ds Seip Oic Ge yokes dium it 4 ‘I 9uo0D D2 Onde O30 ‘pow Cz * Co 9u0D : in cea Pe VIEO I ele OOS) . C0 0 O06 S eee TES TOS) ‘pow 4 * 10 QUOD : * ‘pay] 9% 7 =Soou05) fo Dox o ‘+ 5 + To ood Je ee SEP DOM cane * + + Go au0D : eae * gI 0} SI aNOD oo. o GOERS 6'z ch oa 3) ou0D . OO ‘paw Zz O -O=.0" Dihyo) au0D *‘pat-Aviyg| gi * So ou0D " Loay oma) to ob OH uy “MO'LOD ; 5 0 i ‘Suyoorsgasy sof pasn stvjI 6z1 oS gtz ell Sri UY} SUdIjs I[ISUd} JSVIDAY | Ss ve) ie} ‘yuao tad—aseyULiys ITy Sgr yua0 13d—1sdm93} 0} pormnbel 1938 ‘ABIINIA JAOT WOIZ 9TeYS ‘roy ,0uL anne pue sop Bos vorUut hep hess yAep ‘ART YNOS } ‘QUST pue Sica ea th [Tes Vee Yoviq ‘Keene ytd “ALIIVOO'I ‘ON Aro}eIOGe’T | = ZQz £6 I~ “ON A} ED0'T | i Kassap man fo S}say HOLLOW WARE FOR STRUCTURAL WORK. 281 The above tabulation is not without interest, and shows a considerable variation in certain directions. ‘The air shrinkage shows little variation, but the tensile strength shows a great range. Of these different samples, Nos. 447, 451 and 371 are practically from the same bed. No. 408 is from the base of the Raritan series and is one of the most dense-burning clays to be found in that section, or even in the State. Most of these clays have to be burned to: cone o1 before becoming steel-hard, the one exception being No. 408, which burns very hard at cone 05. They all burn red. The pyrite and limonite nodules are abundant in some of the layers, and in burning often swell and spall off pieces of the ware. The black laminated clay which forms the upper part of the Woodbridge clay bed (pp. 184-5) is the most important source of the terra-cotta lumber and fireproofing clays in New Jersey. As shown on the map, Plate XI, they are found in the region bor- dering the Raritan river, that is at Perth Amboy, Keasbey, South River and Sayreville, as well as in the vicinity of Woodbridge and Spa Springs. At Lorillard, east of Keyport, Clay Marl II is also extensively utilized. On account of the enormous quan- tity of fireproofing manufactured, a great amount of clay is dug, and the excavations are very large. In some pits the clay is dug with a steam shovel (Pl. XXXII, Fig. 2) and loaded onto tram cars, which are hauled to the works either by horsepower or a small engine. The following analyses are representative of the general chem- ical composition of the New fersey fireproofing clays: Compositions of two New Jersey fireproofing clays. I 2 Silicae ESI Os) pure veer Cee Cea eR eee 52.22 60.18 ZMiciaitiehs (CWO. iggeco ceouiece bo jose coo omar 20.43 22122 Hebi CLOxI dew (hess) tute tcies specs cana vats 2.78 B27 le irrem (Cal@)) es ene tra cel serie aee tea eo sr 0.88 1.00 Macinestar (Ne O)) i the ee lac a eee nce 0.72 0.67 IPaZ Gia) (OKO) erento atom co os Ch atc ainon bea 2.10 2.58 SNeleeaam IN cia) Winns vty nate Sh gees) Alara nina, een van OnE 0.75 0.80 WSSU OL eT STINE OMe tetarierseicle tors ec roe 11.10 8.54 282 CHAMS AND, CLAY INDUSMR Ye 1. Clay from bank of National Fireproofing Company, Keas- bey (Lab. No. 399). 2. Clay from Sayre & Fisher’s pits, Sayreville (Lab. No. 393). Method of manufacture——Hollow blocks and fireproofing are molded on stiff-mud machines, with either a single or double die. The material is previously tempered in a wet pan, as this crushes up the pyrite and sandstone lumps found in many of-the clays. Some firms use drying tunnels, while others employ slatted floors, and the burning is done mostly in circular down-draft kilns, al- though one firm uses a continuous kiln. Most of the factories do not burn higher than cone o1, and as the clays used contain much organic matter, the burning has to be done slowly. Many of the clays also contain considerable soluble salts, which come to the surface during drying, but this is of little consequence, as the product is covered up when in the building. The range of shrinkage in drying and burning, as determined at several works, is as follows: Shrinkage in drying and burning fireproofing. ——Linear.——_ ——— Cubic Air. Fire. Air. Fire. 3.470-4.376 3.9%0-5.270 I1.1%-15.4% 9.9%o-13.2% New Jersey industry.—One of the most interesting statements to be found in the New Jersey Clay Report of 1878, and one which serves well by comparison to show the great strides that have been made in the clay industry of New Jersey, is the follow- ing: ‘They (the hollow brick) have not been much used in this country. Henry Maurer, of Perth Amboy, has begun their manu- facture, and there is now an opportunity to make a trial of this promising improvement in building materials.” At the present day there are nine factories in New Jersey whose product consists largely or entirely of fireproofing, hollow blocks, | ete., with an output in 1901 valued at $611,864 and in 1902 at $965,047. Of these the firm of Henry Maurer & Son was the first to begin this manufacture as above noted (Pl. XX XIII, Fig. 1). Four of the other factories are operated by the National PLATE XXXIII- Fig. 1. General view cf works of Henry Maurer & Son, taken from Sewaren. Fig. 2. General view of the fireproofing works of National Fireproofing Company, Port Murray. ~: HOLLOW WARE FOR STRUCTURAL WORK. 283 Fireproofing Company, which has its headquarters at Pittsburgh, and whose original plant in New Jersey was the factory at Port Murray, Warren county, which uses Hudson shale (Pl. XX XIII, Fig. 2). In 1900 this company acquired the Perth Amboy Works, known as the Old Pardee Works; in January, 1901, the fireproofing factory at Lorillard was taken over, and in July, tgo1, the Raritan Hollow & Porous-Brick Company at Keasbey. Other factories are those of C. W. Boynton, Sewaren, and one located at Spa Springs, which began in 1869 as the Anness Pottery, and was subsequently known as Anness & Lyle, Staten Island Terra-Cotta Lumber Company, and is now the Staten Island Clay Company. In addition to the nine factories above mentioned, fireproofing is now manufactured by the Brinkman Terra-Cotta Company, near Piscataway, and by the National Clay Manufacturing Com- pany, of South River, which purchased the old Edgar Brick Works in 1902, and has more or less re-modeled them. Anness & Potter, at Woodbridge, also began the manufacture of fire- proofing during 1902, and some hollow brick are made at Cross- wicks by John Braislin & Son (Pl. XXXIV, Fig. 2). The rapid growth of this industry in New Jersey is due to several causes. It is for the most part due to an inexhaustible supply of clay, which in former years had little or no value, and even at the present day would probably not be put to any use other than that for which it is now dug. Furthermore, these clay de- posits are in general close to tide water, so that the product can be shipped either by boat or rail to the large eastern markets. Cheap fuel is also an important factor. CONDUITS. Clays and manufacture-—Conduits form a line of clay prod- ucts, the use of which has greatly increased in the last few years. These are hollow blocks of varying length, having sometimes several cross partitions and rounded edges, and are used for pipes for electrical cables and wires below ground. On this ac- count they have to be hard-burned, with dense body, and are salt-glazed. 284 CLAYS! AND? CLAYTINDUSH Rive The clays used are similar to those employed for making fire- proofing, although they are somewhat more carefully selected with regard to plasticity and freedom from pyrite and limonite lumps. They must also burn dense at a moderate temperature. The conduits are molded in auger stiff-mud machines. They are then removed from the cutting table on a pallet, and placed on a stand (Pl. XXXIV, Fig. 1), where the ends are trimmed smooth before the pieces are taken to the drying floor or drying tunnel. In drying the conduits are stood on end. ‘The burning is commonly done in down-draft kilns, between cone 8 and 9, al- though some manufacturers burn lower than this, The average shrinkage that takes place in a long conduit is about as follows: Length freshly molded, 39 inches; length air dried, 371% inches; length burned, 35 inches. New Jersey conduit industry.—There has been a great demand for conduits in the large eastern cities during the last two years, many being used in New York city especially, in the construction of the rapid transit subway, so that the following large plants have been running almost exclusively on this line of work: The National Fireproofing Company, Standard plant, Perth Amboy; The National Clay Manufacturing Company, at South River; The Globe Fireproofing Company, at Clayville. Conduits are also occasionally made at the fireproofing fac- tories. PLATE XXXIV. Fig. 1. Stiff-mud machine for molding conduits. Globe Fireproofing Company, Clay- ville. Conduit, after molding, is placed on the stand at the left to have its edges trimmed smooth. Fig. 2. General view of hollow-brick works of John Braislin & Son, Crosswicks. CHAPTER XIV. FLOOR TILE, WALL TILE AND DRAIN TILE: CONTENTS. Floor tile. Raw materials. Method of manufacture. Character of product. New Jersey industry. Wall tile. Draintile. FLOOR TILE. This includes those forms of tile, of varying colors and design, which are used for floors and pavements. Two kinds are dis- tinguished, viz., unicolored tile, in which the entire piece is of uniform color, and encaustic tiles in which the colors of the design extend inward from the surface to a depth of about one- eighth inch, the rest of the tile being usually buff. Raw materials—Great care is necessary in the selection of the raw materials, for the clays used must be such that they will not form surface cracks after being dry pressed. These cracks are caused by the escape of the air compressed between the clay par- ticles during the process of molding. The clay should also be free from any tendency to warp, or split in burning, and further- more, the manufacturer must aim to adjust his mixtures, or select his clays, so that the greatest number of colors can be burned at one temperature. Clays:used for floor tile should also be as free from soluble salts, as is the case with those employed for the manufacture of pressed brick or terra cotta, although, as (285 286 CEAYS AN DTC Ae END Using pointed out by Langenbeck,! soluble lime salts may come from the coloring materials used. ‘Thus the manganese and umber used for chocolates, browns or black 1s seldom free from gypsum. Floor tile when white are commonly made of a mixture of white-burning clays, flint and feldspar. Buff-colored tiles and artificially colored ones are usually made from fire clays, while red tiles are often made from a red-burning clay or shale. A certain amount of flint and feldspar is usually added to the clay to regu- late the shrinkage or degree of vitrification in burning. Method of manufacture-—Floor tiles are always molded by the dry-press process in hand-power machines, the raw materials being first carefully ground and mixed. In making encaustic tile, the design is produced by using a framework of brass strips, ar- ranged so as to form the outline of the colors making the pattern. This framework is placed in the mold and the colored clays sifted into their proper divisions to the depth of about one-fourth inch. ‘The brass framework is then removed and the rest of the mold filled up with a buff-burning clay which forms the “backing.” It is necessary that the backing should be as dense as the clays forming the upper surface or face of the tile, otherwise the latter may split in freezing weather due to the expansion of the water absorbed. In burning the tile they are placed in saggers and burned in down-draft kilns. Those made in New Jersey are burned at from cone 9 to 12, depending on the character of the body and degree of vitrification to be obtained. The burning is regulated in some factories by cones and in others by trial pieces. Character of product—Owing to the conditions under which they are used, floor tile should possess sufficient hardness to resist abrasive action, sufficient transverse strength to resist knocks, and sufficient density to prevent excessive absorption of water. Many floor tiles, especially the white ones, show little or no absorption, but most of the other colors soak up from I per cent. to 5 per cent. of moisture or perhaps even more. The absorption tests were made of a number of single-colored *Chemistry of Pottery, p. 155. FLOOR TILE, WALL TILE AND DRAIN TILE. 287 tile, part from New Jersey and part from other localities, with the following results: Table showing absorption of floor tile. Per cent. of Color. Absorption. NVIEVTEEN, rrctctc: svete eee eee oe a eke rater secretin ct ny Ste ober etisrairei onan apm na oO -0.031 CSREI ETRE SRR ahs Ue ALES, aM De OR AACA Bd oO -0.5 Graairs vd Mis WS ne Ue Sie ae BID eee alee nia re ems smre te 1.6 -6.63 TEX G Lge is Sas Ca ee Geen vec SR ae eee st ees ma eka ot 1.30-3.11 IBY OTEs 2 ar oieeHIRa GOH ocr ete ats ee TENG O -3.59 [EOC 0) EnV omar Peon SS NEE ERG Bere ECO RR Ree Each Bless ot 0.34-2.5 IBY ead Babiesura hel mre pror oe roan CD eet ao IC ere ERM Aen 3 Lie Os 56 30 12a Se Ab OR OSCE OS OED O ORCI eRe er Nt 0.80—3.70 Wiohteoneens scan cs yee cael see noes ceieieiolae wae wel amcnenoe 0.86-4.44 SIRTIOs “hyd Om EES aiciand Sec Uc or DRICaC Ree cretiasce ania 0.03-1.5 IRAGVal sl] BRON NTBO RR RS rei Oo. d ro GiCaIe cra coc RE NCH Toes atti ae ere 3.8 -4.7 BYU is Eine RES CISEIoO Tics oo Ge MO SISOS ioe opiate cream 1.7 =3.3 Langenbeck? claims that floor tile should not take up more than 3 or 4 per cent. by weight of water, as otherwise it is difficult to keep the dirt from grinding into their pores. New Jersey floor tile industry.—Floor tile are manufactured by the following firms in New Jersey: Trent Tile Company, Trenton; Old Bridge Enameled Tile Works, Old Bridge; Eagle Tile Company, Keyport;. Mosaic Tiling Company, Matawan. The clays used are mined only in part in New Jersey, some being obtained from Pennsylvania, Florida, North Carolina, and England. ‘The products are shipped not only to various states but also to foreign countries. WALL TILE. These are quite different from floor tile in character of body and style of decoration. The body is made of white-burning clay, and is not burned to vitrification, but on the contrary is usually just hard enough to resist scratching with a knife. It is, therefore, * Chemistry of Pottery, p. 156. 288 CLANS ANDICEAYSINDU Sake very porous, and a series of tests showed an absorption ranging from 15.59 per cent. to 20.62 per cent. Wall tile are molded in dry-press machines and burned first in saggers in a biscuit kiln. They are then glazed and fired in a muffle kiln at a much lower temperature. Many different shapes, colors and styles of decoration are now produced. In some cases the decoration is supplied by a relief design impressed on the surface of the clay during molding, in others different colored glazes are used, or a considerable variation may be obtained in the shades of one color by varying the thickness of the glaze over different parts of the tile. © Print work and hand painting are also employed at times to ornament the ware. The defects which wall tiles may show are warping, crazing or peeling of the glaze, as well as pin holes, bubbles or spots in ‘latter. Imperfect tile are of course sorted out before shipment. The crazing may, however, sometimes appear after the tile has been in use for some time. Glazed wall tiles are much used for interior decoration in hall ways, bathrooms, mantel pieces and other surfaces where clean- liness, brightness and ornament are desired. The New Jersey wall tile industry.—Wall tiles are made in New Jersey by six different firms, but the clays used are obtained chiefly from other states. The list of producers is as follows: Trent Tile Company, Trenton; Providential Tile Company, Trenton; Pardee Tile Works, Perth Amboy; Old Bridge Enameled Tile Works, Old Bridge; Menlo Ceramic Tile Works, Menlo Park; Maywood Art Tile Company, Maywood. The value of tile produced in New Jersey in 1902 was $795,153." This included all grades except draintile. DRAINTILE. A plastic clay capable of making a good dense building brick is generally adapted to the manufacture of draintile, and they are * Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1902. Loc. cit. PLOOR TILE, WALL TILE AND DRAIN TILE. 289 made at many brickyards, the more plastic layers of the bank being used. Draintile are usually molded on stiff-mud machines, although at some of the smaller yards a handpower press is em- ployed with satisfactory results. The clays employed are the Alloway, Asbury, Cohansey, Cape May, and sometimes Clay Marl II. The tiles are commonly dried on pallet racks and set in the same kiln with the bricks for burn- ing. ‘Those made in New Jersey are mostly pipe tile, having a circular cross section. Among the firms making them are the following: J. C. Dobbs, Collingswood. D. F. Haines, Yorktown. Everett Tilton, Toms River. A. Brocklebank, Howell. Dunlop & Lisk, Matawan. The value of the draintile produced in New Jersey in 1902 was $33,020." * Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1902. Loc. cit. 1) GRE CHAPTER XV. THE POTTERY INDUSTRY. CONTENTS. Introduction. Department of Ceramics, State College, New Brunswick. Raw materials. Clay for common earthenware. Stoneware clays. White ware and porcelain clays. Manufacture of pottery. Tempering. Chaser mills. Pug mills. Tables. Molding. Turning. Jollying or jigging. Pressing. Casting. Drying. Burning. Glazing pottery. Decoration. Electrical porcelain. Sanitary ware. Bath tubs. New Jersey pottery industry. Early history. At Trenton. At other localities. INTRODUCTION. Under the term of pottery there is included a great series of products for ornamental or domestic use ranging from the com- mon red earthenware flowerpot to the highly artistic and delicate porcelain vase. The technology of the lower grades is compara- (291) 292 (GILANES JAINIDY CiGA SE UNI DIOIS RW, tively simple, but for the manufacture of white earthenware or porcelain, the successful completion of the product calls for skill, intelligence and good materials. | There was a time when white-ware mixtures and glazes of the proper quality could be obtained only after long and tedious ex- perimenting and the expenditure of much time and money. The day of this, however, cannot be said to be altogether past, for many potters are still groping in the dark. Modern ceramic technology, however, has worked wonders, and a knowledge of it proves invaluable to the progressive potter in aiding him to work out the proper combinations of body and glaze. It enables him to adjust them 1f they do not agree, or to find out in a com- paratively short time where the trouble lies when failures occur. To take advantage of the facts and principles of ceramic tech- nology does not require a very profound knowledge of chemistry, and the potter who seeks and grasps them will advance rapidly, while, on the other hand, he who rejects them and carefully guards some elementary facts, as imaginary secrets of great value, does himself a positive injury. Freedom of discussion has proven an invaluable aid in other technical branches, and there is no apparent reason why it should not do the same for the pottery industry. The subject of ceramic technology in America has been behind that of Europe for many vears, although it is now coming forward with rapid strides. The annual meetings of the American Ceramic Society form a centre where clay workers can gather, and both give and receive information without the necessity of disclosing any business secrets. Indeed, so success- ful have these meetings become that the printed transactions of the society form a most valuable series of works dealing in a technical and scientific way with clays and clay products. In addition to this, ceramic schools have been established in several States, New Jersey among them, and provision thereby made for instruction in modern ceramic technology and investi- gation of allied subjects. The following statement regarding the Department of Ceramics at the State College, New Brunswick (Pl. XX XV), has been kindly prepared by Prof. C. W. Parmelee, head of the department. ‘CN SIMsunig MaN ‘Solueiod) pue SUIyIOM Ae[D Jo JOoYIG Aasiaf MON 9Y} FO AsOyeIOqGe’T "AXXX ALV 1d ith PO ThE R YOINDUS TRY: 293 THE DEPARTMENT OF CLAY WORKING AND CERAMICS AT THE STATE COLLEGE, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. This school of clay working and ceramics was established by Legislative enactment in 1902 for the benefit of the clay-working industry of New Jersey, and it is maintained by an annual ap- propriation. Similar schools are numerous in Germany, and their usefulness has repeatedly been demonstrated. In the work of the department provision has been made for a careful study of the clays of the State and the methods of manufacture employed. The equipment is housed in a commodious laboratory especially adapted and arranged for the purpose. This building is located on College property adjacent to the campus. ‘The front of the main portion is of the Colonial style, plainly but well executed in buff brick. The workshop contains nearly 1,700 square feet of floor space, which provides an admirable place for the machinery installed. Here is located the 30 horsepower electric motor. The power is distributed by two lines of shafting furnished with split steel pulleys. The brickmaking outfit (Pl. XXXVI) consists of an auger brick machine of a capacity of 20,000 brick a day, a hori- zontal pug mill and a down-cut board delivery table. Appliances for the potter and the tile maker also find place in this shop. The machinery for that purpose consists in part of the following arti- cles: A dry pan or grog mill arranged for wet and dry grinding, a clay-mixing and preparing machine or a combined blunger, agi- tator, lawn screen, filter press and slip pump with a capacity of 500 to 1,000 pounds a day, a four-jar glaze mill, a large size ball mill, a combination pull-down and jigger combined, a pot- ter’s pug mill, a wad machine, a hand jigger, sieving machinery, a tile press and other necessary appliances, all of the latest design and representative of the chief types used in the manufacture of a wide range of wares. In an adjacent room is a wet closet built of porous brick with a terra-cotta lumber ceiling. The outside is covered with a coat of cement. In this room may be stored unfinished clay wares which may be kept damp for a long period. 204 CLAYS AND!) CLAYOINDUS DRE A kiln has been provided which is sufficiently large to hold a quantity of wares of various sorts. It is so constructed as to be used either as an updraft or a downdraft, thus representing the two chief types. Frit furnaces and an improved Seger furnace are also at hand. A Le Chatelier pyrometer and Seger cones have been purchased for use in study of the phenomena associated with high temperatures. In an upper room is placed an extensive library containing the most important literature on clays and clay working. ‘This liter- ature represents the best thought of French, German, English and American investigators. A collection of ceramic ware is in process of installation. Suit- able cabinets have been arranged for containing this collection. Inasmuch as this department is required to perform the two- fold function of a school for instruction and a laboratory for in- vestigation, a room has been set apart for the use of the director. It is furnished with the usual fixtures and scientific apparatus. Two courses of instruction have been arranged, that of four years, leading to the degree of B.Sc.; a short course of two years, which is designed for young men who have had practical experi- ence in clay working and are unable to take the longer term. A certificate is awarded for work done in the short course. The instruction will be given in lectures and recitations on clay materials, clay products, bodies, glazes, fuels, kilns, etc., and is supplemented by practical work in the laboratory. RAW MATERIALS. New Jersey contains a number of grades of pottery clay, al- though not enough to supply all branches of the industry. It may not be out of place, therefore, to mention the characters of the different grades of clay required in pottery making, and to refer briefly to their distribution so far as they are found in the State. Clays for common earthenware.—Red earthenware forms the lowest grade of pottery and is usually made from medium or poorer grades of clay. Those used are commonly red-burning, ‘soruetlad JO [OOYDS Aastof MAN ‘AJOUIyOeU SuIyIOM-APID dy} JO UOTLIOd VW IAXXX ALVI1d THE POTTERY INDUSTRY. 295 of good plasticity, free from grit and burn porous but steel-hard at cone 05-03. Clays of this grade are not at all scarce and they occur widely distributed over the State. In the northern counties many of the Pleistocene and post-Pleistocene clays found in the valleys are of the proper quality for flowerpots, and other earthenware vessels. A number of small potteries are supplied from deposits around ~ Linden, near Elizabeth, and some of the red-burning Raritan clays are also adapted to earthenware work. In the central part of the State, the Clay Marl beds I and II are locally sufficiently free from grit to be used, but the Cohansey and Cape May clays are not as a rule sufficiently fusible to burn dense at a low cone. The Alloway clays, however, in the southern part of the State might also be used with success. Stoneware clays.—Those commonly employed are semire- fractory clays burning to a nearly impervious body at cones 5 to 7, but fusing at about cone 27, although some, dug about Wood- bridge and South Amboy, do not fuse lower than cone 33 and can be classed as refractory clays. They should possess good plas- ticity, and a tensile strength of not less than 150 pounds per square inch, although many of the New Jersey stoneware clays do not much exceed 100 pounds per square inch. Freedom from soluble salts which will form a scum on the green ware, and freedom from warping and cracking in burning are also essential characters. The clay should not shrink excessively in burning, and should be of a degree of refractoriness to vitrify at the tem- perature necessary to melt the glaze. Sulphur in any form is an undesirable ingredient. ‘The better grades of stoneware are com- monly made of a mixture of two or more clays. The Raritan beds around South Amboy form the main source of stoneware clay in the State, and large quantities are shipped from there to potteries in neighboring states. Aside from these, few stoneware clays are found in any of the other formations ex- cept the Alloway clay. Some of the Pleistocene clays may be found suitable for stoneware manufacture, but they would be much less refractory than those of the Raritan formation. None of the Cohansey clays examined, if used alone burn dense enough 296 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. for stoneware manufacture. That from Loc. 207 (Toms River), might do for stoneware if mixed with a tighter burning clay. Clays for white ware, porcelain and sanitary ware.—Two kinds of clay are used in the manufacture of these grades of ware, viz., kaolin and ball clay. No kaolin of suitable quality has ever been found in New Jersey, nor is there much chance of finding any— indeed, it is extremely doubtful whether any exists, the so-called “kaolin” of the Woodbridge district not being a kaolin at all but a micaceous sand. Ball clay is found only in the Raritan formation especially near South River, and there is no likelihood of its being found in other formations in the State. Since the New Jersey ball clays show a tendency to crack in burning they cannot be used in large quantities in a pottery body. A ball clay should be plastic, burn white, and not warp or crack in drying or burning, and should burn steel-hard at cone 8 or lower. The other raw materials used in white-ware bodies are ground flint and spar, but neither of these is found in commercial quantity in New Jersey, although veins of them may possibly occur in the Highland region. The crude materials are brought to Trenton in large quantities from other states and milled there. The following table gives the composition of several American ball clays and kaolins, as well as of foreign clays, these latter being added for the purpose of comparison: Analyses of ball clays. Te 2) 3. 4. 5. 6. SilteayCS1 Oz) enero eee nine cicere 46.11 44.40 44.89 56.40 48.99 59.61 Alumina @AIZ@5) massac ees ole 30.55 38.34 37.269 30.00 32.11 26.81 Herroussoxidem(HeO))s eee. cee. ee BAT Perth Mu 3 a BB 6 AS). . BOB Herricioxiden(He:@;) mas. cae eines O:35/) 1OLSOMNO!O7, Se revll Sie arenes Wine (Ca @)) pada eater Sah ee Shes MetOPA 040 0.43 0.82 IMacnesians (VIC @) i mee acer aeee Og yes ce POLO TO 22rd Sx | (GONGHKON, cccssGoatodeueddose lee NOMS > TSE QAR Olea eae ene Potash Gk @)) ieee eierp: BE recent Besa MORO OMIT, AO) SES BS Witt erty GET sO) ac srucase tenn etree 13.78 13.50 14.47 7.03) 10103) 740 Sulphur trioxide (SOs), . 89. n5-- O07) we ame ae PRES Olas c Mitamium oxides (Gli@=s) nana sree W710 Rod yak PRS 35 er tea lees a5 IMIG SEIT ET Rie oel ties. Tene nue Re te RUS FUT Oe yeh cee a Rare eae 2).G¥R 1, Edgar, Fla.; 2, Burt Creek, N. J.; 3, South Amboy, N. J.; 4, Mayfield, Ky.; 5 and 6, “Poole” clay from Wareham, England. THE POTTERY INDUSTRY. 207 Analyses of washed Kaolins. he 2, 3 4. 5. 6. We &. ier G@oiOs),) Ais on: 46.278 45.70 46.50 50.96 48.26 47.71 46.87 50.42 Alumina (AI:Os3), ... 36.25 40.61 37.40 33.30 37.64 36.78 38.00° 27.15 Besnic oxide (He.@;),° 1.644 1.39 080 ‘082 O46 ~~... @80 1.77 ame (Ca@'); .. 2... OOD OASe oe Un tate COLOOE Pe tee GIN Tt cera Werenesian Nic@)) ahs LOG2T O00 0) 428 48 2:42) Poy ee nO. 35h) O52 Mikalies ((Nas©, K:O)),, 2536) 2:82) Tt 5 Bee) BESO: PALSY a wats) Water (HO), ...... NGS SSH COC EL AO) HSO5e I ZIO2 GOS TON Olo5 a All potash (K:O.) 1, Brandywine Summit, Pa.; 2, Harris Clay Company, near Webster, N. C.; 3, West Cornwall, Conn.; 4, Glen Loch, Pa.; 5, Cornwall, England ; 6, Coussac- Bonneval, France; 7, Zettlitz, Bohemia; 8, Pilsen, Bohemia. - MANUFACTURE OF POTTERY. In making pottery there are certain steps that are common to all grades of ware, but the care of preparation, and the number of steps is increased in the manufacture of the higher grades. The different steps may be grouped as follows: Washing. Weathering. Chaser mills. Tempering, } mills. Preparation, | Tables. Turning. Melding: ee or jigging. asting. Pressing. Drying. Burning. Glazing. Decorating. Clay is sometimes exposed to the weather as a preliminary means of preparation, but the custom is not a widespread one. High-grade clays are usually freed from grit and sand by a wash- ing process (see Chap. I). Tempering. Chaser mills are sometimes used at stoneware factories, but none are in operation in New Jersey. They consist of a circular 298 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. iron pan in which there revolves a frame bearing 2 narrow iron wheels, 30 to 36 inches in diameter. As this frame revolves, the wheels by means of a gearing, travel from the centre to the cir- cumference of the pan and then back. The clay and water are placed in the pan and the action of the wheels grinds and cuts it up, the tempering taking from one to two hours. ‘The action of such a machine is quite thorough, but considerable power is required to operate it. Pug mulls—The principle of these is similar to those used in brick manufacture (p. 225), but they differ in being upright or vertical. The clay and water are added at the top and slowly mixed, being at the same time forced down to the opening at the bottom of the box. Tables.—Kneading tables are used at some factories for work- ing the clay by machine instead of wedging it by hand. Although much used abroad, their introduction into this country has been rather restricted. ‘The machine consists of a circular table about 6 feet in diameter, the upper surface of which slopes outward. On this are 2 conical rolls, 20 to 30 inches in diameter and about 8 inches wide. ‘These rolls have corrugated rims, and are at- tached to opposite ends of a horizontal axis, having a slight verti- cal play. The clay is laid on the table and as the rolls travel around on it, the clay is spread out into a broad band. A second axle carries 2 other pairs of rolls of the same shape but smaller size, which travel around in a horizontal plane. ‘These rolls press the band of clay together again. In this way the clay is subjected to alternating vertical and lateral pressure and all air spaces are thus closed. The rolls make Io to 12 revolutions per minute, and the machine kneads 2 to 3 charges of 350 pounds per hour. Molding. After the clay has been properly tempered, the next step in the process of manufacture is molding. As indicated above this is done in four different ways, the clay having first been thoroughly kneaded, usually by hand, in order to insure its complete homo- geneity and freedom from all air bubbles. THE POTTERY INDUSTRY. 299 Turning.—This is done on a rapidly revolving horizontal wheel, the potter taking a lump of clay and placing it on a rapidly revolving disk. Wetting the surface with a slip of clay and water, he gradually works the revolving mass into the desired form. After being shaped, the object is then detached from the wheel by running a thin wire underneath it, and it 1s set aside to dry. Crocks, jugs and similar articles are turned, this method being often employed for molding common stoneware, and some- times for earthenware. Jollying or jigging.—This is a more rapid method than turning, and the clay to be used for this purpose is tempered to a much softer consistency. ‘The jolly is a wheel fitted with a hollow head to receive the plaster mold, the interior of which is the same shape as the exterior of the object to be molded. A lump of clay is placed in the revolving mold and is gradually forced up around the sides of the latter. In the beginning of the opera- tion this is done by the fingers, but finally a metallic arm or templet is used, which is brought down into the mold and serves to shape the interior of the object. Cups, crocks, jugs, pitchers and even wash basins can be molded in this manner. Articles with tapering necks are generally jollied in two parts, which are subsequently cemented together with slip, while handles are stamped out separately and afterwards fastened on the article. A modification of jollying, used for making plates and saucers, consists in having a plaster mold, the surface of which has the same shape as the interior or upper surface of the plate to be formed. The potter’s assistant takes a piece of clay of the de- sired size, and pounds it to a flat cake, called a “‘bat,’’ which is laid on the mold; he then shapes the other side or bottom of the plate by pressing a wooden templet of the proper profile against it as it revolves. A modification of this machine is one used for flower pots, in which the mold is of steel, and instead of a templet, a solid piece, also of metal, and fitting the interior surface of the pot, is brought down into the mold. Pressing. —Ewers and vessels of oval or elliptical section are usually made by means of sectional molds, consisting of two or three pieces, the inner surface of which conforms to the outer 300 CLAMS AND CLAY AN DU Sm Rave surface of the object to be molded. A slab of clay is laid in each section and carefully pressed in, the mold put together, and all seams smoothed with a wet sponge. After drying for a few hours the parts of the mold are lifted off. Clocks, lamps, water pitchers and similar articles are made in this manner. Casting.—This consists in pouring a slip of clay into a porous mold, which absorbs some of the water, and causes a thin layer of the clay to adhere to the interior surface of the mold. In order to produce a slip with less water, some alkaline salt 1s added to the mixture. When the layer on the inner surface of the mold is sufficiently thick, the mold is inverted and the remaining slip is poured out, the mold being removed in a few hours. This method is extensively used in making thin porcelain ornaments, as. well as many white earthenware objects. It is also used for making belleek. Subsequent Steps. Drying.—The ware after it has been molded is usually set on shelves in steam-heated rooms to dry. From this point on, the method of manufacture varies some- what, depending on the kind of ware that is to be produced. Burning—Common earthenware and stoneware are usually burned in round kilns, or more rarely in rectangular ones. For common earthenware up-draft kilns are mostly employed, but for stoneware the down-draft type predominates. The wares are piled in the kiln on top of each other, and also nested whenever possible. Red earthenware is not burned above cone 05, but the stoneware in New Jersey is burned from cones 5 to 8. ‘The time of burning depends partly on the size of the kiln, and partly on the clay, ranging from 30 to 9o hours. White earthenware and china, on account of their color, have to be burned in saggers, which are oval or cylindrical receptacles with a flat bottom, about 20 inches in diameter and a height usually of about 8 inches. The saggers are filled with unburned ware and set one on top of the other, so that the bottom of one forms a cover for the one below it, the joint between the two being closed by a strip of EUS, OMMNEIRNG JUNUDIORS IRIs 301 “wad? clay. The use of these saggers is to protect the ware from the smoke and gases of the kiln fire. The chief requisite of a sagger clay is that it shall stand slightly more heat than the ware placed in it, repeated firing and cooling, as well as handling with- out breaking. Saggers are generally made from a plastic, refrac- tory clay, with the maximum admixture of grog, 4. e., a pow-: der made of old saggers, broken fire brick, etc. ‘The kilns are generally circular down-draft, having a diameter of from 15 to 25 feet. The temperature reached in burning varies. White earth- enware is commonly burned at from cone 8 to 9, while porcelain - may be fired as high as cone 12 or 13. Since the color of ferrous iron is less noticeable than ferric iron, the fires should be reducing during at least the last part of the firing, and the kiln is then cooled down as rapidly as possible to prevent the oxidation of whatever iron may be in the clay. Glazing pottery—Common red earthenware is rarely glazed, but if this is done, the glaze consists of an easily fusible mixture of metallic oxides, such as lead, together with quartz, and some- times boracic acid. Stoneware is usually slip glazed or salt glazed. A slip glaze consists of an easily fusible clay, which will melt to a colored glaze at the temperature reached in burning the stoneware. This is stirred up in water to a slip and the green ware dipped into it, or if the articles are very large, the slip may be applied with a brush. When placed in the kiln and burned, the slip melts to an enamel over the surface of the ware. One of the slip clays most used is that from Albany, N. Y., which has been found suited to a wide range of clays. It melts to an enamel at about cone 6. Another slip clay is dug near Rowley, Mich., and a third near Seneca Falls, N. Y. . When the wares are to be salt glazed, they are placed in the kiln, unprotected from the flames. As soon as the kiln has reached its highest temperature, the salt is put in the fire places, one or two shovels full at a time, at regular intervals, so that the addition of the salt may extend over several hours. When the salt is placed in the fires the heat volatilizes it, and the vapors in passing up through the kiln unite with the clay, forming a glaze 302 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. on the surface of the ware. Many clays are capable of taking a good salt glaze, some take a poor one, and others do not glaze at all. From experiments recently made by L. E. Barringer! it seems that a clay may be either too aluminous or too siliceous to be suc- cessfully salt glazed, but that if the process of salt glazing is properly carried out, clays in which the proportion? of silica to alumina is more than 4.6 to 1 and less than 12.5 to 1, are capable of receiving a glaze. ‘The degree of fineness of the free silica in the clay makes a little difference. The finer the sand the lighter the color of the glaze. Barringer also found that, contrary to what was usually sup- posed, a considerable quantity of soluble salts, as much as 3 per cent., could be present in a clay without seriously interfering with the salt glazing, when conducted at cone 8. Glazing white earthenware and china.—In this grade of ware the glazing and burning are not done in one operation, as in stone- ware, but the ware is first burned to steel hardness, then dipped in the glaze, and burned a second time. In the case of white earthenware, the second burning is done at a lower temperature, and in the case of china it is done at a higher temperature than the first. The glazes for white earthenware and porcelain are ~ complex compounds of an artificial character. ‘They consist of a mixture of acids and bases combined according to a definite formula, in such proportions that they will melt to a glass at the temperature reached in burning. A glaze thus produced must furthermore agree with the body in its shrinkage, and coefficient of expansion, in order to prevent various defects, such as crazing, peeling, etc. A discussion of the composition and methods of cal- culating glaze formulas hardly lies within the province of this report, and those wishing to become acquainted with this subject, are referred to a most excellent little manual of Ceramic Calcula- tions issued by the American Ceramic Society.? * Trans. Amer. Ceramic Society, Vol. IV, p. 223. * Molecular ratio. * Purchasable for $1.00 from S. G. Burt, Rookwood Pottery, Cincinnati, O. TTBS TCINIUBIRSG IUNIDIOSS Ibis. 303 Decoration.—Common earthenware is rarely decorated, but stoneware for domestic use, if salt glazed, may sometimes be decorated by tracing designs in the green clay and filling these in with cobalt or other coloring matter. White earthenware and porcelain are often elaborately deco- rated, either under or over the glaze. ‘The form of decoration most often seen is print work. This is done by printing a copper- plate design on special paper, and applying this to the surface of the ware. After being allowed to stand for a few hours the paper is washed off, but the ink of the design is retained on the surface of the ware. The colors are then fixed by firing in a muffle kiln at a dull red heat. The print work is sometimes “filled in” and elaborated by brush work, or on better grades of ware the entire design may be hand painted. The more delicate colors as well as gold have to be applied over the glaze as they are destroyed by hard firing. With chromolithography a soft and ornamental multicolored design can be produced at one operation, but it is but little used in this country, although productive of beautiful effects. Electrical porcelain.—This forms a separate branch of the clay- working industry. ‘These insulating materials are made of a mixture of white-burning clays and molded by the dry-press process. It is necessary to burn them to vitrification, and none are probably burned below cone 10 and some at cone 12. They are usually glazed. Sanitary ware is made sometimes from the same classes of clay as white earthenware, but the body is usually vitrified or nearly so, and is glazed. The ware is formed by hand in plaster molds, and great care has to be exercised in drying and burning. Bath tubs and washtubs.—These are commonly made from buff-burning clays, such as fire clays and retort clays, and covered with both a white slip and a glaze. The lining is usually vitrified, but not the body, and they are termed porcelain lined. ‘The mold- ing, drying and burning of such a large object as a bath tub re- quires much care and time. ‘The molding is done by hand in large plaster molds. The wares are burned commonly at from cones g to 10, or perhaps slightly higher. A finished bath tub may weigh as much as 1,100 pounds. ‘304 QUANG ZUINID CHUAN. JUNIDIOS WIRY, THE NEW JERSEY POTTERY INDUSTRY. Early history—The State of New Jersey can probably lay claim to having one of the oldest potteries in the country, for Fy. A. Barber, in his work on the Pottery and Porcelain of the United States, notes that the remains of an old kiln fire hole were found a mile or two below South Amboy, and that it is probably a relic of the earlier pottery ware made on this continent, “and most probably built by the Dutch to make stewpans and pots.” Dr. Daniel Coxe, a former governor of West New Jersey, was probably the first to make white ware in the Colonies, for he erected a pottery at Burlington, N. J., before 1685. Barber gives the following “quaint and interesting reference. to it as copied from an inventory of property offered for sale in 1688” : : “T have erected a pottery att Burlington for white and chiney ware a greate quantity to ye value of 1200li have already been made and vended in ye Country, neighbour Colonies and ye Islands of Barbadoes and Jamaica, where they are in great re- quest. I have two houses and kills with all necessary implements, diverse workmen, and other servants. Have expended thereon about 2000£.” Later, about 1800, a stoneware potter by the name of Van Wickle, located at Old Bridge, now Herbertsville, and in 1820 J. H. Remmey established a pottery at South Amboy, N. J. Similar ware was also made at Roundabout (now Sayreville), on the Raritan, about 1802. Another stoneware pottery was started in Elizabeth, N. J., in 1816, and operated later as a yellow and rockingham ware factory.’ Still later it passed into the hands of L. B. Beerbauer & Company, and was used for making ironstone china. In 1825 the Jersey Porcelain & Earthenware Company was incorporated in the town of Jersey, Bergen county, and succeeded in the following year in taking a silver medal at the exhibition of the Franklin Institute, in Philadelphia, for “the best china from American materials.” ‘These works passed into the hands of 1K. A. Barber, Pottery and Porcelain of the United States, p. 117. EPPO E RYGINDUS TRY: 305 Messrs. D. & J. Henderson about 1829, who in 1830 exhibited a “flint stoneware.” Three years later, or in 1833, David Hender- son organized the American Pottery Manufacturing Company, “for the purpose of manufacturing the various kinds of pottery at the works already erected.” This factory during the next seven years produced ware with a buff or cream-colored body, which was much used. It is interesting to note that these works were the first in America to use the English method of transfer printing in decoration. About 1843 the name of the factory was changed to the Jersey City Pottery Company, and it is stated by Mr. Barber,’ from whose book the above description is taken, that many of the “‘best potters of the old school in the United States learned their trade at this factory.” The pottery subsequently passed into other hands, and in 1892 the old buildings, which had stood for 65 years and from which many fine pieces of work had been turned out, were finally demolished. At Trenton.—The pottery industry at Trenton, which at the present day has assumed such vast proportions, had its birth prob- ably about 1852, at which time Hattersly’s pottery was in opera- tion with one small kiln 6 feet in diameter. Since that time the in- crease has been steady, but sure, and the events can perhaps be best listed chronologically as follows : 1852. Taylor & Speeler began manufacture of yellow and rock- ingham ware, adding white granite in 1856. 1853. Millington & Astbury organized first sanitary ware pot- tery in America. 1853. Wm. Young’s Sons began manufacture of C. C. ware in leased pottery located on present site of City Pottery Company works. ; 1857. Wm. Young leased Hattersly pottery for a term of five years, but later built his own pottery. 1859. Rhodes & Yates. First pottery to make white granite and C. C. ware exclusively. 1859-1891. Trenton China Company. *E. A. Barber, Pottery and Porcelain of the United States, p. 117. PAO) (EG 306 1862. 1863. 1863. 1863. 18609. CLAYS 2AINID TCE WenUNID IG Sauae Greenwood Pottery Company organized, started by W. Tams and W. Barnard, and operated in turn under name of Stephens, Tams & Co., and Breasley & Co., the present name being adopted in 1868. Etruria pottery built by Bloor, Ott & Booth; succeeded by Bloor, Ott & Brewer in 1864. Shortly after changed to Ott & Brown. Later it became the Cook pottery. Coxon & Co. started the Empire pottery. John Moses founded a pottery. James Moses bought the Mercer pottery from Mr. Thomp- son. 1869-1889. Union Pottery Company. 1869. 1873. 1870. 1879. 1870. 1870. 1880. 1881. 1881. I881. 1882. James Mayer founded the Arsenal pottery. East Trenton Pottery Company. International Pottery Company began operations on site of Speeler’s old pottery. New Jersey pottery organized, but re-organized in 1883 under name of Union Pottery Company. Burroughs & Mountford pottery established in what was formerly the Eagle pottery. — The Willets. Manufacturing Company bought the Wm. Young’s Sons’ pottery. Prospect Hill pottery started by Dale & Davis. Trenton China Company established. Enterprise Pottery Company established. Crescent pottery established. Harris Manufacturing Company began manufacture of porous tile. . Thos. Maddock & Sons took the old Millington & Astbury pottery. . Delaware pottery started. . Ceramic Art Company organized. . Greenwood China Company started. . Crown Porcelain Works established by Barlow & Marsh. . Imperial Porcelain Company organized. . Keystone Pottery Company began operations. THE POTTERY INDUSTRY. 307 1892. Trenton Potteries Company began operations and pur- chased the Crescent, Delaware, Empire and Equitable potteries. Also built the Ideal. 1893. Maddock Pottery Company organized and purchased plant formerly owned by the Trenton China Company. 1894. Bellmark Pottery Company. 1894. Hart Brewer Pottery Company, started originally as Isaac Davis pottery, and passed in turn into the hands of Fell & Throp and then of the present owners. 1895. Electrical Porcelain & Manufacturing Company. 1895. Economy Pottery Company. 1895. John Maddock & Sons. 1896. Monument Pottery Company. 1896. Artistic Porcelain Company. 1897. Cook Pottery Company. 1897. Sanitary & Earthenware Specialty Company. 1899. Star Porcelain Company. 1900. Diamond Porcelain Company. tg01. Elite Pottery Company. 1901. Acme Sanitary Pottery Company. 1902. Fidelity Pottery Company, successors to the Egyptian pot- tery. 1902. Hudson Porcelain Company. 1903. Morris & Wilmore Company. In 1852 there was one pottery with one kiln. In 1879 there were 19 potteries with 57 kilns, producing about $2,000,000 worth of wares annually. In 1883 the number of potteries had increased to 23 with 110 kilns and in 1902 there are 41 with 258 kilns. Up to 1863 the products included white, sanitary, yellow, and tockingham ware; in 1903 they include china, C. C. ware, white granite ware, sanitary ware, belleek, and porcelain. The technical advances that have taken place in the pottery industry at Trenton have been well summarized recently by Mr. FE. C. Stover.t One of the early improvements was the produc- tion of a ware that would not craze, following which came the * Transactions American Ceramic Society, Vol. II, p. 147. 308 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRNS introduction of Belleek porcelain by Messrs. Ott & Brewer. Later a superior quality of hotel china was introduced by the Green- wood Pottery Company which at the present day has secured a wide and enviable reputation. The production of a good quality of sanitary ware was another important development, and the manufacture of this has grown, so that at the present day, Trenton is without question at the head of this branch of the pottery in- dustry. The Trenton potter has not stopped, however, at a satis- factory body, but makes successfully the most complicated forms of sanitary appliances, much of this ware being exported. Still another important advance has been made in the manu- facture of fire-clay bath tubs and sinks which are made in one firing. In this line of work Trenton also leads, having the largest single pottery in the world, devoted exclusively to the manu- facture of these goods. ‘The product comes into successful com- petition with foreign wares. Trenton is the most important potting centre in New Jersey, and in fact is one of the two great pottery centres of the United States, East Liverpool, Ohio, being the other. The wares pro- duced at Trenton include table and toilet wares, sanitary wares, ornamental articles, druggist supplies, door knobs, electrical goods, hardware trimmings, washtubs, bath tubs, sinks, etc. The statistics of production are given on another page. Trenton has assumed its importance as a pottery centre, not because of a wealth of raw materials in the immediate neighbor- hood, but rather because of its central location as regards trans- portation facilities, for probably the only New Jersey raw ma- terials used by most of the Trenton potters are sagger and wad clays. The others, such as kaolin, flint and spar, are all brought from other states, as is also most of the ball clay. The sanitary ware branch of the potting trade is the one that has developed most rapidly in Trenton, so that more of this class of ware is now produced there than at any other locality in the United States. At other localities—Outside of Trenton the manufacture of pottery is carried on at scattered points in the State, the product consisting usually of either red earthenware or stoneware. Sani- TENS, IRON EIR IUNID IOS MUgNe. 309 tary ware is made by the Camden Pottery Company, at Camden, and washtubs and sinks are produced by the Perth Amboy Ceramic Company, of Perth Amboy. The clays used by these other potteries outside of Trenton are in most cases obtained from the Middlesex district. The following list includes all of the potteries outside of Tren- ton, so far as the Survey could determine them: Ironside pottery, Bordentown—Sanitary ware; Smith & Son, Bridgeton—Earthenware; Camden Pottery Company, Camden—Sanitary ware; Julius Einsiedel, Egg Harbor City—Earthenware; The Fulper Pottery Company, at Flemington, established in 1805 as an earthenware factory, but now making stoneware exclusively ; Chas. Wingender & Bro., Haddonfield—Stoneware and Earthenware; Marion Pottery Works, Jersey City—Porous cups for batteries; Dunlop & Lisk, Matawan—Stoneware and earthenware; Belmont Avenue pottery, Belmont Ave., Newark—Stoneware and earthenware; Excelsior Pottery Works, Newark—Earthenware; Union Pottery & Drainpipe Works, Newark—Ejarthenware;. Perth Amboy Ceramic Company, Perth Amboy—Sinks and tubs ; Cc. L. & H. A. Poillion, Woodbridge; Rahway Pottery Works, Rahway. The value of the pottery manufactured in New Jersey in 1902 is as follows:1 Value of New Jersey Pottery in rI902. : agthenwahe | ou] © Z DB | Bigs | seta al pied dl | eal oleh Pee aes te H | | | | | - z | ‘In burned condi- | Sand 5.15 | | | | | | tion ze 40.53 | 38.54 | 0.90} 008) 0.38 | 0.66 13.00 | 35 | 2.28 | 0.49} 0.76 } | | | 2 44.76 | 39.25 | 0.48] 0.26] .0.36| 1.55 | 1341s) | | | | | | | | 3 51.45 45 23 | 0-55| 0.30) O41} 1.78]. 35) 3: 0450-725 a 78 e—_ - -—~ 4] 59-15 |35 64] 1.04] 0.36.)_ 0.33 | 3.46 pee il aac th | 32-33 | 5.19 | 0.69 | 3.46 5 56.03 37-22 | 3.10 | tr. | 0.30 | 3.32 [ident rare ae 33 | 6.72 | 0.30 | 3.32 43-93 | | | | | 6 | 8.99 | 39.16 | 2.57 | 0.18| 1.24 3.55 [- - -| 05% | 30 | 7-54] 1-42 | 3-55 | 65.77 | | | | | ees | yi 3.72 33: 2055 Dt 2uOl25 | 0.70 243 Je =: | (9.99) | 32-33 | 4.50 | 0.95 | 2.43, | | | . Washed kaolin Zettlitz, Bohemia. . Clay, green, from Buessen. . Clay, burned, from Buessen. Burned clay from Ebernhahn, Westerwald district. Seger & Cramer, analyst. 5. Hettenleidelheim. Seger & Cramer, analyst. 6. Grinstadt, Ger., clay. 7. Grunstadt, Ger., Pipe clay. BW WY H In looking over the fusibility tests of fire clays, given above, it is observable that the clays listed range in fusibility from cones 27 to 35. ‘The question, therefore, arises as to what the standard of refractoriness of a fire clay should be, for none has been adopted by fire-brick manufacturers in this country. In Europe a clay is not considered refractory unless it becomes viscous above cone 27, although it may vitrify at a lower cone, and there has been some discussion among foreign fire-brick producers regard- ing the advisability of raising this standard. It is certainly reasonable to set cone 27 as the lower limit of refractoriness, and in the case of No. 1 fire clays it would seem desirable to demand that they have a fusing point above cone 33. Unfortunately, many clays are put on the market as fire clays which have abso- lutely no claim to the name, and the same is sometimes true of FIRE CLAYS AND FIRE-BRICK INDUSTRY. 321 fire brick. In Chapter IV, under Fusibility, several arbitrary limits have been suggested. Other properites of fire clays —As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter the term fire clay does not signify the presence of any other character than refractoriness. Fire clays may vary widely in their plasticity, shrinkage, texture, color, tensile strength and other physical properties, all of which affect the behavior of the clay during the process of manufacture, but none of which can be used as a guide in determining its probable re- fractoriness. Color may be an aid under certain conditions, since pure white clays and light-yellowish clays are often at least semi- refractory, and sometimes highly refractory. Some fire clays are tinged a deep yellow, or yellowish red, as though they contained considerable ferric oxide, and yet they possess considerable heat- resisting power. If the clay is black or bluish black, there is no means of telling from mere inspection what its heat-resisting © qualities are, for under these conditions both a clay with very little iron oxide and one with much iron oxide will sometimes outwardly appear the same. ‘There is consequently no sure means of determining the refractory character of a clay without testing it in a furnace or making a chemical analysis of it. Two kinds of fire clay are recognized in the field, viz., plastic fire clays and flint clays. ‘The former are plastic when wet, the latter are hard and flint-like, with a smooth, shell-like fracture and dense texture. They develop no plasticity, even when ground very fine, but are usually highly refractory and show little air or fire shrinkage; none are found in New Jersey. Plasticity has little or no direct relation to refractoriness, al- though H. Seger has pointed out that of two clays of unequal refractoriness, the one of lower fire-resisting qualities may with- stand the action of molten materials better, if it is of high plas- ticity, as this makes it burn to a very dense body at a compara- tively low temperature. The result of this is that the pores are closed and the clay resists the corrosive action of a fused mass better than the more refractory clay, which does not burn dense at as low a temperature as the first one, and which, therefore, per- mits the fused mass to enter the pore spaces between its grains. 2 Nea Cle 322 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. Fire clays are of variable tensile strength, and some of the highest grades mined in New Jersey have so little tensile strength and crack so badly in burning, when used alone, that it is neces- sary to add a certain quantity of more plastic clay as a binder, even though it may be of less refractory character. MINERAL, IMPURITIES. The analysis of a true fire clay shows but a small percentage of injurious substances or mineral impurities. This is not due al- ways to their absence from the deposit, but because they are fre- quently segregated in, lumps which can be thrown out in the mining of the clay, and consequently an analysis of the marketable clay does not show them. One of the most abundant of these is pyrite, the compound of sulphur and iron already referred to (p. 46). This forms lumps which are more or less widely dis- tributed through the clay, but not uncommonly predominate in certain layers, or in certain parts only of one or several layers. In these cases they can be avoided or separated in mining. In New Jersey pyrite is not uncommon in the Woodbridge fire clay, but is more abundant in the South Amboy fire clay. Layers of iron-stained sands, or sandstone layers cemented by iron, may also occur here and there in the bank, or again nodules of iron oxide are sometimes found. Lignite or carbonized wood is often seen in the New Jersey fire clays, and is an almost invariable ac- companiment of pyrite, the latter having been usually deposited on or around the former. Pyrite, as mentioned on a previous page (75), may on weathering yield alum, which forms whitish spots or coatings in the clay, and in some stoneware clays of the Amboy district causes considerable trouble. Where the impuri- ties are scattered throughout the deposit, hand sorting may not always eliminate them, and washing is necessary. USES OF FIRE CLAY. The main use of fire clay is for the manufacture of fire brick. These are made in many different shapes and sizes, the density FIRE CLAYS AND FIRE-BRICK INDUSTRY. 323 and composition of the brick being varied to suit the conditions under which it is to be used. The wide and varied use of refrac- tory bricks therefore necessitates the making of many different and special forms and mixtures, some of which are only produced for special orders. The fire bricks made in New Jersey are used for blast furnaces, rolling mills, pottery and brickkilns, boiler settings, gas houses, heating chambers, cupolas, etc. Among the other products of this nature may be mentioned glass pots and glass furnace blocks, zinc muffles and gas retorts. Of these the last mentioned are made to some extent from New Jersey clays, but not as much as formerly. Glass pots require a special dense-burning fire clay, which has not been found in New Jersey. Zinc muffles have to be made from clays similar to those required for glass pots, but a small amount of New Jersey clay can be sometimes used inthe mixture. Clay of a semirefractory character is used in the manufacture of emery and carborundum wheels for the purpose of binding the grains of the abrasive together, when the wheels are burned. A semirefractory, or re- fractory grade of sandy fire clay is used for making fire mortar in which to set fire bricks. Quite a little fire clay is also consumed by foundries and blast furnaces, but here sandiness combined with plasticity are of more importance than high refractoriness. Steel manufacturers, also, demand several grades of fire clay for mak- ing mixtures for mold linings. A clay of high-bonding power and dense character, but not necessarily high refractoriness, is called for by graphite manufacturers. The materials used for graphite crucibles are, however, chiefly imported ones. Aside from their use in making refractory wares, fire clays of either first or second grade are used in the manufacture of front brick, terra cotta, stove linings, saggers, stoneware, floor tiles, etc. HISTORY OF THE FIRE-BRICK INDUSTRY. The manufacture of fire brick represents one of the oldest branches of the clay-working industry in New Jersey, and is of more. importance than is commonly imagined. The New Jersey clays were first used for fire brick after the war of 1812, and one 324 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. of the earliest records, according to Dr. Cook, shows that clay was taken from Woodbridge to Boston in 1816, and used for manu- facturing fire brick. The value of the clays of the Woodbridge dis- trict does not seem to have been widely recognized for some years, however, although in 1855 the statistics, given in the Report on Clays in 1878, show that clay for making 50,000,000 fire bricks was then being taken annually from the pits at Woodbridge, Per th Amboy and South Amboy. Perhaps the oldest factory in the State was that known as the Salamander works (no longer in existence), where brick were made as early as 1825. A little later, in 1836, John R. Watson established a factory at Perth Amboy, and in 1868 Sayre & Fisher commenced making fire brick at Sayreville. The works of W. H. Berry, at Woodbridge, began operations in 1845, and have con- tinued up to the present day, although in 1896 the name was changed to J. E. Berry. Henry Maurer & Son established a fire-brick factory in een and M. D. Valentine & Bro. in 1865. The latter were started for making ““Bath brick,’ later sewer pipe, and finally fire brick and other refractory forms. A branch works, located at Valentine, on the Lehigh Valley R. R., was started in 1887. Within the last two years several other firms have begun the manufacture of fire brick, including the factories erected by the Mutton Hollow Fire- Brick Company, and Anness & Potter, at Woodbridge, and The Superior Fire-Lining Company, at Trenton. Other firms manufacturing fire brick are: Adam Weber’s Sons. Trenton Fire Brick Company, Trenton. The Pyrogranite Company, South River. Ostrander Brick Company, Ostrander. National Fireproofing Company, Keasbey works, Keasbey. Staten Island Clay Company, Spa Springs. J. H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City. METHOD OF MANUFACTURE OF FIRE BRICK. All fire-brick makers in New Jersey use a mixture of several grades of clay, to which there is added a certain percentage of grog, and occasionally some of the so-called “feldspar” found in aha - FIRE CLAYS AND FIRE-BRICK INDUSTRY. 325 connection with the fire clay. These ingredients are commonly tempered in ring pits, but sometimes in pug mills, and then molded either by hand or machine. If the former is used, the bricks are molded very soft; if the latter is employed, a soft-mud machine is favored, although a stiff-mud machine is used at a few works. In every case the brick are re-pressed, and after re-pressing they are commonly hacked up to dry, and are then placed in the kilns. Hand- or machine-molded bricks are usually spread out on brick drying floors, warmed by flues passing underneath, and after re- maining there a short time are re-pressed. This not only com- presses the brick, but smoothens the sides and straightens the edges. The following dimensions, given in inches, indicate the amount of compression that takes place in re-pressing. Before re-pressing, 9% by 4% by 2%. After re-pressing, 934 by 456 by 25%. The loss in weight and decrease in size of a stiff-mud fire brick is shown by the following figures, obtained at another works: Conditions. Dimensions i .inches. Weight. Hreshly molded, ... ..9itby2tby4t? 2. 2a. g pounds. RICH PLESGCC ta is ag eine Lan OF Dya2aaDyade, ate vaihe ine 8 do 12 ounces. ECE iy ao ols. aoe Qe am yA2e MID YT Aol aM eps oe We GO) 2d SESS Uh re pe oe Oh) bye iby wad ae sera 6 do Py (ol Most of the fire-brick manufacturers burn their product in cir- cular down-draft kilns, although one factory has a continuous kiln, and a few works have rectangular kilns. A few of the fire-brick makers in New Jersey use Seger cones as a guide in burning, but the majority do not. A number of cones were, therefore, dis- tributed among the different fire-brick manufacturers for placing in their kilns. From these, and those used regularly at some of the works, it was found that the New Jersey fire brick were burned at from cone g tocone 12. ‘There is no reason to believe that those manufacturers whole kilns were not tested, burn at a much higher cone, although it is probable that in the hottest parts of the kiln a slightly higher cone may sometimes be melted. At one factory cone 16 has been melted when placed opposite the flue leading from the fireplace. The firing commonly takes three to four days, 326 CEAYS ANDY CEAY INDUS TD RAe depending on the heat to be reached, size of kiln and the weather, and after this several days are required for cooling. The absorption of the New Jersey fire bricks ranges in most cases between 11 per cent. and 14 per cent. One sample of stiff- mud manufacture showed 5.37 per cent., but other stiff-mud bricks ran as high as 13.00 per cent. Their refractoriness is not as high as Ohio and Pennsylvania bricks, and yet they have the reputation of standing changes of temperatures much better. Each manufacturer commonly makes three or four brands, which are adapted to special uses. TESTS OF NEW JERSEY FIRE BRICK. In order to test the refractoriness of the New Jersey fire bricks and to determine its relation to their chemical composition and texture, samples of their different brands were requested from all the fire-brick manufacturers in the State. All except three readily agreed to the proposition, and samples of the different brands were taken from the stock piles or kilns by a member of the Survey staff. The fusing point of the bricks was tested in the Deville furnace and a partial analysis made to determine the quan- tity of silica, alumina, ferric oxide and titanium oxide, the balance being considered as lime, magnesia and alkalies. These tests are tabulated in the accompanying table. The various samples are indicated by number (column at the extreme left), and the name of the manufacturer is not published, but a record has been kept in the Geological Survey office of the source of each sample, and each maker has been supplied with a copy of the tests made on his brick. Fach column is properly headed and needs no explanation, ex- cept, perhaps, the last two. The absorption represents the percent- age of water absorbed by the brick when soaked for 48 hours, and is, therefore, an indication of its porosity. The column headed “Grade” represents the rank or quality of the brick as compared with others made at the same works. ‘Thus, all those marked “1” come from different factories, and represent in each case the best brick made at the factory from which they were FIRE CLAYS AND FIRE-BRICK INDUSTRY. taken. They are not always branded No. 1, for the best brick made at any one works may be branded XX, Special Az, or pos- sibly something else. It will be seen from a comparison even of those marked No. 1 that they vary in their refractoriness, from cone 33 down to cone 27, and that there is as great a difference between the highest grades of different manufacturers as there is between some No. 1’s and some No. 4’s. est. grade brick of some manufacturers fuse at a higher tempera- ture than the best grade of other makers. Chemical composition and fusion point of New Jersey fire brick. No Silica. I 78.24 2 82.45 2 68.70 4 77-15 5 75-20 6 81.10 7: 68.90 8 54.68 9 85.15 TO 74.01 II 77.50 12 81.20 13 72.37 14 82.30 15 74.10 16 84.99 17 79.10 18 78.84 19 74.54 20 75.05 21 77-55 22 77.32 23 77.80 24 73-48 25 78.50 26 77.30 27 74.70 19.24 14.86 25.80 19.46 21.09 15.81 28.21 39.35 i122 19.13 20.40 14.98 24.67 14.84 21.72 13.20 18.30 18.06 22.2 20.06 17.82 19.51 18.29 22.35 19.20 18.99 20.86 Ferric Alumina. oxide. 0.68 1.54 3-35 1.99 1.37 2.19 0.78 2.42 1.48 1.76 1.00 0.92 0.98 1.70 1.37 1.75 0.70 0.65 1.63 1.74 3.48 I.II 1.50 1.07 0.80 2.06 0.98 Titanium oxide. 1.66 0.90 1.25 0.95 1.72 1.69 2.53 1.10 4.30 1.53 1.43 1.50 1.20 1.86 1.61 WE7AG} 1.05 1.62 Total. 99.82 99.75 99.10 99.55 99.38 99.10 99.38 99.95 98.90 98.53 99.93 99.55 99.10 99.94 98.10 99.08 99.83 98.35 100.05 99.80 99.20 , 98.63 98.50 99.40 98.16 fusion. 33 Cone of Absorp- tion. Grade. 13.39 12.92 11.25 14.33 12.72 13.92 13.39 11.90 11.97 12.48 11.70 13.39 12.52 14.45 5.37 12.96 11.64 11.42 * Titanium oxide is included with the Alumina in these analyses. D = In other words, the low- Lan! BPRWWWWWW AY NDND DD NDNDHDNHH HR HHH DH 328 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSITRYe The above table shows that there is considerable variation both in the chemical composition and fusibility of the New Jersey fire brick, and a careful study of the table together with some supplementary experiments brings out some interesting facts in the relationship between the two. If from these analyses, the ratio of kaolinite to free silica be calculated, as can be done approximately by assuming that all of the alumina is present as kaolinite, it will be possible to com- pare the actual fusion point of the brick with that of the kaolin- silica mixtures in Fig. 41. | For example let us take No. 1 of the above series. If we assume that the 19.24 per cent. alumina was present in the clay as kaolinite (and probably most of it was), then the amount of silica necessary to combine with it is 22.38 per cent., because in kaolinite the ratio of silica to alumina is as 46.3 to 39.8, and the brick would consequently contain 41.62 per cent. of dehydrated kaolinite and 55.86 per cent. free silica. If we recalculate this on the basis of 100 per cent. and add in the amount of water necessary to the kaolinite it gives us 53.61 per cent. silica, and 46.39 per cent. kaolinite. Such a mixture ac- cording to the upper curve in Fig. 41 should fuse at cone 28 if the silica and kaolin are finely divided and thoroughly mixed. As shown by the table, however, brick No. 1 fused in the Deville furnace at cone 33, six cones higher than we should expect it to fuse, if we figured its refractoriness from the silica- kaolinite ratio mentioned above, and it therefore becomes neces- sary for us to find the reason for this discrepancy. The ex- planation of these apparently contradictory results is to be found in the texture of the brick. If we examine a piece of this brick that has been fused in the Deville furnace, we find that scattered through the fused scraps there are white grains that seem to have resisted fusion, and an examination of the brick shows that probably 15 per cent. or 20 per cent. of it is composed of angular quartz grains, some of them 7 or + of an inch in diameter. We have, therefore, an explanation of the disagreement between the theoretical fusion point of the brick based on the kaolin and silica ratio, and the actual fusion point of the brick, for as was FIRE, CLAYS AND FIRE-BRICK INDUSTRY. 329 pointed out in discussing the fusibility of clays (p. 99) the size of grain exerts a strong influence on the fusing point. The above theory is not new, and is well understood, but in order to make it perfectly clear a portion of the brick was ground sufficiently fine in a mortar to pass through a sieve of 100 meshes to the linear inch so as to greatly reduce the size of the grains, especially the quartz ones. This ground mixture when tested, in the Deville begins to get viscous at cone 28, which is the point we should expect it to fuse at if the silica and kaolinite were exceedingly fine. Owing to the fact that the quartz grains are only ground so as not to exceed one-hundredth of an inch, it would tend to fuse a little higher, were it not for the fluxing action of the .68 per cent. of ferric oxide and 1.66 per cent. of titanium oxide which the brick contains.* We see from this therefore that much of the silica in the above described brick is bound up in grains and fluxing action can only proceed from the surface of the grain inward, and, therefore, this brick has the ability to resist a higher heat than its chemical composition would indicate. ‘The refractoriness in this case is not determined by the chemical composition of the whole brick, but rather by the composition of the body in which coarse silica grains are held. In No. 2 of the list of tests, the silica and kaolinite per- centages recalculated to 100 would be 63.59 and 36.41 respect- ively. Theoretically a mixture of this composition should fuse be- tween cone 26 and 27, and a sample of it ground to 100-mesh, and tested in the Deville furnace was thoroughly viscous at cone 27, so that viscosity must have begun at least as low as cone 26 and probably lower, the ferric oxide and titanium oxide having helped depress the fusion point. The unground brick, however, in which the silica is largely in coarse grains did not fuse lower than cone 32, as shown by the table. ‘The results from this test therefore corroborate the conclusions drawn from No. 1. In No. 14 the fusion point of the calculated mixture of kaolinite and silica should lie a little below cone 27, but when ground to *In the case of fine-grained clays, free from fluxes the theoretic and actual fusion points agree very closely. (See p. 315.) 330 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. too-mesh it fuses at cone 26, whereas the brick fused at cone 31, due to the presence of the silica in coarse quartz grains. In No. 20, the actual fusion point of the brick was cone 31-32, but when ground to 100-mesh its fusion point was cone 28, while the theoretic fusion point of the silica-kaolinite ratio in the an- alysis of this brick would be cone 29 according to the curve in Fig. 41. The ferric oxide and titanium oxide aided in lower- ing it. Again in No. 23, a calculation of the silica-kaolinite ratio would lead us to expect a fusion point of cone 28, if the brick were fine grained and free from iron oxide or titanic oxide. The fusion point of the brick when ground to 100-mesh is cone 26, owing to over 3 per cent. of iron and titanic oxide. The actual fusing point with the silica present in coarse grains is cone 31. For the sake of clearness it may be well to tabulate the facts given above. Fusion Actual No. of Silica Kaolinite Theoretic point fusion brick. percentage. percentage. fusion point. ground. point. I 53.61 46.39 28 28 33 2 63.59 30.41 26-27 26 32 14 63.52 36.48 27 26 31 20 50.65 49.35 29 28 31-32 23 55-22 44.7 28 2 26) 31 The first column refers to the number in the table of tests. The second and third gives the percentage of silica and kaolinite recal- culated to 100. The fourth gives the theoretic fusion point of such a mixture according to the curve in Fig. 41, the fifth the fusion point when ground to 100-mesh, and the sixth one the fusion point of the brick. We see here that those mixtures, such as numbers 2 and 14, having the highest percentage of free silica, show the lowest fusion point theoretically, and that this was true practically when the material was finely ground, the fact that ground bricks in such cases fused lower than the silica-kaolinite mixture being due to the presence of fluxes, such as ferric and titanium oxide, as well as to a small total quantity of lime, magnesia and alkalies, repre- FIRE CLAYS AND FIRE-BRICK INDUSTRY. 331 sented by the difference between the sum of the substances de- termined and 100. As can be seen, however, from the difference in the fusing points between the fire brick in a ground and unground condition, the presence of quartz in coarse grains can offset to some extent at least the presence of a high percentage of free silica. ‘This is seen in the case of all five bricks tested. In No. 1, for instance, there was a difference of 5 cones, that is, the fire brick in its normal condition fused at cone 33, while if ground it fused at cone 28. Both ferric oxide and titanium oxide will lower the fusing point in proportion to the quantity present. No. 8 is perhaps a good example of this. This brick contains so little free silica that its condition, whether coarse or fine, would affect the fusion point but little. Even assuming that the silica was all finely divided, the fusing point of the silica-kaolinite mix- ture contained in the brick would be as high as cone 34, as shown by the upper curve, Fig. 41, but the brick fuses at cone 32, evi- dently because of nearly 5 per cent. of ferric oxide and titanium combined. From what has gone before the following conclusions seem warranted : . Chemical analyses alone can not be entirely relied on for judg- ing the refractoriness of a fire brick, although it is true that they indicate in a general way whether the brick is likely to be of low or high refractoriness. Large percentages of ferric oxide, or titanium oxide, indicate low refractoriness. So, too, a large per- centage of free silica suggests a low refractoriness under certain conditions. The chemical analyses, however, give no clue regard- ing the texture of the brick, and, as seen in the case of the several numbers of the above table, which were discussed in detail, this may be a very important factor. It follows, therefore, that if silica in excess must be added to a fire brick it is more desirable to add it in the form of coarse grains rather than fine sand. It is not, however, a desirable ingredient of fire clay at all, and the most refractory brick made in this coun- try and also in Europe contain a lower percentage of it than those from New Jersey. 332 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. For purposes of comparison, a number of analyses and fusion points of foreign brick are given below, and it will be seen that those of high refractoriness run comparatively low in silica and other fluxes. Those having a fusion point similar to many of the New Jersey brick have a similar composition. Soo) FIRE, CLAYS AND FIRE-BRICK INDUSTRY. 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Ceethectero Sasol . ‘Sloqual) OC ti Otte Uy enter eo ‘Kesuley fe ee ee Od 9. Soe Bier ‘oBuv1H uo0jsoid ee ae ae pag 1.6 Fs es *orQoqTEm Sy Ysysuy Ses ‘( Seid *T9q103S) | O neiees coe ‘vy onerees Fe ee Oy y nereRs ‘(ound W®W 79adaS) IXNX neiees : *‘(TOMIVID W 1959S) vurjzeyed . . . . . . . . . . “Et poyte yw Meo eS <3 ‘pore Dee ee 5 posuent . . . . . . . . . . cer poAleil * + “(qsAypere yoo) VW poyrell —syolig ueUulIas) Not OMD DO 2799 T CHAPTER XVII. THE CLAY-MINING INDUSTRY. CONTENTS. Introductory statement. Middlesex county. No. 1 fire clay. No. 2 fire clay. Retort clays. Stoneware clay. Ball clay. Sagger clay. Wad clay. Terra-cotta clay. Pipe clay. Hollow-ware clay. Trenton area. Delaware river area. Woodmansie area, Methods of mining. Amount of clay mined in 1902. Shipments to other states. Directory of clay miners. INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT. Under this heading is considered only the clay dug and sold by miners, and not that dug by manufacturers for their own use. In most States, as well as in many parts of New Jersey, each factory, except those producing white ware, floor tiles, wall tiles and other grades of ware, requiring a No. 2 fire clay or something better, digs clay from its own pits, located near the works. But in New Jersey, owing to the variations which are to be found in any one pit, it is often impossible to get a large amount of one kind of fire clay from a small area, and it is therefore more practicable for (335) 336 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. the factories requiring clays of medium or high refractoriness, to buy their materials from a number of clay miners. Furthermore, the terra-cotta, fire-brick, and tile factories and potteries located in adjoining States are often not able to obtain their raw materials near the works, and draw upon New Jersey for a large portion of their supply. The result of this has been that in several areas of New Jersey, chiefly within the Raritan clay belt, a thriving clay-mining indus- try has been developed. These areas are, 1) the Middlesex county area, including the region around Woodbridge and South Amboy; 2) the Trenton area; 3) the Delaware river area; 4) the Woodmansie area. MIDDLESEX COUNTY. In the northeastern portion of Middlesex county, especially around the towns of Woodbridge, Perth Amboy, South Amboy, Sand Hills, etc., there is developed the most important clay min- ing area in the State, the deposits in this region having been worked for a number of years. The importance of this area is due in large degree to the vast quantities of the higher grades of clay which have been obtained there,t ease of extraction and good transportation facilities by water or rail. The output from this region is contributed by between twenty and thirty firms or individuals. Around Woodbridge and Perth Amboy, especially, many acres of clay land have been dug over and the operations carried on since the early part of the nineteenth century. In the earlier years of the clay-mining industry, it was chiefly the better grades of clay that were sought for, and in order to obtain these, many beds that were then of no commercial value, but for which there would now often be a call, were thrown aside or mixed with overburden, so that through these wasteful methods much good material was lost. At the present day more care is exercised, and in some cases even filled pits are being re-excavated to get the clay that was left at the bottom. *See description of Middlesex county, Chap. XIX. THE CLAY—MINING INDUSTRY. 337 The Middlesex district supplies a greater variety of clays than any of the other three. Among these certain well-marked types are recognized, but the names of these are of little significance in indicating the use of the material. The most important varieties obtained in the Middlesex district are the following: No. 1 fire clay.—This term refers to the most refractory clay to be found in any fire-clay pit, and in some cases indicates a material of high refractoriness, fusing at cone 34 or 35. The term does not refer to any standard type, but is used by each clay miner to indicate his best grade of clay, and therefore it does not follow that the No. 1 fire clays obtained in the different pits of Middlesex county are all of the same degree of refractoriness. On the contrary, they exhibit as much variation, as there is among the different No. 1 fire bricks made at different works. In some cases the term No. 7 fine or No. r blue is used. Around Wood- bridge some of the better grades of fire clay are often quite sandy in their character, and consequently the terms No. 1 sandy, top or bottom sandy, or extra sandy are employed. No. 2 fire clay.—This refers to the second grade of fire clay found in any given bank. The chemical composition and fusibility of many of these Mid- dlesex county fire clays will be found in Chapter XIX, but since the term No. 1 and No. 2 fire clay is so loosely used, they are grouped there as highly refractory, refractory and semirefractory clays. Retort clays —This type of clay is recognized only in the Woodbridge district. As there recognized it is very plastic clay, burning dense, usually at cone 3 or even lower, but it is not as refractory as the No. 1 fireclay. It was probably extensively used in former years in the manufacture of gas retorts, and in this man- ner has obtained its name. At the present day, however, its chief use is in the manufacture of stoneware, especially of the sanitary variety and of other objects where a dense-burning clay of good bonding power is required. Stoneware clay.—This term is applied in some pits to a dense- burning plastic clay of less refractoriness than the ball clay, which is used to some extent in stoneware manufacture as well as for Pla, UG; 338 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. terra cotta. A small amount is obtained near Woodbridge, but the greatest quantity of it is dug from pits around South Amboy. It is sometimes divided into No. 1 and No. 2 grades. ; Ball clay—The material dug under this name conforms to the usually accepted definition of the term. It is dug near South Amboy (Loc. 67) and Sayreville (Loc. 273), and south of Woodbridge (Loc. 29, Lab. No. 378). The clay from the first two localities is put through a washing process (PI. [X), but that from the third locality is sold crude and goes under the name of ware clay. Sagger clays are dug in many parts of the Middlesex district. Their refractoriness varies from medium to low. Wad clay is dug at several localities. Terra-cotta clay.—Two types are mined in Middlesex county, one a fine clay of medium or low refractoriness, and the other a red-burning clay. The former kind, which is the most important, is obtained from all parts of the Middlesex district, and is not al- ways sold under the name of terra-cotta clay. The latter type is mined west of Woodbridge. Pipe clays——Most of those mined and sold under this name from the Middlesex area are nonrefractory. In former years sewer pipe were manufactured in New Jersey in much greater quantity than they are at present, and the name pipe clay no doubt originated in this manner. Certain plastic layers of dark-gray clay mined around Keasbey and used in conduits are also desig- nated by this name. Hollow-ware clay.—Under this term is included a great series of thinly laminated black and bluish-black, sandy, micaceous clays, which are found above the Woodbridge fire clay around Wood- bridge, as well as along the Raritan river from Perth Amboy to Keasbey and also at South River. They are extensively used for the manufacture of fireproofing, hollow brick, hollow blocks, con- duits and common brick. The conduits are made from the smoother and more plastic beds. Some No. 2 fire clays are also used in the manufacture of these hollow wares, but on the market they are spoken of as No. 2 fire clays rather than as hollow-brick clays. THE CLAY-—MINING INDUSTRY. 339 TRENTON AREA. Sagger, wad and fire clays of Raritan age are dug in a number of pits at Dogtown, east of Trenton. Most of the product is hauled by wagon to Trenton for use in the potteries there. The number of firms or individuals actively and permanently in opera- tion does not exceed three, but the clay is sporadically dug by others. Detailed tests of the Dogtown clays are given under Mercer county, Chapter XIX. DELAWARE RIVER AREA. Semirefractory fire clays are dug in several pits near Palmyra. These are shipped chiefly to Philadelphia and other nearby towns for terra cotta and foundry use. The deposits are overlain by a great thickness of sand, which is the chief product of the pits, the clay being excavated in but comparatively small quantities from the bottom. : WOODMANSIE, AREA. This represents a small area of Cohansey clay mined near Old Half Way, in Ocean county, and shipped mostly to Philadelphia for terra-cotta manufacture. METHODS OF MINING, The methods used for mining the clay by square pits, as prac- ticed in the Middlesex and Trenton districts, have already been teferred to in Chapter IJ. It may appear to some that this system of mining, as extensively practiced in the Woodbridge district, is not the best that can be adopted, and yet, under the conditions, it is probably the most practicable, since the frequent change in character of the beds both vertically and laterally prohibits any methods involving the digging of the clay on a larger scale. ‘This 340 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY is one of the reasons why steam shovels could not be used for excavating purposes. The pit method, described in Chapter II, has certain advantages, for in digging through the section each time, to or nearly to the bottom of the deposit, it is possible for the clay miner to supply a number of kinds of clay at one time, whereas, if a large excavation were made working over a large area at one level, only one kind of clay might be extracted at a time. Unless, however, a number of pits are worked at once the output from any one property is restricted. One of the finest ap- pearing banks in the Woodbridge district is that of W. H. Cutter, located south of the village (Pl. XX XVII). AMOUNT OF CLAY MINED IN NEW JERSEY. The total quantity and value of the clay mined in New Jersey in 1902 was as follows :3 \ Clay mined in New Jersey, 1902. Kaolini(sogealled)) Matesea soa 1,576 short tons. $1,761 Ihde CEE, ARUN, “bbooco8 CoboebdS OM 281,508 do. 327,58C Ballclayaerawaaaeceec eee center 607 do. 3,991 Stonewanerclaya haw seen sek 34,307 do. 59,270 Miscellaneousnelay unaware ceee 57225 do. 130,471 do. prepared, .... 6,765 do. 15,586 494,800 do. $612,721 New Jersey is the largest producer of clay in the country, the total quantity of clay mined in the United States in 1901 being 1,367,170 short tons, valued at $2,576,932. It must be under- stood, however, that these figures refer only to the clay, which was sold by the miner in the raw state, and does not include the much larger amount of clay which was dug directly by the manufac- turers of fire brick, fireproofing, hollow ware and all the various grades of building brick, most of whom own their clay banks and utilize themselves nearly all, if not all, the clay they dig. Even in the Woodbridge-Perth Amboy district, where the clay miner as * The figures are taken from the Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1902. PLATE XXXVII. General view of W. H. Cutter’s west clay bank, near Woodbridge. THE CLAY—MINING INDUSTRY. 341 distinct from the clay manufacturer is most prominent, the clay dug and sold raw is probably not more than one-half the total amount dug, and the total amount of clay dug in the entire State must be many times these figures. SHIPMENTS TO OTHER STATES. The most interesting feature of the New Jersey clay-mining industry, however, is its important relation to the production of clay products in the other States, many of the largest firms in New York, Pennsylvania, and adjoining States drawing on the New Jersey pits for their supply of raw materials. In order to deter- mine the quantity of clay shipped to points outside the State in 1902, a letter of inquiry was sent to the different clay-mining firms, and replies were received from all those active in that year with the exception of a few small ones. The results received from twenty-four miners when tabulated gave the following: Amount of clay shipped from New Jersey to other states in 1902. Number of State. Long tons. firms shipping. Renisylivaniay vt cece peies errors scl sansa at 50,482 15 INC Wwe MOn Ke: ee ened rateie Cains tare oe 27,636 18 Ohio eek: ok Se eR et ee she, aM, Ce 24,039 8 AUT OPS Us alos Sco UE oe Pei ose Tys irises otsaeye 20,266 3 CONNECEICIE., «+ 2o-ocd | oheded jaaeeeed pesos KAS OOY Goneto= Hire shrinkage, 2.4; sorbent. 269 | 738 |South of Eatontown, ...-.-.-...-.-.-. Black-wsandy, Clayy-ie-evisteletsteisteinieteteieiea Mietatets cictctarslalaist 4.2 OlOSH | eatacie ane 144 | 650 |r mile south of Collingwood,.......... .|Brick mixture; used for common brick and tile,..... 34-9 10 200 354 286 10 3-3 WOE Ia anne |oooDoed Bosco |acecond 3°3 9.92 145 | 715 |134 miles north of Haddonfield,. Gritty, plastic; not used,. 30-7 6.6 144 188 168 6 146 | 638 |r mile north of Westmont,...........-- Notgused emcee ceeeree SERENE silk Se eneime ves. | eee eaeoneel aesece] Honece| nesect aceece 147 | 635 |Northeast of Haddonfield, ..... SsecoognINOYE Eth Gonpddapdegonnpdeonsoce GopnbegoNpUGeaS . 29 7 ppcocdlorconel| EYE |lEcoos0 149.| 648 |Maple Shade, ......... eee weceae .-.-.|Bottom clay, fat and micaceous,.....-....--+++.+--. | 32.8 9 65g0)/o0055 ene fooog0 5 152 | 714 |2 miles southeast of Merchantville, on road to Evesboro, ... .....--|Plasticity low, little grit; not used,..-.....-...----- | 38.5 8.3 118 131 126 3 pgacd benobD| boaoEcd bosons lboauacd loson0K 7 HST) | eocobood 157 | 613 |1 mile south of west of Woodbury, along Matthews brook, 3 -|Not used, . | 28 ir 162 | 255 | 193 10 5-3 6.88 6.3 158 | 612 |Southwest side Little Timber creek, 134 | miles south of west of Mt. Ephraim,|Not used, -......-. 6 p3O0GR0 200050 COGSABOSOGOS | 22.8 7 |\\Gobado| padoun Sopp] |so00b0 8 8.42 227 | 616 |Along road south of Matawan,........-- Notiusedsyscceccsenasactce CHOOAERCAREEOO oocagageoall Weert) 5:3 149 | 177 | 166 6 1.7 | 14.98 27 231 | 607 |North of Matawan, ...--..-- ..2.+++-.../Used for common earthenware, ....----+ So RTS RES 9.3 ros | r45 | 128 To}l|ae7 alll ixx!o3) | Eerectse| merrier 6 5.81 | 87 5.24 | 10-7 147 | 735 |134 miles northeast of Haddonfield,.....|Lean, gritty, micaceous, black; not used,............ 27.7 3 jlecsoas 5 fe | ete otatade | atlteastats i) OEE? |losoeced lancome pl Jogooocd fa Bo 1 18.78 5 228 | 601 |Matawan, -|Brick mixture, psreadsoapas || 21.8 6.3 194 | 200 | 197 | 2 1 | 3.7 9.65 |. Cone 5 | = e 8 cently as ee fp 2 fy if REMARKS. .| Cone ro—viscous. Viscous at cone 8. CLAY-BEARING FORMATIONS. BO weathering, in unprotected deposits, frequently extends to a depth of 6 to 8 feet or even more. The overburden ts either Pensauken gravel, a pebbly loam, or a sandy loam, the two latter being utilized at some yards for mixing ° with the clay. In some banks, as at Maple Shade (Reeve’s), certain layers occur, which are very fat, of high shrinkage, and which are unsafe to use alone. ‘Those which are highly glauco- nitic are also undesirable. Samples were tested from nine different localities, the location of which can be seen by reference to the following table of tests. Slaking.—The clays of this formation are not dense, but, on the contrary, are often porous, and hence slake very fast to a powdery mass. Few of the samples tested show much evidence of weathering. Where weathering has occurred the clay 1s com- monly stained with limonite and is very sandy. Water required.—In tempering the amount of water required by weight ranged from 20 per cent. to 34 per cent., with an aver- age of 26.2 per cent. In two cases, viz., localities 143 (620) and 149 (647) the tests given are for the green-brick mixture, which in the case of locality 143 consists of Clay Marl I with a small amount of surface loam added and at locality 149 of a mixture of Clay Marl I and II with some loam. The effect of this addition did not materially affect the quantity of water required for mixing the material up to a stiff, pasty mass. When the clays of Clay Marl I are compared with those of Clay Marl II it is noticeable that on account of their greater sandiness they require much less water. Air shrinkage.—In the samples tested this ranged from 6 per cent. to 8.8 per cent., with an average of 7.1 per cent. The higher shrinkage shown by several is apparently due to their finer grain, but the one with the maximum air shrinkage of 8.8 per cent. does not absorb the greatest quantity of water. The air shrinkages given in the table are slightly greater than those obtained in practice, because most of these clays are molded in a stiff-mud machine with little or no water added. Tensile strength.—None of the samples of Clay Marl I, so far as tested, run low in tensile strength, and some of them, indeed, 362 CEAYS AND CEAY INDUS TRE run high. The lowest one of the series gave 145 pounds per square inch, while the highest of the clay alone was 282 pounds per square inch. ‘The addition of the loam in some cases seems to decrease slightly the strength. Thus the clay from Budd Brothers, City Line station, near Camden (Loc. 143), when tested alone, gave an average of 164 pounds per square inch, but with loam added and mixed for molding on a stiff-mud machine, the tensile strength dropped to 156 pounds per square inch. A brick mixture of Clay Marl I and II, with some loam, used at Maple Shade (Loc. 149) averages 282 pounds per square inch. - Burning.—All the samples tested burned red, although of dif- ferent degrees of brightness. Where this degree of coloration was obtained at as low a cone as 05, the bricks deepen rapidly in color and lose their brightness when heated above cone o1, at which point even the color was rather deep. Although few of them reached a condition of steel-hardness before cone 1, still it is not necessary to heat them this high to make a good brick. No measurements were made of the common-brick kilns, yet it is probable that they do not exceed the melting point of cone 03, if we may judge from the color and hardness of the brick. The fire shrinkage of all is low when burned at cone 05, rang- ing from practically o per cent. to 8.3 per cent. The last figure indicates a higher fire shrinkage than that of any of the other clay marls. Of the samples tested, those from Windsor (Loc. 192) and Hightstown (Loc. 194) burn the hardest at cone 05, but in the case of the latter the hardness is due probably in part to the fact that the sample came from the boundary of Clay Marl I and Clay Marl II, and, therefore, would naturally possess some of the denser-burning qualities of the clays from the latter formation. Uses.—On account of the high percentage of organic matter in the Clay Marl I, brick made from it must be burned slowly at first, until the carbon is all burned off. Failure to regard this point causes black cores, and sometimes even swelling or bursting of the brick. None of the samples were sufficiently fine-grained, or vitrifiable at low enough temperature, to be useful for the manufacture of vitrified brick, neither do they as a rule lend themselves to the manufacture of pottery, although it is possible ie) SAR ee SS Physical Characters of Clay Marl I. | | T st | | | Baraistewarm || csmeas, || ‘coneos | Comme MMMeme ne || comcls | | | in| | . | | | | | Locatity. CHARACTER OF MATERIAL. | 3 | | | REMARKS. Da Ei a || a ||, F 3 2 oc £ B : ¢ g. | e g (= 5 : é : 2 jeer s|¢ Oe pee ae ele | a lee Z| & 20. z=] é é e 32 a ee Wy cy a = a | « = Sis eee & & a 5 Bie 2 3 8 $ 2 3 2 By a e & Gl 8 | é S 5 ERs = 4 = 3 de 4 Ps cs) N) de a =e 4 a < a a < V4 2 < a < & < 3} >] Sa Cliffwood Lignitic Sands and Clays. 5 | Cliffwood—Carmen & Avery, .-.----- .--)Mixture for stifft-mud brick,...-.........--- OO 25-5 6.5 77 100 88 10 1.5 17-93 3 11.34 3 13.61 3.2 11,12 27 9.98 6 Or 70 | iets meee | Meretateres Gritty, papderately plastic, light clay; most northern | CLO sev oabod pit along railroad (Aug., 1902),...-.......----- 23-5 6 101 110 103 4 3-5 CE EY.| enaned| lbomcocd |ocacan loceccict] 7-5 DES | secoscd) hoeaort Mocpedt foaksckr| bacsond Iictnde- CREN Oe ire shrinkage, 5; absorption, 13-73. Clifftwood—A. H. Furman, . .|Brick mixture, ..... pases 23 5.3 105 110 106 5 2 17-59 2.5 13.37 3 10.10 33 9.38 |.. | Nearly viscous at cone 8. do : -|Fat, black clay; used in brick, 39 6 82] 108 91 12] 4-3 |1116 | 4.6 678 | 7 7:87'| 9.3 3-74 | Well vitrified at cone 8. | Amboy Stoneware Clay. | South Amboy—H. C. Perrine & Son,....)Much fine grit; used for stoneware,......-...-.---- 37 7 108 120 M1} | |Genoae DCOGSEd Isbe ach 6 11.65 | 6 8.77 7.6 9.95 |------- SoA8ted| lecus0e loscoced 9 -24 | Not beyond incipient fusion at 6 cone 27. iscous at cone jo, South Amboy Fire Clay. South Amboy—J. R. Such,. .|Soft, fine-grained, washed ball clay, al 29 5 face iron, Eerie 6 Fused at cone 29, do -|Pipe clay; g1 y pla: 5 Sayreville—Edgar Bros., -|Dense, fine-grained, No. 1 blue fire ee 4: 33 Vitrified at cone 27. do -/Washed ball clay, .. 5 very low 10.6 10.53 Cone 15—Fire shrinkage, 16; absorption, .63. Vitrified S at cone 27. Woodbridge Black Laminated Sandy Clays. Keasbey—National Fireproofing Co.,..... Pipe clay; clay from bottom of bank; dense, tou, good plasticity; contains organic matter,. go 6 50 55 73 1,58 9 r GH} |leSdocderd Vitrified between cones 8 and Cy Scena Flue clay; sandy; used for hollow brick, 28 4 75 100 7-3 8.81 | 12 6.10 10. My cre Laminated sand and clay, pyrite and limonite lum;s hollow-brick mixture, 3o30 5-5 too | 156 | 112 Bl) Ze lenses Perth Amboy—National Fireproofing Co.,|From laminated sand and F - mixture; small lumps of pyrite, ol iocmaodc 5 126 162 145 10 1! Ilooa0a5 A loaneanadleoveac| beacoad AGE] oesaed aces] boomor| paced fo6ace4| 5095.40 paapace| Becomes yiscous at 1444° C. South River—Sayre & Fisher Co.,.....-|Dark gray, with much organic matter and mica scales; eee used for hollow brick,......-.2--2+-.ee-s-se0-s 25 6.3 EGY Wston| © Er ecco lscotiae bocce! ldgeneee Leoaeee|(8: | EReeeetl ee outed paanecs F223 hecode eecioed Boeoeed Honcber ocord Vitrified at cone 5. do ..--..,Gritty; colored by organic matter; some mica and sand grains; used for common brick,...........- 30.5 4 70 HES \locoacallocaecollon doacdleccccullooccacd reoosod! GG OHH? \loaoene4 Boodocd| ¥7 Ga || EE Neconocd acsaped|adeorc4 Fused at cone 12. Woodbridge Fire Clays. : Woodbridge—Perth Amboy Terra Cotta ON eiems aueaaee Smooth, dense, dark gray clay; very few mica scales; some shreds of Tiguitic matter; used for terra slightly rts, : . 34 (93 \lbsonoellao6an5 Fz} |losoane|locsoe éllaosaag 5.6 3.40 | 5.6 Ga ||cocacd Bocoeed becaere fecssece 74 SHOE | MLSS I ececerd Vitrified at cone 26, but not vis- Woodbridge—M. D. Valentine & Bro... ; Nomogencous texture; smooth cous hence, very//refractory- . 1 fire clay,. 25 Fie \lestogel hencen Beoeubl oscene| becca: lecedsel bosased Hocaces ee eoroocs feteeelllaaesil| 0615) ||) 19.054) e +2 d|enrse ney 13 7.76 | Incipiently fused at cone 27. Woodbridge—J, H. Leisen, ........-.-- Mixture of retort and fine fire clay; medium plasticit Fused at cone 34+- feeling quite sticky, ..-......-.-.-.. aceaaue C4. @ fooos allsonaccy OG |Joodoe ol|eobeocd | seacer||esoccedlaqccoed 4.6 GEA [lc neccd(Boppoed 8 9.79 | 11.3 (AY) Jlcoecses| locmcced Vitrified at cone 27. Near_ Woodbridge—Staten Island Clay Ghp, Boop ondjecuce cosagJayeanecen Hollow-brick clay; tough, red, mottled clay; dense, | | having angular fracture, | r “60 |. 12.1 8.95 | 13.5 75 | 16-5 3.27 WoodbridgeAnness & Potter, Vea: eeEN MUMS, Conte bseg Nios Sn EGS Soran lice ae Hg | 1682 || Se | reea.|\ nore | xel04 ||| Welll fused’ at cone qq. do Soft, grayish white clay; irregular fracture, and some porosity; No. 1 fire clay,. cer i 40 45 4r 7-5 13.74 | 11 9.10 .| At_cone 27 only shows incipient | fusion; cuseds at cone 34+. do Top, sandy clay; soft, whitish, gritty, with tiny mica! | i} scales; fairly plastic, but not very Stich ygwreteret siete |irere at ae I) cys || 89 78 6G) Jleencedd|snccnc peep se Boconcdlomsecacllostns ee | erestete mele te4* || 13.98 3-4 2.90 se -neies|enes- ee! * Burned at cone 4. Fused at | | cone 27. Physical Character of Raritan Clays.—Continued. ] ] ] | Tenstte STRENGTH. | Cone os Cone ot, | Cone 1 Cone 3. | Cone 5 Cone 10, | , Lbs. per sq. in. | | | | eal a ee mel eae aiaeicc |. | . “og to | 4 3 o = : Cj e hs Locanity. CHaracter oF MATERIAL, ese & f g | 5 Ny § F § : 5 5 | REMARKS. 5 © as e 3 ea : e Wh ast : 2 e 2 “ 2 a 2 | % Fee 28 | A Be ee a We Sees | & | eas | = a . 2 o aot £ me | = S 3 | a i Bee 8 ee | Se Se ee ee) Sl eee | 2 | Cees a < 2 et | es | (= | =| eI S 2 4 fey | a < 2 et eee | — —= == —_—— ——- == — of. 1 24 | 374 |Woodbridge—H. Maurer & Son, Blue top clay, .....:.-+ Hoe hcasene onc eee 33 5.5 1og | 136 | 122 9 padlocooced 4-5 9.80 | 5.1 7.86 .-| Cone 1s—Fire shrinkage, 7.15 | abs., 1.86; vitrified at cone 27; viscous at cone 30. 24 | 379 do an Yellow top clay; sandy feeling; many tiny mica scales,| 16 3:3 Viscous at cone 27. 24 | 383 do oe -|Sandy, speckled or finely mottled clay, with small ii aes mica scales; fire-mortar clay,.......2...12.2+2-+ 28 Si) 861) x71) 199) fone cifsteiraie-|ereie wn srioasan|umenviceleeoewa|rraiete| MSI || 0-75) |p SM ES98!] S\ || 4x20) Yee ss|oeesies Viscous at cone 27. 29 | 378 |Woodbridge—W. H. Cutter,.........-.. Ware and ball clay from bottom of ban fine | 6 Jitri grained; little or no grit, with conchoidal fracture,| 33 34 14.6 l 7-14 | 16.6 22 | V itrified at) cone 27. Fused at cone 34+. 29 | 380 Pda -|Gritty clay; used for stoneware,.... 28 7 3-3 | 8.37 --| Viscous at cone 33. 54 | 307 |Sand Hills—Ostrander Fire Brick Co.,...|/Sandy clay} hard, yellowish, mottled; Ys 28 5 Bien aces “| os 54 | 407 do Dense, brownish black clay; little iron; from soul j 7 13.36 | = ° 3 9.3 | 11.31 86 | 404 |Sand Hills—R. H. & N. Valentine,. 3 ag --| 13.8 | 6.47 | Fused at cone 32. 86 | 410 A lo 34 6.6 6.45 | Cone 15—Fire shrinkage, 12; 233 || 627 |East of Milltown—Not opened,.......:|Sandy clay, s..2c.sceeccsececeeeecccccsecccecercce| woe sees 5 tees absorption, 3.01. Fuses at 256 | 729 |East_of Milltown—American Enameled cone 30. Brick and Tile Co.....-2-..-0-0+5 25.9 AG: |Iscondel oaosee| eensoe| lbea6a0| bpooun-|jacoods] Wapoaed PaseReH ICT I) c6tGG lkosceodleaeecal! ZG |) GROW RBS a sey Ropeaed frcooncd Beocect | Raritan Fire and Terra Cotta Clay. 6 5 | 376 |Woodbridge—G. H. Cutter, .... Gritty, red clay, streaked with white; used for terra . $ fi 5 a 26 4.6 57. 4 We) hoaeoad Sascun O4 PO Nobatdadlasaesed 12 Soffa IGoeoecd bopaer| date Souseed Becomes viscous at cone 14. 93 | 396 |Piscataway—C. Richards, Lessee, ....... | Be (Moca Beshamtcmien CNS: edgar sone cc+ ace s-|Howesescues GH: Gas URN cocoa. teste eed ooo 5.5 45 Sa osnocal [ooar «=| 2:5 | 19:32 2.1 14.09 2.5 13.01 3-4 T2.4B jeer e eee [eee ee eel ee eee eel eee ee 115 T44 : peek ene cokes 5 32 7 Bao] ecoed EF |b pncdal lbonooed 3 A |lbneaod 3 19:69 ||. ee || EHS: llooceded laasoscd lbosaped cacece| 47 sep || Gap own wee ees: Sandy clay; not very coherent; scattered white mica scales; used for terra cotta,.......-...+.+-+. S| go18 43 ur | 136} 119 il Hosaded recebs| Secaced bekaee:| Kasbocd lsaosecd herd Cone. 15—Fire shrinkage, 33 absorption, 2.96. ates Cone 15—Fire shrinkage, 2.3; 134 | 621 |Palmyra—H. Hylton, ..... ..|Plasticity fair; gritty clay,. 20 5-3 63 70 65 10 1.3 & absorption, 8.40. 139 | 631 |Morris Station—P. Erat ..|Mottled, sandy, little mica,.. 17-7 Ee eetee cb nnn letst Storey cron in . Cone 27—Nearly viscous. 136 | 703 |Pit on south side road} southeast a of Fish House station; not worked,.|White clay, 5 19.2 0. 15-43 } 5 135 | 643 |34 mile south of Fish House station,. Cone 21.9 3:3 aco Cone 27—Viscous. Miscellaneous, 2 miles south of Monmouth Junction, on a ESN BS ‘New Brunswick-Trenton trolley line,.|Sampled by boring, .-.... nennonen6ens SoS 000S8 6050! HOONOSE Z 140 | 170 | 160 LO poocosd snosodleaoonedlle 6585 Z FEY |Insemcerlsecn sell © eos Moeenee iecoocd easooud econ CLAY-BEARING FORMATIONS. 365 and for the manufacturer to make up mixtures of many different properties. j The fusibility of this same grade of clay is commonly high. The best No. 1 fire clays do not fuse below cone 35, but some so-called ones may fuse at 30. The fusion point of the so- called No. 2 fire clays commonly ranges from cone 27 to cone 33. The stoneware clays show a refractoriness equal to the good No. 2 fire clays, while many of the terra-cotta clays fuse at cone 27. To discuss the kinds of clay mined in the Raritan belt, and their uses, would involve repeating much that is said on other pages, and therefore reference is here made to the description of the clays of Middlesex, Mercer and Burlington counties (Chapter XIX), and to the chapter on the Clay Mining Industry (p. 335). TRIASSIC SHALES. The Triassic shale is used for the manufacture of common brick, and front brick at Kingsland, Bergen county, where very fine-grained beds are quarried in the face of the bluff overlook- ing the Hackensack meadows. The rock is moderately hard, occurring in thick beds, and is quarried in large blocks which are broken first by a jaw crusher and then pulverized in dry pans. It has sufficient plasticity to be used in a stiff-mud machine, burns to a good red color and makes a hard dense brick, but it becomes viscous at cone I. Samples of the shale from several other localities were tested in the course of these investigations, but in all cases they were too sandy and lacked plasticity, but beds equally as well adapted to the manufacture of brick as those at Kingsland can undoubtedly be found, although they may not be so favorably situated as regards ease of working and transportation. HUDSON SHALES. This shale formation is for the most part too sandy for use along these lines, but it is worked for clay products at one locality, viz., Port Murray, where it is fine-grained and has been deeply 366 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. weathered. There is an inexhaustible quantity of the material, but the great objection to it is its lack of plasticity, for the shale is very lean. Weathering improves it, and as much of the weathered material as can be obtained is mixed with the less weathered portion. It burns to a good red color and becomes steel-hard at a moderately low temperature, but is not at all re- fractory. The shale is used for making fireproofing, and its physical characters are given under Warren county. CHAPTER XIX, CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES. _By HEINRICH RIES AND Henry B. KUMMEL, CONTENTS. Atlantic county, Bergen county, Burlington county, Camden county, Cape May county, Cumberland county, Essex county, Gloucester county, Hudson county, Hunterdon county, Mercer county, Middlesex county, Monmouth county, Morris county, Ocean county, Passaic county, Salem county, Somerset county, Sussex county, Union county, Warren county. In this chapter the clay deposits of the State are taken up by counties, and details are given regarding the most important - individual localities, which could not be touched upon in the general descriptions of the preceding chapter, nor be included in the tabulated physical tests. No attempt is made to describe all the occurrences of clay in the State, particularly in those counties (367 ) 368 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSH Rae where they are numerous. Samples were taken from certain of the clay beds, which are now utilized and which seemed fairly representative, and also from many unworked localities which seemed promising. It was of course impossible, within the limits of time and money available, to make physical tests of samples from all outcrops of clay, or even from all the clay pits in the State, but this work was so distributed geographically as to give definite and accurate information as to the economic value and character of all the important clay beds. In the following pages details are given relating to all the localities from which samples were taken, as well as of some other important deposits. -It was not thought best to attempt to describe individual plants except where they illustrate some particular feature of technological interest. CLAYS OF ATLANTIC COUNTY. 369 ATLANTIC COUNTY. Most of the deposits worked in this county belong to the Cohansey formation, and openings have been made near Bakers- ville, Da Costa, Elwood, Egg Harbor City and Mays Landing. At Bakersville there are extensive deposits which seem best re- ferred to the Cape May, although perhaps they belong to the Cohansey. In nearly every instance the occurrences represent a more or less basin-shaped deposit, covered by sand, and lying in a flat region covered with a thick growth of underbrush. Da Costa.—Beginning at the northwestern side of the county the first deposit seen-was south of Da Costa at the brickyard of David Doerr (Loc. 197), where the pit shows the following section: Gravellliye Loar ye egeeete rete I oe ehh coo ec see me pce 2-4 ft. Yellowish-gray clay, underlain by some black clay,....... 9 “ Sait es ote epee ee IR crs DNT Te eae S eons ame ay Anu eM can The clay, which is mostly red-burning, shows occasional streaks of sand, which are sometimes cemented by limonite, and, if these get into the bricks, they are liable to cause fused spots. The lighter-colored, as well as lighter-burning clay, forms irregular patches here and there in the deposit and is not much used in the bricks. Two openings have been made, indicating that the length of the deposit is probably not less than 300 feet. The run of the bank, excluding the light-burning material, was obtained by taking a sample by boring to a depth of 5 feet, with an ad- ditional 4 feet from the sides of the pit. This clay showed the following physical characters. Water required for tempering, 30.8 per cent. ; air shrinkage, 6.6 per cent. Average tensile strength 206 pounds per square inch. Its be- havior in burning was as follows: Burning tests of clay of David Doerr from Da Costa. Cone 05 Cone I Cone 3 Cone 5 Fire shrinkage, ..... 0.7 % BY 4 9% 4: % EXDSOGPtION | 5... sac 16.56% 15.72% 10.87% 8.34% SONG ic = nS eee pink red lightened eh er eee red WOnditiON | 2455... notsteel-hard notsteel-hard |... 4... steel-hard Di (UG 370 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. This material shows a good color and low fire shrinkage, which accounts for its high absorption. The grit holds back the shrink- age, but still there is not enough sandy matter to lower its tensile strength. The whitish clay is similarly a somewhat plastic material, but has less grit. It took a little less water to mix, viz., 29.1 per cent., but its air shrinkage, 7.5 per cent., is slightly greater. Its tensile strength is also good, averaging 192 pounds per square inch. Its. burning qualities are as follows: Burning tests of a clay from David Doerr’s pit, Da Costa. Cone 05 I § 5 & Fire shrinkage, 0.5 % PUG BO) As GY 5.1% Absorption, ... 17.20% 12: OATG eT ZION oat eens nearly impervious. Colors see see palevellow yellow buff buff deep buff nd Condition, .... not steel-hard steel-hard),. cca c5s\ pepe Comparing the two, it will be seen that the latter has a lower fire shrinkage at cone 5 than the former or red-burning clay, but shrinks about the same at the temperature of common-brick kilns. The lighter burning one is not a fire clay, and it is doubtful whether it could be used for buff brick. If any of the buff-burn- ing clay gets into the brick mixture it shows as whitish spots in the brick. The clay is now employed for common, soft-mud,. building brick. Elwood.—In the summer of 1902 a new pit was started by Messrs. Rupp & Sawyer (Loc. 198) at a point 2 miles north- east of Elwood, exposing a bed of yellowish, sandy clay from 4. to 5 feet thick and with 2 to.11 feet overburden. ‘The bottom is: sand, which at times is gravelly, and is mixed in with the bricks.. This clay is red-burning like the run of the bank at Da Costa, and burns equally porous. At the time the pit was visited it had not been opened up enough to give a very definite idea of the extent or thickness of the clay. If many pebbles get into the clay it tends to split in burning. Mays Landing.—Clay for making pressed brick has been dug to a considerable extent (Loc. 195) at Mays Landing, several strata of clay being found in one pit. In part they resemble those CLAYS OF ATLANTIC COUNTY. 371 dug at Rosenhayn, Cumberland county. The section recognized there was as follows: Section of clay bank at Mays Landing. 1. Yellow, gravelly sand. 2. Light clay. 3. “Pompeian” clay. 4. Sandy clay. The characters of Nos. 2 and 3 are as follows: Physical tests on clay from Mays Landing. No. 2 No. 3 Water required to temper, ................ 23.17% 23.40% Aumsshrinkace:s eae eee seats 7.50% 8.00% Average tensile strength, lbs. per sq. in.,... 282 203 Cone o5— ine? Shrinkage tet Ge qin kite n ean eke ores Ono AN DSOTPtlOMs paces Peers ake, ee eed chee eae 11.65% Cone I— Hinemshrinkagen sec cee reese rack 2.80% 3.3076 INDSODP EONS” as eee oe aes 8.00% 6.20Yo Cone 3— Birexshrinkage wots mr ee ee ma 4.1 Yo 4.0090 ADSOPptHONs.c geen eee ene 3.50% 3.60% Cone 5— Eire shrinkage ce ener sera 4.50% 4.00% A DSOLP LION) Mee OC ene 3.08% 4.30% Cone 8— ine shninkace sn vee epee earl 6.50% 5.00% Absorption, gerciatare aoe abate O1S4Cory tune Cone 10o— Binesshrinkca generate reine PET Toggle ciate tees AND SOED LONG tae Sean SAE Rene Psa OM Soe ins aye: The lighter clay burns to a deep yellow, which on vitrification passes into a gray green. The other one burns buff and then reddish yellow as it becomes impervious. Neither are fire clays, but they make a strong buff-colored front brick. Pleasant Mills ——Cohansey clays also outcrop at Pleasant Mills (Loc. 199) on the Atlantic county side of the stream, but the bed is thin. The material is variable in color, ranging from a bluish- black to a light-yellow or mottled clay, with occasional streaks of 372 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. bluish-white sand. The mottled clay close to the bridge across the creek is of promising appearance, and may expand in thickness. It is a gritty and not highly plastic clay with an air shrinkage of 6.6 per cent. It burns buff, and its fire shrinkage at cone 5 is only 2.7 per cent., the bricklet having an absorption of 13.25 per cent. Its visible extent is not great, but still it should encourage further prospecting in this region. Deposits of buff-burning clays are also known around Doughty’s, but are not being worked at present. Bakersville. — At Bakersville a large deposit of clay occurs which 1s probably referable to the Cape May formation and which differs considerably from the Cohansey deposits in its physical characters. The section shows 1) a bottom clay, 2) a middle sandy layer, 3) atop sandy clay. The bottom clay alone, although very plastic, has too great a fire shrinkage to be used by itself, for the latter at cone I amounts to 15.5 per cent., and even then the clay does not burn dense. The top clay softens rapidly when water 1s added, and cannot be used alone, even though its strength is 105 pounds per square inch. The best results are, therefore, obtained by using a mixture of the top and bottom clays and molding them with as little water and as much pressure as pos- sible. Clay-working imdustry.—Common brick are made in large quantity by the Somers Brick Company, at Bakersville, much of the product going to supply the local market at Atlantic City. Other yards are those of David Doerr, near Da Costa,and of Rupp & Sawyer, northeast of Elwood. Pressed brick are made by the Atlantic Brick Manufacturing Company, of Mays Landing, while earthenware is produced by Julius Einsiedel, at Egg Harbor City, a portion of his clay being obtained from small pits near that place. A CLAYS OF BERGEN* COUNTY: 373 BERGEN COUNTY. Hackensack and Little Ferry—The extensive deposits of brick clay which occur between Hackensack and Little Ferry, and also south of the latter point, have already been described somewhat in detail, pp. 124-128. They are quite uniform in character, so that the following test of a sample will serve to indicate their physical properties. Water required for mixing, 22 per cent.; air shrink- age, 6 per cent.; average tensile strength, 108 pounds per square inch. At cone 05, fire shrinkage 4.3 per cent., absorption 7.88 per cent., color good red, bricklet nearly steel-hard. At cone 01, fire shrinkage 7.3 per cent., absorption .28 per cent., bricklet red. At cone 1 bricklet practically vitrified, fire shrink- age 8.6 per cent., absorption .1 per cent., color good red. At cone 3 the clay was beyond vitrification, and it had begun to swell so that its fire shrinkage was only 7 per cent.; in fact, it was unable to hold its shape at this point. In actual practice the clay is always mixed with a, certain proportion of the overlying sand, in order to reduce the fire shrinkage and make it stand up better in burning. The bricks are always molded by the soft-mud process and burned in scove kilns. Analyses of common-brick clays. Little Ferry. Hackensack. Silica (SiOz) iene weit ek en ere RI 66.67 59.69 luna SiCAL@:)h sess ae ry ern eset ee e827 Iresay, Grancksy (BELO) 5. 5 bow ca cleventauso sade Bair } 24,05 IMigvanverrep aialo (ADO b) eves oie eas Ene 0.85 0.44 NB rerven (CAG) ciecayth secon nos ce mage ener tee 1.18 1.63 IMaciresiai (Nis @)) hiner re eae 1.09 2.03 Rota lnny (sO) Vi by sect ke ete a es ee eee We 2.92 0.54 sodam (Naz) = at) senate nee Cunnag Girne bank 1.30 2.39 Waiter CEIs ©!) eyes rer eae sees ei lin unary 4.03 4.85 IVIGISHInE 0.0 sees: ES ORS o eae ENR be, 0.80 ‘SOE AVRO At ah La Ie ee petal ars te 99.42 96.42 374 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. Analysis of a glacial brick clay’ from Garfield. Silica 1C SiOz) ho iak SUN Rok Been eee ReGen 73.71 Alumina: CATO) i oes. seocs ne oo See eR EC Ee eee II.09 Herric oxide GHeOs i suns A ech ee ne Oe eere 4.30 Time CCA De ey ais eee re eR ee ALB Macnestan(Vis Oi ee 2 Sis ceca eee ee eee Onsen eS Aa 1.71 Potash (Ke@ yaa gs Stee, Luanok ee eRe a ae ens Renae 1.87 Sodarg GNias@)) sesh. dears cigs oz hues Neve teeters apne A 1.42 Combined swater(Hs@))) ese chine earn eee ee ee ere 3.03 Motal ea Soa ene sah eae a Ee Ad 100.34 Total. fluxes: (7 chic comer: phearstuncane es eee ee eee 11.61 This would indicate a red-burning clay, fusing at a low tem- perature. Kingsland.—At Kingsland the red Triassic shale is used for brick. The rock is here a moderately thick-bedded, brownish- red shale, more earthy and less sandy than at many localities in the State, but not exceptionally so. The quarry has been opened in the face of the high bluff bordering the Hackensack meadows, and closely adjoining the D. L. & W. railroad, so that facilities for handling the raw material and shipping the product are unex- celled. Inasmuch as the raw material has to be crushed and ground, an expense not present in the manufacture of brick from soft clay, it is essential that there be economy in other directions in order to compete successfully with clay-made brick. ‘This fact may prevent the utilization of the red shale at many localities where it is otherwise available. Samples of the shale which had already been crushed, ground and made into a green brick were tested with the following results. When mixed with 21 per cent. of water it gave a mass of fair plasticity, containing considerable grit, but of low air shrinkage, only 2 per cent. The average tensile strength was 150 pounds per square inch, with a maximum of 164 pounds, the number of samples tested being 12. At cone 05 the fire shrinkage was 2 per cent., color brownish red and the absorption 6.56 per cent. The bricklet was barely scratched with steel. Some cracks were developed in burning. At cone 03 the fire shrinkage was * Analysis furnished by Campbell, Morrell & Co., Passaic, N. J. PLATE XXXVIII. Fig. 1. General view of brickyards along the river at Little Ferry, Bergen county, showing sheds along the water front. Fig. 2. Clay pit behind the yards, which has been dug below sea level. In the back- ground are the sails of a large schooner whose hull is level with the top of clay bank. Mehrhof Brick Company. a ee) PLATE XXXIX. Mehrhoff Brick Company's clay pits at Little Ferry CLAYS OF BERGEN COUNTY. 375 4 per cent., color red and the bricklet steel-hard, with absorption of 2.03 per cent. The clay became viscous at cone 1, which shows that it is of very low fusibility. It burns to a good hard brick, however, at a low temperature. When molded ina dry press and burned at cone 03 the fire shrinkage was 3.3 per cent., the ab- sorption 5.33 per cent. and the color brownish red. The bricklet was barely scratched. On account of the shaly character of the material a number of hard grains remain after the grinding, and these, at least when the clay is wet molded, interfere with the soft, smooth surface of the brick. However, this is not sufficient to be looked upon as a defect, but would be rather liked by many archi- tects. So far as shown by these tests, it is doubtful whether the material could be used successfully for the manufacture of paving brick, since it softens rapidly in burning, and in making a vitrified product, such as a paving brick, there might be some danger of overburning and fusing the product. Clay-working industry—The development of the common- brick industry between Hackensack and Little Ferry is the second most extensive in the State, ten firms manufacturing brick from these clays (p. 267). Many million common brick are made here annually by the soft-mud process, and with the yards all situated along tide water the product can be easily shipped. ‘The clays are mixed with at least 25 per cent. sand, which is found immediately underlying the surface and above the clay. A large area has been dug over (Pls. XXXVIII and XXXIX), and some of the clay pits have been dug to a depth of 60 feet. As indicated in Chapter VI, these or similar clays occur over somewhat extensive areas and have heen observed at widely separated points. Common brick and front brick are made by the Kingsland Brick Company, at Kingsland, from the Triassic red shales. Art tile are made at Maywood, near Hackensack, but not from any clays found in the county. 376 CLAW Sy AN DECIEANG ENDO SinaNe BURLINGTON COUNTY. This county extends from the Delaware river, between Bor- dentown and Palmyra, to the Atlantic coast, between Tuckerton and New Gretna. It is thus roughly triangular in form, and since it stretches across the State, it includes portions of a number of different formations, and consequently produces probably a greater variety of clays than any other county of southern New Jersey. The clay-bearing formations in Burlington county in- clude the Raritan, Clay Marl I, Clay Marl II, Clay Marl III, Cohansey, Cape May, and Pleistocene, other than Cape May. Raritan Clays. The Raritan clays outcrop and are dug chiefly along the Dela- ware river, although smaller banks are found on Assiscunk creek. The banks show three different classes of clay, viz., buff-burning semirefractory clays, red-burning clays, and common-brick clays. Bridgeboro.—Of the first type, the most northern occurs just southeast of Bridgeboro (Loc. 132) along Rancocas creek, where a series of pits have been opened by the J. W. Paxson Company, of Philadelphia. The general character of the clay in the main bank is shown by the following section from top downward. Section at J. W. Paxson Company's Pits. Reb bly Salt spacers St eye eee cha eee aes 8 to Io ft. Reddish-mottledt clays wu). 522.6) S 9. d-lodn sao le) OMLOMMOMELE: Red saridiyinel aye ereantae eke choc er eke Crea Ae Ea Ta i COMM bet Light-blue and white-mottled. clay, .............06.. 2 ft. or more The reddish-mottled clay is used for foundry purposes, and is also sent to Moorestown for terra-cotta manufacture. In some of the openings larger quantities of the light-colored or so-called white clay are found, but in others a black lignitic sand occurs at the same level, this change representing the horizontal variations that are not uncommon in the Raritan deposits, particularly along CEAVSIOR BUREINGT ON COUNTY Re) the Delaware river. The stripping is used for filling, and the close proximity of the clay to the river permits it to be shipped by water. The mottled clay (Lab. No. 622), representing the run of the bank, is fairly plastic, although containing some coarse grit, and has the following physical properties: Water required to temper, 22 per cent. ; air shrinkage, 5.3 per cent.; average tensile strength, 104 pounds per square inch. Its behavior in burning was as follows: Burning tests on mottled clay from J. W. Paxson Company's pit, Bridgeboro. Cone 05 3 5 & Remo hTINKASE, css... see ag} 96) 4.7 % MR WOR) Yo PMSOED ELON Ss pera oisysae feces Gate 13.81% 9.88% 9.13% 2.96% Collar, As See eee eee eee pale red lightred darkred gray Sondition, ..-............... barely steel-hard steel-hard Ske This clay, which is probably to be classed as a semifire clay, 1s used for making terra cotta and for foundry purposes. The whitish sandy clay (Lab. No. 630) shows a marked dif- ference in its character. It is less coherent, with scattered white mica scales, and slakes very fast. It takes somewhat more water in mixing, viz, 30.8 per cent., but its air shrinkage is less, being but 4.3 per cent. The average tensile strength is higher, viz, 119 pounds per square inch. Its low fire shrinkage is seen from the fact that at cone I0 it is only 2.7 per cent., the bricklet having an absorption of 7.99 per cent. and a light-buff color. It was steel- hard. A samplé was burned up to cone 15, and the fire shrinkage of this was but 3 per cent., and its absorption 2.96 per cent. It burned gray with brown specks. Its fusing point was not de- termined, but it contains too much sand to be highly refractory. A dry-press tile, screened to 80-mesh and burned at cone 8, was steel-hard, buff-colored, but still slightly absorbent. This last mentioned clay should make a good material to add to terra cotta in order to lower its shrinkage. It is more refrac- tory than the mottled clay from the same bank, but there is much less of it available. Florence—Clays apparently similar to those just described occur in the vicinity of Florence. They were formerly dug by 378 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. J. Eayre, half a mile northwest of Florence station and the follow- ing analysis of the best white clay from his bank was given by Dr. Cook.* ; Analysis of clay from J. Eayre’s pit, Florence. Seer dy eee DN lg ey Rs aie a UR neal ee ea 40.50 Silica nmGS1Osz) eins asd aoeemcaesiah eo seldos We Eeee 26.57 Alumina CAIlLO;) sand (Mitanic acid!(LiO:). -seeeeeeee eee 21.06 Ferric oxide \(Fe:O3) oo 2.5 ce les Oe eee ee eee 1.98 eine SC CAO Mew eee eee, DRO SCC, eels eran ne etre atk Magnesia: (MgO). cio: Gadsden Galea eee 0.60 RopasheGKsO))e cele rss ican otis ad oo ao UE eee 2.47 Sodas CNaO iy ices icccs ule oe aro ee Dr ene 0.21 Wiatern “@ETs OD) we. Wea Raia ai carte tenia so cols, eee NE enka ee oo feo) IMOISEURE,, (sey eee ec eek Ron coe Ee eee 0.80 99.99 Specific gravity 1.989-2.023. This analysis corresponds closely to that of some of the Middlesex county stoneware clays. As- sociated with the white clay is a reddish one that was used for saggers. At locality 114, due north of Florence station the following section was shown in an old clay pit near the river: Wind-blown sand? iia techie os cote ee tone EE 6-8 ft. Cretaceous ysandinx Ae ete ie onl oe eee eee 4-5 it. (houghtredwandt yellow iclay, eee: ae eee ese eee ely e Bit. Lough, white clay,sbase notishown, 72s cee nena 5 ft. oy A large area had been dug over, but nothing is known regard- ing the clay. At Haedrick’s pit, nearer Florence, beds of Raritan clay occur beneath the sand, but they have not been tested. At Martin’s brickyard (Loc. 115) a white, sandy clay is dug by Jos. C. West, some of which is sold at Trenton and some at the Florence foundry. The clay in these pits sometimes reaches a thickness of 18 feet. A black clay of much later age occurs elsewhere in the yard, above the white Raritan clay and is used for brick (see below). * Loc. cit: p. 243. CLAYS OF BUREINGITON COUNTY. 379 Assiscunk creek.—Some buff-burning clay is found on Assis- cunk creek, 114 miles east of Burlington (Loc. 120), on prop- erty belonging to Jos. Scott. Since the outcrop consists chiefly of red-burning clays it is mentioned in more detail below. The properties of the buff-burning clay are given here. It (Lab. No. 623) isa yellowish-white, gritty fast-slaking clay with little mica. It took 19.2 per cent. of water to temper it, and its air shrinkage was 4.6 per cent. The average tensile strength was 95 pounds per square inch. It was burned with the following results : Burning tests of clay from Jos. Scott’s property, near Burlington. Cone. 05 5 & 10 iinesshrinkage, ......... 1.4 % oN Be Ge 4% 5.4 % PRBSOGPEOI, Fosse c's ec s 15.01% 10.25% 5.25% 5.0790 “Da Gio eee buff deep buff deep buff with buff tiny specks MBOMGTELONS 4 c.s se Scie e eels os not steel-hard steel-hard The red-burning type of Raritan clay, mentioned as occurring in Burlington county, is found on Assiscunk creek, 11% miles east of Burlington. One exposure (Loc. 120) forms a considerable bank on the south side of the creek on Jos. Scott’s property, and has been dug from time to time for foundry purposes. ‘The material consists of alternating layers of light, yellowish-white, mottled clay and red clay spotted with white, while near the top of the bank is a white sandy clay. It is doubtful if the different grades could be separated in mining without considerable trouble and the bank as a whole would probably not average better than a low grade of No. 2 fire clay at the very best. Two samples were tested, one representing the run of the bank and the other the whitish clay (see above), which appears about twelve feet above the creek. The former (Lab. No. 654) is fairly plastic, slightly gritty clay, with no mica and red and white mott- lings, and slakes slowly. It works up with 23.8 per cent. of water to a mass having an air shrinkage of 5 per cent. Its average tensile strength was 80 pounds per square inch. When burned the following results were obtained: 380 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. Burning test of Jos. Scott's clay, near Burlington. , Cone 03 it 3 10 inesshriniagsey enn s ee I % A WG 3 5.6 Yo INDSOGp HON eee eee 15.94% 13.61% 12.42% 2.1970 Colon RG Ae eae | pale red light red red gray Condition ses aeeer eso not quite steel-hard steel-hard On the north side of the creek, on the Hay property (Loc. 121), Raritan clay is found underlying the flat bordering the streams. A boring made at stream level showed : Loam iGiloodedeposit) hiya alee eee eee eee 2 feet.. Wihitishemottleds clayaapeeenacee eee eee ore ere 10 inches. INGGL Elen, VaES ieaKOMbTNES socooadodobedecobvcscdosss 4 feet plus. The latter runs still deeper. In the strip parallel with the creek there is 6 to 8 feet of overburden, but back of this it 1in- creases because the land rises. Trouble might also be caused by the creek water if the clay were dug below stream level. The physical characters of the samples were as follows: The material (Lab. No. 640) worked up with 28 per cent. of water toa fairly plastic mass whose air shrinkage was 5.3 per cent. Its average tensile strength was 75 pounds per square inch. It was burned with the following results: Burning tests of clay from Hay property, Assiscunk creek. Cone 05 03 3 Minershninka ge. 06) i resi fy eiantrae: cues 0.7 Yo 3.7 Jo OG % ANIDSORD EOI yaa tcp acca eee eae 18.04% 14.33% 10.12% WOlOr ieee ee etc eee et Ne light pink reddish reddish pink Condition a aese ee eee er ee eer e not steel-hard steel-hard This is a clay of higher shrinkage than those found on the opposite side of the bank. It might be used for foundry work or terra cotta, but by itself is not sufficiently dense burning for stoneware. Fieldsborough.—The third type of Raritan clay, viz., that which is used for common brick is worked near Fieldsborough. It is used at S. Graham & Co.’s (Pl. XL, Fig. 1) brick works, 1 mile south of Fieldsborough (Loc. 112). The clay forms a large PLATE XL. Fig. 1. General view of S. Graham & Co’s. brickyard, near Bordentown. Fig. 2. Bank of black Raritan clay overlain by gravel at S. Graham & Co’s. brick- yard. The man stands just below the contact, which is sharply marked. CLAYS OF BURLINGTON COUNTY. 381 deposit showing 16 feet of clay (Pl. XL, Fig. 2), underlain by white sand and covered by 4 to 6 feet of Pensauken gravel.' It is black, micaceous, and the clay layers are separated by thin laminze of white sand. Pyrite concretions are very abundant, and owing to the large amount of carbonaceous matter, care has to: be exercised in the early stages of burning, not to push the firing too fast, otherwise the bricks are liable to swell and crack. Drying takes about 48 hours. As a matter of fact the clay is not used alone but is mixed with a certain proportion of surface loam of Pleistocene age. ; The black clay (Lab. No. 652) has the following physical characteristics : Water needed for tempering, 27.8 per cent.; air shrinkage, 7 per cent.; average tensile strength, 168 pounds per square inch. Cone 03 I 8 Thine Slam eV oeee Oe Ree a ne eee cuno 5.6 % 5.6% PENDS OTSPAET CHL tbe (ays hcict ory s G5 kam Ooaiaee. MOVVORIE SREP Fel chet 11.89% * 7.12% BiG “CISTERCIAN PL i 12 Pa pale red pale red pale red AO SETI OM et eo iaiaes ee. octets Le ES Steelehands merewene Hava The addition of the loam improves its color-burning properties and renders it more porous. The material burns to a good red brick, of moderate absorption, but is too coarse-grained to make a good smooth pressed brick. Kinkora.—At Murrell Dobbins’ brickyard the upper portion of the sandy laminated Raritan clays are shown, but most of the clay used comes from the overlying Clay Marl I. An analysis of the laminated Raritan clay was given by Dr. Cook? as follows: Analysis of clay from Murrell Dobbins’ yard, Kinkora. SeaTac Pee al ene tae Ue rhs Oe aA oe ee tte INNS (A 31.80 Combined silica (SiOz) pense cae eR ren eae 25.50 Alionanitineted VAUD Wim tin Cedi iis ibeaert 6 nia aaeratn lena a Bain Wenn mea A tae 17.70 Menhicnoxider (He:Os)aavgvuicamnct: oad ea eain tee ert meeoneer en 6.40 AAI (EA) 50 oa arses Soaaigay sitharaes aa sews oOlarshalte cava eleee stall AOL * Since this was written, continued excavation into the hillside has shown a few feet of Clay Marl I on the Raritan clay and beneath the gravel. The contact is distinctly marked by an abrupt change in the character of the deposits and a line of nodules, but owing to the sameness of color of the two formations here it is not obtrusive. Jal 18} IE *Clay Report, 1878, p. 241. 382 CLAYS AND’ CEAY INDUSTRY: Magnesia: (MgO) soo. or Age eae nt ae eee eee een 0.65 Otash Ges) Gis wile tHe ae rate ote ie aye ee eee 1.54 Soda (GNazO))i ec 2 Ciera e tarsersiere shoe DNC ee eke Cae ee ee Mitanicvoxide: | CLiO:), Sack eer ee een see eee 0.90 Waters (EIs@)) mets ce aed earache race macnn een eee 11.80 IMIGSIS OTE, “Gaooc cooue Gove Gud DE OT aoUso GCE OID OSU GoDCGsc0- 3.50 Totaly tae ee ee cahs Wane Dae Gite Vie ee rte 99.95 The Clay Marl Beds. A number of clay works are supported by the Clay Marl de- posits in the northwestern part of the county. Some of these use Clay Marl I and others Clay Marl II, while still others have opened pits along the boundary between Clay Marls I and II, and use a mixture. At many localities the Clay Marl is overlain by a ferruginous sand or gravelly loam, of which a certain proportion is added to the clay. In addition to the worked localities, samples were taken from a number of outcrops of Clay Marl for the purpose of deter- mining the general character of these clays. The worked de- posits will be first discussed. Bordentown.—Clay Marl I is worked in Burlington county at The Bordentown Brick Company’s brickyard, near Bordentown (Loc. 109). Inthe main pit there are 8 feet of a black sandy clay of marly (glauconitic) aspect, with numerous quartz grains and mica scales visible to the naked eye. The upper foot or so is weathered and lean. Above the clay are 2 to 3 feet of Pensauken gravel, with a similar amount of sand and more gravel. The black clay alone (Lab. No. 600) has a high shrinkage, and cannot be used by itself, hence a clay loam is mixed with it. It takes 23.4 per cent. water to temper it, and it shrinks 8.8 per cent- in drying, which is somewhat high. Its average tensile strength is 251 pounds per square inch. When burned, it gives the follow- ing results: Burning tests of a black clay, Bordentown Brick Company. Cone 05 Or if 3 Mines Shrinkagem a) eens s 8.3 % 11.8% 11.8 % 11.8% INDSOLDL Onan ieee esaee 10.7470 5.83% MONG) Seodse Colors tenes ie eee oa deép'red 9 (eae ee ere roe Condition manner eee not steel-hard softened beyond somewhat vitrification CLAYS OF BURLINGTON COUNTY. 383 On account of the low cone number at which the clay softens care has to be used in burning, so that the bricks do not crush out of shape. This clay shows the highest fire shrinkage of any of the Clay Marls tested and cannot be used alone, but is mixed with considerable top loam (See tables of Pleistocene tests, p. 348). The latter burns to a porous body of low shrinkage, and, therefore, counteracts the undesirable properties of the clay. The bricks show up well when tested. Kinkora.—As noted above (p. 381), Clay Marl I is used for common brick, at Murrell Dobbins’ brickyard, Kinkora (Loc. 113), along with some sandy clay from the Raritan and some clay loam of late Pleistocene age. It is a black, very micaceous clay with more or less greensand marl and is from 12 to 14 feet thick in the bank. Samples were not tested. Crosswicks.—Clay Marl II is worked at Crosswicks (Loc. 110), by J. Braislin & Son, for making hollow bricks (PI. XXXIV, Fig. 2). The clay bank is about 20 feet high and is one of the best exposures of this formation in Burlington county. The clay burns red, and is probably of low fusibility judging from the behavior of the ware in the kiln. Maple Shade-—The same Clay Marl formation is worked by T. Saucelein, at Maple Shade (Loc. 150), on the north side of the railroad tracks. Here the beds are mostly weathered, but burn to a hard, red brick, and make a good product on stiff-mud ma- chines. On the south side of the railroad, and just south of the trolley road from Merchantville to Moorestown is A. Reeve’s brick-clay paechoc. 149, Pl. XI, Fig. 1), but here the clay dug is at the line of contact between Clay Marl I, and Clay Marl II, both being used. The section exposed in 1902 was about thirty feet high and showed the following layers beginning at the top: Section in A. Reeve’s clay pit, Maple Shade. ING, fe lWapiane reachialy sae cabs eb ee ce seen Al Zinkte Mose2 va Wieatherediclay. fins 25 secs 8 ft. OM eR ie clay xe ee 6 ft. Clay Marl II. We Greensand and clay. 2.0 .4..622).. (6) [ae MB aclecla ie lew ote 5 ft. f Clay Marl I. 384 CLAYS AND CLAY] INDUS RNs The run of the bank mixed with screened gravel gives the best results. The bottom black clay (Lab. No. 648) is fat and greasy and has much mica and organic matter, and does not work well alone. The greensand is also a dangerous element and causes a swelling and bursting of the brick unless they are set in the kiln dry and burned slowly. The bottom black clay has a high air shrinkage, but its fire shrinkage is not excessive, as can be seen by the following characters: Water required for mixing 32.8 per cent.; air shrinkage, g per cent. Burning test on bottom black clay, A. Reeve, Maple Shade. Cone Or it Bine=shrinkagewnisey eerie reas B06 Aino AD SOGp LOM ie ay kona nee emee we eq Ree 12.62% 10.00% (Cras Loi Me UNN Ue A nnn IA iret ne Ms etal red red Condition wastnmcuii caer eee ean Le eee barely steel-hard The run of the bank showed lower air shrinkage, but the fire shrinkage is not much different, and the mixture can probably be burned somewhat faster than the black clay can. The physical characters of the brick mixture (Lab. No. 647) are also given herewith: Water required for mixing, 28.6 per cent.; air shrink- age, 7.5 per cent. ; average tensile strength, 282 pounds per square inch. The clay behaved as follows in burning: Burning test of bottom black clay, A. Reeve, Maple Shade. Cone I Bie ys hme o eon te nee reer near ee Nt ee 4.5 % INS OTP LION. ee aire 5 la Sens MPR toe ohare ones Panna ae 10.58% Colonsay BOtRE 8k oo RON Secreta es ie ae red (QroruKshialahehe a Nai ey Heme Aen EIDE nse nad wide steel-hard The clay becomes viscous at cone 8. This mixture works well on a stiff-mud machine. Of the unworked areas the following may be enumerated and their physical characters given. Bridgeboro.—A bed of Clay Marl I outcrops along a tributary to Rancocas creek, about one-fourth mile southeast of Bridgeboro (Loc. 131). The clay in appearance is not unlike that in the PLATE XLI.- Fig-e is Reeve’s clay pit, Maple Shade. Clay Marl I and II. Fig. 2. View of Jos. Martin’s clay pit, showing Pleistocene black clay overlain by wind-blown sand, the bench marking the line of contact. CLAYS OF BURLINGTON COUNTY. 385 brick-clay pits at Bordentown, but only 2 feet is exposed above the talus, and there is 10 to 12 feet of sandy loam overburden. It is fairly accessible for shipping by water. The clay (Lab. No. 614) differs from the Bordentown ma- terial in having a lower air and fire shrinkage, and does not burn to steel-hardness at so low a temperature, nor to so deepa red. It mixes up with 27.1 per cent. water, and has an air shrinkage of 7 per cent. Its average strength is 145 pounds per square inch. At cone 05 the fire shrinkage is 0.3 per cent., absorption 15.05 per cent., color light mottled-red, and not steel-hard. At cone o1, fire shrinkage 2.3 per cent., absorption 11.76 per cent., color red and bricklet eee hard, so en the material could be burned to a good brick at a low cone. Rancocas.—Clay Marl II is exposed at an abandoned brickyard (Loc. 125) on the northeast side of Rancocas creek, three-fourths of a mile due north of Borton’s Landing and west of Rancocas. It shows well how an otherwise good deposit of clay may be ruined by the formation in it of a perfect network of iron oxide crusts. These are sometimes found in Clay Marl II, and their presence should have been determined beforehand by careful bor- ing or a few test pits. An expensive plant was erected and abandoned. Moorestown.—An exposure of Clay Marl II is found at the crossroads 1 mile northwest of Moorestown and on the road to North Pennsville (Loc. 128). The clay outcrops in the ditches along the road for some distance, and a boring made to a depth of 6 feet 4 inches did not pass through it. The upper layers of the section were chiefly a chocolate color, and passed downward into a mixture of yellow and chocolate clay and finally into bluish- black material. Although the clay contains much mica, there is no evidence of pyrite. The deposit was also quite dry, until the lower foot of the section was reached. There is very little over- burden, and the slope of the land would insure good drainage. Careful search should be made to prove the absence of limonite crusts, as there seemed to be a slight tendency cones their for- mation where the boring was made. In the laboratory examination the clay (Lab. No. 610) was found to be rather free from grit. It worked up with 35 per cent. 25 EL.G 386 CLAYS AND CLAY OIND UST Re of water to a plastic mass whose air shrinkage was 9 per cent. The average tensile strength was 127 pounds per square inch. In burning it gave the following results: Burning test of sample from northwest of Moorestown (Loc. 128). Cone 05 I Huinessiiminika geass eras ear 13} Yb 8 % IND SORDELOMA Ini see A a ee ae 17.89% 4.85% COLO. ee ne ae tar e or enED light red light red COnGitror eee wy ee are en. not steel-hard steel-hard This shows too high a fire shrinkage for use alone. On the road to Parry, 1 mile due north of the preced- ing locality, and 2 miles northwest of Moorestown, there is another exposure of Clay Marl II (Loc. 129). Here a boring was made to a depth of 6 feet that showed 5 feet of chocolate clay with a little yellow mottling and 1 foot of sandy marl. The clay is denser than at locality 128, somewhat more sandy, and is prob- ably a lower-lying bed. The boring showed no water, and there is little overburden. Black sand is said to occur at a depth of 20 feet. Physically the clay (Lab. No. 608) is not very unlike that from Loc. 128, although it took less water to mix it up, viz., 29.02 per cent. Its air shrinkage was 8.8 per cent. In burning it showed the following : Burning test of a clay from two miles northwest of Moorestown (Loc. 129)+ Cone 05 03 I sibs SoM AAS, Sos Win oko bowoasac TZ 1.2 % 4.2 %o ADSONDLOM ues Seta ficken ae 16.34% 16.41% 9.95% COLOR eee le Te: SRE elle ak light red light red red Gonditronedss were ee ie rere. not steel-hard not steel-hard_ steel-hard It would probably have to be burned to cone o1 or I to make a good, hard brick. A similar bed of clay outcrops about one-fourth mile northeast of the previous locality at Loc. 130, and has but little overburden. Wilson's station.—Along the North Branch of Pensauken creek both Clay Marl I and II are exposed on the south side of the creek, one-half mile south of Wilson’s station (Loc. 151). A boring of S feet was made in the deposit, mostly in Clay Marl II, but the CLAYS OF BURLINGTON COUNTY. 387 lower foot was distinctly marly (Clay Marl I), and near the bot- tom there was also evidence of iron oxide crusts. A bank near by showed 20 feet of chocolate-colored clay, Clay Marl II. The de- posit 1s well located for working and the haulage distance to the wagon road is not more than 500 feet. The stripping of Pen- sauken sand and gravel will probably not exceed 6 feet. Clay Marl IV, or a surface clay derived from it, is worked at two localities in Burlington county. It is dug in two clay pits just geet Of Pimbuctoo (lec. 122) (Pl. XV, Fig. 2) and 114 miles northwest of Northampton, and supplies two small brick- yards. When molded by hand and burned in scove kilns, it makes a porous brick. Harder burning would improve it. Another exposure is found 2 miles due east of Rancocas, on a stream 200 feet south of a small bridge, and just before reaching the farm house on M. Hayne’s property (Loc. 124). The bed is 4 feet thick, underlain by coarse sand and overlain by 12 to 15 feet of loam and gravel. It is of low plasticity, coarse-grained and sandy. Unless the bed thickens, when dug into, it would have no value. In addition to the above localities, from which samples were taken, the Clay Marls are known to outcrop at many other points in the county, the following localities being shown on map Plate Xa. Black’s creek.—Both I and II are frequently exposed along the banks of Black’s creek and its tributaries, particularly in the steep- sided ravines. At locality 111, just south of Bordentown, the sandy clays of the Raritan are exposed near the creek, overlain by 60 feet of green-black, sandy clay, becoming more chocolate col- ored in some higher beds, and all belonging to Clay Marl 1. At the top of the bluff, in an old clay pit, the bottom layers of Clay Marl II, a chocolate-colored, nonglauconitic clay are found. ‘The overburden is not heavy and the bank could be easily worked, al- though the material is somewhat sandy. Other good exposures occur near Mansfield Square both along Black’s creek and also along the brook west of Mansfield Square. Kinkora to Columbus.—So, too, the Clay Marl beds are ex- posed along the creek northwest of Columbus. At locality 117, 2¥% miles from Columbus, a sandy black, micaceous clay with 388 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. some greensand is exposed along the banks of a mill pond. It is not far distant from the Kinkora branch of the Pennsylvania R. R. At locality 118, one-half mile west of Columbus, a black, micaceous clay is exposed to a depth of 6 feet. Its weathered portion, how- ever, is yellowish in color. A sample, burned at cone 05, had an air and fire shrinkage of 6.6 per cent. and absorption, 30.47 per cent., showing that the bricklet was very porous. A mile farther west (Loc. 119) another outcrop of a chocolate-colored clay was noted along the road. The clay was smooth and plastic and was exposed for 4 feet. Both of these outcrops belong to Clay Marl II, and at both a great thickness of clay could undoubtedly be found. Bustleton.—F our feet of mottled, weathered clay outcrops along a brook a mile northeast of Bustleton, on the road to Three Tuns. It belongs to Clay Marl I, and is apparently a good brick clay. Jacksonville. — Numerous exposures of Clay Marl II occur along Assiscunk creek, north of Jacksonville, and at some locali- ties, as at 122, a mottled, yellowish clay, probably a local deposit along the stream, was noted. Pensauken creek.—The exposures of the Clay Marls on Pen- sauken creek, near Maple Shade, have already been described. At locality 154, 114 miles north of Maple Shade, the contact of Clay Marl I, a marly, sandy clay, upon the underlying Raritan sand, is: shown. ‘The locality is not promising from an economic stand- point, but it is interesting, since it shows the sharp contact of the two formations. Cohansey Clays. Mount Misery—Clays belonging to the Cohansey formation are known to occur in Burlington county, near Mount Misery, one mile south of Hanover station, where they have been worked at intervals. The pits were near the old Browns Mills road and. one-half a mile northwest of Mount Misery. At the village, also, a brick clay was formerly dug in the south bank of the stream, but it 1s very sandy. South Park.—A large tract at South Park (Loc. 298), 2% _ miles northwest of Harris station, on the Jersey Southern R. R., ‘ CLAYS OF BURLINGTON COUNTY. 389 is reported to be underlain by clay, probably belonging to the Cohansey formation. ‘The clay is on property owned by Constant Le Duc, and is reported to be from 13 to 15 feet deep, and covered by a few feet of sand or gravel. The general character of these beds can be inferred from what has already been said regarding the Cohansey clays (p. 348). Pleistocene Clays. Clays belonging to the Pleistocene formation are worked at three localities, one lying one-fourth mile southeast of Edgewater Park station (Loc. 127), another at Martin’s brickyard southwest of Kinkora (Loc. 115), and the third at Scattergood’s brickyard north of Rancocas (Loc. 126). Edgewater Park.—The clay here forms a bed about 8 feet thick, covered by 1 to 3 feet of loam and this in turn by 2 to 6 feet of wind-blown sand. ‘The clay is colored bluish-black by much organic matter, and is quite sandy due to numerous small mica scales and quartz grains. ‘The upper portion has been yellowed by weathering. In working, about one-third loam has to be mixed with the clay. The latter (Lab. No. 651), when examined in the laboratory, was found to slake fast and mixed up with 22.6 per cent. of water to a mass that was fairly plastic to the feel. The air shrinkage was 5.5 per cent., and the average tensile strength 185 pounds per square inch. In burning it behaved as follows: Burning tests of brick clay, Edgewater Park. Cone 05 i 5 BRRCESIITINKAGE, . 06. o.cce seers beecees 1.8 % 2.5 % 5.8 % MOO GEO A eto c.s coed bates eae Hads 15.34% 11.97% 2.86% SLR, top cere deal omen The Mie act ufuins quence een deep red “SEILCH TOT eae eT mR nearly steel-hard steel-hard Joseph Martin’s brickyard (PI. XLI, Fig. 2), is located half- way between Florence and Kinkora (Loc. 115). ‘The materials used are a mixture of Raritan sandy clay, black sandy clay of late Pleistocene age and a surface loam. This produces a mixture 390 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. whose air shrinkage is 4.3 per cent., and fire shrinkage is 4.4 per cent. The clays burn to a red brick with the exception of the light sandy Raritan material, which burns whitish and shows as spots in the brick. At W. Scattergood’s brickyard, north of Rancocas (Loc. 126), a surface clay loam has been used for brick and draintile. The deposit is dug only to a depth of 3 or 4 feet, but is reported to be much deeper. While its age and manner of origin are not definitely known, yet it is probably of late Pleistocene age. Clay-working Industry. A large portion of the brick industry so extensively developed along the Delaware river is included within the limits of Burling- ton county. ; Common red brick of good quality are made in considerable quantities at Bordentown, by the Bordentown Brick Company ; at Kinkora, by J. Martin and M. Dobbins; at Fieldsborough, by S. Graham & Co.; at Edgewater Park, by H. C. Adams, and at Maple Shade, by A. Reeves and Theo. Saucelein. The product is made by the stiff-mud process and burned in updraft kilns. Brick and draintile are also made intermittently by W. Scatter- good, at Rancocas. ‘The raw materials are Clay Marls, Raritan, or Pleistocene clays, to which there is added a certain proportion of surface loam of Pleistocene age. Hollow brick are made from Clay Marl II, at Crosswicks, by J. Braislin & Son, and by A. Reeves, at Maple Shade, who makes some draintile also. Terra cotta is manufactured at Burlington and Moorestown, by the Burlington Terra Cotta Co., the clays for this latter product being dug partly in the county, and in part brought from the Woodbridge district. Whiteware is made at Bordentown, but no other potteries are in operation in the county. Much of the Raritan clay dug along the Delaware river is sold for foundry use, and to a smaller extent for fire brick. It is not highly refractory, but would be classed as a No. 2 fire clay. CLAYS OF CAMDEN COUNTY. 391 CAMDEN COUNTY. The workable clay deposits of this county are found in the Raritan, Clay Marls I and II, Cohansey and Pleistocene forma- tions. With the exception of the Cohansey clays these are all in the northern portion of the county, within a few miles of the Delaware river, and the large population centering about Camden and Philadelphia. The Cohansey clays are in the southern half of the county entirely. Raritan Clays. North Pennsville——Raritan clay is found along Pensauken’ creek (Loc. 133), southwest of North Pennsville. This is a bed of sandy clay and sand, covered by a great thickness of Pensauken gravel. The overburden is altogether too thick to permit the clay to be worked alone, but, if the gravel were dug and sold as is done at other places in the vicinity, it might then become profitable to work the clay, for the latter is at least 15 feet thick in places. It is interstratified at times with much white sand, and is not un- like many of the Raritan and Patuxent No. 2 fire clays found in Maryland. Palmyra.—The largest and best exposures of this Raritan clay are those in H. Hylton’s pits, 1% miles due south of Palmyra (Loc. 134). Herea vast excavation has been made in digging the gravel, sand and clay and in doing so several large masses of the bluish-white, and occasionally yellow-mottled, sandy Raritan clay (Pl. XXII, Figs. 1 and 2) have been uncovered. When visited in 1902, one clay bed was exposed at the eastern end of the line of excavation and showed 6 feet of bluish-white, yellow-mottled clay underlain by 4 feet of sand and white sandy clay, with 50 feet of sandy overburden, partly Raritan sand and partly Pensauken gravel. To the west of this a larger clay mass was exposed and from this the overburden had been re- moved. ‘The upper surface of the clay showed great irregularity, and the total thickness was not shown, but it i1s-said to range from 8 to 20 feet. The sand contents of the clay are somewhat 392 OCEANS CAND CAN IN IDIOTS WIN YC. variable and in places may form streaks running from 6 to 15 inches in thickness, but occasionally thickening out to 4 feet. The material is no doubt equal to a No. 2 sandy fire clay. ‘There is no evidence of pyrite in it, although 1t might occur in some of the dark lignitic streaks seen in the pits towards the western end of Hylton’s excavation. A sample of this clay (Lab. No. 621) gave the following physical tests: Plasticity, fair; clay, very gritty; water required for tempering, 20 per cent.; air shrinkage, 5.3 per cent.; average tensile strength low, being 65 pounds per square inch, Burning tests of fire clay, H. Hylton, Palmyra. Cone 05 5 8 15 Fire shrinkage, 1.3% 1.3 % 2 % 2.3% Absorption, Red 14.52% 12.82% 8.4% Color errr: buff buff buff buff with small black specks Hardness, .... notsteel-hard nearly steel-hard steel-hard At cone 27 the brick was well vitrified, and was viscous below cone 30. ‘These clays show that the material should be classed as a fire clay of medium refractoriness, such as would be used in No. 2 fire bricks, or only in small quantities in a No. 1 brick. Its fire shrinkage is very low, but at the same time it is not dense burning, as can be seen from its absorption at cone 15. Its com- position was as follows: Chemical composition of a fire clay, H. Hylton, Palmyra. UTCAmA ESIGN) ee tees eee LN AT A tS cl nen aaa 77.72 Alimirnas (CA: ©) eae Ss cpr cpcreesyciaictel cisaay oko Glace rey Hance eee 15.74 Merri cioxi@en(Mes@ sme isn vcitoncs sicordso heise eee ee eR Ione 0.49 Lime (Ca@) Wb eet cteiss Saas cco arse Re EE ee trace Maonesias (CMig.@)) ierere eiconterccsscss wircrs.o ote Rasttuctoretst sein Remarc 0.81 Alkalies: {(Na:@) RO) Pier cies ceiiciea searlece eine ae trace kes bhai) see RTE A Bln Ain So aoe tao cae coos oda es 5.62 100.38 Hylton’s pits were being worked at the time the earlier New Jersey Clay Report was written (1878), and an analysis is there given of the fine white sand and also of the clay. CLAYS OF CAMDEN COUNTY. 393 Analysis of a white sand, H. Hylton, Palmyra. Silicate total (StOs))ey berate os Sete d ete oMe bole ioMemerseae sia aroreuets 91.80 /Niturnarrarned CO) tecunnd ta tolauerestc oe eee.Bite © ceeoU mice 5.60 TESTA RAN CIO Ale yah cae ial a hae ini Sa liain.c Glam eanaIa re 0.20 \iicnerga( @all ©) emiaia cadet aiicmuinn meme oeale pido. oatenon Bee 220) 99.80 It was said to stand fire well and was used in the manufacture of fire brick. Analysis of a fire clay, H. Hylton, Palmyra. Syaior a epee etter at rte ok eh icr meen agar Ba any far una peel ct 56.80 Silicag (ESiOs)) isan eer ec eree oso sale ecient eto 17.50 Alumina (Al.O;), and Titanium oxide (TiO:z), .......... 18.11 Herne Oxide: ((HesOs)etaee car eeetecciiinn see aca wa ant tees 1.09 Wiment(Ca@ ih ces ees aes ee ton aye Darl ese yi TES 0.11 Mraioriesias CMic Q)i)y site an iene ies ep eso lenes he cuenhn manera a dau Lee Botashy {Rs @)a\ Ss. alercrety oer a cua creel ear are eat abe cNe eran 0.76 Sodam(CNa:©) i ta sesame Ain ce cinerea ne aka: 0.20 Wiate ri Git. @))e 05k tact PN eet ee ei hacer ae en aN sprees kialtaee 5.50 IW ICs a bigots NOS Be css sons oaie OO Diba Dag eeOD CUT CN Gro crocis cea 0.40 100.47 This represents a very sandy clay and agrees rather closely with the later analysis given above. The material was formérly sent to Trenton for fire brick, and was also used for retorts and condensers in zinc furnaces. Its chief use now is for foundry work. Not far to the west of Hylton’s pits, another bank has been opened by P. Erato (Pl. XXIII). It lies along the tracks of the Amboy division of the Pennsylvania R. R., just northeast of Mor- Tis station (Loc. 139), and the excavation is primarily for sand and gravel, but clay is found beneath. ‘I'he amount of sand and gravel covering the clay in this bank ranges from 10 to 35 feet. Two grades of clay are recognized, a No. 2, which forms the upper portion of the bed, and a No. 1, or lower clay. The white sand associated with the clay is used for fire sand, and the yellow sand of the bank for molding purposes. A laboratory examina- tion of the No. 2 clay (Lab. No. 631) showed it to be a mottled sandy clay with little mica. It slaked slowly but completely, and 394- CEA S AND CLAY INDUS MmRwe mixed up with 17.7 per cent. of water; it had an air shrinkage of 2 per cent., which is low and due to its sandy character. At cone 3 its fire shrinkage was 1.3 per cent., and its absorption 15.41 per cent. It would probably have to be burned to cone 8 or 10 to produce a dense bricklet. Even at cone 3 it is not steel-hard. Its chief application is for foundry work, but it could also be used in the manufacture of terra cotta, as a low-shrinkage in- gredient. Fish House-—Two other lense-like deposits of Raritan clay were seen, one about one-third mile south of Fish House station (Loc. 135), and the other (Loc. 136) the same distance southeast of that locality. At the former point the clay outcrops in a cut- ting along the roadside. It is a bluish-white, sandy clay, forming a lense probably 8 feet thick, and while not of great length or thickness, still there are additional lenses of clay in the vicinity. The overburden is not very heavy. A similar mass of clay is found in a pit about 1,000 feet north of the road. This clay, like the preceding, was quite free from mica. The character of this clay (Lab. 643), which was quite plastic, was as follows: Water required for mixing, 21.9 per cent.; air shrinkage, 3.3 per cent. ; average tensile strength, 80 pounds per square inch. A sample burned at cone 10 gave 4.7 per cent. fire shrinkage, and had an absorption of 8.52 per cent. It was steel-hard at this temperature and a light-buff color. It became viscous at cone 27, so that it is only a low-grade fire clay. It could be used for terra cotta or foundry work, and also for buff brick. At the second locality mentioned above there 1s another lens of Raritan clay, whose thickness is at least 8 feet. The clay is very similar in appearance to that of the preceding locality, but it has several sandy layers near its base, and the overburden varies from 5 to 10 feet in thickness. The clay takes only 19.2 per cent. of water to temper it, and its fire shrinkage up to cone 5 is only 2 per cent., with an absorption of 12.93 per cent. Clay Marl I. Camden.—Clay Marl I is extensively used at Budd Brothers’ brick works, near City Line station (Loc. 143). The clay bank is CLAYS OF CAMDEN. COUNTY. 395 a large shallow excavation, with a working face 15 to 20 feet high, involving the following section: Section at Budd Brothers’, Camden. Cravelly: loan nae es Om rte ee oe a oka ete cees Guetta Mottled green, yellow and pink, coarse-grained, sandy CO Leg ala sine eae Cau Sek A Saal 3 ata era ab get Opite Wankassandyssim1caceous Clays erie coccer: 8 to ro ft. The clay, the thickness of which is well shown in Plate XVIII, Fig. 2, is mined by falling, and the run of the bank used. If too -much of the black clay is used the bricks are apt to burn grayish. The top loam at times contains stones nearly an inch in diameter. A physical test was made in the laboratory of both the black clay and the brick mixture. The chief difference between these two would appear to be a slight decrease in the amount of water required for tempering and in the fire shrinkage at cone or. The bricklet is also more porous, due to the presence of the loam, as can be seen from the absorption. i Physical tests of samples from Budd Brothers, Camden. Black clay and loam. Black clay alone. Lab. No. 620. Lab. No. 624. WWiaterenequireds 52 2 iis. 1. accents 20% 24% MNS GARSINEIM AES, S155 < Scogh db eatin eee 6% 6% Average tensile strength, lbs. per sq. in., 156 164 Cone 05 BAneaSMiiikage: \vtsces aoe ieee 1.3 % 0.5 % INDSOED EONS, Sa ssn Se eee 16.54% " 9.36% Colores aera iO Oe red red lardnesse | cic hat oe eee not steel-hard not steel-hard Cone o1 Bre AShniniagess.c1 eee een 1.5% Cone I BIremsiirinikage. » lye wen wee one: 2.6 % iio PND SOLDLLONN cranta cere oe Ee Raeie ee eee 12.68% 8.62% (CIC iP S ee ME SERS is eine ec ee La red red blac die ssa wan dsine ee wren aie ea barely steel-hard barely steel-hard Cone 3 Bare siiminicape! 21.5859). ceen 2.6 % 2. 9% EMD SOGP tl OM sadert Ua a eee Te 10.66% 10.75% (COTO, Aaa aaa tae tee a RR Nea red red Terie Ste eras pene he eS aes steel-hard steel-hard Cone 5 RAGE SHICITIKAC CB. 28) Ae aes sf eh op 2.3% PMSORDELOM rae Mees PIS te am aan 10.17% CoG iar eee eo Ln ne: red viscous at cone 8 396 CLAYS AND CLAY, INDUSTRY: oe Chemical composition of the brick mixture, Budd Brothers, Camden. Silica GSiOs) pa ees se ater tape ame eRe ay a SL Se 66.66 Alumina’ (AL Os euctaen dnccyankiva nce ata rae SAE eRe 14.15 Berric Oxide (BeOs) sane use Lee oa eee 3.43 Mim) Vi Ca@ iy EOS Se TIL eo ech etn Ai: en far ee ATs Miaomesiami (Mio @jni lacs akacenierntacsoaelcie eS Sn Senne ane 0.38 HEX y ceevch ota (1 Sek @)) Jen eat ener anne Weve UR DOAN ne AE atta NR 2.32 Soda ei GNiasO urine cecscccstarwre cusses occ ttic lancet aoe eee 1.38 lionitrone (water and organic matten).y tenance 8.40 98.87 AR OPAL HT URCE SHE Ne, MIE, RR cee ha es a AA 9.6 The composition indicates a rather easily fusible clay, and the burning tests—viscous at cone 8—confirm this conclusion. Merchantville—Another outcrop of Clay Marl I is seen in the railroad cut on the bridge branch of the Pennsylvania R. R. (Loc. 140), three-fourths of a mile east of Merchantville. The section there shows: Section along railroad near Merchantville. Bensarmleein: evs av oviaiate aimee eke Piste ce Reece So Eee 8 ft. Greenish=yellow, sandsandsclayasandsanmnee seein e eee Oy [ichtchocolaterclayssss.. sean oe eee gy Blackey cla yews albeit wee is So BEE OO OE a eee ye Greentsand alittle claynerac teense ee aoe one Owis The upper two feet of the last layer of the section are more or less cemented by iron oxide. The clay (Lab. No. 605) shows good plasticity when wet, and considerable fine grit. It takes 23 per cent. of water to temper it and has an air shrinkage of 8.3 per cent. Its tensile strength is quite high, being 257 pounds per square inch. The fire shrinkage is low. Burning tests of clay from railroad cut near Merchantville. Cone 05 Or if 3 Puresshiinicage vec: 2) see 1.7 %o 1.7 % 270 2.390 ENDS OGD ELON wie 4) eae 14.95% 9.957% 5.5770 5.8% Colona cere es er wie light red red red red (Camalitsem, soasedsasoucnde not steel-hard not steel-hard steel-hard CEA Ss) Oh CAMDEN ACCOUNT Y: 397 At cone 1 the bricklet shows small fused specks, probably of glauconite, and at cone 8 it becomes viscous. This easy fusibility is probably due to a considerable amount of greensand. Its fire shrinkage is low, and so is the absorption. Analysis of clay from railroad cut near Merchantville. Siltea A GSiOS Sms eee wae tate ea ead AC EE EER UR 67.02 Alumina (A1Os), Hoo dAdo oddO gD oO OMIO Ce OO Ua AMO Go ODO COO S 17.10 Hermie oxide: (HEsOs) a merge Ascii etn Ne ee NE hose 4.41 latin (CHO) acho ode SEA ayes RTA ieee Sr ic hace GIN ee agclego ah 0.93 Mia oivestar XING ©) ii axcetrs ates eho anata ease aan aac 0.38 Mlkalies ¢GNas© Ww Ke@)) haste aires cheeks Aone Seren 1.60 Water (Gls @ us ce nah ctr ainin mmr china cea onarhs nak Puna c RMON 8.56 100.00 Cooperstown.—On the road to Stockton, 2% miles southeast of Cooperstown, there is also an exposure of Clay Marl I (Loc. 142). The deposit was bored to a depth of 4 feet, and found to be weathered in its upper part. A sample (Lab. No. 604) taken for partial physical test gave the following results: Water re-~ quired, 25 per cent.; air shrinkage, 6 per cent.; tensile strength not tested. Burning tests of clay from southeast of Cooperstown (Loc. 142). Cone 05 Or I LETS Slonehal key Rene cee 1% 47% 3.6 Yo PS ODP ELOI ooo: 1a: so nies evaro.clouethavertene 22.61% 16.07% 15.85% Colo ieee Oe ca iste cinrotler. eee red TEC What) lah ste teatas WondtiOna sas sce. se he ee not steel-hard nearly steel-hard steel-hard It is seen from this that the clay burns to a very porous body, is not hard until probably cone 1, and has a low fire shrinkage. The color in burning is good, however. A more plastic clay should be mixed with it. Clay Marl II. Collingswwood.—Clay Marl II is well exposed in Dobb’s brick- yard pits (Pl. XVIII, Fig. 1), 1 mile south of Collingswood (Loc. 144). Here the outcrop is worked in a face 12 to 15 feet 308 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. high, the upper 5 to 6 feet being weathered and containing some sandstone crusts. ‘The clay in the lower two-thirds of the bank is very similar to that at Crosswicks. It burns to a good, red, hard body. Practically no loam is added to the clay, so that the brick mixture represents the run of the Clay Marl. ‘The prop- erties of a sample (Lab. No. 650) were as follows: Water re- quired for tempering, 34.9 per cent.; air shrinkage, Io per cent.; average tensile strength, 286 pounds per square inch. Its be- havior in burning was as follows: Burning test of Dobb’s brick mixture, Collingswood. Cone 05 iT Bineashminka gene 2. cin Winns ania etwnanluras 3.3 Jo 3.3 Yo PND SORDELO MS cape pat me ee ee eee enone cae Serres 11.12% 9.92% COlOEs ase he i nee ae eee crore, See red red The clay burned steel-hard at cone 05, and became viscous at cone 10, The body of the bricks made from this clay are dense and show high transverse strength. Haddonfield—A bed of Clay Marl II outcrops in the Penn- sylvania R. R. cut, 1% miles north of Haddonfield (Loc. 145). The clay (Lab. No. 715) is rather sandy, although quite plastic, and is covered by 8 feet of Columbus sand (Clay Marl IIT). When tested for its physical properties it was found to work up with 30.7 per cent. water, but its air shrinkage was only 6.6 per cent. Its average tensile strength was 168 pounds per square inch. At cone 05 the fire shrinkage was 0.4 per cent.; absorp- tion, 19.98 per cent.; color, buff, and at cone 5, fire shrinkage was 4.9 per cent.; absorption, 7.70 per cent.; color, reddish buff, and bricklet steel-hard. This clay burns to a somewhat lighter color than most of the Clay Marls, but not to a very dense body. Westmount station.—A weathered plastic outcrop of Clay Marl II is seen r mile due north of Westmount station (Loc. 146). The sample (Lab. No. 638) was taken from a bank in the woods about 300 feet east of the Pennsylvania R. R., and the bed of weathered clay is probably not less than 8 feet thick.. The total CUAYS OF CAMDEN: COUNTY: 399 shrinkage at cone I is 11.2 per cent., and the absorption of the bricklet 10.22 per cent. It burns to a light-red color and is steel- hard at this cone. : Haddontield.—Along the road near a mill pond and northeast of Haddonfield (Loc. 147), Clay Marl II is exposed in the follow- ing section : Section near Haddonfield. PPM IE OAT a ra Ae TaN tae ee at atis Reretenerere ae esis tees BAR area Vieatheredticlayanerccta clergy sae eres orate Nene rele teey ats Ai SEB lacks Clayse ase roe Sea eet ale eeea ana as Aap MLTONSTONEs i tht is etre ate, spettrta AR reese CRU eee sabe RR HEL 2 in. FenClayeyssandewithemanlonainSwencsa neem eriecm econ. Carnts A mixture of 2 and 3 (Lab. No. 635) was tested physically. It worked up with 29 per cent. of water to a mass having an air shrinkage of 7 per cent. Its tensile strength was 243 pounds per square inch. At cone 03 its fire shrinkage was 3.3 per cent. ; absorption, 17.24 per cent.; color, pinkish red, and bricklet not steel-hard. At cone 1, fire shrinkage, 5 per cent.; absorption, 10.31; color, light red, and bricklet steel-hard. Pensauken creek.—Along the road from Merchantville to Eves- boro, and at a point 2 miles due north of Ellisbury, there is an outcrop of at least 7 feet of plastic, buff-colored clay along the roadside (Loc. 152). The material (Lab. No. 714) is not highly plastic, and contains little grit. When mixed with 38.5 per cent. of water it had an air shrinkage of 8.3 per cent. Its average tensile strength was 126 pounds per square inch. At cone I its fire shrinkage was 7 per cent., and absorption 8.19 per cent. At this cone it was steel-hard and burned red. Its fire shrinkage was higher than many of the other occurrences of Clay Marl II. Good exposures of Clay Marl II are also found along the bank of the creek just south of Oakdale station (Loc. 159). Little Timber creek.—Another outcrop lies along Little Timber creek (Loc. 158), 1% miles southwest of Mount Ephraim. The material is probably in part Clay Marl I, and outcrops along the road. The thickness of the bed as determined by boring exceeds 7 feet, while the sandy overburden is 7 to 8 feet thick. The material (Lab. No. 612) takes little water for tempering (22.8 400 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. per cent.), as compared with some of the other Clay Marls. Its air shrinkage was 7 per cent. At cone 05 the fire shrinkage was 2 per cent.; absorption, 18.28 per cent.; color, light red, and bricklet not steel-hard. At cone 03: fire shrinkage, 4 per cent. ; absorption, 15.72 per cent.; color, light red. “Aticone ine shrinkage, 8 per cent.; absorption, 8.42 per cent.; color, red, and clay steel-hard. It is probable that the material would not make a good brick much under cone 1. The deposit is easy of access for working and shipping the product. Oakdale station.—The chocolate-colored clay, the weathered portion of Clay Marl II, outcrops along the bank of Peters creek at numerous points one-half mile south of Oakdale station. ‘The covering of pebbly loam is only 2 or 3 feet thick and the clay is found 15 or 20 feet above the creek. This deposit is favorably located for shipment both as respects the creek and railroad. Clay Marl IV. Clay Marl IV outcrops in the P. & R. railroad cut just north of Bellmawr station (Loc. 148), and 1 mile south of Mount Ephraim. ‘The clay, which is sandy, and micaceous, is about 8 feet thick and is exposed for a distance of probably 200 feet. It has as much plasticity as many brick loams. ‘The stripping of Pensauken gravel and sand is from 7 to 8 feet. The physical properties of this clay (Lab. No. 633) indicate it to be as good as many other brick clays, although its air shrinkage is rather high. It worked up with 20.8 per cent. water and had an air shrinkage of 9 per cent. Its average tensile strength was 195 pounds per square inch. In burning it behaved as follows: Burning test of a clay from Bellmawr, Camden county. Cone 03 if 3 5 Fire shrinkage ... 3% 390 3.5 Jo 4.3 Jo INDSORD EON! dolernt 14.55% 12.71% 12.06% 7.4770 Colores. Gece red red red reddish brown Condition, ........ notsteel-hard notsteel-hard steel-hard The clay became thoroughly viscous at cone Io. CEAYS OR CAMDEN COUNTY: 401 Cohansey Clays. Clays belonging to the Cohansey formation have been dug at several points in southeastern end of the county. Winslow Junction.—The most extensive excavations have been made in the immediate vicinity of Winslow Junction (Loc. 201) for supplying the works of the Eastern Hydraulic Press Brick Company, at that point. A large area has been dug over close to the railrbad station, and at present another bed has been opened 1% miles north of the works, and connected with the factory: by a narrow-gauge railroad. The latter deposit underlies an area of about 20 acres, and ranges from 4 to 7 feet in thickness, with 2 to 3 feet of yellow, sandy overburden. ‘The material is vari-colored, being gray, black and bright yellow with much lignite in places, and is said to be-more plastic than the clay at Whitings or right at Winslow Junction. The pit is operated with a long working face. (PI. VII, Fig. 2.) The physical properties of this material (Lab. No. 657) are as follows: Water required for tempering, 37.5 per cent. ; air shrink- age, 5.5 per cent. ; average tensile strength, 196 pounds per square inch. ‘The firing tests are given below: Burning tests of clay from near Winslow. Cone if 8 I5 Binemshninikaceun eee ree 6.5 % 9.1 % Oso ADSOEDLION At sieheosy suena 12.90% 4.01% 2.37% Color Hse Fst k ace eee buff buff gray brown The clay burned at cone 8 was steel-hard, and that burned at cone 15 showed a blistered surface. Some dry-press tile made from the clay, when burned at cone 5, gave a shrinkage of 8 per cent., a buff color and were steel-hard, with an absorption of 9.23 per cent. At cone 8 the same tiles burned grayish buff with a shrinkage of 15.6 per cent. The clay before pressing was screened through an 80-mesh sieve. Another sample of clay from a pit nearer Winslow Junction was also tested (Lab. No. 411). This sample had been pre- viously ground in a disintegrator and screened, and when worked A5) ASUS 402 CLAY STAND CLE AWs IN DG Sie up to a plastic mass in the laboratory had an air shrinkage of 6.6 per cent. Its tensile strength was 110 to 130 pounds per square inch. It behaved as follows in burning: Burning test of a clay from Winslow. Cone if 5 Sia) Birewshrinlsagemmerac cei ac: 5.490 6.0% 6.4% Color hese ie aso la deep buff yellow brown deep buff Condition soe oe ee steel-hard slightly absorbent slightly absorbent The clay was thoroughly viscous at cone 27, hence it is not a fire clay. Blue Anchor.—Considerable clay, partly for terra cotta, has been dug around Blue Anchor, and shipped from there. One of these pits (Loc. 202), not being worked in 1902, showed at least 9 feet of light, bluish-gray clay, with yellow sandy clay in places. Above this is 2 to 3 feet of pebbly sand. A small sample (Lab. No. 692) that was taken for a partial test, worked up with 38.2 per cent. water and had 7.3 per cent. air shrinkage. Its average tensile strength was fair, being 146 pounds per square inch. It burned as follows: Burning test of a terra-cotta clay, Blue Anchor. Cone 5 8 40) Binesshrinkagel eo: seek ace ene 6.3 % 7.6% 9.2 % INDSOnpUON ANSE eect eee 5.00% 4.3% 1.90% Colom tens Warum se neoae cere iene buff buff deep gray buff This could be classed either as a terra-cotta clay or buff-brick clay. It is not a fire clay. Another pit (Loc. 204) is intermittently operated by Wm. Brimfield, along the railroad. Prof. Cook noted! the occurrence of clay near Conrad, one mile south of Tansborough. The clay was dug at one time to make pipe, terra cotta and fire brick, and the section given was: Strip pig.) 54 ee os Bs ea ao ee 6in- to Sete (CIER AMER AGREES eM Sh ger eae sneer ayo Alga 3 6.8 6c 5 to 16 ft. White and yellow quartz sand. : 1878 Report on Clays, p. 258. PLATE XLII. Fig. 1. General view of Hatch & Son’s clay pit, at Fish House. Fig. 2. General view of the Eastern Hydraulic Press Brick Company’s works at Winslow Junction. The long sheds on the left are for storing clay, and to the left of those the clay is seen spread out for weathering. CRAY S; OF CAMDEN COUNTY: 403 A cemented sand layer was found under the clay in places. It is said that the clay could be traced for a mile southeast of the pits. It was sandy, and its color bluish white, buff, and chocolate. Analysis of clay near Conrad and Tansborough. SOC OS A BEARING TrG od Hc 6 LL eae Coe eae CRU NOIR na CEmD ey CLEAR 34.50 Silreagcombined\(Si1©>) Measeeee cence cia cer enone 29.50 mMiuamina “CALOs) 2 yseseaas Pett cls favs nrcrolle cate eaeT eRe eo 23.30 ETH CHO RICE: CE es Os) pM os eke od ce eee Saas 1.50 Ib trans (CRO) SR em etae ls 5) Lc cet a ey ae i Loreen ears AcE Ler BEDE Bee NIE KATE RGMIEKOD 5 Bre sc oud OO RODE EOD Oe RO Uo U RH Sioa Botas hey GeO) ce yee elCone sca oral Sea ee ae 1.77 Socata GNasO}). sci seers eee ope emis eal oho sos ake cl eae ale, MANO 0.16 Waters (combined!) si(E@) eerrestets toc o rections 7.00 INGOTS ETT CS haces ciate eR oa ess os ohss Eo Babee ees Een eee an 1.60 99.33 The composition would indicate a clay of buff-burning quali- ties, but not a refractory one, for the per cent. of fluxes and sand is too high. (See Silica, p: 312, and Fire clays, p. 311). Its composition resembles that of some stoneware clays. The crude clay could all be used for pipe according to Prof. Cook, but for finer and ornamental terra cotta it was washed. Pleistocene. Fish House.—The deposits at Fish House (Loc. 137) have al- ready been described in considerable detail in Chapter VI. Two large excavations have been made, from one of which with a working face varying from 15 to 27 feet in height, clay is now dug at several points (Pl. XLII, Fig. 1). The section here gave Section at Fish House. Seba Lesh per meter Hate wUayaninn WUD RAaNis a NEN uD Lee ek Sees Siwy Outt Well owen layin sat er ee eee ae ei La EDA Ee ae 2-3 * Blackese lay ieerys acirroree weer oe ne ce ini ATER lo eae DA ies ello warclaye- wes ert ers Sore a eis ae MNoe eaena ae Moorea a Sand and gravel, somewhat cemented, ................. i * Including the titanic acid. 404 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. Most of the clay is dark, almost black in color, with occasional layers of coarse black sand and much organic matter. Lumps of lignite are not uncommon, but pyrite was not noticeable. The upper limit of the black clay varies, and at the end of the excava- tion nearest the factory there is a 2-foot layer, low in organic matter and sand, which is sufficiently plastic for pottery purposes and has been used for stoneware. It is found in actual practice that it is undesirable to use the black clay alone, and that a certain amount of loam must be added to it. "This decreases the fire shrinkage and makes the clay easier to burn, for the black clay alone has considerable organic matter. The physical properties of the black and of the brick mixture can best be compared by placing them in parallel columns. Physical characters of clays from Fish House. Black clay. Brick mixture. Lab. No. 668. Lab. No. 639. Watermneqttiredwyeeasectemancniatie B7 RL Jo 27.5 Jo ihe, Gopher Seg obodcuoeouue eee c Oy 7.0 Yo Tensile strength, Ibs. per square in., 243 258 Cone 05 Mire shrinkage biatontece savages Chae e os 3.00% Absorption Wiseew ase ak slice le eae 9.90% Cone 03: Mine Shninkac eye eee eee Teh Ye 5.0 % Colo meer cacteeeweeie baton eeiaedas red red Condition. sake ao. Sek eae steel-hard steel-hard ANDSOGDEIONIED yiy-teGerstacticle te see 5.90% 6.83% Cone 1: Bireeshrinkagel= ss. 46. cece: 7.6076 6.0 % Coloim Gaara as caren ee one ie Betas deep red brown Absorption, ..... AiG eres ane 4.90% 3.08% Cone 3: inenshrinicacetenmienerient cece ae 6.3% (Oo) (oN Pen IR ee Han rahey Aate Beale nrens Yl a gieicedls fa deep red brown Absorption: oo. 2cetSaee ose eee, een reece 0.029% The black clay, in spite of its high tensile strength, does not feel very plastic when wet, and the brick mixture is much more sticky. The following analysis was made of a green brick, as represent- ative of the run of the bank: CLAYS OF CAMDEN COUNTY. 405 Chemical Analysis of brick mixture, Fish House. Silteae (OSi1Os))) dois ce. ee Re Re sae haa 65.53 AN ania (GUE OR) as once tb Has oer ee an aid b Ole ness Heese OG 17.21 EYELET vee (obs Ka (een Gl a4 OF) ia See inane, Sere en 5.23 iL foam CAN OY te aie ee eek ae 9s te MOLE NG ne alata Bie 0.95 Micronesia: (Mic @))yn 5 tee rneiistteran itp tainty stearate a aS tae diene 0.31 TESTES) oes (GLO) neers Ga ci beni gal sae cate a ate rps ain 2.84 Sodaee(GNias ©) ries oere eee enc spate ep eaarnretee seas eG toa 0.96 WFOSSHO MEA STIIETOMS eae ae oe eee ee I CHR Ve noite 4.54 BIO tails Au va ies irars oe Ren eect eM CLs my ann Ne Mele a Ue ain 97.57 This shows a high percentage of total fluxes, and it is doubtful if the clay could be heated to cone 10 or 12 without fusing. Pleistocene clay loams are found overlying the Clay Marls at several localities in the county, and are usually mixed with the latter in the manufacture of brick, although the loam by itself is of little value for brickmaking in most cases, because of its low plasticity and tensile strength, and its porous-burning character. Besides this it often contains pebbles which should either be crushed or carefully removed by screening, for otherwise they tend to split the brick in burning. Clay-working Industry. Common building brick are made in large quantities at Fish House, by Hatch & Sons, at City Line station, Camden, by Budd Brothers, and at Collingswood, by J. C. Dobbs. The bricks in all cases are made by the stiff-mud process. Some of these yards have been in operation for a considerable period. Dry-pressed front brick of a number of shades and colors have been made by the Eastern Hydraulic Press Brick Company, at Winslow Junc- tion, since 1890 ( Pl. XLII, Fig. 2), the clays being dug at various localities. Draintile are made at Collingswood by J. C. Dobbs. Red earthenware and stoneware are produced at Haddonfield by C. Wingender & Bro., the raw clays being derived in part from Cam- den county and in part from the South Amboy district. A factory for the manufacture of sanitary ware is also in operation at Cam- den. It is now controlled by the Camden Pottery Company. Tests of bricks from this county compare very favorably with those from other localities. 406 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. CAPE MAY COUNTY. Clays are dug at only one locality in this county, viz., at Wood- bine (Loc. 189), where they are worked into common building brick by Bushnell & Westcott. ‘The deposit lies 1-114 miles southeast of the depot and not over one-eighth mile south of the agricultural school. The clay is known to be 6 feet thick, under- lain by sand, and covered by about 1 foot of sandy stripping. It is, therefore, a comparatively shallow deposit. The material is mostly quite sandy, but fairly plastic. It is usually red-burning, but patches of whitish-burning clays are occasionally found, one of these occurring at the north end of the bank. ‘The latter is bluish-white in color and is usually avoided in mining. Plate XLII, Fig. 1, shows one portion of the pit, and indicates well the thickness of the clay, thin overburden, and dense brush growth on the surface. The two latter interfere somewhat with the search for clays in this region, and, therefore, careful pros- pecting with an auger is very necessary. The physical characters of the run of the bank (Lab. No. 705), as shown by the green brick mixture, are as follows: Water re- quired for tempering, 21.4 per cent.; air shrinkage, 4.3 per cent. ; average tensile strength, 90 pounds per square inch. Burning test of brick mixture, Woodbine. Cone I Cone I0 Hire; shrinkage apn ac oe oe eee ee 1% 3.790 Color eer aaa ese eee ere red gray brown Condition. pivzein eke acoso nee steel=-hard:] “Gi eeeece A DSOLDtiON 2 Sse tee ese eee 12.7796) oe ae The bluish-white clay (Lab. No. 678) is tough, gritty and mod- erately plastic. It takes more water than the other, viz., 27.8 per cent., and its air shrinkage is also higher, being 6 per cent. On firing the brick seems to expand, possibly due to high silica con- tents and also to fusion. This is shown below: PLATE XLIII. rep ac Clay pit of Bushnell & Westcott, near Woodbine. Fig. 2. Pit of Clayville Mining and Manufacturing Company, near Clayville. The clay is in the Cohansey formation, and the area on left has been worked over. CLAYS OF CAPE MAY COUNTY. 407 Burning test of a blue-white clay, Woodbine. Cone 5 Cone 8 Cone 15 EST ROUSE IMICASE. yo ery s eieie eaves oh 5.3% 4.6% 3.370 Colongeents Aton er .... light buff gray buff gray, brown specks WONTON Se So eis 6 Seite steel-hard speckled slightly swelled /NGORDEGIE Bh boo eect ese eo ar 6.339% 5.45% 1.61% A larger deposit of this grade of clay would be a desirable possession. Other clay deposits are said to occur in the vicinity of Wood- bine, but they have not been opened. Clay is also reported to occur near Tuckahoe, but nothing is known of its character or extent. Clay-working Industry.—Brick are made at the one locality referred to above. There is opportunity for much prospecting to be done, and the possibility of finding larger pockets of the light- burning clay, like that found in Bushnell & Westcott’s pit, should stimulate search. 408 CEAYS AND CEAYINDUS TR CUMBERLAND COUNTY. The clays examined in this county belong chiefly to the Co- hansey and Cape May formations. One small deposit (Loc. 184) north of Vineland is probably of secondary origin in late Pleisto- cene times, Cohansey Clays. Of these the Cohansey clays are the more important in point of development and have been opened at 6 or 7 localities, although now dug at only 3 or 4 points. Clayville-—The most extensive openings are near Clayville, north of Millville (Loc. 183), where clay was dug as early as 1860, and shipped to New York and Trenton. Later attempts to produce common brick from it were unsuccessful, the reason probably being that the clay was not burned hard enough. At the time of writing the pit is owned by the Clayville Mining & Brick Company, and worked by the Globe Fireproofing Company. The clay bank (Pl. XLIII, Fig. 2) lies about 1 mile east of the factory, and the railroad is connected with them by a switch. The clay is variable in thickness, ranging, it is claimed, from 7 to 24 feet, although 14 feet was the greatest thickness observed. With such a variation we should look for irregularities in either the upper or lower surface of the clay deposit, and it is found that both occur, a characteristic not rare in the Cohansey clays. The area that has been dug over is considerable, and the amount of stripping to be removed has varied from 5 to 12 feet. The line of separation between overburden and clay is sharp wherever seen. The clay itself is very tough and gritty, and has to be worked by undermining and falling. In some parts of the bank it grades horizontally into sand, and, where the base of the clay was seen, sand was found to underlie it. In mining the clay, the run of the bank is used, but there is said to be one layer at the bottom which has a high shrinkage. i On account of the size of this deposit a complete physical test was made of it (Lab. No. 653) with the following results: CLAYS OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 409 Amount of water necessary to temper, 32.3 per cent.; air shrink- age, 4 per cent.; average tensile strength, 163 pounds per square inch. Its behavior in burning was as follows: Burning tests of clay from Clayville, near Vineland. Fire shrinkage. Color. Absorption. Condition. @one'o3) ... 2. 4.6% yellowish white 13.07% Tenses: 7.3970 buff 6.147% steel-hard BW ogeaons SRO buff 8.3470 Se 10.0% green gray 0.42% OVAE Seared 8.0% gray 0.46% TEP ees 7.390 gray 2.64% slightly blistered and swelled Chemical analysis of clay, Clayville, ilieae ( SiO.) ects cco teevs eee enero eters ai orcler eats) ote av stanctemananaesl Goat 66.12 Aitiminal CAINS O 3) see a ase elect a NNR E at ee lsat ay toatees 22.07 LRGs al e¥(os.01 Coan GLX OAQ ED) 5 ber ararta. denioeeins CNG HELIN Pole eis ADM arene Teor Ee Tenre (CY OW emer cia Gekt o OP ESO CUO OG Grin Ora OR erm atcia a etree 0.50 Madonesia, (MeO) i meses Eee ehavel NALA Taicher ay leu nh wmaaden eel eelare 0.25 Ntikalivesne (Nias Of Ms ©)) aerate een ears rsiiey aire hevoiceterete men ret rai 1.81 Water (GE. ©) isi aecahiss cee ae sina: Pe bete ee eermiciemo arate 7.04 100.00 Total itteceSee ere tote ere teict are ieheraroht Cetecie arerre eae 3.87 The clay has been used for electrical conduits, fireproofing and buff brick. It could also be employed in terra-cotta manufacture, but it is not a fire clay. Millville —Another series of pits were found nearer to Muill- ville. The most westerly of these is a 4-foot opening in a bed of sandy clay along the road west of Millville on the way to Bridge- ton (Loc. 182). The locality is known as the old Wood’s pit, and is not being worked. As far as could be determined the. deposit is more than 4 feet thick and probably not less than Io, with 2 feet of gravelly overburden. The deposit lies immediately adjoining the main highway and has fairly good haulage facilities. A partial test was made of it (Lab. No. 661) to determine approximately its character with the following results: Water required 36.4 per cent.; air shrinkage, 6.6 per cent.; average tensile strength, 286 pounds per square inch. 410 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. Burning tests of a clay west of Millville. Cone 5 Cone 8 IPAS ogee, SOK Bub os odbodsod dace s 3.4% 4% Color erate ren mene saree weet n aire Pana light buff buff Conditionen starsat acinar keane steel-hard steel-hard IADSORPLIOME Mn se hme ele oes eee, 9.46% 8.78% It is not unlike other Cohansey clays used for terra cotta, and might fairly be classed as a terra-cotta clay. South of Millville (Locality 178), on the road to Buckshutem, the clay is exposed in a pit on the west side of the creek. It is bluish above and black below, and has a thickness of not less than 7 or 8 feet. The amount of stripping, however, is as much as 12 feet, and it probably would not pay to mine the clay unless some use were found for the overlying sand. The clay is also wet in places. If the deposit on further prospecting were found desirable to work, there would be but a short haul to the Maurice river where it could be loaded upon scows for shipment. The clay (Lab. No. 671) is gritty, with an air shrinkage of 7.3 per cent. and it takes 31.7 per cent of water for mixing. It burned steel-hard, however, at cone 1, with a fire shrinkage of 3.7 per cent., although the clay was still absorbent (8.25 per cent.). At cone 10, it was vitrified, gray in color, and had a fire shrinkage Oni. 7a per cent. Another deposit of Cohansey clay has been worked 3 miles east of Millville (Loc. 187). The material from there has been shipped to the Perth Amboy Terra Cotta Company at Perth Amboy, but the pit was idle in 1902. The clay is not unlike many of the Cohansey clays already referred to, being dense, tough and gritty, with occasional sandy streaks. At the bottom of the pit there is a black lignitic clay. The light clay is about 6 feet thick with several feet of sandy overburden. The clay when worked up with 34 per cent. of water had a rather high air shrinkage, viz., 8.6 per cent., and an average tensile strength of 155 pounds per square inch. Its behavior in burning was as follows: CLAYS OF CUMBERLAND: COUNTY. AII Burning test of clay at Millville, Perth Amboy Terra Cotta Co. Cone 5 8 IO I2 Binewshininkaces oe Nae Bae To 7.7.90 8.4 % 9.0% PNDSORD ELON mee eee BAY woos 1.80% 0.09% Color heaskn ee oe buff buff deep buff gray buff A dry-pressed bricklet at cone 8 showed 8 per cent. shrinkage, and another one at cone 12, the same, with gray color and im- pervious body. Rosenhayn.—Another important bed of Cohansey clay has been opened at Rosenhayn (Loc. 185), along the N. J. Southern R. Res GPE ONV EL Big. 2). Section of clay pit at Rosenhayn. KGravelvand sand. with SOme 1hOnMCEUSES) osc ce oe ocieicies ocr: 4-6 ft. Clay, upper two feet more or less weathered and laminated, yellowish color, red-burning; lower part said to burn buff, ................ 5-6 ft. PMreINaiaIe layers Of Clayaan dysands rrr case erecta crcmeeh srr wa ere erases 6 in.-1 ft. “VEGI OS * ASFA G ER Set a Ree eee NS) Hl rar atch Gti Ire ETE cs GENE RRR Tee ec MR A 8 ft. Two clays are distinguished in working, viz., a lower or buff- burning clay, and a red-burning top clay. The former is under- lain by a bed of sand, termed fire sand. A mixture of the two is used for making a buff brick, and the under clay with fire sand is employed for fire brick. The main use of the deposit is for making buff brick, the raw material working up well on a stiff- mud machine with few laminations and smooth surface and edges. The stripping is of little value. The general physical characters of these two clays are as fol- lows: The red top clay (Lab. No. 682) is a fairly plastic ma- terial with some coarse grit, and in mixing required 32.4 per cent. water. Its air shrinkage was 8 per cent., and average tensile strength 158 pounds per square inch. It behaved as follows in burning: Burning test of the top clay, Rosenhayn. Cone I 5 & CCAS IITATIKAD eC etry tin Janie a 5.3 Yo 8 % 7.3 To PAD SOLD LON we Ae ee a Se eee: 10.82% 4.68% 0.01% Cols eee eae oe red red gray WONG lorena cil toss steel-hard steel-hard 412 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY: As shown by the above figures this clay burns to a dense body at cone 5, and a very dense one at cone 8. It is said to have been tried for the manufacture of stoneware. The mixture for buff brick (Lab. No. 683) is sticky, gritty and plastic, and required 28.9 per cent. of water. Its air shrink- age was 8.6 per cent., and its average tensile strength 127 pounds per square inch. In burning it gave the following results: Burning tests of buff-brick mixture. Rosenhayn. Cone 05 Ti 3 5 8 Fire shrinkage, 1.4% 5.4% 6% 6% 6.7% Colona. eae pale red buff red deep buff Absorption, ... slightly absorbent Conditicn, .... not quite steel- steel-hard hard A dry-pressed tile burned at cone 10 was gray brown, with an absorption of 2.36 per cent., and a fire shrinkage of 9 per cent. Carmel.—The Cohansey clays are also found at Carmel on Mr. Miller’s property (Loc. 186), but the thickness exposed in the pit is not great. When wet the clay is tough, sandy and rather lean, so that its tensile strength 1s probably not very high. It also pulls somewhat in molding, so that it could probably be improved by the addition of a more plastic material. The ma- terial (Lab. 704), when mixed with 28.1 per cent. of water, had an air shrinkage of 6 per cent., and at cone 5 its fire shrinkage was 4 per cent., the bricklet being buff-colored and its absorption 7.08 per cent., so that in its burning qualities it is similar to the buff clay found at Rosenhayn. Some draintile have been made from it experimentally. The bed has not been worked nor 1s its exact extent known. Rosenhayn, about 3 miles distant, is the nearest shipping point. Bridgeton.—Another exposure of the Cohansey clays is worked at Bridgeton (Loc. 191), where the clay is seen in Erickson’s: pits on the southern edge of the town. The clay is bluish-white, mottled and often very siliceous and, so far as seen, without pebbles. The thickness of the deposit, as exposed, ranges from 6 to 9 feet, and it is underlain by a layer of sand cemented by limonite. The upper limit of the clay is fairly uniform, so that CLAYS OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 413 the variation in thickness is caused by a rise in the level of the bottom sandstone layer towards the south end of the pit. The physical properties of the sample tested (Lab. No. 619) were as follows: water required to mix, 30 per cent.; air shrink- age, 7 per cent.; average tensile strength, 133 pounds per square inch. In burning it behaved as follows: Burning test of clay from Erickson’s pit, Bridgeton. Cone 05 I 8 5 ire shrinkage, 555-2 see 3.6% 5.3% 7.6% 7.6% AC OL OTR cre iste c eos: Hance pale red red red red CoOnditionee a5. nearly steel-hard steel-hard ENDSORDEHOMN 7s see eer 14.81% 7.96% 5.57% 4.19% The clay alone, it is seen, burns quite dense at a moderately low temperature, and, if molded stiffer, the total shrinkage could no doubt be reduced. In actual practice the clay is mixed with sand and molded quite wet, so that the total shrinkage in drying and burning is about 14 per cent. and the brick has an absorption of probably 14 or 15 per cent. It is claimed that the clay will not stand molding in a stiff-mud machine without tearing. Certain layers of the clay are tougher and burn to a lighter color than others in the bank, and unless théy’are thoroughly dis- integrated in the machine they show on the broken surface of the brick. This clay differs from most of those classed as Co- hansey in burning red. Inasmuch as the clay occurs at an eleva- tion of 40 feet, the height of the Cape May terrace, there is a possibility that it belongs rather to the Cape May formation, although on the whole, the stratigraphical evidence favors its teference to the Cohansey. Cape May Clays. Bridgeton.—A brick-clay pit (now idle) has been opened in the Cape May formation on the west side of Cohansey creek one- half mile south of Bridgeton (Loc. 190). The bed of clay, which is at least 8 feet thick and possibly more, is fairly plastic but gritty and contains numerous pebbles, some of them running up 414 CLAYS AND CRAYON DUS TRE to I or 2 inches in diameter. Immediately overlying the clay is 2 to 4 feet of gravel, capped by 3 to 4 feet of sandy loam. This material was formerly used for soft-mud brick and burned to a good red color. The pebbles in the clay would have to be crushed, if the clay were to be used for stiff-mud purposes. The clay seems also to have yielded good results on re-pressing. In the laboratory the air-dried clay (Lab. No. 664) took 26 per cent. of water for tempering and had an air shrinkage of 6 per cent. ‘The average tensile strength was 219 pounds per square inch. It behaved as follows in burning: Burning test of a brick clay from Bridgeton. Cone I 5 Io Fire shrinkage, ....... 4.370 7.370 eae Colonnade ere cee light red red gray Conditioners osonee steel-hard pies beyond vitrification, and somewhat swelled. IADSonptOonerece omece 7.5190 2.76% To produce a good red brick this clay would have to be fired fairly hard. Buckshutem.—The best exposutes of Cape May clay in Cum- berland county are found on both sides of the Maurice river at Buckshutem. One bed is opened up at A. E. Burchem’s yard (Loc. 180), on the east side of the river. The clay, which is sandy in character, is not less than 9 feet thick, but only the upper 6 feet are dug. It has 12 to 15 inches of sandy overburden, and makes a stiff-mud, red-burning brick. On the opposite side of the river (Loc. 181) is another pit, in which clay is dug by Hess & Golder for their brickyard at Mill- ville. Section at Hess & Golder’s clay pit, Buckshutem. Sandy “overburden ces aes Seon ele ae Cece ere 4 feet. Sandy clays sce 45. tice closer ere ae ne a eee eee 8 feet. Tough: plastic:clayan.e. . sic aictn ae ene ee oo 4 feet. It is claimed that the bottom clay will not stand much heat, and in digging it is left to prevent the water of the creek from entering CLAYS OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 415 the pit. The clay from this bank is mixed with clay from Cedar- ville, which is on the road west of Millville. The physical properties of the run of bank from both localities 180 and 181 are given below: Physical properties of clays from Buckshutem. Loc. 180 Lab. No. 646 Wikermrequined:. 3). hi. aaaueioa sie aes 27.2% ANie Gotan ACR Aenean otocrs oeo bed Om: 7% Average tensile strength, lbs. per sq. in., 201 Cone 05— Minesshninkagecnene saneeceiatiens 3.390 INDSORP TONY nile). aaae Ree ss 12.46% COLO Roe as se ces eee light red Conditions Sys sehen eae nearly steel-hard Cone 03— inesshninkagey i ane tre eee 5% INDSORDEON. cia ces eee enon 9.41% COlOT ie as as Nara naa eR eee red Condition). pcg ee Oe steel-hard Cone I— Biresshpinkagel steerer 6% INDSOGPEONS <5 cca eros ee ene 5.50% COLOR iis rr On Tae brick red Cone 3— BMLeuSnTIMKAGey sia. ae oror erin 6.3% INDSORDEHON. Ao. Se 4.48% Color asi ses pO eee dark red Cone 5— BIGORSMTINKAS EC) hyo ce ks eee 7% A DSOLMLION:. seas ciersin Sete ee 3.51% (Colles aie eee as OLE ors ate earey ste deep red Loc. 181 Lab. No. 645 25.2% 10% 289 276 13.13% light red nearly steel-hard 2% 9.05% light red steel-hard 4% 6.290% red A% 4.24% red 4.37% 2.86% deep red Chemical analysis of clay, A. E. Burchem, Buckshutem. Silica sGS1Os) ston hbase a et eee PA ee olarak re Alumina (Al.O3), SOOCICO DO OUO0 OOOO OtiO Cb CIOd a GON ODO. Merncsoxide: (HesOs ss cnc ry soe tan eee tere iL yianvey (CCE 60) Ge od ian eet RSE! GAT cone RE Ne tris eh Sap AS Masta) MiaoTIesianGMGONE ae sata. tee ero Oe Re RIE ER Pmicaliess(( NAO NIcO)\ie en cn on oe ae tae Ae Kossom ignition (chiefly, wateh) <..\aaacc ee een. MOEA TUES ON eels Nao aye eoeEe aS peaees ie 416 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. Comparing these two clays it is seen that the one from locality 181 has a lower fire shrinkage, but does not burn much denser. Neither of the clays is refractory and they are also too gritty for pottery manufacture. Belleplain.—The Cape May clays? are still further utilized at Belleplain, (Loc. 188), on the West Jersey Re Ri) Mitexclayans made into bricks at a yard by the railroad station, but the deposit lies in the pines about 1 mile to the southeast. The clay which is very sandy runs 7 feet in thickness with 1 foot of stripping. The sample tested (Lab. No. 660) slaked rapidly and on ac- count of its sandy character but little water (22.9 per cent.) was required to temper it. In the laboratory test it showed an air shrinkage of 5.3 per cent., and its average tensile strength was 148 pounds per square inch. Its burning qualities were as follows: Burning test of clay from Belleplain. Cone ig 5 ImiieS. Somber, ooddesuovccs 000006 1.7% 2.77% Colonnetes pe) generates ater: Mer ee kes light pinkish red red Conditionnves:qcemeciice ae ee se eos not steel-hard — steel-hard AiDSOnptiOiMs neko taste seevacerebene even thete 11.98% 10.82% Vineland.—Two small shallow deposits of Pleistocene clay are worked at Hobart’s brickyard (Loc. 184). They are known as the east and west bank respectively. The former is a gray-burn- ing sandy clay and makes the more ringing brick, while the latter is less sandy, and burns a brighter red. A sample of the latter (Lab. No. 669) required 36.0 per cent. of water for tempering, had an air shrinkage of 6.3 per cent., and an average tensile strength of 133 pounds per square inch. Its burning properties were as follows: Burning tests of clay from Hobart’s west bank, Vineland. Cone 03 I 5 Hine shrinkacesueeee eee 3.7970 4.470 5.390 Colo Tie ee cee ee oe red red deep red Fandness a seceiepeem neice steel-hard steel-hard steel-hard INDSORD EON ee ese eee 16.29% 13.00% 10.35% 1The reference of these clays to the Cape May formation is not beyond a doubt. They may be Cohansey. CLAYS OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 417 A sample of the so-called gray-burning one (Lab. No. 663), when tested in the laboratory gave the following results: Water required for mixing 28.5 per cent.; air shrinkage, 5.3 per cent. Its behavior in burning was as follows: Burning tests of clay from Hobart’s east bank, Vineland. Cone 05 Or ii Ragersnrinkage, 22.2 ca.csss 0.790 2.3% 2.770 PAOSOEPUION, «0. ens ce nae oes 16.947 14.79Yo 13.49% (CONG ES Scat te gs Nae a ge pale red light pink reddish (Calatelias(orsh sa eaieeeee eentee or nearly steel-hard nearly steel-hard steel-hard It will be noticed from this that the clay in the laboratory test burned a brighter color than in practice. The gray color obtained in practice is due largely to the sand used for tempering and mold- ing, as well as in part to insufficient air in burning. Clay-working Industry. The clay products made in Cumberland county include common brick, pressed brick and conduits. Soft-mud brick are manufac- tured at Vineland by J. A. Hobart; at Millville, by Golder & Hess; at Bridgeton, by B. Erickson; and by R. T. Green- lee at Belleplain. Stiff-mud brick are made at Buckshutem by A. E. Burcham. Conduits are manufactured at Clayville by the Globe Fireproofing Co.1 Both buff and red front brick are pro- duced at Rosenhayn by Kilborn & Gibson. The stiff-mud process is used. Some of the yards have been in operation for a considerable period of time. * Since writing this (1903), we learn that this factory has been closed and the Clayville clay is now chiefly shipped to Philadelphia for terra cotta. Ag (SE Ae 418 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. ESSEX COUNTY. So far as known, not much clay of commercial value occurs in Essex county, and there are at present no localities where it is dug. The northwest portion of the county lies within the area formerly covered by Lake Passaic, and lacustrine clays of Glacial age are to be looked for in the low areas along the Passaic river, particularly in Caldwell township. If present, they are more or less deeply covered by sand and gravel or by swamp muck. Local beds of glacial or alluvial clay probably also occur along many of the streams. Clay-working Industry. The clay-working industry of this county is of little importance. Common earthenware and some stoneware are manufactured at Newark by the Union Pottery & Drainpipe Works, Excelsior Pot- tery Works and the Belmont Ave. Pottery. CLAYS OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 419 GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Gloucester county includes the following clay-bearing forma- tions: Raritan, Clay Marl I, Clay Marl II, Clay Marl III, the Alloway and probably the Cohansey. The first four are found in the northwestern part of the county, the Alloway clay in Har- rison and South Harrison townships, and lenses of Cohansey clay, if present, are to be looked for in the pines in the southeastern part of the county. Raritan Clays. Billingsport.—Dr. Cook’ reported the occurrence of clay on property of B. A. Lodge, 1% miles south of Billingsport. The opening in the river bluff showed : Section near Billingsport. Sandeand’oravely wre eee ee era eee 10-17 feet. Mell owselaiy,! <0: s/1475 cae Oe PN Stee ha leseinue anions 2 feet. IB OLEET SSC lays. Si dicassoroe Tae ee ato lar nae 10-12 feet. NEIL O wi lays, 78 te eM ere ore ePTR Chena ineat egies 1 foot. Wikmtetoravel tae ke icteaces tue mesb ne tne aware et eee vuntn aa The clay was dark-colored, and carried lignite near the top of the bed. ‘Towards the bottom there was a little pyrite. ‘The best clay was quite sandy and had the following composition : Chemical analysis of clay. B. A. Lodge, Billingsport. SETAC A oe Beamer cant RAT Sec tera, rae AER eS hm MEN A aT 56.00 SH Veh asl CSIRO) me aw aca a cas Sa Ae Id a Mn ee ea Su ge 16.20 Alumina (Al.O;) and Titanium oxide (TiO:),............ 15.00 Heghicaoxide (HE. Opie nr hine wits cee cious Geese 1.20 Wiseu (CAO) co te eve eerie cota Pains srasohs cilavatiutvaruua eter as ites WMacrresiae Gio @)) Mirra verre rr rien hs (ob il cet dt cuneees hae 0.32 JPL ISIS GIES ON ance tre ai iinet At ot tt Die gh Al Om RED i OE UNAS 1.68 SOIT FA OD) I ts OMA co Oe rem ATO TB RD 0.39 \ Mek weie (18 AO) gs aa er ai ahy aR ea ete EL RETR Cee ore ent JR 7.70 WG FRUTSTHE AE BY re enon i at ters) RT wh ee a MARAIS Seay: ORAL SA) MCN 1.10 Na) 3 Wie ai oe be oRe SNe Rea gn DAO RRL AUD UE 99.59 * Report on Clays, 1878, p. 251. 420 CLAYS AND! CLAY. INDUSIURY: The clay was shipped away, but for what use was not stated. Bridgeport.—The occurrence of a tough, yellowish-white clay on the land of James Kirby, 1 mile south of Bridgeport, was also reported by Dr. Cook.1. The locality is near Raccoon creek. The Clay Marls. The position of Clay Marl I in Gloucester county is shown on the map, Plate X. The formation is for the most part covered with the sand deposits of the Cape May terrace and exposures are few, except along some of the creek banks. No samples were taken for testing. Outcrops of Clay Marl II are more frequent, and are more promising as sources of workable deposits. W oodbury.—Good exposures are found at various points along Mathews brook (Loc. 157), three-fourths mile due west of Wood- bury. Here the clay is probably of considerable thickness, and was tested by boring for more than 6 feet. It is black and plastic, but not so dense as that at locality 156, south of Woodbury. There is a variable covering of loam, but this in no case exceeds. 6, or sometimes 10, feet, and much of it might be mixed with the clay. This locality is favorably situated as regards shipment, the railroad being but a few hundred feet distant. A physical test of the clay (Lab. No. 613) from this locality gave the following re- sults: Water required for mixing, 28 per cent.; air shrinkage, 11 per cent.; average tensile strength, 193 pounds per square inch.. It burned as follows: Burning test of clay near Woodbury, locality 157. Cone 05 Or I B & Bireshrinixaccya eee ries 4.3% 4.3% 5.370 6.3% INDSOTDLLON ai ae een mince 11.23% 9.34% 6.88% 3.03% COLOR siete coset oer pale red red red deep red Condition... 2k eos pose Steel ehandG Seer ccl acorn eae viscous: From these tests it is seen that the clay burns a good color and hard at alow cone. The overlying material could easily be mixed in with it to reduce the air shrinkage. Swocucite pi 252. CLAMS {OF AGLOUCES DER ‘COUNTY: 421 Clarksboro.—Wells in the vicinity of Clarksboro indicate the presence of 15 feet of clay, probably Clay Marl II, beneath a few feet of loamy sand.t Swedesboro.—At several points northwest of Swedesboro a chocolate-colored clay occurs along the highway and banks of Raccoon creek at points not unfavorably situated for opening pits, but no attempt has been made to utilize it. Clay Marl III is usually a sand bed but at certain horizons con- tains workable lenses of clay which have been used in Gloucester county. Woodbury.—Such a deposit occurs at Thackara’s brickyard, one-half mile south of Woodbury on the road to Wenonah (Loc. 155, Pl. XXVI, Fig. 1). The clay is loamy in character with numerous mica scales, but makes a good red hand-molded brick. Farther south on this same road, and about 1 mile from Wood- bury is an abandoned brickyard (Loc. 156). In the bottom of the pit there is an extremely tough, bluish-black clay 4 feet in thickness, overlain by 6 feet of weathered chocolate clay, and this in turn capped by 4 feet of pebbly loam. It is claimed that the toughness of the clay (Lab. No. 717) caused the abandonment of the yard, for the deposit does not appear to be exhausted. The fol- lowing are its physical characters: Water required for mixing, 40.5 per cent., which is rather high; air shrinkage, 9 per cent., which is also high; average tensile strength, 134 pounds per square inch. At cone 05, fire shrinkage was 4.3 per cent., and absorption 11.28 per cent.; color light red, and bricklet steel-hard. At cone o1, fire shrinkage was 4.6 per cent.; absorption, 8.7 per cent., and color red. In working this material it would probably be necessary to add a considerable quantity of the sandy over- burden. Alloway Clay. The Alloway clay is found in southern Harrison township at several localities, and underlies considerable areas. (PI. XIII.) Flarrisonville-—Clay crops out along the roadside 1 mile east of Harrisonville (Loc. 176). It is mottled yellow and red, and * Annual Report of the State Geologist, 1901, p. 77. 422 CUAYS ANE Cl Ayal NIDIO SA RNase a sample was taken to a depth of 4 feet, but the clay extends below this. The material (Lab. No. 693) is rather free from grit, and quite plastic. It took a very high percentage of water, viz., 47.7 per cent. to temper it, but the air shrinkage of 8.3 per cent. is lower than that of some other Alloway clays requiring less water. Its tensile strength was also very high, averaging 405 pounds per square inch. At cone 1 its fire shrinkage was 5.7 per cent.; the bricklet steel-hard and light red. A dry-pressed tile burned at cone 8 showed a total shrinkage of 13.3 per cent. Ewan Mills —At locality 174, north of Ewan Mills the most northerly outcrop of Alloway clay was found, but it is probably too thin for economic working, there being not more than 4 or 5 feet of light chocolate-colored clay underlain by loose sand and overlain by a heavy burden of sand with pebbles and iron crusts, passing upwards into gravel. A bed of clay at least 7 feet in thickness is found along the road on the North Farwell farm (Loc. 175), and in fact under- lies the entire property. Brick made from it many years ago can still be seen in a good state of preservation in the walls of neighboring farmhouses. It is a smooth, light-brown clay with yellow mottlings, few iron crusts and of good plasticity. There is little or no stripping. The following are the physical characters of the material (Lab. No. 687) : Amount of water required, 32.1 per cent.; air shrinkage, 9.3 per cent., this is rather high. Aver- age tensile strength 208 pounds per square inch. At cone 1: fire shrinkage, 2.7 per cent., and absorption, 5.4 per cent., bricklet steel-hard and yellowish red. At cone 5: fire shrinkage, 4.7 per cent.; color, gray brown, and bricklet quite dense, absorbing only 2.21 per cent. The clay vitrified at cone 12. On looking at the tabulated tests of Alloway clays (p. 352), it will be seen that only one other had an equally low fire shrinkage, 7. e., the brick mixture used at Yorktown. ‘The latter, however, had a lower air shrinkage and required less water for tempering. Talc-like Clay. Harrisonville.—At locality 173 a mile due east of Harrison- ville, there is an old pit which shows several feet of the micaceous CLAYS OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 423 talc-like clay which underlies the Alloway clay. A sample was tested with the following results: Water required for tempering, 38.5 per cent.; air shrinkage, 5 per cent.; tensile strength not tested, probably very low. It gave the following results when burned: | Burning tests of a talc-like clay, near Harrisonville. 05 I § ine shrinkage. sss... 6 1% 3% 3% Calor ss A DS Poe whitish pinkish buff light buff Conditionsna.-cs eee ee not steel-hard not steel-hard nearly steel-hard IADSOEPHOM «cc osc cate cee 28.7370 24.65% 20.61% Both the Alloway clay and this talc-like clay are discussed more at length in connection with the clays of Salem county. Clay-working Industry. There is only one brickyard in Gloucester county, viz., the one mentioned south of Woodbury. Aside from this there are no clay-working plants in the county. 424 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. HUDSON COUNTY. No clay deposits are being worked in this county, but there are several factories which are supplied chiefly by clays from Middlesex county. J. H. Gautier & Co. have a factory in Jersey City and produce some fire brick and graphite crucibles. Porous white-ware cups for electrical purpose are made by W. Ross, of Jersey City. The same class of goods are also produced by Thos. Loughran of Marion, N. J. PLATE XLIV. Fig. 1. G. C. Pedric’s brickyard, Flemington, showing soft-mud machine and mold- ing gang at the right, and drying sheds with movable roofs. ‘The white smoke between the two kiln sheds is the water-smoke or steam from the bricks. Fig. 2. Clay bank at the same brick works showing the shallow character of the clay which was derived by wash from the steep hill on the right. CEAYS OF HUNTERDON COUNTY. 425 HUNTERDON COUNTY. The clay deposits of Hunterdon are not extensive, but so far as known, are limited to local accumulations due directly to the disintegration of the underlying rock or to wash from steeper slopes. In the latter case, the clay is usually residuary material which has been transported at most only a few hundred yards from its source. Lambertville—A small deposit of ferruginous brick clay de- rived directly from the decomposition of trap rock is worked on the hill about one mile southeast of Lambertville (Loc. 277). It is rather shallow and contains numerous large bowlders, the dis- integrated portions of the rock (Pl. XXIV, Fig. 1). Although the brickyard is a small one and worked intermittently, bricks haye been made in this vicinity from this clay since 1816. There is no likelihood of finding an extensive deposit on this ridge, but clay similar in amount and character probably occurs at many points along the top of Sourland mountain between Lambertville and Neshanic. ‘The material burns red and has a low fire shrink- age. Flemmgton.—A bed of loamy clay ranging from 3 to 7 feet in thickness is worked at Flemington (Loc. 276), for the manu- facture of common brick (Pl. XLIV, Figs. 1 and 2). The lower portion of the clay was derived directly from the Triassic red shale, while the upper few feet, which contain occasional pebbles of trap rock, were derived by wash from the steep slopes of. a hill of trap rock a few rods west of the clay pits. Both clays are used and burn to a product of good red color and hard body, but they are too gritty for use in draintile. The physical prop- erties of this material are as follows: Water required, 23.9 per cent.; air shrinkage, 3.5 per cent. Average tensile strength 159 pounds per square inch. ‘The sample burned as follows: Burning tests of a clay from Flemington, Pedrick’s yard. Cone 05 ir 3 ibatershrinkage, =.) s40e- 1.1 % 7.1 % 7.1% FEM SOGES EI Of eae Sines orate Ce 12.34% 4.94% 3.0% 5) G72 aN See es Resta Be Ae red deep red very deep red ME OM AIEIOT io arr acrecie ee oe eis not quite steel-hard steel-hard 426 CLAYS PANDE CE ANG EN DIU SI RAE Holland.—The following is an analysis of clay! near Holland, found on the property of A: C. Rapp. It 1s apparently derived from the crystalline gneisses which surround it. The clay may be of butf-burning character, but is not now worked. Analysis of a clay of A. C. Rapp, Holland. Silical CSiOR ey ee Sk EO Ua a A ad a 54.07 Iron oxide (Fe.0;) and Alumina (AI,Osz), .............:- 33.00 Titanicioxidex Cli Oz) otis sain Goins see eae Cee 0.24 Wirrex( CaO) oe ewe Cie on crane ee etal ae nee eat EP ae 0.20 Miagrivesias! GMS Oi Sana att egies Mere LeU ed nese eee ae 0.38 Sodavi(Naz@)) ae, gee hea oe ee aes eer cee taet ieee stan ora renee 0.61 Potash GR @ ip ten th aka: Oh fecly ey Sean y spear pe ea ea Ono IMIOIStURES, tie scuaccetlonch Aceon Cea aed note ake Gia aeRO SoS nee RE 0.26 Water Clenmiti On) sere cele tre Cocore siaiore wicnickorn one isons e erry 9.70 100.24 Junction.—Near Junction (Loc. 281, Lab. No. 733), a clay derived by wash from the neighboring slopes of decomposed gneiss rock occurs on the property of C. N. Moore. It is not being used and its extent and thickness are unknown, but it is favorably lo- cated as respects railroad facilities. It is rather a gritty-feeling clay of medium plasticity and works up with 19 per cent. water. It burned with the following results: Burning test of clay from C. N. Moore, Junction. Cone 05 i 5 Piretshrinixageaamcnoee nee 47% 5% 12% FN DONT HOME 545 Shao oo oooo dae 18.29% 10.23% 0.95% Color ies Neen eee eve OwAShiep tink. light red dark brown Condition, .:................ not steel-hard nearly steel-hard steel-hard Bethlehem.—A bed of white clay with a large percentage of very fine quartz sand and partially-decomposed feldspar is said to occur 1% mules southwest of Bethlehem, Hunterdon county (p. 208). New Germantown.—A deposit of sandy brick clay is reported to occur near New Germantown on the property of P. W. Melick, * Analysis made by W. S. Myers, 1894, unpublished. CLAYS OF HUNTERDON COUNTY. 427 Jr. Information regarding it was received by the Survey too late to permit any physical tests. Clay-working Industry. Common brick are made at Flemington by G. C. Pedrick, the yard having been in operation since 1840. A small yard is also operated by T. O. Daniel southeast of Lambertville. The Fulper Pottery Company, of Flemington, produces stone- ware and some earthenware. ‘The clays used are obtained entirely from the Middlesex district. 428 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. MERCER COUNTY. The clay deposits in Mercer county can be referred to the Raritan formation, the Clay Marls I and II and to the Pleistocene clay loams. Owing, however, to the heavy accumulation of Pensauken gravel over much of the area occupied by the Raritan and the two lower Clay Marl beds, the localities at which these beds are worked are not numerous. The Triassic red shale for- mation, although also occurring in the county, has up to the present time, not been found to be of any value there for the manufacture of clay products. The Raritan Clays. Trenton.—To the east of Trenton in the region known as Dog- town, the Raritan clays are dug in a number of pits for sagger, wad, and fire clay. One of the largest openings is that on the property of J. J. Moon (Loc. 101), where a pit of considerable depth was opened at the time of the writer’s visit and illustrated well the character of the materials obtained from the formation in this vicinity (Pl. VI). The section exposed in June, 1902, was: Section at J. J. Moon's pit, Dogtown. SEnIPPIN Gye ea Fe eee eee TG ptt Wirite sandy clays sane. sie cene ah fais See niele Se eee 2-3 ft Black buff-burning clay (occasionally wanting). Red wadnelay,-eisgs as cost ee ates ee Sie eee rae Omit No: 2\sagcericlayen ste csmitasiacienys cote asian eeec eae ee 4 ft. NO? Tsag ger (clays e350 sasha merctcrastee sekeee Se Eee 2ahie DANG). .cFes dine anteaters cane ae ee Gs SEE eh eee Ait Most of the product of these pits is hauled by wagon to Trenton and used to a large extent by the potteries of that city. Another series of pits (Loc. 102), opened by Mr. Smith in the woods to the southwest of Moon’s pit, showed the following section : CLAYS: OF MERCER COUNTY. 420 Section of Smith’s pit, Dogtown. SYED) 050 20 Sh ies rae hl ke a CU p Roa anaes. NAA ey Vata REC Wade lays Fy EP teh ORI ae ere WAS tts INOmTablacksclasy..A) sere e ries asco cus ered ates eae ee bene ee Onentt: Back sarr de scr sper, en eee oe ae Eos 4 ft. Bilaeksearcthy ssh. Mec eeseaccccucr ae apt cere siege ec beita say ce ae comma Recher A number of other pits have been dug in this region as shown on the map at localities 100, 103, and 104, and the materials all show the usual variation characteristic of the Raritan beds. The following series of tests fairly represent the properties of these Raritan clays in the vicinity of Dogtown: Physical tests on Dogtown clays, J. J. Moon. I. No. 1 blue clay, whitish color, with some fine grit, from Dogtown. slaked moderately fast and had tiny limonite specks. J. J. Moon. II. No. 1 sagger clay. J. J. Moon. III. Tough red wad clay with very little grit. J. J. Moon. IV. No. 2 sagger clay. Water required, Air shrinkage, .. Average tensile strength, [DSHS pete Semen Cone 05: Fire shrinkage, Absorption, ... Color, Condition, Cone 03: Fire shrinkage, ........ Absorption, ... Color, Cone 1: Fire shrinkage, Absorption, ... Color, Condition, Cone 3: Fire shrinkage, Absorption, ... Color, Condition, 7-3. To 13.0 % creamy white steel-hard 1 Lab. No. 632 28.5 % 4.6 %o 90 1.4 % 19.82% pinkish red not steel-hard 3.0 Yo 20.00% pinkish red 6.0 % 13.637 pinkish red not steel-hard It III IV Lab. No. Lab. No. 644 710 BOI To ali eh wise 6 % 7 7e Fd Ghee aeare 8.0 % 7.0 Jo 15.39% 15.08% AVM wilea rece ‘steel-hard! a Nao. Ope ly Hiolles Lanse Me). bbaooe earn cles chet 430 CLAYS AND CLEAVE INDUS MR Ye Cone 5: Fire shrinkage, ...... RES ON aw 7.4 % T0009 | eaeee AADSOEPtION cae er eee he Pi BP ealett _. 8.26% WIT 3 963 eee Colona ne ce BS iiae aesten light red Srayi, Soe eee Conditionty ses eecen. Soe ean to eesteel=hardi GT me oc dbo Cone 8: ie sya Fire shrinkage, .......- oe Io 9.4 % TT OM Toner INIDSORD EHO seee aa caer SiOACC ea Olt eniate 2:70 TCE Colora eerie che cream white eee Say. See At cone 15, No. I had a fire shrinkage of 11.7 per cent.; ab- sorption, 1.21 per cent., and it vitrified at cone 27... No. Il vitrified at cone 10; No. III was viscous at cone 30. A white clay of the composition given below was formerly obtained by washing the clay found in A. C. Anderson & Com- pany’s pits two miles northeast of Trenton. Prof. Cook’ gave the following analysis: Analysis of clay. A. C. Anderson & Co., Trenton. SilTSa ESTO ay oy is iacleeoreeg a eeyes au evra ree eal Geel eeatoe gah areas eae Onn ne 45.30 Atlamirra CAE Os), vied sree ara costae cist ale Sac tae orotate rere oaks 37.10 Bertie: Ox1d eri esa ne scale 6 cues olc cone tee ieaateste eee ee 1.30 Teme CCA OM ere isiscciaceets eases RE ee ee rete 0.17 Miaonesial@Mig@®))), as 2 ages a ie ncaa eres eis Wars. cme nals 0.22 Mutant Croxiclea (els Oa )kt bisree recaeuee ae aes Cie Site ane 1.40 Water CEB OD weccc Sites ale ceetate Sroucre sinks elses acy uolesenen tole 13.40 100.19 Clays are also known to occur below Trenton along the bluff bordering the river, and northeast of the city near Clarksville (p. 198). Clay Marls. Hightstown.—The most important openings made in the Clay Marls are at B. H. Reed & Bro.’s brickyard near Hightstown (Loc. 194), where pits have been dug along the boundary line of Clay MarlsI and Il. The material obtained from these pits is *1878 Rep. on Clays, p. 235. CLAYS OF MERCER COUNTY. 431 mixed with a certain percentage of sandy surface clay and used in the manufacture of bricks. The clay molds well and easily on a stiff-mud machine, and is also used to some extent for making draintile. ‘The physical properties of a sample taken from the boundary of Clay Marls I and II at this locality are as follows: Clay (Lab. No. 609), tough and fairly plastic, working up with 34 per cent of water; air shrinkage, 6.6 per cent. The fire tests were as follows: Burning tests of Reed & Bro’s. black clay. Hightstown. Cone 03 I 3 5 Pureishrinkage, 12.05. vice 3.490 5.470 5.4% 6.4% MADSOLPLION, s\cs oie os ceria 16.66% TOW O Tone ere Haas SLT ce ae en pale red red red rebar Won ditions. ves aes not steel-hard steel-hard ..... few small fused specks. A dry-press tile made from this clay and burned at cone 5 had a fire shrinkage of 5.2 per cent. and was slightly mottled in its color. =) © Windsor.—A boring made along the road just by the bridge at Windsor (Loc. 192) showed at least 7 feet of Clay Marl I. The overburden is slight, but the clay appears somewhat sandy in its character, although not burning to a specially porous body. A partial physical test of this material (Lab. No. 602) showed that it required 31 per cent. of water to temper it, and that its air shrinkage was 8.6 per cent. Its average tensile strength was 251 pounds per square inch, but the latter did not seem to be an index of its plasticity, for the material did not feel especially plastic. In burning it gave the following results: Burning test of a Clay Marl I, Windsor. (Loc. 192.) Cone 05 Or iT; BAR CISHEIMIRAR EC. ccna one am ceten 0% 3.4% 1.4% FAP SODP ELON: witA2 Sel ohne closes 17.09% 10.78% 12.22% LOIS eS SOS Rae she ivsok: light red with bright red small black specks LS ASG TREE ee ISO ae eae ean gt OE not steel-hard not steel-hard 432 CEAYsS AND CLAY INDUSTRY: From these tests it would appear that this material was suitable at least for the manufacture of common brick. Robbinsville. — Clay of the following composition is said to occur near Robbinsville.t Analysis of a clay near Robbinsville. Sula (SiO ss) s sevsc es eas we chspyceets Crake eae eae Te rea 60.10 Allimina: (CAIBOS eo Bea siya oeteeea oc ose eheioe ts Sree ee eee 21.13 tronvoxiderGhesOs)), iis sss racteions Sela s Be e Oe 6.07 VWiate rn (iS ©) eu ge eee Ws Kir ape nn Ca Raa a Re a ee area 8.90 TROt ae ae ee cisicts Sas eeu Sl ecee RIA eee rere ac 96.20 The analysis shows that it is probably red-burning, and not a fire clay. Clay Loams. Trenton.—In the region around Trenton and as far north as Pennington the clay loam which mantles the Trenton gravels and extends back upon the hills to elevations of 200 feet (p. 121) has been worked for a long series of years for making .common brick. The deposit is very shallow (Pl. XV, Fig. 1), and con- sequently large areas have been worked over. In fact the avail- able supply near the yards has been nearly exhausted, and clay is now brought in from points near Trenton Junction and Ewing. These loamy clays around Trenton rarely run more than 5 or 6 feet thick and, moreover, may be pockety or basin-shaped in their character. On account of the large number of stones which they contain, they frequently have to be screened before use or put through rolls to crush the pebbles. When burned they produce a brick of excellent red color. Tests are given in the table facing page 348. In the earlier years of the brick industry around Trenton, most of the brick were made by the hand process, and those which were sold for front brick were re-pressed in hand-power machines. At the present time, however, the hand molding is still used for the brick that are to be re-pressed, but the common brick are often molded in steam-power, stiff-mud machines. * Analysis by W. S. Myers, 1895. Unpublished. Exact locality unknown. @HAWS OE sMER CER COUNTY: 433 Glen Moore.—A white micaceous and very porous clayey sand, apparently disintegrated Triassic sandstone, is found at Glen Moore on property of G. C. Macauley (Lab. No. 732). A sample sent to the Survey was loose and hard to mold. It | burned a loose white brick at cone 1, and had an absorption of 20.96 per cent. An attempt has been made to use it in fire brick in place of “feldspar” sand, but with unsatisfactory results, as it was found to lower the fusion point somewhat. Clay-working Industry. The value of the clay products produced annually in Mercer county is very great for the reason that it includes the pottery industry at Trenton. At the same time very little of the raw -material used by the factories is obtained from within the limits of the county itself. Common brick have been produced in large quantities for a number of years in the region around ‘Trenton, as mentioned under the history of the brick industry, on page 243,. and in addition to those produced at this point, others are also manufactured near Hightstown. Pressed brick are made from the clay loams at several of the yards at Trenton, but at no other locality in the county, and draintile are made to a small extent at Trenton, as well as at Hightstown. ‘The most important branch of the clay-working industry in Mercer county is the manufacture of pottery. The products produced at Trenton include white earthenware, semiporcelain, C. C. ware, sanitary ware, belleek, electrical porcelain, etc. Floor and wall tiles are also made at several factories in Trenton, and there are two factories engaged in the manufacture of fire brick. A list of the potteries is given at the end of Chapter XV (p. 305). Gey (AEE 434 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. MIDDLESEX COUNTY. Importance. Clay-bearing formations. Method of classification. Highly refractory clays. Fire clays. Ball clay. Refractory clays. Fire clays. Woodbridge. Florida Grove. Sand Hills and Bonhamtown. Burt Creek. Ball clay. Stoneware clay. Semirefractory clay. Fire clay. Fire-mortar clay. Stoneware clay. Pipe clay. Miscellaneous. Nonrefractory clays. Woodbridge. North side of the Raritan river. Sayreville. Feldspar. Fire sands. Clay-working industry. IMPORTANCE OF THE COUNTY. This is the most important clay-producing county in the State of New Jersey, and its importance was so marked even at an early date that in 1878, it was made the most prominent part of the Report on Clays issued by the New Jersey Geological Survey. Indeed, so extensively is the clay-working industry of Middlesex county developed, that it is highly probable that the value of the clay products manufactured there, together with the value of the clay mined by persons other than manufacturers, forms about 35 per cent. of the total value of the New Jersey clay-working industry. Although the county is of large size, still the industry shows a peculiar degree of concentration, being centered in its north- eastern corner. PLATE XLV. Fags) ale Mutton Hollow opening. Woodbridge. Fig. 2. Two views of the Mutton Hollow opening, Woodbridge, showing the exten- sive excavations and piles of refuse clay and overburden. CLAYS OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 435 This is due to several causes. In the first place the workable clays are confined chiefly to the eastern and northeastern portions of Middlesex county, in a rectangle with Cheesequake creek and New Brunswick on its east and west respectively, and Menlo Park and Old Bridge on its northern and southern boundaries. Within this area there are found a great variety of clays ranging from common brick clays up to those of a very high grade of refrac- toriness. A second reason for the prominence of this area lies in the topography. There are many hillsides and valleys along which the later gravel deposits are not so thick as on the hilltops and the flatter country to the south. Hence the mining and search for clay deposits is facilitated. In this respect the Middlesex county area stands out in strong contrast to regions farther southwest. Commercial advantage, by virtue of its position, is a third reason for the prominence of the Middlesex district. Many parts of the field are traversed by waterways, along which at many points large factories have been erected, and, in addition to this, most of the clay pits are in close proximity to them as well, thus permitting easy shipment by water to many coastal points. The region is also crossed by several important lines of railroad. All these factors combined have helped to make the Middlesex district one of the most important clay-working areas not only of New Jersey but even of the United States. CLAY-BEARING FORMATIONS. Outside of the important clay-producing area in northeastern Middlesex county, there are two small ones. One of these is at ‘Ten Mile Run, where an outlier of the Raritan formation is worked for terra-cotta manufacture. The other is a bed of Clay Marl II at Jamesburg, and is worked to a small extent by the Reform School, for brickmaking. We thus see that the Raritan is practically the only clay-bear- ing formation as yet utilized in Middlesex county, although small quantities of loamy clay may be found in the Pleistocene deposits, and Clay Marl II is used in a small way as already mentioned. As the stratigraphy of the Raritan clays has been described in some detail in Chapter VIII, it will be sufficient here simply to em- 436 CEAYS AND? CEAY INDUS ERNE phasize the fact that in this county there are five well-marked groups of clay strata, separated by much thicker beds of sand. These clay-bearing groups from the top downward are as follows: The Cliffwood lignitic clays; The Amboy stoneware clay; . The South Amboy fire clay ; The Woodbridge clay ; The Raritan fire and potter’s clay. The position of these subdivisions, so far as it has been pos- sible to trace them in the field, is shown on Plate XI. Each of them, as exposed in the clay banks, is capable of further division, but these minor subdivisions are often extremely irregular, so that neighboring sections are frequently unlike. Since, however, any two successive layers often differ greatly in their physical properties, the same pit may contain five or six grades of clay. The following sections, which were taken from pits not more than 500 feet apart, show something of this difference, although the latter is more apparent than real, owing to the different names applied to the same bed. Sections in adjoining clay banks at Woodbridge, showing variation in beds. Locality 23. Locality 24. Woodbridge District. Woodbridge District. Known as Old Mellick Bank. H. Maurer & Son. Section made Sep., Igor. Section made Sep., Igor. as nifty Mets tie ck acen meee 18 ft. Ts DO rittoe ce Neste ee 4-10 ft. (2eePipkinuclays cee eee 2-5 ft. nl 3. Sand with clay layers,. Sette o San, ade * See tone: Hanes yas oi nating clay and sand) 4-5 ft. do Retort (claysuNow bree sen Dikhit 5. Yellow brick clay (a No. 2 fire clay),.... 2 site 2 6) Yellow sands se eeee 3 ate e. Fire mortar, ......--.... 4 ft. 1 7. Yellow top clay, .....- 2 tte f. Black to steel-gray fire 8. Blue top clay (a light Clays, 25.4. Nee ee 2atits STaycOlory) Meese Dette SEIN Os 2 Sandy. icClayAeeeetor Zeiten) : Joh, ASE G Fie, ae NR Tete ii 9. Fire mortar, ......... 3 ft. ese Me Clay. tek-astiee See Teohts TO; Now 2) sandyaclayaeeee Tetts 11. Black sandy clay, ..... % ft. jsaotonewarenclays ic sees 4 ft. 125 NOs 2 shnerclayanseeeore 4-5 it. lee lackrclayamencem ce eee ih ae. 13. Dark clay (rejected). CLAYS OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 437 Layers j and 12 are practically the same bed under different names and with perhaps somewhat different physical properties ; so, too, layers f and 8 are not so different as the names given them by the miners would imply, and layers d and 5 are readily recog- nized in the field to be the same bed, although put to different uses, as indicated by the names. Differences in texture are more striking in the case of layers b and c, as compared to layer 4; of e compared to 6 and 7; of g and h compared to 9 and 1 to 10. Nothing corresponding to layers 2 and 3 is found at all in the other bank, owing to pre-Glacial erosion, which removed all clay beds higher than b. The two sections given above will also serve to indicate some- thing of the number of grades of clay that are recognized in the Middlesex district. The more important of these are No. 1 and No. 2 fire clays, retort clay, ball clay, wad clay, pipe clay, brick clay, hollow-brick clay, etc., but neither the use nor the physical properties of the material are always exactly indicated by the name. Sometimes the same clay may be employed for several different purposes, or again the same clay may be designated by different names in adjoining pits. In the present description of Middlesex county it is chiefly the economic aspect of the clays that is discussed, and no attempt is made to describe all the localities where clay is dug, or to give sections of all the clay banks, for the latter vary from season to season, and nothing would be gained in publishing these details. It is suggested that the stratigraphic discussion of the Raritan Clays (Chap. VIII) be read first, to insure a clearer understand- ing of their mode of occurrence in the field. A systematic economic description of the Raritan clays in Mid- dlesex county is attended with more or less difficulty, because, Owing to the many different sections shown in the pits, it is diffi- cult to discuss them collectively, and, while a great many notes were made in the field, it does not seem advisable to publish all of these details. More or less difficulty is also met with in dis- cussing the uses of the clays from this area. One type of clay is sometimes used for three or four different purposes, or several clays of widely different physical character may all be employed for making the same kind of ware, being used not alone, but as 438 CEAYS AND CLAYS IN DIU Sie ingredients of a mixture. In addition to this, the clay miner him- self often does not know the exact use of the different clays dug in his pit, especially when they are shipped to distant points. He is, however, usually familiar with the burning qualities of the several clays found on his property, and when there is a call for a certain type of clay, supplies samples which he considers will most nearly answer the requirements. METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION. In treating Middlesex county, the scheme that has been adopted is to group the clays primarily according to their refractoriness, and under this according to kinds. It will do no harm, there- fore, to repeat the classification given in Chapter IV, under Fusi- bility. The groups there made were: Highly refractory clays, fusing above cone 33. These include the best of the so-called No. 1 fire clays. Refractory clays, fusing at cone 31 to cone 33 inclusive. They include some of those marketed as No. 2, and some of those sold as No. I. , Semirefractory clays, fusing at cone 27 to 30 inclusive. The lower grades of fire clay, including-some sold as No. 2, the fire mortars, wad and some sagger and stoneware clays, fall under this head. . Clays of low refractoriness fusing at cone 20 to 26 inclusive. Nonrefractory clays fusing below cone 20. | The classification above outlined may meet with the disap- proval of some clay miners in the Middlesex district, for some clays called No. 1 will fall here in the second group, the refractory clays. When we consider, however, that the terms No. 1 and No. 2 clays as applied throughout the whole Middlesex clay dis- trict mean very little, it seems perfectly reasonable to adopt a classification, the meaning of which is definite, even though the lines drawn may be somewhat arbitrary, and perhaps not satis- factory to all. CLAYS OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 439 HIGHLY REFRACTORY CLAYS. Clays which are sufficiently refractory to merit this classifica- tion are found chiefly in the Woodbridge clay bed, and mostly in the vicinity of Woodbridge. ‘Two grades are dug, No. 1 fire clay and ball or ware clay, but not all the clays known by these trade terms can rightfully be called highly refractory. Fire clays.—At the middle or base of the section in many pits, there are often two grades of fire clay, known to the miners as the No. t and No. 2. The No. 1 is generally a fat, bluish clay, while the No. 2 is commonly mottled red and white, yellow and white, or sometimes bluish, but differing usually from No. 1 in being more sandy. The character of the No. 1 fire clay found in the different pits varies somewhat, especially in point of refractoriness, as is shown by the detailed tests given below. No. 1 fire clay is used in the manufacture of the best grades of fire brick, and there is consequently considerable demand for the material. Some of the No. 1 fire clays are also sold for saggers, the producers claiming to receive from $3.00 to. $3.50 per ton for it. The supply of it is rather limited in the region around Wood- bridge, and this is unfortunate, since it represents the most re- fractory type of clay found in Middlesex county, or even in New Jersey. As the Woodbridge fire-clay bed is followed to the south- westward it is found that the No. 1 clays drop off considerably in their fire-resisting qualities. Detailed tests —wNo. 1 fire clay, from pit of M. D. Valentine & Bros. Company (Loc. 14). This is a bluish clay (Lab. No. 382) with very little grit, even texture and smooth fracture, passing entirely through a 100-mesh sieve and slaking fairly fast. The air shrinkage was 7 per cent. when tempered with 25 per cent. of water, but the briquettes invariably cracked in drying, so that it was impossible to measure their tensile strength. The burning tests were as follows: Burning tests of No. t fire clay. M. D. Valentine & Bros. Co., Woodbridge. Cone 3 5 700) RRCHERSUIBITIKAG EN eke sisies ost vena nies wes 5.5% 6.5% 13% EMBO OOMM i ee ne ore Te et eee 24.25% 19.65% 7.70% LCL ods Bee eran ka ee nearly white whitish light buff 440 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. It showed many small cracks at cone 3, and burned steel-hard at cone 5. When tested in the Deville furnace at cone 27 it was not beyond incipient fusion, and fused above cone 34. It is, therefore, a very refractory clay, but owing to its cracking, cannot be used alone. It has the following chemical composition: Chemical analysis of No.1 fire clay. M. D.Valentine & Bros. Co.,Woodbridge. Raw. Burned, SiltcaGSi Oa )e se sere ee eee eee 50.60 57-93 Avlamina CAL Oss fethoaea acetate ee 34.35 39.33 Hercicuoxides@He:@s) hele ae ee een ar 0.78 0.89 Aitaniumy oxidem@li@>) ei ees ee eee 1.62 1.85 ames (Ca) ee sean at ene Bem oa tain CRU ARERR op tr Macnesian@Mlo.@))eicsactneni acetate sae tr Loss on ignition (chiefly water),............ 12.90 100.25 100.00 This clay is low in fluxing impurities and moderately low in silica, so that from the analysis alone its refractoriness is ap- parent. In order to show the percentages that would appear in the burned clay, the re-calculated analysis with the water omitted is given in the second column. No. 1 fire clay, Anness & Potter. A second sample of No. 1 fire clay, from the pit of Anness & Potter (Loc. 6), resembled the preceding in its properties. It is a soft, grayish-white clay (Lab. No. 373), of irregular fracture and medium porosity, slaking slowly in water. The water necessary to work it up was 33 per cent., and gave a plastic mass averaging 41 pounds per square inch in tensile strength. The air shrinkage was 5 per cent. In burning the material behaved as follows: Burning tests of No. t fire clay. Anness & Potter, Woodbridge. Cone 5 & Binewshminka ge; Shou: scragani cn eke Hae are oe oer 7.5970 11% PN DSOEDEH OMS cri bod bc Roe lee cio ee ee eae 13.74% 9.10% COLOT ase Saas Ae EE Eo eee eee cream-white cream * This column gives the analysis re-calculated to 100 per cent., with the water left out, and shows the percentages as they would be after the clay is burned. * No. 5 of section on page 455. PLATE XLVI. Feigzeall Clay pit of M. D. Valentine & Bro., east of Woodbridge, showing glacial drift overlying the Raritan clays. Fig. 2. C. A. Bloomfield’s clay bank, Bonhamtown. A fire clay overlain by a great thickness of sand. CLAYS OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. AAI It burned steel-hard at cone 5 and warped but little. The ma- terial was barely incipiently fused at cone 27 and fused above cone 34. Its analysis was very similar to that of the preceding sample from locality 14, and was as follows: Analysis of No. 1 fire clay. Anness & Potter, Woodbridge. Raw. Burned. ‘Silticey (CSO BA bccacoobb obo coe oawseome mode 6 51.56 59.co Stamina CAs Os) secrets ei onciers erence Bin eters 33.13 Bou ISCREICVOXIG CL CH es Oa) cue tenancies hols src pase 0.78 0.89 eMILATICTO XI Om hel O)s) ae srcey Stee oe o-oo osha ee I.QI 2.19 Maitrien (Ca© ee fan ee era tints ee eens tr suisk Mia onesiay (Mic ©))eerneacrane mister emieiae tr A alress ENiaz © MKC) aes nee tr IOSSTOMMSNITON Er eC Rae chains coe Ree 12.50 99.88 99.99 The percentage of titanium is slightly higher. Refractory tests alone were made of some other samples with the following results: Fusion tests on highly refractory clays. Locality. Owner. Material. Cone. No. 9 Woodbridge, .Dixon Bank, ..... IB utkatclay ae cwescen er cnc se 33 «vitrified. No. 21 do. PAu vats > ctor Eine fire clayey cis ics en 34-+-viscous. No. 90 Bonhamtown, J. Pfeiffer, ....... Blacksinetclayav aden ae: 33--viscous. No. 61 Burt Creek,..Sayre & Fisher Co.,Clay from old Cream Ridgeibanky, ssee2.432 \vitritede No. 69 Sayreville, ... Whitehead Bros., .Sandy clay, Whitehead’s Sati pit were aay 33-+-viscous. In respect to their refractoriness, all the above compare well with the best clays tested in this country,’ as can be seen from the following table: Refractoriness of fire clays from other States. Locality. Cone. MiEmSavarewmVids «Chin Clays seats eset nei lert aetna eros ate 34-35 Mineralb Poiity Olios ts enyetiae aw Sis oios Hn os ei tee 33 Coleone Ole eee heme a Ay it Fail cea ag rate rebel a ae ebN a oS 32-31 WayiLe vill cxmNey a eouecet ste cers ce ctor: Cosi eC peeks ee ea aut 35 * Bull. N. Y. State Museum, No. 35, p. 783. 442 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. It is not known just what pit the last one of the list came from, for in the work done for this report no clays were found around Sayreville as refractory as the one quoted above. Beds of No. 1 fire clay also occur in the pits of J. E. Berry (loc. 11), J. Wo Leisen (Loc. 16), W. A. Cutter (ekcemzorand 20), J. P. Prall (Loc 27); etc. They are mentionedmmenesbe= cause they are probably as highly refractory as those described above, although their fusibility was not tested. Ball or ware clay—W. H. Cutter.’ Ball clay of the same re- fractoriness as a high-grade No. 1 fire clay is dug in the immediate vicinity of Woodbridge by W. H. Cutter (Loc. 29, Pl. XX XVII). It is found at the extreme base of the pit and runs about 6 to 7 feet thick. The clay is shipped as mined, and, therefore, the crude ma- terial was tested. Its physical properties are those of a very fine- grained clay containing little or no grit, and when dry breaking easily with a conchoidal fracture. It slaked rapidly in water, and when mixed with 33 per cent. gave a tough, plastic-feeling mass, the air shrinkage of which averaged 3.4 per cent., but the bricklets showed a tendency to warp somewhat in drying, and showed the same yellowish coating seen on the clay in the sheds. The tensile strength averaged 33 pounds per square inch, which is low, and not as high as one would expect from the plastic feel of the wet clay. The behavior of the bricklets in burning was as. follows : Burning test of a ball clay. W.H. Cutter, Woodbridge. Cone. 4 8 IO Fire shrinkage, ........ 6.2% 14.6% 16.6% Absorption, ............ very absorbent 7.14% 22% Colots.« ccisncenc seer white, tinge of | yellowish white yellowish white yellow The bricklet was nearly steel-hard at cone 4, and showed many small reticulating cracks. It is highly refractory, being nearly viscous at cone 34. The chemical composition is as follows: * No. 14 of section on page 453. CLAYS OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. Chemical analysis of a ball clay. Silica (SiOz), Alumina (Al,Os), Ferric oxide (FeOs), Lime (CaO), Magnesia (MgO), W. H. Cutter, Woodbridge. Alkalies (Na2,O, KO), Loss ignition (chiefly H:O), OO Cdn 443 Raw. Burned. 45.76 53-33 BE ie Ae Tea a a A A Fe arte ase 39.05 45.51 Be ER Beatie oer OPM IO ESOC trace Batic 0.95 1.10 Re eat See ee arta A 0.04 0.05 Daneel a ceau ns oksluter trace Trai centers Dec pem tera 14.46 100.26 99.99 This is lower in fluxing impurities than the No. 1 fire clay from the same district, and it is difficult to see just what should cause the color in burning. Other analyses —The following analyses of highly refractory | clays from the Woodbridge district are given by Prof. Cook, in the Report on Clays for 1878 (BES teen Analyses of highly refractory clays. I Alumina (Al.O3), ........ 40.14 Silicic acid (combined),... 42.88 Water “CEH2O)),.)2252. sek Se 13.59 Oriani Sand. so78s sedans 0.50 Ferric oxide (Fe:Oz), .... 0.51 Magnesia (MgO), ....... eats mem CAG) 0.) k ease bom 0.10 Botashi (KO) joss be aed 0.41 ‘SGG2: (GSO) Re aan nent 0.08 Titanium oxide (TiO2),... 1.42 a EAS ve Rete Ae, 99.63 2 3 f 37.94 38.87 36.49 44.20 44.77 42.82 14.10 12.97 12.42 1.10 0.80 5.80 0.96 1.14 0.78 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.15 0.16 0.45 1.30 1.30 Te12 99.92 100.12 99.99 1. Loughridge & Powers’ fire clay, Woodbridge. 2. Hampton Cutter & Son’s fire-brick clay, Woodbridge. 3. Hampton Cutter & Son’s ware clay, Woodbridge. 4. A. Hall & Son’s fire clay, Woodbridge. 5. Wm. H. P. Benton’s fire clay, Woodbridge. 3) 37.92 42.40 14.60 1.41 1.05 0 35 0.37 1.41 99. 51 444 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. Some of these, especially No. 3, agree very closely with analyses recently made and given on a previous page. REFRACTORY CLAYS. According to our classification, this group includes those clays, the fusion point of which ranges from cone 31 to 33 inclusive. It includes a large number from all the clay members of the Raritan formation except the Cliffwood clays, which are nonre- fractory. They are used for a variety of purposes, and are known by various names, some denoting refractoriness, as No. 1 fire clay, No. 2 fire clay; some their possible uses, as stoneware clay, retort clay, pipkin clay, ball clay; some their texture, as top- sandy, extra top-sandy, etc. There is no fixed rule in regard to the use of these names, clay which by one man is called a No. 2 fire clay, being termed a stoneware clay by another, and some of the so-called No. 1 fire clays, when judged according to their re- fractoriness, being more correctly No. 2. In the following de- tailed description of tests the clays are grouped under three heads, fire clays, ball clays, stoneware clays. Fire Clays. W oodbridge.—Many occurrences of fire clays (fusing at cone 31 to 33 inclusive are found in the pits around Woodbridge. Most of them fuse between cones 31 and 32, although they show a wider range in their refractoriness than the highly refractory clays of the same district. ‘Tests were made on several samples as follows: Anness & Potter (Loc. 6, Lab. No. 372). ‘The material is a light-gray, mottled, sandy clay which slakes rather fast. It took. 29.5 per cent. of water to temper it, and gave a mass of only mod- erate plasticity, the tensile strength of which was low. ‘The air shrinkage was 5.5 per cent. Its behavior under fire was as fol- lows: Burning test of a sandy clay, Anness & Potter, Woodbridge. Cone 3 Cone 5 Cone 8 Cone I0 Fire shrinkage,.... 5.5 %o 5.5 % 8.5 % 10.5 % Absorption, ....... 15.87% 16.85% 10.54% 10.04% Colorstestancienen cream white yellowish yellowish yellowish white, white white small iron specks CLAYS OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 445 It was well fused at cone 33 in the Deville furnace, so that it represents a good fire clay of the refractory class. Some other clays in the vicinity of Woodbridge belonging to this group, together with one from Sayreville, and their cone of fusion are given in the following table: Fusion tests of refractory clays. Locality No. Name. Cone. 2 aL ON-Sanl Gyn We kdon CUbbe ie ealos denice oso te earls | ie ee 2A bipkiniclay bs) Maurer SOs. a. seca eee 32 viscous t2 INOS Arve Cen, Jak IMlepiner We Goh esodocedcsoceens 33 viscous Dip Mo ttle declay. WeeRew Benner eco eon es 33 viscous 14 Sandy clay, M. D. Valentine & Bros. Co.,.......... 29-30 vitrified 14 Top-sandy clay, M. D. Valentine & Bros. Co.,...... 32-33 viscous 14 Bottom-sandy, M. D. Valentine & Bros. Co.,....... 33 viscous 17 Extra blue-sandy, Staten Island Clay Co.,....... { nh (ee noes TOmeNOMWL tough clays otaten sland) Clay (Cons macaccn: 31 viscous OMS AT Cys Clays. fee neers e en OEE a SSO Ie SERS 33 viscous Florida Grove.—A number of fire-clay pits have been opened up by McHose Brothers (Loc. 45) in the South Amboy fire-clay beds, north of Florida Grove (Plate XLVII, Fig. 1). Several samples were tested from here. The first of these was from a pit on the eastern side of the ex- cavation, and known as a No. 1 sandy fire clay (Lab. No. 402). It is a very gritty, yellowish-white clay of porous character and slaked fast in water. The air-dried clay worked up with 26 per cent of water, and the bricklets made from it had an air shrinkage of 6.5 per cent. ‘The tensile strength was low, averaging 45 pounds per square inch. Its behavior in burning was as follows: Burning tests of a No. 1 sandy fire clay, McHose Bros., Florida Grove. Cone 5 100) IPIsg "Slanpial veep ePiy ores Ea ie ane 1.9 % 1.8 % AND SOIRDGIONY, © etc DOO OR Bae aoe B Een: 15.39% 13.52% CABG TE EA ae be A RTE ec cee yellowish white buff The clay was steel-hard at cone 8, and fused at cone 30. Its composition was as follows: 446 CLAYS AND CIAYs NID SARE Chemical analysis of a No. 1 sandy fire clay. McHose Bros. Raw. Burned. Silica wCSIO Nh sce ee ees ere eee 69.78 74.66 Altima GALIO s)he Seta nT toc ere eee 19.86 21.24 Kerpc oxide y@hes@s) aos. tea eee eee 0.62 0.66 itantumuoxides (liO>) eae a eaten 1.96 2.09 Lime (CaO), Magnesia (MgO), MikaliesnGNas Oke @®) yr bys ditt tae eke oe 1.24 1.32 Wa hey GEG OB) a ieacsitae tee epee aaa ee 6.54 Sauces 100.00 99.97 This clay is not highly refractory, and in fact is not as refrac- tory as some of the No. 2 fire clay dug near Woodbridge, al- though known commercially as a No. 1 sandy fire clay. It has been used in the manufacture of bath tubs and stove linings. A sample of No. 1 buff clay from the same locality (Lab. No. 401) gave the following results on testing: The material was a flaky, moderately-plastic clay, which worked up with 32 per cent. of water to a mass whose air shrinkage was 5 per cent., and the briquettes from which had an average tensile strength of 65 pounds per square inch. ‘The behavior in burning was as follows: Burning test of a No. 1 buff clay, McHose Bros. Cone. 5 8 15 Pare shrinkage. aware an eee ein 5% 6.6% 10.3 Yo NDSORD LI OMe x4. eer pe ro ae Rees 11.68% 11.3490 2.3370 COLORS octisterae toc cern te oe Oa ei, lishitayell ow: buff The clay was steel-hard at cone 5, but at cone 27 was not more than incipiently fused. From this it is evidently of good refrac- toriness. Sand Hills—South of Sand Hills there is another group of pits, with smaller ones between Sand Hills and Valentine. At Sand Hills the excavations are far deeper and more extensive than those north of Florida Grove, just mentioned. Here it is the Woodbridge fire-clay bed that is opened up. The beds corre- sponding to the top- and bottom-sandy of the Woodbridge district are not clearly identifiable. The deepest sections exposed are in PLATE XLVII. Figr is View in McHose Brothers’ pit. Florida Grove. Fig. 2. View in fire-clay pit of National Fireproofing Company, north of Keasbey. The fire clay is dug in pits as at the left. Fireproofing clay overlies the fire clay. CLAYS OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 447 the pits around Sand Hills, where the following succession of layers was exposed in 1902 in the pit of R. N. & H. Valentine Company (Loc. 86, Pl. XLVIII, Fig. 1). Section in R. N. & H. Valentine’s clay bank, Sand Hiils. jepeensaukenmsandsandeoravela. -osaee ae crt EM ESTAG Ken, Cl ayes eeepc hensicleacs hep ale eae rece eeacs o-7 ft. S) Dark-blue claysebutk=burming, os 5.1 toes. eaatclns 6-10 “ As Gray-burnine» terpra-cottar clay, «ssnse sees 3-4 “ eee Tak iC layne ne terme steve tater cies ae cu mnie heme numero aT Tn Ge Sancdhetoramasontiyaery aye toe c eae nae orton 3-4 “ Fo TRY EVE Fall ER Wants a chs’ o tn GB DOS EMRE ERO ERO ete (oy SeGray- Diack: candeapmereene nt eisnk Alcs elem Miaa ee ete 2-4 “ Ga Pinestine, clayey peed ra eeu on oe ae a 3 Hom Vottleds ted clayaueper iter: cacre #5 cc aise So tear Soar Salas Sie Hie OLLOIMI-Sati Cl ys Cla yametete tose arose alake! nie are crag nics earth ties seers Anon Several samples were collected from the Woodbridge fire-clay bed in this vicinity. The first of these was a so-called No. 1 blue fire clay (Lab. No. 404) from the pit just described. This was én easily-slaking clay, which required 33 per cent. of water for tempering. Its air shrinkage was 4.4 per cent., and its tensile strength from 45-50 pounds per square inch. It burned fairly dense, as can be seen from the firing tests given below. Burning test of a No. t blue fire clay. R.N. & H. Valentine, Sand Hills. Cone. 5 Io LEVISSG) igi] oe: ke es 13.6% 13.8% DSO PULON ey o-e eo erase OE Oa ee le Be 7.07% 6.47% E70) TOTe aoe ERROR MOE E: A Gace SHEE EDCHG Sick Ree es streaky yellow yellow It burned steel-hard at cone 5, and fused at cone 32. ‘This is used in making fire brick, but it cracks in burning and has to be mixed with other clays of better bonding qualities. Comparing this with a No. 1 clay from the Woodbridge fire-clay bed, near Woodbridge, we see that it fuses nearly three cones lower. Another layer found in the same bank is interesting to com- pare with the first one, as it produces an equally dense brick at cone 10, with lower fire shrinkage. This material represents the layer 10 (Lab. No. 410), of the above section. It is a very 448 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. gritty clay, mottled red, and feels plastic, but has a low tensile strength of 35 pounds per square inch. It worked up with 34 per cent. of water and the air shrinkage was 6.6 per cent. In burning it behaved as follows: Burning test of a mottled red clay. R. N. & H. Valentine, Sand Hills. Cone fies. 5 IO 15 Bineyshipinkagienue ewes 5.4% 9% 11.4% 12% INDROMMGGIL, sassdovcoouocdoouus 16.62% 11.09% 6.45% 3.01 Yo Colors ates aleve a sea ner ininicees whitish cream light buff gray buff The crude clay, when burned to cone 10, did not become quite so dense as the molded material. ‘The clay is a fire clay, but not as refractory as the No. 1 blue, since it fuses at cone 30. In the Ostrander pit (Loc. 54, Pil. XLVIIL, Fig: 2))) tome south of the Sand Hills, there is a sandy clay (Lab. No. 397), also in the Woodbridge bed, which in some respects resembles some of those of the Woodbridge district in its very low tensile strength. The material is a hard, yellowish-mottled clay, which slakes rapidly but has a low plasticity. It worked up with 28 per cent. of water and its air shrinkage was 5 per cent. The average tensile strength was 20 pounds per square inch. At cone 5, the fire shrinkage was I per cent.; absorption, 17.75 per cent.; color, yellowish white. At cone 8: fire shrinkage, 2 per cent.; absorption, 15.82 per cent.; color, yellowish white. It did not become steel-hard until cone Io. Another sample from this property was a black clay, called “steel clay,” from the southern pit (Loc. 54, Lab. No. 407). In texture it resembles the top-sandy clay found in the Woodbridge district. The clay worked up with 30 per cent. water, and had an air shrinkage of 6 per cent. Its tensile strength was only 36 pounds per square inch. In burning it behaved as follows: Burning tests of a black clay, Ostrander Co., Sand Hills. Cone 3 5 8 Io Rinesshninkage, =). =)... cee 4.6 % 6% 790 9.3 Yo NibsonptiOmy ere ats 5 ce ee 20.05% 15.00% 13.36% 11.31% Ooi cya Bate Get eee yellowish white yellow yellow deep cream PLATE XLVIII. Fig. 1. View of a portion of R. N. & H. Valentine’s pits near Sand Hills, showing the area which has been worked over. Fig. 2. View in Ostrander Brick Company’s southern pit, showing the amount of stripping and the uneven surface of the clay. CLAYS OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 449 It is rather porous burning, in spite of its high fire shrinkage at cone IO. Several samples were also tested from C. §. Edgar’s bank (Freeman bank) (Loc. 94). The section (exposed in Sept., 1901) is given below, in order to better identify the samples: Section at C. S. Edgar’s bank, near Sand Hills. Me OancdytClayAcnllOmAONUCKEUSES sek n Oke eee 7-10 ft. 2. Mottled blue and black clay, called top clay, ......... IG oeviellowssan dy sc layne ition. asthe og hes cea ee deere 1y% “ AS TBS SNE Y dni baci 6b it ahG MISES OREO IO CRE SEO RCT CIG te alate 1%“ Pa blackrclay, withemichhlioniteyaessnbe soe o eee: Stes Gmleishtplucssandyaclayarirn eo aso eee ee 1-3 “ Fie, INIGs ane lo hevaaine CER, “a cho Sioln cx tace GRINS IG HtOIe re OOS Fishes A sample from layer 7 (Lab. No. 405) was a homogeneous gritty clay of porous texture and smooth fracture. It slake fairly fast and all passed through a too-mesh sieve. When mixed with 32 per cent. water it gave a mass of moderate plasticity, whose tensile strength was 52 pounds per square inch and air shrinkage 7 per cent. It behaved as follows when fired: Burning tests of a No. 1 blue fire clay, C. S. Edgar, Sand Hills, Cone Or I 5 15 Fire shrinkage, ....:.... 2% 3% 5% 0.6% PMWSORD LON we onan choke eon 19.69% 16.75% 4.8790 MOOI Foote. | a kineie whitish yellowish white yellowish white buff As is shown by the absorption tests this is a rather open-burn- ing clay, and does not become at all dense until cone 15. It burns steel-hard at cone 5, and at cone 27 is vitrified. This is a sagger clay. A second sample tested from this pit was a mixture of layers 2 and 4 of the section given above. This mixture (Lab. No. 406) worked up with 25 per cent. of water, and had an average tensile strength of 98 pounds per square inch with an air shrink- age of 6.5 per cent. Its burning qualities were as follows: 740) (Ue 450 CLAYS) AND? CHANG TINDIUSaeRwve Burning tests of a mixture from C. S. Edgar's bank, Sand Hills. Cone Or I 5 8 15 mineashrinkacge seach. ee 71%0 7.590 9.5% 14% 15.590 INIbSOnpEHON wee e eee MOMS! TNO BO) sg oacoc 697 COTO Te it tee eee te a Re Yc buff buff buff gray buff grayish This shows a mixture of much denser-burning quality than the preceding one from the same bank, there being a difference of 13 per cent. in the absorption at cone 5, and 4 per cent. at cone 15. It is not quite as light burning, due to the presence of a greater percentage of iron oxide in the clay. It is not highly refractory, for at cone 30 it was viscous. A number of fusibility tests were made on other samples from the region around Sand Hills and Bonhamtown with the follow- ing results: Fusibility determinations of refractory clays. Cone of Material, Loc. No. Ouner. Uses. Formation, Susion. Blackxclaiyts syeeutelhee 88 Me Hdgaris. 2/5 2). hire brick.) ~ iwoodbridgeiclay, bedi aa 33, iyMie GENE 54 ad oc g2 layer a., Chas. Bloomfield, . oes brick and { Raritan clay bed, 30-312 Mottlediclays)ta.m <1 g2 layer b., Chas. Bloomfield, . stove linings, ' Raritan clay bed, 30-31} Black fat clay (known ASHNON28) Saeeitenrents 98 CaS iylid parser mari Saggers, . . . . Woodbridge fire clay bed, . . . 30-31% ireiclayAccmemeneicome 53 Ostrander Co,... . Fire brick, . . . Woodbridge fire claysbed ase 29? IHW SE 6 6 Go 604 Cc 75b Whitehead Bros. Co., Foundry,. . . . South Amboy fire ERY Go oo 6 32-33. INO Te Clay wearers 45 McHoseiBroste iia iin eee South Amboy fire Clatyaeaeueeeane 31-32 Mottled red clay,... 86 R N.& H.Valentine, Fire brick, . . . Woodbridge fire clayabed aur. 32 60 SaytelScshishenin cu -ueveyrcuiecdeeie in ae South Amboy fire clay, : a 1 32=33: 1 The fusibility of these three specimens lay on the border line between 7e/ractory and semirefractory Clays, and it was thought best to include them in the re/ractory class. 2? This specimen, from a pit 300 feet east of the stable, witr7fed at cone 29. The cone of fusion was not determined, but the clay probably belongs in the refractory group. Burt Creek.—On the south side of the Raritan river, the South Amboy fire clay is opened up at several points as mentioned in Chapter VIII. The most extensive of the fire-clay pits are those of J. R. Such (Pl. L, Fig. 1) and J. R. Crossman. At the former locality (Loc. 67) a sample of No. 1 blue fire clay was collected. This is the material which in its washed form is sold as ball clay. PLATE L. ~~ Fig. 1. Digging ball clay. J. C. Such’s pit. Fig. 2. Digging pipe clay. Crossman’s pit, on Burt creek. CLAYS OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 451 A sample of the crude clay (Lab. No. 391) showed it to be a very plastic feeling clay of fine grain and fast-slaking qualities. It required 39 per cent. of water to temper it to a mass of the proper consistency for molding. The air shrinkage of the brick- lets was 5 to 6 per cent., but when air dried they did not feel very hard or dense, and on the contrary were rather soft and pulveru- lent. The tensile strength of the air-dried bricks was 59 pounds per square inch. Burning tests of a No. 1 blue fire clay. J. R. Such, Burt Creek. Cone 3 8 Io Fire shrinkage, .. 5.1% 12% 12.6 % Absorption, ...... tesa 10.84% 5.0390 Condition: .6....< not steel-hard, containing porous fine cracks CLT SG ae white white with yellowish white yellowish tinge Inasmuch as the washed ball clay, which is purer than the crude, was well vitrified at cone 27 (see below), it seems proper to classify this clay as refractory, although its fusibility was not tested in the Deville furnace. Several grades of clay are mined in the pits of J. R. Crossman (Loc. 65 and 66), near Burt Creek. A good grade of fire clay from locality 66, was viscous at cone 33. ‘This is known as No. I blue. At times it is found sufficiently free from impurities to wash for a ball clay, although this is not commonly done. Some of the buff fire clays from this pit are used by wall-plaster manu- facturers, while other grades are sold for saggers, and enameled- brick manufacture. A red-mottled clay’ from another of Crossman’s pits (Loc. 65, Lab. No. 386) was also tested. It was a clay of rather low plasticity but rapid-slaking qualities, working up to a plastic mass with 30 per cent. of water. Its air shrinkage was low, being 4 per cent., and its tensile strength of 15 pounds per square inch was equally low. A lump of the crude clay burned to cone Io was *No. 7 of the section given on page 457. 452 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. quite porous and showed the presence of many small fused specks. The behavior of the molded material under fire was as follows: Burning tests of a red-mottled clay. J. R. Crossman, Burt Creek. Cone 3 5 8 Io inemshimimicases sje a canes 8.3% 11% 11% 12.6% ANDSOR DION, 6bdcoobdcc05 008 16.85% 11.31% 10.02% 7.3270 Colo Gas ater eee yellowish yellowish yellowish white speckled white white speckled These speckles showed on the fracture even at cone 3, and the clay became steel-hard slightly above this cone. In spite of its red color, which suggests a high per cent. of ferric oxide, it is more refractory than a No. 1 blue fire clay dug in the same pit (p. 457), for it does not become viscous until cone 31. Ball Clays. Refractory ball clays occur in the South Amboy fire-clay bed, and those dug by C. S. Edgar and J. R. Such were tested with the following results. Sayreville—Washed ball clay from pits of C. S$. Edgar, east of Sayreville (Pl. XLIX, Loc. 268, Lab. No. 723). This is a whit- ish, very fine-grained, soft clay. Its fineness can be judged from the fact that it contains 87 per cent. of clay particles which are under yss00 inch in diameter. It slaked fast and worked up with 39.1 per cent. of water to a plastic-feeling mass whose air shrink- age was 5 per cent., but the clay had a very low tensile strength. Its burning qualities were as follows: Burning tests of washed ball clay. C. S. Edgar, Sayreville. Cone 5 K0) I5 MiGeRSinIMicages 3s. GL vhs Oe nea eee Leal OOo 16.3% 16% IND SOUP I Olsaades dieie se ais.cks weiner aie eyorete ree iro ee 10.53% 3.98% .637%0 COE .5'h 3 See ER EOD aera G arte white whitish light gray It burned steel-hard at cone 5, but showed many fine cracks. ‘The material is not used alone, but mixed with other white-burn- ing clays. It is refractory, being only vitrified at cone 27. Burt Creek.—Another sample of washed ball clay was exam- ined from J. R. Such’s pit (Loc. 67, Lab. No. 389). This is like- ‘spoys SUIAIP 94} 91e Way} pulyoq a[IYM ‘oinqord 9y} JO Je] pue JoJUND JY} UI Uses 91k SuUIyYsno1} pue syur} Surpes oy, “[ ‘N ‘a[fAetAeg Ivou “sorg iIespry Jo juryd Ssurysem-Aryd “KITX ALV Id CLAYS OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 453 wise a soft, fine-grained clay, which slaked slowly. It worked up with 40 per cent. of water, and had an air shrinkage of 5 per cent., but its tensile strength was low and all the briquettes devel- oped cracks in drying. It behaved as follows when burned: Burning tests of washed ball clay. J. R. Such, Burt Creek. Cone 5 8 27 Bice shrinkage, <.<.'.>: 9% 12 Foes ipa y May ace ene Mphsorptions 2122 225.8% 16.42% 10.20% vitrified Olona noisy notin white with yellow tinge yellowish white gray Stoneware Clay. This term is used chiefly in the area around Woodbridge and South Amboy, and refers to beds of fire clay, of No. 2 grade, good plasticity, and dense-burning qualities. On account of the two last mentioned qualities they are specially adapted for the manufacture of stoneware. ‘They can therefore be called a variety of No. 2 fireclay. In some pits two grades of stoneware clay are recognized. ‘Those dug in the Woodbridge area are found in the Woodbridge fire-clay bed, and those on the south side of the Raritan river occur in the Amboy stoneware-clay bed. W oodbridge.—In the Woodbridge district a sample of stone- ware clay from the eastern pit of W. H. Cutter (Loc. 29) was tested. For purposes of identification the section carrying the stone- ware clay is given below: Section of W. H. Cutter’s clay bank, Woodbridge. 1. Drift. 2. Hollow-brick clay. Papbitiiaclay. fOLrstenrarcottasandssageerSsruttacialieitloci te eer Aymte AS TAY ASATL Ss asyate CGPPM CE ae ee Lab e ets erat | Luar eboney cr bret opecar a NHS acon ence ear 14“ PpeeRockincharmnclayantised tot taney, Dricky maceiere acorn 14° GuGray-plackasandvandeclaysesseae ec nino enn orion: Beas Fe PSTN ANTONE ERE OBS OA OSE RR ED OEE EEG hin OE Onan aa aaae Tries Se DOP SATII YAEL aiys, arters evsaiird oi'c is Raita trate ERR Ona AAR UNS 2y, “ Ob, IR YS eGR. coe chs Hey ACS ER ae ene Re Io haz” ca aeo i Morn marae LE T2605 TiS ASE a CC coer tr en NPE eee Cope air We AIS ee EU Aen 2h HEpAVeLOLt Clay-Morn stoneware andusagcerS arias sesamiae: 4-5 “ PD OLLOMIESATI Cy. Clays ae aie sudan ene io erratic aren Alias es Mea Np iL stay HR 2-3/5" 3, LEE Css TheCel Cel ica Se a et A RC BAY ATL ae a ie 7-8 if, IAN Ofer, Cine ER Goin O Dye a AO e CEL na ool cle DEAE TA ee a aaie \ 15. Red-mottled clay. 454 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. The stoneware bed, which is layer 7 of the above section, increases to 3 feet in Mr. Cutter’s eastern bank. It is a sandy, yellowish clay with many small mica scales, and differs from the top-sandy only in the amount of sand which it contains. When thrown into water it slaked moderately fast, and an air-dried sample required 28 per cent. of water for mixing. The air shrink- age was 7 per cent. and the average tensile strength 60 pounds per square inch. Its behavior in burning was as follows: Burning test of stoneware clay, W. H. Cutter, Woodbridge. Cone 3 5 8 Biresshninkages foe jenn ei ere 2% 3% 3.390 IADSORPHON Gey ee ea aes Mare 12.33% 10.02% . 8.37% Colonie as in mesenger ae cr wpe light yellow yellowish deep yellow The bricklets burned steel-hard at cone 5, and became viscous at cone 33. It, therefore, equals a good No. 2 fire clay in its re- fractoriness, but burns denser at all the cones at which both were tested. South Amboy.—The stoneware clays dug in the vicinity of South Amboy differ from the other clays of equal refractoriness of the same district in being more plastic, of higher tensile strength and burning denser at cone 8 or 10. As shown in Chapter VIII they belong to an entirely different bed geologically. The No. 1 stoneware clay from H. C. Perrine & Son’s bank did not vitrify until cone 30, and probably would not have fused lower than cone 32. The two grades of stoneware clay sometimes occur alone or may be found together in the same bank and have to be sorted by hand picking, as at locality 81, or they may be interbedded with other clays, as at locality 77, where the following section was observed in September, 1901: Section at H. C. Perrine & Son’s bank, South Amboy. TemVellowssand. thin lamince Ofeclaya)acce ee as eee een ee ores 6-15 feet 2. Black sandy clay, similar to fireproofing clay, but more sandy,. . 12 feet 3. Gray-white clay with decomposed pyrite specks (No. 1 stone- WhEuCla yy yin seis tp hammers «(ty cite a eMcte cca aucleuel ieueee teeth he agar aaa 3-6 feet Amied=spottedaclay. sPommoundry, work) «1.sce sn aoe eee 5 feet CLAYS OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 455 s. No. 2 stoneware clay. May develop a yellow-green stain on weathering, but this disappears on firing, .................. 3-4 feet 6. Terra-cotta clay. Burns buff. More plastic than layer 5. Vis- CONG HALICOMEs2O— 27 eta een ee emOncre alan are WuMrcns. autante etd e 4-6 feet fan cemented by, 10m! OXIdEN, seated caeicieie dats cide ater cae/e scrsroiole 6 feet The second grade of stoneware clay from this district is in- cluded in the next class. SEMIREFRACTORY CLAYS. This class includes the lowest grades of fire clay found in the Middlesex district as well as many other clays of similar refrac- toriness, but known to the trade by other names, such as fire- mortar clay, No. 2 stoneware clay, pipe clay, pressed-brick clay, wad clay, terra-cotta clay, etc., as well as some purely local terms, such as “blue top clay,” “yellow top clay,” etc., which have no significance except to the clay miner. They fuse between cones 27 and 30 inclusive. Fire Clays. Most of these low-grade fire clays become viscous at cone 27. They are probably more widely distributed both geograph- ically and geologically than either of the two other grades which have been described from Middlesex county. On analysis they often show a higher percentage of fluxes as well as greater sandiness. Their air shrinkage is somewhat lower than the No. I fire clays, and their tensile strength higher. W oodbridge.—One of these sandy clays is to be seen at locality 6 (Lab. No. 377), Anness & Potter’s pit, and represents layer 4 of the following section, made September, 1901 : Section at Anness & Potters bank, Woodbridge. Ti, (SUSI RS Se ee ee NORE ea Rm dN DC far AN 8-9 ft. %, lnvellivosianiesrd ead chiguun Gacten cen pci eae Oe hee aE SERRE Cece eee ete a) pemle areiitr ate dsSanl diam Clays ies tc leis vere e chone = ciensens a eee OPTRA SS Al PMU CATIA Ys Clay. fsa Need nists be We eed saat eae eae pee Mes Bh: Rema CLAVE CES <2 aaa uss Sve aiel Soe g) does ol 5 AS ore RLA Te Sam MR NA MI She Biiy, SG GATE ER SO Boe ARGa AT ERE FER RMPN ELEM, cURea ATT nA Abe een ye MES OE EGITISSALT Ya CLA Vd oh ears coarse as a ao er rae cl ohalertI aMe Ona IG PLS ent es eee aes Bry “2 EATS CFA ETT ed FER ie Oa na OR oat Re ey STS i a Ayes PEPE OOMICIAV AAT VENOW i SATCh a ane ir ch bck edie woke Soe Meta ale reiterate tiiey eohegtes 456 CLAYS AND CLAY OINDUSMRYG It is a whitish, gritty clay, with tiny mica scales, and slakes rather slowly. It is not highly plastic, and feels flaky and gritty when mixed with water. The air shrinkage was 4.6 per cent., and its tensile strength averaged 78 pounds per square inch. It behaved as follows in burning: Burning tests of the top-sandy clay, Anness & Potter, Woodbridge. Cone 4. Cone 8. Birevshninkages. jt as ccnp traccs ee cata Cat eos 1.4% 3.470 IAD SOGDELOIM st ces ay, ese ore sis Ae ee 11.98% 2.97% Colo ray eon ani Min 2a nee Mea eos Ser Menor ek oxen co aioe light buff gray buff The bricklets became steel-hard at cone 4, but the clay is only semirefractory, for it fused easily at cone 27. Its composition was as follows: Chemical analysis of the top-sandy clay, Anness & Potter, Woodbridge. Silica xiGSiOs) yt cewek Ra aralt ae cele oa eee eae aG 68.67 Alumina A @AI © 3) ase leas eran lar oe soe ee Se oe eee 21.46 Herricg)oxide:(( He: Os) a aan gear eee ee ee Ee 0.78 Mitaniumivoxtdel (iO hee joes e ee Eee 1.34 Mossvonuenition (waters wtiiesceeec eee ae ce eee 6.40 ime macnesiawalkalres (@ByAdiits)| seem oeiaa eine eee 1.35 100.00 Total fee Sia cperkcic ce tek. 2 UN ge ON so RRR Ue Cee OE Ge 3.13 This analysis is an interesting one when compared with that from Valentine’s pit, locality 14, on p. 440. The difference in refractoriness is so large that it seems doubtful whether it can be due entirely to increased fluxes. It is probably caused in part by the higher silica contents of the clay. Burt Creek.—A so-called No. 1 blue fire clay belonging to the South Amboy fire-clay bed is dug in J. R. Crossman’s bank, near Burt Creek (Loc. 65). Its position in the bank can be seen from the following section, made in September, 1901, near the western end of the excavation : CLAYS OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 457 Section at J. R. Crossman’s bank, Burt Creek. TaMVEC Owes GretaACeOLs) Salts entre ws Tals ch ein erates cca uceciseeraleteMeverte aie eteeles etelinlele Psy.) sie Damas yellOw StiCkeyn Clays miacalcin cree lee erties ail © este Meta uh ret utaacs ts 2“ PaeBinerclay. ©)) ener ene ewe micnernaia lala: 0.21 0.21 Satis ipanicaoxide Gi @s erie cane se with SiO, 0.90 with SiOz Waterss GSO) tui ee per nene sae ea eeMete ets 4.90 0830 4.30 ae from the Forbes farm. . Edgar Brothers’ feldspar. ee S Rae bank on farm of Knickerbocker Life Insurance Company. The analyses show great uniformity in the composition of the material, and while the fluxes are low, still there is considerable sand present, so that high refractoriness would not be looked for. In fact, were it not for the large size of the quartz grains, the ma- terial would fuse at a lower cone than it does. When tested at cone 33 it can no longer hold its shape, although the quartz peb- bles remain intact. A second grade became viscous at cone 31. Since there are also layers or streaks of quartz sand which are in- terbedded with the “feldspar,” it 1s necessary in mining to keep the sand separate from the “feldspar,” and divide the latter into two or even three different grades. The sand is used either for fire mortar or building purposes, depending on its quality, and the feldspar is used in the fire-brick mixture. FIRE SANDS. The general relation of the fire sands to the clay beds of this area has been described in Chapter VIII. The fire sand which underlies the Woodbridge fire clay is dug at a number of points in this district, and is used to some extent in fire-brick manufacture, but the use is decreasing. ‘The material is generally a white quartzose sand, with occasional layers of fine 470 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. gravel, and also scattered particles of lignite. Some of the pits show thin streaks of clay. These fire sands are highly siliceous in their composition, carrying from 92.5-98.00 per cent. of silica, as shown by Dr. Cook’s analyses, and 1.45 to 6.65 per cent. of alumina and iron oxide. CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRY. It is but natural that with such an abundance of raw materials in Middlesex county, there should be a thriving local industry supported by them, even though much of the material mined is shipped to other counties and even other States. The clay products of the county include common, pressed, enameled, and paving brick, terra cotta, wall tiles, fire brick, hollow brick, fire- proofing and conduits. The common-brick industry is developed chiefly in the region around Sayreville and South River,’ where the vast deposits of black, laminated sands and clays are exten- sively worked for making common soft-mud brick. Large open- ings have been made, and the clays are often dug with steam shovels. These clays yield a product of very good quality, which is extensively shipped to the neighboring cities for building pur- poses. ‘The pressed brick made in this region are obtained to a small extent by re-pressing the common red brick, but the large majority of them are made from a mixture of the several grades of fire clay. Their various shades and mottlings are produced in part by the manipulation of the kiln fires, and in part by the addi- tion of artificial coloring matter. These bricks are made chiefly at Sayreville, although some have also been produced at South River, but the factory there is no longer in operation. Enameled bricks are produced by the American Enameled Brick & Tile Com- pany, of South River, and the Sayre & Fisher Company, of Sayreville. Next to the common-brick industry along the Raritan river, the hollow-brick industry occupies a very prominent posi- tion, and the clays used for this purpose belong to the same bed * Several large yards are also located near the county line, not far from Cliffwood, Monmouth county. These are described with the Monmouth county clays. CLAYS OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. A7I as those used for common brick, 1. ¢., the upper part of the Wood- bridge clay bed. Several very large factories are in operation (see Chap. XIV) at Perth Amboy, Keasbey, Sewaren, Spa Spring and Maurer. The product of these consists almost entirely of hollow ware for structural and fireproofing work. In addition two works at least are being run almost exclusively for the manu- facture of conduits for underground electrical work. The fire- brick industry (Chap. XVI) is an old-established one in this county, as is but natural considering the vast quantities of refrac- tory clays that have been dug and are still being dug here. Fire brick and other refractory shapes are manufactured chiefly at Woodbridge and at several points along the Raritan river. Wall tiles are made at Menlo Park, Old Bridge and Perth Amboy, but the materials used are obtained mostly from other States. Terra cotta is another important product, and a growing demand for this line of materials is supplied by three factories in the county, all of them being at Perth Amboy. Paving brick are produced by one factory at South River. The clay-mining industry has been treated in some detail in Chapter XVII, and that should be referred to. The refractoriness of New Jersey fire brick has also been discussed in some detail in Chapter XVI. ‘ Since the number.of manufacturers in this county is so great they are not included here, but the reader is referred to the chap- ters on common brick, terra cotta, fireproofing, conduits, wall tile, floor tile and pottery (Chaps. XI-X VI), where the names have been already given. 472 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. MONMOUTH COUNTY. The clay deposits of Monmouth county are confined chiefly to its northern and eastern portions, being found in the Raritan, Clay Marl and Miocene formations. ‘The second is represented by Clay Marls I, I] and IV, and the latter by the Asbury clay. Raritan and Clay Marls. Cliffwood and Keyport.—The Raritan clays have been dug at numerous points in the vicinity of Cliffwood! (see map, Pl. XII), while Clay Marl I is utilized in the line of brickyards located on the left bank of Matawan creek below Matawan. Clay Marl II has been utilized chiefly at the clay pits south of Keyport, and Clay Marl LV, nowhere worked at present, contains some promis- ing brick clay (p. 156). In addition to the localities where the clay is dug, outcrops of all four formations are common along the roads and numerous ravines which dissect this area. If the physical characters of the clays from these different localities are considered, there is no more difference between these three forma- tions which are used than can be found in different pits of the same formation, so that the clays from all three can be discussed to- gether. The predominant type of unweathered clay in the region around Cliffwood and Matawan is a black or bluish-black clay, the clay layers being sometimes separated by laminz of sand. At times these black layers are dense and fat, and even quite free from grit, and in most of the pits the clays are found to contain more or less lignite, pyrite and mica. They are commonly weathered in their upper parts to different colors, such as yellow, yellowish or reddish brown or chocolate. Concretions of limonite may also be present in the weathered part. * Several of the brickyards are just over the line in Middlesex county, but are included here in order to discuss the district as a unit. CLAYS OF MONMOUTH COUNTY. 473 In making bricks from these clays the black clay is never used alone, but the run of the bank is commonly taken, and to this some of the sandy loam overburden is added. The sandy laminz found in the clay sometimes form lenses, and it may be necessary to dig these with the clay for reasons of economy in working. A number of clays from this district were tested and the results are given concisely in tabulated form on page 474. In the third and fourth columns there are given the physical tests of a | fat black clay burned alone and with the addition of sand. The addition of sand decreased the amount of water required, the air shrinkage, and also the fire shrinkage. ‘The tensile strength was slightly increased and the absorption very much so, indicating a much greater porosity in the brick due to the sand. The fourth and seventh columns represent soft-mud brick mixtures from yards some distance apart. The sixth column (Loc. 231) shows the qualities of the weathered outcrop of a bed of Clay Marl II, which is used in earthenware manufacture. It is not unlike the sample of Raritan clay in the third column in most of its burning qualities. It will also be noticed that the porosity, as measured by the absorption, is quite variable in the different samples, even when burned at the same temperature. Only two of the clays burn steel- hard under cone 1, but all are hard enough for common brick at cone OI or even perhaps cone 03. Most of them have to be burned slowly and carefully to avoid cracking, swelling, or the formation of black cores. In actual practice it has been found that there may sometimes be considerable difference in the behavior of the weathered and the unweathered portions of these clays. In some cases the un- weathered material may crack in drying, but this can be some- times prevented by mixing in the weathered clay of the same de- posit. The clay deposits of the Matawan, Cliffwood, Keyport region are often sufficiently large to be dug by means of the steam shovel, and where the run of the bank is to be used, it would seem to be a very profitable method of extracting the raw material. Where the different layers are to be kept separate, the use of the CLAYS ANDICE AY] MNIDU SM Rae 474 “CO JUOD }e pouing » SnoOostA A[IvINT | "peylsqIA [TAMA eee ee ee eee Ja AQaACTA ATIPIOAT | emaATITIDTA TITOAA|* 2 222? . eee ee ee ewe cease ee oe o. eee ee eee *g uo; *prey-[ae}s DooDoT AOC DBO por Ajivou ‘pay “parry ‘pol-umoig | Pp4vy-[9e}s ‘poy |psey-[9eqs ‘poy gre ssisNeder sisters ‘uoljIpuod Gislsiyolelaiee) «si e/e gre L6°E1 ge-6 PLe 06°9 ZL'I1 CeCEOIOICECEC nC ECHCnC) ‘uordiosqy SOGOU CGO OGIO Lor Lz ee £6 SZ ze sorssess SBeyurrys ony —£ 9u0d) “prey ptey-[9048 ‘per ‘par -[99}S OU ‘poy |psvy-[oe}s ‘pay "pay pey-[904s ‘pay |*prey jou ‘payy |: BO 9 20 DO 000.9 010-007 HAC aN OYE!) $9°6 bes gor Ol‘ol Lg see e eee eee LOVEL © —MeieFederekerclere exer iele trreees ordiosqy Le Lg Lt ¢ “Z sce eee eee T39 sesreces) SOSBHUIIYS DI —I 9u0d *paey-[9a3s *piey-[903s Ajareq ‘poy poy . eijeleletejlejene ‘pary jou “pay p4ey-[904s par “pay jou ‘pal WS] ° eC ee ‘uoljIpuod eee e ere er eet ee 19'S eee e eter eo wee LE-€1 34°9 ee eee eee PE Lt elelellekvilel oie \elereie ‘uorndrosqy Lt 9 ehevehaleisiesie iene Sz gb pov oc ODOC . ¢ trreees OSeyursrys sq —I0 9u0) “prey *piey-[90}s “paey-[a0}S “‘prey-[9038 Toteeeeesses = \prey-fooqs ‘poy |-[a0}s you ‘poy | you ‘par aeq| jou ‘por apeg| “poet ysVT |j0u ‘par yy Rr] LED SE RAO LO 6 ELNANG ONES) 1€°Z1 £611 x42 °Q1 6S°41 glii €1'gi £6°2 “+ “ju99 Jed ‘uondiosqy I Lv 44°50 ZO ev sé Ser ““jus0 Jod ‘aseyulIys 9117 —So au0) 461 gel 991 gor 16 for 88 “ur ‘bs tad sq] ‘y}Sus14s o[Isuo} oseIoAW £9 £6 eS ec 9 9 S°9 sakes chesehsochoats* S/S“ O Dy Iod Mode MUU Seay giz gz AG fe of S:€z S°Sz Shes MCS @ Seisie ‘yua0 tod ‘parmbar 1942 AA *Qzz °00/7 *18z <00'7 “LZ “90/7 TAGALOG | "ZEZ *90'T ‘Ozz *90/T ‘Ozz “90/7 ‘OIN}XIU YI) ‘porsyyVs AA “URMEIE YL *O.IN}XTUL ARTO “Key 9.1N} XTUur “UBME]R IN “URME}R IN, jo yynos youd yoriq yey peyou yysr'y} = pnur-yns “TU GRAF IL FOR ZON preteens tS) (POOM BS) TAVIN AVI TT TIVIN AV'TID JT] TAVIT AVIO “NYLINVY “NVLIAVY *NVLIAVY ‘DIAY UDA2DID [[-po omyuyd ayy fo stnj2 mosl Sf sop CLAYS OF MONMOUTH COUNTY. 475 steam shovel is undesirable, since with it the different layers cannot readily be kept apart. Lorillard.—In addition to the localities already mentioned Clay Marl II is also worked at Lorillard, east of Keyport, but here the material is used for the manufacture of fireproofing and not for bricks. It is the most extensive clay opening in the county, and is rapidly increasing in size. The clay is dug with a steam shovel and hauled to the works on tram cars by a small engine. Asbury Clays. Farther south in the county and in the eastern portion of it, the Asbury clays of the Miocene are abundantly exposed in the region west of Asbury Park, as has been somewhat fully de- scribed in Chapter VII (pp. 145, 146). Asbury Park.—The best section exposed is that at Drummond’s brickyard west of Asbury Park (Loc..217), where three distinct beds are seen. Section at Drummond’s clay bank. Ip slop | Garry lag pmenney sien oe coetetls ic, wae Rosen ete ale 6 feet. 2) YiellowtlaminatedWsandsandiclayncien- sa eeeero de cee 6 feet. Za Black slaminatedusandyaclayayaraials «mcr cit: elec 8 feet. In making stiff-mud brick on the auger machine, the middle laminated sandy clay is usually left out and a mixture of the top loam and the black clay is used. The materials as they come from the bank are considered to have sufficient moisture for working them through a die and therefore no water is used. It may be fairly questioned however, whether the stiff-mud process has shown itself to be better than the soft-mud for molding these Asbury clays. The physical properties of the above clays and of a mixture of the top and bottom layers of the bank are given in the following table and by comparison show the interesting results produced by the mixture: 476 CRAY S) AND CUEAY ENDO S Mine Physical characters of Drummond’s clay. Asbury Park. I Jil JBUE IV Lab. No. 658. Lab. No. 696. Lab. No. 697. Lab. No. 696-7. Water required, .. 20.9% 37.3% 27.0% 31.2% Air shrinkage, ... 3.3% 5.6% 6.390 6.3% Average tensile strength, lbs. War Goh id, sgaes 107 182 137 258 Cone 05— Hine shrinkage te aes 3.3% 0.4% - 0.3% ANOSOI GO Gono. coaons 28.31% 20.12% 23.5370 Conditioner not steel-hard notsteel-hard not steel-hard (Grol Lay cane euieerts Stic light red pink red light red Cone 1— Fire:shrinkage, 4 Ssi2h 4. 7.0% 1.0% 2.290 Absorption Ae myeee 16.79% "16.22% 17.5090: Colonie sees oily peered deep red red red Condition west eeeaer ee nearly steel- nearly steel- nearly steel- hard hard hard Cone 3— Fire shrinkage, . Oper IBa ny eMe Seely at en ee pri Alse so. aA Absorption,..... LOB 7 Fos Pee See ie NB 8 ET ao Coloreeeerernee Ibi Joybber = Ging alc Ae re es oN el via Cone Ic— Fire shrinkage, . 2% ue 3.0%" 2.470" Colorsacigceneece light gray NOREEN, BIN on Sy tascre Condition nee Steel—handye Wii) eeeysee. steel-hard? I. Yellow, sandy laminated clay, sometimes used in bricks. II. Black, gritty clay. Ill. Very gritty top loam. IV. Mixture ot Wieands iil: From an inspection of the above tests, it will be seen that the yellow, sandy, laminated clay (No. 1) burns to a very light color, has an exceedingly low fire shrinkage, even at a comparatively high cone is quite porous and does not burn hard at a low cone. The mixture (No. IV) of the top and bottom layers (No. II and IIl) produces a material whose water absorption is inter- mediate between the two, and whose fire shrinkage is practically no greater than that of the surface loam. Another effect of the mixing has been to increase greatly the tensile strength which is rather an interesting point (see page 89). The fire shrinkage * Burned at cone 9. CLAYS OF MONMOUTH COUNTY. 477 at cone 05 is slightly lower than for either clay alone, but the porosity, as indicated by the absorption, is intermediate between that of the two clays. When burned at cone 1, the mixture had a very much lower fire shrinkage than that of the black clay, but slightly higher than that of the top loam. The porosity at this cone, however, seems to be greater in the mixture than in either of the two clays alone. Pine Brook.—The Asbury clay is well exposed in the “black cut” along the N. J. Southern R. R. midway between Pine Brook and Shark River station, where a new brickyard has recently been started by Geo. B. Decker (Loc. 216). Considerable varia- tion is found in the material from point to point, some of the clay being black and not unlike that found at the Asbury yard, while other beds are light yellowish or reddish and quite sandy. Farmingdale.—In the region north of Farmingdale (Loc. 214 and Loc. 215) several brickyards are using the surface loams, mixed in some cases with underlying Miocene clay. ‘The more sandy portions are used for common brick while the more plastic beds are separated and employed for making draintile. As an — example of the character of the material worked, we may take the section seen at one of these yards (Loc. 214). Here the bank shows 3 feet of Pleistocene loam, which is underlain by a sandy, thinly laminated Miocene clay, which is exposed to a thickness of 3 feet. The material is very open-burning, but makes a good common red brick and may even be used for common draintile. An important deposit of Asbury clay is found on the property of D. H. Applegate, 2% miles south of Eatontown (Loc. 270). The property has been well tested by borings, and the clay has been proved to exténd over a considerable section. A boring about 150 feet from the house showed : ee Vellows clay. eye Oar erected si aue tora eee ee curate Mae Mes ae hs Att B. Light-colored clay with thin seams of fluffy sand, ................ 4-5 ft. C. Black clay and thin sand seams, A sample of each of these was tested by burning with the fol- lowing results: Sample A, when dry pressed and burned at cone 9, was gray- _ buff, with a fire shrinkage of 5.2 per cent. 478 CEAYS AND CEAY]INDIGSm Rave Sample B took 25 per cent. of water in tempering, and had arn air shrinkage of 6.3 per cent. Its tensile strength varied from 122 to 150 pounds per square inch. When burned at cone 05 the fire shrinkage was I per cent., and the absorption 18.69 per cent.; at cone I they were 3 per cent. and 12.27 per cent. respectively, and at cone 5 they were 3.7 per cent. and 9.1 per cent. The bricklet became steel-hard at cone 1, and at cone g the fire shrinkage was. 6.6 per cent. and the color a deep red. Sample C burned deep red. Southard.—At Southard, 2% miles north of Lakewood, clay has been dug for common brick. The bed is from 2 to 6 feet in thickness, and is reported to be somewhat refractory, but no tests have been made, and it is extremely questionable whether it is a fire clay. Clay-working Industry. The total value of the clay products of Monmouth county would, if tabulated, compare favorably, no doubt, with those pro- duced by many other counties in the State, but the industry, as in Burlington county, is rather concentrated. Great quantities of common, soft-mud, as well as some stiff-mud, brick are produced annually around Matawan, Cliffwood and Keyport. Others are also manufactured west of Asbury Park, north of Farmingdale, and along the N. J. Southern R. R., north of Shark River station. Fireproofing is manufactured to a considerable extent at the works of the National Fireproofing Company, at Lorillard. White floor tile is made at Matawan and Keyport, but the ma- terials used come ina large part from other States, and to a small extent from the Amboy district. The county contains one pottery works at Matawan, where stoneware and common red earthen- ware are manufactured. The former is made chiefly from clays of the Amboy district, and the latter from weathered beds of Clay Marl II. Draintile is made at this factory, and also at some of the brickyards north of Farmingdale. | PLATE LI. Faisal General view of Armstrong’s soft-mud brickyard at Morristown, N. Y., with a deposit of glacial clay in the adjoining lowland. Fig. 2. Near view of the clay deposit at the same yard. CUAYSIOE MORRIS? COUNTY: 479 MORRIS COUNTY. Extensive areas in the southeastern part of Morris county are underlain by clay, some of which attains a great thickness, but for the most part they are low and swampy, often several miles from railroads, and somewhat buried by sand or swamp muck. Hence they are mostly undeveloped. In the northern and western parts of the county no extensive deposits are known, although some local beds of surface or flood-plain clays probably occur. Morristown.—A brick works is in operation 114 miles from Morristown, on the Bernardsville road (Loc. 293, Pl. LI, Figs. 1 and 2), and is using a deposit of glacial clay lying in the valley at that point. The clay underlies an area of 8 to Io acres. Itisa finely laminated sandy material with a layer of many concretions, about 6 feet below the top of the bank. ‘These cause the brick to split, if allowed to remain in the clay. ‘The clay in the bottom of the bank is much more plastic than in the upper part. The ma- terial is used for making a soft-mud brick of good quality, tests of which are given in the table, p. 256. Whippany.—North of Morristown, at Whippany (Loc. 294), is another brick works, which has been running intermittently and utilizes a deposit of very plastic glacial-lake clay. The ma- terial underlies an area of about 35 acres, and has been dug to a depth of 12 feet. It is finely laminated, and gets very tough towards the bottom, so that a disintegrator is required to break it up. The material burns to an excellent red color of great density, but has a high shrinkage, and would probably melt at a rather low cone. The works are shown on Plate LII, p. 480. Schooleys Mountain.—At Schooleys Mountain (Loc. 284), in the same county, a deposit of surface clay, derived by wash from disintegrated gneiss, occurs on the property of J. A. Parker. This material is fairly plastic, and works up with 35.4 per cent. water to a mass having an air shrinkage of 8 per cent. It burns steel-hard at cone 05 with a fire shrinkage of 4 per cent., absorp- tion 10.9 per cent. and a light-red color. The deposit is not at present worked. 480 CLAY SAND CLAW UND SuRaNe Parsippany.—Brick clay also occurs at Parsippany (Loc, 297, Lab. No. 730), on the property of J. B. Ricketts. It is probably a glacial-lake clay, and at cone 1 burns to a light-pink brick, which _ is not steel-hard. It has a fire shrinkage of 0.3 per cent. and an absorption of 18.29 per cent. For common brick it would have to be burned somewhat harder than is usually necessary, but the low fire shrinkage is a desirable point. In addition to the above localities, from which samples of the clay were tested, large deposits are known to occur elsewhere along the upper Passaic river. ‘These underlie the region for- merly covered by the glacial Lake Passaic. Since their distribu- tion has been given somewhat in detail in Chapter VI, p. 128, they will be passed with this brief reference. Many of these lacustrine clays are calcareous, and contain an abundance of concretions in certain layers. Mount Paul——A sample of light-colored clay, not very sandy, was received by the Survey from N. B. Thompson, Mendham, from his farm near Mount Paul. It was received too late to be examined physically, and so nothing is known of its qualities. Clay-working industry.—As already indicated, common brick are made at Logansville, Morristown and Whippany, and were formerly manufactured at Summit, Chatham, Morris Plains and Chester. Flowerpots and draintile are manufactured at Logans- ville, but not extensively. REAGENT Fig. 1. Inclined plane leading from the clay pit up to the brick works, with cars of clay. Whippany, Morris county. Fig. 2. General view of the brick works at Whippany, with the clay deposit under- lying the field in the foreground. CEAYS OR OCEAN: COUN Y: 481 OCEAN COUNTY. Prospecting for clay in this county is attended with more or less difficulty, on account of the thick pine growth covering the land in many places, the frequent sandy overburden, and the flatness of the region. If the clay is suspected, many borings have to be made to determine its extent (Pl. LIV, Fig. 1). The deposits visited and in some cases sampled belong entirely to the Cohansey formation. Whitings—The Eastern Hydraulic Press Brick Company has operated a clay pit for several years at.a point about 2% miles southeast of Whitings, and from the standpoint of development it is at the present time one of the most important deposits in the county. The stripping varies from 6 to 18 feet, and the clay is probably 15 feet deep. Since the opening of the deposit a tract of nearly 1,000 feet by 300 feet has been dug over. In working it a trench 40 to 50 feet wide is run the length of the bank, the overburden being taken off slightly in advance of the clay. The latter is then dug and loaded into large buckets, which are hoisted to the level of the track on the edge of the pit and dumped into the cars to be taken to the factory. A portion of the area worked Over is shown in Plate LIJI, Fig. 1, and a near view of the method employed for digging the clay is illustrated in Plate LIII, Fig. 2. The large buckets seen in the view hold about 1,500 pounds of clay. It can be seen from this last view that there is a gully just beyond the excavation in which the clay may outcrop, otherwise the whole deposit is covered by sand. A clay bed of this type serves well to illustrate the need of thorough and suffi- ciently deep prospecting. As this material is a fairly good type of Cohansey clay, a sam- ple was tested. Its physical characters were as follows: Physical characters of clay from Whitings (Loc. 212). Air shrinkage 5.5 per cent. Tensile strength from 120-130 pounds per square inch. At cone I, fire shrinkage 5.5 per cent., color light buff. At cone 5, fire shrinkage 10.8 per cent., color buff, steel-hard. At cone 8, fire shrinkage 10.8 per cent., color buff, At cone 15 fire shrinkage 9.3 per cent. Ai (Cily © 482 CLAY STAND CLAY INDUS irae The material burns quite dense at cone 5. Clay is also said to underlie the land south of the ee Press Brick Company’s property. Northeast of Whitings——Cook noted the occurrence of clay along the N. J. Southern R. R., 1%4 miles northeast of Whitings station. It was said to be yellowish red in color, and covered by a thin bed of gravelly earth. Red brick were made from it and the remains of the yard can still be seen (1902). Old Half Way.—About 7 miles southwest of Whitings and 2 miles east of Woodmansie station, on the N. J. Southern R. R., is the large excavation (Loc. 213) of the Adams Clay-Mining Company (Pl. LIV, Fig. 2). The deposit lies on an elevation somewhat higher than that of the country to the east and south- east, and has less overburden than the clay at Whitings. The clay is worked out in pit-like excavations, so that the actual work of digging at any one time is confined to a small area. The stripping is first taken off by means of a scraper hitched to a cable passing around two pulleys and winding on a drum of a stationary engine, after which the clay is loaded into buckets and brought out of the pit with a conveyor, travelling ona cable. The pits have a depth of 10 or 12 feet. The clay is loaded onto nar- row-gauge cars, which are drawn down to Woodmansie by a small engine. Most of the clay is quite micaceous and siliceous, although less sandy patches are found. On the west side of the area excavated there seems to have been considerable clay of varied colors, more especially brownish black, but this variation in color is ap- parently not uncommon in some of the Cohansey clays. The main grade of clay sought for seems to be a buff-burning, terra- cotta clay, considerable quantities of which go to Pennsylvania, and in order to get this out everything else is thrown aside. A sample of the yellowish-white, siliceous clay (Lab. No. 656) gave the following results when tested physically: It slaked very fast and felt lean when mixed with water. It required 23.3 per cent. of water for tempering, and had an air shrinkage of 4.8 per cent. The tensile strength ranged from 65 to 77 pounds per square inch, with an average of 73 pounds. PLATE LIII. IUCh: Alb General view of the clay pit of the Eastern Hydraulic Press Brick Company, southeast of Whitings. The clay in the foreground has all been worked over. Fig. 2. ’ View in same pit showing method of working the clay. PLATE LIV. Firat Prospecting for clay with an auger in the pines south of Whitings. Fig. 2. View of pits of Adams Clay Mining Company, at Old Half Way, east of Woodmansie. a ues eae ei CLAYS OF OCEAN COUNTY. 483 As the material is not easily fusible, nor fine-grained, it was not burned below cone 5. At that cone, however, the fire shrink- age was 2.7 per cent., absorption 9.08 per cent., color whitish, and bricklet steel-hard. At cone 8 it was about the same, while at cone 10 the fire shrinkage was 3 per cent., the absorption 8.13 per cent., and the color of the bricklet gray, showing tiny fused black specks. Some samples of the clay were screened through a 60-mesh sieve and formed into dry-press tile, which were burned buff at both cone 5 and 8. The fire shrinkage of the former was 1.3 per cent., and that of the latter 2 per cent. Both were porous, the former having 25.59 per cent., and the latter 15.49 per cent. ab- ‘sorption. W heatland.1—A pipe clay was formerly dug by E. N. & J. L. ‘Townsend 1% miles southeast of Wheatland station, and used in the manufacture of pipe and chimney tops at the drainpipe works of the proprietors at Wheatland station. The pits have long been abandoned, and it was not possible to learn whether the clay had been worked out. Union Clay Works.2—Clay was dug years ago at the Union Clay Works, 2 miles southeast of Adams’ pits, at Old Half Way. The best clay was reported to be ro feet thick and the deposit ‘was said to underlie 70 acres. The manufacture of sewer pipe was started in 1866, and previously fire brick, and common pot- tery had been attempted. The distance from a railroad and the sandy wagon roads may have been one reason for the abandon- ment of the works. Mayetta.—Between Manahawken and Tuckerton is another extensive area of Cohansey clay, which is said to underlie about 7oo acres. Most of it is owned by the Eastern Hydraulic Press Brick Company. ‘The deposit (Loc. 209) lies about one-half mile nortkwest of Mayetta station, and 1% miles southwest of Manahawken, and was at one time worked for making common brick. The bricks burned red and were made chiefly from the upper layers of the clay. In the pit two beds are recognizable, * Report on the Clay Deposits in New Jersey, 1878, p. 256. moe cit, p) 250: 484 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. viz., an upper bluish-white, mottled clay, which is rather sandy in its upper layers, and passes upwards into the gravelly over- burden. This upper clay, as exposed, ranges from 3 to 4 feet in thickness. The lower bed, which was bored into for a distance of 5 feet, consists of red and chocolate layers which may contain pebbly streaks. ‘The total thickness of the clay is said to be as much as 24 feet, and the overburden is about 4 feet thick. The upper clay (Lab. No. 666), when examined in the laboratory, was. seen to be a gray, sandy, slow-slaking clay, with practically no mica scales. It burned buff at cones 3, 5 and 8, with fire shrink- age of 4, 5 and 6 per cent., respectively, and became steel-hard at cone 5.. When made up into dry-press tiles its fire shrinkage at: cone 5 was 2.6 per cent., and at cone 10, 13.3 per cent., the per- centages of absorption being respectively 16.36 per cent. and 6.40: per cent. The color of the former was buff and of the latter light gray. It was analyzed with the following result: Chemical analysis of a clay from Mayetta. Siliea 26 SiO 2) ee seuss he oe osha ee Re 76:40 Alliaminay (GATS Os) erpatocy Yeas ttelaic ciate pene eee Re tee 13.29 Berric oxiden(He: Os) easiest tite Ae ere 0.82 - TAme: (CEA ere ee eee a el ec ael ec ta eo 0.95 Miasrvesial (Vi @iyyn Aue eee aa ted Nec eee een Le 0.61 Alkalies G@@Nat@ AKG OD oie iy shi ae de rotenone EO eel 1.80 Waterioniionition iiss Sateen cacy eee ee aeons 5.10 Totaly 2; Beene hh, fat SG Aaa es Ac eee tens nee a eee 98.97 TO tal VANES eects ces car ere a eee ae ec toe 4.18 The low percentage of ferric oxide explains its buff-burning character, while the high percentage of total fluxes and silica show that it is not a fire clay. The lower bed burned buff, also, and became steel-hard at cone I, with fire shrinkage of 4.7 per cent. and an absorption of 10.52 per cent. Atcone 5 its fire shrinkage was 8 per cent. and absorp- tion 3.06 per cent. Its air shrinkage was 5.3 per cent. It is diffi- cult to see how the local brickyard made red brick out of this clay, as was claimed. An additional deposit of clay is said to exist on the adjoining property, belonging to the Hazleton estate. CLAYS OF OCEAN COUNTY. 485 Tuckerton.—A gritty, mottled clay (Loc. 210) outcrops along the road for a distance of 200 yards, one-half mile west of Tuck- erton, and the section shows 5 feet of clay, but it is not worked at present. The clay is quite dry and porous, and grades downward into a mottled sand. In the laboratory when wet it (Lab. No. 662) was not very plastic to the feel, although it had a tensile strength of 173 pounds per square inch. It took 26.3 per cent. of water to temper it, and the air shrinkage was 5.5 per cent. It behaved as follows in burning: Burning tests of a clay from Tuckerton. Cone it 8 9 IP YERSy (Salve a bee CR PA coal eA a RO eae 0.5% 4.1% 5.1% FNDSOEDELOMW EN hs: ant ee Eo eee ee mae dram TOGOMMOa Vo Low. Colorestecs: aise red, red. deep red. The bricklet burned steel-hard at cone I. It is possible that this clay might be available for more than common brick, since it stands cone 9 without fusing, and burns fairly dense and of good red color. Haulage from here to the railroad would be along a fairly level road, or shipment by water would be still easier. The following analysis of a clay from the land of Eayre Oli- phant, near Tuckerton, is on file in the Geological Survey office :! Analysis of clay. Eayre Oliphant, Tuckerton. Silrcari CSOs) peste ee eae ean ore allan rata ibe Tul 58.15 JANI Ketoay bore Mia (VA NIEAO)S) 8) Te aries An lee ate Me bee RT EO eA Se REL 27.37 Herntecoxidew CHes@) sp sector Selatan ti eatE Mia ors sc samenia ceca 4.83 Wi tera CET> ©) mira eters hed rcera ten ain AN pea a ih) tat ak Gente NS 9.31 AIWC0 te DIRE, vr 5 oft SATE NS et ene alc ee RRO I 99.66 The analysis would indicate a red-burning clay. Two and one-half miles southwest of Tuckerton (Loc. 211) there is a deposit of clay upon the Northridge property, which was formerly used for common brick, and which is reported to be of considerable extent, and to be 24 feet in thickness over at * Analysis made by W. S. Myers, 1895, unpublished. 486 CVAY STAND TCE AN IN DUS irae least 60 acres. The upper part of the clay burns red at the tem- perature at which common brick are burned, but the lower layers are reported to be buff burning. A dock has been built on Bal- lenger’s creek, adjoining the property, where, it is reported, ves- sels drawing 14 feet of water can load. | Northwest of Tuckerton, near Nugentown, a deposit of clay is reported to occur upon lands owned by C. G. Baxter, Mark L. C. Wilde and Mrs. Elkanak Palmer, of Philadelphia. The tract of 50 acres has not been fully explored, but the clay is said to underlie it all. Information regarding it was obtained by corre- spondence, and the tract was not visited by members of the Survey staff. Davenport.—At Davenport,’ 4 miles west of Toms River, on the Pennsylvania R. R., clay occurs at scattered points on the Yoder property (Loc. 208). Owing to the sandy overburden, the dense brush, as well as absence of gullies to supply outcrops, prospecting is difficult. Clay was penetrated by the auger at a number of points, but the exact quantity present 1s not known. At one point (Loc. 208) a red clay of good appearance and smoothness was struck in a 3-foot, and again in a 5%4-foot boring, and sufficient taken for a laboratory test (Lab. No. 686). This gave the following results: Water required for tempering, 33.1 per cent.; air shrinkage, 7.6 per cent.; average tensile strength, 130 pounds per square inch. Its behavior in burning was as follows: Burning tests of clay un Yoder property, near Davenport. Cone 05 I 3 5 & Fire shrinkage, .... 1.7% 6% 6.4% 7% 7.2% Colores ee Semen pale red red deep red deepred deep red Conditioner not steel-hard steel-hard A DSORP HON series 19.09% 10.21% 7.98% 6.68% 7.21% The clay is pasty, gritty and tends to drag some in being molded. It will be seen from the above that it does not vitrify at a very low temperature. Samples of clay from property of J. S. Brown, near Daven- port, and not far from the Yoder tract, were sent to the Survey *Clay is now (1904) being actively dug on this property and shipped to Perth Amboy and Philadelphia for terra cotta. CLAYS, OF OCEAN COUNTY: 487 by Mr. Spencer Simpson, of Camden, N. J. On testing it was found to have a very fair plasticity, and required about 25 per cent. of water for tempering. Its tensile strength was 130 pounds per square inch, and air shrinkage 7 per cent. At cone 1 the fire shrinkage was 5 or 6 per cent., color a good red. It vitrified at cone 4. Toms River—tIn rather strong contrast to the Yoder clay (Loc. 208) is one occurring on the property of Samuel Apple- gate (Loc. 207), 4 miles a little west of north of Toms River. This is a whitish, sandy clay, struck by boring at several points on Mr. Applegate’s farm. ‘There is no special evidence to show that it is not pockety. As the clay (Lab. No. 706) gave superficial indications of being more refractory than most of the other Cohansey clays, a sample of it was tested with the following results: Water re- quired for tempering, 29.1 per cent.; air shrinkage, 5 per cent. It behaved as follows in burning: Burning tests of clay, Samuel Applegate, Toms River. Cone 3 Cone 5 Cone 8 Cone 15 Cone 27 Fire shrinkage,. . 470 5.1 % 5.6 % 4.3 Yo Mbsogption, 2... — T1:92% 11.03% 7.88% 3.01% Colones Ss c55- light buff light yellow light gray Condition, ..... steel-hard slight soft- vitrified and ening taking not yet place viscous The clay is, therefore, at least semirefractory, and its character and presence should encourage further prospecting. It ap- proaches nearer a good No. 2 fire clay than any of the other Cohansey clays tested. The Cohansey clays have been worked at Tilton’s brickyard (Loc. 206), near Toms River, for the manufacture of soft-mud brick, for the past twenty years, and an extensive, but not very deep, excavation has been made. ‘The clay, which is less refrac- tory than many of the other Cohansey clays found in the county, is a dark, sandy material with much lignitic matter and irregular streaks of whitish sand. Its thickness is variable and difficult to estimate, as the bank is washed down at all points except the one where the clay is being dug, but the section was approximately as follows: 488 CLAYS HAND Cl AY TINIDIO SARS Section at Tilton’s brickyard, Toms River. Gravelly asand ss .:c2 secre see een ieee EEA eee 2-4 ft. Wihhttishyiclays! Gey. Seie cee cian eines Set Cem neal tee ee eee 2-3 ft. Blackiclays, tabs ty AOR ee ia ER Oc eee 3-8 ft. Viellow (Clay oe ticacee eer pine GOR Ae Mineo ee eaEe ete Sand For brickmaking the run of the bank, which burns red, is used as far down as the yellow clay, which is not suitable for this pur- pose, since it possesses very different properties from the clay found in the rest of the bank, as can be seen below. The deposit is more or less basin-shaped, and seems to be in line with several others, one of these lying to the west on the land of Roberts and Brank, and the other lying in the opposite direction and extending down to the Toms river. Physically, the brick mixture is a rather coarse-grained, lean, sandy clay. It worked up with 26 per cent. of water to a mass having an air shrinkage of 4.3 per cent. and an average tensile strength of 68 pounds per square inch. It did not burn hard at as low a temperature as many common-brick clays. At cone I its fire shrinkage was 2.3 per cent., clay not steel-hard, and ab- sorption 15.37 per cent. At cone 5, fire shrinkage 3.7 per cent., bricklet red, nearly steel- hard, and absorption 12.53 per cent. The yellow clay underlying this can probably not be used in a burned form, as it shows rather undesirable physical properties. It is extremely silty in its character, but not sandy, and is very lean. It does not dry to a dense mass, but, on the contrary, has a porous, brittle body. It took 65 per cent. of water to mix it, ow- ing to its porosity, and yet its air shrinkage was only 8 per cent. The tensile strength averaged 74 pounds per square inch. In burning it gave these results: Burning test of an ochreous clay. Tilton’s pit, Toms River. : Cone 05 Cone 03 Cone or Hinemshniniag essere een 2.6% 9.390 14.6% Color ere ei sei eel Meee eee red bright red red Conditions. Sa ice) eee not steel-hard nearly steel-hard_ steel-hard JN NSOM DINO) Gab ssooeus sobloeo ac 35-12% 26.15% 14.33% CLAYS OF OCEAN COUNTY. 489 The material has more value as an ochre or mineral paint, and is said to have been used to some extent in the manufacture of oilcloth. Its high percentage of iron oxide and low silica con- tents can be seen from the following analysis: Analysis of an ochreous yellow clay. Tilton’s pit, Toms River. SSIES a GSO Fp Fas sc 56 Ge ie a ian tI mE 31.96 IAs bor ian GVA OL) a cue Sikeie oe ORE eel DOO ae Cac Soa G 21.93 Erie OX1 dea Cres Os) me serait ics cine ecsrareloe ay lel veoeke eeenetsraicters 31.39 eine (Gal) seeders cvencrer sts ccieie lis stevaue eh oer tier cbeesnetanatatetarers 0.45 Magnesia (MgO), ...-.---- 5-22 e te eee ee cee ee ee eee 0.18 IOS, Chay tesariutopay (Caisahy JalO)) oro aconogekodsoncooouus 12.92 AS O tally etna spoon ener ene cess Ghar cr aN chats MALASBNO eg Ura MOE 98.83 No talV fluxes Meee are eee Oe aes 32.02 The high percentage of water, as compared with the low amount of alumina, is due to the iron oxide being present as limonite, which has about 14 per cent. of chemically combined water. The clay contains approximately 36.00 per cent. of limon- ite, 56 per cent. of clay base and 8 per cent. of sand. Herbertsville—A thinly laminated clay often very sandy and elsewhere very plastic, occurs at a number of points south of Her- bertsville (Loc. 218, 219). It differs somewhat in appearance from the Cohansey clays found elsewhere in the county, but it seems on the whole probably referable to that horizon. Whether the various outcrops are parts of a continuous bed or a series of closely lying lenses it is not possible to say. ‘The clay has been opened up by the Herbertsville Brick Company at their yard, and at Isaac Tilton’s yard, south and southeast of Herbertsville, re- spectively. At the former (Loc. 218) the clay is exposed in a shallow ex- cavation 200 feet long, 20 feet wide and about 4 feet deep. It varies from a very plastic clay to one of very sandy character with interlaminated beds of sand. By digging a large quantity at once and piling it up the two kinds become more or less mixed. The clay, sandy as it is, is not used alone, however, but a large quantity of sand obtained from a separate pit near by is added to it. The effect of this addition is very marked, as can be seen below, where the tests are given in parallel columns: 490 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. Physical characters of clay. Herbertsville Brick Company. Clay and sand Clay. (equal parts). Water neque dsyscre sco yaeteebic et sey aetna 32.6% 15.6% PASTING Inti tT Ce avartse rd ches cisys nent vatelte iene 5.390 3.390 Average tensile strength, lbs. per sq. in.,.. 108 65 Cone o5— Birenshtinkase saa e ee eee 0.3% 0.7% Colonie rt ere cece ite eer ee pink red pinkish Conditions 47s Skane not steel-hard not steel-hard INDSOLD LONE sie e eae aaa 20.19% 14.7690 The clay alone remains porous even when burned to cone 5, at which point its fire shrinkage was 2.7 per cent. and its absorption 12.98 per cent. At cone 10 the fire shrinkage was 6 per cent. At the other locality (No. 219), southeast of Herbertsville, on the road to West Point Pleasant, the clay is exposed in a number of pits which have been dug in the woods. None of them are deep, and the working face is rarely more than 4 feet high. The main opening at the time the pit was visited showed a yellow, sandy clay 3 to 4 feet deep, with 4 feet of sandy overburden. In this pit the clay grades horizontally into a fluffy, sandy loam, and in an adjoining pit the clay is quite plastic, and contains much less sand, so that the best results are obtainable by using a mix- ture from several different pits. The common method consists in making a mixture of the clay and loam, and for purposes of comparison these tests are also given in parallel columns: Physical characters of clay, Isaac Tilton’s brickyard, Herbertsville. Clay Loam Clay and loant Lab.No. 698 Lab. No.699 Lab. No. 698-9: Wratermequined tamara ee eee 20.3 % 21.3 Yo 25 Yo Atreshrinkage wastes eee eee 4.4 % 2.5 %o Ane To Tensile strength, lbs. per sq. in., 73 AQ 70 Cone 05 Biresshninkagen esac cence 0.2 % 0.5 % 0.3 Yo INDSOnDLON NE ae eee Renee 20.84% 17.6470 19.20% Colomwses ee eee light red light red light red Conditions! ace aseeee eee not steel-hard notsteel-hard not steel-hard Cone I Mirewshrinkage: | se ee eee 2.6 % 1.5 % 1.4 % INDYSOIDEIONN,” Goya sosdssboses 16.93 %o 16.52% 16.16% Colona ey is ahs Ae oes red red red Conditionwieecce ss eee Cen. not steel-hard not steel-hard not steel-hard CLAY SEOE OCEAN COUNTY: AOI It will be noticed on comparing these tests with those of the preceding locality that the effect of the sand is better than that of the loam, because it produces a denser and consequently stronger brick. Lakewood.—Cohansey clays are also found at Lakewood and have been worked to a slight extent. One deposit, which occurs on the property of Mrs. Le Conte and Wm. Clayton, is a very sandy clay, working up with 20 per cent. of water and having an air shrinkage of 7.3 per cent. It is said to have a thickness of 6 to 8 feet. Its behavior on burning was as follows: Burning tests of clay from near Lakewood. Cone I Cone 5 Cone 15 sinemshininikase vain content ae 0.7 % 0.7% 1.7% JN ORO THD LAO IRs a5 oraidianc poe ook ESTO Toien comprare enc nun nile rvseae. Colonie haces eee te Renae buff buff gray brown Conditions Ses a ee en eee lacs not steel-hard ...... steel-hard Bennett Mills—Prof. Cook! notes the occurrence of clay on the lands of Chas. H. Appleget, near Bennett Mills. The deposit is said to “lie near a tributary of Metedeconk creek, and not far from the latter stream.’’ ‘The material was described as a tough, sandy, plastic clay streaked with red and yellow. Seven Stars—Red-burning clay was also mentioned (p. 254 Ibid) as occurring on the Bricksburg tract near the old Seven Stars Hotel. It is described as “a very stiff, tough clay, and most of it is some shade of yellow or red, although some of it is said to be white.” ‘The overburden was 4 feet, and it was suggested that selected portions might be used for pottery. Bricksburg.—A belt of clay land is also mentioned as extend- ing from Bricksburg to Toms River, the surface layers of the clay being mixed with gravel. A clay for red brick was dug (1878) I mile north of the village. Its average thickness was 13 feet, and the overburden 4 feet. The clay is said to burn light colored, and the bricks were not very hard. ‘This is probably due to their being burned at too low a temperature. *Report on Clays, 1878, p. 254. Alibi d Epa 254 « 492 CLAYS ANDY CLANS INDUS MRE Dillon’s Island:—Cook also mentioned a bed of yellowish-white clay, 3 feet thick, in the bluff on the south side of Dillon’s Island. The overburden is recorded as being 10 to 15 feet thick. Clay-working industry.—Few clay products are manufactured in Ocean county. Common brick have been made at Toms River for twenty years or more, and three small yards are in operation near Herbertsville. Some brick have also been made near Lake- wood. Considerable clay for pressed brick is dug southeast of Whiting station, and clay for terra cotta at Old Half Way, 2 miles east of Woodmansie. There is opportunity for much prospecting in searching for pressed-brick and terra-cotta clays in the Cohansey formation. It is possible also that some fire clay might be found, although none has been up to the present time, with the exception of that on the Applegate property north of Toms River. Where deposits are located at some distance from a railroad it would be necessary and economical to take the clay out to the main line by rail, as the roads in this region are very sandy, CEAMSHOH) PASSAIC] COUNTY: 493 PASSAIC COUNTY. So far as known, the only clays in Passaic county which are commercially important are of Glacial age, and probably con- nected in origin with the glacial Lake Passaic. They are exten- sively developed north of Singac and Little Falls, where common brick are manufactured by the Singac Brick Company (Loc. 287) and Geo. Conners (Loc. 286), and at Mountain View, where there are extensive brick plants belonging to the Standard Brick Company, of Newark (Loc. 288), and Uschwold & Ulrich (Loc. 289). These deposits are not limited to the localities where worked at present, but are known to extend as far north as Preakness, although over much of this area they are buried by silt and sand. | The clay is usually dark colored, often black, sometimes dis- tinctly laminated, the latter beds being free from stones. At some pits the clay is overlaid by sand; in others, notably that at locality 286, the laminated clay is covered by several feet of stony clay—eglacial till—( Pl. XVI, Figs. 1 and 2), which is also used, the bowlders being rejected in digging, the larger stones being separated by a rotary sieve, and those under an inch in diameter often finding their way into the brick. All these clays burn red and are rarely used with the admixture of sand. The brick are made by the soft-mud process, and since all the yards are located either along the railroad or on the Morris and Essex canal or its feeder, shipping facilities are excellent. Small local deposits of surface or glacial clay doubtless exist elsewhere in the county, but they have never been developed. 494. CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRYe SALEM COUNTY. This county extends from the Delaware river in. a southeast direction to the Maurice river, a distance of about 27 miles. It, therefore, might include clays belonging to the Raritan, Clay Marl, Alloway, Cohansey and Cape May formations, but some of these are not exposed on account of the heavy capping of sur- face materials. The Alloway clay is the only important deposit exposed and worked. Pentonville —The Cape May has been opened to supply a small brickyard at Pentonville (Loc. 166), but the deposit is a shallow one, from 2 to 4 feet in thickness, and is underlain by sand. It burns to a red color and is quite porous at the temperature reached in common-brick kilns. The Cape May clays have also been worked for brick at Salem. Alloway Clay. The Alloway clay is the most important clay deposit in this county, and it was examined at a number of localities. Its extent is shown in detail on the map, Plate XIII. Yorktown.—The most extensive opening, although not a very deep one, is seen at the brickyard of David Haines, south of Yorktown (Loc. 162, Pl. LV). The clay bank forms a long, shallow excavation to the west of the yard, and exposes an upper and lower bed of clay, covered by loam which is in part gravelly. If the pit is followed from east to west it is found that the sandy overburden increases in thickness. The upper clay bed-is a whitish clay with yellow mottling, containing occasional seams or crusts of limonite (Pl. II, Fig. 2), and varies from 8 to 15 feet in thickness. The under clay is a blue, very plastic material, of great cohesiveness. It is said to run 50 feet in depth, and was bored into for a distance of 8 feet to obtain a sample. At the western end of the clay bank the sand is found ap- parently to rest directly on the blue clay, as if the mottled clay had thinned out. This apparent fading out of the one bed is due PEATE TEV: Fig. 1. General view of D. F. Haines’ brick works, at Yorktown. Fig. 2. Bank of Alloway clay adjoining Haines’ yard. CLAYS OF SALEM COUNTY. 495 to the fact that the mottled clay is probably only a weathered phase of the blue, and it is absent from the western end of the pit, because the heavy capping of sand has prevented the weather- ing agents from changing the clay. In working the clay, all por- tions containing the limonite crusts are avoided, as they are difficult to break up by grinding. Three samples were tested from this locality, viz., the top clay, the bottom clay and the brick mixture. Top clay. (Lab. No. 677.) —This was a somewhat gritty clay and slaked slowly. It worked up with 30.2 per cent. of water to a mass having an air shrinkage of 9.3 per cent. and an average tensile strength of 308 pounds per square inch. In burning the following results were obtained : Burning tests of top clay. D. F. Haines, Yorktown. Cone 05 Cones Cones Bireeshrinkageinaeciee no met ses, cae ee 2.770 7.770 7Jo SOIIGTS: Sc Besibtet Seat oniee Ct tacit oe ancean ate yellowish red red deep red CON GIHON Mie: Sasi os sete Sree ee eS steelohard.. joussce cuore oer POE SOEP BOI avers eyo e sudieke crea Giese ea TESS 12.62% 0.22% 0.34% Bottom clay. (Lab. No. 694.)—This was much denser, and was slow slaking. It took 29.9 per cent. water and had an air shrinkage of 8 per cent. Its average tensile strength was 223 pounds per square inch. In burning it behaved as follows: Burning tests of bottom clay. D. F. Haines, Yorktown. Cone 05 Cone 3 ARES Rinkag en! gener SO AY ct ab eee ne ip she est 5.370 7.370 CLS Te Meek thee eet tes leis 6 Seach a ae eer BEANS Rea era ea light red red SONG ONE Se Wee mae, Oka steel-hard Ppa AND RXOs HD HLOINY Seger a eld Got bre cURL man DE ic aN Ee 6.890% 1.07% Brick mixture. (Lab. No. 617.)—The brick mixture was very plastic and contained more or less fine grit, as it had some loam added to it. It took only 27 per cent. water and its air shrinkage was 7.6 per cent. The average tensile strength was 229 pounds per square inch. 496 CLAYS AND CLAW UNDE) S Re Burning tests of brick mixture. D. F. Haines, Yorktown. Fire shrinkage. Color. Hardness. Absorption. Come OR, Goodgeosst 1% red not steel-hard 13.42% Conchon see ee 2.790 red _ nearly steel-hard 8.58% Conesasa es wee oh 2.7970 red steel-hard 8.9% Cones yea sai 4.470 red 6.96% Conersii noc 5.790 red 1.21% It will be seen that the two clays alone do not differ much in their air shrinkage, but that the bottom clay has a much higher fire shrinkage, and at cone 05 is nearly twice as dense as the top clay. The mixture has had its air shrinkage as well as its fire shrink- age decreased by the addition of loam. Its composition was as follows: Chemical analysis of brick mixture. D. F. Haines, Yorktown. Silica (SiO) or oer OR ee os Shas ora stekcone Geo, ata aed eee 68.96 ATuarmitiva SCAT @ sn. rahlscasteus sole suave apeyerre aye Suter elles rie ea ee 17.87 Berric ,oxide «CB esO hw tenet ya. rars shires ocisare Ree B27, Tamme SG Cay): apheresis ay ar Uae a ee or re 0.25 Magnesia sGMie Opp Math. vcore. Aone ae Ae eer 0.25 Alkaties: ((Nas Ow Ke Onis cic ye cickvsecle Near eee 2.10 Waiter GES On ey apnsuen ot te ite Ricttnes leche crore ae pat te Riayat rae 6.95 TOGA ies Reese cots MeO Paucnctons eve ocalire eens: ea ae 99.65 Ota HAR eS A Fa aE te 2a oe re oe eee) Pe 5.87 The Alloway clay also outcrops at a point west of Yorktown in the ditch along the north side of the road (Loc. 161). The clay, which is a yellow-mottled color, is at least 4 feet thick, as determined by boring (total thickness probably much greater), and is covered by 6 to: 7 feet of Bridgeton gravel. The latter thins out, however, down the slope to the west, as well as on the south side of the road. The clay (Lab. No. 691) is quite plastic to the feel, has little grit, but mica scales are fairly abundant in it. It took 36.1 per cent. water to mix it, and its air shrinkage was 8 per cent. A bricklet burned at cone 1 had a fire shrinkage of 7 per cent., which is somewhat high. Its color was brownish red, and its absorption only 1.41 per cent., showing its dense-burning character. CLAYS OF SALEM COUNTY. 497 Alloway.—A number of outcrops of the clay were also found around Alloway. One of these was in the railroad cut just north of Alloway station (Loc. 164), where there is a deposit which is well located for shipment and which could be easily drained. Section in railroad cut, near Alloway. Woamyonspebbiyeloamys sce ce aan cis cgeateiayeamenerrer eck ones By tous ttt Weathered, very plastic clay (derived from the Allo- TER eNO EN) nurs momo nein Seen aR anid eta'G 5 Gan nici MiG Oat loner caehts 1B RETYPE RYE any ba 2c et MCR enIn ne risa RRMA clon Ya tas! Qh ete are mst Leite The latter is very similar to the blue clay in the brick pits at Yorktown. ‘The physical characters of a sample representing the run of the bank were as follows: Water required, 32.1 per cent.; air shrinkage, 8.6 per cent.; average tensile strength, 453 pounds per square inch. At cone 03. Fire shrinkage 4.4 per cent., color red, bricklet steel-hard, absorption 8.07 per cent. At cone I. Fire shrinkage 5.2 per cent., color red, absorption 3.94 per cent. Cone 12. Vitrified. This clay showed a phenomenally high tensile strength, prob- ably one of the highest ever recorded. It also burns quite dense at a low cone. One mile south of Alloway the clay again outcrops along the highroad opposite an ice house (Loc. 165). It is covered by 4 feet of gravel and sand and is at least 7 feet deep, as determined by boring. It is quite plastic, even sticky, and moist in places. ‘There were also occasionally iron crusts at the point where the boring was made. The clay slaked moderately fast and completely. It is not unlike the clay from locality 161, west of Yorktown. | It required 35.6 per cent. of water to work it up, and it had an air shrinkage of 9 per cent. At cone 1 the fire shrinkage was 7 per cent. and the clay burned exceedingly dense, having an absorption of only 0.47 per cent. Cone 5, absorption .o7. The color was red. Another well-located deposit is found at a point 3 miles north of Alloway (Loc. 167). Here a boring showed at least 7 feet of light-mottled clay, similar to the upper clay in the brick-clay pits 2) GUE 498 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUS at Yorktown, and covered by not more than 2 feet of pebbly loam. The outcrop is well located on account of the thin stripping, dry- ness of the deposit and good drainage. The material (Lab. No. 688) required considerable water to temper it, viz., 48.7 per cent., and had a high air shrinkage of 11 per cent. Its tensile strength was low, being 80 pounds per square inch. It burned quite dense, however, for at cone I, with a fire shrinkage of 5.6 per cent., its absorption was 5.18 per cent., and at cone 5, with a fire shrinkage of 8.3 per cent., it absorbed only 0.46 per cent. of water. It be- came viscous at cone 12. It burned red at cone I, brown at cone 5, and gray at cone 8. A dry-press tile was burned at the last- named cone, and showed 13.3 per cent. total shrinkage, which of course occurred mostly in the firing. The Alloway clay outcrops again along the road opposite a farmhouse, at a point one-half mile east of Alloway (Loc. 163)- Its thickness is more than 7 feet, the upper 5 feet being a light, sandy clay, while the lower 2 feet had occasional sand streaks. The clay (Lab. No. 685) worked up with 26.5 per cent. of water, and had an air shrinkage of 8 per cent. Its tensile strength was excellent, averaging 246 pounds per square inch. Its fire shrink- age was low, being o per cent. at cone 05, 2 per cent. at cone 3, and 5.3 per cent. at cones 5 and 8. Its absorption at these cones was 16.59 per cent., 10.57 per cent., 4.51 per cent. and 6.39 per cent., respectively. It was viscous at cone 27. It burned red up to cone 5, and a gray brown above that. Its fire shrinkage was somewhat lower than that of most of the other Alloway clays. Richmanville —Other outcrops of Alloway clay occur at Rich- manville, along the bank of the stream (Loc. 160). The clay, as. determined by boring, extends at least 7 feet below the stream level, and an additional thickness of 5 feet is exposed in the bank. The overburden of gravel and sand increases in thickness as one recedes from the stream. The clay even below stream level is comparatively dry, and on the outcrop it dries and breaks up into irregular fragments looking not unlike those of Clay Marl II. The sample (Lah. No. 675) was a smooth, very dense, dark- colored clay of low plasticity, and fairly free from grit. It took CLAY SHOE SALEM COUNTY: 499 30 per cent. of water to temper it, and it had an air shrinkage of 8 percent. Its average tensile strength was 90 pounds per square inch. In burning, at cone 05, its fire shrinkage was 4 per cent., color bright red, not steel-hard, and absorption 20.17 per cent. At cone 03 the fire shrinkage was 5 per cent., color red, not steel-hard, and absorption 15.45 per cent. At cone I fire shrinkage 5.5 per cent., color deep red, steel-hard, and absorption 13.48 per cent. It will be seen, therefore, that it does not burn as dense as some of the other Alloway clays mentioned above. Fenwick.—Near Fenwick there is also an abundance of this clay. It was worked at one time on the flat near the station (Loc. 169), and the remains of a small brickyard are still to be seen there. While the deposit at the brickyard is probably not very extensive, it is interesting to compare it with the one from the railroad cut north of Alloway, because it has. such a high tensile strength, viz., an average of 327 pounds per square inch. At both localities, however, the deposit is not strictly speaking the Allo- way clay, but a secondary clay, which has been derived from the Alloway by stream action at a much later date than the original deposition of the clay. This re-working has greatly increased the tensile strength. The clay at Fenwick has, however, a lower air shrinkage, 7.6 per cent., when mixed with 29.7 per cent. water, as compared to 8.6 per cent. for the clay from the railroad cut (Loc. 164). At cone 03 the fire shrinkage was only 1 per cent., and the absorption of the bricklet 11.86 per cent. It was steel-hard, and a bright red color. Just northeast of Fenwick station there is a great flat underlain by massive Alloway clay, with practically no overburden. Big Mannington hill —The clay is finely developed on the lower slopes of Big Mannington hill, west of Fenwick, where extensive banks could be opened up in the hillside with little or no trouble with good drainage and with only a short haul to the railroad. Riddletown.—In the railroad cut on the West Jersey R. R., near Riddletown (Loc. 168), the Alloway clay is again well ex- posed. Here at least 12 feet is to be seen, with 3 feet of over- burden in the cut, but increasing up the slope away from the rail- 500 CLAYS AND CLEAVE INDUS MRie road. When the clay dries out on the surface it breaks into blocks. When tempered with 46.5 per cent. of water, its air shrinkage was 10.6 per cent., and it had an average tensile strength of 337 pounds. At cone 03 the fire shrinkage was 3.4 per cent., the absorption 9.89 per cent.; at cone I they were 3.4 per cent., and 7.96 per cent. respectively. W oodstown.—Two miles east of Woodstown (Loc. 177) there is an exposure of the usual tough, dry, mottled clay so character- istic of the Alloway formation. The material (Lab. No. 673) was sampled by boring to a depth of 4 feet, and when worked up was found to be quite plastic. It tempered with 35.8 per cent. water to.a mass having 8.3 per cent. shrinkage. Its burning qual- ities were as follows: Burning tests of a clay near Woodstown (Loc. 177). Cone 05 03 I 5 Fire shrinkage, ...... 4.79% 5.790 7.790 9.3% AbSonptionymeten eer 11.76% 9.457% 3.50% 30% Coloring acne pale red streaky red red deep dirty red Flarndnessieas espaccyeauts steel-hard steel-hard _ steel-hard steel-hard Viscous at cone 12. The following are two analyses of clays of the Alloway forma- tion: Chemical analyses of two Alloway clays. if 2 Silica (GSO 2) seo, cecin os ht EE ee eee 52.30 67.40 Afumina: (CALOs). 2 ncee ko. ee ee 32.01 19.62 Trontoxide(Fe:03)), 0/00... 2... eee ae 1.59 2.45 Lame ((Ca@)e olay 23 kita cs he eee ene noua 0.25 Migonesian((MicO))iy issn se ce ECE EECor baie 0.34 Water: CERO) sun wts ects da eee 12.02 8.08 I. Source unknown. 2. Sample collected by the Survey from railroad cut north of Alloway, and analyzed for this report. CUAYSFOr SAGEM, COUNTY, 501 Mucaceous, talc-like Clay. As before indicated (p. 144), a soapy, micaceous, talc-like clay underlies the Alloway clay in the vicinity of Woodstown. It is exposed in the railroad cut just north of the town (Loc. 170), where 3 or 4 feet of the material is seen under several feet of gravel and loam. Northeast of Woodstown where the road de- scends to Old Mans creek, there is another exposure of the same material from which a sample was taken, although at this locality (172), owing to the heavy overburden of gravel (12 to 14 feet), and the thinness of the deposit, 21% feet, it is not likely to have any economic value. Although it has nowhere been seen to occur other than in thin beds, prospecting might develop a thicker bed of this material, which may ultimately have some value. This deposit is not similar to the micaceous sand, mined in the Wood- bridge district, and erroneously termed kaolin. The latter has less mica and much more coarse sand. In its raw condition the micaceous, talc-like clay is a whitish, loose clayey mica sand. It digs readily, but on account of its open character, is easily penetrated by water and therefore is readily stained by iron from the overlying sands and gravels. In its crude condition it might perhaps serve as a filler for as- bestos. When mixed with water, molded and burned, the sample from locality 172 behaved as follows: Water required for tem- pering, 45.2 per cent.; air shrinkage, 3.3 per cent. It is not hard burning at low or moderate temperatures. Thus at cone 8, the fire shrinkage was only 5.3 per cent., the bricklet not steel-hard, color white and absorption 24.73 per cent. . At cone 10, the fire shrinkage was 7.3 per cent.; color yellowish white, bricklet barely steel-hard, and absorption 19.23 per cent. The mica scales were still visible at cone 8, and had not in most cases fluxed with the other particles of the clay. A test of another sample is given in the description of the clays from Gloucester county. The Cohansey clays are not worked in Salem county, nor were any exposures seen, but they may occur, as the formation probably extends across southeastern Salem county. ‘They are worked just 502 CLAYS ANDI CLAY UNDUST RY across the county line at Rosenhayn, in Cumberland county, and similar beds very probably occur in southeastern Salem county. A considerable deposit of clay is recorded from Fort Mott on the Delaware river.t The section is as follows: Section at Fort Mott. by Vellowrsandyandieraviel aie cme lets ci eect: ae ee 250 ite Biackisan diy, celaysr sities hee inguin gic) a 25 ite Darkvhard Y uosiapuy “QO “y—uojyua1y, ee ee ‘OT [IASUIGq OY ‘ALNNOD AOU eee eeeee ‘ddvyy °5) “yW—pur]jory ‘ALNNQOD NoautyNa zy ee aodsd wry [ig "ALNNOD WALSHONO'TY Cie) (8) 60: ee @ s/e) Gee O>e\e 16) eue\ e stale.) 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A oees—T—][T HL AYIOY None zfza “ALNAOD) LASYANOS chetel ee S6°9 Ole Sz‘o Sz‘o BED ze 29°41 O59. armeemn | botesace Samyxrur OLDE, |iecnenes OOO A EO ‘soUIvT, “(7-—UMO}YIOX| goF tee ZO'cI1 sees O00 O)lOceo- oOo Oi lOneo OD Oo eee 6S I 1o'ce of:zS Cfelre eho aysleleys erst eee eee ery Oho OF 8015 GOD Gin ‘UMOJSPOO AY oos rf ‘ 8 OSD ermal cde ch Ace 2s | See AG ei bE'o Sz'o ie Shz zg'61 obZ9 Sih oh omc Ae [Oe NOS LO ANTE fy) | ieaeke hence teseses sng yy “y—AeMo]Ty] 00S “AUNAOD Wa’IVS OPN | OFS | OFIN | OF) | FOHL | #70%a) 0% | FOIS SOQ0 } Wa yn ae) Ss @) ae | ry > 2) 5 dag 30 © WH ° ° ® rst) bak o Ee ° a oo Qu ct i i] n : ae Eo Pe a 2 £8. cas ea. 3 Heh “TVILY [AL WINMQ ONV ALIIVOO’T 5 ct TEES ate St Seiseren tatty Sty Bate dh tall eke ll ahh 7 4 Oo» b : f Sara $ 8 2 » - a 8 5 p. a th dS OO oi G te ae id : APPENDIX D.—Table of Mechanical Tests. ea All the physical tests as described in detail in Chapter XIX are tabulated below. They are arranged alphabetically by localities under the respective county headings. The locality number, the laboratory number and the page in the report on which the clay is more fully discussed are given in the first three columns. By means of the locality number, the exact location of each clay sample can be determined from the geological maps, Plates Xa, XI, XII, XIII. The asterisk, *, indicates that the bricklet when burned became steel-hard at the cone number given at the head of the column. F- S., fire shrinkage. Abs., per cent. of water absorbed. ¢ | es Coser Coxe 3. | Cone 8 Coxe 10. Ze | = Locauiry. Owsen. Marea : = = Z Avpitiovat Tests 2 | 22 Abs. || F.S. Color. Color. Color. Abs. |] FS. Color, Abs. ci es | arena at = 5 Ailes*=: = ! | Atiaxtic County. | || [Bakersville, - <++|Mrick clay, ------. BO fencrcty Peeculleeeeral : 2 i OF Yao |Da Costa, Minick clay, scc0c. 30, | “Light ved,” [i573] “go | 220o2 a 5 197 369 do’ = a Gb 3 saree Zs Yellow, tzi04 || 35° Duff, Deep’ ult, es 198 ye Mays Landing, |Auaniie Brick Mig. 6 xe Yellow, Boo | seoseHioee fs O18 195 370 io do D clay, x3 | - 6.20 || 410 ; reall 199 371 [Pleasant Mills, eoneaaed sl Gaworueaiclayg aero sssecs = bas : A a Botte | | Bexcex Couxry. | Viscous, cone 1. Cone oi—See p- 373+ Kingsland Brick Co., - |:sraace] Kingsland, gor 374 Mehrhoff Brick Co.,°.002.2 aor | 618 | 373 Little Ferry, - e160 | 70 sae] 165 | 150 12 || 20 | Brownish red, | 6. selbrcaeed) ECL hecemod|)) erg Red, 7 Bunuxcrox Couxty. veseeeees++[Jos. Scott, 433 | 622 | 376 |Bridgcboro, J. W- Paxson Co., - do : 99 |Cone 1s—Sce p. 377. Unworked clay, 16 | 703 | 398 to LE 17 pa 403 & Bae Bs 39 Haddonfield, <- & 188 | Gr | 390 [Tite “Tisher Creeks, © eee 5 ; tao | Gos | 396 [Merchantville, -.- sees z we a sete are 14. | G3: | des. [Morris Station, P. Erato, -| Foundry ela 23 See p. 394 Be] Gh | jot |Paimyra, Hi Hylton, 222220000202 ‘| Fire clay, e3 See pi 301 is | i 399 | Pemsauken Creck, Feicriconesensaeeaed Tul ely 2 53 Eshes Nee Fee eee sence developed clay, bee pastecnesnsas eee |lcaex. | Winslowsr Easier Hydraulig Press Brick Coj,|Frontbrick clay, § Pree Butt, 4or. aur 402 do ae Brick mixture, 6.6 Yellow: brown, Deep buff, See p. 402. _ Care May County. . 18 | 30s | 406 |Woodbine, Terie, eay,- : 5 ae : 189 | 678 | 406 do STH ee b Lighe busi: Gray’ boi, 27 Tilillsee p. 406. (Mechanical Tests.) 527 . g i g | &s a a Tensice Sraexctu, Coxe os. Coxe 03 i Coxe 1. Cone 3. Coxe 5. Cone 8. Coxe 10. E; 32 = i x =e | Ge | =e Locauty. Owwex. Marentar 5 ae =o | ——- oH : = = ‘Avorttowan Tests. i | 22 | & = || Min. | Max. | Aver. | Tested] FS cor. |) Aba || es Color. Abs. Color. Color. Abs. Color. Color, Abs. a a & = | a4 |e AN) SSSI | eal | Ree Un ‘ Zi Cumpgatann Couxty, 188 660 416 | Bellepl: Greenlee & Hand, ..--..+ . ariek Eley theese 53 bier ized renal eeetal|feaisil| eossesacs bee snaes Unworked clay, 22222: oo Light ted, ||Cone 1e—Loses shape. peers A. E. Burchem, BGs Faye eeow 7-0 Brick res i 64 Buckshutem, - © G 415 [Buckshutem, - Hess & Golden, 186 | 704 | 413. |Carmel Millers ade tereaibayar ss soon |/aete|| en 0.46 |/See p. 409- 383 | G53 08 |Clayville, Clayville Mininy Conduit clay, --2-2.022.22] 32.30 | 4:0 a 382 | 6st | joo save, ee Perth Amboy ‘Terra Cotta Co. ‘Terra-cotta el; Lin) gee | oie Pleat 17B | 671 5 Unworked cla; 73 fed 1b | 676 oat ero. fe 2 [E80 See ps art Eien |e ear a pease ei alee toe 184 | 669 Vineland, do 63 b 5 184 | 663 do do 33 Es See p. 417. Groversrex Couxry, il Viscous, cone 12. 17 687 | 422 |Ewan Mills, - 93 208 = eel Yellow, e 2 17 693 42 |Harrisonville, 83 405 See see Light red, - See p. 422. 173 | 679 | 432 do. Taletite vel 50 Tow ilo ite, Bink butt, ss E 157 | 613 | 430 Seatien oo ‘Unworked clay, 11.0 193 43! Vale red, Red, Seeabas ey e 156 | 717 | 431 ee Brick clay, «.-- 9.0 133 Pe : = Ses) os ee. 421. Huntespos County. | 376 | 73 25 |Flemington, Geneon & Pedrick,..-. seresse[Brick clay, cseee------+--+] 23:90] 3.5 |] a3z | t7r | asp | 10 |] ut Red, 381 | 333 | 326 (Junction, ---2 GUN Mocresa-se=scevireeoeas:| Linwarken ela HOH EE || vettowsehipinicy : “Dark brown, Mexces County. Glen Moore, .. ©. Macauley,..-- Hightstown, ... Reed Bros., Trenton Dogtown), seietcite|I J. Moon, 2. a eee wees do do saeee do Trenton Junction, ......- Windsor, Clayey sand, -- ‘}Britk clay, Rive elbyaiee = No. 1 sagger clay Wad ‘clay, 43h. Vitrihes, cone 27; see p. 430 Fused specks, Viscous, cone 30. ‘See p. 431. Muoptesex County. 1n3t || 11.0 | Yellow white, | 10.02 || 12.6 Viscous, cone 31. 119, 15.35 |] 110 ygfeams, | 16.65 e 35 || 118 ellowish, | 11.59, ‘uses, cone 29, ae White, 10.8 cracked in drying itrifies, cone 27- Dell aes Fused, cone 30. See p. 446. eed’ clay, 02220200221 See p. 462. Fireprooting ‘clay, - ‘ See p. 465. Drown’ red, pent amis a Red, Vitrified, cones 8:10. ‘erth Amboy, - do De 464 Dikeatawayae Brinckman Terra Cotta C Deep red, ified, cone oF Sand Hill, <2 C'S Edgars. -- saecer, nish ed Come 27. $49. 19 ae ire clay, fT, iscous, CONE 304 do Ostrander FH. Co, do Yellowish ‘white, 5 ‘do nee Yellow, Yellow, to RN. & H. Valentine, oa BOCOERD Fuses, cone 33. a cD see roe Fuses, cone 30; see p. 448. Cc S. Fd ‘See p. 452. Sayre & Fisher Co.y.20s.c2sc002001 lay, Red brown, Deeo red brown, See p. 4673 fuses, cone 12. Hollow-brick clay, Red buff, Vitrified, |). 3 South’ “Ambos, = : ‘Stoneware clay, |... SeReEgOFEOLCO ° 2 trified, cone 30. do do uit, Light buff, Sache iscous, CONE 30: Woodbridge, -.- No. 1 fire clay, antes poeccommeawe Cream Fused, cone 34+- do No. 2 fire clay. se Eream’ white, Yellow white, Yellow white, Fused, cone 33. do ‘Ton-sandy clay, b a Gray buf, Screens See p. 456. do Ball clay, .. a : Yellow white, Yellow white, See p. 442. do ‘Stoneware clay, Deep yellow, Viscous. cone 33. do Fire and retort S Bult, Vitrified, cone 27. do Hi. Maurer & Son, Gray buff, Viscous, cone 27- do do 4s See_p. 460. jo 108 scous, cone 27- do ‘M. D, Valentine & Bi Nout fre clay, SS Fused, cone 34+. (Mechanical Tests.) 529 2 by J 25) 2 Trnsine Stmexctit. i Cone os. I Cone 03. Cone 1 rh £ So] 2 2 || || is ease Ga ante veel § = = z as = = Avorrronat. Testa & a |: a4 & || Min. | Max. | Aver. | Tested, ¥.s. Color. Abs. || B.S. Color. Abs. || F.S. Color. a 1 ai | | iammt al>= = = Moxmourie County. 217 496. [Asbury Park, -o.--0--- 4 Bros, 30.9 | 3. os | 1g | 107 8 ratesins 4 217 V6 "ho See He ran 373 #8 1go | a02 | 183 3 Deep rei,” ig 317 476 ge ES | to 3 | G3 || 13s | tao | as: 3 ed, See pi 476. 37 476 emer to aie | 63 |] 3 | ads | ad Reds See ps 476. 320 476 Clitgood, spereAAasocrn see+.{Carman fe Avery, .2222202° 25.5 | 6S 7 400 8 10 Red, See pe 474. 330 74 pate SS Ese 333 | 6 || ror | tre | 103 4 Red, See po 474. 33 48 oe eat ESHA: i Farman,..<: sees 320 | Go |! ‘s2 | sos | ‘or.| 13 Red, ‘| Viteied’ fone 8; see. 474- 232 474 iN Pek opepencoracerprced ee ayo | g3 |] 19g | to | o6"} Rel, |Nisenus came 8; see part x0 477, |Eatontown, <..2.c2.-s.2s+s+-s~0|D, Wi Applegatey..: azo | 83 || isk | iso |..cc.-.| & Prin eaaeass See p. 478. 337 474 |Matawan, ah 339 | sa || iso | tar [ou 6 ied, 2 331 74 outa ie 36.0 | 93 || 10s | 145 | 428 | 10 Red, el piidy4! 338 474 Mot sssen-e= 318 | 63 |] 193 | 200 | 197 3 Red, Monuts County. 3 a 730 | 480 | Parsippany... 1, Ricketts Undeveloped clay, eae live 383 | 335 | 47. | Schocleys’ Mountain, -. A. Parker, do io i) Oceax County. | 86 Davenport, .--..-2200-+ Brown, «+--+. =|Undeveloped clay, | 250 | 70 asGall mmardouseate esos tay ancere eases | te gar | 76 io | ierbertsyitte, 1222.20: Herbertsville Trick ‘6a, *|Bricke ebay, «+ 36 | 33 400 aie do el por dateuese 156 | 33 50 do 1 Titos,.- g| Se doyle 393 | 44 i50 do 2] ick Team, o> 313 | 3s os bo doa: Toi |Miek misture, = 350 | 40 03 491 | Lakewood, Mex. Le Conte’ and Wan: Giayton;-:|Undeveoped clays cezcccs| 280 | $3 abs. |Mayetta, “».--- Eastern Hydraulic Press Brick k Co, Brick, clay, 4 a8 mee 5 fs ged lord ‘Hate Way, 2 ‘Adams Clay Mi ze 33 See p. 483. 487 Toms River, 2: & Aontezate, «| so bedoog Vitcified, cone 27; see p. 487. 4 ifto 43 306 | 665 | 488 to 0 See p. 488. Brick eby, Brick elay, 310 | 662 | 485 | Tuckerton, W ings, ra Satem County. 680 | 497 | Alloway, Undeveloped clay, 8.6 || gor bee | Walen i BH 0 ire ||" "75 eel b Brown, a ‘|| Viscous, e 4 SS RSSae b é 4 3 cone 12; see p. 685 | 498 to eo || 236 Sites Sag Gray brown, | 4! Gray brown, 4 {)/Wiseous; cone 37, see) P ABS! 674 | 499 |Fenwick, <2... 6 || agt Tiright red) i pean] moneaeree: 675 | 495 |Richmanviile, ° 3 Red, ar 673 | 409 |Riddieton, «2. 106 |) 30 Pee |i 623 | soo |Woodstown, 2. 33 |]..- Sircaly ‘red, Viscous, cone 12, 69 | sor tol Fa 1 || Ee Sarai rcs | bor | 496 i || Foes of seer E (ee 7H t Ray Xellowishired) = 617 | 495 76 || 204 een B See p. 496. 234 | 659 | sos |Somerville, - as eae zos | so || 272 | 3:7 | 207 | 10 |. BePooetere 50 Rei, |...) 66 Red, eeccell Kecaeea | ent viscous Paed lerroraerrencc See p. 503. | Uxtox Couxry. | ; 290 | 727 | so5 [Murray Hill, ..----.-----,- IH. Wileox, -.... 1 .|Undeveloped clay, ........| 30.8 | 80 weseees| 234 |eseeeeal] not Red, 25)|| bb ceoopetctcide |eorat fused best | nteccns eerees | racers Severn Feces ll Wasarx County. | ay || an || op \Rewcem J T. Labar,-.- -|Undeveloped clay, -----+-+ Ves 4 a Brownish red, 283 | 751 | 507 do . _ 5 Pinkish, = 383 507 do. 4 ecco Paes peaerel|h Dark brown, Seep. so 07 |Port_ Murray. 4 rcproing shale, 2 ils “| S0 Self ee Deepireas : an Soy | Washington, - TlUndeveloped clay, 222.221] 263 | 63 ees hoe P , See p. s07- 1hhy coeur cae A oh hots oe ey APPENDIX E. EXPLANATION OF MAPS. Five maps, Plates X, Xa, XI, XII, XIII, accompany this report, in the envelope attached to the cover. Plate X.—This map shows the distribution of the principal clay-bearing formations in the State, as explained by the legend. North of the terminal moraine, and also within the basin of the extinct Lake Passaic there are considerable areas of clay of glacial derivation which are of value for common brick. They do not, however, occur over all this area, but, on the contrary, are found in more or less widely separated localities. The Raritan belt of sand and clay (light-green horizontal lines, Kr,) extends from Woodbridge, Middlesex county, to Lower Penns Neck, in Salem county. Since thick beds of sand occur in this formation, the clay beds occur on the surface over only a part of the area thus marked. Since, moreover, beds of sand and gravel of much later age ( Pleistocene) in places cover the Raritan and other formations quite deeply, the area within which these clays can be mined is still further circumscribed. Prospecting for the Raritan clays should not extend beyond the area indicated by this pattern on the map, although it is certain that they do not occur within workable depths at all points within these limits. The two clay deposits, known as Clay Marl I and II, are here indicated by one color and pattern (dark-green, vertical lines, Kem). Clay Marl I occurs along the northwestern part of the belt, Clay Marl I] along the southeastern. These brick clays occur everywhere along the belt thus mapped, but locally they are deeply buried by the later gravels, and therefore are not exposed. The area of Miocene and Pliocene sands and clays is much larger than the others. The surface is chiefly sand, and over much of the region there is no evidence of clay. Nevertheless, lenses of valuable buff- and red-burning clays frequently occur, the presence of which can usually be detected only by boring. Under these circumstances it has not been practicable to attempt their actual delimitation. (531) 532 CLAM STAN DiC Awe END Siiikave The areas in which clays of Cape May and Pensauken age occur are not indicated since these formations are so irregularly distributed, and lie upon those already mentioned. Nor has it been practicable to map the clay-loam deposits which mantle many of the older formations. Their general distribution is referred to im te text, Plate Xa.—This map shows 1) the location of all clay pits which were visited in the course of this investigation, 2) many localities where clay is known to occur but is not worked, and 3) the distribution of the various kinds of clay manufactures throughout the State. The numbers are the locality numbers used in the text of the report. By reference to the index all important data respecting the clay at each of these localities can be found. Since the red circle is carefully marked on the map at the place where the clay was observed, all the deposits can be located in the field by anyone at any time. No attempt has been made to plot all the occurrences of clay in the State. Doubtless some, particularly in the pine belt, where sand covers the surface, have been omitted. The various grades of clay ware manufactured are indicated by different symbols, which are explained in the legend on the map. Their position does not indicate the exact location of the _ factory, but they are placed near the name of the town, which is itself underscored in red. Plate XI.—The clay deposits of northeastern Middlesex county are shown on this map. The attempt has been made, not only to represent the belts where the various clay beds occur at the surface, or are only thinly covered, but also their probable ex- tension beneath thicker beds of sand or gravel, and the limits within which they are probably available. The differences in pattern used to accomplish this result are shown in the legend on the map. ‘There is no question but what the clays extend far beyond the limits thus marked, and underlie much of the area left uncolored, particularly south of the Raritan river, but in these districts they are buried so far beneath the surface that only occasional deep wells penetrate them, and they are com- mercially valueless. On the southeastern part of the map, the EXPLANATION OF MAPS. 533 area where Clay Marl I (K mI) and Clay Marl II (K mII) oc- cur, no attempt has been made to differentiate between the areas where the clay is bare and where it is covered by gravel deposits of Pleistocene age. Two areas in which Clay Marl II]—a heavy sand bed—occurs, are left uncolored. The numbers im black near the various clay openings are the locality numbers used in the text of the report. By reference to the index all available data respecting each deposit may be found. Plate XII.—The clay deposits near Keyport and Matawan are shown on Plate XII, no attempt being made to differentiate the areas in which the clay is at the surface from those where it is covered more or less thickly by gravel beds or along the streams by the swamp and salt-marsh deposits. Thus, for example, im- mediately around Keyport the gravel and sand is locally ten to twenty feet thick, and for the most part nothing else is exposed along the stream bluffs. Yet occasional small exposures show that the clay underlies these later deposits, and it would appear as represented on the map 1f they were removed. The figures on the water indicate the depth in feet at mean low tide. The larger figures in black near the various clay pits are locality numbers as used in the text of the report. Plate XIII.—This map shows the distribution of the Alloway clay in the region about Woodstown. Over the areas marked Aca (diagonal yellow lines), older formations occur, the Allo- way clay having been removed by erosion. These older beds are of various kinds, but as the purpose of the map is to show only the distribution of the clay, these are not differentiated. The areas, Ac (dark yellow), show where the clay is bare or only thinly covered to a depth of a few feet. In the areas, A’cb (vertical lines), the clay is so deeply buried as to be for the most part com- mercially valueless. The small circles represent outcrops noted, and from those with numbers samples were taken for examination and testing. INDEX. A. Page Absorption, common brick,.......... 253 ihe Ivana Souooedcuadoud0O 326 Hoorutiles tables si teses=) syosclelere 287 soft-mud bricks, table,...... 254 stiff-mud bricks, table,...... 254 FESES Ogi DICK fre ceepener gerel earache 253 : Walinberal lyme oo esaoaauosec 253 Adams Clay-Mining Co., clay pit of,. 482 Adams, Henry C., clay pit of,....... 132 Air-separation method of cleansing GEN 5s aguas gobo oan Do OO8 38 Air shrinkage, see Shrinkage. Akalreswamount. in Clay, -)-1 «12 -1-\-\- 67 AUXIN g (action Of; <\¢ slavc'ele- 1-6 68 SOMECEHOtperr neieieacctho rales 67 Alloway, description of clay near,..497, 498 Pb owayac lay ce WHEN ssy-y 0) sere terssane-s, <)*1s5 019 142 GharactenOlser cictescke ak skere cle 143 economic description of,...351-353 Gloucester county, ....... 421, 422 mica in, 44 physical properties of,....352, 353 quantity of soluble salts in,.. 77 Salemucounby-piiomarcc cere 494-500 Specific! gravity; OL, 5 «ii sheers 114 Ollie Cla yam ati acresysisveve/sis saver oekeiaicvers 508 Amboy stoneware clay, ............. 168 CRECN EMO UL cher sever rot orcn as heroes I70 American Ceramic Society,..... 52, 292, 302 /MiiiiCare ah), GEN fon demons eodoUUo Go 67 Amount clay mined in New Jersey,... 340 dnl United wotatess.telstassicisiers 340 shipped to other states,...... 341 PSAYALY SIS SCHEINICAl wv wages appear 159 economic description,..... 360-363 localities where used,....... 161 stratigraphic relations, ...... 160 MICA HITT) + Glorieta ne sietes 44 physical properties, ...... 361-363 Solublessalts uns eera-eyterie sei 77 Glay Marl We ncharactenobsacicrrecteretele 157 economic description,....... 357-360 localities where worked,..... 158 physical properties,....... 359, 360 solubletsaltsiin,) = .tem)-tomlsr1e7l- 77 Clave Marl li 2 e cycciastcaeeterererte 156 economic description, ...... 357 physical characters of,......: 357 Glay MarlIVs) saint erscruclooee eee 155 burnings) itestseonsecireiemercte 356 economic description,....... 356 Glay SMa rl V Enel cicriecePoic nel ie lsteneete ete 154 Clay miners, directory of,........... 342 Clay-mining industry, ............ 335-342 INDEX. Page Clay products, rank of New Jersey chin anisIo.g 6 oloab oo boo KES Sir Clay, Report of 1878p eeeeee eres Xxili Clayton, William, clay on property of, 491 Claywille} clay, near, See eee 408 Clayville Mining & Brick Company, Clayspits SO. aeeeeee eerie 408 Clay-working industry by counties, see Atlantic county, etc. Cliftwood; clays near, -- eee 472-475 Cliffwood lignitic sandy clays,....... 166 Closter; 40 Eastern Hydraulic Press Brick Co., panes 401, 481, 483 clay pits of, iBatontown clay, neat, -scrac. dees oc 477 Bayre; e\oshttasiclaygots-1- cies cers - 199, 378 Ebernhahn, analysis of fire-clay from, 320 Edgar Brothers, feldspar of, ........ 469 Edgar, C. S., clay banks of,...440, 450, 452 ibdgewater, Parkaclaysatic«cy5cc% - 132, 380 Electricaliporcelaine me sesetree steer c 303 VAlie sin, WOOD, eters ceevsieye1s by 309 Elements in earth’s crust, percentage (ON Fs SNE NGO eee Ono 40 Ellison property, section in pit,...... 194 Beiwood aclaygatesciicrctarrat ene 370 Birzabethport, claysatya sieeve sete 506 HrrameledMbricksus.rerter ire oberg cere 218 Clays oused: fore cisrunearon eve 222 enya Weal WN sen doeeooucce oot 147 iDieiwy, AUER Ob, bon GAaomao on De 202, 393 Erickson’s clay, description of,....... 412 | Page FUT OSLO TIN Loe sata al teareadeens. cece ueveveccirelee niayis 17 Essex county, clay industry of,...... 418 Mstuanine clays; acrcreraca ener crerarerciereiee II Evaporation of water in clay, ....... 72 EwaneMiallseiclay uneatsuicrssteyer tories 422 Excelsior Terra Cotta Company, clay OEP oueseysusxceckch ns ance suntsketenersens 504 F. Marminegdalemclayaneanyey tect 477 Haultingsotmclayebedsy).1-sieeseeete 15 Heldspary compositionyoty wets 44 AID Clase bcp shetahancceistsrert cloves 43 Middlesex county, ....... 468, 469 sourcevof alkaliess 2c era 67 SUSE Ol, io ob obi tobdo donb 44 Feldspar—kaolin sand, ........... 177-182 Henwick, clay, means. -ta-iten ecm sites 499 HerricgoxidesineclaySyermpcrcio tote 56, 57 HerrOusHOXIMEes tae dee ae eee 57 Fieldsborough, clay near,:........... 380 Fire brick; absorption by,.......25..- 326 anialiySes OL). tenes cictrer 327, 331 Durning. Of ene mete ae 325 chemical composition, ........ 327 LORELS TTY PA Se Re ey elena 333 fusion points’ of; oes... 327-331 industry, history Ofss ase Ie Ses manufacturers! off oer es 324 methods of manufacture,.... 324 retractoriness| ;Of yess oe 326, 331 temperature of burning,..... 105 inewelaywey- inet site evecare 173, 186, 192, 214 analy sess 1/7 Seas eee 315-320 definition of,.....100, 214, 311, 337 ferricsOxidevin, cic eeae 56 fusibilitymoiee eee REQ 319, 320, 441, Appendix D Kkaolinitemins metre ereeee ce ien 312 Lime in, Ns ahaselcintneeperetenas, 5 64 MACHESTapi tlw teeaciele 67 Middlesex county, ...... 439, 444, 455-458 Mined moO 2 seer easter 340 mineral impurities in,....... 322 MAITETS)) OL sac eee opekehena tree 188 INone 1 defirred Wa ateesss jeieter siete 337 Nowa defined i eminarccccts 337 Ohio No. 2, analysis of,..... 238 Dlasticitysusby cn terk serach vee es 321 DLOPETMes Otani ieee BT TNS aiT ONG OUTS obala pos. So ueto Ore ND Oa oieS 322 Sil Casini irra nautatene 55, 312-317 tensile strength) of... 60). 322 thickiwesswofaesciercinrceiecnclerere 188 (alichohehalaby wo koe wo GeO DOS 317 totalgal kalivesiin-ricpavermereskenceee 67 MISESHOL Mavens Nerteretahtorhets 214, 322 Fire-mortar clay, Middlesex county,.. 458 Fire sand, Middlesex county,...... 191, 469 540 Page ie PrO OMe e cieievePs aielstspie lus eerste 277 ClaySmusedsaeriaereae 278, 280, 281 factories mariufacturing, .... 283 moldingROLwe eee ere 282 Shrinkagesots wcities 282 temperature of burning,..... 105 Fire shrinkage, see Shrinkage. HisheElousemclaysateercisirorstek 133, 394, 403 Bilas hinowmb ri ckaarpsterenelelmieken ttrelee i 237 Bleminetonaclay. ati-yacsyssuskebe.o cys 121, 425 IB itah ena etre aoe oie ro Deere cela ORO Cray Cag arc 2096 Min te Clays Wrsoegewse tee eie vous Uuercuh ter nceese rete 321 Miood=plainiiclays hers cereale ketelerses 12 Floor driers in brick manufacture,... 234 Hl oorntile spree scene ee acinet teens iors 285-287 absorption of water by,...... 287 Clay Smused is teseeqoney evar tclekersiioxs 286 firms manufacturing, ....... 287 Hilorence;, clays; meaty. .ryyeccasorict 199, 377 Florida, analysis of ball clay from,... 51 lorida, ‘Grove; clay, at;a- --< 445, 462, 464 luthyeisands whehexcraqermwiserctey- eeetieie 144 Forbes farm, feldspar from,......... 469 BorteMottisclaysatricri- critter etor- 502 Fossils, Beacon Hill formation,...... 138 Cohansey formation, ....... 138 Pensaukenaclaypestscreiestsierecl= 134 Front brick, temperature of burning,. 105 method of manufacture,..... 22 VALIEVO bey syerisneastenecwtosepeye cera 266 Busibilityaof (clay ascites cricercicicle 97 classification ‘of clays based sia Ol is iaveyors) seaushasioils oe asaeccvennrecepove 100 determination of, ........... IOI effect titanium oxide on,.... 71 bk GENCH or oon oH OO no CD ON 315-320 Husion! incipienty cece 98 Lem PeratuneyOlwy sirereselerlete = 99 G. Garfield, analysis of clay from,....... 374 Garnetiansclayaasceeecoeeconee ree 48, 68 Geological formations in New Jersey, tablevostaiecnwsrttcrtereet ieee IIQ Gerlach, -niccstine misses e eee ere eee 79 Glacial@claysiancresecmmine 124-130, 343, 344 arlalySis OL, sms telstra crete nicaels 374 Hackensack, valleyauern eit 124 localities; 1% cine mere 124-130 OLigine Of aahc5 acer evs 124 Passaic! valleys = ccc sci 128 physical properties of,....345—-348 Glauconitessanalysiswoten eee eae 46 sourcejot alkaliess saan sere 67 Glazedisbrick? Beye ree 218 claysicuseds tore. eee 22 Glazing wpottenyae ee eee Eee 301-302 Glen™Mfooresiclaymatyniee ieee noe 433 INDEX: Page Gloucester county, clay deposits in,.419-423 clay-working industry, ...... 423 Globe Fireproofing Company, clay pits worked bys, see eee eee 408 Golden, Colo., analysis of fire clay from 22... eee 319 Granite) compositionof pee eee 4 Granite ware, value in 1902,........ 309 Gratton sis aworksotee eee XXVill Great swamp; clay ain’ a... ee nee 128 Greensand, see Glauconite. GrOe seine eee ee eee 301 Grunstadt, Germany, analysis of fire clay, from) eae ee eee 320 Grypheasvesicularis:.--e eee 154 Gypsum, sineclays; eae 48, 60 effectioiinin.. eee eee 63 H. Hackensack) clay~at, = -i-ci eee 125, 373 Hackensack valley, clay in, ......... 124 IELacks) =. S2sissssesefereruis sie lerevehehere eer eee 233 HaddontieldS -clay) near; - sce 398, 399 Haedrick, clayapitsiots ao ontee eee 378 iWainesy «David, -clay-otssreeeoeee 494-496 Hammer, Jacob, clay bank of,........ 506 Hand! & Son, Ds xclay Obese 121, 503 Harrisonville, clay near, .......... 421, 422 Hay, clay on property of, ........... 380 Hazleton estate, clay on,...........- 484 Hechty., Se eect eee ae Oe eee IOI Hematite, in clays) sccm cis crcerreee 45 Herbertsyville, ‘clay, near, sass. seas 489, 490 Herbertsville Brick Company, clay Off hn ee ere oe ee 489, 490 Hess & Golder, clay of, ............ AI4 Hettenleidelheim, analysis of fire clay EDOM; Vela. siete co eee 320 Highly refractory clays, definition,... 100 analySes (Of, sess 440, 441, 443 fusion; tests ons seis eee 441 Middlesex county, ....... 439-444 Hightstown, iclay; nears. eree 430 FETA RS Desens ante peoetopee nto Oe eter eee 213 allebrandine.cs' ace eee eee 49 Hobart’s' brickyard, clay, ats a9. one 416 Hofman; EA Oe ae eee eee eee 99, 319 Holland clay nearest eee 426 FHolliek) (Arthur cece peer 138, 166 Hollows blocks ecm eee 277, 278 molding Toho eee ete 282 temperature in burning, 105 Hollow? bricks. ..-11- cei eine ere 277, 278 Hollows wareiorcccecmnccrmeee eee 277-283 factories manufacturing,.... 282 kinds) ¢ ccceeince tee eee 277 method of manufacture,..... 282 raw materials,........ 44, 278, 338 INDEX. 541 Page Efornblendes inl cGlayacceiets ccdsvelstetsrate es 48 source of alkalies, ......... 68 source of magnesia,......... 64 Bl@\aanaere, VASn Ie oc gods caudoO Go a00-0 106 Hudson county, clay-working industry, 42 iiudsonmshaless ses ee aes e se 245.305 Dore Wiltisehis GaodooovoncoAsd 507 Hunterdon county, clay in,.......... 42 clay-working industry, ...... 427 Efyiton, 2., clay pits’ of;.3.2.'.. 2. . 391-393 I. liroya CRESS! thal CEN cooacoonoooc ooo OF 22 Ones itn CEE Gancooneosoducc 45 Oxid ebinieClaya eserstevsretonet-toleia Ve 56-59 pyrite, see Pyrite. Ji acksonvalles clay neatse ~ «10 cic a ene) “7° 388 Ji@lknins, sodoccotdoanssoonndoeoucgs 299 Jordantown, sections in wells at,..... 202 lime, Gehy mish oooooddooocuGC OU 426 K. Na Glitinte sso cloricts 2 eva chereitolad 6, 47, 177, 296 amount ferric oxide in,..... 56 AMOUTI tM LIME eitleeecdetn evelenel chore 64 amount magnesia in,........ 67 amount mined in 1902,...... 340 AMOLMNE ISUICAMIT spree atere ois are 55 amount total alkalies in,.... 67 ANALY SESHO Lamercereictelee pean vers 297 GkSrsabisorl Oey nocnusodeaeboo 214 ATT Ca PATI a Noconctcnsceuetetecreraeececn, ene 44 UISESHO LS Cre eee EL 214 value mined in 1902,........ 340 Iiz@) ante on Gore cob EOboeOe ooo end be 6, 54 AVAL SISH Ola napeyepeier ercuetsiehele 51 LTV CLAYS sh crarege cucieccievcyerenstsetemas 46, 312 Kaolin-silica-titanium mixtures, fusion O foes attere eicat cy nett de eas 318 Karrsyilles claysatscwiecrte siheisio cn ce eh 508 eaSDey-A Claymation senile ote is 464, 465 Reentied ysinWiel Mint eretyarctec eis eie'e edie 73 Keyport (clays neat. a: rr cen tee 472-475 Kilns, brick manufacture, ........... 239 Coser Ysogaccesoas ogee 241 Lip=d ra bteatsca ve vieieiscol ane rearciststece ete 240 MUU cayspe eye ye te te tine os rahesosisestcvaie,« 274 ieineslandsshalevatrsetic cence lacs 374 Shalegimininioeatsperrerancterciorcre 36 Kinkorasclaysats recs see 381, 383, 387, 389 Keep yeeamess clay, (Of; 4 c10 cree einieereiel 420 KrnappsiG.) Ni work of, KV TL, 138, 153, 155, 358 Knickerbocker Life Insurance Co., feldsparebank Olmert. 469 Kresner & Holland, clay of,......... 506 Page Ktmmel, Henry B., work of,....... XXV L. ICpleKe; ILS AN GlEny wise Godacccosangud 507 Walken (Clay sun reich vesae livers aratrewene otcnstokereteys 12 Makewoodsa clays ats ccess scien 491 Wambertvillex clay neatsey. s-rtreeiere cie 425 Laminated clays, Woodbridge clay,... 184 Maminatedsands;, WNOs (gpg: suas cneel: 168 Wangenbeckwr Carli ylesearatcvelsialcts 52, 286, 287 Leaching of clay deposits,........... 22 Weak-pearinios sclayyicreien wiere ciscenshsdel ose ks IQI le Contests. clays Ot prereset nrsciere 491 Peebucs (Constants.clay, ottsseceit 389 IGS, olan vOleh? Cinde bo dadis daa 462, 464 TOTS MIES SF ssuereh Weta ccuevetenoncwemayetsatenen ousrcue kone 190 analiySesMOits mei: piterieoioeke aces 167 Lime-bearing silicates, effect on clay (Oh BUREN ees Lar PoE ACS ay a neTs hae 62 Lime carbonate, effect on clay,....... 60 TT eM ays SO seNiay elses ede te redeean atte 48 Times ir (Clays sesso arc\'e) ancl sselotvet eran veins 59 AMOUNEMOLA misiaiel ei neseseveae cheno 64 TIMES atlas ka tes crsveiste rey eicaotereey atenea a tetrete 151 Lime-soda feldspar, source of alkalies, 68 Limestone, composition of,.......... 6 Je AMMOMIbS peti CLAYS; :. srencicels lefafe one Be aeetenes 45 Win densnclaygteaitvchsucieccisielsteuctsietersrerae 506 Pittlemballssrclayyiatyrimiersisiareistersirsriaite 493 ittlembMernyey Clay, attri sincere lees 373 Little Timber creek, clay along,...... 399 OcalityWNOsk ts, cvere «ele onerevstneuensnet sees 188 Qed ea strana stil aieeeere ey oho oreh eeeonees 188 6,...185, 188, 315, 440, 444, 455 CHIRON EMERE CHEUCRS ICUS caso 185, 188 Boer honed e(ouatereketenteruceetetoner 185, 188 OHam he Blob dood 4 188, 194, 441, 463 LiOuieirewepatn Non teeta erel ee Roker tone nete 188 DL Sictie teicot anadetnse emeteniedarets 188, 442, 445 LGB ia teceievattet nba enc ray een te 188 14,-.-185, 188, 315, 439, 445, 456 TiS) Mespstaravencusneeersete te rrierat aged semen 188 iomo dao 185, 188, 442, 462, 464 Lily en BEN ere eac TOCA MIRO chal oS 188, 445 TOs yeicntuey seve noneketuet eotenerers 188, 445 TQ ee cael ero nans erate ae enstinekata ¢ 188 ZO bats siensNeducenecslehekerseeteretehelorereisse 188 BS te bs CROs Eecrcrene Rc ee Ole 188, 441, 459 2.3 Sd prientnete hvlegsp ev aaiel ad seonepay a eiatens 188 24,...188, 315, 445, 458, 460, 463 Deena lade ed tat aMenieunlc Wuaucteneresslian sie 442 2 Batter eicesey Seyaee coda cue R Se afore 185, 463 ZO a TOSS 722 188, 3055 338, 442, 445, 453, 464 2B Ose yeh cule cen evenenene 185, 187, 188, 442 Be arhrkcteneveananterevecsucrene chsh 185, 188 Bw se hott beaaeatcfa horn ot etentee tat oke 178, 182 Bi dessus rap tate ver Cuoverelorysiellevercke 185, 464 542 INDEX. Locality No.—Continued. Page Si Jaboooanoeusco cop Dodad 185 28), oGoodoGoUD Good oon HUOUO 177 VIG “ASp Rune Goro uaeou ooo d 178, 182 Chit UMS Ae AM Ar nebo 178, 182 TiC Cates Oe OOOO Tae Bod 176, 445 ABs merslctat sieiarelcus(ersverstaneeKchelet ete 185 Assy moueecs 174, 176, 177, 315, 445, NSS Ata CON ee ESS A OTOIS 185, 465, 466 7M eter STOR ieee) ETT CALE 179, 185, 466 AGH. .tertisavecsnces enaverarsiereraterate 185, 189 MO eta cre RAMOS OOOO COSTED 185, 189 Trach otY Uo hene eistowe werek tote sins 185, 189 Sea teae se eke vance isis eae’ svelte nchersreie 185 GiB iin sae agusvenee ee kere 185, 189, 463 SA ge Sis rapousieot sherausleroeeenots 189, 448, 463 BG Soeoobucoc poe DUDE Sod 185, 189 COs ehrare ateeatces aucesveredeyerencanvennirns 176 GOW Uae aera ie sreacusr sacteuetsusregercieys 176 (Chiseira c.crohae SOI cha DI a 176, 441 ODS oA esexenetetees aera setniecstee corcnekens 176 Org redes arohRetetntedetco sncysheae Mienetets 176 Gare relavs, snare tous setaoe eh orscas sya ene 459 (Seto naa nto 173, 175, 176, 179, 315, 451, 456 GOsf ietisissers 17.3, 175, 176;,4515.457 OH leonon.c 173,174, 175, 17.0; 338, 450, 452, 461 CO spseeintivo scar 172, 173, 179, 441 TOs Tike sey orcksuchaeuctsl stevenekelaye evets 445 PAT An tall cteel ae rakes oe 185, 220, 467, 468 FD sel view isan sone toietere ia forawareveeeuslctoKale 185 YE ROO OS DITO 185 HO se anbousagDoD eee aeuOt 185 DET SED OOO PAT Oe RE ae 179 FOS ial ac. sussaeckeyarcney cnn tortie, suctaketeperane 170 OF ah PRO CHEE ORC 168, 169, 171, 454, 459 FO cae ais opatola ahaha iterate atetens 170 SOs weiiiusrehaetetradtiskswelene 168, 169, 173 tj Esker iReReG oO 170, 172, 459 3 Pee ART eR ENSAIeS Cle Gia.o 185 BBN. cthshe there sus vse ehavevewcperseepeasyehe 185 SA ineauate oceere ni taraio ae eee 185, 463 B53, here eners alia ctteanecoece eer 185 Gihripib on anda soc 185, 189, 447, 463 13} HOR ET oie Do ERD EOE 185, 189 SO loyal nays wheiekel atauan aevelatereeeeie 193 QO Pr yaih canicabtetey akeeeyencions 189, 193, 441 De cabeiiane cei shoee oNeueiatateatoeet one 193 OAS hots ia cteveyer ee 185, 189, 194, 449 OLA hae Shade mauaodsacooS 463 OOo epe anthers coords 164, 192, 194, 466 Osi enatere othe tee eee ete 195 OLR Sena cuneate no Tao 189, 463 OOF eenst ase teceecueyaven te earenevem uoxeneee 189 TOOS ye cucy econ sues creas epee uate 197, 429 LOD ip israisteuedetene etciete ReeE ators 197, 428 COP a EB IR GOD I22, 197, 428 TO), ao althane io cheneheseseuseeotens racsisusloie 429 TOA Gt retake) hovers cckeuele teetetene sects c 197, 429 TO eRe helO a Sn oo doo 197 Locality No.—Continued. Page DO7Z5. -exe\csvelal peushewoneys spore tele aeees 198 WOE); Gooocosacocs 114, 122, 161, 382 TLO ie 72 che See a ooerers 159, 383 [Run mn Japor oo conS.° 65 387 THT each payer certain 199, 364, 380 5 te blot cil Sic 122, 161, 199, 383 LIA, - sieve chan em nearer 378 TES). eset oer 122, 132, 199, 378, 389 iy Pee oN a oc onarMtatd aida ols Dts 387 Logs pPe AGEN OE che oo como Sao 388 TLQ}. iste, 3p oan EO ere 388 120, cts Saenger eee I14, 200, 379 T QT. oi felacteatey spatenenececpeeemenaratet 200, 380 122), 2 in nce ee eee 388 WR Seadgccoatao0 cc 156, 356, 387 iP) Penner rithcd cig oda U O'0O0 156, 387 AEE ID Acie Dee bin > OO GG 358, 385 D265 * wiics: Apacs eter ener 389, 390 DOF), 5 sishelcsheen err 114, 132, 389 i C-} Ha PERSIA) ISOS Cloo oOGie 385 L293. eres se ee 358, 386 UBT, sae. ois Wee eh eee eee 384 T3925, ‘ccs lc: 2 serene ee 200, 376 133500 2 lobtele eee ee 201, 391 134, 2c pk eee ee 114, 201, 391 T3530 telistes leeuat seen 201, 203, 394 1.365) Gt Sabha ener 95; 203, 394 ik} Ia ets 6 oO Go doo 133, 403 T3Q5,0 coosere wre ele als Meeker lene 393 TAOS. Mi clo lege coe Re 363, 396 A IAIN S36 G05 0 60:6: 397 143, ... «.. 022, TOL, 3600302593035 394: 144, -.-.--- 158, 159, 353, 359, 397 TAS) tavstene ishosevstaysla sie eeneneneeee 359, 398 T46) Sek cations 3908 DAT, Wedisccas e825 ace cielol epee 399 TA OW tipo orsrsyeucnsnere tee eee 156. 356, 400 149, 95,159, 161, 360, 361, 362, 383 T50) sus chsas sieksyerteteie gine 159, 360, 383 TT, e- disjchs olaiel eyes sane 386 D5 2e - -s occitisrelcasiers cra Sea eee 399 i. RRSP O IG oidtca ole t 00.0 388 DGS) Jeverlaneen Sram tonecnreioe Lis 7a Saou UA FeO OI OOO O00 C0 DOU to 95, 421 Ly EM CS OO OGG v.50 359, 360, 420 Lt SISO GO Gap OO cna. 60 399 L.5.0}): .cterevordleceper nies ae eee eh tener 399 T60, .cas sieeee retaken 114, 498 LOTs, s.opdte..ctareh ee eee 353, 496 5 oy Ere G OL toa C OG 6.6 II4, 494 TO3 pi ech cvanerenen te eee Ce eee enreae 498 OP MMOS Ao aAG oO ORoS 87, 114, 497 T6535) > «eo Dee iene ear eto 353, 497 TOG) ie sicint operate er enteiereae 404 VA SOU COO os e000 F II4, 497 D685. scedavcvays ae tonstevenone, mpeeeetewonens 499 NOLO bo DDO N O06 114, 143, 499 T7.0; dicta aislessyicete toons 144, 501 E7L,, eae waseevorrewpaceeeeeete 348 Locality No —Continued. 173; INDEX. ' Page | Locality No.—Continued. Page SOc Ceol Deo 144, 422 ZA iaMre tel sie verouctaeniate Lents mora LOS CUdnoosooUdoGAOdOoOCOO 422 YB, sooonnaonoancdcu aco ley, Me Mees tars os cote Noueenspeneeeaegst ators 422 PY Wi: VRE EA a acnCCNG CERRO US Peto) Si bdaylevess ser sderaneravatals siete uslenene 421 PY. | HCO NG CEC TORTS cull oi Kak) eG Soee choke oO ol male ME HG 500 ZAG Mee sis Nal on cceateloiera eiehnetaisiee es EMAL S PO Eee Oo ke On 347, 410 ZA 7 Mex aientesy jravene rotate sheesseheitete ek IPE OS ie oe 131, 220, 344, 347, 414 DATOS NO oe) secccietehets eicasnetusisacuet eine MEL OS Ped cee 87, 114, 131, 347, 414 2152 Nericbsrel an heel Lal LO SSE LOO BS eee ESO Oca I14, 409 ZIG 3 an sbatan assis Ay ea en eae ther LOS sateen ae 95, 114, 140, 349, 408 ZIDAS rejala seteR tet Asis Citar NSIS a ESL OS TAGE AOD OSA CO OG 344, 408, 416 2G ON PF eueviien stehNsterotepovarseerencieree TRO) si ectaoe apa het II4, 140, 349, 411 ZITO sarcpaicncne ree new sbensvahcceaces eae y MELO sete Rewapate Rete en heuer ewATehepe relat: 412 ZO vecrarnoicie Gicilelstaeleneessia LO) Sone lO O, PEA CeA cin GPO S onace eee 410 ZOU eden cael acienenei ne tncioneter eal O See DOO Eis renege ons retaseevsrisyeneee 132, 347, 416 ZO Fab irarovessuctanebsraxeiensionenots usierssoe RL TO FOS ENCE OTC CI CRCROIE SOE 132, 347, 406 ZOSw lj tcisralciarsie seer O 7a LA LO tAG 2 SOD aH OA cio OO 44, 347, 413 Op, Ano poO sao Pols HOG HA Ou AUy/ SOCUe UDA I14, 140, 349, 412 ID Tile Pan elioris tetedehoseteg ola sal ctamaslene ener OF Ss ga aside woe naaesten ish os teens 362, 431 PY PO OIDIA IO DIE 0 O00 TASH U/C SIS OO COLOR RTOR Ca eter L22 eT OsT QA ge Tb keiaus aVeradaharel la he ete te aha he ey LO a Papat Wes foy Svea ne 159, 362, 363, 430 Ay Ey TSMR CN MCRL NORELCO ee) Fora Sia ac II4, 140, 349, 370 A, Gogo Oooo ao oiiiZhy mee eylsn Aat eset Waid) Sette wesw cus 140, 349, 369 Ze en cece pe lcceadanecaneeuslne vee O OMA 5 Bb Sroh evreu che tana Mey ocebeentoae otek 140, 370 278s Mishel susieesh say eZ OTANSOS BOOTING Oe Oia eD 349, 371 Os Beene esas colleh tg gear eeaman TT ONT BOGS GLO ne eretesTlAOs 34 O54 OL ZEON Gievenrcsyccael eS epeaeintae ne tee NES OL, Bienetersyepaveuny «fei aaetedecs 140, 349, 402 2 Qi Mik Melts Caren Shes cue aerate rele eZ O ado ODOD OP OhD Cae MoE D 140 ZO 2 Wren riel Lola NIWA TAO SOREL O ORS OT; Foca Coe Caer Oe RE A 140, 402 PAIR. oly g deh HO loo tia oa 0.0,0OG/¢ On ee Cea 95, 114, 140, 349, 487 284, sisiVeholiefeuchenielionehoeverlonedst od omegen=iint 4-740, dy See ee Price = kc teen 140, 296, 487 285, SGenaeiatel siehehoneacnetel metonomet ons 505 Soin EE eae eee 140, 349, 486, 487 PAA Oya ey eI ere Na ier UIC 493 PES Ane Stic II4, 140, 349, 483 287, POO Oo Hoe mie. oud bol oeto.o-0 ast cKO} SOOO OCU S OES Bae +140, 485 PRK COG OHO OO Ma SUT COON CONS} Bist Stet eT a ieee 140, 349, 485 289, ndeWehey-e\tclveli ciel oMeitcusttlicuc ley otal ey cenit A-O)S DOS Dad SACRO Dae An 140, 481 2905 226-2 e eee ese ees 114; 345; 506 aheuelreneiave i ccotede 140, 349, 350, 482 2 OMT Nsetusweysierotecste tren eye apy DLCs 4.O SD Bia OTRO CROUTONS 122, 146, 477 292, were eee eee eee eee 1345, 505 gu todoe CE aDe UD Aamee 122, 477 293, veer cere ee eee eee eee ee 479 SG 500s oDDDC EOD aGOOn 145,477 2904, cece cece ec eee ee eee eens 479 wt «95> 114, 145, 354, 3555-475 ZOOS sitareusrelteyets essences ta eee asker: 159, 360 eae tt 92, 114, 140, 349, 489 ZO Va svaspatslatetenaneuaeye ero Shsiey aI OO. Tie ape ee 91, 140, 349, 489, 490 ZO Si siselstaient a ra ere SS AS 3 OO SES ee 87, 114, 167, 474 ZOOM Mic ranneenctane ee MAC a nS OS ESTs NAA an ier aw 167 I oxalexoy ISH daNon CEN Ohisrsio coudab boss CHC) 6 UW fact ee Sheth 92, 114, 167, 474 Eorillard clays at. asec cine 4551475 La Nk (7ST See ice Rae ae 167 Loss in weight by burning, ......... 63 Soe Caan ge eMic rune ter alt 159, 360 | Loss on ignition, .................. 50 Es Pe eR Cy Wee Cet fe 161 | Wowieretractony, Clays ts ciereis os 's)..101) sh LOO SNS Sepia Sec ee en 474 | Lower marl, ...................... 51 COD OIG OBO 159, 161, 360, 474 | FBO OO CL ONO ACTER IE Be 161 | M. ----159, 358, 359, 360, 473,474 | SOE ALOU OER BONS 189 | MacauleysaiGCrmclay note nein «eenvas3 Bre depers ae tav Stave Te ous ene eee 189 | Mackler’s experiments on magnesia in Feveieiais zoiecteaete 87, 114, 345, 503 | CLayaierAs es aca ofislated say emianeeuatmtsngn OS Bs Fa loys fede iollaynes tayesan a ate (eva DZ0500503) Wl Magnesia yretects) Of.) cr-cieisi- cues senna 04-07, Opa ace oterae er eberateerale I2I, 503 | Magnesium sulphate in clay,......... 64 OO CORO EE aT 189, 192, 195 Miasnetiterinclay Sinise tcnkelsicrslecs 45 JEL OD TE AES COO Cee 195 | Manning, J. H., clay bank, boring at, 178 544 Page Mansfield Square, clay near,......... 387 Maple Shade, clay at and near,....383, 388 Maps wmexplanationeoty rev. -terpelcia teller = 531 IMiarinie aclayisss \crsfetsvarstsie cicushotensustensecceiete II Mar es Ocene v.cocdareracterteltenielsieicne te 147 ATMaC lary UsysNchevetere kor cteveretoter eke 48 TOWEL beat ieis oie eT ae I51 Mid dbesaien wie (reieveansrstervn tone 1S i SHil Ohi, ciskerayoreietoxersesievekel orecsroyers 141 Wi p Pets, wasraeva clatovscusss oetoetea eke I51 Mar liy.a.clanyct tarts: ic) atopet erence cateae see ennai 61 Marshalltown clay (Clay Marl IV),.. 155 Martins wJoseph, clays tots smc. ceel 378, 389 Matawan,aclaysimearvort comer lee 472 Maurer & Son, Henry, clay pits OES Eee cei aero ener 458, 460, 461 feldsparebanky ot maser 178 IMiayetta, «clay, meaty cece ercreicsrn se ciciete 483 Maysalandingaiclay ats: cacrescrsetecterirets 370 Mic Cott Wisk. awOGkOrsecte st tecrctcis XXVili McHose Brothers, clay of,.177, 445, 446, 462 Melick a sPs aWeseclay:otatestepeterictersitechele 426 Mercer county, clay deposits in,..... 428 clay-working industry of,.... 433 Millers Mins a clayao bacmreyecieteiecleeiterere 412 Miuillvillesclaysuneanse. lelerseercr iets 409, 410 Mineral Point, Ohio, analysis of fire Clayfefnomalerreseree ceria 319 Maneralstinwiclayerert racic ecient 42 Merchantville clay (Clay Marl I),..159—-161 Merchantville, clay near,.....2....-.. 396 Merrill) (Ge sP ot sisrsteve aretaponsiete chataveheraeiere 7 Mica; sinv clay, scickic erwucurarsteloeiooneie 44 Micaceousmiclayaemcmeiociieiei cece 144 Micaceous "sand; aecie se eteeicie sare 353 Micaceous, tale-like clay, Salem COUNtYa= acannon 501, 502 MiddleMmarl. 7 etteans corer I5I Middlesex county, ball clay of,....442, 452 clay-bearing formations,...435—-438 Clays) Ain’, cmenmceieee 464, 465 New Brunswick, clay near,.......... 466 School of Ceramics at, ..... 203 New Germantown, clay near,.......- 426 Netherwood, clay-ath 7s. siereetontrere 506 INeuwiys, clay wat). oc. cslerstenee ere 125 Newton,| clay? at, j2.<\c)s\otecn stleretrenerensees 505 Nontrefractony, clays) yeeros 100 Middlesex county, ....... 463-468 Northampton, ‘clayimeatr, es .j-ceraeeietet 387 North Farwell farm, clay on,........ 422 North Pennsville, clay near,-........ 391 North’ Plainfield, clay, atji---icreteee 121, 503 Northridge property, clay on,........ 485 Nugentown, clay néar,@ccr.cieetreiact 486 O. Oakdale station, clay near, ....ese6-- 400 Ocean county, clay deposits of,....481-—492 clay-working industry of,.... 492 Ogdensburg, iclay2aty a2 eee 505 Ohio, No. 2, fire clay, analysis of,.... 238 Old Half Way, clay near,....339, 482, 483 Oliphant, Fayre, clay, (0f,.<)-t2-11-to 485 Oradell wclaysat eee ee eee 125 Ordovician formation, clays in,...... 207 Organic matter!in) (clayal rss oer ee 73 Ornamental brick, value of,.......-.. 266 Orthoclase, source of alkalies, ...... 67 Orton, Jin Edward eee eee oor 86, 102 Ostrander Co:, clay; pitot,y sss 448 Overpeck creek valley, clay in,...... 125 Oxides! of iron) kinds) of;s-5--e eee 57 P: Pallet driers; (as-c3.22-e eee eee eee 233 Palmer, Mrs. Elkanak, clay of,...... 486 INDEX. Page iPalmiynasGlay Meats miecre se (erect 339, 391 leaner Geass” aveseansongosonpesotaccc 216 IPeyd eves Nop daln OER MONEE Soke ooadoeded 479 -Parmelee, C. W., article by,......-293, 294 IParsippathyanclayaaty micelles Velo eine 480 Passaic basin, clay, in upper,...+..... 128 Passaic county, clay deposits of, 493 iRassatc: valleyenclay eins. cte rayon olorsienele 128 sRaxson! Co:,5J) Wi, Clay; pits of, 22... - 376 Redrick Gan Ce iclayn Of eceisiers: tea Th 425 RensatikeniyclaySsy iccssrerisloereiesicielsceie ore 133 LOSSIISS Tse iste eee 134 Pensauken creek, clays near,..201, 388, 399 sPensaukenwtormation,= «+ -.i> 3 133-135 Pensauken gravels, quartz nodules in, 43 sPentonvallesclayaratswsravsla-torscteteca thet © 494 Perrine & Son, H. C., clay banks Obs ipstereVeaucnch siniersna setae aus 454, 459 RerthyAmboys clayaat, yieiom csieioee ee 464 Physical properties of clay,........ 81-115 Physical tests of clays, tables of,.. 346-364,525 Painembrookclay-anear.« mictscesceaee 477 Bip eveclays i < ceeese- sea austere ees 190, 215, 338 definitionwoLsnerrcierctiyeecerate 214 Middlesex county, .......:. 459 BRASH CL by si ote! sXajele siossicre svatoteme assusny aaa 81-83 Pleistocene clays, ...123-135, 289, 403-405 economic description of,. ..343-348 soluble salts in, quantity,.... 78 specific gravity of; .....5..- 114 Pleistocene formations, subdivisions Odinga ORS CAE Renae 123 peleasanteMullsiclaysaty eccee tse sce 371 TPYOS S65 SATS a NS ee aR er 26 Porcelain; burning off os. 23.052 105, 301 Claysmroriatasaoe nla 296 decoration! Of; io. vee eas 303 electrical weenie eerie 303 Slazin ope eee ee ie on ees 302 ValietittehOO2s is since arene 309 Port Murray, clay, shalevatss. 0.0.5. 507 jabpauhelr! Obin Boudin ns oeHe dees 36 Post-Pleistocene clays, The, character andislocation. veces si ere 119-122 economic description of,...343-348 Specihics gravity, Of, .-.s2. oo. 114 Post-Pleistocene clay loams,......... 121 OPC lay ints cheeks a/c lcherrtienae Satara eons 216 Potash feldspar, source of alkalies,... 68 Potash sn iclay, efkect) Of; ; -< 41" ] 20° GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NEW JERSEY HENRY B.KUMMEL , State Geologist C.C. VERMEULE, Topographer Edenville _ 2 Amity Montrose il MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRINCIPAL CLAY BEARING FORMATIONS CLE) SI? PASE REE ‘ Bish) ge kb eee Ay OF || NEW JERSEY ee 8 dO Orr eee ad Pas , 1903 s =| d A 2 Fao A) pre Nag se il pg ni i ak ee ae ~xgec a bi] Fammin \ || dette le Boscobel — ‘Cortand ~~ .. ion Hudson v Thiells | G.N.KNAPP, H.B.KUMMEL,R.D.SALISBURY | f 5 5S b b 2 \, | Eten, i i / ; \ po j a R by nag at le 5 apy \ , Tallwan3 Scale: 5 miles to an inch < \ } / zi é - Fy - a : : MILES | : : 15 6 KILOMETE RS 41" 00° pie i =, J © ae Merwekisburgh J mM 00) 4 th = , iAbppery 77 Sizouds bur gt Me , Wen 26 (S- Water! yi 2 Pern Haven ) _/ Effort.) @ Brodheaasville) 40" iy Moores: Bushki Neffs$-—~ Jaber esbie! Tt ee ; ae yy a e > Asbury acaranas/ 3. hom A | LL OT Rewtripsi 2) : P pansh 2 © % i), i : G A - ‘ (She ae ‘ E 7 p cen : Gage! Gee fae aN SY Lg RET pea zh : = ue Cry fe > tn : : Springfield ee ee ame : a Mountainville “. SS, Sa Bngdeneal S Bursgnyille op Buckayile |) 3 f tl : D ar L Syeda AS ye ae 4 lh i \ | é 3 Lop J 2 Yaod } ‘ IN Bee Sy, | 40" ed Banks > rann ee ‘ {ye j x ! ae Varn easy 2 S ‘ ONE a Bi bey ~-SEDNEYS CHANoe Appayp fave y- WIE j scutotn , SVE Ae a) | PleasantVaBey - iS C, hog Princ 's BAY ie : Long Swamp } Tocagrva Tey, NY - : ‘ Tops, , ¥ he “Diningereville” We Oe A \ * r RARE TS *| | ~ MS. Ke Righlanayovin | i te A ae ; A om a i ( / Fer HOOK LIGHT Seay e Pilogenss ae \ % y ScorLano gir Ymerstown Quakertown oR vesseu Se a i ees \)o ™\. 4 Milfoyd Square. ‘<'Geryville ™ Sy ss K+ Ss frumbauersville x as is | | . SS \ fi mds | \, Ss ¢ | £ @ v = 2 Le yestnk Beach ) expen < os ed i ‘2 { wae. J : Wi f Bisa = | : xe ay : NH nla ty bis srarion | Rea mill i Sy Sellersville/ TY, 6 A Rioe } | roots ; : A = ) an f l Shea IN A Tyleysports_ ae : ° ; aN : | C DAN see - : . ; s 3] N L \ ; 1 = Mee Mees a 1 IK 4) i ‘ 7 “YN 3 tae: 7 F y HIN / sal : - Oe ern Snare PRS : lie : y Ay aes Weel nat } - Tig é ah a ; if as me vy) SX Ay es : zs ‘1 E ‘cel ; 7 i _=--Broad, Ke —West Bi ae y x pe Wet Whiteland es ae ie - 140° aE < « \GoBhenville | = ae = | ae = 7 00 s \. “0, ~EGBro \ ea to fe f= a Fane / Newtown Square | a eee 1 \ -Willisto S # West Chester = Innipr ~ ENG | 4 ‘ | Howellville f 2 ih e . 4 : if mi 1S STATION yee ow ~~ & a ge VTS p j — anni val fiBerkelen | _fiSeasidePark | | KK) Unionville _y/>__<—~~} | if Parkersyill | ok Mart ragh Se London Ne i "Gp ove ya f eal i 39° = Se = — 30° | yey jd: all Cae 7 \Plessdn atl | f eer x | i \}- | STATION | Y 394 — ——- = j = 5 40' \ | | | | i | | | i} | | \ > ‘ 5 A| | ip ( } ‘ bth wT }S itt Mi } h 2 V ( i . Z MS I, | N\ ie oe Say a ae anes lee OE More ae Oe eee | a a a ea ay PA NS eA: CW EY Br 2, | = a a~ i % z ‘ ‘d : esi At eu we : tii A me : ak ‘ eh . A l s { y H a = ¥ St Inlet ZH ee ee on Uc PSO a el Sp | a e Bes | =, — we VG nigantine Inlet Picldsborough | zy | Hb. srarion | Texaay sach 7 ‘aylor's Bridge r | nee é | | | eS Brat ae | Ww | Ve Ss Forest! y \ oF | ‘oon 39° H | | 39° 20° “i = SSS SS SS =r = is = 20° i B \ | by Delaneys Jef 2) a eee hue 2 ey Re Ae | LEGEND oe = | | : | | PLEISTOCENE Terminal. Moraine (Areas of glacia oe de north of this line) Outline of Lake Passaic i | | (Considerable brick clay | within this area) j Down's Chapel 79 ' y fs l TERTIARY | Ss | — Miocele and Pleiocene @) ‘ q | I} sands and clays 5 ; Uae (Areas within which Lenses of Asbury’ SOHC Speer rN ee ; | "Gaul, Cohtansty leiys oocur) 39) LOWS + Hartly, ie < =e a . 0 tf | ia PearsonsCorner | Alloway clay | /Y| | (Brick clay) i fe x Vani Se Soe fe y a 9 s My | L.S.STA won & a Fant ip FT Ie Hazlettyil ‘ a OS g Fala 7 sends tin i | | | / CRETACEOUS | | ae | ie Hl rit Alloway clay buried by Cape May J sand and gravel alia”, Vee ewer a E 7 Bey Willawy, Grove 7 Iowooasiae cS po t Hil] Clay Marl 1&2 | | (Brick clays) | Liewr vessee®\, gE Ae Ye aN \ Viola, . Raritan. sands and clays | Petersburg) (fire, stoneware, brick clays) HAWKS NEST | | : | | 39 | a6 rs ie Wes see rel a2 oS an yee eee es Sea! = 4s 30 as E symone | | ___¢ Hollanavill a RHOAL Te | | mete he ae este | | | | | Ne \ { A \ | Wine eioem ge { | | | Nae po” ‘ | | l 4 | | | | LY | | | | | i | | ee ils | | i \ | | | \ : Burrsvillel, a | | [epg | | roma | Se a) | BO 2 Le Se ao. eee hE Bee. : : = 79°40 75°30 | 75°20 75° 10’ cs eee 74° 50 74° 40 74°30 74° 20° 74° 10 74°00 73° 50° 7300" VOLUME VI Port Jervis PLATE XA AV 75> 40’ 75° 30’ 75° 00" ae — ERE 201 = 5°00 74° 50 r ae So == - S SS ss 73° 40 40 Lords Valley. | 7 f PS 20° Ss GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NEW JERSEY » = ae 8 HENRY B.KUMMEL, State Geologist C.C. VERMBULE, Topographer rters L, ; aay MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION wey L roscobel / OF 5 eX. Bie he | / < ae edford =~ f Vf YOV . Sag CLAY PITS AND CLAY MANUFACTURES ei = Sas . = be 380 om oy amaldehsig~ =}) si 2 1 =| 5 + Mounta: ome j | W JERSEV Mk e L Cresco * 4) x as Ld = / y 3 10 IN S pa: fae / ee 1903 Ki S 4 abn nbualig A Roésland if y 09 7 oo ne | sat A beggonr™ 7 Tahighson\ ee s \ a iné 40" aaee H Litile Gay Vyipota UY Be FOS RE = | at Pax e AY i aly 2 aa we ‘ ckprmanville y, B a4 3 | tiWwe = isi Hatten” unann Aquashicgly = ee le 40) = =! ie sdilclrose, e | c | a0) is i f } 4 j Bus ill Pentre 9 tt Ha iS ara £ y Mooresto Oe ees : 6 P ‘ 2 A on \y | elfast ; | 8 s ey = = rN. Berl lle 4 * J & + 2 o Ckertown. sone Se Cher: e ¥ & Fs 2 < 6 \ Rockdale > \ aN f it \ = is A ie Laurys sta ( Greedmoor , ee Garden Cis | ‘ Germeansville <1 \, ‘Feeidersvie- a } ‘ “rr \ ye Sl es Queens, Sec { Neffs ~~ ; eaversvitle a apo 3 | Hempstead. Ja SS a of Hanoverville’ Z Fosters Meadow AQ ; es Tronton 4 tenton & Schnecksvillé panek ern eal Ct ey =, » Springfield es nh ai , == i YEW 40° s chville \ A if 1 5 sville 92 : ere ee stasauqua. NS x SL 40 >) ) Ore f yore < | \" Frei misbury fez © “Guths Station \ \Y) Bethlehe Ton Fs pop hiall ; S (ee ALLENTOWN Litzenberg < | : LS i oN Rie; Fofgelsville 5 eee j peelleseas } a ke Mountainville 7 Duk erti Wescosville : . fee Z ie | Loam Friedensvillé. Bingen 7 z / . ey f Bike yen sty f A Sbahygtown " BEGs: Svan Ze “Euteqnylle pe iota Page j > pe ve » = , Li _t JAN / ~) rete ory As JEL Pleasant Vahey Ae Be i [ Unlergtonn. z ~ | UZ SiMe AN = NS = } 19 cksyille \\ oa NS 7S Cy Aves LG, aes 3 ye Se Mac pie Coopers! \, Ay oP | } (ae = as / Lh te, > Tes “Ss | a | : im ; S Bape ( me rad On (x j Maven | Long Swamp ~./ Shi: mé a Locustv: e, SS eam We —Exennn By sare > 4 RedBanks? vienr | —_ 40") y . eR y “I ~ = if \& = 30’ : \ Avee Topi Appleba¢hsville er) x oharaeoe Lions ay D Dylingeeerie/ vie Fat ARES R i 4 { , ce eat in x 4 owdeme 0 AG | = : \ y ft y | \ a 2 ores x, VN Ss sc a a = Amb) / - th Ses = wee iN y~ Spifmergtown Quakertgwntpe Fax fe Bore 7 k ‘ ~ a or, 2 I> SandylfookW" seorsAno Lig 3 ENA cS Gee S. hy I S z 3 Dale | So matoya square 7G WS | 33 5 : ( Pte Bhs: S1N57 noox clatter ye | Sie y { = er sville..P2 5 tt = : 4 > eas a 5. STATION LIGHT VESSEL f 3 a P C t y, oy svi S L a is Te Palm s \ ibatiersville| We L%; tS < = > Le SS fcdlale ny a Greg .- 2 / Centre brid go — ‘ S a Fs aege Sy t Ys Gardehyme | << a5 > nth : TS me 2 1S STATION S i il } j ca / S 2 $ ( { ee abright Rea Mall Tetras Sellersville# enborg N v2 WI : one ype A Gan t6 t oa te aDein ; Lk LY, wi Bs AR SI ne BN ‘Dyers _ _ Labeska” | HE SY PR7. Vas i El i Neer we 6271 S a (|e RN BNE How Moor 20! 5 fs : ities Mochaiiciviie| | Se SL 3s L aan 6) = i: u yy ly, Harlvile Gre, iS 7 — = je WY - aw a Scotts (0 ri. AS LS. STATION 404 : b= : N \ ry = — Coon < rhrouska | tame’ | AO eT ican a a \ 2 iy S. = ¥1 ‘ites f As rownsbur sits Gy 2 2 ARR fNorthLongBranch eS XSontert NowBrithis & nye -\ Ss AL Joe) ¥ \ OQ ine Lexing aK ( Taylors ae all Ke te ces | és ongBranch. Zie; el & Noe ( = ~| ~ mA Re) fia “% , % Ae Ve \ > { - ry 6 ed Bipiers hekteence A zat WestEnd } Pagleysville 3 { aa DR { B a =e ) out 6 IA 79 x G s ‘ > HS STATION a SNS 4 ‘ 3 XY Vara) : = fe ee Warrington a Sr eptstown | Dolmsrsh. BcA\\ a OT) | aS Wwe paiaby S beron S| ooked Fill ESS cd LO 7 ‘ 4 a ¢ a < S Mprofd: pci Limerick 2 . MontgomerySquare~ ae Ps ealBeach Ny NURS ee, : B- 7 = ee ot ' ee fahiHL S. STATION / = F Y sburyPark ZB a | \ _ orth Walés " (isis ’ 7 A Lr () re Wacrninsrer/® ~ Wi. | cean Grove Se ae , : a A ff i an Park SEs ) | oem aes 40° = ‘ ie | cM Ae irk hevertitel 10° Eooeerts x | W cdan Beach of ANS — fe 40 \ipszann é ) 5 \- ake Como - 10' Mash meical NS Bhiepan “Ve ; nk XY s 1 4 f 4 ing Lake 2 { vateye B: Aurea Kamberton’ os ; i t | i SA oe T = ri peel = \ AD 3 ee Breese ip guinea — ye a Bees t \ = - Chester Springs q TOWN sr Lp), Abing P sf ~ fea Gurt ‘J ymourh aR lies | ee) g) Pic 2 > ‘Plymouth ye tOvn, | Byborxy\ Manasquan Flee he. a — ae eee = 2 . | ayHead | x lies WpttenTayern — tp 7 (Aroods LSSTATION J K) % vas ] eee Ky | ine Fon ce yl ie \ 7 Mertar 5¢ ZF HAE Springniga HAL quare SS By y vicars | | \ Nb LS.STATION 40° : 00" i Ny Pp 40° : J 00' “Sf{LSSTATION | pag |Chadwick < mt E[Lavallette ei ®t ‘Ortley NO) feeranen | fy PBerkeles | Sabor ros\koaWls BEI War Ae fyseasideParie | 3 1 Yy- U pr Bs = sel hic} j : mC U ish Par! Mb craph fase. sh ae aty Beyer wale Sur enone: . LSSTATION : it) Gay Hafmorton. | a > fo nese | Willowdale xe : msi s | nore Kennet? §quas “ ane id KOGlende LS.STATION {:)) Ge 00 3 50’ > , 0 : 2! Centreville a 39) a che i f Aly 50 voudale shland ~ & \ é L > Dyas Z Mt! cubs) aN Lssrarion eenvyfle” Len 5 tour fh ale:; \ io \ Sd d- \ ame y Farnegat Inlet ’ ). f GARNEGAT ONT Ac |, Morne) ratnflna i aS Ae ‘e Ms asart Hill sho c a1 j it e he fe Ne) =) s \ " allton aa / haghibville \, 40" SS ta pat Liew Rendall oe 4 /) KX lagfabrilio F t 0 {Gooch’s Briag 4 Ngflari es ~s 7 E14, fdto ~ : | Eis As f Paslltoww) ) aX A LA VAS, t 108 i eZ 9 Rea Li ‘ Soe 4 KD cron tcrbyth | : d Ne \ "ees on ee <= oh 7 bien fr. | Glasgow et Me fg 22 S iE a r aN Sheree | Porte Reto : oF ya : 4 2 = y 70 Lf We WBowersvlle ~— D see “i Pi : : — No i : | Kiskwos Delawa: \ iN 2 ay f ssrariow | : 5 my T Its Ne TABell a { SaintGeorges | { ; =| | es came pebaman [A t J) wi S Sj is of each, I a A ; ; N ven. SummitBridg, =u AWage TS i fi "Tae rye 5 = i Fy tee, ve ! i Pie bea oa [Be bssrarion | He ES 4 394 | MtjPleasant Island ae EN f wi / : 30 1 pao aes g 9 PO ho) TD iritghoe / | ; PR AN oe | 307 | i wil iF t ; : an / } 30 \ oN is | A araalcs Xe Gaestuers se a ; : = hE by frre \ =_ | AR e \ (| : loafis' Nip i higantine Inlet ; jistons > —— | each Cae “STATION eal | Towns dni S ale | \ | : LEGEND ~~ eS 4 Yy Opto Ei H Bladk: \ k Ie ee ine 3 i no) od | Ss Numbers refer to localities mentioned in the Report { a, en ora! Cl Bombay Hooke secon talet | X | See Appendix E for list of localities with names of ¢ ry a < nace y owners so far as Imown. | / ; 4 i 39" BI SY ‘ L crTy 20 % 5; SE Srarion & (lay pits 30'lR mae ee = a 7 = © (Clay exposures (not exhaustive ) 201% 7 ey / z | ph Delaneys \ : pr Souph.Atlantic | @ prick Ae ree ir a iS 1p Jonn 18. STAYION | 1 : | > : : xe e : Jémgport @ Fire brick H Z : ( = Ben Davis Ft N : ae : | i GRO A 7 gee Sq FggHarborInice| WD O fireproofing & conduits = LSSTATION Tiles, wall and floor | ford. | + terra Cotta i ees | ; MS s | | ® potteries y ‘Leig | Bs See Plates XI and XU for location of clay pits j Down's Chapel / an y'/ between Woodbridge, South River and Keyport. sae a fL.S.STATION PalseFyg Ly. te v am Pt. Peep Water ee 2 ac 30% Nu HON RIVER LIGHT. fac 1sLAno LicaY Y at — Z LEAS nt leek SS se ee 1 aeeaeae A amen QVER . SE ae a ee = eee eet 39))5 3 ie ie L.S.STATION | 20 © ry pat? ity | ‘SAND ¥ | | S | y | i | | zlettyille LS. STATION | | | ty é Townsen ds Inet | | | | Ano: AJ | | | won, nD We | | | | | | | | | | is | j eet vessect' | | = - | x JIBS \W | | | } 39 | f AA iy } Hereford Inlet. | \ 0 Ree eas nie io deed ‘ Sana? P| as | ects) | Ae j ise = ; 39) ayAnovwine | | = 00 eect | | | | \ i il ! \ | | | | | Tord i : | | | | | i Ls.prarionl Greene | | | : ¥ wellsPout) | | Harringtong CAR 1S. STATION | | | | E | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | E ve | if 7SelO, 75°00 7A° 50° 7A 0 ee 74°30! : . 5 re e 4 40 } ° & 740° , , A\ 74°30 74° 20 74° 10 a 74°00 73° 50 73° 40° VOLUME VI. PLATE XI 7426 TA 2a 40° +32. (buried Ba probably available) GEOLOGICAL SUIRWEY Ol IEW) JERSEY HENRY B. KUMMEL, STATE GEOLOGIST eee OH iW ehen GEAOYa HORM ATTONS IN NORTHEASTERN MIDDLESEX COUNTY C, C, VERMEULE, TOPOGRAPHER GEOLOGY BY HENRY B. KUMMEL, 1902-3 1904. Seale 2000 ft. to 1 inch eo cone eae 9 alee te Gooo Ft. LHGEHND CRETACEOUS CRETACEOUS CRETACEOUS _ : Clay marl if South Amboy fire clay Cweodbury) (outerop or thinly covered) | i | (outerop or thin HUREAUUANUONAUOLOUEOINGCOOUUITY iT t South Amboy fire cla: - Ola; (buried but probably available) marl T (Merchantville) Amboy stoneware clay (outerop or thinly covered) TRIASSIC Newark shale (soft red shale) AC ee Woodbridge clays (outcrop or thinly covered) ta Amboy stoneware cla Woodbridge clays (buried but probably available) Numbers refer to localities as used in the text of the Report. For more complete i description of the map see Appendix E. Raritan fire and jpotrer's Cie. Raritan flre and potter’s clay (buried but probably available) UT ETA NE ait Ul f ah Eat So sr Be yavyo CF nttsty MUTEGSTUMUCOGeETHUHEELOTTTERAUUUHSUIAQIT ECTOGACUAIUOUTUULSSANNOUANVEEUGGHANQUCEEE AVUAUAAUANPPEAOOUOUOTEOMERTATAN EEG pea ith j arTtsles ei il Pa NOMAD a8 nyennit 7 LEDUUSUEREOADATALEEA SAAT TEEN TTT PULL nattenttttt) GAY 27 ay fi e STMT] xe IRR bean i Hua ey ee NTT = } UT - ) WHITEHEADS DOSK \ ROBERTS’, » DOCK 2 i 2 t AS rene 2 A AES Ss ea 4\N CoN S Bh Ul CS Vs = S 2I jf z : Ay; 30 hes Wess ‘ / y 33 ! if & ee yy WU 2 = : : tyne Sy = / + < 25 @ y i Hi) ZZ 5 ff fr = =a fee fA ii : 2 ep / i 2 a ———— T c K EARNEY’s S=—— —— SANDY PT.~| = 9 2 Dock SSS & 5 A 3 ~ i : COLMANS 4 4 9 FERRY PT. ° 15 jam DOCK 4q 4 3 Wesomec nee bas j 3 A 3 on wy ae Korn a 16| : Scene eee 9 —————— - 8 4 5 | 6 z 6 | % | i 40; \ KN 28 N i) \ S| \. Seo | Mi iin 9088