senr*

apdenin

EDITED BY ....
R. HOOPER PEARSON
MANAGING EDITOR
OF THE GARDENERS
CHRONICLE

A LIST OF VOLUMES
IN THE SERIES IS
GIVEN ON THE NEXT
PAGE. . . .

'Present-Day Qardening

List of Volumes in the Series.

1. SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT, late Secre-

tary and Chairman of the National Sweet Pea Society.
With Chapter on "Sweet Peas for Exhibition" by THOS.
STEVENSON. [Revised 1915.]

2. PANSIES, VIOLAS AND VIOLETS. By WILLIAM

CUTHBERTSON, J.P., and R. HOOPER PEARSON.

3. ROOT AND STEM VEGETABLES. By ALEXANDER

DEAN, V.M.H., Chairman of the National Vegetable Society.

4. DAFFODILS. By Rev. J. JACOB, Secretary of the

Midland Daffodil Society, with Preface by the Rev. W.
WILKS, M.A., Secretary of the Royal Horticultural Society.

5. ORCHIDS. By JAMES O'BRIEN, V.M.H., Secretary

af the Orchid Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society.

6. CARNATIONS AND PINKS. By T. H. COOK Head

Gardener to Queen Alexandra at Sandringham JAMES
DOUGLAS; V.M.H. ; and J. F. M'LEOD, Head Gardener to
Mr. J Pierpont Morgan.

7. RHODODENDRONS AND AZALEAS. (The first

popular volum* published on this subject.) By WILLIAM
WATSON, A.L.S., Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew.
with Preface by Sir FRED. W. MOORE, M.A.,A.L.S., V.M.H.

8. LILIES. By A. GROVE, F.L.S., with Preface by

H. J. ELWES, F.R.S.

9. APPLES AND PEARS. By GEORGE BUNYARD,

V.R H. , Chairman of Fruit and Vegetable Committee of Royal
Horticultural Society.

10. ROSES. By H. R. DARLINGTON, Vice- President of

National Rose Society. (Double •volume.')

11. IRISES. By W. RICKATSON DYKES, M.A.,L.-es-L.

With Preface by PROFESSOR I. BAYLEY BALFOUR, D.Sc.,
F.R.S., <5^c.

12. ANNUALS, HARDY AND HALF-HARDY. By

C. H. CURTIS, Hon. Sec. of the National Sweet Pea Society.

13. CHRYSANTHEMUMS, By THOMAS STEVENSON,

with chapters by C. HARMAN PAYNE and CHARLES E. SHEA.

14. TULIPS- (The first volume on the subject in the

English language.) By Rev. J. JACOB, Member of R.H.S.
Narcissus and Tulip Committee.

15. THE ROCK GARDEN. By REGINALD FARRER,

Author of "Among the Hills," "My Rock Garden," "In a
Yorkshire Garden," <5r»c., with Preface by J. BRETLAND
FARMER, D.Sc., F.R.S

16. DAHLIAS. By GEORGE GORDON, V.M.H., President

of the National Dahlia Society.

17. CLIMBING PLANTS. By WILLIAM WATSON,

Curator of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. With Introduction
by W. ROBINSON.

These will be followed by volumes on Trees and Shrubs,
Window Gardens, Pseonies, Primulas, Cucumbers,
Melons, Bedding Plants, Hardy Herbaceous Plants,
Ferns, Tomatoes, Bulbous Plants, Peaches and Nec-
tarines, Vines, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, &c.

PLATE I (Frontispiece)
PASSIFLORA CCERULEA "CONSTANCE ELLIOTT"

With Introduction by
J^. Robinson

Author of" The English Flower Garden91

ex

CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION ........ i

CHAP.

I. CLIMBING PLANTS IN GARDENS AND IN NATURE . 7

II. HARDY CLIMBERS 12

III. GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS 24

IV. STOVE CLIMBERS 28

V. CONSTRUCTION OF PERGOLAS 31

VI. CLIMBERS FOR VERANDAHS, HOUSE WALLS, AND

ARBOURS 35

VII. CLIMBERS ON TREES 38

VIII. CLIMBING ROSES 40

IX. CLEMATIS 45

X. IVIES 56

XL VINES 58

XII. ORNAMENTAL GOURDS 61

XIII. AROIDS 67

XIV. CLIMBING ORCHIDS 70

XV. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF GENERA . 73

INDEX 124

395333

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

COLOURED PLATES

PLATE

I. PASSIFLORA CCERULEA "CONSTANCE ELLIOTT"

Frontispiece

PAGE

II. WISTARIA CHINENSIS 15

VI. CLEMATIS NELLY MOSER 47

XIII. IPOMCEA RUERO-CCERULEA 65

XV. ALLAMANDA SCHOTTII HENDERSONII . . -77

XVIII. BOUGAINVILLEA SANDERIANA 85

XXI. LAPAGERIAS RUBRA AND ALBA . . . . 101
XXII. PLUMBAGO CAPENSIS 113

BLACK AND WHITE PLATES

III. STEM OF WISTARIA IN THE CONSERVATORY AT SYSTON

HALL 14

IV. CHINESE BRAMBLES 18

V. CHINESE BRAMBLES 20

VII. CLEMATIS ARMANDII 50

ix

x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE PAGB

VIII. CLEMATIS HENRYI . ... 52

IX. CLEMATIS SIEBOLDII 54

X. SOLANUM JASMINOIDES GROWING OVER PATHWAY . 56

XI. CLIANTHUS PUNICEUS AND OTHER CLIMBING PLANTS

IN THE GREENHOUSE, KEW .... 58

XII. VlTIS ARMATA VEITCHII 60

XIV. YELLOW ABUTILON ... ... 74

XVI. FLOWER OF ARAUJIA SERICIFERA .... 80

XVII. BOMAREA PATACOCENSIS . ... 82

XIX. CESTRUM ELEGANS 88

XX. GLORIOSA ROTHSCHILDIANA CITRINA ... 96

XXIII. POLYGONUM BALDSCHUANICUM . . . .112

XXIV. TROP^EOLUM POLYPHYLLUM . . .122

CLIMBING PLANTS

INTRODUCTION

A HANDY treatise on climbing plants for gardens is a
welcome addition to garden books. Mr. Watson has for
many years lived among climbers from all parts of the
world. His chapters on the best climbers for gardens and
greenhouses will be useful to all lovers of horticulture.
A clear fact in our gardening is that but little of the infinite
variety and beauty of the climber is seen in many gardens ;
this book should help to a change for the better.

After the gift of trees of the earth-mother, the greatest
for the gardener are the climbers that adorn them with
infinite grace. It is needless to describe their beauty.
Botanical and gardening descriptions of them are numer-
ous, and nurserymen send out attractive lists of them.
So all is well except their cultivation, which is often a
dismal failure. Impressed with the fact that in many large
gardens it was rare to see a trace of the beauty of climbing
plants, and wondering why it was so, I began to make
little experiments ; first of all, and in obedience to their
natural habit, which is to grow on trees and bushes
in many lands of mountain copse and shore, I have
planted them in every position, from an orchard hedgerow
to a grove of Magnolias, and have had much success.

The plan was to plant one at the base of some shrub
or tree in obedience to the natural habit of the climber,

A

2 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

and this is best done when the trees and shrubs are young
and the ground is fresh, but I have done it in all conditions.
Sometimes a tree or shrub overpowers the plant, but
this will not happen to the freer kinds, like the Indian
species of Clematis, which are so vigorous that one needs
have no fear of them. They are easily raised from seed
also, so that one is spared the trouble which comes from
grafting. Most interest, however, came from getting the
larger-flowered Japanese or Chinese species into picturesque
and artistic ways. These plants creep up the tree unaided
by training or staking, and if not as vigorous as they would
be if planted by themselves, they are even more beautiful
to see in the light and shadow of the tree.

The European Clematis is very free, and will grow in a
hedgerow. In making a fence of live plants round an
orchard, which is the only right way to fence, we sowed
a few seeds of these, and every year they have been a
charm, showing sprays of flowers above the hedge as free
as the foam of a wave. The yellow sorts, like C. tangutica,
are well fitted for this kind of planting, and not so well for
the flower garden, being too vigorous. I tried all the
kinds of Clematis I could get, and nearly everyone proved
a success. Sir Harry Veitch sent me a set of the new
Chinese species, and they grew like briars. They are not
particular as to soil so long as it is open. In the flower
garden we have to keep to the more fragile kinds, which,
when grown on their own roots, give us thousands of
flowers. We have to cut away the decayed parts in the
autumn, and that is the only form of pruning these get !
Clematises on trees we never think of pruning. More
words have been wasted about pruning than about any-
thing else in gardening.

INTRODUCTION 3

I lately read in one of the great morning papers elabo-
rate directions for pruning Clematises ; whether one should
prune last year's growth, or this year's growth, or some
other year's growth. It was probably written by one of
the " lady students " at some horticultural college. If we
had one here we could hardly place her forty feet high in
a Corsican pine to prune a Clematis. By giving up all
pruning trouble is saved, and one gets a more picturesque
result. We have plants on walls and in all sorts of posi-
tions, and we have had no serious losses, though some-
times a holly or an apple-tree may have been weakened a
little.

For climbers on walls the great thing is to see that the
trees are not crucified, and that the natural toss of the
plant is allowed full play. The best way to secure such a
result is to use oak or chestnut battens in a rough simple
way, and tie the shoots to them. All that misery of nailing
with shreds with cold fingers on frosty mornings should
go. It is not enough to have healthy plants ; one must also
show their grace of form. The strongest and best of all
ties is the red willow shoot. A few dozen red willows in a
wet hollow will furnish a useful stock of withies cheaper
and better than the grocer's tarred twine.

It is a mistake to clothe walls with climbers that do not
need any such comfort. Ivy, for instance, is often used in
this way, although it will grow in the woods, on rocks, on
rough banks, and in many other places. Ivy should not be
put on a house or wall, nor should we use the rougher and
coarser Clematises, or even the Indian C. montana, in that
way. It is a common mistake to suppose that the north
side of walls is against success with many things, for they
may be better off on the north than the south side. One

4 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

of the most beautiful climbers I have ever seen was
a Lapageria on the north side of a wall at Caerheys.
The finest tea roses, too, are happy on the north side of
a wall.

After various trials with Bamboo and wire and iron I
came to the conclusion that the best trellising can be made
from battens of our native Oak. Iron wire is not good,
and the galvanised wire is not any better, but stout pencil-
like wire may serve as a base for the smaller pieces of
wood.

The vines of Northern Japan and China are a perfect
treasure-house of climbers that may be grown almost
anywhere. I was so much taken with them that when
planting an orchard I put vines on the apple and other
trees with superb effect. A " practical " friend who came
along said, " What about the apples ? " I said I did not
care. As it happened, I got both the beauty of the vines
and the apples too. The way these vines have run up the
fruit trees is wonderful. Some time afterwards we made a
pergola from the house to the stable and put Japanese,
American, and French vines upon it. The Virginian
Creepers, which have little pads to their fingers with which
they fix themselves, are brilliant in woodland. Merely by
putting one or two of them at the base of a tree one may,
in good soil, get a noble flame of colour in autumn, and
without doing harm to anything.

The greatest improvement of our day for the climber-
lover is the pergola, so common in Italy and Southern
France. In our country we have the advantage of being
able to grow on it a greater number of climbers than the
Italians could in their hot sun. Growing such plants on
walls involves pruning, and much work that is anything

INTRODUCTION 5

but pretty, but with the pergola we can allow the plants
their freedom, and there is the advantage of being able to
see all round, under, and over them.

Many people have tried to form pergolas with deplor-
able results. People who should know better make per-
golas with battens of Pine, Spruce, and rustic work, which
begin to rot soon after they are put in. Fooling about
with sap-wood simply means waste of time and means.

A pergola should be a want. To make it for the sake
of making it is sure to end badly. Having fixed on a good
position, the next thing is to give it good legs to stand on.
No wooden supports, even the best, are much use. Some
old stubs will last a long time, but they are not nearly as
good as the old way of brick and stone. If it is to be
heavily laden with climbers, a pergola must be well sup-
ported. A 14-inch brick pillar makes the best support, or
one of stone. It is not enough to have strong pillars — they
must be braced together ; that is, the timbers must cross
from one side to the other, and from one pillar to another.
For the smaller timbers much will depend on the weight
the pergola has to carry, but generally a simple and strong
way of fixing is the best. Close rectangular trellising
never looks well, and it will not last. The best way is that
of the old French and English of using oak and chestnut
battens fixed not too closely, or according to a definite
plan, as in the modern Frenchman's garden.

We have tried every form of Bamboo and cane, and the
effect at first was good, but in the end it did not do half
as well as native Oak and Chestnut. There may be some
more enduring tropical wood, but for the present we keep
to these native woods. To show the need of bracing the
pillars, I may say that when I made the garden of the

6 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

crematorium at Golders Green, it was decided to have a
bold pergola. The manager, with praiseworthy economy
in starting a new affair, insisted on using old disfigured
trees that had been cut down about the place, and the
result was that one wild February day the whole thing was
blown over. The pillars ought to have been braced both
ways by stout squared timbers of Chestnut, Oak, or Larch.

The Ivy takes care of itself in the woods and copses,
and though some people are careful to cut it off trees, it
is a mistake to do so. One may do it when it overpowers
a favourite or rare tree, but generally in woodland work it
is best to let the Ivy alone for the sake of its beauty and
to shelter wrens and other small birds. I rather like
taking one of the fine forms of Ivy and putting it at the
base of a tree, with a stone over it, leaving it to climb up.

To show how one may go to work, I may say that we
are now planting groups of Hollies, the noblest of all ever-
green shrubs, and when we plant a Holly we put a delicate
climber against it, a Clematis, or the Flame Nasturtium,
as the case may be. Some climbers are so fragile that
they do not injure any shrub ; if it does, it can be cut away.
Wild roses may also be beautifully treated in a natural
way, such as our own Dog rose or the Japanese ramblers
people are so fond of. One can only see their highest
beauty when they are running over or falling about a tree.
Some climbers, too, that become weeds in rich garden soil,
may be used with good effect to clothe fences. We have
used the Hungarian Bindweed in that way ; it is a hand-
some plant, but whilst in the garden it ruins everything
else, on an orchard fence it is never in the way.

W. R.

CHAPTER I

CLIMBING PLANTS IN GARDENS AND
IN NATURE

PLANTS of climbing habit occupy an important position
among those cultivated by man, either for use or for orna-
ment. It may be said of one of them, the grape vine, that
it is God's most generous gift to mankind. The records of
its cultivation and of the making of wine in Egypt go back
five or six thousand years. And the vine is as beautiful as
it is useful, for although it has failed to find a great deal of
favour in this country as an ornamental shrub, this is due
to our practice of valuing a plant either for its economic
properties or for its decorative character. It can be useful
or ornamental, not both. For this reason when considering
climbing plants for the purposes of this volume we exclude
those that are not used decoratively. The Cucumber,
Tomato, Melon, Sweet Potato, Pepper, Pea, Vegetable
Marrow, and Pumpkin will not for this reason come
under notice here, although they are all climbers of great
importance to man as food plants.

Our gardens owe much of their charm to plants of
climbing habit. If we fail to make the best use of some
of them it is either because we have not discovered their
good qualities or we do not treat them in a way that
enables them to display their habit to the best advantage.
The curse of many climbers is the gardeners' method of
'* training" them. Examples of the worst kind are the

7

8 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

Allamanda, Dipladenia, Bougainvillea, Passiflora, and even
the Rose and Clematis so often twisted and tied down in
the form of a balloon ! Could anything be less artistic,
more unnatural, more wanting in feeling for a plant's
character than this ? The practice began in greenhouses,
and was probably considered necessary for purposes of
exhibition, and although we see much less of it now, it
has not been entirely discarded. Out of doors there can
be no excuse for this sort of cruelty. There, at any rate,
climbing plants may be allowed space for the proper dis-
play of their natural habit, always with a due regard to
what is best, not worst in nature's ways. Many plants
that are trimmed, nailed or tied down would be much more
effective if they were allowed greater freedom. This is
true of all climbers. A little thought, a little inquiry as to
what the plant likes and what is its natural habit would
save our gardens from many ugly features and thus
increase their charm.

I have learnt from experience that it is worse than use-
less to recommend in books on horticulture plants that are
not generally known and are not likely to find their way
into popular cultivation. At Kew one sees a considerable
number of plants that deserve to be generally grown, but
they haven't " caught on " with what I may call the garden-
ing set, and they remain undiscovered by horticulture,
though their day may yet come. I recollect that Aspara-
gus plumosus was an inhabitant of the Succulent House at
Kew for many years before it was discovered by someone
and its value brought to the public notice, and there are
not many more useful climbers to-day than this plant.
The climbers described and recommended in this book
therefore are those that are known by the well-informed

CLIMBERS IN NATURE 9

gardener to be good plants. One hundred genera have
been selected, and the species of each that may legitimately
claim to be of proved horticultural merit enumerated.
Anyone wishing to find out what plants would be most
suitable, either for the outdoor garden, the greenhouse, or
the stove, had better first read the chapter dealing with
the special department, and then turn to Chapter XV for
particulars of the plants recommended for it.

There are no doubt good plants which are not included
in this list. In a book of this kind we must be selective,
and strive as we may, there will be defects of commission
and omission. Still, most requirements ought to be met
in one hundred genera, and, at the price, if I may be
allowed to say so, the book is comprehensive enough.
The best one can hope for in a book such as the present is
a safe indication, a helpful hint. To the man who means
business and who has resourcefulness this will be suffi-
cient. Those who want to be told everything must try
an encyclopaedia.

Before dealing with climbers in their purely horticul-
tural bearing it may be worth while ttJ say something about
them as they occur in nature, and to briefly set out what a
climber is, and by what methods it is enabled to hold its
own among plants that are self-supporting.

The embraces of some climbers are of such a character
as to strangle the trees supporting them. Ivy has had that
kind of effect on trees in certain circumstances, but its
embrace is nothing when compared with that of some
members of the fig tribe, gigantic Leguminosae and species
of Clusia. They gradually wind themselves serpent-like
round the trunks of trees, and as they tighten by reason
of the growth of the host, the climbers interfere with

io PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

the conduction of sap until finally the supporting tree
is killed outright. It may be that in the struggle for exist-
ence this character has been developed in plants with thin
stems to enable them to fight successfully for " a place
in the sun." Without it they would stand a poor chance
against umbrageous forest trees. " Sometimes one finds
the hard basal parts of a liane (climber) twisted and coiled
apparently round nothing. This is due to the fact that the
original support has been killed, and then slowly rotting,
has been denuded away by the wind and rain. Thus, many
a liane of the tropical forest seems to have made use,
when young, of some living plant with fairly thick erect
stem as its first support, up which it has climbed into the
crowns of higher trees" (Kerner). Sometimes the
climber gets the worst of it, the encircled tree expanding
until the pull on the coils is so great that the climber is
killed.

Darwin in his Movements of Plants shows how all the
growing parts of plants are continually circumnutating, and
that climbers, when growing, do this very markedly, the
end of the shoot in twiners and the tendrils or leaves in
those which have special holdfasts to enable them to climb,
describing quite wide circles in their efforts to catch on to
some support. Tendril-bearing plants are much less ag-
gressive than twiners in their struggles to climb upwards.
Tendrils are very sensitive, and are so constructed that they
can grasp and in a short time hold fast to a twig or other
body that may afford support. Before this happens the
tendril is straight, but afterwards it contracts itself spirally
in the most beautiful manner, thus forming an elastic
spring which gives a little to pressure from wind or to the
weight of the shoot of which it is a part. Plants with

METHODS OF CLIMBING n

the tendril method of climbing have an advantage over
twiners, and this accounts for their being more numerous
in nature.

Climbing plants have been divided into groups accord-
ing to their particular habit of clinging. Thus there are
(i) Twiners, which attach themselves to supports by twist-
ing spirally around them. Examples are the Honeysuckle,
Hop, and Scarlet Runner. The stoutest of tropical climbers
belong to this group. (2) Weavers. These have slender
stems which elongate and push their way among the
branches of other plants before developing leaves and
lateral shoots, by means of which they hold on. Some of
them have spines or prickles which also help them to
cling. Examples of this group are species of Rose, Honey-
suckle, Asparagus, and Jasminum. (3) Lattice Formers.
Plants which lean and build themselves up against a support
without actually clinging to it. Some of the Cotoneasters,
Euonymus, Allamanda, and some Fuchsias are examples
of plants with this habit. (4) Tendril Bearers. A tendril
may be a modification of a leaf, leaf stalk, leaflet, midrib,
stipule, branchlet or flower stalk. At first very delicate
and motile, it often becomes hard and strong almost as
steel. Tendrils loop themselves round a support as though
they possessed intelligence, and until they come in contact
with one, they move about in a manner suggestive of the
antennae of some insect. A great variety of plants are
tendril bearers. Some of the most familiar are the Vine,
Passion flower, Nepenthes, Gloriosa, Cucurbits, Pea and
Clematis. Ampelopsis and some of the species of Vitis and
Cissus form adhesive discs at the ends of their tendrils, by
means of which they fasten themselves firmly with a kind of
gum secreted by the disc, which hardens quickly. (5) Root-

12 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

ing Stems. The Ivy, Tecoma, Marcgravia, Philodendron,
and other Aroids, some species of Cereus, Ficus repens,
and other species of Ficus are examples of this group.
The climbing roots of Ivy are only fixers, and do not
absorb food unless they come in contact with soil, when
they may change their function and perform that of ordi-
nary roots. Thus Ivy growing on the 'ground has what
may be termed feeding roots all along its stem.

CHAPTER II
HARDY CLIMBERS

THE charm of English gardens is very largely due to
the artistic employment of a variety of plants which are
either climbers by nature or made to serve the purpose
of climbers by the application of a little art. If we were
limited strictly to plants of climbing habit for the decoration
of buildings and other objects, we should lose the effect of
the trained shrub and tree. The beauty of a well-trained
Pear, Cherry, Plum, Pyracantha, Ceanothus, Cotoneaster,
Escallonia, Edwardsia, Euonymus, and Forsythia is gener-
ally recognised, yet not one of these is strictly a climber.
Even Magnolia grandiflora, Eriobotrya japonica, Prunus
triloba, and Cydonia japonica are used most effectively for
clothing walls. It is surprising what the resourceful culti-
vator can do in the way of adapting plants to his purposes
by the judicious use of the knife and the wall nail. There
are few more lovely objects than a peach, cherry, or plum-
covered wall in the flowering season. One of the college
buildings at Cambridge is, or used to be, almost entirely

HARDY CLIMBERS 13

covered with Tamarix, a glorious object at all times, and
especially so when in flower. The Camellia when trained
flat against the wall is both effective and happy. Sir
Joseph Paxton used it largely in this way, and it is
common enough grown against a wall in the south of
England.

From what has been said it will be evident that there
are many free-growing shrubs, and a considerable number
of what are known as trees that may be turned to account
in the furnishing of walls and fences. Good use is some-
times made of the wall for the double purpose of affording a
certain amount of protection and giving support to shrubs
that are too tender to bear a more open position. The
walls at Kew and in other gardens where large collections
are grown are wholly employed for this purpose. Quite a
long list of tender shrubs which are happy when grown
close to a wall might be given from the Kew experience
alone. The purpose of this book, however, is not so much
to show how many plants there are that could be
grown against walls, with advantage to the plants them-
selves, as to point out the best of those which have been
successfully cultivated in this manner.

The most useful climber in the world is the Ivy, a
strong statement perhaps, but one which few Englishmen
would gainsay. It will make the ugliest of buildings pic-
turesque, it will clothe old tree trunks, cover walls and
fences, and form picturesque pillars at comparatively little
cost ; it will furnish the ground as no other shrub can ;
it will grow in conditions where few other plants will
live ; and as for soil, almost any kind will satisfy the Ivy —
indeed, it will grow where there is scarcely any soil at all.
"A rare old plant is the Ivy green." There are so many

14 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

varieties, hundreds of them according to some authorities,
all developed from the common Hedera Helix, a native of
Europe, North Africa, and West Asia. Its garden history
will be found in another part of this book.

Next in value to the Ivy we should place Ampelopsis
Veitchii, a plant with many names, which need not trouble
us here, except to mention that its name in botanical works
is Vitis inconstant. Like the Ivy it can be used to cover a
multitude of sins of the architect and gardener. Like the
Ivy, too, it is very good-natured, as the townsman well knows.
Among the many plants that we owe to Japan it is doubt-
ful whether there is one which has proved such a blessing
as this little clinging vine.

Wistaria chinensis (see Plates II and III) is a noble
climber, unquestionably the most beautiful we possess as a
flowering plant. It is not as much used as it deserves to be,
probably owing to its requirements being somewhat exact-
ing, for its shoots must be trained and pruned regularly to
keep it in order. It loves sunshine, in fact will not thrive
unless it gets plenty, and it behaves as if it would live for ever
when planted at the foot of a south wall where there is ample
room for its shoots to extend. In this respect it resembles
the Vine (Vitis vinifera), another noble climber, whose
merits as a decorative plant gardeners overlook. Because
it does not behave well in the open air as a fruit-producer,
the vine appears to have fallen into discredit as a decora-
tive plant. Here and there one sees it flourishing, generally
in old gardens, clinging to buildings, or clothing a summer-
house, and it is also to be seen in a few places scrambling
over trees, where its summer effect is most picturesque.
Many species of Vitis have lately been imported from China,
some of which are certain to become favourites when they

PLATE III. STEM OF WISTARIA IN THE
CONSERVATORY AT SYSTON HALL

PLATE II
WISTARIA CHINENSIS

,

HARDY CLIMBERS 17

are better known. There is a collection of them on a
pergola at Kew, where their characters may be studied
with advantage.

Clematis occupies a leading place among our best outdoor
climbing plants. Everyone loves our native Traveller's Joy
(Clematis Vitalba), yet it is not as frequently seen in the
garden and park as it deserves to be, for it does not interfere
materially with the tree or shrub to which it clings for sup-
port, and it might be seen much more frequently in the
woodland. It must have plenty of sunshine, and, of course
it likes lime, as all Clematises do. There is the lovely C.
montana with its several varieties, and for gardens in the
south the New Zealand C. indivisa might be turned to good
account. The larger flowered species and garden forms, of
which C.Jackmanii\s a typical example, have not yet found
the place in open-air gardening for which they are emi-
nently fitted. We see them as balloon-trained specimens
at our exhibitions, and following the lead of the trade
exhibitors we attempt their cultivation only as pot plants,
with the exception of places that might be counted on
one's fingers, where the large-flowered red Clematises are
afforded generous treatment as wall climbers.

Rose, Honeysuckle and Jasmine, these are the climbers
whose praises are sung by poets and whose charms are
portrayed by artists, for they play a large part in the beau-
tifying of the English garden, from the cottager's small
enclosure to the most spacious domain. Honeysuckle and
Jasmine are beloved because of their fragrance ; they are
not very showy in flower, yet they are always a delight, par-
ticularly when they receive a little attention from the culti-
vator, Honeysuckles especially being responsive to good
treatment.

B

i8 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

A most useful plant is the Winter Jasmine (J. nudiflorum),
which bursts into bloom in December. We owe it, as we
do so many good things, to Japan. It always looks its best
when against a wall, probably because of the shelter from
wind that it gets in such a position. Its Chinese sister,
/. primulinum, has not yet distinguished itself in English
gardens, appearing to be too tender to be grown outside,
in the neighbourhood of London at any rate, though we
have seen it flowering nicely in a sheltered position against
a south wall in November. Properly it ought not to be
classed as a climber, though it is pretty certain to be
treated as one in English gardens. The great Burmese
Honeysuckle (Lonicera Hildebrandtiana), although a magnifi-
cent climber in its mountain home, has yet to prove its use-
fulness in this country. In the greenhouse it is a straggler,
and not free with blossom. Mr. Veitch grows and flowers
it well in his Exeter nursery, and it has done fairly well out-
of-doors here and there in Cornwall and in South-west
Ireland ; possibly if some clever breeder would exercise his
art in crossing honeysuckles he would produce hybrids
combining the vigour of say L. etrusca and L. Hildebrandii
with the floral qualities of our native species and the North
American L. sempervirens.

Roses must have a chapter to themselves. After all,
when we begin to talk about beautiful hardy climbers, one
is certain to begin with "Well, there are Roses/' And
there are Roses nowadays, climbers such as our grand-
fathers never dreamt of, thanks in the first place to the
introduction of R. Wichuraiana and Crimson Rambler, and
in the second place to the success of the breeder who has
combined the qualities of these two with so many of our
other garden roses. There were, of course, numerous beauti-

PLATE IV. CHINESE BRAMBLES

Rubus coreamts, R. thibetamis, R. corchorifolius

CLIMBING ROSES 19

ful roses of scandent habit fifty years ago, memories of them
as seen clothing cottages in country places in England
are cherished by most people. They were of the type of
Flora, Ruga, Dundee Rambler and Fe'licite' Perpetue, and
they are among the best of what are popularly known as
rambler or pergola Roses to-day. No more need be said
here of the qualities and uses of climbing Roses. Their
relations the Brambles (Rubus) have jumped the garden
fence owing to the introduction from China of a number of
promising climbing species (see Plates IV and V). There
is a good collection of them near the Pagoda at Kew, and
some appear to have qualities which should prove attractive
horticulturally. Distinctly climbing in habit, they have a
wide range of leaf variation, and as they appear to be quite
hardy there should be no difficulty in proving their worth.
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, who introduced most of them
through their collector Mr. Wilson, believed in them, for
they exhibited collections of them periodically at the shows.

A useful climber, whose merits have been overlooked,
is Hydrangea scandens ; it clings like Ivy, and has bright
green, heart-shaped leaves, which are deciduous. The
flowers are not of much account ; indeed, they are rarely
produced. It has decided merit as a wall climber, as it
covers a large area in a comparatively short time, and is
quite hardy.

The claims of certain annuals as climbers must not be
overlooked. The Scarlet Runner Bean, though considered
too vulgar by some people for a place among decorative
plants, is as beautiful as it is useful. The climbing Tro-
paeolums are general favourites. They are capable of doing
a great deal in a short time towards blotting out unsightly
objects, and they are in themselves full of attractions. It is

20 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

surprising what can be done in this way with the aid of a
threepenny packet of seeds and a little imagination. The
Canary Creeper ( T. aduncum) is of the same quality, except
that it has small flowers and is less robust. This is the
place to call attention to the claims of T. speciosum, the
pride of some gardeners, the despair of others. T. pen-
taphyllum and T. tuberosum also are not without attractions.
The three last-named species are, of course, perennial,
though their stems are annual. If there is one annual
climber which has received the full share of popular favour
it is the Sweet Pea (Lathyrus odoratus), but the beautiful
perennial species of the genus might well be more in
evidence in gardens in every class. Calystegia, Convol-
vulus, some of the gourds (see separate chapter), and
Lophospermum deserve to be included here. The merits of
the Hop also should not be overlooked. Gardeners are
too ready to relegate to a back place or pitch out altogether
plants whose associations are not strictly horticultural.
The Japanese Hop (Humulus japonicus) is a quick growing
annual with handsome foliage and large panicles of feathery
flowers, which have a rather unpleasant odour. It likes
a sunny position, and if the seeds are sown in April it will
romp away.

A list of the genera which furnish the best hardy
climbers is here given. For particulars as to species and
treatment the descriptive list given under Chapter XV
should be consulted.

Abelia.

Aconitum.

Actinidia.

Akebia.

Ampelopsis.

Aristolochia.

Berberidopsis.

Bignonia.

Boussingaultia.

Calystegia.

PLATE V. CHINESE; BRAMBLES

^. omeiensis, and R. biflorus var. quinqueflorus

EVERGREENS FOR WALLS 21

Celastrus.

Clematis.

Convolvulus.

Eccremocarpus.

Ercilla.

Fuchsia.

Hedera.

Humulus.

Hydrangea.

Ipomcea.

Jasminum.

Kadsura.

Lardizabala.

Lathyrus.

Lonicera.

Lycium.

Maurandia.

Menispermum.

Muehlenbeckia.

Mutisia.

Passiflora.

Periploca.

Phaseolus.

Polygonum.

Rhus.

Rhyncospermum.

Rosa.

Rubus.

Schizandra.

Smilax.

Solanum.

Stauntonia.

Tecoma.

Tropaeolum.

Vitis.

Wistaria.

EVERGREEN SHRUBS FOR WALLS

Boundary walls are often necessary, but no one likes
to see a naked wall. It is therefore usual to hide them
either by covering them with Ivy or planting a line of
shrubs or trees in front of them. There is another, and
in some situations a more appropriate way, and this is by
covering them with a selection of evergreen shrubs. Ivy
is good, but it is common. There are walls on which no
evergreen except Ivy would thrive ; for them Ivy must be
used.

Where there is light and air, assuming of course that
the wall is not wanted for the cultivation of fruit, and that
deciduous plants would not do, as the wall would be prac-
tically bare in winter, then evergreen shrubs should be.

22 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

used. There are plenty of them, so that a collection might
be indulged in, especially if the wall is in a conspicuous
place.

There are walls of this kind in the Royal Gardens,
Kew. They were formerly boundary walls, and they
have been utilised for shrubs that required protection,
many not being climbers. They have become quite an
interesting feature of the place. Some are deciduous,
and for our present purpose they need not be con-
sidered. A list of the evergreens only is given here.
With few exceptions they are plants which are not
sufficiently hardy to grow permanently in the open in
this country except in such counties as Devon and Corn-
wall. Even with the protection afforded them at Kew
by the wall which supports them they sometimes get
frostbitten. Some have been in their present position for
at least fifty years. They are not nailed flat against the
wall, the main branches only being fixed, the others only
shortened when necessary. Thus treated, many of them
have formed a perfect screen of foliage a foot or more
through, completely hiding the wall and at the same time
presenting a pleasing, even decorative, front.

The treatment may possibly be called mutilation, a mis-
use of plants which cannot do themselves justice when
nailed against a wall and kept more or less cropped.
It is pardonable, however, in such conditions as are de-
scribed above. If the plants were not grown in this way
they couldn't be grown at all. Needs must when the
climate drives ! It is not pretended that the appended list
includes all evergreen shrubs that may be successfully
used as wall screens, but the selection is considered suffi-
ciently embracing for most gardens.

EVERGREENS FOR WALLS 23

EVERGREEN SHRUBS FOR WALLS

Adenocarpus decorticans, Spain
„ foliolosus, Canaries

Anthyllis Hermanniae, S. Europe
Aristotelia Macqui, Chili
Azara microphylla, Chili
Bupleurum fruticosum, Medit.
Camellia, Japan
Ceanothus, N. America
Choisya ternata, Mexico
Convolvulus Cneorum, S. Europe
Corokia Cotoneaster, New Zea-
land

Cotoneaster, India and China
Crataegus. See Pyracantha
Discaria longispina, Chili
Edwardsia. See Sophora
Eriobotrya japonica, Japan
Escallonia, S. America
Euonymus radicans, Japan
Fabiana imbricata, Chili
Feijoa Sellowiana, Brazil
Garrya elliptica, California
„ macrophylla, Mexico
„ Thurettii, Garden hybrid
Griselinia littoralis, New Zealand
Jasminum humile, Himalaya
„ primulinum, China
Leptospermum laevigatum, Aus-
tralia
Ligustrum Henryi, China

Lonicera Henryi, China
Magnolia Delavayi, China

„ grandiflora, U.S.A.
Myrsine africana, Himalaya, &c.
Myrtus communis, Medit.

„ „ tarentina

Olea europaea, Asia Minor
Olearia macrodonta, N. Zealand
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, China
„ Schwerinii, China

,, subrotunda, China

Pittosporum Ralphii, N. Zealand
„ crassifolium, New

Zealand

Pyracantha angustifolia, China
„ coccinea, S. Europe
„ crenulata, Himalaya
Rhaphithamnus cyanocarpus,

Chili

Schinus Bonplandianus, Brazil
Sophora tetraptera, New Zealand
„ „ var. microphylla

Stranvaesia undulata, China
Trachelospermum jasminoides,

Japan

Tricuspidaria dependens, Chili
Umbellularia californica, Cali-
fornia

Viburnum macrocephalum , China
„ rhytidophyllum, China

24 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

CHAPTER III

GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS

A LARGE number of plants of strictly climbing habit, and
many others which are not climbers, but are made to serve
that purpose, are grown for the decoration of spacious
greenhouses and conservatories. They could not well be
grown so as to display their attractions of leaf and flower
unless they had the support of pillars or strained wires
near the rafters (see Plate XI) which fortunately provide
generally suitable conditions of light and air, and at the
same time afford easy means of screening with greenery
more or less unsightly features. It is worth while to grow
some climbers in tall greenhouses even though they do not
flower. Such large structures as the Palm House and
the Temperate House at Kew would have an unfurnished
appearance were it not for the climbers which are freely
used to drape pillar, gallery, and rafter. In smaller houses
there is little or no need to use climbers for the purposes
mentioned, but as a number of these plants can be really
well grown only in small houses, their cultivation is
practised to a considerable extent solely for the sake of
the plants themselves. At the same time, no good grower
of orchids would have climbers over his plants, as they
interfere with the regulation of sunlight and air in the
house, and they often harbour insects and other pests.

The best of all structures for the display of plants of
climbing habit is the corridor greenhouse, usually a long,
lofty, narrow structure connecting a group of greenhouses

CULTIVATION 25

or potting sheds. Corridors were a feature of importance
in the old South Kensington Garden, and at Chatsworth
they are still important because of their extent and the
large variety of climbers they contain. The Chatsworth
corridors were copied at the Crystal Palace by Sir Joseph
Paxton, and forty years ago these also contained an inter-
esting collection of greenhouse climbers. In the Botanic
Gardens at Edinburgh and at Cambridge there are
large corridors, richly furnished with climbers. The late
Mr. Joseph Chamberlain was justly proud of the corridor
which connected his house with his orchid and other
greenhouses at Highbury. It had a tiled floor, was lit by
electricity, whilst climbing plants on each side, with hang-
ing baskets overhead, furnished it. It was a delightful pro-
menade in which those who wished could talk and smoke
comfortably, whilst others interested in the contents of the
plant houses could go their own way without a guide.

Climbers intended to cover a large area must be pro-
vided with plenty of root room. Just as grape vines are
treated liberally with respect to soil, so all strong growing
climbers must have proper provision for root extension.
Fortunately many of them are able to forage on their own
account, for it is not unusual to find roots intended to
occupy a small amount of space growing out under stages
and into paths, and even through the outside walls to
the soil beyond. Plants that succeed in doing this are
almost capable of looking after themselves. At the same
time proper borders should be made in which the drain-
age and soil are sufficient to provide what the plant re-
quires, and to keep it healthy. In corridors where the
floor is tiled or flagged a border 2 feet wide should be
made. As far as the welfare of the plants can be con-

26 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

sidered the floor had better be soil covered with a layer of
fine gravel, but that is a detail which circumstances must
decide. Where the floor is tiled the border should be
raised above the floor level and kept in position with up-
right tiles or other edging. This serves to prevent water
running from the paths into the borders. The soil for the
border must be good in quality, and although certain plants
require a particular kind of soil, Lapageria and Dipladenia
for example must have pure peat — generally a mixture of
good turfy loam, leaf mould, and coarse sand suits green-
house climbers. Peat is not recommended to be mixed
with other soils, because in a border it is apt to become
sour and cause mischief.

In most conservatories and greenhouses root accom-
modation can be provided under the side stages or at the
foot of pillars, where the border should be made as recom-
mended. Failing this, boxes or large pots have to be
used. For some climbers it is an advantage to have
the roots quite under control, and for this reason pot or
box is preferable for them. They can be specially fed, or
for the purpose of resting or checking growth water can
be withheld for a time. These large root receptacles are
unfortunately unsightly, still they can be utilised for trailing
plants, which serve to hide them.

When climbers are to be grown in pots standing on the
stages in small houses their treatment must be, to some
extent at any rate, the same as that given to the occupants
of the house generally. They will require training and
keeping within bounds, the treatment that is best in such a
position being the restricted or short spur system as
practised for grape vines. They then flower better, and
are less likely to outgrow their space.

CULTIVATION

27

Climbers are always most effective when their stems are
allowed to grow with a certain amount of freedom. A
tangle of shoots is natural, and if they are flowering plants
their flowers produce a more pleasing effect than when
strict training is practised.

A list of climbing plants for cultivation in greenhouses,
corridors and conservatories, limited strictly to plants of
climbing habit, would exclude a number of shrubs which
are grown as climbers. It has already been pointed out
that it is difficult to draw the line between shrubs that
are climbers and those that are not, and for our pur-
pose it is not necessary to draw it. The following plants
are known to be suitable for the purposes named. It is
only necessary to mention the genera here. The alpha-
betical list under Chapter XIV should be consulted as to
species : —

Abutilon (see Plate XIV).

Acacia.

Asparagus.

Bignonia.

Bomarea.

Bougainvillea.

Cassia.

Clematis.

Clianthus.

Cobaea.

Fuchsia.

Habrothamnus (Cestrum).

Hibbertia.

Hidalgoa.

Ipomoea.

Kennedya.

Lapageria.

Lathyrus.

Lonicera.

Mandevilla.

Passiflora.

Pereskia.

Plumbago.

Rhodochiton.

Rosa.

Rubus.

Ruscus.

Senecio.

Solanum.

Stauntonia.

Tacsonia.

Tecoma.

Thunbergia.

28 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

CHAPTER IV
STOVE CLIMBERS

HORTICULTURALLY the only difference between climbers
for the greenhouse and climbers for the stove is one of
temperature. Large tropical houses are not numerous in
this country, for the very good reason that they are costly
to maintain, and as the means necessary to provide the
required temperature have to be mainly artificial, plants
so cultivated are rarely happy. The conditions in nature
are very different from those provided by hot water pipes
and a liberal use of the hosepipe and syringe. Most
important of all, direct sunlight is too often wanting for
the successful cultivation of plants which in nature are
generally exposed to bright sunshine. Climbers have
developed the habit of struggling upwards in the effort to
grow beyond the canopy of foliage of the trees which shut
out the direct sunlight. They require an abundance of
light and air for their proper development, and for the
production of flowers and fruits. It is for this reason that
climbers from distant tropical regions do not flower in
cultivation with us satisfactorily; they miss the sunshine
and air which they get on the roof of the forest in the
tropics. Such plants as the Bauhinia, Camoensia maxima,
Hodgsonia heteroclita, Hexacentris, and some of the Aris-
tolochias are of this character. At the same time there
are many tropical climbers which can be successfully
grown in plant houses.

In these days stove plants are less popular than they

STOVE CLIMBERS 29

were half a century or less ago, and there is no getting
away from the fact that a tropical plant house is often so
hot and moist that the plants in it can only be inspected
in more or less discomfort. Nevertheless there are still
among us horticulturists who love to cultivate plants from
tropical countries, many of which are climbers of great
beauty and charm. It would not be difficult to build a
glass house specially adapted for the cultivation of tropical
climbers. Such a house should be constructed so as to
admit the maximum amount of sunshine, the borders
heated from below, and the air warmed by means of hot
water pipes fixed near the roof.

A serious defect in all our artificially heated plant
houses is that the heat comes from below, and in tropical
houses in winter this is injurious to plants. One of the
most striking examples of what is meant is the Palm House
at Kew, the roof of which is iron and glass and the floor
open-iron grating, below which are many rows of hot water
pipes. To maintain the required temperature in winter
these pipes have to be kept hot, and the effect of the
heated dry air rising from below and impinging against
the delicate under surface of the leaves is harmful to most
plants. Climbers, which are necessarily near the roof, do
not suffer so much as the plants lower down, but even they
would be happier if the conditions with respect to temper-
ature were better.

A list of climbers suitable for a tropical house might
include some of the plants mentioned in the list for a
greenhouse. Many plants are fairly adaptive with respect
to temperature. Vitis vinifera, for example, which may be
grown in the open air in England, and is also quite happy
under ultratropical treatment ; the common Passion flower

30 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

Passiflora coerulea grows flowers and fruits against a south
wall in England, yet it is also quite happy in the green-
house and conservatory, and is nowhere more successful
than in a tropical house. Solatium Wendlandii grew and
flowered well out of doors in the garden of the late Sir
Trevor Lawrence at Burford, and it is now fairly common
as a greenhouse plant, yet it is a native of the tropical
forests of Brazil, and it has never been seen anywhere in
greater luxuriance than in the hot, moist Water Lily House
at Kew.

At the same time many tropical plants will not thrive
in other than a stove temperature. The following list of
genera is an attempt at a selection of climbers which
require a tropical climate and which are known to be
cultivated in the gardens of this country as ornamental
plants : —

Allamanda.

Aristolochia.

Beaumontia.

Bignonia.

Cereus.

Clerodendron.

Clitoria.

Combretuin.

Dioscorea.

Dipladenia.

Gloriosa.

Hoya.

Marcgravia.

Monstera.

Mucuna.

Odontadenia.

Oxera.

Passiflora.

Petraea.

Philodendron.

Pothos.

Selaginella.

Smilax.

Solandra.

Stephanotis.

Strophanthus.

Thunbergia.

PERGOLAS 31

CHAPTER V
CONSTRUCTION OF PERGOLAS

A PERGOLA has come to be looked upon as a necessary
feature in a good class garden. As a support for climbing
plants it has many advantages, and for that reason its
usefulness must be considered in a book about climbers.
At the same time one cannot overlook the fact that in
some gardens the pergola is an eyesore, and that some
pergolas which one sees would be an eyesore anywhere.
Italy, where the pergola, a kind of balcony or arbour, had
its origin, is a land of sunshine, where coolness and shade
are desirable for the greater portion of the year. There is
much less need for them in the gardens of these islands,
where a balcony against the house, a well-placed summer-
house, a group of trees with spreading branches, or even
one of the spreading chestnut tree pattern afford shade
and shelter, and are more appropriate.

But we have adapted the pergola to another purpose,
namely, as a more or less ornamental feature in itself,
climbing plants being trained over it as a kind of excuse
for its being there. In this respect the pergola is no
worse than the great majority of other structures that are
allowed in the garden. Some, such as the greenhouse
and the shelter or summer-house, are tolerable because
they have a definite use. But many gardens are spoilt
by silly attempts to add variety by the introduction of
what are supposed to be works of art in the shape of
temples, statues, well-heads, sundials, elaborately designed

32 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

seats, fountains, summer-houses that are not inviting, and
pergolas. My advice therefore to those who are worried
by a pergola that has become troublesome is, sweep it
away and plant trees or shrubs in its place ; and to those
who feel inclined to build one I would say, think twice
and thrice before deciding. A pergola in the wrong place
is distressing ; an ugly pergola is a sin against art ; a well
placed pergola of good design, suitable for climbing plants,
may be a delightful feature and a source of interest during
summer ; but it will not be cheap, and it will need a lot
of attention from the gardener ; it must be well furnished
with the right kind of plants. There are such pergolas
in England, but not many.

The most pergolarised garden I have seen is that
formed by the late Lord Battersea, at Overstrand, near
Cromer. Most of the walks appeared to be roofed with
pergolas, on which grew a great variety of climbers. In
summer the plants were both attractive and interesting,
so much so that one did not notice the effect of the
pergolas in the general scheme. Probably in winter they
would give the garden a kind of bird-cage look.

There are sometimes positions in a garden where a
pergola would not be unsuitable. The best is as a cover-
ing to a walk from the house to a shelter house or other
structure; or to an entrance gate. Even then it must
be considered from several standpoints, for it sometimes
happens that a pergola has been erected where it destroys
the best view in the garden. Another likely position is
over a path running parallel to a tall hedge, the latter
to form one side of the pergola, as it were. It must
not be forgotten that the plants trained up and over a
heavy- topped pergola cannot be properly seen from

PERGOLAS 33

the inside. There are pergolas whose roofs have become
a thick tangle of climbers which seen from inside is a
mere thatch of stems and leaves, all their charms being
displayed above outside, where only the birds can enjoy
them.

No heavy form of pergola can look well in a garden
in this country. At any rate, I have never seen one that
I would not have removed had it been mine. The lighter
they are in construction the better. Larch and other poles
are recommended, and some designs for them are simply
treillage arranged pergolawise. The objection to wood is
that if used in any thickness it has a heavy look, and if
made of light material it does not last long. There is
nothing like iron for lightness in effect, and durability.
Gas piping i J-inch in diameter is excellent for the standards
or pillars, and they can be kept in position at the top
by an iron rod J-inch in diameter, turned at each end so
as to hook into the upright pipes. These rods can be
either straight or curved to taste. Thus a number of iron
arches spanning the path are formed, and they can be
connected at the sides by fixing rods along the top of
the standards. The plants are trained on these so as to
form a series of arches, and there is no danger of a tangle
of shoots overhead ; moreover the plants can be easily
seen from the path, and they get room and the maximum
of light. There are two pergolas of this kind at Kew,
one near the rock garden, devoted to roses, another, near
the pagoda, on which a collection of hardy species of Vitis
and the Wistarias are trained. For the greater part of the
year these two pergolas are unattractive, one may say they
are downright ugly throughout the winter. Indeed I have
never seen a pergola in winter in this country that wasn't.

C

34 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

How to make a pergola and keep it from becoming dull
and irritating at any time is a question which has yet to
be answered. By clothing it with evergreen climbers one
might make it passable in winter, but it would never have
a gay time, would be a dull object always. A mixture
of rose, clematis, honeysuckle, and evergreen might be
managed, but it would be difficult to keep in balance.
The choice of plants would depend on space and situa-
tion, and there is great variety to select from. A pergola
devoted entirely to Wistaria would be magnificent when
the plants were in bloom. The rose pergola at Kew
is a beautiful sight in June, when most of the plants, all
of the Rambler type, are in full blow. The grape vine
would be an excellent plant to use in this way, and in
sunny localities it might be fairly fruitful.

From what has been said it will be seen that I do not
recommend the pergola except solely as a structure for the
accommodation of climbing plants. As a purely archi-
tectural feature in the garden I have no patience with it.
The plashed alleys of the sixteenth-century gardens served
the purpose at least as well, and were less unsightly
in winter. I may be wrong, but I certainly am a heretic
in this question of architectural art in the garden. To
me a block of stone of fantastic form with a sundial on
it is affectation — make-believe. Naked human figures in
stone stuck about in the garden should either be covered
or taken indoors in cold weather ; when I see them I feel
disposed to offer them a muffler, an umbrella, or a Bur-
berry. The unattractive seats in stone that are becom-
ing fashionable must be meant for the ladies whose
Sandow clothing does not admit of sitting down. Surely,
the garden should be comfortable, peaceful, beautiful

VERANDAHS, WALLS AND ARBOURS 35

without affectation's artful aid, made so by plant, leaf,
and flower, all after nature's best, healthy and pleasant
to look at.

CHAPTER VI

CLIMBERS FOR VERANDAHS, HOUSE WALLS,
AND ARBOURS

THE pergola is a sort of verandah-archway, and the
objections that have been raised to it may be urged to
some extent against other contrivances of the kind. Arch-
ways are not always suitably placed ; they are sometimes
ridiculous both in form and position, spanning a straight
path midway between entrance gate and house for ex-
ample, a common enough spot for one, yet as absurd as a
door would be if placed there. An arch should suggest an
entrance to somewhere ; a change of scene ; therefore the
most happily placed arch in the garden is that spanning a
gateway, or at the opening in a boundary fence separating
say the pleasure from the kitchen garden. A well-built
arch in such a position, clothed with a suitable climber, is
good to look at. A bold stone archway as an entrance to
a garden, with a climbing rose, clematis, or vine clinging
to it, is better than any post or stone pillar. Climbers on
arches must be allowed to grow with a certain amount of
freedom, close cropping or training only spoils their effect.
The ivy-clad entrance, although somewhat sad looking, is
better than bare stone or wood. There is nothing to beat
a good rose, one that makes long, strong shoots and flowers
profusely.

36 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

The open-sided summer-house or arbour offers suitable
support for hardy climbers ; Tecoma, Clematis, Passiflora,
Polygonum, and Wistaria for flowers, and Aristolochia,
Hutnulus, Menispermum, and Vitis for foliage. Most
roses are objectionable because of their thorns. The
same selection will serve for the verandah, adding For-
sythia, Jasminum, Berberidopsis, Lonicera, Fuchsia, and
Calystegia, for their flowers and fitness of habit.

On the flat walls of houses and other buildings where
some protection from cold is afforded there are more than
enough suitable climbers for the many positions there
provided. On walls facing south the sun-loving plants
must be given preference, and in very sheltered places
even tender plants, such as Clianthus puniceus, Mutisia
decurrens, Trachelospermumjasminoid.es, and Solatium Wend-
landii, S. crispum, and S. jasminoides may be tried. Ivy
and Ampelopsis Veitchii are good enough for any position,
and if climbers are required to cover walls in the quickest
time, and with the minimum amount of attention, these
are the plants to do it. If I were limited to the use of one
climber for a wall, my choice would be this Ampelopsis.
There remain the shrubs, such as Cotoneaster, Pyracantha,
Ceanothus, Euonymus, Cydonia, and Edwardsia, all good
wall plants requiring only a little shaping. They need to
be nailed to the wall, as many of the true climbers do,
unless wire supports are provided. Really good wall posi-
tions should not be lost sight of for pears, plums, and
cherries. Many a gable end is turned to account by men
who know what is needed to grow first-rate pears. These
fruit-trees when in flower are a pleasing sight, and in the
autumn when the fruit hangs thick on the branches they
are still more pleasing, Roses on buildings are a common

CHOICE OF ASPECT 37

enough feature. They are dealt with in the chapter devoted
to them in this book.

Cultural details for these hardy climbers will be found in
the descriptive list (Chapter XV), but a few general direc-
tions may be given here. Most important of all is position.
It isn't much use planting tender plants in exposed places,
nor those that require plenty of sunshine in positions
where they will not get it. Therefore, when making a
selection attention should be paid to the needs of the plant
with respect to exposure. As to soil, it pays to do these
plants well from the first, and if borders do not already
exist where the climbers are to be put, suitable borders
should be made. It may be sufficient for each plant to
take out a barrowful or so of soil, and to see that the
drainage is all right before refilling the hole with a suitable
compost. Some plants are not particular, will grow in
anything that can be called soil ; still one never knows
what has been filled in at the foot of walls, and it is poor
economy to risk it without making examination.

Pruning is an operation for which it is difficult to give
directions of a general character. So much depends on
the nature of the plant, its habit of growth and time of
flowering ; also on the position it occupies. As a rule
hardy climbers require little pruning. Those grown for
their flowers may have their shoots shortened soon after
the flowers are over, but it will probably be necessary to
examine them again in early spring. Evergreen climbers
require no more pruning than is needed to keep them in
position. Such plants as the grape vine, Passion flower,
and Wistaria are best spur-pruned in winter.

38 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

CHAPTER VII
CLIMBERS ON TREES

IT has already been shown that the natural support for
a climbing plant is a tree or stout shrub. In nature
climbers have nothing else to climb, except perhaps a
rocky projection. There is, however, often a struggle for
position, and the ill effects of some climbers, such as Ivy,
on the host plant make it inadvisable to set climbers to
grow over trees or shrubs that are themselves of value.
No gardener who knows the habits of ivy allows it to
fasten itself on a tree, unless it be one of no importance.
Yet there are a few climbers which are not unkind to their
hosts. Clematis, Tecoma, Roses, and Vines, which are not
twiners, and therefore have not a tight and ever-tightening
embrace, may be allowed to climb and hang themselves
upon trees without danger.

In his book on Hardy Trees and Shrubs, Mr. W. J.
Bean gives some useful hints on tree climbers. "The
establishment of a climber in close enough proximity to a
tree to enable it to overrun it requires some consideration.
It is often of little use planting it at the base of the trunk.
Although frequently selected, that spot is too dry and too
shady, except in decrepit trees or trees with tall, bare
trunks. If any branches come near enough to the ground
to enable the newly planted climber to be attached to them,
that is usually the best place to select. It may be neces-
sary, however, to secure the branch against being blown
about too roughly by storm, and so pulling out the climber

CLIMBERS ON TREES

39

with it. A stout post set in the ground may serve at once
for the climber to grow up and to secure the branch to.
The establishment of a climber on living trees and shrubs
is also hampered and delayed by its having their active
roots to contend with. A good plan in this case is to sink
a tub or barrel, with the bottom knocked out, level with
the surface of the soil, and fill it with rich soil, in which
the climber is to be planted. This allows it to grow free
from interference by other roots for a year or two and thus
get firmly established. If the tube be of soft wood, it may
be allowed to remain and decay."

In making a selection of climbers to be grown as above
described, one must be guided by the position, size, and
character of the garden, and the size and habit of the trees
or shrubs to be used as hosts. The following are gener-
ally useful, being easy to establish and able to look after
themselves pretty well.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia.

„ Veitchii.

Aristolochia Sipho.
Celastrus articulatus.
Clematis calycina.

„ Jackmanii.

„ montana.

Vitalba.

Humulus Lupulus.
Hydrangea scandens.
Lonicera etrusca.

„ Hildebrandtiana.

„ japonica.
Menispermum canadense.

Polygonum baldschuanicum.
Rosa Banksiana.

„ gigantea.

,, moschata.
Other climbing roses.
Solanum crispum.

„ jasminoides (see

Plate X).
Vitis Coignetiae.

„ Labrusca.

„ vinifera.
Wistaria chinensis.
„ multijuga.

40 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

CHAPTER VIII
CLIMBING ROSES

MANY species of Rosa are climbers, and gardeners have
succeeded in adding to the number by crossing them with
each other and with species that are not climbers. The
king of climbing Roses is R. gigantea, a native of Upper
Burma, and known as a garden plant in Europe for the
last twenty-five years. So far it has resisted all attempts to
raise a good hybrid from it, at any rate none has been
recorded, and it has proved awkward in other ways. That
it has qualities of a high order may be seen from the
following account of it in Burma : " Rosa gigantea grows
in profusion immediately opposite the window I am now
writing at, and for a hundred yards or more away. The
boles of some of the plants are as thick as a man's thigh.
It is a creeper, and does not flower until it gets over or
beyond the tree it climbs. These specimens are on large
evergreen trees, and their roots are in limestone and vege-
table mould, through which run springs of pure water. . . .
The whole of a large group of trees on the southern and
western side is covered up to fifty and eighty feet in height
with the Roses, and when in full bloom they look like a
sheet of white, and the air all round is deliciously scented.
It is certainly a glorious sight." The flowers are six inches
across and milk white. If only we could get Roses with
this habit, and as free flowering as the best of our climbing
garden sorts are, how useful they would be.

The most popular climbing Roses to-day are descen-

CLIMBING AYRSHIRE ROSES 41

dants from two wild species, namely R. multiflora and R.
Wichuraiana, both natives of China and Japan, the former
a true climber, the latter a trailer, with stems many feet
long and shining evergreen leaves. Crimson Rambler, a
variety of R. multiflora^ set the fashion when it was intro-
duced from Japan in 1893. It revealed the rose in a new
character, or, at any rate, one which had not attracted
much attention before, and the breeder set to work to raise
more of the same type. They are with us now by the
dozen, one might almost say hundred. Thanks to these
loose-growing, free-flowering, easily-cultivated Rambler
Roses, our gardens are now really rich in rose effects
produced with the aid of the pergola, arch, pillar, and
wall. If only R. gigantea could be induced to breed with
some of them, but that may come.

Climbing decorative Roses are now a feature at flower
shows ; indeed, they enable Rose experts to make far more
effective displays than were possible when specimen roses
were ugly, formal things, quite unlike anything in nature,
or yet in art worthy of the name. It is so much easier, too,
to grow roses on natural lines, and the climbing trailing
sorts are just what was needed to wean men from a liking
for the severely-pruned, painfully-staked rose bush.

Mr. Pemberton says the Hybrid China Roses (gallica
X indica), a production of the early part of the nineteenth
century, were the pioneers of autumn flowering Roses :
" What a sensation the advent of these, for the most part
strong-growing, free-flowering pillar Roses, must have
created. Nothing like them had been seen before. . . .
Some few are with us still, and may they long continue.
Amongst these is Blairii No. 2, raised by Mr. Blair in
1845, a most rampant grower, throwing out shoots ten or

42 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

twelve feet long, and quickly covering wall or pillar. . . .
It is frequently to be seen covering the front of old farm-
houses, for it at one time obtained great popularity. Two
other excellent examples of the Hybrid China are Mme.
Plantier, pure white, sent out in 1835, and Fulgens, a bril-
liant crimson."

There are some useful climbing garden Roses among
the Ayrshire group (R. arvensis\ which are good-natured
and free-flowering. Three of the best of these are Dundee
Rambler, Bennett's Seedling, and Splendens. The so-called
evergreen Roses are descendants of R. sempervirens. This
species has long, slender, green shoots, armed with red
prickles, and bearing shining green leaves, which remain
fresh on the plant well into the winter. Felicite* Perpetue
is one of the best of its offspring.

There are climbing Hybrid Perpetual Roses which
should not be overlooked. They may be called extenders
rather than climbers, as they have long, whip-like shoots,
and, with a little training and pruning, may be made to
grow to a fair length. Mr. Darlington recommends these
in preference to true rambler sorts for pillars, pointing out
that they require management to keep them furnished at
the base. Examples of them are Aimee Vibert, Ards
Rover, Climbing Caroline Testout, Climbing F. K. Druschki,
Climbing La France, and William A. Richardson. Trier
and Longworth Rambler are two good late flowering varie-
ties, and are first rate for the pergola or pillar.

It is not worth while here to go into the question of cul-
tivation and the selection of sorts for special purposes,
seeing that all this and a great deal more can be found
in Mr. Darlington's excellent book on Roses, one of the
" Present-Day Gardening " series.

CLIMBING BANKSIAN ROSE 43

Climbing Roses for the conservatory must not be
overlooked. Is there any Rose, or any kind of flower
whatever, more delicately lovely than a Marshal Niel?
It is exactly fifty years since this Rose was introduced
to the public. Of unknown parentage, with a habit,
foliage, and flowers that distinguish it from all other
Roses, deliciously fragrant, perfect in form and colour,
the Mar£chal stands out by itself. It requires skill to
get the plant to do its best, but, when that is accom-
plished, what a glorious best it is ! I have seen it planted
to replace Grape Vines in a large vinery, and the
plants in winter produced flowers literally in thousands.
That was forty years ago, when a good Marechal Neil bud
was sold for sixpence. It is one of the very best forcing
Roses, but one of the worst for mildew. Still, it is no
doubt first among climbing varieties for the greenhouse
to-day. Next to it would come Gloire de Dijon, older
even than the Marechal. Dean Hole has said, "Were I
condemned to have but one rose for the rest of my life,
I should ask for a strong plant of Gloire de Dijon." It is
a sturdy grower, produces flowers by the hundred, and
stands glasshouse treatment well. William Allen Richard-
son has similar qualities. Its flowers are smaller, but in
bud they are delightful, and their colour, two shades of
orange or orange and cream, is pleasing. Whilst being
at home in the open where Roses will grow, it is good
as a greenhouse climber. It is an excellent button-hole
flower.

One of the best climbing Roses where it gets what it
wants, and one of the least satisfactory where the condi-
tions are unfavourable, is the Banksia Rose. The Rev. J. H.
Pemberton recently wrote in the Garden that *' it is the most

44 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

rampant of the summer-flowering Roses, and retains its
mildew-proof foliage right through the winter and until the
new spring growth appears ; and for this reason it is the
best of all Roses for covering bare walls, especially the
southern front of a house, no matter how high. It will run
up twelve or fifteen feet in one year, and eventually right
up to the eaves, round the windows, and even over the
roof. The Virginian Creeper is not in it compared with
the double yellow Banksia. It never seems to grow old ;
twenty, thirty years hence will find it as vigorous as when
it was first planted. If some cannot make it flower, the
cause will probably be found in climate and treatment.
As to climate, it is quite hardy, and is never injured by
winter frost. But it comes into flower in May, sometimes
in April. One month before it flowers the clusters of buds
are formed. This is an anxious time for fruit-growers, and
the weather that destroys the Peach blossom will destroy
the swelling buds of the Banksia unless they are protected.
The overhanging eaves of the house will generally afford
the buds sufficient protection. With reference to the next
point, treatment, all soils suit it, but a warm, gravelly soil,
no matter how hungry and dry, is the best. No, it is not
in the soil wherein lies the difficulty, but in the pruning.
Unlike the multiflora, the strong rods made the first year
will not bloom from the laterals the second year. The
blooms are borne on the laterals of the laterals, and in the
third year. In other words, the strong rods take three
years before they bear flowers. Therefore, if we treat the
Banksia as we do Crimson Rambler or Blush Rambler, for
example, we shall be cutting out all the next year's flower-
ing wood. If you have space, prune it but seldom ; but if
it grows beyond bounds, remove most of the strong, long.

CLEMATIS 45

jointed rods (leaving a few for future blooming), and keep
as much of the short, twiggy growth as you can, for that
alone the next summer will bear flowers."

CHAPTER IX
CLEMATIS

THE history of the Clematis as a garden flower up to 1872
was well told by the late Thomas Moore, and the fullest
cultural instructions, based on long experience, given by
the late George Jackman in a book published by John
Murray in the year named. We are there told of the
increasing popularity of the Clematis as a hardy, free-
flowering climber, and of the great improvement effected
by breeders in the size, form, and colours of the flowers.
The breeders of new varieties appear to have included
continental as well as English workers, but it is doubtful
if any one of them did anything like as much to make
the Clematis beautiful, easy to grow, and popular, as
Mr. Jackman did in his nursery at Woking, and his
sons are still engaged in the task. The book referred to
is probably out of print now ; perhaps the proprietors
could be induced to bring out a new edition of it, for
beyond the fact that more crosses have been made and
a number of species added to those grown forty years
ago, there isn't much to be said that has not already been
well said by Messrs. Moore and Jackman in their book,
The Clematis.

The first hybrid Clematis recorded was raised in 1835
in Henderson's Pine-apple Nursery, St. John's Wood.

46 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

This was followed by many seedlings of Belgian origin.
M. Lemoine, Nancy ; Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz ; M. Carre*,
Troyes; M. Briolay-Goiffon, M. Dauvesse, Orleans; and
Herr Rinz, Frankfort, were other pioneer breeders of
Clematis. Messrs. Cripps & Son, Tunbridge Wells, were
among the foremost breeders and growers of them in
England, and down to quite recently their nursery was
famous for its collection of varieties. Mr. Charles Noble,
Sunningdale, also raised many, whilst the late Mr. Ander-
son-Henry, Edinburgh, was easily first among amateur
raisers of new hybrids.

According to Moore and Jackman the species from
which all the earlier hybrids and seedlings were derived
were C. patens, C. lanuginosa, C. Fortunei, now called
C. florida, and C. Standishii, and as Standishii is now
reckoned a variety of C. patens, we have three species only,
all Japanese, as the progenitors of the army of named
sorts (180 are listed in Moore and Jackman's book) raised
and grown in gardens up to the end of the nineteenth
century.

To these have to be added the crosses of recent origin,
those between C. coccinea and various garden sorts being
perhaps the most distinct. They have smaller, fleshier
flowers than the patens-lanuginosa type, and although less
showy, perhaps, they possess both grace and beauty.
Still more recent are the crosses between C. montana
and the big-flowered garden sorts ; this section is also a
decided gain.

The possibilities of Clematis now are endless, a number
of distinct species having been introduced, mainly from
China, during the last ten years or so, and as the genus
appears to respond readily to the attentions of the

PLATE VI
CLEMATIS NELLY MOSER

CLEMATIS 49

hybridiser, he can if he wishes ring all sorts of changes
with them. The best of the new introductions are :

C. montana rubens : Flowers claret-coloured, produced in May.

C. tangutica : Yellow-flowered. Often in bloom in November.

C. Meyeniana: Flowers white, in large, loose panicles. A
robust evergreen.

C. Armandii (see Plate VII) : A tall climber, evergreen, with
large bold cymes of white, Anemone-like flowers.

C. Dennisce (Sanderi): The Australian form of C. indivisa,
evergreen, the long shoots crowded with axillary panicles of white
star-like flowers, the red and yellow stamens forming a conspicuous
brush-like cluster in the centre of each star.

C. Wilsonii: A long-stalked, large, white-flowered variety of the
polymorphic C. montana^ flowering in late autumn.

C. Sieboldii (see Plate IX) : A new Clematis with neatly formed
white perianth of six segments, showing off finely a central mass of
purple, linear, modified, barren stamens. Flowers 3^ inches'
diameter.

The cultural requirements of Clematis may be called
quite ordinary. They prefer a loamy soil, light rather
than heavy, and they like lime or chalk mixed with it in
the proportion of a spadeful to a barrowload. They also
enjoy an annual mulch with rotten farmyard manure,
which should be applied in winter. The shoots are self-
supporting, but they require a little arranging at the start.
Where there is plenty of room the less pruning they get
the better ; all that is needed being a kind of combing out
to get rid of brash and prevent overcrowding. This should
be done in early spring before new growth starts. In some
positions, however, a decided pruning may be necessary,
and some varieties in some positions require to be annually
close pruned ; this should be done in spring. The Jack-
manii race is the hardiest and most useful of all because

D

50 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

of its good nature and free summer and autumn flowering
habit. The many forms of it may be used in various ways,
either on pergolas, arches, summer-houses, verandahs,
pillars, house fronts, old trees, or as trailers over rock-
work. Hop-pole treatment is not unsuitable for them ;
they may also supplant Ivy as drapery for old walls,
and ruins.

The general method of propagation for Clematises is
by grafting, done in warmth in early spring or even winter.
The stock used is the fleshy root of C. Vitalba, and the
scion a young shoot, or portion of one, prepared for the
purpose by forcing into early growth the plant of which
stock is required. With proper appliances and just that
skill in cutting and fitting which is got by experience, it
is easy to raise any number of plants of a given variety, or,
at any rate, as many as there are scions available, for the
expert grafter does not anticipate a single failure.

But grafting is not really necessary ; one might go
further and say it is not the best way to propagate Clema-
tises. On this point I will quote here what Professor
Balfour stated in his Problems of Propagation : " The com-
mon belief is that Clematises are difficult to strike, and
propagation by grafting is frequently adopted. They are
really not difficult to strike from cuttings, if the cutting be
made through an internode. Internodal cuttings may be
struck within a fortnight. It is otherwise if nodal cuttings
are used. These callus well — profusely indeed — but refuse
to form roots either from the callus or from the stem above
it. Doubtless this has given rise to the widely spread
belief that it is difficult to strike cuttings of Clematis. An
internodal cutting is a portion of a shoot, the base of which,
instead of being just below the joint or node, is some dis-

PLATE VII.

CLEMATIS ARMANDII

CLEMATIS 51

tance lower down, an inch or so below the node. There
appear to be a number of plants for which the internodal
cutting is preferable to the other. Why there should be
this difference has not been explained." The node is the
point where the leaf axils with their buds occur, and the
internode the stem intervening between two nodes.

As to the cultivation of Clematis and the up-to-date
sorts worth growing, Messrs. Jackman & Son, Woking, who
specialise in these plants, say the best time to plant is October
and November, or in the spring. They recommend for
each plant the digging of a hole 2 feet deep and square,
and loosening the bottom before putting in prepared soil.
The hole should first be partly filled in, the plant being
then carefully taken out of the pot and the crocks removed,
setting the ball in the middle and filling up with more soil,
pressing it firmly, so that when finished the ball of roots
shall be from i-J to 2 inches below the surface of the
ground ; finally, the soil should be booted firm round the
plant. Being rampant growers, Clematis prefer a moist
soil, though thorough drainage is indispensable to good
healthy development ; and the vigour of the plant must be
kept up by annual manurings with horse or cow manure.
On dry, hot soils cow manure would probably be preferable,
whilst on heavy soils a thorough dressing of good leaf-
mould would be beneficial. Mulching with half-rotten
dung is another mode of manuring ; the operation should
be performed annually on the approach of winter, its effect
being to increase the strength of the plant and the size of
the flowers.

Pruning is one of the important points of good manage-
ment. The pruning of the varieties belonging to the
Calycina, Anemoniflorce, Azures ^ Florida, and Lanuginosa

52 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

types should take place in the months of February or
March, and consist in removing the weak, straggling, or
overcrowded branches. Some sorts flower from the old
or ripened wood ; therefore, to secure blossoms, the strong,
one-year-old wood should be trained in, as far as it
has become thoroughly ripened, beyond which it may be
cut away, the retained parts being so disposed as to fill
up vacant spaces. The varieties of the Viticellce and
Jackmanii types being summer and autumn bloomers,
flowering on the young or summer shoots, the aim in
pruning should be to favour the development of vigorous
young shoots, by cutting back the summer growth each
season, say in November. The ground should then be
mulched, as advised above. The varieties of the Viornce
section should have the shoots cut off to where they have
died down.

The following list is from Messrs. Jackman's catalogue :

CALYCIN^E

Evergreen climbing winter bloomers, with small flowers borne
in January and February on the old or ripened wood.

C. calydna (balearicd) : Creamy- white, dotted on inside with
purple spots.

C. cirrhosa : White, evergreen, winter-flowering.

ANEMONIFLOR^E

Spring bloomers. The medium-sized flowers are borne in axillary
clusters on the old and ripened wood in May.

C. montana : White, Wood Anemone-like.

C. montana grandiflora : White.

C. montana rubens : Claret-red, autumn flowering.

PLATE VIII.

CLEMATIS IIENRYI

CLEMATIS 53

AZUIUE

Large-flowered spring bloomers, flowering from the old or ripened
wood in May and June.

Fair Rosamond: Bluish-white, with an indistinct, wine-red bar.
Lady Londesborough : Silver-grey, paler bar.
Miss Bateman : White, chocolate-red anthers.
Miss Crawshay : Solferino-pink.
Mrs. George Jackman : Satiny- white with creamy bar.
Sir Garnet Wolseley : Bluish ground with bar of plum-red.
Stella : Light violet with bar of deep red.
The Queen : Delicate lavender.

FLORIDA

Large-flowered summer bloomers, flowering from the old or
ripened wood. The following all bear double flowers :

Belle of Waking: Silvery-grey. June.

Countess of Lovelace : Bluish-lilac, rosette-shaped. June, July.

Duchess of Edinburgh : The best of the double whites, deliciously
scented. June, July.

Lucie Lemoine: White, rosette-shaped, pale yellow anthers.
June, July.

LANUGINOS^E

Large-flowered summer and autumn bloomers, flowering succes-
sionally on short, lateral summer shoots from July to October.

Alba Magna : Pure white, remarkably broad sepals.
Beauty of Worcester : Bluish-violet, with prominent white
stamens, produces single and double blooms.
Bella Nantoise : Delicate lavender.
Blue Gem : Pale cerulean- blue.
Fairy Queen : Pale flesh, with pink bar.
Gloire de St. Julien : White, with yellow stamens, very large.

54 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

Grand Duchess : Bluish-white.
'Henryi (see Plate VIII) : Large, finely formed, creamy-white.

Imperatrice Eugenie : Large pure white.

Jeanne D'Arc: Greyish- white.

King Edward VII : Violet-purple with bars of crimson.

Lady Caroline Neville : French-white, mauve bars.

La France: Deep violet-purple.

Lanuginosa Candida : Greyish-white.

Lawsoniana : Rosy-purple with darker veins.

Lord Neville : Dark plum colour.

Madame Van Houtte : White, suffused with mauve.

Marcel Moser : Mauve- violet with red bar.

Marie Boisselot : Pure white.

Mrs. Hope: Satiny-mauve, bar darker.

Nelly Moser (see Plate VI) : Light mauve with bright red bar,
large.

Otto Froebel: Greyish- white, very large.

Princess of Wales : Deep bluish-mauve with a satiny surface.

Purpurea elegans : Deep violet-purple.

Queen Alexandra : Pale lavender with lilac-purple base, silvery-
white down the centre.

Robert Hanbury : Bluish-lilac edged with red.

Sensation : Rich satiny-mauve.

William Kennett: Deep lavender.

VITICELLjE

Large-flowered summer and autumn bloomers, flowering con-
tinuously in profuse masses on summer shoots.

Ascotensis: Azure-blue, large.

Kermesina: Bright red.

Madame Grange : Crimson-violet with red bar.

Ville de Lyon : Carmine-red, a deeper shade round the edges.

Vitictlla alba : Greyish-white.

„ „ tuxurians: White, very free.

PLATE IX.

CLEMATIS SIEBOLDII

CLEMATIS 55

JACKMANII

Mostly large-flowered, flowering successionally in profuse, con-
tinuous masses on summer shoots from July to October.

Alexandra : Pale reddish-violet.
Comtesse de Bouchaud: Satiny-rose.
Gipsy Queen : Dark velvety-purple.
Guiding Star : Purplish, shaded crimson.
Jackmanii : Violet-purple, very floriferous.

„ alba: White.

„ rubra : A red-purple variety of the same habit and

as floriferous as its parent.

„ superba : Dark violet-purple.

Madame Edouard Andre : Bright velvety-red, free.
Magnifica : Purple with red bars.
Mrs . Cholmondeley : Light blue.
Prince of Wales : Deep pucy-purple.
Rubella : Rich claret-purple.
Snow White Jackmanni : Free-flowering white.
Star of India : Reddish-plum with red bars.
The President : Deep violet, reddish towards the centre.
Thomas Moore : Rich purple-violet.
Tunbridgensis : Bluish-mauve.
Velutina purpurea : Blackish-mulberry.

PANICULATE

Small-flowered, blooming profusely on summer shoots from July
to October.

Buchaniana : Pale yellow, sweet-scented.
Flammula: White, sweet-scented.

„ rosea purpurea : Rosy-purple, sweet-scented.

Graveolens : Yellow.
Paniculata: White.
Vitalba: White, " Traveller's Joy."

56 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

VIORN>£

Climbing, sub-shrubby, flowering successionally on summer
shoots from July to September.

Cocdnea: Scarlet.

Crispa: Pinkish-white, sweet-scented.

CHAPTER X
IVIES

THESE exceedingly useful plants have already been praised
in this volume. Forty years ago, before gardening books
were anything like so plentiful as now, they formed the sub-
ject of a charming monograph by Shirley Hibberd. If there
is one leaf thoroughly well known to every British man,
woman, and child, it must be the leaf of the Ivy, for it thrives
in the most unpromising corners of the smokiest towns, and
there are also abundant opportunities for seeing it growing
wild in the country. It is one of the most universally
popular of all plants, a circumstance which is no doubt
somewhat assisted by the meaning attached to Ivy in the
so-called language of flowers : it stands for friendship, and
has the mottoes, " I cling to thee," and " I die where I am
attached." Ivy is the badge of the Clan Gordon.

Seeing that Ivy was associated with both Christian and
Pagan festivals, it is not remarkable that it should have
been adopted as a tavern sign, being, no doubt, derived
from the very ancient sign of " The Bush," which was intro-
duced to this country by the Romans, and which is the
explanation of the proverb, " Good wine needs no bush."

PLATE X. SOLAXUM JASMIXOIDES GROWING OVER PATHWAY

IVIES 57

Although Ivy is so generally beloved it has been re-
peatedly assailed by a few people on two grounds. Re-
garding the first, that its presence on trees is injurious to
them, this cannot be gainsaid. It has a strangling effect
and checks the circulation of sap. In course of time Ivy will
kill the strongest tree. But the idea that the plant is a
parasite capable of obtaining nourishment from a living
host is erroneous.

The second objection to Ivy concerns its presence
on buildings. Those keenly alive to architectural beauties
assert that a cloak of vulgar Ivy in many cases conceals
the builder's greatest triumphs ; and many people believe
that it renders buildings damp. As regards covering what
is beautiful it is obvious that some discrimination should
be exercised, but it cannot be denied that very often,
in masking the ugly, Ivy is a public benefactor. A wall
originally damp becomes drier when Ivy-clothed, for the
leaves shoot off the rain, and the stem-roots suck the
moisture from the fabric to feed the plant.

Few plants are as variable as Hedera Helix. But it is
only within the last half century that much advantage has
been taken of this peculiarity. As the result of Ivy hunting
in the woods, purchases from gardens, and cross-breeding,
Mr. Hibberd obtained more than two hundred varieties,
many of them with the most diverse characteristics. Fifty
of the best were named and put into commerce, and
others have since been added. The Kew Hand-list of Trees
and Shrubs contains ninety-three varieties, all represented
in the cultivated collection, and the best nurserymen offer
ample selections.

One of the museums at Kew forms an object-lesson in
being charmingly clothed with a wealth of the best and

58 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

most distinct varieties. The main collection of Ivies at
the National Garden will be found growing over the up-
turned butts of trees. MKew, also, it can be seen to
what great advantage Ivymay be used to cover the bare,
shaded ground beneath trees, while prominent among the
various ways in which this ubiquitous, general utility plant
is made effective use of are its being made to grow over
posts about eight feet high, which stand at intervals in
beds occupied by low-growing shrubs, and to cover balus-
trades and what would otherwise be an unsightly barrier
of hanging chains. The grafted, so-called tree Ivies have
their distinct uses.

It may be repeated that Ivy is unequalled for covering
bare places under trees. Ivy on walls is much improved
in appearance by being clipped once a year. It is not so
harmful to buildings as some people suppose, but, although
picturesque, a covering of Ivy is very bad for trees. Algeri-
ensis variegata, atropurpurea, aurea elegantissima, digitata,
flavescens, Maderiensis variegata, marginata media, palmata
aurea} rhombea, and triloba are some of the best of the
climbing varieties. Cuttings root very easily out of doors.

CHAPTER XI

VINES

THE term vine belongs properly to Vitis vinifera, the Grape
Vine, the wine-bearer, but in the United States it has come
to be used for any trailing, climbing, or running stem.
The same loose application of terms is to be observed in
the use of Rose, Lily, and Apple. The Americans are given

VINES 59

to this sort of thing ; they call Ampelopsis Boston Ivy,
Cobcea scandens is their Cup and Saucer Vine, and Cissus
discolor they have named the Climbing Begonia, as if there
were not true Begonias that are climbers ! In this country,
when we speak of Vines we mean Grape Vines, although
there is a tendency to describe as Vines all the species
of Vitis, which is as illogical as it would be to call all
Pyruses pears, or all Prunuses plums.

The Vine is a king among climbing plants. Where it
grows wild it clings to tall trees, covering them with a
luxuriant canopy of handsome foliage and fruiting abun-
dantly. Man has tamed it and made it contribute both
food and drink. How he has succeeded, everybody knows.
Here we are to consider the Vine only as an ornamental
climber, in which aspect it is still a king. Gardeners appear
to overlook its claims, except as a producer of grapes. If
only they would plant it where it could have full liberty
of growth, against buildings, arches, arbours, pergolas,
verandahs, trees, or to run along the top of an old
wall, the charm of its stems and leaves would perhaps
enlighten them. In autumn the colours of the leaves equal
those of any oak, thorn, or maple, whilst at all times their
form is delightful, to the artistic eye at any rate.

There is a variety, called purpurea, which has leaves
of port-wine colour, especially in autumn, and another,
called lacmtosa, with elegantly slashed leaves. But one
need not trouble about varieties, except perhaps for ex-
posed positions, where Royal Muscadine, or Chasselas
Vibert, or Grove End Sweetwater would most likely do best,
and with good fortune these would probably bear bunches
of palatable fruit. Indeed, the varieties of the Grape Vine
are very numerous. It is said that the French Government

60 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

once made a collection of them, and they got together
in a nursery at Luxembourg 1400 varieties, and this did
not exhaust the number !

As Barron says, the Vine will grow in any good garden
soil, provided it is well drained, and the position is light
and airy. It is perfectly hardy so far as growth is con-
cerned, our climate being deficient only where the pro-
duction of good fruit every year is the object ; then glass-
house protection is needed.

There are other species of Vitis which have the habit
of growth and the large, handsome foliage of V. vinifera ;
moreover, they are as hardy and as easy to manage as
that plant is. Altogether some thirty species are of this
character, every one good growers and effective in the
garden. Some are North Americans ; for example, V.
Labrusca.) the Fox Grape, V. vulpina, which, from its name,
should be the Wolf Grape, V. cordifolia, V. cestivalis and
V. californica, the last named a first-class plant in this
country. Of Asiatic species the best, in addition to the
Grape Vine, are V. Thunbergii, V. Romanetii, V. Davidii
(Spinovitis), and V. Coignetia. The Hop-leaved V. hetero-
phylla is not a strong grower, but it has elegant foliage,
and there is a variety of it with variegated leaves. The
great delight of the Hop-leaved Vine is its turquoise-blue
berries, shining like porcelain, really more like a work
of art than the unaided effort of a climber on the wall.
They are rather small and in clusters. The plant only
thrives in a sunny, sheltered position.

The newer species from China have not yet fully shown
what they can do here, though so far they promise very
well. Messrs. Veitch, with the assistance of Wilson, im-
ported quite a number of them, which they have exhibited

PLATE XII.

VITIS ARMATA VEITCHII

GOURDS 61

periodically at flower shows. The best appear to be V.
megaphylldy with large bip innate leaves, quite unlike the
ordinary run of Vines ; F. Thomsonii, which has digitate
leaves of a purple colour ; and F. armata, with prickly
stems. Other named Chinese species of Veitchian intro-
duction are V. Delavayi^ V. flexuosay V. obtecta> V. serjana-
folia and F. armata Veitchii (see Plate XII).

We owe to China a better knowledge of F. Thunbergii,
formerly confused with the American F. Labrusca. Its
foliage at the close of summer assumes rich colours — crim-
son, green, and yellow ; and in the warmer parts of the
British Islands it is quite happy in the open air. In the
garden of Canon Ellacombe, Bitton, for example, it is a
striking object. At the same time it is not equal to F.
Coignetice, also Chinese, which in the nursery of Mr. A.
Waterer, Woking, is magnificent in autumn, when the
leaves are at their best. One has only to see it to realise
the value of the big-leaved species of Vitis as garden plants.

CHAPTER XII
ORNAMENTAL GOURDS

" THERE be divers gourds, some wild, others tame, for the
garden, some bearing fruit like unto a bottle ; others longer
and bigger at the end, keeping no certain fashion." Thus
Gerard, in his Herbal, modestly describes the family of the
Melon, Cucumber, Pumpkin, Loofah, Colocynth, Squash,
Calabash, and Choco. Economically considered, the Gourd
family is of great value to man as supplying food, medicine,
ornament, musical instruments, and domestic utensils.

62 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

Here we need only consider those members of it which
have a value as decorative garden plants.

Tropical Gourds are always well represented in one of the
stoves at Kew. They are trained to wires under the roof,
where they get plenty of sunshine ; and being planted in a
border of rich soil, pretty much as Cucumbers and Melons
are, they grow and fruit freely. Formerly they were grown
in the Palm House, their stems being trained to upright
rods reaching from floor to roof. Most of the species cul-
tivated are raised annually from seeds sown in February,
the young plants being grown in pots until they are half
a yard or so high and are strong enough to be planted in
the border. This is about 18 inches wide and deep, and
is formed of turf and good loam and manure on a slate
shelf about a yard above the floor. It will be seen from
these particulars that the treatment is essentially that prac-
tised by the market grower for Cucumbers. That it is
successful will be admitted by anyone who has seen the
plants in fruit at Kew in autumn. They include species of
the following genera : Benincasa, Citrullus, Cucumis, Cucur-
bita, Gurania, Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica, Sechium, Tel-
fairia, and Trichosanthes.

Sixty years ago Sir William Hooker wrote : " One of the
tropical stoves at Kew has been rendered attractive for
some years past by the introduction of various cucurbita-
ceous plants trained against the roof. It is a family of
plants that has been too much neglected, for they present
no small degree of beauty in their flowers, and their fruits
are remarkable in their size, or form, or colour, and often
their utility." These words are just as true to-day as they
were sixty years ago. How many gardeners who have to
furnish large conservatories ever think of including cucur-

GOURDS 63

bitaceous plants among the climbers ? Yet there are few
more effective objects than a Snake Gourd when in fruit,
or a Jove's Club, or a Bottle Gourd, or a Hedgehog Gourd.
When Momordica mixta first fruited in the Water Lily House
some twenty years ago it created quite a sensation. The male
plant (some of the species are dioecious) had been grown
at Kew many years before a female was obtained. Both
sexes bear large, handsome, star-shaped flowers, creamy-
white with an eye-like blotch of purple ; but the glory of
this Gourd is its fruit, which is larger than an ostrich egg,
and, when ripe, a glowing crimson. Another pretty species
of the same genus is M. involucrata, which has thin stems,
Ampelopsis-like leaves, bell-shaped flowers, and ovate fruits
2 inches long, coloured scarlet. M. Charantia and M. muri-
cata have equally attractive fruit, and when they split open
they reveal rows of large seeds of purple colour. Surely
the Snake Gourds (Trichosanthes), with their white, deep-
fringed flowers, are worth a place among pretty flowered
plants ; moreover, when their long, writhing, brightly
coloured fruits are ripe, they are as fantastic as they are
decorative.

The great variety of form in the fruits of the Gourd
family is indicated by their popular names, such as Apple,
Orange, Pear, Gooseberry, Bottle, Custard, Club, Snake,
Turban, &c. Nathaniel Hawthorne has said that if ever
Providence made him wealthy, he would have a service of
plate or porcelain wrought in the shape of Gourds of his
own growing.

A considerable number of Gourds may be cultivated
out of doors in this country. Being all sun lovers, they
must be allowed all the direct sunlight possible. This can
be best managed by training them on rough poles or on

64 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

arches, arbours, or pergolas. A pergola devoted entirely
to Gourds could easily be made a striking feature in
summer. The plants require to be grown on in warmth,
raising them from seeds sown in spring, and as they will
not stand frost, they must not be set outside before the
first week in June. Lateral shoots must be stopped and
the flowers fertilised to ensure a set of fruits. The soil
for them should be light and rich, say a mixture of loam,
three parts, and well rotted stable manure, one part. They
must be kept fairly moist at the root, watering in dry
weather being necessary. A mulch with light manure is
helpful to growth and fruitfulness, and it does most good
if applied about mid-August. In dry, hot weather the
plants are all the better for a sousing overhead with water
in the evening.

There is a very good list of showy fruited Gourds, with
figures of many of them, in Robinson's Vegetable Garden,
an English edition of Les Plantes Potag&res, by Messrs.
Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., which, by the way, is a most
comprehensive and trustworthy work on garden vegetables
of all kinds. There they are described under the headings
of Cucumbers, Gourds, Pumpkins, Melons, and Fancy
Gourds. The seeds are cheap, and whilst it has to be
remembered that the plants of this family intercross
readily, thus rendering purity of race somewhat precarious,
the seeds supplied by respectable dealers are fairly true
to name.

PLATE XIII
IPOMOEA RUBRO-CCERULEA

E

AROIDS 67

CHAPTER XIII
AROIDS

A NUMBER of species of tropical Aroids are climbers.
They form long, rope-like stems which attach themselves
to the trunks of trees by means of aerial roots after the
manner of Ivy. Some of them are like Ivy, too, in being
dimorphic, the strictly climbing stems having comparatively
small leaves and clinging quite close to their support, as
Ivy does, whilst the later, mature stage of the plant is
characterised by large leaves and a less clinging habit.
Some of the Philodendrons develop stems a hundred yards
long ; they climb to the tops of the highest trees and then,
liana-like, extend from tree to tree, their long, string-like,
aerial roots often reaching the ground, where they take
firm root, and become quite taut. In large tropical houses
these climbing Aroids may be turned to excellent account
for covering walls or clothing pillars with striking vegeta-
tion. Their value for these purposes is displayed in the
Aroid House (No. i) and the Palm House at Kew. Here
the genera Anthurium, Philodendron, Epipremnum, Mon-
stera, Rhaphidophora, Scindapsus, and Pothos are repre-
sented by many species, and some of them are as remark-
able for their large, handsome, often fragrant flowers as
for their magnificent foliage.

These Aroids all enjoy a warm, moist atmosphere and
plenty of moisture in the soil, and they are as easy to pro-
pagate from stem cuttings as Ivy is. Once started at the
foot of a wall, pillar, or Palm trunk they do all the rest

68 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

themselves, clinging, climbing, and developing their leaves,
and later producing their flowers annually with no assist-
ance from the gardener except in summer a daily drench-
ing with water, which they like, and in most cases, an
annual pruning to keep them within bounds. A selection
of species of the different genera mentioned should include
the following : Anthurium Andreanum, Epipremnum mira-
bile, E. giganteum, Monstera deliciosa, M. dilacerata, M.
obliqua, M. tenuis (Marcgravta paradoxa), Philodendron
Andreanum^ P. Corsianum, P. Carderi, P. crinitum, P. eru-
bescens, P. gloriosum, P. laciniosum, P. nobile, P. Mantei,
P. ornatum, P. Selloum, P. verrucosum, Pothos argenteus,
P. celatocauliS) P. scandens, Rhaphidophora decursiva, R. land-
folia, R. pertusa, Scindapsus hederaceus, S. perakensis, S.
pictus, S. pteropodus.

One of the plants included in this list deserves more
than mere mention, and that is Monstera deliciosa. It has
stout clinging stems as thick as a man's wrist, and its roots
encircle the trunk of a tree like strong twine. Its leaves
are nearly a yard wide, heart-shaped, the margins some-
times deeply slashed (laciniated), the blade pierced with
large perforations between the principal veins. This
character alone distinguishes the plant from all others.
From the axils of the stout, sheathing leaf-stalks enormous
arm-like flowers are developed ; they consist of a boat-
shaped, fleshy, yellow spathe, inside which is a thick cylin-
drical spadix, composed of a large number of fleshy white
pistils, arranged spirally, with the short, thick anthers
between. This spadix enlarges and finally becomes an
elongated cone, about a pound in weight, green, not unlike
a pine-apple, and when ripe it is as juicy, fragrant, and
delicious in flavour as any pine-apple. The "pips" separate

AROIDS 69

readily. Writing about this tropical Aroid fifty years ago
Dr. Lindley said : " Viewed as a fruit-bearing plant its
interest is exceptional ; for although it is some years grow-
ing to a flowering age and the fruit takes twelve months to
ripen, yet as supplying a novel article of dessert of the
richest and most recherchi character, it might be usefully
cultivated for its produce in those establishments where a
variety of fruits is prized and where space can be afforded."
The plants at Kew fruit annually, and when at their best
their fragrance permeates the whole house.

Another remarkable species of Monstera, introduced
from Nicaragua in 1870, was for many years cultivated
under the name of Marcgravia paradoxa. In its juvenile
or clinging form this plant has leaves of the size and shape
of average oyster shells, which, together with the stem,
are pressed flat against a tree trunk, up which it climbs
for 12 or 15 feet, when it changes in habit and the
leaves become nearly a yard long and wide, deeply pin-
nate as in some big Polypodium, and no more like the
juvenile leaves than a penny is like a peacock's feather.
Another plant, known in some gardens as Pothos aurea,
and having when young short-stalked, roundish, ovate
leaves 6 inches long and coloured green and yellow,
grew up at Kew into a big, pinnate-leaved Rhaphi-
dophora.

Marcgravia proper is a genus which may be briefly
described here. The species are epiphytic climbers, dimor-
phic, as the Ivy is, the juvenile leaves being small and
pressed flat against the host plant, whilst those on mature
shoots are thick and fleshy, and these shoots do not
attempt to cling. The flowers are known to be handsome,
but although I have known several species in cultivation,

70 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

for many years not one has ever been induced to flower.
The common species is M. umbellata, a native of Tropical
America. It is a good plant to serve the purpose of Ivy
under tropical conditions.

CHAPTER XIV
CLIMBING ORCHIDS

IT is remarkable that in an order of such magnitude as
Orchidaceae, with a very wide distribution and so rich in
species of epiphytic habit, there are very few species that
are climbers. Orchids have small, light seeds, which are
easily carried considerable distances by the wind and other
agencies, and they are thus naturally placed in suitable
positions for growth. Their clinging roots enable them to
fasten themselves firmly to the branches of trees, and as they
can obtain all the nourishment they require from the humus
collected in the fissures of the bark, or the dead cortical
layer of the bark itself and that provided by the atmosphere,
few have any occasion to climb. They are not quite so
dependent as, say, the Mistletoe, but they have very little
chance of prospering unless they can fasten on to the backs
of other stronger plants. A number of them so develop
fairly long stems, and so far as they go they behave like
climbers ; but their extended growth is in search of fresh
root-hold and not a struggle for a place in the sun. There
are, however, several genera which have a claim to a place
in a treatise on climbing plants, namely, Renanthera,
Vanda, and Vanilla.

RENANTHERA AND VANDA 71

RENANTHERA

This Eastern genus of about half-a-dozen species, all
with an elongated stem, is best known in gardens by R.
coccinea, which has stems sometimes 20 feet long. It clings
by means of stem roots, and when it is happy it produces
a magnificent panicle of butterfly-like scarlet flowers. It
can only be grown successfully in a large house. I have
seen it in great glory in the large conservatory at Chats-
worth, where it had grown to the top of a birch-tree trunk
about 20 feet high, which was well furnished with the
stems and roots of the Orchid. It is grown in the same
way in the Mexican House at Kew, where it flowers now
and then. R. coccinea grows in woods in Cochin China.
It is cultivated in the gardens of China for its gorgeous
flowers, of course. One of the oldest plants in the famous
collection of Orchids formed by the late Sir Trevor Law-
rence was a specimen of R. coccinea, which in 1911 had
been in his possession thirty-three years, and was said to
have been brought to this country from China as long ago
as 1815.

VANDA

This large and varied genus contains two species which
may be called climbers, namely, V. teres and V. Hookeriana.
The former is wild in the woods of Lower Bengal and other
parts of India, where its stems grow to a length of many
feet and attach themselves to trees by means of their stem
roots. In this country we do not allow the stems to grow
to any length — a yard at the most being considered long
enough ; and as the plant will stand beheading like any
Cactus, and is supposed to flower all the better for it, there
does not appear to be any good reason for letting it grow

72 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

longer. However, it is undoubtedly a climbing Orchid, and
one would like to see it grown as such. There is no saying
what stems 20 feet or so long would produce in the way of
flowers.

V. Hookeriana, a native of Malaya, has the habit and
general characters of F. teres ; but the leaves are shorter,
the scape is longer, and the flowers are about half the size
of that species. The colour of V. teres is white or rose,
the lip being yellow or purple ; that of F. Hookeriana is
a delicate yellow and pink, with a purple and white lip.
There are not many old plants of V. Hookeriana in cultiva-
tion in British collections, for it is rather a difficult plant
to keep in health. On the other hand, few Orchids are
easier than F. teres. Both species enjoy sunshine and
plenty of water in the growing season.

VANILLA

Vanilla is a genus of climbers. About fifty species have
been described, but only one of them has any claim to con-
sideration as a garden plant, and that is Vanilla planifolia,
which yields the Vanilla of commerce. A native of Mexico,
it is now widely cultivated in tropical countries. " From
historical accounts we know that Vanilla was used by the
Aztecs of Mexico as an ingredient in the manufacture of
chocolate prior to the discovery of America by the Spaniards,
who adopted its use ; and Morren states that it was brought
to Europe as a perfume about the year 1510, at the same
time as indigo, cochineal, and cacao, and ten years before
the arrival of tobacco " (Kew Bulletin).

The plant is said to have been in cultivation in this
country in 1807, when, according to Andrews, it flowered
in the garden of the Right Hon. Charles Greville at Pad-

ABELIA 73

dington. Professor Charles Morren, Lie"ge, was the first
to produce fruit of it in quantity. He obtained fifty-four
flowers on one plant, which he fertilised artificially, and
every one developed a pod. Morren suggested that Vanilla
might be made to pay as a cultivated crop in this country
if the plants were properly grown and the flowers artifici-
ally fertilised. In recent times Vanilla pods have been
produced in quantity by plants grown at Syon, Kew, and
elsewhere. The plant is worth growing in any stove with
a view to its fruiting, the odour of the " beans " when they
are ripe being particularly agreeable. The rope-like stems
grow to a length of 20 feet or more. They have white
aerial roots, and oblong fleshy leaves about 8 inches long.
The flowers are produced in short racemes from the leaf
axils, and are Cattleya-like ; and 4 inches across, cream
yellow, with a few lines of orange on the lip. The beans
are about 8 inches long. The plant requires moist tropical
conditions. It will cling to a wall by means of its roots,
or it can be trained on wires under a roof. There is a
prettily variegated form of it in cultivation.

CHAPTER XV
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF GENERA

IN the following chapter the genera are taken in alpha-
betical order. The most useful species are selected for
remark in each case in the hope that these will be more
useful to amateurs than printing exhaustive lists. The
cultural advice is based on knowledge obtained and long
experience.

ABELIA

The species of Abelia are showy shrubs of the Honey-
suckle order, which in most parts of the country require

74 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

the protection of walls. Only two species are much
grown. A. chinensis (rupestris\ Rock Abelia, the hardiest,
is of close habit, and its white, pink-tinted, fragrant flowers
appear in late summer. A. floribunda, Mexican Abelia,
bears drooping clusters of long-lasting, rosy-purple flowers,
and is worthy of cultivation under glass. Both are ever-
green. Abelias prefer light soil, and are propagated by
cuttings in summer, or by layers in spring. Among the
rarer species, A. triflora and A. spathulata deserve mention.

ABUTILON

The taller-growing species and garden varieties of
Abutilon, of which there are a large number, some remark-
able for floral beauty and others for ornamental foliage, are
well adapted for growing as greenhouse roof or pillar
plants. A. Darwinii, bright orange flowers with darker
veinings, A. megapotamicumj red and yellow flowers, and
A. venosunij very large orange flowers with red veins, with
their forms and hybrids, rank high among greenhouse
climbers, besides being useful for outdoor summer effect.
They succeed best planted out in loam and peat. Cuttings
of the young wood strike freely in early spring or in Sep-
tember. When growing they should be fed liberally, but
require to be kept almost dry from late autumn until the
end of winter.

ACACIA

Some of the cultivated species of this large genus of
Leguminosae make long, straight shoots, and are well
adapted for training on greenhouse rafters or pillars, where
they are very effective when in flower from Christmas
onwards. They are A. Bailey ana^ A. leprosa, A. retinodes,

PLATE XIV.

YELLOW ABUTILON

AKEBIA 75

and A. Rtceana. These will flourish in a temperature little
above freezing point in winter. They should be pruned
after flowering, and when grown in pots they are all the
better for spending the summer in the open air. Propaga-
tion is effected by seeds, or cuttings of half-ripened wood
with a heel. A few of the species are successful as out-
door plants in exceptionally mild districts.

ACONITUM

One of the Monk's Hoods, Aconitum uncinatum, a North
American hardy perennial, attains as much as 8 feet in
height, with branched stems and large lilac-coloured flowers
in loose racemes. It succeeds well in partial shade, and is
easily propagated by root division, or from seeds sown as
soon as ripe in a cold frame.

ACTINIDIA

Hardy and ornamental deciduous summer-flowering
shrubs, related to Camellia, and mostly natives of China
and Japan. They have axillary corymbs of waxy white or
yellow flowers. They should be planted in rich soil.
A. Kolomikta, which should have the shelter of a wall, has
its leaves beautifully tinted in autumn. A. chinensis, of
strong climbing habit, has edible fruits with the flavour of
ripe gooseberries. A. polygama has fragrant flowers, and
A. volubilis (twining) is very free in growth. Increased by
seeds, layers, or cuttings taken in autumn.

AKEBIA

A. lobata and A. quinata are pretty, strong-growing
shrubs from China and Japan, which are hardy in most

76 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

places. Their purple flowers (male and female), borne in
drooping racemes, are succeeded by curious sausage-like
fruits, violet in colour when ripe. They make good trellis
plants, or may be allowed to ramble over other shrubs.
Sandy loam with peat suits them best, and they can be
increased by cuttings taken in summer, or by division.

ALL AM AN DA (see Plate XV)

Allamandas form scandent, deciduous shrubs ; their
long, free-growing stems are clothed with whorls of large
laurel-like leaves which enable the plants to climb trees.
Their fragrant flowers, usually very large and bell-shaped
with wide-spreading lobes, are borne in axillary racemes,
and in all the species except A. violacea they are yellow.
A cathartica, A. grandiflora, A. nobilis, A. Schottii, with its
vars. Hendersonii and magnified, and A. violacea, are well-
known garden plants. They are all robust growers except
A.grandiflora, which is happiest when grafted on A. Schottii.
They may be trained against pillars or rafters in tropical
houses, or by pruning they may be grown as shrubs
supported by a stake. In winter they require to be kept
dry at the root, and in March the shoots should be cut
back to short spurs. The prunings may be used as cut-
tings, for they strike root freely.

AMPELOPSIS

Fast-growing and ornamental hardy deciduous shrubs,
of very easy cultivation in any soil or situation, and
brilliantly coloured in autumn. Ampelopsis is nearly
allied to Vitis, and is incorporated therein by some

PLATE XV
ALLAMANDA SCHOTTII HENDERSONII

i

I

ARISTOLOCHIA 79

botanists, as well as having been endowed with other
names. The best known are : A. quinquefolia (hederacea),
Virginian Creeper, of which there is a superior variety
called muralis or Englemannii, more capable of clinging to
a bare wall without other support : Veitchii (syn. A. tricus-
pidata, Vitis inconstans, &c.), a native of Japan, with short
branched tendrils provided with suckers, capable of holding
fast to any surface ; not quite so finely coloured in autumn
as A. quinquefolia, but to be preferred to it ; nn&A.bipinnata,
North America, a beautiful plant, less rapid in growth
than the preceding. Propagation is effected by cuttings,
either inserted outdoors under a hand light in September,
or in moderate heat in the spring.

ARAUJIA (Physianthus)

Free growing climbers with hairy, ovate leaves, and
white or pink Stephanotis-like flowers; natives of tropical
and sub-tropical America. The best species are A. grandi-
flora and A. sericifera (albens) (see Plate XVI), both white
flowered, and they can be grown either in the stove or
the greenhouse. They require a compost of sandy v loam
and peat, with good drainage. Propagated by seeds sown
in heat in spring, or by cuttings of the side shoots. Araujia
flowers have the power of entrapping insects, as is shown
in the Plate, kindly lent with others by the editors of the
Gardeners Chronicle.

ARISTOLOCHIA

This is a large, polymorphic genus, chiefly tropical and
most abundant in South America. The stems in many of
the species are twining, and they sometimes grow rapidly to
a great length. The flowers, which are exceptionally large

8o PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

in some species, are very remarkable in form, some, such
as A. gigas, A. gigantea, A. Goldieana, and A. brasiliensis,
being among the most wonderful, both as regards size and
shape. Many have an objectionable odour, but when
grown in a large house this is scarcely perceptible except
at very close quarters. One of the most charming is A.
elegans, the flowers of which are pleasing in form and
prettily marked, and they have no odour. The best garden
sorts are, in addition to those named, A. clypeatay A.
labiosa, and A. leuconeura, the last named having large,
heart-shaped, bright green leaves, with ornate reticulating
yellow variegation. There are several hardy species, the
best of which is A. Sipho, known as Dutchman's Pipe, a
useful climber for covering verandahs, &c. They all like a
rich soil, plenty of moisture when growing, and they love
sunshine. Propagated from cuttings.

ASPARAGUS

A great many species of this widely distributed genus
are twiners, their wiry stems sometimes growing to a
length of 50 feet or more. They have become popular
in gardens in recent years, owing to the introduction
from Africa about thirty years ago of A.plumosus, which
has proved to be a most useful plant to decorators.
Another very serviceable species is A. medioloides, popularly
known as Boston Smilax, also a native of South Africa.
These two are cultivated by market gardeners, who train
the stems up strings and then cut them at the base to
be used in decorations. Other good climbers, suitable for
clothing pillars in warm conservatories, are A. africanus,
A. Duchesnei, A. falcatus, A. laricinus, A. racemosus, A.

PLATE XVI. FLOWER OF ARAUJIA SERICIFERA

Showing mode of capture of Moth.

A, pollen masses ; B, their stalks ; C, proboscis of moth ;
D, head of moth; E, portion of antenna.

BEAUMONTIA 81

retrofractus, A. scandens, and A. umbellatus. The last-
named has somewhat large, star-like flowers. These plants
all have fleshy roots, and they revel in rich soil, plenty of
water, and a sunny position, with as much heat as they can
get. Propagated from seeds or division.

BAUHINIA

A large and widely distributed genus of tropical trees
or climbers, with peculiarly bilobed leaves, circinate
tendrils, and usually large, showy flowers. B. Vaklii, the
" Maloo " of India, often climbs over the tallest forest trees,
and with its rope-like, twining stems sometimes strangles
them. It is a useful climber for a large tropical conser-
vatory, such as the Palm House at Kew. B.ferruginea is
another large-leaved species which is useful in the same
way. Neither of these has been known to flower in this
country. B. corymbosa is a beautiful climber with small
green leaves and flowers in corymbs on the smaller
branches, the red buds and pink open flowers being very
decorative. It is a native of China, as also is B. yunnan-
enszs, a somewhat similar plant. These two are happy in
an ordinary greenhouse.

BEAUMONTIA

Beaumontia is an Indian genus of evergreen climbers
with large, opposite leaves and handsome, white flowers
produced in crowded clusters on the short shoots. B.
grandiflora, the best known, sometimes climbs to the top
of high trees, and under cultivation it will, with a little
management, cover a large pillar or rafter, and flower
most profusely in early spring. The flowers in form and

F

82 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

size suggest Lilium longiflorum; they are fragrant and they
last well. In sub-tropical countries this plant is grown to
cover large buildings, verandahs, and pergolas. B.fragrans,
a recent introduction, has shorter flowers and a different
calyx, otherwise it generally resembles B. grandiflora. The
plants are all the better for an annual pruning on short-
spur lines.

BERBERIDOPSIS

A monotypic genus related to the Barberry. B. cor-
allina, a native of Chili, with spiny-margined leaves, and
termina, drooping racemes of coral-red flowers, may be
grown on a south wall in most parts of this country, and,
in addition, it is worthy of a place in the cool greenhouse.
It is propagated from seeds, sown in spring, by layering in
autumn, or by cuttings of new wood.

BIGNONIA

A large genus of handsome American, free-growing,
usually scandent shrubs, some of which have tendrils. B.
capreolata, the Cross Vine of the Southern United States,
is the hardiest, and may be grown on a south wall. It has
orange-brown tubular flowers produced in summer, and
slender shoots, as much as 20 feet in length. Those that
are grown under glass are only suitable for large houses ;
they should be planted out, and trained up the back wall of
a lean-to structure, or on trellis wires near the glass.
Thinning the shoots so as to assist ripening of the wood
is essential to a good display of flowers. B. Chamberlaymi,
B. magnificat, B. regalis, B. speciqsa, and B. venusta are
favourites for stove cultivation. A compost of two parts
fibrous loam, one of rough peat, and one of leaf mould,

PLATE XVII. BOMAREA TATACOCENSIS

Colour of flowers Carmine

BOUGAINVILLEA 83

and sand, is required, with good drainage. Propagation is
effected by cuttings in .spring, or by layering.

BOMAREA

A genus of twining Alstroemerias, the stems in some of
the species growing to a length of 20 feet or more. They
resemble lilies in not developing lateral shoots, so that if a
growing stem is topped it is incapable of further growth.
The leaves are peculiar in being twisted on their petiole,
so that they are really upside down. The flowers are
produced in terminal umbels, and in some species these
umbels are several feet across. They are exactly like the
flowers of Alstrcemerias in form, and in colour they are
invariably bright and attractive. They all grow best in a
sunny, airy greenhouse, preferring a peaty soil and plenty
of water in summer. Their stems will twine round a pillar
with pretty effect, and when they are in flower they are most
decorative. The species in cultivation are B. Caldasiana,
B. Carderij B. multiflora> B. oligantha^ B. patacocensis (con-
ferta) (see Plate XVII), and B. Salsilla (oculata). Propagated
by division or from seeds.

BOUGAINVILLEA (see Plate XVIII)

The Bougainvilleas are scandent shrubs which, like
some Roses, are dependent on their straggling habit of
growth and stout spines for success in climbing. Like
Roses, too, they may be grown, with a little management,
to be self-supporting bushes. They are very popular
garden plants in tropical countries, where they often form
stout, woody stems and cover a large amount of space
with their interlacing branches. They endure severe

84 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

pruning; indeed, they are all the better for an annual
spurring, particularly when they are grown up pillars or
against a wall in a conservatory. The hottest house is
not too hot for them, yet they can be successfully grown
in an ordinary greenhouse if only they are allowed plenty
of summer sunshine. Broadly speaking, the only species
is B. glabra, but it has sported freely, the most distinct
varieties being spectabilis, Sanderiana, Cypheri, latemtia,
and Maud Chettleburg. The last-named has salmon-red
flowers ; but it is not so floriferous as the others, the best
being Sanderiana.

BOUSSINGAULTIA

Half-hardy, tuberous-rooted plants. B. baselloides, the
only well-known cultivated species, has alternate, entire,
fleshy leaves, and long clusters of small, fragrant, whitish
flowers ; the rapid growing, red-tinged, twining stems pro-
duce tubercules, which are an easy means of increase.
Generally grown as a climber or trailer in a warm house,
to flower in autumn ; sometimes also as a basket plant. A
rich sandy compost and a sunny position suit it.

C^ESALPINIA

An ornamental genus of Leguminosae, most of the
species being tropical and held in little favour in this
country because they are large-growing and take a long
time to grow to the flowering stage. C.japonica (sepiaria),
a wall-plant of spreading habit, has spiny branches, bipin-
nate leaves, and golden flowers with reddish anthers, pro-
duced in large, terminal racemes. C. Gilliesii is a beautiful

PLATE XVIII
BOUGAINVILLEA SANDERIANA

CASSIA 87

semi-hardy species not often met with. One of the finest
is C. (Poinciana) pulcherrima, the Barbadoes Fence-Flower,
a great favourite in the tropics, but not much grown by
English gardeners. They are not easy to propagate, but
cuttings placed under a bell-glass in heat are likely to
succeed.

CALYSTEGIA

Bearbind. Hardy herbs, nearly related to Convolvulus.
They are of easy cultivation, and should be trained up wires
against a wall or provided with pea sticks. Propagation
by means of the underground runners or by seeds. The
best are C. hederacea, v&r.florepleno, which has pink flowers ;
C. sylvatica, white flowers, and its rose-coloured variety.

CANTUA

Scandent South American shrubs, usually trained against
walls or pillars in the greenhouse ; although C. buxifolia
(dependent), which has tubular, red flowers, produced in
drooping clusters at the ends of the branches, may be
planted out in sheltered positions in the mildest districts.
C. bicolor has short-tubed scarlet and yellow flowers. The
plants are of fairly easy culture, and are propagated by
cuttings inserted in sandy soil under a hand-glass.

CASSIA

An extensive genus of yellow-flowered leguminous
shrubs and herbs, few members of which are in cultivation
in gardens. The best-known species, C. corymbosa from
Tropical South America, forms a large bush, with dark

88 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

green, pinnate leaves and flowers in large corymbs, and
may be treated as a greenhouse climber. It is propagated
by cuttings of half-ripened wood, inserted in heat during
spring, and is of easy cultivation.

CELASTRUS

Staff-tree. Climbing evergreen or deciduous shrubs.
The free-growing C. scandens is excellent for covering
bowers or trellis work. It has terminal racemes of yellowish
flowers, succeeded by ornamental yellow fruits. C. articu-
latus is equally valuable. They thrive in ordinary soil, and
are best increased by layering the young growths in autumn.
There are also greenhouse and stove species, which are
propagated from cuttings of ripened wood ; but these are
little cukivated.

CEREUS

The climbing species of Cereus are all night flowering.
They cling by means of aerial roots, and where the con-
ditions are favourable the stems grow many feet in
length. They are happiest when trained against a wall in
a lean-to house, but they do well enough when fixed about
a pillar or along a rafter in a warm house. Of course they
must be in a position where they will get plenty of direct
sunlight. They root freely in an open loamy soil, in which
brick rubble has been mixed. The best known are C.
fulgiduSj C. grandiflorus, C, Lemairii, C. Macdonaldia, C.
Napoleonisy C. nycticalus, and C. triangularis.

CEROPEGIA

A widely-distributed genus in the tropics. All the species
are perennial, with a tuberous rootstock, twining stems, and

PLATE XIX.

CESTRUM ELEGANS

CISSUS 89

dull-coloured flowers of singular form. They are not
common in gardens, their flowers appealing only to those
who find interest in queer things. There is a good collec-
tion of them at Kew, where they are grown on rafters or on
trellises. The showiest are C. elegans, C. Monteiroce, C.
Sandersonii, C. Thwaitesii, and C. stapeliceformis. They like
a moist, warm house and partial shade.

CESTRUM (see Plate XIX)

Ornamental stove, greenhouse, and half-hardy shrubs,
some of which are known as Habrothamnus. The favourite
greenhouse species are C. elegans (see Plate XIX), which has
downy branches and leaves, and red-purple flowers, freely
produced in large terminal cymes ; C. Newellii, much like
C. elegans y but with scarlet flowers ; and C. aurantiacum,
with glabrous leaves and golden flowers in terminal
panicles, produced in winter. Of easy culture, they
should be spurred hard back after flowering. They are
excellent for planting in greenhouses, to cover walls or
pillars, and they repay generous treatment. They are pro-
pagated from cuttings taken in summer.

CISSUS

This genus is characterised by cymes or corymbs of
small, greenish, yellow, or purplish flowers, and simple
trifoliate or palmate leaves. Some authorities have sunk
it in Vitis ; but it is certainly better for gardeners to con-
sider it distinct. The foliage of C. discolor, a native of Java,
is a bright, velvety green, beautifully mottled with white,
the under side deep reddish-purple, and the stems coral
red. With generous treatment it is one of the best stove

90 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

climbers having ornamental foliage, and may be grown
either in large pots or planted out. The size and colour
of the foliage is much improved by bottom heat. C. ama-
zonica has attractive reddish leaves, veined with silver. C.
antarctica, the Kangaroo Vine, introduced from New South
Wales by Sir Joseph Banks in 1790, has plain green foliage,
and is nearly hardy. C. Lindenii, a native of Columbia,
and C. Martinii, Cochin China, which attains large dimen-
sions, are other notable species. The king of the genus
is certainly C. pterophora (gongylodes), Brazil, whose great
size, handsome appearance, and singular habits are well
known to visitors to the Water Lily House at Kew. The
long green and red, bell-rope-like, leafy branches are
trained from girder to girder, and send down whipcord-
like, red roots, reaching to the water. Also, after its season
of growth, each dependent branch bears at its extremity an
elongated tuber ; finally these drop off, and take root if
circumstances are favourable. The tendrils are also very
curious, exhibiting three modes of attachment — by clasp-
ing, by the discs, and by the adhesive tissue. Propagation
by cuttings.

CLEMATIS

Chapter IX, p. 45, is devoted to this genus.

CLERODENDRON

Some of the tropical species of this extensive genus are
climbers, C. Thomsons (Balfouri), which has deep red
flowers with pure white calyces, abundantly produced and
long lasting, being the most popular. C. splendens is of
similar habit, with rich crimson flowers, while those of

CLIANTHUS 91

C. speciosum, a hybrid between the two, are deep rose
coloured, C. scandens being white flowered. These may
be planted out or grown in pots, and liberally treated in
a tropical temperature, with a rest in winter, when they
require little or no water. Plunging the pots in bottom
heat for a time when restarting growth in January or
February is good for them. The climbing species are
propagated by cuttings of ripened wood taken when the
plants are pruned after flowering.

CLIANTHUS

An Australasian genus whose two species are distin-
guished as being among the most brilliantly flowered of
the leguminous order. They are plants which most gar-
deners cultivate, but whilst one species gives no trouble
the other is difficult, and many have given it up in despair.
The difficult one is C. Dampieri, the Glory Pea, raised
from seeds, has herbaceous stems, silky leaves, and
bright red flowers with large purple blotches. It is
propagated by grafting quite young seedlings on young
plants of the Bladder Senna (Colutea). C. puniceus, the
Parrot's Bill, has long, scandent shoots, green leaves,
and elegant pendant racemes of scarlet flowers. It is
a good pillar plant, whereas C. Dampieri appears to
best advantage either against a south wall or as a trailer
from suspended baskets. C. magnificus is a strong-growing
variety of puniceus (see Plate XI). Clianthuses are.generally
grown under glass, but they may be seen growing out of
doors as wall plants in the south-west. A good compost of
loam, peat, and sand is required.

92 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

CLITORIA

Tropical evergreen leguminous climbers with axillary,
pea-like flowers. There are about thirty species, wide-
spread over the tropics, but few of them are in cultivation.
Of these C. Ternatea is the best known, its flowers azure-
blue with a fringed ring of white. Introduced to England
as long ago as 1739, it is still a favourite in tropical col-
lections. Clitorias are best grown from seeds, in a com-
post of peat, loam, and sand.

COBJEA

Fast-growing, perennial greenhouse climbers which may
be grown either in pots or planted out, or outdoors as an-
nuals. C. scandens, a native of Mexico, has pinnate leaves,
and tubular campanulate flowers, 3 inches long, at first
greenish, but changing to dark purple. The growth is so
rapid that the plant is frequently employed for covering
large trellises and wall areas out of doors and in large
conservatories. The amount of growth a plant is capable
of making in one season is prodigious. The variety varie-
gata has golden variegated leaves ; this is propagated by
cuttings of the young shoots taken in spring. In the
United States C. scandens is popularly known as the Cup
and Saucer Vine. It is largely grown out of doors there.

COMBRETUM

Climbing or erect-growing evergreen shrubs, some of
which are of considerable beauty. The climbers should

DIOSCORjEA 93

be planted out in the stove to mount up pillars, and then
be trained along the rafters. After flowering, the shoots
require to be close pruned and thinned. Propagated by
cuttings of the young side shoots taken off with a heel.
C. purpureum has large, flat racemes of purplish-crimson
flowers ; those of C. grandiflorum are scarlet. There are
said to be yellow and white flowered species.

CONVOLVULUS

Bindweed. Annual or perennial herbs and sub-shrubs,
the majority being twiners. C. arvensis, with white or pink
flowers ; C* septum, the common Bindweed, large white
flowers ; and C. soldanella, which has the merit of thriving
in pure sand, are attractive when in flower, though per-
haps chiefly notable as troublesome native weeds. Other
cultivated species are C. mauritanicus and ۥ tricolor, the
latter an annual. The greenhouse species do best in a
compost of loam, leaf soil, and peat. The closely related
Ipomceas are more showy plants.

DIOSCORJEA

Yam. Ornamental-leaved climbers, including both hardy
and tender species, with large tuberous roots. Their white
or yellow flowers are inconspicuous. In winter the roots
should be stored in dry sand. The most ornamental is
D. multicolor, of which there are varieties with prettily
variegated foliage. Should be planted in a rich, loamy
soil, and be liberally watered whilst growth is active.
Propagated by division.

94 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

DIPLADENIA

Tropical American twiners with tuberous roots and
large, trumpet-shaped, pink, red or purple flowers, freely
produced throughout the summer. The favourite sorts
are : D. amabilis, rich crimson ; D. Brearleyana, rich crim-
son, very free ; D. atropurpurea, crimson-purple with
deep -yellow throat ; D. boliviensis, white suffused with
pink, and D. splendens. Dipladenias look best when their
shoots are trained up pillars or rafters, and they may also be
trained on wire trellises. They require close pruning after
flowering, and to be kept warm and moderately dry during
winter. Plenty of heat and moisture should be provided
to induce vigorous growth in spring, when they should
be replanted in fibrous peat and sand. Propagation by
cuttings of the young shoots in spring.

ECCREMOCARPUS

The popular scarlet-flowered E. 'scaber will survive all
but exceptionately severe winters in most places if its roots
are protected. The leaves terminate in a branched tendril.
It is an excellent plant for walls, trellises, and pillars, as it
grows quickly, and flowers in July or August. The yellow-
flowered E. longiflorus is also worth a place in the garden.
Propagation by seeds sown in March in gentle heat ; flowers
being produced the same year.

ERCILLA

E. spicata, a native of Chili, is an evergreen with dark
green leaves and reddish flowers abundantly produced in

GLORIOSA 95

early summer. It clings to walls as Ivy does, and is there-
fore a useful outdoor plant for mild districts. Cuttings
should be taken in July, and inserted in light soil under a
hand-light on a warm border.

FICUS

The species that will grow on walls have the merit that,
once started, they quickly cover a considerable space, and
always present a fresh green appearance. F. stipulata
(repens), a native of China and Japan, half-hardy, thriving
outdoors in summer, is a greenhouse, Ivy-like plant, while
Ff radicans and F.falcata, of similar habit, should be grown
in the stove. They like sandy loam, and are readily pro-
pagated by cuttings.

FUCHSIA

Some of the species attain the dimensions of small
trees ; thus plants of the beautiful and free-flowering F.
corallina may be seen 20 feet in height against buildings
in the west of England. Fuchsias for training on green-
house rafters or pillars should be planted in good loamy
soil, and they require to be kept dry at the roots in winter.
A large exhibit of vigorous horizontally-trained fuchsias
was a feature of the International Horticultural Exhibition
at Chelsea. Clipper, General Greenfell, Mrs. Marshall,
Mrs. Rundle, Olympia, and The Shah are the best garden
varieties for growing as climbers.

GLORIOSA

The Gloriosas are tropical, tuberous-rooted plants, with
lily-like flowers, in racemes on the ends of the annual

96 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

stems ; the petals are narrow and reflexed, and coloured
red and golden yellow. The leaves have tendril-like
apices. G. superba, G. Rothschildiana (see Plate XX), and
G. virescens (Plantii) are the species usually cultivated.
G. Carsonii is equally desirable. Propagation by seeds or
division of the tubers. They thrive in equal parts of peat
and loam. Liberal heat and moisture are essential in the
season of growth, and complete rest in winter.

HARDENBERGIA

A small Australian genus with papilionaceous flowers,
well adapted for training up the rafters of a greenhouse.
H. comptoniana produces numerous racemes of purple
flowers in spring. H. monophylla has smaller leaves and
flowers, and there are red and white flowered varieties of
it. Propagated by seeds, or cuttings of the firm young
side shoots in spring, and cultivated in a compost of peat,
loam, and sand.

HEDERA
Chapter X (Ivy), p. 56, is devoted to this genus.

HIBBERTIA

Showy climbing or bushy greenhouse shrubs, easy of
cultivation, with yellow or white flowers, nearly all of them
natives of Australia. The climbing species chiefly culti-
vated is H. dentata, which has thin twining stems, copper-
coloured leaves, and bright yellow flowers ij inch across.
It is a constant bloomer. H. volubilis has twining stems,
green leaves, and large yellow flowers. A compost of peat

-J

HOYA 97

and loam should be used, with plenty of sand to keep it
porous. Propagation by cuttings, inserted in sandy peat
under a hand-glass.

HIDALGOA

A Central American genus allied to Dahlia and Core-
opsis. H. Wercklei, the climbing Dahlia, is the only intro-
duced species, and is a quick-growing greenhouse herba-
ceous climber, attaining 20 feet or more. Its flowers are
bright scarlet above and yellow underneath, resembling a
single Dahlia ; it has elegant, much-divided leaves, and
climbs by means of long, twining petioles. Propagated
by cuttings.

HOLBCELLIA

A monotypic Himalayan genus. H. latifolia (also known
as Stauntonia latifolia), which may attain to 20 feet in
length, and is of easy cultivation, is a good climber for a
cool greenhouse. The purplish, fragrant flowers, borne in
axillary racemes, appear in spring, and the foliage is thick
and shining. It may be planted against a building or high
wall in a warm district, but will not flower so freely as
under glass. Propagation by cuttings of the half-ripened
shoots in spring.

HOYA

Wax Flower. A genus comprising about fifty species,
several of which are favourite stove twiners. The stems of
some (notably H. carnosa) attach themselves to damp walls
by aerial roots, as Ivy does, and are capable of thriving thus

G

98 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

even without roots in the soil. They like peat and are
easily propagated by cuttings. H. campanulata has elegant
umbels of good-sized, amber-coloured flowers ; H. carnosa,
pinkish-white flowers, is suitable both for the greenhouse
and the stove ; H. imperialis, a truly noble plant, has thick
leathery leaves, and reddish flowers, 3 inches across, borne
in large umbels. It should be remembered that new flowers
are produced on the old flower stalks as well as on the
young wood.

HUMULUS

H. Lupulus, the common Hop, is a vigorous, twining
perennial of great beauty when in fruit, and is sometimes
to be seen employed to good effect in gardens, notably
as a covering for bowers, or allowed to run wild over
shrubs. H.japonicus, which is much like the English Hop,
has a variety lutescens with leaves of a golden tint. Pro-
pagation by division in spring or from seeds.

HYDRANGEA

H. petiolaris (H. scandens) is a Japanese plant, which'
resembles Ivy in its mode of growth. It is quite hardy in
the south, and well adapted for covering tree stumps, but
requires a wall or cool conservatory in northern counties.
It has white flowers, in flat-topped cymes, 8 to 10 inches in
diameter. It likes a rich, loamy soil, and is increased by
cuttings.

IPOMCEA (see Plate XIII)

Chiefly tropical plants resembling convolvulus. /. pur-
purea (Convolvulus major), and its numerous forms, /.

JASMINUM 99

Bona-nox, I. coccinea, L Learii, /. rubro-ccerulea, and /.
versicolor (better known as Mina lobata} which see) may be
grown in warm places as half-hardy annuals, being raised
under glass, hardened off, and planted out at the end of May.
Most of the preceding, with the addition of /. ternata and
7. Quamoclity merit cultivation for summer-flowering in sandy
loam in the warm greenhouse. The evergreen /. Hors/allice,
which produces its beautiful rose-crimson flowers in autumn
or early winter, is best propagated by layering. /. Briggsii
is a robust, evergreen climber which in a roomy tropical
house covers a large area, and flowers freely in midwinter ;
the flowers are rose-red in large clusters.

JASMINUM

Hardy, greenhouse, or stove-shrubs, evergreen or de-
ciduous, mostly of climbing or trailing habit, with showy,
salver-shaped, white or yellow flowers, often very fragrant.
The most popular hardy species are the familiar yellow
winter-flowering /. nudiflorum, and the white summer-
flowering J. officinale, of which there is a variety known as
/. affine with larger flowers. The evergreen summer-
flowering J. primulinum, more recently introduced from
Yunnan, has yellow flowers 2 inches across, and is hardy
in southern gardens. J. revolutum (humile), Indian yellow
Jasmine, is sufficiently hardy for wall cultivation. They
like rich loam, and are easily increased by cuttings inserted
under glass in July. /. gracillimum, from Borneo, with
loose heads of fragrant white flowers, is a desirable warm
house climber. J. Sambac, var. flore pleno, bearing fragrant
white flowers produced at all seasons, is the best of the stove
kinds ; it should be planted out and trained up a pillar.

ioo PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

KADSURA

The only generally cultivated species is K. japonica,
which is a not quite hardy climbing shrub, with solitary
yellowish-white flowers, produced in summer, and suc-
ceeded by heads of scarlet berries ; there is also a varie-
gated form. It requires the protection of a wall, but is
not particular as to soil. Propagation by cuttings of
nearly ripe wood inserted in sand under a bell-glass.

KENNEDYA

An Australian genus of perennial legumes, with flowers
mostly red or nearly black, which appear in spring in
racemes. Those most cultivated are : K. nigricans, black
and yellow ; K. prostrata {Marryattce), scarlet (the best of
all) ; K. rubicunda, red. These are all strong growers
which succeed best if planted out, but also do well when
grown in pots and trained over trellises. They require
liberal treatment when in active growth, and rest during
winter. Propagation by cuttings or seeds in spring.

LANTANA

Naturally loose-growing shrubs, several of the Lantanas
have been made to serve as greenhouse climbers, their
variously coloured, Verbena-like heads of flowers being
freely produced for the greater part of the year. They
grow best when planted out in a sunny position in the
greenhouse or conservatory. L. salvifolia (delicatissima),
with pale purple flowers, is perhaps the best ; it is hardy if it
has the protection of a wall in the milder districts. It may
also be grown as a pot shrub or as a summer bedding
plant. Propagation in spring by cuttings.

PLATE XXI
LAPAGERIAS RUBRA AND ALBA

LARDIZABALA 103

LAPAGERIA (see Plate XXI)

A greenhouse twiner with fleshy roots, and thin wiry
stems which grow to an indefinite length and branch
rather freely ; leaves heart-shaped, dark green, leathery,
the largest about 3 inches long ; flowers axillary, solitary
or several together, on a short pedicel, pendulous, narrow
bell-shaped, about 3 inches long, sepals and petals thick
and wax-like, rose-red to crimson, with numerous whitish
spots ; produced throughout the summer. The variety alba
has pure white flowers. Lapageria blooms possess such
substance that it is possible to keep them fresh for three
weeks in a cut state, provided the water is changed with
unfailing regularity. Being a native of Chili, the plant is
hardy in places like South Cornwall, but it is grown most
successfully in a cold greenhouse if it be planted in a well-
drained bed of peat and kept uniformly moist. Care must
be taken to preserve the fresh, sucker-like growths from
slugs, which otherwise may eat them as fast as they come
up. The Lapageria requires semi-shade. Propagated by
layers.

LARDIZABALA

A small genus related to Berberis. L. biternata, a
native of Chili, is the only cultivated species. It is a
tall and fast-growing evergreen, with glossy, dark green
leaves, and purple flowers in drooping racemes, notable
as appearing in mid-winter. It may be planted against a
wall in the milder districts in light soil, but it rarely flowers
well out of doors. Propagation by cuttings of the half-
ripened shoots.

104 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

LATHYRUS

A large genus, widely dispersed, and containing quite a
number of desirable species which are over-shadowed by
the popular Sweet Pea (L. odoratus). Lord Anson's Pea
(L. nervosus), with lovely blue flowers, and L. grandiflorus are
notable among the annual species. L. latifolius, rose-col-
oured, and its var. albus are perennials, attaining 5 to 7 feet,
with deep-feeding roots which are patient of transplanting.
L. splendens, " Pride of California," is a first-rate greenhouse
perennial with crimson flowers, as large as those of a Sweet
Pea, produced in racemes containing as many as ten. It
requires a sunny position in loam and peat.

LITTONIA

A genus of Liliaceae, of which L. modesta, a native of
Natal, is the only cultivated species. It is a greenhouse
plant with bell-shaped, orange flowers and bright, shining
green leaves, and it resembles Gloriosa (see p. 95) in habit
and general appearance, its cultural requirements being
similar.

LONICERA

An extensive genus, confined to the Northern Hemis-
phere, and containing many ornamental climbers. The
best hardy sorts are : L. Periclymenum, our common wild
Honeysuckle, and L. Caprifolium, a naturalised species
which much resembles it ; L. flava. North America, large
yellow, rather tender ; L. flexuosa, Japan, fragrant, of pink
and yellow tints ; L.japonica, evergreen, pale yellow — vars.
aureo-reticulata and Halliana are very popular ; and Z-. semper-

LYGODIUM 105

virens} the North American Trumpet Honeysuckle, showy
scarlet and yellow. These all prefer a sunny position and
a rich, tight soil. They should not be planted with other
shrubs which will compete for soil nourishment, nor will
they flower well in shade. L. Hildebrandtianay a strong
growing Burmese species, with large, apricot-yellow flowers ;
and L. etrusca, var. superba, orange-yellow, are excellent
for large greenhouses. Easily propagated by cuttings or
layers. Climbing Loniceras flower on the young wood.

LYCIUM

Hardy, or nearly hardy, thorny shrubs, two species of
which are well known in gardens, namely, L. chinense, the
Tea-tree or Box-thorn, which will thrive in almost any
situation, and is a good seaside plant, with purplish flowers
and scarlet fruits ; and L. pallidum, from Arizona, a less
vigorous grower, with peculiar greenish tubular flowers
produced in May and June. Propagation in autumn or
spring by cuttings.

LYGODIUM

Elegant stove and greenhouse ferns, readily distin-
guished by their thin, wiry, climbing fronds (stems), which
are permanent and become interlaced. Those cultivated
are : L. dichotomum (ftexuosum), a sturdy climber ; L.
japonicum, resembling the preceding but less robust ; L.
palmatum, a cool house pillar plant ; L reticulatum ; and
L. scandens (volubile), which has stems up to 15 feet. A
compost of peat, loam, and sand in equal parts suits
them.

106 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

MANDEVILLA

Mandevillas are tall-growing shrubs, chiefly natives of
tropical America. M. suaveolens, the only species cultivated,
is a handsome, deciduous, half-hardy plant with large, white
flowers. Introduced from Buenos Aires, where it is known
as Chilian Jasmine. Planted out in peat and loam in the
greenhouse, and trained up the rafters, it is quite at home,
and it can be grown out of doors in mild districts if some
protection is afforded in winter. Propagated by cuttings
of the small side-shoots.

MARCGRAVIA

A tropical American genus of epiphytal shrubs, notable
for their Ivy-like habit, with two stages of growth, the
juvenile stage having ovate leaves and clinging closely,
while the mature stage has lanceolate leaves and does not
cling. M. umbellata (dubid) is a useful wall plant for the
stove. The plant known in gardens as M. paradoxa is
Monstera tenuis, while that grown as M. indica is a Pothos.
Propagated by cuttings. See also p. 69.

MAURANDIA

Mexican herbs with showy violet, purple, or rose-
coloured flowers. In addition to being cultivated in green-
houses the best-known species, M. Barclayana and M.
scandens and their varieties, are well adapted for covering
trellises out of doors in summer, and they succeed best in
moderately rich, sandy loam. Plants raised from seeds
sown in gentle heat in early spring will flower the same
summer if planted out in a sheltered place at the end
of May.

MONSTERA 107

MENISPERMUM

Moon seed. M. canadense is a tall and fast-growing,
North American, hardy, twining, deciduous shrub of the
easiest cultivation. It has large, heart-shaped leaves and
long, feathery panicles of small, yellowish flowers, produced
in summer, and succeeded by clusters of black berries.
The only other cultivated species, M. dauricum, a native
of Eastern Asia, is inferior. Propagated by root divisions
or by cuttings in spring.

MINA

This genus of Convolvulaceae is now included in
Ipomcea. M. lobata (Ipomcea versicolor) from Mexico is
frequently cultivated. It is a tall, very slender, branching,
leafy climber, with twining stem and branches. The long-
stalked three to five-lobed leaves are bright green above,
pale beneath. The flowers, bright rosy-crimson at first,
changing as they expand, first to orange, and then to pale
yellow, are about i inch long, and borne in racemes. It
may be grown in warm places as a half-hardy annual, and
merits cultivation as a summer-flowering occupant of the
greenhouse.

MONSTERA

Evergreen tropical Aroids. M. deliciosa (Tornelia fra-
grans) has stout, fleshy, scandent stems, and large, leathery,
heart-shaped leaves, with numerous slit-like perforations ; is
sometimes used for grouping with other plants in the out-
door sub-tropical garden. See Chapter XIII (Aroids), p. 67.

io8 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

MUCUNA

Tropical Leguminosae, with showy purple, red, or
greenish-yellow flowers in axillary racemes, most of the
species being tall, twining shrubs. Several are in cultiva-
tion, but they are rarely met with except in botanic
gardens. The pods of M. pruriens and M. prurita are
densely covered with short, intensely irritant hairs, hence
their name of Cow-itch or Cow-age. M. utilis is known as
the Velvet Bean. M. imbricata has great, drooping racemes
of large, blackish -purple flowers, like bunches of black
grapes. Mucunas require to be planted out in good loam,
in a warm house, and trained near the glass. Propagation
by seeds, or cuttings of half-ripened young wood.

MUEHLENBECKIA

M. complexa is a semi-hardy climber from New Zealand,
with thin, wiry stems, which form a dense interlacing
mass, small roundish leaves, and green, inconspicuous
flowers. It requires a sunny position in well-drained or
sandy soil, and can be planted to clothe a pillar or as a
trailer in the rock garden. M. adpressa^ from Australia,
has larger, heart-shaped leaves and long racemes of whitish
flowers. Both can be cultivated in a cool greenhouse ;
they require slight protection in cold winters if outdoors.
Propagation by cuttings in early summer.

MUTISIA

Climbing South American Compositae, chiefly known to
gardeners because a few of the species are semi-hardy in

PASSIFLORA 109

the mildest parts of Great Britain. Nearly all have large
flowers, but they are not easy of cultivation. M. Clematis
has red flowers ; M. decurrens is deep orange, 4-5 in. across ;
M. ilicifolia has flowers varying from white to rose, leaves
holly-like; should be grown under glass. The leaves of
some of the species terminate in tendrils. It is said that
many gardeners have killed M. decurrens by planting it in
hot and dry positions, whereas it requires moisture, cool-
ness, air, sunshine, and a few slender sticks to ramble
over. It grows well in South Cornwall.

ODONTADENIA

O. speciosa (Dipladenia Harrisit), the only cultivated
species, has large racemes of trumpet-shaped yellow
and orange flowers, delicately scented. The lanceolate
leaves are a foot long, smooth, and dark green. Planted
in a border in a tropical house is the best treatment ; if
grown in pots, plenty of root room and thorough drainage
are necessary. Propagation by cuttings of the young
shoots.

OXERA

A genus of climbing shrubs, natives of New Caledonia.
O. pulchella, the only cultivated species, is a strong grower,
with the habit of Clerodendron Thomsonce, and large
panicles of tubular, yellowish-white flowers, freely pro-
duced in winter. It requires a sunny position in a stove,
and rich, loamy soil. Propagated by cuttings.

PASSIFLORA (see Frontispiece)

A large genus of wide distribution and great diversity of
character. A few of the species have become established

no PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

garden climbers, the most popular being P. coerulea, which
may be successfully grown either in a stove, a greenhouse,
or against a sunny wall. The variety t( Constance Elliott "
is illustrated in the Frontispiece. It ripens its fruits freely
out of doors. There are several good hybrids between this
and other species, namely P. kewensis (Raddiana x coerulea),
P. Munroi (alata x ccerulea\ P. ccendea-racemosa, &c. The
best tropical species are P. amabilis (cardinalis\ P. macro-
carpa, P. quadrangularis, P. racemosa, P. Raddiana (Ker-
mesina), P. vtolacea, P. vztifolia, and P. Watsonii. These are
all free growers, their stems are supported by tendrils, and
they have showy flowers. They are satisfied with ordinary
cultural conditions, and they are easily propagated by cut-
tings. P. edulis, P. maliformis, and P. macrocarpa have
edible fruits.

PERIPLOCA

Silk Vine. P. grceca, the only species cultivated, is a
hardy, twining, fast-growing shrub of old introduction from
South Europe related to Stephanotis. It has long slender
stems, which form a dense mass, and are covered with
clusters of greenish-brown, hairy flowers in July and
August. They have a marked unpleasant odour. Pro-
pagated by seeds or cuttings.

PETR^A

Beautiful tropical American shrubs with opposite,
coriaceous leaves, and violet-purple or bluish flowers
appearing in summer. Those of P. volubilis, Purple
Wreath, an extremely handsome twiner, are disposed in
terminal, elongated, nodding racemes. P. macrostachya

PHILODENDRON in

has lilac flowers in longer, pendulous racemes. Both
species require rich soil and a sunny position in a stove.
Propagation by cuttings in light sandy soil.

PHASEOLUS

Kidney Bean. An extensive genus, few of the species
of which are of horticultural value, although P. vulgaris is
of great importance in the vegetable garden. The Scarlet
Runner Bean (P. vulgaris, var. multiflorus) is decidedly
ornamental when in flower, and seedsmen offer what they
call the Ornamental Runner Bean (not for culinary use),
which has purplish foliage, purple and white flowers, and
short, broad, purple pods. P. Caracalla, Climbing Snail
Flower, is a tropical perennial with purple and yellowish,
spirally twisted flowers, remarkably snail-like in appear-
ance. Although universally cultivated, P. vulgaris is not
anywhere clearly known as a wild plant.

PHILODENDRON

A large genus of Aroids, of trailing or scandent habit.
Some have very large leaves, others being small and
variegated. P. Andreanum, leaves large, shining dark green,
with coppery reflections ; P. corsianum, leaves heart-
shaped, pale green and bronze ; P. Carderi; P. erubescens;
P. gloriosum ; and P. laciniosum (quercifolmm) can be recom-
mended. They require shade, with plenty of moisture and
heat, and an open compost of loam or peat. Propagated
by dividing the stems into three-jointed lengths, which soon
take root in brisk heat ; or the tops of plants may be
inserted as large cuttings.

See Chapter XIII (Aroids), p. 67.

ii2 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

PLUMBAGO (see Plate XXII)

Leadwort. A genus comprising hardy perennial herbs,
in addition to the popular South African P. capensis, a
scandent shrub, whose pale blue flowers are borne well-
nigh continuously, and which is admirable for planting out
either in the greenhouse or stove, as well as for summer
bedding. There is a white-flowered variety. The flowers
are produced on young wood, so that cutting hard back after
flowering, and allowing the plants to rest in winter by keep-
ing them on the dry side, are advisable. Propagation by
cuttings of nearly ripe wood. The soil should be good
fibrous loam, sand, and a little peat.

POLYGONUM

Differing vastly from most of its many fellows, P. bald-
schuanicum (see Plate XXIII) is a free-growing climber of
considerable beauty, with sprays of rosy-tinted flowers pro-
duced in summer and autumn. It appears to best advantage
when rambling over bushes, or draping some little-valued
tree. It may be cut down by frost, but it soon grows again.
Grafting on pieces of its own roots is the surest method
of increase. The North American P. cilinode is a vigorous
climber, which is covered with small, white flowers in autumn.

POTHOS

Tropical climbing Aroids, branching freely, the lower
branchlets rooting, of spreading habit above. Few are
in general cultivation. P. celatocaulis, Borneo, is useful
for covering walls and the stems of tree ferns ; its rich

PLATE XXIII. POLYGONUM BALDSCHUANICUM

PLATE XXII
PLUMBAGO CAPENSIS

H

RHYNCOSPERMUM 115

dark-green leaves lying perfectly flat on the surface over
which it climbs. Other ornamental climbing sorts are P.
nigricans and P. scandens. It is doubtful whether several
plants included under Pothos which have not yet flowered
in cultivation really belong to that genus. Propagation by
cuttings. See also Chapter XIII (Aroids), p. 67.

RHODOCHITON

R. volubile is an attractive greenhouse climber from
Mexico, with cordate leaves, and pendent flowers with
reddish calyces and nearly black corollas, freely produced.
It succeeds in loam and peat. Propagation by seeds in
early spring or by cuttings of the young shoots in summer.

RHUS

A large genus of chiefly hardy trees and shrubs, widely
distributed, and celebrated for their poisonous properties.
R. Toxicodendron, the Poison Ivy of North America and
Japan, has large ternate leaves that colour well in autumn.
Unfortunately the slightest contact between any portion of
the plant and the bare skin of some people causes such a
severe and long-continued skin eruption that its planting
cannot be recommended. Formerly distributed as Ampe-
lopsis Hoggit. Propagation by seeds or root cuttings.
Plants in rich soil colour best in autumn. In America the
planting of Poison Ivy is prohibited.

RHYNCOSPERMUM

Fragrant, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs, natives of
Asia. R. (Trachelospcrmuni) jasminoideS) China and Japan,

u6 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

is an attractive, easily managed greenhouse climber, and
hardier than was formerly thought. It should be planted in
light or peaty soil, with the protection of a wall in a warm
situation, and the stem should be covered if likely to be
subjected to severe frost. R. crocospermum (R.jasminoides
angustifolid) is hardier, with orange-centred flowers. Pro-
pagation by cutting of the young shoots in heat.

ROSA

The many beautiful climbing Roses, which — thanks in a
measure to the popularity of the pergola — are now better
represented in many gardens than formerly, are dealt with
in Chapter VIII, p. 40.

RUBUS (see Plates IV and V)

A number of species, chiefly Chinese, are ornamental
climbers. R. deliciosus, Rocky Mountain Bramble, one of
the finest of the hardy sorts, is without spines, out will
clothe a wall ; it has white flowers resembling Dog Roses.
R. odoratus is well adapted for planting under trees, has
large clusters of purple flowers, and fragrant leaves. R.
phoenicolasiiiSj Japanese Wineberry, has scandent stems
covered with reddish hairs, and its leaves are white under-
neath. R. ulmifolius has stems which attain 15 to 18 feet
in length ; there is a variety with double pink flowers. R.
moluccanusy the Himalayan Blackberry, and R. reflexus,
stems 30 feet or more, are two of the most ornamental of
the more tender species, being serviceable as greenhouse
pillar plants. Rubuses are easy to grow, but respond to
liberal cultivation. Division or layering the young growing
shoots are methods of propagation.

SELAGINELLA 117

RUSCUS

R. androgynus (Semele androgyna), Climbing Butcher's
Broom, a native of the Canary Islands, is very ornamental
with its fresh green, pinnate foliage, like gracefully droop-
ing branches. It thrives in any rich soil ; but, attaining to
very large dimensions, it is unsuitable for an ordinary con-
servatory, being seen to great advantage in such exceptional
positions as against the circular staircase in the Temperate
House at Kew. It does not object to shade.

SCHIZANDRA

A small genus of chiefly deciduous, climbing, hardy
shrubs from the Far East, allied to Magnolia. The best
known is S. chinensis (Maximowiczia chinensis)y which
attains to 20 feet, and has rosy-carmine flowers, produced
in summer, and succeeded by clusters of scarlet berries,
which persist during the greater part of the winter. It
needs a sheltered place to do well, but is hardy in most
localities if protected in winter. A rich sandy loam with
partial shade is best, against a trellis or wall. Propagation
by cuttings of the ripened shoots.

SELAGINELLA

A very large genus of plants with a superficial resem-
blance to ferns, but belonging to a different natural order
(Lycopodiacese). Most of the species are tropical, about a
hundred being in cultivation ; but many of them are much
alike. The only one of note as a climber is 5. Wildenovii,
a native of India, whose reddish stems attain as much as

n8 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

20 feet in length, with frond-like branches 2 feet long, the
scale-like leaves steel-blue in colour. With liberal stove
cultivation it quickly forms a tangle of stems and branches.
It requires good drainage and to be kept rather moist
and shady. Propagation by stem cuttings.

SENECIO

Two species of this vast genus are meritorious garden
climbers. S. macroglossus, Cape Ivy, is a handsome, yellow-
flowered, glossy-leaved, soft-wooded evergreen, particularly
well adapted for dwelling-room cultivation or planting in
window-boxes as a trailer for summer display. S. mikani-
oides, German Ivy, is a yellow-flowered, much-branched
climber with slender stems, which attain several feet in
length, and it blossoms in winter. It is naturalised here
and there on the south-west coast. Both species are easy
to cultivate and propagate.

SMILAX

Green Briar. A very large genus of Liliaceae, widely
distributed, of which several species are valuable, some as
greenhouse and others as hardy foliage plants. The roots
of several constitute Sarsaparilla of commerce. For indoor
cultivation S. aspera, S. australis, and S. macrophylla are
generally selected. For outdoor planting, in good, dry
soil in sheltered places, preferably wall-trained or rambling
over tree-trunks, 5. aspera, S. Cantab, S. laurifolia, and S.
rotundifolia are a good selection. Propagation by root
division.

STAUNTONIA 119

SOLANDRA

Large-flowered tropical American shrubs, of which »S.
grandiflora is fairly well known in gardens. It is a vigorous
grower, with fleshy branches and leaves and large, tubular,
Datura-like, white flowers, which change to a creamy-yellow.
An excellent plant for a sunny position in a large stove, it
should be noted that if allowed too much root-space and
continuous moisture it does not flower well. Small flower-
ing plants can be had by inserting cuttings of the flowering
shoots. »S. longiflora has white flowers with a purplish tinge.
S. Hartwegii has very large, orange-coloured flowers.
Propagation by cuttings.

SOLANUM

An immense genus, many members of which have been
introduced to cultivation, but few of them are notable as
ornamental climbers. 5. jasminoides (see Plate X) has
wreaths of starry, white flowers, and is hardy on a wall or
building in the south ; in colder districts it requires and
deserves green-house cultivation. 6". Wendlandii, one of
the very best of warm house climbers, has enormous,
terminal clusters of bright blue-purple flowers ; while S.
Seaforthianum, mauve flowers, and S. pensile, purple and
white flowers, are also elegant and free, summer-blooming
stove plants. They thrive in loam, and are easily pro-
pagated by cuttings.

STAUNTONIA

A small genus of hardy evergreen shrubs allied to
Berberis, natives of China and Japan. 6*. hexaphyllat which

PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

has small, white, fragrant flowers appearing in April, and
sometimes succeeded by large, oval, purple fruits, may be
grown on walls in the milder districts. Sandy loam and
a sheltered position suit it, but it is liable to suffer
severely if subjected to drought. Propagation by cuttings
of the young, half-ripened shoots. (For S. latifolia see
Holbcellia.)

STEPHANOTIS

A genus of Asclepiads comprising about fifteen species.
Only one is well known in gardens, namely, the beautiful
51. floribunda, the Clustered Wax Flower or Madagascar
Chaplet, so popular by reason of its pure, white, tubular,
fragrant blossoms, produced in great profusion, and dark
green Camellia-like foliage, leathery in substance. It
succeeds best planted in a small bed of turfy loam in
the stove, and trained up a trellis or on the roof. Propa-
gation in spring by cuttings of the previous year's growth.
The Elvaston variety is preferred as being of compact
habit, and extra-floriferous. The fruit bears a resemblance
to a very large plum.

STREPTOSOLEN

S. Jamesoniiy from Columbia, is a favourite sub-shrubby
evergreen greenhouse plant resembling Browallia, with
orange-coloured flowers in large terminal corymbose
panicles, freely produced in spring. It thrives in good
sandy loam. Propagation by cuttings.

STROPHANTHUS

A genus of tropical African and Asian shrubs or small
trees, with quaint variously-coloured flowers, often re-

TECOMA 121

markable by reason of long, tail-like expansions of the
corolla lobes. 5. Bullenianus, whose flowers combine pink,
yellow, and purple, and 5. Petersianus, var. grandiflorus,
red and yellow, are desirable stove climbers, others of the
more usually cultivated species being comparatively dwarf.
They require loam and peat. Propagation by cuttings in
heat.

TACSONIA

Tropical American climbers with conspicuous pendulous
flowers resembling those of Passiflora, the two genera
being also alike in their cultural requirements. The
following are suitable for planting in a well-drained and
sunny greenhouse border : T. insignis, large crimson
flowers ; T. manicata (ignea), scarlet flowers, strong-growing ;
T. mollisima, long-tubed, pink flowers ; T. Van Volxemii,
crimson flowers, very free and strong-growing ; and T.
exoniensis (Van Volxemii x molltsima). Propagation by
cuttings of the young shoots in spring.

TECOMA

Trumpet Creeper. The tall-growing North American
T. radicansj which produces very snowy orange and scarlet
flowers in autumn, and clings to walls like Ivy, is hardy
in most parts of the country. There are well-marked varie-
ties in major, flava, speciosa, grandiflora, and purpurea.
7*. grandiflora (China), and its varieties, have more showy
flowers and larger foliage, but are not so hardy. T. capensis
is a greenhouse species, best treated as a pot shrub. Propa-
gation by root cuttings, cuttings of the young shoots, or by
layering. The semi-hardy Tecomas deserve to be more

122 PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

used as wall creepers in the milder districts. They require
good, well-drained soil, plenty of sunshine to ripen the
wood, abundant moisture in summer, but very little in
winter. In sub-tropical countries they are popular garden-
plants.

THUNBERGIA

T. alata and its varieties, with stems 4 to 5 feet long, and
flowering profusely from July to October, are valuable for
outdoor cultivation — treated as half-hardy annuals — in
warm, sunny places ; they are also popular in the green-
house and stove. T. grandiflora, a strong-growing tropical
species with large racemes of pale blue flowers, and its var.
alba ; T. laurifolia^ very similar to T. grandiflora ; and
T. affinis, with purplish-violet flowers marked with yellow
throat, form a trio for the stove. Propagated by seeds or
cuttings.

. TROP^EOLUM (see Plate XXIV)

Nasturtium. A South American genus, chiefly in-
habiting the mountains. There are annual and perennial
species, some fibrous, others tuberous-rooted. The best
perennial sorts are T. Leichtlinii, orange flowers ; T. poly-
phyllum (see Plate XXIV), yellow flowers, tuberous-rooted ;
T. speciosumy bright scarlet flowers ; T. tuberosum, scarlet
and green flowers, with slender stems, 10 to 12 feet high,
not hardy in all soils. For covering arbours, &c., the tall-
growing annuals, T. Lobbianum, T. major, and T. peregrinum
(Canary Creeper), are very effective. Tropaeolums flower
with the greater freedom in poor soil ; in better soil they
make more vigorous growth, and continue in bloom much
later. They are also useful for greenhouse decoration.

PLATE XXIV.

TROP/EOLUM POLYPHYLLUM

WISTARIA 123

The annuals are easily raised from selected seeds, sown
in the open, but the double-flowered varieties can only be
raised from cuttings, which are easily rooted in bottom
heat. The leaves of T. major are eaten in salads, the
green fruits are pickled, and the tubers of T. tuberosum are
a favourite South American vegetable.

VITIS

See Chapter XI (Vines), p. 58, also Ampelopsis, p. 76.

WISTARIA (see Plates II and III)

A small genus of leguminous deciduous shrubs, natives
of China, Japan, and North America, and quite the noblest
of hardy introduced woody climbers. Their beauty when
trained against buildings is very well known, and they are
also well adapted for rambling among trees, particularly
the Laburnum, which flowers at the same time. Wistarias
should have good soil, and they grow fast when well
established. The best species are W. chinensis, the first
to be introduced, of which there are white- and double-
flowered varieties, and the less familiar W. multijuga, also
from China, later flowering and remarkable for its very long
racemes, which sometimes exceed 3 feet in length. There
are blue and white flowered varieties of this also. Pro-
pagation by layers in summer.

INDEX

ABELIA, 20
Abelia chinensis, 74

— floribunda, 74

— spathulata, 74

— triflora, 74
Abutilon, 27

Abutilon Darwinii, A. megapotamicum,

and A. venosum, 74
Acacia, 27

— Baileyana, 74

— leprosa, 74

— retinodes, 74

— Riceana, 75
Aconitum, 20
Aconitum uncianum, 75
Actinidia, 20
Actinidia chinensis, 75

— Kolomikta, 75

— polygama, 75

— volubilis, 75
Adenocarpus decorticans, 23

— foliolosus, 23
Akebia, 20
Akebia lobata, 75

— quinata, 75
Allamanda, 8, n, 30
Allamanda cathartica, 76

— grandiflora, 76

— nobilis, 76

— Schottii and vars. Hendersonii and

magnifica, 76

— violacea, 76
Ampelopsis, n, 20
Ampelopsis bipinnata, 79

— quinquefolia, 39, 79

— Veitchii, 14, 36, 39, 79
Anderson-Henry, Mr., 46
Anthurium, 68
Anthurium Andreanum, 68

Anthyllis Hermannioe, 23
Araujia grandiflora, 79

— sericifera (albens), 79
Arbours, climbers for, 35
Aristolochia, 20, 30, 36
Aristolochia brasiliensis, 80

— clypeata, 80

— elegans, 80

— gigantea, 80

— gigas, 80

— Goldieana, 80

— labiosa, 80

— leuconeura, 80

— Sipho, 39, 80
Aristotelia Macqui, 23
Aroids, 67

Aroids at Kew, 67
Asparagus, II, 27
Asparagus africanus, 80

— Duchesnei, 80

— falcatus, 80

— laricinus, 80

— medioloides, So

— plumosus, 8, 80

— racemosus, 80

— retrofractus, 81

— scandens, 81

— umbellatus, 81
Aspect, importance of, 36
Ayrshire roses, 42
Azara microphylla, 2

BALFOUR'S Problems of Propagation,

5°

Barren, A. F., 60
Bauhinia, 28, 8 1
Bauhinia corymbosa, 8l

— ferruginea, 81

— Vahlii, 8 1

124

INDEX

125

Bauhinia yunnanensis, 81
Bean, Mr. W. J., 38
Beans, varieties of, ill
Beaumontia, 30
Beaumontia fragrans, 82

— grandiflora, 81, 82
Begonia, climbing, 59
Benincasa, 62
Berberidopsis, 20, 36

— corallina, 82
Bignonia, 20, 27, 30
Bignonia capreolata, 82

— Chamberlaynii, 82

— magnifica, 82

— regalis, 82

— speciosa, 82

— venusta, 82
Bomarea, 27
Bomarea caldasiana, 83

— Carded, 83

— multiflora, 83

— oligantha, 83

— patacocensis, 83

— Salsilla, 83
Bougainvillea, 8, 27
Bougainvillea glabra and its varieties :

spectabilis, Sanderiana, Cypheri,
lateritia, and Maud Chettleburg, 84

Boussingaultia, 20

Boussingaultia baselloides, 84

Briolay-Goiffon, M., 46

Bupleurum fruticosum, 23

C/ESALPINIA GlLLIESII, 84

— japonica, 84

— pulcherrima, 87
Calabash, 61
Calystegia, 20, 36
Calystegia hederacea, fl. pi., 87

— sylvatica, 87
Camellia, 23

Camellia and Sir Joseph Paxton, 13
Camoensia maxima, 28
Canary Creeper, 20, 122
Cantua, bicolor, 87

— buxifolia, 87
Cape Ivy, 118
Carr£, M., 46
Cassia, 27

Cassia corymbosa, 87

Ceanothus, 12, 23, 36

Celastrus, 2 1

Celastrus articulatus, 39, 88

— scandens, 88
Cereus, 12, 30
Cereus fulgidus, 88

— grandiflorus, 88

— Lemairii, 88

— Macdonaldise, 88

— Napoleonis, 88

— nycticalus, 88

— triangularis, 88
Ceropegia elegans, 89

— Monteiroae, 89

— Sandersonii, 89

— stapeliseformis, 89

— Thwaitesii, 89
Cestrum aurantiacum, 89

— elegans, 89

— Newellii, 89
Cherry, 12
Chilian Jasmine, 106
Choco, 61
Choisya ternata, 23
Cissus, ii

Cissus amazonica, 90

— antarctica, 90

— discolor, 59, 89

— Lindenii, 90

— Martinii, 90

— pterophora (gongylodes), 90
Citrullus, 62

Clematis, 8, 11, 17, 27, 34, 36, 38, 39,

45
Clematis Armandii, 49

— calycina, 39

— coccinea, 46

— Dennisae, 49

— Fortunei (florida), 46

— indivisa, 17

— Jackmanii, 17, 39, 49

— lanuginosa, 46

— Meyeniana, 49

— montana, 17, 39, 46

— montana rubens, 49

— patens, 46

— Standishii, 46

— tangutica, 49

-— Vitalba, 17, 39, 50

— Wilsonii, 49

126

INDEX

Clematis, cultivation of, 49

— list of varieties of, 52, 53, 54,

55.56

— new Chinese species of, 46

— propagation of, 50

— the first hybrid, 45
Clerodendron, 30
Clerodendron scandens, 91

— speciosum, 91

— splendens, 90

— Thomsonae (Balfouri), 90
Clianthus, 27

— Dampieri, 91

— magnificus, 91

— puniceus, 36, 91
Climbers for greenhouses, 24

— for the stove, 30

— for verandahs, house walls, and

arbours, 36

— hardy, 12

— known as lattice formers, 1 1

— known as weavers, 1 1

— require plenty of root room, 25

— that bear tendrils, 1 1

— that form adhesive discs at end of

tendrils, II

— that twine, 10, II

— with rooting stems, 1 1
Climbing Butcher's Broom, 117

— plants in their natural habitats, 9

— roses, 40

— Snail-flower, in
Clitoria, 30
Clitoria Ternatea, 92
Clustered Wax-flower, 120
Cobaea, 27

Cobaea scandens, 59

— scandens and C. s. variegata, 92
Colocynth, 61

Combretum, 30
Combretum grandiflorum, 93

— purpureum, 93
Conservatory, roses for the, 43
Construction of Pergolas, 3 1
Convolvulus, 20, 21
Convolvulus arvensis, 93

— Cneorum, 23

— mauritanicus, 93

— sepium, 93

— soldanella, 93

Convolvulus tricolor, 93

Corokia Cotoneaster, 23

Corridor, the, 24

Corridors at the Old Kensington Gar-
den, Chatsworth, Crystal Palace,
Cambridge and Edinburgh Botanic
Gardens, and Mr. Chamberlain's
garden at Highbury, 25

Cotoneaster, 12, 23, 36

Cow-itch or Cow-age, 108

Crataegus, 23

Cripps & Son, Messrs. , 46

Cucumber, 7,61, 62

Cucumis, 62

Cucurbita, 62

Cucurbitaceous plants at Kew, 62

Cucurbits, II

Cup and Saucer Vine (Cobaea), 92

Cydonia, 36

Cydonia japonica, 12

DARLINGTON, Mr. H. R., and Hybrid

Perpetual Roses, 42
Darwin's Movements of Plants, IO
Dauvesse, M., 46
Dioscoraea, 30
Dioscoraea multicolor, 93
Dipladenia, 8, 26, 30
Dipladenia amabilis, 94

— atropurpurea, 94

— boliviensis, 94

— Brearleyana, 94

— splendens, 94
Discaria longispina, 23

ECCREMOCARPUS, 21

Eccremocarpus longiflorus, 94

— scaber, 94
Edwardsia, 12, 23, 30
Epipremnum, 67
Epipremnum giganteum, 68

— mirabile, 68
Ercilla, 21
Ercilla spicata, 94
Eriobotrya japonica, 12, 23
Escallonia, 12, 23
Euonymus, II, 12, 36
Euonymus radicans, 23
Evergreen shrubs for walls, 21

INDEX

127

FABIANA IMBRICATA, 23
Feijoa Sellowiana, 23
Ferns, climbing, 105
Ficus falcata, 95

— radicans, 95

— repens, 12

— stipulata (repens), 95
Forsythia, 12, 36
Fuchsia, 11, 21, 27, 36
Fuchsia corallina, 95
Fuchsias, varieties of, 95

GARRYA ELLIPTICA, 23

— macrophylla, 23

— Thurettii, 23
Gerard, 61
German Ivy, 118
Gloriosa, II, 30
Gloriosa Carsonii, 96

— Rothschildiana, 96

— superba, 96

— virescens (Plantii), 96
Gourds, ornamental, 61

— varieties of, 63
Green Briar, 118
Greenhouse climbers, 24
Greenhouse, the corridor, 24
Griselinia littoralis, 23
Gurania, 62

HABROTHAMNUS, 27
Hardenbergia comptoniana, 96

— monophylla, 96
Hardy Trees and Shrubs, 38
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, on beauty of

Gourds, 63

Hedera Helix, 14, 21, 57
Henderson's Pine-apple Nursery, 45
Hexacentris, 28
Hibbertia, 27
Hibbertia dentata, 96

— volubilis, 96
Hidalgoa, 27
Hidalgoa Wercklei, 97
Himalayan Blackberry, 116
Hodgsonia heteroclita, 28
Holbcellia latifolia, 97

Hole, the late Dean, and Rose Gloire

de Dijon, 43
Honeysuckle, 11, 17, 34, 105

Hop, the, 20, 98

— the Japanese, 20
House walls, climbers for, 36
Houses, tropical, heating of, 29
Hoya, 30

Hoya campanulata, 97

— carnosa, 96, 97

— imperialis, 97
Humulus, 21, 36
Humulus japonicus, 20, 98

— Lupulus, 39, 98

— lutescens, 98
Hydrangea, 21
Hydrangea petiolaris, 98

— scandens, 19, 39, 98

INTRODUCTION, i

Clematis for fences, 2, 3
Clematis, non-pruning of, 3
Flame Nasturtium on Holly, 6
Ivy not to be planted on walls, 3
Ivy on trees, 6
Pergolas, 4, 5, 6
Roses on tree stems, 6
Trellising made of oak battens, 4
Vines trained on apple-trees, 4

Ipomoea, 21, 27

Ipomoea Bona-nox, 99

— Briggsii, 99

— coccinea, 99

— Horsfalliae, 99

— Learii, 99

— purpurea, 98

— Quamoclit, 99

— rubro-coerulea, 99

— ternata, 99

— versicolor, 99
Ivies at Kew, 57

— Shirley Hibberd's monograph on, 56

— varieties of, 58

Ivy, 12, 13, 14, 19, 21, 35, 36, 56, 57,
58,67,69

— American Boston, 59

— on buildings, 57

— the badge of the Clan Gordon, 56

JACKMAN, George, and Moore, Thomas,

The Clematis, 46
Jackman & Son, 51
Japanese Wineberry, 116

128

INDEX

Jasminum, u, 17, 21, 36
Jasminum affine, 99

— gracillimum, 99

— humile, 23, 99

— nudiflorum, 18, 99

— officinale, 99

— primulinum, 18, 23

— revolutum, 99

— Sambac, fl. pi., 99

KADSURA, 21

Kadsura japonica, 100

Kangaroo Vine (Cissus antarctica), 90

Kennedya, 27

Kennedya nigricans, 100

— prostrata (Marryattse), 100

— rubicunda, 100
Kerner on climbing plants, 10
Kew, Aroids at, 67

— cucurbitaceous plants at, 62

— Hand-list of Trees and Shrubs, 57

— Ivies at, 58

— Palm and temperate houses at, 24

— pergolas, 33
Kidney Bean, ill

LAGENARIA, 62

Lantana salvifolia (delicatissima), 100

Lapageria, 26, 27

Lapageria alba and rubra, 103

Lardizabala, 21

Lardizabala biternata, 103

Lathyrus, 21, 27

Lathyrus grandiflorus, 104

— latifolius, 104

— nervosus, 104

— odoratus, 20, 104

— splendens, 104
Leadwort, 112
Lemoine, M., 46
Leptospermum laevigatum, 23
Ligustrum Henryi, 23

Lindley, Dr., on Monstera deliciosa, 69
Littonia modesta, 104
Lonicera, 21, 27, 36
Lonicera Caprifolium, 104

— etrusca, var. superba, 18, 39, 105

— flexuosa, 104

— Henryi, 23

— Hildebrandtiana, 18, 39, 105

Lonicera japonica and varieties, 39, 104

— Periclymenum, 104

— sempervirens, 18, 104
Loofah, 6 1
Lophospermum, 20
Luffa, 62

Luxembourg, 1400 varieties of the

Vine at, 60
Lycium, 21
Lycium chinense, 105

— pallidum, 105

Lygodium dichotomum (flexuosum), 105

— japonicum, 105

— palmatum, 105

— recticulatum, 105

— scandens (volubile), 105

MADAGASCAR CHAPLET, 120
Magnolia Delavayi, 23

— grandiflora, 12, 23
Mandevilla, 27
Mandevilla suaveolens, 106
Marcgravia, 12, 30
Marcgravia paradoxa, 68, 69, 106

— tenuis, 106

— umbellata (dubia), 70, 106
Maurandia, 21

Maurandia Barclayana, 106

— scandens, 106
Maximowiczia chinensis, 117
Melon, 7, 61, 62
Menispermum, 21, 36
Menispermum canadense, 39> IO7

— dauricum, 107
Mina lobata, 99

Mina lobata (Ipomcea versicolor), 107
Momordica, 62
Momordica Charantia, 63

— involucrata, 63

— mixta, 63

— muricata, 63
Monstera, 30
Monstera deliciosa, 68

— deliciosa(Torneliafragrans),68, 107

— dilacerata, 68

— obliqua, 68

— tenuis, 68
Moon seed, 107

Moore and Jackman, The Clematis t
46

INDEX

129

Mucuna, 30

Mucuna imbricata, 108

— pruriens, 108

— prurita, 108

— utilis, 1 08
Muehlenbeckia, 21
Muehlenbeckia adpressa, 108

— complexa, 108
Mutisia, 21
Mutisia Clematis, 109

— decurrens, 36, 109

— ilicifolia, 109
Myrsine africana, 23

Myrtus communis and var. tarentina, 23

NEPENTHES, n
Noble, Charles, 46

ODONTADENIA, 30

Odontadenia speciosa (Dipladenia

Harrissii), 109
Olea europaea, 23
Olearia macrodonta, 23
Orchids, climbing, 70

Kew Bulletin^ extract from, on
Vanilla, 72

Renanthera, 71

Renanthera coccinea, 71

— coccinea at Chats worth and
Burford, 71

Vanda, 71, 72

Vanda Hookeriana, 71, 72

— teres, 71, 72
Vanilla, 72

Vanilla at Syon House at Kew, 73
Vanilla pods first cultivated at Lie'ge

by Prof. Morren, 73
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, 23

— Schwerinii, 23

— subrotunda, 23
Oxera, 30

Oxera pulchella, 109

PARROT'S BILL, 91

Passiflora, 8, 21, 27, 30, 36, 109

Passiflora amabilis (cardinalis), no

— coerulea, 30, no

— coerulea-racemosa, no

— edulis, no

Passiflora kewensis, no

— macrocarpa, no

— maliformis, no
— Munroi, no

— quadrangularis, no

— Raddiana (Kermesina), no
- violacea, no

— vitifolia, no

— Watsonii, no
Passion flower, 11, 29, 37
Paxton, Sir Joseph, 25
Pea, Glory, 91

Pear, 12

Pears, Plums, and Cherries, 36
Peat in borders becomes sour, 26
Pemberton, the Rev. J. H., on hybrid

China Roses, 41
Pepper, 7
Pergolas, construction of, 31

— Kew, 33
Periploca, 21
Periploca grseca, 1 10
Petraea, 30

Petraea macrostachya, 1 10

— volubilis, no
Phaseolus, 21
Phaseolus Caracalla, 1 1 1

— vulgaris, ill
Philodendron, 12, 30, 67
Philodendron Andreanum, 68, in

— Carderi, 68, 1 1 1

— Corsianum, 68, in

— crinitum, 68

— erubescens, 68, in

— gloriosum, 68, in

— laciniosum, 68, ill

— Mamei, 68

— nobile, 68

— ornatum, 68

— Selloum, 68

— verrucosum, 68
Philodendrons, 67
Pittosporum crassifolium, 23

— Ralphii, 23
Plum, 12
Plumbago, 27
Plumbago capensis, 112
Poison Ivy, 115
Polygonum, 21, 36

Polygonum baldschuanicum, 39, 112
I

130

INDEX

Polygonum cilinode, 112
Pothos, 30, 67
Pothos argenteus, 68

— celatocaulis, 68, 112

— nigricans, 115

— scandens, 68, 115
"Pride of California," 104
Propagation of Clematis, 50
Pruning climbers, 37
Prunus triloba, 1 2
Pumpkin, 7, 61

Purple Wreath, 1 10
Pyracantha, 12, 36
Pyracantha angustifolia, 23

— coccinea, 23

— crenulata, 23

RHAPHIDOPHORA, 67
Rhaphidophora decursiva, 68

— lancifolia, 68

— pertusa, 68

Rhaphithamnus cyanocarpus, 23
Rhodochiton, 27
Rhodochiton volubile, 115
Rhus, 21

Rhus Toxicodendron, 1 1 5
Rhyncospermum crocospermum, 116

— jasminoides, 115
Rinz, Herr, 46

Robinson's Vegetable Garden and

illustrations of grounds, 64
Rocky Mountain Bramble, 116
Rosa, 21, 27
Rosa arvensis, 42

— Banksiana, 39

— gigantea, 39

— — in Upper Burmah, 40

— moschata, 39

— multiflora, 4i» 44

— sempervirensj 42

— Wichuraiana, 18, 41
Rose, 8, u, 17

Rose, Aime'e Vibert, 42

— Ards Rover, 42

— Banksian, 43, 44

— Bennett's Seedling, 42

— Blairii, 41

— Blush Rambler, 44

— Climbing Caroline Testout, 42

— — F. K. Druschki, 42

Rose, Climbing La France, 42

— Crimson Rambler, 18, 41, 44

— Dundee Rambler, 19, 42

— Fe'licite' Perpetue, 19, 42

— Flora, 19

— Fulgens, 42

— Frau Karl Druschki, 42

— Gloire de Dijon, 43

— Longworth Rambler, 42

— Mme. Plantier, 42

— Marshal Niel, 43

— pergola at Kew, 34

— Ruga, 19

— Splendens, 42

— volume, the, in " Present - Day

Gardening " series, 42

— William A. Richardson, 42, 43
Roses, 18,33, 34, 35, 36, 38

— climbing, 40

— for the conservatory, 43

— hybrid China, 42

— — Perpetual, 42
Rubus, 21, 27

— new species of, from China, 18
Rubus deliciosus, 116

— moluccanus, 116

— odoratus, 116

— phoenicolasius, 116

— reflexus, 116

— ulmifolius, 116
Ruscus, 27

— androgynus, 117

SCARLET RUNNER BEAN, 19, in
Schinus Bonplandianus, 23
Schizandra, 21
Schizandra chinensis, 117
Scindapsus hederaceus, 68

— perakensis, 68

— pictus, 68

— pteropodus, 68
Sechium, 62
Selaginella, 30
Selaginella Wildenovii, 117
Semele androgyna, 117
Senecio, 27

Senecio macroglossus, 118

— mikanioides, 118

Shirley Hibberd's monograph on Ivies,
56

INDEX

Silk Vine, 1 10
Simon-Louis, Messrs., 46
Smilax, 21, 30
Smilax aspera, 118

— australis, 118

— Cantab, 118

— laurifolia, 118

— macrophylla, 118

— rotundifolia, 118
Solandra, 30
Solandra grandiflora, 119

— Hartwegii, 1 1 9

— longiflora, 119
Solanum, 21, 27
Solanum crispum, 36, 39

— jasminoides, 36, 39, 119

— pensile, 119

— Seaforthianum, 119

— Wendlandii, 36, 119

— — out of doors at Burford and
in Water Lily House at Kew, 30

Sophora tetraptera and var. micro-

phylla, 23
Squash, 61
Staff-tree, the, 88
Stauntonia, 21, 27
Stauntonia hexaphylla, 119

— latifolia, 97, 120
Stephanotis, 30
Stephanotis floribunda, 120
Stove Climbers, 28
Stranvsesia undulata, 23
Streptosolen Jamesonii, 120
Strophanthus, 30
Strophanthus Bullenianus, 121

— Petersianus and var. grandiflorus,

121

Summer-house, open-sided, 36
Sweet Pea, 20, 104
Sweet Potato, 7

TACSONIA, 27
Tacsonia exoniensis, 121

— insignis, 12 1

— manicata, 121

— mollisima, 121

— Van Volxemii, 121
Tamarix on college buildings, 13
Tea-tree or Box-thorn, 105
Tecoma, 12, 21, 27, 36, 38

Tecoma capensis, 1 21

— grandiflora, 121

— radicans, 121
Telfairia, 62
Thunbergia, 27, 30
Thunbergia affinis, 122

— alata, 122

— grandiflora, 122

— laurifolia, 122
Tomato, 7

Trachelospermum jasminoides, 23, 36,

Training, artificial, unsatisfactory, 8
Trees, climbers on, 38

— strangled by climbers, 10
Trichosanthes, 62

— (Snake Gourds), 63
Tricuspidaria dependens, 23
Tropseolum, 19, 21
Tropseolum aduncum, 20

— Leichtlinii, 122

— Lobbianum, 122

— major, 122, 123

— pentaphyllum, 20

— peregrinum, 122

— polyphyllum, 122

— speciosum, 20, 122

— tuberosum, 20, 122, 123
Tropical climbers, 28
Trumpet Creeper, 121

UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA, 23

VELVET BEAN, 108
Verandahs, 35, 36
Viburnum macrocephalum, 23

— rhytidophyllum, 23
Vine, II

Vine, Chasselas Vibert, 59

— Cup and Saucer, 59

— Grove End Sweetwater, 59

— Royal Muscadine, 59
Vines, 58

Vitis, ii, 21, 33, 36
Vitis sestivalis, 60

— armata, 6 1

— californica, 60

— Coigneti&e, 39, 60, 6l

— — in Mr. Waterer's nursery,
Woking, 61

132

Yitis cordifolia, 60

— Davidii, 60

— Delavayi, 61

— flexuosa, 61

— heterophylla, 60

— inconstans, 14, 79

— Labrusca, 39, 60, 61

— laciniosa, 59

— megaphylla, 6 1

— obtecta, 61

— purpurea, 59

— Romanetii, 60

— serjanae folia, 6 1

— Thomsonii, 61

— Thunbergii, 60, 6 1

INDEX

Vitis Thunbergii in Canon Ellacombe's
garden, 61

— vinifera, 14, 29, 39. $8

— vinifera laciniosa, 59

— — purpurea, 59

— vulpina, 60

WALLS, evergreen shrubs for, 21
Wax-flower, 97 x

Wistaria, 21, 33, 36
Wistaria chinensis, 14, 39, 123

— multijuga, 39, 123

YAM, 93

THE END

5/iS

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