■QCCIIME ,01' , CALIFORNIA

PLATE II

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Representatives of the Principal California Families of Coccidae

PLATE II.

Representatives of the Principal California Families of Coccid^e.

1. Mealy-bug [Pseiidococcus aurilanatus),en\siTged.
la. Same, natural size, on coleus.

2. Mealy-hug [Pseudococcus longispinus),enla,rged.
2a. Same, natural size, on coleus.

3. Orthezia insignis, enlarged.
3a. Same, natural size, on coleus.

4. Black scale {Saissetia olese), female, enlarged.
4a. Same, natural size, on orange.

5. Yellow scale (Chrysomphalus aurantii citrinus), ventral aspect

of female, greatly enlarged.

5a. Same, slightly reduced, on orange leaf.

6. Red scale {Chrysomphalus atcrantii), ventral aspect of female,

greatly enlarged.

6a. Same, slightl}^ reduced, on orange leaf.

7. Purple scale {Lepidosaphes heckii), ventral aspect of female,

greatly enlarged.

7a. Same, slightly reduced, on orange leaf.

8. Cottony-cushion scale {leery a. purchasi), ventral aspect of fe-

male, greatly enlarged.

8a. Same, on orange twig, somewhat reduced,

r^f.

5TATL HORTICULTURAL COMMISSION

LLLWOOD COOPLR. Commissioner

THE COCCIDAE OF CAUfORNIA

A Descriptive List of the Different Scale Insects
Found in and Reported from California

EDWARD K. CARNL5

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83tA^

W. W. SHANNON

5ACRAMLNTO

- - - SUPERINTENDENT STATE PRINTING
1906

CALIFORNIA 5TATL COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURL.

ELLWOOD COOPER Commissioner Santa Barbara

JOHN ISAAC Secretary San Francisco

ED. M. EHRHORN Deputy Mountain View

E. K. CARNES Assistant ^. Riverside

0. E. BREMNER Assistant Santa Rosa

CHAS. T. PAINE Assistant Redlands

FREDRICK K. MASKEW Assistant Long Beach

GERTRUDE BIRD Stenograplier Sacramento

OFFICE:

Room 41, State Capitol, Sacramento.

Branch Office, Room 11, Ferry Building, San Francisco.

THE COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA,

By EDWARD K. CARNES.

About sixteen years ago the State Board of Horticulture published a
list of the Coccidse (scale insects) of California, giving some twenty-
species found in the State. At that time comparatively little was
known, by the residents of the State, about scale bugs or the amount of
injury that could be caused by them; yet, to-day, there is no other
single family of insects that is as important to the horticulturists of the
world as are these minute creatures, and we can not know too much
about them.

As a group they are very unattractive to the average entomologist,
and even more so to the average horticulturist, yet a knowledge of the
species and the best known methods of combating their attacks is a
very essential part of the education of every' successful fruit-grower.
Fruit-growing is a competitive business, and the successful grower must
avail himself of every opportunity to gain knowledge that will be of
assistance to him in his business; therefore, it has been deemed advis-
able to bring before his notice the following list of species occurring in
California, with illustrations and short descriptions of the more impor-
tant varieties, in order to enable the grower to recognize and distinguish
between the destructive species and those that are not so destructive.
Since the first list was published, and especially during the last few
years, there has been a very active period among the growers, orchard-
ists, nurserymen, and those having greenhouse interests, to gain a knowl-
edge of "scale insects." This activity has not been prompted by a love
of the study of this particular branch of entomology, but purely as a
business proposition, for these seemingly insignificant insects are capa-
ble of causing an enormous loss to the orchard, vineyard, nursery, or
field in which they have gained a foothold. It must be remembered
that each scale insect, after it has settled on the trunk, branch, or leaf
of its particular host plant, virtually turns itself into an automatic
pump and extracts the sap which is so vital to the life and growth of
the tree. Usually the damage is done before the infestation is discov-
ered, as many of our growers are absolutely without the slightest
knowledge of scale insects. A tree, plant, or shrub will put forth every
effort to sustain itself against the attack of the insect and will not show
any immediate damage from the insects at work upon it, but even the
strongest tree must ultimately yield to the persistent pumping of its life
sap by the enormous number engaged in the work, and will iiuddenly

4 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OP HORTICULTURE.

collapse and die. This damage and loss might easily be overcome had
the grower possessed a slight knowledge of the nature and work of scale
insects, for remedial measures could have been applied at the first notice
of their presence and their ravages stayed. It is partly with the idea
of presenting this knowledge to the grower that the writer has deemed
it advisable to publish the following list of 132 species which have been
reported from this State, but of which list only 114 are actually found
here. This list, with the illustrations and descriptions, it is hoped will
enable the grower to recognize the destructive species and, with this
knowledge at hand, avoid the danger and loss which their presence,
unmolested, would eventually cause.

By personally collecting over the State, and with the kindly assist-
ance of many residents of the State who are interested in the study of
Coccidse, and who have sent many specimens from various localities,
the writer has been able to bring together the present authentic list.

The nomenclature of the " Coccidaj of the World," by Mrs. Fernald,
has been followed in connection with the classification of the species.
In this valuable work on Coccidse, California has been credited as the
habitat of several very destructive species which, in fact, are not to be
found in the State, having been reported from quarantine only; other
species are found only in greenhouses; and still others, the presence of
which I have personally investigated, are to be found in California
which are not given in the catalogue mentioned; these latter species I
have added to the list of California Coccidae. Undoubtedly additional
species could be added to the list by closer investigation and collecting,
as several new species are being prepared for publication, but which I
am sorry to say will not be completed in time for this report. Addi-
tional species will be added to the list from year to year as they are
discovered or described. The writer has only included the species
known to exist in California at the present time.

For the descriptions and classification of the species mentioned the
writer has freely consulted most of the leading entomological works on
the subject of Coccidse, and wishes to acknowledge the aid received
from the efforts of the many able writers who have contributed to this
subject; also, takes this opportunity to thank all those persons who
have assisted in the work and made it possible to compile the present
list.

While the primary object of this paper is to serve as a list for the
benefit of fruit-growers, at the same time it is hoped that it may be
useful to those students of Coccidae who are making a study of the Cali-
fornia forms. The scientific descriptions may not be of much benefit
to the former class, yet they are indispensable to the latter in deter-
mining species, and have been added to encourage the study of this
most important family. At the same time, the wa-iter has endeavored

THE COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA. 5

to make the descriptions as plain as possible so that the average person
can determine the different species with some degree of accuracy.

It must be remembered that when viewing one of the Diaspinse
externally, we are not looking at the real insect, but by carefully lift-
ing up the shell-like covering the real culprit will be discovered under-
neath, as this covering only serves as a protection for the insect itself.
Under the shell, the scale-bug appears as a legless, wingless, and almost
shapeless form. For close study, by advanced students, it is removed
from under the scale which covers it, and boiled in a solution of potash
until colorless; it is then placed for about two hours in a water bath,
and then mounted on a glass slide in glycerine jelly. The specimen is
now ready for classification, and with the aid of a good compound
microscope the distinguishing features can be easily recognized.

The descriptions of the more important species have been given, also
reference has been made to others where the descriptions were
not available. Illustrations of many of the species have also been
added. Because of the fact that the amount of space which has been
allotted to this paper is limited, the author has not been able to make
it as complete as the importance of the subject demands; however, it is
hoped that it will serve the purpose for which it is intended.

COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA.

(Scale Insects and Mealy-Bugs.)

Order HEMIPTERA. Family COCCIDiE.
The following list of 132 species has been recorded, in the entomo-
logical literature of the world, as occurring in California. Those species
included in this list designated by an asterisk (*) have been reported
from quarantine and are not established in this State:

Subfamily MONOPHLEBINyE.

Species. Host Plant.

Icerya purchasi crawii Ckll Orange, Lemon, Grape-fruit, Acacia,

Pittosporum, Laburnum, Broom,

Rose.
Icerya purchasi masJcelli Ckll Food plants, same as above.

Subfamily MARGARODIN^.
Xylococcus quercus Ehrh. Quercus chrysolepis.

Subfamily ORTHEZIIN^.

Orthezia insignis Dougl. Coleus, Verbena, Chrysanthemum,

Citrus, Tomato, Strawberry. (In
greenhouse.)

3 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

Subfamily DACTYLOPIINiE.
Species. Host Plant.

Aster olecanium, quercieola Bouche_-Oak.

Lecaniodiaspis rufescens Ckll Adenostoma oblongifolia.

Cerococcus ehrhorni Ckll. Live Oak.

Cerococcus quercus Corns. Oak.

Pollinia pollini Costa Olive.

Kermes austini Ehrh. Quercus oblongifolius.

Kermes cockerelli Ehrh Quercus lobata.

Kermes galliformis Riley - . Oak.

Kermes nigropunctatus Ehrh., Ckll. .Oak.

Gossyparia spuria Modeer Elm.

Eriococcus adenostomse Ehrh Adenostoma fasciculatum.

Eriococcus araucaria Mask. Araucaria excelsa, A. bidwillii.

Eriococcus artem.isix Kuw. Artemisia.

Eriococcus palmeri var. A. Ckll Eriogonum fasciculatum.

Dactylopius coccus Costa. Cactus sp.

Sphserococcus disticlium Kuw Distichlis maritima.

Phenacoccus artemisise Ehrh Artemisia californica.

Phenacoccus simplex King Atriplex.

Phenacoccus stachyos Ehrh. Stachyos bullata.

Phenacoccus kuwanx Col. Lichen on Picea breweriana.

Ceroputo hahise Ehrh. Bahia.

Ceroputo yuccse Coq. Yucca sp.

Ceroputo yuccse ceanothi Ckll. Ceanothus oliganthus.

Pseudococcus aurilanatxis Mask Araucaria bidwillii.

Pseudococcus azaleas Tins Azalea. (In Japanese nursery.)

Pseudococcus calceolaria Mask New Zealand Flax. [etc.

Pseudococcus citri Risso Orange, Lemon, Ivy,Coleus, Croton,

Pseudococcus crawii Coq Sagebrush.

Pseudococcus ephedras Coq. Ephedra californica.

^Pseudococcus iceryoides Mask. Fagus fusca.

Pseudococcus longispinus Targ. Fern, Croton, Cycas revoluta, and

many other plants.

Pseudococcus maritimus Ehrh... Eriogonum latifolium.

Pseudococcus pseudoidpx Ckll Cocoanut Palm. (In greenhouse.)

Pseudococcus quercus Ehrh. Quercus chrysolepis.

Pseudococcus ryani Coq. Cupressus macrocarpa.

Pseudococcus salinus Ckll Grass.

Pseudococcus sequoias Col. Redwood. [decurrens.

Pseudococcus andersoni Col. Cupressus goveniana, Libocedrus

Pseudococcus dudleyi Col. Cupressus macnabiana.

Erium eriogoni Ehrh. Roots of Er-iogonum.

Ripersiella kelloggi Ehrh., Ckll Roots of Bunch-grass.

THE COCCIDAE OP CALIP^ORNIA. 7

Species. Host Plant.

Ripersia festucx Kuw Festnca scabrella.

Ripersia villosa Ehrh Quercus agrifolia.

Ant07iina crawi Ckll Bamboo.

Subfamily COCCIN^.

Pulvinaria higeloviii' Ckll. Bigelovia.

Pulvinaria camelicola Sign . Camellia. (In greenhouse.)

Pulvinaria ehrhorni King Willow, Alder.

Pulvinaria innumerahilis Rathv Apple, Pear, Grape, Willow, etc.

Pulvinaria psidii Mask, Fern, Pittosporum. (In gr'nhouse.)

Pulvinaria rhois Ehrh. Rhois diversiloba. [tum.

Exxretopus caricis Ehrh. Carex breweri, Trisetum subspica-

Ceroj)lastes ceriferus Anderson Camellia. (In greenhouse. )

Ceroplastes cistudiformis Town,

Ckll. Pepper-tree.

Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comst.- -Pepper-tree.
* Ceroplastes Jloridensis Comst Citrus, Mango, Anthurium.

Ceroplastes irregularis Ckll. Atriplex sp.

Vinsonia stellifera West. Orchids, Ferns, Cocoanut Palms.

(Orchid in greenhouse.)

Eucalyvianatus perforatus News Kentia Palms. (In greenhouse.)

Coccus hesperidvm Linn Orange, Lemon, Grape-fruit, Ole-
ander, Ivy, Maple, Laurel, etc.

Cocc^ts ventralis Ehrh Tuberous plants. (In Japanese

Nursery.)

Eulecaniv.m adenostomx Kuw Adenostoma fasciculatvim.

Eulecanium armeniacxim Craw Apricot, Peach, Plum, Pear, Prune,

Cherry, Grape, etc.

Eulecanium cerasorum Ckll English Walnut, Pear.

Eulecanium crawii Ehrh. Acer macrophyllum.

Eulecanixim magiioliariivi Ckll. Virginia Creeper, Grape.

Eulecanium pruinosum Coq. ... Prune, Apricot, Peach, Plum, Haw-

Eulecanium jmbescens Ehrh. Oak. [thorn, Rose, Apple.

Eulecanium quercitronis kermoides
Tyr. Oak.

Eulecanium tulipiferas Cook Cherry.

Saissetia filicum Bdv. Ferns.

Saissetia hemisphserica Targ. Orange, Cycas revoluta. Ferns.

Saissetia hemisphxrica hibernacu-

lorum Bdv. Ferns, and various hothouse plants.

Saissetia nigra Nietn. Palms. (In greenhouse.)

» CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OP HORTICULTURE.

Species. Host Plant.

Saissetia olex Bern... Olive, Orange, Lemon, Grape-fruit,

Peach, Prune, Plum, Apricot, Apple,
Pear, Pomegranate, Oleander, Rose,
Pittosporum, and many other plants
and shrubs.

Physokermes insignicnla Craw Pinus insignis.

Phynokermes concolor Col. Abies concolor.

Physokermes taxifolias Col. Pseudotsuga taxifolia.

Aclerda calif ornica Ehrh. Andropogon furcatus.

Aclerda tokionis Ckll. . Bamboo.

Subfamily DIASPINiE.

* Chionaspis citri Comst . Orange.

*Chiona8pis difficilis Ckll. Elseagnus.

Chionaspis ortholobis Comst. Willow.

Chionaspis pinifolix Fitch Pine and other coniferous trees.

Chionaspis quercus Comst Oak.

Chionaspis salicis-nigras W a,lsh Willow, Ceanothus.

* Chionaspis wistarise Cooley Wistaria. (From Japan.)

*Howardia biclavis Comst Orange.

Diaspis hromelix Kuw. Pineapple.

Diaspis carueli Targ Juniper, Cupressus.

Diaspis cattleyse Ckll. Cattleya.

* Aulacaspis crawii Ckll. Elseagnus umbellata.

* Aulacaspis pentagona Targ. Flowering Peach, Plum, Sago-palm.

* Aulacaspis pentagona auranticolor [Japan.)

Ckll. Osmanthus illicifolia. (From

Aulacaspis rosse Bouche Rose, Blackberry, Raspberry. (In-
festing the canes.)

*Phenacaspis aucubse Cooley Aucuba. (From Japan.)

*Phenacaspis chinensis Ckll. Quercus. (From China.)

*Phenacaspis cockerelli Cooley Palm. (From China). [Japan.)

* Phenacaspis latissima Ckll. Distylium racemosum. (From

Hemichionaspis aspidistras Sign. Aspidistar lurida. [Japan.)

*Leucaspis japonica Ckll. Broom, Maple, Peonia. (From

Leucaspis cupressi Col. Cupressus goveniana. [nifica.

Leucaspis kelloggi Col. Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Abies mag-

Fiorinia fiorinise Targ. Cocoanut-palm, Camellia, Ferns,

Ficus sp.

Epidiaspis piricola Del Gruer. Pear, Plum, Apple, Peach,

Aspidiotus assculi Johns ^sculus calif ornica.

Aspidiotus hedersii Vail. Oleander, Ivy, Lemon, Asparagus,

Fern, Cycas revoluta. Palms,
Orchids, Camellia.

THE COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA. 9

Species. Host Plant.

Aspidiotus juglans-regiae Comst. English walnut.

*Aspidiotu8 ostreeeformis Curt. Pear, Apple.

* Aspidiotus perniciosus Comiii. Apple, Pear, Peach, Quince, Apri-

cot, Plum, Hawthorn, Rose, Cur-
rant, Raspberry, etc.

* Aspidiotus perniciosus albopuncta-

tus Ckll Orange, Plum. (From Japan.)

Aspidiotus rapax Comst Willow, Holly, Ivy, Acacia, Orange,

Pittosporum, Camellia, Palms,

Ferns, etc.
Aspidiotus calif ornicus Col. Pinus sabiniana, P. ponderosa, P.

lambertiana, P. attenuata.
Aspidiotus coniferarum shastfe Col. .Cupressus macnabiana.
Aspidiotus ehrhorni Col. Under lichens on Abies concolor,

Libocedrus decurrens.

Aspidiotus florencix Col Pinus ponderosa.

Pseudaonidia duplex Gk\\. Camellia. (In Japanese nursery.)

*Pseudaonidia pseonia Ckll Peony. (From Japan.)

Chrysomphalus aonidum hinn. Palms. (In greenhouse.)

Chrysomphahis aurantii Mask. Orange, Lemon, Grape-fruit, Rose,

Cycas revoluta, and species of

Palms.
Chrysomphalus aurantii citrinus

Coq. Orange, Oleander, Palms.

Chrysomphalus tenehricasus Comst. . .Maple, Apple.

Targionia higelovioe Ckll. Bigelovia brachylepis.

*Odona8pi8 hambusarum Ckll Bamboo. (From Japan.)

Lepidnsaphes beckii Newm Orange, Lemon, Grape-fruit, Palms.

Lepidosaphes crawii Ckll. Quercus cuspidatus.

Lepidosaphes gloverii Pack. Orange.

Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn. Apple, Pear, Plum, Willow.

Parlatoria pergandii Comst Orange.

DESCRIPTION OF THE MORE IMPORTANT SPECIES, WITH NOTES.

Accompanying the descriptions of the more important species in the
following pages will be found a number of illustrations, which will give
the reader a fair idea of the general appearance of the different forms
of scale insects, as well as a colored plate showing members of each of
the principal subfamilies represented in California.

For the convenience of the County Horticultural Commissioners and
Inspectors, as well as of others interested in this study, a number of
plates have been added, showing original drawings of the last abdom-
2-c

10 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

inal segments of many of our more important species. In the study
of scale insects, especially those members of the subfamily Diaspinse,
in order to make final determination of the species the first requisite is a
good microscope. The last abdominal segment of the adult female
presents peculiar organs, designated by distinct names. These terms
must be recognized by their various names in order to accurately deter-
mine any given species from the technical description. A glossary of
the scientific terms used in the descriptions of the Coccidse is presented
herewith. On Plate III will be found an illustration of the last
abdominal segment of an adult female Diaspina?, showing the form
and position of the terms used. By careful study of this figure, aided
by the glossary, the technical descriptions will lose their mystification
to the beginner, and after a little practice any intelligent person, aided
by the microscope, will be able to identify species with some degree of
accuracy.

When the determination of a scale insect is wanted, first observe the
name of the host plant upon which it is found, then turn to the list of
species and note what scales are found upon that particular plant in
California. In case there are several species, note the general descrip-
tion of the scale in hand and compare it with the illustrations, and, in
many cases, the determination may be made from this alone. If this
is not sufficient, read the description of the female, and in this case the
final determination calls for the use of the microscope. By following
the description and referring to Plate III the various organs used
in the determination of the species will be seen and made clear. The
descriptions have been systematically arranged according to subfamily
and genus.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIPTIONS,

Abdomen. All the hinder part of the insect, the third of the three main divisions of the

body (head, thorax, and abdomen).
Anal Lobes; Anal Plates. A small pair of triangular processes forming a valve which

covers the anal orifice.
Anal Orifice. The external opening of the intestine.
Anal Ring. A circumscribed ring encircling the anal oriiice.

Anal Tubercles. A pair of prominent rounded processes on each side of the anal orifice.
Antennae. A pair of jointed organs or feelers situated on the head.
Appendages. General term for antennce, mouth parts, and legs of an insect.
Bicuspid. Having two points.
Carina. A Iceel or ridge.
Carinated. Keeled, ridged, or ribbed.
Castaneous. Shiny, reddish brown.
Caudad. Situated toward the tail.
Cephalic. Pertaining to the head.

Cephalothopax. The anterior part of the body, comprising the head and thorax.
Chitinous. Consisting of a horny substance present in the sliin and harder parts of

insects.

THE COCCID^ OF CALIFORNIA.

PLATE III.

^€

FIG. 1. Pygidixjm of

Circumgenital glands or

1,2,

1. Median group.

2. Upper laterals.

3. Lower laterals.

4. Genital aperture.

5. Anal aperture.

6. Spine-like plates.

7. Spines.

8. Fumbriated plates.

9. Third pair lobes.

10. Second pair lobes.

11. Firstormedianpair

lobes— serrate.

FIG. 2. Body of Female Di.\spin.«

1. Head.

2. Prothorax.

3. Mesothorax.

4. Metathorax.

5. 6, 7. Abdominal seg-

ments.

8. Pygidium.

9. Antenna?.
10. Rostrum.

12. Tubular spinner-

ets.

13. Trumpet - shaped

filiform spin-
nerets.

14. Trumpet - shaped

tubular spin-
nerets.

15. Marginal promi-

nence.

16. Abdominal seg-

ment.

11. Anterior spiracles.

12. Rostral setae.

13. Posterior spiracles.

14. Spinnerets or cir-

cumgenital
glands.

15. Genital aperture.

16. Pores of tubular

spinnerets.

O. T. P., del.

.TT

VENTRAL SURFACE OF SCALE INSECT; SHOWING VARIOUS ORGANS.

12 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OP HORTICULTURE.

Circumgenltal Glands. Small circular glands in distinct groups around the genital
orifice.

Coxa. The basal joint of the leg.

Depressed. Flattened from above downward.

Digitules. A.ppendages frequently present on the feet of Coccidee.

Dorsal. Relating to the back or upper parts of the body.

Dorsal Scale. The part of the covering scale that lies above the scale proper and the
part seen when viewing a scale externally ; between this and the ventral scale is
found the female.

Dorsum. The back or upper part of the body.

Exuviae. The discarded skins shed at the periodical molts.

Femur. The thigh or upper part of the leg.

Filiform. Thread-like.

Honey-dew. A sweet, sticky substance exuded by the Coccidse and other insects.

Incised. With marginal slits or notches.

Laterad. Toward the side.

Larva. The immature insect.

Lobe. Any prominent rounded process. (See illustrated plate.)
Mesad. Situated toward the middle.
Mesal. Relating to the middle.

Metamorphosis. The transformations of an insect during its development.
Ocelli. The simple or supplementary eyes.
Oviparous. Producing eggs.

Ovoviviparous. Producing eggs which are hatched within the body of the parent.
Parasitized. Containing parasites.
Pellicles. The " exuviaj " or cast larval skins.
Plate. Any broad, flattened piece.

Processes. Any prominent portions of the body not otherwise definable.
Pupa. The chrysalis or resting stage of an insect.

Pygidium. The compound terminal segment of the body. (See illustrated plate.)
Rostral Setae. The four long, hair-like processes which together form the sucking tube.
Secretion. Matter produced by the various glands of the body, more particularly the
cottony, waxy, silken substances of which the coverings of many scale bugs are
composed.
Segments. The transverse divisions of the body.
Serrated. With margin notched like a saw.
Seta. A stout hair or bristle.
Spiracles. The respiratory organs.
Tarsus. The terminal joints of the legs.
Thorax. The second or main division of the body ; that part which bears the legs and

wings when present.
Tibia. The single joint of the leg immediately succeeding the "femur" and preceding

the "tarsus."
Truncate. With end having appearance of being abruptly cut off.
Ventral. Relating to the under surface of the body.
Ventral Scale. The under part of the covering scale, between the insect and the plant.

THE COCCIDAE OP CALIFORNIA.

13

Subfamily MONOPHLEBINiE.
Icerya purchasi crawii Ckll.

Female (after forming ovisac). — Light pinkish or yellowish red; the
margin orange, with bunches of short black bristles; the back is largely
covered with yellowish-white secretion. Ovisac somewhat larger and
longer than maftkelli; femora decidedly more slender.

On orange, lemon, grape-fruit, acacia, pittosporum, broom, rose.

FIG. 1. Icerya purchasi crawii. Females on orange twig.

FIG. '2. Male of
Icerya purchasi
crawii.

Icepya purchasi maskelli Ckll.

Female (after forming ovisac). — Slate gray or very dark purplish
gray, sometimes brownish in the middle, with marginal dull orange
spots. Back little covered by secretion. More hairy at the cephalic
end than crawii. Ovisac not so large as in crawii, tinged with yellow
just behind the body of the insect. It is purchasi in the strict sense and
agrees very nearly, though not entirely, with Maskell's description.

Food plants: same as I. crawii.

FIG. 3. Icerya purchasi maslcelli. Females on orange twig.

The two species above mentioned are well known to almost every resi-
dent of California, and are commonly known as the cottony-cushion
scale, the white scale, or the fluted scale. Until the introduction of
their natural insect enemy {Novius {^Vedalia^ cardinalis) this pest
engaged the attention of our citrus-growers more than any one thing,
but within a few short months after its introduction, N. cardinalis had
the pest practically controlled and has held it so for many years. To-
day it is hard work to find enough of the scale to keep the breeding
cases in our Insectary supplied with food. The two species mentioned
are usually associated with each other on the same tree. They" may be
distinguished in the adult stage, however, as one is a light form and
the other dark.

14 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

Subfamily MARGARODINiE.
Xylococcus quercus Ehrh.

The specimen taken in October is very dark in color, blackish, the
markings being only faintly indicated.

Egg quite large, of a light orange color.

Young larvae dark orange-red, active, body broadly oval, about f mm.
long. Legs and antennae light brown, well developed. Antennae short,
6-jointed. Joint 1 stoutest, joint 6 longest, and joint 4 shortest.
Formula: 6 5 12 3 4. Joints 2 and 5 with three bristles. Joint 6 with
numerous long stout bristles. Legs moderately long, with femur quite
swollen. Tarsus longer than tibia. Digitules of tarsus fine hairs; those
of claw long stout clubs curved upward. Each segment of abdomen
bears a backward-directed short stout spine. On each side of anal tube
is a long fine bristle. Anal tube large, with numerous stout spines.
Stigmatal tubes well developed. '

Female (second stage). — Body crimson, shiny, nearly spherical, about
li mm. long, 1 mm. broad, surrounded by cottony and waxy secretion.
Antennae and legs wanting. Anal tube well developed, producing a
glassy rod, like a stout white hair, rather brittle. Last segment of body
dark brown. When cleared in KHO, surface of body finely granulated,
more so near caudal end. Stigmatal tubes are large and well defined.
There are numerous spines and gland openings scattered over the body.

Third and fourth stages very similar to second stage, but larger in
each case than the preceding, and varying in the further development
of stigmatal and anal tubes, glands, spines, etc.

Adult Female. — Head, thorax, legs, and antennae reddish brown,
abdomen blackish brown, segmentation distinct. There is a distinct
constriction between the thorax and abdomen. Length of body about
5i mm., breadth 2^ mm., quite convex above. Ventral side of abdomen
concave, with revolute margins. Insect quite active. When ready to
deposit eggs crawls into some crevice and produces a cottony cushion,
on which it rests and secretes considerable white cotton over its entire
body. Antennae 9-jointed. Joint 1 longest and broadest, next in length
is 2, then joint 9, and then 3. Joints 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 are subequal, and
are a little shorter than 3. Formula: 1 2 9 3 (4 5 6 7 8). Legs long and
stout. Tibia twice as long as tarsus, both very hairy. Claw long and
stout. Digitules fine hairs. Body sparsely covered with long stout
spines, especially along the margin and caudal end. Stigmatal tubes
very prominent. Anal opening simple and quite large.

Adult Male.— About 3 mm. long and 1^ mm. broad, slightly pubescent.
Color of abdomen reddish brown. Mesothorax black, with four raised

THE COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA. 15

knobs. Front part of head black, eyes very prominent, strongly faceted,
black. Legs and antennaj black and very hairy. Ventral surface of
abdomen dark brown, segmentation distinct. Mesosternum black, a
small black line on poststernum, and an irregular black patch on meta-
sternum. Abdominal brushes with long stout glassy bristles about 6 mm-
long. Style short, stout, and conical. Antennte 10-jointed, very hairy,
reaching beyond end of abdomen. Joint 2 shortest, joints 3 and 10 a
little longer, and the other joints subequal. Each joint with numerous
hairs. Wings large, about 3 mm. long and 1 mm. broad, expanse about
7 mm.; smoky, sHghtly pubescent, with a costal space blackish brown,
halteres resembling small wings with several hooks. Legs long, stout,
and very hairy. Femur much shorter than tibia. Tibia about four
times as long as tarsus. Digitules fine hairs. Claw long, slender, and
well curved. Digitules short clubbed-shaped hairs.

On Quercus chrysolepis.

This wonderful insect is of little economic importance and requires
close inspection to detect its presence. A long white, thread-like pro-
tuberance is first noticeable coming out of the cracks of the bark on
the oak while the female is buried underneath.

Subfamily ORTHEZIINiE.
Orthezia insig-nis Dougl.

(Colored Plate II.)

Adult Female.— Body broad oval; width, 1.2 mm.; length, 1.5 mm.,
exclusive of lamellae; ochreous, mottled to dark green; distinctly seg-
mented. Arranged around the body, beginning with the second tho-
racic segment, are white, waxy plates or lamellae. In the adult female
the lamellae are united posteriorly, forming a long, parallel-sided mar-
supium, which contains the eggs and young. The arrangement of the
lamellae can be better shown by a figure (See colored Plate II) than
by a description. Antennae 8-jointed, all fulvous except the black,
somewhat fusoid eighth joint; the first joint is very stout, the second
the stoutest and shorter than the remaining ones. Legs light broAvn,
the darker tarsi bearing numerous fine spines.

Adult Male.— The slender, dusky body is about 1 mm. in length, and
bears two large ovate, transparent wings with two veins united at the
base. Wing expanse, 2.5 mm. The last segment bears on each side
a long, white filament.

This insect is strictly a greenhouse species, and sometimes is very
destructive to coleus, verbena, and chrysanthemum.

16 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

Subfamily DACTYLOPIIN^.
PoUinia pollini Costa.

This scale was introduced in 1887 from Italy on a shipment of olive
trees, but its presence was not noticed until 1893, when the trees were
destroyed and a careful search made for any other infestation. None
has been noticed since that time, although a careful inspection has
been made many times since, and it is reasonable to suppose that it
was eradicated.

Kermes austini Ehrh.

Female Scale. — Spherical, about 4.5 mm. broad, 4 mm. long, 4 mm.
high. Dorsum slightly covered with a waxy secretion. Scale not gib-
bous and segmentations indistinct, indicated by brown dots when seen
through a lens. Color light hrown, with several irregular white stripes
running parallel with the segments. There is a distinct groove on the
caudal portion of the scale, which is distinctly marked with brown.
Scale more or less pitted; pits generally marked dark brown or black.
Ventral scale is more or less flat and light brown. Keel not very
prominent. When boiled in KHO derm is light brown, with several
brown spots and numerous round gland-orifices, which are larger near
the margin. A few short spines near the margin. Antennae very short
and stout, indistinctly 6-jointed. Joint 3 longest, 4 and 5 subequal.

Larva (taken from body of female). — Color pink, twice as long as
broad; after boiling in potash, colorless. Antennae and legs yellow-
Antennae 6-jointed. Formula: 3 6 (2 5) (4 1). Caudal tubercles large,
with very long setae and three stout spines — one at base of tubercle, one
on its inner margin, and one near setae. On the margin of body each
segment has a stout spine. Legs stout. Tarsus not twice as long as
tibia. Femur nearly twice as long as tarsus plus tibia. Claw slender
and curved.

On twigs of Quercus ohlongifolius.

Many specimens of this species are found to be parasitized.

Kermes cockerelli Ehrh.

Female. — Scale 5 mm. long, 4.5 mm. broad, and 4 mm. high, deeply
segmented, dorsum usually marked with black lines and spots along
the sutures, some specimens not showing any. There is a broad,
median, longitudinal groove, where the segmentation is obsolete; on
each side of this the segments are strongly gibbous. Color light brownj
without any conspicuous black specks; derm, by transmitted light,
brown with numerous oval glands, several large postulae on body. An-
tennae very small, 6-jointed; joint 3 very large, longer than the three
following together; the others short, very little longer than 5, 4 shortest.

THE COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA. 17

Larva elongated oval, rather more than twice as long as broad, yellow,
greatest breadth behind the middle of body. Eyes red, caudal tubercles
quite large, each bearing one long bristle and three stout spines, one
near bristle and one on the outer and inner margins of tubercle. On the
anterior margin of the head are six bristles; the sides of the abdominal
segments are armed with stout, but not very long bristles. Antennae
cylindrical, 6-jointed; formula: (3 6) (1 2) 4 5; last joint rounded at tip
with several hairs, one very long; rostral loop extending halfway
between base of third pair of legs and anal ring. Legs quite large, claw
long and curved; tibia shorter than tarsus.

On twigs of Quercus lobata.

Very much parasitized by undetermined chalcid.

Kermes g-alliformis Riley.

The following short description of this species is taken from Mr. King's article ''The
Genus Kermes in North America," and the description published in " Coccidte of Ohio,"
by James G. Saunders:

"A large dirty-gray form, which turns to a nearly white color when
exposed to a season on the twigs. Female scale 6 mm. long, 7 mm.
broad, 6 mm. high, with black spots, and viewed with a hand lens the
scale is seen to be covered with minute black specks. Newly hatched
larva dirty gray."

On oak.

Kermes nigropunctatus Ehrh. and Ckll.

Female. — Scale 4.5 mm. long, 5.5 mm. broad, nearly 4 mm. high, not
very pale ochreous, speckled all over with black, the black specks so
small as to be readily overlooked without the use of a lens; segmentation
obscure, but discernible, the sutures slightly impressed and marked by
more or less pallid transverse bands; an obscure median longitudinal
depressed line; under side of scale, where it touches the bark, flattened
and entirely dark brown; derm by transmitted light yellow, with
numerous round glands. Antennae small, 6-jointed; joint 3 very long,
about as long as 4, 5 and 6 together; joints 2 and 4 subequal and
smallest. Formula: 3 16 5 (2 4).

Larva oval, about one and a half times longer than broad; greatest
breadth about the middle; pink; caudal tubercles large and distinct,
each bearing a moderately long bristle and three stout spines, one on
the outer and inner margins and one near bristle. The sides of the
abdominal segments are armed with stout, short bristles. Antennae
cylindrical, 6-jointed, formula 3 6 1 (4 5) 2; last joint rounded at tip with
several hairs; joint 5 with a hair; rostral loop extending beyond third
pair of legs; anal ring with six hairs. Legs stout, claw long and curved;
tibia much shorter than tarsus.

18 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OP HORTICULTURE.

The larvae were found in body of female. It is something like K.
galiiformis, but distinguished by the impressed sutures.
On twigs of Quernis.

The four species of Kermes above mentioned are of little importance,
although occasionally a tree may be found which will contain quite a
few specimens of the scale, but in most cases they are heavily para-

PIG. 4. Kermes nigropunctatus. Larv;e and adults on twig of oak.

sitized and are thus held in check and not allowed to increase to any
extent.

Gossyparia spuria Modeer.

(Elm-tree Scale.)

Larva. — The newly hatched larva is of an elongated oval form, nar-
rower behind, of a clear yellow color, each segment with a strong lateral
spine, and the front border of the body with six spines. The genito-
anal ring has six hairs, around which is later formed a secretion, which
renders them invisible. There is a double row of spines down the
middle of the back; the antennae are 6-jointedj joints 2 and 3 longest,

THE COCCIDAE OV CALIFORNIA. 19

4 and 5 shortest. There is an elongated protuberance each side of the
antennae. The legs are short and slender, with the tibia shorter than
the tarsus. The genito-anal ring has eight hairs.

The full-grown male larva has 7-jointed antennae, joint 7 longest, the
rest equal. After impregnation the female becomes more round, fixes
herself, the secretion becomes much more abundant on the sides, making
at first lamellae, which afterwards unite into a cushion. The back
becomes smooth and the segmentation becomes plainly visible. The
dorsum is plane transversely, but curved longitudinally. Particularly
after the birth of the young, the female becomes well separated from
the waxy cushion, and is easily removed from it (even jarring will
accomplish the removal), leaving the noticeably empty white cup with
its fringed edges.

Dr. L. 0. Howard gives the following description:

Male. — " The antennae of the male are 10-jointed, the joints well
separated. The wings are represented by pads of varying length. The
poisers appear rather thick and fleshy, but lack the terminal hook.

FIG. o. GDssyparia spuria. On elm.

The abdomen is very stout, suboval, considerably broader than the
thorax, and when seen from above covers coxae, trochanters, and base
of the femora. Its segments are not well marked. A few days after
this form makes its appearance the cocoons begin to give out the per-
fect males, which issue with wings fully expanded. There seems to
have been a molt between this pseudimago and the perfect males, for
in no other way can we account for the difference in form. The
antennae possess the same number of joints (10), of about the same
relative proportion, although joints 3 and 4 are longer, but the incisures
are rather better marked. The poisers are lighter in color, and less
fleshy in appearance, and the curved hook is plainly visible at tip.
The abdomen is rather longer, much more slender, and tapers gradually
from base to tip. Its segments are well incised and plainly separable
from above. It does not cover the hind coxae and trochanters. The
tibiffi are longer in proportion to their tarsi. The anal segment gives
off two waxy filaments as long as the entire body. These filaments
were not noticeable in the pseudimago."

20

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTlCUI.TrRE.

The cocoon of the male is rather close, though-tliin, flattened oval,
and pure white, about 2 mm. long by 1 mm. wide, and is composed of
rather coarse waxy fibers.

On elm trees.

We have but one generation of the scale a year in California. The
young are brought forth alive during May, locate on the leaves and
later settle on the branches.

In other states this species has proven a very destructive pest to the
elms. In one locality in California it gained quite a foothold, but
prompt remedial measures were applied and the scale has not been
allowed to increase, although scattering specimens may be found on
some of the trees originally infested.

Erioeoecus araucaria Mask.

The presence of the black fungus which accompanies many species

of coccids, usually first denotes
the presence of this scale. The
full-grown insects are contained
in white cocoon-like sacks, which
are often massed toward the ends
of the twigs. The larvse are inr
conspicuous and are found in the
angles formed by the bases of the
leaves. Both sexes are similar
in the larval form. They are
'_ greenish yellow in color; the
^ posterior end of the body is fur-
nished with two prominent lobes,
each terminated by a long hair.
Between these lobes there is a
conical mass of white waxy mat-
bidwiiiii. tcr projecting backward. The

margin of the body is fringed with a row of tubular spinnerets. The
female when full grown measures 2.3 mm. in length. When the female
is ready to lay her eggs, she excretes a cocoon-like covering to the
body, composed of white waxen threads. This sac is dense, like felt,
but easily torn, and appears to be open on the middle line of the ven-
tral surface. It adheres to the tree quite firmly, remaining where
excreted after the death of the insect.
On Araucaria excelsa, A. bidwillii.

Erioeoecus adenostomse Ehrh.

Female. — Inclosed in an oval (at one end more or less pointed) sac
about 3 mm. long and l-g mm. broad, woolly, snow-white, of uniform

On Araucaria

THE COCCIDAE OP CALIFORNIA. 21

texture. Oval, about half again as long as broad, dark purple, turning
bright crimson when placed in KHO. Body about 1^ mm. long. An-
tennae light brown, 7-jointed; formula, approximately: (3 4 7) (1 2) 5 6;
joint 3 equal to 5 and 6. Most of the joints with hairs; joint 7 with
several comparatively long hairs. Legs light brown, large and stout;
each joint with one or more bristles; femur quite swollen; tarsus a
trifle longer than tibia. Claw stout and curved. Both tarsus and claw
with long filiform digitules. Posterior tubercles short and rounded,
Avith one very long, stout bristle and two shorter ones on their outer
margin. Anal ring large, with eight long bristles. Derm colorless,
with quantities of small spines and rounded glands distributed all over
the dorsum.

Sac of male smaller and narrower than that of the female, color more
creamy.

On Adenoslovia fasciculatuin.

Phenacoccus artemisiae Ehrh.

Adult Female. — Elongate oval, about 3 mm. long and 1^ mm. broad,
of a sage-green color; measuring with egg sac 4^ mm. Sac loosely
woven without any grooves, eggs lemon-yellow. Legs and antennae
light brown. Body thinly covered with secretion, but not enough to
hide color of body. Segmentation distinct. When placed in boiling
KHO, body turns orange color, and leaves derm colorless after boiling.
Antennae 9-jointed; joint 2 always longest, joints 5, 6, 7, 8 subequal.
Formula: 239 14(5 6 7 8). Joints 1,7, 8, and 9 with several stout hairs.
Legs short and stout; femur about as long as tibia; tibia twice as long
as tarsus. Claw stout and long, with tooth. Digitules fine knobbed
hairs.

Adult Male. — Abdomen yellowish green, thorax and head dark green.
Thorax marked with black longitudinal lines. Body slightly pruinose.
Antennae and legs light brown. Eyes dark red. Wings more or less
pruinose, very delicate. Antennae very hairy, 10-jointed; joint 3 long-
est, joint 1 shortest and stoutest, joints 7, 8, and 10 subequal, joints 2
and 9 subequal. Formula: 3 4 5 6 (7 8 10) (2 9) 1. Legs very hairy,
long and slender; tibia much longer than femur; tarsus very short,
less than one third of tibia. Claw long and very slender. Digitules
fine hairs.

On Artemisia califurnica.

Phenacoccus stachyos Ehrh.

Adult Female. — About 2i mm. long and 1 mm. broad, convex, taper-
ing posteriorly, viviparous, of a sage-green color. Slightly covered with
white secretion, which, when seen through lens, appears as minute white

22 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

dots. Segmentation distinct. There are two longitudinal rows of light
brown dots on the meson. The dorsum and margin are thickly set with
long fine iridescent spines, which are deciduous. Legs and antennae
light brown, quite hairy. Caudal filaments short and stout. When
placed in boiling KHO, body turns reddish brown. After boiling, derm
becomes colorless, antennae, mouth parts, and legs remaining light
brown. Antennae long and slender, each joint with a few long fine
hairs. Joint 3 longest, next comes joint 2, joints 4 and 5 subequal,
joints 1 and 6 subequal, joint 8 shortest. Formula, approximately:
3 2 (4 5) 9 ( 1 6) 7 8. Legs long and stout, quite hairy; trochanter with
very long bristle; femur a trifle shorter than tibia; tarsus about one third
of tibia. Claw long and slender, with tooth. Digitules fine knobbed
hairs. Lobes well developed, with a long seta, and two long fine
bristles. Anal ring with six stout hairs. On each segment of the ven-
tral surface, thorax, and on the head, there are numerous very long fine
hairs, and there are numerous short fine spines and numerous spin-
nerets with club-shaped tubes scattered over the body.

Newly hatched larvae orange colored, elongate oval. Antennae
6-jointed, quite stout. Formula: 6 3 (1 2) (4 5). Legs short and stout;
tarsus as long as tibia. Rostral loop extending beyond last coxae.
Caudal lobes and setae quite prominent.

On Starhyos bullata.

Ceroputo bahise Ehrh.

Adidt Female.— About 4 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, covered with
white cottony secretion, with a distinct ridge of cottony tufts running
longitudinally on the meson and two smaller ridges parallel with it.
Each ridge has a large tuft at the cephalic end. Margin fringed with
short, broad cottony appendages, getting longer toward caudal end.
Legs and antennae dark brown. Color of body is greenish yellow, with
a brown patch on the meson. When boiled in KHO turns crimson at
first, then derm becomes colorless, except a row of dark brown patches
on the body near and running parallel with the margin. These grow
larger caudad. Body is densely covered with round glands and stout
conical spines. Anal ring large, with six long stout hairs and numer-
ous stout hairs scattered over area surrounding it. Antennae remain
brown. Antennae 9-jointed, long and stout. Formula: 3596 74812.
All joints quite hairy, and joint 9 quite pointed with numerous hairs.
Legs long, stout, and thickly covered with very stout hairs; femur and
tibia subequal; tarsus about one third of tibia. Claw very stout and
curved, with tooth. Digitules very long fine hair.

Immature Male. — Much like female, smaller and lighter color, about
2i mm. long, I^ mm. broad. Legs not as stout. Antennae 7-jointed.
Formula: 37 2(1 4 56).

THE COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA. 23

Sac of male snow-white, more or less irregular in shape, no distinct
carina, about 4 mm. long, 2 mm. broad.

Adult Male. — Measures, without setae, about 3 mm. long and 1 mm.
broad. Head and thorax dark brown, abdomen greenish yellow,
slightly covered with white secretion. Antennse 10-jointed. Formula:
(3 4 5) 6 7 8 9 10 1 2. Legs long, stout and very hairy. Wings dusky,
pubescent, each about 2^ mm. long by 1 mm. broad. Halteres small,
with two stout, well-curved hooks. Style long, stout and conical, form-
ing a blunt hook at caudal end. The last abdominal segment has two
groups of round gland openings; on the cephalic margin of eacti, two
very long, stout spines arise, which run parallel caudad. There are
also numerous stout hairs surrounding the glands.

On Bahia sp.

Pseudococcus aurilanatus Mask.

Adult Female. — Slightly elongated, nearly globulous, of a rich dark
purple color, bearing on the dorsum a longitudinal band of bright
golden-colored meal, with small patches of similar
meal often visible on the edges. In alcohol or
potash it produces a rich purple tint, and if
crushed in the fingers stains them a dark red.
The eggs, which are also purple, are laid in a
mass behind the insect in a thin, white cottony
web, the mass having thus a general dark gray
appearance. Body obscurely segmented, length
about YY inch. Antennae usually of eight joints,
often of seven; in the former case the fourth, in ^^^ " P'^eudococnt^ cUn
the latter the third, joint is the longest, the rest o^^^^o" ea>-jug.)
subequal, except the last, which is fusiform, and nearly equal to the
longest; all the joints have a few hairs, the last bearing several.

On Araucaria bidwillii.

This species is commonly known as the "golden mealy-bug," and is
quite troublesome in the greenhouses on Araucaria bidwillii. I have
also found it on the same host plant in the open.

Pseudococcus citri Risso.

(Mealy-bug.)

Adult Female.— Length 3.5 to 4 mm., width 2 to 2.5 mm., white or
yellow with brownish tinge, darker than P. longispinus, and with less
powdery secretions covering body. The seventeen lateral appendages
are short and blunt; posterior appendages not much longer than lateral
ones. Antennffi 8-jointed, less pubescent than in P. longispinus. For-

24 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OP HORTICULTURE.

niula: 832(17) (5 64). The penultimate segment bears on either side
a very long seta and two or three very short ones, and two conical pro-
jections; the surface of the segment is dotted with orifices. Six slender
setse, one half the length of the setae on the penultimate, are borne by
the anogenital ring, which is somewhat projected from the penultimate
segment. Female oviparous; deposits eggs in cottony sac, which in-
creases in size as the female grows.

On citrus, Cycas revoluta, coleus, ferns, and many plants in hothouses.

This is the common mealy-bug and can be found in almost any
greenhouse or private conservatory. In a few instances it has been
reported as occurring in citrus orchards. In these cases a colony of
Gryplolsemus montrouzieri (Coccinellid), known as the ladybird enemy
of the mealy-bug, soon cleans up the pest. In the greenhouses they do
not work so well, as the mature beetle flies against the glass and tries
to escape, but in the open they control this pest wherever liberated.

Pseudococcus long-ispinus Targ.
(Mealy-bug.)

Female. — Length 2.5 to 3 mm., width 1.5 to 2 mm. White or tinged
with yellow, with brown band on middle of
back; each segment with a white waxy filament,
which forms a border of appendages of varying
lengths around the body; those near the poste-
rior extremity longer, and four at caudal end
very long, the inner the longer, sometimes longer
than the body. Entire body appears as if dusted
with flour, which is caused by the waxy secre-
tion. Antennae 8-jointed, each joint bearing
seven hairs. Formula: 8 (2 3) (1 5) (4 6) 7. The
legs are long, stouter than in P. citri, somewhat
pubescent; tibia twice as long as tarsus. The
penultimate segment presents on either side a
FIG. 8. Pseuddcorriof iongis- rouuded group of porcs and two short, strong
pinut,. 1 La y ug. gpines, also a seta somewhat longer than the

anal seta, and several shorter seta?. Anal ring large, dotted with six

long setae.

Larvse. — The male and female larvae are similar to adult female in

shape and color, but the male larva has 7-jointed and the female

6-jointed antenna.

On fern, croton, coleus, citrus, Cycas revoluta, and many hothouse
plants.

THE COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA. 25

This species differs from P. citri, as it has long threads or spines
extending from the end of the body. lis habits are the same as /*. citri
and it is usually to be found on the same host plants.

Pseudococcus maritimus Ehrh.

Femali'. — Elongate oval, about 2 mm. long and 1 mm. broad, flattish,
slightly covered with secretion. Color of body, reddish brown. Margin
beset with stout, short, white filaments, which grow longer caudad.
Caudal setae about one-half length of body. Legs and antennae same
color as body.

Eggs orange-yellow. Egg sac well developed and has the appearance
of Pulviiuiria cameUcoln, but smaller — about 5 mm. long and 2 mm.
broad.

Young larva; light orange-yellow.

When boiled in KHO, female turns liquid purple and derm becomes
colorless. Body thickly beset with long slender spines and many round
glands. Each segment has a group of spinnerets on its margin, in the
center of which are two short stout conical spines. Antennee 8-jointed,
quite hairy. Joint 8 always longest, and joint 4 generally shortest,
although joint 6 sometimes is shorter than 4; again, joints 4 and 6
are sometimes equal. The following formulae will assist in determin-
ing the species: 8 2 (1 3) (5 7) 6 4. 82(13)5(47)6. 8321(57)64.
8 1(23)57 (46).

Legs quite hairy, well developed, long and slender. Trochanter with
long stout spine (128/<). Femur about as long- as tibia. Tarsus about
a third as long as tibia. Claw short and stout. Digitules fine knobbed
hairs. Caudal lobes prominent, with moderately long setse and two
very stout conical spines. Anal ring large, with six very long stout
hairs.

On Eringonum latlfolium.

Pseudococcus quercus Ehrh.
Fern (lie. — Slightly covered with white secretion, about 2i mm. long
and li mm. broad, tapering at both ends. Color of body greenish
brown, concealed more or less by secretion. Segmentation very distinct.
Each segment bears a white filament on the margin. Caudal setse
about one third as long as body, white and very stout. Antenna? and legs
dark brown. When placed in boiling KHO, body turns crimson; derm
becomes colorless after boiling. Antennae 8-jointed; joint 8 longest,
joint 7 generally shortest. Formula, approximately: 8 3 2 (1 5) 6 4 7.
Each joint has a ring of stout hairs. Joint 8 has numerous very long
hairs. Legs long and stout, with numerous long fine hairs; femur
about as long as tibia; tarsus about a third as long as tibia; claw
3-c

26 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

slender and well curved. Digitules long fine knobbed hairs. Anal ring
small, with six fine hairs. Caudal lobes well develoi^ed, with very long
setse (280/^). Groups of spinnerets, conical spines, and long slender
hairs scattered over the dorsum.

On Qiiercus cJirysolepis.

Pseudococcus ryani Coq.

This species is known as the cypress mealy-bug and is held in almost
complete subjection by the Coccinellids (ladybirds), Rhizohius ventralis
and Exochomus marginipennis. Of the sixteen species of Pseudococcus
found in California, P. cltri, P. longispimis, and P. aurilanatus are the
most troublesome, although where New Zealand flax is grown P. calceo-
larise is very abundant.

Erium eriogconi Ehrh.

Female. — Inclosed in a densely woven white felt sac about 2^ mm.
long and 1mm. broad; also secreting considerable loose cottony matter.
Color light yellow, slightly covered with white powder, about 2 mm. long
and 1 mm. broad. Last segment of body with two short white filaments.
Legs and antennae light brown. Young larvae and eggs light yellow.
When boiled in KHO, turns brown. Numerous very fine slender
spines on dorsum. Antennae 7-jointed, quite bristly. Sequence of the
joints of the antennae is quite variable. Joint 7 longest, then comes 3,
then 1 and 2, but these are sometimes longer than 3. Joint 4 is next,
but sometimes joint 6 is longer. Joint 5 is generally shortest. Formula,
approximately: 7 3 12 4 6 5. Legs small and rather slender; femur,
tibia, and tarsus all bearing rather large stout bristles; femur twice as
long as tarsus; claw slender. Tarsal digitules long, slender, slightly
knobbed. Digitules of claw slightly longer than claw, slender, knobbed.
Anal lobes not conspicuous, bearing a long, rather stout seta, several
stout conical spines, hairs and spinnerets. Anal ring median, with
the usual six hairs.

On roots of Eriogonum sp.

Ripersia villosa Ehrh.

Female. — In clusters and single in the crotches of twigs of oak. Sac
loosely woven of long white wool, oval, about 2 mm. long and 1 mm.
broad.

When removed from sac bright crimson, slightly covered with
white powder, skin shiny; about 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, tapering
anteriorly and quite convex dorsally. When boiled in KHO, derm
colorless, densely covered with slender hairs. Antennae light brown;

THE COCCIDAE OP CALIFORNIA. 27

7-jointed, joint 7 longest; sometimes joint 1 is next longest, but joint
2 is often longer than joint 1, and in many cases they are sub-
equal; joint 6 usually next, although joint 3 may be longer than
6; joint 4 next, often subequal with 5; sometimes 3 shortest, sometimes
5; 3 and 5 often subequal. In fact, the sequence of the joints is
quite variable, as is shown in the following antennal formulae:
721(36)(45). 7(12)6(45)3. 71264(53). 7(12)64(53). Joint
1 is stouter than any of the others. Each joint with hairs, joint 7
with several stout hairs. Legs light brown, large and stout; each joint
furnished with one or more rather long bristles. Femur, 80X50a<;
tibia, 70 yu; tarsus, 50 yu; claw, 20 yw. Digitules of claw knobbed, moder-
ately short and stout. Tarsal digitules long, fine, slightly knobbed
hairs. Tubercles small and rounded, with long stout bristle. Anal
ring with six stout hairs.

Larva, when newly hatched, color light red, rostral loop extending
beyond body.

On Quercus agrifolia.

Subfamily COCCINiE.

Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv.

This scale insect somewhat resembles the cottony-cushion scale
{Icerya purchasi) and is often mistaken for it. It can be easily dis-
tinguished, however,
being much smaller
and the general ap-
pearance differing
materially.

Female. — Oval in
form; color dark
brown. Near the pos- ^^^- ^- ^'"'*'««'-'" >">inmc,aino^ (lohomv m .,,1. sc de).

'■ On Grape.

terior end are ridges,

and the lines that separate them are darker than the other parts. The
eggs are laid in the cottony sac; they are white when first laid, but
change to a yellowish tinge before hatching. They are oval in form.
The larva is yellowish white.

At one time this species was very troublesome, but the internal para-
sites Coccophagus lecani and Encyrtus flavus work on this pest most
effectively in the larval form, and the Rhizohius ventralis clean up the
egg sacs of those that escape the attack of the parasites in the larval
form and mature.

The other species of Pulvinaria found in California are of no economic
importance.

28

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

Pulvinaria camelicola Sign.

The female of this species is not unlike Coccus hesperidum, but the

formation of the white ovisac is a clearly distinguishing character. In

late summer the female often drops off to the ground, leaving only the

1^ ovisac observable on the leaf.

According to Maskell, the adult
female is yellowish or reddish
brown, naked, slightly convex,
elongated; skin smooth, with
puncta; length variable, from

\' IP in about -f of an inch to ^ of an

{ r-^ inch. Antenna?, according to

Signoret, with sometimes 6,
sometimes 7, joints. Abdom-
inal clefts and lobes normal.
The insect excretes a narrow,
white, cylindrical, cottony ovi-
sac, which is conspicuous on
the leaf of the plant, and the
brown body of the female can
be seen at one end of it. The
eggs in the ovisac are numerous, perhaps some hundreds.
Larva in second stage of female flat, oval, yellowish brown.
On Camellia japonica in greenhouses.

FIG. 10. Pulvinaria camelicola. a, feuiale, greatly
enlarged; b. natural size, showing position of
scales on linab and leaf.

Pulvinaria psidii Mask.

AiUilt Female. — Yellow or yellowish brown, sometimes with a greenish
tinge; size variable, reaching ^V of an inch before the ovisac is formed, but
shriveling at gestation. The ovisacs cover the twig or leaf with masses
of dirty-white cotton, usually accompanied by black fungus. Antennae
rather long and slender, of 8 joinfs, of which joint 3 is longest, joint 8
next, and the rest shorter and subequal. Feet also rather long; the
trochanter is large, and bears a very long hair; tarsus curved, and
about half as long as the tibia; upper digitules fine hairs, lower pair
long and dilated at the end. Abdominal cleft moderate; anogenital
ring with several hairs. The margin of the body bears a row of spiny
hairs.

Female of the second stage yellow, flattish, elliptical; length about
2V of an inch. Antennae 6-jointed.

Larva yellow, flat, elliptical. Antennae 6-jointed.

Male unknown.

On ferns, orange, coffee, pomegranates, and alligator pears at quar-
antine.

THE COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA. 29

This species was very destructive to the coffee plantations of the
Sandwich Islands, but since the introduction of the ladybird Crypto-
Ixmus montrouzieri from California it has been cleaned out.

Pulvinaria rhois Ehrh.

Ft'inale. — Found on limbs and under side of leaves, single and in
clusters. Length of female with ovisac, about 9 mm., width about 3.5
mm.; scale brown, largely covered with white secretion, ovisac snow-
white, distinctly grooved longitudinally, sometimes curved, sometimes
lifting scale off limb; scale shrunken, broadly oval, clay color. Female
before forming ovisac something like Coccus hesperidtnn, but more con-
vex, reddish brown; anal plates distinct; dorsum covered with white,
waxy secretion in rows, the mesal row has the largest secretions, and
they diminish in size as they approach the margin; edge of scale has
short, simple hairs; in each anterior incision is a large spine, with a
short one on each side. Anal plates yellowish brown, longer than
broad, forming a diamond when closed; two very small spines at tip;
anogenital ring with six long hairs; rostral loop reaching to middle
pair of legs. Antennae 8-jointed; formula: 3(124)5867. Joint 3
much the longest, joints 2, 4, 5, and 6 each with long hair, joint 8 with
several hairs. Legs ordinary, coxa and trochanter very stout, tarsus
half as long as femur; tarsal digitules long fine hairs with knobs.

Larva. — Light yellow, flattish, elliptical, about 0.5 mm. long.

ilfa^e.— Small, oval, black, with numerous pale, wart-like prominences.

On Bhus diversiloba.

Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comst.
(Barnacle Scale.)

Adult Female. — Average length 5 mm., width 4 mm., height 4 mm.
When naked the color is dark reddish brown; the shape sub-globular;
with a strong spine-like projection at the anal end of the body. The
waxy covering is dirty white, mottled with several shades of grayish or
light brown, and even in the oldest specimens retains the division into
plates, although the form is more rounded and the dividing line by no
means as distinct as at an earlier age. There are visible a large convex
dorsal plate, and apparently six lateral, each with a central nucleus;
the anal plate, however, is larger, and shows two nuclei, and is evi-
dently two plates joined together. . Antennae 6-jointed. Legs long;
tibiae nearly twice as long as tarsi; digitules of the claw very large.
The other tarsal pair very long and slender, but with a very large
button. The skin is seen in places to be furnished with many minute,
round, transparent cellules, probably spinnerets, and along the border

30

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

are small groups of constricted arrow-shaped tubercles, but there are no
bristle-shaped spinnerets.
On pepper-tree.

Ceroplastes floridensis Comst.
(Florida Wax Scale.)

Adult 7^>??)a/(^'.— Sub-globular in form, the point of attachment to the
twig or leaf being concave. Length, from 2.5 mm. to 3 mm. Color,
when naked, reddish brown; covered with an apparently homogeneous

FIG. 11. CcroplcDftea cirripediformis
(Barnacle Scale). Branch in-
fested with scale, a, female,
much enlarged.

FIG. 12. Ceroplastes floridensis (Florida Wax
Scale), a, young female; 6, adult female,
much enlarged.

layer of waxy excretion, which is usually brownish on the dorsum and
dirty white toward the edges ; some specimens are irregularly mottled
brownish and yellow-white. Antennae 6- jointed, joint 3 nearly as long
as all the others together. Legs normal in all respects. The margin
of the body in the region of the stigmata is furnished with groups of
minute arrow-shaped tubercles, constricted at the base, and between
these groups are bristle-shaped spinnerets.

On citrus, mango. (At quarantine.)

THE COCCIDAE OF CAUFORNTA. 31

Ceroplastes irreg-ularis Ckll.

In certain sections this Crroplastrs can be found very abundant on
sagebrush in the foothills, but has not attacked any other host plant as
yet, and has been known in California for a great many years. One
other species has attacked a pepper-tree in this State, but the tree was
cut down and burned and its presence has not again been noticed.
Owing to the fact that it was discovered in a section where the strictest
inspection is maintained, it is safe to say that it will not gain a foot-
hold.

Ceroplastes ceriferus Anderson.

(White Wax Scale.)

Female. — Test of adult female white or yellowish white, waxj'-, convex,
thick; frequently agglomerated in large masses covering the twigs of
the food-plant (as shown in Fig. 13). Separate individuals may range in
size from ^ to -g of an inch. Marginal tuberosities not distinguishable,
though the margin is sometimes slightly flattened and irregular. The
apex of the test is sometimes pro-
duced in a short pointed horn, not
erect but bent over the test. The
wax is rather soft and greasy.

Test of the second stage slightly fig. 13. Cfrop^aste.? cm/ents (White wax scale).

convex, elliptical; color grayish infesting cameuia.

white. Median dorsal region usually smooth, separated by a narrow
depression from the marginal region, which exhibits eight tuberosities,
three on each side and two terminal. Average length of test about
i of an inch.

Adult female brown, very convex, elliptical, hollow beneath. Form
lecanid, but the anal cleft and lobes are not easily made out, being
contained in a conspicuous cylindrical " tail " or prolongation of the
abdomen. Antennse 6-jointed, joint 3 being much the longest. Feet
rather thick, but not at all atrophied; tibia scarcely longer than the
tarsus; upper or tarsal digitules slender knobbed hairs, lower pair on
the claw rather long, thick, and expanded at the end. Rostrum rather
large; mentum doubtfully dimerous. Near the spiracles, on each
margin, is a group containing eight large conical spines and about
twenty-four smaller ones. Epidermis bearing many circular spinneret
orifices. When the "tail" is subjected to the action of potash and
subsequent pressure it is seen to contain at its extremity the abdominal
lobes and the anogenital ring, which has six rather strong hairs.

Female of the second stage brown, elliptical, slightly convex. Form
lecanid, exhibiting the normal cleft and lobes; there is no "tail," but
the region surrounding the lobes is thickened. Antennae and feet as in

82 CALIFORNIA "STATE COMMISSION OP HORTICULTURE.

the adult, but the feet are more slender. The margin bears a row of
very fine spiny hairs, and four spiracular groups of large conical spines.
There are many small circular spinnerets on the epidermis.

Larva yellow, elliptical, flattish; length about yV of an incli. Form
normally lecanid, the anal lobes bearing long setse. Antenna? thick,
with six rather confused joints.

Male unknown.

On camellia. (In greenhouse.)

I have often met with this scale on many plants from Japan at the
quarantine station in San Francisco. Judging from the number found
infested it must be plentiful in that country. The camellia on which I
found it in California was in a Japanese nursery, and was promptly
destroyed.

Eucalymanatus perforatus News.

Adult Female. — Irregularly oval, bluntly acuminate in front, broadly
rounded behind; sometimes almost dull colored; usually asymmetrical;
flatlish; median area very slightly convex, margins very thin. Under

surface flat; a small hollow on
^!. each side of abdomen. Color

'*' dark castaneous, paling to

fulvous or greenish yellow at
margin. Dorsal area divided
into n u m e r o u s irregular
FIG. u. Earnh/niafiatiis jtnjonitii^ Section of palm plates, forming an intricate

leaf infested with scale. , . . .

marqueterie pattern, more
conspicuous after treatment to potash. The pattern is roughly but
not absolutely symmetrical on the two sides of a median line. The
number of separate tesseree vary slightly in different individuals by
the confluence of adjoining plate, but the main plan is constant, viz.,
four series on each side of the median line, indicated on the surface
by a series of depressed, irregularly polygonal spaces, divided by slight
carinse. Dermal cells numerous but ill-defined, irregularly oval, groups
of them often forming irregular rosettes; but there is also near the
margin of each plate, more particularly on those of the median series,
a series of minute translucent pores, bearing a fanciful resemblance to
rivet holes for the attachment of armor plates. Eyes minute, black,
marginal. Marginal hairs small, simple. Submarginal tubercles five
to seven on each side. Stigmatic clefts with three (rarely four) stout
spines, the median one longest and projecting beyond the margin
Anal cleft rather more than one quarter the total length of the insect
Scales of anal operculum together forming a square, their extremities
rather acutely pointed. Anal ring with six hairs; two or three stout

THE COCCID^ OF CALIFORNIA.

PLATE IV

Coccus

'he&pevi'a.uYn . V

FIG. 1. Enealymnatns pcrforatax, dorsal
aspect.

FIG. 2. CoccMS hcsperidum, ventral aspect.

FIG. 3. Saissttiaolex. a, foreleg; 6, anal plates; c, spiraciilar
hairs; d, anteiiiife; e, Saissetia olex, ventral aspect.

C. T. P., del.

DETAILS OF CALIFORNIA COCCID.E.

34

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OP HORTICULTURE.

hairs, each surmounting a small conical tubercle, on each side of ven-
tral aperture. Antennas with eight joints, the divisions between third
and fourth often very indistinct, division between seventh and eighth
diagonal; formula variable, joint 8 always considerably the longest,
joints 6 and 7 shortest, joints 2 to 5 subequal. Legs rather small but
Avell developed; tarsus shorter than tibia; digitules normal. Length,
3 to 4.75 mm.; breadth, 2 to 3 mm.

Young larvae crowded beneath the body of the parent, which is
apparently ovoviviparous.

Male unknown.

On palms. (In hothouses.)

Adult Female
by red-brown.

FIG. 15. Coccus hesperidnm (SoftOi uij;l
An orange branch thickly infested

Coccus hesperidum Linn.

— Bright yellow or greenish yellow, minutely specked
with specks sometimes agglomerated into transverse
bars, especially on the median ab-
dominal regions; in other parts
tending to form dotted lines radi-
ating from center to margin. Dried
specimens straw colored and much
wrinkled. Form oblong-oval, often
very irregular in outline; narrowest
in front; more or less convex above,
according to age. Eyes minute,
black, marginal. Stigmatic clefts ,
with three spines; the median one
very long and pointed, projecting
well beyond margin. Marginal
hairs simple, pointed; rarely a few,
more particularly at posterior ex-
tremity, divided or frayed at tip.
Submarginal tubercles, four to five
on each side. Scales of anal oper-
culum with outer edge slightly
longer than base; the latter slightly
concave in outline. Derm cells scat-
tered, small, circular, inconspicu-
ous. Antennae 7-jointed; formula:
(3 7)42165. Legs normal. Anal
Length, 2.25 to 3.50 mm.; breadth, 1.25 to

ring with eight stout hairs.
2.50 mm.

The insect is ovoviviparous; living larvtie are usually found beneath
the body of the parent.

THE COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA. -io

On orange, lemon, grape-fruit, oleander, ivy, myrtle, and various other
plants.

This scale at one time was considered quite a pest by the citrus-grow-
ers of this State, and is commonly known as the soft orange scale. It
is completely held in check by internal parasites and is not considered
a pest now.

Coccus ventralis Ehrh.

Scale of Female. — About 4^ mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 1 mm. high. Oval
when seen from above. Soft texture, very much like C. hesperidnvi;
light brown, not very convex, and a dark brown border near margin.
Dorsum pitted and margin moderately wrinkled, an indistinct mesial
ridge.

F- male. — Color greenish yellow, with a brown longitudinal line on
the dorsum, also two brown lines forming a double cross with the dorsal
line, more or less wrinkled and pitted. Ventral view shows the
abdomen a dark purple brown with very distinct segmentations.
Viviparous.

After boiling in soda, derm colorless. Margin with small curved
spines. Lateral incisions with long, stout, curved spine and two shorter
ones. Anal plates large, with blunt tips, bearing several hairs and
notched on outer margin, together forming a square. Each plate has a
distinct brown projection into the body. Anogenital ring with six
hairs, which are very long, extending two thirds over the plates. Legs
stout, coxa and femur each with a stout hair; femur one third longer
than tibia. Tarsal digitules long, knobbed hairs, digitules of claAV
broad and thick. Claw stout and curved. Antennse 7-jointed; formula:
3 4 7 2 I (5 6). Joints 1 and 2 with two hairs each, 4, 5, 6, and 7 with
several hairs; joint 3 very little longer than 4; 5 and 6 subequal.

Larva lemon-yellow, very flat,, shiny, oval, about twice as long as
broad.

On tuberous plants (in Japanese garden).

Parasites: Encyrtus flavus and Cocmphagus lecanii were reared from
this species.

Eulecanium armeniacum Craw.

(Apricot and Prune Scale.)

Advlt Female. — Color light brown. In shape resembles Coccus hesper-
iduvi, but is much larger and more convex. In the center of the dorsum
is a prominent shining circular protuberance, from which radiate a
number of small ridges; these are more noticeable upon the posterior
half of the scale. From the convex center to the anus is a low carina,

:I6

CAIJFOKNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

also noticeable in front. Length, from .20 to .27 of an inch; width
from .12 to .15 of an inch; height, from .05 to .10 of an inch. Antennae
tapering to the point, 7-jointed; joints I and 3 subequal; joint 2 nearly
three times as long as joint 1; joint 4 slightly longer than joints 5 and

6; joint 7 is nearly same as joint .">, and
tapers to a point; a few bristles at the
tip and upon each joint.

Eggs. — These are smaller and lighter
colored than Sausetia olese.

Larvse. — Are long, oval, light yellow,
darker down the center, and can be dis-
tinguished from the larvae of oleiv in not
having the four reddish-brown marks
upon the dorsum.

Like other species of Evlrc.aniiim that
produce but one generation a year, their
development is slow. They generally
hatch in June and locate upon the leaves,
where they go through their molt, and
then move to the young wood. In the
spring they grow rapidly and throw off
great quantities of excrement, into which
the spores of the black smut {Fumago
aalicinn) adhere and grow, injuring the
health of the tree and the market value
of the fruit.

On apricot, prune, plum, cherry, peach,
pear.

This species is commonly known in this State as the brown apricot
scale and is usually associated with E. pruinosum. The parasite Comys
fusca has held this scale in subjection for many years, usually accom-
plishing the work the second year after a colony has been liberated.

FIG. 16. Eidecanium armeniacum (Brown
Apricot Scale). Showing scales on
prune branch; about natural size.

Eulecanium cerasorum Ckll.

This pest was first noticed in this State in 1904, a party having
brought in a branch of English walnut which was quite thickly infested
with the scale. Since then it has been found on pear trees. Dr. Howard
kindly verified my identification of the specimen sent at that time as
Eulecanium cerosnrnm. In tracing back the introduction of this pest I
find it came from Japan on an ornamental plant, which was planted
under the walnut tree above mentioned.

'HE COCCID.E OF CALIFORNIA.

Ei».le.ca,rv\vi.

a, spiracular hairs; b, aiitennte; c, hind leg; d, aiiiil plate;

^v^iacas pi

C. T. P. del.

DETAILS OF CALIFORNIA COCCID.E.

38 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

Eulecanium crawii Ehrh.

Female. — Scales not crowding each other; hemispherical, about 3 mm.
long, 2 mm. broad, and 1^ mm. high; oval, shiny, brown, getting darker
with age. Margin generally lighter than dorsum.

Before gestation light brown, shiny. Derm, by transmitted light,
brown, with numerous oval gland-orifices. Marginal hairs very short
and slender. Lateral incisions each with three stout but not long
spines. Antennae 7-jointed; joint 3 longest, twice as long as 4; joints
5 and 6 very short, joints 1 and 2 about equal. Formula: 3 4 7 (1 2) 5 6.
Anal plates broad, but not very large. Anogenital ring with six
moderately slender hairs. Legs quite stout; coxa and femur with stout
hair; femur very little longer than tibia; tibia and tarsus about equally
long. Claw stout and curved. Tarsal digitules moderately stout,
knobbed hairs. Digitules of claw not stout, a little longer than claw,
more or less club-shaped.

Larva light yellow, with distinct ridge on dorsum, dividing scale
lengthwise. Oval, about twice as long as broad. Rostral loop extending
to third pair of legs.

On Acer macrophyllum.

Parasite: Comys J'usca, was reared from this species.

Eulecanium pruinosum Coq.
(Frosted Scale.)

Adult Female. — Pale brownish, thinly covered wdth a whitish
powder, which does not conceal the ground color. Body ol^long in out-

FIG. 17. Eulecanium priu'nosn.m (Frosted Scale). On prune; about
natural size

line, very convex above, not distinctly carinate, the surface very uneven.
Margins nearly perpendicular; dimensions as follows: Largest speci-
mens, length, .28 of an inch; width, a trifle over .20 of an inch; height,
.12 of an inch. Smallest full-grown specimen, length, .16 of an inch;
width, .12 of an inch; height, .08 of an inch. Antennae much thickest
at the base, 7-jointed; joint 6 the shortest, then 5, then 1 and 2, which
are subequal in length; joints 3, 4, and 7 are also subequal in length,
each nearly twice as long as 6; joint 7 tapers to the tip, and is furnished
with a style, being about three fourths as long as this joint; anal cleft

THE COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA. 39

and lobes normal. The eggs are of the usual ovoid form of the Euleca-
niums, and of a yellowish-white color, and are laid in May, June, and July.

Larvse. — A few weeks after the eggs are deposited, the larvae hatch
out from under the old scale; they are of a pale color, having a distinct
dorsal ridge extending the entire length of the body, and with many
smaller ones (about twenty-four on each side) extending from it to the
margin, some of them being divided into two branches.

The larvse as soon as hatched locate upon the leaves; their develop-
ment is slow until they take up their position upon the under side of
the young shoots, where they remain throughout the winter, and, in
fact, the balance of their lives. Upon the ascent of the sap in the
spring they grow rapidly, and in April they assume the characteristic
powdery or frosted appearance peculiar to this species.

On apricot, peach, prune, plum, pear, apple, rose, grapevine, haw-
thorn, and occasionally on orange.

This scale was first observed in California in 1887 on apricot. Sev-
eral species of C occinellidx attack the young of this scale, also other
predaceous insects, and have succeeded in keeping this species from
becoming troublesome.

Eulecanium pubescens Ehrh.

Female. — Scale about 4 mm. long, 2^ mm. broad, and 2 mm. high,
moderately soft, before gestation covered with very soft hair. Color
blackish brown, more on the black, with a yellow longitudinal band on
the dorsum. Dorsum pitted and margin slightly wrinkled. Some
specimens show a lighter color. When removed from twig the insect
leaves a small amount of white powder. Derm, by transmitted light,
colorless, except margin, which is light brown, with numerous small
round gland-pores. Margin with a double row of minute simple spines,
lateral incisions with one moderately stout spine and two short ones.
Anal plates large, outer corner forming a right angle, with several hairs
at tip, and a long, stout hair on each plate. Anogenital ring with six
long, stout hairs. Legs slender; tibia and tarsus about equal; femur
a little longer than tibia; coxa, trochanter, and femur each with a
hair. Claw curved, with slender knobbed digitules. Tarsal digitules
with very fine, long, knobbed hairs. Antennee 7-jointed; formula:
4 3 (12) 7 (56). Joint 4 very little longer than 3; joints 1, 2, 4, 6
each with a hair; joint 7 with several hairs.

Male. — Scale glassy white with median ridge, about H mm. long.
Body dark red-brown; legs and antenna light brown. Wings extend
one third beyond body; color iridescent. Thorax with two elevated
ridges much darker than body. Antennae very hairy.

On Quercus sp.

40

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICHLTIIRE.

Eulecanium tulipiferae Cook.

This species is known as the "soft tulip scale," and is quite a serious pest
in the East. It was first noticed in California in 1905, but had
evidently been here for some time, as I found quite an extensive area
infested. The species seems to confine its attack to cherry trees, usually
on the under side of the larger lowest limbs.

This is a very large Eulecanium (?), dark brown in color, about ^ of an
inch high and of about the same width. The scale has a rather frosted
appearance, in this respect somewhat resembling E. jmiinnsum, only
much larger. There are two distinct irregular, black longitudinal lines
on the dorsal surface of the scale. Steps were immediately taken to
control its further spread and to eradicate the present infestation.

Saissetia hemisphsepica Targ.

(Hemispherical Scale.)

Adult Female. — Shape approaching hemispherical, with the edges

flattened. Average length, 3.5 mm.;
width, 3 mm.; height, 2 mm. The
shape and 'proportion vary some-
what, according as the scale is formed
upion a leaf or twig. Upon the rounded
twig it loses something of its hemi-
spherical form, becomes more elon-
gate, and its flattened edges are bent
downward, clasping the twig. The
color varies from a very light brown
when young to a dark brown, occa-
sionally slightly tinged with reddish,
when old. The oval cells of the skin
vary in length from .01 mm. to
.04 mm.; and each cell contains a
large granular nucleus. The antennte
are 8-jointed, with joints I and 2 short
and thick; joint 3 is the longest, and
the succeeding joints decrease gradu-
ally in length to joint 8, which is
longer than the preceding. The legs
are long and rather slender. The
bristle on the trochanter is long. The
articulation of the tarsi is very well
marked. The tarsal digitules are, as
usual, two long and two short; those of the claws spreading widely at
summit and very stout at the base. The anogenital ring is furnished
with eight long hairs. The anal plates are triangular, with rounded

'^

FIG. 18. Saissetia hemispluei-i
spherioal Scale). On orange.

greatly enlarged.

It (llemi-
a, female,

THE COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA.

41

corners, and are furnished with two long hairs upon the disk and three
much shorter ones at the tip.

On orange, lemon, grape-fruit, oleander, pepper, ferns, sago palms, etc.

The parasite Scutellista cytaea also attacks this species, and where it
is found in the open holds it in subjection.

Saissetia oleae Bern.
(Black Scale.)

Adult Female. — Densely chitinous; dark brown, almost black in
color, surface roughened and minutely specked w'ith small grayish
waxy granules.
Form highly con-
vex; length, 4 to
5 mm.; height,
3 mm. Dorsum
with a median lon-
gitudinal carina,
and two trans-
verse caringe, the
latter dividing the
body into three
subequal portions;
frequently the lon-
gitudinal ridge is
more prominent
between the trans-
verse ridges than
elsewhere, thus
forming with them
a raised surface of
the form of a cap-
ital H. Eyes incon-
spicuous. Scales
of anal operculum
pointed at extremities; outer edge rounded; base straight or slightly
concaved; outer edge twice length of base. Marginal hairs rather long:
extremity dilated and often deeply divided. Submarginal tubercles
six on each side. No stigmatic cleft. Stigmatic spines three, promi-
nent and sharply pointed, the median spine nearly four times the
length of the others. Antenna? with eight joints, of which the third is
always the longest. Legs rather slender; tarsus about three fourths
length of tibia; digitules of claw rather long. Dermal cells large, irreg-
ular polygonal, with rounded angles; the margin of each cell distinctly
4-c

FIG. 19. Sahmia oicx (Black Scale). On olive branch, showing tlie
larvic of the ladybird Bkizobiiis ventral /■■^ at work destroying the
scales.

42 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OP HORTICULTURE.

marked on the surface. On the denser marginal area the cavities of
the cells are filled with a dark brown deposit, and (in very old scales)
all the cells may be similarly darkened.

Early adult female and female of second stage dull pale brownish
yellow.

Mule Puparium (observed in California). — Grayish color, but almost
colorless; length, 1 to 1.5 mm.; width, from .5 to .8 mm.; very glassy;
oval. Dorsum with distinct longitudinal carina and two delicate
transverse carinte.

Winged Male. — Orange color, with lighter-colored wings; length of
body, exclusive of style, 1.2 mm.; style, .4 mm.; anal plates, .5 mm.
Antennae 10-jointed; the first three joints are short, the second is
swollen and pyriform, the fourth is longest and equal to the first three
in length; balance of joints gradually diminish in size. Entire length
of antennae, .55 mm.; wings, 1.1 mm. Legs slender and about .8 mm.
in length. Eyes six in number — two anterior compound, two ocelli at
sides of head, and two compound eyes at posterior part of head. (B. W.
Griffith.)

On orange, lemon, grape-fruit, olive, peach, prune, plum, apricot,
apple, pear, pomegranate, oleander, rose, and many other plants.

In California the males begin to issue from the pup* the latter part
of November. I have male pupae before me now that were collected
the first of November last year.

This is the " black scale " of the olive and orange, although it has a
great range of food plants and is one of the most widely distributed
scales of California, being found practically in almost every section. An
internal parasite, Scutellista cyanen, introduced a few years ago from
South Africa, has in many cases completely controlled this pest and is
swiftly robbing it of its terror. The ladybird enemy, Rhizohiun ventralis,
has for many years done excellent work against this pest and in certain
favorable localities has held it in subjection.

Aclerda californica Ehrh.

Female. — Covered with wax resting on a thin white secretion. Color
orange-ferruginous, shiny, varying greatly in size and shape. The
average specimens are about 3 mm. long, 1^ mm. wide, and 1 mm. high;
generally pyriform, but it is difficult to give any special form, as the
insect adapts itself to the position on the plant. After boiling in
KHO derm is colorless, mouth parts, glands, and caudal portion
remaining brown. There are indications of antennae, which are very
small and very bristly, segmentation not visible. There are four large
disk-like spiracles on the ventral surface; each disk contains numerous

TllK ('(K'CinAE OF CALIFOKXIA. -io

glands. There is a row of thick, blunt spines on each margin, and one
on the dorsum. These marginal spines are shaped like a spearhead set
in a socket. With these there are several rows of round spinnerets.
Rostrum attached to a prominence, which, however, varies with the
position the insect adopts. End of abdomen strongly chitinized, with
the margin strongly crenate and plicate, and deeply cleft in the middle
as in Eulecanium. Numerous round glands scattered near its margin,
and several strong spines on margin at intervals. Anal ring with
numerous (eight?) stout hairs. On the ventral surface opposite the
anal ring there is a round projection with four stout spines. This i?
inserted in the cleft of the anal lobes.

On roots of bunch-grass.

Physokermes insigrnicola Craw.

This is a large, almost spherical dark brownish-black scale which
infests the Monterey pines {Pinus insignis). When a tree becomes
infested it presents a sickly,
stunted appearance, with scant ^"-^-^^^
foliage, and is covered with
honey-dew and black fungus.

The scales cluster very thickly fig. 20. Physokn-mr.'i in.'<igni<-ola, a large, almo>t

around the small shoots and black, spherical scale, infesting the Monterey

pines.

usually at the tip of the

branches. They are oviparous, with but one generation a year. The
young are elongated, dark brown in color, with a short fringe along the
edges and a deep abdominal cleft. As soon as they hatch they attack
the tender pine shoots, afterwards removing to the harder wood, where
they locate permanently.

The Rhiznhius ventralis (Coccinellid) and an internal parasite do
good work toward controlling the ravages of this pest. In isolated
cases, however, where the insect enemies of this scale have not made
their appearance, I have found many trees that have been killed by
the scale.

Subfamily DIASPINiE.

Chionaspis optholobis Comst.

(Willow Scale.)

Scale of Feviale.— Moderately elongated, broadest near the middle of
the scale; dirty white. Exuviae .8 mm. long, brown.

Female. — Median lobes straight and parallel, having the appearance
of being set closely together; rounded on their extremities, sometimes
obscurely serrate on the sides. Second and third pairs, with the inner
lobule larger than the outer, a little oblique; entire or obscurely serrate.

44 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OP IIOKTlCrLTI'RE.

The gland-spines are arranged as follows: 1, 1^2, 1-2, 2, 4-5. The first
one is small and blunt. Second row of dorsal gland-orifices represented

by the anterior group con-
sisting of 4-7 orifices.
Third row with 7-9 orifices
in anterior and 5-8 in the
posterior group. Fourth
row with 10-11 orifices in

FKi. 21. ('liioiiaKijix iirtholiiliis. On section ,i , • i r n • j.i

of willow leal ^'^^ aiiterior and 5-9 in the

posterior group. Median
group of circumgenital gland-orifices, 10-25; anterior laterals, 18-35;
posterior laterals, 16-24.

Scale of Male. — Length, .6 to .8 mm. Oval, without carina^; exuviae
pale brown or almost colorless.

Eygs. — Dark purple in color.

On willow.

Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch.

(The Pine-leaf Scale.)

Scale of Female. — Snow-white; with bright orange or brown exuviae,
shape depending upon width of leaf or host, but usually broadened
posteriorly and very convex. Length, 3 to 4 mm.; length of exuvia
about 1 mm.

Srale of Male. — Length. 1 to 1.5 mm. The pale yellow exuvia occu-
pies aliout one third the length of the tricarinate, posteriorly broadened
scale.

Female. — Three pairs of well-developed, thin, striate lobes; the median
almost circular in outline, entire, separated b}' about one third their
width, slightly diverging at the apex and joined anteriorly by an arched
chitinous process. Inner lobule of second and third lobes the larger
and subtruncate. The gland-spines are arranged as follows: 1, 1, 1, 1,
1-3, becoming shorter toward median lobes. The spines on the ventral
surface are short and inconspicuous, situated over mesad of the base of
the first, second, third, and fourth gland-spines respectively. Those on
the dorsal surface are longer and situated mesad of the corresponding
ventral spine. Second row of dorsal pores represented by anterior
group of 2-4; third row by 3-5 in anterior and 4-6 in posterior group.
Median lobes of circumgenital gland-orifices, 7-13; anterior laterals,
12-20; posterior laterals, 14-18.

The eg(jt> are purplish, ellipsoidal; length, .25 nmi.

On pine and other coniferous trees.

This species is held in check by an internal chalcid parasite.

TllK COCCIDAK OK CAUKl )KNIA. 45

Chionaspis quercus Comst.

(Oak Scale.)

Seal" of Ffniale. — Long, narrow at anterior end, much widened
posteriorly, quite convex. Exuviae brownish yellow, remainder of scale
white, though often appearing gray from dust and hairs from the stem
to which the scale is attached.

Body of Female. — The last segment with the anterior grouj) of spin-
nerets consisting of about 10, the anterior laterals of from 17-20, and
the posterior laterals of from 10-18.

This species is peculiarly characterized by having an undivided lobe
on the meson; this lobe is large and rounded distally. The second and
third lobes of each side are very small and are laterad of small incisions
in the margin of the segment. In each case there is a reniform thick-
ening of the body wall bounding each incision anteriorly. There is
also a similar incision with a rudimentary lobe and reniform thickening of
the body wall about midway between third lobe and the penultimate
segment. The plates are inconspicuous and spine-like; there are usually
one or two laterad of second ventral spine, two or three between third
and fourth lobes, and usually five between fourth lobe and penultimate
segment. The penultimate and antepenultimate segments bear six
each; those on the latter are much expanded at the base.

The spines are long and conspicuous; those on the dorsal surface are
situated as follows: One on each side at the base of the lateral margin
of median lobe, one laterad of each of the second and third lobes, and
a fourth one near the center of the anterior group pf plates. Those on
the ventral surface are as follows: A short one nearly ventrad of the
first dorsal spine, a large one laterad of each of the second and third
dorsal spines, and a fourth one a little cephalad of the fourth dorsal
spine.

Scale of Male. — The scale of the male is snow-white, with the larval
skin very light yellow. The texture of the scale is quite loose and the
carinae prominent. Length, 1.25 nun.

The adult male is as yet unknown. Pup;e mounted in balsam are
bright yellow in color, with eyes purplish black. Fully grown male
larvffi in balsam are yellowish brown.

On white oak {Qupreu.H lohata). The females occur on the bark of
small limbs; the males on the leaves.

Chionaspis wistariae Coo ley.

Scale of Female. — Length, 1.8 to 2.3 mm. Plainly broadened poste-
riorly, rather thin in texture, dirty white in color. Exuvijc .8 mm.
long, brown.

46 . CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICITLTl'RE.

Female. — Median lobes larger and more conspicuous in proportion to
the other lobes than is usual in this genus; usually parallel in general
direction, though sometimes slightly divergent; rounded or indistinctly
pointed at the extremities, firmly united at their bases, the chitinous
thickened process which unites them extending anteriorly for a dis-
tance about equal to the length of the lobes. Second pair distinct and
entire, but much smaller than the median pair; outer lobule smaller
than the inner. Third pair usually obsolete, but sometimes represented
by low serrate prominences. The gland-spines are arranged as follows:
1, 1, 1, 1, 1-2, 2-4. The first one is short and blunt, scarcely surpass-
ing the median lobes. Second row of dorsal gland-orifices represented
by the anterior group of 2-3 orifices. Third row with 3-4 orifices in
the anterior and 4-5 in the posterior group. Fourth row with 3-4 ori-
fices in the anterior and 4-6 in the posterior group. Median group of
circumgenital gland-orifices, 8-15; anterior laterals, 19-31; posterior
laterals, 13 23.

Scrile of Male. — Length, about I mm. Sides nearly parallel, dis-
tinctly tricarinate. Exuvite yellowish brown, occupying about one third
of the length of the scale.

On wistaria from Japan. (In quarantine.)

Of the seven species of Chioaat^pis found in California no single species
is considered a real pest. C. ortholobis may be found the most plentiful,
but the host plant is not of much commercial importance. As to the
others, they are, in a majority of cases, held in check by parasites. At
times C. plnifoUa' gets a good start on the pines, but is soon overtaken
by the parasite.

Howardia biclavis Comst.

(Mining Scale.)

Sc'de of Female.— Yery nearly circular; the exuvise are marginal,
and project beyond the edge of the scale

Female. — The characters presented by the last segment of the female
are as unusual as those presented by the scale. The pores on the dorsal
surface of the segment are very small. Scattered over the ventral
surface are numerous minute spines. The groups of spinnerets are
wanting. The mesal lobes are large, oblique, nearly twice as broad
as long; approximate at the base; the mesal margins diverge slightly,
distal margin serrate; mesa-distal angle rounded and produced into a
lobule. The second lobe is very small, being simply an angular pro-
jection of the body wall. The third lobe is about three times as wide
as the second lobe; but it projects only a little beyond the margin of
the segment. The plates are simple and spine-like. There are two
minute ones between lobes; two between first and second lobes; two or

TIIK COCCIDAK OF CAIJFOHXIA.

47

three between second and third lobes; a group of three or four hirger
ones laterad of third lobe; and another group of four or five still larger
ones about midway between this group and the penultimate segment.
Each of the three segments preceding the last bears on each lateral
margin about seven plates. Two spines accompany each group of
plates, one on the dorsal surface and one on the ventral. The first and
second spines of each side are very small; the third, which is between
the second and third lobes, is the largest; the fourth and fifth are suc-
cessively smaller. There are two conspicuous club-shaped organs which
appear like thickenings of the body wall, but which are really within
the body cephalad of the mesal lobes. These organs are about three
times the length of the mesal lobes; they con-
verge caudad, and the cephalic end of each is
suddenly enlarged. This species may be dis-
tinguished from any other known American
coccid by the presence of these organs.

22. Hmrardia birlaris
(Mining Scale. )

■etion of Iji-anch shcnving the n
• scale. Greatly enlarged.

This scale is not to be found in California. Occasionally it is met
with at quarantine, but is never permitted to pass, as the plant upon
which it is found is immediately burned. At one time 325,000 orange
trees infested with this and other scales were burned at quarantine at
the port of San Pedro, and probably it was owing to this fact that it
has been accredited as "Habitat: California."

Diaspis bromelise Kern.
(Pineapple Scale.)

Scale of Female. — Circular, with the exuvire nearly marginal. The
scale is white; the exuvise are very light yellow. The first larval skin
is usually naked; the second covered with a delicate film. Diameter of
scale, 2 to 2.4 mm.

Female. — The body of the female is broadly ovate in outline; it is
variable in color ; it is usually a pale dirty yellow, with a faint tinge of
purple; some are whitish yelloAV, with irregular pale-purplish markings;

48 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

and others are of a reddish-yellow tint. The last segment presents the
following characters: The mesal group of spinnerets consists of from
9-15, usually 10 or 11; the cephalo-laterals, of from 20-27, usually 23;
the cavido-laterals, 15-23, usually 16 or 17. The mesal lobes are small,
separated at their base by at least the width of one of them, and
divergent. The second and third lobes of each side are deeply bifur-
cated, with the lobes divergent; in each case the lateral lobule is more
rounded than the mesal one. The fourth lobe is present, but much less
developed than the other lobes; the lateral margin of this lobe is serrate.

The plates are simple and pointed. There are four or five plates,
subequally distant from each other, between the fourth plate and the
penultimate segment.

The spines on each side of the ventral surface are situated as follows ^
First mesad of the first lobe; second, third, and fourth laterad of the
second, third, and fourth lobes, respectively; and the fifth between the
seventh and eighth plates. All the ventral spines are very minute
except the first pair, which are very conspicuous.

Of the dorsal spines the first is very delicate and is situated laterad
of the first lobe; the second is large and is on the second lobe near its
lateral margin; the third and fourth are laterad of the third and fourth
lobes, respectively; and the fifth is about midway between the sixth and
seventh plates.

Between the fifth and sixth plates there is a triangular prolongation
of the body which bears an elongated pore. The penultimate and
antepenultimate segments bear plate-like spinnerets.

Eggs. — The eggs are yellow; those recently deposited are paler than
those ready to hatch.

Larva. — The recently hatched larvte are orange yellow, with the eyes
dark purplish.

Scale of Male. — The scale of the male is strongly tricarinated; the
exuviae are yellow.

On pineapple. (In greenhouses.)

This species has been reported from quarantine, on pineapples (fruit)
from the Hawaiian Islands. It was also observed on growing plants in
greenhouse.

Diaspis carueli Targ.

Scale of Female. — Circular, snowy white, with the exuviae central,
naked and yellow. Diameter of scale, 1 to 1.5 mm.

Female. — Body yellow, circular, slightly elongated posteriorly. The
last segment of the body presents the following characters: The ante-
rior group of spinnerets consists of about 8, the anterior laterals of

THE COCCIDAK OF CAIJ K( »KM.\.

40

from 10 to 16, and the posterior laterals of al)ont 8. There are four lobes,
which are nearly in a straight line, the end of the body being truncate-
These lobes are quite small, rounded posteriorly and equally distant
from each other. The second lobe of each side is deeply incised, but the
lateral lobule is very small, and in many cases concealed by the margin
of the segment. Each lateral margin of the segment is divided into
three subequal, more or less distinct
lobes; each lobe ends posteriorly in one
or more lobules, each of which bears an
elongated pore on its dorsal surface. The
plates are short, and in some cases sul)-
truncate at extremities; they are situated
as follows: Two between median lobes;
two inconspicuous ones laterad of first
lobe of each side; two laterad of second
lobe; usually one on the anterior part
of the first lobe of the lateral margin;
one or two near the middle of the second
lobe of the lateral margin, and two or
three on the third or anterior lobe of
the lateral margin. Dorsal spines: One
on first lobe near lateral margin; one on
lateral lobule of second lobe; and one a
short distance mesad of the mesal plate
of each of the three lobes of lateral mar-
The ventral spines accompanying

gm.

FIG. 24. Diaspis carueli (Juniper Soale).
2, adult females and larv:i> on
branches; la, female, greatly en-
larged.

the first and second lobes of each side are

obsolete. There is one at the base of

the plate of the first lobe of the lateral

margin; one between plates of second lobe, and one near the middle of

the third or anterior lobe of the lateral margin.

Scale of Male. — The male scale is white, and very small, being only
1 mm. in length; it is elongated, with a prominent median ridge; the
larval skin is naked and light yellow in color.

Male. — Color of body light orange yellow, thoracic band yellow. The
terminal joints of the antennae are enlarged.

On juniper (Cupressns sp.).

In several sections this scale may be found very abundant upon
juniper, but seems to confine its attack to this host plant and Cnprest^us
sp. It is not considered as troublesome.

50

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF IIORTICFLTURE.

Aulacaspis rosse Bouche.
(Rose Scale.)

Scale of Female. — Circular or irregular, snowy white, sometimes with
yellowish tinge; 2.3 mm. in diameter; exuviae sublateral; first larval
skin naked, showing the segmentation; second covered.

Scale of Male. — 1.25 to 1.5 mm. in length; white and tricarinated.

Female.— ^o^y elongated; the antepenultimate segment prominently
lobed and bearing 8 to 10 gland-spines. Median lobes large, approxi-
mated at base, serrulate, diverging, attached to body for entire length.

FIG. 2o. Aulacaspix rosx {B.ose %cti\e). Branch showing scales on rose, o, male scale;
6, female; both greatly enlarged.

Inner lobules of second, third, and fourth lobes rounder and larger than
the other lobule. Fourth lobe nearly obsolete. There is a glanid-spine
laterad of each of the four lobes, and 2 to 4 near penultimate segment,
enlarging as they are farther removed from the meson. On the dorsal
surface the spines are situated as follows: one very small one on the
median lobe, and one slightly larger on the outer lobe of the second,
third and fourth lobes respectively, and. one about three fourths of dis-
tance to penultimate segment. The spines on the ventral surface are
slightly mesad of the corresponding dorsal ones. Dorsal spines in three
rows; second row represented by anterior group of 2-3; third row,

TIJE COCCIDAK OF CALIFORNIA. .")!

anterior group 4-"), })osterior group 5-6; fourth row, anterior group 4-6,
posterior group 6-8. Mesad of second and third lobes respectively is an
elongated pore, appearing like a lobe. Anterior group of circumgenital
gland-orifices distinct, rounded, 18-22; anterior laterals, 25-32; pos-
terior laterals, 26-34. Lateral groups indistinctly separated, sometimes
almost continuous.

On rose, blackberry, and raspberry, infesting the canes.

This is a very common species in this State, and may be found on old
rose bushes, and on the canes of blackberry and raspberry. In many
cases it entirely coats the cane for some distance, giving it the appear-
ance of having been whitewashed. When remedial measures are applied
and all visible scale removed the horticulturist is somewhat surprised
to again see the plant infested in a short time, owing to the fact that
this species breed at or near the root of the host plant. When remedial
measures are applied, the ground should be removed from around the
base of the plant so that the wash will reach all the scale.

Hemichionaspis aspidistrse Sign.
E'jgs. — Reddish falvous. Larva. — ^Pale yellow (newly hatched).

Scale of Female. — Length, 1.8 to 2.6 mm. Distinctly broadened pos-
teriorly and usually broadly rounded at the extremity, but occasion-
ally bluntly pointed. Very thin and delicate in tissue or moderately
thick and strong. Pale yellowish brown to brown. Exuivia^ .7 to .9 mm.
long, of the same color as the secreted portion of the scale, but slightly
brighter.

Femile. — The first four segments anterior to the pygidium very pro-
nounced, being often produced at each side into a conspicuous protu-
berance. The first and second pairs of lobes well developed, third very
rudimentary or wanting. Each median lobe with three distinct notches
on the outer curved edge. Lobules of the second lobe long and narrow,
spatulate in form; edges thickened at the base. The gland-spines are
arranged as follows: 1,1,1,1,2-5. As a rule the fifth group contains-
2-3 spines, although 5 have been observed. The marginal gland -
orifices between the first and second lobes, if situated on a large, con
spicuous prominence. Second row of gland-orifices wholly absent.
Third and fourth rows with 2-5 orifices in their posterior groups. An-
terior groups absent. Median group of circumgenital gland-orifices,
5-15; anterior laterals, 15-22; posterior laterals, 17-23.

Scale of Male. — Length, I to 1.3 mm. Exuviae bright yellow.

On Aspidistrn' lurida (in greenhouses).

52 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICITLTURE.

Epidiaspis piricola Del Giier.

This species has become quite troublesome to pear-growers in the
Santa Clara Valley, and is often mistaken for the San Jose scale. It is
easily distinguished from that species by the male scale, which in this
species is of an elongated oval form and much flattened. A feeble
carina extends along the middle, but the sides are not carinated. The
color is white; the larval skin is light yellow and usually is about one
third the length of the scale, while in the San Jose scale the male scale
is nearly black and resembles the female scale in shape.

The female scale is circular, dark ash-gray in color, with the margin
lighter, varying in color to nearly white. The exuviee are nearly cen-
tral, dark brown, naked and glossy.

This species is subject to the attack of several species of Coccinellids
(ladybirds), which serve as a partial check to its increase. In some
sections the lime, sulphur, and salt spray is used against this species,
wdth good results.

A plate showing the characters of the last abdominal segment, made
from specimens collected at San Jose, Cal., will be found on opposite
page.

Aspidiotus aesculi Johns.

Scale of Female. — Circular, rather convex; diameter 1.5 to 3 mm.;
color, dirty gray, conforming to color of bark; exuviae a little to one
side of center, and covered with excretion. In rubbed specimens the
protuberance indicating the position of the exuviae is orange-red and
surrounded by a band a little darker in color than the rest of the
scale; ventral scale delicate white, adheres to the bark.

Scale of Male.— Klonga,te oval; 1 to 2 mm. long and half as wide;
darker than the female. Larval scale marked by a nipple-like promi-
nence between the center and the anterior margin; this is usually cov-
ered with a slight excretion, but when rubbed it is orange-red. Ventral
scale white, slightly thicker than that of female.

Mature Male. — Yellowish; eyes and antennae prominent; body stout;
legs long, lighter yellow than rest of body; wings large; thoracic shield
with band distinct and with margins indistinct in some specimens.
Length, .60 mm.; style, .39 mm.

Mature Female. — Ovate, rather plump; yellow, last segment a little
darker yellow. Four groups of spinnerets, number in each group ex-
tremely variable; anterior laterals, 5-17, average 10; posterior laterals,
4-11, average 7; number variable on opposite sides of same individual;
one pair of lobes, nearly as broad as long, notched on lateral margin
near the tip. Plates simple and inconspicuous, one usually just laterad
of the lobe and two between the second and third spines. Spines prom-

THE COCCID^ OF CALIFORNIA.

PLATE VL

0. T. P., del.

DETAILS OF CALIFORNIA COCCID^.

;)4 CAUFDRNlA STATK COMMISSION OP^ IIORTICl'I-Tl 'RE.

inent, usually one pair to each segment, a rather deep incision just
laterad of the lobe; anal opening about twice as distant from the base
of the lobes as the lobes are long; spinnerets grouped about curious
club-shaped organs.

On .fJsculus calif arnica .

Aspidiotus hederse Vail.
(Oleander and Lemon Scale.)

Scale of Female. — Flat, lightish or light gray in color, and with
exuvia? central or nearly so; exuviae dull orange-yellow; the first skin

usually showing the segmentation
distinctly, the second skin more or
less covered with secretion, often
appearing only as an orange-colored
circle surrounding the first skin.
Ventral scale a mere film applied
to bark of plants. Diameter of
fully formed scale, 2 mm.

Female. — Body of adult nearly
circular, with abdominal segments
forming a pointed projection; light
yellow in color, mottled with darker
yellow; the last segment presents
the following characters: The ante-
rior lateral group of spinnerets con-
sists of about 9, and the posterior
laterals of about 7. There are three
pairs of lobes; the first and seccmd
are well developed, the third quite
small. The plates are well devel-
oped; they are long and usually
fringed; there are two small ones
between the median lobes ; those of
each side are as follows: Two be-
tween the first and second lobes;
three between second and third
lobes; and usually seven laterad of
the third lobe, of which usually
four are fringed and three simple.
The number of the last-named group varies from four to nine. There
is on each surface of the segment a spine accompanying each lobe; one
between the fourth and fifth plates laterad of third lobe, and one at

FIG. 26. AKpiiHotiis hederx (Oleander Scale).
On branch of oleander, showing leaves
thickly infested.

THE COCCID.E OF CALIFORNIA.

PLATK VII.

DETAILS OF CALIFORNIA COCCID.E.

56 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

al)out one third the distance from this spine to the penultimate seg-
ments. In each case the spine on the ventral surface is a little laterad
of the one on the dorsal surface.

Eggs. — Very light yellow in color.

Scale of Male. — The scale of the male is slightly elongated, with the
larval skin nearly central; it is snowy white, with the larval skin light
yellow. Longest diameter, 1 mm.

Male. — Yellow, mottled with reddish brown; central part of thoracic
band reddish.

On oleander, magnolia, ivy, palms, etc.; also on lemons.

This is another of the common species of the State, having quite a
range of host plants. It does not confine its attack to plants in the
greenhouses, but is met with in many places in the open. It also
attacks the lemon, usually infesting the fruit only; in such cases all the
fruit on the tree is removed, either fumigated or destroyed, and the pest
usually controlled.

Aspidiotus jug-lans-regciae Comst.
(English Walnut Scale.)

Srale of F, male. — Circular, flat, with the exuviae laterad of the center;
it is of a pale grayish brown color; the exuviae are covered with secre-
tion; the position of the first skin is indicated by a prominence which
is pink or reddish brown. The ventral scale is a mere film which
adheres to the bark. Diameter of scale, 3 mm.

Female. — The color of the female when fully grown is pale yellow,
with irregular orange-colored spots; oral seta? and last segment dark
yellow. This segment presents the following characters: There are
either four or five groups of spinnerets; the anterior group is wanting
or consists of from 1 to 4 spinnerets; the anterior laterals consist of
from 7 to 16, and the posterior laterals of from 4 to 8.

There are two or three pairs of lobes. The median lobes are well
developed, but vary in outline; the second lobe of each side is less than
one half as large as the median lobes, elongated, and with one or two
notches on the lateral margin; the third lobe is still smaller and
pointed, or is obsolete.

There are two pairs of incisions of the margin, one between the first
and second lobes of each side, and one between the second and third
lobes. They are small, but are rendered conspicuous by the thicken-
ings of the body wall bounding them.

The plates are simple, inconspicuous, and resemble the spines in
form. The larger ones are situated one caudad of each incision.

TllK COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA. 57

The spines are prominent, especially those laterad of the second and
tliird lobes; the fourth spines are a little nearer the first lobes than the
penultimate segment; and the fifth are near the penultimate segment;
there is also a spine at or near the union of the last two segments.

Scale of Male. — The scale of the male resembles that of the female in
color; it is elongated, with the larval skin near the anterior end; this
skin is covered by excretion, but its position is marked by a rose-
colored prominence, as in the scale of the female; the anterior part of
the scale is much more convex than the posterior prolongation, which
is flattened. There is a rudimentary ventral scale in the form of two
narrow longitudinal plates, one on each side of the lower surface of the
scale. Length, 1.25 mm.

On English walnut, infesting the larger limbs, usually on the under
side.

Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.
(San Jose Scale.)

Scale of Female. — Circular, slightly convex, 1 to 2 mm. in diameter;
gray or dark gray, except the prominent, covered, pale or reddish yellow
exuviee. The exuviae are nipple-like, with a shal-
low, depressed ring about them, which is quite char-
acteristic of this species.

Scale of Male. — Black in color, rather convex,
with the nipple-like prominence and depressed ring
still more noticeable than in the female.

Female. — Two pairs of lobes well developed. Me-
dian lobes prominent, rounded at the apex, notched
on the outer margin near the middle, though some-
what variable and converging. The thickened inner
margins of the median lobes extend anteriorly,
encircling the anal orifice in a characteristic man-
ner. The second lobes are smaller and narrower,
though distinct, quite close to the median, notched
on the outer margin, pointed and converging. Be-
tween the median lobes and bounding each incision of the segment are
club-shaped, chitinous processes; the inner usually the larger. There
are two conspicuous plates between the median lobes, two caudad of
the first incision, and three small, laterally serrate ones caudad of the
second incision. Often laterad of second incision are wide, furcated
extensions of the margin of the segment. The spines of the ventral
surface are situated laterad of the corresponding dorsal spines at the
bases of the first and second lobes; the third pair laterad of second
5-c

FIG. 27. .-Ispidiotus
perniciosus (San
Jo86 Scale).

58

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

incision; the fourth pair at one half the distance to penultimate seg-
ment. Groups of circumgenital gland-orifices are absent. Rows of
dorsal spines are not prominent, though variable.

On apple, pear, peach, quince, apricot, plum, hawthorn, rose, currant,
raspberry, etc.

This scale is known the world over as the San Jose scale, yet it Is a
fact that it is very scarce at San Jose or in the district surrounding that
city. At one time this species was extremely troublesome in California,
but the internal parasite Aphelinus fuscipennis has done such excellent
work that it is not a pest in California any more. We also have several
species of Coccinellids (ladybirds) that prey upon it and have mate-
rially assisted in the work of controlling this once serious pest.

Aspidiotus rapax Comst.

(Greedy Scale.)

Scale of Female. — Very convex, gray, almost white, translucent, ap-
pearing yellow because of insect beneath; the sub-central exuviae
marked by a brown or black dot and a concentric ring. Ventral scale
snow-white and usually entire.

Scale of Male. — Similar to scale of female ; scarcely
so convex, with exuviae sublateral.

Female. — Only median lobes well developed and
prominent, sharply notched on either side, the mesal
notch near the apex. Second and third lobes are
represented by small, pointed projections on the
margin. A deep incision laterad of the median
and second lobes, bounded by subequal chitinous
processes. Two irregular toothed or branched plates
caudad of each incision, with a simple one between
them and two or three simple or furcated ones
laterad of the third lobe. On each surface, spines
are located at the lateral basis of each lobe; the fourth spine at about
two thirds of the distance to the penultimate segment. The ventral
fourth spine is slightly laterad of the corresponding dorsal gpine.
Groups of circumgenital gland-orifices absent. Dorsal pores in two or
three irregular rows; the second of about six; the third of about four.
The anal orifice is very large.

On willow, holly, ivy, acacia, orange, pittosporum, camellia, palms, etc.

This species is commonly known as the greedy scale, and it is well
named, as it certainly seems to have no choice as to host plant, but
thrives on almost any one of our shrubs. An internal parasite is par-

FIG. 28. Aspidiotus

rapax.

(Greedy Scale.)

THE COCCID^E OF CALIFORNIA.

PLATE VIII.

I C. T. P., del.

DETAILS OF CALIFORNIA COCCID^.

60 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

tially effective against it in this State, but does not do good enough work
to be of much use. This species is distributed all over the State, and
while it is troublesome to individuals, yet it has not attacked any of
our commercial trees or plants extensively enough to be really con-
sidered of much economic importance.

Pseudaonidia duplex Ckll.

Scale of Female. — The female scale is about 2| mm. in diameter, sub-
circular, moderately convex, dark blackish brown, with the large round
exuviee nearly to one side, and orange in color. When upon the stems
and larger twigs of the camellia the scale has the same brown color of
the bark and is easily overlooked. When removed the scale leaves a
white patch on the branch.

Female. — Pale orange, broadly oval or subcircular, with the large
cephalic portion separated from the rest by a deep suture. Mouth parts
large; skin on dorsum very strongly, transversely grooved, the grooves
linear, often anastomosing. Four groups of ventral glands in the usual
situation; caudo-laterals of 28 to 30, cephalo-laterals of 42; median group
represented by two orifices, not very close to each other. Besides these
groups there is a group of 17 to 22 orifices, quite similar in character,
on each side of the mouth parts; these groups are oval in outline. The
anus is about on a level with the anterior ends of the caudo-lateral
groups. There are four (two on each side) long tubes or ducts originating
about the region between the caudo-lateral groups and the anus, and
passing hindward, practically parallel, to the end of the body. On
the dorsal surfaces the segments are marked by rows of oval pores.
The pygidium shows on the dorsal surface a very distinct lattice-work,
as in A. these and Ischnaspis jiliformis. Median lobes very large, brown,
rounded at the ends, but notched on each side so as to be trilobed; the
lateral lobes very small and passing into the straight parallel sides.
The median lobes are very close together, but distinctly separated, not
touching, not diverging. There are three other pairs of lobes, small,
narrow, rounded at ends, very inconspicuous and easily overlooked
among the scale-like plates. Plates not extending beyond lobes, scale-
like, not separately distinguishable, but forming a continuous fringe,
which rapidly narrows beyond the fourth lobe, and ceases before the
deep notch which indicates another segment. Margin cephalad of
fourth lobe distinctly serrate, serrations coarse.

On Camellia japonica (in greenhouses).

THE COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA.

61

Chrysomphalus aonidum Linn.
(Florida Red Scale.)

Scale of Female. — Circular, moderately convex, smooth; dark oliva-
ceous brown or reddish brown, paler at margin. Pellicles reddish
yellow, always partially obscured by a layer of secretion, which is
reddish brown above the first, and pale olivaceous above the second
pellicle. In the center of circular raised disk is usually exposed, the
secretionary covering being here worn off. In young specimens the
center is covered by a raised patch of opaque white secretion. The
first pellicle convex above; the second often slightly concave; the form

FIG. 29. Chrysoniphaluii aonidum (Florida Red Scak-). On orange twig.
a, female, greatly enlarged.

may best be observed from the inside of the scale, where the exuvife are
more fully exposed. Ventral scale obsolete. Diameter, 1 to 2 mm.

The male puparium is dark brown, with pale gray margins. Pellicle
reddish fulvous. Length, .8 mm.

Adult Female. — Yellow, or white mottled with yellow. Body broadly
rounded in front, tapering suddenly to a point behind. On the margin
of the mesal thorax is a small thickened patch bearing a stout thorn-
like spine. Pygidium with six prominent lobes subequal in size, each
notched on the lateral edge. At a short distance beyond the lobes the
lateral margin is thickened and projecting, with minute serrations and
two deep indentations. Plates deeply fringed; two in the mesal and
first spaces, three in the second space, and three beyond the third lobe,
these last being bifurcate and fringed on their lateral edges. Circum-
enital glands in four groups; lower laterals with 2 to 4, upper laterals

62 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

with 6 to 8 orifices. A large number of conspicuous tubular spinnerets,
varying from the filiform to the trumpet-shaped type, some opening by
inconspicuous dorsal pores in two series on each side, others opening on
to the margin near the extremities. Anal aperture small, close to
extremity; genital aperture between the upper and lower groups of
glands. Length, .8 to 1 mm.

Adult Male. — Orange yellow in color, with dark brown conspicuous
transverse band crossing the thorax in front of the scutellum.

Eggs and young larvae yellow.

On palms (in greenhouses).

Chrysomphalus aupantii Mask.
(Red Scale of California.)

Female. — The female is light yellow in color in the adolescent stages,
becoming brownish as it reaches maturity. When fully developed the
thorax extends backward in a large rounded lobe on each side, project-
ing beyond the extremity of the abdomen, and giving the body a
reniform shape. The last abdominal segment presents the following
characters: Three pairs of well-developed lobes, the first pair abruptly
narrowed at about half their length; the notch on the mesal margin is
often nearer the distal end of the lobe than that of the lateral margin.
The lobes of the second and third pair are abruptly narrowed at half
their length on the lateral margin, and often bear a notch on the
median margin near the distal end. Laterad of the most lateral plate
is a triangular lobe on the margin of the segment, which is separate.

The plates are deeply fringed; those between the first pair of lobes on
their distal margins, the others on their lateral margins. They are all
well developed, exceeding the lobes in length, and are situated as fol-
lows: Two between the first pair of lobes, two between the first and
second lobes of each side, two between the second and third lobes, and
three between the third lobe and the lobe on the margin of the body.
The first plate laterad of the second lobe and the three plates laterad
of the third lobe are each deeply bifurcated, and each bifurcation is
fringed on the lateral margin.

On the ventral surface there is a spine near the base of the lateral
margin of each of the four lobes except the first; there are also about
three small slender spines on the margin of the body near the penulti-
mate segment. On the dorsal surface there is a spine with each lobe.
The first spine is very slender and inconspicuous, but as long as the
lobe; it is situated at the base of the lateral margin of the lobe in such

THE COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA. 63

a manner that it can be moved either above or below tlie lobe. Each
of the other spines is situated near the middle of the base of the lobe it
accompanies. Female viviparous.

Scale of Male. — The scale of the male resembles that of the female,
excepting that it is only one fourth as large; the posterior side is pro-

FIG. 30. Chri/soiiiphatas aarantii (Red Scale), a, male; 6, female scale, greatly enlarjjed ;
c, male scale, greatly enlarged.

longed into a flap, which is quite thin; and the part which covers the
larval skin is often lighter than the remainder of the scale.

Male.— The male is light yellow, winged, with the thoracic band
brown, and the eyes purplish black.

On orange, lemon, grape-fruit, sago palms, rose and various palms.

While this species is called the "Red Scale of California,'* it is an
introduced species. It is also a very serious pest in other countries,
having been reported from Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand,
Samoa, Fiji, Hawaiian Islands, West Indies, and many other countries,
as well as several states in our own country. In California it is mostly
confined to the southern part of the State, wliere it is well known to
our citrus-growers. By strict quarantine, fumigation, and the use of
various sprays it has been practically held in subjection in some of the
counties, while in others it has been allowed to gain quite a foothold.

64

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

While Australia has been credited as the home of this pest, later inves-
tigations seem to show China to be the real home.

Chrysomphalus aurantii citPinus Coq.
(Yellow Scale of the Orange.)

This species differs but slightly from C. aurantii, but in its habits
and color there is a very marked difference. The female scale is circular,
with the exuviffi slightly to one side; the scale is not as convex; the

#

FIG. 31. Chrysomphalus aurantii citrinus (Yellow Scale). On orange leaf.
Female, greatly enlarged.

margins are wider and a light gray. The body is a pale yellow; the
ventral scale is light colored and remains attached to the upper one,
making it difficult to remove the insect from the scale.

A curious fact about this insect is that it seldom attacks the wood,
even when the foliage and fruit are covered with them. On this account
the fruit-grower can readily determine between it and aurantii, as the
latter infests the young shoots and even the large branches.

On orange and lemon.

This scale was introduced into this State in 1872 and for a number
of years proved to be very destructive. It is now held in almost com-
plete subjection by its natural enemy, Aspidiotophagus citrinus Craw, a
minute chalcid fly introduced from Japan.

THE COCCID.VE OF CALIFORNIA. 65

Lepidosaphes beckii Newm.

(Purple Scale.)

Scale of Female. — The scale of the female is long, more or less curved,
and widened posteriorly. It is brown, with the exuviae of the same
color and with a delicate margin. The ventral scale is well developed;
it is white, and consists of a single piece which is slightly attached at

FIG. 32. Lepidosaphes beckii (Purple Scale). On orange branch.

its sides to the lower edge of the scale, and is more or less incomplete
posteriorly. Length of scale, 3 mm.

Female. — The female is yellowish white. The characters of the last
segment are as follows: The anterior group of spinnerets consists of
about 6; the anterior laterals of about 18, and the posterior laterals of
about 9.

The median lobes are well developed, with the margins crenate; the
second lobe deeply incised, with the margins of the lobules either entire

66 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

or crenate; the third lobe is quite inconspicuous, projecting but little
beyond the body wall, the margin crenate and one large notch in the
center of the lobe.

The plates are long, simple, and tapering. There are two of them in
each of the following places: between median lobes; between first and
second lobes; between second and third lobes; laterad of third lobe;
and about midway between this lobe and the penultimate segment.

There is an elongated pore between first and second lobes; two
laterad of each of the third and fourth pairs of plates; and one laterad
of the fifth pair of plates. The penultimate segment bears at least four
plates upon each lateral margin.

The spines upon the dorsal surface are long, and are situated as
follows: one at the base of each margin of the first lobe; one dorsad of
incision of second lobe; one dorsad of the notch of third lobe; and one
about midway between the fourth and fifth pairs of plates. Those of
the ventral surface are as follows: cephalad of the bases of the first
pair of plates are two small spots which resemble the bases of spines,
and are doubtless the homologues of the first pair; the second spine of
each side is near the base of the lateral half of the first lobe; third
spine laterad of lateral lobule of second lobe, and fourth and fifth
spines between the members of the fourth and fifth pairs of plates
respectively.

Eggs — The eggs are white, and are arranged irregularly under the
scale.

Scale of Male. — The scale of the male is usually straight, or nearly
so; the same color as that of the female, or in some specimens varying
to a very dark brown, almost black, the larval skin light yellow. At
about one fourth of length of the scale from the posterior extremity,
the scale is thin, forming a hinge, which allows the posterior part of it
to be lifted by the male as he emerges. Length, 1.5 mm.

On orange, lemon, grape-fruit, sago palms.

This species is well known to many of our citrus-growers, and is
commonly known as the purple scale. It was introduced from Florida
on orange stock, and is to-day one of the most serious pests we have in
the State. By strict quarantine it has been practically confined to
certain districts, and with the use of insecticides and fumigation its
spread has been checked. At the Insectary we are now working on
material from which we hope to get its natural insect enemy, and if
successful, our past experience in this line gives us the hope that at last
we may be able to successfully control this pest.

THE COCCID.E OF CALIFORNIA.

PLATE IX.

\eioi"cLoiapli

a, rostral setsc; 6, female larva; c, antennse;
d, fore leg ; e, middle leg ; /, hind leg.

DETAILS OF CALIFORNIA COCCID.E.

68 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

Lepidosaphes crawii Ckll.

Scale of Female. —The female scale is narrow, measures 2^ mm. long
and -5 mm. wide; pale orange yellow; exuviae concolorous.

Adult Female. — Yellow; four groups of ventral glands, caudo-laterals
of 3, cephalo-laterals of 4 in a row. Median lobes very large, roundish at
the ends, their edges finely serrate. They are closely adjacent at a point
at the base, being separated, however, by a pair of small spine-like
plates; thence they diverge at nearly a right angle to their rounded
ends; thence rapidly sloping, the outward slope longer than the inner,
and diverging from it at an angle of about 80 degrees. Next to the
outer side of each median lobe is a small spine-like plate, then a sac-like
incision, then the small second lobe, shaped much like the last joint of
a finger, and in bulk hardly one tenth of a median lobe. Following
this is a small sac-like incision, then a pointed projection, then two
succular incisions, then after a short interval a spine-like plate, then
another sac-like incision, then a long interval of smooth margin, then
another sac, then another interval, in the middle of which is a small
spine. Below the sac-like incisions are transversely elongate pores.

The scale is extremely inconspicuous, as it lives beneath the epi-
dermis, on the under side of the leaf, along the mid-rib. By this habit,
and the large median lobes, it will be readily distinguished from
M. grandilohus Maskell, which has the large median lobes; it is known,
too, by the entirely different color of the scale, etc. Several of the speci-
mens were parasitized.

On the under side of the leaf beneath the epidermis of Quercus ruspi-
datUH.

This species represents one of the smallest members of this destructive
family. Its mining habits and size make it extremely difficult to detect.

Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn.

(Oyster-shell Scale.)

Scale of the Female. — Mussel shaped, more or less curved, of a pur-
plish-brown color, with the exuviae yellowish. Length, one sixteenth
of an inch.

Adult Female.— The body is light yellow. The last segment presents
the following characteristics: The anterior group of spinnerets consists
of from 11 to 17; the anterior laterals and posterior laterals each of
16 to 21. The median lobes are large and wide, with the sides parallel;
they are only about three fourths as long as broad. Each lobe is nar-
rowed on each side near the distal extremity by one or two notches,
and then rounded. The second lobe of each side is about as wide as

THE COCCIDAE OF CALIFORNIA.

69

the first, and is deeply incised; mesal lobule with mesal margin as long
as lateral margin of the first lobe, and rounded posteriorly; lateral
lobule about half the length and width of mesal lobule, and similar
in shape. Third lobule obsolete. The plates are long, simple, and
tapering.

Eggs. — These are white, and are arranged irregularly under the scale.

Scale of Male. — The scale of the male of this species is usually
straight and of the same color as that of the female. At about one quar-
ter of the length of
the scale from the
posterior extrem-
ity, the scale is
thin, forming a
hinge which allows
the posterior part
of it to be lifted
by the male as he
emerges. Length,
.06 of an inch.

The male is
translucent, cor-
neous gray, with a
dorsal transverse

band on each joint, and the portions of the mesothorax and metathorax
darker, or purplish gray, with the members somewhat lighter.

According to climate and locality the young scale hatch from the
middle of March to June. Color, yellow\ They begin to form the cot-
tony excretion after twenty-four hours, and in from two to four days the
insect is completely covered with a dense excretion, which increases as
the larva grows.

On apple, pear, plum, hawthorn.

In several of the older apple orchards of the State this species can
be found in limited numbers, also in the grounds of private residences
where the trees are neglected. An internal parasite and predaceous
insects prey on this species, causing a partial check to its increase.

FIG. 33. Lepidosaphes ulmi (Oyster-shell Scale). 1, egg; 2, young
insect (larva); S, appearance of secretion as it hardens and forms
shell over insect; 4. immature scale; 5 and 6, appearance of
insect after casting skin, limbs, and other appendages; 7, dorsal
view of insect at maturity ; 8, antennae. (All greatly enlarged.)

Parlatoria perg-andii Comst.

(Chaff Scale.)

Scale of Female. — Circular to elongated, irregular, dirty gray, 1.6 mm.
in length: exuviae marginal, brown, the first naked and the second
covered by a thin skin of secretion, occupying nearly one third of length
of scale.

70 CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICin.TI'RE.

Scale of Male. — Long and narrow, lateral margins prominent, not
carinated, light gray with terminal exuviae darker.

Female. — Three pairs of well-developed lobes, nearly equal in size,
broadest near the middle, tapering anteriorly, notched deeply on each
side of the apex. A rudimentary fourth lobe, produced into a papilla,
halfway between third and penultimate segment. A crescent-shaped
thickening of the body wall appears between the
median lobes, between median and second, second
and third, and two thickenings between third and
fourth lobes and penultimate segment. The plates
are as long as the lobes, and fringed on the distal
CL margins; two between median lobes, two between

'''''■ T- .r^'fV'' ri' median and second, three between second and third,

gandn (Chaff Scale). ' '

a, female, much en- three between third and fourth, and three pal-
eniarged''' "'''^^' ^^'"^ ™^^® P^^^^^ cephalad of fourth lobe. On the three
segments preceding the last are five or six plates,
each produced into a papilla. A spine on the dorsal surface of each
lobe near the margin; on the ventral surface the spines are situated
laterad of the second, third, and fourth lobes respectively. Four groups
of circumgenital gland-orifices, each of about 7, but varying from 5 to 10.

On orange. (On palms in greenhouse.)

This is a very difficult scale to detect on the orange, being so near the
same color as the bark. In California this scale has not gained a foot-
hold, being known in the open in only two districts. The author once
found in a new section thirteen trees that were badly infested, and the
entire infestation was on the trunk and lower branches up to the main
fork of the tree. This scale seems to prefer the lower branches and
trunk and requires close inspection to detect its presence.

QL Carnes, Edward K.

527 The Coccidae of

C6C3 California: a descriptive

Ent. list of the different
scale insects found in
and reported from