/^v- -^ THE

COCCI Di^ OF CEYLON.

BY

E. ERNEST GREEN, F.E.S.

PART I.

WITH THIRTY-THREE PLATES.

LONDON:

DULAU & CO.

1896.

CONTENTS OF PART I.

PAGE

Preface iii

Glossary of Terms vii

Chapter I. Introductory i

„ II. Collection AND Preparation 8

„ III. Characters and Classification 14

Synopsis of Sub-families ....... 16

„ IV. Conchaspin^ 19

Conchaspis socialis 20

„ V. Diaspin^. 24

Synopsis of Genera 37

Aspidiotus . . Page 39 Aonidia loranthi . Page 74
trilobitiformis 41 „ obscura . . 76

Aonidia

ficus

rossi

osbeckiae

lataniae .

cyanophylli

excisus .

putearius

occultus

aurantii

camelliae

cydonias

secretus

inusitatus

corniger .
bullata

43
45
47
49
51
53
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
69
72

Aonidia loranthi
„ obscura
Mytilaspis .

„ citricola
„ cocculi
„ gloverii
„ gloverii
pallida

Diaspis

Fiorinia

amygdali
fagraeae

fiorinice

saprosmae

similis

scrobicularum

secreta

n

78
81

83

85
86

87
9«
93
94
96
98
100
102

E^r- THE

/^ f ")

COCCI D^ OF CEYLON.

BY

E. ERNEST GREEN, F.E.S.

PART I.

fV/TII THIRTY-THREE PLATES.

LONDON:

DULAU & CO.

1896.

PREFACE.

The present work has been written with a twofold object.
Firstly, to give a scientific and formal description of this little-
studied but important group of insects ; and, secondly, to enable
planters and agriculturists in general to recognise these destructive
pests, to understand their habits, and to learn how best to deal
with them.

In the first place I have fully described all such species as
have already been recorded from Ceylon, and have added de-
scriptions of a very large number of new and hitherto unrecognised
species collected in the island during the last five years. To
show the proportion of these additions, I may mention that in
1 89 1, when Mr, W. F. Kirby published his paper* on the
Hemiptera of Ceylon, only seven species had been recorded.
In November, 1894, at the request of several entomologists in-
terested in the subject, I drew up a preliminary catalogue! of
the species that I had then found in Ceylon. In this list, which
was delayed in publication, and appeared only this year (1896),
I enumerated seventy-two distinct species. This large number
will be almost doubled in the present work, and, when other
parts of the island have been properly explored, it is probable
that considerably over two hundred species will be recognised.

To secure uniformity of terms, every species, whether new or

* ' Catalogue of the described Hemiptera, Heteroptera, and Homoptera of
Ceylon.' W. F. Kirby, F.L.S., F.E.S. Journal of the Linnean Society {Zoology)^
Vol. XXIV. pp. 72—176. 1891.

t ' Catalogue of Coccidae, collected in Ceylon by Mr. E. E. Green.' Indian
Museum Notes, Vol. IV, No. i, 1896.

b

iv Preface.

not, has been fully described according to a uniform plan. A
glossary (made very full for the benefit of those unacquainted
with entomological terms) is appended.

The descriptions and figures (unless otherwise stated), have
been drawn up from and refer to Ceylon specimens only, and
may possibly differ slightly from typical examples in such minor
points as size and colour.

On each plate will be found one figure representing the insect
of its natural size, in its natural position on the food plant. The
other figures are not drawn to scale, but have been each enlarged
to such a degree as to most conveniently show the requisite detail.
The actual measurements of each species are given in the descrip-
tive letterpress.

As the metric system is being universally adopted for scientific
purposes, I have given all measurements in millimetres (mm.).
For the benefit of those who are more conversant with the English
standard of inches (") and lines ('"), I have shown a scale of the
two systems, by which they may be compared. For a rough
comparison, twenty-five millimetres might be taken as representing
one inch (the actual figure would be nearer twenty-five and a half
millimetres); one hundredth of an inch would thus represent one-
quarter of a millimetre (0*25 mm.) ; or one-quarter of an inch
would equal six and a quarter millimetres (6'25 mm.). But for
ordinary purposes a glance at the figure on the plate representing
the natural size of the insect will give the best idea of its
proportions.

Signoret's classical work, the Essai sur les Cochenilks, and
Targioni-Tozetti's Italian papers, amongst the older writers ; Mr.
W. M. Maskell's many important papers extending through a long
series of the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, and his
volume on the Scale Insects of New Zealand; Professor Comstock's
first and second Reports on Scale Insects ; are all indispensable
to a student of the Coccidse. The scattered papers of Mr. J. W.
Douglas and Mr. R. Newstead in the Entomologist's Monthly

Preface. v

Magazine ; of the late Dr. Riley, Dr. L. O. Howard, and Professor
Cockerel!, in the various American journals ; of Professor W. W-
Froggatt in New South Wales ; and Herr Karl Sulc, in Bohemia,
must all be consulted, together with the writings of many other
authors who have dealt with this subject.

The literature relating to the Coccidce is, unfortunately, very
scattered, which adds very considerably to the labour of research.
I do not propose to give a complete bibliography of the subject,
as a list* of the principal works has already been carefully com-
piled by Mr. W. M. Maskell, of Wellington, New Zealand, who
has added so much to our knowledge of this group of insects
by his long-continued researches on the Coccidae of Australasia.
I must, however, specially draw attention to the most admirable
and exhaustive papers on Italian Coccidae, by Professor Antonio
Berlese,t whose exquisite figures and careful work will prove of
great value to the morphologist and physiologist. Professor
Cockerell's recently compiled 'Check List' J is a very handy and
useful catalogue of all the known species of Coccidae.

My thanks are particularly due to Mr, Maskell for his un-
remitting kindness and assistance in determining specimens ; to
Professors Comstock, Howard, and Cockerell, in America ; to
Messrs. J. W. Douglas and Robert Newstead, in England ; to Herr
Sulc, in Bohemia ; to Dr. W. W. Froggatt, in New South Wales;
and to Mr. C. B. Lounsbury, now acting as Government Ento-
mologist in Cape Colony ; from all of whom I have received
valuable papers and numerous typical specimens for comparison
and study.

Dr. L. O. Howard has kindly named for me various hymen-
opterous parasites that prey upon Coccids in Ceylon.

* Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 1 891, p. 7.

t Le Cocciniglie Italiane viventi sugli Agrumi, by Dr. Antonio Berlese.
Parts I. (1893), II. (1894), and III. (1896).

X * Check List of the Coccidae,' by T. D. A. Cockerell. Bulletin of the
Illinois State Laboratory of National History, Vol. IV. pp. 318—339, 1896.

vi Preface.

Most of the species described in the present work were collected
by myself, chiefly in the neighbourhood of Punduloya at an altitude
varying between three thousand and four thousand feet. Some
particularly interesting species were discovered and sent to me by
that most industrious entomologist, Mr. John Pole, from Ham-
bantota, Tangalle, and Chilaw. Mr. W. D. Holland, of Balangoda,
has also very kindly sent me specimens from that district.

To Professor G. B. Howes, of the Royal College of Science,
South Kensington, I must tender my sincere thanks for the
kindest encouragement and advice in the difficult matter of ar-
ranging for the publication of a work of this nature ; and to Mr.
F. Justen, of Messrs. Dulau & Co., for his very kind personal
interest and care in the actual work of publication.

The lithographic plates, reproduced from my own drawings,
have been most carefully printed in colours by P. W. M. Trap,
of Leiden.

The chapter dealing with the economic side of the question has
been compiled from various sources, and is intended to give a
resume of all the known methods of dealing with this group of
insect pests. I have particularly made free use of the numerous
valuable bulletins and reports issued by the United States De-
partment of Agriculture, the Entomological Division of which —
formerly under the guidance of the late Dr. C. V. Riley, whose
early death is greatly to be deplored, and now worthily carried on
by Dr. L. O. Howard — is far ahead of that of any other country
in the attention paid to the cure and prevention of insect pests.
This chapter will be issued as an appendix, and will appear with
Part n. of the work.

E. ERNEST GREEN.
London,

Septefnber 30, 1896.

PROVISIONAL GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN PART I.

( The following definitions relate only to the terms as applied in the description
of CoccidcB. In general entomology they would have, in mafiy cases, a
much wider applicatiofi.)

Abdomen.— AW the hinder part of the insect posterior to the 'thorax.' The

third of the three main divisions of the body (head, thorax, and abdomen).
Anal lobes; Anal plates. — A pair of small triangular hinged processes forming

a valve which covers the 'anal orifice' in the Lecaniince.
Anal orifice. — The external opening of the intestine.
Anal ring. — A circumscribed chitinous ring encircling the 'anal orifice' in

many Coccidae.
Afial tubercles. — A pair of prominent rounded or conical processes situate one

on each side of the 'anal orifice' in Dactylopiince and larval Hemicoccince.
Antennce. — A pair of jointed organs or ' feelers' situated on the head. (In the

Diaspince they are well developed in the male insect, but rudimentary in

the female.)
Antennal. — Relating to the ' antennae.'
Appendages. — A general term for the antenns, mouth-parts, and limbs of an

insect.
Apodema. — A conspicuous transverse band crossing the thorax in front of the

'scutellum' in male Coccidae. {PL II. fig- 2, g.)
Apodous. — Without legs.
Apterous. — Without wings.
Balancers. — (See ' halteres,')
Biarticulate. — With two jomts.
Bicuspid. — Having two points or prominences.
Carina. — A keel or ridge.
Carinated. — Keeled, ridged, or ribbed,

Castaneous. — Of the colour of a chestnut. Shining reddish brown.
Caudad. — Situated towards the tail or caudal extremity, in relation to some

other part.
Caudal. — Pertaining to the tail or posterior extremity.
Cephalic. — Pertaining to the head.

Cephalad. — Towards the head — in relation to some other part.
Cephalothorax. — The anterior part of the body, comprising the head and the

thorax, which in the females of Diaspince have no distinct line of

separation.
Chitin. — A horny substance present in the skin and harder parts of insects.
Chitinised. — Hardened by the deposition of ' chitin.'
Chitinous. — Consisting of ' chitin.'
Circu7ngenital glands. — Small circular glands disposed in distinct groups round

the 'genital orifice.' (Sometimes termed ' grouped glands.') {PI. I. fig.

14, a, b. <r.)
Compressed. — Flattened from side to side, as opposed to 'depressed' (which see).
Contiguous. — Touching.

viii Explanation of Terms.

Cornea. — The horny convex covering of the eye.

Cora.— The basal joint of the leg. {PL W.fig. 6, a.)

Cuticle. — The thin outer skin of the leaves and other parts of a plant.

Depressed. — Flattened from above downwards, as opposed to ' compressed

(which see;.
Diagnosis. — A short distinctive description by which the genus, species, &c.,

of the insect may be recognised.
Z>z^//«/^^.— Appendages frequently present on the feet of Coccidae, either broad

and spatulate, or in the form of knobbed hairs. {PL II. fg. 6, g, k.)
Dimerous. — Composed of two pieces.

Dorsad. — Towards the 'dorsum.' (A term of comparative direction.)
Z>^rja/.— Relating to the back or upper parts of the body.
Dorsal scale. — The part of the covering scale (puparium) of the DiaspincE that

lies above the insect, as opposed to the ' ventral scale ' which completes

the puparium below.
Dorsum. — The back or upper parts of the body.
Eccentric. — Away from the centre. Out of centre.
Ecdysis. — The periodical ' moult ' or change of skin.
Emarginate. — Having a notch as if a piece had been cut out.
ExuvicB. — The discarded skins shed at the periodical moults (ecdyses).
Femur. — The thigh or upper part of the leg, situate between the * trochanter '

and the 'tibia.' (For purposes of measurement, the 'trochanter' and

'femur,' being fused together, are considered as one piece.) {PL II.

fig. 6, c)
Filiform. — Thread-like.

Fimbriate, fimbriated.— Ynngtdi. With finely divided margin.
Function. — The action or operation of any ' organ ' (which see).
Funicle. — The long terminal joint of the antennse of larval Diaspinc^.
Gence. — The cheeks. The sides of the head behind the eyes, {PL U.fig. 4, c.)
Genital spike. — The sheath of the penis, which in the males of Diaspince takes

the form of a long mucronate spike. {PL W.fig. lo.)
Gestation. — The period during which the gravid female is maturing the ova or

embryos.
Grouped glafuis. — (See ' Circumgenital glands.')
Halteres. — A pair of small organs (sometimes called ' Balancers ') which replace

the hind wings in the males of Coccidse and the two-winged flies (Diptera).

(In the Coccidse they take the form of a strap-shaped basal part, with

one or more longish, stout-hooked bristles on the extremity.) {PL II.

fig- 3-)
Ho?nologous. — An organ or any part of an animal is said to be ' homologous '

with another part when the two have the same origin — without of

necessity having the same function. (As opposed to ' analogous,' in

which the two parts have a similar function, although with a different

origin.)
Honey-dew. — A sweet, viscid substance excreted by Coccidas and some other

homopterous insects.
Incised. — With marginal slits or notches.
Laterad. — Towards the side. (As indicating the position of one part in relation

to another.)

Explanation of Terms. ix

Larva, larval stages. — The immature insect. The early stages of the insect
previous to the pupa. (In the Diaspince the larval stages end with the
second moult.)
Line ('"). — The twelfth part of an inch.

Loie. — Any prominent rounded process. More especially applied to the rounded,
tooth-like processes on the margin of the ' pygidium ' in the Diaspince.
Sometimes also applied to the prominent lateral expansions of the ab-
dominal segments.
Mentum. — The lower part of the mouth, which in the Coccidse takes the form
of a conical process channelled on its upper surface to receive the rostral
setae or sucking-tube.
Mesad. — Situated towards the middle— in relation to some other part.
Mesal. — Relating to the middle.

Mesosternmn. — The ventral parts of the ' mesothorax.'
Mesothorax. — The median division of the thorax, bearing the second pair of

legs and the fore wings — when present.
Metamorphosis. — A change of form. The transformations of an insect during

its development.
Metasternu?n. — The ventral parts of the ' metathorax.'

Metathorax. — The hinder division of the thorax, bearing the third pair of legs
and the hind wings — when present (or the ' halteres in the males of the
Coccidse).
Millimetre {mm). — The loooth part of a metre. Approximately equal to the

twenty-fifth part of an inch.
Monomerous. — Of a single piece or joint.
Mucronate. — Sharply pointed.
Nervures. — The so-called veins of the wing.

Ocelli. — The simple or supplementary eyes. (In the greater number of male
Coccidas the ' ocelli ' are greatly enlarged, and take the place of the true
eyes which, in such cases, are quite rudimentary.)
(Esophagus. — That part of the alimentary canal connecting the mouth with the

stomach.
Organ. — Any part of the body concerned in some action or function.
Oviparous. — Producing eggs.
Oviposition. — The act of laying eggs.
Ovoviviparous. — Producing eggs which are hatched within the body of the

parent or during the process of extrusion.
Parasitised. — Containing parasites. Affected or attacked by parasites.
Par astigmatic glands. — Small circular glands sometimes present round the
openings of the spiracles. (They secrete a waxy powder similar to that
produced by the ' circumgenital glands.')
Parthenogenesis. — Reproduction without the assistance of the male by a pro-
cess of internal budding, by which several or many successive generations
of fertile females may be produced.
Pellicles. — The ' exuviae ' or cast larval skins. More particularly applied to the

hardened larval skins attached to the ' puparia ' of the Diaspince.
Plate.— P^ny broad flattened piece. Definite horny tracts of the tegument.
Processes. — Any prominent portions of the body not otherwise definable.
Prostertium. — The ventral parts of the ' prothorax.'

X Explanation of Terms.

Prothorax. — The anterior division of the thorax, bearing the first pair of legs.
Puparium. — Used here for the covering-scale formed by the Diaspitia.
Pupa. — The ' chrysalis ' or resting stage of an insect.
Pupiform. — Shaped like a ' pupa' or ' chrysalis.'

Pygidiutn. — The compound terminal segment of the Diaspina: and ConchaspincE.
Reniform. — Shaped like a kidney.

Rostral apparatus. — The mouth-parts, comprising (in the Coccidse) the 'ros-
trum,' * mentum,' and ' rostral setas.'
Rostral setce. — The four long hair-like processes which together form the

sucking-tube.
Rostrum.— \5std here for the upper parts of the mouth, from which spring the
'rostral setae;' probably consisting of the clipeus and labrum fused
together.
Rugose. — With fine wrinkled lines.

Sac. — The separate cottony envelope secreted by many Coccidae.
Scale. — The puparium of a Diaspid. The waxy covering of a male Lecaniid-
Used also as a general term or abbreviation for ' scale-bugs ' or ' scale
insects.'
Scale-bug., Scale z«j^r/.— Popular terms for any member of the family Coccidae.
Scutes. — Circumscribed chitinous plates on the surface of the body, particularly

on the several parts of the thorax.
Scutelliim. — A conspicuous shield-shaped ' scute ' on the dorsal surface of the

' metathorax.'
Secretion.— Matter produced by the various glands of the body. More par-
ticularly the waxy, fibrous, cottony, or silken substances of which the
coverings of various Coccidse are composed.
Secretlonary.— Consisting of ' secretion.'
Secretionary supplement. — That part of a Diaspid scale extending beyond or

around the 'pellicles.'
Secretory. — Concerned in the process of 'secretion.'
Segments., Somites. — The transverse divisions of the body.
Serrated. — With margin notched like a saw.
Serratulate. — Having very fine saw-like notches.
Seta.— A stout hair or bristle.
Setiferous. — Bearing ' setae.'
Somites. — (See ' Segments.')

Spatulate. — Shaped like a spatula. Flattened and dilated at the tip.
Spinnerets.— Organs concerned in the emission of the silky or cottony filaments

of which the ' scales ' or ' sacs ' of various Coccidas are composed.
Spiracles, Stigmata. — The respiratory orifices. {PI. I., fig. lo, d.,/.)
Sqitames. — The flattened, fimbriated, or spine-like marginal processes of the
'pygidium' in the Diaspince, other than the 'lobes' and true spines.
(' Plates ' of Comstock : ' scaly hairs ' of Maskell). {PI. \.fig. 14, k., I.)
Stigmata. — (See ' Spiracles.')
Sub. — As a prefix, indicating approximateness.
Sub-circular. — Approximately circular. Not quite circular.
Suctorial. — ' Suctorial insects,' are such as have mouths constructed for sucking
and take their food in a liquid form ; in contradistinction to 'mandibulate
insects ' which have jaws and bite their food.

Explanation of Terms. xi

Sy?topsts. — A tabulated arrangement showing at a glance the distinctive

characters of the several families, genera, or species under consideration.
Tarsus. — The terminal joints of the leg, succeeding the 'tibia.' {PL \\./ii(. 6, e.)
Tarsal. — Belonging to the ' tarsus.'
Test.— The secretionary covering of various Coccida? ; especially such as are

of a waxy, horny, or glassy consistence.
Thorax. — The second of the main divisions of the body ; that part that bears

the legs and wings (when present).
Thoracic. — Belonging to the ' thorax.'
Tibia. — The single joint of the leg immediately succeeding the 'femur' and

preceding the 'tarsus.' {PL W. fig, 6, d.)
Triarticulate. — With three joints.
Tricuspid. — With three points.
Trimerous. — In three parts or joints.
Trochanter. — The small joint connecting the 'femur' with the 'coxa,' and

usually firmly fused with the former. (/*/. \\. fig. 6, b.)
Truncate. — With extremity having the appearance of being abruptly cut off.
Tumescent. — Swollen.
Ungual. — Belonging to the claw.
Ventral. — Relating to the under surface of the body.
Ventral scale. — The under part of the ' puparium ' in the Diaspitue, interposed

between the insect and the plant.
IVax glands. — Small circular glands concerned in the secretion of waxy matter:

present on the pygidium as * circumgenital glands,' and round the

' spiracles ' as ' parastigmatic glands ; occurring also on other parts of the

body in various families.

Scale of Inches and Millimetres.

ilililililililililililiiilililililiiilmlilil

iiiiiiiiiipiiiiiiiiiiii|iiiiiii|i|iiiiiiiiiii{iiiiiiiiiii|i|i|iiiiiii|i|i{i|i{i|i|t|i|iR^^

THE

COCCID^ OF CEYLON

CHAPTER I

Introductory.

The Coccidae, or ' Scale Insects,' subsist upon vegetable sap,
pumping it up by means of a proboscis or long hair-like tube
which they insert deep into the tissues of the plant. They may
all be classed as either actual or potential insect pests. Many of
them are at present rare and local in Ceylon ; long may they
remain so ! Others, unfortunately, are amongst our worst enemies.
I need only mention the * Green-bug' {Lecanium viride), that
worked such havoc in our coffee plantations some ten years ago
and still remains with us. In the earlier days of coffee, the ' Black-
bug ' {Lecanmm nigrum) and * Brown-bug ' {Leca?iium coffees) were
only a little less destructive ; and the latter is still sometimes very
troublesome on tea plants. At the present time a small insect,
known in America as the 'Greedy Scale' {Aspidiohis canielluE),
has found its way into our tea estates, and is responsible for many
weakly plants. There is scarcely a single cultivated plant that is
not subject to the attacks of one or more species of Scale Insects ;
some few plants seem particularly attractive to these pests. The
common guava tree, for instance, is never free from 'bug.' On one
small tree of this kind I have counted as many as seven distinct
species at one time, and such a tree growing in the midst of a field
of tea or coffee will form a stronghold for such pests, and a source
of infection, unless speedily eradicated. Ornamental plants —
especially those grown in sheltered places, such as palms and
ferns in pots — are particularly subject to attack. It will often be
noticed that a creeper growing under the eaves of a house may be
thickly covered with scale, while a similar plant grown in the open

B

2 Introductory.

will be quite free. Similarly, a coffee or tea bush, sheltered by
some overhanging rock, will usually be more subject to ' Red-
spider,' ' Mealy-bug,' and ' Scale,' than are more exposed trees.

It is a curious fact, in connexion with Scale Insects, that
particular species are liable — under certain circumstances, such as
the accidental extermination or reduction of some natural enemy—
to suddenly spring into prominence. Another great source of
danger is the introduction of new species from other countries.
This may easily happen with the importation of foreign fruit and
growing plants. I have myself seen living specimens of the
mussel-scale' {Mytilaspis pomoruni) upon Tasmanian apples sold
in Ceylon. In California and some other American states a
special quarantine officer is appointed, whose duty is to examine
all importations of plants and fruit, and to disinfect or destroy any
infected stock. It is extremely probable that the Green-bug
{Lecaniuvi viride) was an introduction, though its original home
has never been determined. The Orthezia {0. insignis) that
suddenly appeared in the Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya, was
certainly brought into the country with living plants.

To show the exceptional danger of introduced pests, I cannot
do better than quote from the very excellent report for the year
1895 of the Government Entomologist (Mr. C. P. Lounsbury), at
the Cape of Good Hope. On page 14 he writes : —

' The increased destructiveness of imported insects is well
known. Few insects in this country now demand greater attention
than the Phylloxera of the Vine. In the Eastern United States,
the original home of this insect, it is rarely heard of as injurious,
but, throughout those countries into which it has been unfortunately
introduced, its terrible destructiveness, under new and more favour-
able conditions, has manifested itself. Another almost equally
striking illustration in Cape Colony is the Australian bug ijcerya
purchasi, Mask.). In Australia its ravages are never very extensive,
but its depredations in this country will not soon be forgotten.
The increased ravages of injurious insects in new countries result
from the improved conditions under which they become placed.
The relations which have existed, perhaps for centuries, between
them and their food plants, their parasites and predacious enemies,
such as other insects and birds, are all suddenly broken. In their
importation their natural enemies, which had previously preserved
a balance between them and the vegetable world, are all left
behind, and they are free to increase and multiply without hindrance

Introductory. 3

or molestation, until native parasites and predacious insects and
animals acquire the habit of preying upon them. By the intro-
duction of some of their enemies in the land from which they came,
man can in exceptional cases do much towards counteracting their
increase, but in the vast majority of cases generations are required
before a proper balance becomes again established.'

As some little set-off against the destructiveness of many of
the Scale Insects, a few species may be quoted that are of economic
use. The well-known Cochineal insect {^Coccus cacti), producing
the red colouring matter known as Cochineal, is a case in point.
Another species {TacJiardia laced), secretes a resinous substance
from which is made the ' lac ' or ' shellac ' of commerce, while from
the insect itself is prepared the fine crimson pigment known as
' lake.' Ericerus pela, a Chinese insect, secretes copiously a waxy
matter that is used in the manufacture of candles in that country.

We have in Ceylon representatives of all these types. A
Cochineal insect, identical with or closely allied to the Coccus cacti,
breeds upon the wild cactus plant {Opuntia Dillenii) ; but I do not
know if it has ever been locally utilised or cultivated. There are
two species of Tachardia producing ' lac,' the product of which is
collected by the natives and used in the manufacture of varnishes.
Ccroplastes ceriferus is an abundant producer of insect wax, but
the quality is said to be unsuitable for economic purposes.

The absence of any winter or resting stage for plant life in
Ceylon allows of the continuous activity of insect pests. In coun-
tries where a dead season prevails for a part of the year the Scale
Insects produce only a limited number of broods, varying in
different species, before the fall of leaf and cessation of the flow
of sap compels them to cease their depredations. The greater
number of the insects die off, while the balance pass the winter
either in a dormant state or in the ^^^ stage. They are now
subject to many dangers that tend to still further reduce their
numbers. The bareness of the branches lays them open to attack
from insectivorous birds that pry into every crank and cranny in
search of their accustomed food. Abnormal wet or frosts will pick
off the more exposed individuals, and but a comparatively small
number will survive to continue the species. Hence, in England,
we seldom if ever hear of any such serious plagues as occur in
more southern countries. In Ceylon, however, where perpetual
summer reigns, an endless succession of broods follows one upon
another, only partially checked by the season of heavy rains. In

4 Introductory.

the majority of cases the insects may be found in every month of
the year.

It is during the rainy seasons, or rather immediately after that
period, that we are able to take our Coccid enemies at a disad-
vantage. Their numbers have been reduced by a fungoid disease
to which they are specially subject at this season, and the survivors
are probably weakened from the same cause. It is now that
remedial measures can be best undertaken and insecticides will
have the best effect. An account of the most approved methods
of treatment will be found in an appendix devoted to the subject.

Another fact that cannot fail to attract the attention of a
student of the Coccidai is the wide distribution of many of the
species. This is especially the case with those affecting fruit trees
Looking through our Ceylon list, we find individual species that
occur in all quarters of the globe. Mytilaspis citricola, for instance,
will be found wherever plants of the orange and citron family are
cultivated, while Diaspis amygdali attacks fruit trees of several
kinds in such widely separate countries as America, South Africa,
Ceylon, Japan, and Australia. The reason of this wide distribution
is not difficult to understand when we remember the ease with
which living Coccids may be transported with fruit and growing
plants. Year by year the commoner species of Scale Insects are
becoming more cosmopolitan.

Every tree, shrub, or plant, would soon be completely overrun
with ' Scale-bugs,' and other insect pests, if it were not for the good
services of numerous natural enemies, which may be primarily
divided into the two classes of vegetable and animal. Under the
first class will fall the mould-like fungus that attacks and destroys
many Scale Insects during the wet season. In the second class
are the many insects that prey upon Coccid^e and their allies. The
predatory insects, again, belong to two distinct categories, external
feeders and internal feeders.

The ' Lady-bird ' beetles are the principal agents among the
external feeders. Many species of these useful little insects live
entirely upon Scale-bugs, devouring them with avidity and some-
times entirely freeing a tree of these pests. The process may often
be observed where a colony of bugs has overrun some tree trunk.
Many of the individuals are seen to be mere empty shells, each
with a jagged hole in the back. Further on, one of the little
beetles, or its elongated alligator-shaped grub, may perhaps be
seen at work, greedily tearing open and devouring its defenceless

Introductory. 5

prey, which is unable to escape or to make any movement. Un-
fortunately, our native Lady-birds have enemies of their own, and
are consequently greatly handicapped in their good work. But
grand results have followed, in other countries, the introduction of
a foreign beetle which, having left its own enemies behind, finds
itself free to increase without check so long as suitable food is
forthcoming. The introduction of the ' Vedalia beetle ' into Cali-
fornia is a well-known case in question, resulting as it did in the
complete clearance of the dreaded ' Fluted Scale' {Icerya purchasi)
from the orange plantations of that country.

Another useful friend to the planter is the larva of a species of
'Lace-wing' fly. This little animal is provided with long sickle-
shaped jaws, hollow and perforated at their tips, which it plunges
into the body of its victim and through which it sucks up the juices
of the unfortunate insect, whose empty skin is then fastened upon
the back of the devourer together with those of former sufferers.

The caterpillars of butterflies and moths are usually themselves
vegetable feeders, and often very injurious to plants. But we have
in Ceylon at least one of each class that has developed carnivorous
tastes and adopted a diet of Scale Insects. The larva of a small
blackish butterfly {Spalgis epius) feeds entirely upon Mealy-bugs ;
and that of a small noctuid moth {Eitblejiima coccidiphaga, Hampsn),
preys upon several kinds of Scale-bugs, forming a neat covering
for its body out of their empty scales.

The internal feeders are the hymenopterous parasites — that
vast army of minute wasp-like insects (belonging chiefly to the
CJialcididcE), that insinuate their eggs into and pass their earlier
stages within the bodies of their victims. Their small size may be
realised when we find that four or five of these little wasps may be
developing simultaneously within the body of a Scale Insect less
than one eighth of an inch in length. The presence of one or
more of these parasites does not always seem to deprive the insect
of its reproductive powers; but such diseased individuals cannot
be so prolific as healthier insects, and many of them are certainly
killed off before attaining the adult stage. I have sometimes
found a colony of Scale-bugs in which nearly every individual had
been parasitised.

It was at one time supposed by planters that the ants which
are so constantly in attendance upon Scale-bugs were preying
upon them, and the formidable ' Red-ant' {CEcopIiylla sniaragdind)
was actually imported into some estates with the view of exter-

6 Introductory.

minating Black-bug on the coffee trees. This is now known to be
quite a mistaken idea. The ants are attracted by a viscid, sugary
liquid emitted by the bugs, and which is, in fact, their excreta.
This substance is being constantly shed upon the surrounding
leaves, and proves very attractive, not only to ants, but to flies of
all kinds, and even to bees and wasps. It is of the same nature as
the ' honey-dew,' so abundantly produced by Aphides. Far from
feeding upon the bugs, I believe the ants actually transport them
from place to place to found fresh colonies of them in convenient
situations. It is certain that the small black nest-building ant
{Creinastogaster dokrni\ that is such a nuisance on some of our
estates, invariably includes in its nests colonies of Mealy-bugs
{Dactytopius) and one or more species of Lecaniuni.

Amongst vertebrate animals birds are sometimes supposed to
play an important part in the warfare against Scale Insects ; but I
am inclined to think that their usefulness against this particular
class of insect pests has been overrated. I have watched many of
our insectivorous birds in Ceylon, and I have never found them
attracted by the plentiful supply of insect food spread before them
in a field of 'buggy' coffee. There is a peculiar aroma about many
of the Coccidse that is possibly distasteful to birds.

Where Scale-bugs are present in large numbers, the leaves of
the tree or plant will usually be disfigured by a sooty deposit, the
nature of which has been frequently misunderstood by planters
many of whom look upon this as the active injurious principle,
instead of the mere outward indication of a less conspicuous
disease. To the best of my belief, this ' black fungus ' is itself
absolutely innoxious to the plant. It, in fact, germinates and
subsists upon the sweet liquid or honey-dew described above. In
dry weather the black growth can be easily peeled off in a thin
film, leaving the surface of the leaf healthy and unaltered in ap-
pearance, proving that the action of the fungus is quite superficial.
The supposed injury said to be due to the choking up of the
breathing pores (stomata) of the leaf, is largely illusory as the
greater number of these stomata are found on their U7ider surface,
where the fungus never occurs, owing to the simple fact that the
honey-dew can fall only upon the upper or exposed surface of the
leaves. Nietner {TJie Coffee Tree and its Enemies, p. 8) mentions
that two distinct species of the fungus have been identified from
Ceylon, named respectively, Syitcladiiini Nietneri, Rabenhorst, and
Triposporiini gardneri, Berkeley, both of them very similar in

Introductory. 7

appearance, and both occurring on coffee in association with
Scale-bug.

It is remarkable that in some species of Coccidae, especially
such as have in all probability been imported, successive generations
of fertile females are produced without the intervention of any
male insects. This phenomenon, known as ' Parthenogenesis,' is
also found amongst Aphides, and occasionally in a modified form
in higher orders of insects. During the ten or more years that
the Green-bug {Lecanmni viride) has been with us no male insects
have been observed. It cannot be supposed that this state of
affairs can go on indefinitely. A generation of males will probably
appear in due course, when the more natural mode of propagation
will probably be adopted.

Collectio7i and Preparation.

CHAPTER II.
Collection and Preparation.

For those who may feel sufficient interest in the subject to
commence a study of this group of insects, a few words as to
the collection and preparation of specimens may not be out of
place. With respect to the latter, what is a convenient method
for one person may, of course, not prove so for another. I can
only explain the plan that, after considerable experiment, I have
found most convenient to myself.

For the collector the field is enormous. I think I may safely
say that there is no country in the world where Coccidae are not
to be found, and scarcely a single species of plant that is not
liable to their attacks.

In Ceylon and other tropical countries they are to be found at
all seasons of the year. In northern countries they are naturally
more abundant in the summer months, though even in winter a
few species may be collected from the bare branches of trees and
shrubs ; in fact, some of them are more easily discovered at that
time than when the plants are in full leaf. The male insects
should be looked for in the early spring in such parts of the world
as enjoy the normal change of seasons. In Ceylon I have usually
found both sexes to occur independently of the time of year.

Any part of the plant — root, stem, branches, leaves, flower-
buds, or fruit — may harbour members of the family. Most species
will be found closely applied to the surface of the leaves or
branches ; but others conceal themselves, some in galls or irregular
swellings, some imbedded in the soft tissues of the bark, others
secreted in natural glandular pockets on the leaves, or enfolded
within the sheathing bracts.

There are various signs that reveal to the practised eye the
presence of Coccidae. Indefinite yellowish or otherwise discoloured
patches on the upper surface of a leaf will often indicate the
position of some of these insects located beneath it. When the

Collection and Preparation. 9

leaves of a plant are disfigured by a deposit of black fungus, we
may reasonably expect to find a flourishing colony of Scale-bugs,
though sometimes the same fungus follows the attacks of Aphides.
By this last means alone a badly infested tree may often be noted
from a long distance. Small spots of white powdery matter pro-
jecting from some crevice will often repay closer inspection, and
a busy string of ants ascending the stem of a plant may point
the way to an unsuspected establishment of the insects of which
we are in search.

The members of this family are either without means of
locomotion or slow to use their limbs when present. They are
usually more or less permanently anchored to the plant by their
long sucking-tubes. The leaves or stems to which they are
attached should be removed with them, or pieces of the bark
may be sliced off with the insects ; but it is advisable not to
detach the insects themselves, for, in so doing, their mouth parts
are liable to be injured, and for cabinet specimens the insects
must be mounted in their natural position on pieces of their food
plant.

Before drying the insects and storing them away, they should
be carefully examined in the living state, and notes made of
their colour, markings, natural forrti, &c. If there are any tenanted
male scales, these should be placed in small glass-topped boxes,
to allow of the emergence of the winged insects. After the
preliminary examination, the specimens may be killed (in a
stifling-bottle) and stored away until it be convenient to examine
them more thoroughly. All the minute microscopical details may
be studied as well, or even better, from the dried specimens, if
properly prepared in the manner described below. In the mean
time the specimens may be folded — leaves and all — in some soft
(preferably absorbent) paper, and placed inside a stout envelope
(such as is used by florists for their packets of seeds) upon which
must be noted the name of the insect (if known), the date, and
the locality. The notes made at the preliminary examination
may be included in the envelope. Empty cigar boxes form
convenient receptacles for these packets. A few lumps of
naphthaline and camphor should be placed in the box to keep
out mites.

For a working collection it will be necessary to make two
separate arrangements ; one of dried specimens to show the
external characters, and another of prepared mounts for the

c

lo Collection and Prepa7'ation.

microscope. For the former purpose, small pieces of the leaves
or branches with the attached insects may be pinned or gummed
upon cards, and arranged in the drawers of a cabinet, like any
other collection of insects. Such an arrangement will be found
useful for rough comparison of specimens.

But for accurate determination a careful microscopical examina-
tion is absolutely necessary. There are many species that it would
be quite impossible to separate by their external characters alone.
A rather more elaborate preparation is necessary to exhibit the
structural details. The specimen to be examined has first to be
boiled for a few minutes in some strong alkali, such as liquor
potassse, over a spirit-lamp, the time to depend upon the size of
the object. As soon as the specimen begins to look clear and
skeletonised, the boiling should cease. The process will be assisted
by previously making a small opening in the body of the insect^
to allow of the soft parts being expelled. Large species such as
Walkeriana, Icerya, &c., can be boiled in a wide test-tube or
beaker ; for smaller insects I find it more convenient to use a
deep watch-glass, from which they can afterwards be more easily
removed. This boiling process will also serve to restore the
shrivelled specimen to its normal form and dimensions. From
the potash they should be shifted to a vessel (another watch-glass)
containing distilled water, the specimens being lifted with the
flattened point of a piece of thin wire (a feather or brush would
be rapidly destroyed by the caustic action of the potash). Here
they may remain for an hour or more, by which time the potash
will have been removed together with more of the decomposed
contents of the body. Next lift the insect carefully on to a
glass slide, depositing it in a drop of alcohol (or rectified spirits
of wine), arrange the parts conveniently for examination, using a
fine camel's-hair brush or snipe's feather ; put a drop of weak
glycerine on a thin cover-glass, and lower this gently on to the
object, which is now ready for a further examination. I find
glycerine more suitable than alcohol, as the latter evaporates so
rapidly, while the former will remain for days or weeks without
appreciable reduction in quantity, so that specimens may be kept
under observation for some time without further treatment. With
this medium all the minute details of structure can usually be
distinguished, and carefully enlarged drawings of the limbs,
spinnerets, marginal processes, &c., should now be made. I find
the I, \, and J inch micro-objectives the most convenient for the

Collection and Preparation. 1 1

purpose. Higher powers are seldom required. The more delicate
hairs and spinnerets are sometimes so very transparent that
staining is necessary to make them more visible. For this purpose
an alcoholic solution of magenta, or some other aniline dye (or
even ordinary red ink), may be run in under the cover-glass, and
the slide put aside for twenty-four hours. Finally, the object
should be washed in clean alcohol to remove the superfluous
colour, and permanently mounted for microscopic use. I would
strongly recommend the staining of all the more delicate objects.
Unsuspected characters will often be revealed by this means, and
it will help to clear up many doubtful points. If there is any
question about the number of joints in an antenna, or the hairs
on the anal ring, the addition of the stain will usually make them
perfectly distinct.

Canada balsam is usually advocated for mounting prepared
specimens of Coccidae. I find, however, that this medium has
the property of making delicate objects so very transparent that
much of the minute detail is lost or extremely difficult to de-
cipher unless they have previously been deeply stained. Balsam
has also the disadvantage of darkening with age. Glycerine
jelly or Farrant's Medium — personally I prefer the latter — have
not these faults ; and the object may be transferred direct from
the alcohol to either of these mixtures. Care should be taken
that no more of the medium is used than will suffice to fill
the very small space between the cover-glass and the slide ;
otherwise it will be found difficult to seal up the mount satis-
factorily. If the Canada balsam method is preferred, the
specimen must be transferred from the alcohol to oil of cloves
or cedar-wood oil, to remove all traces of the spirit ; after which
it may be mounted in balsam in the usual way. Whichever
preparation is adopted, the best results will be obtained by
placing a drop of the medium on the cover-glass and lowering it
on to the object. After placing the cover-glass in position the
medium can be induced to spread evenly, and any air-bubbles
can be expelled by gently heating the slide over a spirit-lamp.
Canada balsam will set quite hard and requires no final sealing ;
but with the glycerine preparations a ring of asphaltum or
caoutchouc cement must be formed round the edges of the cover-
glass, to prevent subsequent evaporation or exudation of the
medium. No doubt, in some particulars, Canada balsam has its
advantages. Such mounts are more permanent and less liable

1 2 Collection and Preparation.

to injury ; and, where the object is at all opaque, the greater
refractiveness of the balsam helps to clear it. A duplicate set
of specimens might with advantage be mounted in each medium.

The winged males of nearly all Coccidae are very minute and
fragile. They can be satisfactorily examined only in the fresh
state. They live but a few hours and shrivel rapidly after death.
Any notes and drawings should therefore be made as soon after
the emergence of the perfect insect as possible. They do not
respond to the treatment recommended for the female insects,
and permanent mounts either in balsam or glycerine medium
are seldom satisfactory.

These few hints may possibly be of assistance to the beginner
d do not presume to offer them to more experienced workers),
but the particular method that will produce the best results in
his case can be learned only by personal experience, and each
individual will doubtless find out for himself many little devices
to assist him in his work.

Collection and Preparation. \ 3

EXPLANATION OF PLATE L
Structural Characters of Female and Larval DL\sPiNyi':.

Fig. I. Chionaspis, S and 9 scales.

2. Aom'dt'a, S „ 9 „

3. Fiorinia, 6 „ 9 „

4. Diaspis^ 6 „ 9 „

5. Mytilaspis^ i „ 9 „

6. Par/a/on'a, S „ 9 „

7. Aspidw/us, S „ 9 „

8. 1st pellicle oi Aspidiotus, from below.

9. „ Diaspis, „ „

10. Diaspis rosce, 9, ventral view.

(a) head, (b) prothorax, (c) mesothorax, (d) metathorax.

(L, IL, III.) abdominal segments, (IV.) 'pygidium.'

(a) antenna;, (d) rostrum, (c) mentum, (d) anterior spiracles, (e)

rostral setae, (/) 2nd pair of spiracles, (^<,') oval pores of tubular

spinnerets, (/i) circumgenital glands.

1 1. Antennae of adult 9 Diaspina:.

(a) Fiorinia fiorinice, {b) Aspidioiiis osbeckta, {c) Aspidiotus
Ihnonti, (d) Chionaspis aspidistrcB.

12. "Egg oi Diaspis.

13. Antennas of larval DiaspincE.

{a) Parlatoria zizyphi, {b) Diaspis boisdtivallii, (c) Mytilaspts
pomoruin^ {d) Aspidiotus fiats.

14. Diagram of pygidium (combining characters of various genera of
Diaspinae).

(a) Circumgenital glands, median group, {b) upper lateral groups,
{c) lower lateral groups, {d) genital orifice, {e) anal orifice,
(/) tubular spinnerets, trumpet-shaped, {g) filiform spinnerets,
(Ji) cylindrical spinnerets, (z) lobes, (7) marginal prominences,
{k) squames, fimbriated, (/) spine-like squames, (w) spines.

15. Tubular spinneret, with glands. (Adapted from drawings by Berlese.)

{a) Silk gland, {b) accessory glands (said to secrete varnishing or
cementing material), {c) capitate head of chitinous tube, {d)
chitinous tongue, communicating with silk duct, {c) chitinous
tube, connecting silk duct with the surface, (/) external orifice
of spinneret.

16. Squames : {a) spiniform, {b) spiniform, with divided extremity, {c)

with narrowly fimbriated extremity, {d) with broadly fimbriated
extremity, {e,f) laterally fimbriate.

14 Characters and Classification.

CHAPTER III.

Characters and Classification.

The Coccidas — commonly known by the name of Scale Insects
or Scale-bugs — are a subdivision of the order Hcmiptera. This
order comprises two sub-orders, the Homoptera and Hetcroptera,
both of which are characterised by the presence of suctorial mouths
and an incomplete metamorphosis.

The Coccidae are considered to belong to the first of these
divisions — the Homoptera. There is, however, one point in which
they do not conform with that group. The wings of typical
Homoptera are not carried horizontally, but slope upwards and
inwards, their inner margins meeting above the middle of the back
without overlapping. We can only judge of this character in the
Coccidae by the winged males, and in these the wings are carried
horizontally above the back of the insect when at rest, often com-
pletely overlapping each other — a character according rather with
the Heteroptera.

The Coccidse may be distinguished from their nearest allies by
the following characters : —

1. The absence of wings in the females (//. \. fig. lo).

2. The presence in the adult males of only two wings, supple-

mented by a pair of hooked organs representing the missing
hind wings (//. W. fig. 2); which organs are homologous
with the * halteres ' of Diptera, but, unlike the latter, are
connected with the wings and serve to strengthen them
during flight.

3. The legs in both sexes (when present) terminating in a single

claw and having normally only one joint in the tarsus
(//. II. fig. 6). (An exception occurs in the abnormal
genus Exm'etopiis, Newst., in which the anterior tarsi are
two-jointed ; and Professor Cockerell has quite recently
described a gall-making Coccid from America, Oliffiella
cristicola, in which the same peculiarity exists.)

Characters and Classification. 1 5

4. The absence of any mouth or feeding apparatus in the

adult males, which are instead usually supplied with large

supplementary eyes (//. W. fig. 5).
There are insects belonging to the Psyllidce and Aleurodidcz
that very closely resemble some Coccidai in outward appearance ;
but an examination of the above characters will at once enable an
observer to separate them, the members of both those families
possessing two claws on the feet, and having four wings in the
adult stages of both sexes. The single-clawed foot of the Coccidae,
though not quite a unique character among insects, will be found
almost sufficient in itself to distinguish a Coccid from any other
insect that might otherwise be mistaken for one of this family.
Other general characters belonging to the family are : —

5. The absence of any definite boundary between the head and

thorax in the female (//. I. fig. 10).

6. The rostrum, or mouth-parts, situate far back on the under

surface of the insect between — or even behind — the inser-
tion of the first pair of legs.

7. The secretion in greater or less quantity of waxy, fibrous, or

resinous matter.

The life-history and metamorphosis of the Coccidce vary some-
what in the several sub-families and, together with the more
specialised characters, may be more conveniently described in the
chapters dealing separately with those sub-families.

The family Coccidse has been variously divided into several
sub -families varying in number from the four of Signoret —
DiaspidcE, Brachyscelidce, LecaniidcE, and Coccidce — to the ten divi-
sions in Professor Cockerell's latest Check List,' viz., MonopJdebince^
PorpJiyropJwrince, Coccince^ Hei/iicoccincu, OrtheziincE, Asterolecaniincs,
BracJiyscelincE, Idiococcince, Lecaniincs, and Diaspince. Of this larger
number I should be inclined to include the PorphyropJiorimc with
the MonopJiebincB. Judging from Signoret's description, the cha-
racters of both male and female of the genus Po^'pJiyropJiora point
to its close alliance with Ccelostoma of Maskell. Nor does the
separation of the Asterolccaniincs from the CoccincB (as generally
constituted) seem necessary. The principal difference appears to
lie in the nature of the secreted test, which in Astet'olccaniiuii or
PlancJwnia is of a transparent horny texture through which the
body of the insect can be plainly discerned, while in the majority
of the Coccinse the sacs are formed of an opaque felted or woolly
secretion.

1 6 Characters and Classification.

This sub-family, Coccince, presents considerable difficulties to
the systematist if made to include such divergent forms as typical
Coccus on the one hand and Eriococcus, or Dactylopiiis, on the other.
The genus Coccus, which must naturally be taken as the type of
the sub-family, contains insects possessing neither the anal tubercles
nor the setiferous anal ring of the other genera usually associated
with it. It might with more justice form the type of a group
including Gyninococciis Dougl., Cryptococcns Dougl., Capulinia Sign.,
and perhaps Xylococcus Low. Mr. Maskell's division oi IdiococcincB
is with difficulty separable from such a group, but SpJicerococcus
and CylindTococcus contain such abnormal and extraordinary forms
that they may conveniently be retained in a separate division.
The Dactylopiid group (including Planchouia), characterised by
the setiferous anal ring and tubercles, form a natural division
which, in the classification adopted below, is called Dactylopiince.

Conchaspis and Tachardia, two genera at present included in
the Coccince and Brachyscelincu respectively, bear such distinct cha-
racters in all their stages as to warrant their accommodation in
separate sub-orders.

The following classification is put forward tentatively. I am
fully aware of its imperfections ; but by this arrangement the
several sub-families not only fall into more or less naturally allied
groups, but lend themselves to a convenient system of Synopsis.

Two primary divisions may be made, according to the presence
or absence of compound (facetted) eyes in the adult males. In
the majority of the sub-families the male insect possesses four
simple eyes, two on the upper and two on the under surface of the
head. These are really supplementary eyes, homologous with the
ocelli of other insects, the true eyes in these cases being very much
reduced, appearing merely as a small colourless tubercle on each
side of the head, or entirely obsolete. In the division containing
males with compound visual organs, these represent the true eyes
occupying their normal position on the sides of the head, while the
ocelli are small or altogether wanting.

Synopsis of Sub-families.

A. Males with simple eyes.

a. Abdomen of female terminating in a compound segment
(pygidium). Anal orifice without a setiferous ring.
(i.) Insects with a separate covering-scale formed entirely of
secretionary matter without admixture of the exuviae.

Characters and Classification. 17

Adult female retaining^imbs and antennae. Mentum

dimerous CONCHASPIN^

(ii.) Insects with a separate covering-scale composed partly of
the exuviae and partly of secretionary matter. Adult fe-
male without limbs. Mentum monomerous. DlASPiN^E.
j3. Abdomen of female without a definite pygidium. Anal
orifice with a definite setiferous ring,
(iii.) Females with posterior extremity cleft. Anal orifice
closed above by a pair of triangular hinged plates

forming a valve Lecaniin^.

(iv.) Adult females with cleft extremity and anal plates as
in Lecanimn. Larvae with abdominal lobes as in

DactylopiincE HEMlCOCCINyE.

(v.) Abdominal extremity not cleft ; usually with a pair of
more or less prominent rounded tubercles, each bearing
a long seta. No hinged plates above anal orifice.

DACTYLOPIIN/E.

7. Insects enclosed in a resinous cell with three orifices. Adult
female apodous, with the terminal segments produced
into a tail-like organ bearing at the extremity the anal
orifice, which is surrounded by a broken setiferous ring.
A prominent spine-like organ above the base of the
caudal extension,
(vi.) Tachardiin^.

5. Females without anal tubercles. No setiferous anal ring,
(vii.) COCCIN^.

6. ' Adult females active or stationary ; gall making, or naked,

or producing cotton or wax. Anal tubercles entirely
absent ; anal ring hairless. Antennae with usually less
than seven joints. Body not prolonged posteriorly,'
(Maskell, Trans. Neiv Zealand Inst., 1892, p. 236). Larvae
with anal tubercles, adult without.

(viii.) IDIOCOCCIN.E.

Z,. Insects enclosed in galls. Limbs either persisting, rudi-
mentary, or obsolete.

(ix.) BRACHYSCELIN/E.

B. Males with compound eyes.

o. Females with definite setiferous anal ring.

(x.) , Ortheziin^.

/3. Females without definite setiferous anal ring.

(xi.) MONOPHLEBIN^.

D

Characters and Classification.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IL

Structural Characters of Male Diaspin^.

Fig. I. Pupa, ventra. view.

2. Adult (J, dorsal view.

(a) Head, jj}) prothorax, (<:) mesothorax, {d) metathorax, {e) ab-
domen, (/) dorsal scute of mesothorax, (^) apodema, (A) scu-
tellum of metathorax.

3. ' Halter,' dorsal view.

(a) Basal portion, ifi) hooked bristle.

4. Head of adult <J, dorsal view.

(a) Upper ocelli, {b) rudimentary eyes, {c) gense.

5. Head, from below.

{a) Lower ocelli, {b) rudimentary eyes, {c) genae.

6. Leg of adult 5.

(a) Coxa, (d) trochanter, {c) femur, (d) tibia, (e) tarsus, (/) claw,
(g) ungual digitules, (h) tarsal digitules.

7. Adult 6, ventral view.

(a) Head, (d) prothorax, (^r) mesothorax, (d) metathorax, (e) ab-
domen, (/) divided scute of mesothorax.

8. Adult 6, side view.

(a) Head, (d) prothorax, (c) mesothorax, (d) metathorax, {e) ab-
domen.

9. Antenna of adult 6.

10. Genital sheath of adult 6, from below, showing elongate valve.

ConchaspincB. 1 9

CHAPTER IV.

CONCHASPIN^,

As briefly diagnosed in the Synopsis at the end of the previous
chapter, the sub -family Co7ichaspince includes insects having a
separate covering -scale, formed entirely of secretionary matter
without admixture of the exuviae, the adult female retaining limbs
and antennae. The mentum dimerous.

This division is represented by a single genus on\y—Con-
chaspis, the characters of which (as far as they are known) are
fully described below.

CONCHASPIS, 'Cockerell.

Conchaspis, Cockerell.— ' Coccidje, or Scale Insects,' Btilletin
Bot. Depart. Jamaica, Feb. 1893, p. 9.

Pseudinglisia, Newstead.—' Notes on New or Little -known
Coccid^,' Ent. Monthly Mag., July, 1893, p. 158.

This genus is so aberrant, and so few species are known'
that no very definite diagnosis can at present be drawn up. Mr.
Cockerell has, apparently, given no formal description of the
genus. Mr. Newstead gave a short diagnosis in founding his
genus Pseudiglisia. His description runs as follows :—' Scale
elevated, more or less circular, ridged ; ventral scale complete,
detached ; antennae of four joints ; anal lobes very minute ; last
five segments of body with broad, chitinous plates, bearing
spinnerets; rostrum biarticulate.' Even this broad definition is
too narrow to admit the undoubtedly congeneric insect described
below, for the Ceylon representative bears three-jointed antennae,
and its scale is not ridged.

I would suggest the following as a temporary diagnosis :—
Scale elevated, more or less circular ; adult female retaining limbs
and antennae, the latter of few joints ; genital aperture without
setiferous ring ; mentum biarticulate ; terminal segments of body

20 ConchaspincB.

united into a piece somewhat resembling the pygidium of the
DiaspincB.

In the three species at present recognised there appears to
be no tibiotarsal articulation, and I am incHned to think that this
character will prove of generic importance. It is true that Mr.
Newstead, in his description of C. rodrigiiesice, says : — ' Tibiae
grooved, about as long again as the tarsi;' but that author
informs me that the supposed articulation proves to be little
more than a marginal indentation. This fused condition of the
tibia and tarsus is very marked in both sexes of C. socialis from
Ceylon ; it also holds good with C. angrceci, Ckll. from America.
The male is known only from the Ceylon species. The pupa
is contained in an oblong felted sac of firm consistency. The
adult male has four ocelli, the antennae bear several knobbed
hairs at the apex, the genital spike is long, slender, and pointed.
The tibia and tarsus are fused together as in the female.

The larvae (as known from C. rodrigiiesice) appear to differ but
slightly from the adult female, the principal difference being in
the greater number of joints in the antenncC. The eggs are
proportionately large.

It is difficult to assign this genus to any of the recognised
sub-families. More material is wanted, and other species must
be studied before a decision would be warranted. It seems to
be widely separated from any of the known genera. The scale,
though superficially Diaspid in appearance, is without the cast
larval skins (pellicles) that enter into the construction of the
puparia of all the members of that sub-family. The two-jointed
mentum points to some affinity with the CoccmcB, and there this
genus may perhaps eventually find a resting-place ; but, pending
further light on the subject, the genus is here provisionally
isolated by placing it at the commencement of the list, before
the DiaspincE.

CoNCHASPis Socialis, sp. nov.

(Plates III. and IIIa.)

Female puparium comparatively large; circular; rounded or
bluntly conical above {fig. lo); firm, opaque, and closely felted;
outer surface greyish or greyish brown {fig 8); inner surface
white and smooth {fig. 9). The ventral scale is represented

Conchaspincs. 2 1

merely by a thin whitish fihri adhering to the plant {fig. 9).
Diameter of mature scale about 5 mm.

Male puparium {fig. 7, a) white, oblong, flattened, closely
felted, completely enveloping the pupa. The hinder extremity
has a valvular opening. Length 1*50 mm. Breadth, at widest
part, about 075 mm. The male puparia do not occur separately,
but are always collected together, in groups of ten or more,
beneath the parent scale {fig. 7) which they completely fill.

Adult female reddish brown {fig. 9). Surface chitinous and
shining, minutely rugose with lines of irregular raised spots.
Form oblong {figs. 11, 12), rounded in front, abruptly narrowed
behind the thorax: segments well defined. Eyes {fig. 13) large,
situated dorsally each in a conspicuous circumscribed oval space
of a paler and clearer colour than the surrounding area. Body
terminating in a blunt point ; the extremity fringed dorsally with
eight short pointed processes {fig. 18), the margin thickened and
strongly chitinised {fig. 19). On the lateral margins of each of
the three last segments is a small broadly rounded chitinous
transparent lobe {fig. 19). Each segment of the body bears a
lateral tuft or group of three or four stout hairs, those on the
anterior parts longest, the others diminishing as they approach
the extremity. The abdominal segments are strengthened by
broad bands of firmer texture, especially towards the extremity,
where they are interrupted in the centre, and take the form of
distinct circumscribed plates. The last dorsal pair of these
plates simulate the anal lobes of the Lecaniinae, but they are
continuous with the general surface of the tegument, and have
no free extremity. Antennae situated within the margin on the
ventral surface {fig. 12), consisting of three distinct joints only
{fig. 20), though there are sometimes traces of an indistinct sub-
division of either the terminal or second joint : first joint short,
constricted at the base ; second joint longest ; extremity of third
joint truncate, bearing a crown of short stout hairs, of which one
is considerably thicker than the others ; the first and second joints
have each a single longish stout hair on the side. Rostrum large
and conspicuous ; mentum biarticulate.* Legs stout and well
developed {fig. 14), extending considerably beyond the margin

* By a slight error of the lithographic artist the mentum [171 fig. 12, pi. IIIa)
is made to appear triarticulate. An extra joint has also been added to the
antennjE in the same figure, making them 4- instead of 3-jointed.

22 Conckaspincs.

of the body; no tibio-tarsal articulation {fig. 15); femur much
longer than tibio-tarsus and claw together ; one or two long fine
hairs on each joint ; claw short and stout, without digitules, but
inner margin dilated at base. There are apparently three pairs of
spiracles, one situated at the base of each leg ; the orifices of the
first two pairs are accompanied by three large glandular pores ;
the spiracles on the metathorax are simpler in structure, being
mere cup-shaped depressions, and are possibly not functional.
There is a ventral group of five or six compound glandular pores
{figs. 12 and 19) towards the lateral margin of each of the first
three abdominal segments, and small groups of short broad com-
pressed tubular ducts {figs. 16, 17) opening dorsally on the margin
of the first four abdominal segments. The genital aperture opens
ventrally on the posterior edge of the fifth abdominal segment, and
is covered by a semicircular lobe {fig. 19). I have been unable
to determine the position of the anal aperture. Length, 1*25 mm.;
breadth, 080 mm. The small size of the adult insect as compared
with the proportionately large scale is remarkable. This roomy
covering appears to be provided for the protection of the male
pupse.

Adult male {fig. i) in form not unlike the males of Planchonia.
Colour : head and thorax pale reddish yellow, abdomen yellowish
white. Head {fig. 3) rounded in front, widest behind the ocelli.
Ocelli four, rather small. Antennae {fig. 4) with seven joints ; first
two joints small ; second with two stoutish hairs on one side ; third
longest ; fourth to sixth with four knobbed hairs at apex, which is
rather truncate ; all the joints with numerous short bristles or
spicules. Wings long and ample. Genital spike very long and
slender, rather more than half the length of the body. Legs
moderately long ; femur rather short ; tibio-tarsus long and slender
without any trace of division {fig. 2) ; foot with four digitules, all
slender knobbed hairs, those on tarsus longest ; claw rather slender.
Length r25 mm.

I have unfortunately been unable to obtain young larvae or the
earlier stages of the female. Some of the male sacs contained
male larvae which were oval in form {fig. 5), with four-jointed
antennae {fig. 6).

Comparatively large purplish eggs were present under such of
the scales as were not choked up with the male puparia. And
there was nearly always present a loose yellowish pellicle {fig. 9),
which I at first supposed to be the remains of an earlier stage of

Conchaspince . 23

the female insect. But a more careful examination showed it to
be of hymenopterous origin — presumably the empty pupa of some
parasite. It is curious, however, that the female Coccid seemed in
every case to be uninjured.

My examples of this interesting species were collected by Mr.
John Pole on an unidentified shrub at Tangalla. The scales look
like warty excrescences on the twigs of the shrub, and in spite of
their size are very inconspicuous.

The specific name is suggested by the social habit of the male
larvae and pupa, which, together with one or more females of the
same generation, are grouped beneath the covering scale of the
parent insect.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES IIL and IIIa.

CONCHASPIS SOCIALIS.

{All figures^ except No. 10, more or less enlarged.)

Fig. 1. Adult male, side view.

2. „ „ foot.

3. „ „ head, from above.

4. „ „ antenna.

5. Male larva.

6. „ „ antenna.

7. Female scale from below, showing group of male puparia, and a

young female.
7A. A single male puparium, detached from the mass, upper side

8. Female scale, from above.

9. „ „ turned back, showing adult female and eggs in situ.

10. Twig, with female scales, natural size.

11. Adult female, dorsal view.

12. „ „ ventral view.

13. „ „ head, from above, showing eyes.
14- ), ,) leg.

15. „ „ foot.

16. „ „ margin of abdominal segment, showing tubular

spinnerets.

17. ,, „ a single spinneret, seen from the side.

18. ,, „ extremity of body, dorsal view.

19. „ „ terminal segments, ventral view.

20. ,, ,, antenna.

24 Diasi)incB.

CHAPTER V.

DlASPIN^.

' Insects having a separate covering-scale composed partly of
the exuviae and partly of secretionary matter. Adult female with-
out limbs. Mentum monomerous.'

The form of the scale — or puparium, as it is often called —
varies from circular to oblong, or even linear. Its structure is in
all cases practically identical, and can be best understood by
following the life-history of a typical Diaspid from the ^'g^ to the
adult stage.

The eggs, in the oviparous species, are deposited beneath the
parent scale, and are retained there until hatched. Some few
species are ovoviviparous, and in such cases the young make their
escape at once from beneath the edges of the scale.

The small oval larvse are at first very active and of a wandering
disposition, with well-developed limbs and antennae. They at once
set out in search of a suitable spot upon which to fix themselves
for life ; for, having once settled down, they cannot afterwards
renew their wanderings, but remain attached to the same spot by
their sucking-tubes, which are buried deep in the tissues of the
plant. Soon after the insect has become stationary, a very thin
layer of waxy secretion is deposited over the dorsal surface, some-
times forming a thickened central boss or a raised ring.

The first larval skin or ' pellicle ' is shed comparatively early
in the life of the insect. A curious difference in the mode of
effecting the ecdysis is noticeable between Aspidiotus and other
genera. In Aspidiotus the larval skin splits along the margins,
completely separating the dorsal and ventral halves, which subse-
quently become incorporated respectively into the dorsal and
ventral scales of the puparium. In this case the visible part of
the pellicle will be destitute of the sheaths of the antennae or limbs
(//. I. fig. 8). In all other genera that I have observed the whole
of the larval skin is attached to the dorsal scale of the puparium,

Diaspince. 2 5

the rupture occurring on the under surface of the head at a point
between the antennae and the rostrum, the antennae remaining
attached to the anterior margin, while the rest of the ventral parts,
with the limbs and rostral apparatus, are pushed back to the
posterior extremity {pi. I. fig. 9). This character will be found of
assistance in determining some doubtful cases. When the male
puparium is unknown, it is sometimes difficult to decide whether
a particular species should be assigned to the genus Aspidiotiis or
Diaspis. If upon examination the larval pellicle is found to consist
of the dorsal parts only and no antennae are present, the insect
may with confidence be placed under Aspidiotus. But, if, on the
contrary, the antennae are found to be still attached to the anterior
margin of the pellicle, the insect may be considered a Diaspis. In
all cases the harder dorsal parts retain their original form and
position.

So far the puparia of both sexes have undergone a similar
development ; but from this point they diverge. With the first
moult the insect has discarded its limbs and assumed a pupiform
state, which in the case of the female is retained, with some
modification, during the rest of its life. It will be convenient to
follow the development of the female puparium first.

After shedding the first skin the insect rapidly increases in
bulk, so that its soft body can no longer be protected or concealed
by the larval scale. To supply the deficiency, it extends the
margin of the discarded pellicle by the addition of a thin mem-
brane-like material composed of closely woven filaments secreted
by special organs (to be described later) situated on the terminal
segments of the body. This thin covering-scale keeps pace with
the growth of the insect. At the approach of the second and last
moulting period, the dorsal parts of the body become more rigid
and horny, the skin splits as before, the pellicle remaining in
position attached to the dorsal scale, and the insect assumes its
final stage, which does not differ very greatly in external characters
from the preceding one.

There are not the same differences in the mode of shedding
the second pellicle that were noticeable at the earlier ecdysis. In
all the genera the rupture occurs on the under surface in front of
the rostrum, and the ventral skin is pushed back to the posterior
extremity, where it remains attached to the hardened dorsal parts.
The adult female is at first concealed by the two discarded
pellicles, which are cemented together by the thin membranous

E

26 Diaspinc?.

coating secreted during the previous stage. It is at this time,
before the further enlargement of the scale, that impregnation
takes place. The fecundated female soon outgrows its former
covering, which is accordingly supplemented by the further forma-
tion of the membrane-like secretion mentioned above. This
supplementary part may be of stouter or finer texture, opaque or
semi-transparent, colourless or coloured, according to the species ;
but it is produced in practically the same way from special tubular
organs or spinnerets, situated chiefly on the margins and dorsal
surface of the terminal segment or pygidium. In this later stage
the extension of the puparium is continued until it is of sufficient
size not only to protect the soft-bodied insect itself, but to form a
receptacle for the numerous eggs that are now deposited there.
The so-called ventral scale is really continuous with the upper
part, and forms a bed upon which the insect rests ; but this part is
usually very much thinner, often consisting merely of a delicate
film adhering closely to the surface of the plant, though occasionally
it is of almost as firm a texture as the upper part.

In some genera, such as Aspidiottis and Diaspis, the secretionary
supplement completely surrounds the pellicles {pi. I. Jigs. 7, 4); in
others, such as Mytilaspis or Chioiiaspis, it is extended in a back-
ward direction only {pi. I. Jigs. 5, i). In the former case, the insect
must revolve completely around the point of attachment during
the construction of the puparium. In the genera forming elongate
puparia, a to-and-fro sweeping motion of the hinder parts of the
body is sufficient to produce the resulting form of scale.

The abnormal genera Aonidia and Fiorinia have a slightly
different development. In these the insect attains its greatest
dimensions during the second stage. At the time of the- second
moult the skin is not actually shed, nor is it even ruptured, but
completely encloses the body of the adult female, which becomes
gradually reduced in size and shrinks away from its former skin,
the vacant space, in the case of Fiorinia, being subsequently packed
with the ova. It is remarkable that, although the skin of the
enlarged second pellicle is entire in these two genera, the rostral
apparatus is still displaced to the posterior extremity, indicating
a most extraordinary distension of the skin of the anterior parts.

In some species the puparia have the appearance of being
situate beneath the cuticle of the plant ; but this is seldom really
the case, the effect being produced by the presence in the scale
of hairs or loose fibrous matter superficial to the actual cuticle.

DiaspincE. 2 7

The flattened trowel-shaped pygidium of the insect enables it to
force its way beneath the hairs and fibres, gradually raising and
incorporating them into its scale without disturbing their original
position. The puparia of CJiionaspis biclavis and Cliionaspis
elceagims are excellent examples of such a habit.

The male puparium in such genera as Aspidiotus and Mytilaspis
is constructed on the same plan as that of the female, the secre-
tionary supplement being of nearly the same colour, texture, and
form in both sexes (//. \.figs. 7, 5). The process, however, stops
at an earlier stage, only one (the first larval) pellicle being utilised
in the formation of the complete scale.

In some genera — such as Diaspis, CJiionaspis, and Fiorinia —
there is a more marked contrast between the scales of the two
sexes. In these genera the male puparium is always more linear
in form, with sub-parallel sides (//. I. figs. 4, i, 3) ; the solitary
pellicles occupy the anterior extremity ; the supplementary area
composed of an opaque snowy-white secretion of a looser texture,
and frequently ornamented with more or less prominent thickened
carinae of the same substance.

Although only one pellicle appears on the male puparium,
there are altogether three changes of skin before the emergence
of the adult male. The first pellicle is shed in the same manner as
that of the female, the same generic differences being noticeable in
the line of rupture. The pellicles of the two latter moults are
discarded from the hinder extremity of the puparium.

The fact that the male puparia are often clustered together in
large numbers by themselves points to the probability of their
being in some cases separate broods consisting entirely of males.

It will now be convenient to examine the structure of the insect
itself in more detail, returning once more to the female side and
studying it from the earliest stages.

The &%^ {pi. I. fig. 12) is always of a more or less oblong oval
form, its surface usually dusted with minute waxy granules.

The young larva is oval and flattish. The segmentation is
not very decided, but the usual divisions of the thorax can be
made out and six segments can be distinguished in the abdomen,
the sixth probably consisting of several segments joined together.
Even at this early stage the terminal segment is fringed with small
lobes and squames, though not to the extent that is found in the
pygidium of the adult female. Dr. Antonio Berlese states that,
'though these appendages will not serve to properly distinguish

28 DiaspincB.

one species from another, they are, nevertheless, constant in their
characters, and differ in the larvae of different genera.' A pair of
stout setae, sometimes more than half as long as the body of the
insect, spring from the posterior extremity. The anal orifice is
situated on the dorsal surface of the terminal segment.

The antennae spring from the ventral surface close to the
anterior margin. Dr. Berlese has pointed out that, while the larvae
of some Diaspids have five-jointed antennae (//. \.fig. I2„a,d), in
others six free joints are distinguishable {fig. 13, b, c). The first
four or five joints are short ; but the terminal one, which Dr.
Berlese calls ' the funicle,' is usually as long as or longer than all
the others combined, and very much wrinkled transversely, Mr.
Maskell considers that six is the normal number of antennal joints
in all larval Coccids. When a smaller number occurs, it is, doubt-
less, due to the coalition of two or more joints. In the DiaspincB
the missing joint must be looked for in the funicle. Each of the
basal joints bears one or two stout hairs, and from six to eight
hairs spring from the long terminal joint.

The eyes are minute, but usually distinct. In the larval pellicle
the corneae can always be distinguished on the anterior margin.

The comparatively large rostral apparatus is situated between
the coxae of the anterior pair of legs. The very long sucking-tube
is either exserted, or withdrawn and coiled in a loop which some-
times extends far down into the abdomen of the insect.

The legs are attached to the ventral surface at some distance
from the margin, but are sufficiently long to extend well beyond
the edges of the body. The leg consists of the usual parts, —
coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, single-jointed tarsus, and single claw.
There are four longish knobbed hairs on the foot, two springing
from the base of the claw on the inner side, and two from the end
of the tarsus on the outer side.

The female of the second stage differs but slightly from the
adult insect. The legs have entirely disappeared, and the antennae
are reduced to minute tubercles bearing one or two stout bristles.
The pygidium is well developed and provided with lobes, squames,
and tubular spinnerets as in the adult ; but there are no grouped
glands nor any external genital orifice. The body is at first alto-
gether soft and flexible ; but the dorsal parts become hardened at
the time of the second moult. Normally the insect does not
increase very greatly in size during this stage, the second pellicle
having usually not more than twice the diameter of the first. But

DiaspincB. 29

in the genera ^^;//^z« and Fiorinia it is greatly enlarged, the female
insect attaining its greatest dimensions during this second stage
(//. I. figs. 2, 3).

The adult female varies considerably in form in different genera
and even species. The body is either discoidal as in many species
o{ Aspidiotiis, more or less oblong as in Chionaspis, or linear as in
hchiiaspis and some forms of Mytilaspis. The skin usually remains
soft and flexible throughout the adult stage, though in some few
species it becomes highly chitinised and indurated.

It is probable that this final stage really represents the pupa,
the further development of the female insect being suppressed,
although the reproductive system is complete. It is certain that
this is the stage corresponding with the true pupa of the male
insect.

As in the previous stage, there is no vestige of the limbs and
the antennae remain only in the form of minute setiferous tubercles
{pl.l.fig.ii).

The spiracles are in two pairs, opening on the under surface.
They have usually an intersegmental position, between the head
and prothorax and the mesothorax and metathorax respectively,
though they probably belong to the hinder segment in each case.
The anterior pair is frequently situated close to the rostrum ; the
openings of the second pair are usually more widely separate.
The anterior stigmatic orifices are often — and more rarely the
posterior pair also — associated with a small group of glandular
pores known as the parastigmatic glands.

The rostral apparatus, which is ventrally situate at a point near
the middle of the cephalothorax, consists of a complicated chitinous
piece forming the rostrum, which probably represents a fused
clypeus and labrum {fig. 10, U), and a small conical mentum {fig.
10, c), which in this family is invariably of a single joint (mono-
merous). The four long curling setae {fig. 10, e), which together
form the sucking-tube, arise from the rostrum and pass along a
channel on the upper surface of the mentum, emerging at a point
near its extremity. The rostral setae are considered to represent
the maxillae and mandibles of the insect. They can be withdrawn
into the body, when they lie in a loop which extends into the
abdominal parts of the insect. In prepared specimens two of the
setae usually become separate, while the other two remain in close
contact. For a more detailed description of the parts of the
rostrum Dr. Berlese's excellent work should be consulted.

30 DiaspincB.

The divisions of the head and thorax are ill defined. The
abdomen consists of a certain number of free basal segments and
a large compound flattened terminal piece known as the pygidium,
which is usually triangular in form and more highly chitinised than
the rest of the body. Taking fourteen as the typical number of
somites in an insect, of which the first four go to make up the
head and thorax, we have ten segments allotted to the abdomen
But sometimes only two free abdominal segments can be distin-
guished above the pygidium of the Diaspina^, and never more than
SIX. We have, then, from four to eight segments to be accounted
for m.the space occupied by the pygidium. It is difficult to make
out the full number of divisions, and probably some of the seg-
ments have been reduced to infinitesimal proportions. In some
species there are regular series of oval pores and interrupted trans-
verse lines indicating the boundaries of suppressed segments, and
it IS probable that the various marginal lobes and groups of spine-
like processes are each referable to one of these divisions. It is
however, as Dr. David Sharp points out {Cambridge Nat. Hist.
Insects, Part I. p. 89), at present premature to say that all insects
are made up of the same number of primary segments.

It is in this third and final stage that we find for the first time
an external genital orifice, which is usually situated about the
middle of the under surface of the pygidium, though in the genus
Aonidta It will be found nearer the base of the segment. Around
the genital orifice are often disposed several groups of glandular
organs whose function is still rather obscure. They have been
variously termed by different authors, ' grouped spinnerets,' ' grouped
abdominal glands,' 'wax glands,' and ' circumgenital glands,' of
which the last term is perhaps the most correct. There are usually
five distinct groups (//. I. fig. 14), distinguished as the median {a\
the upper laterals {b), and the lower laterals {c). In some species
of Fionma the median and upper laterals are united into a con-
tinuous arch. In many species of Aspidiotus there are four groups
only, the median being absent. In Poliaspis two concentric series
of groups are present, and there are examples in nearly every
genus in which the circumgenital glands are entirely wanting.
Their absence in many species proves that they are not concerned
in the secretion of the puparium. They are situate inside the body
towards the ventral side, and communicate with the surface by
minute pores which, in the living insect, are usually masked by an
efflorescence of white waxy powder. In an article published in

Diaspinc^. 3 1

the Entomologists Monthly Magazine (April, 1896, p. 85), I have
drawn attention to the possible correlation between the circum-
genital glands and the habit of oviposition. The following para-
graph relating to the subject is quoted from that article : —

' It is a significant fact that, as far as I have at present observed
(dealing with Ceylonese forms only), those species of Diaspincs that
have no grouped glatids are ovoviviparous, whilst those in which the
wax-glands occur are strictly oviparous. Of fourteen species of
Aspidiotus, I find that nine are possessed of grouped wax-glands
and lay eggs, while five species are glandless and produce living
young. I have four species oi Aonidia — all without the glands —
and in all the embryo is fully developed before extrusion. The
species of Mytilaspis occurring in Ceylon are amply provided with
grouped glands, and deposit large numbers of eggs. In Diaspis
the same conditions occur. In Fiorinia three oviparous species
are provided with glands, and one ovoviviparous insect is without
them. The same rule holds good in Chionaspis, with the doubtful
exception of Ch. biclavis, Comst.'

Small groups of similar glands often occur round the openings
of one or both pairs of stigmata. Here also the glands are pro-
ductive of a powdery secretion, the purpose of which I imagine to
be the formation of a protective covering to the spiracles, im-
pervious to water while freely admitting the necessary air. Similar
glandular pores occur on the stigmatic regions in the Lecaniince,
accounting for the lines of white waxy matter that extend across
the under surface of the body from the stigmatic clefts. The
circumgenital glands may perhaps have a somewhat similar
function, namely, the secretion of a waxy powder to protect the
eggs.

The anal aperture is always found on the dorsal surface of the
pygidium, but its position there varies greatly in different genera,
and to a less degree in different species. As a general rule, we
find that in Aspidiotus the aperture is nearer the extremity than
in other genera, and always below the level of the genital orifice.
At the opposite extreme comes Mytilaspis, in which the anus is
usually near the base of the pygidium, considerably above the level
of the genital orifice. In Diaspis the anal is below the genital
aperture, but nearer to it than is usually the case with Aspidiotus.
In Chionaspis and Fiorinia the anal is usually slightly above the
level of the genital orifice. In Ao7iidia, in which the genital orifice
is near the base of the pygidium, the anal aperture is placed about

3 2 DiaspincE.

the middle of the segment. In doubtful cases, this character may
perhaps assist in the determination of the genus.

The margin of the pygidium bears various processes that are
found of great use in the differentiation of species. They are
almost constant in the same species, while showing a great variation
between distinct species. The most conspicuous of these processes
are the prominent tooth-like chitinous lobes {pi. I. fig. 14, i) of
which there may be from one to four pairs. The central pair
sometimes coalesce to form a single median lobe. The lobes,
together with the simple marginal prominences (from which it is
sometimes difficult to separate them) seem to be employed in
shifting obstacles, such as hairs and fibrous matter on the surface
of the plant, that would otherwise interfere with the formation of
the puparium. They are often strengthened by thickened in-
growths of the body-wall.

Between and beyond the lobes are the ' squames ' (' plates ' of
Comstock, ' scaly hairs ' of Maskell), which may be flattened and
fimbriated as in Parlatoria and many species of Aspidiotiis
{fig. 16, d, e,fi) or tapering and spiniform as in Diaspis and Mytil-
aspis {fig. 16, a), with numerous intermediate forms. The squames
are concerned in the weaving of the scale and are associated with
some of the tubular spinnerets described below.

There are also a few inconspicuous simple 'spines' {fig. 14, ;«)
occurring usually in pairs, of which one is placed dorsally and the
other ventrally. Each pair of these spines probably indicates a
suppressed segment of the body.

The 'tubular spinnerets' are perhaps the most important organs
connected with the pygidium, though they are far from being the
most conspicuous. They are the principal if not the sole agents
concerned in the secretion of the covering-scale. They are not
confined to the pygidium, but occur in many species on the free
abdominal segments also, either in groups on the lateral margin
or extending in a transverse row across the segments. There are
two principal forms noticeable : the ' cylindrical ' which consists
of a comparatively short and broad tube with parallel sides
{fig. 14, /i), and the ' fihform ' which extends far into the body in
the form of a narrow thread-like tube {fig. 14, g). Between these
extremes maybe distinguished a 'trumpet-shaped' tube {fig. 14,/),
but these three types may be connected by many intermediate
forms. They are all constructed on a similar plan. At the free
inner extremity of the tube is a capitate organ, with a thickened

Diaspince. 33

rim and a central tongue or bulbous process. The tubes, having
thin chitinous walls, remain visible in the skeletonised preparation,
but the essential parts of the organ — the silk glands and their
delicate ducts — are destroyed with the soft parts of the body. Dr-
Antonio Berlese, in his most excellent paper referred to above,
shows that the silk glands communicate by long delicate ducts
with the capitate extremities of the tubular spinnerets. I take the
liberty of copying one of his figures representing a spinneret with
its glands {fig. 15). Some of the tubular spinnerets open on to
the dorsal surface or the extreme margin by conspicuous oval or
semilunar pores, others communicate with the squames, which are
minutely perforate at their distal extremity.

The ovaries occupy the greater part of the body after gestation,
extending even to the anterior margin, so that the whole insect
sometimes appears to be tightly packed with the embryos.

For a description of the muscular and nervous systems I must
again refer the student to Dr. Berlese's exhaustive work and
admirable figures, in which the physiology of the insect is most
minutely treated.

The first larval stage of the male insect is indistinguishable
from that of the female, and the second does not greatly differ in
the two sexes so far as the insects themselves are concerned,
though the characters of the puparia diverge during this period.
The male of the second stage is perhaps rather more oblong than
the female at the same period. It is without limbs, the rostral
apparatus is present, and the terminal segment is in the form of
a pygidium, fringed with lobes and squames and provided with
tubular spinnerets. Towards the end of this stage the future ocelli
become apparent as dark diffused spots on each side of the head.
The dorsal parts do not become indurated at the time of the
second moult, but the thin skin is pushed off backwards, revealing
the pupa (//. II. fig. i).

In this third stage the male insect has lost all likeness to the
female. The mouth-parts have entirely disappeared, the limbs,
antennae, and wings are present in a rudimentary form, enclosed
in their pupal sheaths, but lying free from the body. The divisions
of the thorax and abdomen are more distinct. The extremity of
the body is at first simply rounded, but subsequently a conical
spike is developed which contains the genital sheath. The rudi-
mentary limbs also increase in size during this period.

The adult male, after shedding the pupal skin, remains for

F

34 DiaspincE.

some little time beneath the protection of the pupariiim. In this
cramped position it manages to fully expand its wings, as may be
proved by raising the puparium shortly before the emergence of
the insect. The winged male makes its exit backwards from the
hinder part of the scale, and in so doing the delicate wings are
drawn upwards over and in front of the head, but resume their
natural position as soon as the insect has completely freed itself
from its covering.

The adult male is very different to the female in its final
stage. The main divisions of the body are better defined, though
the boundaries of the head and the several parts of the thorax are
still rather vague. The disposition of the various parts may be
best explained by a reference to //. II. {figs. 2, 7, 8), in which
(c?) represents the head, {p) the prothorax, {c) the mesothorax,
id) the metathorax, and {e) the abdomen. It will be noticed that
the head and thorax have a backward tendency from above down-
wards {fig. 8). The head has the apex directed forwards; the
hinder part widened and forming the so-called gens or ' cheeks '
{fig. 4, c), which may be easily mistaken for part of the prothorax.
There are four large and conspicuous ocelli with prominent cornese
{figs. 4, a and 5, a)\ one pair on the upper surface immediately
behind the antennae, the second pair more centrally disposed on
the under surface. The true eyes {figs. 4, b arid 5, b) are minute,
colourless, and inconspicuous, situated on the lateral margins of
the head in the angle between the upper pair of ocelli and the
genae. In some species they seem to be entirely suppressed or
reduced to a mere spot. The external mouth-parts are wanting,
the insect taking no food during this stage.

The dorsal area of the prothorax {fig. 8, b) is small, but the
ventral parts of this segment extend far backwards. The meso-
thorax {fig. 8, c), on the contrary, exhibits its greater area on the
dorsal surface, where it is covered by a prominent shield-shaped
scute {fig. 2, /) with a distinct transverse band {fig. 2, g) behind.
This band is often of a darker colour than the rest of the insect,
and is known as the 'apodema.' On the under surface of the
mesothorax is a well-defined chitinous scute {fig. 7, /), broadest
in front, with a median longitudinal division. This divided scute
is always very distinct, being more highly chitinised and polished
than the other parts of the ventral surface. The metathorax
{fiS- 8) ^) bears on its upper surface the large shield - shaped
' scutellum ' {fig. 2, //), the posterior margin of which is often

Diaspince. 35

partially overlapped by the softer parts of the segment. There
is often a well-marked indentation on the lateral margin between
the meso- and the metathorax. The division between the thorax
and abdomen is unmarked by any constriction.

The abdomen consists of nine segments, including the conical
piece giving rise to the genital spike. The full number can be
distinguished on the dorsal surface ; but on the under side of the
abdomen one or more of the basal segments are concealed by the
overlapping hinder margin of the metathorax.

A more or less distinct furrow runs along each side of the
abdomen at a little distance from the margin on both the dorsal
and ventral surfaces, separating off a well-defined marginal area.

The genital spike or sheath {Jig. 10) is long and finely pointed,
often half the length of the rest of the body. It consists of a single
piece, with the edges incurved below to form an elongate valve,
through which the exsertile penis can be extruded.

The antennae i^fig. 9) are normally of ten joints, as in all male
Coccidae. The first joint is short and broad, widest at the base.
The second is usually more or less globular. The other joints are
always rather elongate, and clothed with stout hairs. The terminal
joint tapers abruptly to a blunt point at the apex, which bears a
longish stout knobbed hair ; and there are often two or more
similar hairs springing from the side of this joint.

The single pair of wings spring from the sides of the meso-
thorax. They are long and ample {fig. 2), narrow at the base
and broadly rounded at the tips, with a single nervure at the base
dividing into two branches on the broader part of the wing. On
the inner margin — close to the base — is a miimte slightly thickened
lobe, with a pocket which engages with the hooked extremity of
the 'halter.' The membrane of the wing is hyaline and colourless
in itself, though reflecting delicate iridescent tints. It is closely
set with minute short hairs, which give it a slightly roughened
appearance. When at rest, the wings lie in a horizontal posi-
tion, completely overlapping each other above the back of the
abdomen and extending considerably beyond the extremity of the
body.

The ' balancers ' or ' halters ' {fig. 3) are attached to the lateral
margins of the metathorax. There is a narrow flattened mem-
branous portion {a) from the extremity of which, and at an acute
angle, springs a stout hooked bristle {b), which engages with the
pocket-shaped lobe at the base of the wing.

o

6 DiaspincE

The legs {fig. 6) are long and moderately slender. The 'coxa' id)
is short and conical. The ' trochanter ' {b) is rather long and
roundly dilated at its distal extremity, which usually bears a single
longish hair. The ' femur ' {c) is broadly overlapped by the ex-
tremity of the trochanter. The * tibia ' {d') is widest at its distal
extremity and set with some stout hairs. The single- jointed
' tarsus ' {e), wide at the base, tapers rather abruptly to a point at
its extremity, and is also set with stout hairs, particularly on the
inner margin. The single ' claw ' (/) is longish and fully pointed.
There are from two to four conspicuous knobbed hairs or 'digitules'
on the foot. When the full number are present, two of them {Ji)
spring from the outer margin of the tarsus, and two {g) from the
base of the claw on the inner side ; but in many species one, or
sometimes two, of the digitules are missing. The number of
digitules in the foot of the male will be found a useful specific
character. The two sets of digitules possibly represent suppressed
tarsal joints. There is usually a considerable interval between the
first and second pair of legs, owing to the elongate prosternum.

In some few species of Diaspince an apterous form of the male
occurs. In these the parts of the body may be modified, the
mesothorax not requiring the muscular development and highly
chitinised scutes present in the winged forms. The antennae also
in the apterous forms may show modification, the joints being
often shorter and less distinct, or one or more joints may be
suppressed.

In the latest catalogue of Coccidae (Prof Cockerell's * Check
List'), the DiaspincB are divided into fifteen classes — Aspidiottis,
CoinstockieUa, Diaspis, Aulacaspis, Pseudoparlatoria, Parlatoria,
Syngenaspis, Mytilaspis, Pinnaspis, CJiionaspis, Leucaspis, Isc/maspis,
Fiorinia, Poliaspis, and Aoiiidia. Twelve of these have been in-
corporated into the following synopsis. I am not sufficiently
acquainted with the characters of the other three, Aulacaspis^
P seudoparlatoria, and Pinnaspis, to enable me to separate them
satisfactorily ; they appear to be offshoots of the genera Diaspis,
Aspidiotiis, and Mytilaspis respectively.

Those genera not yet recorded from Ceylon are included in
round brackets ( ).

It is difficult with genera that approach each other so closely
as do those of the DiaspincB to give concise rules by which they
can be confidently separated. The generic characters put forward
in the following arrangement must be considered elastic — within

Diaspince. 3 7

reasonable limits. Abnormal forms will be found in nearly every
genus.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

A. Male puparium similar in general form and structure to that of
the female.
a. Pellicles of female completely superposed, and in both sexes
more or less centrally situated.
(i) Female puparium sub-circular. Pellicles surrounded by
a broad secretionary supplement. Circumgenital
glands in not more than five groups. Male puparium
similar to female, but more oblong. (P/. I. fig. 7.)

ASPIDIOTUS.
(ii) Puparia as in preceding genus. Circumgenital glands in

more than five groups (COMSTOCKIELLA.)

(iii) Female puparium occupied almost completely by the
greatly enlarged second pellicle with little or no se-
cretionary supplement. Adult female reduced in size
and enclosed within the second pellicle. Male pupa-
rium sub-circular ; the pellicle surrounded by a broad

secretionary supplement. (P/. \- fig- 2) AONIDIA.

/3. Pellicles of female overlapping, and in both sexes placed at
or close to the anterior extremity.
(iv) Female puparium broadly elliptical. Second pellicle large,
with a moderate secretionary supplement. Pygidium
with a continuous marginal series of broad fimbriated
squames and large semilunar pores. Circumgenital
glands in four groups. Male puparium irregularly
elliptical; rather depressed. {PL \. fig- 6.)

(Parlatoria.)

(v) Female puparium elongate ; with a moderately large

secretionary supplement behind. Margin of pygidium

as in preceding genus. Circumgenital glands in five

groups. Male puparium smaller and narrower.

(Syngenaspis.)
(vi) Female puparium usually elongate and narrow. Circum-
genital glands in five groups. Male puparium similar
to that of female, but smaller ; the hinder extremity
often with a hinge-like structure to allow of the easy
exit of the adult insect. {^Pl. I- fig. 5.) Mytilaspis.

38 Diaspince.

(vii) Female puparium long and very narrow ; with parallel
sides. Male puparium similar but smaller, Pygidium
of female with a conspicuous coarse reticulation on

the dorsal surface (ISCHNASPIS.)

(viii) Female puparium rather elongate ; dilated behind. Male
puparium smaller ; with parallel sides. Circumgenital

glands in two concentric series (POLIASPIS.)

(ix) Female puparium elongate : occupied almost entirely by
the large second pellicle which encloses the adult
female and is itself usually concealed by a covering of
opaque white secretion. Male puparium similar in
form but smaller. Circumgenital glands confluent,
forming an irregular arch. Margin of pygidium with
a continuous fringe of spine-like squames.

(Leucaspis.)
B. Male puparium white, elongate, narrow, with subparallel sides ;
usually with more or less prominent longitudinal carinas :
form and structure irrespective of or dissimilar to that of
the female.
a. Pellicles of female overlapping.
(x) Female puparium sub-circular. Pellicles situate within
the niargin, a little to one side. {PL I. fig. 4.) Cir-
cumgenital glands usually in five groups ... DiASPls.
(xi) Female puparium consisting principally of the enlarged
second pellicle which completely encloses the adult
insect and the eggs. {PI. I. fig. 3.) Circumgenital
glands usually in five groups of which the upper three

are often confluent FlORlNlA.

(xii) Female puparium elongate or elliptical : usually dilated
behind. [PL I. fig. i.) Circumgenital glands usually
in five groups Chionaspis.

Aspidiotus. 39

ASPIDIOTUS, Bouche.

Species in which the puparium of the female is normally more or less
circular ; occasionally oval {cyanophylli)^ or elongated {inusitatus). Pellicles
superposed, approximately central. In this genus the first larval pellicle consists
of the dorsal parts of the skin only, the ventral parts, with the antenna; and
limbs, being completely separated and incorporated into the ventral scale of the
puparium. This character distinguishes Aspidiotus from all other genera with
which I am acquainted, the first pellicle in these other genera having the
antennae attached to the anterior margin, while the remains of the limbs will
be found beneath the posterior extremity. Ventral scale usually very delicate,
a mere film, adhering to the plant ; but in some species {cainellia, aurantii, &r'c.)
it is of stouter texture and remains attached to the upper parts ; while in others
the marginal area only may be thickened.

Male puparium similar in structure to that of the female ; but usually smaller
and more oblong.

Adult female oval ; broadly rounded in front, narrowing behind. Divisions
of abdomina segments often indistinct. After oviposition the abdominal parts
usually become greatly contracted, completely altering the form of the insect.
Anal aperture situated nearer the extremity than the genital aperture. Cir-
cumgenital glands usually in four groups ; a few species with five groups ;
others with none. Tubular spinnerets cylindrical, filiform, or trumpet-shaped.
An aonidiform stage is observable in some species at the time of the second
moult {vide pi. XY.Jig. 4).

Adult male rather broad ; moderately depressed. A prominent colourless
tubercle on lateral margin of head representing the rudimentary eyes. Antennae
usually with three knobbed hairs on the terminal joint.

For convenience of synopsis the Ceylon species of Aspidiotus may be divided
into primary groups according to the number of lobes on the pygidium ; these
groups may be subdivided according to the circumgenital glands.

Synopsis of Species.

A. Pygidium with 8 lobes.

(a.) Circumgenital glands in four groups.

(i.) Puparium rather large, flat, pale brown. Pellicles yellow. Fe-
male insect clear shining brown with deep transverse groove
across thorax trilobitiforniis.

B. Pygidium with 6 lobes.

(a.) Circumgenital glands in four groups.

(ii.) Puparium olive brown ; pellicles clear, fulvous. Female insect
whitish or yellow ficics.

40 Asptdiotus.

iii.) Puparium brown ; pellicles blackish. Female insect purplish

rossi.
(iv.) Puparium opaque, fulvous or brownish, resembling the bark of

the plant. Female insect yellow osbeckice.

(v.) Puparium transparent, colourless or greyish ; pellicles yellow.

Female insect yellow latanice.

(vi.) Puparium semi-transparent, oblong oval. Female insect pale

yellow , cyanophylli.

(vii.) Puparium semi-transparent, irregularly lobed. Female insect

yellow excistis.

(b.) Circumgenital glands wanting.

(viii.) Puparium fulvous, flat, covering small pits in the leaf in which

the insect lies. Female insect yellow pideariiis.

(ix.) Insect occupying minute galls on the leaf. Female insect

yellow occultus.

(x.) Puparium semi-transparent, reddish fulvous, adhering to the
insect. Female insect orange yellow aurantii.

C. Pygidium with two lobes.

(a.) Circumgenital glands in four groups.

(xi.) Puparium whitish, or coloured by the admixture of fibrous par-
ticles of the plant. Female insect yellow cydonice.

(b.) No circumgenital glands.

(xii.) Puparium whitish, fulvous, usually oblong, with pellicles towards
one extremity. Female insect yellow camellia;.

D. Pygidium with one (median) lobe.

(a.) Circumgenital glands in two groups.

(xiii.) Insect imbedded between the tissues of the plant. Female

insect yellow secret us.

E. Pygidium without lobes.

(a.) No ci^-cumgenital glands.

(xiv.) Puparium elongated ; fulvous; dorsal and ventral sides similar.
Female insect reddish yellow imisitattcs.

Aspidiohis. 41

ASPIDIOTUS TRILOBITIFORMIS, Green.

(Plate IV.)

Aspidiotus trilobitifortnis^ Green, ' Catalogue of Coccidae,' Ind. Mus. Notes,
Vol. IV. No. I (1896).

Female puparium large, almost flat ; usually semicircular {Jig. 3) or deltoid
from arrest of growth by prominent veins of the leaf, seldom circular, the insect
apparently preferring a position close to the midrib of the leaf {fg. l). Colour,
pale reddish brown. Pellicles yellow, the second usually depressed. Diameter
of puparium, 3 to 4*50 mm.

Male puparium unknown.

Adult female {Jigs. 4, 5) clear brown ; surface hard and horny, polished,
with numerous delicate transverse striated lines. Form oblong, rounded in
front, tapering to a point behind ; dorsal surface flattened ; ventral surface
slightly tumid ; segments distinct and strongly defined ; a deep transverse
groove on dorsal surface between the prothoracic and mesothoracic segments ;
a large irregular depressed space on each side of rostrum, covered with white
waxy secretion, marking the position of the parastigmatic glands, of which there
is a group consisting of from 12 to 20 orifices in front of each of the anterior
stigmata. Pygidium {fig. 6) with eight prominent obscurely tricuspid lobes :
mesal pair stoutest, but scarcely as long as second ; others rather slender.
Squames deeply fringed ; two in the mesal and first spaces, and three in the
second and third spaces between the lobes. Lateral margin of pygidium irregu-
larly serratulate with two deep notches marking the position of the obliterated
second and third abdominal segments. On the dorsal surface is an extensive
reticulated tract completely occupying the median area of the pygidium between
the base and the anal aperture, the boundaries well defined and constant, the
spaces of irregular size and shape, crowded together, and forming a pattern not
unlike that of crocodile leather. Circumgenital glands in four groups ; orifices
numerous, upper laterals with 21 to 24, lower laterals with 16 to 27 ; in every
case the upper laterals contain the larger number of orifices ; in one specimen
were two single separate orifices in the place of an anterior median group.
Tubular spinnerets of the filiform type, opening on the dorsal surface by large
conspicuous pores arranged in definite linear series ; the ducts themselves very
delicate and difficult to trace. Similar pores and spinnerets on the other
abdominal segments. Genital aperture between the lower lateral gland groups.
Anal aperture about half way between extremity and genital opening. Length
I '50-1 '80 mm. Breadth about 4 mm.

Adult male unknown.

Egg {fig. 2) pale purplish.

Habitat on under surface of leaves of Dalbergia Chainpionii, and of an
unidentified tree. Punduloya ; (August).

G

42 Aspidiotus.

Very closely allied to (possibly only a variety of) A. thece, Maskell, found on
stems of tea plants in Assam. The latter has a more convex puparium, the
body of the female is comparatively broader, and the lateral lobes of the
pygidium are proportionately much smaller than in A. trilobitiformis. Allied
also to A. eucalypti, Maskell ; A. articulatus, Morgan ; and A. rtifescens,
Cockerell, which form a section characterised by the distinct separation of the
prothoracic from the mesothoracic segments.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Aspidiotus trilobitiformis.

{All figures, except No. i, more or less etil urged.)

Fig. I. Insects, nat. size, on leaf.

2. Egg.

3. Female puparium.

4. Adult female, dorsal view.

5. „ „ ventral view.

6. Pygidium of adult female, dorsal view.

Aspidiotus. 43

ASPIDIOTUS FICUS {Riley\ Comstotk.
(Plate V.)

Chrysomphalus ficiis, Riley, MSS., Ashmead, American Entomologist, 1880,
p. 267.

Aspidiotus Jiciis, Comstock, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIII. p. 8.

Female puparium circular, moderately convex, smooth ; dark olivaceous
brown or reddish brown, paler at margin {fig. 2). Pellicles reddish yellow,
always partially obscured by a layer of secretion which is reddish brown above
the first, and pale olivaceous above the second pellicle. In the centre a circular
raised disc is usually exposed, the secretionary covering being here worn off.
In young specimens the centre is covered by a raised patch of opaque white
secretion. The first pellicle convex above ; the second often slightly concave ;
the form may best be observed from the inside of the scale (^g. 3) where the
exuviiE are more fully exposed. Ventral scale obsolete. Diameter i to 2 mm.

Male puparium, unobserved in Ceylon; but, on a plant oiGara'nia cambogia.^
labelled from Ceylon, growing in one of the plant houses at Kew Gardens, I
found a large colony of these insects containing both male and female scales.
The male puparium {Jig. 6) is dark brown with pale grey margin. Pellicle
reddish fulvous. Length, o"8o mm.

Adult female yellow, or white mottled with yellow. Body broadly rounded
in front, tapering suddenly to a point behind (y?^. 7). On the margin of the
mesothorax is a small thickened patch bearing a stout thorn-like spine {ftgs. 7
and 8). Pygidium {fig. 4) with six prominent lobes sub-equal in size, each
notched on the lateral edge. At a short distance beyond the lobes the lateral
margin is thickened and projecting, with minute serrations and two deep in-
dentations. Squames deeply fringed ; two in the mesal and first spaces, three
in the second space, and three beyond the third lobe, these last being bifurcate
and fringed on their lateral edges. Circumgenital glands in four groups ; lower
laterals with two to four, upper laterals with six to eight orifices. A large
number of conspicuous tubular spinnerets, varying from the filiform to the
trumpet-shaped type, some opening by inconspicuous dorsal pores in two short
series on each side, others opening on to the margin near the extremity. Anal
aperture small, close to extremity. Genital aperture between the upper and
lower groups of glands. Length 080 to i mm.

Adult male unobserved in Ceylon. Said by Comstock to be orange-yellow
in colour with dark brown apodema.

Eggs and young larvse, yellow.

Habitat in Ceylon, on upper surface of leaves of Rhododendron arboreiim
ifis- ^)- Newera Eliya (January).

This species has been very carefully studied by Prof. Comstock in America,
where it attacks orange trees. It is said to be very injurious to the younger

44 Aspidiotus.

trees, and to greatly disfigure the fruit. Prof. Comstock found that the insect
required about sixty days to develop from the egg to the adult. He considers
the species one to be feared, and recommends orange-growers to eradicate the
pest before it becomes unmanageable.

^EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Aspidiotus ficus.

{All figures^ except No. i, more or less enlarged j Jigs. 6, 7, and 8 are drawn
from specimens collected at Keiu on Garcinia cambogia.)

Fig. I. Piece of rhododendron leaf, with insects in situ, nat. size.

2. Female puparium, from above.

3. „ „ „ below.
4 Pygidium of adult female.

5. Female puparium, more advanced specimen, from below.

6. Male puparium, from above.

7. Adult female, ventral view, showing spine on side of thorax.

8. Thorn-like spine, from margin of mesothorax.

Aspidiotus. ^45

ASPIDIOTUS ROSSI, Maskell

(Plate VI.)

Aspidiotus Rossi, Maskell, Trans. N. Z. InstiL, 1891, p. 11.

Female puparium circular (_/^. 2), or irregularly oblong {Jig. 4), flattish,
opaque, reddish brown or dark brown ; inner surface darker, almost black.
Pellicles blackish, frequently obscured by a layer of brownish secretion, with
central boss and concentric ring ; sometimes depressed, sometimes slightly
elevated. Ventral scale obsolete, a white powdery film on surface of leaf,
except at margins, where it is stouter and adheres to the dorsal scale {Jig. 4).
Diameter, 2 to 3 mm.

Male puparium stated by Maskell to be smaller and lighter in colour than
that of the female. I have not found the male insect in Ceylon.

Adult female {Jig. 3) broadly pyriform, terminal segment tapering suddenly
to a point ; median area tumescent ; margins flattened. Colour of living insect
at first milky white or ochreous, tinged with purplish, which deepens with age
and extends over the greater part of the thorax, the flattened marginal area and
the abdominal segments remaining ochreous. Colour of dead and dried insect,
brownish yellow. Stigmata conspicuous ; no parastigmatic glands. Pygidium
{Jig. 5) with six prominent, obscurely tricuspid lobes, all well developed and
sub-equal in size ; margin beyond the lobes, with seven projecting tooth-like
processes, forming a bold and regular serration ; margin between the lobes,
squarely but not deeply incised. Squames deeply fringed, two between median
lobes, two between first and second, three between second and third, and one
or two in the space between the third lobe and the first marginal prominence.
Circumgenital glands in four groups ; upper laterals with 9 to 12 orifices, lower
laterals with 8 to 9, their position indicated in the living insect by the presence
of four white waxy patches. A large number of very delicate filiform tubular
spinnerets, opening on the dorsal surface by small and rather inconspicuous
pores arranged in definite linear series running upwards from the margin.
Larger cylindrical or trumpet-shaped ducts nearer the extremity, opening on
the margin between the lobes. Anal aperture slightly caudad of the lower
spinneret groups. Length about 1*50 mm.

Adult male unknown.

Eggs pale purplish. Hatched shortly after extrusion. Well -developed
embryos can be seen within the body of the parent insect.

Young larvae very pale reddish, broadly oval ; caudal sette short.

Habitat in Ceylon on under-surface of leaves of Capparis Moonii {Jig. i).
Originally reported from Australia, where it is said to occur on various plants
and trees.

46 Aspidiotus.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VL

Aspidiotus Rossi.

{All figures, except No. i, more or less enlarged^

Fig. I. Leaf of Capparis Moonii, with insects /// situ, nat. size.

2. Female puparium, from above.

3. Adult female, ventral view.

4. Female puparium, from below.

5. Pygidium of adult female.

Aspidiotus. 47

ASPIDIOTUS OSBECKI^, Gree7t.

(Plate VII.)

Aspidiotus osbeckics^ Green, 'Catalogue of Coccidae,' Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV

No. I (1896).

Female puparium convex ; normally circular {fig. 9), but by crowding the
scales often become oblong {fig. 10), or of irregular outline. Colour brownish,
paler at margin, opaque ; tint varying with that of the bark upon which it rests,
and partly due to the incorporation of loose fibrous matter from the bark itself.
Pellicles slightly eccentric ; yellow or reddish, usually obscured by a layer of
secretion ; a small boss in centre of first pellicle. Ventral scale obsolete, appear-
ing as a whitish scar on the bark after the removal of the insect. Diameter
about I 50 mm.

Male puparium {fig. 6) similar to that of female, but more oblong ; breadth
less than half length. Size averaging r3o by 0*50 mm.

Adult female {figs. 11 to 14), pale yellow, darkening with age; pygidium,
tinged with reddish brown. Before gestation broadly oval ; margin more or
less distinctly lobed ; abdominal segments well defined. After gestation the
abdominal segments contract, carrying the pygidium upwards, until it is over-
lapped by the sides of the thorax {fig. 13). Antenna? rudimentary, but more
conspicuous than in many species, the tubercle being very prominent, unequally
dilated at extremity, with a depression near the summit and a stout curved hair
from the base {fig. 16). No parastigmatic glands. Pygidium {fig. 15) with six
tricuspid lobes ; mesal lobes largest ; third pair very small ; margin between
lobes broadly incised. Squames deeply incised and fringed, two between each
lobe, and two to four beyond, the latter sometimes almost obsolete. Spines at
base of each lobe, the dorsal ones largest. A complete marginal series of small
hairs all round the body. Circumgenital glands in four or five groups, the
anterior group being absent or represented by one (rarely two) orifices, anterior
laterals with six to nine, and posterior laterals with three to five orifices. On
each side of pygidium are two series of delicate filiform tubular spinnerets
opening by distinct oval pores on the dorsal surface, a few opening by the
margin between the lobes. Similar filiform spinnerets on the lateral margins of
all the abdominal segments. Length i to 1*50 mm.

Adult male {fig. 12) orange yellow ; apodema dark brown or black. Ocelli
black ; lower pair largest, central, narrowly separate {fig. 2), a small colourless
prominent tubercle on each side representing the true eye. Antennae hairy ;
joints increasing in length to sixth, which is longest, then decreasing to tenth ;
terminal joint tapering, with a stout knobbed hair at apex, and two fine knobbed
hairs at side {fig. 3). Foot with four digitules {fig. 4) ; tarsus shorter than tibia.
Genital spike nearly half length of body. Total length of insect, nearly i mm.

Eggs yellow ; hatched almost immediately after extrusion.

48 Aspidiohis.

Young larva with two small lobes at extremity of body {fig. 7) ; caudal setae
short ; colour bright yellow.

Habitat on stems of Osbeckia, Punduloya (August). Frequently in company
with Asp. cmnellicB. and Chionaspis bidavis.

A most inconspicuous species and difficult to detect, the colour of the scales
almost exactly resembling that of the bark upon which they rest.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIL

ASPIDIOTUS OSBECKI^.
{All figures, except No. 8, more or less enlarged.)

Fig. I. Adult male, from above.

2. „ „ head, from below.

3. „ ,, terminal joint of antenna.

4. „ „ foot.

5. „ ,, side view.

6. Male puparium.

7. Young larva.

8. Branch of Osbeckia with insects, nat. size.

9. Female puparium, from above.

10. „ „ from below (distorted example).

1 1. Adult female, before oviposition, dorsal view.

12. „ „ „ „ ventral view.

13. „ „ after oviposition, dorsal view.

14. „ „ » „ ventral view.

15. Pygidium of adult female, from below.

16. Antenna of adult female.

Aspidiotus. 49

ASPIDIOTUS LATANI^, Signorei.

(Plate VIII.)

Aspidiotus latanice, Sign. Essni, i86g, p. 124.

Aspidiotus transparens, Green, Insect Pests of the Tea Plant, 1890, p. 22.

Female puparium circular, flattish ; no concentric lines of growth, but fresh
specimens with fine radiating wrinkles ; secreted area transparent, whitish or
colourless, showing distinctly the sublying insect and eggs {figs. 3, 4). Pellicles
very pale yellow, transparent, nearly central. Ventral scale represented only
by a delicate film on surface of leaf. Diameter r5o mm.

Male puparium {fig. 2) similar to that of female, but smaller, oval, and with
single pellicle. Size i mm. by 075 mm.

Adult female {figs. 6, 7) bright pale yellow ; pygidium tinged with brown
towards the extremity, four white waxy patches indicating externally the cir-
cumgenital glands. Body pyriform, tapering and pointed behind ; thoracic
area broadly rounded ; anterior margin straight or slightly concave, with often
a minute prominence on each side of the depression {fig. 6). Antennae rudi-
mentary, a minute tubercle with curved hair at base. No parastigmatic glands.
Pygidium {fig. 10) with six prominent lobes ; median pair stoutest, obscurely
tricuspid, dark-coloured, scarcely as long as second pair ; second and third
pairs slender, very delicate and transparent, contracted at base and notched on
outer side ; each lobe situated on a prominent point of the margin. Margin
coarsely serrate for some distance laterad of the lobes. Two simple or slightly
divided squames between the median lobes ; two, deeply fringed, between
median and second lobes ; three between second and third lobes ; and a series
of six or seven, fringed on their outer sides, laterad of the third lobe. A pair
of small spines at base of each lobe; a fourth pair on each side on a prominent
point shortly beyond the last lobe ; a fifth in a small cleft immediately beyond
the last squame ; and a sixth at base of pygidium. Circumgenital glands in
four groups ; upper laterals with from six to eleven ; lower laterals with from
four to six orifices. Tubular spinnerets of the filiform type, long and delicate,
but unusually conspicuous, opening on to the extreme margin {fig. 11) ; nearer
the extremity are broader trumpet-shaped ducts, also opening on to the margin.
Length 075 to i mm. Breadth 0*50 to 075 mm.

Adult male reddish {fig. 5), or pale yellow with reddish apodema {fig. 5, a) ;
the darker variety was bred from specimens occurring on Dalbergia, the paler
on tea. Body depressed, rather broad, abdomen short. Genital spike long and
slender, nearly half length of body. Ocelli black ; upper pair marginal ; lower
pair central and contiguous {fig. 14) ; a minute colourless tubercle on each side
immediately behind the upper ocelli represents the true eye. Antennae hairy ;
nearly as long as body ; two basal joints short ; third joint longest ; subsequent
joints gradually decreasing in length to ninth ; tenth a little longer than ninth,

H

50 Aspidiotus.

tapering in front, a stout sh knobbed hair at its apex and two finer ones on the
side {fig. 13). Foot {fig. 12) with two knobbed hairs (one on claw and one on
tarsus). Tarsus two-thirds length of tibia ; tibia nearly equal to femur. Wings
ample, hyaline. Total length 075 mm.

Eggs pale yellow {fig. 8), disposed in a ring round the body of the parent

{fig- 4).

Young larva {fig. 9) pale yellow. Eyes minute, black. Feet with four
knobbed hairs. Posterior extremity fringed with short hairs and papillae.
Caudal setae short, about one quarter length of body.

Habitat in Ceylon on various species of palm, on tea, Lora?itht(s, Dalbergia
champio7iii, and several unidentified shrubs ; occupying usually the under
surface only of the leaves ; both sexes crowded together in large clusters {fig. i).
Very widely distributed in all parts of Ceylon. I have seen it in distinctly
injurious numbers on the fronds of various ornamental palms. Its effect upon
the tea plant is fortunately not so marked, though it sometimes occurs in vast
numbers on individual plants, usually affecting the older leaves only. Type
described from specimens found on Lafania, an African palm.

I refer this insect rather doubtfully to this species. It differs in several
points from the type of Aspidiotus latatiice as described by Signoret, principally
in the number of orifices in the spinneret groups. The conspicuous hair-like
tubular spinnerets are made by Signoret a specific character. I at first thought
this insect was the well-known 'Oleander scale' — Aspidiotis nerii; but careful
comparison with typical specimens shows me that it cannot be that species.
The character of the tubular spinnerets is very different in the two species, A.
nerii having short cylindrical ducts only.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Aspidiotus latani^.

{All figures, except No. i, more or less enlarged)

Fig. I. Leaf, with insects in situ, natural size.

2. Male puparium.

3. Female puparium.

4- M ,, showing disposition of eggs.

5. Adult male.

5A. „ pale variety from tea plant.

6. Adult female, dorsal view.

7. „ ventral view.

8. Egg.

9. Young larva.

10. Pygidium of adult female.

11. Diagram showing tubular spinnerets opening on margin of pygidium.

12. Foot of adult male.

13. Terminal antennal joint of adult male.

14. Diagram of head of male, from below, showing eyes and ocelli.

Aspidiottts. 5 1

ASPIDIOTUS CYANOPHYLLI, Signoret.

(Plate IX.)
Aspidiotus cyanophylli^ Sign., Essat, 1869, p. 119.

Female puparium at first rounded oval, afterwards very oblong oval {_ftg. 2),
one side often compressed by contact with a prominent vein of the leaf. A
convex median area separated rather distinctly from a flatter marginal zone ;
transparent, colourless, or very slightly stained with ochreous, marked with fine
concentric lines of growth. Pellicles approximately central, transparent bright
yellow. In middle of first pellicle is a circular elevated disc with a white central
boss and radiating raised lines {Jig. 3). Ventral scale very thin and delicate, a
mere film on surface of leaf. Length Vt,o to 2 mm. Breadth 075 to i mm.

Male puparium said by Signoret to be similar to that of female, but more
oblong.

Adult female {Jig. 4) oblong, unusually so for insects of this genus ; margin
of cephalic extremity flattened ; segments moderately distinct. Antennae {Jig. 5)
rudimentary. No parastigmatic glands. Pygidium {Jig. 6) with six tricuspid
lobes ; median pair much larger and darker than the others, roundly tricuspid ;
the second and third pairs slender and pointed ; the third sometimes almost
obsolete. Three deep marginal notches on each side (one laterad of each lobe),
more apparent on dorsal surface, where they extend further inwards. Squames
long and deeply fringed, two between median lobes, two between first and
second lobes, three between second and third, and four or five laterad of the
third lobe. Circumgenital glands in four groups ; orifices few, upper laterals
with 3 to 5, lower laterals with 5 or 6. Tubular spinnerets filiform, opening by
long ducts on to the extreme margin ; a few (about three on each side) opening
by inconspicuous dorsal pores. Anal aperture near extremity. Genital aperture
near the centre of the pygidium. Length from i to v^o mm. Breadth 0*50 to
075 mm.

Adult male unknown. Signoret describes the male puparium, but makes no
mention of the adult.

Eggs greenish yellow.

Habitat in Ceylon on tea and cinchona plants, also on a species of palm
{fiK- 0; usually confined to the under surface of the leaves. Larger colonies
occur on the fronds. A still more elongated form {Jig. 7) occurs on Cjais at
Kandy, crowded upon upper and under surface of fronds. Signoret's type was
described from specimens found on a Venezuelan plant {Cyanophyllum niag-
nijiacm) in the Luxembourg Gardens. Comstock has found it in the United
States on several species of Ficus.

52 Aspidiotus.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Aspidiotus cyanophyllj.

{All figures, except No. i, more or less enlarged.)

Fig. I. Piece of palm leaf, with insects, nat. size.

2. Female puparium.

3. First larval pellicle, showing disc and boss.

4. Adult female, ventral view.

5. „ „ rudimentary antenna.

6. „ ,, pygidium, from below.

7. „ „ elongated form from Cycas.

8. Female puparium, under side, from Cycas

Aspidiotus. 53

ASPIDIOTUS EXCISUS, sp. nov.
(Plate X. figs. 7-9.)

Female puparium {fig. 8) convex, of irregular outline, margin often lobed,
thin, and semi-transparent, whitish or very pale ochreous ; bearing many long
hairs, which have been separated from the plant and incorporated into the scale.
Pellicles yellow, approximately central. Ventral scale obsolete. Diameter
about I mm.

Male puparium {fig. 7) smaller and more oblong, similar in structure to that
of female. Size, o'8o by 0*50 mm.

Adult female yellow ; broadly pyriform. No parastigmatic glands. Pygidium
{fig. 9) appearing truncate from the fact that the extremity is broadly and deeply
excised. Lobes six ; median pair largest, but sunk in a deep, squarely cut
recess, which extends on each side as far as the second lobe, their distal
extremities plain or very slightly emarginate and slanting ; second and third
lobes small but prominent, the second projecting distinctly beyond the mesal
lobes. Squames deeply fringed, two in the mesal and first spaces, three in the
second space, and four beyond the third lobe. Small spines at base of each
lobe, and three at intervals along the lateral margin. Circumgenital glands in
four groups ; upper laterals with 8 to 15, lower laterals with 7 to 9 orifices. A
few long filiform tubular spinnerets, opening on to the lateral margin ; others
nearer the extremity shorter and trumpet-shaped ; four or five short cylindrical
ducts on each side of anal aperture, opening by large but inconspicuous pores
on the dorsal surface, their free ends directed downwards. Genital aperture
between lower gland groups. Anal aperture nearer the extremity. Length o'6o
to o'8o mm.

Adult male unknown.

Eggs numerous, yellow.

Habitat on under surface of leaves of Cyanotis pilosa. Punduloya (De-
cember).

A small but inconspicuous species, but easily distinguished by the square
recess at extremity of pygidium.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Aspidiotus excisus.
{All figures mo7-e or less enlarged^

Fig. 7. Male puparium.

8. Female puparium.

9. Pygidium of adult female.

5 4 Aspidiotus.

ASPIDIOTUS PUTEARIUS, sp. nov.
(Plate X. figs. i-6.)

Female puparium {_fig. 2) round, flat, or slightly concave, forming an oper-
culum to the pit-like depression in which the insect rests. Colour very pale
brownish ochreous, semi-opaque ; minutely rugose, with concentric lines of
growth. Pellicles central, pale yellow ; the second pellicle slightly concave,
the first slightly convex. Ventral scale obsolete, a mere powdery film lining
the cavity below the insect. Diameter i*5o mm.

Male puparium {fig. 6) broadly oval ; similar in texture to that of the female ;
median area convex where it covers the insect. Size, ri2 x i mm.

Adult female {^fig. 3) bright pale yellow, terminal segment colourless.
Almost circular in outline ; flat or slightly concave above ; highly convex below,
where it fits into cavity in the leaf Segments well defined above, inconspicuous
below. Eyes minute, black, sub-marginal, seen only from above. Antenna
rudimentary, a small tubercle with curved hair at base. A few small hairs at
regular distance round margin of body. No parastigmatic glands. Pygidium
comparatively small. Lobes, six ; median pair largest, obscurely tricuspid ;
others smaller, very delicate, and transparent, third usually emarginate on outer
side. Deeply fringed squames between the lobes. Margin laterad of lobes
with four or five fringed squamous marginal processes. Margin dorsad of
second and third lobes thickened, and produced into prominent points. Small
spines at base of each lobe ; a fourth and fifth pair further up on each side.
Anal aperture about half way between genital aperture and extremity. No
circumgenital glands. A large number of tubular spinnerets in four or five
diagonal series on each side converging towards extremity of pygidium ; each
spinneret consisting of a short cylindrical tube, with thickened rim and tongue-
like process at free end, opening on the dorsal surface by well-defined oval
pores ; those nearest the extremity opening apparently on to the margin.
Diameter about i mm.

Adult male reddish. Foot {fig. 5) with four-knobbed hairs, tarsus shorter
than tibia, Antennae normal. (Described from dead, shrivelled specimens.)

Habitat on Strobilanthes viscosus, forming and occupying small pits on
under surface of leaves ; corresponding discoloured prominences, hke half-
formed galls, appearing on the upper surface {fig. i). Not common, but
occurring on individual plants in enormous numbers, covering every leaf.
Punduloya (January and May).

Mr. Maskell has described {Trans. N. Z. Instit., 1890, p. 10), under the
name of Aspidiotus fodiens, an Australian insect of similar habits, forming
pits in the leaves of a species of acacia. That insect, however, differs from
A. putearius in several important points, notably in the possession of circum-
genital glands.

Aspidiotus. 55

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Aspidiotus putearius.

{All figures, except No. i, more or less eti large d)

Fig. I. Leaf of Strobilanthes, with insects, nat. size.

2. Female puparium.

3. Adult female, dorsal view.

4. Pygidium of adult female, ventral view.

5. Foot of adult male.

6. Male puparium.

56 Aspidiotus.

ASPIDIOTUS OCCULTUS, Green.

(Plate XI.)

Aspidiotus occultus, Green, ' Catalogue of Coccida;,' Ind. Miis. Notes,
Vol. IV. No. I (1S96).

A very small species, forming minute rounded galls on the upper surface
of leaves of Grewia orientalis {/ig. 5). Although the galls appear on the upper
surface, the insects are in reality placed on the under surface, at first forming
depressions as in A. puteariiis, but in the present species the process is carried
further by the formation of a cell, which almost completely encloses the insect.
Occasionally two individuals occupy a single cell.

Female puparium represented externally by an ochreous scale closing the
aperture of the gall {fig. 6). A whitish film lining the cavity may be taken to
represent the ventral scale. The pellicles do not appear on the surface, but lie
within the gall {fig. 7). The second pellicle is very large, sometimes as large
as, or even larger, than the adult insect, in this respect approaching the genus
Aonidia. The aperture of the gall, opening on the under surface of the leaf,
is surrounded by a prominent irregularly lobed rim {figs. 6 and 7). Diameter
of gall from 0*50 to 075 mm.

Male puparium occupying shallow depressions on the under surface of the
leaf ; oval, flat ; transparent, very pale reddish yellow ; pellicle, bright yellow
{fi&- 8). Size about 1x075 mm.

Adult female broadly pyriform ; flattish or slightly concave above, median
dorsal area distinctly depressed {fig. 10) ; highly convex below, almost hemi-
spherical {fig. 9). The insect usually lies sideways in the gall {fig. 7). Colour
pale yellow ; terminal segment brownish, with the median lobes dark brown.
Eyes minute, black, on dorsal surface. No parastigmatic glands. Anterior
stigmata situated very far forward. Pygidium with six lobes ; the median pair
long and prominent, tricuspid ; others much smaller, emarginate on their outer
sides. Long and deeply fringed squames between and beyond the lobes. No
circumgenital glands. A few very inconspicuous filiform tubular spinnerets
opening on the margin. Anal aperture about half way between genital aperture
and extremity. Diameter averaging o"5o mm.

Adult male {fig. i) bright yellow, apodema very pale reddish ; broad, rather
depressed ; wing ample and long ; genital spike more than half length of body.
Ocelli black, lower pair not contiguous {fig. 2), Antennae hairy, ten-jointed ;
third joint longest ; tenth longer than penultimate, tapering to a point, a single
knobbed hair at apex and two at side {fig. 3). Foot with four digitules {fig. 4);
tarsus much shorter than tibia. Total length o'So mm., including genital spike,
which measures o"30 mm.

Neither eggs nor young larvte were observed within the galls.

Aspidiohts. 57

The comparative size of the male and female insects in this species, the
female being smaller than the male, is unusual.

Habitat on leaves of Greiuia orientalis ; Punduloya (July).

A species oi Fioritiia {F. secreta) also occurs on this same plant, and forms
galls similar to those of the Aspidiotus.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL

Aspidiotus occultus.
{All figures^ except No. 5, tnore or less enlarged.)

Fig. I. Adult male, dorsal view.

2. „ „ under side of head.

3. „ „ terminal joint of antenuce.

4- „ „ leg.

5. Leaf, showing galls formed by the insect, nat. size.

6. Piece of leaf, showing under surface of gall.

7. Section of gall, showing adult female and puparium.

8. Male puparium.

9. Adult female, ventral view.

10. „ „ dorsal view.

11. „ „ extremity of pygidium.

58 Aspidiotus.

ASPIDIOTUS AURANTII, MaskelL

(Plate XII.)

Aspidiotus aurantii, Maskell, Trans. N. Z. Instit., 1878, p. 109.
Aspidiotus citri, Comstock, Canadian Entomologist., Vol. XIII. p. 8.
Aonidiella atirantii, Berlese, Le Cocciniglie Italiane, Part III. p. 212.

Female puparium circular ; median area convex. Colour pale yellowish
grey, semi-transparent, showing the form and colour of the insect beneath it
{fig. 2). Pellicles central, reddish, obscured by a layer of secretion ; a small
prominent spot and concentric ring of whitish secretion in centre of first pellicle.
Ventral scale well developed, adhering to the insect, as does the dorsal scale
also, making the extraction of the insect difficult except by dissolving the
puparium in caustic potash. Diameter 2 mm.

Male puparium {Jig. 3) oblong ; dull reddish brown, paler at the margin ;
pellicle paler, with a raised spot and concentric ring in the centre. Size i by
o'6o mm.

Adult female dull orange, ventral surface obscured by the adherent whitish
ventral scale {fig. 4); flat below, convex above; skin hard and horny; reniform,
the abdominal segments retracted and sometimes completely enclosed by the
overlapping sides of the thorax {fig. 5). Rostrum in living insect generally
pushed to one side {Jig. 4) ; but after treatment with potash it resumes its
normal central position. Pygidium {Jig. 11) with six well-developed lobes ; the
mesal and second pairs tricuspid, the third usually bicuspid. Squames large
and deeply fringed on their lateral margins ; two in each space between the
lobes and three beyond ; the first squame laterad of second lobe and those
beyond the third lobe all deeply cleft at the extremity, forming two branches,
of which the outer one only is fringed, and with a short pointed projection
between the two branches {fig. 12). No circumgenital glands. A number of
filiform tubular spinnerets opening on the dorsal surface by oval pores arranged
in two diagonal series on each side ; a few more opening directly on to the
margin near the extremity. Diameter i to 1-50 mm.

Adult male {fig. 6) orange yellow, apodema dark brown, limbs and antennae
almost colourless. Ocelli purple black. Antennae hairy, ten-jointed ; first two
joints short, others elongate, increasing to sixth, then decreasing to tenth ;
terminal joint {Jig. 10) with three knobbed hairs. Feet of first and second
limbs with four knobbed hairs ; hind feet with three knobbed and one simple
hair, the latter representing the second ungual digitule ; tarsus about two-thirds
length of tibia. Genital spike as long as abdomen. Total length o'8o mm.

Eggs seldom, if ever, seen ; the larvae shedding the eggshell during or
immediately after extrusion.

Young larvae pale yellow ; broadly oval ; two prominent lobes at posterior
extremity, and several marginal papillae and minute squames.

1

Aspidiotus. 59

Habitat in Ceylon on Agave mnericana (American aloe), and on Citrus
decumana (pomelo), on under surface of leaves. I have not as yet noticed it on
orange trees in Ceylon. Reported to be very destructive in orange plantations
in America, where it is known as the Red Scale. In New Zealand and Australia
it is abundant on orange and lemon trees, and occurs on the fruit as well as on
the leaves. Mr. Maskell states that several hundreds of the scales may often
be seen on a single fruit in the market. The species occurs at present only
sparingly and locally in Ceylon ; but, should orange cultivation be attempted
on a large scale it would be advisable to be on guard against the increase of
this insect.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

Aspidiotus aurantii.
{All figures, except No. i, more or less enlarged.)

Fig. I. Piece of aloe leaf, with insects in situ, nat. size.

2. Female puparium, from above.

3. Male puparium.

4. Female puparium, from below, with insect in situ.

5. Adult female, dorsal view.

6. Adult male, dorsal view.

7. Head of male, from below.

8. Foot of male (third pair).

9. „ „ (first pair).

10. Terminal joint of antenna of male.

11. Pygidium of adult female.

12. A single squame from margin of pygidium.

6o Aspidiohis.

ASPIDIOTUS CAMELLI/E, Signoret.

(Plate XIII.)

Aspidiotiis camellice, Sign., Essat, 1869, P- n?-

Aspidiottis rapax, Comslock, Ag. Report, 1880, p. 307.

Aspidiotus flavescens, Green, Insect Pests of the Tea Plant, 1890, p. 21.

Diaspis circulata, Green, ' Catalogue of Coccidae of Ceylon,' Ind. Mus. Notes,

Vol. IV. No. I (1896).
Nee Kermes CamellicE, Boisd., E7it. Ho7t., p. 334.

Female puparium at first round, with central pellicles {^fig. 3) ; afterwards
usually oblong, with pellicles situated towards the anterior extremity {figs. 4
and 6), often distorted by crowding ; strongly convex above, the apex some-
times curving forwards until the pellicles assume a nearly vertical position
{fig. 5) ; surface more or less roughened by the admixture of small fibres and
hairs from the plant upon which it is fixed, the texture consequently varying
with that of the plant. Ventral scale well developed, usually entire. Colour
greyish ochreous or brownish ochreous, margin whitish, semi-opaque ; pellicles
castaneous brown, more or less obscured by layers of whitish secretion, usually
with a white central boss surrounded by a prominent whitish ring {figs. 2, 3, 4) ;
position and form of peUicles best seen from inner side {fig. 6). The develop-
ment of the puparium can be followed by reference to figs, i to 4 in sequence.
Size I5 to 2 mm. by i mm.

Male puparium unknown.

Adult female bright yellow or orange yellow ; no indication of eye-spots.
Body broadly oval, slightly tapering and pointed behind ; abdominal segments
distinct before gestation {figs. 13 and 14), afterwards the median area becomes
more strongly convex and the segments inconspicuous, and there is usually a
large shallow depression above the cephalic area {fig. 12). Antennas rudi-
mentary, consisting of a pair of small tubercles, each with a longish curved hair
on one side and surmounted by several (four or more) short-pointed processes
{fig. 17). No parastigmatic glands. Pygidium {fig. 16) broad, terminating in
a median pair of prominent bluntly tricuspid lobes ; other lobes obsolete. On
each side are two deep notches with strongly thickened margins, and laterad of
each notch is a pointed projection of the margin of the body representing the
missing lobes. A pair of deeply and irregularly divided squames caudad of
each notch and two or three simple or finely serrated tapering squames
extending slightly laterad of the second notch. There is a pair of spines
associated with each lobe, a fourth pair about half way up the margin of
pygidium and associated with a small marginal indentation. Anal aperture
large and conspicuous, very near the extremity; genital aperture near the base
of pygidium. Conspicuous thickenings of the body-wall extend inwards from
extremity, partially encircling the anal aperture, and upwards on each side

Aspidiotus. 6 1

beyond the genital aperture. A series of four irregularly linear bodies extends
transversely across the base of pygidium. No grouped glands. There are a
few tubular spinnerets of the filiform type opening on the dorsal surface by a
short series of pores extending from the second marginal notch on each side.
Size about vii by 075 mm.

Adult male unknown. Prof Comstock mentions, with respect to his A.
rapax, that dead and shrivelled males have been observed.

Embryo fully formed within the body of the parent before extrusion.

The young larva {figs. 7 and 9) is bright yellow, with colourless eyes. Form
broadly oval ; abdominal segments crowded together ; pygidial segment large
and anal aperture conspicuous. Antennae {fig. 9) slender, two longish hairs at
extremity and one or two shorter ones on each joint. A pair of prominent
serrate lobes at posterior extremity {fig. 11). Caudal setae about three-quarters
the length of the body.

Habitat on stems and leaves of tea {fig. 15), cinchona, acacia, osbeckia, ivy,
and other plants ; Punduloya, Newera Eliya, Kandy. Sometimes occurring in
such numbers as to completely cover the surface of the parts affected. Found
apparently in all parts of the world. A rather serious pest on tea in Ceylon, as
it chiefly attacks the young plants of the first and second year, greatly hindering
their growth. I have seen a young cinchona tree actually killed by this insect.

The species does not seem to be much infested with hymenopterous parasites.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIIL

Aspidiotus camellia.
{All figures, except Nos. 15 a7jd 18, vioj-e or less enlarged.)

Figs. I, 2, 3, and 4. Consecutive stages in development of female puparium.

5. Female puparium, side view.

6. „ „ from below, with ventral scale removed.

7. Newly hatched larva, dorsal view.

8. „ „ „ ventral view.

9. Antenna of larva.

10. Leg „ „

1 1. Extremity of abdomen of larva.

12. Adult female, dorsal view.

13. „ „ „ „ ^ before oviposition.

14. „ „ ventral view.

15. Tea twig, with insects in sUtt, nat. size.

16. Pygidium of adult female.

17. Rudimentary antenna of female.

18. Cinchona branch, with colony of insects, nat. size.

62 Aspidiotus.

ASPIDIOTUS CYD0NL4:, Comstoch.

(Plate XIV.)

Aspidiotus cydo7iicF, Comstock, Agric. Rep., 1880, p. 295.

Female puparium at first circular {fig. 2), older scales usually more or less
oblong ; strongly convex {fig. 3), Ventral scale thin ; remaining attached to
the plant. Colour white or pale ochreous. Surface varying considerably with
that of the plant to which it is attached {figs. 2 and 7). Pellicles centrally
situated in early stages, afterwards nearer one extremity ; brownish yellow or
straw coloured ; exposed or slightly obscured by a thin whitish secretion ; a
central boss on first pellicle. Diameter i to 1*50 mm.

Male puparium unknown.

Adult female bright yellow ; oval, narrowest behind : convex above, flattish
beneath ; segments moderately defined {figs. 4 and 5). Antennae rudimentary ;
a pair of small tubercules each with a longish curved hair at the side. Some
(parasitised ? ) specimens from a cactus plant were of a more elongated form,
with the divisions of the segments strongly marked {fig. 9). Pygidium {fig, 6)
broad ; median lobes prominent, bluntly tricuspid ; lateral lobes obsolete ; two
deep notches with thickened rims on each side of median lobes ; several deeply
divided squames caudad of each notch, and one or two simple ones laterad of
each notch. Circumgenital glands in four groups, each with from five to seven
orifices (Professor Comstock quotes eight to nine for the anterior laterals, and
five to seven for the posterior groups, in the type). A series of about eight
filiform tubular spinnerets extends diagonally upwards from the second marginal
notch, opening by conspicuous oval pores on the dorsal surface ; others open
on to the extreme margin. Anal aperture large, close to extremity. Genital
aperture between the lower lateral spinneret groups. Size averaging i mm.
by 075 mm.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat in Punduloya on the fruit {fig. i), branches and leaves of the edible
fig {Ficus carica) ; on fruit of Pomelo {Citrus decumand) ; and on the stems of
the tea plant ; also on Cycas, on Cactus, and on the base of the leaves of a
small palm ; Kandy. In the latter case the scales are roughed and coloured
by the incorporation of reddish fibrous matter from the plant {fig. 7). Originally
described from specimens found on Quince {Cydonia) in Florida. Reported
also by Mr. Maskell as occurring on orange trees in the Sandwich Islands.
This species is evidently very closely allied to A. Camellice, the principal
differences being the presence of grouped glands, and the larger number of
tubular spinnerets. The puparia may be distinguished by the paler colour of
the pellicles, and by the more delicate nature of the ventral scale ; the pellicles
are usually more exposed in this species, nor are the central boss and concentric
ring so conspicuous.

Asptdiotus. 63

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

ASPIDIOTUS CYDONI^.
{All figures, except No, i, more or less enlarged.)

Fig. I. Piece of fig with insects in situ, nat. size.

2. Female puparium, upper side.

3. „ „ side view.

4. Adult female, dorsal view.

5. „ „ ventral view.

6. Pygidium of female.

7. Scale of female, from palm plant.

8. Female puparium, from below.

9. Parasitised female.

64- Aspidiotus.

ASPIDIOTUS SECRETUS, Cockerell.

(Plate XV.)

Aspidiotus secretus, Cockerell, Supplement to Psyche, March, 1890, p. 2.

Female puparium concealed between the layers of the dry sheathing petioles
of species of bamboo {figs, i, 3). The formation and growth of the puparium
is rather difficult to follow. Apparently the young insect takes up its position
upon the stem of the plant beneath the sheath. After the completion of the
second moult the adult female insinuates itself into and between the layers of
the sheath, excavating a cell for itself, and leaving the pellicle exposed upon the
surface. When the sheath is removed from the stem, the insects are detached
with it, their position indicated by small blister-like swellings upon its inner
surface, this view necessarily presenting the ventral surface of the puparium.
Pellicles yellow, darkest at margin. Usually the second pellicle only is present,
the first becoming detached and falling away during the earlier stages before
the second moult. Even when both are present the two pellicles are more or
less separated {fig. 3). The margin of the second pellicle is minutely pitted
with shallow depressions of a polygonal form {fig. 5). Diameter of puparium
I "50 to 2'5o mm.

Male puparium {fig. 2) oblong, strongly convex above ; white, with a yel-
lowish tinge showing through from within. Pellicle brownish yellow, close to
anterior extremity. Length i mm. The male puparia are situated upon the
surface of the stem, sheltered by the sheathing petioles.

Adult female yellow ; broadly oval {fig. 6) ; parasitised specimens swollen
and more oblong ; flattish ; segments well defined ; skin rather horny. Rostral
setae very long. A small group of parastigmatic glands around the openings of
the anterior spiracles. Pygidium {fig. 7) broad and triangular, terminating in a
large and single prominent median lobe, which is indented on each side ; other
lobes obsolete or represented only by marginal points. Margin irregularly
serratulate, with four deep indentations on each side, from which thickenings of
the body-wall extend upwards, marking the position of the obliterated segments
of which the pygidium is presumably composed. Numerous finer corrugations
between the segmental lines. A small spine on each side of median lobe, and
one or two laterad of each marginal indentation. Anal aperture very small,
and situated at some distance from extremity. Circumgenital glands in two
groups, probably representing the combined upper lateral and lower lateral
groups, though there is no trace of any division. Each group with from eighty
to ninety orifices. In the typical specimens from Japan these two groups are
connected above by a line of single spinnerets, but this connexion is wanting in
every specimen that I have examined from Ceylon. I have failed to find any
tubular spinnerets, though there are numerous minute inconspicuous pores
opening on the dorsal surface. Length i to 2 mm.

Aspidiotus. 65

At the time of the second moult, the insect might readily be mistaken for a
species of Aomdia, for the adult insect at first shrinks away from its pupal skin,
and lies enclosed but completely separate within it {fig. 4), being distinctly
smaller than during the second stage ; but it subsequently increases in size,
bursts its covering, and finally grows to many times its former dimensions. I
have noticed a similar Aonidiform stage in some other species.

Mr. Cockerell informs me that his description {Joe. cit.) refers to the second
stage of the insect. The adult female, being concealed in the substance of the
plant, may be easily overlooked.

A rather abnormal species. The form of the male puparium approaches
that of a Diaspis.

Habitat beneath the sheathing petioles and bracts of a bamboo Ari/fid/jian'a
sp. {fig. i). Punduloya (April). Type from Japan, in similar situation on
species of bamboo.

In spite of its protected position, this insect is infested by a minute hymen-
opterous parasite, which proves to be Houialopoda crisiata, Howard.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

Aspidiotus secretus.

{All figures., except No. i, more or less enlarged^)

Fig. I. Small branch of bamboo, with bracts removed, showing insects in
situ., nat. size (males on stem, females on inner surface of bract).

2. Male puparium, from above.

3. Female puparium, from below.

4. Second peUicle, containing early adult female.

5. Marginal area of second pellicle.

6. Adult female from below.

7. Pygidium of adult female.

K

66 Aspidiotus.

ASriDIOTUS INUSITATUS, ,i/. mw

(I'l.ATK XVI.)

Female piipariiim very larf^^e ; flatlisli ; al first oval {Jii^s. 3 and 4;, after-
wards greatly elongated posteriorly {fii^. 2), the supplemental portion usually
narrower than the other. I'ellicles yellow, always more or less concealed by
secretion ; approximately central in early adult stage, subsequently becoming
eccentric by the backward extension of the scale. Ventral scale as well
developed as dorsal, and bearing what appear to be the ventral halves of the
pcllifles (yZi/-. 3). The two surfaces are so much alike that it is often difficult
to decide which is the dorsal and which the ventral surface of the puparium
after it has been detached from the stem. Colour brownish white or brownish
fulvous. Length 3*50 mm. to 7'5o mm. Greatest breadth about 3*50 mm.

Male pu|)arium unknown.

Adult female yellow, ])ygidium brownish ; comparatively large; oblong oval,
abdominal area narrowest {fii^. 5). A small group of glands on the anterior
border of each stigmatic opening. Segmental divisions of the abdomen with
dorsal and ventral thickened chitinous bands in three scries. Lateral margin
of body with short transverse chitinous bars (y?i,'". 6). Posterior extremity very
hard and horny ; lobes obsolete ; a broad mesal notch, enclosing a minute
central ])oint. Deep indentations on each side indicating the boundaries of
suppressed segments {Jii^. 5). Margin minutely and irregularly serratulate.
No distinct demarcation between the pygidium and the other abdominal seg-
ments. I'our conspicuous club-shajied ])rocesses extend inwards from the
margin near the extremity. A pair of hair-like spines mesad of each process ;
another pair mesad of first lateral indentation ; a few others at intervals
beyond. No circumgenital glands. The surface of pygidium and horny margin
of body closely covered with innumerable minute pores. On the paler lateral
margin a raised rim can be distinguished round each pore (y?^''- ^)- Anal
aperture small ; partially surrounded by a thickened rim ; situate at a consider-
able distance from extremity. Length 3 mm.; breadth r6o mm.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat on bamboo {Arundinarla, s/>.), between the stem and the sheathing
bracts and petioles. Kelani valley (March).

A very abnormal species, doubtfully placed in this genus on account of its
apparent affinity in structure and habits with A. scar/us, Ckll. An unusually
large insect compared with other members of the genus. The elongation of
llie puparium is probably due to its confined position, where lateral extension
would be difficult.

Aspidiottis. 67

ICXI'I.ANATION Ol'" PLATE XVI.
ASl'IDIOTUS INUSITAJUS.
{Alljii^urcs, except No. i, more or less cnlari^ed.)
V'Vf!,. I. Insects on stem oi Anaidinaria, nal. si/e.

Fully developed puparium.

Female puparium, early adult slaj^c, from below.
„ „ „ above.

Adult female, from below.

Portions of lateral margin of body, adult female.
Terminal segments of adult female.

68 Aonictia.

AONIDIA, Targ. Tozz.

In this genus the development commences as in Aspidtohes, but is arrested
at the stage already noticed in the description of Asp. secreitis. The adult
female, at the time of the second moult, decreases in size and is entirely
enveloped by the second pellicle. Within this receptacle it passes the re-
mainder of its existence and deposits its eggs, or rather young, for all the
species at present known are apparently ovoviviparous. The female puparium
is principally composed of the second pellicle, which is proportionately large,
and its form is dependent upon that of the pellicle, varying from sub-circular to
oblong oval, or, as in A. bullata, with a distinct posterior extension. The first
pellicle is approximately central, and may bear secretionary appendages ; in
A. comiger glassy horns are developed, while A. btdlata produces a ball of
cottony secretion in its larval stage. The ventral scale is complete, consisting
of the ventral part of the second pellicle. The overlying secretion covering the
dorsal scale is of a very firm structure, resisting the action of liquor potassas.
After maceration it frequently comes away in one complete piece together with
the first pellicle, forming the ' superimposed scale ' noticed by Signoret.

The male puparium usually resembles superficially that of the female, and is
of almost the same size. It consists of secretionary matter, with the single
pellicle placed near the centre.

The adult female, which at first nearly fills the cavity of the second pellicle,
gradually shrinks until it is less than half the size of the second stage, this
shrinkage taking place principally from the posterior extremity. Towards the
end of its existence the adult female occupies little more than the cephalic
area of the second pellicle. The thoracic segments are much broader than the
abdominal. The antennas are rudimentary ; the mouth-parts are usually rather
large. The pygidium is very variable in the form of its margin, some species
being without true lobes, others having as many as eight. There are no
circumgenital glands, and often no tubular spinnerets. The absence of the
glands indicates an ovoviviparous habit ; the tubular spinnerets have presumably
disappeared through disuse, the scale being secreted during the second stage
of the insect. The genital aperture is usually close to the base of the pygidium
on the ventral surface. The anal aperture is much nearer the extremity on the
dorsal surface, and the lining of the rectum is usually thickened and strongly
chitinised.

The adult male, in the single species observed, resembles that of Aspidiotus.

Synopsis of Species.

A. Larval pellicle with secretionary appendages,

{a) Scale sub circular; first pellicle bearing glassy horns ... comiger.
{b) Scale with distinct posterior extension ; larval pellicle

with a cottony tuft bullata.

B. Larval pellicle without secretionary appendages.

{a) Scale cordate ; forming shallow pits in stem of plant ... lorajifhi.
(b) Scale oval ; not forming pits obsctira.

Aonidia. 69

AONIDIA CORNIGER, Green.

(Plates XVII. and XVI Ia.)

Aonidia corjiiger, Green, ' Catalogue of Coccidre,' Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV.

No. I (1896).

Female pupariuni semicircular, transverse diameter broadest ; flattish or
slightly convex. Colour light reddish-brown, minutely mottled with paler specks.
First pellicle approximately central ; either exposed {/ig. 7) or bearing the
horn-shaped processes of the young scale {Jig. 8). The latter is the normal
condition ; but, the pellicle being slightly prominent and the processes very
brittle, these appendages are frequently rubbed away. The pellicle itself is
divided up into three (a median and two lateral) series of distinct plates {Jig. 5)-
Second pellicle {Jig. 19) very large and broad ; anterior margin straight ;
posterior extremity pointed ; its dorsal surface concealed by a horny secretion
extending slightly beyond its margin {Jig. 7). The puparium is closed beneath
by the ventral parts of the second pellicle. If this ventral scale be carefully
dissected off (a rather difficult task, without injury to the insect), the adult
female will be seen lying within the hollow of the second pellicle {Jig. 9).
Size of the second pellicle about i by r25 mm. Size of complete puparium
averaging V2$ by 175 mm.

Male puparium oblong ; externally very similar in appearance to that of
female, but rather smaller and darker in colour ; transverse diameter shortest.
The single pellicle placed transversely across the scale, near the middle, and
usually bearing the larval horn-shaped processes. Colour reddish brown. A
broad groove below for the reception of the pupa {Jig. 15). Size i'25 by 075 mm.

Adult female {Jigs. 10 and 12) much smaller than the second pellicle. Colour
pinkish -purple ; abdominal segments and flattened margin creamy white.
Thoracic area tumescent ; greatly extended laterally. Abdominal segments
very much contracted, the posterior extremity scarcely projecting below the
lateral margins of the thorax. A thin membranous border all round the insect,
minutely and irregularly frayed on the abdominal margin. Antennae rudi-
mentary ; three-jointed, with a stoutish bristle on the basal, and a smaller
one on the second joint {Jig. 11). Pygidium {Jigs. 21, 22, and 23) rather
short ; no lobes, but the margin with large prominent processes which are very
variable, irregular, and often unsymmetrical. The variation is endless, no two
specimens being exactly alike. In what may be considered as the most normal
form there are four principal projections, and eight smaller pointed processes,
one of the latter being caudad of each of the principals, and two nearer the
base on each side. The margin immediately laterad of the large outer projection
is conspicuously thickened and darker-coloured. The median processes are
the most subject to variation. There are twelve small spines on the margin of
the pygidium, of which six are dorsal and six ventral. No grouped glands or

7© Aonidia.

spinnerets of any kind. Near the base, situated inside the body, is a thickened
truncate cone, the lower extremity forming the anal aperture {fig. 21). The
i^enital aperture is inconspicuous, close to base of pygidium. Length 0*50 mm.
Ureadth i mm.

Adult male {figs. 16 and i;"* bright reddish ; apodema and sides of thorax
darker ; antenna^ purplish, except last joint, which is usually pale ; legs pale
yellowish. Ocelli black ; lower pair largest, a prominent colourless tubercle
on each side representing the lateral eyes. Antenna^ hairy ; about two- thirds
length of body ; ten-jointed, first and second short, third longest ; others
gradually decreasing to tenth, which bears two knobbed hairs, one at apex and
one at side {fig. iS\ Wings ample, broadly rounded at extremity. Foot with
four knobbed hair-like digitules ; tarsus two-thirds length of tibia ; tibia a little
shorter than femur. Genital spike half as long as body. Total length i mm,
r.readth o'5o mm.

It will be convenient here to trace the growth of the insect trom its earliest
st.ige, and the development of the scale. The young are fully formed within
the body of the parent. They are comparatively large, and are deposited singly
within the cavity of the second pellicle. Young larva {fig. 13) broadly oval ;
antenna^ long and slender ; legs small ; caudal setit not visible being very
short and folded back upon the surface of the body ; colour pale purplish.
When ready for the first moult, the larva has become broadly pyriform {fig. 20) ;
the dorsal surftice is divided up into distinct plates in three longitudinal series
eight in each row ; each lateral plate is partially subdivided by a thickened line
from the margin ; the sutures project as ridges on the inner surface {fi^. 5), and
mould the dorsal surface of the early second stage {fig 3). Before moulting,
the larva covers itself with a thin whitish scale with thickened radiating lines,
and from the centre of the disc a loose white ball of cottony secretion is formed
{fig 2). This in its turn is forced up and thrown off by the growth of fifteen
long stout solid colourless glassy horn-shaped processes (four of them con-
siderably smaller than the others\ which are at first erect {fig. 6\ but afterwards
bend outward from the centre {fi.g. 4). There is besides a stout tapering opaque
white process springing from the anal aperture. At this stage the pellicle
appears of a deep purple brown colour. It is remarkable that there are appa-
rently no pores, glands, or spinnerets on the larva to account for the secretion
of these peculiar processes. The processes themselves are of a dense glassy
structure, which is unaffected by either alcohol or benzine, but melts with dry
heat, producing a smell as of burning gutta percha. The larval pellicle has a
diameter of o"5o mm. Up till this stage no sexual differences are apparent.
The female insect now increases greatly in size, and finally becomes still more
broadly pyriform {fi.g. I9\ The skin is hard and of a chestnut-brown colour.
The dorsal surface is covered with a horny scale, in the centre of which remains
the first pellicle with its appendages. The scale has now assumed its greatest
dimensions, although the second moult has not been effected. The final change
is accomplished by a decrease in size, the adult insect being greatly reduced in
bulk, and passing the rest of its existence imprisoned within its former shell.

The male insect, after shedding its first skin, is of a pinkish or creamy
white colour. Instead of developing laterally, it becomes slightly elongated,
pointed behind, and the segments marked by rounded lobes on the sides.
Shortly before assuming the pupal state the ocelli of the future image begin to

Aonidia. yi

appear in the form of dark bands curving round each side of the head (Jl_i(. 24).
These represent both the upper and lower pairs, which in this early stage are
seen to be connected. The pupa is rather broad and depressed, the limbs
folded along the sides of the body, and all the segmental divisions clearly
indicated (y??-. 35).

Habitat on the upper surface of leaves of Psychotria Ihwaitesii and Litzea
zeylanica, I'unduloya (September, October). The insects are usually ranged
along the sides of the midrib and principal veins.

This interesting species is readily distinguished by the remarkable radiating
horns of the young scale, a character which has suggested its specific name.

The female insect is attacked by a minute hymenopterous parasite, which
has been described by Professor L. O. Howard under the name of Encarsia
aonidia.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XVII. AND XVI lA.

Aonidia corniger,

{All figures., except No. i, more or less enlarged.)

Eig. I. Part of leaf, with insects in situ, nat. size.

2. Young scale, dorsal view (tufted stage),

3. „ female of second stage, dorsal view.

4. „ scale (horned stage).

5. „ ,, „ „ from below.

6. „ „ (intermediate stage), side view.

7. Female puparium, dorsal view.

8. „ „ with larval horns persisting.

9. „ „ from below, showing adult female in situ.

(The ventral half of the scale has been dissected off.;

10. Adult female, dorsal view.

11. „ „ antenna.

12. „ ,, ventral view.

13. Young larva, ventral view.

14. Head of adult male, from below.

1 5. Male puparium, from below.

16. Adult male, dorsal view.

17. „ „ side view.

18. „ „ terminal joint of antenna.

19. Second pellicle of female, ventral view.

20. First pellicle ; diagram of dorsum.
21, 22, 23. Pygidium of adult female.

24. Male larva, shortly before pupating, ventral view.

25. „ pupa, dorsal view.

72 Aonidia.

AON ID I A BULLATA, sp. nov.
(Plate XVIII.)

Female puparium {figs. 4, 5, and 6) consisting apparently of the second
pellicle only, without any supplementary secretional matter. An empty detached
scale, seen from below, has exactly the form of a ladle with a short, broad,
handle. Anterior portion widest, broadly rounded, very convex, hemispherical,
with marginal area slightly flatter ; posterior half abruptly narrowed and flat-
tened ; the terminal portion curiously and symmetrically sculptured {fig. 4).
Colour very dark brown — almost black, a large diffused reddish-brown space
towards the posterior extremity. Ventral scale very thin and delicate, ruptured
on removal of puparium ; persisting only as a narrow sub-marginal zone of
whitish secretion {fig. 5). No trace of the first pellicle can be distinguished,
even after prolonged maceration ; the paler coloured space near the posterior
extremity being slightly depressed and more or less definitely circumscribed,
may be mistaken for the missing pellicle, but, upon closer examination, this
resemblance is seen to be delusive. It is probable that the lar\'al skin is
dislodged during the excessive development of the anterior part of the scale.
Posterior margin minutely and regularly indented ( fig. 9). Length 075 mm.
Greatest breadth 0*50 mm.

Male puparium {fig. i) irregularly circular, thin and delicate, silvery white;
pellicle placed towards anterior margin, rather large, purplish black, bearing
on its centre a conspicuous ball of closely felted white cottony secretion. A
tangled mass of delicate white curling filaments proceeds from the posterior
part of the pellicle and falls on to the scale behind {fig. i). These appendages
are easily dislodged, and are consequently absent in many specimens, leaving
the black pellicle completely exposed. Under surface with a shallow groove
for reception of the insect, bounded by the remnants of the delicate ventral
scale {fig. 2). Diameter about i mm.

Adult female occupying the anterior part of the cavity of the puparium
{fig- 5) ; abdominal segments shrunken and withdrawn into the thoracic region ;
dorsum very convex and rounded to fit the hollow of the puparium ; colour
reddish purple, abdominal segments yellowish white. I have not been able
to examine the living female before gestation, but macerated specimens show
an elongated and narrowed abdominal region {fig. 7) in correspondence with
the form of the puparium. Rostral apparatus comparatively large, very near
the anterior extremity. A pair of minute antennal papilla; on the anterior
margin. The pygidial area is not well defined ; there are no grouped glands ;
the extremity is squarely truncate, bearing eight very small rounded lobes, with
two or three minute marginal points in each space {fig. 8) ; there is a slightly
thickened short cylindrical tube leading inwards and upwards from the anal
aperture. Length of distended specimen o"6o mm. Breadth 0*45 mm.

Aonidia. ^^

Adult male not observed.

Embryo fully formed within body of parent.

Young larvae not observed.

The larval skin is very thick and opaque ; but there are suggestions of a
division into plates as in that oi A. corniger. The scale at the time of the first
moult {fig. ii) has a narrow marginal zone of silvery white secretion ; there is
a central felted ball and posterior mass of curling filaments as in the male
puparium.

The female of the early second stage is of the normal oval form ; the
pygidium showing all the characters of a Parlatoria {fig. lo), with ten pointed
lobes between and beyond which are deeply fimbriated squames ; the tubular
spinnerets are short and cylindrical, opening by broad lunular pores on to the
extreme margin, with the exception of four which open on the dorsal surface
near the extremity. The lobes and squames become thickened as the insect
develops, and appear on the indurated pellicle which forms the puparium as
a series of marginal tooth-like projections {fig. 9). It is an interesting fact that
the large enveloping second pellicle of Fiorinia astelice, Mask., from New
Zealand has a very similar parlatoria-like margin to the pygidium.

Habitat on leaves of an unidentified tree, Punduloya. The females are
ranged along the midrib and principal veins, while the more conspicuous male
puparia are scattered irregularly over the surface {fig. 3).

A most interesting though very minute and inconspicuous species. The fact
of the male puparium being actually larger than that of the female is unusual.
The great change in form and character between the earlier and later periods
of the second stage of the female is also remarkable. The available material
was unfortunately insufficient to allow of this change being properly followed
out. The difference of form between the male and female puparia is so great
that they might easily be mistaken for distinct species.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.

AONIDIA BULLATA.

{Allfi^^ures^ excepting No. 3, 7nore or less etilarged.)

Fig. I. Male puparium, from above.

2. „ „ from below.

3. Leaf, with insects in situ, nat. size.

4. Female puparium, from above.

5. „ „ „ below.

6. „ „ „ the side.

7. Adult female, before gestation, ventral view.

8. Pygidium of adult female.

9. Posterior extremity of second pellicle, dorsal view.

10. „ „ of female, early second stage, dorsal view.

11. Scale of young female, at time of first moult.

74 AonicLia.

AONIDIA LORANTHI, sp. nov.
(Plate XIX. _ftgs. 1-5.)

Females occupying small cavities in the centre of circular swellings on the
stems of Loranthus {fig. i, a). Puparium {fig. 2) circular; flat above, convex
below. Second pellicle reddish ; subcordate, extending almost to the extreme
margin of the scale. First pellicle approximately central; greenish or fulvous;
with small prominent central boss. The pellicles covered by a very thin trans-
parent yellowish layer of secretion which gives a granulated appearance to the
scale, Puparium frequently overlaid by fragments of the cuticle of the plant
{fig. 2). Ventral scale complete, being the ventral half of the second pellicle ;
frangible along a definite sub-marginal line which dips sharply downwards in
front {fig. 3), accounting for the cleft on the median anterior margin of the
adult insect. Beyond this line of separation the dorsal and ventral parts of the
scale are closely united. Diameter of puparium about i mm.

Male puparium not observed.

Adult female semicircular {fig. 4) ; abdominal segments almost completely
withdrawn ; a deep cleft from the median anterior margin ; a broad marginal
area flattened and membranous. Colour creamy white, suffused and veined
with purple ; a large circumscribed area around the rostrum brown and
chitinous. Minute antennal papillse in front of rostrum, each bearing a curved
hair, Pygidium {fig. 5) rather truncate, with eight small but prominent ob-
scurely tricuspid lobes, of which the median are shortest. Between and beyond
the lobes are some very dehcate pointed squames. Minute spines at base of
lobes. No grouped glands or tubular spinnerets. A transverse series of four
irregular linear thickenings of the body-wall across base of pygidium. Length
0*50 to 075 mm.

Adult male not observed.

Larvae not observed.

The bodies of the females examined contained fully developed embryos.

Habitat on stems and branches of Loranthus^ sp.; Punduloya (January),
This is one of those species that form for themselves pits in the substance of
the plants upon which they exist. In this particular instance the cavity is
really due to a swelling of the tissues immediately surrounding the insect, the
bottom of the cavity representing the normal level. Small ring-shaped swellings
on the bark mark the former position of insects that have died or become
detached.

On the same plant were other scales, distinguished by their more oval form
and the absence of the swollen ring, which I at first supposed to be the males
of the above species ; but upon closer examination they proved to be the mature
female puparia of a distinct specie which I have described below under the
name of Aonidia obsciira.

Aomdia. 75

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. {figs. 1-5).

AONIDIA LORANTHI.
{All figures^ except No. 1, more or less enlarged.)

Fig. i,«. Female insects, nat. size, on stem o{ Loranthus.

2. Female puparium, dorsal view.

3. „ ventral view, with part of ventral scale removed.

4. Adult female, ventral view.

5. Pygidium of adult female.

76 Aonidia.

AONIDIA OBSCURA, jr/. nov.
(Plate XIX. /^j, i, b and 6-9.)

Female puparium (^fig. 6) oval ; moderately convex ; probably normally
covered by a continuous layer of secretion, but in every specimen examined
this has been rubbed off, except at the margin, leaving the pellicles exposed.
Second pellicle proportionately large ; occupying the greater part of the scale ;
colour bright red-brown ; margin regularly crenate {fig. 7). First pellicle paler;
approximately central ; slightly depressed. Ventral scale complete, being the
ventral half of the second pellicle which, in this species, is free to the extreme
margin. Greater diameter 075 mm.

Male puparium not observed.

Adult female very small, occupying the anterior half of the second pellicle ;
broadly rounded in front ; abdominal segments abruptly narrowed, and with
ragged lateral margins ; pygidium rather prominent {fig. 8). Colour of dried
specimen pale creamy white. Pygidium {fig. 9) with six prominent pointed
lobes, the outermost on each side very small ; median lobes rather widely
separate. Squames narrow, tapering, hairlike ; two in the space between
median lobes ; three very long ones (twice as long as lobes) in each of the
two following spaces ; and two very small ones beyond the third lobe on each
side. Small spines at base of each lobe, and one half way between third lobe
and base of pygidium. Diameter of female about 0*50 mm.

Adult male not observed.

Larvae not observed.

Large, fully formed embryos are visible within the body of the female {fig. 8.)

Habitat on branches of Loranthus ; Punduloya (January).

A very small and inconspicuous species, distinguishable from A. loranihi^
which has the same habitat, by its more oval form and the crenate outline of
the large second pellicle.

It appears to be largely subject to the attacks of some hymenopterous
parasite, the greater number of the scales examined showing an aperture on
the dorsum by which the minute fly has escaped.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. {figs, i, b and 6-9.)

Aonidia obscura.
{All figures., except No. i, more or less enlarged.)

Fig. 1,(5. Female insects, nat. size

6. Female puparium, dorsal view.

7. Second pellicle, outline.

8. Adult female, ventral view.

9. Pygidium of adult female.

Mytilaspis, 77

MYTILASPIS, Sign.

Species in which the female puparium is elongated, with the pellicles at
the anterior extremity. Ventral scale complete, or divided down the middle ;
sometimes obsolete.

Male puparium similar to that of female, but smaller and narrower ; the
single pellicle situated at the anterior extremity. The hinder part of the dorsal
scale is often marked off from the rest by a thinner transverse band which acts
as a hinge, allowing the extremity of the scale to be raised like a valve at the
emergence of the adult male.

Adult female elongate ; abdominal segments widest, distinctly divided, often
expanded laterally. Circumgenital glands in five groups with comparatively
few orifices. Usually a few glandular pores (parastigmatic glands) round the
opening of the anterior spiracles. Squames tapering and spine-like. Tubular
spinnerets cylindrical, opening on to the margin by prominent oval pores. Anal
aperture situate close to base of pygidium ; genital aperture near the centre.
The female, after oviposition, is greatly reduced in size, occupying the anterior
part of the scale and almost completely covered by the pellicles. The sup-
plementary part of the scale acts as an ovisac.

Adult male with the pro- and meso-thorax elongate, throwing the point of
insertion of the wings unusually far back. Antenna with one or more knobbed
hairs on the terminal joint.

The several species of this genus are all very much alike, especially in the
characters of the pygidium, making their separation extremely difificult. The
many small differences that can be plainly seen, and appreciated as of specific
importance, cannot be so readily described. The structure of the ventral scale,
whether entire or divided, is of assistance in conjunction with other characters,
but cannot be entirely relied upon. The ventral scale is really structurally
entire in every case, the apparent division being caused by rupture in removing
the scale from its support ; but this always occurs along a definite line, and
indicates a weakness of the scale at that part which is usually constant in the
species. The form of the second pellicle will sometimes assist in the separation
of two closely allied species.

I find in Ceylon three distinct species, and a fourth rather distinct form,
which is however, at present, ranked only as a variety.

Synopsis of Ceylon Species.

A. Ventral scale entire ; eggs arranged irregularly, or in more than two rows.

{a) Female puparium widened behind, mussel-shaped ; ventral

scale whitish citricola.

{b) „ „ long and narrow, ventral scale green cocculi.

B. Ventral scale divided ; eggs arranged in two longitudinal rows.

(«) Female puparium red-brown ; division of ventral scale narrow gloverii.
(p) „ „ pale fulvous ; division of ventral scale wide pallida.

yS Mytilaspis.

MYTILASPIS CITRICOLA, Packard.

(Plate XX.)

Aspidiotiis f/7r?V^/^z (Packard). Guide to the Study ^/ /«J^r/j', 2nd edition

(1870), p. 527.
Mytilaspis citricola (Packard). Comstock, U.S. A_^. Report., 1880.

Female puparium elongate, mussel-shell shaped, usually slightly curved,
dilated behind, with a narrow flattened marginal area not very sharply defined
^fiS,- -)• Colour reddish brown or olivaceous brown, paling on the marginal
area. The scale is transversely rugose with numerous curved lines of growth.
The pellicles occupy rather more than one-third the total length. First pellicle
exposed, pale yellowish. Second pellicle reddish ; more or less concealed
beneath a layer of secretion, but when separated and cleaned it is seen to have
a blunt point on the lateral margin of each of the four basal abdominal
segments {fig. 8). Ventral scale well developed, whitish ; completely enclosing
the insect {fig. 3) ; without any median division, except near the anterior
extremity, where is an opening for the rostral setce ; not extending to the edges
of the dorsal scale, but attached at some little distance from the margin ; with a
large irregular opening behind, exposing the eggs which are irregularly disposed
in the cavity. The surface of the ventral scale is marked and pitted with the
impress of the orange rind or leaf upon which it may ha\e been fixed. Length
of complete scale 2 to 3 mm. Breadth o-8o to i mm.

Male puparium {figs. 5 & 6) smaller, narrower, and of more delicate texture ;
sides nearly parallel ; pellicle occupying nearly one-third of total length. At
about one-fifth from posterior extremity is a distinct transverse paler line where
the scale is thinner, acting as a hinge, so that the hinder part of the scale can
be raised to allow of the exit of the adult insect. Colour varying from pale
olivaceous brown to dark reddish brown, the part behind the hinge usually
tinged with purplish brown. Pellicle pale straw colour. \^entral scale incom-
plete, represented by a narrow whitish strip on each side attached a little way
within the margin and extending backwards as far as the hinged part of the
scale. Size about i"5o by o'4o mm.

Adult female creamy white, terminal segment reddish fulvous. Oblong,
narrow in front, widest behind. Abdomen deeply segmented laterally. An-
tennae consisting of a small tubercle and two stout curved hairs {fig. 10). A
small group of glands round the anterior stigmatic openings. Pygidium {fig, \\)
broad, two moderately large median lobes with the free edges crenate and
sloping from each side to an obtuse angle, followed closely on each side by a
shorter duplex lobe of which the outer lobule is the smaller ; other lobes
obsolete. There are three marginal indentations on each side beyond the
lobes. Squames tapering, spine-like, one pair between the median lobes, a
pair in each space between median and second lobes, and a pair springing

Mytilaspis. 79

from each marginal indentation. There are three or four similar spine-like
processes on the lateral expansions of the three preceding abdominal segments.
Circumgenital glands in five groups : the median represented by a chain of
about eight orifices, the upper laterals with twelve to sixteen, and the lower
with nine or ten. There are numerous tubular spinnerets ; viz., twelve rather
large cylindrical ducts opening by conspicuous oval pores on to the margin ;
and six vertical series of small and inconspicuous capitate ducts opening on
the dorsal surface of the pygidium. The margins of the abdominal segments
are studded with similar small spinnerets. Anal aperture close to base of
pygidium. Genital aperture immediately below the grouped glands. Length
I to 1*50 mm.

Adult male unobserved. I was unable to rear any perfect males from my
Ceylon specimens.

Male larva of second stage {fig. 7) similar in form to adult female, but much
smaller. Shortly before pupation the ocelH of the image are indicated by two
dark spots on each side of the head, each pair connected by a dark band.

Young larva minute, very active, almost colourless.

Eggs white, disposed irregularly beneath the scale.

There are at least three successive broods of this species in the course of
the year. In fact, as is the case with many of our Ceylon scale insects, there
seems to be an uninterrupted series of broods.

Habitat on fruit {fig. i) leaves and stems of orange and other species of
citrus. When occurring on the leaves, it apparently prefers their upper surface.
I have also found it on the leaves of Toddalia aciileaia, Punduloya.

A very widely distributed species. Found almost wherever any species of
Citrus is cultivated. I have examples from America, New Zealand, Australia,
and Madeira. It is also commonly found on Maltese and other Continental
oranges sold in England. I have examined such specimens, and have found
the scales to contain living insects and numerous eggs, proving how readily the
pest may be introduced into new countries. It is therefore not surprising that
this species has become almost world-wide.

Its presence in large numbers upon an orange tree is generally indicated by
an unhealthy appearance of the fruit and foliage. A wash of kerosene emulsion
(as described in the chapter on insecticides) will be effective in checking the
pest if applied when the young larvae are seen to be on the move. The older
insects are too well protected by their scaly covering to be much affected by
this treatment.

So Myiilaspis,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

MYTILASPIS CITRICOLA.

{All Jigiires, except N^o. i, more or less enlarged.)

Fig. I. Piece of orange peel, with insects /// stlu^ nat. size.
2. Female puparium, from above,
3- » .. below.

4. Adult female, ventral view.

5. Male puparium, from above.

6. „ „ below.

7. Second stage of male, shortly before pupating.
S. Second pellicle of female.

9. Abdominal extremity of young larva.

10. Antenna of adult female.

1 1. Pygidium of adult female.

Mytilaspis. 8i

MYTILASPIS COCCULI, sp. nov.
(Plate XXI.)

Female puparium {fig. 4) lon<; and narrow, widening very gradually towards
the posterior extremity; dark purplish -brown, opaque, with a very narrow
irregular paler flattened border ; dorsal scale transversely marked by curved
lines of growth, the more prominent of which are of a paler colour. Pellicles
very pale yellow, transparent, occupying (in the most mature scales) less than
one-third the total length — -in one instance, less than a quarter; the second
pellicle has the abdominal segments without lateral points. Ventral scale
greenish, well developed, undivided {fii;. 5), of rather solid structure, with a
small aperture near the anterior extremity, and a large ragged orifice at the
hinder end from which the young larvae make their escape ; the surface of the
ventral scale is minutely but deeply pitted. It would, however, be dangerous
to give specific value to this character, as it is probably dependent upon the
surface of the leaf. Length 3 to 4 mm. Greatest breadth 075 mm.

Male puparium {figs. 2 and 3) similar to that of female, but smaller ; lines
of growth not so pronounced, a pale transverse band marking the position of
the usual hinge near the posterior extremity. Ventral scale greenish, well
developed and rather solid, with a broad median longitudinal division. Length
7'5o mm.

Adult female {fig. 9) whitish, abdominal extremity reddish-fulvous; cephalic
extremity narrowest ; abdominal segments widest, with prominent lateral lobes.
There is a distinct transverse fold across the anterior part of the head on the
level of the rudimentary antennas; this feature is constant in all specimens
examined. The abdominal segments are much wrinkled and seem to be more
highly chitinised than the anterior parts, appearing of a darker colour in
prepared specimens. The two last abdominal segments each bear four or five
stout spines on the lateral margin, and there is sometimes one on the preceding
segment also. Parastigmatic glands not readily discernible, but a small group
of three or four can sometimes be seen on the border of the anterior stigmatic
opening. Pygidium {fig. 10) with evenly rounded extremity. Squames and
lobes as in Myt. citricola, the lobes rather smaller and less prominent; there
are occasionally three instead of two squames caudad of the second marginal
notch. The marginal pores are large and conspicuous, as are also the cylin-
drical spinnerets in connexion with them. The dorsal tubular spinnerets are
either absent or very inconspicuous. Circumgenital glands in five groups : the
median with from one to six orifices, upper laterals with eight to thirteen, and
lower laterals with six to eight. Length averaging i mm.

Adult male {fig. 6) of normal form. Colour creamy white ; head, median
joints of antennce, and sides of thorax tinged with pale purple ; dorsal plates of
mesothorax outlined with reddish ; apodema reddish. Antennas hairy, nearly

M

82 Mytilaspls.

as long as body; terminal joint with a single knobbed hair at apex {fig. 8).
Foot {fii^. 7) with three knobbed hairs— one on claw and two on tarsus; claw
long and slender; tarsus as long as tibia. Length about 075 mm., of which
the genital spike occupies nearly one-fourth.

Eggs white, disposed irregularly beneath the scale {fig. 5).

Habitat on the under surface of leaves of Cocculus 7nacrocarpus. Kandy
(July). The presence of the scale may be detected by a yellowish discolouration
of the leaf.

This species, in the structural details of the female insect, is nearly allied to
M. ponionoi:, Bouchc, which I have seen in Ceylon on the rind of imported
Tasmanian apples. The females of that species have the abdominal segments
similarly chitinised. M. coccuU may be distinguished by the longer and narrow
puparium, with its greenish undivided ventral scale. This species also ap-
proaches AT. a'tncohi (Packard), with which I at first classed it ; but I now
belic\e it to be distinct. The longer, straighter, and narrower puparium, the
frontal fold on the female, and the more highly chitinised abdominal segments,
will assist in the determination of the species. From M. Glovcrii it can be
distinguished by the undivided ventral scale and the irregular disposition of
the eggs. These various points of difference, though severally small, collectively
tend to justify the separation of the species.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXL

Mytilaspis cocculi.

AH figures, except No. i, more or less enlarged.

Fig. I. Part of leaf of Cocculus, with insects in situ, nat. size.

2. l\Lale puparium, from below.

3. „ „ from above.

4. Female puparium, from above.

5. „ „ from below.

6. Adult male, dorsal view.

7. „ „ foot.

8. „ „ terminal joint of antenna.
q. Adult female, ventral view.

10. „ „ pygidium.

Mytilaspis. 83

MYTILASPIS GLOVERII, Packard.

(Plate XXII.)

Coccus gloverii (Packard). Guide to the Study of Insects (1869), P- 5-7
Aspidiotus glovet'it {V:icka.r(\). Ibid., 2nd edition (1870), p. 527.
Mytilaspis gloverii {VSicVaxd). Ashmead, Orange Insects (1880), p. i.

Female puparium {figs. 2 and 3) very long and narrow, straight or curved,
sides almost parallel, with a well-defined narrow flattened border. Colour
variable, brownish-yellow, reddish, or dark redidish-brown, with pale margin ;
the paler specimens usually occurring on the under surface of the leaf. Pellicles
yellow, occupying a little more than one-third of the total length of the scale ;
the second pellicle elongate {fig. 7), with lateral margins of abdominal segments
rounded. Ventral scale whitish, well developed, with a median longitudinal
division {fig. 3) attached a little within the margin. Total length of scale
2'5o to 3 mm. ; breadth 0*59 mm.

Male puparium {figs. 4 and 5) much smaller and more delicate, long and
narrow. Colour pale yellowish-brown, with whitish flattened margin. Pellicle
yellow, occupying about one-third the total length. There is the usual hinge-
like structure towards the posterior extremity. Ventral scale incomplete, a
narrow white strip on each side, attached within the margin. Length r5o mm. ;
breadth 0*50 mm.

Adult female {fig. 2) elongate, lateral margins straight and approximately
parallel, the abdominal area being only slightly wider than the anterior parts.
The meso- and meta-thorax are confluent without any definite line of division,
which is, however, indicated by the position of the stigmata. Abdominal
segments very short, with lateral margins not much produced ; the last three
each with two (sometimes three) stout spine-like processes, and numerous
minute tubular spinnerets opening on the dorsal surface along the margins
and segmental sutures. A very small group (two or three orifices only) of
glands in front of the anterior stigmatic openings. After gestation the cuticle
of the thoracic parts becomes rather firm and chitinous, and is minutely ribbed
transversely. Colour pale purple ; extremity of abdomen reddish. Pygidium
{fig. 8) broad : extremity more truncate and sides more acutely sloped than
in citricola. Mesal lobes obscurely tricuspid, not conspicuously crenulate,
smaller than in citricola j second lobes duplex ; other lobes obsolete. There
are nine pairs of simple tapering squames placed as in citricola, but rather
longer and stouter. Circumgenital glands in four groups : in my Ceylon
examples I find three or four orifices in the median group, six or seven in
the upper laterals, and four to six in the lower laterals. Margin with twelve
large oval pores in connexion with rather conspicuous tubular ducts. Four
series of small capitate ducts opening by large pores on to the dorsal surface.

84 Mytilaspis.

Anal aperture close to base of pygidium ; genital aperture below lower gland
groups. Length i to i"25 mm. ; breadth less than half a millimetre.

Adult male not observed in Ceylon. Prof. Comstock figures it (from
America) as of the normal form, with the parts anterior to the insertion of the
wings very long.

Eggs at first white, afterwards tinged with purple ; arranged regularly and
symmetrically in two rows beneath the scale {fig. 3). Although this species is
distinctly oviparous, I have noticed well-developed embryos in the bodies of
some of the females. Possibly, after depositing a certain number of eggs, a
few living young may be directly produced.

Habitat. — I have received this species from Kandy in January, upon leaves
and young stems of orange trees.

This species may be distinguished from citricola by the narrower and
straighter puparium of the female, by the median longitudinal division in the
ventral scale, and by the arrangement of the eggs beneath the scale. It is more
difficult to point out specific differences in the anatomical structure of the
insect itself, but the elongated mesothorax may be of assistance in discrim-
inating between the species. The abdominal segments in gloverii bear only
two or three marginal spines, while four or five are found in citricola. These
several differences, though small, appear to be constant.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.

Mytilaspis gloverii.

{All figures., except No. i, more or less enlarged!)

Fig. I. Orange leaf, with insects iti situ., nat. size.

2. Female puparium, from above.

3. „ „ from below.

4. Male puparium, from above.

5. „ „ from below.

6. Adult female, ventral view.

7. Second pellicle of female puparium.

8. Pygidium of female, ventral view.

Mytilaspis. 85

MYTILASPIS GLOVERII, Packard, var. PALLIDA, Green.

(Plate XXIU.)

Mytilaspis pallida, Green, ' Catalogue of Coccida;,' Ind. Mus. Notes,

Vol. IV. No. I. (1896).

Female puparium {figs. 3 and 4) very pale straw colour, with a broad
colourless flattened border which extends round the pellicles. Ventral scale
broadly divided, showing the eggs disposed symmetrically in two rows. Length
3 to 3"5o mm., of which the pellicles occupy rather less than one-third.
Breadth o'8o mm.

Male puparium {fig. 2) with broad flattened margin. The hinge-like struc-
ture is not so conspicuous as in the previous species, but the scale posterior to
that part is of a darker, more fulvous tint. Length i'5o mm.

Adult female {fig. 8) creamy white, extremity reddish fulvous. The three
last abdominal segments each with three or four short stout marginal spines.
Abdominal segments rather more chitinised than the anterior parts. I find the
number of orifices in the circumgenital glands to be very constant ; median
with 3 widely separate orifices, upper laterals with 7 or 8, and lower laterals
with 4 only. Length i to r25 mm.

Adult male {fig. 5) pale purple ; head darker ; legs pale yellowish ; dorsal
plates of mesothorax pale and tinged with reddish. Anterior parts of the body
elongated. Terminal joints of antenna with three knobbed hairs {fig. 7), one
at apex and two at side, the latter very fine. Tarsus shorter than tibia. Foot
with three knobbed hairs {fig. 6), the one on claw longest. Length o"62 mm.,
of which the genital spike occupies one-third.

Habitat on leaves of various unidentified shrubs. Punduloya, Kandy
(January).

The difference between this insect and typical M. gloverii seems scarcely
sufficient to justify its specific separation, but the colour and structure of the
puparium— especially the very wide flattened border — incline me to rank it
provisionally as a well-marked variety.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.

Mytilaspis gloverii, var. pallida.

{All figures, except No. i, more or less enlarged^

Fig. I. Leaf, with male and female scales, in situ, nat. size.

2. Male puparium, from above.

3. Female puparium, from above.

4. „ „ from below, showing insect and eggs.

5. Adult male, dorsal view.

6. Foot of male.

7. Terminal joint of antenna of male.

8. Adult female, ventral view.

9. „ pygidium.

86 Diasi>is.

DIASPIS, Costa.

Species in which the female puparium is more or less circular, with the
exuviae (pellicles) usually placed entirely within the margin, though in some
examples the first pellicle may extend beyond the margin of the scale. Ventral
scale usually delicate, remaining attached to the plant.

Male puparium small, oblong, opaque white, often tricarinate.

Adult female ' peg-top ' shaped, anterior segments widest. Abdominal
segments distinct, the divisions marked by transverse rows of conspicuous oval
pores communicating with short cylindrical ducts (tubular spinnerets) ; squames
tapering and spine-like ; sometimes divided at the tips. There is usually a
prominent group of parastigmatic glands round one or both pairs of spiracles.
The anal aperture is usually above the level of the genital aperture.

Adult male of normal form. Antennae with a single knobbed hair at apex.

Only two species of Diaspis have at present been found in Ceylon : —

A. Median lobes of pygidium, large and prominent aviygdali.

B. „ „ small and sunk into the margin... fagrace.

Diaspis. 87

DIASPIS AMYGDALI, Tryon.
(Plates XXIV. and XXIVa.)

Diaspis ainygdali, Tryon, Report on bisect atid Fungus Pests, 1889, p. 89.

Diaspis lanattis^ Morgan and Cockerell, Journal of the Institute of Jamaica,
1892, p. 136.

Diaspis patelliforniis, Sasaki, Bitll. Agric. Coll. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, Japan,
Vol. II. p. 107 (1894).

Female puparium {figs. 5 to 8) white, yellowish white, or greyish, the colour
being principally due to the admixture of particles of the hairs and epidermis of
the plant. The female scales are often very inconspicuous, simulating more or
less closely the surface upon which they are placed {fig. i). In some cases,
however, they remain conspicuously white against the dark green of the plant ;
I have noticed this more particularly in specimens affecting Tylophora. Where
the stem of the plant is hairy, the hairs are usually lifted up and incorporated
into the substance of the scale, remaining erect in their natural positions {fig. 6).
The dorsal scale is moderately convex, irregularly circular. Pellicles reddish
brown; sometimes exposed {fig. 5), sometimes obscured by an overlying deposit
of whitish secretion {fig. 8) ; approximately central {fig. 5), or placed near the
margin {fig. 6) ; from below, the second pellicle is seen as a shallow reddish
depression in the white roof of the scale {fig. 7). In younger specimens the
form of the scale is often oblong with the pellicles situated at one extremity
{fig. 13) ; this form is sometimes retained in the mature scales. Ventral scale
very thin, remaining attached to the plant. Diameter 2 to 2*50 mm.

Male puparium snowy white ; uncarinated {fig. 2), or feebly keeled {fig. 3).
Ventral scale well developed, completely concealing the pupa {fig. 4). Pellicle
pale straw colour. Length i to 1*50 mm. The male scales are usually thickly
clustered together, each scale attached, by its anterior extremity, with the hinder
parts more or less elevated.

The adult female varies in colour from pale creamy white to pinkish orange,
or rosy pink, according to age and food plant (a bright pink variety affects
Callicarpa lanata) ; the posterior extremity is always reddish brown ; on the
under surface a white waxy patch appears on each side of the rostrum, marking
the position of the anterior stigmata {fig. 11). In old specimens, after ovi-
position, the under surface of the pygidium is often thickly covered with white
waxy secretion {fig. 12). The form of the female insect is bro.iJly oval, broadest
and rounded in front, narrowing and bluntly pointed behind {fig. 10). Seg-
ments distinct ; the lateral margins prominent and armed with stout spine-like
squames. On the dorsal surface of each segment is a pair of large depressed
spots (foveas). Antennas {fig. 19) rather close together ; situate immediately in
front of the rostrum ; each consisting of a stout curved bristle on an irregularly
lobed tubercle. Rostrum sunk in a shallow depression. An erior stigmata

88 Diaspis.

surrounded by a well-defined group of parastigmatic glands {fig. 22). Pygidium
{fig. 20) terminating in a pair of prominent pointed lobes, their bases confluent,
and their free margins minutely scalloped {fig. 21). There is a single very
prominent tooth-like lobe laterad of and close to the median lobes, followed at
intervals along the margin by three duplex lobe-like marginal prominences.
The squames, though apparently tapering and spine-like, are laterally com-
pressed, with the extremities divided into three or more points {fig. 21). The
squames are perforated at the extremities, and delicate silky filaments can be
seen to emanate from them if the insect be removed from its scale and left
exposed for a time {fig. 1 1). The number of the squames is somewhat variable,
and often differs on opposite sides of the same insect ; at the base is a group
of six or seven, and there are one or two in the usual positions in each interval
between the lobes and marginal prominences. The circumgenital glands are
in five groups, with a large but variable number of orifices, the median con-
taining from twelve to twenty-five, the upper laterals thirty to forty-six, and the
lower laterals twenty-eight to thirty-eight ; the upper laterals in nearly every
case containing the greater number. The tubular spinnerets are short and
cylindrical, opening by conspicuous oval pores arranged in definite series on the
dorsal surface ; there are two of these series on each side of the pygidium
exterior to the grouped glands, and one on each of he two preceding abdominal
segments ; there are also similar spinnerets and pores on the margins of the
pygidium and preceding four segments. The anal and genital apertures are
optically superposed. Length about i'35 mm. Breadth i mm.

Adult male {fig. 9) bright red, head darker, legs and terminal joints of
antennae pale. Ocelli black, upper pair larger than lower. Terminal joint of
antennae as long as or longer than ninth, suddenly narrowed near the tip,
bearing a stoutish knobbed hair at its apex {fig. 26). Foot {fig. 25) with three
knobbed hairs, one on claw and two on tarsus — the latter often unequal in
length ; claw long and slender; tarsus considerably shorter than tibia. Genital
spike about as long as abdomen. Total length (including genital spike), about
075 mm.

The newly hatched larvae are of two distinct colours, creamy white and
bright pink ; the difference is possibly sexual. The paler larvae, after fixing
themselves to the plant, secrete from a pair of dorsal pores immediately behind
the head a pair of long curling colourless filaments {figs. 14 and 15). These
are ver)' brittle, and are constantly breaking off", to be replaced by fresh growth
from behind, the broken portions accumulating round the body of the insect.
I have not noticed these dorsal filaments upon the pink-coloured larvae. The
posterior extremity of the body bears a pair of small but prominent tricuspid
lobes {fig. 15).

I find a similar difference in the colour of the eggs, some being pale yellow,
and others pale pink, the two forms being laid by distinct individuals. It
seems probable, therefore, that special females, or females at some special
period, produce lan-te of one sex only.

Professors Riley and Howard have published {Insect Life, Vol. VI. p. 287) a
most careful and valuable paper upon the life-history, habits, and distribution
of this insect. By direct observation they ascertained that from eight to nine
weeks were occupied in the development of the female insect, and that a
constant succession of broods occurred

Diaspis. 89

Habitat. — I have found this species on many different plants in Ceylon,
viz., Callicarpa lanata, Tylophora asihmatica, heliotrope, peach, and several
unidentified trees, but it is chiefly noticeable upon cultivated geraniums in
gardens, where it is really a most serious pest, the insects being frequently
massed upon the stems to such an extent as to kill the plant. The presence
of the pest can scarcely escape notice, the stems appearing to be thickly
encrusted with a white scurfy matter, which proves to be composed of masses
of the male scales. The female scales are much less conspicuous. I find this
species at all times of the year, but I think its ravages are worse in the early
(dry) months — January, February, and March. Plants that are sheltered from
the weather are more particularly subject to attack. This insect is found in
widely separate quarters of the globe. It was originally noted by Professor
Tryon on peach trees in Australia, and described by him under the name of
Diaspis amygdali. It subsequently attracted attention in the United States of
America, where it attacks a large number of plants, but is especially injurious to
peach and plum trees. It was there identified as Diaspis lanattis (Morgan and
Cockerell) ; but, as pointed out by Mr. W. M. Maskell {Trafis. N. Z. Instit.^
1894, p. 44), the American insect is in all specific points identical with the D.
atnygdali, previously described by Professor Tryon. I have myself compared
typical specimens from both countries, and can find no good points of dis-
tinction. Professor Cockerell records this pest as occurring in Jamaica on
grape, peach, cotton, capsicum, and a variety of other plants too numerous to
mention. It is said to affect the ' Papaw ' tree {Carica papiya) in the island of
Trinidad. I possess specimens collected by Mr. Albert Koebele in Fiji ; and,
more recently, what appears to be the same insect has brought itself into notice
as an injurious pest on mulberry trees in Japan, where it has been studied by
Professor C. Sasaki of the Agricultural College, Tokyo, and again redescribed
under the name of Diaspis patelliformis. Professor Sasaki states that in Japan
the insect breeds only twice in the year.

Its wide distribution and the great variety of plants upon which this insect
is able to thrive constitute it a dangerous pest, and it has been fully recognised
as such in America, where great efforts are being made to eradicate it. We
may consider ourselves fortunate in Ceylon that the insect has chosen such an
unimportant plant as the geranium for its head-quarters. It would be desirable,
if possible, to exterminate it before it has acquired a more expensive taste. If
it were restricted to geranium plants, this would be comparatively easy, by the
destruction of all affected plants ; but, unfortunately, it has firmly established
itself upon a common indigenous shrub — a plant with woolly stems and leaves
{(Callicarpa lanata) — which is too plentiful and widely distributed for any such
wholesale measures. From experiments conducted by the U. S. Government
entomologist it appears that the scale of this insect is able to resist some of
the strongest insecticides ; in fact, nothing but pure kerosene emulsion seems
to have been really fatal ; but, in the case of growing plants, this remedy would
be as injurious as the disease, and would prove as fatal to the plants as the
parasites. More dilute washes (one of emulsion to nine of water) have proved
efficacious at the time the newly hatched larvae are on the move.

I have bred from this insect a minute hymenopterous parasite, which has
been identified by Prof. Howard as Aspidiophagus citrinus (Craw.)

N

90 Diaspis.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXIV and XXIVa.

Diaspis amygdali.

{All figures^ except No. i, more or less enlarged.)

Fig. I. Piece of geranium stem, with colony of insects, nat. size.
2. Male puparium, from above, uncarinated form.

.3-

„ „ „ with median carina.

4. „ „ from below.

5. Female puparium, upper side, from smooth part of stem.

6. „ „ „ „ from hairy part of stem.

7. „ „ from below.

8. „ „ from above, with pellicles concealed.

9. Adult male, dorsal view.
\o. Adult female, dorsal view.

11. „ „ ventral view, before oviposition.

12. „ „ „ „ after oviposition.

13. Female puparium, from Tylophora (Chionaspiform variety).

14. Young larva, side view, with dorsal filaments.

15. „ „ dorsal view.

16. „ „ extremity of abdomen.

17. „ „ foot.

18. „ „ antenna.

19. Antenna of adult female.

20. Pygidium of adult female.

21. „ median lobes, more enlarged.

22. Anterior spiracle of adult female.

23. Adult male, ventral view.

24. „ „ side view.

25. „ „ foot.

26. „ „ terminal joint of antenna.

Diaspis. 9 1

DIASPIS FAGR/E^ sp. iiov.
(Plate XXV.)

Female puparium {figs. 2, 3, and 6) irregularly circular or slightly oblong,
convex. Colour normally opaque white with fine concentric lines of growth,
but older specimens become stained with greyish brown. The reddish pellicles
are situated either subcentrally {fig. 2) or to one side {fig. 3)— the latter position
being the more frequent ; the hinder parts of the first pellicle are obscured by
a layer of secretion. Ventral scale represented by a whitish film which remains
attached to the plant. Length averaging 2 mm. Breadth i'25 to 175 mm.

Male puparium {figs. 4 and 5) oblong ; white, with yellowish pellicle at
anterior extremity; no trace of carination. Ventral scale very thin and delicate,
remaining attached to the plant. Length i mm.

Adult female {fig. 7) broadly rounded in front and tapering to a blunt point
behind ; segments well defined, with lateral margins produced into rounded
lobes. Colour reddish. Antennas {fig. 8) rather close together, each con-
sisting of a stout, curved hair on an irregular tubercle. Anterior spiracles each
surrounded by a large cluster of parastigmatic glands {fig. 9), which are
indicated in the living insect by white, waxy patches. Pygidium {fig. 10) with
a pair of oblique, rounded, median lobes sunk into the margin, their bases
confluent, their free margins minutely crenulate ; followed closely on each side
by a small but prominent duplex lobe, and crenulate marginal prominences at
intervals. Squames tapering and spine-like, one in each of the first and second
spaces, two in each of the third and fourth spaces, and a group of about six at
the base. Each of the three preceding segments has a marginal group of
similar spine-like squames. The circumgenital glands are in five groups, of
which the median contains from eight to ten orifices, the upper laterals from
fifteen to eighteen, and the lower laterals from twenty to thirty, the lower
groups in every case containing the greater number. The tubular spinnerets
are short and cylindrical, a few opening on to the margin, and others opening,
by conspicuous oval pores arranged in definite curved series, on the dorsal
surface ; there are two of these series on each side of the pygidium and one
on each of the two preceding abdominal segments, and there are three or
four similar pores on each side, close to the circumgenital glands. There are
other very delicate filiform ducts communicating with the marginal squames.
The genital aperture is between the lower gland groups, and the anal aperture
slightly anterior. Length i to no mm. Breadth o'8o to i mm.

Adult male of normal form and reddish colour. Terminal joint of antennas
equal to 9th, and bearing a single knobbed hair at apex {fig. 12). Foot {fig. 11)
wiih three knobbed hairs (one on claw and two on tarsus) ; claw proportionately
shorter and stouter than in D. amygdalij tarsus considerably shorter than

\

92 Diaspis.

tibia. Genital spike about as long as abdomen. Length (including genital
spike) 0*85 mm.

Habitat. — I found this insect thickly clustered on the buds of Fagrcea
zeylaiiica in the Haldumulla district. The winged males were emerging in
April.

This species is very close to D. rosic, Sandb. The uncarinated scale of the
male will help to distinguish the Ceylon insect.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Diaspis fagr^e^.

{All figures, except No. i, more or less enlarged.)

Fig. I. Flower buds oi Fagrcea, with scales in situ.

2. Female puparium, from above (central pellicles).

3. „ „ „ „ (lateral pellicles).

4. Male puparium, from above.

5. „ „ from below.

6. Female puparium from below.

7. Adult female, ventral view.

8. „ „ antennae.

g. „ „ one of the anterior stigmata.

10. „ „ pygidium.

11. Foot of adult male.

12. Terminal joint of male antenna.

Fiorinia. 93

FIORINIA, Targ. Tozz.

In this genus the adult female is smaller than, and is completely enclosed
in, the second pellicle, which is proportionately large. The female at the second
moult shrinks in size, and thus becomes detached from the skin of the previous
stage. The eggs or young larvae are deposited within this receptacle. The
female puparium, consisting principally of this enlarged second pellicle, with
sometimes a slight secretional margin, is elongate, with the first pellicle pro-
jecting beyond the anterior margin. It bears the same relation to Chionaspis or
Diaspis that Aonidia does to Aspidiotus. The male puparium is elongate,
opaque white, with or without carinae, the pellicle placed at the anterior
extremity. The scales are usually exposed, but in one Ceylon species {scrobi-
culariun) they are concealed within the scrobicul^e (glandular pits) of the leaf,
while in another species {sccretd) the female puparia are enclosed in small galls.
The pygidium of the adult female usually bears well-developed median lobes,
with sometimes two smaller ones on each side. There are normally five groups
of circumgenital glands, of which the median and upper lateral groups some-
times coalesce to form an arch, but in the gall-making species the grouped
glands are entirely absent.

I find five species of Fiorinia in Ceylon. Of these, the first three {fiorinice,
saprosince, and sij/iilis) are very closely allied, so much so as to be superficially
almost unseparable ; but the minute structural details of the adult female yield
good specific characters. The structure of the rudimentary antenniE will be
found useful for the purpose of synopsis.

Synopsis of Ceylon Species of Fiorinia.

A. Female puparium exposed

(tj) Antennze of female with a long conical spike fiorinice.

{b) Antennae of female without conical spike.

(i) Antennae close together, with a median tricuspid

tubercle saprosmcc.

(2) Antenna; widely separate, without median

tubercle similis.

B, Female puparium concealed

{a) In glandular pits (scrobiculae) scrobicularum

{b) In small rounded galls on surface of leaf secreta.

94 Fiorinia.

FIORINIA FIORINI^, Targ. Tozz.

(Plate XXVI.)

Diaspis fiorinice^ Targ. Tozz. (1867), Studii Cocciniglie, p. 14.

Fiorinia pellucida, Targ. Tozz., Catal. (1868), p. 436.

Chermes areccs, Boisduval, Insect. Agric. (1868).

Fiorinia caviellicc, Comstock, Agric. Report, 1880, p. 329.

Uhleria cainellzce, Comstock, Second Rep. Depart. Eiitoin., Cornell Univ.

Experiment Station, 1883, p. iii.
Fiorinia paltnce, Green, ' Catalogue of Coccida; of Ceylon,' Ind. Mus.

Notes, Vol. IV. No. i (1896).

Female puparium {Jigs. 2 and 7) composed almost entirely of the oblong
second pellicle, covered with a thin transparent layer of colom-less secretion,
which extends very slightly beyond its margin. The first pellicle is very small,
pale straw colour, and situated at the anterior extremity, projecting beyond
the margin. Colour of second pellicle dull reddish fulvous ; median area
darker, sometimes forming a well-defined longitudinal stripe {fig. 7), which is
intensified by the presence of a more or less prominent median ridge. The
posterior margin of the second pellicle {fig. 8) is similar to that of the pygidium
of the adult female. The puparium is closed beneath by a transparent mem-
brane, which is the ventral portion of the second pellicle. The adult insect
occupies the anterior portion of the scale, the hinder portion being packed
with the pale yellow eggs arranged in two rows. Length about 1*25 mm.
Breadth 0*50 mm.

I have not observed the male puparium of this species. Signoret describes
it as being similar in structure and appearance to that of the female, but smaller
and narrower. This must surely be a mistake. In all the allied species the
male scales are snowy white, and usually tricarinate as in Chionaspis.

Adult female {fig. 3) fiattish, marginal area especially thin ; abdominal
segments (after oviposition) very much contracted, their lateral margins over-
lapping the base of the pygidium. Signoret describes the insect as very elon-
gated, three times as long as broad. This must refer to the early adult stage,
when it would almost fill the puparium. Colour pale yellow ; median abdominal
area reddish brown. In the living insect minute black eyes are visible close to
the margin. The rudimentary antennre {fig. 5), situated in a median depression
on the anterior margin, are apparently two-jointed, the basal joint consisting of
a broad fleshy tubercle bearing a stout curved bristle on one side, the second
joint taking the form of a stout pointed spine, which in some specimens bears
a small lateral point near the extremity {fig. 6). The margins of the abdominal
segments bear a few spinous tubercles {fig. 4). Pygidium {fig. 4) deltoid ;
apex rather truncate, with a distinct median notch, the sides of he notch
occupied by the oblique median lobes, which are finely serrated along their

Fiorinia. 95

free edge ; two smaller prominent lobes on each side near the extremity,
followed by several indentations and minute serrations. Three, or sometimes
four, rather conspicuous tubular spinnerets open by cylindrical ducts on to the
margin of the pygidium. The circumgenital glands are arranged in a more or
less complete arch, but the lower lateral groups can usually be separated. The
arch comprising the median and upper lateral groups contains from 25 to 30
orifices ; the lower lateral groups have each from 12 to 16 orifices. Size (after
oviposition) about 075 x 0*50 mm.

Adult male not observed.

Habitat on under surface of leaves of the camellia plant and the cocoanut
palm. Punduloya (September). I have not yet found this insect upon tea, but
its presence upon such a closely allied plant as the camellia makes it extremely
probable that our staple product may be attacked by this pest. Its presence
in large numbers upon cocoanut leaves must be injurious, the affected leaves
turning a sickly yellow colour. The same insect is said to affect the Areca
palm. The species is widely distributed, occurring in Europe, America, and
Australia.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.

Fiorinia fiorinite.

{All figures, except No. i, more or less ettlarged.

Fig. I. Piece of cocoanut leaf, with insects in slfu, nat. size.

2. Female scale, from above.

3. Adult female, ventral view.

4. „ pygidium.

5. „ antennce.

6. „ antenna, branched form.

7. Female scale, from camellia plant.

8. Extremity of second pellicle.

96 Fiorinia.

FIORINIA SAPROSM^, Green.

(Plate XVII.)

Fiorinia snprosi/icTy Green, ' Catal. of Coccida?,' Ind. Mus. Azotes, Vol. IV.

No. I (1896).

Female puparium {fig. 2) very similar to that of F. fiorinice, but rather
larger; oblong oval, a very narrow margin of colourless transparent secretion
surrounding the large second pellicle. Colour clear orange yellow, through
which the form of the adult insect and the ova can be distinguished ; towards
the hinder extremity is generally a paler region caused by the accumulation of
the white eggskins beneath the scale. There is a median logitudinal ridge,
which is often of a darker (reddish) colour. Before oviposition the adult insect
occupies the posterior portion of the puparium {fig. 5), but as the eggs are
deposited the insect is shifted forwards until it lies in the anterior half {fig. 3),
the eggs being arranged in a double row behind. Length 175 to 2 mm.
Breadth 075 mm.

Male puparium {fig. 10) opaque white ; obscurely tricarinate ; pellicle pale
yellow. The puparia are usually collected together in small groups, partially
concealed beneath a quantity of white filamentous and flocculent matter secreted
by the larva;. Length ri2 mm. Breadth about 0*40 mm.

Adult female {fig. 4) pale yellow, pygidium brownish ; margin flattened and
almost colourless; no eyespots. Before oviposition the insect is broadly oval
{fig. 3) ; afterwards it becomes almost semicircular in outline {fig. 4). The
abdominal segments are completely retracted, forming a concavity from which
the pygidium projects. Just within the anterior margin are the rudimentary
antennas {fig. 8), each consisting of two very short joints, with a longish stout
bristle springing from the basal one ; a small tricuspid tubercle separates the
two antennae. On the lateral margins of the body are several groups of
prominent jointed (.?) tubercles {fig. 9), which may perhaps be used by the
insect for shifting its position within the puparium. Pygidium {fig. 7) rather
broad and bluntly triangular ; extremity with a deep median indentation
occupied by the median lobes, which are united at the base by a curved trans-
verse piece ; the lobes are very slightly serrate at the extremity. Lateral lobes
obsolete. Margin of pygidium irregularly sinuate, with several small prominent
points and indentations. Tubular spinnerets small and inconspicuous, filiform.
Circumgenital glands in five groups, the median and upper laterals forming
together a more or less complete arch ; lower laterals with eighteen or nineteen
orifices, upper laterals with fifteen to twenty, median with six to eight arranged
in an irregular chain. Length (after oviposition) 075. Breadth o"62 mm

Adult male {fig. 11) minute; bright orange yellow. Ocelli black; upper
pair separate by about their own diameter, lower pair by half their diameter.
Antennae normal, ten-jointed, hairy ; tenth joint with a knobbed hair at apex

Fiorinia. 97

{fig. 12). Foot {fig. 13) with three digitules, one on claw and two on tarsus ;
claw rather long ; tarsus shorter than tibia.

Female of second stage {fig. 6) elongated ; the two abdominal segments
immediately preceding the pygidium produced laterally into longish pointed
processes.

Habitat on leaves of Saprosma zeylanicwn, Punduloya. The female scales
occur on both surfaces of the leaves. The male scales are found only on the
under surface. The male colonies are rather conspicuous, owing to the white
flocculent matter covering them.

This species may be distinguished from F. fiorinicE by the absence of lateral
lobes on the pygidium ; by the less conspicuous tubular spinnerets ; by the
structure of the antenna; in the female, and the presence between them of a
prominent chitinous tubercle. The marginal tubercles in saprosmcc are more
numerous than \n fiofinicv, and more truncate.

A minute hymenopterous parasite keeps this species in partial check. It
has been recognised by Professor L. O. Howard as Arrhenophagus chionaspidis,
Auriv.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.

Fiorinia saprosm^e.

{All figures., except No. i, more or less enlarged.)

Fig. I. Leaf of saprosma zeylanicum, with insects, nat. size.

2. Female puparium, from above.

3. „ „ from below, showing insect and eggs.

4. Adult female, ventral view.

5. Female puparium, showing position of insect before oviposition.

6. Female of second stage.

7. Pygidium of adult female.

8. Antennae of female.

9. Marginal tubercles.

10. Male puparium, from above.

1 1. Adult male, dorsal view.

12. „ „ terminal joints of antenna.

13. „ „ foot.

98 Fiorinia.

FIORINIA SIMILIS, sp. nov.
(Plate XXVIII.)

Female puparium {fig. 6) very similar to that of F. sap?'osmcc, but more
delicate and transparent, and without any dark median stripe. There is an
indistinct median longitudinal ridge, with a short lateral ridge on each side
near the hinder extremity. Colour pale clear yellow or orange, transparent,
the form of the insect and eggs plainly visible through the scale {fig. 6).
Secretional margin very narrow. On the under surface there are two waved
lines of opaque white secretion extending from the anterior margin nearly to
the middle of the scale {fig. 11) which are not found in saprosmcc. Length,
175 to I '90 mm. Breadth 075 mm.

Male puparium {fig. 2) white, tricarinate, the ridges prominent and powdery.
Puparia not covered with flocculent matter as in saprosiiKT, but the surface of
the leaf surrounding the male colonies thinly coated with a fine whitish powder
{fig. i). Length i mm. Breadth about 0*40 mm.

Adult female {fig. 4) pale yellow ; margin flattened and colourless ; pygidium
brownish ; anterior extremity not so broadly rounded as in saprostnce; ab-
dominal segments contracted till the extremity of the pygidium is almost level
with their lateral margins. Several groups of truncate marginal tubercles
{fiS- ?)• Antennae {fig. 5) wider apart, and with no median tubercle. Rostrum
{fig. 12) conspicuous on account of the large, blackish, recurved anterior
processes. Pygidium {fig. 8) deltoid, narrower and more pointed than in
saprosmce. Median lobes very small, erect, and separate ; no deep median
notch ; lateral lobes obsolete. Circumgenital glands in five groups ; upper and
lower laterals, each with from thirteen to eighteen orifices ; median group
consisting of three or four separate orifices. Tubular spinnerets very minute
and inconspicuous. Length (after oviposition) 075 mm. Breadth 0*50 mm.

Adult male reddish orange. Antenna with a knobbed hair at extremity.
First and second pairs of feet with four digitules {fig. 9), hind feet with three
digitules {fig. 10).

Young larva yellow, oval, tapering behind. Abdominal extremity {fig. 3)
with several tubercles and fleshy spines. Eggs pale yellow.

Habitat on leaves of unidentified shrub ; Punduloya. The females occur on
both surfaces of the leaves, the male scales on the under surface only.

This species can be distinguished from saprosmcB by the more widely
separate antenna without median tubercle (compare PL XXVIII. fig. 5, with
PL XXVII. fig. 8), also by the narrower and more pointed pygidium with its
small erect median lobes. The adult males can be separated by the number
of digitules on the anterior feet.

Fiorima, 99

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIIL

FlORINIA SIMILIS.

{All figtires, except No. i, moj-e or less ciilm-ged.)

Fig'. I. Leaf, with male and female scales in sllu, nat. size.

2. Male puparium, from above.

3. Abdominal extremity of young larva.

4. Adult female, dorsal view.

5. „ „ antennas.

6. Female puparium, from above.

7. Marginal tubercles of adult female.

8. Pygidium of adult female.
9 Anterior foot of adult male.

10. Hind foot of „ „

1 1. Female puparium, from below, showing position of insect before

oviposition.

12. Rostral apparatus of adult female.

I oo Fiorinia.

FIORINIA SCROBICULARUM, Green.

(Plate XXIX.)

Fiorinia scrobicularum, Green, ' Catal. of Coccidte,' Indian Mus. Notes,
Vol. IV. No. I (1896).

Female puparium {Jigs. 4 and 10) elongate, narrow in front, broadening
behind ; posterior half rather abruptly depressed, the large second pellicle
covered by a very thin layer of secretion which scarcely projects beyond the
margin. Colour pale yellow, median area tinged with reddish, the adult female
indistinctly visible through the scale. First pellicle long and narrow. Length
I mm. Greatest breadth o"3o mm.

Male puparium {fig. 2) opaque white with the pellicle pale yellow, elongate,
narrow, uncarinated, hinder part flattened, surrounded by some loose white
flocculent secretion which projects from the mouth of the cavity in which the
scale is concealed {Jig. 3). Length ri5 mm.

Adult female {Jigs. 5, 6, and 7) elongate, narrower in front, abdominal
segments widest ; division of segments rather indistinct. Body rather thick
dorso-laterally, the tumescence ending abruptly at the base of the pygidium,
which is thin and deflexed {Jig. 7). Small blackish eyespots are indistinctly
visible on the anterior dorsal margin in living examples. Antennce {fig. 8) of
two short joints with a stout bristle on the side of the basal joint. No marginal
tubercles. Pygidium {Jig. 9) triangular, extremity with a deep median notch,
on the sides of which are the small oblique median lobes, followed closely by
two small prominent marginal points representing the lateral lobes. There are
three small indentations on the lateral margins, and three or four small spines.
Circumgenital glands in five distinct groups, the median with four to six orifices,
upper laterals with seven to eleven, and lower laterals with seven to thirteen.
Tubular spinnerets cylindrical, rather inconspicuous, three on each side, opening
on to the margin. Anal aperture considerably anterior to the genital opening,
almost on a level with the median group of glands. Length o"6o mm.

Adult male not observed.

Eggs pale yellow, comparatively large, almost a quarter the size of the parent
insect.

Habitat : — In the glandular pockets (scrobiculs) at the angles of the veins
on the under surface of the leaves of GcErtirera Koenigii, Punduloya (July).
The female scales are completely concealed, but their presence may be detected
by a yellowish discolouration on the upper surface of the leaf immediately above
the affected part. The male scale is only partially concealed. The small white
spots at the angles of the veins of the leaf {Jig. i) mark the position of the male
insects. A very small and inconspicuous species, unlike any of its congeners.
The relatively large size of the male scale, which is longer than that of the
female, is unusual.

Finr7fua. lOI

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.

FlORINIA SCROBICULARUM.

{All figures^ except No. i, more or less enlarged^

Fig. I. Insects in sitti, on leaf of Gsertnera.

2. Part of leaf, with scrobicula and male puparium.

3. Male puparium, removed from scrobicula.

4. Female puparium, from above.

5-
6.

7.

Adult female.

, ventral view,
dorsal view,
side view.

8.

9-
0.

„ antennas.
„ pygidium.
Part of leaf, with scrobicula opened, showing female puparium
in position.

I02 Fiorinia,

FLORINIA SECRETA, Green.

(Plate XXX.)

Fiorinia secreta, Green, ' Catal. of Coccidas,' Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV.

No. I (1896.)

Female puparium consisting almost entirely of the inflated second pellicle
enclosed in a minute rounded gall {Jjgs. i and 5). The scale is of a peculiar
form {Jig. 6), pear-shaped, with the ventral and cephalic areas strongly convex,
and with an oblong circumscribed depression on what must be considered the
dorsal surface. The insect in this stage curiously resembles the pupa of a
Syrphid fly. Colour pale yellow, the form and colour of the contained insect
partially visible through the covering. Some white waxy matter usually adheres
to the lower ventral surface of the scale, and the cavity of the gall is im-
perfectly lined with a similar material. The puparium rests in an erect position
within the gall {fig. 5), the posterior extremity always directed towards the
opening on the under surface of the leaf, which is normally closed by the small
ochreous first pellicle {Jig. 4) ; but this latter is frequently displaced or missing,
possibly dislodged by the escaping larvae. The margin of the posterior ex-
tremity is closely fringed with fine sharply pointed thorn-like processes {Jig. 14).
Length 0*90 mm. Greatest transverse diameter 0*50 mm. The gall measures
about I mm. by 075 mm.

Male puparium opaque white ; slightly concave above, uncarinated ; slipper-
shaped both in outline {Jig. 2) and longitudinal section {Jig. 3). Anterior half
covered by the bright yellow pellicle, which is transversely wrinkled {Jig. 2). A
section through the leaf at the point occupied by the puparium shows it to be
sunk in a depression in the substance of the leaf {Jig. 3), a corresponding
prominence appearing on the other side. Length 075 mm. Breadth 0*25 mm.

Adult female {Jigs. 7 and 8) bright yellow, with inconspicuous blackish eye-
spots on the anterior margin. A median longitudinal section through the
pear-shaped second pellicle will show the adult female resting loosely inside
in an erect position {Jig. 13). Thoracic segments broadly rounded and strongly
convex dorsally ; abdominal segments suddenly narrowed and tapering to a
point. Antennas minute, rudimentary, situate on the anterior margin, two-
jointed, terminal joint a small conical tubercle, basal joint a flattish oval plate
with a stout curved hair on one side {Jig. 9). Spiracles elevated on small round
tubercles {Jig. 8). Pygidium long and narrow, terminating in a conspicuous
prominent narrow median process, which is dilated and indented at the apex
{_fig. 10) ; the lateral margin near the extremity is very irregularly and variously
crenulate or dentate, the two sides being often asymmetrical {Jigs. 10, 11, 12).
There are no true lobes, squames, or spires ; no circumgenital glands, and no
tubular spinnerets. The surface of the pygidium is longitudinally marked with
numerous fine lines and wrinkles. Genital aperture close to base of pygidium ;

Fiorinia. 103

anal aperture a little nearer the extremity. Length 075 mm. Greatest breadth
0*50 mm.

Adult male not observed.

No eggs or young larvae were found in the puparia or galls, from the
absence of circumgenital glands in the adult female it is probable that the insect
is ovoviviparous. The young larvae would readily make their escape through
the aperture at the base of the gall.

Habitat on leaves of Grewia orientalis. Punduloya (June, July). The
female insects occupy minute rounded or conical galls on the upper surface of
the leaf ; the male scales are sunk in shallow depressions on the under surface.

The development of this insect is essentially that of a Fiorinia, though the
form of the female puparium is very abnormal and totally unlike that of any
of its congeners. It is interesting to find on this same plant three galls, out-
wardly almost identical, one formed by an Aspidiotits {occulius), a second by
the above-described Fiori?tia, and a third produced by the action of a micro-
scopic fungus. It would seem that the plant must be predisposed to the
formation of galls under the stimulus of irritation. I notice a curious difference
between the galls of the Aspidiotits and the Fiorinia after desiccation. The
former, in drying, become of a darker tint than the rest of the leaf; while the
exact opposite occurs in the other case, the dried Fiorinia galls being consider-
ably paler than their surroundings. No such distinction is apparent in the
fresh galls.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.
Fiorinia secreta.

{All figures, except No. i, more or less enlarged.)

Fig. I. Leaf of Grewia orientalis, with galls, nat. size.

2. Male puparium, in situ.

3. Section of leaf showing male puparium from the side.

4. Under surface of leaf, showing opening of female gall closed by the

first pellicle.

5. Section of gall showing female puparium.

6. Female puparium, removed from gall..

7. Adult female, side view.

8. „ ventral view.

9. „ antenna.
ID. „ pygidium.

11,12. „ variation in form of extremity of pygidium.

13. Section (diagrammatic) through puparium, showing position of adult

female.

14. Extremity of second pellicle, dorsal view.

1

PI. I.

E. E. Greeny del.

Structural Characters of Female and Larval Diaspin^.

PL 11.

a, bed
E. E. Green, del.

Structural Characters of Male Diaspin^e.

pim

PWM.Trapimp.

GONCHASPIS SOCIALIS.

Plfll, A.

PW.M.T-impr

CONGHASPIS SOCIALIS.

PI. IV.

0

UGreen adnai. del

PWMT.impr

iPlDIOTDS TRILOBIT

Pl.V.

EE.Gree-.i adnalde!

P.WM.T.impr

ASPIDIOTUS FIGUS.

PI. VI.

2.

Vi7

^MaUiM.

J

"iV-''.U-

1I£ Green adnat.del.

PW.M.T.impr.

ASPIDIOTUS ROSSI.

PI VII.

r.CCroen aiiual, dol

PWM.T impr

ASPIDIOTUS OSBEGKIi^.

PL VIII.

J

.'K> \

vy

■^0^-:

PWM.Trap imp

ASPIDIOTUS LATAHI^.

PI. IX.

•v=

EE. Green actnat.del

P.WM.T irajr-

ASPiDiOTUs cyahophyll:

Pl.X.

£.E. Green adnat del

P.WM.Timpr

ASPIDIOTUS PUTEARIUS 1— E
ASPIDIOTUS EXGISUS 7—9.

PL XI.

2.

\,

^4 \

r

'■•'■■

EE.Creen adual, del.

P.WM.T, impr.

.SPIDIOTUS OCGULTUS.

Pl.XII.

11.

U

\ 1

l.l 7

C) r-^.

C>

t'CGreen adjiai. del.

PWM.T.impr.

ASPIDIOTUS AURANTl

Yijm

PWMTrapar.p

ASPIDIOTUS GAMELLl,

PIXR'.

2. ;

PVi'K.Trspirr.p.

ASPIDIOTDS CYDONi

PI. XV.

^::^

E.E.Green adnal.del.

PW.M.Timpr.

A.J.JWUtli-

ASPIDIOTUS SECRETUS.

PI. XVI.

/

:feA

■&i^-:

"EH.Grsea adnatdel.

M

P.W.M.T. impr.

ASPIDIOTUS INUSITATDS.

F1.X\TI,

E.E Green ii.

PW.M.Trip imp.

AONIDIA CORNIGER.

PI X\UA.

AONIDIA GORKIGER.

PI. XVIII

11 Green adnat del

P.WMT.iBipr

DIA BULLATA.

PI XIX.

P VTM.Trap imp.

AOKIDIA LORANTHI 1-5.
AORIDIA OBSCDRA 6-9.

PI XX.

2. /,

?Vn.ITrspi

:ytilaspis gitricola.

PI. XXI.

EE. Green adnat.del

EWMT-impr

:ytilaspis gocculi

pijQor.

FWMTrsip imp

:ytilaspis gloveri

PI. XXIII.

EEGresn adnat.del

P.WM.T.impr

A.J.J.W.Hlh,

MYTILASPIS GLOVERIl VAR. PALLID.

PI. XXIV.

"""^T-

Yf

•" -.1

W'

tE Green ad nal del-

PWM T irap.

K;

DiASPis amygdal;

IM.XXIV.A.

DIASPIS AMYGDALi,

pixx\-.

& \

E.E.Green t

P'/VMTrsp;

"DIASPIS FAGR.«yE,

PL XXVI.

Vm"

EfGreen adnat.del.

P.WM.T.impr.

FIORINIA FIORINI^.

PI xx^'Ir.

PW.M Trap imp.

FIORINIA SAPROSM

3.

Pl.XXVlII.

■Ik

m

-^^

■^.1

j I

i^f

.. fi

a

■££ Green adnat del.

PW.T.impr.

FIORINIA SIMILIS.

PL XXIX.

'Y

FW.M.Trapimp.

FIORINIA SCROBICULARUM.

PI. XXX

I K^^sls

l»

!^'

m't'

'^r

FIORINIA SECRETA.

LONDON:

Printed by Strangeways and Sons,

Tower St., Cambridge Circus.

Part II. will appear as soon as completed, and will
conclude the Diaspin^e and commence the Lecaniin^.

A special chapter on Insecticides and Preventive
Measures will be included in Part II.