LIBRARY

OF CEYLON:
GAMO ATDER, Mh6

a

Vignet: CONTENTS OF PART I
NCOMOS C09 eu as
SATA

CHAPTER VI. LECANIINE . Bey item at
Synopsis of Genera. :
Lecanium:. . Pdpies
es Synopsis of Species
» capparidis . Page 187
a hesperidum . . 188
» formicarii . . 190
- frontale Sanne eno
; D ophiorrhizz. Fh 193
i ~~ acuminatum eros
a signiferum . ator,
Bs viride . é 3) lose)
» discrepans . . 204
» punctuliferum . 205 |
si subtessellatum . 206
» tessellatum. . 207
i antidesme . + 200
; piperis e . 210°
Sn marsupiale . de) ehe3
Bis bicruciatum. . 214
» Mangifere . . 216

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HARVARD UNIVERSITY
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APR 20 1904

Lecanine. 171

CHAPTER VI.
LECANIINA.

THE Lecanzne are distinguished from those other families that
have males with simple eyes and females with setiferous anal ring
by the following characters:—Females with posterior extremity
cleft. Anal orifice closed above by an operculum consisting typi-
cally of a pair of triangular hinged plates (the anal plates or anal
scales) forming a valve. Mentum usually monomerous. Body
unsegmented.

The posterior cleft is always present in the early stages, and
usually so throughout life, though in some species its edges
become more or less fused together in the adult insect. In the
aberrant genus Ac/erda—at present included amongst the Lecanzne
—the anal operculum consists of a single undivided plate, formed
by the fusion of the usual hinged plates.

The body may be naked, as in Lecanium ; partially concealed
beneath a woolly or felted sac, as in Szgnoretia or Lichtensia ;
completely enclosed in a felted sac, as in Evzopeltis ; covered with
a glassy test, as /uglista; or a waxy test, as Ceroplastes; with
various intermediate modifications. There may be a conspicuous
ovisac, as in Pulvinaria.

The derm may be densely chitinous, or soft: the limbs well
developed, rudimentary, or entirely wanting. The margin of the
body has usually a well-defined fringe of hairs or spines, and the
stigmatic clefts are armed with modified spines.

The young larva is always active; with well-developed legs
and antenne, the latter having six distinct joints. The posterior
extremity is cleft to the anal aperture, and each of the anal plates
supports a longish stout seta at its apex.

The female insect, in its second stage, is sometimes termed the
nymph. This stage differs from the larval form principally in
size in the naked forms, or by an increase of the secretionary
covering in other genera.

The adult female insect may eventually differ very greatly

AA

172 Lecanune.

from that of the previous stage, though in some genera, ¢.¢.,
Lecanium, the change is not at first very marked. In Hvzopeltzs and
Lecanochiton, and in individual species of some other genera, the
final stage is indicated by an apodous condition. Usually, but not
invariably, there is an increase of the number of antennal joints.
The limbs, when present, are firmer, and there is often a marked
thickening and hardening of the chitinous derm. The formation
of a definite sac (separable from the insect) is usually characteristic
of the adult stage only. In Lrzochiton, however, the sac is said to
appear in the second stage. The four spiracles open on the ventral
surface, usually at some distance from the margin. The posterior
extremity is normally deeply cleft, though, in some cases, the
margins of the cleft become confluent. The anal orifice opens at
the base of this cleft, and is guarded above by a valvular operculum
composed of two hinged plates. At the extremity of the rectum
is an eversible sac, containing the so-called anal ring, which bears
six or more stout hairs. This sac is usually retracted; but, during
the evacuation of the excreta, which are of a liquid saccharine
nature, it is everted and exserted between the chitinous plates of
the operculum, when the hairs of the anal ring form a support
for the globule of excrement. The globule finally bursts, and the
excreta are projected in the form of a fine spray. The anal ring
sometimes secrets a fine waxy tube, which enables the excreta to
be carried still further away from the body of the insect. The ©
genital orifice opens on to the under surface, at the base of the
anal cleft. Its aperture is very inconspicuous.

The male insect does not become in any way differentiated
until after the first ecdysis. Even in the second stage it is often
extremely difficult to distinguish the sexes until the formation of
the puparium. In the greater number of genera the male puparium
consists of a glassy test, symmetrically divided by raised lines into
well-defined plates. In the genus Avzcerus, however, the puparia
are said to be enveloped in a mass of wax. In C7yftes the
puparium is subcylindrical and felted. In /wglisza the plates are
often highly sculptured. In several genera the male has not been
recognised in any stage.

After the formation of the puparium, a second ecdysis takes
place, revealing the pupa in which the limbs of the future imago
are now plainly indicated.

The adult male differs from that of the Diaspzdine chiefly in
the more marked separation of the head from the thorax by a

Lecaniine. We)

narrow neck. The caudal extremity often bears a pair of con-
spicuous waxy filaments.

The number of stages, separated by the casting of the skin, is
believed to be three in the female ; but as the process of moulting
in this family is very obscure, the point requires confirmation. I
have myself observed the shedding of the skin in the genus
Lecanium. Yhe exuvium is very thin and delicate, becoming
twisted up into a minute formless shred as it is pushed off the
body. The old skin may sometimes be seen still adhering to the
posterior extremity of a recently transformed female Lecanzum.
It is difficult to understand how such genera as Ceroplastes or
Vinsonza, in which the waxy test is closely adherent to the body
of the insect throughout life, can get rid of their exuvia. It is
possible that the cast skins may become incorporated into the
waxy test. The fact that in Ceroplastes the pad of opaque wax
that covers the dorsum of the larva may always be recognised as a
central spot on the test of the adult, and that the pointed lateral
processes of the larval test can be distinguished at intervals on
the submarginal area of the fully formed test lends colour to this
theory of incorporation.

While in the female only two changes of skin are known, in
the male there are certainly three moults before the emergence of
the winged adult. The first of these takes place before the forma-
tion of the puparium. The second signifies the transformation to
the pupal stage. The third reveals the imago. The two last
exuvia are thrust out from beneath the posterior extremity of the
puparium.

Union of the sexes takes place immediately after the shedding
of the second skin in the female while the insect is still quite
small. After impregnation the female usually increases. very
greatly in size until—when ready to deposit eggs—it may be
many times the bulk of the sexually mature insect. A want of
appreciation of this fact has led some authors to mistake the early
adult female for the nymph (or female of second stage), and to
describe it as such,

The family includes several well-marked genera, ¢.¢., Lecanium,
Pulvinaria, Ceroplastes, Vinsonia, Inglisia, &c.; but it also contains
numerous other genera that lend themselves with difficulty to any
clear synopsis, and some that are doubtfully separable from their
allied genera. The presence or absence of test, and the nature of
that test when present, are usually taken as synoptical characters ;

174 Lecanine.

but these characters are very relative, and occur in all degrees of
modification. It is often difficult to decide whether the test of a
particular genus should be classed as waxy, or nacreous, or even
glassy, especially when individual species vary considerably in
their characters. Even the presence or absence of a test is rela-
tive. For instance, the genus /Pz/vzmaria is usually classed as
naked; but the body of the female is sometimes more or less
completely concealed beneath a loose woolly covering. Then
Eriochiton may have a complete test in the adult female, or it
may be incomplete or entirely wanting. The following attempt
at a synopsis will therefore be only a rough guide. More careful
details of the generic characters will be found under the headings
of the several genera. Some of the more obscure genera (of those
not occurring in the Indian region) have been omitted from the
synopsis, but are mentioned in a supplementary paragraph. Those
genera included in brackets have not yet been recorded from Ceylon.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

A. Adult ? naked; without definite sac or test.
(a) 2 without ovisac.
(@#) 3g puparium glassy, flat ; divided into distinct plates.

@)Wsupetterraneanlesss-s-e eee eee LECANIUM, Burm.
@) subterranean e-esesseeeeeeenceee (LECANOPSIS, Targ.)
(4) 3 puparium subcylindrical; felted; with glassy oper-
Col Loh oa eee racer abaccabesnpococbodn Gauss (CRYPTES, Crawf.)

(6) with concealed or rudimentary ovisac; apparent ex-
ternally as a mere fringe of white secretion.
PROTOPULVINARIA, Ckll.
(c) 2 with distinct ovisac.
(av) ¢ puparia isolated.
(@)vovisacihorizontalte-neeeeeeee PULVINARIA, Targ.
(2?) ovisac conical (Cockerell)...(PULVINELLA, Hempel.)
(61) & puparia coalescing ; enclosed in a mass of wax.
(ERICERUS, Guer.)
B. Adult ¢ with partial cottony or felted sac.

(a) sac elongated ; with anterior aperture revealing part of insect.
(a) ONclongatesnartowaeeceseecereeeeer (SIGNORETIA, Targ.)
(G4) @ Oval a.centssasenecceesoemenaceecet (LICHTENSIA, Sign.)

(0) sac consisting of waxy filaments springing from the margin

and recurved over the sides of the insect.
CERONEMA, Mask,

Lecantine. 175

C. Adult 2 with complete sac, free from body of insect.

(®) @ vino we Wes God gagodosasnosobonbaoab0r (ERIOPELTIS, Sign.)
(2) @ with legs.
(a') tarsi normal; sac felted ............... (FILIPPIA, Targ.)
(6') tarsi normal ; sac glassy ......... CEROPLASTODES, CkIl.

(c!) tarsi normal; sac felted; always present in second
stage, sometimes absent in adult.
(ERIOCHITON, Mask.)
(@') tarsi of front legs dimerous ; sac felted.
(EX ZRETOPUS, Newst.)
D. Adult ? with waxy, horny, nacreous, or glassy test, attached
to body of insect.

(a) test waxy, Opaque, thick ............... CEROPLASTES, Gray.
(6) test waxy, thin; with marginal fringe of tooth-like pro-
GESSESM ete metesene Mat ommecoment (CTENOCHITON, Mask.)

(ce) test waxy, with radiating glassy processes, giving the insect
a star-like appearance ................5. VINSONIA, Sign.

(@) test brittle ; glassy or nacreous ; divided into distinct plates
and striated with air-cells ............... INGLISIA, Mask,

(e) test glassy, flat; divided into two parts (hardly separable
iON MAAS) scnoncoccacncouneecse (PLATINGLISIA, CkIl.)

(f) test nacreous ; divided into two conical halves.
(PARAFAIRMAIRIA, Ckll.)
(g) test nacreous or glassy ; single; conical ; striated.
(EDWALLIA, Hempel.)

(2) test glassy ; without air-cells ...... (PSEUDOKERMES, CkIl.)
(@) test horny; including pellicle of second stage; insect
APOG OMS Ha seins eyiecineewiectie co (LECANOCHITON, Mask.)

E. Adult ¢ naked; apodous; terminal segments pygidiform.
ACLERDA, Sign.

The following new genera have been proposed recently ; but,
having no personal acquaintance with the species concerned, I can
only quote the characters given by their founders :—

Alecanopsis, Ckll—‘ Adult 9 dark red-brown, very convex,
abdominal region conspicuously segmented ; antennze short and
thick, six-jointed; legs very short, rudimentary; Australian.’
(Cockerell, Canadian Entomologist, Feb. 1901.) [Apparently a
geographical genus. With difficulty separable from Lecanopszs.—
E. E. G.]

Toumeyella, Ck\l—Similar to Alecanopsis, but adult ? not
conspicuously segmented, (Cockerell, Canad, Entom., Feb. 1901.)

176 ‘Lecaniine.

Myxolecanium, Beccari— Mentum of ? prolonged, forming a
transversely corrugated sheath.’ (Cockerell, Canad. Entom., Feb.
1901.)

Alichtensia, Ck\l.—? scale elongate, with a glassy covering,
much like the male scales of Lecanzzn@,; a little felted matter, in
threads, is visible on the underside of the glassy scale. No rows
of air-cells. No ovisac. Antennze and legs well developed.’
(Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hrst., June, 1902.

Austrolichtensta, Ck\l—‘? enclosed in a sac which has an
elongated dorsal aperture. Margin of @ with very long bristles,
Antennz and legs well developed. Skin with numerous tubular
glands. Anal ring with six hairs.’ (Cockerell, Aun. and Mag. of
Nat. Hist., June, 1902.)

Philephedra, Ck\l.— Body of @ soft, not chitinous, pink in
front, greenish on dorsum, with some black specks: back with
patches of white secretion. (Cockerell, Canad. Entom., Nov.
1899.) ‘Margin with fringe of sharp spines. (Azz. and Mag. o
Nat. Hist., June 1902.) [Originally proposed as a subgenus of
Pulvinaria, but now considered, by Prof. Cockerell, to be more
nearly allied to Lzchtensza. The introduction of colour characters
into generic diagnoses, more especially when founded upon a
single species, seems rather a dangerous innovation.—E. E. G.]

Neolecanium, Parrott— Adult ? covered with a more or less
distinct glassy test: skin covered with large glands.’ (Cockerell,
Canad. Entom., Feb. 1901.)

Tectopulvinaria, Hempel. Adult 2 secreting an ovisac as in
Pulvinaria. Entirely covered with white secretion resembling
felt. (Hempel, Cocczde of Brazil, 1900.)

Cardiococcus, Ck\l_— Legs and antennz small or rudimentary ;
insect covered by a brittle waxy scale, with a dorsal pit or foramen.’
(Cockerell, Anz. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., Feb. 1903.) [Scarcely
separable from /uglisia.—E. E. G. ]

Lecaniine. 177

LECANIUM,* Burmetster.

Adult female naked, or covered with inconspicuous laminz
of wax, or slightly dusted with powdery wax. Without
definite sac or test. Oviparous or ovoviviparous. The eggs
or young larve covered by the body of the insect, no
external ovisac being formed. Form very variable; contour
ranging from almost linear (acutesstmum) to circular (/emzz-
Sphericum) ; flat to hemispherical, or rarely almost globular.
Derm soft and shrivelling after death; or hard and rigid,
forming a protective covering for the ova. Limbs usually fully
developed, but small and inconspicuous; concealed beneath the
body of the insect.

Antenna with from six to eight joints. When the smaller
number occurs, the third joint is always very long, and often bears
indications of incomplete subdivision into two or three false joints
in the form of pale spaces or scars extending partially across
the segment (#7. LXI. jig. 8). Sometimes these scars almost
encircle the joint, but never show any sharply defined boundary
line, such as is noticeable at the normal divisions. The terminal
joint bears from eight to twelve stout hairs, and one (or two)
similar hairs spring from a point near the distal extremity of each

_* The name Lecanzum has, until quite recently, been constantly referred to
Illiger, on the authority of Burmeister (Handbook of Entomology, vol. ii., p. 69,
1835). But the recent researches of Mrs. C. H. Fernald (Canadian Ento-
mologist, 1902, p. 177) have shown that this name was never formally published
by Illiger, but occurs either in some unpublished manuscript or existed only
ona label. It would appear, therefore, that Burmeister, as the first publisher
of the name, must be credited as the author of the genus. Apart from the
question of authority, there appears to be some doubt as to whether the name
Calypticus (of Costa) has not precedence of Lecanium. (Vide Mrs. Fernald,
loc. cit. p. 178.) As the question of priority is still unsettled, and—as far as I
can see—likely to remain a matter of dispute for some considerable time, it
seems right that the better known and more generally accepted name
(Lecanzum) should be given the benefit of the doubt and allowed to stand.
I should personally consider any unnecessary interference with such a long-
established name a grave misfortune.

[Since the above was written, Mrs. Fernald’s Catalogue of the Cocctd@ of the
World has been published. In this work many radical alterations in the nomen-
clature of the Coccidz are propounded. Amongst other changes, Lecanium gives
place to the much earlier name Coccus, Linn. Seealso Supplementary Note, p.248.]

178 Lecaniine.

of the other joints. But when more than six joints occur, the
third (fig. 9), or third and fourth (jg. 10), are often without
subapical hairs. These facts seem to indicate a primitive six-
jointed antenna, as is typical in the early stages. At the ex-
tremities of each joint there is usually a pale band, where the chitin
is less dense, to allow of flexion ; but, in some cases, these bands
are absent, the two joints being immovably fused.

A series of four small hairs are usually present between the
bases of the antennz (g/. LXI. fig. 1-0).

The mouth parts (f/. LXI. fig. 2) are of normal type, and
differ but little from those of the Dzaspidine. The rostrum (A)
consists of a chitinous cradle, closed in front and behind by a thin
membranous plate, the ventral half of which is supposed to repre-
sent the clypeus, or clypeus and labrum combined (Berlese). In
the upper part are four large apertures, viz., an anterior (ventral)
and posterior (dorsal), and two lateral apertures. The mentum (8)
is monomerous, consisting of a single piece, infolded till the edges
meet to form a groove, at the apex of which is an orifice through
which the rostral setae are exserted. The bases of the four sete
are separate, and arire in the large lateral apertures of the chitinous
cradle (p/. LXI. fig. 2-2). They meet, near the extremity of the
clypeus, as fine contiguous hairs. When retracted, they rest in a loop
in a sac (c) in the body cavity below the mentum. A strap-shaped
process (4) [the hypopharynx, according to Berlese ] projects upwards
from between the sete through the anterior aperture of the cradle.

The legs are usually completely developed, with distinct joints ;
though a few species (¢.¢., expansum) are apodous. The trochanter
commonly bears a single longish stout hair. Foot with four digi-
tules, of which the tarsals (jig. 13-6) are fine knobbed hairs, and
unguals (fig. 13-@) spatulate or broadly dilated.

The spiracles open on the under surface, at some distance from
the margin. The first pair (fig. 1-d@), just exterior to the coxe of
the anterior legs. The second pair (fig. I-e), at a pair about half
way between the coxee of the median and posterior legs.

The stigmatic clefts (jig. 1-7) are marginal, shallow: usually
containing three or more stout spines.

An irregular row of small glandular pores (or spinnerets) (jig.
I-c) extends from the stigmatic cleft to the corresponding spiracle.

There is usually a pair of stout hairs, near the median line, on
each of three or four abdominal segments immediately above the
genital orifice (jig. 1-g).

Lecaniine. 179

The margin of the body bears a more or less distinct fringe of
hairs or spines (each arising from a definite tubercle), which may
be simple and pointed (jig. 6); dilated and frayed or fimbriate
(jigs. 4, 5); spiniform (jig. 3); or flabelliform (jig. 7). These
differences may serve as characters for the separation of this
somewhat unwieldy genus into sections.

The stigmatic spines (usually three) are attached dorsally at
the base of each stigmatic cleft. They may be sharply pointed or
bluntly rounded. The median spine is often considerably longer
and stouter than the other two.

There is often a widely separated submarginal series of small
tubercles, which appear to be of a glandular nature (f/. LXXX..,
Gie.-3)-

The eyes are of a very rudimentary character, usually con-
sisting of a small black pigmented spot situated in an ill-defined
clear space (f/. LXI. fig. 1-a). In old examples the eye-spots
may be obliterated by the thickening and darkening of the
chitinous derm. Their position may be close to, or at some
distance from, the margin.

The plates of the anal operculum are typically triangular
(jig. 11), though occasionally they assume a semicircular outline
(fig. 12). Their form and size afford good specific characters.
These characters do not vary with the size of the individual, but
are practically constant for each of the several stages. For con-
venience of description, the line of attachment of each scale may
be called its dase (fig. 11-B): the zwner edge being the side of the
’ triangle that is normally in apposition with the corresponding edge
of the opposite scale (jig: 11-C): while the third side may be
termed the outer edge (fig. 11-A). The angle formed by the inner
and outer edges may be known as the afer (fig. 11-a); the outer,
(4), and zuzer (c) angles being formed by the base with the outer
and inner edges respectively (f/ LXI. fig. 11). In the semi-
circular form of plate, the base and outer edge form a continuous
curve, and the outer angle is lost. The apex of each plate usually
bears three small hairs or spines. 4

The action of the setiferous anal ring has been described
amongst the characters of the family Lecanizne. The so-called
anal ring consists of a pair of curved chitinous plates encircling
the actual anus, which is situated at the inner end of an eversile sac.
Each of these plates bears three or four long stout hairs, so that the
anal ring is said to bear six or cight hairs, as the case may be.

BB

180 Lecaniine.

When the number is eight, two of them are usually much shorter
and finer than the remainder, which project beyond the mouth of
the sac. The ventral lip of the sac often bears four short hairs,
which are sometimes confused with those of the anal ring, giving
rise to the statement that certain species possess ten hairs on the
setiferous ring. Another common cause of error originates in the
fact that the eversile sac is itself delicately fluted, producing the
appearance of a number of parallel hairs springing from the anal
ring (pl. LXXXI. fig. 9). The ring also bears a number of
glandular pores secreting a waxy material which coats the hairs,
and is sometimes produced into long curling filaments, as in
L. caudatum. Some scattered spinnerets are usually noticeable
on the venter, around the genital orifice (g/, LXI. fig. 1-7).

The dorsum often exhibits a more or less definite pattern,
formed by cells in the thickness of the derm. These dermal
cells may be scattered and rounded, or densely packed and poly-
gonal. They communicate with the surface by a minute pore.
When no definite cells occur, the minute translucent pores are still
nearly always present. They are probably concerned in the
secretion of a varnish-like surface film. It should be noted
that the distinctness of the dermal cells varies very considerably
in different individuals. In the older and more chitinous indi-
viduals, they are usually more clearly defined than in the early
adult insects. The cells, in some species, can be demonstrated
only after careful preparation and adjustment of light. Staining
will sometimes distinctly show cell-markings that were indis-
tinguishable in an unstained preparation. On this account it
is important that determination of species should be made only
after study of a long series of examples. In the soft-bodied
species, such as L. hespertdum and L. viride, the dermal cells are
particularly difficuit to bring into good definition. Even in such
strongly marked species as L. nigrum or L. hemisphericum, I have
seen preparations of the early adult female in which all traces of
cell-markings had been lost. Too long immersion in boiling
potassium hydrate in the course of preparation may bring about
this result. Besides the derm cells, there are often lighter and
darker spaces formed by differences in the density of the derm.
These are often particularly conspicuous on the area surrounding
the anal operculum. In a few species (¢.¢., L. antidesm@) circum-
scribed glandular depressions occur on the dorsum. In many of
the flatter species, and particularly in the section with flabelliform

Lecantine. ISI

marginal hairs (Paralecanium), there are definite series of angular
(usually pentagonal or hexagonal) depressed spaces, in which may
be seen several superimposed concentric transparent lamin of
waxy matter.

Both oviparous and ovoviviparous species occur within the
genus. The former condition is found more particularly amongst
those species in which the dorsum becomes densely chitinous, thus
forming a shelter for the ova. The eggs are ovoid, and thinly
dusted with a waxy powder.

In the ovoviviparous species a normal egg is formed, but
remains in the body {of the parent until the embryo is fully
developed and ready to emerge. Then, during the passage
through the oviduct, or, more usually, during the process of ex-
trusion, the egg membrane is ruptured and the young larva
appears. The empty egg-shell is extruded at the same time.
Very occasionally, in normally ovoviviparous species, eggs may
be prematurely deposited and remain for a short period beneath
the body of the parent before the emergence of the larva.

The young larva is oval, flat, with well-developed limbs. The
antenne are six-jointed, the third and sixth joints longest. The
plates of the anal valve are somewhat divergent, and each supports
a long stout seta (f/. LX XII. fig. 2). :

The second or nymphal stage differs from the larva, chiefly in
size. The body is usually broader in proportion to its length.
The antenne are still six-jointed. The sete of the anal plates
are reduced to small hairs.

Until after the first moult the two sexes are indistinguishable.
But towards the end of the second stage the male larva commences
to secrete the glassy test which finally covers and protects the
pupa. This test (f/, LXII. fig. 10), as in most Lecanzd genera, is
divided into well-defined plates, which range in number from
nine to nineteen, the junctions of the several plates being marked
by raised lines. The number nineteen is exceptional, and occurs
in only one species (gonatwm) in Ceylon. In one other species
(marsupiale) only twelve plates can be distinguished. All our other
species have either nine or eighteen plates. In the former case,
two are medial and seven circumferential ; while in the latter, three
are medial and fifteen circumferential. In zozatumz, the extra plate
occurs by a subdivision of one of the medial plates. There is, in
addition, a small operculum covering the anal aperture.

Before thesecond ecdysis the test becomes completely separated

182 Lecantne.

from the body of the insect ; and, after the ecdysis, the small red-
dish pupa can be seen lying loosely beneath the test. The male
imago frees itself from the pupa and fully expands its wings while
still under cover. The long caudal filaments also (when present)
are secreted before the emergence of the insect. The imago
escapes backwards from beneath the hinder extremity of the test.

The adult male (f/. LXII. figs. 1, 2) of Lecanium differs from
that of the Dzaspidine principally in the more marked separation
of the head from the thorax by a narrow neck. The thorax itself
is more compact, with the notal and sternal plates better defined.
The extremity of the body usually bears a pair of long white waxy .
filaments, but in some species these are wanting.

The terminal joint of the antenna (f/. LXII. fig. 5) is blunt
and bears at its extremity 3 or more knobbed hairs. The eyes
(jig. 4-6) are rudimentary, minute, and inconspicuous: the ocelli
(jig. 3-6 and 4-a), large and prominent, four to eight in number.
The prothorax is comparatively short and is almost concealed above
by the prominent notal plates of the mesothorax. The scutellum
(jig. 2-g) is large, its posterior half more or less covered by the
softer parts of the segment. The sternal parts have not the
markedly backward inclination noticeable in the males of the
Diaspidineg. The segments of the abdomien are ill-defined and
their boundaries not easily distinguishable. The first pair of
spiracles (fig. 1-2) opens on the under surface, exterior to the
coxee of the first pair of legs. The second pair (jig. I-e) opens
laterally, immediately behind the second pair of legs.

The wings (fig. 7) are ample; broadly rounded at the apex.
I have been unable to distinguish halteres in any of the species
that I have examined, though Signoret shows these organs in his
figure of the male of ZL. genevense. There is, moreover, no well-
developed fold or pocket near the base of the inner margin of the
wing where the hook of the haltere would naturally engage.

The legs are slender: the tibia (fig. 8-d) greatly elongated, and
the tarsus (jig. 8-e) comparatively short.

The genital sheath (fig. 1-/) is moderately long and stout, but
relatively shorter than in the Dzaspzdine, with a sharply pointed
extremity. The caudal filaments, when present, spring from a
group of circular pores situated in a funnel-shaped pit on each
side of the penultimate segment (jg. 6). Each filament is par-
tially supported by a pair of slender sete. There is often, on each
side, a pair of short, fleshy tassels or tubercles ( f4, LX XXII. jig. 5).

Lecanine. 183

A number of subgenera have been suggested for the sub-
division of this large genus: but, with a few exceptions, their
characters are vague and ill-deaned. There are certain well-
marked groups—such as those species having flabelliform
marginal hairs, and those possessing a submarginal series of
glandular pits—that may deserve subgeneric or even generic
rank. Prof. Cockerell is now studying the genus, and will
publish the final results of his labour in the Genera Insectorum.
His widely recognised knowledge of the family, and the immense
amount of study that he has bestowed upon it, especially qualify
Prof. Cockerell for the execution of the much-needed work—a
general classification of the Coccide of the world. Until the
appearance of that work, it will be convenient to retain our
Ceylonese forms in the single genus Lecanzum.

In the following synopsis the primary characters are founded
upon the general form: the secondary characters, on the structure
of the marginal hairs: and the tertiary characters on the number
of antennal joints. This arrangement must not be taken as in-
dicating any close affinity between the neighbouring species, but
merely as a convenient aid to identification.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

A. @ flattish or moderately convex; skin soft, wrinkled when
dry ; usually ovoviviparous.
(2) Marginal hairs simple, pointed :
(a!) Antenna with six joints ............ CAPPARIDIS, p. 187.
(@) Antenna with seven joints......... HESPERIDUM, p. 188.
(¢) Antenna with eight joints :
(@) Derm-cells conspicuous (occurring only in ants’
IVESES)) oyeeneecniaaceeiiase ceecicees FORMICARII, p. 190.
(2) Derm-cells inconspicuous :
(@) Anal operculuin as broad as, or broader than,
NOM BUCH Anecusbee sanaveneesun!s FRONTALE, p. 192.
(6?) Anal operculum longer than broad.
OPHIORRHIZA, p. 193.
(4) Marginal hairs dilated or frayed :
(a!) Antenna with six joints .. ...... ACUMINATUM, p. 195.
(64) Antenna with seven joints :
(a*) Under-surface of abdomen with deep purplish stain.
SIGNIFERUM, p. 107.

184 Lecaniine.

(6?) Under-surface without purplish stain ;
(a?) Marginal hairs short,deeply frayed. VIRIDE, p. 199.
(2°) Marginal hairs longish, slightly frayed.
DISCREPANS, p. 204.
(c) Antenna with eight joints ... PUNCTULIFERUM, p. 205.
B. @ flattish; skin hard, retaining its form when dry; marginal
hairs not flabelliform :
(a) Marginal hairs simple, pointed :
(z) Antenna with six joints ... SUBTESSELLATUM, p. 206.
(61) Antenna with eight joints ;
(a) Dorsum divided into distinct plates.
TESSELLATUM, Pp. 207.
(2) Dorsum not tessellated : submarginal glandular pits.
ANTIDESM&, p. 200.
(c?) Dorsum with conspicuous median and two trans-

WEIS 1HGIAES. soccncaocacagnacconodace PIPERIS, p. 210.
(6) Marginal hairs spiniform; stigmatic cleft without median
oF rs nnodennoonononndungancacascosr MARSUPIALE, p. 212.

(€) Marginal hairs dilated or frayed :
(2!) Antenna with six joints ; hairs dilated and falcate.
BICRUCIATUM, p. 214.
(>) Antenna with eight joints ; hairs frayed.
MANGIFERA, p. 216.
C. ? moderately convex ; skin hard; form elongate, narrow.
(a) Marginal hairs simple, pointed :
(@) Antenna with six joints ; extremities of body acute;
(2?) A single pointed stigmatic spine.
ACUTISSIMUM, p. 218.
(0°) Three blunt stigmatic spines. ARUNDINARIE, Pp. 220.
(61) Antenna with eight joints ; extremities of body rounded.
LONGULUM, p. 221.
D. ¢ strongly convex ; skin hard ; usually oviparous.
(a) Marginal hairs dilated or frayed ;
(@) Antenna with seven joints ;
(2?) Hairs of anal ring long, stout, and conspicuous.
CAUDATUM, p. 223.
(6?) Hairs of anal ring inconspicuous...... PSIDII, p. 225.
(1) Antenna with eight joints ;
(2?) Derm with large polygonal cells ;
(a?) Dorsum with conspicuous longitudinal and trans-
WSIS CEUTINES socoacoqcon050 ere OLEA Spyz 27.

Lecanune. 185

(8) Dorsum without conspicuous carine.
NIGRUM, p. 229.
(6?) Derm with large rounded cells.
HEMISPHERICUM, p. 252.
E. ? flat; skin hard; marginal hairs flabelliform; margin of
venter with well-defined chitinous zone. Adult ¢
without caudal filaments (Paralecanium).
(@) TESS WEIN pocosasnos enbobodacoseecasansasse EXPANSUM, Pp. 255.
(6) Legs present :
(@) Width of marginal zone, at posterior extremity, half or
more than half-length of anal cleft ;

(2?) Length of body less than 3 mm.
MARGINATUM, p. 237.

(22) Length of body 3 mm. or more ;
(@*) Marginal zone recurrent along anal cleft.
GEOMETRICUM, p. 239.

(6°) Marginal zone not recurrent.
CALOPHYLIL, p. 240.

(o') Width of marginal zone, at posterior extremity, less
than half-length of anal cleft ;
(2?) Length of body 3.50 to 4 mm.
PERADENIYENSE, p. 241.
(62) Length of body not more than 3 mm.
(2°) Margin with numerous (9-10) indentations

between flabellz ............ PLANUM, p. 243.
(2°) Margin with few (3-4) indentations between
flabelle ;

(a*) A broad translucent submarginal zone.
ZONATUM, p. 245.
(6*) No translucent submarginal zone.
MARITIMUM, p. 246.

186

Fig.

iS)

25D ON AWA WwW

1

12.
. Foot of Lecanzum. (a) tarsus; (4) tarsal digitules; (c) claw; (@)

Me

iS)

Los)

Lecantine.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXI.

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF FEMALE LECANIUM.

. Ventral aspect of typical Lecanium.

(a) eye; (6) interantennal hairs; (c) parastigmatic glands; (d)
anterior spiracle ; (e) posterior spiracle; (/) stigmatic cleft; (g)
abdominal hairs; (/) circumgenital glands.

. Rostral apparatus. (A) clipeus; (B) mentum; (a) bases of rostral

filaments ; (4) hypopharynx ; (c) sac for reception of retracted loop
of rostral filaments.

. Spiniform marginal hairs of Z. marsupzale.

. Dilated and divided hairs of LZ. o/ee.

. Divided hairs of Z. mangifere.

. Simple marginal hairs of Z. fronfale.

. Flabelliform marginal hairs of ZL. expansum.

. 6-jointed antenna, showing partial subdivision of third joint.
. 7-jointed antenna.

. 8-jointed antenna.

. Plates of anal operculum of ZL. punctuliferum.

(A) outer edge; (B) base; (C) inner edge; (a) apex: (6) outer
angle ; (c) inner angle.
Anal operculum of Z. ole.

ungual digitules.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LNXII.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF MALE LECANIUM.

Adult 6 of Z. marsupiale, ventral aspect. (@) basal joints of antenna ;
(6) ocelli ; (c) rudimentary eye; (d) anterior spiracle ; (e) posterior
spiracle ; (/) genital sheath ; (gv) penis.

- Adult ¢ of Z. marsupiale, dorsal aspect. (a) basal joints of antenna ;

(0) ocelli; (c) rudimentary eye ; (¢) apodema ; (e) posterior spiracle ;
(f) base of wing; (g) scutellum; (Z) penultimate segment of
abdomen, bearing caudal sete.

. Head of ZL. maritimum, ventral aspect. (a) basal joint of antenna;

(4) ocelli.

. Head of LZ. maritimum, dorsal aspect. (a) ocellus ; @) rudimentary eye.
. Terminal joint of antenna of Z. marztimum.
. Part of penultimate abdominal segment of male Z. marsupiale showing

pit at root of caudal sete.

. Wing of adult male of Z. marsupiale.
. Leg of male Z. maritimum. (a) coxa; (6) trochanter ; (c) femur; (d)

tibia ; (2) tarsus.

. Foot of male L. maritimum.
. Typical puparium of male Lecanium,

Lecanine. 187

}ECANIUM CAPPARIDIS, sf. zov.
(PLATE LXIII,)

Adult ? (figs, 1, 2), pale bright green, malpighian tubes showing through the
dorsum as an indistinct chain of reddish spots; flattish, very slightly convex
above ; deltoid, pointed in front, broadly rounded behind ; an indistinct median
carina above anterior extremity. Stigmatic clefts shallow. Anal cleft rather
less than one-fourth total length of insect. Eyes inconspicuous. Antenna (jig.
3), six-jointed, the third as long as the terminal three together ; fourth and fifth
shortest, equil. In one example (fg. 4) two incomplete divisions occurred in

‘the long third joint. Legs (fig. 5) small but well developed; femur (with
trochanter) one and a half times length of tibia; tibia one and one-third times
length of tirsus. Foot with four digitules; the tarsals slender, the unguals
spatulate ; both extending well beyond the claw. Scales of anal operculum
(jig. 7) acutely pointed ; inner edge longest ; base shortest ; two or three small
hairs at extremity. Anal ring with eight stout hairs, two of them considerably
shorter than the others. Stigmatic spines, three; the median one long and curved ;
the other two very short, about quarter the length of median one (fg. 7).
Marginal hairs finely pointed, simple. Submarginal tubercles, three or four on
each side. Derm with obscure and indefinite oval pores on the flattened mar-
ginal area After gestation the ventral area becomes slightly concave, forming a
shelter for the young larvee, which are produced ovoviviparously, and extruded
with the egg-skin still attached to the posterior extremity.

Length 2°75 to 350 mm. Breadth 2 to 2°50 mm.

Young larva, pale green. No other stages observed.

Habitat on the under-surface of leaves of Cappurts moonzz. Pundaluoya.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIII.
LECANIUM CAPPARIDIS.

Fig. 1. Leaf of Capparzs, with insects, nat. size.
2. Adult 9, dorsal view, x Io.
3. » antenna, X I5o0.
sp 5 with incomplete segmentation of third joint.
Neg
anal operculum.
stigmatic spines and marginal hairs.

SS

ore

1388 Lecanwne.

LECANIUM HESPERIDUM, Zzz.
(PLATE LXIII.)

Coccus hesperidum, Linn. Syst. Nat. II. 1735.
Calymmatus hespertdum, Costa, Nuovo Osserv. 1835.
Calypticus levis, Costa, Faun. Ins. Nap. Gallius, 1837.
Lecanium hesperidum, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. 1840.
Calypticus hesperidum, Lubbock, Proceed. Roy. Soc. 1858.
? Lec. laurz, Boisd. Ent. Hort. 1867.

Adult ° (fig. 8) bright yellow or greenish yellow, minutely specked with
red-brown, the specks sometimes agglomerated into transverse bars, especially
on the median abdominal region: in other parts tending to form dotted lines
radiating from centre to margin. In older examples the ground colour may
be ochreous or pale fulvous; and the maculation may form a broad median
fascia. Under surface of older examples with a deep purple-brown or red
patch covering the median abdominal area, becoming concave and forming
a shelter for the young larve. Dried specimens straw-coloured and much
wrinkled. Form oblong-oval, often very irregular in outline; narrowest in
front : more or less convex above, according to age. In some few individuals,
generally on those protected by some shelter, I have noticed a double median
dorsal longitudinal series of raised glassy points ; but they appear to be very
brittle and easily lost. Eyes minute, black, marginal. Stigmatic cleft (fg. 12)
with three spines; the median one very long and pointed, projecting well
beyond margin. Marginal hairs simple, pointed: rarely a few—more par-
ticularly at posterior extremity, divided or frayed at tip. Submarginal
tubercles, four to five on each side. Scales of anal operculum (fg. 11) with
outer edge slightly longer than base; the latter slightly concave in outline.
Derm cells scattered, small, circular, inconspicuous. Antenna (figs. 9, 10)
with seven joints : third and seventh usually equal and longest, but fourth some-
times as long as, or longer than, third: average formula (3, 7), 4, 2, I, 6, 5.
Legs normal. Anal ring with eight stout hairs. Length 2°25 to 3:50 mm.
Breadth 1°25 to 2°50 mm.

The insect is ovoviviparus; living larvee are usually found beneath the
body of the parent.

The male has not been definitely recognised in any stage, though the
species has been studied by entomologists all over the world. It is true
that a supposed male insect was reputed to have been discovered by Mons.
R. Moniez,* existing as a kind of internal parasite within the ovaries of the
female; but this observation has never been confirmed and there is some
doubt of its accuracy. +

* Moniez, R., ‘Les males du Lecanium hesperidum.’ C. R. Ac. Sci. (Paris), t. civ. 1887.
See also Extomologist's Monthly Magazine, xxiv. p. 25, and Jour. R. Micr. Soc., 1887, p. 383.

+ Mr. R. Newstead has recently reported (Zxtomologist's Monthly Magazine, March, 1903)
the discoyery of the male insect, undergoing the normal transformations,

Lecaniine. 189

Habitat on leaves and young branches of tea, Cztrus, Ivy, Begonia,
Amaranthus, various palms, and probably on many other plants. Punda-
luoya, Watagoda, Dickoya, Kandy, Kurunagalla, Balangoda.

This species, though a troublesome pest in many parts of the world, seems
to do little harm in Ceylon. I have found it in small colonies only, and
always severely infested with hymenopterous parasites. As the insect occurs
not uncommonly on the tea plant, we should congratulate ourselves upon its
being so effectively kept in check by its natural enemies.

Lecanium hespertdum is widely distributed throughout the world. It occurs
commonly throughout Southern Europe, both in plant-houses and in the
open. In England typical examples are confined to plant-houses ; but the
form /auryi—which is morphologically indistinguishable from hesperzdum—
occurs in the open. The species is a pest of oranges in South Africa ; it is
recorded as common in Australia and the Sandwich Islands, and is well known
in the United States of America and the West Indies. It is recorded also
from Mexico. Lec. alzenum, Dougl. (Aut. Mo. Mag. Sept. 1866) is with
difficulty separable from hesferidum, and may perhaps be merely a colour
variety.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIII.

LECANIUM HESPERIDUM.

Fig. 8. Adult 9, dorsal view, x 12.
9, 10. Antenna, x I50.
11. Anal operculum, x 150.
12. Stigmatic cleit and spines, x 650.

190 Lecanune.

LECANIUM FORMICARII, Green.
(PLATE LXIV.)

Lec. formicariz, Green, ‘ Catalogue of Coccidee,’ zd. Wits. Notes, Vol. IV.
No. 1 (1896).

Adult ? (figs. 3, 4) greyish fulvous, afterwards darkening to deep casta-
neous, the coleur disappearing in the dried insect. Marginal zone pale
ochreous ; four or more longitudinal series of pale ochreous spots on the disc.
Surface smooth and shining ; derm thin and soft, shrivelling when dry. Form
broadly oval, sometimes almost circular; median area highly convex, hemi-
spherical ; anal operculum situate on a raised area distinct from the median
convexity. Median abdominal area concave below (jig. 5), forming a shelter
for the young larve. Eyes black, marginal. Antenna eight-jointed (fg. 6) ;
or seven-jointed through imperfect division of fourth and fifth (fg. 7) ; third joint
longest. Legs (/g. 8) rather slender ; tarsus as long as or longer than tibia ;
digitules normal. Stigmatic spines 3, median longest, projecting beyond margin,
situate in a shallow marginal depression (jig. 9). Marginal hairs simple,
finely pointed. No submarginal tubercles. Derm with numerous conspicuous
oval or circular cells, irregularly disposed over median area. Scales of anal
operculum (fg. 11) broad, base equal to outer edge, together approximately
quadrate ; three small hairs near apex on dorsal surface, and two stout hairs
from extremity of chitinous paraphysis beneath each scale. Anal ring (fig. 10)
with six hairs, and a pair of stout hairs on each side on rim of retractile tube.
Length 2 to 3:50 mm. Breadth 1°50 to 2°50 mm.

Early adult ¢ (fg. 2) oblong oval; flattish, with a rounded median ridge.
Pale ochreous, sometimes minutely reticulated with brown lines.

Male unknown.

Young larva pale reddish ; caudal sete about one-third length of body.

The insect is distinctly ovoviviparous. I have watched the larve being
extruded, each with the delicate skin of the ovum still attached to its posterior
extremity.

Habitat enclosed in nests of an ant, Cremastogaster dohrnz,; on Tea, Cin-
chona, Macaranga, Eleocarpus, and various shrubs; never found outside the
nests of this ant. Pundaluoya, Balangoda, Kandy.

=
is)

si
B90 SIDNEY DB

=

Lecaniine.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIV.

LECANIUM FORMICARIL.

. Section of ant’s nest, with insects zz sz¢z, nat. size.
. Early adult female, x 12.
. Adult female, dorsal view, x Io.

0) side view, x I0.
» ventral view, X I0.
Antenna, x 150.
. with imperfect joint, x 150.

Leg.

. Stigmatic spines, marginal hairs, and dermal cells.
. Anal operculum from below, with anal ring, &c., x 100.

2 dorsal view, X I50.

191

192 Lecantne.

LECANIUM FRONTALE, sf. xov.
(PLATE LXV.)

Adult ¢ (figs. 1, 2) reddish-ochreous ; median area marbled with brown,
the markings sometimes taking the form of broad transverse fasciz.

Eyes small, black. Form oblong, more or less acuminate at each ex-
tremity. Flattish ; with a slight median longitudinal ridge, a broad marginal
zone transversely striated with fine raised lines. Antenna (figs. 3, 4)
eight-jointed ; somewhat variable in size; formula:—3 (2, 4), 8, 5, 1 (7, 6),
or 3, 4, 5, 2, 8, I (7, 6). Legs normal; tarsus shorter than tibia. Stigmatic
clefts small and inconspicuous ; spines three (zg. 5), the median nearly three
times length of others, and projecting beyond margin. Marginal hairs (fig. 5),
moderately long and fine, simple, pointed. Submarginal tubercles compara-
tively large, five to six on each side. Scales of anal operculum (/g. 6) broad ;
outer edge slightly longer than base, outer angle somewhat falcate, apical angle
acuminate. Derm cells minute, circular, scattered. Length 3 to 5 mm. Breadth
‘50 to 2°25 mm.

Other stages not observed.

Habitat on under surface of leaves of ‘ Kina’ (Calophylium sp.).
Pundaluoya.

The specific name is suggested by the unusual extension of the pre-antennal
area. It resembles, in this respect and in general form, Z. chzrimmolia, Mask. ;
but differs in the number of antennal joints (seven in Chzyzmolze), and in the
character of the stigmatic spines which—in Maskell’s species—are said to be
not longer than the marginal hairs.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXV.
LECANIUM FRONTALE.
Fig. Adult 2, dorsal view, x Io.
» ventral view, » 15.
4. Antenna, x 150.
Stigmatic spines and marginal hairs, x 650.

Mn
3;
5.
6. Anal operculum, x 150.

Lecanune. 193

LECANIUM OPHIORRHIZ/:, Green.
(PLATE LXVI.)

Lec. ophiorrhize, Green, ‘Catalogue of Coccide,’ Zzd. Mus, Notes, Vol. 1V.
No. 1 (1896).

Adult ? (jig. 12) irregularly oblong oval, slightly acuminate in front;
widest across the median area at about the level of the second stigmatic clefts ;
moderately convex above, with more or less well-defined median and stigmatic
ridges. In older examples the ridges are less prominent. Colour olivaceous
fulvous ; the whole dorsal surface symmetrically reticulated with dark lines
composed of reddish-brown spots, the spots confluent on the median and
stigmatic ridges. The reticulation disappears after treatment with potash, but
the submarginal area is then seen to be finely-marked with delicate radiating
lines of strize (fig. 17), these striz appearing under a high magnification as
aggregations of minute dark specks (jig. 18) embedded in the substance of the
derm. The striation is most marked in specimens that have been dried
before preparation. Stigmatic clefts conspicuously marked by opaque white
mealy tufts. Stigmatic spines (fg. 16) three, slender, pointed: the median
one more than twice as long as the other two. Marginal hairs simple, pointed,
small, rather distant except on the posterior margin. Submarginal tubercles,
four on each side. Eyes situated close to the margin; black in the living
insect ; inconspicuous in dried samples ; appearing, after preparation, as small,
colourless, semi-opaque, globular bodies just within the margin. Antennze
(fig. 14) with eight joints, of which the 3rd is always the longest, equalling
the fifth and sixth together ; sixth and seventh equal, shortest : formula 3 (2, 4, 8),
5,1(6,7). No hairs on third and fourth joints. Legs moderately large: tarsus
three-quarter length of tibia: ungual digitules broadly spatulate, twice length
of claw: tarsal digitules slender knobbed hairs (fg. 15). Scales of anal oper-
culum (fig. 13) reddish, triangular, pointed ; base straight or slightly concave,
shorter than outer edge, which is slightly convex. Anal cleft about one-
quarter total length of insect. Anal ring situated considerably anterior to
base of anal scales, bearing six long, stout, pointed hairs. Length 2°50 to
3mm. Breadth 1:25 mm.

Female of second stage, with inconspicuous reticulations.

Adult 3 (jig. 1) bright castaneous ; apodema dark brown. Wings ample,
iridescent, with pale pink costal nervure. Legs and antennz yellowish.
Extremity of abdomen with a pair of thin opaque white caudal filaments, not
as long as the body. Antenna (fg. 4) shorter than body: ten-jointed, fourth
longest, tenth with three knobbed hairs at extremity and several stout curved
spines besides the usual short hairs (fg. 8). Foot with four knobbed hairs
(jig. 7). Genital sheath (zg. 8) moderately long and stout. A small blunt
tubercle on each side of terminal segment of abdomen,

194

Male puparium (fg. 10) glassy ; finely rugose ; divided into nine plates.
marginal series of prominent oblong vesicles, and a median dorsal row of
glassy tubercles—one on anterior, six on median, and two on posterior median
Length 2mm. Breadth 0°85 mm.
Male larva (jig. 11) olivaceous yellow ; usually with a deep reddish median
A median series of prominent glassy processes.
Pundaluoya, December 1893.

plate.

dorsal stripe.

Habitat on leaves of Ophiorrhiza pectinata.

Found only on a single plant.

Lecaniine.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVI.
LECANIUM OPHIORRHIZ&.

Fig.

” ”

Adult male, dorsal view.

head, from above.
head, from below.
antenna.
5 terminal joints.
leg.
foot.
abdominal extremity, from below.

Leaf of Ophzorrhiza, with insects, nat. size.

Male puparium, from above.
Male larva, side view.

12. Adult female, dorsal view.

14. » ”
I5. 55 ”
16, ”» ”
1 7: ”

anal operculum.

antenna.

foot.

stigmatic cleft and spines.

posterior margin, showing striation.

18. Some of the striz, very highly magnified.

Lecanune. 195

LECANIUM ACUMINATUM, Szexoret.
(PLATE LXVII.)
Lec. acuminatum, Sign. Essai sur les Cochenilles, 1873, p. 397 (227), Pl. XII. fig. 1.

Adult ¢ (jig. 1) very pale green; flat, pointed in front, broadly rounded
behind; broadest across a line cutting the anal scales. Eyes small, lateral.
Antennz rather small; number and length of joints variable; normally with
six joints, of which the third is much the longest, as long as the terminal three
‘together (jig. 6); sometimes with a more or less complete joint cutting off a
distal portion of the third, when the antenna becomes seven-jointed, with the
third joint still the longest (jig. 5): sometimes with the extra joint nearer the
base of the normal third, forming a seven-jointed antenna with the fourth joint
longest (jig. 7). Legs rather large, especially the second and third pairs, which
have abnormally large coxze (jig. 4). Tarsus very short, less than half length
of tibia. Tibia and tarsus together shorter than united femur and trochanter.
Marginal hairs (zg. 3) very closely set, each surmounting a conspicuous chiti-
nous tubercle, the extremities deeply divided into four or five divergent points.
Submarginal tubercles, four to six on each side. Stigmatic spines three, the
median one long, curved, and pointed ; the others very short (jig. 3). Skin of
dorsum with small inconspicuous ill-defined circular pores, and some scattered
minute spines. Scales of anal operculum (jig. 2) somewhat rounded behind;
base considerably longer than outer edge; five small pores at apex of each
scale. Length 3 to 325mm. Breadth, at widest part, 2 to 2°50 mm.

Male not observed.

Habitat—on leaves of /asmznum sp. Pundaluoya; May.

I think I am justified in my identification of this insect as acuminatum of
Signoret. Signoret’s description, which I append in full, does not enter into
minute detail upon such points as the marginal hairs or anal scales, but,
as far as it goes, it agrees very closely with my Ceylon insect. Signoret
writes :—

“Cette espéce est facile A distinguer par la forme de son corps ovale
court, acuminée vers le sommet, arrondi, trés-large vers Vextrémité. Les
antennes sont de sept articles avec le quatriéme le plus long, le troisitme
égal aux cinquiéme et sixitme réunis, ceux-ci les plus courts, le septitme
aussi long que les deux précédents. Les pattes, larges, aplaties offrent un
tarse court, 4 peine de moitié aussi long que le tibia; le reste comme dans les
Lecanium en général. La longueur est de 2 and 3 millimétres.’

The type was described from examples found in greenhouses in France.
It will be observed that the form of the body and the size of the leg, with its
unusually short tarsus, are in complete agreement with the description. The
seven-jointed antenna with the long fourth joint, occurs as one of the variations
(jig 7) in the antennal formula of my insect,

= DD

196 Lecanine.

The present species may be distinguished from sangifere by the smaller
number of antennal joints ; by the exceptionally short tarsus, and by the absence
of the well-defined dermal pores that form such a conspicuous feature in
mangifere.

Lec. acuminatum may be sufficiently separated from cafparidis by the
deeply-divided marginal hairs, those of the latter species being simple.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVII.
LECANIUM ACUMINATUM.

Fig. 1. Adult female, ventral view, x 15.
2. Anal operculum, x I50.
3. Marg nal hairs and stigmatic spines, x 650.
4. Leg, X 100.
5, 6, 7. Antenna, x I50.

Lecaniine. 107

LECANIUM SIGNIFERUM, sf. ov.
(PLATE LXVIII.)

Adult ? (jigs. 3, 4), bright yellowish green. A conspicuous reddish-brown
maculate mark on the middle of the dorsum, in the form of a broad longi-
tudinal stripe, tapering in front and terminating a little anterior to the anal
scales ; with two broad transverse bands, sometimes separate from the median
stripe and then appearing as two large irregular blotches on each side ; the
anterior band directed towards the second stigmatic cleft; the second band
half-way between this and the anal scales ; sometimes the whole median area
spotted with red-brown. Anal operculum yellow. Eyes black. Median ventral
area dark brown (jg. 3). After death this marking disappears more or less
completely, and the dried insect assumes a uniform ochreous tint. Form
strongly convex above ; bluntly pointed in front, rounded behind. Living insect
smooth above. Dried examples show traces of a median longitudinal and two
transverse ridges. On the median ventral (coloured) area is a deep cavity,
forming a receptacle for the young larve which are produced ovoviviparously.
Antenna (7g: 7) seven-jointed ; fourth longest ; fifth and sixth shortest, subequal ;
sixth and seventh together equal to fourth; formula: 4, 3 (2,7), 1(5, 6). Legs
well developed ; claw stout, curved ; ungual digitules stout, dilated at extremity,
twice as long as claw; tarsal digitules fine knobbed hairs, extending beyond
unguals. Scales of anal operculum (/zgs. 8, 9) triangular, inner edge longest ;
base barely shorter than outer edge, extremity bluntly pointed. In examples
from Caryota the outer edge is more evenly rounded to the extremity (jig. 9),
and the apical angle is more obtuse. Anal ring with eight hairs, two of
which are much finer than the others (jg. 10). And cleft from one-sixth to one-
eighth length of body. Stigmatic clefts shallow, inconspicuous. Stigmatic
spines three, the median one three to six times the length of the others.
Marginal hairs very slightly dilated, frayed at extreme tip, rarely simple, both
forms occasionally occurring on the same individual. Submarginal tubercles
three or four on each side. Derm with scattered very small circular pores.
Length 2°50 to 3mm. Breadth 1°75 to 2 mm.

Male unknown.

Female of second stage pale green, immaculate or with some indistinct
specks on median area.

Young larva very pale green. Antenna (/g. 2) with six joints. Under
pressure the anal tube is everted and the six hairs of anal ring turned back-
wards (jig. 6).

Habitat—on several varieties of cultivated Begonias (ig. 1), the insects
crowded on the stems and both sides of the leaves. Occurs also on under
surface of leaves of Alpznia nutans, and upon the fronds of the Kitul Palm
(Caryota urens).

Very closely allied to Lec. hespertdum, L. It differs principally in the
coloration, and may perhaps be merely a well-marked variety.

Fig.

Lecantine.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVIII.
LECANIUM SIGNIFERUM.

. Begonia leaf, with insects, nat. size.
. Antenna of young larva.
. Adult 9, from below, x 15.
op dorsal view, x I5.
Immature 2, dorsal view.
Abdominal extremity of young larva, after maceration.
. Adult 9, Antenna, x 150.
anal operculum of example from Segonia, x 150.
96. ” ” ” ” ” Caryota, x 150.
To. mo anal ring, x 150.

OI ANB WD

Lecanine. 199

LECANIUM VIRIDE, Green.
(PLATE LXIX.)

Lecanium viride, Green. ‘Observations on the Green Scale Bug in con-
nection with the Cultivation of Coffee,’ 1886 : Ex¢omologist s Monthly Magazine,
April 1889, p. 248.

Adult 9 (jg. 2) bright pale green, with an irregular, but very distinct loop
of blackish spots on the middle of the dorsum (the contents of the malpighian

_tubules).* During treatment with potash, the colour changes to dull orange.
Dried examples become dull fulvous, and lose the chain of dark spots. Eyes
conspicuous, black, close to margin. Anal scales minute, yellowish. Form
oval; rounded behind, subacuminate in front ; sometimes asymmetrical, the
development on one side suppressed by contact with a prominent vein of the
leaf. Moderately convex above, more particularly in females containing ripe
ova. Margin very thin. Skin soft; never strongly chitinised. In old indi-
viduals the dorsum is almost smooth ; but, before the body becomes tense with
eggs, a slight median longitudinal, and two transverse ridges are noticeable,
the latter above the stigmatic areas. Above the abdomen are three series of
shallow depressions on each side of median ridge, defined by indistinct trans-
verse and longitudinal ridges. Stigmatic clefts small and inconspicuous.
Stigmatic spines 3: (fg. 4); stout, pointed ; the median one twice as long as
the others and curved at the extremity. Anal cleft from one-sixth to one-fifth
total length. Margin with short curved hairs, the extremities divided into
several points (zg. 5), set at rather long intervals. Submarginal tubercles, three
or four on each side Antenna (/g.7), seven-jointed ; third and fourth longest,
subequal ; seventh nearly equal to previous two together. Antennal formula:
(3, 4), (1, 2; 7); (5, 6); or 4, 3, (1, 2, 7), (5; 6); or 3, 4, (1, 2, 7), (5, 6) ; sometimes
an incomplete division on the fourth joint. Legs well developed, moderately
stout; claw stout, curved; ungual digitules broad and spatulate, extending
well beyond claw; tarsal digitules long and slender, dilated at extremity,
extending beyond unguals (jig. 3). Scales of anal operculum (jig. 6), tri-
angular; base shortest, concave; inner edge longest, approximately straight ;
outer edge slightly shorter than inner, convex. Anal ring with eight hairs, two
of them much more slender than the remainder. A scattered arch of circular
wax glands (with multilocular orifices, as in Déaspidzne) enclosing the genital
orifice. Derm (jig. 4) with large scattered—rather indefinite—round or
broadly oval translucent spots. These spots are rather difficult to demon-
strate, and can only be made out in a good preparation. Length 2.50 to

* The dark colour seen in the malpighian tubes is not due to any real pigmentary matter,
but is partly optical, resulting from diffraction through the mass of minute greenish yellow
circular bodies that distend the tubes at intervals, With higher magnification the colour fades,
first to dull olive green and then to greenish yellow. Under pressure, which thins out the mass,
the same disappearance of colour is observed.

200 Lecanine.

3.25 mm. Breadth 1.50to2mm. Male unknown in any stage. The species
appears to be reproduced, in this country, by an asexual process (partheno-
genesis) alone: though it is quite possible that, in its native country, sexual
reproduction may be normal.

The insect is ovoviviparous, the eggs being hatched at the time of, or im-
mediately after exclusion. Under an adult female, a mass of empty egg-skins
will be found, with usually some half dozen or more active larvee. Occasionally
one or two pale green eggs are found, but this is the exception rather than
the rule. A constant succession of larve is produced during the life of the
insect.

The newly hatched larva (jig. 9) is very pale green, of normal form, rather
broadly oval and very flat: posterior extremity broadly cleft, the sides of the
cleft occupied by the triangular anal scales, between which projects a pencil of
white waxy matter supported by the hairs of the anal ring. The caudal sete
spring from the tips of the anal scales and are nearly half the length of the
body of the insect. Antenne six-jointed. Feet with four knobbed hairs (digi-
tules); the tarsals longest, and one of these much stouter than the other.
Marginal hairs of body simple. Eyes conspicuous, black. Length 035 mm.

Female of second stage (/g. 8) similar to adult, but smaller and flatter, and
without the conspicuous black loop noticeable on the back of the adult.

Habitat.—Originally noticed on coffee (both Liberian and Arabian), but
now almost omnivorous. Some of the better known plants upon which it
occurs are— Czzchona succirubra and officinalis, Citrus (various species), Tea
(occasionally), Psidium guyava (‘guava’), Manihot ceara, M. para, (‘Para
rubber’), J7. utzliss?¢ma (‘tapioca’), Gardenia, Ixora, Plumiera, and numerous
garden shrubs. Amongst indigenous plants, Antidesma bunius, Hiptage
madablota, Callicarpa lanata, Moesa indica, and several species of Loranthus,
may be mentioned. The insects, in all stages, are crowded on—usually the
under surface of—the leaves and on the young shoots of the plants, more fre-
quently along the midrib and veins.

‘Green Bug’ has proved such a scourge in Ceylon, being practically
responsible for the final abandonment of coffee cultivation over the greater
part of the planting districts, that a short account of its origin and ravages
must be added to the bare description given above.

Lecanium viride, popularly termed ‘Green Bug,’ first attracted attention in
Ceylon in the year 1882, when it was already doing considerable damage to
coffee in the Matale district. The pest rapidly extended its area, and spread
through all the districts of the Central Province within three years. In 1886 it
completed its conquest by appearing in the Badulla district of the Province
of Uva.

The bug attacks with indifference both vigorous and weakly trees, but its
effect is markedly different in the two cases ; for, though leaves of robust trees
become thickly infested by the insects, and blackened by the consequent
fungus, they do not fall off, but the plant continues to make fresh growth and
retains a fairly healthyappearance. Weakly trees, on the contrary, are almost
completely denuded, none but the two or three terminal leaves on each twig
remaining. The shoots become dry and hide-bound, and no fresh wood is
formed. Naturally such a condition results in a total loss of crop.

Lecaniine. 201

Unfortunately, at the time of the invasion, our coffee had been weakened
by long-continued attacks of ‘leaf disease’ (Hemzleza vastatrix). Moreover, the
prevailing system of cultivation resulted in the loss of the surface soil, so
essential to the health of the coffee plant, in all but the most favoured situa-
tions. The further tax upon its strength induced by these myriads of sap-
imbibing insects proved too great for the plant, with the result that thousands
of acres of coffee-land were abandoned or replaced by tea. Some idea of the
collapse of the coffee industry may be obtained by comparing the annual
export of coffee during the period of attack, In 1881, 452,000 cwts. were
shipped from Ceylon. In 1891 this figure had fallen to 88,780 cwts. While,
during the past year (1902), the total scarcely exceeded 10,000 cwts.

It must not be supposed that no efforts were made to check the invasion.
When the pest first appeared on any estate, individual plants and small patches
of affected trees were frequently cut out and burnt. But nothing stayed the
‘progress of the invader. The fact is, the insect being an inconspicuous one,
by reason of its colour and small size, it was not noticed until it had established
itself in sufficient force to defy all efforts at extermination. All the old remedies
that had obtained a (usually spurious) reputation as effective against the old
brown bug were tried without success. Affected trees were swathed in freshly
freshly cut ‘Mana grass’ (Andropogon nardus). They were dusted with dry
lime and wood ashes. But all to no effect. Following out some previous
experiments with coal-tar applied to the roots, the writer applied dilute phenol
and carbolic powder to the soil below the trees. The former application was at
first thought to have proved successful (see Report on Green Scale Bug, 1886,
footnote to page 3). But subsequent and more extensive experiments, carried
out in the same way, negatived the earlier result. The original experiment
was on too small a scale to provide a proper test. Lime and water, applied as
a thin whitewash, by hand, killed every bug with which it came in contact ;
but it was found impossible to apply it in a sufficiently thorough manner, and
the process was too costly in labour, when large acreages were to be
treated. The same remark applies to all other liquid applications. They
were both costly and inefficient. Many fancied cures owed their repu-
tation to the death of the insects from natural causes. For, quite from the
commencement, the pest had its periods of increase and decrease. These
periods vary in different parts of thes island according to the prevailing
weather. The bug flourishes best during the time of fine weather interspersed
with light showers. It objects to extremes, and usually decreases both in the
very wet weather and during times of excessive drought. In districts subject
to a heavy south-west monsoon, the pest is at its height from the middle
of March to the middle of June, when it is checked by the continuous rains.
There is a recrudescence from September to January, when it again decreases
during the dryest months. On the other side of Newera Eliya, I am
informed that the bug usually appears towards the end of April, and reaches
a climax in October or November. If there is any very wet weather in the
mean time, it temporarily declines, but flourishes in times of light rain with
intermediate sunshine, and disappears almost completely from December
to April.

The periods of decrease are marked by the death of fully 90 per cent. of the

202 Lecantine.

insects from an epidemic fungal disease. The scales shrivel and become
covered with a greyish-white fungus, which extends as a delicate filmy fringe all
round them (fg. 10). Dr. A. Zimmermann, then of the Botanic Gardens, Buiten-
zorg, Java, described this fungus under the provisional name of Cephalosporium
lecanit in one of the circulars of his department. Dr. Zimmermann informs
me that he has been experimenting with this fungus with a view to obtaining a
culture that can be applied as a spray, but I have not yet heard whether
success has attended his attempts. In Ceylon the fungus seems to be widely
distributed, but depends upon climatic conditions for its proper development.
It appears to be readily communicable by direct contagion in Ceylon. But
material sent to Mr. Newport, in Southern India, failed to induce the disease in
“Green Bug’ there. The weather in India at the time was not favourable for
the experiment. I am inclined to think that this grey fungus has been
gradually increasing, and that its effect in reducing the numbers of the bug is
more marked year by year.

Other natural enemies that attack the bug are several species of small
‘Ladybird Beetles’ (Cocczneldéde), and numerous minute chalcid wasps that
breed inside the body of the Zecanzum. Dr. L. O. Howard, Director of the
State Entomological Department, Washington, U.S.A., has identified the
following species bred by me from Lecanium viride: Coccophagus orientalis,
How; Lucyrtus flavus, How ; and Ceraptocerus ceylonensis, How.

But these local parasites of the bug have their own natural enemies, which
keep them in check and prevent them from increasing to a sufficient extent to
cope with the disease. It was thought that by introducing ladybird beetles
from some other country, minus their proper natural enemies, we might succeed
in raising up an army capable of fighting this (probably introduced) scale pest
on more even terms. This method was adopted with complete success when
the Ausiralian beetle, Vedalia cardinalis was naturalised in California, re-
sulting in the rapid extermination of the destructive ‘Fluted Scale’ (/cerya
purchast, Mask.). Accordingly, living specimens of Zxvochomus nigropunctatus,
a ladybird known to feed upon allied scale insects, were obtained from the
Cape of Good Hope through the good offices of Mr. C. P. Lounsbury, the
Government Entomologist of that Colony. These little beetles fed freely
upon Lecanium viride in captivity, and multiplied to a certain extent. Their
increase was, however, not sufficiently rapid to offer hopes of any practical
benefit to be derived from the introduction of this particular species. Small
numbers of the beetles were liberated in some of the few remaining coffee
districts, but apparently failed to establish themselves. I have also received,
through the kindness of Professor W. W. Froggatt, several parcels of
Australian ladybirds. Though a few of these survived the journey, I have
been unable to breed from them. They fed very sparingly upon such scale-
insects as I was able to give them, but died one by one without laying eggs.
My experiments in this direction have so far failed, but this may be due to the
fact that I have not yet found the proper species to suit the particular
conditions. It is hoped that other efforts may eventually prove more
successful,

From the sudden appearance of the pest and its rapid extension, it is
almost certain that the insect is an introduced species, and it seems probable

Lecanine. 203

that the Liberian coffee plant may have been the vehicle of introduction.
Lecanium viride has recently been recorded from Africa by Mr. R. Newstead*
from Lagos, West Africa. It is true that Mr. Newstead considers that the
African insect is a distinct variety, but scarcely sufficient material was examined
to establish that fact.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIX.
LECANIUM VIRIDE, Greev..

I. Insects 272 sz¢# on leaf and branch of coffee.

2. Adult female, dorsal view, x 15.

3. 3 foot.

4 # margin of scale, showing stigmatic cleft and spines
and dermal pores.

5 % marginal hairs.

6. 5 anal operculum.

Te #3 antenna.

8. Female of second stage, dorsal view.

g. Young lava, dorsal view.

o. Diseased insect, with fringe of mycelium of parasitic fungus.

* Ent. Mo, Mag. Ap. 1898, p. 95.

204 Lecanune.

LECANIUM DISCREPANS, sf. xov.
(PLATE LXX.)

Differs from Z formicariz principally in having marginal hairs fimbriate at
extremities (jig. 4), and in the presence of submarginal tubercles. Scales of anal
operculum (fig. 3) narrower; outer edge sinuate and distinctly longer than
base. Antenne relatively and actually longer; seven-jointed (fg. 2) ; formula,
4 (3) 7)s (ty 2), (5, 6), OF (3) 4 7), (1, 2), (5, 6)$ sometimes obscurely eight-
jointed from an imperfect division in 4th (fg. 1). Dermal cells less numerous
and conspicuous. Other characters as in /formzcarzz. Length 2 to 3 mm.
Breadth 1°75 to 2°25 mm.

Male unknown.

Habitat—either in nests of Cremastogaster dohrnz, or exposed and attended
by other ants. On tea plant. Pundaluoya, Yatiyantota, Passara.

It is difficult to separate these two species except by minute microscopical
characters, but the structural difference in the marginal hairs seems to me to
be of specific importance.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXxX.
LECANIUM DISCREPANS.

Fig. 1. Antenna, with partial division of fourth joint, x 150.
2, 5 with normal number of seven joints, x 150.
3. Anal operculum, x 150.
4. Marginal hairs and stigmatic spines, x 650.

Lecanine: 205

LECANIUM PUNCTULIFERUM, sf. xov.
(PLATE LXX.)

Adult 2 (fg. 6) irregularly oval, narrowed in front; moderately convex,
with a thinner marginal area. Colour varying from reddish-green or reddish-
yellow to reddish ochreous, the marginal area usually paler and transparent,
often minutely specked with brown, the spots sometimes coalescing into two
curved longitudinal fasciz. Eyes black, minute, close to margin. Stigmatic
cleft small; spines three (/7g. 9), the median one very long and stout and
projecting beyond margin (in one example the long median spine was
replaced by two shorter and more slender spines); marginal hairs slightly
dilated and fimbriate at extremity, intermingled (and sometimes alternated)
‘with simple pointed hairs ; submarginal tubercles rather large, five or six on
each side. Derm mottled in darker and lighter tints, with small circular or
oval cells (fig. 12), sharply defined and conspicuous on the darker parts,
inconspicuous on the paler spots. Antenna (jg. 8) with eight joints ; formula :
3; 8 (2, 4, 5), 1 (6, 7), or 3 (2, 8), (1, 4, 5), (6, 7). Legs normal, well
developed; tarsus considerably shorter than tibia (fig. 11). Scales of anal
operculum (jg. 10) together approximately square, base equal to outer edge,
lateral angle rectangular. Length 3 to 375 mm. Breadth 2 to 250 mm.

Male puparium (/g. 7) glassy, transparent, minutely and irregularly rugose,
divided into nine plates. Length 2mm. Breadth 1 mm.

Male larva pale green, with a median longitudinal dark brown line.

Adult 3, pale red or reddish yellow ; apodema castaneous ; notal plate of
metathorax dull brown, with pale circumscribed median spot. Caudal setz
fine, a little shorter than body. Antenna about half length of body. Genital
sheath (ig. 13) stout, more than half length of abdomen ; a recurved tubercle
on each side at its base. Length 1°75 mm.

Habitat on upper surface of leaves of ‘Sappu’ ((Zzchelia champaca)and mango
(fig. 5). Peradeniya, December. Attended by ants (LcophyWa smaragdina),
which had fastened the leaves together, forming a shelter. Received also from
Iranativu, on 4rua Janata. July.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXx.
LECANIUM PUNCTULIFERUM.
Fig. 5. Piece of mango leaf, with insects 27 s?fz, nat. size.
6. Adult 9, ventral view, x 15.
7. Male puparium, x Io.
8. Antenna, x I50.
g. Stigmatic spines and marginal hairs, x 650.
to. Anal operculum, x 150.
11. Leg (median), x 150.
12. Dermal cells, x 150.
13. Extremity of abdomen of adult male.

7 ry
Lecantine.

NO
Oo:
Or

LECANIUM SUBTESSELLATUM, sp. nov.
(PLATE LXXI.)

Adult @ (jig. 1) dark castaneous ; broadly oval, narrowed in front, flat
Derm with paler reticulating lines forming a tessellated pattern as in Zessed/atuz ;
the reticulation (in examples under observation) obsolescent on median area.
Eyes submarginal. Derm cells (fg. 2) numerous, small, irregularly oval ;
conspicuous only on the marginal series of plates, where the chitin is more
dense ; the plates outlined by minute translucent pores as in Zesse//afum var.
perforatum. A series of larger translucent spots (five on each side) above the
abdominal region, situate on the submarginal series of plates, each spot showing
a coarsely cellular structure (jig. 3). A few nucleated translucent spots
scattered irregularly over the dorsum. Stigmatic cleft small, with three pointed
spines (jig. 4). Marginal hairs small, finely pointed, simple. Submarginal
tubercles, three to four on each side. Scales of anal operculum (/zg. 5),
together forming a rhombus; base equal to outer edge, lateral angle obtuse,
apical angle acute. Antenna (/ég. 6) with six joints, of which the third is nearly
as long as the terminal three together ; formula: 3, 6, 1, 2 (4,5). Legs rather
small ; tarsus a little shorter than tibia. Length 250to 3mm. Breadth 1°75
to 2 mm.

Habitat on leaves of undetermined tree. Kandy.

This species closely approaches ¢essellatum var. perforatum in general
appearance and structure, but can be distinguished by the six-jointed antennz.
Other differences are the less distinct tessellation, the narrower and more
angular anal operculum, and the smaller marginal hairs.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXI.
LECANIUM SUBTESSELLATUM.

. Adult 9, dorsal view, showing pattern of tessellation, x 15.

. Part of margin (surrounding eye), showing derm cells, x 150.
. Cellular spot, x 650.

. Stigmatic spines and marginal hairs, x 650.

Anal operculum, x 150.

. Antenna, X I50.

. Foot, x 150.

a
oa
Au pwn

“J

Lecanine. 207

LECANIUM TESSELLATUM, Szgz., var. PERFORATUM, JVewsz.
(PLATE LXXII.)

Lec. tessellatum, Signoret, Essaz sur les Cochenilles, p. 231, pl. XI., fig. 4,
1873.

Lec. perforatum, Newstead, Entomologist?’s Monthly Magazine, October,
1894, p. 233.

Adult 2 (figs. 4, 5) irregularly oval, bluntly acuminate in front, broadly
rounded behind; sometimes almost deltoid; usually asymmetrical ; flattish,
median area very slightly convex, margins very thin. Under surface flat; a
small hollow on each side of abdomen (jg. 4). Colour dark castaneous, paling
to fulvous or greenish yellow at margin. Dorsal area divided into numerous
irregular plates, forming an intricate marqueterie pattern, more conspicuous
after treatment with potash. The pattern is roughly, but not absolutely, sym-
metrical on the two sides of a median line. The number of separate tesserze
varies slightly in different individuals by the confluence of adjoining plates, but
the main plan is constant, viz., four series on each side of the median line
(fig. 5), indicated on the surface by a series of depressed irregularly polygonal
spaces, divided by slight carine. Dermal cells numerous but ill defined,
irregularly oval, groups of them often forming irregular rosettes ; there is also,
near the margin of each plate, more particularly on those of the median series,
a series of minute translucent pores (fg. 10), bearing a fanciful resemblance to
rivet holes for the attachment of armour plates. Eyes minute, black, marginal.
Marginal hairs small, simple. Submarginal tubercles 5 to 7 on each side. Stig-
matic cleft (fig. 9) with three (rarely four) stout spines, the median one longest and
projecting beyond the margin. Anal cleftrather more than one-quarter the total
length of the insect. Scales of anal operculum ( jg. 8) together forming a square,
their extremities rather acutely pointed. Anal ring with six hairs, two (some-
times three) stout hairs, each surmounting a small conicle tubercle on each side of
ventral aperture (7g. 7). Antenna (ig. 6) with eight joints, the divisions be-
tween third and fourth often very indistinct, division between seventh and eighth
usually diagonal; formula variable, eighth always considerably the longest,
sixth and seventh shortest, second to fifth subequal. Legs rather small but
well developed; tarsus shorter than tibia; digitules normal. Length 3 to
475mm. Breadth 2 to 3 mm.

Young larvee crowded beneath the body of the parent, which is apparently
Ovoviviparous. Foot of young larva (jig. 3) with four unequal digitules, the
unguals particularly asymmetrical, one being a stout knobbed hair, while the
other is broadly dilated ; the tarsals are both knobbed hairs, but one is much
stouter than the other.

Male unknown in any stage.

Habitat commonly on fronds ot the palm Caryota urens,; also on Cocos
nucifera, Cinnamomum, Litsea, Moesa indica, and Hiptage madablota. Widely

208 Lecaniine.

distributed throughout the island. Common in European plant-houses. I
have examples from the West Indies and from Java. The species is reported
from many localities in the United States (Professor Cockerell and G. B. King),
from Mauritius (De Charmoy), and from Australia (Maskell and Froggatt).

This is the insect described and figured by Newstead (oc. czt.) as Lec.
perforatum. He founds the distinction between it and ¢esse//atum of Signoret
upon the eight-jointed antennze, the presence of a median division in the dorsal
tessellation, and the pores (simulating perforations) on the margins of the
dorsal tesserze. Signoret certainly does not mention the latter, but it does not
follow that they were not present in his type. In Signoret’s time descriptions
of Coccidze were not so minutely drawn up as they now are, and many incon-
spicuous characters were overlooked. As for the antennz, it seems possible
that Signoret may have missed the division between the third and fourth joints,
which is (as pointed out above) often very indistinct. The same may be said
of the median division of the dorsal plates. In old examples the plates of the
median area may become confluent, showing scarcely any divisions. Under
the circumstances, I do not consider that these discrepancies in the original
description, the other (and more remarkable) characters being identical, can
constitute more than a varietal difference.

Signoret records his type from a palm which he calls Cavyota ursus. 1
cannot find any such name in the /zdex Kewemszs, and suppose it to be an error
for Caryota wrens, the plant upon which the species most commonly occurs in

Ceylon.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXII.

LECANIUM TESSELLATUM, vay. PERFORATUM.

Fig. 1. Leaf of Caryota wrens, with insects, nat. size.

2. Posterior extremity of larva, dorsal view.

3. Foot of larva.

4. Adult female, ventral view, x Io.

5 D pattern of dorsal tessellation, x 12.

6. antenna, xX I50.

F) Hy ano-genital aperture, from below, x 100.
8 » anal operculum, x 100.

9 stigmatic cleft and marginal hairs, x 150.
Io. A stele dorsal plate, showing submarginal pores, x 80.

Lecanine. 209

LECANIUM ANTIDESM£:, Green.
(PLATE LXXII1.)
Lec. antidesme, Green, Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. 1V. No. 1 (1896).

Adult ? (fig. 2), flat above, slightly tumescent below, with a cavity behind
abdomen for reception of eggs; irregularly oval, no stigmatic clefts. Colour
dark purplish brown paling at margins. Dorsal surface covered with a thin greyish
powdery film. A submarginal dorsal series of about twenty-four short, fine,
opaque, white, cottony filaments springing from glandular spots. Skin opaque,
thickly sprinkled with small irregular oblong pale spots in more or less definite
groups, and some small round translucent pores marking the interspaces
between the groups. Glandular marginal spots (/zg. 3) dark in a pale area, with
twelve or more translucent orifices. Stigmatic spines (/zg. 6) three, small, mar-
ginal. Marginal hairs pointed, rather long and stout. Submarginal tubercles three
or four on each side; inconspicuous. Scales of anal operculum (fg. 5) small, base
equal to outer edge, outer angle obtuse. Anal cleft extending nearly one-third
length of insect. Anal ring with six hairs. Eyes inconspicuous. Antenna
(7g. 7) with eight joints, third longest ; antennal formula: 3, 8 (2, 4, 5), I (6, 7).
Foot (jg. 4) with the usual four digitules. Tarsus two-thirds length of tibia.
Length 3°75 mm. Breadth 2°75 mm.

Eggs pale green.

No other stages observed.

Described from a single specimen found on under surface of leaf of
Antidesma bunius. Pundaluoya, December, 1893.

(Other examples, subsequently found in Kandy, are of a more deltoid form,
with broadly rounded angles, narrowed in front. The filmy dorsal covering
broken up into polygonal plates of thin brittle wax.)

The only other species of Zecanzwm known to possess such a series of
glandular marginal spots is Z. patersoni@, Mask.; but that insect differs in having
distinct longitudinal and transverse ridges, and has only seven joints in the
antennz. Otherwise the description of pafersonze agrees very closely with my
Ceylon insect. I have not had an opportunity of examining the Australian
species.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIII.
LECANIUM ANTIDESM/.

. Leaf of Antidesma, with insect, nat. size.

. Adult female, dorsal view, x Io.

- Part of margin showing dermal cells and glandular spot.
. Foot.

. Anal operculum, x I50.

. Stigmatic spines and marginal hairs,

. Antenna.

Fig.

NON pw ND &

210 Lecantne.

LECANIUM PIPERIS, Green.
(PLATE LXXIV.)

Lec. piperis, Green, ‘ Catalogue of Coccidze,’ Zid. Mus. Notes, Vol. 1V.
No. 1 (1896).

Adult 2 (fg. 2) broadly oval, broadest across median area ; bluntly pointed
in front, rounded behind. Moderately convex above, with sharply defined median
longitudinal and two transverse ridges, the median ridge touching the margin in
front and terminating at the anal aperture, the anterior transverse ridge meeting
the margin between the stigmatic clefts, the posterior ridge extending to a point
about midway between the second stigmatic and the anal cleft. Flat below, with
abdominal cavities for reception of young larve. Colour bright reddish yellow
to reddish brown, ridges and margin paler, a few irregular dark brown radiating
lines or chains of spots more or less distinct in different examples. The whole
dorsal surface covered with a thin transparent waxy or glassy coating, which
can be flaked off in large pieces. Eyes black, prominent, distinctly defined
even after preparation ; at some distance from margin. Scales of anal opercu-
lum ( figs. 4, 4a) reddish-brown, together forming an oval, the base and outer
edge meeting in a curve without any definite angle; recurved below. In the
living insect there is a small brown spot immediately anterior to the anal scales.
Anal ring with eight stout hairs. Anal cleft rather more than one-fifth total length
of insect. No definite dermal cells, but some irregular translucent mottlings near
the margins, more pronounced at the posterior extremity, and from six to eight
clusters of minute circular glands on the dorsum anterior to the anal aperture.
Stigmatic clefts (jigs. 6,7,8) deeply incised and expanded internally, forming semi-
lunar openings with a sharply defined chitinous rim. Stigmatic spines four to
six, stout, with rounded extremities, one of them considerably longer and
stouter than the others. Marginal hairs small, simple, pointed. No sub-
marginal tubercles. Antenna with eight joints, the divisions between fourth
and fifth usually incomplete and varying in position ; third and fourth without
hairs. Antennal formula: 4 (3, 8), (1, 2, 5), 6, 7, or 5, 4 (1, 2, 8), 3, 6,7. Legs
(fig. 5) slender ; tarsus equal to tibia ; tarsal digitules long and broadly dilated ;
ungual digitules fine knobbed hairs. Length 3:75 to 450 mm. Breadth 3 to
3°50 mm.

Young larva dull reddish. No eggs observed, but adult females usually
cover a number of young larva, amongst which are seen the collapsed egg-
capsules.

Adult g (fg. 10) dark reddish brown to purplish brown; apodema dark
brown or black; legs and antennz pale straw colour. Wings hyaline, iride-
scent ; costal nervure bright crimson. Antenna with three knobbed hairs at
extremity. A pair of thin white caudal filaments, about as long as the
abdomen. Length 1:25 mm.

Lecaniine. 211"

Male puparium (7g. 9) oblong, narrow, convex above colourless, glassy,
transparent ; composed of eighteen plates, those of the median series with
raised thickened rims. Length 2:25 mm.

Male larva brownish-purple, oblong, slightly convex above.

Habitat on upper surface of leaves of Pzfer sp., and Psychotria. Pundaluoya.
The male puparia usually attached to the extreme margin of the leaf.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIV.
LECANIUM PIPERIS.

Fig. 1. Leaf of wild pepper, with insects 27 sz?z, nat. size.
2. Adult female, dorsal view, x 7.
3, 4. Anal operculum of female.
5. Leg.
6, 7, 8. Stigmatic cleft, spines, and marginal hairs.
g. Male puparium, x 12.
1o, Adult male, x 24.
11, 12. Antenna of adult female.

BE

212 Lecaniine,

LECANIUM MARSUPIALE, sf. nov.
(PLATE LXXV.)

Adult ? (figs. 1, 2), very flat and broad; posterior half widest; extremities
either rounded or bluntly pointed. Median area deep reddish brown, mottled
with darker brown. A broad, greenish, marginal zone, sharply demarked from
the median reddish area. Eyes minute, black, close to inner edge of marginal
zone. Marginal hairs, spiniform, sharply pointed. Stigmatic clefts (jg. 5)
conspicuous ; the margin densely chitinous and vertically thickened, its edge
closely studded with glandular pores. There are no spines in the centre of the
cleft ; but a single stout-pointed spine guards the cleft on each side. A dermal
fold from the ventral part projects beyond the dorsal margin, its edges incurved
and indurated, forming a chitinous lip on each side of the cleft. Scales of anal
operculum (/ig. 6) pointed at extremity ; the outer angle evenly rounded ; outer
edge longer than base. The operculum is surrounded by a sharply defined
densely chitinous zone. Derm with small scattered translucent pores, and
some irregular nebulous pale streaks on the marginal area. Under surface
(jig. 3) with a deep pouch on each side of abdomen, in which the young larvee
are sheltered for some time after birth. Limbs so closely pressed into surface
of body as to be practically invisible on the living insect. Antenna (fg. 7)
obscurely eight-jointed, the division between fourth and fifth joints usually in-
complete. Antennal formula 3, (1, 8), 6,°(2, 4, 5,7), or 3 (1, 6, 8), (2, 4, 5, 7).
Length of well-grown example 9 mm. Breadth 6 to 6.50 mm.

The early adult female, before gestation (fg. 4), is very thin and trans-
parent, the median area mottled with pale reddish brown. When in position
on the leaf, it is scarcely visible, except by its glistening surface. Delicate
glassy filaments are secreted from the marginal hairs.

Adult 3 (fig. 10) of normal form: comparatively large. Thorax dark
castaneous, highly polished, except mesal notal plate and scutellum which are
dull, Head blackish brown. Ocelli large, purplish black: four on upper and
four on under surface of head (fig. 11). Eyes minute, lateral. Abdomen dull red-
dish purple, bearing a pair of very long fine opaque-white caudal filaments.
Antenne and legs brownish purple. Wings ample; highly iridescent; costal
nervure and costal area purplish pink. Length (including genital sheath)
2.25 mm,

Male puparium (fg. 9) oval: median area convex, covered by a broad
opaque-white elevated pad; marginal zone opaque-white, except at posterior
extremity, where it is glassy and translucent ; a narrow space between marginal
and median areas tinged with brownish purple; scale divided into 12 plates.
Length 3.50mm. Breadth 2.25 to 2.50 mm.

Fully grown male larva (fg. 8) bright reddish fulvous, with a dense cushion
of opaque-white wax on the median longitudinal area. Raised white lines—

Lecanune. 213

four on each side and one behind—radiate from the waxy cushion to the
margin, indicating the divisions of the future puparium.

Habitat on upper surface of leaves of Pzper nigrum and other species of
pepper, on Pothos scandens, and occasionally on Anona sf.: Peradeniya,
Rambukkana, Matale.

Occurs also in the Wynaad, S. India, on cultivated pepper vines.

Fig.

oe

HOD ON ANEW DN =

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXV.

LECANIUM MARSUPIALE,

. Leaf of Peper nigrum, with 6 and ¢ scales, nat. size.
. Adult 9, dorsal view, x 5.

9 ventral view, x 5.

. Early adult 9, dorsal view, x 5.
. Stigmatic cleft of 2, dorsal view, x 150.

Anal operculum of 9, x 150.

. Antenna of 2, x I50.

. Male larva, dorsal view, x 6.

. Puparium of male, dorsal view, x 6.

. Adult 6, dorsal view, x 12.

. Head of male (diagrammatic), viewed from in front.

214 Lecaniine.

LECANIUM BICRUCIATUM, sf. nov.
(PLATE LXXVI.)

Adult ¢ (jigs. 1, 2), ochreous ; median area suffused with bright castaneous ;
margin narrowly brown. Form oval or subdeltoid; anterior extremity usually
more or less acuminate. Flattish; with a prominent median longitudinal and
two transverse carine; the longitudinal ridge obsolescent posteriorly to the
second transverse ridge. Eyes black; at some distance from margin. Derm
with small irregularly oval cells, not very sharply defined; forming broken
transverse lines on the marginal zone, and collected into irregular circles and
rosettes on the median area (fg. 5). A well-defined clear space marking
position of the eyes, after treatment with potash. Stigmatic clefts with a dark
coloured chitinous rim (7g. 6). Stigmatic spines three, stout, with rounded
extremities ; moderately long, but barely reaching the margin. Marginal hairs
(figs. 6, 7, 8) falcate, flattened at extremity; varying in size in examples from
different plants ; those from Wemecylon (jig. 7) smaller and more slender ;
those from Eugenia (fig. 8) stouter and strongly curved. No submarginal
tubercles. Scales of anal operculum-(/g. 4) with base and outer edge ap-
proximately equal, together forming a more or less continuous curve ; a minute
tubercle bearing a fine hair at extremity. Antenna (/ig. 3) six-jointed ; third
joint very long, usually with an imperfect division near its extremity; formula
very constant: 3, (1, 6), 2, 4, 3. Anal ring with eight hairs, two of them con-
siderably smaller than the others. Length 3:50 to 4°75 mm. Breadth 2°50
to 3°50 mm.

Male puparium (#g. 9) transparent, glassy ; divided into eighteen plates ;
the median area thickened and raised. Length2mm. Breadth 1°25 mm.

Adult ¢ unknown.

Habitat singly, on under-surface of leaves of Memecylon umbellatum.
Nothopegia colebrookiana, Eleagnus latifolia, Calophyllum sp., and Eugenia
sp. Peradeniya, Pundaluoya, Watawella, Nuwera Eliya. Widely distri-
buted, but comparatively rare in any locality.

The peculiar form of the marginal hairs distinguishes this species from any
other known to me.

Very closely allied to Zzferis, from which it differs only in number of
antennal joints and form of marginal hairs.

It is possible that intermediate forms, showing gradual subdivision of the
long third joint of antenna, with a simplification of the marginal hairs, may occur.

0 ON DN RwWND A

Lecanine. 215

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXVI.

LECANIUM BICRUCIATUM.

. ? insect, on Memecylon, nat. size.
. Adult 2, dorsal view, x 6.

. Antenna, x 150.

. Scales of anal operculum, x 150.
. Dermal cells, x 150.

Stigmatic cleft and marginal hairs (from Eleaguus), x 650.

. Marginal hairs (from JZemycylon), x 650.
. Marginal hair (from Lugenia), x 650.
. ¢ puparium, x 16.

216 Lecanine.

LECANIUM MANGIFERZ:, Green.
(PLATE LXXVII.)

Lecanium mangtfere, Green, Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,
April, 1889, p. 249.

Adult 2 (figs. 1, 4, 5), pale yellowish green, the malpighian tubules showing
through the skin of the dorsum as an indistinct chain of oblong fulvous spots.
Deltoid, bluntly pointed in front, broadly rounded behind, usually asymmetrical.
Very thin; margin broadly flattened, with slight ridges above the stigmatic
areas, and some conspicuous translucent lines marking the obliterated junctions
of the abdominal segments. Median dorsal area smooth and very slightly
convex in fully mature examples. Eyes marginal, minute, black. Anal cleft
more than one-third total length of the insect. In some examples the anal
aperture is approximately central. Scales of anal operculum (/g. 6) narrowly
triangular, elongate ; inner edge longest, more than twice length of outer edge ;
outer edge shortest ; base twice length of outer edge. On the ventral abdo-
minal area is a broad cavity in which the eggs are retained after deposition (jig. 5).
Antenna (jig. 11) with eight joints; second and eighth equal and longest,
seventh always shortest. Legs well developed; tarsus more than half length
of tibia. Foot (fg. 10) with four digitules ; the tarsals in the form of knobbed
hairs ; the unguals broad and spatulate, twice length of claw. Margin closely
set with curved hairs, the extremities of which are divided into from three to four
points (fig. 9). Submarginal tubercles five on-each side. Stigmatic clefts with
three stout spines, the middle one long and curved, the other two very short,
straight, and bluntly rounded at extremity (fg. 8). Anal ring with eight hairs,
six of which are long and stout, and two quite short and slender. Derm with
numerous well-defined small oval or round pores, narrowly surrounded by a
darker zone (figs. 6, 7). Length 3to 4mm. Breadth 2°50 to 3°50 mm.

Adult 6, unknown.

Egg, pale green.

Young larva (ig. 2) very pale yellowish-green ; broadly oval. Eyes dull
red. Anal setz half as long as body, springing from the points of the anal
scales (fig. 3). Marginal hairs curved, simple.

Half-grown female very thin and transparent, similar in outline to adult.

Habitat on under surface of leaves of mango and Lztsea zeylanica, Punda-
luoya. Recorded also from the West Indies on orchids, cinnamon, and
Jambosa. Reported also from the West Indies.

Mr. J. W. Douglas, in a note to the original description, points out the
resemblance of this insect to Lecanium acuminatum of Signoret. But besides
the discrepancy in the number of antennal joints, the present species (if
Signoret’s figure is reliable, Zssaz sur les Cochenilles, 1873, Pl. 12, fig. 1) has
the anal cleft much longer, and consequently the anal scales situated much
nearer the centre.

Fig.

ot

Lecantine.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXVII.
LECANIUM MANGIFER#.

1. Mango leaf with insects 27 sz¢z, nat. size.
2. Newly hatched larva, from below.

3. Abdominal extremity of young larva.

4. Adult female, dorsal view, x 8.

8 4 ventral view, x 8.

6. " anal operculum and pores of skin.
7. 5 dermal pores, more enlarged.

8. 09 stigmatic spines, x 650.

9. 9 marginal hairs, x 650.

0°. 5D foot.

I, 5 antenna, X 150.

217

218 Lecantine.

LECANIUM ACUTISSIMUM, Green.
(PLATE LXXVIII.)

Lec. acutissimum, Green, ‘ Catalogue of Coccidz, Jud. Mus. Notes, Vol. 1V.
No. 1 (1896).

Adult 2 (jigs. 1, 3, 4, 5) long and narrow, acutely pointed at each end, (of the
form of a carraway seed) ; convex above. Colour varying from creamy-white
in the early adult to deep chocolate-brown in older examples (fg. 3). Inter-
mediate stages ochreous with a median reddish stripe (jig. 5), and bright
castaneous. There is always a pale ochreous patch immediately anterior to the
anal valve. Eyes black, visible only in the paler forms. There is a well-
defined but narrow thin marginal zone, more apparent when viewed from
below (fig. 4). Stigmatic cleft small and inconspicuous. A single slender
stigmatic spine in each cleft with—on each side of it—a minute chitinous
tubercle or rudimentary spine (/g. 6). Marginal hairs simple, slender, finely
pointed. Submarginal tubercles eight on each side ; conspicuous on early adult.
Two longitudinal series of minute blunt spines (fg. 12) on the subdorsal area.
Scales of anal operculum (fg. 7) with outer edge considerably longer than
base. Limbs closely adpressed to the body, very small and inconspicuous.
Antenna (jg. 8) with the two basal joints only distinguishable ; lighter trans-
verse marks faintly apparent in some examples suggest an original division into
six (or possibly seven) joints ; a few longish hairs at extremity. Legs minute,
but relatively stout ; tibio-femoral and tibio-tarsal articulations distinguishable
only in anterior pair (77g: 9); in second and third pairs (jigs. 10, 11) a slight
constriction indicates the division between femor and tibia, but tibio-tarsal
division quite indistinguishable. Claw minute; digitules usually wanting ;
occasionally one (rarely two) can be demonstrated (fig. 11). Derm with
minute scattered translucent pores on the median dorsal area; and large
suboval, subcircular, or irregular cells on submarginal zone, becoming elongate
and linear at margin (7g. 6). Length 5to6mm. Breadth 1 to 1°50 mm.

Male unknown.

Eggs not observed. The older females are concave below (fig. 4), and
usually cover a few living larvze.

Young larva (ig. 2) elongate, very pale green.

Habitat on Cocos nucifera (cocoanut palm); Aveca catechu and A. triandra;
Cycas sp.; Piper nigrum (pepper); Nephelum litchi; Mangifera indica
(mango); Lztsea zeylanica; Musa paradisaica (banana), and various other
trees, shrubs, and plants. Usually on under surface of the leaves. Pundaluoya,
Kandy, Colombo, Peculiar to Ceylon,

3
09

=
Ne OD MNAMHR WD FT

—

Lecanine. 219

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXVIII.
LECANIUM ACUTISSIMUM.

Piece of cocoanut leaf with insects 77 sz¢z, nat. size.

. Newly hatched larva.
. Adult 9, dorsal view, x 8.

» ventral view, x 8.
Early adult 9, x 8.
Stigmatic spine and marginal hairs, x about 300.
Anal operculum, x I50.

. Antenna, x 410.

. Anterior leg, x 410.
. Median leg, x 410.
. Posterior leg, x 410.

Dorsal spines, x 650.

GG

220 Lecaniine.

LECANIUM ARUNDINARIAZA, sf. nov.
(PLATE LXXIX.)

Adult ¢ (jigs. 1, 2) ochreous ; median area slightly suffused with red, the
malpighian tubes showing through the derm as a broken chain of elongated
spots. Eyes black, prominent, distant from margin. In the living insect there
are many short white waxy filaments scattered over the median dorsal area (7g. 1).
Form elongate, narrow; extremities acute. Marginal zone thin and trans-
lucent ; median area raised, with a sharply defined median longitudinal ridge.
Derm cells inconspicuous and difficult to define ; traces of large oval cells are
suggested on parts of the median area. (Scales of anal operculum missing in the
single example examined.) Stigmatic cleft (fg. 3) with semicircular chitinous
rim; spinesthree to five, the outer ones—when present—small and fine, the normal
three very stout, with rounded extremity, the central one reaching to or beyond
the margin. Marginal hairs fine, simple, pointed. Antenna (jg. 4) with six
joints, the third almost as long as the terminal three together. Formula:
3, 6, 1, 4 (2, 5). Legs well developed ; tarsus as long as, or longer than, tibia
(gf. 5). Length 7mm. Breadth 2°25 mm.

Ovoviviparous ; the young larvee elongate, pale reddish fulvous.

Described from a single example found on upper surface of leaf of Arzzd-
naria sp. Pundaluoya (July.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIX.
LECANIUM ARUNDINARIZ&.

. Leaf of Avunadinaria with insect, nat. size.
Adult 9, dorsal view, x 6.

. Stigmatic cleft and spines, x 650.

. Antenna, x I50.

. Leg (median), x 150.

Fig.

wm ew NH

Lecantine.

to
ie}
-

LECANIUM LONGULUM, Douglas.
(PLATE LXXX.)

Lec. longulum, Douglas, Extomologists Monthly Magazine, October,

1887, p. 97.
Lec. chirimolia, Maskell, Trans. New Zealand Institute, Vol. XXII. 1889,
Pp. 137-

The following is Mr. Douglas’s description, which answers closely to
' Ceylonese examples of the insect :—

“9? scale dingy pale yellowish-grey, elongate, narrow, ends broadly rounded, side
margins slightly curved out, not recurved; surface smooth, transversely arched, longi-
tudinally level semi-cylindric, not carinate, a band of faintly dark reticulation along the
sides, whence, in some examples, faint dark lines radiate to the margin; the disc occu-
pied with a long, pale, clear, oval spot; or in some mature specimens the scale is
unicolorous yellow-brown, the dorsal spot partly or wholly covered, and on the sides
minute pale dots in place of reticulations. Under side all pale, a broad space all round
the insect, a conspicuous blackish eye-spot above each antenna. Antenne of eight joints :
the first short ; the second longer, about the same length as the fourth ; the third longest
of all ; the fifth longer than the fourth, but not so long as the third ; the sixth, seventh,
and eighth shortest, the eighth longest of the three, which (especially the terminal)
have all gradated sides. The eighth, indeed, simulates two joints, but the graduated
structure and tte want of colour make it impossible to determine with certainty whether
or not there is a real articulation. Young larva under the scales. A scale remarkable
for its length, narrowness, and semi-cylindric form.’

To the above description, the following particulars may be added. The
darker tint of the sides consists of a nebulous reticulation of closely set dark
specks enclosing irregular pale spots, the pale spots forming longitudinal series
on abdominal region (jig. 2). The small black eye-spot is submarginal and
distinctly visible on the upper as well as the under surface. The eighth
antennal joint, in my Ceylonese examples, is sometimes no longer than the
sixth. I have noticed the following two formule: 3, (2, 5), (1, 4, 8), 6, 7; and
3, 5, (2, 4), 1, (6, 8), 7. The excess of the fifth over the fourth joint is notice-
ably constant in all examples. The eye-spot, in macerated examples, is
enclosed in a well-defined irregular clear space (fig. 6). The derm is thickly
sprinkled with small oval and subglobular translucent cells, which are more
conspicuous towards the margins. Stigmatic cleft (jg. 7) small and incon-
spicuous ; stigmatic spines three, the median about three times length of
laterals. Marginal hairs simple, pointed, curved (fg. 8). Anal operculum
reddish. Scales of anal operculum (fg. 4) broad, with acute angles, the angle
formed by the base and outer edge slightly falcate ; outer edge a little longer
than base. Submarginal tubercles comparatively large (#g. 3) and numerous ;
ten to twelve on each side. Legs normal, tarsus shorter than tibia. Hairs of
anal ring eight, two of them much shorter and more slender than the others.

222 Lecantine.

Anal cleft less than one-fifth total length of insect. Length 4 to 6 mm.
Breadth 2°50 to 3°50 mm.

Male unknown.

The insect is ovoviviparous ; the young larve pale pinkish-orange.

Habitat on twigs and branches of Albizzza sp., Acacia dealbata, Grevillia,
Loranthus, ‘Cherimoya’ (Anona sp.). Pundaluoya, Bogawantalawa, Kandy.

The species has been widely distributed on cultivated plants, and its
original home is not known. In Europe it is found chiefly in plant-houses.
Mr. Douglas’s examples were from Acacia catechu, Anona muricata, Myrica
Sragifera, Averrhoa carembola, and Spathophyllum blandum. It occurs in
Germany on Ficus sf. and Latania borbonica. Maskell recorded it from New
Zealand, Australia, and the Sandwich Islands, upon Pszdium, Bambusa, Acacia,
and Cztrus. De Charmoy found it on Cherimolia in Mauritius. Professor
Cockerell and other American entomologists record the species from Mexico,
Panama, Jamaica, and Antigua.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXX.

LECANIUM LONGULUM.

Fig. 1. Insects on branch of A/ézzzza, nat. size.
2. Adult 9, dorsal view, x Io.
3: D submarginal tubercle, x 650.
4. a anal operculum, x 150.
5. ” antenna, X I50.
6. 5 deimal cells, eye-spot, &c., x 150.
We » stigmatic spines and marginal hairs, x 300,
8.

5 a single marginal hair, x 650.

Lecanune. 223

LECANIUM CAUDATUM, Green.
(PLATE LXXXI.)

Lec. caudatum, Green, ‘ Catalogue of Coccide,’ /rd. us. Notes, Vol. 1V.
No. 1 (1896).

Adult 2 (jigs. I to 4) oval, narrower in front, broadly rounded behind ;
strongly convex above, with slightly flattened margin. Faint median longi-
tudinal ridge and transverse corrugations. Colour bright castaneous, with a
broad marginal zone of a deeper tint ; usually a dark median fascia and several
irregular transverse dotted bands; older examples deep castaneous. Early
adult (fig. 4) greenish yellow to bright orange yellow ; a pale reddish marginal
zone enclosing paler specks ; a deep red-brown median longitudinal stripe, and
transverse dotted bands of same colour, those on the thoracic area more con-
spicuous—the first band curving forwards towards the eyes, the second directed
towards the anterior stigmatic cleft, the third and fourth meeting near the
posterior stigmatic cleft. Eyes black, submarginal. Anal valve black. The
malpighian tubes sometimes visible through the derm as a looped chain of
dark spots (fig. 2). Examples living under shelter secrete three or four long
white waxy threads from the anal aperture (jigs. 2, 4), extending—in the earlier
stages—for more than twice the length of the body of the insect ; but, where
the insects are in exposed situations or are attended by ants, these filaments
are lost as fast as they are formed. Derm with numerous oval or subglobular
translucent cells (jig. 11), more conspicuous near the margin, each surrounded
by a darker areola; many irregular deep-seated oblong spots which are pale
near the margin, but become darker than the surrounding parts towards the
median area. Under favourable conditions of illumination, a faint hexagonal
reticulation can be demonstrated on the median dorsal area (fig. 10). Stig-
matic cleft (jig. 12) with three small stout spines, the median about twice
length of laterals, scarcely projecting beyond margin. Marginal hairs (figs.
II, 12) broadly dilated and irregularly dentate. No submarginal tubercles.
Scales of anal operculum (fg. 7) with outer edge sinuous, only slightly longer
than base; apex narrowly truncate. Antenna (fig. 5) seven-jointed, third
longest ; antennal formula very constant: 3, 4, (2,7), I, 5,6. Foot (fg. 6) with
stout claw and strongly dilated ungual digitules. Anal ring (7g. 9) with six
long stout and deeply coloured hairs. The parts of the anal ring and its
connection with the anal valve can be more readily demonstrated in this
species than in any other Zecanium with which I am acquainted. Length
3to4mm. Breadth 2 to 3 mm. :

Male unknown in any stage.

Young larva (fig. 8) very pale pink.

Eggs pale pink ; deposited beneath the body of the- “rent, which dries up
and forms a protective covering for them.

Habitat on upper surface of leaves of Passt/lora, Coffea arabica, Loranthus,
Memecylon umbellatum, Pergularia odoratissima, Pavetta. Pundaluoya,
Kandy.

Known only from Ceylon.

Lecaniine.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXI.
LECANIUM CAUDATUM.

Leaf of Passzflora, with insects, nat. size.
Adult ?, dorsal view, x Io.
% side view, X I0.

. Early adult 9, dorsal view, x Io.
. Antenna, X I50.
. Foot, x 300.

Anal operculum, x 150.
Young larva.

. Anal ring, ventral aspect, x 150.
. Portion of derm, with reticulate markings, x 150.
. Margin of scale, showing stigmatic spines, marginal hairs, and

dermal cells, x 150.

. Stigmatic cleft, marginal hairs, &c., x 650.

Lecanine, 225

LECANIUM PSIDII, sp. nov.
(PLATE LXXXII.)

Adult ? (fg. 1) bright red-brown to deep brown; living insects usually
smooth, shining; dried examples often more or less pitted and corrugated.
The paler examples often with darker bars projecting inwards from the margin,
but not meeting in the centre. Oval; highly convex ; sometimes narrowed in
front; margin pitted, and slightly out-turned (fg. 10). Antenna (fig. 9)
normally with seven joints ; seventh and fourth longest. Formula : (4, 7), (2, 3), 1
(5, 6), or 4 (2, 3, 7), 1 (5, 6); Sometimes becoming eight-jointed by elongation
and subdivision of third joint (fig. 8). Legs (fg. 7) rather small, tarsus only
slightly shorter than tibia.. Stigmatic spines three, the median one scarcely longer
than the marginal hairs (zg. 9), the other two less than half as long. Marginal
hairs dilated and finely frayed at the extremity. Submarginal tubercles four or
five oneach side. Scales of anal operculum (fg. 6) bluntly pointed, base twice as
long as outer edge. Anal ring with eight stout hairs. Derm with numerous
minute oval pores, which are arranged more or less in lines inclosing irregular
blank spaces. Size very variable. Length 2°50 to 375 mm. Breadth 2 to
3 mm.

Female of second stage (gg. 4) and early adult pale green or yellow, with a
median longitudinal series of deep reddish-brown spots, and a submarginal
series of dark brown lines and spots, the former extending to the margin.

Adult $ (jig. 2) pale reddish; apodema darker. Legs and antennz
yellowish. Wings hyaline; costal nervure very pale pink. No caudal fila-
ments, but a small fleshy tubercle, surmounted by a few hairs, on each side of
the genital sheath (jig. 5). Genital sheath three-quarters length of abdomen,
moderately stout. Antennze as long as body ; three knobbed hairs at extremity.
Eyes and ocelli black. Length 1 mm.

Male puparium (fg. 3) colourless, transparent, glassy, divided into nine
plates, with an indistinct median tubercular ridge. Length 1°50 mm.

Pupa green, turning reddish shortly before the emergence of the imago.

Habitat on under surface of leaves of ‘ guava’ (Pszdzum guyava), on Magut-
fera indica, ‘jak’ (Artocarpus integrifolia), Eugenia sp. Fagrea, and on the
young shoots of the cultivated nutmeg (AZyristica moschata). Kandy, Perade-
niya, Colombo, Balangoda (December, January). Always attended by ants. The
large ‘red ant’ (cophylla smaragdina) often encloses colonies of this bug
in its nests,

-
= O90 MN AMBOHW DY

+

. Antenna of a

Lecaniine,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXII.

LECANIUM PSIDII.

. Guava leaf, with insects, nat. size.
. Adult male, dorsal view, x 25.

Male puparium, x 12.
Female, immature.

. Extremity of abdomen of male, from below.

Anal operculum of adult female, x 100.
Leg of s x 150.

5 x) seven

. Adult female, side view, x 12.
. Stigmatic spines and marginal hairs.

”

with eight joints, x 150.

x 150.

Lecanine. 227

LECANIUM OLE, Bernard.
(PLATE LXXXIII.)

Chermes olee, Bernard, Mem. @ Hist. Nat. Acad., 1782.

Coccus olee, Olivier, Encycl. Method. 1791.

Lecanium olee, Walker, List of Homofpt. in Coll. British Museum, Part IV.,
1852.

Adult ? (igs. 1, 2) densely chitinous ; dull purplish-brown, surface roughened
and minutely specked with small greyish or colourless waxy granules. In smal
examples these granules are close together ; in larger, well-fed specimens they
become more widely separate, owing to the expansion of the intermediate
tissues. Form highly convex; usually distinctly angular, with prominent
‘median longitudinal and two transverse ridges; a smaller longitudinal raised
line connects the transverse ridges on each side. In some examples the ridges
are almost obsolete, and the insect nearly hemispherical. Eyes inconspicuous.
Scales of anal operculum (ig. 4) pointed at extremity ; outer edge rounded ; base
straight or slightly concave ; outer edge twice length of base. Marginal hairs
(jig. 5) rather long ; extremity dilated and often deeply divided. Submarginal
tubercles six on each side. No stigmatic cleft. Stigmatic spines three (jg. 7),
prominent and sharply pointed, the median spine nearly four times the length
of the others. Antenna (7g. 6) with eight joints, of which the third is always the
longest ; relative length of other joints rather variable: fourth equal to fifth,
sixth usually equal to seventh. In one example examined the antenna on one
side had seven joints only, while that on the opposite side was normal. Legs rather
slender ; tarsus about three-quarters length of tibia; digitules of claw rather
long. Dermal cells (fg. 3) large, irregularly polygonal, with rounded angles ;
the margin of each cell distinctly marked on the surface. There is a deeper
seated reticulation which follows the interspaces between the cells, but this is
not always clearly defined. On the denser marginal area the cavities of the
cells are filled with a dark brown deposit, and—in very old scales—all the
cells may be similarly darkened.

Early adult female and female of second stage dull pale brownish yellow.

Male puparium not observed in Ceylon, but examples from Europe (fg. 8)
are oblong oval; divided into nine plates; glassy, colourless ; studded with
irregular waxy flakes, those on the median line more prominent and well
defined. A submarginal series of minute raised spots. Pupa green, with a
dark brown longitudinal stripe.

Adult $ not observed in Ceylon. Figures of the insect in an American
publication show it to be of normal form.

Habitat in Ceylon on Antidesma bunius, Grewia orientalis, and Duranta
(Pundaluoya) ; on Thesfesta populnea (Jaffna) ; and on Cajanus indicus (Pera-
deniya). Though widely distributed, in point of numbers Lec. o/ee is distinctly
a scarce species in Ceylon. It is probably kept in check by parasites. It
occurs in nearly all countries of the world, and is a serious pest in parts of
Europe, the United States, and South Africa, where it attacks many kinds of
fruit-trees, particular olive and various species of citrus.

HH

228 Lecaniine.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIII.
LECANIUM OLE.
Fig.

g Insects on twig of Aztidesma, nat. size.

I.

2. Adult 9, side view, x 5.

3 » derm cells, x 150.

4. 5 anal operculum, x 150.

IS », Marginal hairs, x 650.

6. » antenna, X I50.

Te es stigmatic spines, x 650.

8. Male puparium, x 20 (after drawing in Ezz. Mo. Mag., Mar.
1897, p. 72).

Lecaniine. 229

LECANIUM NIGRUM, WMeetuer.
(PLATE LXXXIV.)

Lec. nigrum, Nietner, Enemies of the Coffee Tree, p. 9, 1861.
Lec. depressum, Targioni-Tozzetti, Stud. sulle Cocciniglie, 1867.
Lec. begonia, Douglas, Ext. Mo. Mag., Aug. 1892, p. 209.

Adult ? (jigs. 2, 3) variable in size, form, and colour, such variation depend-
ing considerably upon the host-plant. The typical form is irregularly oval,
usually asymmetrical, narrowed in front; strongly convex, the dorsum above
the abdominal region sometimes forming a pronounced hump. Neither the
stigmatic nor anal clefts are conspicuous. There is often a slight median
longitudinal carina and some shallow fovez on the sides. On some plants
(¢.g., Mussenda and Canthium), | have found examples almost circular in out-
line ; while on the narrow leaves of Asparagus the scales are elongate and
narrow, with the margins concealed beneath the protuberant sides. On leaves
of Agave, Maranta, and Canna, the scales are usually much less convex and
of a much more regular oval form. The colour of the mature insect varies
from bright castaneous to deep purple black, the tint usually deepening with
age; but examples on Agave and Canna appear to remain castaneous even
when fully mature. Surface smooth, but not highly polished, faintly papillose.
During oviposition the ventral parts shrink upwards, leaving a cavity com-
pletely filled with eggs. Eyes inconspicuous, submarginal, visible only in
macerated specimens. Antenna (jig. 12) with eight joints, of which the third
is always much the longest, the eighth next longest, and the ninth the shortest ;
the relative lengths of the remaining joints variable. Legs well developed,
slender; tarsus and claw together nearly equal to tibia; digitules normal.
Anal ring with six stout hairs and two finer ones. Scales of anal operculum
(fg. 11) with outer edge slightly convex, base slightly concave; outer almost
as long as inner edge; base shortest. Anal cleft almost obsolete, the two
edges firmly united. Stigmatic spines acutely pointed, three, the median one
about three times as long as the other two; approximately marginal in the
early adult (7g. 5) ; sunk in a small cleft in older examples (fg. 6). Marginal
hairs dilated and flattened at extremity, the flattened edge deeply emarginate
(figs. 5, 6). Being set edgeways, the flattening is not always apparent and may
be overlooked. Submarginal tubercles, about five on each side, inconspicuous.
Derm closely covered with a conspicuous tessellation of irregularly polygonal
cells, each with a median pale oval spot and a minute translucent pore in the
centre. The appearance of these cells varies considerably in different in-
dividuals and even on different parts of the same scale. In less mature scales
the cells are separate (7g. 8); in more advanced scales the sides of the cells
become thickened (jg. 9); later, the cells themselves appear to increase in

230 Lecanine.

size until their walls become contiguous and confluent (7g. 11). In very
densely chitinous examples the cell walls may become so dark that the tessel-
lated appearance is more or less obscured and the pale spots only are con-
spicuous. A vertical section through the derm (/g. 13) affords an explanation
of the tessellation and median spot. It is due to a complicated involution of
the cuticle between each cell, the involuted parts forming, in fact, the walls,
and spreading out below to form the floor of the cell. The floor is incomplete,
the interrupted portion (/g. 13a) appearing as the pale median spot. The roof
of each cell is pierced by a minute pore (fg. 134). Length 3 to 5 mm.
Breadth 2 to 3 mm.

Female of second stage (jig. 4) flattish, or very slightly convex above ; pale
greenish yellow with a reticulated pattern of dull reddish brown lines formed
by seven longitudinal stripes crossed by eleven or twelve transverse bands, the
points of intersection dilated. These markings vary in intensity and are some-
times obsolete. Eyes black, submarginal. Anal valves fulvous. In sheltered
situations these immature females secrete, at intervals along the margin,
delicate twisted glassy filaments. The filaments spring from a submarginal
series of points corresponding with the extremities of the transverse coloured
bands. The passage of countless ants, which usually attend the insects, soon
wears off these filaments.

Young larvee dull red.

Eggs purplish.

Adult ¢ (fig. 15) reddish brown above, yellowish beneath; head, sternal
plates, anterior and lateral notal plates, antennz and legs, olive brown;
apodema black, polished ; a dark vertical line on head; margin of abdomen
reddish. Wings ample, hyaline and iridescent ; costal nervure bright pink.
Antenna ten-jointed, fourth longest; three knobbed hairs at apex. A pair of
long white waxy caudal filaments. Penultimate segment of abdomen with a
pair of prominent fleshy pilose processes, directed backwards ; and a recurved
(eversible ?) process on each side at base of style. Style flattened, lanceolate,
acutely pointed, half length of abdomen. Length 1 mm.

Male puparium (7g. 14) transparent, glassy ; divided into nine plates, of which
two are central and seven marginal ; junctions of the plates raised and more
opaque ; a submarginal series of minute raised spots. Length 1°50 mm.

Male larva (jig. 17), when fully grown, yellowish green; with a slight
median longitudinal carina of a chocolate-brown colour, obscurely broken into
quadrate spots. Shortly before pupating, the plates of the puparium are plainly
demarked on the dorsum of the larva. Length 1°50 mm.

Habitat on stems and leaves of numerous plants. Widely distributed
throughout the world. In Ceylon it occurs commonly, in injurious numbers,
on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (see fig. 1), on various species of Azona, and on
Croton tiglum. 1 have observed it also on the following plants: Cofea
arabica and C. liberica, Cinchona succirubra and C. officinalis, Ficus sp.,
Begonia sp. Asparagus falcatus, Manihot utilissima (tapioca), Thespesia
populnea (suriya), Agave americana, Mussenda frondosa, Canna, Canthium
parviflorum, Maranta zebrina, Abutilon sp., Cobea scandens, Graptophyllum
Poinsettia, Jatropha, Vitis sp., and many uncultivated plants.

I have never bred any parasites from this species. Nietner (Zvemzes of

Lecanwne. 231

the Coffee Tree) was equally unsuccessful. Under these circumstances it is
remarkable that the insect has not assumed more importance as a pest. It is
kept in partial check by a greyish fungus (Cephalosporium sp.), which kills off
large numbers of the immature insects.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIV.
LECANIUM NIGRUM.

Fig. 1. Stem of Azézscuws, with insects, nat. size.
. Adult 9, dorsal view, x 8.
. Adult 9, side view, x 8.
. Immature 9, dorsal view, x 8.
. Stigmatic cleft and spines of immature 9°.
Stigmatic cleft and spines of adult 9.
Foot of adult 2, x 150.
g, 10. Dermal cells, x 150.
. Anal operculum, x I50.
. Antenna, x I50.
. Section through derm, x 650.
(a) Pale median spot.
(6) Central pore.
14. Puparium of male, x 25.
15. Adult 6, x 35.
16. Terminal segments of adult 3, x 200.
17. Male larva, x 25.

aArI An WN

et
Oo NC

232 Lecaniine.

LECANIUM HEMISPH&RICUM, Zarg.
(PLATE LXXXV.)

Lec. hemisphericum, Targioni-Tozzetti, Studi sulle Cocciniglie, 1867, p. 27.
Lec. filicum, Boisduval, 1867, 336.

Lec. coffee, Walker.

? Lec. anth riz, Boisduval.

? Lec. hibernaculorum, Boisduval.

Adult female (jzgs. 6, 7), varying in colour from pale brownish fulvous to
deep chestnut brown; all intermediate shades being represented—often on a
single plant. The paler forms are often marbled with brown. There is usually
a darker submarginal zone, but this is not always apparent. The common
form on tea and coffee is bright castaneous, with deep castaneous submarginal
zone. Even with a hand lens the derm is seen to be closely specked with
minute translucent cells. A few small raised waxy patches, arranged in more
or less regular rows, on the median dorsal area. Form oval, hemispherical ;
the margin usually outturned and slightly flattened, but often concealed by
the bulging sides. In the early adult there is a distinct median longitudinal
crest and two transverse ridges (fig. 5) ; but these generally disappear during
gestation, though traces of them sometimes remain, especially in starved
examples. The dorsal surface is highly chitinous and polished. During
gestation the ventral area shrinks upwards, until the scale forms simply a
chitinous shell filled with innumerable pale pink eggs (jig. 2). At this time
the inner marginal surface is dusted with white mealy powder, and where a
scale has been detached from the plast, an oval white ring marks its former
position. Antenna (fg. 15) with eight joints, of which the third is always the
longest, and eighth next longest, sixth and seventh always shortest, and equal ;
first, second, fourth, and fifth subequal, sometimes one, sometimes another,
slightly the longer ; the fourth dilated at distal extremity and without any hairs.
Leg (fig. 16) with tarsus about two-thirds length of tibia. Signoret states that
this section of Lecanzum is distinguished from all others by a ‘ true articulation
in the tarsus.’ If by this he infers that there are two distinct tarsal joints, I
have failed to observe them. There isa slight constriction at the middle of
the tarsus; but this is noticeable in many species. Scales of anal operculum
(fg. 14) irregularly triangular ; both inner and outer sides somewhat sinuous ;
outer side considerably longer than base. Anal ring with eight stout hairs.
Stigmatic spines (fy. 12) three, median spine long and curved, more than three
times length of other two. Marginal hairs numerous, long, distinctly dilated
and fringed at apex (fig. 13). Submarginal tubercles, five to six on each side ;
obscured in old examples. Dorsal area (fig. 12) closely studded with numerous
well-defined oval translucent cells, each with a smaller concentric ring in a
deep layer of the derm, and a minute central pore on the surface. The cells

Lecanine. 233

towards the margin sometimes appear larger, owing to a paler outer zone
rendered conspicuous by the darker ground colour of the margin (jig. 12).
The cells of the median area are actually rather larger than those of the
margin. Derm of ventral area with numerous minute circular pores communi-
cating with cylindrical ducts. Size very variable, even on the same plant.
Length 2 to 3mm. Breadth 1°25 to 2 mm.

The early stages of the female show a gradual progression from the
elongate oval to the broadly oval; the ridges becoming more marked until
the adult stage is reached when, after gestation, they become obliterated as
the insect assumes its final hemispherical form. The colour of the early stages
varies considerably. On the tea plant, the young larva is of a pale straw
colour (jig. 2). After a time three diffused crimson transverse bands usually
make their appearance (jig. 3). By their gradual extension they eventually
cover the dorsal surface with the exception of the ridges which remain pale
(jig 4.). On Adiantum and other ferns, the crimson forms seldom occur, the
immature insect remaining throughout of a pale ochreous colour. In other
examples there may be a brownish or blackish suffusion, commencing in the
form of transverse bands.

The male insect, in any stage, is at the present time extremely rare, though
some forty years ayo, when Nietner was investigating the life history of the
Brown Coffee Bug, it appears to have been quite common. I have myself
found them only on a single occasion, on the under surface of a coffee leaf, in
1889. The drawings then made (and reproduced herewith) do not show as
much detail as is required for accurate comparison with other species.

Male puparium (jg. 10) colourless, glassy, transparent, divided into nine
plates.

Adult male (7g. 11), minute, reddish, wings strongly iridescent, with crimson
costal nervure. Antennze rather short, reaching to scutellum. Genital sheath
long and slender. A pair of slender white caudal filaments, equal to total
length of body ; and a pair of moderately long fleshy tubercles, exterior to the
caudal filaments.

Habitat on leaves, twigs, and branches of coffee, cinchona, tea, and
innumerable other plants, amongst which may be mentioned Adzantum and
other ferns, asparagus, gardenia, guava (Pstdium guyava), Cobea, Anthurium,
Loranthus, bamboo, etc. In fact, the species may be considered as
omnivorous as it is cosmopolitan. It has been recorded from almost every
country in which Coccidze have been collected in both hemispheres.

This insect was formerly known in Ceylon as the ‘Brown Bug’ of the
coffee plant and, before the advent of the ‘Green Bug’ (Lec. viride), was con-
sidered the most serious insect pest of that plant. Nietner (Zhe Coffee Tree
aud zits Enemies, second edition, p. 6) describes the species under its synonym
of Lecanium coffee, and makes the following remarks about its occurrence in
Ceylon: ‘Although the coffee has been known in Ceylon for about two
hundred years, and although systematically worked estates have existed since
1825, the bug does not appear to have attracted attention—that is to say, not
to have appeared in large quantities till about 1845 when, however, it began
to spread with such rapidity, that in 1847 a very general alarm was taken
by the planters.’ Nietner’s first edition appeared in 1861. In a second

234 Lecanune.

edition he adds the following note: ‘I may add that now (1872) there is not
nearly as much said about the bug as fifteen or twenty years ago, and although
we shall probably never get free from it, it is to be hoped we shall gradually
hear less and less of it. Meanwhile, I have had letters from Honolulu com-
plaining of the same bug on coffee trees there.’ Nietner’s prediction came
true, and for some years before coffee failed, the bug—as a pest—had practi-
cally disappeared. Since the cultivation of the tea plant has become general,
Lec. hemisphericum occasionally asserts itself on individual bushes, but I have
never heard of its extending over any considerable area. As existing at present,
it may be easily controlled by spraying with Strawson’s mixture or MacDougall’s
Insecticide wash. (See Part II. p. xxxix.)

Many minute hymenopterous parasites prey upon the insect, and probably
tend to keep it in check. Nietner mentions the following species bred from
the ‘Brown Bug’: Scutellista cyanea, Encyrtus nietnert, E. paradisicus,
Cephaleta purpuretventris, C. brunneiventris, C. fusciventris, Cirrhospilus
coccivorus, and Marietta leopardina. Dr. L. O. Howard, of the United States
Department of Agriculture, has determined the following species bred by me
from this same bug: Comys rufescens (Motschulsky), Coccophagus orzentalis
(Howard), and C. flavescens (Howard).

Prof. Cockerell refers this species, and the section to which it belongs,
together with Z. o/ee and its allies, to the genus Sazssetia, Deplanches. (See
Entom. Student, May 15th, 1901.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXYV.
LECANIUM HEMISPHARICUM.
Fig. 1. Insects on tea stem, nat. size.
2. Young larva.
3. Larva, further advanced.
4. Early female, dorsal view.
Bia lag » side view.
6. Adult female, side view, x 12.
US oa before oviposition, dorsal view, X 12.
Se 45 = FA % ventral view, x 12.
Oh As after oviposition, ventral view, x 12.
o. Male puparium.
1. Adult male.
2. Portion of derm of adult female, showing stigmatic spines,
marginal hairs, and dermal cells, x 150.
13. Marginal hairs, x 650.
14. Anal operculum, X I50.
15. Antenna, x 150.
16. Leg, x 150,

Lecaniine 235

LECANIUM (PARALECANIUM) EXPANSUM, Gveen.
(PLATE LXXXVI.)

Lec. expansum, Green, ‘ Catalogue of Coccidze,’ /zd. A7us. Notes, Vol. 1V.
No. 1 (1896).

Adult ¢ (jigs. 1, 2) very broadly oval, narrower anteriorly, flat, or very
slightly convex above ; margin indented at anal and stigmatic clefts. Below
with a shallow cavity on each side of abdomen. Colour of living insect reddish
or brownish yellow; a narrow dark brown marginal zone with well-defined inner
border ; a submarginal pellucid zone, merging into a yellowish area ; an irregular
median pellucid patch, through which the movements of the internal organs can
be distinguished. The dorsal surface is coated with a delicate transparent
waxy layer which is thickened in definite polygonal plates arranged in curved
longitudinal series ; each waxy plate with concentric markings, as of super-
imposed smaller plates (zg. 8), probably indicating periods of growth. During
treatment with potash the whole waxy layer becomes opaque and brittle, and
can be removed in flakes. The whole dorsal surface, but more particularly the
submarginal zone, with scattered circular translucent pores, sometimes narrowly
bordered with a darker areola. On each side of anal aperture, on dorsal
surface, is a curved pellucid patch enclosing groups of smaller pores (gs. 3, 5),
and a similar patch on each side nearer the centre of dorsum. On the sub-
marginal area are more or less distinct small oval epidermal cells radiating
towards the margin, and median area closely studded with very indistinct oval
or polygonal cells. Scales of anal operculum pointed (fig. 4); base shorter
than outer edge. Stigmatic cleft (jig. 7) with from three to nine stout blunt
spines. Margin (jg. 9) with complete series of overlapping flabelliform flattened
hairs ; the margin itself minutely and irregularly indented, with three main
indentations between each point of attachment of the flabella. Eyes black ; at
a considerable distance from the margin. Antenna (/ig. 10) with incomplete
divisions, though a terminal and two basal joints can usually be distinguished.
Legs wanting. Genital orifice surrounded by some eight groups of minute
multilocular spinnerets (igs. 3, 6). Length5to7mm. Breadth 4’50 to 6°50. mm.

Immature female thin and colourless. Marginal hairs slightly dilated at
extremity (zg. 11).

Adult ¢ (jig. 15) bright castaneous ; apodema black. Costal nervure of wing
pink. Terminal joint of antenna with three knobbed hairs (jg. 20). No caudal
sete. Length (including genital sheath) 1°50 mm.

Male puparium (fg. 14) oval, glassy, transparent ; median area convex ;
divided into eighteen plates, of which three are central and fifteen marginal.
Length 2 mm. i

Male larva with a marginal series of stout curved hairs (/igs. 12, 13), their
extremities dilated and fringed on one side.

Teh

236 Lecantine.

Young larva reddish. Caudal setze about half length of body.

Egg brownish red.

Habitat on upper surface of leaves of Dalbergia and Litsea: Pundaluoya.
On an undetermined shrub : Elephant Pass. :

Occurs also in Java, on various plants; and in Queensland, Australia ; on
Ficus ; probably an introduced insect in the latter country, as it has been found
there only on ornamental trees in parks.

LECANIUM EXPANSUM, Green, var. QUADRATUM, wy. var.

Differs from type in the smaller and blunter scales of anal operculum ; their
base and outer edge about equal in length, together approximately forming a
square (compare Z7/. Ixxxvi., figs. 4 and 19). The antenna also is more stunted
in this form. In all other characters it agrees with the type.

Habitat on leaves of the cultivated nutmeg: Balangoda. On an undeter-
mined tree: Kalutara.

I have also received this variety from Java, where it occurs on J/yristica
Jragrans (‘nutmeg’) and several other plants.

The size and form of the anal scales of the adult female are usually so constant
in any one species of Zecanzum that such a marked difference as is found in the
present instance must be looked upon as varietal. I do not find any inter-
mediate forms.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXVI.
LECANIUM EXPANSUM.
Fig. 1. Adult 9, zz sz¢u, nat. size.
2 5 dorsal view, x 7.
Sterns anal operculum and surrounding parts
Abe Tess anal operculum, x 100.
5. Group of spinnerets from dorsal surface.
6. A single ventral spinneret.
7. Stigmatic cleft and spines.
8. Waxy plate from dorsum.
g. Marginal scales, dorsal view, x 650.
Io. Antenna.
11. Marginal hairs of immature female.
12. Marginal hairs of male larva.
13. A single marginal hair of male larva.
14. Male puparium.
15. Adult male, dorsal view.
16. Head of male, from below.
17. Terminal joint of antenna of male.

LECANIUM EXPANSUM, var. QUADRATUM.

18. Antenna of adult female.
19. Anal operculum, x 100.

Lecaniine. 23%

LECANIUM (PARALECANIUM) MARGINATUM (Gree).
(PLATE LXXXVII.)

Lec. marginatum, Green, ‘Catalogue of Coccide,’ Jud. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV.
No. 1 (1896).

Adult 2 (fig. 2) oval, bluntly pointed in front ; flat, or very slightly convex
above; under surface with a large shallow cavity on each side, extending
_almost to the anterior border of the mesothorax (jig. 3). Colour bright
reddish fulvous; a well-defined pale (almost colourless) zone between the
median and marginal areas, bordered on each side by a narrow yellowish line,
and demarked from the marginal zone by a thin brown line; a thin reddish line
bordering the median area in front, converging behind towards the centre,
enclosing a paler area. Derm without conspicuous cells. Eyes minute, black,
situated on the outer edge of the colourless zone. Marginal flabellee transversely
oval (fig. 4). Margin crenulate; from four to six indentations in each interval.
Stigmatic cleft (jig. 7) with three (rarely five) stout spines. Scales of anal
operculum (fig. 6) pointed; base almost equal to outer edge; outer angle
rounded. Antenna (fg. 8) with six joints; third very long, nearly as long as
terminal three together ; sixth as long as or longer than previous two together,
a deep incision near its proximal end. Leg (jig. 9) small, tarsus scarcely
more than half length of tibia. Length 2 to 2°25 mm. Breadth 1°50 mm.
Adult ¢ (jig. 12) pale reddish to dark purplish brown. Wings strongly
iridescent ; costal nerve bright pink. Head (jig. 13) broadly dilated at sides.
Antenna (fig. 14) shorter than body, ten-jointed; third longest; subsequent
joints decreasing in length, three knobbed hairs at apex of tenth (jig. 13).
Genital sheath slender, sharply pointed ; about one-fifth length of body. Caudal
filaments long and slender ; opaque white. Length 12°5 mm.
Male puparium (fg. 10) glassy, colourless; oblong oval; divided into
eighteen plates, the divisions marked by raised white lines. Length 1°60 mm.
Male larva very pale green ; an interrupted diffused reddish median dorsal
stripe. Shortly before pupating the dorsal plates are distinctly demarked
(fg. 11).
Eggs and young larve pale pink.
Habitat on upper surface of leaves of Pyschotria thwaztesic ; the male
puparia attached to extreme edge of leaf. Pundaluoya.

238

Fig.

Lecaniine.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXVII.

LECANIUM MARGINATUM.

. Leaf of Psychotria, with insects 27 szlz, nat. size.
. Adult 9, from above, x 17.

i from below, x 17.

. Marginal flabellz, from above, x 320.

p 5 from below, x 650.
Anal operculum, x 150.

. Stigmatic spines.
. Antenna.

Leg.

. Male puparium, dorsal view, x 17.
. Male larva, shortly before pupating.
. Adult 6, dorsal view, x 17.

5 head, from below.
- antenna.

5 side view.

ra foot.

> terminal joint of antenna.

Lecanune. 239

LECANIUM (PARALECANIUM) GEOMETRICUM, Gveen.
(PLATE LXXXVIII.)

Lec. geometricum, Green, ‘Catalogue of Coccidze, Zud. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV.
No. 1 (1896).

Adult ¢ (jigs. 1, 2) broadly oval, sometimes almost circular; flattish, thin,
very slightly convex above; dorsal area with a median longitudinal and two
transverse moderately prominent carinze, and some intermediate smaller ridges
dividing the dorsum into polygonal spaces, of which there are four median and
a complete marginal series, the spaces occupied by concentrically marked
waxy plates. The dorsum coated with a thin colourless secretion which
is difficult to remove without injury to the body of the insect. Eyes prominent,
at some distance from margin. Margin with a fringe of overlapping flabelliform
hairs (gs. 5, 6); the margin itself evenly crenulate, with four to five small
indentations between each point of attachment of the flabelle (jig. 7). Stig-
matic clefts (jigs. 5, 6), with from three to five spines not reaching the margin.
Scales of anal operculum (/7g. 8) acutely pointed, base shorter than outer edge.
Antenna (zg. 3) with six joints; third longest, almost as long as fourth and
fifth together. Legs small; tarsus as long as or longer than tibia (jig. 4).
Dermal cells obscure, oval, arranged in radiating series; submarginal zone
with radiating darker lines (/7g. 5) ; a few very minute translucent pores on the
median area. Length 3to 350mm. Breadth 2:25 to 2°75 mm.

Male puparium (zg. 9), oblong oval, rather broader behind, convex above ;
colourless, glassy, transparent; divided into eighteen distinct plates, the
divisions marked by opaque white lines. Margin ragged. Median area
obscurely marked with polygonal -plates as in the female. Length 2 mm.

Pupa olivaceous yellow.

Habitat on upper surface of leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla. Pundaluoya.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXVIII.
LECANIUM GEOMETRICUM.
Fig. 1. Leaf, with insects 27 szfm, nat. size.
2. Adult 2, dorsal view, x 12.
3. Antenna of female.
4. Leg.
5. Margin of scale and stigmatic cleft, x 215.
6. Stigmatic cleft and spines.
7. Margin, dorsal view, x 650.
8. Anal operculum, x 150.
g. Male puparium, x 12.

240 Lecanine.

LECANIUM (PARALECANIUM) CALOPHYLLI, sf. xov.
(PLATE LXXXIX.)

Adult ? deep reddish brown. Flat; broadly oval ; margin slightly sinuous
(jig. 1). Dorsum with a slight median ridge and several series of quad-
rangular depressed spaces, sometimes occupied by thin waxy laminz ; surface
coarsely punctate. Stigmatic clefts deep but inconspicuous (/g. 2), with three
stout blunt spines not reaching the margin. Marginal hairs flabelliform
(jigs. 2, 3), attached dorsally within the margin, but in older examples almost
concealed by an outward extension of the dorsum (fg. 4); margin beneath
each flabella produced into a quadrate process ( fg. 3). Derm with scattered
minute translucent pores (jig. 4). Scales of anal operculum (jig. 5) acute ;
base much shorter than outer edge; outer edge slightly emarginate at middle,
lateral angles rounded. In old examples there is a sharply defined broad
chitinous marginal zone on the under surface, not carried upwards along the
anal cleft. Legs and antennz missing in all examples under examination
(probably devoured by Acari). Length 350mm. Breadth 2°75 to 3 mm.

Other stages unknown.

Habitat on leaves of Calophyllum sp. Newera Eliya.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIX.
LECANIUM CALOPHYLLI.
Fig. 1. Adult 9, dorsal view, x 15.
. Stigmatic cleft, spines and marginal flabellee, x 650.
. Marginal flabellz, from below, x 650.
. Posterior extremity dorsal view, x 80.
. Anal operculum, x 150.

Wm £& GN

Lecanine. 241

LECANIUM (PARALECANIUM) PARADENIYENSE, sf. zov.
(PLATE XC.)

Adult ? (fig. 4) deep reddish brown; ovate, narrower in front, evenly
rounded at each extremity ; very slightly convex above; with a broad median
cavity below the abdomen forming a shelter for the newly hatched larve. A
very indistinct median longitudinal ridge, on each side of which are three
longitudinal series of impresssed polygonal spaces with concentric markings.
Marginal area with many short transverse carine. Surface, except in
polygonal spaces, minutely and closely punctate. Scales of anal operculum
(fig. 6) acutely pointed at apex; outer edge almost straight; base and
outer edges nearly equal in length, the intervening angle rounded. Stig-
matic cleft (fg. 5) with three stout blunt spines. Margin (jg. 8) supporting
a fringe of overlapping flabelle; the margin itself unequally crenulate,
the larger crenulations being above the points of attachment of the flabelle,
with two or three smaller points between them, each point corresponding with
a small dark cuneiform mark. There is a distinct marginal zone, not apparent
in the living insect, but very conspicuous in macerated examples. Eyes con-
spicuous in prepared specimens as translucent spots at a considerable distance
from the margin. Derm with a few scattered conspicuous translucent pores,
chiefly on the submarginal area ; many less conspicuous small oval and circular
derm-cells, largest towards the margin, where they tend to form series parallel
with the marginal carinz. Antenna (/g.7) with six joints, of which the third
is much the longest, and equal to fifth and sixth together. Antennal formula :
3, 6, I (2, 4), 5, or 3, 6, 1 (2, 4, 5). Legs rather small, but well developed ; tibia
and tarsus of about equal length, the joint very inconspicuous. Anal ring with
six stout hairs. Length 350to 4mm. Breadth 2°50 to 3 mm.

Adult 6 (jig. 3) reddish brown. Wings hyaline ; costal nervure purplish
pink. Form rather broad and depressed. No caudal sete. Antenna with the
usual three knobs at apex. Length, including genital sheath, 1°25 mm.

Male puparium (ig. 2) oblong oval; glassy ; divided into eighteen plates, of
which three are central and fifteen marginal. Length2mm. Breadth 1°25.

Young larva pale brick red ; broadly oval.

Only living larvee and egg pellicles are seen beneath the female, which is
probably ovoviviparous.

Habitat on upper surface of leaves of the cultivated pepper, Pzper négrum.
Peradeniya (November).

This species is the largest of its group, with the exception of Z. expansumn,
from which it differs in the possession of well-developed legs.

42

SY AWE wD o

Lecantine.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XC.
LECANIUM PERADENIYENSE.

Leaf of pepper, with insects 27 sz¢z, nat. size.

. Male puparium, x 18 diam.

Adu't male, x 17.

5 female, dorsal view, x Io.

9 Stigmatic cleft and spines, x 325.
Anal operculum, x 150.

Antenna, X I50.

. Margin of adult female, x 650.

Lecanine. 243

LECANIUM (PARALECANIUM) PLANUM, Gveen.
(PLATE XCI.)

Lec. planum, Green, ‘ Catalogue of Coccidee,’ 7d. Mus. Notes, Vol. 1V.
No. 1 (1896).

Adult ¢ ( jégs. 1, 3, 5) dull reddish brown to dark blackish brown, according
to age. Irregularly deltoid ; broadly rounded behind, rather pointed in front ;
asymmetrical, the side that impinges upon the midrib of the leaf straight, the
other bluntly angulated in the middle; dorsal area flattish or even slightly
concave before gestation (jig. 3), slightly convex after gestation (jig. 4); a
slight median dorsal elevation and two transverse raised bands ; abdominal
area marked by an indistinct tessellation enclosing shallow depressions ; margin
abruptly sloped. The dorsal area is completely covered by a transparent
colourless waxy layer, which becomes apparent only after treatment with
potash, and can be removed in flakes. Margin abruptly sloped; with an
overlapping fringe of minute fan-shaped hairs, the scale showing pale bands
running inwards from the points of attachment (fg. 7). Extreme edge of scale,
between the fan-like hairs, minutely crenulate, almost colourless, with darker
points separating the crenulations (7g. 8). Epidermis very hard and chitinous. ~
Epidermai cells of several forms ; a marginal zone of oblong linear pale spots,
a submarginal zone of small oval translucent spots (zg. 11) (appearing dark on
a pale ground in immature examples), larger indistinct nucleated cells following
the depressed areas of dorsum, and a curved series of oval translucent cells on
each side of the anal aperture. Scales of anal operculum (/g. 10) together
approximately rhombic ; outer edge rounded ; apices sharply pointed ; base and
outer edge approximately equal. Stigmatic spines (fg. 9) three, not projecting
beyond margin, median spine considerably longer than the others. Stigmatic
cleft inwardly dilated, inconspicuous. Body beneath with a large central cavity
(fig. 5) for reception of eggs and young larvee. Antenna ( 7g. 8) with six joints ;
first and second short ; third very long, as long as or longer than the terminal
three together ; fourth and fifth short, together about equal to sixth. Foot with
four digitules ; unguals broadly dilated ; tarsals long knobbed hairs. Tarsus
about equal to tibia; tibia and tarsus together a little longer than femur.
Eyes visible, after maceration, as transparent circular spots at some distance
from margin. Anal cleft fused, about one-sixth length of body. Length
averaging 2°50 mm. Breadth at widest part 2°50 mm.

Male puparium (ig. 12) oval; convex above ; glassy ; divided into eighteen
plates, of which three are central and fifteen marginal.

Adult é (jg. 13) dull reddish or purplish brown ; thoracic plates and scutellum
paler ; antennz and legs pale purplish. Costal nervure of wing pale pink ;
discal nervure pale yellow. Eyes and ocelli black. Head pointed at apex,
broadly rounded below. Body rather stout. Genital sheath long and slender,

KK

244 Lecantine.

slightly dilated near extremity. No caudal sete. Antenna shorter than
body ; ten-jointed, fifth longest, tenth with three knobbed hairs (jig. 14).
Length 1 mm.

Eggs pale pink ; rarely observed.

Young larva (jig. 2) pale pink or pinkish yellow. Caudal setz unusually short.

The females of second stage are very thin and transparent; pale greenish
or brownish yellow. All the markings of the leaf upon which they rest can be
plainly distinguished through their bodies.

Habitat on upper surface of leaves of Wothopfegia colebrookiana: Punda-
luoya. Females arranged on each side of midrib, their heads usually directed
towards base of leaf (fig. 1). After removal of the insect a distinct whitish
scar, of the exact shape of the scale, remains on the leaf. Male puparia placed
irregularly on surface of leaf.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCI.
LECANIUM PLANUM.
Fig. 1. Leaf, with insects, nat. size.
. Young larva.
3. Adult female, dorsal view, x 14.

Z

4. Ry lateral view, x 14.

5. op ventral view, x 14.

6. 5 antenna.

7 5 margin of scale, from above.

8 3 y » from below, x 650.
9. re stigmatic spines.
10 5 anal operculum.
Il epidermal cells, marginal and submarginal zone.
12. Male puparium.
13. Adult male, dorsal view, x 45.
14. terminal joints of antenna.

Lecanwne. 245

LECANIUM (PARALECANIUM) ZONATUM, sf. xov.
(PLATE XCII.)

Adult 9 flat, with a narrow abruptly sloping margin and an inconspicuous
narrow median longitudinal ridge, on each side of which is a series of polygonal
scars, followed by lines radiating towards the margin. Median area dark
purple-brown, followed consecutively by a reddish, a whitish, and a narrow
transparent greenish zone and a dark purple-brown marginal area (jig. 2),
After treatment with potash the median area remains reddish brown, the
‘marginal zone dark brown, and the intermediate area becomes colourless and
transparent. Eyes small but distinct, at some distance from margin. Antennz
(jig. 5) very small; six-jointed, third and sixth equal and longest, second
shortest ; formula: (3, 6), 1 (4, 5), 2. Legs small and inconspicuous, but well
formed ; tarsus slightly longer than tibia. I have been unable to make out any
digitules. Scales of anal operculum (zg. 4) elongate, sharply pointed ; inner
edge longest, nearly two and a half times length of base. Stigmatic spines
(fig. 3) three, bluntly pointed, set in an oval depression within the dorsal
margin ; median spine shorter than the other two. Dermal cells obscure and
confined to the dark marginal zone, where some indistinct paler oval cells can
be distinguished. A few minute translucent pores are scattered over the
ventral surface. Margin crenulate, closely set with approximately circular
flabelliform hairs (7g. 6). Length 3mm. Breadth 2°50 mm.

Adult ¢ not observed.

Male puparium (fg. 7) of usual form; glassy, transparent, colourless ;
divided into nineteen plates, of which four are central and fifteen marginal. It
is noticeable that all the fringed species of Lecanzwm have this large number
of plates in the male puparium, the usual number being nine only. Length
2mm.

Habitat on under surface of leaves of Garcinia spicata (an indigenous tree).
Peradeniya (February).

Alied to Lec. marginatum, but much larger.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCII.
LECANIUM ZONATUM.
Fig. 1. Adult females on leaf of Garcinia, nat. size.
2. Adult female, dorsal view, x 14.
3. Stigmatic spines of female, x 4Io.
4. Anal operculum of female, x too.
5. Antenna of female, x 150.
6. Marginal scales of female, x 600,
7. Male puparium, x 19.

246 Lecaniine.

LECANIUM (PARALECANIUM) MARITIMUM, s¢. zov.
(PLATE XCIII.)

Lec. planum, var. maritimum, Green, ‘ Catalogue of Coccidz,’ Juda. JZus. Notes,
Vol. IV. No. 1 (1896).

Adult ¢ (fg. 9) oval or irregularly deltoid, bluntly pointed in front,
broadly rounded behind; flat above, or slightly convex after gestation ;
more or less distinct median longitudinal and two transverse ridges, with
lesser curved transverse and longitudinal ridges enclosing concentrically
marked thin scaly plates forming an indistinct tessellation. Surface glossy.
The whole dorsal surface coated with a colourless layer of secretion which,
during treatment with potash, swells into a tough covering which can be
peeled off, often in a single piece. Colour varying with age from pale
reddish or brownish yellow to deep chocolate-brown above; a narrow sub-
marginal zone and broad median area usually darker ; a pale patch surrounding
anal scales. Surface minutely punctate. Ventral surface purplish in mature
examples. A shallow central cavity in which the larve remain for a short
time (fig. 8). Eyes small, black, slightly prominent, at some distance from
margin. Margin (fg. 13) with a complete fringe of overlapping subcircular
fan-shaped hairs. The margin itself slightly crenulate, three to four crenu-
lations between each point of attachment of the hairs; a dark cuneiform
mark crossing the middle of each crenulation (fg. 15). Stigmatic cleft
(fig. 14) small, wtth three blunt spines not reaching to margin ; the median
spine longest. Median area with minute circular, translucent pores, rather
widely separate. Epidermal cells of marginal zone larger and more crowded,
of irregular outline (fig. 13). Scales of anal operculum (/g. 12) narrow,
acutely pointed; outer edge longer than base. Antenna (/g. 10) with six
joints, of which the third is very long; sixth next longest, as long as or
longer than the previous two together. Legs rather small; tarsus equal
to tibia. Ano-genital ring apparently with six hairs. Length 2°50 mm.
Breadth 2 mm.

Female of second stage very thin, transparent, and colourless. Young larva
oval, flat, with deep anal cleft and short caudal setz.

Male puparium (fig. 7) glassy, colourless; divided into eighteen plates,
of which three are central and fifteen marginal; an indistinct median
ridge. Length 1°50 mm.

Adult ¢ (fg. 2) bright reddish brown, with three darker longitudinal
stripes. Wings hyaline; costal nervure very pale pink. No caudal filaments.
On each side, at base of genital sheath, is a small setiferous tubercle( jz. 5).
Head pointed at apex, widened below (/ig. 3); flattened or slightly concave
in front (fig. 4). Eyes and ocelli black. Antenna ten-jointed, the terminal
joint with three longish knobbed hairs ( fig 6). Length 1 mm.

Lecantine. 247

Habitat on both surfaces of leaves of a small shrub (Carissa 2) growing
on seashore at Bentota, almost within reach of the surf. Also on leaves of
Ixora coccinea, close to sea, Colombo.

Closely allied to L. Alanwm ; but flatter, thinner and more glossy. Crenu-
lations of margin differently arranged (compare Plates xci. fig. 8, and xciii.

Jig. 15).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCIII.
LECANIUM MARITIMUM.

Fig. 1. Leaf, with insects, nat size.
2. Adult male, dorsal view, x 24.
Be, ees », head, from above, x 18.
Ass 3 » lateral view.
5 5 » extremity of abdomen.
Gg » terminal joint of antenna.
7. Male puparium.
8. Adult female,’from below, x to.
> 5 0 dorsal view, x Io.
HG gy % antenna.
Hilo! gp » leg.
12545) 3 anal operculum.
T3535 marginal scales and epidermal cells, from below.
TA 3 $ stigmatic spines.

ie ees 5 portion of margin, from above, x 650.

248

Supplementary Note.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE.

In the recently published ‘ Catalogue of the Coccidz of the World,’ by Mrs.-
M. E. Fernald (Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College, Bulletin No. 88), the genus Zecanium has been extinguished, giving
place to the older name Coeccus (type L. hesferidum). The genus (as formerly
defined) has also been broken up into a number of subgenera, proposed princi-

pally by Prof. Cockerell.

According to this catalogue the species described in

the present part would be known by the following names :

Other

Coccus capparidis.
Coccus hespertdum.
Saissetia formicari.
Coccus frontale.

Coccus ophiorrhize.
Coctus acuminatus.
Coccus signiferus.
Coccus viridis.
Saissetia discrepans.
Saissetia punctuliferum.

Eucalymnatus subtessellatus.

Eucalymnatus tessellatus.
Coccus antidesme.

Coccus piperis.

Coccus marsupialis.
Coccus bicruciatus.

Coccus mangiferc.

Coccus acutissimus.

Coccus arundinaric.

Coccus longulus.

Coccus caudatus.

Saissetia pstdi.

Saissetia olee.

Saissetia nigrum.

Saissetia hemisphericum.
Paralecanium expansum.
Paralecanium marginatum.
Paralecanium geometricum.
Paralecanium calophyliz.
Paralecanium peradentyense.
Paralecanium planum.
Paralecanium zonatum.
Paralecanium maritimum.

subgenera, not represented in Ceylon, are:

Stictolecanium, Ckll. (type S. ornatum, Hempl.)
Mesolecanium, Ckll. (type 47. nocturnum, Ckll. and Parr.)
Neolecanium, Parr. (type lV. zmbrtcatum, Ckll.)

Akermes, Ckll. (type A. brunerz, Ckll.)

Toumeyella, Ckll. (type 7. mzrabilis, Ckll.)

Eulecanium, Ckll. (type &. “die, Linn.)

Megasatssetia, Ckll. (type M4. znuflata, Ckll. and Parr.)
Platysaissetia, Ckll. (type P. castzlloe@, Cxll.)

There is no doubt that the genus Lecaniwm had become unwieldy and
required sub-division; but it is doubtful whether all of the proposed subgenera

represent

really natural divisions.

Supplementary Note. 249

The abolition of the long-established name Zecanzwm may be strictly
according to recognised rules of nomenclature; but the result is somewhat
catastrophic. With the typical generic name, the name of the sub-family
(LEcAnriN4) also disappears, becoming Cocciv#. But Coccrv had,
hitherto, been assigned to a different sub-family containing the cochineal
insect (universally known as Coccus cactz) and its allies. The cochineal insects
are now referred to the genus Dacty/opzus (hitherto accommodating the mealy-
bugs which have now to move on and take shelter under the genus Pseudococcus,
the Pseudococcus of old being renamed Phenacoccus). And so on, until most of
the names familiar by long usage seem to have been engaged in an elaborate
game of ‘general post.’ The extinction of such well-known names as Lecanzum
and JZyizlaspis (which now appear as Lefzdosaphes), and the shuffling of the
genera Coccus, Dactylopius, and Pseudococcus will, 1 fear, entail considerable
confusion for many years to come.

-
= 0D ON ANEW

I

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXI.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF FEMALE LECANIUM.

. Ventral aspect of typical Lecanzum.

(a) eye; (0) interantennal hairs; (c¢) parastigmatic glands; (d)
anterior spiracle; (e) posterior spiracle; (/) stigmatic cleft; (g)
abdominal hairs; (#) circumgenital glands.

. Rostral apparatus. (A) clipeus; (B) mentum; (@) bases of rostral
filaments ; (4) hypopharynx ; (c) sac for reception of retracted loop
of rostral filaments.

. Spiniform marginal hairs of ZL. marsupiale.

. Dilated and divided hairs of LZ. oleae.

. Divided hairs of Z. mangéfere.

Simple marginal hairs of Z. /rontale.

Flabelliform marginal hairs of Z. expansum.

. 6-jointed antenna, showing partial subdivision of third joint.

. 7-jointed antenna.

. §-jointed antenna.

. Plates of anal operculum of L. punctuliferum.

(A) outer edge; (B) base; (C) inner edge; (a) apex: (6) outer
angle ; (c) inner angle.

2. Anal operculum of Z. oleae.
3. Foot of Lecandum. (a) tarsus; (4) tarsal digitules; (c) claw; (@)

ungual digitules.

Pl. Lx1.

E, E. Green del.

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF FEMALE LECANIUM.

ray

DRA VM : ad

ie a
“ ey a
ve y -
f sy
}
ray F *
‘
me if
: ao bray Abie fi
SDMA whoo
‘
= (
f
woe
: +
'
aan
Ae
4

Fig.

I,

N

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXII.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF MALE LECANIUM.

Adult ¢ of Z. marsupiale, ventral aspect. (a) basal joints of antenna ;
(4) ocelli ; (¢) rudimentary eye; (@) anterior spiracle ; (e) posterior
spiracle ; (/) genital sheath ; (7) penis.

. Adult g of Z. marsupiale, dorsal aspect. (a) basal joints of antenna ;

(4) ocelli ; (c) rudimentary eye ; (¢) apodema ; (e) posterior spiracle ;
(f) base of wing; (g) scutellum; (%) penultimate segment of
abdomen, bearing caudal sete.

. Head of LZ. maritimum, ventral aspect. (a) basal joint of antenna ;

(0) ocelli.

. Head of LZ. maritimum, dorsal aspect. (a) ocellus ; (6) rudimentary eye.
. Terminal joint of antenna of Z. marztimum.
. Part of penultimate abdominal segment of male Z. marsupizale showing

pit at root of caudal sete.

- Wing of adult male of Z. marsupzale.
. Leg of male Z. marztimum. (a) coxa; (6) trochanter ; (c) femur; (d@)

tibia ; (e) tarsus.

. Foot of male L. maritimum.
. Typical puparium of male Lecanzum.

IPL, IEDR,

E. E. Green del.

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF MALE LECANIUM.

. ‘ } t
1 \ y
- ‘ i ;
i -
Ay f
‘ i
‘ .
(5 {
\ F
A {
f . é : ;
i re
i
\ - 4
} eas
= ‘
E i
| '
; ie
: ; hai
i 4 i
. a ; ny
. * ‘ ’
i :
= 1 ¥
1 :
| ey
rae’ we
f “4 ie
_ 7 A a
3 : %
a
2 ' ‘ . ;
a es oun

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIII.

LECANIUM CAPPARIDIS.

Fig. 1. Leaf of Cafparzs, with insects, nat. size.
2. Adult 9, dorsal view, x Io.
3 . antenna, X 150.
4. op 5 with incomplete segmentation of third joint.
5 m leg
6. 3 anal operculum.
7 stigmatic spines and marginal hairs.

LECANIUM HESPERIDUM.

Fig. 8. Adult 9, dorsal view, x 12.
g, 10. Antenna, x 150.
11. Anal operculum, x 150.
12, Stigmatic clett and spines, x 650.

PLLXIf,

BEGraen del, ~ PWM impr

L-7, LECANIUM CAPPARIDIS, 8-12. L, HESPERIDUM.

= wa
rel ie

ye
i sia Malate

aoe

HP OD ON AN PWN

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIV.

LECANIUM FORMICARII.

. Section of ant’s nest, with insects 27 sz¢z, nat. size.
. Early adult female, x 12.

Adult female, dorsal view, x Io.

cp side view, x Io.

- ventral view, X Io.
. Antenna, x I50.
5 with imperfect joint, x 150.
Leg.

. Stigmatic spines, marginal hairs, and dermal cells.
. Anal operculum from below, with anal ring, &c., x 100.

5 dorsal view, x 150.

P1.LXIV.

Timpu.

LECANIUM FORMICARII.

eo mA

i

fi
‘vt

it
aly

i

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXV.
LECANIUM FRONTALE.

Fig. 1. Adult 2, dorsal view, x Io.
Be 9 ventral view, x I5.
3, 4. Antenna, x 150.
5. Stigmatic spines and marginal hairs, x 650.
6. Anal operculum, x 150.

PLLXV.

Ne

LECANIUM FRONTALE.

aia

AI

ian ime

wt

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVI.
LECANIUM OPHIORRHIZ&.

Fig.

I.
2
3
4.
rs
6
7
8

Adult male, dorsal view.

”

5)

”

”

”

head, from above.
head, from below.
antenna.
“a terminal joints.
leg.
foot.
abdominal extremity, from below.

. Leaf of Ophiorrhiza, with insects, nat. size.
. Male puparium, from above.

. Male larva, side view.

. Adult female, dorsal view.

anal operculum.

antenna.

foot.

stigmatic cleft and spines.
posterior margin, showing striation.

Some of the strize, very highly magnified.

Pl. LXV.

E.B.Green del

PWHM'T iupr,

LECANIUM OPHIONHIZA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVII.
LECANIUM ACUMINATUM.
Fig. 1. Adult female, ventral view, x 15.
2. Anal operculum, x I50.

3. Marg nal hairs and stigmatic spines, x 650.
4. Leg, X I0o.

5, 6, 7. Antenna, x I5o.

Pl. LXVIL.

oa LECANIUM ACUMINATUM. ee

oF

foe)

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVIII.

LECANIUM SIGNIFERUM.

. Begonia leaf, with insects, nat. size.
. Antenna of young larva.

Adult 9, from below, x 15.
es dorsal view, x I5.
Immature 9, dorsal view.

. Abdominal extremity of young larva, after maceration.
. Adult 9, Antenna, x I50.

' anal operculum of example from Begonza, x 150.

” ” ” ” ”
a anal ring, x 1650.

Caryota, X 150.

Pl. EX VILE.

REGreen del *PW:MT impr.

LECANTUM SIGNIFERUM.

im viii
ne]

1 i
ese Ut
7

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Poko

me) viv et ih

ia oh
i

it
Te yey

ro ie

it
i

in i
iene

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIX.

LECANIUM VIRIDE, Green.

I. Insects 27 szfz on leaf and branch of coffee.

iS)

Go

te

. Adult female, dorsal view, x I5.

5 foot.

margin of scale, showing stigmatic cleft and spines
and dermal pores.

$ marginal hairs.

anal operculum.

5 antenna.

. Female of second stage, dorsal view.

Young lava, dorsal view.

. Diseased insect, with fringe of mycelium of parasitic fungus,

EE Green del

we

LECANIUM VIRIDE.

Pl. LXIX.

BWM, Timpr.

hoe

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4
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EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXx.
LECANIUM DISCREPANS.

Fig. 1. Antenna, with partial division of fourth joint, x 150.

2. » with normal number of seven joints, x 150.
3. Anal operculum, x 150.
4. Marginal hairs and stigmatic spines, x 650.
LECANIUM PUNCTULIFERUM.
Fig. 5. Piece of mango leaf, with insects 27 sz¢z, nat. size.

5
6. Adult 9, ventral view, x 15.
7. Male puparium, x Io.
8. Antenna, X I50.

g. Stigmatic spines and marginal hairs, x 650.
1o. Anal operculum, x 150.

11. Leg (median), x 150.

12. Dermal cells, x 150.

13. Extremity of abdomen of adult male,

PL. LXX.

EE.Green del. PWMT. impr.

1-4, LECANIUM DISCREPANS. 5-13, L PUNCTULIPERUM.

Dim
{

ste ety

Sot ti
eT

=
09

INOW BW DN

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXI.
LECANIUM SUBTESSELLATUM.

. Adult 2, dorsal view, showing pattern of tessellation, x 15.

. Part of margin (surrounding eye), showing derm cells, x 150.
. Cellular spot, x 650.

. Stigmatic spines and marginal hairs, x 650.

. Anal operculum, x 150.

. Antenna, x I50.

. Foot, x 150.

ISG) © !

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i
i
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PWM impr.

LECANIUM SUSTESSELLATUM,

£

Fig.

iis
2,
3.
4.

5-
6.
7.
8
9.
Io.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXII.
LECANIUM TESSELLATUM, va7v. PERFORATUM.

Leaf of Caryota urens, with insects, nat. size.
Posterior extremity of larva, dorsal view.
Foot of larva.
Adult female, ventral view, x Io.
pattern of dorsal tessellation, x 12.
antenna, X 150.
ano-genital aperture, from below, x 100.
7 anal operculum, x 100.
stigmatic cleft and marginal hairs, x 150.
A sinvats dorsal plate, showing submarginal pores, x 80,

Pl. LXXII.

Us
oo

120

(Bees

E.Green det. _ PWM umpr.

LECANIUM TESSELLATUM.

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIII.

NDAun BWDND

LECANIUM ANTIDESM.

. Leaf of Aztidesma, with insect, nat. size.
. Adult female, dorsal view, x Io.

Part of margin showing dermal cells and glandular spot.
Foot.
Anal operculum, x I50.

. Stigmatic spines and marginal hairs,
. Antenna.

4

i.

Pl. LX?

PWM Tumpr.

EGreendel. ~
DRCANIUM ANTIDESMA.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIV.
LECANIUM PIPERIS.

Fig. 1. Leaf of wild pepper, with insects zz sz¢u, nat. size.
2. Adult female, dorsal view, x 7.
3, 4. Anal operculum of female.
5. Leg.
6, 7, 8. Stigmatic cleft, spines, and marginal hairs.
g. Male puparium, x 12.
1o. Adult male, x 24.
11, 12, Antenna of adult female.

PWM, Tampy.

EEGreen cel

LECANIUM PIPERIS.

beni
MEAT

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXV,

LECANIUM MARSUPIALE.

. Leaf of Pzper nigrum, with 6 and ? scales, nat. size.
. Adult 2, dorsal view, x 5.

ventral view, X 5.

. Early adult 9, dorsal view, x 5.
. Stigmatic cleft of 9, dorsal view, x 150.

Anal operculum of 2, x 150.
Antenna of 9, x I50.

. Male larva, dorsal view, x 6.

. Puparium of male, dorsal view, x 6.

. Adult 6, dorsal view, x 12.

. Head of male (diagrammatic), viewed from in front.

Pl. LXXYV.

PWM.T impr

EEGreen del.

LECANIUM MARSUPIALE.

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‘

pees wee

Non

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i

ie

see

Han

Oo ON AN FW DN

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXVI.

LECANIUM BICRUCIATUM.

. ? insect, on AZemecycon, nat. size.
. Adult 2, dorsal view, x 6.

Antenna, X I50.

. Scales of anal operculum, x I50.

. Dermal cells, x I50.

. Stigmatic cleft and marginal hairs (from A/@agnus), x 650.
. Marginal hairs (from JZemycylon), x 650.

. Marginal hair (from Azgenia), X 650.

. ¢ puparium, x 16.

Pl. LXXVI.

RE.Groen del PWT. impr

LECANIUM BICRUCIATUM.

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Tees ,

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Tey ap

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; ih “ie i

Fig.

FU ORO Co ON

il

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXVII.
LECANIUM MANGIFER2.

1. Mango leaf with insects 7 szfz, nat. size.

2. Newly hatched larva, from below.

3. Abdominal extremity of young larva.

4. Adult female, dorsal view, x 8.

ventral view, x 8.

anal operculum and pores of skin.
dermal pores, more enlarged.
stigmatic spines, x 650.

5 marginal hairs, x 650.

55 foot.

0 antenna, X 150.

LECANIUM MANGIFER,

PI.LXXVII.

EWILT. impr.

i

: 4 a
Hi foals ? Toh Pan rei

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ee)
Nrow

OYAnNEwWD

o

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXVIII.
LECANIUM ACUTISSIMUM.

. Piece of cocoanut leaf with insects 27 sz¢z, nat. size.
. Newly hatched larva.
. Adult 2, dorsal view, x 8.

5 ventral view, x 8.

. Early adult 9, x 8.

. Stigmatic spine and marginal hairs, x about 300.
. Anal operculum, x 150.

. Antenna, X 410.

Anterior leg, x 410.

. Median leg, x 410.
. Posterior leg, x 410.

Dorsal spines, x 650.

Pl. LX XVIII,

EE.Gree:

LECANIUM AGUTISS: MUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIX,
LECANIUM ARUNDINARIA.

. Leaf of Arundinaria with insect, nat. size.
Adult ?, dorsal view, x 6.

Stigmatic cleft and spines, x 650.

. Antenna, x I50.

. Leg (median), x 150.

Fig.

Mm Pw Nn

PI.LXXIX.

EE.Green del PWM nap

LECANIUM ARUNDINARLA

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXxX.
LECANIUM LONGULUM.

Fig. 1. Insects on branch of A/dizzza, nat. size.
2. Adult 9, dorsal view, x Io.
submarginal tubercle, x 650.
anal operculum, x 150.
antenna, x I50.
dermal cells, eye-spot, &c., x 150.
stigmatic spines and marginal hairs, x 300.
a single marginal hair, x 650.

”

SON AM Bw

Pl. LXXX.

PWT impr:

EBiGreendel. LECANIOM LONGULUM.

= O90 ON AN fW NH

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t

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXI.
LECANIUM CAUDATUM.

Leaf of Passzflora, with insects, nat. size.
. Adult 9, dorsal view, x Io.
. side view, X Io.
Early adult 2, dorsal view, x 10.
Antenna, X I50.
Foot, x 300.
Anal operculum, x 150.
Young larva.
. Anal ring, ventral aspect, x 150.
. Portion of derm, with reticulate markings, x 150.
. Margin of scale, showing stigmatic spines, marginal hairs, and
dermal cells, x 150.
. Stigmatic cleft, marginal hairs, &c., x 650.

PI, LXXKXI,

EB Green del

LECANIUM CAUDATUM. — PME.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXII.

LECANIUM PSIDII.

9 0 Gren p & 15a
. Adult female, side view, x 12.

, Stigmatic spines and marginal hairs.

Fig. 1. Guava leaf, with insects, nat. size.
2. Adult male, dorsal view, x 25.
3. Male puparium, x 12.
4. Female, immature.
5. Extremity of abdomen of male, from below.
6. Anal operculum of adult female, x roo.
7. Leg of 5 x 150.
8. Antenna of 3 with eight joints, x 150.
9.
°
I

Pl, LXX XII.

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2
3
4.
ip.
6
7
8

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIII.
LECANIUM OLE.

. Insects on twig of Antidesma, nat. size.

. Adult 9, side view, x 5.

- derm cells, x 150.

anal operculum, x I50.

», marginal hairs, x 650.

» antenna, x I50.

: » stigmatic spines, x 650.

. Male puparium, x 20 (after drawing in Ez. Mo. Mag., Mar.
1897, p. 72).

Pl. LXXXUI

LECANIUM OLBAE.

ae
2 praia
a

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIV.

+

1o5)

14.
fils
16.
7s

HON AnfpPW NH

LECANIUM NIGRUM.

Stem of //zbzscus, with insects, nat. size.

. Adult 9, dorsal view, x 8.
. Adult 9, side view, x 8.
. Immature 9, dorsal view, x 8.

Stigmatic cleft and spines of immature 9°.
Stigmatic cleft and spines of adult 9.

. Foot of adult 9, x 150.

, 9, 10. Dermal cells, x 150.

. Anal operculum, x 150.

. Antenna, x I50.

. Section through derm, x 650.

(a) Pale median spot.
(6) Central pore.
Puparium of male, x 25.
Adult 6, x 35.
Terminal segments of adult 6, x 200.
Male larva, x 25.

LECANTUM NIGRUM.

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXV.

LECANIUM HEMISPHRICUM.

. Insects on tea stem, nat. size.
. Young larva.

. Larva, further advanced.

. Early female, dorsal view.

Pe 3 side view.

Adult female, side view, x 12.
i a before oviposition, dorsal view, X 12.
op 5 7% - ventral view, X 12.
, 9 after oviposition, ventral view, x 12.

. Male puparium.
. Adult male.
. Portion of derm of adult female, showing stigmatic spines,

marginal hairs, and dermal cells, x 150.

. Marginal hairs, x 650.
. Anal operculum, X I50.
. Antenna, x I50.

. Leg, x 150,

PI. LXXXV.

LE Green del, EW Trop imp

LRCANIUM HEMISPHARICUM.

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ei

Fig.

18.
19.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXVI.
LECANIUM EXPANSUM.

Adult 9, 2% sztz, nat. size.
5 dorsal view, Xx 7.
s anal operculum and surrounding parts
Bs anal operculum, x 100.

Group of spinnerets from dorsal surface.

. A single ventral spinneret.
. Stigmatic cleft and spines.
. Waxy plate from dorsum.

Marginal scales, dorsal view, x 650.
Antenna.

. Marginal hairs of immature female.
2. Marginal hairs of male larva.

A single marginal hair of male larva.

. Male puparium.

. Adult male, dorsal view.

. Head of male, from below.

. Terminal joint of antenna of male.

LECANIUM EXPANSUM, var. QUADRATUM.

Antenna of adult female.
Anal operculum, x 100.

PL. LXXXVI.

BEGreen del.

LECANIUM EXPANSUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXVII.
LECANIUM MARGINATUM.

Fig. 1. Leaf of Psychotvia, with insects 27 sdf, nat. size.
2. Adult °, from above, x 17.

B95 from below, x 17.

4. Marginal flabellze, from above, x 320.

5 ° 5 from below, x 650.

6. Anal operculum, x 150.

7. Stigmatic spines.

8. Antenna.

g. Leg.

o. Male puparium, dorsal view, x 17.
1. Male larva, shortly before pupating.
12. Adult 6, dorsal view, x 17.

13 rss head, from below.

Vib, gp antenna.

Gs gy side view.

WO. cp foot.

We gp terminal joint of antenna.

PL LXXXVIL

|

| a LBCANTIUM MARGINATUM, er

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXVIII.

O ON AUB WDND

LECANIUM GEOMETRICUM.

. Leaf, with insects z7 sz¢z, nat. size.
. Adult 9, dorsal view, x 12.
. Antenna of female.

Leg.

. Margin of scale and stigmatic cleft, x 215.
. Stigmatic cleft and spines.

. Margin, dorsal view, x 650.

. Anal operculum, x 150.

. Male puparium, x 12.

PI. LXXXVIIL.

PWM Trap imp.

LECANIUM GROMETRICUM,

wm PWN

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIX.

LECANIUM CALOPHYLLI.

. Adult 2, dorsal view, x 15.

Stigmatic cleft, spines and marginal flabellee, x 650.

. Marginal flabellee, from below, x 650.
. Posterior extremity dorsal view, x 80
. Anal operculum, x 150.

Pl. LXXXDX.

EYMe Tsp imp.

LRCANIUM CALOPEYLLI.

ian ce
a
orzo

~

ON AMF WN

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XC.

LECANIUM PERADENIYENSE.

. Leaf of pepper, with insects z# sz¢w, nat. size.
. Male puparium, x 18 diam.

Adult male, x 17.

a female, dorsal view, x Io. é
" Stigmatic cleft and spines, x 325.
Anal operculum, x 150.

. Antenna, Xx I50.
. Margin of adult female, x 650.

Pl. XC.

EX Green del EWM Tirep.2mp

LECANIUM PERADENIYENSE,

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCI.

LECANIUM. PLANUM,

Leaf, with insects, nat. size.

fs
; ?
5: ”
I

8}
4
6.
7.
8.
9
0.

=]

Te
12. Male puparium.
3. Adult male, dorsal view, x 45.

4

14.

. Young larva.
Adult female, dorsal view, x 14.

lateral view, x 14.
ventral view, X 14.
antenna.
margin of scale, from above.
- " from below, < 650.
stigmatic spines.
anal operculum.
epidermal cells, marginal and submarginal zone.

terminal joints of antenna.

PL. XCI

EE Grendel LECANIUM PLANUM. FWMTrap imp

ee
* hs

Vs fe
Seely P
Gas

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCII.

LECANIUM ZONATUM.
Fig. 1. Adult females on leaf of Garcznia, nat. size.
. Adult female, dorsal view, x 14.
. Stigmatic spines of female, x 4Io.
Anal operculum of female, x 100.
. Antenna of female, x 150.
. Marginal scales of female, x 600.
. Male puparium, x 19.

NOM fWN HE

PL XI

HE Green del FV Trap imp

LECANIUM ZONATUM

ar
2

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCIII.

LECANIUM MARITIMUM.

1. Leaf, with insects, nat size.
2. Adult male, dorsal view, x 24.

So oe

PROD SY ANE Y

”

”

”

”

”

”

”

”

”

my)

head, from above, x 18.
» lateral view.

extremity of abdomen.

terminal joint of antenna.

. Male puparium.
. Adult female, from below, x to.

dorsal view, x To.

antenna.

leg.

anal operculum.

marginal scales and epidermal cells, from below.
stigmatic spines.

portion of margin, from above, x 650.

PWN Trap imp,

"BE Green del ; oe
‘ ~LECANTUM MARITIMUM.

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