BIOLOGY
LIBRARY

6

THE CODE OF NOMENCLATURE

AND

CHECK-LIST

OF

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

Adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union

BEING THE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE

UNION ON CLASSIFICATION AND

NOMENCLATURE

Zoological Nomenclature is a means, not an end, of Zoological Science

NEW YORK
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION

1886

\

Copyright, 1885,
BY AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION.

JHm'fcem'tn
JOHN WILSON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE.

PREFACE.

AT the first Congress of the American Ornithologists'
Union, held in New York, September 26-29, 1883, the
following resolution was adopted : —

"Resolved, That the Chairman appoint a Committee of five,
including himself, to whom shall be referred the question of a Re-
vision of the Classification and Nomenclature of the Birds of North
America."

In pursuance of this resolution the following Committee was
appointed : Messrs. Coues, Allen, Ridgway, Brewster, and Hen-
shaw.

The Committee, having held numerous sessions in Washing-
ton and New York, presented its Report at the second Con-
gress of the Union, held in New York, Sept. 30 to Oct. 2, 1884,
when the following resolution was adopted : —

"Resolved, That the Report of the Committee on the Revision of
the Nomenclature and Classification of North Ameircan Birds be ac-
cepted and adopted, and that it be recommitted to the Committee,
with instructions to complete and submit it to the Council as soon as
practicable ; and that the Council be empowered and instructed to
accept and adopt the Report as finally rendered, with such modifica-
tions as they may deem necessary, and to publish the same, copy-
righted, in part or in whole, and in one or more forms, in the name
and under the auspices of the American Ornithologists' Union."

The Committee, having continued its sessions, presented its
final report to the Council at a meeting held in Washington on
the 2 ist of April, 1885, when the Report of the Committee was

437174

iv PREFACE.

s

accepted and adopted, and was referred again to the Committee
for publication, the Committee to exercise such editorial revision
as might seem necessary.

Pursuant to the foregoing resolutions of the Union and Coun-
cil, the Committee now offers to the public, in the name and on
behalf of the Union, the result of its labors, consisting of a
List of North American Birds, preceded by the Code of Rules
adopted by the Committee for its guidance in the preparation of
the List.

The Committee ventures to hope that the new Code will
find favor, not only with ornithologists, but among zoologists
generally.

ELLIOTT COUES.
J. A. ALLEN.
ROBERT RIDGWAY.
WILLIAM BREWSTER.
H. W. HENSHAW.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

L INTRODUCTION '

IL PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 18

A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 18

B. CANONS OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 22

§ I. Of the Kinds of Names in Zoology 22

2. Of the Binomial System as a Phase of Zoological No-

menclature 29

3. Of the Trinomial System as a Phase of Zoological No-

menclature 3°

4. Of the Beginning of Zoological Nomenclature proper,

and of the Operation of the Law of Priority ... 32

5. Of Names Published Simultaneously 4°

6. Of the Retention of Names 4*

7. Of the Rejection of Names 47

8. Of the Emendation of Names 51

9. Of the Definition of Names 51

10. Of the Publication of Names 54

11. Of the Authority for Names 56

C. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE IN

THE FUTURE 58

§ 12. Of the Construction and Selection of Names .... 58

13. Of the Transliteration of Names 65

14. Of the Description of Zoological Objects 67

15. Of the Bibliography of Names 67

16. Of the Selection of Vernacular Names 68

m. CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS ... 71

I. PYGOPODES 73

a. Podicipedes 73

i. Podicipidae 73

Vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PACK

b. Cepphi 75

2. Urinatoridae 75

3. Alcidae 76

II. LONGIPENNES 84

4. Stercorariidae 84

5. Laridae 86

6. Rynchopidse 96

III. TUBINARES 97

7. Diomedeidae 97

8. Procellariidae 98

IV. STEGANOPODES 106

9. Phaethontidae 106

10. Sulidae 107

n. Anhingidae 108

12. Phalacrocoracidas 109

13. Pelecanidae 112

14. Fregatidae 113

V. ANSERES 113

15. Anatidae 113

VI. ODONTOGLOSS^E 130

16. Phcenicopteridae 130

VII. HERODIONES 131

a. Ibides 131

17. Plataleidae 131

18. Ibididae 131

b. Ciconiae 133

19. Ciconiidae 133

c. Herodii 134

20. Ardeidae 134

VIII. PALUDICOLJE 138

d. Grues 138

21. Gruidae 138

e. Ralli 139

22. Aramidae 139

23. Rallidas 140

IX. LIMICOL.E 145

24. Phalaropodid^e 145

2$. Recurv3rostrid32 146

26. Scolopacidae 147

27. Charadriidse 160

28. Aphrizidae 164

TABLE OF CONTEXTS. vii

PAGE

29. Haematopodidae 165

30. Jacanidaa 166

X. GALLING 167

f. Phasiani 167

31. Tetraonidae 167

32. Phasianidas 177

g. Penelopes 178

32. Cracidas 178

XI. COLUMB.E 178

34. Columbidae 178

XII. RAPTORES 182

h. Sarcorhamphi 182

35. Cathartidas 182

/. Falcones 184

36. Falconidae 184

j. Striges 197

37. Strigidae 197

38. Bubonidae 198

XIII. PSITTACI 205

39. Psittacidae 205

XIV. COCCYGES 206

k. Cuculi 206

46. Cuculidae 206

/. Trogones 208

41. Trogonidae 208

m. Alcyones 209

42. Alcedinidas 209

XV. PICI 210

43. Picidae 210

XVII. MACROCHIRES 219

n. Caprimulgi 219

44. Caprimulgidae 219

o. Cypseli 221

45. Micropodidas ' . . 221

p. Trochili 223

46. Trochilidae 223

XVIII. PASSERES 228

q. Clamatores 228

47. Tyrannidae 228

r. Oscines 238

48. Alaudidae 238

49. Corvidae 240

viii TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

50. Sturnidae 247

51. Icteridae 247

52. Fringillidae 254

53. Tanagridae 290

54. Hirundinidse 292

55. Ampelidae 294

56. Laniidae 295

57. Vireonidse 296

58. Ccerebidae 30°

59. Mniotiltidae 3°°

60. Motacillidae 3*9

61. Cinclidae 321

62. Troglodytidae 321

63. Certhiidae 33°

64. Paridae 33*

65. Sylviidse 338

66. Turdidze 34'

IV. HYPOTHETICAL LIST 343

V. THE FOSSIL BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA . . 359

INDEX 369

THE CODE OF NOMENCLATURE

AND

CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

i.

INTRODUCTION.

IN- beginning its work the Committee found it necessary to
examine particularly those rules, precedents, and practices
of nomenclature respecting which leading authorities differ, it
becoming immediately obvious that no substantial and satis-
factory progress in the preparation of a List of North Ameri-
can Birds could be made until various disputed points should
be settled. This necessity led to the discussion of the general
principles of zoological nomenclature, in their special applica-
tion to the subject in hand ; and ultimately resulted in the for-
mation of a Code of Rules for the guidance of the Committee in
fixing the name of every North American bird. These rules
were considered in their bearing upon Zoology at large, as well
as upon Ornithology alone ; it being obvious that sound prin-
ciples of nomenclature should be susceptible of general applica-
tion. Furthermore, since in the nature of the case there can
be no personal obligation, and no court of appeal with power to
enforce its decision, canons of nomenclature should derive their
weight wholly from their merit, and should acquire the force of
law only by the common consent of zoologists. Since nomen-
clature is a means, not an end, of science, the merit of a code
of rules for naming objects rests upon its utility, its availability,

F NOMENCLATURE.

and its efficiency in meeting all necessary and reasonable re-
quirements of a system of classification, — in a word, upon its
practical convenience.

Fortunately for the interests of science, the tendency of natu-
ralists has latterly been toward substantial agreement upon most
of the fundamental principles involved in nomenclature, vari-
ance of opinion coming mainly in the application of those prin-
ciples in minor details. To prepare an acceptable and entirely
available code of rules, the compilers of to-day have therefore to
do little more than clearly formulate the current usages of the
best naturalists, and consistently apply them to any given case.

Without undertaking to give in detail the history of zoologi-
cal and botanical nomenclature from the Linnaean period to the
present day, the Committee deems it proper and needful to
advert to certain moot points. While binomial nomenclature
may be considered to have originated with Linnaeus, who pro-
pounded and established its fundamental principles with admi-
rable sagacity, these have in the course of time and to some
extent been necessarily modified to meet the requirements of
the progress of zoological science, by restriction in some direc-
tions and extension in others. So radically, indeed, has the
aspect of the science changed since the Linnasan period, and so
profoundly do modern conceptions in biological science differ
from those then held, that a strict binomial system has probably
had its day, and may be abandoned, with great benefit to sci-
ence, in the not distant future. But, assuming that the binomial
nomenclature, with some modification, is still to be retained for
a while, in its general features, the whole course of scientific
nomenclature has shown that the law of priority — lex priorita-
tis — is the one great underlying principle ; and the nearly uni-
versal tendency is, to hold this principle inviolate, to adhere to
it with the utmost possible stringency, and to tolerate the fewer
infractions as time advances.1 But there is unfortunately no

1 A signal exception to this is found in the just published ' History of British
Birds,' by Mr. Henry Seebohm, — an ingenious and thoughtful ornithologist, — who
discards, the lex prioritatis, substituting therefor an auetorum plurimorum principle,
according to which his method is to use for every bird that specific name which has

INTRODUCTION. 3

unanimity in fixing the date of the beginning of the operation
of the law of priority, naturalists being nearly evenly divided in
opinion upon this point. The so-called ' Stricklandian Code '
fixed the date at I/66,1 — that of the twelfth edition of the
1 Systema Naturae.1 This has been generally accepted by Brit-
ish zoologists ; while many others, especially in America and of
late years, consider 1758 as the fittest starting-point, this being
the date of the tenth edition of the ' Systema Naturae,' in which
Linnaeus first methodically and consistently applied the binomial
nomenclature to zoology. Botanists are at variance with zoolo-
gists, and with one another, in this particular ; some taking as

been oftenest used before, irrespective of its original application, or of its applica-
bility under the law of priority. But a much earlier protest against the strict law of
priority, from an entomologist, is to be found in a tract published in 1872, the follow-
ing title of which indicates the nature of its contents : —

1872. LEWIS, W. ARNOLD. A Discussion | of the | Law of Priority in Ento-
mological | Nomenclature ; | with Strictures on its Modern Application ; | and | a
Proposal for the Rejection of all | disused Names. | — | By | W. Arnold Lewis, |
F. L. S., M. Entom. Soc. Lend., Barrister-at-Law. | — | Also containing | A Pa-
per, by the same, read before the British Association | (Section D) on August 7,
1871 ; | And a Second, by the same, intended as a Contribution to the | Discussion
in the ' Entomologist's Monthly Magazine.' | — | London : | Williams & Norgate, 14,
Henrietta Street, | Covent Garden. | — | 1872. I vol. Svo, paper cover, title, advt.,
and pp. 1-86.

(The first paper mentioned in the title is, ' A Proposal for a Modification of the
strict Law of Priority in Zoological Nomenclature in Certain Cases,' pp. 69-82.
The second is entitled, ' Synonymic Lists and Certainty in Nomenclature,' pp.
82-86.)

Another paper, also by an entomologist, may be consulted with profit. It is
entitled as follows: —

1873. SHARP, DAVID. The | Object and Method | of | Zoological Nomencla-
ture. | By | David Sharp. | — | " Nomina si nescis, perit et cognitio rerum." | — |
London : | E. W. Janson, 28 Museum Street. | Williams & Norgate, Henrietta
St. | — | November, 1873. Paper, sm. Svo, cover-title backed by preface, and
PP- 39-

(Well reviewed by A. R. Wallace, ' Nature,' Feb. 5, 1874, p. 258.)
1 " In Mr. H. E. Strickland's original draft of these Rules and Recommendations
the edition of Linnaeus was left blank, and the Xllth was inserted by the Manches-
ter Committee. This was done not as being the first in which the binomial nomen-
clature had been used, as it commenced with the Xth, but as being the last and
most complete edition of Linnaeus's works, and containing many species the Xth did
not." — Revised Rules of the B. A., p. 28, as printed in Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci.,
Birmingham Meeting, 1865. For evidence that Strickland himself was an advocate
of Linnaeus at 1758, see 'The Auk,' 1 , 1884, p. 400.

4 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

their starting-point the first edition of the ' Genera Plantarum '
of Linnaeus, published in 1737; others, his promulgation of
rules in the ' Philosophia Botanica,' 1751; others, again, his
'Species Plantarum,' 1753. But, furthermore, as some zoolo-
gists used the system methodically in works published prior to
I758,1 and as generic names were employed in a strict sense by
some writers of eminence in zoology as early as 1732,2 the law
of priority is restricted in time by neither one of two important
codes recently promulgated, — that of the Societe Zoologique de
France, i88i,3 and that of the Congres Geologique International,
i882;4 the only provisions for the inception of its operation
being, that a given name, to be available, shall have been prop-
erly published and clearly defined, conformably with the rules
of binomial nomenclature.

The Stricklandian Code was nevertheless taken by the
International Geological Congress as its point of departure and
basis of procedure in the formulation of the Rules it adopted.
This code — first promulgated by the British Association for
the Advancement of Science, at Manchester, in 1842, later
adopted by the American Association of similar name and
character, and reaffirmed and again adopted with little modi-
fication by the British Association, at Bath, in 1865 5 — has
until recently been the principal code of zoological nomen-
clature ; it is still recognized as the highest authority by
most English-speaking zoologists, and is followed with more
or less reservation and evasion by naturalists at large. In
most respects — excepting the rule which fixed the date of the

1 As Artedi, Scopoli, Pallas, Clerck, etc.

2 E. g. Breyn ; to which may perhaps be added Link, 1722, Klein, 1731 and 1734,
Linnaeus, 1735, and Tournefort, 1742.

8 Societe Zoologique | de France | — | De la | Nomenclature | des | etres orga-
nises | — 1 Paris | Au Sieges de la Societe | 7, rue des Grands- A ugustins, 7 | — j
1 88 1. Paper, 8vo, pp. 37.

4 Regies a suivre pour etablir la nomenclature des especes. Rapport du Secre-
taire de la Commission H. Douville. < Congres Geologique International. Compte
rendu de la 2me Session, Bologne, 1881, (pub. 1882,) pp. 592-608.

5 See Notes on the modified Rules for Zoological Nomenclature, B. A., 1865, by
A. E. Verrill, in Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d Series, Vol. XLVIIL, July, 1869, pp.
92-110.

INTRODUCTION. 5

starting-point of nomenclature at 1766 — this honored code was
admirably conceived at the time. It had great influence for
good, and did much to bring zoological nomenclature from a
loose and almost chaotic state to a fair degree of stability and
orderly consistency. Its principal defects are those which
could not then have been perceived and avoided, being inherent
in the binomial system itself, as has become obvious in the
subsequent forty-three years of progress in zoological science,
during which time have arisen contingencies and complications
which, being unforeseen in 1842, could not have been then
provided for. In fine, the Stricklandian Code could not pos-
sibly have been made better than the radically faulty binomial
scheme upon which it was based, and for the perpetuation
of which in all its defects it sedulously provided. No one
appears to have suspected, in 1842, that the Linnaean system
was not the permanent heritage of science, or that in a few
years a theory of evolution was to sap its very foundations, by
radically changing men's conceptions of those things to which
names were to be furnished. Nevertheless, the half-dozen
emendations made to this code by the Bath Committee in 1865
were, with one exception, ill-advised, leaving the code less
available and efficient than it had been before. The fact,
however, that the Stricklandian Code has been from 1842 to
the present year the recognized basis of nearly all attempts to
improve the formal rules for zoological nomenclature, is ample
evidence of its usefulness and general soundness, so long as we
must continue to base our nomenclature upon the Linnaean
binomial system. The wide-spread recognition of its weight
and authority in nomenclature, and the almost universal cur-
rency of its leading provisions, which are in the main as satis-
factory as any can well be which provide for a strictly binomial
system, — in short, the strength of the Stricklandian Code, ren-
ders it still the natural and proper basis of any new code which
may seek to provide for the comparatively few contingencies
to meet which the former one has proven inadequate.1

1 The Committee which drafted the original ' Stricklandian ' Code, appointed at
a meeting of the Council of the British Association for the Advancement of Science,

6 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

It has therefore seemed to your Committee advisable to take
the original Stricklandian Code as the initial point of departure ;
to reaffirm and reproduce as many of its rules as may be de-
sirable, without reference to the changes made in it in 1865, —
changes which, with one exception, do not appear to your
Committee to be available for adoption, although, for the sake
of historical completeness, they may be duly noted in their

held in London, February n, 1842, consisted of Mr. C. Darwin, Professor Henslow,
Rev. L. Jenyns, Mr. W. Ogilby, Mr. J. Phillips, Dr. Richardson, Mr. J. O. West-
wood, and Mr. H. E. Strickland (reporter) ; to whom were afterward added, W. J.
Broderip, Professor Owen, W. E. Shuckard, G. R. Waterhouse, and W. Yarrell.
The result of their labors appeared in a ' Series of Propositions for rendering the
Nomenclature of Zoology uniform and permanent,' first printed in the Report of
the Twelfth Meeting of the British Association, held at Manchester, June, 1842, p. 106
et seq. They also appeared in the 'Annals of Natural History,' and in the 'Philo-
sophical Magazine.' C. L. Bonaparte submitted an Italian translation to the Scien-
tific Congress held at Padua in 1843. A French translation also appeared in ' L'ln-
stitut' (ne Ann., No. 498, pp. 248-251, 13 Juil, 1843), and a review by Dr. A. A.
Gould of the ' Propositions' was printed in the 'American Journal of Science and
Arts' (Vol. XLV., 1843, pp. 1-12).

At the B. A. meeting at Oxford in 1860, it was "resolved, that the surviving
members of the Committee appointed in 1842 — viz., Mr. C. Darwin, Rev. Professor
Henslow, Rev. L. Jenyns, Mr. W. Ogilby, Professor Phillips, Sir John Richardson,
Mr. J. O. Westwood, Professor Owen, Mr. W. E. Shuckard, and Mr. G. R. Water-
house .... be reappointed, with Sir Wm. Jardine, Bart., and Mr. P. L. Sclater."
At the B. A. meeting at Newcastle, 1863, the Committee was reformed again, to
consist of Sir Wm. Jardine, A. R. Wallace, J. E. Gray, C. C. Babington, Dr. Fran-
cis, P. L. Sclater, C. Spence Bate, P. P. Carpenter, Dr. J. D. Hooker, Professor
Balfour, H. T. Stainton, J. Gwyn Jeffries, Prof. A. Newton, Prof. T. H. Huxley,
Professor Allman, and G. Bentham, with power to add to its members. For the
purpose of eliciting suggestions and recommendations, this Committee reprinted the
original ' Series of Propositions/ etc.. in a pamphlet entitled as follows : —

Eules | for | Zoological Nomenclature | by the late | Hugh E. Strickland,
M. A., F. R. S. | Authorized by Section D of the | British Association | at
Manchester, 1842. | — | Reprinted by Requisition of Section D at Newcastle, |
1863. | — | Edinburgh: | Printed by Neill and Company. | MDCCCLXIII. Svo,
pp. 25.

This is the original of the ' Stricklandian Code,' 1842, known also as the ' Rules
of the British Association.' Upon this the Bath Committee, in 1865, engrafted its
emendations, with the result of what is known as the ' Revised B. A. Rules/ entitled
as follows: " Report of a Committee appointed to report on the Changes which they
may consider desirable to make, if any, in the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature
drawn up by Mr. H. E. Strickland, at the Instance of the British Association at their
Meeting in Manchester in 1842." (Rep. 35th Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., held
at Birmingham in Sept., 1865, (pub. 1866,) pp. 25-42.)

INTRODUCTION. 7

proper place in this Report ; and then to build upon such a
foundation with those additional recommendations and sugges-
tions which in the judgment of the Committee are required to
meet the demands of the present state of zoological science,
and which seem most timely in view of its evident tendency,
and probable progress in the future.

As is well known, Alphonse De Candolle provided botanists
with a code of nomenclatural rules for the Vegetable King-
dom, the admirably sound character of which code caused it
to receive the unanimous indorsement of the International
Botanical Congress held in Paris in 1867. These rules are
almost equally applicable to Zoology, the nomenclatural re-
quirements of the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms being
nearly identical ; and in general tenor and spirit they are much
the same as those of the Stricklandian Code. In 1876, an
American zoologist, Mr. W. H. Dall, was appointed by Sec-
tion B of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science a committee of one, " to obtain an expression of opin-
ion from the working naturalists of America, in regard to the
nature of a set of rules for facilitating the decision of questions
relating to nomenclature." In pursuance of this duty, Mr.
Dall prepared a circular upon the subject, consisting of a series
of questions relating to disputed points, which was widely
distributed among the publishing naturalists of America, from
whom a gratifyingly large number of responses were received.
To Mr. Ball's report, as published,1 embodying the purport of
all their replies, was added an Appendix, consisting " of a resume
of all the principles and rules of nomenclature as hitherto set
forth by the chief author'ties on that subject, with the diverse
views of different authors concerning each proposition appended
to it and authenticated by their initials," the reporter further
adding many comments of his own. These principles and
rules were compiled equally in the interest of Zoology and of

1 Nomenclature | in | Zoology and Botany. | A Report to the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of | Science at the Nashville Meeting, August 31, 1877. |
— | By | W. H. Dall, | United States Coast Survey. | — | Salem: | Printed at the
Salem Press. | December, 1877. 8vo, paper cover, title, and pp. 7-56.

8 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

Botany, and based largely upon the Zoological Code of Strick-
land and the Botanical Code of De Candolle. The Appendix, of
thirty-three pages of mostly small type, giving a thorough and
nearly complete resume of the subject, forms a mine of infor-
mation upon current usages and previous rulings in nomen-
clature. While its general character is that of a digest of what
was at the time, or had before been, the laws of the subject,
the reporter did not not fail to furnish much original matter,
in the form of sound criticism and valuable suggestions on many
important points ; so that his codification of rules and princi-
ples may be consulted with profit by all who are interested in
the subject of systematic nomenclature.1

In 1 88 1, as already noted, the Zoological Society of France
adopted a code of rules prepared by a commission specially ap-
pointed to consider the subject. These rules, only seventeen in

1 Mr. Samuel H. Scudder had shortly before Mr. Ball's labors published
a valuable paper entitled 'Canons of Systematic Nomenclature for the Higher
Groups,' in the Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d Series, III., May, 1872, pp. 348-351.
(Separate, pp. 1-4.)

Entomology is by far the most extensive branch of Zoology, and much has been
done by entomologists to promote the sound nomenclature of the department.
Fabricius's ' Philosophia Entomologica,' 1778, is said to contain the first set of rules
published for entomological nomenclature. Besides some papers already cited, we
may in this connection note the following : —

'On some Changes in the Nomenclature of North American Coleoptera which
have been recently proposed.' By John L. LeConte, M. D. Canad. Entom., Oc-
tober, 1874, pp. 185-197.

'On Entomological Nomenclature.' Canad. Entom., November, 1874, pp. 201-
206 ; December, 1874, pp. 207-210. (Part I. is ' On the Law of Priority' ; Part II.
is ' On Generic Types.')

1 Historical Sketch of the Generic Names proposed for Butterflies, a Contribu-
tion to Systematic Nomenclature.' By Samuel H. Scudder. Salem, 1875. 8vo,
pp. 293.

' Observations on Nomenclature ' constitute Part I. of Thorell's work on Euro-
pean Spiders, 4to, Upsala, 1869.

' Rules to be submitted to the Entomological Club of the A. A. A. S.,' Svo, n. d.,
n. p., "ordered printed by resolution at the annual meeting for 1875," but never pub-
lished, were drawn up by a portion of the Committee appointed by the Club, viz.,
J. L. LeConte, Wm. Saunders, and C. V. Riley. These proposed rules, twelve in
number, were, like the questions propounded in the Ball circular, extensively circu-
lated, chiefly among entomologists, to elicit responses. They were, however, never
finally adopted by the Club.

INTRODUCTION. 9

number, and occupying less than three octavo pages, are like-
wise intended to apply to both Zoology and Botany. Their prin-
cipal divergence from the Stricklandian Code is at the point of
departure for the law of priority, as already stated. The rules
are succeeded by a commentary of some thirty pages, prepared
by M. Chaper, the reporter of the commission, one third of
this matter relating to the starting-point for the action of the
law of priority, which is discussed with special reference to
pre-Linnaean authors, and favors the non-limitation of the law
by the works of Linnaeus.

The International Geological Congress, at its meeting held in
1882 at Bologna, also adopted a code of rules intended to apply
equally to Zoology and Botany. They were proposed by a
committee specially appointed for the purpose, who, after
adopting certain general principles, took as its basis of de-
parture the Stricklandian Code. These rules are even fewer
than those of the code of the French Zoological Society, being
only eleven in number, and occupying less than two octavo
pages. They are followed by twenty-two pages of valuable
commentary, offered to the Commission by its Secretary, M. H.
Douville. This is largely historical, and, like M. Chaper's,
argues for the non-limitation of the law of priority by the works
of Linnaeus, and for its restriction, as above said, only by the
requirements of binomiality, proper publication, and clear defi-
nition. The only exceptions to the action of this law which
the code recognizes as permissible are in the cases of pre-
occupation of a generic name in the same kingdom, and of a
specific name in the same genus.

In 1883, M. A. De Candolle published his important ' Nou-
velles Remarques sur la Nomenclature Botanique/ in which he
reviews the discussions which were had during the sixteen years
following the appearance of his Botanical Code of I86/,1 and
proposes a few changes which he considers that experience has
shown to be necessary. These, following upon Ball's digest
and upon the action respectively of the French Zoological So-

1 ' Lois de la Nomenclature Botanique, redigees et commentees par M. Alphonse
De Candolle.' Paris, 1867. 8vo, pp. 60.

10 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

ciety and of the International Geological Congress, tend in the
direction of securing the utmost attainable fixity of names and
general stability in nomenclature, by giving the fullest scope
possible to the operation of the law of priority.

De Candolle takes the first edition of the ' Species Plantarum,'
1753, as the starting-point of the binomial system in Botany,
and therefore as the date of the beginning of the law of pri-
ority in respect to species, — a point substantially agreed upon
by botanists. For generic names, however, he takes the first
edition of the ' Genera Plantarum,' 1757; and his 'Article 15'
provides that each natural group of plants must retain the most
ancient name appended to it, if it be not inconsistent with the
essential rules of nomenclature, whether adopted or given by
Linnaeus, or since his time ; thus implying that the law of
priority is not to extend to authors earlier than Linnaeus. His
provisions in regard to the emendation of names are very strict.
His 'Article 60' is : 'A generic name should subsist just as it
was made, though a purely typographical error may be corrected.
The termination of a Latin specific name may be changed to
bring it into agreement [in gender] .with its generic name."
This is a marked change from his previous code, in which
Article 60 enjoined the suppression of hybrid names, or those
formed by the combination of two languages.

It is evident, even from the foregoing brief and incomplete
summary of some leading authorities upon nomenclature, that
the general tendency at present is in the direction of the
greatest attainable fixity of names, by the most rigid adherence
to the law of priority under all practicable circumstances, and
by the disregard as far as possible of all rules requiring the
rejection of names 'for faulty construction, for barbarity, for
being meaningless, and even for being literally false, — changes
to be made only in cases of obvious typographical errors. The
emendations proposed by your Committee to be made in the
Stricklandian Code recognize this tendency, and are in harmony
with it. Your Committee, however, does not agree to any of
the dates which various codes take as their respective starting-
points in nomenclature, and especially does not deem it expe-

INTRODUCTION. 1 1

dient to take different dates for generic and specific names.
The Committee, furthermore, in one or two cases, submits some
decided innovations, positively at variance with the provisions
of any previous nomenclatural code ; believing that certain radi-
cal modifications are demanded by recent progress in science,
and that these are a step in advance.

Referring now to the original Stricklandian Code of 1842,
the principal changes which your Committee proposes and
recommends for adoption by the Union may be summarized
as follows : —

(i.) The adoption of the date of the Xth edition of the l Systema
Naturae,' 1758, instead of that of the Xllth, 1766, as the starting-point
of the law of priority for names of whatever groups ; because this date,
1758, is in fact that of the establishment of the binomial system of
nomenclature in Zoology, and of its first methodical application to the
whole Animal Kingdom.

(2.) The rule that prior use of a name in Botany does not make
that name unavailable in Zoology ; with the injunction, however, that
duplication of names in the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms is to
be sedulously avoided in future.

(3.) The principle of Trinomials : namely, departure from strict
binomiality to the extent of using three words as the name of those
subspecific forms which are sufficiently distinct to require recognition
by name, yet which are known to intergrade with one another ; the
name of such forms to consist of three terms, — a generic, a specific,
and a subspecific, — written consecutively and continuously, without
the intervention of any mark of punctuation, any arbitrary character,
any abbreviation, or any other sign or term whatsoever.

Furthermore, the Committee, while insisting strenuously
upon the principle of an inflexible law of priority, has neverthe-
less sedulously attempted to guard, as far as may be possible,
against needless or undue rejection of names in current usage
in favor of obscure earlier ones which rest upon descriptions so
vague or imperfect that their identification can be made out
only by the process of exclusion, — by presuming that they can
mean nothing else. The safeguard which the Committee pro-
poses for these cases is, that a name to be valid must be iden-

12 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

tifiable by the means furnished by the original describer, or at
least by such means taken in connection with sources of infor-
mation contemporaneous with the original description. That is
to say, the name of a species or other group, to be valid, must
have been identifiable since the time it was proposed, and not
have become so subsequently by the advance of the science.

The Committee has also attempted to define as clearly as
possible the basis upon which generic, specific, and subspecific
names may reasonably and properly rest.

While the Committee feels free to advise and recommend in
respect to future practices and principles in systematic nomen-
clature, it is obvious that no suggestions or rules should be of a
retroactive character, or partake of the nature of ex post facto
laws. Yet, so multifarious and often conflicting have been the
usages of publishing naturalists on many points of nomencla-
ture, that in many cases no rule can be adopted which will
not be to some extent retroactive. Thus, in seeking to attain a
basis of uniformity and stability, it is always necessary to go
back to the original forms of names, and consistently adhere to
them, in entire disregard of the verbal innovations of purists or
grammarians, who, aiming at classical correctness in names,
have too often brought about instability and confusion. It
seems out of the question to relax the law of priority, let the
immediate inconvenient results of adherence to that law be
what they may.

And, in respect of any temporary inconvenience, or of any
seeming confusion which may be the immediate consequence
of its action, the Committee feels able to give assurance that
these are far lesser evils than some of those which it hopes to
do away with. The case of an unstable and far from uniform
system of nomenclature no more shows the need of improve-
ment, than admits of those changes which are necessary ; and
though the evils inseparable from all states of transition may be
obvious, they are themselves no less transitory, while the good
results of the strict and consistent application of sound prin-
ciples of nomenclature are likely long to endure.

The following series of twenty-one propositions and affirma-

INTRODUCTION. 13

tions, abstracted and condensed from the minutes of the meet-
ings of the Committee, will show at a glance the principal
results reached. They are simply the gist of some of the
resolutions passed by the Committee in session, the points in-
volved being formally presented beyond, under ' Principles,
Canons, and Recommendations.'

(a) The Stricklandian Code, B. A. Rules, 1842, 1865, the basis of
zoological nomenclature : the whole subject to be considered there-
from.

(b) Trinomial nomenclature to be provided for.

(c) Botanical nomenclature not to be considered ; use of names in
Botany not to invalidate their subsequent use in Zoology.

(d) Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. X., 1758, to be the starting-point of zoologi-
cal nomenclature, and of the operation of the law of priority, for all
names.

(<?) The law of priority to be inflexible ; conditions of its proper ap-
plication : its application to names of groups higher than genera.

(f) The maxim, ' Once a synonym always a synonym,' to be affirmed
and extended to species and subspecies.

(£•) Names to be Latin, or in Latin form.

(h) Names to be adopted on certain principles, without regard to
persons.

(/) Absolute identification required to displace a modern current
name by an older obscure one.

(J) Basis of a specific or subspecific name to be, either (i) an iden-
tifiable published description, or (2) a recognizable published plate or
figure, or (3) the original named type specimen ; diagnosis to be made
upon the status of the name at the time it was proposed ; identification
of type specimens, to be valid, must be absolute.

(k) Basis of a generic or subgeneric name to be, either (i) a desig-
nated recognizably described species, or (2) a designated recognizable
plate or figure, or (3) a published diagnosis ; such names tenable upon
(i) or (2), even if wanting (3).

(/) Type of a genus to be determined by the 'process of elimina-
tion,' if no type is originally mentioned.

(m) Generic names not to be invalidated by use of same name
for a higher group (e. g., Accipitcr tenable as a genus, though there
is an order Actipitres). The same with specific names (e. g., Pica
pica).

14 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

(ri) Names differing like Pica and Picus both tenable ; differing
only like Spermophila and Spermophilus, the later one untenable.

(<?) The maxim, " A name is only a name, and has no necessary
meaning," affirmed ; barbarous, hybrid, meaningless, or descriptively
inappropriate names tenable.

(/) Original orthography of names to be preserved, unless a typo-
graphical error is evident.

(q) Transliteration of names, and terminations of personal names,
to be provided for.

(r) Names raised in rank (as of a subspecies raised to a species, or
of a subgenus raised to a genus) to be tenable in the new position.

(s) The authority for a name to be that of the original namer.

(/) When a generic name sinks into synonymy, any current family
or subfamily name derived from such generic name to become unten-
able (e.g., * Sylvicolidae ' untenable, since Sylvicola is preoccupied).

(u) Rule thirteenth of the Stricklandian Code (rendering a specific
name untenable when used for a genus) to be ignored.

With reference to the plan and form of the proposed Amer-
ican Ornithologists' Union ' List of North American Birds/ it
was proposed and unanimously agreed : —

1. That the term 'North American,' as applied to the proposed
List of Birds, be held to include the continent of North America north
of the present United States and Mexican boundary, and Greenland ;
and the peninsula of Lower California, with the islands naturally be-
longing thereto.

2. That species be numbered consecutively, and that subspecies
be enumerated by affixing the letters a, b, t, etc. to the number borne
by their respective species ; provided, that any subspecies of a species
not included in the North American Fauna shall be separately num-
bered as if a species.

3. That stragglers or accidental visitors, not regarded as compo-
nents of the North American Fauna, be distinguished by having their
respective numbers in brackets.

4. That any subsequent additions to the list be interpolated in
systematic order, and bear the number of the species immediately pre-
ceding, with the addition of a figure (i, 2, etc., as the case may re-
quire), separated from the original number by a period or decimal
point, thus giving the interpolated number a decimal form (e.g., 243.1,
etc.), in order that the original numbers may be permanent.

INTRODUCTION. 1 5

5. That species or subspecies for any reason included in the List,
in regard to the specific or subspecific validity of which any reasonable
doubt exists, shall have their respective numbers followed by a note
of interrogation.

6. That Giraud's at present unconfirmed species of Texan birds be
included in the List on Giraud's authority.

7. That species and subspecies the zoological status of which can-
not be satisfactorily determined, like, e. g., Regulus cuvieri and Spiza
townsendi of Audubon, be referred to a hypothetical list, in each case
with a brief statement of the reasons for such allocation.

8. That a list of the fossil species of North American birds be added
as an Appendix to the List proper.

9. That the names of subgeneric and supergeneric groups of North
American birds be included in the List in systematic order, to the
end that the List may represent a classification as well as a nomen-
clature of the birds.

TO. That references be given to the original description of the spe-
cies, and to the publication where the name as adopted in the List was
first used ; that the number borne by each species and subspecies
in the Lists of Baird, 1858, of Coues, 1873, of Ridgway, 1880, and of
Coues, 1882, be bracketed in chronological order after the synonymatic
references.

11. That a summary statement of the habitat of each species and
subspecies, with special reference to its North American range, be in-
cluded in the List.

12. That the name of each bird shall consist of its generic with-
out its subgeneric name, and of its specific with its subspecific name,
if it have one, without the intervention of any other term.

13. That specific be typographically distinguished from subspecific
names by the use of a smaller type for the latter.

14. That every technical name be followed by a vernacular name,
selected with due regard to its desirability.

15. That the name of each species and subspecies be followed by
the name of the original describer of the same, to be enclosed in pa-
rentheses when it is not also the authority for the name adopted.

1 6. That all specific and subspecific names shall begin with a
lower-case letter.

17. That the sequence in classification followed in previous Lists
be reversed, the List to begin with the lowest or most generalized
type, and end with the highest or most specialized.

1 6 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

Although it is deemed by the Committee neither necessary
nor desirable to embody in its Report the minutes of its meet-
ings, a few further extracts may be presented in the present
connection.

The subject of the formal introduction of trinomials into the
binomial system — a matter upon which the Committee lays
great stress — was brought up at the fourth meeting, Decem-
ber 15, 1883, in tne f°rm of the following resolution, which was
unanimously adopted : —

" Whereas, the progress of Ornithology of late years has so greatly
increased and perfected our knowledge of the exact morphological
relations between allied forms of birds, and has so profoundly modi-
fied the conception of species held when the so-called binomial or
Linnaean system of nomenclature was formulated and applied, that
this system is no longer adequate to handle known facts, or a clear
reflection of the modern conception of species based upon such facts,
it becomes obviously proper and necessary to modify the system in so
far as may be required to meet the new aspect of the case : it is there-
fore

"Resolved, That a trinomial system of nomenclature be adopted upon
the basis and in the spirit of the binomial system • such system allow-
ing and providing for the use of names consisting of three terms —
generic, specific, and subspecific — for those forms which, as a matter
of fact, are known to intergrade in physical characters ; two terms —
generic and specific — being employed as heretofore for those forms
which are not known to so intergrade."

At the seventh meeting, December 19, 1883, the following
resolution was unanimously adopted : —

" That the Committee resolve itself into two subcommittees, to one
of which is referred the whole subject of specific and subspecific deter-
minations of North American birds, and to the other the subject of
formulating and codifying the nomenclatural results reached by the
whole Committee ; the former subcommittee to consist of Mr. R.
Ridgvvay, Mr. Wm. Brewster, and Mr. H. W. Henshaw ; the latter,
to consist of Mr. J. A. Allen and Dr. E. Coues ; and that Dr. L.
Stejneger be requested to co-operate with the former subcommittee
in determining questions of synonymy."

INTRODUCTION. \-j

At the eighth meeting (second session) of the Committee,
held March 8, 1884, the subcommittee appointed to "formulate
and codify the nomenclatural results reached by the Commit-
tee " presented its report ; whereupon the following resolution
prevailed : —

" That the report of the subcommittee on formulation and codifica-
tion of nomenclatural rules be accepted and affirmed ; and that the
subcommittee be instructed to prepare a fair manuscript copy of the
Code, to embody the Nomenclatural Rules which the Committee has
adopted and proposes to recommend to the Union for adoption ;
taking the Stricklandian Code as the basis of departure, disencumber-
ing that Code of whatever may be deemed superfluous or objection-
able, and engrafting upon it the Rules and Recommendations which
the whole Committee has approved."

1 8 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

II.

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

" In venturing to propose these rules for the guidance of all classes of zoologists
in all countries, we disclaim any intention of dictating to men of science the course
which they may see fit to pursue. It must of course be always at the option of au-
thors to adhere to or depart from these principles, but we offer them to the candid
consideration of zoologists in the hope that they may lead to sufficient uniformity of
method in future to rescue science from becoming a mere chaos of words." — H. E.
STRICKLAND, 1842.

A. General Principles.

PRINCIPLE I. Zoological nomenclature, is a means, not an
end, of zoological science.

REMARKS. — It is to be deplored that it is apparently necessary to raise
what is merely a trite truism to the dignity of a principle of nomenclature.
But it seems proper to protest in this way against any misconception that
the science of Zoology consists in the art of naming objects in that branch
of science, and also against every wanton, capricious, arbitrary, or otherwise
needless and undesirable change of names which have acquired current
usage and definite signification in Zoology. It is undeniable that a "mere
shuffling of names " (A. AGASSIZ) is the chief outcome of much study and
much writing which is mistaken for scientific research and the advancement
of science.

On this score and in the same tenor may be quoted several expressions
from De Candolle,1 relating to some of the general principles of nomencla-
ture considered as a means to an end.

" Natural History cannot progress, nor can the study of its various branches
be carried on and properly correlated, without a regular system in nomencla-
ture which shall be recognized and employed by the majority of naturalists
of all countries."

" The rules for nomenclature must be impartial, and founded on motives
sufficiently clear and weighty to promote their general comprehension and
acceptance."

1 Quoted from Dall (Rep., p. 23), not from the original.

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 19

" The essential principles in everything which relates to nomenclature are,
(i) the attainment of fixity in the designations for organized beings ; (2) the
avoidance of names or methods of applying names calculated to result in
errors or to throw science into confusion ; and lastly, (3) to avoid the un-
necessary creation of names."

" No usage conflicting with the rules and liable to introduce error or con-
fusion can be maintained. When no grave objections of this nature are
liable to be raised, it may happen that an ancient usage may be conserved
without opposition, but all should carefully guard against the imitation or
extension of such practices. In the absence of a rule, or if the application
of the rules be doubtful, an established usage may be taken as a proper
guide."

PRIXICIPLE II. Zoological nomenclature is the scientific lan-
guage of systematic Zoology, and vernacular names are not prop-
erly within its scope.

REMARKS. — " In proposing a measure for the establishment of a perma-
nent and universal zoological nomenclature, it must be premised that we
refer solely to the Latin or systematic language of zoology. We have noth-
ing to do with vernacular appellations. One great cause of the neglect and
corruption which prevails in the scientific nomenclature of zoology has been
the frequent and often exclusive use of vernacular names in lieu of the Latin
binomial designations, which form the only legitimate language of systematic
zoology. Let us then endeavor to render perfect the Latin or Linnasan
method of nomenclature, which, being far removed from the scope of
national vanities and modern antipathies, holds out the only hope of intro-
ducing into zoology that grand desideratum, an universal language." (B.
A. Code, 1842.)

PRINCIPLE III. Scientific names are of the Latin form or
language, and when derived from another language are to be
Latinized in form ; but names which have been used in zoologi-
cal nomenclature as if they were Latin words cannot be changed
or rejected, if they are otherwise unobjectionable.

REMARKS. — The above principle bears upon a large number of names,
not only specific but also generic, and seems to require extended comment,
especially as there is no uniformity of practice among zoologists with regard
to this class of names, which includes barbarisms of every kind.

"A pernicious practice, of very old date, exists, of applying to species
names not only of barbarous origin, but without Latinization, and totally
destitute of euphony. These are chiefly the local appellation of some savage
tribe for the organism designated. Thus, we have Hyperoodon butzkopf Gray,

20 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

BalcBna tschiekagliuk and B. agamachtscJiik Pallas, etc." (DALL, Report,
p. 54.) Much as the infliction of such names upon science is to be regretted
for the past, and sedulously as it should be avoided in the future, there ap-
pears to be no way by which such barbarisms can be changed or rejected,
consistently with the rule requiring rigid adherence to the original orthog-
raphy of names. Having been introduced in the science as if they were
Latin words, that is to say, as a part of a Latin binomial designation, they
are best treated simply as if misspelled or wrongly constructed : which fault,
in the judgment of the Committee, does not.require rejection, or even emen-
dation.

The case is otherwise with a class of names of which patelle viride, cited
by Dall, after Bourguignat, may be taken in illustration. This is not, nor is
it intended to be, a Latin binomial introduced in zoological nomenclature at
all, having no more standing than * green limpet ' could have in the language
of science. It is simply a French vernacular name, however similar in sound
and shape to Patella viridis, and is not properly within the scope of zoologi-
cal nomenclature.

The examples of Hyperoodon buizkopf and patelle viride represent two
large classes of cases of which they respectively furnish a criterion. Names
of the former class are not to be modified or rejected ; names of the latter
class form no part of zoological nomenclature, and are not to be considered
at all. (See DALL, Report, p. 54.)

PRINCIPLE IV. Zoological nomenclature has no necessary
connection with botanical nomenclature, and names given in
one of these two systems cannot conflict with those of the other
system ; use of a name in Botany, therefore, does not prevent
its subsequent use in Zoology.

REMARKS — This has relation to one of the most mooted points among
naturalists, and is intended to determine the question whether or not the
use of a name in Botany shall prevent its subsequent employ in Zoology.
The duplication of names in the two great branches of biology, though
highly undesirable and to be sedulously avoided, is no sufficient reason for
the rejection of a name which has once been introduced in either system of
nomenclature. In this particular, Zoology may ignore botanical names
without ill result. While it is quite true that "the principles and forms of
nomenclature should be as similar as possible in Botany and Zoology" (DE
CANDOLLE), it is no less true that " the manner in which Botany and the dif-
ferent branches of Zoology have reached their present state, being far from
uniform, and the nature of the organisms treated of being dissimilar, an ab-
solute identity in the application of nomenclature is impracticable, even if it
were wholly desirable," though ;t the fundamental principles and the end to
be attained are the same in both branches of study." (DALL, Rep., p. 23.)

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 21

In the original Stricklandian Code the 'Rules' were restricted in their
application to Zoology, and this restricted scope of the ' Rules ' was explicitly
reaffirmed in the ' Recommendations ' prefixed to the Revised Code by the
Bath Committee of the British Association in 1865, as follows : " I. That
Botany should not be introduced in the Stricklandian Code and Recom-
mendations."

The A. O. U. Committee reiterates this decision, and constructs its
canons without reference to Botany, conformably with the usage of British
zoologists, though the rules adopted both by the Socie'te' Zoologique de
France, in 1881, and the Congres Ge'ologique International, in 1882, are in-
tended to apply alike to Zoology and Botany. Ball's essay also discusses
both together.

Since botanists do not reject names because previously used in Zoology
and indeed pay little regard to the duplication of names in the two king-
doms,1 there is little reason for the rejection by zoologists of names used in
Zoology on account of their prior use in Botany. While there has been
heretofore a lack of uniformity in the action of zoologists in this matter, and
an increasing tendency to ignore the B. A. rule requiring the rejection of
names in Zoology preoccupied in Botany, — and as to make the rejection or
adoption uniform would in either case require not far from an equal number
of changes (in neither case many), — the adoption of this principle is urged
without hesitation.

PRINCIPLE V. A name is only a name, having no meaning
until invested with one by being used as the handle of a fact ;
and the meaning of a name so used, in zoological nomencla-
ture, does not depend upon its signification in any other con-
nection.

REMARKS. — The bearing of this principle upon the much desiredy?.r//y of
names in Zoology, and its tendency to ch'eck those confusing changes which
are too often made upon philological grounds, or for reasons of ease, ele-
gance, or what not, may be best illustrated by the following quotation : —

" It being admitted on all hands that words are only the conventional signs
of ideas, it is evident that language can only attain its end effectually by
being permanently established and generally recognized. This consideration
ought, it would seem, to have checked those who are continually attempting
to subvert the established language of zoology by substituting terms of their
own coinage. But, forgetting the true nature of language, they persist in
confounding the name of a species or [other] group with its definition; and
because the former often falls short of the fulness of expression found in the

1 De Candolle advises botanists to "avoid making choice of names used in
Zoology."

22 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

latter, they cancel it without hesitation, and introduce some new term which
appears to them more characteristic, but which is utterly unknown to the
science, and is therefore devoid of any authority.1 If these persons were to
object to such names of men as Long, Little, Armstrong, Golightly, etc., in
cases where they fail to apply to the individuals who bear them, or should
complain of the names Cough, Lawrence, or Harvey, that they were devoid
of meaning, and should hence propose to change them for more characteris-
tic appellations, they would not act more unphilosophically or inconsider-
ately than they do in the case before us ; for, in truth, it matters not in the
least by what conventional sound we agree to designate an individual object,
provided the sign to be employed be stamped with such an authority as will
suffice to make it pass current." (B. A. Code, 1842.)

These words, which in the original lead up to the consideration of the
Maw of priority,' seem equally sound and pertinent in connection with the
above principle of wider scope.

B. Canons of Zoological Nomenclature.

§ i. Of the Kinds of Names in Zoology.

CANON I. Zoological nomenclature includes two kinds of
names : (i) Common names definitive of the relative rank of
groups in the scale of classification ; (2) Proper names appella-
tive of each group of organisms.

REMARKS. — E. g., Familia Falconidtz. Here the name Familia is
definitive of the relative rank of Falconidcz in the scale of classification ; and
Falconidce is appellative of that particular group of organisms, z. <?., of the
family.

The vast majority of names in Zoology are of the second kind, or proper
names, and it is to the correct use of these that nearly all rules and regula-
tions of nomenclature solely apply. Common names are very few, being
merely those of the score or more of taxonomic groups, successively sub-
ordinated in a certain manner, into which zoologists have divided animal
organisms from ' kingdom ' to ' individual.' Proper names, on the other
hand, number several hundred thousand.

The common names most firmly established among English-speaking zool-
ogists are the following : Regnum, Classis, Ordo, Familia, Genus, Species,
Varietas, in regular descent from the most general or comprehensive to the

1 "Linnaeus says on this subject: ' Abstinenclum ab hac innovatione quae nun-
quam cessaret, quin indies aptiora detegerentur ad infinitum.' "

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 23

most particular or restricted. Between all these, however, intermediate
groups are commonly recognized, and distinguished by the prefix sub- or
super- ; as, siib-ordo, super-familia. Among these common names those in
most general employ are Subordo, Subfamilia, Subgenus, and Subspecies.
Several other common names are in use, but to a limited extent, and with-
out that definiteness of signification which attaches to the rest, since they
are used for groups of very different relative rank by different authors, while
the taxonomic subordination of the others is practically fixed. Such com-
mon names are Phylum, Tribus, Legio, Cohors, Phalanx, Sectio. etc.

" The above terms are more or less generally accepted ; the relative values
being more fully and generally recognized in Botany than in Zoology. In
the literature of the latter branch some of the terms above mentioned are
rarely found, though by no means unnecessary for careful discrimination.
The term Tribe [and also Cohort, Section, etc.] in Zoology has been used
with several different values. In this, as in other respects, the inchoate
condition of zoological nomenclature as compared with that of Botany is
clearly apparent." (DALL, Rep., p. 24.)

Considering that fixity and precision are as desirable here as elsewhere
in nomenclature, the following scale of common names is recommended
as adequate to all practical requirements of even a refined system of classi-
fication : —

1. Regnum : Kingdom. 9. Familia : Family.

2. Subregmtm: Subkingclom. 10. Subfamilia: Subfamily.

3. Classis : Class. n. Genus: Genus.

4. Subclassis : Subclass. 12. Subgenus: Subgenus.

5. Superordo : Superorder. 13. Species : Species.

6. Ordo : Order. 14. Subspecies: Subspecies.

7. Subordo : Suborder. 15. Varietas : Variety.

8. Sitperfamilia : Superfamily. 16. Animal: Individual.

CANON II. All members of any one group in Zoology are in-
cluded in and compose the next higher group, and no inversion
of the relative rank of groups is admissible.

REMARKS. — Thus, all individuals belong to a species, all species to a
genus, all genera to a family, all families to an order, all orders to a class ;
and so also of the other (intermediate) groups given under head of the pre-
ceding Canon.

" The definition of each of these terms or [common] names of groups va-
ries, up to a certain point, according to the state of science or the views of
the individual writer using them, but their relative rank, sanctioned by usage,
cannot be inverted. No classification containing inversions, such as a di-
vision of a genus into families, or of a species into genera, can be admitted."
(DE CANDOLLE, as rendered by DALL, Rep., p. 25.)

24 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

CANON III. Proper names of groups above genera consist
preferably of a single word, taken as a noun and in the nomina-
tive plural.

REMARKS. — It seems to the Committee highly desirable that the proper
names of groups of whatever grade, down to (but riot including) species,
should be expressed in one word, to be considered as a nominative plural
noun, standing alone, though grammatically, in fact, it may be an adjective
or an adjectival form. This would do away with any change of termination
according to gender, depending upon implied agreement with some unex-
pressed noun, as Aver, Pisces, etc., and bring all names of groups higher
than genera into one grammatical category with single-word generic names,
the latter being always in the singular, all the former plural.

The practice prevails to some extent of naming groups higher than genera
in two or even three words ; as, Passeres acromyodi, Oscines sctitelliplan-
tares. This usage is chiefly confined to intermediate groups, as super-
families or suborders, or those groups of no fixed rank called ' tribes,' or
'sections.' While it is not highly objectionable, it is preferably avoided,
a single nominative plural noun being considered adequate to meet all the
reasonable requirements of such cases.

CANON IV. Proper names of families uniformly consist of a
single word ending in -ides; of subfamilies, of a single word
ending in -incz ; of other groups, of one word or more of no
fixed termination.

REMARKS. — The above Canon sets forth the now wellnigh universal
usage of zoologists as recommended in the following terms by the B. A.
Code, 1842: —

" B. It is recommended that the assemblages of genera termed families
should be uniformly named by adding the termination -idee to the earliest
known or most typically characterized genus in them ; and that their sub-
divisions, termed subfamilies, should be similarly constructed, with the ter-
mination -incs.

" These words are formed by changing the last syllable of the genitive
case into -idee or -ince ; as, Strix, Strigis, Strigidce j Buccros, Bucerotis,
Bucerotidtz, not Strixidce, Buceridce"

It is a frequent misconception, arising perhaps from some confounding
of -idee with -oidce, — a mistake which at least one of the great dictionaries
of the English language makes throughout, — that -idee is derived from the
Greek ctSoy, signifying likeness ; but, like -ince, -idee is simply an adjectival
patronymic termination.

The practical convenience of having a fixed termination of the family and
subfamily name respectively is great and obvious. It were much to be

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 25

desired, but it is idle to hope, and futile to attempt, the introduction of simi-
lar uniformity in the terminations of the names of other groups. Evidence of
the desirableness and of the tendency are witnessed, for example, in those
Cuvierian names of birds which end uniformly in -rostres / and of those
Huxleian divisions terminating in -nzorpha. Several zoologists have used
-oida, ~ecz, etc., to characterize groups of a particular grade. But such usage
is far from uniform or universal ; the reverse is current ; and names of
groups (excepting of families and subfamilies) ending indiscriminately are
too thoroughly ingrained in the science to be eradicated without violence to
the cardinal rules of nomenclature. It must suffice that names of super-
generic groups be held for nouns in the nominative plural.

CANON V. Proper names of families and subfamilies take
the tenable name of some genus, preferably the leading one,
which these groups respectively contain, with change of termi-
nation into -idtf or -incs. When a generic name becomes a
synonym, a current family or subfamily name based upon such
generic name becomes untenable.

REMARKS. — A practice has prevailed, to some limited extent, of coining
names of families and subfamilies without reference to any generic name.
This is reprehensible ; and equally so is the practice of retaining for such
groups a name derived from that of a genus which belongs to another family
or subfamily, or which for any reason has lapsed into a synonym, or been
found otherwise untenable : the genus Sylvicola being untenable in Orni-
thology, no group of birds can be named Sylvicolidae or Sylvicolinae.

CANON VI. Proper names of genera and subgenera are single
words, preferably nouns, or to be taken as such, in the nomi-
native singular, of no definite construction and no necessary
signification.

REMARKS. — All fiat relates to the grammatical or philological proprie-
ties, to elegance, euphony, appropriateness or the reverse, is not necessarily
pertinent to zoological nomenclature. A generic name is not necessarily
of classical origin, or even in Latin form, if only it be used as if it were a
Latin word, conformably with rules of nomenclature.1 (This results from
Principle V.)

1 But this concession must not be construed as giving admission to vernacular
names formed from a classical root, like many generic names introduced by the Cu-
viers, Lesson, and notably other French writers of the early part of the present cen-
tury. Such names have in many cases been later adopted into the science under a
proper classical form, and should take date only from this later introduction.

26 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

" These names may be taken from any source whatever, or may be framed
in an absolutely arbitrary manner

" De Candolle justly remarks that it is with generic names as with our
patronymics. Many surnames are inconvenient, or even absurd, from bear-
ing an adjectival form, from having an inapplicable meaning, on account
of being difficult to pronounce, or for some other reason. But, since they
actually exist, why should they be changed ? It is not the end of Science
to make names : she avails herself of them to distinguish things. If a name
is properly formed, and different from other names, the essential points are
attained.

" Generic names may be taken from certain characters or appearances of
the group, from the chief habitat, names of persons, common names, and
even arbitrary combinations of letters. It is enough if they are properly
constructed, and do not lead to confusion or error." (DALL, Rep., p. 27.) -

In heartily indorsing the tenor of the above extracts, we would neverthe-
less understand the expressions ' properly formed ' and ' properly con-
structed' to mean rather ' contextually correct'; /. £., the name to be a
'generic' word within the common meaning of that term in the binomial
nomenclature, to be put in the place of a generic term, and to be used as
a Latin word, whatever its actual ' form ' or ' construction.'

CANON VII. Proper names of all groups in Zoology, from
kingdom to subgenus, both inclusive, are written and printed
with a capital initial letter.

REMARK. — The universal usage, and one of the ear-marks by which a
professional zoologist may be known from a literary person who uses zoologi-
cal nomenclature occasionally.

CANON VIII. Proper names of species, and of subspecies or
' varieties/ are single words, simple or compound, preferably
adjectival or genitival, or taken as such, when practicable agree-
ing in gender and number with any generic name with which
they are associated in binomial or trinomial nomenclature, and
written with a small initial letter.

REMARKS. — There is no inherent zoological difference between a ' ge-
neric' and a 'specific' name, — the nomen genericum and the no7nen triviale
of earlier zoologists. Both alike designate a 'group' in Zoology, — the
one a group of greater, the other a group of lesser classificatory value.
Some necessary distinction, which has been misconceived to exist between
these two names, is simply a fortuitous matter of the technique of nomencla-
ture, apparently arising from the circumstance that the generic and the
specific names form the contrasted though connected terms of a binomial

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 2/

designation. Recognition of the scientific fact, that a ' species,' so called, is
not a fixed and special creation, as long supposed, but simply a group of the
same intrinsic character as that called a ' genus,' though usually less exten-
sive, and always of a lower taxonomic rank, has done more than any other
single thing to advance the science of Zoology ; for the whole theory of evo-
lution turns, as it were, upon this point.

It is therefore obvious that nearly all that has been affirmed of generic
names may be here reaffirmed of specific names. Points requiring further
comment are comparatively trivial, and purely technical.

Specific and subspecific names (here conveniently treated together, as
were generic and subgeneric names) differ from the names of higher groups
chiefly in the fact, that as a rule they are adjectives, not nouns, or at least of
such adjectival character as the genitive case of a noun implies. But even
to this distinction the exceptions are many. Specific names, like Latin
adjectives, unlike generic ones, are liable to change of termination to agree
in gender with the generic names with which they may be coupled. Again,
like Latin nouns, they are declinable, and may take a genitive case, singular
or plural (but the plural is comparatively rare : e. g., Icterus parisorum,
Megalcema marshallonim, Passerculus sanctoruni}. In many cases, no
grammatical agreement with the associated generic name is possible. This
occurs when the word is barbarous and not Latinized, and also when it is a
Latin or Latinized noun in the nominative case.

Specific names have the peculiarity that, though they are always single
words, in effect, they may be so loosely compounded as to take a hyphen,
and therefore seem like two 'words. E. g., Archibuteo sancti-johannis, Ca-
loptenus femur-riibntm. Among strict binomialists, in some departments of
Zoology, especially Entomology, the propriety of the actuil appearance of three
words in a binomial designation has been questioned. '-The usage of a
third word, however, connected with the second by a hyphen, as is common
and desirable in the case of gall-insects, e.g., Cynips quercus-palustris, is not
to be considered an infraction of this [the binomial] rule." (C. V. RILEY.)
Professor Riley says further, in the same connection : " In some cases, as
in the names of gall-insects, it has become the custom to indicate the plant
upon which the gall occurs, by combining the name of the plant with the
specific name of the insect. Such indication is desirable and useful ; ....
and we are of opinion that the combined specific name, whether the botani-
cal term be abbreviated or in full, should be looked upon as one [loosely
compounded] word."

There being no necessary intrinsic difference between a generic and a spe-
cific name, zoologists have sought to make an artificial distinction by using a
small or 'lower-case ' letter for the initial of every specific name, the capitals
being confined to generic and higher names. The old practice was differ-
ent, substantive specific names, especially those derived from names of per-
sons or places, being written with a capital. The practice still prevails in

23 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

Botany, but zoologists are about equally divided on this score. The case of
" specific names to be written with a small initial," was formulated in the
original B. A. Code as follows : —

"A convenient memoria technica may be effected by adopting our next
proposition. It has been usual, when the titles of species are derived from
proper names, to write them with a capital letter, and hence when the spe-
cific name is used alone it is liable to be accidentally mistaken for the name
of a genus. But if the title of a species were invariably written with a small
initial, and those of genera with a capital, the eye would at once distinguish
the rank of the group referred to. and a possible source of error would be
avoided. It should further be remembered that all species are equal [?] and
should therefore be written all alike. We suggest then, that

" § C. Specific names should always be written with a small initial letter, even
when derived from persons or places, and generic names should always be written
with a capital." (B. A. Code, 1842.)

This suggestion appears to have been very generally adopted, by Brit-
ish zoologists especially, and of later years by many of those of America.
But the framers of the "Revised Code, in 1865, cancelled it, in the following
terms : —

"VI. The recommendation, 'Specific names to be written with a small initial.'
The Committee propose that this recommendation should be omitted. It is not of
great importance, and may be safely left to naturalists to deal with as they think fit."
(Recommendations of the Bath Committee, B. A., 1865. [§ C. and its preamble, of the
Original B. A. Code, are accordingly omitted in the Revised B. A. Code.])

The code of the French Zoological Society, and that of the International
Zoological Congress, each leaves the writer free to follow his own preference
in this matter.

Your Committee agrees that it is a trivial matter, hardly to enter into a
canon of nomenclature. But its preference is decidedly in favor of the uni-
form use of the lower case, and, feeling called upon to express its view, it
has embodied it in the above Canon, without in the least insisting upon its
importance.

CANON IX. Proper names do not attach to individual organ-
isms, nor to groups of lower grade than subspecies ; names
which may be applied to hybrids, to monstrosities or other in-
dividual peculiarities, or to artificial varieties, such as domestic
breeds of animals, having no status in zoological nomenclature.

REMARK. — Such organisms, having no natural permanent existence, need
no recognition by name in a zoological system.

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 29

§ 2. Of the Binomial System as a Phase of Zoological
'Nomenclature.

Few naturalists, whether botanists or zoologists, appear to have consid-
ered the binomial system of naming objects as aught else than the perma-
nent heritage of science, the entire superstructure of which should be built
with the binomial nomenclature as the corner-stone, and the whole language
of which should conform to the requirements of an inflexible binomial sys-
tem. From this position your Committee recedes with emphasis.

The Committee considers that the rigidity and inelasticity of that system,
which has been followed for more than a century, unfits it for the adequate
expression of modern conceptions in Zoology, and that therefore a strict
adherence to it is a hindrance rather than a help to the progress of science.
It believes that strict binomialism in nomenclature has had its day of
greatest usefulness and necessary existence ; and that at present it can only
be allowed equal place in nomenclature by the side of that more flexible,
elastic, and adequate system of trinomials to which the Committee hopes
that your action upon its Report will give formal place among the Canons
of nomenclature.

The proper place and office of binomials may be formulated in the follow-
ing Canon.

CANON X. Binomial nomenclature consists in applying to
every individual organism, and to the aggregate of such organ-
isms not known now to intergrade in physical characters with
other organisms, two names, one of which expresses the specific
distinctness of the organism from all others, the other its super-
specific indistinctness from, or generic identity with, certain
other organisms, actual or implied ; the former name being
the specific, the latter the generic designation ; the two to-
gether constituting the technical name of any specifically dis-
tinct organism.

REMARKS. — The Committee finds little or nothing to cite in illustration
or amplification of this Canon. The binomial nomenclature having been
considered indispensable and all-sufficient, — in short as a foregone conclu-
sion, — it has received abounding indiscriminate praise, but little searching
and discriminating criticism. Your Committee is far from venturing to do
away with it at present. It has attempted to define it with more strict-
ness than has perhaps been done before, and by so doing to limit its opera-
tion to those cases in which it may still be found useful. The system is,

30 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

moreover, so well understood, that what might be further said here may
be best brought into the discussion, beyond, of the starting-point of nomen-
clature and of the law of priority.

§ 3. Of the Trinomial System as a Phase of Zoological
Nom enclatu re.

CANON XI. Trinomial nomenclature consists in applying to
every individual organism, and to the aggregate of such organ-
isms known now to intergrade in physical characters, three
names, one of which expresses the subspecific distinctness of
the organism from all other organisms, and the other two
of which express respectively its specific indistinctness from,
or generic identity with, certain other organisms ; the first of
these names being the subspecific, the second the specific,
and the third the generic designation ; the three, written con-
secutively, without the intervention of any other word, term,
or sign, constituting the technical name of any subspecifically
distinct organism.

REMARKS. — This Canon, the Committee knows, directly contravenes the
letter of the B. A. Code, and also, it believes, all previous codes of nomen-
clatural rules; but it feels prepared to maintain that it is not antagonistic
to the B. A. or any other code, being conceived strictly in the whole spirit
and tenor of the binomial system, though contrary to its letter. It evidently
amplifies, increases the effective force of, and lends a new precision to, the
old system. It is also plainly but a step in the direction of brevity, con-
venience, and explicitness, from the common but awkward practice of sepa-
rating the third term, in the names of subspecies or varieties, from the second
or specific term by the interpolation of * var.,' which in several codes is for-
mally provided for by special rules. The practice of indicating subspecies,
as distinguished from species, by trinomials, has already come into nearly
universal use with American ornithologists and mammalogists, and is em-
ployed to some extent by other American zoologists. The system appears
also to have found much favor among British and other foreign ornitholo-
gists of high standing, some of whom have already employed it in their pub-
lications. It seems likely to supply a present want, and subserve, at least
for a time, a very useful purpose.

Your Committee's reasons for adopting the system for the class of cases to
which it is adapted have already been formally enunciated in this Report
(p. 1 6), in an extract from the minutes of its meetings.

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 31

The rules for the practical handling of trinomials, being not different from
those for the use of binomials, will be given with the latter, beyond, under
the appropriate heading.

A prevalent misapprehension respecting the meaning and office of the tri-
nomial system may be here corrected. Trinomials are not necessarily to be
used for those slightly distinct and scarcely stable forms which zoologists
are in the habit of calling * varieties ' ; still less for sports, hybrids, artificial
breeds, and the like ; nor indeed to signalize some grade or degree of differ-
ence which it may be desired to note by name, but which is not deemed
worthy of a specific designation. The system proceeds upon a sound scien-
tific principle, underlying one of the most important zoological problems of
the day, — no less a problem than that of the variation of animals under
physical conditions of environment, and thus of the origin of species itself.
The system is also intimately connected with the whole subject of the geo-
graphical distribution of animals ; it being found, as a matter of experience,
that the trinomial system is particularly pertinent and applicable to those
geographical 'subspecies,' 'races.' or 'varieties,' which have become recog-
nizable as such through their modification according to latitude, longitude,
elevation, temperature, humidity, and other climatic conditions. Such local
forms are often extremely different from one another ; so different, in fact,
that, were they not known to blend on the confines of their respective areas,
they would commonly be rated as distinct species. This large and pecu-
liarly interesting class of cases seems not to have hitherto been adequately
provided for in the stringency of binomial nomenclature.

It is obvious, therefore, that the kind or quality, not the degree or quan-
tity, of difference of one organism from another determines its fitness to be
named trinomially rather than binomially. A difference, however little, that
is reasonably constant, and therefore ' specific ' in a proper sense, may be
fully signalized by the binomial method. Another difference, however great
in its extreme manifestation, that is found to lessen and disappear when
specimens from large geographical areas, or from contiguous faunal regions,
are compared, is therefore not 'specific,' and therefore is to be provided for
by some other method than that which formally recognizes ' species ' as the
ultimate factors in zoological classification. In a word, intergradation is the
touchstone of trinomialism.

It is also obvious, that, the larger the series of specimens handled, the more
likely is intergradation between forms supposed to be distinct to be estab-
lished, if it exists. This is perhaps one reason why trinomialism has been
so tardy in entering nomenclature. For until the animals of large areas be-
come well known, in all their phases, through extensive suites of specimens,
neither the necessity of trinomialism, nor the possibility of putting it to the
proper test, is apparent. It is gratifying evidence, therefore, of the progress
of Ornithology, and of the position attained by that branch of science in
America, that the members of an American Ornithological Association have

32 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

it in their power first formally to enunciate the principles of the new method,
the practicability of which they have already demonstrated to their fellow
workers in Zoology.

§ 4. Of the Beginning of Zoological Nomenclature proper, and of
the Operation of tJie Law of Priority.

CANON XII. The Law of Priority begins to be operative at
the beginning of zoological nomenclature.

REMARK. — This Canon will be disputed by no one who observes the
law of priority as a 'fundamental ' maxim. The date to be assigned is quite
another matter, on which great difference of opinion prevails.

CANON XIII. Zoological nomenclature begins at 1758, the
date of the Xth edition of the ' Systema Naturae' of Linnaeus.

REMARKS. — With regard to this Canon, the utmost diversity of opinion
has prevailed among botanists as well as zoologists, and the Committee de-
sires it to be subjected to searching criticism. It will first offer a brief
historical resumt, mainly derived from Dall (Rep*, pp. 41-44) and other
sources, covering the ground of Botany as well as Zoology.

Nomenclatural rules, foreshadowed by Linnaeus in his ' Fundamenta En-
tomologica,' 1736, were first definitively proposed in the ' Philosophia Bo-
tanica,' 1751. These rules, however, related almost exclusively to the generic
name. In 1745 he first employed for a few plants a specific name (iioinen
triviale), consisting of one word, in contradistinction from the polynomial
description which had been as a rule the nomen specificitm of naturalists.
That which now seems the most happy and important of the Linnasan
ideas, the restriction of the specific name as now understood, appears to
have long been only a secondary matter with him, as he hardly mentions
the nomen triviale in his works up to 1765. In 1753, in the ' Incrementa
Botanices,' while dwelling upon his own reforms, he does not allude to bino-
mial nomenclature. In the 'Systema Naturae,' ed. x., 1758, the binomial
system is for the first time consistently applied to all classes of organisms
(though he had partially adopted it in 1745) ; whence many naturalists have
regarded the tenth edition as the most natural starting-point. The system
being of slow and intermittent growth, even with its originator, an arbitrary
starting-point seems necessary. In the twelfth edition, 1766-68, numerous
changes and reforms are instituted, and a number of his earlier names are
arbitrarily changed. In fact, Linnaeus never seems to have regarded specific
names as subject to his rules.

It must be noted that an apparent rather than a real distinction has been

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 33

observed, especially by botanists, between the citation of the authority for
the names of genera, and that belonging to specific names. In the early
part of the eighteenth century a few botanists, among whom Tournefort
(Rei Herbar., 1749) may be especially mentioned, had progressed so far as
to recognize and name, under the title of genera, groups answering essentially
to the modern idea of genera. Linnaeus himself adopted a number of these,
using the names of Tournefort and others as authorities after the generic
name adopted by himself. In this the great Swede has been almost unani-
mously followed by botanists, though such names take date only from the
time of their adoption by Linnaeus ; very few authors, Bentham being the
most prominent of them, having refused to cite any one excepting Linnaeus
as the authority for such genera.

Whether the course of the majority be considered judicious or not, it is
now the accepted usage in Botany. As regards names in general, botanists
appear to agree in adopting the date of the Linnaean ' Species Plantarum/
1753, as the epoch from which their nomenclature must begin. This work
contains the first instance of the consistent use of the nojnen triviale, subse-
quent to the proposition of the rules in the ' Philosophia Botanica,' to which
modern nomenclature is due.

Binomial designations cannot, of course, be reasonably claimed to antedate
the period when binomial nomenclature, in a scientific sense, was invented;
and, in spite of the solitary instance of 1745, no good reason appears for ex-
tending the range of scientific nomenclature to an earlier date than 1751.

(The above is quoted in substance from Dall.)

We have next to consider the action of the Manchester Committee of the
British Association in 1842. The wording of the original B. A. Code is as
follows : —

" As our subject matter is strictly confined to the binomial system of no-
menclature, or that which indicates species by means of two Latin words, the
one generic, the other spec'fic, and as this invaluable method originated
solely with Linnaeus, it is clear that, as far as species are concerned, we
ought not to attempt to carry back the principle of priority beyond the date
of the 1 2th edition of the ' Systema Naturae.' Previous to that period,
naturalists were wont to indicate species not by a name comprised in one
word, but by a definition which occupied a sentence, the extreme verbosity
of which method was productive of great inconvenience. It is true that one
word sometimes sufficed for the definition of a species, but these rare cases
were only binomial by accident and not by principle, and ought not there-
fore in any instance to supersede the binomial designations imposed by
Linnaeus.

"The same reasons apply also to generic names. Linnaeus was the first
to attach a definite value to genera, and to give them a systematic character
by means of exact definitions; and therefore although the names used by
previous authors may often be applied with propriety to modern genera, yet

3

34 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE,

in such cases they acquire a new meaning, and should be quoted on the au-
thority of the first person who used them in this secondary sense. It is true,
that several old authors made occasional approaches to the Linnaean exact-
ness of generic definition, but still these were but partial attempts ; and it
is certain that if in our rectification of the binomial nomenclature we once
trace back our authorities into the obscurity which preceded the epoch of its
foundation, we shall find no resting-place or fixed boundary for our re-
searches. The nomenclature of Ray is chiefly derived from that of Gesner
and Aldrovandus, and from these authors we might proceed backward to
yElian, Pliny, and Aristotle, till our zoological studies would be frittered
away amid the refinements of classical learning."

So far the original B. A. Code, 1842 ; which, upon the foregoing considera-
tions, recommended the following proposition : —

"§2. The binomial nomenclature having originated with Linnaeus, the law of
priority, in respect to that nomenclature, is not to extend to the writings of antece-
dent authors."

The exact date here implied is 1766 ; and this is explicitly reaffirmed by
the Bath Committee in 1865, l who added to the foregoing § 2 the words, in
brackets : " [and therefore the specific names published before 1766 cannot
be used to the prejudice of names published since that date.] "

The action of both the B. A. Committees related, of course, only to Zool-
ogy. Commenting upon their action, Dall continues : —

" It is saiid that in the original draft of the report the number of the edition
of the 'Systema Nature' was left blank, and afterwards filled up by the
insertion of the ' twelfth.' This insertion renders the paragraph, otherwise
judicious and accurate, glaringly incorrect. What motive resulted in the
selection of the twelfth as opposed to the tenth, or of any special edition after

1 "III. The Committee are of opinion, after much deliberation, that the XTIth
edition of the ' Systema Naturre' is that to which the limit of time should apply,
viz. 1766. But as the works of Artedi and Scopoli have already been extensively
used by ichthyologists and entomologists, it is recommended that names contained
in or used from these authors should not he affected by this provision. This is par-
ticularly requisite as regards the generic names of Artedi afterwards used by Lin-
naeus himself.

" In Mr. H. E. Strickland's original draft of these Rules and Recommendations
the edition of Linnaeus Was left blank, and the Xllth was inserted by the Manchester
Committee. This was done not as being the first in which the Binomial nomencla-
ture had been used, as it commenced with the Xth, but as being the last and most
complete edition of Linnaeus's works, and containing many species the Xth did not.
For these reasons it is now confirmed by this Committee, and also because these
rules having been used and acted upon for twenty-three years, if the date were altered
now, many changes of names would be required, and in consequence much confusion
introduced." — Recommendations of the Bath Committee, prefixed to the Revised Code,
1865.

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 35

the adoption of the binomial form by Linnaeus, has never been set forth in
any satisfactory manner. If any special edition were chosen, the tenth has
prima facie claims for first consideration. It is as clearly binomial as any,

and it is as consistently so To a considerable extent, in the works

of the naturalists of Northern Europe, the tenth edition has been taken as
the starting-point

" It would appear that the Committee were 'plus saint que le Pape,' since
they would reject names which Linnaeus himself was ready to and did adopt.
In this connection, Prof. Verrill (Am. Jour. Sci., July, 1869) has made some
judicious remarks, calling attention to the works of Pallas, and Thorell has
done the same for those of Clerck on the subject of spiders.

" An apologetic paragraph, following the remarks above quoted [see last
foot-note] from the B. A. Committee report for 1865, inferentially admits the
error of 1842, but goes on and reaffirms it on the ground that confusion
would otherwise result.

"It is very doubtful if much confusion would be caused by leaving the
question open, since half the naturalists of Europe and America have al-
ready adopted the tenth edition of their own motion, and the other half, or
a large portion of them, may not unreasonably be believed to be only held
back from joining the others by a desire to conform to the rules, even where
injudiciously framed.

" In a large part of zoology the change would make no difference what-
ever, since the scientific study of such branches has begun since 1766."

Mr. Dall's own recommendation is as follows : —

"§ LVIII. The scientific study of different groups, having a value
greater than or equal to that of a class (classis), having been begun at differ-
ent epochs, and the inception of that study in each group respectively being
usually due to some ' epoch-making' work, the students of each of the
respective groups as above limited may properly unite in adopting the date
of such work as the starting-point in nomenclature for the particular class
to which it refers : Provided, — that (i), specific names shall in no case
antedate the promulgation of the Linnaean rules (Philosophia Botanica,
1751); that (2), until formal notice by publication of the decision of such
associated specialists (in such manner as may be by them determined upon)
shall be decisively promulgated, the adoption of the epoch or starting-point
recommended by the committee of the British Association in 1842, namely,
the twelfth edition of the * Systema Naturae ' of Linnaeus (1766), shall be
taken as the established epoch for all zoological nomenclature. Lastly,
that (3), when the determination of the epoch for any particular group as
above shall have been made, the decision shall be held to affect that group
alone, the British Association date holding good for all other groups until
the decision for each particular case shall have been made by the naturalists
interested in it, upon its own merits."

(See also LeConte on this subject, Canad. Entom., November, 1874, PP-
203 seq.~)

36 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

The principle embodied in the above recommendation of Dall is said by
him to be " inferential!}' admitted to be valid by the B. A. Committee in
their remarks on Artedi and Scopoli." Thorell, in his monograph of the
Spiders, has adopted, so far as species are concerned, a similar plan, taking
the binomial work of Clerck, 1757, on Swedish Spiders as his ' epoch-maker.'
A. Agassiz, in Echinology, has brought the ancient names of Klein, Lang,
Breyn, and others, into scientific nomenclature. G. R. Gray, in Ornithology,
goes to the first edition of the ' Systema,' 1735, f°r genera, and to the tenth,
1758, for species, having many followers in different countries. In America,
so far as Ornithology is concerned, the use of 1758 for the starting-point for
species is practically universal, the tendency being to take genera from the
same date also.

As to replies on this point to the circular issued by Mr. Dall, there
are 18 for 1758, 17 for 1766, I for 1736, and two botanists for 1753 ; no an-
swer, 7.

Your Committee, having duly weighed all the evidence before it, is
compelled to dissent from the rulings of both the B. A. Committees, and
from all others which do not make 1758 the starting-point for zoological
nomenclature ; and it is prepared to give reasons for the decision it has
reached.

(i) The Xth edition is the one in which Linnaeus first introduced the
binomial nomenclature, and in which its use is uniform, consistent, and com-
plete. (2) This date admits to recognition the works of Artedi, Scopoli,
Clerck, Pallas, Briinnich, Brisson, in favor of the first-named two of whom,
and of the last-named one, the B. A. Committees have had to make special
exceptions,1 thereby rendering the rule inconsistent in itself. (3) The Xth,
rather than the Xllth, is already accepted as the starting-point by a majority
of the naturalists of North America and of Northern Europe, with obviously
a growing tendency to abandon the Xllth. The Commission de Nomencla-
ture de la Socie'te' Zoologique de France (1881), and the Rules adopted by
the Congres Gdologique International (1882), make no reference to any
edition of the ' Systema Naturae Linnasi,' nor do they place any limit of
time for the beginning of the law of priority, but accept all generic and spe-

1 For example, the paragraph immediately following § 2 in the original B. A.
Code reads : " It should be here explained, that Brisson, who was a contemporary of
Linnaeus and acquainted with the ' Systema Natune/ defined and published certain
genera of birds which are additional [and likewise prior] to those in the I2th edition
of Linnasus's work, and which are therefore of perfectly good authority. But Brisson
still adhered to the old mode of designating species by a sentence instead of a word,
and therefore while we retain his defined genera we do not extend the same indul-
gence to the titles of his species, even when the latter are accidentally binomial in
form." — B. A. Code, 1842.

For the exceptions made in 1865 by the B. A. Committee in favor of Artedi and
Scopoli, see foot-note on p. 34.

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 37

cific names which conform to the rules of binomial nomenclature, even when
they antedate the Xth edition of the ' Systema Naturae.' They even advo-
cate admission of Tournefort's generic names for Mollusks, published in
a posthumous work edited by Gautieri in 1742 ; the genera of Lang, 1722;
those of Klein, 1731 and 1734; and those of Breyn, 1732. (Botanists, though
dating their departure in binomial nomenclature at 1737, the date of the first
edition of Linnaeus's 'Genera Plantarum,' adopt Tournefort's genera pub-
lished in 1700 ) The French Commission and that of the Geological Con-
gress do not hesitate to say that the work of these authors is much better
than that of Linnaeus, who, through vanity or inability to appreciate so weh1
the character of the work of his predecessors in Zoology as in Botany (he
being pre-eminently a botanist rather than a zoologist), systematically ig-
nored his more scientific predecessors. (4) Besides admitting the works
of other earlier binomialists which the adoption of the Xllth edition would
exclude, the date 1758 clears up many questions of synonymy which arise
from Linnaeus's himself having arbitrarily changed in the Xllth edition many
names introduced in the Xth, and in other cases used them in a different
sense. (5) Furthermore, it is admitted that in the original Stricklandian
draft the number of the edition was left blank, while the context clearly
implies that the Xth was the one in mind ; and there is nothing in § 2 of
the original B. A. Rules which prohibits the adoption of the Xth. (6) Fi-
nally, the adoption of the Xth will necessitate very few changes in current
names (in the younger departments of Zoology none), while it forms a rational
and consistent starting-point towards which zoologists at large are drifting.
Therefore we have no hesitation in proposing as a substitute for § 2 of
the B. A. Code the foregoing Canon, which, applied to § 2, would make it
read as follows : —

" The starting-point of the binomial system of nomenclature in Zoology
shall be the Xth (1758) edition of the 'Systema Naturae' of Linnaeus, and
the law of priority in regard to specific (and generic) names is therefore not
to extend to antecedent authors."

There is no question as to the fitness of this rule as regards specific
names ; there may be in respect to generic names, since names were used
for groups in what may be considered a generic sense by many pre-Linnaean
writers, although the generic idea appears to have been essentially Linnaean.
As a matter of convenience, it seems highly advisable to take the same start-
ing-point for both generic and specific names, and to have the generic names
adopted from pre-Linnaean authors date from their adoption by Linnaeus or
the first subsequent author who used them. Otherwise we endanger the
stability in nomenclature which all so much desire to establish, by leaving
open a mischievous loophole by means of which a well-established post-Lin-
naean generic name may be displaced in favor of a pre-Linnaean one. (See
further on this point the second paragraph of the preamble to § 2 of the
B. A. Code.) In limiting the action of the law of priority to the Xth edition

38 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

of the ' Systema Naturae,' the only objection met with is that of injustice
to the pioneers in Zoology ; but this lacks weight in view of remarks subse-
quently to be introduced (in reference to bibliography and synonymy), re-
specting due recognition of their labors. And here your Committee would
emphatically urge that, the chief object of zoological nomenclature being to
secure uniformity of practice in the bestowal and adoption of names, the
rules to that end should be formed with reference to principles and without
regard to personality, and that therefore the matter of justice or injustice
is in this connection without pertinence.

The first rational application of the principles of classification in regard to
the recognition of genera, as distinguished from species, is currently attrib-
uted to Tournefort in 1700, in his ' Institutiones Rei Hcrbariae.' Later (1742),
as already stated, he carried in a posthumous work the same practice into
Conchology. Other pre-Linnaean zoologists who recognized genera in a
strictly scientific manner are Lang (1721), Klein (1731-1734), Breyn (1732), l
Adanson (1757), and Clerck (1757). The latter was also a strict binomial-
ist. There are possibly others, but in not fixing the starting-point at 1758
there is the disadvantage of having to admit the generic names of other pre-
Linnaean writers the character of whose works gives them no proper scientific
standing, as Link, Brown, Columa, etc.

Dr. Asa Gray makes the sensible proposition respecting Botany that
"We have only to understand that genera adopted by Linnaeus from Tourne-
fort, etc., and so accredited, should continue to be thus cited ; that the date
1737 (Linn. Genera, ed. L), is, indeed, the point of departure from which to
reckon priority, yet that botanical genera began with Tournefort ; so that
Tournefortian genera which are accepted date from the year 1700. That is
the limit fixed by Linnaeus, and it definitely excludes the herbalists and the
ancients, whose writings may be consulted for historical elucidations, but
not as authority for names." z

On the whole, it seems best that the origin of generic names in Zoology
should date (as said above) only from 1758 ; that names adopted from earlier
authors by Linnaeus date only from their adoption by Linnaeus ; and that in
other cases pre-Linnaean names shall date from their first introduction by
subsequent authors after 1758.

CANON XIV. The adoption of a 'statute of limitation/ in
modification of the lex prioritatis, is impracticable and inad-
missible.

1 "Breynius as early as 1732 had, to some extent, adopted a binomial nomencla-
ture, accurately (for his period) discriminated genera and species, many of which
are readily recognized, but which had escaped the notice they deserved till a com-
paratively recent period." — A. AGASSIZ, Revision of the Echini, 1872, p. 12.

2 Am. Jour. Sci., December, 1883, p. 423.

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 39

REMARKS. — In consequence of the frequent subversion of long-current
and familiar names rendered necessary under the inflexible action of the lex
prioritatis, through the discovery of some long-forgotten work in which
occur names of earlier date than those currently in use for certain species, it
has been repeatedly suggested by various writers that a ' statute of limita-
tion,' in modification of the lex prioritatis, which should forever suppress
and render ineligible names found in early and long-forgotten works, or
names which for any reason have been for a considerable period overlooked,
would prove a help towards securing stability in nomenclature. If such an
end could be attained it would certainly prove a boon, and the importance of
the proposition has led your Committee to give it attentive consideration.
Having therefore considered the proposition in all its bearings, your Com-
mittee feels called upon in this connection to record its conviction that
such a statute is inadmissible, for the following reasons. The proposition,
as generally stated (see DALL, Rep., p. 47), is to the effect that a name
which has not been in use for a period of twenty-five years (or whatever
period may be agreed upon) shall be thereafter excluded from use in that
special connection, or, alternatively, that a name which has been universally,
or even generally, adopted for a like period cannot be displaced for an earlier
obscure name. The insuperable objection to any rule of this character is
its vagueness and the uncertainty of its applicability, arising from the diffi-
culty of absolutely determining that a name has not been in use for a given
period, or whether another name has been universally used, or what shall be
taken as 'current' or 'general,' in case anything short of 'universal' be
allowed. Unless perfect agreement could be obtained, — and of this there is
very little probability, — the proposed rule would tend to increase rather than
lessen the confusion it would be the design to remove. As regards obsolete
or forgotten works, others equally troublesome might be found to have
escaped the operation of such a rule, in consequence of their date of publica-
tion falling just outside the period of limitation. Again, it might be difficult
to decide whether or not a somewhat obsolete and more or less forgot-
ten work was sufficiently obsolete to be set aside. P'urthermore, it some-
times happens that certain names may be current among writers of one
1 school ' or nationality, which are rejected by those of other schools or nation-
alities ; while in other cases it might be difficult to decide whether a more
or less well known name had really sufficient currency to retain its place
against an earlier less known but strictly tenable name. In some cases, of
course, there would be no uncertainty as to the currency of a name under
question, but in many such doubt would arise, and unanimity of opinion and
practice in such case would be hopeless.

The ' statute of limitation ' principle is akin to the auctorum plurimo-
rum rule ; both are Utopian, and both radically set at defiance the lex
prioritatis.

40 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

CANON XV. The law of priority is to be rigidly enforced in
respect to all generic, specific, and subspecific names.

REMARK. — In respect to subspecific names in relation to the law of pri-
ority, see beyond, under Canon XXIX.

CANON XVI. The law of priority is only partially operative
in relation to names of groups higher than genera, and only
where names are strictly synonymous.

REMARKS. — " While this generalization has not been formally enumerated
in the B. A. Rules, it has become practically the general usage of natural-
ists. Thorell explicitly adopts it, and indeed it is impracticable to follow
any other course, especially in relation to the more ancient names. A time,
will doubtless arrive when mutations in the names of the higher groups, par-
picularly families, will be as unnecessary as they are undesirable ; but in
Zoology that time has not yet come.

" It should be clearly borne in mind that such changes are only allowable
when by mutation of the characters, or through newly discovered facts, the
name in question has become glaringly erroneous, or liable to introduce
errors or confusion into science. In family names this occurs most often
when a genus from whose name that of the family may have been taken is
removed from association with the majority of the genera which that family
has included, and that genus is inserted in another family which has already
a well-established name. Also, when a large number of genera are redis-
tributed into families, widely differing in their limits from those in which
they had previously been known. In either of these cases the liability to
error may be so great as to render a new name desirable. The answers
to Query XXIII. of the circular [sent out by Mr. Dallj indicate that a
majority of American naturalists concur in this conclusion." (DALL, Rep.,
P- 27-)

A good instance of the soundness of this Canon is seen in the several
ornithological groups named by Huxley, ending in -gnatha and -morphtz.
Many of them were already named groups, more or less exactly recognized ;
but the very different bases and definitions given them rendered it desirable
that the names also should be different.

§ 5. Of Names Published Simultaneously.

CANON XVII. Preference between competitive specific names
published simultaneously in the same work, or in two works of
the same actual or ostensible date (no exact date being ascer-
tainable), is to be decided as follows : —

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 41

1. Of names the equal pertinency of which may be in question,
preference shall be given to that which is open to least doubt.

2. Of names of undoubtedly equal pertinency, (a) that
founded upon the male is to be preferred to that founded upon
the female, (b) that founded upon the adult to that on the young,
and (c) that founded on the nuptial condition to that of the pre-
or post-nuptial conditions.

3. Of names of undoubtedly equal pertinency, and founded
upon the same condition of sex, age, or season, that is to be pre-
ferred which stands first in the book.

CANON XVIII. Preference between competitive generic
names published simultaneously in the same work, or in two
works of the same actual or ostensible date (no exact date being
ascertainable), is to be decided as follows : —

1. A name accompanied by the specification of a type takes
precedence over a name unaccompanied by such specification.

2. If all, or none, of the genera have types indicated, that
generic name takes precedence the diagnosis of which is most
pertinent.

§ 6. Of the Retention of Names.

CANON XIX. A generic name, when once established, is
never to be cancelled in any subsequent subdivision of the
group, but retained in a restricted sense for one of the con-
stituent portions.

REMARKS. — This rule, adopted from the B. A. Code, has been generally
accepted as sound in principle, but as difficult of application, especially in
relation to what portion of the original genus, when subdivided, shall retain
the original name; — in other words, what, in accordance with modern
usage, shall be taken as the ' type ' of the original genus, in cases where no
type is specified.

In recommending this provision the B. A. Committee urged: "As the
number of known species which form the groundwork of zoological science
is always increasing, and our knowledge of their structure becomes more
complete, fresh generalizations continually occur to the naturalist, and the
number of genera and other groups requiring appellations is ever becoming
more extensive. It thus becomes necessary to subdivide the contents of old

42 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

groups and to make their definitions continually more restricted. In carry-
ing out this process, it is an act of justice to the original author, that his
generic name should never be lost sight of; and it is no less [even more]
essential to the welfare of the science, that all which is sound in its nomen-
clature should remain unaltered amid the additions which are continually
being made to it." (B. A. Code, 1842.)

CANON XX. When a genus is subdivided, the original name
of the genus is to be retained for that portion of it which con-
tained the original type of the genus, when this can be ascer-
tained.

REMARK. — This principle is universally conceded, and requires no special
comment.

CANON XXI. When no type is clearly indicated, the author
who first subdivides a genus may restrict the original name to
such part of it as he may judge advisable, and such assignment
shall not be subject to subsequent modification.

REMARKS. — This in substance is the rule promulgated by the B. A. Com-
mittee in 1842, and it has been reiterated in most subsequent nomenclatural
codes. Its propriety is perfectly apparent, and, as regards the future, no
trouble need arise under it. It has happened, however, in the subdi-
vision of comprehensive genera of Linnaeus and other early authors, that
most perplexing complications have arisen, successive authors having re-
moved one species after another, as types or elements of new genera, till
each of the species included in the original genus has received a new
generic designation, while the old generic name, if not lost sight of, lias
come to be applied to species unknown to the author of the original genus !
This of course is obviously and radically wrong.

The B. A. Committee suggests that, when authors omit to specify a type,
"it may still in many cases be correctly inferred that they?;^/ species men-
tioned on their list, if found accurately to agree with their definition, was
regarded by them as the type. A specific name or its synonyms will also
often serve to point out the particular species which by implication must be
regarded as the original type of a genus. In such cases we are justified in
restoring the name of the old genus to its typical signification, even when
later authors have done otherwise." De Candolle would restrict the old
generic name, when no type is specified, to the oldest, best known, or most
characteristic of the species originally included in the genus ; or to that sec-
tion of the old genus most numerously represented in species.

As Ball observes, " It would, manifestly, be liable to introduce errors and
confusion, if it were insisted that the first species should invariably be taken

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 43

as the type, or were it permitted to take species subsequently added to the
group, and which the original author did not know when he established
his genus. No arbitrary rule will suffice to determine, off-hand, questions
of so much complication as is often the decision in regard to the type'of
an ancient genus which has been studied by a number of authors." (Rep.,
pp. 39, 40.)

CANON XXII. In no case should the name be transferred
to a group containing none of the species originally included in
the genus.

REMARK. — This mle is in strict accordance with the B. A. Code and

with current usage.

CANON XXIII. If, however, the genus contains both exotic
and non-exotic species, — from the standpoint of the original
author, — and the generic term is one originally applied by the
ancient Greeks or Romans, the process of elimination is to be
restricted to the non-exotic species.

REMARKS. — The purpose of this restriction in the application of the 'prin-
ciple of elimination ' is to prevent the palpable impropriety of the transference
of an ancient Greek or Latin name to species unknown to the ancients. By
the unrestricted action of the principle of elimination the genus Tetrao^ for
example, becomes transferred to an American species, viz., Telrao phasia-
nellus of Linnaeus, the transference being in itself not only undesirable, but,
as it happens, subversive of currently accepted names. The working of the
proposed modification of the principle of elimination may be thus illustrated.

The genus Tetrao Linn., 1/58, contains the following

NON-EXOTIC SPECIES. EXOTIC SPECIES.

1. urogallus (U'rogallus Flem., 1822). 3. canadensis.

2. tetrix. 5. phasianellus.
4. lagopus (Lagopus Briss , 1760). 6. cupido.

7. bonasia (Bonasia Steph., 1819, -j- Bon., 1828).

This leaves tetrix as the type of the genus Tetrao, since Lyrurus S\v.
was not established for it till 1831.

On the other hand, the process of unrestricted elimination would result as
follows : —

1. urogallus (Urogallus Flem., 1822);

2. tetrix (Lyrurus Sw., 1831) ;

3. canadensis (Canace Reich., 1852) ;

4. lagcpus (Lagopus Briss., 1760) ;

5. phasianellus (Pcdioctztcs Bd., 1858) ;

44 CODE OF

6. «**fe (TjN^hwwiM Gk$^ 1*42; O^tffett* RekK
7s Am*** (

Die Ust specks to be mwn.d feowi the ftwis

marie by Bated fe iS$& *ho write tfc the type of * gems /»*««•*»> No

specks b*w$ now fcft to bear Oft MM* Ttttt*. from* be

(writer the tMtstricted action of the yaiadpfe of
ttoa \ or to T: ^rmrmt (midkr tfee ibox^pra^osed Kstrkled «dMM of fee
priw^ofelteiMlfeMV l» *« ^M«r case* tfcfe uickttt Gnek Mine te

;. :". v.v: • s.v-, ;> .: v-:v.>, «.>.:*..; .^ >. '. :v:.; •;•.. ::: ;-,-,v . :>,-., '-•-

•x> . .- .- -.>. --: . •• >^ -.;->:> --.v. I:- — .;;-.--• V ,- .:r.

$eMT^ it Us lo^peMd OAI, ui tfce process rfg

spedies ottlj lt«ve bet* foattx Jeft in ike

; . . '. . -•;, - > .; i> :..,• >. .-_•>.< .. . ,, • ••-.::

'.\\ When no type is specified, the only avail-

.-..-,- •-;... . . :\ ^ .'•; . ^ .. •.• --: :/ <. "j y,. : .- ; : v
gcn^s to which it was originally applied is by the process of
e)irom*tk>«u subject to the sii^e inodiacatioD provided for by
QLHOH XXIIL

or more genera takes the name first given in a generic or sab-
generic sense to either or any of its components. If both or all

. : .; ; v >.-v ;.::: :>.:: . -c ^ :;:,.. V : -: :v <.: < :.- -V
:.... --I

~ TW ramt «t UBS rate 1$ loo otams lo

: ; . : : > . ^ ': ..... ; - -' : -: :: ^ . .-:.- .-:

HMtf bt QMmtoi, MM! tel AN wri ^>; IMM ,i;/: ^ IB MQ d AN yc^-

fc

.-.: :>,- - -

\\lienthesMne genus has been defined and

-- -;. ;- ; : .:. : '- / < ;v:> , -, : :

"

•-; ;v:-v> .- > -. ..... :: :>c ::.- ;: : v rv.: - ;:^:-;^

aalbors haw ^^Sed^P^^vni different ^ sections of the

.-.-.. .-;<; >-: :-< ;v :v. >:. :. :: .i:\; :: : v ' .'. ^ ;:
:-.-;;- :.-->.-;:; .v -.;::. -^ :.::^:; ::,- <,"<: :;:::^
/.,- - ,,: -,..-

PRWCIFl BS, CA1 >MMKM).vn< 45

CANON \\YI1. Wlu-n ;nis is raised to full generic

rank, its name is to be retained as that of the group thus i.:
In like manner, names fiist proposed 01 u-cd in a subsp^

:ble in ease the subspecies be raised to full specific
.ng, and are to have priority over a new name for the sub-
vd.

This ( names which arc otherwise tenable,

ulv published, and arc not synonyms.

CA* .VI II. When i; bccom, -sary to divide a

composite species or subspecies, the old specific or stibspccific

is to 1 1 for that form or portion of the group to

which it wa^ first applied, or to which it primarily related. If

rtained, the name as fixed by the
is to be retained.

— This is simply the extension of the- rules already provided
rmination -pecies which are composite in char-

tO which the general principles of elimination already set forth are
He.

XXIX, When s is separated into subspecies,

or when spec: uisly supposed to be distinct are found to

j-ade. the earliest name applied to any form of the group
shall be t ific name of the whole group, and shall also be

retained as ti agnation of the particular form to

which it was originally applied. In other words, the rule of pri-

is to be strictly enforced in respect to subspecific names.

RIMAKKS. — While this principle is generally recognized, one ornithologi-
cal writer of prominence » has introduced the practice of connecting the
or subspecies in accordance with the supposed nearest

allinitiv of priority of names. Such disregard

of the law of priority, however, can lead only to instability and confusion,

without any adequately compensating advantages. If we knew beyond ques-

>e original or stock-form of a group of conspccies, and the

vution of the various imperfectly , ,1 forms, it would be

possible to show the genetic relation of such forms in our nomenclature, and

were nomenclature classification some gain might thus result. But since

1 Mr. Henry vSeebohm.

46 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

nomenclature is not classification, and since our knowledge of genetic rela-
tionships even within specific groups is egregiously imperfect, only change
and confusion can result from any attempt to express genetic relationship in
the collocation of subspecific designations.

In cases where obscurity might arise from designating the earliest-named
form of a group of subspecies by simply a binomial name, the specific term
may be repeated (e. g., Melospiza fasciata fasciata), or it may be followed
by the word typica (e. g., Melospiza fasciata typica).

For the sake of brevity it may be even desirable, where the context makes
the reference unequivocal, to abbreviate the second term of the trinomial, as
is done with the generic part of binomial names (e. g., M.f. rufina = Me-
lospiza fasciata rnfind).

CANON XXX. Specific names when adopted as generic are
not to be changed.

REMARKS. — This Canon is diametrically opposed to § 13 of the origi-
nal B. A. Code, which declares that " specific names, when adopted as
generic, must be changed." The Bath Committee, however, recommended
that, when a specific name had been raised to a generic, "it is the generic
name which must be thrown aside, not the old specific name." Both rulings
were to the effect that the specific and generic names of a species should
not be identical ; the only objection thereto urged by the B. A. Committee
being the " inelegance <& this method." Many of these 'inelegances' had
already crept into zoological nomenclature, and they have since greatly in-
creased, although the majority of authors have avoided them. Yet all the
later codes are at least constructively in favor of their admission, and they
have recently received sanction in other high quarters. (Cf. DALL, Report,
pp. 50, 51.) To rule against them would be clearly contrary to the principle
of stability in names and the spirit of the present Code. While your Com-
mittee would strongly discourage the practice of elevating specific names
to generic rank, those already thus instituted should be accepted.

" The practice," says Dall, " is objectionable on account of its producing
tautological inelegance, and because it has resulted in the formation of a
number of generic names of adjective form. On the other hand, in connec-
tion with certain of the Linnaean and other ancient and universally known
species, it had several beneficial effects. It recalled the typical form for
which the genus was constituted, and in many cases it might rightly be
regarded rather as a change of rank than the creation of a new name. The
ancient species .... often covered an assemblage of forms equivalent to
a modern genus." Respecting the ruling of the Bath Committee, Mr. Dall
continues : "This innovation, the sweeping character of which the Commit-
tee cannot have realized, if carried into effect would uproot hundreds of the
generic names best known to science, and so familiar that the fact that they

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 47

were originally specific names has been almost totally forgotten. Its spirit
is opposed to the fundamental principles of nomenclature, and the end to be
gained is of the most trivial character." (DALL, Rep., pp. 50, 51.)

CAXOX XXXI. Neither generic nor specific names are to
be rejected because of barbarous origin, for faulty construction,
for inapplicability of meaning, or for erroneous signification.

REMARKS. — As already stated under Canon VI., of which this is the
corollary, a name is merely a name, and should be treated as such, without
regard to its construction or signification. This principle, while contrary to
provisions of the B. A. Code and to the practice of many writers, has the
sanction of modern authorities, and is in line with present tendencies in
respect of fixity of names in nomenclature, as already explained.

CAXOX XXXII. A nomen nudum, generic or specific, may
be adopted by a subsequent author, but the name takes both its
date and authority from the'time when, and from the author by
whom, the name becomes clothed with significance by being
properly defined and published.

§ 7. Of the Rejection of Names.

CAXOX XXXIII. A generic name is to be changed which
has been previously used for some other genus in the same
kingdom ; a specific or subspecific name is to be changed
when it has been applied to some other species of the same
genus, or used previously in combination with the same generic
name.

REMARKS. — In other words, a generic name cannot be tenable for more
than one genus in the same kingdom, nor a specific or subspecific name for
more than one species or subspecies of the same genus. This is in accord-
ance with custom and all previous codes. In the present unsettled state of
opinion regarding the status of forms considered by some writers as specific,
and by others as subspecific, it seems best to place subspecific designations
on the same basis in this respect as specific ones.

Therefore the maxim, " Once a synonym always a synonym," applies alike
to generic, specific, and subspecific names.

A diversity of opinion prevails among naturalists in relation to whether a
generic name which has lapsed from sufficient cause into synonymy should

48 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

be entirely rejected, or whether it may be considered available for a new and
valid genus. Usage seems strongly against the retention of such names ;
but a few writers have advocated their admissibility in some other class of
the Animal Kingdom, or even the admissibility of the same name in different
orders of the same class, as among insects. Inasmuch as a fixed rule is
desirable, and as practice and precept are both on the whole favorable to the
maxim quoted above, — names in one department of Zoology being con-
tinually changed when found to be preoccupied in another department, —
and as most previous codes explicitly state that a generic name to be
tenable must not be in double employ in the same kingdom, it seems to
your Committee that the formal adoption of the maxim, " Once a syno-
nym always a synonym," as regards generic names, must meet with general
approval.

A 'synonym' is properly one of two or more different names for one and
the same thing. A ' homonym ' is one and the same name for two or more
different things. But in the usage of naturalists this distinction of meaning
is not generally recognized. Thus the examples about to be adduced in
illustration of the operation of Canon XXXIII. are homonyms, not syno-
nyms. It is therefore necessary to premise that your Committee includes
homonyms in the maxim just cited.

The application of the maxim to specific and subspecific names has been
less generally admitted, but can be shown to rest on a sound principle, since
it aims at, and is calculated to promote, stability in names. The object of
the rule, in its present application, is to make the use of the specific name
altogether independent of the generic name ; to oblige authors to use always
the same specific name, even when they disagree as to the generic appellation.
In many cases, it is true, the revival of a specific name which has lapsed into
synonymy may lead to no confusion, but the cases where the reverse may
occur are far more frequent. To illustrate: Gmelin, in 1788, described a
Lark as Alauda rufa. Audubon, in 1843, also described a Lark as Alauda
rufa. In the mean time, however, the Alauda rufa of Gmelin has been
found to be a true Anthus, and being therefore transferred to that genus is
called Anthus rufus. Now as these birds belong to widely separated fami-
lies, it may be claimed that there is no possibility of confusing Audubon's
name with the Alauda rufa of Gmelin, and that therefore the name rufa of
Audubon is perfectly tenable. There are many parallel cases in zoological
literature, and the tendency is to recognize both names as valid. But the
case is not always so simple, being susceptible of several complications.
For instance, to continue the above illustration hypothetically, let us suppose
that, before the generic distinctness of the two species was discovered, the
name of the Audubonian Alauda rufa had been found to be preoccupied
and accordingly changed to rufescens, and that for many years the spe-
cies was known as Alauda rufescens. Finally the original Alauda rufa is
removed to Anthus^ and some writers restore to Audubon's species its origi-

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 49

nal name of wfa, while others prefer to retain the better known and later
more current name rufescens.

Again : In 1804 a Munia was named Loxia albiventris by Hermann ; in
1860 Swinhoe named a Crossbill Loxia albiventris. These birds certainly
belong to different genera, and there is no fear of their being confounded.
But it may be contended (indeed was long since so claimed by Lesson) that
Hermann's Loxia albiventris (a Munia) is the true type of the genus Loxia,
and that the Crossbills should be called Crucirostra. Others maintain that
the latter are the true Loxi<z. Each view may have advocates, and we shall
have two species bearing the name Loxia albiventris, whereas the rule,
" Once a synonym," etc., at once debars the later name.

Again : Temminck, in 1828, named a bird Procellaria tenuirostris (PI. Col,
587). In 1839 Audubon named a bird Procellaria tenuirostris (Orn. Biog.,
V., p. 333). By many authors these two species are referred to different gen-
era, the former being regarded as a Puffinus. Schlegel, among others, con-
sidered them congeneric, and changed (Cat. Mus. P. B., Procellarias, p. 22)
the tenuirostris of Audubon to smithi. In doing this he was of course fully
justified, from his view of the relationship of the two birds ; while others,
referring them to different genera, would, by current usage, be equally jus-
tified in retaining the same specific name for both species.

One further illustration : In 1788 Gmelin named a bird Procellaria cine-
rea. In 1820 Kuhl applied the same name to another species afterwards
called Procellaria kuhlii. These two species are now commonly looked
upon as belonging to different genera, the former being an Adamastor, the
latter a Puffinus. They are not, however, called Adamastor cinereus and
Puffinus cinereus, but A. cinereus and P. kuhlii.

These illustrations will serve as examples of the complications that arise
and the instability which results from present methods in such cases, and
show the lack of uniformity of usage now prevailing. Cases of this sort are
in reality very numerous, and often egregiously misleading. Your Commit-
tee urges that the adoption of the maxim, "Once a synonym always a syno-
nym," in relation to specific, as well as to generic names, will eradicate a
prolific source of instability in nomenclature, and provide a consistent and
uniform rule for a very troublesome class of cases. So long as naturalists
differ in opinion respecting the limits of genera, the absence of such a rule
leaves too many specific names open to personal arbitration and individual
predilection.

CANON XXXIV. A nomen nudum is to be rejected as having
no status in nomenclature. *

REMARKS. — A name, generic or specific, which has been published with-
out an accompanying diagnosis, or reference to an identifiable published
figure or plate, or, in case of a generic name, to a recognizably described

4

50 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

species, is not entitled to recognition, being merely a name, and therefore
having no status in nomenclature. It may, however, be brought later into
use, under the restrictions embodied in Canon XXXII.

CANON XXXV. An author has no right to change or reject
names of his own proposing, except in accordance with rules
of nomenclature governing all naturalists, he having only the
same right as other naturalists over the names he has himself
proposed.

REMARK. — This is so obvious, that it seems trite to dignify the matter
by formulation as a Canon ; yet not a few writers fail to recognize the fact,
and claim the right, not only to emend the orthography of names pro-
posed by themselves, but to change genera and subgenera by substituting
for them new types, and to use the original type as the basis of another new
genus.

CANON XXXVI. A name resting solely on an inadequate
diagnosis is to be rejected, on the ground that it is indetermina-
ble and therefore not properly defined.

CANON XXXVII. If an author describes a genus and does
not refer to it any species, either then or previously described,
the genus cannot be taken as established or properly defined,
unless the characters given have an unmistakable significance.

CANON XXXVIII. A species cannot be considered as named
unless both generic and specific names have been applied to it
simultaneously, i. e., unless the species has been definitely re-
ferred to some genus.

REMARKS. — E. g., a West Indian Seal (Monachus tropicalis Gray) was
once described by an author, who, because in doubt as to its generic affini-
ties, simply gave, as he says, "the trivial name Wilkianus for the species,"
without referring it to any genus. Authorities, however, agree that a species
thus designated cannot be considered as named.

CANON XXXIX. A name which has never been clearly de-
fined in some published work is to be changed for the earliest
name by which the object shall have been so defined, if such
name exist ; otherwise a new name is to be provided, or the
old name may be properly defined and retained, its priority and
authority to date from the time and author so defining it.

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 51

§ 8. Of the Emendation of Names.

CANON XL. The original orthography of a name is to be
rigidly preserved, unless a typographical error is evident.

REMARKS- — In view of the fact that stability of names is one of the es-
sential principles in nomenclature, and that the emendation of names, as
shown by the recent history of zoological nomenclature, opens the door to a
great evil, — being subject to abuse on the part of purists and classicists,
who look with disfavor upon anything nomenclalural which is in the least
degree unclassical in form, — it seems best that correctness of structure, or
philological propriety, be held as of minor importance, and yield place to the
two cardinal principles of priority and fixity. The permanence of a name is
of far more importance than its signification or structure, as is freely ad-
mitted by the best authorities in both Botany and Zoology. Your Committee
would therefore restrict the emendation of names to the correction of obvi-
ous or known typographical errors involving obscurity. They would there-
fore reject emendations of a purely philological character, and especially all
such as involve a change of the initial letter of the name, as in cases where
the Greek aspirate has been omitted by the original constructor. It there-
fore follows that hybrid names cannot be displaced ; although it is to be
hoped that they will be strenuously guarded against in future ; and that,
in general, word-coiners will pay the closest attention to philological pro-
prieties.

" The tendency among working naturalists is to retain names in spite of
faults." (A. GRAY.)

"A generic name should subsist just as it was made, although a purely
typographical error may be corrected." (DE CANDOLLE.)

§ 9. Of the Definition of Names.

CANON XLI. A name to be tenable must have been defined
and published.

REMARKS. — " Unless a species or group is intelligibly defined when the
name is given, it cannot be recognized by others, and the signification of the
name is consequently lost Definition properly implies a distinct ex-
position of essential characters, and in all cases we conceive this to be indis-
pensable, although some authors maintain that a mere enumeration of the
component species, or even of a single type, is sufficient to authenticate a
genus." (JB. A. Code, 1842.)

Any tenable technical name is called the onym, as distinguished from an

52 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

anonym, nomen nudum, or mere name unaccompanied by diagnosis ; or
from the chironym, an unpublished manuscript name ; or from a pseudonym,
a nickname or vernacular name. The onyin is of two kinds ; \\\e graph any m,
resting upon a published plate, diagnosis, or description, and the typonym,
based upon indications of a type species or type specimen (see Canons
XLII., XLIIL). Onyms are further named mononyms, dionyms, trionyms,
or polyonyms, according to whether they consist of one, two, three, or more
words. (Cf. COUES, The Auk, I., Oct. 1884, p. 321.)

CANON XLII. The basis of a generic or subgeneric name
is either (i) a designated recognizably described species, or
(2) a designated recognizable plate or figure, or (3) a published
diagnosis.

REMARKS. — Some writers insist that a generic or subgeneric name in
order to be tenable must be accompanied by a diagnosis. However proper
such a requisition may seem theoretically, the principle is thoroughly im-
practicable, and if enforced would lead to hopeless confusion. The custom
of naturalists has been quite otherwise, and the mere mention of a type has
been found to be often a better index to an author's meaning than is fre-
quently a diagnosis or even a long description. Either of the three alterna-
tives given above may alone be accepted as a proper definition. In the case
of a diagnosis, it must of course give some character or characters by which
the organism it is intended to designate may be unmistakably recognized.

CANON XLIII. The basis of a specific or subspecific name is
either (i) an identifiable published description, or (2) a recog-
nizable published figure or plate, or (3) the original type speci-
men or specimens, absolutely identified as the type or types
of the species or subspecies in question ; but in no case is a
type specimen to be accepted as the basis of a specific or sub-
specific name, when it radically disagrees with or is contra-
dictory to the characters given in the diagnosis or description
based upon it.

REMARKS. — It therefore follows that a specific or subspecific name rest-
ing on a description which was originally so vague as to render the name
indeterminable, or which has become so through the later discovery of closely
allied species, may be established by reference to an authentic type speci-
men, when such exists ; but if the description proves to be so glaringly erro-
neous as to present characters contradictory to the type specimen, the type
specimen is not to be taken as the basis of the name ; the name in such case
is to be ignored or treated just as it would have to be if no type specimen

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 53

existed; and the species is t<> be reintroduced into science under a new
name, as a new species, and wirlj a proper description.

The authenticity of a type specimen is often a matter of the highest im-
portance. The evidence will vary in different cases ; it may be merely
circumstantial, but of such a nature as to be positive in character; or the
specimen may bear a label in the handwriting of the original describer signi-
fying it to be his type ; or the history of the specimen may be so well known
to those having it in charge that there can be little reason for doubt in the
matter. But tradition, in the general sense of the term, cannot be regarded
as satisfactory evidence ; and nothing short of the written statement of the
author, securely attached to the specimen, affirming it to be the type, should
in future be considered satisfactory evidence. Still, this requirement cannot
be insisted upon for the past, since in few cases have types been heretofore
thus designated, though their authenticity may be in many cases beyond
cavil. Your Committee would recommend that in future authors should not
only specify their types in their descriptions, and label them as their types,
but should designate the collection in which they are deposited.

CANON XLIV. In determining the pertinence of a description
or figure on which a genus, species, or subspecies may respect-
ively rest, the consideration of pertinency is to be restricted to the
species scientifically known at the time of publication of the de-
scription or figure in question, or to contemporaneous literature.

CANON XLV. Absolute identification is requisite in order
to displace a modern current name by an older obscure one.

REMARKS. — The purpose of the foregoing rules (Canons XLIII.-XLV.)
is to check the tendency to replace current names by earlier ones, the
identification of which may be determined only by a process of elimination
— on the ground that they can relate to nothing else — based on our pres-
ent knowledge of Zoology, but which cannot be determined from the imper-
fect description given by the original describer, alone or supplemented by the
contemporaneous literature of the subject; — in short, the identification of
which rests on our present knowledge of the species inhabiting the assigned
habitat of the form in question.

CANON XLVI. In describing an organism which is consid-
ered to represent a new genus as well as a new species, it is not
necessary to formally separate the characters into two categories,
generic and specific, in order to render tenable the names given
to the organism in question, although such a distinction is
desirable.

54 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

REMARKS. — In the case of fossil organisms, represented by a few frag-
ments, the practice of giving a general description is especially common ;
but even here, as in all other cases, it would be far better to give a formal
diagnosis or description of the generic characters as distinguished from the
specific.

§ 10. Of the Publication of Names.

CANON XLVII. Publication consists in the public sale or
distribution of printed matter, — books, pamphlets, or plates.

REMARKS. — In Botany the distribution, by sale or otherwise, of labelled
specimens, bearing the date of their distribution, is likewise recognized as
publication.

In respect to the matter of publication, the B. A. Committee wisely recom-
mend as follows : "A large proportion of the complicated mass of synonyms
which has now become the opprobrium of zoology, has originated either
from the slovenly and imperfect manner in which species and groups have
been originally defined, or from their definitions having been inserted in ob-
scure local publications which have never obtained an extensive circulation.
Therefore .... we would strongly advise the authors of new groups always
to give, in the first instance, a full and accurate definition of their characters,
and to insert the same in such periodicals or other works as are likely to
obtain an immediate or extensive circulation."

Mr. Dall, on the same point, makes the following judicious and explicit
recommendations.

"To avoid increasing the difficulties encountered in dealing with the al-
ready enormous mass of scientific names, authors are earnestly recommended
to take the following precautions in publication : —

"i. To publish matter containing descriptions of new groups or species
[or changes in nomenclature], in the regularly appearing proceedings of some
well-established scientific society, or in some scientific serial of acknowl-
edged standing and permanence.

"2. If a separate publication or independent work be issued by any
author, copies should at once be sent to the principal learned societies, sci-
entific libraries, and especially to those persons or associations known to be
employed in the publication of bibliographical records or annual reviews of
scientific progress.

" The work should also be placed at the disposition of the scientific world
by an advertisement of copies placed in the hands of some firm, society, or
individual for sale or distribution.

" 3. To avoid most carefully the publication of new names or changes of
nomenclature in newspapers ; in serials not of a scientific nature or of limited
circulation ; in the occasional pamphlets issued by weak, torpid, or obscure

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 55

associations which are distributed [only] to members or not at all ; and in
brief lists, catalogues [especially sale catalogues], or pamphlets indepen-
dently issued, insufficiently distributed, or not to be found on sale." (Rep**

P- 46.)

The question of the restriction of the nature of the channels of publication
through which new species and genera, and changes in nomenclature, should
be made public, is considered by Mr. Dall, and was even included among the
subjects covered by his circular, the replies to which were to the effect that,
while such restriction would be very desirable, it seemed impracticable; an
opinion reluctantly concurred in by Mr. Dall himself.

"It is clearly," Mr. Dall continues, "the duty of every publishing author
to concur as far as possible in the suppression of methods leading to confu-
sion," and to comply with recommendations " intended to lead toward this
result."

CANON XLVIII. The reading of a paper before a scientific
society or a public assembly does not constitute publication,
and new genera and species first announced in this way date
only from the time of their subsequent and irrevocable pub-
lication.

REMARKS. — It often happens that papers are read before a scientific body
which are never printed. No one would claim publication in such cases.
Often many months elapse between the reading of a paper before a society
and its publication in the proceedings of the society. Credit for original dis-
covery may be thus secured ; but, in deference to the fundamental principle
of fixity in nomenclature, new names or changes in nomenclature proposed
in such papers obviously cannot be allowed to antedate actual publication.

CANON XLIX. The date borne by a publication is presumed
to be correct till proved otherwise ; although it is well known
that in many instances, as in the proceedings or transactions of
societies, and in works issued in parts, the date given is not
that of actual publication ; and when this fact can be substan-
tiated, the actual date of publication, if it can be ascertained,
is to be taken.

REMARKS. — It is notorious that the dates on the title-page of the com-
pleted volume of works issued in parts often antedate — sometimes postdate
— the actual publication of the different parts, or are otherwise erroneous.
Also, that the volumes of proceedings of learned societies not unfrequently
bear simply the date of the period or year to which they relate, even when
not published till months, and sometimes years, after the ostensible date ;

56 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

and that serial publications, when not issued promptly, as not unfrequently
happens, are sometimes antedated by several months. This state of things
is happily less prevalent now than formerly, and is more frequently the result
of inattention, or failure to appreciate the importance of precision in such
matters, than from any motive of unfairness. At the present time authors
in good standing are careful to make permanent record of the date of publi-
cation of each part of a work issued in successive brochures, or printer's
' signatures ' ; and societies not unfrequently give the exact date of the ap-
pearance of each signature or part of their various publications. This, it is
needless to urge, is a practice which should become general.

Where doubt arises as to the priority of publication between a properly
dated work and one improperly or dishonestly dated, it would hardly be
unfair to throw the onus probandi on the publishers of the latter, or to favor
the work the date of which is not open to question.

Finally, respecting the matter of publication, your Committee would sub-
mit the following.

Naturalists would do well (a) to indicate exactly the date of publication of
their works, parts of works, or papers ; (b} to avoid publishing a name with-
out indicating the nature of the group (whether generic, subgeneric, or
supergeneric) it is intended to distinguish ; (c) to avoid including in their
publications any unaccepted manuscript names, since such names only need-
lessly increase synonymy ; (//) societies, government or other surveys, or
other publishing boards, should indicate the date of issue of each part of
works published serially or in instalments, as well as of all volumes and
completed works.

Furthermore, the custodians of libraries, public or private, would do well
to indicate, either in the work itself or in a proper book of record, the date
of reception of all publications received, particularly in the case of those of
a serial character, or which are issued in parts. (This, it may be observed,
is a practice carefully adhered to in well-regulated libraries of the present
time.)

§ II. Of the Authority for Names.

CANON L. The authority for a specific or subspecific name
is the first describer of the species or subspecies. When the
first describer of the species or subspecies is not also the au-
thority, it is to be enclosed in parentheses ; e. g., Turdus migra-
torius L., or Merula migratoria (L.).

REMARK. — Ordinarily the use of authorities may be omitted, as in inci-
dental reference to species of a well-known fauna in faunal lists, etc. ; but,
on the other hand, the use of authorities may be of the greatest importance

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 57

in giving exact indication of the sense in which a name is used ; for instance,
in check-lists, or monographic and revisionary works.

In writing the names of subspecies the authority for the specific or second
element of the name may nearly always be omitted.

The relation of authorities may be otherwise indicated; as, e.g., Merula
migratoria L. sp. ; or Merula migratoria Sw. & Rich, ex L. ; or Merula
migratoria Sw. & Rich. (L. sub Turdus}, etc. ; but the method first above
mentioned has the merit of the greater simplicity and brevity.

Two very different practices have prevailed among naturalists in respect
to authorities for names. The B. A. Code gave preference to the authority
for the specific name, for the following reasons : "Of the three persons con-
cerned with the construction of a binomial title .... we conceive that the
author vt\yQ first describes and names a species which forms the groundwork
of later generalizations, possesses a higher claim to have his name recorded
than he who afterwards defines a genus which is found to embrace that
species, or who may be the mere accidental means of bringing the generic
and specific names into contact. By giving the authority for the specific
name in preference to all others, the inquirer is referred directly to the origi-
nal description, habitat, etc., of the species, and is at the same time reminded
of the date of its discovery." Agassiz and others opposed this practice, and
gave preference to the referrer of the species to its proper genus, on the
ground that it required greater knowledge of the structure and relationship
of species to properly classify them than to simply name and describe them.
By this school, the authority is considered as constituting part of the name.
This method is also in accordance with the usage of the older zoologists and
botanists, from Linnaeus clown. But it often happens that the authority for
the combination of names used is not that of the classifier, but of the author
who has merely 'shuffled names,' or worked out the synonymy in accord-
ance with nomenclatural rules, and has had nothing to do with the correct
allocation of the species.

CAXOX LI. The authority for a name is not to be separated
from it by any mark of punctuation (except as provided for
under Canon L.).

REMARKS. — In respect to punctuation and typography, in relation to
names and their authorities, usage varies ; but it is quite generally conceded
that no comma need be used between the name and its authority ; " the au-
thority," as Verrill has suggested, "being understood to be a noun in the
genitive case, though written in the nominative form, or more frequently
abbreviated." In printing the authority is usually and advisably distin-
guished by use of type differing from that of the name; if the latter be in
Italic type the authority may be in Roman, or if in small capitals or in
antique, the authority may be in Italic type, etc.

58 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

CANON LIT. The name of the authority, unless short, is to
be abbreviated, and the abbreviation is to be made in accord-
ance with commonly recognized rules, and irregularly formed
and non-distinctive abbreviations are to be avoided.

REMARKS. — In the case of a few well-known names usage may be con-
sidered to have established certain deviations from strict rule in the matter
of abbreviation of authors' names, as the use of L. for Linnaeus, DC. for
De Candolle, Bd. for Baird, Scl. for Sclater, etc. In general, names of one
syllable are short enough not to jequire abbreviation ; when, however, it
seems preferable to shorten them the first consonants are retained (as Br.
for Brown), or the first consonant and the last, or last two when the name
ends with a consonant or consonants (as Bd. for Baird, Gld. for Gould, Cs.
for Coues, etc.). For names of more than one syllable, the first syllable and
the first letter or letters of the second syllable should be retained (as Aud.
for Audubon, Bon. for Bonaparte, Gorm. for Gorman ; not Grin., which
might stand for either Gorman, Garman, or Germar). To avoid confound-
ing two names which begin with similar syllables, two syllables may be
given, with one or two consonants of the third (as Bertol. for Bertolini, to
distinguish it from Bertero), or the first syllable with the addition of a char-
acteristic final consonant of the name (as Michx. for Michaux, as opposed
to Micheli ; or Lamx. for Lamouroux, as distinguished from Lamarck).

If several prominent authors in the same department of Zoology have the
same name, they may be distinguished, if thought necessary, by prefixing
their respective initials, or an abbreviation of the Christian name to the
usual abbreviation ; or if father and son, by affixing//, or/, to the name of
the younger.

In short, the points to be aimed at in abbreviating names of authorities
are uniformity and distinctiveness. As Mr. Dall (whom in this matter
we have closely followed) remarks, in some late works, only those familiar
with the literature of the subject "can divine whether Bth. is the equivalent
of Bentham, Beuth, or Booth, Sz. for Schultz. Steetz, or Szowitz ; or what
is the equivalent of Htsch., Hk., H. Bn., Bn., Bit,, Lm., Reich., or Spng?

C. Recommendations for Zoological Nomenclature in

the Future.

§ 12. Of the Construction and Selection of Names.

RECOMMENDATION I. As already provided under Canon II.,
the rules of Latin orthography are to be adhered to in the con-
struction of scientific names.

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 59

REMARKS. — "In Latinizing Greek words there are certain rules of or-
thography known to classical scholars which must never be departed from.
For instance, the names which modern authors have written Azpunemia,
Zenophasia, poioceph'ala, must, according to the laws of etymology, be spelt
jEpycnemia, Xetwphasia, 2c&&pceocephala. In Latinizing modern words the
rules of classic usage do not apply, and all that we can do is to give to such
terms as classical an appearance as we can, consistently with the preserva-
tion of their etymology. In the case of European words whose orthography
is fixed, it is best to retain the original form, even though it may include
letters and combinations unknown in Latin. Such words, for instance, as
Woodivardi, Knighti, Bullocki, Eschscholtzi, would be quite unintelligible
if they were Latinized into Vudvardi, Cnichti, Bullocci, Essolzi, etc. But
words of barbarous origin, having no fixed orthography, are more pliable,
and hence, when adopted into the Latin, they should be rendered as classical
in appearance as is consistent with the preservation of their original sound.
Thus the words Tockus, awsuree^ argoondah, kitndoo, etc., should, when
Latinized, have been written Toccus, ausnre, argunda, cundii, etc. Such
words ought, in all practicable cases, to have a Latin termination given
them, especially if they are used generically." (B. A. Code.)

RECOMMENDATION II. In Latinizing personal names only
the termination should be changed, except as in cases provided
for under Recommendation IV.

REMARKS. — "In Latinizing proper names, the simplest rule appears to
be to use the termination -us, genitive -/, when the name ends with a conso"
nant ; . . . . and ~ius, gen. -//, when it ends with a vowel, as Latreille^
Latreillii, etc." (Z?. A. Code.) Since proper names for species, however,
are used mainly — and we recommend that they be so used exclusively — in
the possessive case, a still simpler and now generally adopted rule is to add
an i to the name; as, Latreille, Latreillei; Hale, Halei ; Baird, Bairdi;
but euphony may in some instances require the fuller form, and here — as
in many other instances — is a case where an author has the opportunity of
displaying his good taste. It should be understood that this rule does not
apply to names which are already Latin or Latinized in the nominative case.
Thus Lhin&us should become Linn&i ; Cygncens, Cygncei j Gunnerus,
Gunneri ; Nathnsius, Nathusii ; Nicolaus, Nicolai ; — not Linnceusi,
CygiHzusi, Gnnneriisi, Nathusiusi, Nicolausi. The same principle may also
be safely followed in cases where the form of the name is perfectly Latin,
though there may be some doubt whether it originally was Latinized or not ;
as, Baldauii from Baldamus, Blasii from Blasius; not Baldcumisi, Blasiusi.
If the name were Blase, the genitive would be Blasei, as distinctive from
Blasii. Tin's recommendation of applying the regular Latin genitive when-
ever possible without obscuring the name, is particularly to be observed in

6O CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

many names ending in a, the genitive of which should be cz ; as, Molina,
M o lines ; Cara, Cares; Costa, Cos tee ; Orellana, Orellance ; Lozana, Lo-
zanee ; Marmora, Marmorce ; Botta, Bottee ; and not Molinai, Carat,
Costai, Orellanai, Lozanai, etc. A greater difficulty is experienced with
some Italian and Spanish names, and similar ones of Roman origin, ending
in o or io. Simply adding an i would in many cases give absolutely absurd
results ; as, Antonio, Antonioi. In such cases the only proper way seems to
be to apply the regular Latin genitive, or to derive a genitive in the regular
manner from a supposed regular Latin nominative form of the name : thus,
Antonii, from Antonio; Xamarri, from Xamarro ; Naceyri, from Naceyro;
Gnirai, from Guirao; Durazzi, from Diirazzo ; Morozzi, from Morozzo.
A few names ending in io, the derivation of which from a true Latin nomi-
native form is not obvious, may be treated in a similar manner ; as, Patio,
Fatii, and not Fatioi, though we have seen Faiionis, the propriety of which
we have no means of determining. Analogous application may be made in
case of similarly ending names not of Latin origin ; as, for instance, Kale-
niczenki seems preferable to Kaleniczenkoi.

The above suggestions apply to names of men. It has been the custom
to add <z to the name, instead of /', to indicate that the person whose name
was thus used is a woman, but -ice will in many, perhaps most, cases be
found preferable, on account of its greater euphony ; for instance, Max-
wellies, and not Maxwellee ; Blackburnice, not Dlackburnes.

It is sometimes recommended that a personal specific name be put in the
adjective form when it is not the name of the original collector or describer
of the species. "Thus Corvus corax, Brun non Linnaeus, or a new Corvus
collected by Brun, would be C. bnmi. A Corvus named after one's friend
Brun, or an ornithologist Brun, would be C. brunianus" This recom-
mendation is impracticable, however, since -ianus is too long a termination
to append to most names, as it might give us specific names like Artzi-
baschejfianns, Seidensacheriamts, Olph-Galliardianus, Grandidierianus, Mac.
gillivrayianus, Selys-Longscha?npsianus, etc.

When Christian names which have a Latin or Latinized equivalent are
adopted for species, the form should accord with the rules of Latin declina-
tion ; e. g>, Alexandri, Caroli, Francisci, Hectoris, Lndovici, Gnillulmi,
Annee, Margaret hez, Phcebes ; not Alexanderi, Charlesi or Karli, Frantzi
or Fran$oisi, Hectori, Louisi or Ludivigi, \Villiami; much less Annai,
Margareti, Phcebei, or the like. In many cases of women's Christian
names, especially such as have no Latin or Latinized equivalent, the name
may be left unaltered and uninflected, for instance, Ingeborg, Gefion, etc. ;
a practice which may be extended to names which in their present form
are so altered that their derivation is not longer obvious, as Fanny, and the
like. But in many cases the proper Latin form or equivalent is obvious; as,
Maries from Mary, Luciez from Lucy, Gratiee. from Grace, etc.

So much for specific appellations derived from personal proper names, the

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 6l

use of which, if practised with discretion, is not objectionable. But care
should be exercised as to introducing names of persons who have not ren-
dered some noteworthy service to science, either as investigators, col-
lectors of materials, or promoters of zoological investigation. The same
remark will apply with still greater force to generic names, in respect to
which the Bath (1865) Committee of the British Association makes the fol-
lowing sound suggestion : —

"Specific names from persons have already been sufficiently prostituted,
and personal generic names have increased to a large and undeserving ex-
tent. The handing down the name of a naturalist by a genus has always
been considered as the highest honour that could be given, and should never
be bestowed lightly.1 ''

The simplest rule for forming a generic appellation from a personal name
seems to be to ascertain first the genitive of the name according to the above
suggestions, and then to append an a. In this case, however, the silent e at
the end of a name should be dropped ; e.g., LatreiUia, not Lalreilleia. In
some other cases the author will need to exercise his taste in forming the
words when the genitive form does not end in /.

It has been suggested that the name be "disembarrassed from all titles
and all preliminary particles " ; but it is evident that in many cases the "pre-
liminary particle" is so important a part of the name that its exclusion
would make the name unrecognizable. While, therefore, it is proper to omit
the Germon von, for instance, in Lanius homeyeri, it would hardly be de-
fensible to write Bun or Mursii, instead of Dubusi or Desmursii, when
intending to honor Du Bus or Des Murs by naming a species after him.
That 'particle' does not mean 'article' need hardly be mentioned, and
names like La Fresnaye, etc., should not be dismembered, though in Ger-
man names the article also has to be left out when the particle is dropped.

RECOMMENDATION III. The best zoological names are those
which are derived from the Latin or Greek, and express some
distinguishing characteristic of the object to which they are
applied.

REMARKS. — This is Recommendation 'A.' of the B. A. 'Recommenda-
tions for the Improvement of Zoological Nomenclature in the Future,' under
which the B. A. Committee considers 'Classes of objectionable names.'
This subject has also since received detailed consideration from De Candolle
in his ' Lois de la Nomenclature botanique,' and Mr. Ball has devoted several
pages to it in his ' Report' (pp. 29-31), all of which may well be consulted
in this connection. The principal of these recommendations may be sum-
marized as follows : —

1 " Hoc unicum et summum proemium laboris, sancte servandum, et caste dis-
pensandum ad incitamentum et ornamentum Botanices. — Phil. Botan., p. 171."

62 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

1. Avoid adjective generic names. "The names of genera are in all
cases essentially substantive, and hence adjective terms cannot be em-
ployed for them without doing violence to grammar. The generic names
Hians, Criniger, Cursorius, Nitidula, etc., are examples of this incorrect
usage." (B. A. Code.)

2. Avoid generic names in the genitive case. Like adjective names, these
can be used only in violation of both good taste and grammatical construc-
tion. (DALL.)

3. Avoid geographical names, which should never be used for genera, and
only with discrimination for species. — Even for species, formerly some au-
thors (Wagler, for instance) went so far as to substitute others whenever they
occurred, while other authors (Swainson, for example) would tolerate them
only when they applied exclusively; as, Lepus hibcrnicus, Troglodytes euro-
pceits, etc. The B. A. Committee were " by no means disposed to go to this
length'. It is not the less true that Hirundo javanica is a Javanese bird,
even though it may occur in other countries also, and though other species
of Hirundo may occur in Java. The utmost that can be urged against such
words is, that they do not tell the whole truth." (B. A. Code.) The B. A.
Committee advised restriction of such names to species confined to the
countries whose names they bear.

4. Avoid barbarous names unless they are euphonious, easily modified to a
Latin form, and are more or less well known in their original form as names
of the species or genera to which they are to be applied ; e. g., Ajaja, Ara,
Macao, Povipadora, Skua, Tijuca, etc.

" Some authors protest strongly against the introduction of exotic words
into our Latin nomenclature, others defend the practice with equal warmth.
We may remark, first, that the practice is not contrary to classical usage, for
the Greeks and Romans did occasionally, though with reluctance, introduce
barbarous words in a modified form into their respective languages. Sec-
ondly, the preservation of the trivial names which animals bear in their
native countries is often of great use to the traveller in aiding him to dis-
cover and identify the species. We do not therefore consider, if such words
have a Latin termination given to them, that the occasional and judicious use
of them as scientific terms can be justly objected to." (B. A. Code.)

5. "Technical names. — All words expressive of trades and professions
have been by some writers excluded from zoology, but without sufficient
reason. Words of this class, ivhen carefully chosen, often express the pecu-
liar characters and habits of animals in a metaphorical manner, which is
highly elegant. We may cite the generic terms Arvicola, Lanius, Pastor,
Tyrannus, Regulus, Mimus, Ploceus, etc., as favourable examples of this
class of names." (B. A. Code.)

6. Mythological names should be applied with great care, and only when
they have some perceptible reference or allusion to the object on which
they are conferred. They may sometimes be used as generic names " with

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 63

the same propriety as technical ones, in cases where a direct allusion can be
traced between the narrated actions of a personage and the observed habits
or structure of an animal. Thus when the name Progne is given to a Swal-
low, ClotJw to a Spider, Hydra to a Polyp, Athene to an Owl, Nestor to a
gray-headed Parrot, etc., a pleasing and beneficial connexion is established
between classical literature and physical science." (B. A. Code.}

7. Avoid hybrid names. — " Compound words, whose components are
taken from two different languages, are great deformities in nomenclature,
and naturalists should be especially guarded not to introduce any more such
terms into zoology, which furnishes too many examples of them already.
We have them compounded of Greek and Latin, as Dendrofalco, Gymno-
corvus, Monoculus, Arborophila,flavigaster; Greek and French, as Jacama-
ralcyon, Jacamerops; Greek and English, as Bullockoides, Gilberlsocriniies."
(B. A. Code.}

8. Avoid generic names closely resembling others already in existence,
even when the efymology may be different ; as, Pica and Picus, Otostomia
and Odostomia, Tachyphonus and Trachyphonus , etc. The danger of con-
fusion in such cases is evident, and should be guarded against.

9. " Corrupted words. — In the construction of compound Latin words,
there are certain grammatical rules which have been known and acted on
for two thousand years, and which a naturalist is bound to acquaint himself
with before he tries his skill in coining zoological terms. One of the chief
of these rules is, that in compounding words all the radical or essential parts
of the constituent members must be retained, and no change made except in

the variable terminations A name made up of the first half of one

word and the last half of another, is as deformed a monster in nomenclature
as a Mermaid or a Centaur would be in zoology ; yet we find examples in the
names Corcorax (from Corvus and Pyrrhocorax}, Cypsnagra (from Cypse-
lus and Tanagra\ Merulaxis (from MeruJa and Synallaxis), Loxigilla
(from Loxia and Fringilla)t etc. In other cases, where the commencement
of both the simple words is retained in the compound, a fault is still com-
mitted by cutting off too much of the radical and vital portions, as is the
case in Bucorvus (from Bnceros and Corvus), Ninox (from Nisus and Noc-
tua}, etc." (B. A. Code.}

10. "Nonsense names. — Some authors having found difficulty in select-
ing generic names which have not been used before, have adopted the plan of
coining words at random without any derivation or meaning whatever. The
following are examples : Viralva, Xema, Azeca, Assiminia, Quedius, Spi-
sula. To the same class we may refer anagrams of other generic names, as
Dacelo and Cedola of Alcedo, Zapornia of Porzana, etc. Such verbal trifling
as this is in very bad taste, and is especially calculated to bring the science

into contempt It is contrary to the genius of all languages, which

appear never to produce new words by spontaneous generation, but always
to derive them from some other source, however distant or obscure. And it

64 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

is peculiarly annoying to the etymologist, who after seeking in vain through
the vast storehouses of human language for the parentage of such words,
discovers at last that he has been pursuing an ignis fatuns." (B. A. Code.}

11. Indicate the etymology of each name proposed. — While it is not now
intended that names erroneously constructed shall be subject to emendation
(see above, Canon XL. and Remarks), it is highly desirable that the etymol-
ogy of all generic names newly proposed should be clearly indicated.

12. Avoid names of great length, or of harsh and inelegant pronunciation.
Words of more than five syllables should as far as possible be avoided. In
the construction of names it is obvious that euphony should be regarded.
Thus such names as Eschscholtzi, Sylviorthorhynchus, Strigymnhemipus,
Synthliborhamphus, Xiphidiorhynchus, Wurmizusume, etc., are decidedly
objectionable.

13. Avoid comparative names. — Specific names expressive of compara-
tive size, as minor, minimus, max wins, should be avoided, as they may be
rendered inaccurate by the later discovery of additional species. Names
denoting resemblance to another species or genus should be also avoided, as
Picoides, Emberizoides, Pseiidoluscinia, rnbeculoides, etc. (B. A. Code.)

14. Generic names compounded from those of other genera, if not too
long, and properly formed (not made corrupt by trying to render them
shorter), may sometimes be adopted with advantage, since they serve to
express the position of a genus intermediate between, or allied with, two
other genera. {B. A. Code.)

15. Avoid making a wrong application of the ancient names of animals.
Names of animals found in classic authors have in numerous cases been
applied at random to exotic genera or species wholly unknown to the
ancients. This practice should be discouraged. The use, however, of an-
cient names, when correctly applied, is most desirable, for it is better in
framing scientific terms to select old words than to form new ones. {B. A.
Code.)

1 6. In modifying existing names — as, for instance, of genera in naming
subgenera or sections, or of species in designating allied species — by means
of prefixes and suffixes, the following precautions should receive attention.
Before a Greek derivative en- and pseudo- may be used, the former espe-
cially in modifying generic names ; after a Greek derivative, -astntm, -oides,
or -opsis. Before a Latin derivative, siib- may be used ; after it, -ella, -una,
-ina, -ites, etc. The prefix en- may be used before generic names ; the pre-
fixes mb-2&&pstudo- should be restricted to specific names ; the suffixes are
applicable to either generic or specific names. Usage has justified to some
extent the application of these modifications to words of uncertain etymology
or arbitrary formation, in connection with which Greek syllables should be
entirely avoided. So far as specific names are concerned, psendo- may be
employed when it is desired to connect the name of a species with another
with which it has been confounded. The suffixes -ella, -una, -ina, are used in

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 65

modifying a Latin generic. name, to indicate that a new genus thus named is
in some way related to the one whose name is thus modified. They are also
used in reforming a name which is inadmissible for any reason, in order to
preserve a suggestive and convenient similarity. For instance, Cacilia, if
employed for a shell, but which was found to be preoccupied in some other
class, might be modified to Cacilianella, in order that convenience in con-
sulting indices might be conserved for the new name in connection with the
old one. (DALL, Rep., p. 30.)

17. Geographical specific names are formed by adding the suffixes -us,
-ius, -icus, -inus, -itus, (or their feminine or neuter equivalents, as the case
may require,) and -ensis, the name itself suffering no modification except in
its termination.

18. Manuscript names used by collectors in their notes or on labels, if
well chosen, may be adopted, the adopter of the name of course supplying
a description ; and he should further state that the name has not previously
been formally introduced. Without this precaution the use of manuscript
names is highly objectionable, and has been the source of great confusion
and annoyance. The manuscript names of Beck, Solander, Leach, and
others, have long been stumbling-blocks, from having been quoted by natu-
ralists with no reference to the fact that they were unaccompanied by descrip-
tions, and therefore without standing. (DALL, Rep., p. 33.)

19. In subdividing an old genus it would be better to make the subdi-
visions agree in gender with that of the original group, in order that specific
names may be preserved unaltered.

§ 13. Of the Transliteration of Names.

RECOMMENDATION IV. Names adopted from languages writ-
ten in other than Roman characters, as the Greek, Russian,
Arabic, Japanese, etc., or from languages containing characters
not represented in the Roman alphabet, as the Spanish, French,
German, Scandinavian, Western Slavonian, etc., should be ren-
dered by the corresponding Roman letters or combinations of
letters.

REMARKS. — The transliteration of letters not Roman into those of the
Latin alphabet is a matter of some difficulty and uncertainty, as philologists
are not yet in agreement as to the rules. The only alphabet in regard to
which scholars nearly agree being the Greek one, the commonly adopted
system should be followed, and also in case of names derived from the
modern Greek language. In regard to the other alphabets, it is to be
recommended that in transliterating the spelling be as nearly phonetic as

5

66 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

possible, and in accordance with the sound indicated by the letters of the
Latin alphabet. This is to prevent such transliterations as yessoensis for
jessoensis, Chernik for Tschernik, y and ch having sounds in the Latin alpha-
bet different from those which they are intended to indicate in the above
words. There are two methods of transliterating the Russian alphabet.
One is by rendering the letters by the corresponding Latin letters, which
method should always be followed in geographical names, with the pro-
viso, however, that where the Russian name in the nominative case ends
with the letter * the ending Latinizing the word is to be appended to the
soft consonant preceding the ^: e. g., nom. Orloff (ending in Russian ffb),
gen. Orlovi, adject. Orlovianus, and not Orloffi, Orloffianus, this being
in conformity with the spirit of the Russian language, which has gen. Or-
lova. The other method of transliterating the Russian letters, much used
by Russians themselves, is to render them by the corresponding letters
of the Polish language. The alphabet of the latter is only quasi- Roman,
however, though most of the letters have the same value as the Roman let-
ters. This method of transliteration should only be resorted to when a Rus-
sian author is in the habit of so transliterating his own name, and it is known
to the scientific world in that form : for instance, Severzowi, and not
Severzovi, he himself invariably spelling his name Severzow when writing
it in Roman letters.

In regard to names derived from the Japanese language, it is to be re-
marked that the Japanese have now officially adopted a system of transliter-
ation according to the u Italian pronunciation," which should be followed.

In most modern alphabets which are based upon the Roman one occur
a few peculiar letters which have to be transliterated, as the Spanish nj the
French /, <?, d, and fy the German a, o, ii; the Scandinavian a, $ ; the
Slavonian c, etc. The Spanish n may be rendered by doubling the conso-
nant so marked, or by «*', according to circumstances ; the French /, 2, and
<2, simply by omitting the marks of accent, and q by s; the German a, <?,
and #, by ^, <z, and ue ; the Scandinavian a and 0, by ao and ce ; the Slavo-
nian c or cz, by tsch. However, if a name has a different but settled trans-
literation, this should be employed, as, for instance, Taczanowskii, and not
Tatschanovskii, as the person using such transliteration must be content to
have his name mispronounced, as in the case quoted, the usual pronunciation
being Takzanowski (and we have seen it Latinized by French authors into
Tackzanowskia /)• But what about names like Tetrao mlokosieiviczii, named
after an obscure forester somewhere in Russia ? The best recommendation
we can make is to avoid them altogether. Do not burden our nomenclature
with names of persons whom science does not know, or with names which
civilized people cannot read at sight, nor pronounce when read, nor remem-
ber when read and pronounced.

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 67

§ 14. Of the Description of Zoological Objects.

RECOMMENDATION V. When naming a new species or sub-
species, always give a diagnosis, as short as possible, but still
containing all the essential features by which the species or
subspecies may be distinguished from the other known mem-
bers of the genus to which it is referred. Base the diagnosis
on the type specimen, and indicate the museum where the type
is deposited, and the catalogue number by which it may be iden-
tified. Give a comparison with the nearest allied forms, and
tabulate, if possible, the characters of the new form in a ' key '
to the genus, or a section of it.

RECOMMENDATION VI. When establishing a new genus, al-
ways mention at least the family to which it is considered to
belong, and a single typical species ; give then the diagnostic
characters by which the members of the genus may be distin-
guished from those of the allied genera.

§ 15. Of the Bibliography of Names.

RECOMMENDATION VII. In preparing tables of bibliographi-
cal references in works of a revisionary or monographic charac-
ter, all published works which throw light upon the history of
the organisms in question are subject to citation.

REMARKS. — The object of such citation is twofold ; — (i) to afford a
guide to the literature of the subject ; (2) to show what name or combi-
nation of names is tenable for the organism under consideration, and the
authorities for such names.

RECOMMENDATION VIII. Citations are to be made in chrono-
logical order, the earliest name given to the organism standing
first, and the other designations following in due sequence ;
then under each designation are to be arranged, also in chrono-
logical order, the several works or papers which treat of the
organism under such designation. The date of publication is
always to be made a part of the citation.

68 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE.

REMARKS. — The pre-Linnaean or early historical references are thus
separated from the noraenclatural or synonymatic, on which, however, the lat-
ter often depend, and are therefore historically important. All bibliographi-
cal references are in a measure historical, but a distinction has been made
between such as are strictly historical and those mainly biological. While
it may be impracticable to separate them into distinct series, it will greatly
facilitate the labor of later students of the group if authors will indicate the
character of the knowledge conveyed in the work cited by a brief parentheti-
cal statement following the citation, as biographical, descriptive, embryo-
logical, monographic, geographical distribution, etc., as the case may be, —
a practice already adopted by some writers. The extent to which biblio-
graphical references may be profitably cited will vary with the nature of the
work in hand, but in works of a monographic character, they should include
all essential works, whether relating to the status of names, or to the
development, relationship, habits, or distribution of the organism under
consideration.

Since pre-Linnaean authors are necessarily subject to citation, although
their names of groups are untenable (unless later adopted by binomial writ-
ers), the relation of their work to the science becomes duly recognized, and
they acquire such credit as the character of their work may entitle them to
receive. Much has been said on the score of justice in relation to the early
authors; and it has been claimed that to ignore their names of groups in our
nomenclature is to do them great injustice. Your Committee, however, begs
leave to submit, as already stated under Canon XIV., that the matter of jus-
tice or injustice in relation to authors is not to be considered in matters of
nomenclature, which should be based exclusively on certain general prin-
ciples of utility, convenience, and practicability. In ever)' historical resumt
of our knowledge of particular groups or species, every author who has con-
tributed to our knowledge, whether pre-Linnaean or modern, polynomial or
binomial, receives his due modicum of recognition, meted in proportion to
the merit of his endeavors. So that he is not only recognized in biblio-
graphical citation, but in every sketch of the progress of our knowledge of
the organisms about which he may have written.

RECOMMENDATION IX. When the diagnostic characters or
the limits of a group have been changed, such change should be
shown by an abridged indication of the character of the change,
as ' mut. char.,' ' pro parte,' to follow the citation.

§ 1 6. Of ttte Selection of Vernacular Names,

RECOMMENDATION X. Vernacular names, though having no
standing in scientific nomenclature, and being not strictly sub-

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 69

ject to the law of priority, have still an importance that demands
the due exercise of care in their selection, especially with refer-
ence to their fitness and desirability.

REMARKS- — It not infrequently happens that well-known, abundant, and
familiar species have several nearly equally familiar vernacular designations,
in which case the most euphonious and otherwise most fitting should be
selected and given prominence. In the case of two equally unobjectionable
names, the earliest should be given preference. In general, vernacular names
may well be selected on the auctorum plurimorutn principle.

Since many species known to science are without vernacular names, oth-
erwise than unknown barbarous ones, and since it is necessary, or at least
desirable, sooner or later to supply them with vernacular designations, these
should be as far as possible formed by translating, or in part adopting, the
technical names of science ; and authors of monographic works, like, for
example, the British Museum * Catalogue of Birds,' or faunal works, like
many which might be named, (but which unfortunately in too many cases
ignore vernacular names,) would do their fellow naturalists, and through
them the public, a favor by considerately supplying vernacular designations
to species, particularly in such departments of Zoology as Mammalogy and
Ornithology, and indeed Vertebrates generally, together with the better known
or more exemplary forms among Invertebrates.

CHECK-LIST

OF

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

ACCORDING TO THE CANONS OF NOMENCLATURE

OF THE

AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION.

CHECK-LIST.1

ORDER PYGOPODES. DIVING BIRDS.

SUBORDER PODICIPEDES. GREBES.
FAMILY PODIOIPID^J. GREBES.

GENUS JECHMOPHORUS COUES.

jEchmophorus COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. April, 1862, 229. Type,
Podiceps Occident alis LAWR.

1. 2Echmophonis occidentalis (LAWR.).

Western Grebe.

Podiceps occidentalis LAWR. in BAIRD'S B. N. Am. 1858, 894.
jEchmophorus occidentalis COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 229.

[B 704, C 608, R 729, C 845.]
HABITAT. Western North America, eastward to Manitoba.

GENUS COLYMEUS LINN^US.

Colymbus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 135. Type, by elimination,
Colymbus cr is tat us LINN.

SUBGENUS COLYMBUS.

2. Colymbus holbcellii (REINH.).

Holbcell's Grebe.

Podiceps holbcellii REINH. Vid. Med. 1853, 76.

Colymbus holbcellii RIDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 428.

1 For a detailed statement of the scope and plan of the present Check- List of
North- American Birds, see anted,, pp. 14, 15.

74 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[6702, C6io, R73i, C847-]

HAB. North America at large, including Greenland. Also Eastern
Siberia, and southward to Japan. Breeds in high latitudes, migrating
south in winter.

SUBGENUS BYTES KAUP.

Dytes KAUP, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 49. Type, Colymbus au-
ritus LINN.

3. Colymbus auritus LINN.

Horned Grebe.

Colymbus auritus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 135.
[B 706, C 611, R 732, C 848.]

HAB. Northern Hemisphere. Breeds from the Northern United
States northward.

4. Colymbus nigricollis californicus (HEERM.).

American Eared Grebe.

Podiceps californicus HEERM. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 179.
Colymbus nigricollis californicus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, 356.

[B7o7, C 612, R 733*, C 850.]

HAB. Northern and Western North America, from the Mississippi
Valley westward.

SUBGENUS PODICEPS LATHAM.

Podiceps LATH. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 780. Type, by elimination, Co-
lymbus jlumatilis TUNST.

5. Colymbus dominions LINN.

St. Domingo Grebe.

Colymbus dominicus LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 223.
[B7o8tf, C6i3, R734, C85i.]

HAB. Texas and Southern California southward through Tropical
America to Paraguay, including the West Indies.

ORDER PYGOPODES. 75

GENUS PODILYMBUS LESSON.

Podilymbus LES s . Traite, 1.1831,595. Type, Colymbu spodiceps LINN.

i

6. Fodilymbus podiceps (LINN.).

Pied-billed Grebe.

Colymbus podiceps LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 136.
Podilymbus podiceps LAWR. in BAIRD'S B. N. Am. 1858, 898.

[B 709, C 614, R 735, C 852.]

HAB. British Provinces southward to Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and
Chili, including the West Indies and the Bermudas, breeding nearly
throughout its range.

SUBORDER CEPPHI. LOONS AND AUKS.
FAMILY URINATORID^E. LOONS.

GENUS URINATOR CUVIER.
Urinator Cuv. Anat. Comp. I. 1799, tobl. ii. Type, Colymbus imber

GUNN.

7. Urinator imber (GUNN.).

Loon.

Colymbus imber GUXXERUS, Trondh. Selsk. Skr. I. 1761, pi. iii.
Urinator imber STEJX. Orn. Expl. Kamtschat. 1885, 313.

[B 698, C 605, R 736, C 840.]

HAB. Northern part of Northern Hemisphere. In North America
breeds from the northern tier of States northward ; ranges in winter
south to the Gulf of Mexico.

8. Urinator adamsii (GRAY).

Yellow-billed Loon.

Colymbus adamsii GRAY, P. Z. S. 1859, 167.

Urinator adamsii STEJX. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 43.

76 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B — , C 605 a, R 737, C 841.]

HAB. Arctic America, west of Hudson's Bay. Casual in Northern
Europe and Asia.

9. Urinator arcticus (LINN.).

Black-throated Loon.

Colymbus arcticiis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 135.
Urinator arcticus STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 43.

[B 699, C 606, R 738, C 842.]

HAB. Northern part of the Northern Hemisphere. In North Amer-
ica migrating south in winter to the Northern United States.

10. Urinator pacificus (LAWR.).

Pacific Loon.

Colymbus pacificus LAWR. in BAIRD'S B. N. Am. 1858, 889.
Urinator pacificus STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 43.

[B7oo, C6o60, R739, €843.]

HAB. Pacific coast of North America, south in winter to Cape
St. Lucas and Guadalupe Island.

11. Urinator lumme (GUNN.).

Red-throated Loon.

Colymbus lumme GUNN. Trond. Selsk. Skr. I. 1761, pi. ii. fig. 2.
Urinator lumme STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 43.

[B 701, C 607, R 740, C 844.]

HAB. Northern part of Northern Hemisphere, migrating southward
in winter nearly across the United States.

FAMILY ALCIDJE. AUKS, MURRES, AND PUFFINS.
SUBFAMILY FRATERCULINuSJ. PUFFINS.

GENUS LUNDA PALLAS.

Lunda PALL. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 363. Type, Alca cirrhata
PALL.

ORDER PYGOPODES. 77

12. Lunda cirrhata PALL.

Tufted Puffin.

A lea cirrhata PALL. Spic. Zool. V. 1769, 7, pi. i., pi. ii. figs. I, 2, 3.
Lunda cirrhata PALL. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1826, 363, pi. 82.

[B 712, 716, C 619, R 745, C 856.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific from California to
Alaska, and from Japan to Bering's Strait. Accidental on the coast
of Maine.

GENUS FRATERCULA BRISSON.
Fratercula BRISS. Orn. VI. 1760, 81. Type, A lea arctica LINN.

13. Fratercula arctica (LINN.).

Puffin.

A lea arctica LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 13.
Fratercula arctica SCHAFFER, Mus. Orn. 1789, 61.

[B7i5,C6i8, R743, C854.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, breeding on the
North American coast from the Bay of Fundy northward. South in
winter to Long Island, and casually further.

13 a. Fratercula arctica glacialis (TEMM.).

Large-billed Puffin.

Mormon glacialis "LEACH," TEMM. Man. d'Orn. 2d ed. II. 1820, 933.
Fratercula arctica $ glacialis BLASIUS, List B. Europ. 1862, 24.

[B7i4, C6i80, R 743 <*, C 855.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the Arctic Ocean, from Spitzbergen to
Baffin's Bay.

14. Fratercula corniculata (NATJM.).

Horned Puffin.

4

Mormon corniculata NAUM. Isis, 1821, 782, pi. vii. figs. 3, 4.
Fratercula corniculata BRANDT, Bull. Ac. St. Pdtersb. II. 1837, 348.

[B 713, C 617, R 744, C 853.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from the Kurile
Islands to Sitka.

78 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

SUBFAMILY PHALERIN2E. AUKLETS, MURRELETS, GUILLEMOTS.

GENUS CERORHINCA BONAPARTE.

Cerorhinca BONAP. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1828, 427. Type, C. occidentalis
BP. = A lea monocerata PALL.

15. Cerorhinca monocerata (PALL.).

Rhinoceros Auklet.

Alca monocerata PALL. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 362.
Cerorhina monocerata CASS. in BAIRD'S B. N. Am. 1858, 905.

[B 717, 718, C 620, R 746, C 857.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, breeding southward
to California and Japan ; in winter, southward to Lower California.

GENUS PTYCHORAMPHUS BRANDT.

Ptychoramphus BRANDT, Bull. Ac. St. Pdtersb. II. 1837, 347. Type,
Uria aleutica PALL.

16. Ptychoramphus aleuticus (PALL.).

Cassin's Auklet.

Uria aleutica PALL. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1726, 370.
Ptychoramphus aleuticus BRANDT, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. II. 1837,
347-

[B 724, C 625, R 751, C 862.]

HAB. Pacific coast of North America, from the Aleutian Islands to
San Diego, breeding southward to the Farallones.

GENUS CYCLORRHYNCHUS KAUP.

Cyclorrhynchus KAUP, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thiervv. 1829, 15. Type, Alca
psittacula PALL.

17. Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus (PALL.).

Paroquet Auklet.

Alca psittacula PALL. Spic. Zool. V. 1760, 13, pi. ii., pi. v. figs. 4-6.
Cyclorhynchus psittaculus STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. Aug. 5,
1884, 216.

ORDER PYGOPODES. 79

[B 725, C 621, R 747, C 858.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from the Aleutian
and Kurile Islands northward.

GENUS SIMORHYNCHTTS MERREM.
SUBGENUS SIMORHYNCHUS.

Simorhynchus MERREM, in ERSCH & GRUBER'S Encycl. i sect. II.
1819, 405. Type, Alca cristatella PALL.

18. Simorhynchus cristateUus (PALL.).

Crested Auklet

Alca cristatella PALL. Spic. Zool. V. 1769, 20. pi. Hi., pi. v. figs. 7-9.
Simorhynchus cristateUus BONAP. Compt. Rend. XLII. 1856, 774.

[B 7 19, 720, C 622, R 748, C 859.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Kadiak and
Japan northward.

SUBGENUS PHALERIS TEMMINCK.

Phaleris TEMM. Man. Orn. 1820, p. cxii. Type, by elimination, Alca
pygmcea GMEL.

39. Simorhynchus pygmaeus (GMEL.).

Whiskered Auklet.

Alca pygmcea GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 555.

Simorhynchus pygmaus BRANDT, Mel. Biol. VII. 1869, 222.

[B 72 1, C 623, R 749, C 860.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Unalashka
through the Aleutian chain to Kamtschatka.

SUBGENUS CICERONIA REICHENBACH

Ciceronia REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. iii. Type, Phaleris microceros
BRANDT = Uria pusilla PALL.

20. Simorhynchus pusillus (PALL.).

Least Auklet.

Uria pusilla PALL. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 373, pi. 70.
Simorhynchus pusillus COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 324.

80 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B722, 723,0 624, R 750, C86l.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan
northward to Bering's Strait.

GENUS SYNTHLIBORAMFHUS BRANDT.

Synthliboramphus BRANDT, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. II. 1837, 347.
Type, A lea antiqua GMEL.

21. Synthliboramphus antiquus (GMEL.).

Ancient Murrelet.

Alca antiqua GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 554.

Synthliboramphus antiquus BRANDT, Bull. Ac. St. Pdtersb. II. 1837,
347-

[B 734, 736, C 627, R 753, 759, C 864, 870.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan
northward. Accidental in Wisconsin.

22. Synthliboramphus wumizusume (TEMM.).

Temminck's Murrelet.

Uria wumizusume TEMM. PI. Col. 1838, 579.

Synthliborhamphus 'wumizusume REICH. Vollst. Naturg. Vog. Na-
tatores, 1845, pi. iv. fig. 31.

[B 737, C 628, R 754, C 865.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Washington
Territory northward, and Japan.

GENUS BRACHYRAMFHUS BRANDT.

Brachyramphus BRANDT, Bull. Ac. St. Pe"tersb. II. 1837, 346. Type,
Colymbus marmoratus GMEL.

23. Brachyramphus marmoratus (GMEL.).

Marbled Murrelet.

Colymbus marmoratus GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 583.
Brachyramphus marmoratus BRANDT, Bull. Ac. St. Pe*tersb. II.
, 346.

[B 732, 733, C 629, R 755, C 866.]

ORDER PYGOPODES. 8 1

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific ; on the American
coast from San Diego northward, and breeding as far south as Van-
couver Island.

24. Brachyramphus kittlitzii BRANDT.

Kittlitz's Murrelet.

Brachyramphus kittlitzii BRANDT, Bull. Ac. St. Pe*tersb. II. 1837, 346.

[B 735> C 63o, R 756, C 867.]
HAB. Kamtschatka and Aleutian Islands, east to Unalashka.

25. Brachyramphus hypoleucus XANTUS.

Xautus's Murrelet.

Brachyrhamphus hypoleucus XANTUS, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Nov.
1859, 299.

[B -, C -, R 757, C 868.]

HAB. Coast of Southern California, from San Diego to Cape
St. Lucas.

26. Brachyramphus craveri (SALVAD.).

Craveri's Murrelet.

Uria craveri SALVAD. Atti Soc. It Sc. Nat. VIII. 1866, Estr. p. 17.
Brachyrhamphus craverii COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 66.

[B — , C — , R 758, C 869.]
HAB. Island of Natividad, Gulf of California.

GENUS CEPPHUS PALLAS.

Cepphus PALL. Spic. Zool. V. 1769, 33. Type, C. lacteolus PALL.
= C. grylle, albino.

27. Cepphus grylle (LINN.).

Black Guillemot.

A lea grylle LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 130.

Cepphus grylle BREHM, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 987.

[B 726, part, C 631, part, R 760, /arf, C 871, /<»*.]

HAB. Coasts of Northern Europe, south to Denmark and the Brit-
ish Islands. Coast of Maine, south in winter to Philadelphia ; New-
foundland (?).

6

82 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

28. Cepphus mandtii (LIGHT.).

Mandt's Guillemot.

Uria mandtii LIGHT, in MANDT'S Obs. I tin. Dissert. 1822, 30.
Cepphus mandtii BP. Cat. Parzud. 1856, 12.

[B 7 2 6, /#/-/, C 631, part, R 76o,/^r/, C 8 71,

HAB. Arctic regions of both continents ; south on the Atlantic
coast of North America in winter to New Jersey, breeding to Hud-
son's Bay and Labrador ; Alaskan coast, south, in winter, to Norton
Sound.

29. Cepphus columba PALL.

Pigeon Guillemot.

Cepphus columba PALL. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 348.
[B 727, C 632, R 761, C 872.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, southward from
Bering's Strait to Northern Japan and Southern California.

SUBFAMILY ALCINu®. AUKS AND MURRES.

GENUS URIA BRISSON.

Uria BRISS. Orn. VI. 1760, 70. Type, by elimination, Colymbus
troile LINN.

30. Uria troile (LINN.).

Murre.

Colymbus troile LINN. Faun. Suec. ed. 1761, 52; S. N. ed. 12, I.

1766, 220.
Uria troile LATH. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 796.

[B 729, 730, C 634, R 763, C 874.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, southward on the
coast of North America, in winter, to Southern New England ; breeding
from Nova Scotia northward.

30 a. Uria troile californica (BRYANT).

California Murre.

Catarractes californicus BRYANT, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1861, 11, figs. 3, 5.
Uria troile californica RIDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 483.

ORDER PYGOPODES. 83

[B — , C — , R 763 a, C 875-]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, breeding from Cali-
fornia north to the Prybilof Islands.

31. Una lomvia (LINN.).

Briinnich's Murre.

A lea lomvia LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 130.

Uria lomvia BRYANT, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. VIII. May, 1861, 75.

[B 73 1, C 635, R764*, C876.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic and Eastern Arctic
Oceans ; south on the Atlantic coast of North America to New Jersey,
breeding from the Gulf of St. Lawrence northward.

31 a. Uria lomvia arra (PALL.).

Pallas's Murre.

Cepphus arra PALL. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 347.

Uria lomvia arra RIDGW. Water B. N. Am. It. Sept. 1884, 485.

[B -, C -, R 764, C -.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific and Western Arctic
Oceans.

GENUS ALGA LINNAEUS.

Alca LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 130. Type, by elimination, A lea
torda LINN.

32. Alca torda LINN.

Razor-billed Auk.

Alca torda LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 130.

[B7n, C6i6, R742, C877.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, south in winter on
the North American coast to Southern New England.

GENUS PLATTTUS BRUNNICH.
Plautus BRUNN. Zool. Fund. 1772, 78. Type, Alca impennis LINN.

84 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

33. Plautus impennis (LINN.).

Great Auk.

Alca impennis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 130.

Plautus impennis STEENSTR. Vid. Med. Nat. For. Kjyb. 1855, 114.

[B 710, C 615, R 741, C 878.]

HAB. Formerly the coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, from
Massachusetts and Ireland northward nearly to the Arctic Circle.
Believed to be now extinct.

SUBFAMILY ALLINJE. DOVEKIES.

GENUS ALLE LINK.

Alle LINK, Beschr. Nat. Samml. Univ. Rostock, I. 1806, 17. Type,
Alca alle LINN.

34. Alle alle (LINN.).

Dovekie.

Alca alle LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 131.

Alle alle STEJNEGER, Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, 69.

[B 738, C 626, R 752, C 863.]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic and Eastern Arctic
Oceans ; in North America south in winter to New Jersey ; breeds in
high northern latitudes.

ORDER LONGIPENNES. LONG-WINGED
SWIMMERS.

FAMILY STERCORARIIDJE. SKUAS AND JAEGERS.

GENUS MEGALESTRIS BONAPARTE.

Megalestris BONAP. Cat. Parzudaki, 1856, n. Type, Catharacta skua
BRUNN.

ORDER LONGIPENNES. 85

35. Megalestris skua (BRUNN.).

Skua.

Catharacta skua BRUNN. Orn. Bor. 1764, 33.

Megalestris skua RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Sept 4, 1880, 208.

[B 652, C 539, R 696, C 764-]

HAB. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, chiefly northward.
South to Spain and Massachusetts. Apparently rare on the coast of
North America.

GENUS STERCORARIUS BRISSON.

Stercorarius BRISS. Orn. V. 1760, 149. Type, Larus parasiticus
Lixx.

36. Stercorarius pomarinus (TEMM.).

Pomarine Jaeger.

Larus pomarinus TEMM. Man. d'Orn. 1815, 514.

Stercorarius pomarinus VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. XXXII. 1819, 158.

[B 653, C 540, R 697, C 765.]

HAB. Seas and inland waters of northern portions of the Northern
Hemisphere, south in winter to Africa and Australia, and probably
South America. Not known to occur in winter on the Atlantic coast
of North America north of Long Island.

37. Stercorarius parasiticus (LINN.).

Parasitic Jaeger.

Larus parasiticus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 136.
Stercorarius parasiticus SCHAFF. Mus. Orn. 1789, 62, pi. 37.

[B 654, C 541, R 698, C 766.]

HAB. Northern part of Northern Hemisphere, southward in winter
to South Africa and South America. Breeds in high northern dis-
tricts, and winters from the Middle States and California southward
to Brazil and Chili.

38. Stercorarius longicaudus VIEILL.

Long-tailed Jaeger.

Stercorarius longicaudus VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. XXXII. 1819, 157.

86 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B 655, C 542, R 699, C 767.]

HAB. Northern part of Northern Hemisphere, breeding in high
northern districts ; south in winter to the Gulf of Mexico.

FAMILY LABID^I. GULLS AND TERNS.
SUBFAMILY LARINJE. GULLS.

GENUS GAVIA BOIE.

Gavia BOIE, Isis, 1822, 563. Type, Larus eburneus PHIPPS = La-
rus albus GUNN.

39. Gavia alba (GUNN.).

Ivory Gull.

Larus albus GUNN. in LEEM'S Beskr. Finm. Lapp. 1 767, 285.
Gavia alba STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 39.

[B 676, 677, C 550, R 657, C 785.]

HAB. Arctic Seas, south in winter on the Atlantic coast of North
America to Labrador and Newfoundland, casually to New Brunswick,
and on the Pacific side to Bering's Sea.

GENUS RISSA STEPHENS.

Rissa "LEACH," STEPH. Gen. Zool. XIII. 1825, 180. Type, Larus
tridactylus LINN.

40. Rissa tridactyla (LINN.).

Kittiwake.

Larus tridactylus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 136.
Rissa tridactyla BONAP. Comp. List, 1838, 62.

[B 672, C 552, R 658, C 782.]

HAB. Arctic regions, south in Eastern North America in winter to
the Great Lakes and the Middle States.

40 a. Rissa tridactyla pollicaris RIDGW.

Pacific Kittiwake.

Rissa tridactyla pollicaris " STEJN. MS." RIDGW. Water B. N. Am.
II. 1884, 202.

ORDER LONGIPENNES. 87

[B— , C 5520, R 658 *, 0783.]
HAB. Coasts of North Pacific and Bering's Sea.

41. Rissa brevirostris (BRUCH).

Red-legged Kittiwake.

Larus brevirostris BRUCH, J. f. O. 1853, 103.

Rissa bremrostris LAWR. in BAIRD'S B. N. Am. 1858, 855.

[B 674, 675, C 553, R 659, C 784.]
HAB. Coast and islands of Bering's Sea.

GENUS LARUS LINN^US.

Larus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 136. Type, by elimination, L.
canus LINN.

42. Larus glaucus BRUNN.

Glaucous Gull.

Larus glaucus BRUNN. Orn. Bor. 1764, 44.

[B 656, C 543, R 660, C 768.]

HAB. Arctic regions, south in winter in North America to the
Great Lakes and Long Island. North Pacific.

43. Larus leucopterus FABER.

Iceland Gull.

Larus leucopterus FABER, Prodr. Isl. Orn. 1822, 91.
[B 658, C 544, R 661, C 769.]

HAB. Arctic regions, south in winter in North America to Massa-
chusetts, occasionally much further south.

44. Larus glaucescens NAUM.

Glaucous-winged Gull.

Larus glaucescens NAUM. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. X. 1840, 351.
[B657, 659, C545, R662, C77o.]

HAB. Pacific coast of North America, from Alaska south to Cali-
fornia ; on the Asiatic side south to Japan.

88 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

45. Larus kumlieni BREWST.

Kumlien's Gull.

Larus kumlieni BREWST. Bull. Nutb Orn. Club, VIII. 1883, 216.
[B -, C -, R -, C -.]

HAB. North Atlantic coast of North America, breeding in Cum-
berland Gulf ; south in winter to the coast of the Middle States.

46. Larus nelsoni HENSH.

Nelson's Gull.

Larus nelsoni HENSH. Auk, I. July, 1884, 250.

[B _ C - R -, C -.]
HAB. Coast of Norton Sound, Alaska.

47. Larus marinus LINN.

Great Black-backed Gull,

Lams marinus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 136.
[B 660, C 546, R 663, C 771.]

HAB. Coasts of the North Atlantic ; south in winter to Long Island
and Italy.

48. Larus schistisagus STEJN.

Slaty-backed Gull.

Larus schistisagus STEJN. Auk, I. July, 1884, 231.
[B — , C — , R — , C — .]

HAB. North Pacific, chiefly on the Asiatic side; Herald Island,
Arctic Ocean, and Alaska.

49. Larus occidentalis AUD.

Western Gull.

Larus occidentalis AUD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 32°-

[B 662, C 547 *,R 664,0774.]

HAB. Pacific coast of North America, breeding from Southern
California northward.

ORDER LONGIPENNES. 89

[50.] Lams affinis REINH.

Siberian Gull.
Larus affinis REINH. Vid. Med. 1853, 78.

[B - C - R 665, C 776-]

HAB. Greenland ; Asia and Europe, southward in winter to North
Africa.

51. Larus argentatus BRUNN.

Herring Gull

Larus argentatus BRUNN. Orn. Bor. 1764, 44.
[B - C 547, R 666, C 772.]

HAB. Old World, south to the Azores ; Cumberland Sound ; occa-
sional on the eastern coast of the United States.

51 a. Larus argentatus smithsonianus COUES.

American Herring Gull.

Larus smithsonianus COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 296.
Lams argentatus var. smithsonianus COUES, Check List, 1873,
no. 5470.

[B66i, C547*, R666tf, C 773-]

HAB. North America generally, breeding on the Atlantic coast
from Maine northward ; in winter south to Cuba and Lower California.

52. Larus cachinnans PALL.

Pallas's Gull.

Larus cachinnans PALL. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1826, 318.

[B — , C — , R 667, C 775.]

HAB. Asia, from the Red Sea to the Pacific and Arctic Oceans ;
coast of Alaska, south in winter to California.

53. Larus californicus LAWR.

California Gull.

Larus californicus LAWR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VI. 1854, 79.

[B663, C548tf, R668, 0777.]
HAB. Western Province of North America, from Alaska to Mexico.

QO CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

54. Larus delawarensis ORD.

Ring-billed Gull.

Larus delawarensis ORD, GUTHRIE'S Geog. 2cl Am. ed. 1815, 319.
[B 664, C 548, R 669, C 778.]

HAB. North America at large; south in winter to Cuba and
Mexico.

55. Larus brachyrhynchus RICH.

Short-billed Gull.

Larns brachyrhynchus RICH. F. B. A. II. 1831, 421.
[B 665, 673, C 549, R 670, C 780.]

HAB. Arctic America and Pacific coast, south in winter to Southern
California.

[56.] Larus canus LINN.

Mew Gull.

Larus canus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 136.
[B— C— R67T, C779.]
HAB. Europe and Asia ; accidental in Labrador.

57. Larus heermanni CASS.

Heermann's Gull.

Larus heermanni CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VI. 1852, 187.
[B666, C 551, R672, C 781.]

HAB. Pacific coast of North America, from British Columbia to
Panama.

58. Larus atricilla LINN.

Laughing Gull.

Larus atricilla LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 136.
[B 667, C 554, R 673, C 786.]

HAB. Eastern tropical and warm temperate America, chiefly along
the sea-coast, from Maine to Brazil ; Pacific coast of Middle America.

ORDER LONGIPENNES. 9!

59. Larus franklinii Sw. £ RICH.

Franklin's Gull.

Larus franklinii Sw. & RICH. F. B. A. II. 1831, 424, pi. 71.
[B 668, 669, C 555, R 674, C 787.]

HAB. Interior of North America, breeding chiefly north of the
United States ; south in winter to Central and South America.

60. Larus Philadelphia (ORD).

Bonaparte's Gull.

Sterna Philadelphia ORD, GUTHRIE'S Geog. 2d Am. ed. II. 1815, 319.
Larus Philadelphia GRAY, List Brit. B. 1863, 235.

[B 670, C 556, R 675, C 788.]

HAB. Whole of North America, breeding mostly north of the
United States ; south in winter to Mexico and Central America.

GENUS RHODOSTETHIA MACGILLIVRAY.

Rhodostethia MACGIL. Man. Brit. Orn. II. 1842, 253. Type, Larus
roseus MACGIL.

61. Rhodostethia rosea (MACGIL.).

Ross's Gull.

Larus roseus MACGIL. Mem. Wern. Soc. V. 1824, 249.
Rhodostethia rosea BONAP. Rev. Crit Orn. Eur. Degland, 1850, 201.

[B 678, C 557, R 676, C 789.]

HAB. Arctic regions ; Point Barrow, Alaska ; Melville Peninsula ;
England, Faroes, Heligoland, etc.

GENUS XEMA LEACH.

Xema " LEACH," Ross's Voy. App. 1819, p. Ivii. Type, Larus
sabinii SAB.

62. Xema sabinii (SAB.).

Sabine's Gull.

Larus sabinii}. SAB. Trans. Linn. Soc. XII. 1818, 520, pi. 29.
Xema sabini EDW. & BEVERL. App. Ross's Voy. Baff. Bay, 4to ed.
1819, Ivii.

Q2 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B 680, C 558, R 677) C 79o.]

HAB. Arctic regions ; in North America south in winter to New
York, the Great Lakes, and Great Salt Lake ; casual south to Peru.

SUBFAMILY STERNIN^E. TERNS.
GENUS GELOCHELIDON BREHM.

Gelochelidon BREHM, Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 774. Type, G.
meridionalis BREHM = Sterna nilotica HASSELQ.

63. Gelochelidon nilotica (HASSELQ.).

Gull-billed Tern.

Sterna nilotica HASSELQ. Reise nach Pal. Deutsche Ausg. 1762, 325.
Gelochelidon nilotica STEJN. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 366.

[B 681, C 560, R 679, C 792.]

HAB. Nearly cosmopolitan ; in North America chiefly along the
Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States.

GENUS STERNA LINNAEUS.

SUBGENUS THALASSEUS BOIE.

Thalasseus BOIE, Isis, 1822, 563. Type, Sterna caspia PALL. = S.
tschegrava LEPECH.

64. Sterna tschegrava LEPECH.

Caspian Tern.

Sterna tschegrava LEPECH. Nov. Comm. Petrop. XIV. 1770, 500,
pi. 13, fig. 2.

[B 682, C 561, R 680, C 793.]

HAB. Nearly cosmopolitan ; in North America breeding southward
to Virginia, Lake Michigan, Texas, Nevada, and California.

SUBGENUS ACTOCHELIDON KAUP.

Actochelidon KAUP, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 31. Type, Sterna
cantiaca GMEL. = S. sandvicensis GMEL.

ORDER LONGIPENNES. 93

65. Sterna maxima BODD.

Koyal Tern.

Sterna maxima BODD. Tabl. P. E. 1783, 58.

[B683, €562, R 681,0794.]

HAB. Tropical America, and warmer parts of North America, north-
ward to Massachusetts, the Great Lakes, and California. West coast
of Africa, north to Tangiers.

66. Sterna elegans GAME.

Elegant Tern.

Sterna elegans GAME. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. IV. 1848, 129.

[B 684, C 563, R 682, C 795.]
HAB. Pacific coast of America, from California to Chili.

67. Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida (CABOT).

Cabot's Tern.

Sterna acuflavida CABOT, Pr. Boston Soc. N. H. II. 1847, 257.
Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida RIDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884,
288.

[B 685, C 564, R 683, C 796.]

HAB. Tropical America, northward along the Atlantic coast, irregu-
larly, to Southern New England.

SUBGENUS STERNA

Sterna LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 137. Type, by elimination, S.
hirundo LINN.

[68.] Sterna trudeaui AUD.

Trudeau's Tern.

Sterna trudeaui AUD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, I25» pi- 4°9-
[B 687, C 571, R 684, C 802.]

HAB. Southern South America. Casual, or accidental, on the At-
lantic coast of the United States (New Jersey, Long Island).

94 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

69. Sterna forsteri NUTT.

Forster's Tern.

Sterna forsteri NUTT. Man. II. 1834, 274.

[B 691, 686, C 566, R 685, C 798.]

HAB. North America generally, breeding from Manitoba south-
ward to Virginia, Illinois, Texas, and California ; in winter southward
to Brazil.

70. Sterna hirundo LINN.

Common Tern.

Sterna hirundo LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 137.
[B 689, C 565, R 686, C 797.]

HAB. Greater part of the Northern Hemisphere and Africa. In
North America chiefly confined to the Eastern Province, breeding
from the Arctic coast, somewhat irregularly, to Florida and Texas, and
wintering northward to Virginia. Apparently not occurring in the
Pacific.

71. Sterna paradisaea BRUNN.

Arctic Tern.

Sterna paradisaa BRUNN. Orn. Bor. 1764, 46.

[B 690, 693, C 567, 568, R 687, C 799.]

HAB. Northern Hemisphere ; in North America breeding from
Massachusetts to the Arctic regions, and wintering southward to Vir-
ginia and California.

72. Sterna dougalli MONTAG.

Roseate Tern.

Sterna dougalli MONTAG. Orn. Diet. Suppl. 1813, — .
[B 692, C 569, R 688, C 800.]

HAB. Temperate and tropical regions ; north on the Atlantic coast
of North America to Massachusetts, and casually to Maine.

73. Sterna aleutica BAIRD.

Aleutian Tern.

Sterna aleutica BAIRD, Tr. Chicago Ac. Nat. Sci. I. 1869, 321,
pi. 31, fig. i.

ORDER LONGIPENNES. 95

[B -, C 572, R 689, C 803.]
HAB. Coast of Alaska from Kadiak to Norton Sound.

SUBGENUS STERNULA BOIE.
Sternula BOIE, Isis, 1822, 563. Type, Sterna minuta LINN.

74. Sterna antillarum (LESS.).

Least Tern.

Sternula antillarum LESS. Descr. Mam. et Ois. 1847, 2$6-
Sterna antillarum COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 552.

[B 694, C 570, R 690, C 801.]

HAB. Northern South America, northward to California and New
England, and casually to Labrador, breeding nearly throughout its
range.

SUBGENUS HALIFLANA WAGLER.
Haliplana WAGL. Isis, 1832, 1224. Type, Sterna fuliginosa GMEL.

75. Sterna fuliginosa GMEL.

Sooty Tern.

Sterna fuliginosa GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 605.
[B 688, C 573, R 691, C 804.]

HAB. Tropical and subtropical coasts of the globe. In America
from Chili to Western Mexico and the Carolinas, and casually to New
England.

[76.] Sterna ansethetus SCOP.

Bridled Tern.

Sterna antzthetus SCOP. Del. Faun, et Flor. Ins. II. 1786, no. 72, 92.

[B — , C 574, R 692, C 805.]
HAB. Tropical regions generally. Casual in Florida.

GENUS HYDRO CHELIDON BOIE.
Hydrochelidon BOIE, Isis, 1822, 563. Type, Sterna nigra LINN.

96 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

77. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (GMEL.).

Black Tern.

Sterna surinamensis GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 604.

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 40.

[B 695> C 575, R 693, C 806.]

HAB. Temperate and tropical America. From Alaska and the
Fur Countries to Chili, breeding from the Middle United States
northward.

[78.] Hydrochelidon leucoptera (MEISN. & SCHINZ).

White-winged Black Tern.

Sterna leucoptera MEISN. & SCHINZ, Vog. Schweiz, 1815, 264.
Hydrochelidon leucoptera BOIE, Isis, 1822, 563.

HAB. Eastern Hemisphere, accidental in North America (Wis-
consin).

GENUS ANOUS STEPHENS.

Anous STEPH. Gen. Zool. XIII. pt. i. 1826, 139. Type, Sterna sto-
lida LINN.

79. Anous stolidus (LINN.).

Noddy.

Sterna stolida LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 137.
Anous stolidus GRAY, List Gen. B. 1841, 100.

[B 696, C 576, R 695, C 808.]

HAB. Tropical and subtropical regions ; in America from Brazil
and Chili north to the Gulf and South Atlantic States.

FAMILY RYNCHOPHX^E. SKIMMERS.

GENUS RYNCHOPS LINN.
Rynchops LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 138. Type, R. nigra LINN.

ORDER TUBINARES. 97

80. Rynchops nigra LINN.

Black Skimmer.

Rynchops nigra LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 228.
[B 697, C 577, R 656, C 809.]

HAB. Warmer parts of America, north on the Atlantic coast to
New Jersey, and casually to the Bay of Fundy.

ORDER TUBINARES. TUBE-NOSED
SWIMMERS.

FAMILY DIOMEDEID-ffi. ALBATROSSES.

GENUS DIOMEDEA LINNAEUS.
Diomedea LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 132. Type, D. exulans LINN.

81. Diomedea nigripes AUD.

Black-footed Albatross.

Diomedea nigripes AUD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 327.

[B— , €579, R7oo, C8n.]
HAB. North Pacific, including west coast of North America.

82. Diomedea albatms PALL.

Short-tailed Albatross.

Diomedea albatrus PALL. Spic. Zool. V. 1769, 28.
[B 631, C 578, R 701, C 810.]

HAB. Pacific Ocean, including western coast of America, north-
ward to Bering's Sea.

GENUS THALASSOGERON RIDGWAY.

Thalassogeron RIDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 357- Type, Dio-
medea culminata GOULD.
7

98 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[83.] Thalassogeron culminatus (GOULD).

Yellow-nosed Albatross.

Diomedea culminata GOULD, P. Z. S. 1843, 107.

Thalassogeron culminatus RIDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 358.

[B 632, C — , R 702, C — .]

HAB. Indian and South Pacific Oceans : casual off the coast of
Oregon.

GENUS PHGEBETRIA REICHENBACH.

Phozbetria REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. v. Type, Diomedea fuliginosa
GMEL.

84. Phoebetria fuliginosa (GM.).

Sooty Albatross.

Diomedea fuliginosa GMEL. S N. I. ii. 1788. 568.
Phoebetria fuliginosa REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. v.

[B633, C 580, R 703, C8i2.]

HAB. Oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, northward to the coast
of Oregon.

FAMILY PROCELLARIIDJE. FULMARS AND SHEARWATERS.
SUBFAMILY PROCELLARIIN^E. FULMARS.

GENUS OSSIFRAGA. HOMBRON & JACQUINOT.

Ossifraga HOME. & JACQ. Compt. Rend XVIII. 1844, 356. Type,
Procellaria gigantea GMEL.

[85.] Ossifraga gigantea (GM.).

Giant Fulmar.

Procellaria gigantea GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 563.
Ossifraga gigantea REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv.

[B 634, C 581, R 704, C 813.]
HAB. Southern Oceans ; casual off the coast of Oregon.

ORDER TUBINARES. 99

GENUS FULMARUS STEPHENS.
SUBGENUS FULMARUS.

Fulmarus STEPHENS, Gen. Zool. XIII. pt i. 1826, 233. Type, Pro-
cellaria glacialis LINN.

86. Fulmarus glacialis (LINN.).

Fulmar.

Procellaria glacialis LINN. Faun. Suec. 2d ed. 1761, 51 ; S. N. ed. 12,

I. 1766, 213.
Fulmarus glacialis STEPH. Gen. Zool. XIII. pt. i. 1826, 234, pi. 27.

[B 635, C 582, R 705, C 814.]

HAB. North Atlantic, south on the American coast to Massa-
chusetts.

86 a. Fulmarus glacialis minor KJ^RBCELLING.

Lesser Fulmar.

Procellaria minor KJ^RB. Danm. Fugle, 1852, 324.
Fulmarus glacialis \>. minor BONAP. Consp. II. 1856, 187.

[B -, C -, R — , C — .]
HAB. North Atlantic.

86 b. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa STEJN.

Pacific Fulmar.

Fubnarus glacialis glupischa STEJN. Auk, I. July, 1884, 234.

[B636, €582 a, R 7050,0815.]
HAB. North Pacific, south on the American coast to Mexico.

. Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii (CASS.).

Rodgers's Fulmar.

Fulmarus rodgersii CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 290.
Fulmarus glacialis var. rodgersi COUES, Key, 1872, 327.

[B — , C 582 £, R 7053, C 816.]
HAB. Bering's Sea.

100 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

SUBGENUS PRIOCTiTiTiA. HOMBRON & JACQUINOT.

Priocella HOME. & JACQ. Compt. Rend. XVIII. 1844, 357. Type,
P. garnoti HOME. & JACQ. = Procellaria glacialoides SMITH.

87. Fulmarus glacialoides (SMITH).

Slender-billed Fulmar.

Procellaria glacialoides SMITH, Illustr. S. Afr. B. 1849 (?), t. 51.
Fulmarus glacialoides STEJN. Auk, 1884, p. 233.

[B 637, C 583, R 706, C 817.]

HAB. Seas of the Southern Hemisphere, and northward along Pa-
cific coast of North America.

GENUS PUFFINUS BRISSON.

Puffinus BRISS. Orn. VI. 1760, 131. Type, Procellaria puffinus
BRUNN.

88. Puffinus borealis CORY.

Cory's Shearwater.

Puffinus borealis CORY, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. April, 1881, 84.

[B — , C — , R — , C 888.]
HAB. Off the coast of Massachusetts.

89. Puffinus major FABER.

Greater Shearwater.

Puffinus major FABER, Prodr. Isl. Orn. 1822, 56.
[B 647, C 597, R 7°9> C 832.]

HAB. Atlantic Ocean; south to Cape Horn and Cape of Good
Hope.

[90.] Puffinus puffinus (BRUNN.).

Manx Shearwater.

Procellaria puffinus BRUNN. Orn. Bor. 1764, 29.
Puffinus puffinus LIGHT. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. 1854, 100.

[6649, C 599, R 711, C 834.]

HAB. North Atlantic, chiefly on the eastern side; accidental in
Greenland, and rare or casual off the North American coast (?).

ORDER TUBIKARES. , • - - /IOI

91. Puffinus creatopus COUES.

Pink-footed Shearwater.

Puffinus crealopus " COOPER, MS.," COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.
April, 1864, 131.

[B— , €598, R 710,0833.]

HAB. Pacific Ocean ; on the American coast from Lower California
to Juan Fernandez Islands.

92. Puffinus auduboni FINSCH.

Audubon's Shearwater.

Puffinus auduboni FINSCH, P. Z. S. 1872, in.

[6650, C 600, R 712, C 835.]
HAB. Warmer parts of the Atlantic, north casually to New Jersey.

93. Puffinus gavia (FORST.).

Black-vented Shearwater.

Procellaria gavia FORST. Descr. An. 1844, 148.
Puffinus gavia FINSCH, J. f. O. 1872, 256.

[B— ,C6oi, R7i3, C836.]
HAB. Pacific Ocean, chiefly southward ; coast of Lower California.

94. Puffinus Strickland! RIDGW.

Sooty Shearwater.

Puffitms stricklandi RIDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 390.

[B648, C6o2, R7i4, C 837.]

HAB. North Atlantic, south on the American coast to South
Carolina.

95. Puffinus griseus (GMEL.).

Dark-bodied Shearwater.

Procellaria grisea GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 564.
Puffinus griseus FINSCH, J. f. O. 1874, 209.

[B-, C6o3, R7i5, C838.]

HAB. South Pacific, north on the American coast to Lower Cali-
fornia.

IO2 ^^H^CfclJST A>F NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
96. Fuffinus tenuirostris (TEMM.).

Slender-billed Shearwater.

Procellaria tenuirostris TEMM. PI. Col. 1828, 587.
Puffinus tenuirostris TEMM. & SCHLEG. Faun. Jap. Aves, 1849, '31*
pi. 86.

[B— , C 604, R 7 16,0839.]

HAB. North Pacific j from Sitka to Kotzebue Sound on the Ameri-
can coast.

SUBGENUS PRIOFINUS HOMBRON & JACQUINOT.

Priofinus HOMBR. & JACQ. Compt. Rend. XVIII. 1844, 355. Type,
Procellaria cinerea GMEL.

[97.] Fuflmus cinereus (GMEL.).

Black-tailed Shearwater.

Procellaria cinerea GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 563.
Puffinus cinereus LAWR. in BAIRD'S B. N. Am. 1858, 835.

[B 651, C 595, R 707, C 830.]
HAB. South Pacific ; accidental off the coast of California.

GENUS JZESTRELATA BONAPARTE.

jEstrelata BONAP. Consp. II. 1856, 188. Type, Procellaria hasitata
KUHL.

[98.] -ffistrelata hasitata (KUHL).

Black-capped Petrel.

Procellaria hasitata KUHL, Mon. Proc. Beitr. Zool. i Abt. 1820, 142.
jEstrelata hcBsitata COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 139.

[B 638, C 585, R 717, C 819.]

HAB. Warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean, straying to Florida,
Long Island, England, and France.

[99.] .ffistrelata gularis (PEALE).

Peale's Petrel.

Procellaria gularis PEALE, Zool. U. S. Expl. Exp. 1848, 299.
(Estrelata gularis BREWST. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, IV. 1881, 94.

ORDER TUBINARES. IO3

[B-,C-, R-,C887.]
HAB. Antarctic Ocean ; accidental in Western New York.

100. JEstrelata fisheri RIDGW.

Fisher's PetreL
(Estrelata fisheri RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 26, 1883, 656-

[B — , C — , R — , C — .]
HAB. Coast of Alaska (Kadiak).

GENUS BULWERIA BONAPARTE.

Bulweria BONAP. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. 1842, 81. Type, Procellaria
bulweri JARD. & SELBY.

[101.] Bulweria bulweri QARD. & SELBY).

Bulwer's Petrel.

Procellaria bulweri JARD. & SELBY, Illustr. Orn. , pi. 65.

Bulweria bulweri BOUCARD, Cat. Av. 1876, 69.

[B— , C— , RyiS, C820.]

HAB. Eastern Atlantic, including coasts of Europe and Africa.
Accidental in Greenland.

•
GENUS DAFTION STEPHENS.

Daption STEPH. Gen. Zool. XIII. 1825, 239. Type, Procellaria
capensis LINN.

[102.] Daption capensis (LINN.).

Pintado Petrel.

Procellaria capensis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 132.
Daption capensis STEPH Gen. Zool. XIII. pt. i. 1825, 241.

[B639, C584, R7i9, C8i8.]

HAB. Oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, north to about latitude
25°. Accidental on the coasts of California and England.

GENUS HALOCYPTENA COUES.

Halocyptena COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. March, 1864, 78. Type,
H. microsoma COUES.

IO4 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

103. Halocyptena microsoma COUES.

Least Petrel.

Halocyptena microsoma COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 79.

[B— , C 586, R 720, C 82 1.]
HAB. Coast of Lower California.

GENUS FROCELLARIA LINN^US.

Procellaria LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 131. Type, by elimination,
P. pelagica LINN.

104. Procellaria pelagica LINN.

Stormy Petrel.

Procellaria pelagica LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 131.
[B 645, C 587, R 721, C 822.]

HAB. Atlantic Ocean, south on the American side to the New-
foundland Banks. West coast of Africa and coast of Europe.

GENUS OCEANODROMA REICHENBACH.

Oceanodroma REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv. Type, Procellaria fur-
cata GMEL.

105. Oceanodroma furcata (GMEL.).

Fork-tailed Petrel.

Procellaria furcata GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 561.
Oceanodroma furcata REICH. Syst. Av 1852, p. iv.

[B 640, C 591, R 726, C 826.]
HAB. North Pacific, south on the American coast to Oregon.

106. Oceanodroma leucorhoa (VIEILL.).

Leach's Petrel.

Procellaria leucorhoa VIEILL. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXV. 1817, 422.
Oceanodroma leucorhoa STEJN. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 97.

[B 642, C 588, R 72,3, C 823.]

ORDER TUBINARES. IO5

HAB. North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans ; south on the
coast of the United States to Virginia and California ; breeds from
Maine and the Hebrides northward on the coasts of the Atlantic.

107. Oceanodroma melania (BONAP.).

Black Petrel.

Procellaria melania BONAP. Compt. Rend. XXVIII. 1854, 662.
Oceanodroma melania STEJN. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 371.

[B — C 589, R 724, C 824.]
HAB. South Pacific, northward to Lower California.

108. Oceanodroma homochroa (Couzs).

Ashy Petrel.

Cymochorea homochroa COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 77.
Oceanodroma homochroa RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat Mus. VIII. 1885, 356.

[B 643, C 590, R 725, C 825.]
HAB. Coast of California.

SUBFAMILY OCBANITIN^.

GENUS OCEANITES KEYSERLING & BLASIUS.

Oceanites KEYS. & BLAS. Wirb. Eur. I. 1840, xciii. Type, Procel-
laria oceanica KUHL.

109. Oceanites oceanicus (KUHL).

AVilson's Petrel.

Procellaria oceanica KUHL, Beitr. Zool. Mon. Proc. 1820, 136, pi. 10,

fig. i.
Oceanites oceanica LIGHT. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. 1854, 99.

[B 644, C 593, R 722, C 828.]
HAB. North and South Atlantic and Southern Oceans.

GENUS CYMODROMA RIDGWAY.

Cymodroma RIDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 418. Type, Procel-
laria grallaria VIEILL.

106 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[110.] Cymodroma grallaria (VIEILL.).

White-bellied Petrel.

Procellaria grallaria VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. XXVI. 1817, 418.
Cymodroma grallaria RIDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 419.

[B 646, C 594, R 728, C 829.]
HAB. Tropical oceans generally; accidental on the coast of Florida.

GENUS PELAGODROMA REICHENBACH.

Pelagodroma REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv. Type, Procellaria ma-
rina LATH.

[111.] Pelagodroma marina (LATH.).

White-faced Petrel.

Procellaria marina LATH. Ind. Orn. II. ii. 1790, 826.
Pelagodroma marina REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv.

[B - C -, R -, C -.]

HAB. South Atlantic, and Southern Seas. Casual off the coast of
Massachusetts.

ORDER STEGANOPODES. TOTIPALMATE
SWIMMERS.

FAMILY PHAETHONTIDJS. TROPIC BIRDS.

GENUS PHAETHON LINN^US.
Phaethon LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 134. Type, P. athereus LINN.

112. Phaethon flavirostris BRANDT.
Yellow-billed Tropic Bird.

Phaethon flavirostris BRANDT, Bull. Ac. St. Pdtersb. II. 1837, 349-

ORDER STEGANOPODES. IO/

[B 629, C 538, R 654, C 763.]

HAB. West Indies and Atlantic coast of Central America, north to
Florida ; accidental in Western New York. Samoan Islands.

113. Fhaethon aethereus LINN.

Red-billed Tropic Bird.

Phaethon athereus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 134.
[B — , C — , R 655, C 762.]

HAB. Coasts of tropical America, north on the Pacific coast to
Lower California ; accidental on the Newfoundland Banks.

FAMILY SULIDJ3. GANNETS.

GENUS SULA BRISSON.

SUBGENUS SULA.

Sula BRISS. Orn. VI. 1760, 495. Type, by elimination, Pelecanus
sula LINN.

[114] Sula cyanops SUND.

Blue-faced Booby.

Dysporus cyanops SUXD. Phys. Tidskr. Lund, 1837, pt. 5.
Sula cyanops SUND. Isis, 1842, 858.

[B-,C_, R65i,C-.]

HAB. South Pacific, West Indies* and northward to Southern
Florida.

115. Sula sula (LINN.).

Booby.

Pelecanus sula LINN. Syst. Nat. 12 ed. I. 1766, 218.
Sula sula RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 356.

[B 618, C 525, R 652, C 747.]
HAB. Coasts of tropical and subtropical America, north to Georgia.

108 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[116.] Sula piscator (LINN.).

Red-footed Booby.

Pelecanus piscator LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 134.
Sula piscator BONAP. Consp. II. 1857, 166.

[B — , C — , R 653, C — .]

HAB. Coast and islands of tropical and subtropical seas, north to
Western Mexico and Florida.

SUBGENUS DYSPORUS ILLIGER.

Dysporus ILLIG. Prodr. 1811, 279. Type, by elimination, Pelecanus
bassanus LINN.

117. Sula bassana (LINN.).

Gannet.

Pelecanus bassanus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 133.
Sula bassana BOIE, Isis, 1822, p. 563.

[B 617, C 524, R 650, C 746.]

HAB. Coasts of the North Atlantic, south in winter to the Gulf
of Mexico and Africa ; breeds from Nova Scotia and the British
Islands northward.

FAMILY ANHINGID^E. DARTERS.

GENUS ANHINGA BRISSON.

Anhinga BRISSON, Orn. VI. 1760, 476. Type, Anhinga MARCGR.
— Plottts anhinga LINN.

118. Anhinga anhinga (LINN.).

Anhinga.

Plotus anhinga LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 218.
Anhinga anhinga STEJN. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, J93-

[B 628, C 536, R 649, C 760.]

HAB. Tropical and subtropical America, north to the Carolinas
and the mouth of the Ohio River.

ORDER STEGANOPODES. IOQ

FAMILY PHALACROCORACID^. CORMORANTS.

GENUS PHALACROCORAX BRISSON.

SUBGENUS PHALACROCORAX.

Phalacrocorax BRISS. Orn. VI. 1760, 511. Type, Pelecanus carbo
LINN.

119. Phalacrocorax carbo (LINN.).

Cormorant.

Pelecanus carbo LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 133.
Phalacrocorax carbo CUVIER, Regne Animal, I. 1817, 524.

[B 620, C 528, R 642, C 750.]

HAB. Coasts of the North Atlantic, south in winter on the coast
of the United States, casually, to the Carolinas ; breeding (formerly)
from Massachusetts northward.

120. Phalacrocorax dilophus (Sw. & RICH.).

Double-crested Cormorant.

Pelecanus (Carbo} dilophus Sw. & RICH. F. B. A. II. 1831, 473.
Phalacrocorax dilophus NUTT. Man. II. 1834, 483.

[6623, C 530, R 643, C 751.]

HAB. Eastern coast of North America, breeding from the Bay of
Fundy northward ; southward in the interior to the Great Lakes and
Wisconsin.

120 a. Phalacrocorax dilophus floridanus (Aim).

Florida Cormorant.

Phalacrocorax floridanus AUD. Orn. Biog. III. 1835, 387.
Phalacrocorax dilophus floridanus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III.
Aug. 24, 1880, 205.

[B 624, C 5300, R 643 rt, C 753.]

HAB. Coast of the South Atlantic and Gulf States, northward in
the Mississippi Valley to Southern Illinois.

IIO CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

120 £. Phalacrocorax dilophus cincinatus (BRANDT).

White-crested Cormorant.

Carbo cincinatus BRANDT, Bull. Sc. Ac. St. Pe'tersb. III. 1838, 55.
Phalacrocorax dilophus cincinnatus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III.
Aug. 24, 1880, 205.

[6622, C 529, R 643^,0752.]
HAB. West coast of North America, south in winter to California.

120 c. Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus RIDGW.

Farallone Cormorant.

Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus RIDGW. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
II. Apr. 10, 1884, 94.

[B — , C — , R — , C -.]

HAB. Coast of California, south to Cape St. Lucas and Revilla-
Gigedo Islands.

121. Phalacrocorax mexicanus (BRANDT).

Mexican Cormorant.

Carbo mexicanus BRANDT, Bull. Sc. Ac. St. Pe'tersb. III. 1838, 55.
Phalacrocorax mexicanus SCL. & SALV. Nom. Neotr. 1873, 124.

[B625, C 531, R 644, C 754.]

HAB. West Indies, South and Central America to Southern United
States ; north in the interior to Kansas and Southern Illinois.

SUBGENUS COMFSOHALIETJS RIDGWAY.

Compsohalieus RIDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 145. Type, Carbo
penicillatus BRANDT.

122. Phalacrocorax penicillatus (BRANDT).

Brandt's Cormorant.

Carbo penicillatus BRANDT, Bull. Sc. Ac. St. Pe'tersb III. 1838, 55.
Phalacrocorax penicillatus HEERM. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII.
1854, 178.

[B 626, C 532, R 645, C 755.]

ORDER STEGANOPODES. Ill

HAB. Pacific coast of North America, from Cape St. Lucas to
Washington Territory.

SUBGENUS URILE BONAPARTE.
Urile BONAP. Consp. II. 1856, 175. Type, Pelecanus urile GMEL.

123. Fhalacrocorax pelagicus PALL.

Pelagic Cormorant.

Phalacrocorax pelagicus PALL. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1826, 303.
[B_,C- R- C-.]

HAB. Aleutian and Kurile Islands, and Kamtschatka, south to
Japan.

123 a. Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus RIDGW.

Violet -green Cormorant.

Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus RIDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884,
1 60.

[B 627, C 535, R 646, C 758.]

HAB. Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound to Sitka.
123 £. Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens (Aim.).

Baird's Cormorant.

Phalacrocorax resplendens AUD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839. H^-
Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens RIDGW. Water B. N. Am. I.
1884, 1 60.

[B- C- R 646 *, 0759.]

HAB. Pacific coast of North America, from Washington Territory
south to Cape St. Lucas and Mazatlan.

124. Phalacrocorax urile (GMEL.).

Red-faced Cormorant.

Pelecamis urile GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 575.
Phalacrocorax urile RIDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 162.

[B — , C 534, R 647, C 757.]
HAB. Prybilof and Aleutian Islands, and coast of Kamtschatka.

112 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

FAMILY PELECANLDJE. PELICANS.

GENUS FELECANUS LINN^US.

Pelecanus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 132. Type, by elimination, P.
onocrotalus LINN.

SUBGENUS CYRTOPELICANUS REICHENBACH.

Cyrtopelicanus REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. vii. Type, Pelecanus ery-
throrhynchos GMEL.

125. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos GMEL.

American White Pelican.

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 571.
[B 615, C 526, R 640, C 748.]

HAB. Temperate North America, north in the interior to about
Lat. 61°, south to Central America ; now rare or accidental in the
Northeastern States ; abundant in the Middle Province and along the
Gulf coast ; common on the coast of California and Western Mexico.

SUBGENUS LEPTOPELICANUS REICHENBACH.

Leptopelicanus REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. vii. Type, Pelecanus fuscus
LINN.

126. Pelecanus fuscus LINN.

Brown Pelican.

Pelecanus fuscus LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 215.
[B 616, C 527, R 641, C 749-]

HAB. Atlantic coast of tropical and subtropical America, north on
the Atlantic coast to North Carolina; accidental in Illinois.

127. Pelecanus californicus RIDGW.

California Brown Pelican.

Pelecanus (fuscus?} californicus RIDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884,

143-
P\elecanus'\ californicus RIDGW. 1. c.

ORDER ANSERES. 113

HAB. Pacific coast, from San Francisco to Cape St. Lucas, and
probably to Mexico and Central America.

FAMILY FREGATIDJE. MAN-O'-WAR BIRDS.

GENUS FREGATA CUVIER.

Fregata Cuv. Leg. d'Anat. Comp. I. 1799-1800, tab. ii. Type, Pele-

canus aquilus Lixx.

128. Fregata aquila (LINN.).

Man-o'-War Bird.

Pelecanus aquilus Lixx. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 133.
Fregata aquila REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. vi.

[B 619, C 537, R 639, C 761.]

HAB. Tropical and subtropical coasts generally ; in America, north
to Florida, Texas, and California, and casually on the Atlantic coast
to Nova Scotia.

ORDER ANSERES. LAMELLIROSTRAL
SWIMMERS.

FAMILY ANATID-ZE. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS.
SUBFAMILY MERGINJE. MERGANSERS.

GENUS MERGANSER BRISSON.

Merganser BRISS. Orn. V 1 . 1 760, 230. Type, Mergus merganser LINN.
129. Merganser americanus (CASS.).

American Merganser.

Mergus americanus CASSIX, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VI. 1853, 187.
Merganser americanus STEJN. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 177.

8

114 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B6u, C 521, R636, C 743.]

HAB. North America generally, breeding south to the Northern
United States.

130. Merganser serrator (LINN.).

Red-breasted Merganser.

Mergus serrator LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 129.
Merganser serrator SCHAFFER, Mus. Orn. 1789, 66.

[B 612, C 522, R 637, C 744.]

HAB. Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere ; south, in win-
ter, throughout the United States.

GENUS LOPHODYTES REICHENBACH.

Lophodytes REICHENBACH, Syst. Av. 1852, p. ix. Type, Mergus
cucullatus LINN.

131. Lophodytes cucullatus (LINN.).

Hooded Merganser.

Mergus cucullatus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 129.
Lophodytes cucullatus REICHENBACH, Syst. Av. 1852, p. ix.

[B 613, C 523, R 638, C 745-]

HAB. North America generally, south to Mexico and Cuba, breed-
ing nearly throughout its range.

SUBFAMILY ANATINuE. RIVER DUCKS.

GENUS ANAS LINNAEUS.
Anas LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 122. Type, A. boschas LINN.

132. Anas boschas LINN.

Mallard.

Anas boschas LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 127.
[B 576, C 488, R 601, C 707.]

HAB. Northern parts of Northern Hemisphere ; in America south
to Panama and Cuba, breeding southward to the Northern United
States.

ORDER ANSERES. 115

133. Anas obscura GMEL.

Black Duck.

Anas obscura GMEL. S. N. I. 1788, 541.

[B 577, C 489^ R 602, C 708.]

HAB. Eastern North America, west to Utah and Texas, north to
Labrador, breeding southward to the Northern United States.

134. Anas fulvigula RIDGW.

Florida Duck.

Anas obscura \nr.fulvtgula RIDGW. Am. Nat. VIII. Feb. 1874, in.
Anas fulvigula RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 203.

[B — , C 489 a, R 603, C 709.]
HAB. Florida; Kansas.

SUBGENUS CHAULELASMUS BONAPARTE.

Chaulelasmus BONAP. Comp. List, 1838, 56. Type, Anas strepera
LINN.

135. Anas strepera LINN.

Gadwall.

Anas strepera LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 125.
[B 584, C 491, R 604, C 711.]

HAB. Nearly cosmopolitan. In North America breeds chiefly
within the United States.

SUBGENUS MARECA STEPHENS.

Mareca STEPHENS, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 130. Type, Anas
penelope LINN.

136. Anas penelope LINN.

Widgeon.

Anas penelope LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 126.
[B 586, C 492, R 606, C 712.]

HAB. Northern parts of the Old World. In North America breeds
in the Aleutian Islands, and occurs occasionally in the Eastern United
States.

Il6 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

137. Anas americana GMEL.

Baldpate.

Anas americana GMELIN, S. N. I. 1788, 526.

[B 585, C 493, * 607,0713.]

HAB. North America, from the Arctic Ocean south to Guatemala
and Cuba.

SUBGENUS NETTION KAUP.

Nettion KAUP, Sk. Ent. Europ. Thierw. 1829, 95. Type, Anas
crecca LINN.

[138.] Anas crecca LINN.

European Teal.
Anas crecca LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 126.

[B 580, C 494, £611,0714.]

HAB. Northern parts of the Old World. Casual in Eastern North
America and the Aleutian Islands.

139. Anas carolinensis GMELIN.

Green- winged Teal.

Anas carolinensis GMEL. S. N. I. 1788, 533.

[B 579, C 495, R 612, C 715.]

HAB. North America, breeding chiefly north of the United States,
and migrating south to Honduras and Cuba.

SUBGENUS QUERQUEDULA STEPHENS.

. Querquedula STEPHENS, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 142. Type,
Anas querquedula LINN.

140. Anas discors LINN.

Blue-winged Teal.

Anas discors LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 205.
[B 581, C 496, R 609, C 716.]

HAB. North America in general, but chiefly the Eastern Province ;
north to Alaska, and south to the West Indies and Northern South
America ; breeds from the Northern United States northward.

ORDER ANSERES. 117

141. Anas cyanoptera VIEILL.

Cinnamon Teal.

Anas cyanoptera VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. V. 1816, 104.
[6582,0497.^610,0717.]

HAB. Western America from Columbia River south to Chili, Pata-
gonia, and Falkland Islands ; east in North America to the Rocky
Mountains ; casual in the Mississippi Valley.

GENUS SPATULA BOIE.
Spatula Bom, I sis, 1822, 564. Type, Anas clypeata LINN.

142. Spatula clypeata (LINN.).

Shoveller.

Anas clypeata LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 124.
Spatula clypeata BOIE, I sis, 1822, 564.

[B 583, C 498, R 608, C 718.]

HAB. Northern Hemisphere. In North America breeding from
Alaska to Texas ; not abundant on the Atlantic coast.

GENUS DAFILA STEPHENS.
Dafila STEPHENS, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 126.

143. Dafila acuta (LINN.).

Pintail.

Anas acuta LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 126.
Dafila acuta BONAP. Comp. List, 1838, 56.

[B 578, C 490, R 6°5, Cyio.]

HAB. Northern Hemisphere. In North America breeds from the
northern parts of the United States northward, and migrates south to
Panama and Cuba.

GENUS AIX BOIE.
Aix BOIE, Isis, 1828, 329. Type, Anas sponsa LINN.

Il8 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

144. Aix sponsa (LINN.).

Wood Duck.

Anas sponsa LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 128.
Aix sponsa BONAP. Comp. List, 1838, 57.

[B 587, C 499, R 613,0719.]
HAB. Temperate North America, breeding throughout its range.

GENUS NETTA KAUP.

Netta KAUP, Sk. Ent. Europ. Thierw. 1829, 102. Type, Anas rufina
PALL.

[145.] Netta rufina (PALL.).

Rufous-crested Duck.

Anas rufina PALL. It. II. App. 1773, 731. •

Netta rufina RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B — C — , R — C 886.]
HAB. Eastern Hemisphere ; accidental in Eastern United States.

GENUS AYTHYA BOIE.

Ay thy a BOIE, Isis, 1822, 564. Type, by elimination, Anas ferina
LINN.

146. Aythya americana (£YT.).

Redhead.

Fuligula americana EYTON, Monogr. Anat. 1838, 155.
Aythya americana BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 793.

[B 591, C 593, R 618, C 733.]

HAB. North America, breeding from California and Maine north-
ward.

147. Aythya vallisneria (WILS.).

Canvas-back.

Anas vallisneria WILSON, Am. Orn. VIII. 1814, 103.
Aythya valisneria BOIE, Isis, 1826, 980.

ORDER ANSERES. 1 19

[B 592, C 504, R 617, C 724.]

HAB. Nearly all of North America, breeding from the Northwest-
ern States northward to Alaska.

SUBGENUS FULIGULA STEPHENS.

Fitligula STEPHENS, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 187. Type, by
elimination, Anas fitligula LINN.

148. Aythya marila nearctica STEJN.

American Scaup Duck.

Aythya marila nearctica STEJN. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 161.

[B 588, C 500, R 614, C 720.]
HAB. North America, breeding far north.

149. Aythya affinis (£YT.).

Lesser Scaup Duck.

Fuligula affinis EYT. Mon. Anat. 1838, 157.

Aythya affinis STEJN. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 161.

[B 589, C 501, R 615, C 721.]

HAB. North America in general, breeding chiefly north of the
United States, migrating south to Guatemala and the West Indies.

150. Aythya collaris (DONOV.).

Ring-necked Duck.

Anas collaris DONOV. Br. Birds, VI. 1809, pi. 147.

Aythya collaris RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 356.

[B 590, C 502, R 616, C 722.]

HAB. North America, breeding far north and migrating south to
Guatemala and the West Indies.

GENUS GLAUCIONETTA STEJNEGER.

Glaucionetta STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 409. Type,
Anas clangula LINN.

120 CHECK- LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

151. Glaucionetta clangula americana (BONAP.).

American Golden-eye.

Clangula americana BONAP. Comp. List, 1838, 58.
Glaucionetta clangula americana STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, 409.

[B 593, C 505, R 620, C 725.]

HAB. North America, breeding from Maine and the British Prov-
inces northward; in winter, south to Cuba.

152. Glaucionetta islandica (GMEL.).

Barrow's Golden-eye.

Anas islandica GMEL. S. N. I. 1788, 541.

Glaucionetta islandica STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 409.

[B 594, C 506, R 619, C 726.]

HAB. Northern North America, south in winter to New York, Illi-
nois, and Utah ; breeding from the Gulf of St. Lawrence northward,
and south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado ; Greenland ; Iceland.

GENUS CHARITONETTA STEJN EGER.

Charitonetta STEJN. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 163. Type, Anas
albeola LINN.

153. Charitonetta albeola (LINN.).

Buffle-head.

Anas albeola LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I. 1758, 124.
Charitonetta albeola STEJN. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 166.

[B 595, C 507, R 621, C 727.]

HAB. North America ; south in winter to Cuba and Mexico.
Breeds from Maine northward, through the Fur Countries and Alaska.

GENUS CLANGULA LEACH.

Clangula LEACH, in Ross's Voy. Disc. 1819, App. p. xlviii. Type,
Anas glacialis LINN.

154. Clangula hyemalis (LINN.).

Old-squaw.

Anas hyemalis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 126.

Clangula hiemalis BREHM, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 933.

ORDER ANSERES. 121

[B 597, C 508, R 623, C 728.]

HAB. Northern Hemisphere ; in North America south to the Poto-
mac and the Ohio ; breeds far northward.

GENUS mSTRIONICUS LESSON.

Histrionicus LESSON, Man. d'Orn. II. 1828, 415. Type, Anas histri-
onica LINN.

155. Histrionicus histrionicus (LINN.).

Harlequin Duck.

Anas hislrionica LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 127.
Histrionicus histrionicus BOUCARD, Cat. Av. 1876, 60.

[6596, C 510, R622, C 730.]

HAB. Northern North America, breeding from Newfoundland, the
Northern Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada, northward ; south
in winter to the Middle States and California ; Eastern Asia ; Iceland.

GENUS CAMPTOLAIMUS GRAY.
Camptolaimus GRAY, List Gen. 1841, 95. Type, Anas labradoria GM.

156. Camptolaimus labradorius (GMEL.).

Labrador Duck.

Anas labradoria GMEL. S. N. I. 1788, 537.
Camptolaimus labradorus GRAY, List Gen. 1841, 95.

[B6oo, C5io, R624, C 730.]

HAB. Formerly Northern Atlantic coast, from New Jersey (in
winter) northward, breeding from Labrador northward. Now ex-
tremely rare, and perhaps extinct.

GENUS ENICONETTA GRAY.
Eniconetta GRAY, List Gen. 1840, 75. Type, Anas stelleri PALL.

157. Eniconetta stelleri (PALL.).

Steller»s Duck.

Anas stelleri PALL. Spicil. Zool. VI. 1769, 35.
Eniconetta stelleri GRAY, List Gen. 1840, 75.

122 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[BS98, C 5n, R 625, C73I.]
HAB. Arctic and subarctic coasts of the Northern Hemisphere.

GENUS ARCTONETTA GRAY.
Arctonetta GRAY, P. Z. S. 1855, 12. Type, Fuligula fischeri BRANDT.

158. Arctonetta fischeri (BRANDT).

Spectacled Eider.

Fuligula fischeri BRANDT, Me"m. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 1849, 6> Io-
Arctonetta fischeri BLAKISTON, Ibis, 1863, 150.

[B 599, C 512, R 626, C 732.]
HAB. Coast of Alaska, north to Point Barrow.

GENUS SOMATERIA LEACH.
SUBGENUS SOMATERIA.

Somateria LEACH, in Ross's Voy. Disc. 1819, App. p. xlviii. Type,
Anas mollissima LINN.

159. Somateria mollissima (LINN.).

Eider.

Anas mollissima LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 124.
Somateria mollissima BOIE, Isis, 1822. 564.

[B 6o6,/rtr/, C 513, part, R 627, C 733.]

HAB. Northern Europe and Northeastern North America, includ-
ing Greenland and Northern Labrador; south in winter on the Atlan-
tic coast to Maine.

160. Somateria dresseri SHARPE.

American Eider.

Somateria dresseri SHARPE, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. July, 1871, 51.
[B 606, part, C 513,/^r/, R 627^ C 734.]

HAB. Atlantic coast of North America, from Maine to Labrador ;
south in winter to the Delaware.

ORDER ANSERES. 123

161. Somateria v-nigra GRAY.

Pacific Eider.
Somaieria v-nigra GRAY, P. Z. S. 1855, 212.

[B6o7, C5i4, R 628, C735.]

HAB. Coasts of the North Pacific ; in the interior to the Great
Slave Lake district, and in Eastern Siberia.

SUBGENUS ERIONBTTA COUES.

Erionetta COUES, Key N. A. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 709. Type, Anas
spectabilis LINN.

162. Somateria spectabilis (LINN.).

King Eider.

Anas spectabilis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 123.

Somateria spectabilis LEACH, in Ross's Voy. Disc. 1819, App. p. xlviii.

[B6o8, 0515, R629, C 736.]

HAB. Northern part of Northern Hemisphere, breeding in the Arc-
tic regions ; in North America south casually in winter to New Jersey
and the Great Lakes.

GENUS OIDEMIA FLEMING.
SUBGENUS OIDEMIA.

Oidemia FLEMING, Philos. Zool. II. 1822, 260. Type, by elimination,
Anas nigra LINN.

163. Oidemia americana Sw. & RICH.

American Scoter.

Oidemia americana Sw. & RICH. Faun. Bor. Araer. II. 1831, 450.
[B6o4, C5i6, R63o, C 737.]

HAB. Coasts and larger lakes of Northern North America ; breeds
in Labrador and the northern interior ; south in winter to New Jersey,
the Great Lakes, and California.

SUBGENUS MELANITTA BOIE.

Melanitta BOIE, Isis, 1822, 564. Type, by elimination, Anas fusca
LINN.

124 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[164.] Oidemia fusca (LINN,).

Velvet Scoter.

Anas fusca LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 123.

Oidemia fusca STEPHENS, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 216.

[B— ,C — , R63i,C— .]

HAB. Northern Old World ; accidental (?) in Alaska and Green-
land.

165. Oidemia deglandi BONAP.

White-winged Scoter.

Oidemia deglandi BONAP. Rev. Crit. de 1'Orn. Europ. de Dr. Degl.,
1850, 108.

[B6oi, €517, R 632, €738.]

HAB. Northern North America, breeding in Labrador and the Fur
Countries ; south in winter to the Middle States, Southern Illinois, and
Southern California.

SUBGENUS PELIONETTA KAUP.

Pelionetta KAUP, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 107. Type, Anas
perspicillatus LINN.

166. Oidemia perspicillata (LINN.).

Surf Scoter.

Anas perspicillata LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 125.

Oidemia perspicillata STEPHENS, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 219.

[B 602, 603, C 518, 518 a, R 633, C 739, 740.]

HAB. Coasts and larger inland waters of Northern North America ;
in winter south to the Carolinas, the Ohio River, and Lower California.

GENUS ERISMATURA BONAPARTE.

Erismatura BONAP. Saggio Distr. Meth. 1832, 143. Type, Anas
rubidus WILS.

167. Erismatura rubida (WILS.).

Ruddy Duck.

Anas rubidus WILSON. Am. Orn. VIII. 1814, 128.
Erismatura rubida BONAP. Comp. List, 1838, 59.

ORDER ANSERES. 12$

[B 609, €519, R 634, C 741.]

HAB. North America in general, south to Cuba, Guatemala, and
Northern South America, breeding throughout most of its North Amer-
ican range.

GENUS NOMONYX RIDGWAY.

Nomonyx RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. II. 1880, 15. Type, Anas
dominica LINN.

[168.] Nomonyx dominicus (LINN.).

Masked Duck.

Anas dominica LINN. S. N. ed. 12, 1766, 201.

Nomonyx dominicus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. II. 1880, 15.

[B 6 10, C 520, R 635, C 742.]

HAB. Tropical America; accidental in Eastern North America
(Wisconsin ; Lake Champlain).

SUBFAMILY ANSERINE. GEESE.

GENUS CHEN BOIE.
Chen BOIE, Isis, 1822, 563. Type, Anser hyperboreus PALL.

169. Chen hyperborea (PALL.).

Lesser Snow Goose.

Anser hyperboreus PALL. Spicil. Zool. VI. 1769, 25.
Chen hyperborea BOIE, Isis, 1822, 563.

[B — , C 480 a, R 591 a, C 696.]

HAB. Pacific coast to the Mississippi Valley, breeding in Alaska-
south in winter to Southern Illinois and Southern California.

169 a. Chen hyperborea nivalis (FORST.).

Greater Snow Goose.

Anas nivalis FORSTER, Philos. Trans. LXII. 1772, 413.

Chen hyperboreus nivalis RIDGW. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. II. 1884, 107.

[B 563, C 480, R 591, C 695.]

126 CHECK- LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

HAB. North America, breeding far north, and migrating south in
winter, chiefly along the Atlantic coast, reaching Cuba.

170. Chen rossii (BAIRD).
Ross's Snow Goose.

Anser rossii " BAIRD MSS.," CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 73.
Chen rossii RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 203.

[B— ,C48i, RS92, C697.]

HAB. Arctic America in summer, Pacific coast to Southern Cali-
fornia in winter.

GENUS ANSER BRISSON.

Anser BRISSON, Orn. VI. 1760, 261. Type, Anas anser LINN.
[171.] Anser albifrons (GM.).

White-fronted Goose.

Anas albifrons GMEL. S. N. I. 1788, 509.

Anser albifrons BECHST. Gem. Naturg. Deutschl. IV. 1809, 898.

[B -, C -, R 593, C 692.]
HAB. Northern parts of Eastern Hemisphere and Greenland.

171 a. Anser albifrons gambeli (HARTL.).

American White-fronted Goose.

Anser gambeli HARTLAUB, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1852, 7.
Anser albifrons var. gambeli COUES, Key, 1872, 282.

[B 565, 566, C 478, R 593 a, C 693.]

HAB. North America, breeding far northward ; in winter south to
Mexico and Cuba.

GENUS BRANTA SCOPOLI.

Branta SCOPOLI, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. 1769, 67. Type, Anas bernicla
LINN.

172. Branta canadensis (LINN.).

Canada Goose.

Anas canadensis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 123.

Branta canadensis BANNISTER, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 131.

ORDER ANSERES. I2/

[B 567, C 485, R 594, C 702.]

HAB. Temperate North America, breeding in the Northern United
States and British Provinces ; south in winter to Mexico.

172 a. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Sw. & RICH.).

Hutchins's Goose.

Anser hutchinsii Sw. & RICH. Faun. Bor. Am. II. 1831, 470.
Branta canadsnsis var. hutchinsii COUES, Key, 1872, 284.

[6569, C 485^, R594*, Cyo*]

HAB. North America, breeding in the Arctic regions, and mi
grating south in winter, chiefly through the Western United States
and Mississippi Valley ; Eastern Asia.

172 b. Branta canadensis occidentalis (BAIRD).

White-cheeked Goosa

Bernicla occidentalis BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 766.
Branta canadensis occidentalis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, 355-

[B 567^,0— , R 594 <-,(:—.]

HAB. Pacific coast region, from Sitka south, in winter, to Cali-
fornia.

172 c. Branta canadensis minima RIDGW.

Cackling Goose.

Branta minima RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. No. 2, April 20,

1885, 23.
Branta canadensis minima RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885,

355-

[B 568, C 485 *, R 594 £, C 7<>3,/*<l

HAB. Coast of Alaska, migrating southward into the Western
United States, east to Wisconsin.

173. Branta bernicla (LINN.).

Brant.

Anas bernicla LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 124.
Branta bernicla SCOPOLI, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. 1769, 67.

[B 570, C 484, R 595, C 700.]

1,28 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

HAB. Northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere ; in North Amer-
ica chiefly on the Atlantic coast; rare in the interior, or away from
salt water.

174. Branta nigricans (LAWR.).

Black Brant.

Anser nigricans LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y. IV. 1846, 171.
Branta nigricans BANNISTER, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 131.

[8571, C—,R 596, C 701.]

HAB. Arctic and Western North America ; rare or casual in the
Atlantic States.

[175.] Branta leucopsis (BECHST.).

Barnacle Goose.

Anas leucopsis BECHSTEIN, Orn. Taschb. Deutschl. 1803, 424.
Branta leucopsis BANNISTER, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 131.

[B 572, C 483, R 597; C 699.]

HAB. Northern parts of the Old World ; casual in Eastern North
America.

GENUS FHILACTE BANNISTER.

Philacte BANNISTER, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 131. Type, Anas
canagica SEVAST.

176. Philacte canagica (SEVAST.).

Emperor Goose.

Anas canagica SEVASTIANOFF, N. Act. Petrop. XIII. 1800, 346.
Philacte canagica BANNISTER, Pr. Ac. Nat Sci. Phila. 1870, 131.

[B 573, C 482, R 598, C 698.]
HAB. Coast and islands of Alaska.

GENUS DENDROCYGNA SWAINSON.

Dendrocygna SWAINSON, Classif. Birds, II. 1837, 365. Type, Anas
arcuata Cuv.

ORDER ANSERES. I2Q

177. Dendrocygna autumnalis (LINN.).

Black-bellied Tree-duck.

Anas autumnalis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 127.
Dendrocygna autumnalis EYTON, Monogr. Anat. 1838, 109.

[B 574, C 487, R 599, C 706.]

HAB. Southwestern border of the United States and southward
(Mexico, West Indies, etc.).

178. Dendrocygna fulva (GMEL.).

Fulvous Tree-duck.

Anas fulva GMEL. S. N. I. 1788, 530.

Dendrocygna fulva BURMEISTER, Reise durch die La Plata Staaten,
1856, 515.

[B 575, C 486, R 600, C 705.]

HAB. Southern border of the United States (Louisiana, Texas,
Nevada, California) and southward.

SUBFAMILY CYGNIN^B. SWANS.

GENUS OLOR WAGLER.
Olor WAGLER, Isis, 1832, 1234. Type, Anas cygnus LINN.

[179.] Olor cygnus (LINN.).

Whooping Swan.

Anas cygnus LINN. S. N. ed. ro, I. 1758, 122.

Olor cygnus BONAPARTE, Catal. Parzudaki, 1856, 15.

[B — , C — , R 586, C 690.]
HAB. Europe and Asia ; Greenland.

180. Olor columbianus (ORD).

Whistling Swan.

Anas columbianus ORD, in GUTHRIE'S Geogr. 2d Am. ed. 1815, 319.
Olor columbianus STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 210.

[B 561 bis, C 477, R 588, C 689.]

HAB. The whole of North America, breeding far north.

9

130 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

181. Olor buccinator (RICH.).

Trumpeter Swan.

Cygnus buccinator RICHARDS. Fauna Bor. Am. I. 1831, 464.
Olor buccinator WAGLER, Isis, 1832, 1234.

[B 562, C 476, R 589, C 688.]

HAB. Chiefly the interior of North America, from the Gulf coast
to the Fur Countries, breeding from Iowa and Dakota northward j west
to the Pacific coast, but rare or casual on the Atlantic.

ORDER ODONTOGLOSS^E. LAMELLIROS-
TRAL GRALLATORES.

FAMILY PHCENICOPTERID^I. FLAMINGOES.

GENUS PHCENICOPTERUS LINN.

Phosnicopterus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 139. Type, P. ruder
LINN.

182. Fhcenicopterus ruber LINN.

American Flamingo

Phosnicopterus ruber LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 139.
[B 502, C 475, R 585, C 687.]

HAB. Atlantic coasts of subtropical and tropical America ; Flor-
ida Keys.

ORDER HERODIONES. 131

ORDER HERODIONES. HERONS, STORKS,
IBISES, ETC.

SUBORDER IBIDES. SPOONBILLS AND IBISES.

FAMILY PLATALEIDJE. SPOONBILLS.

GENUS AJAJA REICH.
Ajaja REICH. Handb. 1852, p. xvi. Type, Platalea ajaja LINN.

183. Ajaja ajaja (LINN.).

Roseate Spoonbill.

Platalea ajaja LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758. 140.
Ajaja ajaja BOUCARD, Cat. Av. 1876, 54.

(B 501, C 488, R 505, C 653.)

HAB. Southern United States southward to the Falkland Islands
and Patagonia.

FAMILY IBIDID-^E. IBISES.

GENUS GUARA REICHENBACH.
Guara REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xiv. Type, Tantalus ruder LINN.

184. Guara alba (LINN.).

White Tbis.

Scolopax alba LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 145.
Guara alba STEJN. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, 9.

[B 499, C 446, R 501, C 651.]

HAB. South Atlantic and Gulf States southward to the West In-
dies and Northern South America ; casually on the Atlantic coast to

132 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Long Island; in the interior to the Lower Ohio Valley and Great
Salt Lake.

[185.] G-uara rubra (LINN.).

Scarlet Ibis.

Tantalus ruber LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 241.
Guara rubra REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xiv.

[B 498, C 447, R 5°2> C 652.]

HAB. Florida, Louisiana (?), and Texas, southward to the West
Indies and Northern South America. No record of its recent occur-
rence in the United States.

GENUS PLEGADIS KAUP.

Plegadis KAUP, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. 1829, 82. Type, Tantalus falci-
nellus LINN. = Tringa autumnalis HASSELQ.

186. Plegadis autumnalis (HASSELQ.).

Glossy Ibis.

Tringa autumnalis HASSELQUIST, Reise nach Palast. Deutsche Ausg.

1762, 306.
Plegadis autumnalis STEJN. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, 160.

[B 500, C 445.. R 5°3> C 649.]

HAB. Northern Old World, West Indies, and Eastern United
States. Only locally abundant, and of irregular distribution in America.

187. Plegadis guarauna (LINN.).

White-faced Glossy Ibis.

Scolopax guarauna LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 242.

Plegadis guarauna RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. I. Oct. 2, 1878, 163.

[B — , C 445 ^ 445 *&> R 5°4, C 650.]

HAB. Western United States (Texas, Utah, Nevada, Oregon, Cali-
fornia, etc.), southward to Mexico, West Indies, and Central and South
America.

ORDER HERODIONES. 133

SUBORDER CICONI/E. STORKS, ETC.

FAMILY CICONIIDJE. STORKS AND WOOD IBISES.

SUBFAMILY TANTALIN^B. WOOD IBISES.

GENUS TANTALUS LINN^US.
Tantalus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 140- Type, T. loculator LINN.

188. Tantalus loculator LINN.

Wood Ibis.

Tantalus loculator LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 140.
[B 497. C 444, R 5°°> C 648.]

HAB. Southern United States, from the Ohio Valley, Colorado,
Utah, California, etc., south to Buenos Ayres ; casually northward to
Pennsylvania and New York.

SUBFAMILY CICONIIN^j. STORKS.

GENUS MYCTERIA LINNAEUS.
Mycteria LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 140. Type, M. americana LINN.

[189.] Mycteria americana LINN.

Jabiru.

Mycteria americana LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 140.

[B— , C 448 to", R 499, C 654.]
HAB. Tropical America, north casually to Southern Texas.

134 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

SUBORDER HERODII. HERONS, EGRETS, BITTERNS, ETC.

FAMILY ARDEIDJE. HERONS, BITTERNS, ETC.

SUBFAMILY BOTAURIN^E. BITTERNS.

GENUS BOTAURITS HERMANN.

SUBGENUS BOTAURUS.

Botaurus HERMANN, Tabl. Affin. Anim. 1783, 135. Type, Ardea
stellaris LINN.

190. Botaurus lentiginosus (MONTAG.).

American Bittern.

Ardea hntiginosa MONTAG. Orn. Diet. Suppl. 1813, — .
Botaurus lentiginosus STEPH. Gen. Zool. XI. ii. 1819, 592.

[B 492, C 460, R 497, C 666.]

HAB. Temperate North America, south to Guatemala and the West
Indies.

SUBGENUS ARDETTA GRAY.

Ardetta GRAY, List Gen. B. App. 1842, 13. Type, Ardea minuta
LINN.

191. Botaurus exilis (GMEL.).

Least Bittern.

Ardea exilis GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 645.
Botaurus exilis REICHENOW, }. f. O. 1877, 244.

[B 491, C 461, R 498, C 667.]

HAB. Temperate North America, from the British Provinces to
the West Indies and Brazil.

ORDER HERODIONES. 135

SUBFAMILY ARDEINJE. HERONS AND EGRETS.

GENUS ARDEA LINN.
SUBGENUS ARDEA.

Ardea LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 141. Type, by elimination, A.
cinerea LINN.

192. Ardea occidentalis AUD.

Great White Heron.

Ardea occidentalis AUD. Orn. Biog. III. 1835, 542-
[B 489, C 451, R 486, C 656, >zr/.]
HAB. Florida ; Jamaica ; accidental in Southern Illinois.

193. Ardea wardi RIDGW.

Ward's Heron

Ardea wardi RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan 1882, 5.

[B— , C-, R-,C-.]
HAB. Florida.

194. Ardea herodias LINN.

Great Blue Heron.

Ardea herodias LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 143.
[B 487, C 449, R 487, C 655.]

HAB. North America, from the Arctic regions southward to the
West Indies and Northern South America.

[195.] Ardea cinerea LINN.

European Blue Heron.

Ardea cinerea LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 143.
[B — , C — , R 488, C 657.]

HAB. Most of the Eastern Hemisphere ; accidental in Southern
Greenland.

136 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

SUBGENUS HERODIAS BOIE.

Herodias BOIE, Isis, 1822, 559. Type, by elimination, Ardea egretta
GMEL.

196. Ardea egretta GMEL.

American Egret.

Ardea egretta GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 629.

[B 486, 486*, C 452, R 489, C 658.]

HAB. Temperate and tropical America, from New Jersey, Minne-
sota, and Oregon south to Patagonia ; casually on the Atlantic coast
to Nova Scotia.

SUBGENUS GARZETTA KAUP.

Garzetta KAUP, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. 1829, 76. Type, Ardea gar-
zetta LINN.

197. Ardea candidissima GMEL.

Snowy Heron.

Ardea candidissima GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 633.
[B 485, C 453, R 490, C 659.]

HAB. Temperate and tropical America, from Long Island and
Oregon south to Buenos Ayres ; casual on the Atlantic coast to Nova
Scotia.

SUBGENUS DICHROMANASSA RIDGWAY.

Dichromanassa RIDGW. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. IV.
Feb. 5, 1878, 246. Type, Ardea rufa BODD.

198. Ardea rufa BODD.

Reddish Egret.

Ardea rufa BODD. Tabl. P. E. 1783, 54.

[B 483, 482, C 455, R 491* C 66l-l

HAB. Gulf States and Mexico south to Guatemala, Jamaica, and
Cuba ; north to Southern Illinois.

SUBGENUS HYDRANASSA BAIRD.

Hydranassa BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 660 (in text). Type, Ardea
ludoviciana WILS. = A. tricolor MULL.

ORDER HERODIONES. 137

199. Ardea tricolor ruficollis (GOSSE).

Louisiana Heron.

Egretta ruficollis GOSSE, B. Jamaica, 1847, 338.

Ardea tricolor ruficollis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B 484, C 454, R 492> C 660.]

HAB. Gulf States, Mexico, Central America, and West Indies,
casually northward to New Jersey and Indiana.

SUBGENUS FLORIDA BAIRD.
Florida BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 671. Type, Ardea caerulea LINN.

200. Ardea ccerulea LINN.

Little Blue Heron.

Ardea ccerulea LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 143.
[B 490, C 456, R 493, C 662.]

HAB. New Jersey, Illinois, and Kansas, southward through Central
America and the West Indies to Guiana and New Grenada ; casually
north on the Atlantic coast to Massachusetts and Maine.

SUBGENUS BUTORIDES BLYTH.

Butorides "BLYTH, 1849," BONAP. Consp. II. 1855, I28- Type,
Ardea javanica HORSF.

201. Ardea virescens LINN.

Green Heron.

Ardea virescens LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 144.

[B 493, C 457, R 494, C 663.]

HAB. Canada and Oregon, southward to Northern South America
and the West Indies ; rare or absent in the Middle Province.

GENUS NYCTICORAX STEPHENS.
SUBGENUS NYCTICORAX.

Nycticorax STEPH. Gen. Zool. XI. ii. 1819, 608. Type, Ardea
nycticorax LINN.

138 CHECK- LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

202. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (BODD.).

Black- crowned Night Heron.

Ardea ncevia BODD. Tabl. PI. Enl. 1/83, 56.

Nyclicorax nycticorax ncevius ZELEDON, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, 113.

[B 495, C 458, R 495> C 664.]

HAB. America, from the British Possessions southward to the Falk-
land Islands, including part of the West Indies.

SUBGENUS NYCTHERODIUS REICHENBACH.

Nyctherodius REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xvi. Type, Ardea violacea
LINN.

203. Nycticorax violaceus (LINN.).

Yellow-crowned Night Heron.

Ardea violacea LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 143.
Nycticorax violacea VIGORS, Zool. Journ. III. 1827, 446.

[B 496, C 459> R 496, C 665.]

HAB. Warm-temperate Eastern North America, from the Carolinas
and the Lower Ohio Valley south to Brazil ; casually north to Massa-
chusetts and west to Colorado.

ORDER PALUDICOL^E CRANES, RAILS, ETC.

SUBORDER GRUES. CRANES.

FAMILY GRUID^J. CRANES.

GENUS GRUS PALLAS.
Grus PALL. Misc. Zool. 1766, 66. Type, Ardea grus LINN.

ORDER PALUDICOL^:. 139

204. Grus americana (LINN.).

Whooping Crane.

Ardea americana LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 142.

Grus americana Sw. £ RICH. Faun. Bor. Am. II. 1831, 372.

[B 478, C 462, R 582, C 668.]

HAB. Interior of North America, from the Fur Countries to Flor-
ida, Texas, and Mexico, and from Ohio to Colorado. Formerly on the
Atlantic coast, at least casually, to New England.

205. Grus canadensis (LINN.).

Little Brown Crane.

Ardea canadensis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 141.
Grits canadensis TEMM. Man. I. 1820, p. c.

[B 480, C 463, R 584, C 669.]

HAB. Arctic and subarctic America, breeding from the Fur Coun-
tries and Alaska to the Arctic coast, migrating south in winter into
the Western United States.

206. Gms mexicana (MULL.).

Sandhill Crane.

Ardea (grus) mexicana MULL. S. N. Suppl. 1776, no.
Grus mexicana RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 356.

[B 479, C — , R 583, C 670.]

HAB. Southern half of North America ; now rare near the Atlantic
coast, except in Georgia and Florida.

SUBORDER RALLI. RAILS, GALLINULES, COOTS, ETC.
FAMILY ARAMIDJE. COURLANS.

GENUS ARAMUS VIEILLOT.
Aramus VIEILL. Analyse, 1816, 58. Type, Ardea scolopacea GMEL.

140 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

i

207. Aramus giganteus (BONAP.).

Liinpkiu.

Rallus giganteus BONAP. Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. 1825, 31.
Aramus giganteus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 657.

[B 481, C 464, R 581, C 67 1.]
HAB. Florida, West Indies, and Atlantic coast of Central America.

FAMILY RALLID-^3. RAILS, GALLINULES, AND COOTS.
SUBFAMILY BALLING. RAILS.

GENUS RALLUS LINNAEUS.
Rallus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 153. Type, R. aquaticus LINN.

208. Rallus elegans AUD.

King Kail.

Rallus elegans AUD. Orn. Biog. III. 1835, 27, P1- 203-
[B 552, C 466, R 569, C 676.]

HAB. Fresh-water marshes of the Eastern Province of the United
States, from the Middle States, Northern Illinois, Wisconsin, and Kan-
sas southward. Casually north to Massachusetts, Maine, and Ontario.

209. Rallus beldingi RIDGW.

Belding's Rail.

Eallus beldingi RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 345.

[B- C- R- C-.]
HAB. Espir-itu Santo Islands, Gulf of California.

210. Rallus obsoletus RIDGW.

California Clapper Rail.

Rallus elegans var. obsoletiis RIDGW. Am. Nat. VIII. 1871, in.
Rallns obsoletus RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V. July, 1880, 139.

ORDER PALUDICOIwE. 141

[B— , C 466 a, R 57o, C674.]

HAB. Salt marshes of the Pacific coast, from Washington Terri-
tory (?) to Lower California.

211. Rallus longirostris crepitans (GMEL.).

Clapper Rail.

Rallus crepitans GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 713.

Rallus longirostris crepitans RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V. July,
1880, 140.

[B 553, C 465, R 571, C 673.]

HAB. Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast of the United States, from
New Jersey southward ; resident from the Potomac southward. Casual
north to Massachusetts.

211<z. Rallus longirostris saturates HENSH.

Louisiana Clapper Rail.

Rallus longirostris saturatus " HENSHAW MS." RIDGW. Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, V. July, 1880, 140.

[B— C— R57i*, C675.]
HAB. Salt marshes of the Gulf States, from Florida to Louisiana.

212. Rallus virginianus LINN.

Virginia Rail.

Ralhis virginianus LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 263.
[B 554, C 467, R 572, C 677.]

HAB. North America, from the British Provinces south to Guate-
mala and Cuba.

GENUS PORZANA VIEILLOT.

SUBGENUS PORZANA.
Porzana VIEILL. Analyse, 1816, 61. Type, Rallus porzana LINN.

[213.] Porzana porzana (LINN.).

Spotted Crake.

Rallus porzana LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 262.
Porsana porzana BOUCARD, Cat. Av. 1876, 7.

142 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B -, C - R 573, C 678.]
HAB. Northern parts of the Old World ; occasional in Greenland.

214. Porzana Carolina (LINN.).

Sora.

Rallus carolinus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 153.
Porzana Carolina BAIRD, Lit. Rec. & Jour. Linn. Assoc. Penn. Coll.
Oct. 1845, 255-

[B 555, C 648, R 574, C 679.]

HAB. Temperate North America, but most common in the Eastern
Province, breeding chiefly northward. South to the West Indies and
Northern South America.

SUBGENUS COTURNICOPS BONAPARTE.

Coturnicops BONAP. Compt. Rend. XLIIL 1856, 599. Type, Fulica
noveboracensis GMEL.

215. Porzana noveboracensis (GMEL.).

Yellow Rail.

Fulica noveboracensis GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 701.
Porzana noveboracensis BAIRD, Lit. Rec. & Jour. Linn. Assoc. Penn.
Coll. Oct. 1845, 255.

[B 557, C 469, R 575, C 680.]

HAB. Eastern North America, from Nova Scotia and Hudson's
Bay west to Utah and Nevada. No extralimital record except Cuba
and the Bermudas.

SUBGENUS CRECISCUS CABANIS.
Creciscus CAB. J. f. O. 1856, 428. Type, Rallus jamaicensis LINN.

216. Porzana jamaicensis (GMEL.).

Black Rail.

Rallus jamaicensis GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 718.
Porzana jamaicensis BAIRD, Lit. Rec. & Jour. Linn. Assoc. Penn.
Coll. Oct. 1845, 257.

[B 556, C 470, R 576, C 681.]

ORDER PALUDICOL^:. 143

HAB. Temperate North America, north to Massachusetts, North-
ern Illinois, and Oregon ; south to West Indies and in Western South
America to Chili.

216 a. Porzana jamaicensis coturniculus BAIRD.

Farallone Rail.

Porzana jamaicensis var. coturniculus " BAIRD, MS." RIDGW. Am.
Nat. VIII. Feb. 1874, in.

[B— , C 4700, R 576 a,C 682.]
HAB. Farallone Islands, California.

GENUS CREX BECHSTEIN.

Crex BECHST. Orn. Taschb. Deutschl. 1802, 336. Type, Rallus crex
LINN.

[217.] Crex crex (LINN.).

Corn Crake.

Rallus crex LIXN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 153.
Crex crex STEJN. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, 128.

[B 558, C 47*. * $77, C 683.]

HAB. Europe and Northern Asia ; casual in Greenland, Bermudas,
and Eastern North America.

SUBFAMILY GALLINULIN^l. GALLINUL^ES.

GENUS IONORNIS REICHENBACH.
lonornis REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xxi. Type, Fulica martinica LINN.

218. lonornis martinica (LINN.).

Purple Gallinule.

Fulica martinica LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 259.
lonornis martinica REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xxi.

[B 561, C 473, R 578, C 685.]

HAB. South Atlantic and Gulf States, casually northward to Maine,
New York, Wisconsin, etc. ; south throughout the West Indies to
Brazil.

144 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

GENUS GALLINULA BRISSON.

Gallinula BRISS. Orn. VI. 1760, 2. Type, Fulica chlorofius LINN.
219. Gallinula galeata (LIGHT.).

Florida Gallinule.

Cr ex galeata LIGHT. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 80.
Gallinula galeata BONAP. Am. Orn. IV. 1832, 128.

[B 560, €472, R 579, C 685.]

HAB. Temperate and tropical America, from Canada to Brazil and
Chili.

SUBFAMILY FULICIISLE. COOTS.

GENUS FULICA LINNAEUS.

Fulica LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 152. Type, F. atra LINN.
[220.] Fulica atra LINN.

European Coot.

Fnlica atra LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 152.
[B — , C — , R — , C 885.]

HAB. Northern parts of the Eastern Hemisphere in general ; acci-
dental in Greenland.

221. Fulica americana GMEL.
American Coot.

Fulica americana GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 704.
CB 559, C 474, R 580, C 686.]

HAB. North America, from Greenland and Alaska southward to
the West Indies and Central America.

ORDER LIMICOLyE. 145

ORDER LIMICOL^E. SHORE BIRDS.

FAMILY PHALAROPODID^. PHALAROPES.

GENUS CRYMOPHILUS VIEILLOT.
Crymophilus VIEILL. Anal. 1816, 62. Type, Tringa fulicarius LINN.

222. Crymophilus fulicarius (LINN.).

Red Phalarope.

Tringa fulicaria LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 148.
Crymophilus fulicarius STEJN. Auk, II. 1885, 183.

[B52i, C 41 1, £563, C 604.]

HAB. North parts of Northern Hemisphere, breeding in the Arctic
regions and migrating south in winter ; in the United States south
to the Middle States, Ohio Valley, and Cape St. Lucas ; chiefly
maritime.

GENUS PHALAROPUS BRISSON.

SUBGENUS PHALAROPUS.

Phalaropus BRISS. Orn. VI. 1760, 12. Type, by elimination, Tringa
lobata LINN.

223. Phalaropus lobatus (LINN.).

Northern Phalarope.

Tringa lobata LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 148, 824.
Phalaropus lobatiis STEJN. Auk, II. 1885, 183 (nee LATHAM qui
Crymophilus fulicarius, nee WILSON qui Ph. tricolor}.

[B 520, C 410, R 564, C 603.]

HAB. Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere, breeding in arc-
tic latitudes \ south in winter to the tropics.

SUBGENUS STEGANOPTJS VIEILLOT.

. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXII. 1819, 136. Type,
S. tricolor VIEILL.

10

146 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

224. Phalaropus tricolor (VIEILL.).

Wilson's Phalarope.

Steganopus tricolor VIEILL. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXII. 1819, 136.
Phalaropus tricolor STEJN. Auk, II. 1885, 183.

[B5i9, C 409, R 565, C 602.]

HAB. Temperate North America, chiefly the interior, breeding
from Northern Illinois and Utah northward to the Saskatchewan re-
gion ; south in winter to Brazil and Patagonia.

FAMILY RECUR VIROSTRIDJE. AVOCETS AND STILTS.

GENUS RECURVIROSTRA LINNAEUS.

Recurvirostra LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 151. Type, R. avosetta
LINN.

225. Recurvirostra americana GM.

American Avocet.

Recurvirostra americana GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 693.
[B 5 17, C 407, R566, C6oo.]

HAB. Temperate North America, from the Saskatchewan and
Great Slave Lake southward ; in winter, south to Guatemala and the
West Indies. Rare in the Eastern Province.

GENUS HIMANTOFUS BRISSON.

Himantopus BRISS. Orn. VI. 1760, 33. Type, Charadrius himanto-
pus LINN.

226. Himantopus mexicanus (MULL.).

Black-necked Stilt.

Charadrius mexicanus MULL. S. N. Suppl. 1776, 117.
Himantopus mexicanus ORD, WILS. Orn. VII. 1824, 52.

[B 518, C 408, R 567, C 601.]

HAB. Temperate North America, from the Northern United States
southward to the West Indies, Brazil, and Peru. Rare in the Eastern
Province, except in Florida.

ORDER LIMICOL.E. 147

FAMILY SCOLOPACIDJE. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC.

GENUS 8COLOPAX LINN^US.

Scolopax LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 145. Type, S. rusticola LINN.
[227.] Scolopax rusticola LINN.

European Woodcock.

Scolopax rusticola LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 146.
[B — , C 413, R 524, C 606.]

HAB. Northern parts of the Old World; occasional in Eastern
North America.

GENUS PHILOHELA GRAY.

Philohela GRAY, List Gen. B. 1841, 90. Type, Scolopax minor GM.
228. Philohela minor (GMEL.).

American Woodcock.

Scolopax minor GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 661.
Philohela minor GRAY, List Gen. B. 1841, 90.

[B 522, C 412, R 525, C 606.]

HAB. Eastern Province of North America, north to the British
Provinces, west to Dakota, Kansas, etc. ; breeding throughout its
range. No extralimital records.

GENUS GALLINAGrO LEACH.

Gallinago LEACH, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & Birds, 1816, 31. Type,
Scolopax major LINN.

[229.] GalHnago gallinago (LINN.).

European Snipe.

Scolopax gallinago LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 147.
Gallinago gallinago LIGHT. Nom. Mus. Berol. 1854, 93.

[B — , C — , R 526, C 607.]

HAB. Northern parts of the Old World ; frequent in Greenland,
accidental in the Bermudas.

148 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

230. Gallinago delicata (ORD).

Wilson's Snipe.

Scolopax delicata ORD, WILS. Orn. IX. 1825, p. ccxviii.
Gallinago delicata RIDGW. MS.

[6523, C 414, £5260, C 608.]

HAB. North and Middle America, breeding from the Northern
United States northward; south in winter to the West Indies and
Northern South America.

GENUS MACRORHAMPHUS LEACH.

Macrorhawphus LEACH, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 1816, 31. Type
Scolopax grisea GMEL.

231. Macrorhamphus griseus (GMEL.).

Dowitcher.

Scolopax grisea GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 658.

Macrorhamphus griseus LEACH, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 1816, 31.

[B 524, C 415, R 527, C 609.]
HAB. Eastern North America, breeding far north.

232. Macrorhamphus scolopaceus (SAY).

Long-billed Dowitcher.

Limosa scolopacea SAY, LONG'S Exp. II. 1823, 170.
Macrorhamphus scolopaceus LAWR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. 1852, 4, pi. i.

[B 525, C 415 a, R 527 a, C 610.]

HAB. Mississippi Valley and Western Province of North America,
from Mexico to Alaska. Less common but of regular occurrence
along the Atlantic coast of the United States.

GENUS MICROPALAMA BAIRD.

Micropalama BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 726. Type, Tringa himanto-
pus BONAP.

ORDER LIMICOL^:. 149

233. Micropalama himantopus (BONAP.).

Stilt Sandpiper.

Tringa himantopus BONAP. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II. 1826, 157.
Micropalama himantopus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 726.

[6536, C 416, R 528, C6n.]

HAB. Eastern Province of North America, breeding north of the
United States, and migrating in winter to the West Indies and Cen-
tral and South America,

GENUS TRINGA LINNAEUS.
SUBGENUS TRINGA.

Tringa LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 148. Type, by elimination, T.
canutus LINN.

234. Tringa canutus LINN.

Knot.

Tringa canutus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 149.
[B 526, C 426, R 529, C 626.]

HAB. Nearly cosmopolitan. Breeds in high northern latitudes,
but visits the Southern Hemisphere during its migrations.

SUBGENUS ARQTJATELLA BAIRD.

Arquatella BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 714. Type, Tringa maritime*
BRUNN.

235. Tringa maritima BRUNN.

Purple Sandpiper.

Tringa maritima BRUNN. Orn. Bor. 1764, 54.
[B 528, C 423, R 53°, C 620.]

HAB. Northern portions of the Northern Hemisphere ; in North
America chiefly the northeastern portions, breeding in the high north,
migrating in winter to the Eastern and Middle States, the Great Lakes,
and the shores of the larger streams in the Mississippi Valley.

150 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

236. Tringa couesi (RIDGW.).

Aleutian Sandpiper.

Arquatella couesi RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V. July, 1880, 160.
Tringa couesi HARTLAUB, Journ. f. Orn. 1883, 280.

[B — C— , R 531, C 621.]
HAB. Aleutian Islands and coast of Alaska, north to St. Michael's.

237. Tringa ptilocnemis COUES.

Prybilof Sandpiper.

Tringa ptilocnemis COUES, ELLIOTT'S Alaska, 1873 (not Paged).

[B — , C 426 bis, -R 532, C 622.]
HAB. Prybilof Islands, Alaska.

SUBGENUS ACTODROMAS KAUP.

Actodromas KAUP, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 37. Type, Tringa
minuta LEISL.

238. Tringa acuminata (HORSF.).

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper.

Tetanus acuminatns HORSF. Linn. Trans. XIII. 1821, 192.
Tringa acuminata SWINH. P. Z. S. 1863, 315.

[B- C— , R533, C6i9.]

HAB. Eastern Asia, and coast of Alaska, migrating south to Aus-
tralia.

239. Tringa maculata VIEILL.

Pectoral Sandpiper.

Tringa maculata VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV. 1819, 465.
[B 531, C 420, R 534, C 6i6.J

HAB. The whole of North America, the West Indies, and the
greater part of South America. Breeds in the Arctic regions. Of
frequent occurrence in Europe.

ORDER LIMICOI^E. 151

210. Tringa fuscicollis VIEILL.

White-rumped Sandpiper.

Tringa fuscicollis VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV. 1819, 461.
[B 533, C 421, R 536, C 617.]

HAB. Eastern Province of North America, breeding in the high
north. In winter, the West Indies, Central and South America, south
to the Falkland Islands. Occasional in Europe.

241. Tringa bairdii (CouES).

Baird's Sandpiper.

Actodromas bairdii COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 194.
Tringa bairdii SCL. P. Z. S. 1867, 332.

[B— ,C4i9, RS37, C6i5.]

HAB. The whole of North and South America, but chiefly the in-
terior of North and the western portions of South America. Rare
along the Atlantic coast, and not yet recorded from the Pacific coast.

242. Tringa minutUla VIEILL.

Least Sandpiper.

Tringa minutilla VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV. 1819, 452.
[B 532, C 418, R 538, C 614.]

HAB. The whole of North and South America, breeding north of
the United States. Accidental in Europe.

SUBGENUS PKLIDNA CUVIER.
Pelidna Cuv. Regne An. 1817, 490. Type, Tringa alpina LINN.

[243.] Tringa alpina LINN.

Dunlin.

Tringa alpina LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 149.
[B — , C — , R 539, C 623.]

HAB. Northern parts of the Old World ; accidental in North
America.

152 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

243 a. Tringa alpina pacifica (COUES).

Red-backed Sandpiper.

Pelidna pacifica COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 189.
Tringa alpina pacifica RIDGW. MS.

[B 530, C 424, R 539 a, C 624.]

HAB. North America in general, breeding far north. Eastern
Asia.

SUBGENUS ANCYLOCHEILUS KAUP.

Ancylocheilus KAUP, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 50. Type, Tringa
subarquata TEMM. = T.ferruginea BRUNN.

244. Tringa ferruginea BRUNN.

Curlew Sandpiper.

Tringa ferruginea BRUNN. Orn. Bor. 1764, 53.
[B 529, C 425, R 540, C 625.]
HAB. Old World in general ; occasional in Eastern North America.

GENUS EURYNORHYNCHUS NILSSON.

Eurynorhynchus NILSS. Orn. Suec. II. 1821, 29. Type, Platalea
pygmcea LINN.

[245.] Eurynorhynchus pygmeeus (LINN.).

Spoon-bill Sandpiper.

Platalea pygmcea LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 140.
Eurynorhynchus pygmtzus PEARSON, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. V. 1836,
127.

[B — , C — , R 542*, C 884.]

HAB. Asia; in summer along the Arctic coast, in winter Southern
and Southeastern Asia. Accidental on the coast of Alaska.

GENUS EREUNETES ILLIGER.

Ereunetes ILLIG. Prodr. 1811,262. Type, E. petrificatus ILLIG. =
Tringa pusilla LINN.

ORDER LIMICOL^;. 153

246. Ereunetes pusillus (LINN.).

Semipalmated Sandpiper.

Tringa pusilla LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 252.
Ereunetes pusillus CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 195.

[6535,0417, R 54i, C 612.]

HAB. Eastern Province of North America, breeding north of the
United States ; south in winter to the West Indies and South America.

247. Ereunetes occidentalis LAWR.

Western Sandpiper.

Ereunetes occidentalis LAWR. Pr. Ac. Nat Sci. Phila. 1864, 107.
[B— , €417*, R 54i <», C 613.]

HAB. Chiefly Western Province of the United States, occasional
eastward to the Atlantic coast ; breeding far north and migrating in
winter to Central and South America.

GENUS CALIDRIS CUVIER.

Calidris Cuv. Leg. Anat. Comp. I. 1799-1800, tabl. ii. Type, Tringa
arcnaria LINN.

248. Calidris arenaria (LINN.).

Sander ling.

Tringa arenaria LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 251.

Calidris arenaria LEACH, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 1816, 28.

[B 534, C 427, R 542, C 627.]

HAB. Nearly cosmopolitan, breeding in the Arctic and Subarctic
regions, migrating, in America, south to Chili and Patagonia.

GENUS LIMOSA BRISSON.
Limosa BRISS. Orn. V. 1760, 261. Type, Scolopax limosa LINN.

249. Limosa fedoa (LINN.).

Marbled Godwit.

Scolopax fedoa LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 146.
Limosa fedoa ORD, WILS. Orn. VII. 1824, 30.

154 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B 547, C 428, R 543, C 628.]

HAB. North America ; breeding in the interior (Missouri region
and northward), migrating in winter southward to Central America
and Cuba.

250. Limosa lapponica baueri (NAUM.).

Pacific Godwit.

Limosa baueri NAUMANN, Vog Deutschl. VIII. 1834, 429.
Liinosa lapponica baueri STEJN. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 122.

[B — , C 430, R 544, C63i.]

HAB. Shores and islands of the Pacific Ocean, from Australia to
Alaska. On the American coast recorded south of Alaska only from
Lower California.

251. Limosa haemastica (LINN.).

Hudsonian Godwit.

Scolopax licejnastica LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 147.
Limosa hcemastica COUES, Birds Northwest, 1874, 760.

[B 548, C 4*9, * $45» C 629.]

HAB. Eastern North America and the whole of Middle and South
America. Breeds only in the high north.

[252.] Limosa limosa (LINN.).
Black-tailed Godwit.

Scolopax limosa LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 147.

Limosa limosa RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 356.

[B — , C — , R 546, C 630.]
HAB. Northern parts of the Old World j accidental in Greenland.

GENUS TOTANUS BECHSTEIN.

Tetanus BECH. Orn. Tasch. Deutschl. 1803, 282. Type, Scolopax
totanus LINN.

ORDER LIMICOL^E. 155

SUBGENUS GLOTTIS KOCH.

Glottis KOCH, Baier. Zool. 1816, 304. Type, Totanus glottis BECHST.
= Scolopax nebularius GUNNER.

[253.] Totanus nebularius (GUNN.).

Green-shank.

Scolopax nebularius GUNNER, in LEEM, Lapp. Beskr. 1767, 251.
Totanus nebularius STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 37.

[B 538, C 434, R 547, C 635.]
HAB. Eastern Hemisphere ; accidental in Florida.

254. Totanus melanoleucus (GMEL.).

Greater Yellow-legs.

Scolopax melanoleuca GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 659.
Totanus melanoleucus VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. VI. 1816, 398.

[B 539, C 432, R 548, C 633.]

HAB. America in general, breeding in the cold temperate and sub-
arctic portions of North America, and migrating south to Chili and
Buenos Ayres.

255. Totanus flavipes (G.MEL.).

Yellow-legs.

Scolopax flavipes GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 659.
Totanus flavipes VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. VI. 1816, 410.

[B 540, C 433, R 549> C 634.]

HAB. America in general, breeding in the cold temperate and sub-
arctic districts, and migrating south in winter to Southern South
America. Less common in the Western than in the Eastern Province
of North America.

SUBGENUS RHYACOPHILTJS KAUP.

Rhyacophilus KAUP, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 140. Type, Tringa
glareola LINN.

156 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH-AMERICAN BIRDS.

256. Totanus solitarius (WILS.).

Solitary Sandpiper.

Tringa solitaria WILS. Am. Orn. VII. 1813, 53, pi. 58, fig. 3.
Totanus 'solitarius BONAP. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. 1825, 86.

[B 541, C 435. R 550, C 637.]

HAB. North America, breeding occasionally in the Northern United
States, more commonly northward, and migrating southward as far as
Brazil and Peru.

[257.] Totanus ochropus (LINN.).

Green Sandpiper.

Tringa ochrophus (err. typ.) LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 149.
Totanus ochropus TEMM. Man. 1815, 420.

[B-, C— , RSSI, C636.]

HAB. Northern parts of the Old World. Accidental in Nova
Scotia.

GENUS SYMFHEMIA RAFINESQUE.

Symphemia RAFINESQUE, Jour, de Phys. VII. 1819, 418. Type, Sco-
lopax semipalmata GMEL.

258. Symphemia semipalmata (GMEL.).

Willet.

Scolopax semipalmata GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 659.
Symphemia semipalmata HARTL. Rev. Zool. 1845, 342.

[B 537, € 431, R 552, €632.]

HAB. Temperate North America, south to the West Indies and
Brazil.

GENUS HETERACTITIS STEJNEGER.

Heteractitis STEJN. Auk, I. July, 1884, 236. Type, Scolopax inca-
nus GMEL.

259. Heteractitis incanus (GMEL.).

Wandering Tatler.

Scolopax incanus GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 658.
Heteractitis incanus STEJN. Auk, I. July, 1884, 236.

ORDER LIMICOIwE. 157

[B 542, C 440, R 553. C 642.]

HAB. Eastern islands and shores of the Pacific Ocean; frequent
during migrations on the coast of Alaska.

GENUS FAVONCELLA LEACH.

Pavoncella LEACH, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 1816, 29. Type,
Tringa pugnax LINN.

[260.] Pavoncella pugnax (LINN.).

Ruff.

Tringa pugnax LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 148.

Pavoncella pugnax LEACH, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 1816, 29.

[B 544, C 437> R 554, C 639.]

HAB. Northern parts of the Old World, straying occasionally to
Eastern North America.

GENUS BARTRAMIA LESSON.

Bartramia LESS. Traite, 1831, 553. Type, B. laticauda LESS. =
Tringa longicauda BECHST.

261. Bartramia longicauda (BECHST.).

Bartramiaii Sandpiper.

Tringa longicauda BECHST. Uebers. Lath. Ind. Orn. II. 1812, 453.
Bartramius longicaudus BONAP. Rev. et Mag. Zool. XX. 1857, 59.

[B 545, C 438, R 555, C 640.]

HAB. Eastern North America, north to Nova Scotia and Alaska,
breeding throughout its North American range ; migrating in winter
southward, as far even as Southern South America. Occasional in
Europe.

GENUS TRYNGITES CABANIS.

Tryngites CAB. Jour, fur Orn. 1856, 418. Type, Tringa rufescens
VIEILL. = T. subruficollis VIEILL.

158 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

262. Tryngites subruficollis (VIEILL.).

Buff-breasted Sandpiper.

Tringa subruficollis VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV. 1819, 465.
Tryngites subruficollis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 35$.

[B 546, C 439, R 556, C 641.]

HAB. North America, especially in the interior ; breeds in the
Yukon district and the interior of British America, northward to the
Arctic coast ; South America in winter. Of frequent occurrence in
Europe.

GENUS ACTITIS ILLIGER.
Actitis ILLIG. Prodr. 1811, 262. Type, Tringa hypoleucos LINN.

263. Actitis macularia (LINN.).

Spotted Sandpiper.

Tringa macularia LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 249.

Actitis macularia NAUMANN, Vog. Deutschl. VIII. 1836, 34.

[B 543, C 436, R 557> C 638.]

HAB. North and South America, south to Brazil. Breeds through-
out temperate North America. Occasional in Europe.

GENUS NUMENIUS BRISSON.
Numenius BRISS. Orn. VI. 1760, 311. Type, Scolopax arquata LINN.

264. Numenius longirostris WILS.

Long-billed Curlew.

Numenius longirostris WILS. Am. Orn. VIII. 1814, 24, pi. 64, fig. 4.
[B 549, C 441, R 558> C 643.]

HAB. Temperate North America, migrating south to Guatemala
and the West Indies. Breeds in the South Atlantic States, and in the
interior through most of its North American range.

ORDER LIMICOL^E. 159

265. Numenius hudsonicus LATH.

Hudsonian Curlew.

Numenius hudsonicus LATH. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 712.
[B 550, C 442, R 559> C 645.]

HAB. All of North and South America, including the West Indies ;
breeds in the high north, and winters chiefly south of the United
States.

266. Numenius borealis (FORST.).

Eskimo Curlew.

Scolopax borealis FORST. Phil. Trans. LXII. 1772, 411, 431.
Numenius borealis LATH. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 712.

[B 55 1, C443, Rs6o,C646.]

HAB. Eastern Province of North America, breeding in the Arctic
regions, and migrating south to the southern extremity of South
America.

[267.] Numenius phaeopus (LINN.).

Whimbrel.

Scolopax phaopus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 146.
Numenius phceopus LATH. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 711.

[B - C - R 561, C 644.]
HAB. Northern parts of the Old World ; occasional in Greenland.

[268.] Numenius tahitiensis (GMEL.).

Bristle-thighed Curlew.

Scolopax tahitiensis GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 656.
Numenius tahitiensis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880,
201.

[B— 0442 fc>, R 562, 0647-]

HAB. Islands of the Pacific Ocean. Occasional on the coast of
Alaska.

160 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

FAMILY CHARADRIID.ZE. PLOVERS.

GENUS VANELLUS BRISSON.

Vanellus BRISS. Orn. V. 1760, 94. Type, Tringa vanellus LINN.
[269.] Vanellus vanellus (LINN.).

Lapwing.

Tringa vanellus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 148.
Vanellus vanellus LIGHT. Norn. Mus. Berol. 1854, 95.

[B-C-R 512,0593.]

HAS. Northern parts of Eastern Hemisphere. In North America,
occasional in Greenland and the islands in Norton Sound, Alaska.

GENUS CHARADRIUS

SUBGENUS SQUATAROLA CUVIER.

Squatarola Cuv. Reg. An. I. 1817,467. Type, Tringa squatarola
LINN.

270. Charadrius squatarola (LINN.).

Black-bellied Plover.

Tringa squatarola LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 149.
Charadrius squatarola NAUM. Vog. Deutschl. VII. 1834, 250.

[B 510, C395, R 5I3> C 580.]

HAB. Nearly cosmopolitan, but chiefly in the Northern Hemi-
sphere, breeding far north, and migrating south in winter ; in America,
to the West Indies, Brazil, and New Grenada.

SUBGENUS CHARADRIUS LINN/EUS.

Charadrius LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 150. Type, C. apricarius
LINN.

[271.] Charadrius apricarius LINN.

Golden Plover.

Charadrius apricarius LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 150.

ORDER LIMICOL,£. l6l

[B— , C— , R5I4, C583.]
HAB. Europe, south to Africa in winter ; Greenland.

272. Charadrius dominicus MULL.

American Golden Plover.

Charadrius dominicus MULL. S. N. Suppl. 1776, 116.
[6503, C 396, R 515, C 581.]

HAB. Arctic America, migrating southward throughout North and
South America to Patagonia.

272#. Charadrius dominicus fulvus (GMEL.).

Pacific Golden Plover.

Charadrius fulvus GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 687.
Charadrius dominicus fulvus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. 1880,
198.

[B— , C— , R 515 a, 0582.]

HAB. Asia, and islands of the Pacific Ocean ; in North America,
Prybilof Islands and coast of Alaska.

GENUS .ffiGIALITIS BOIE.

SUBGENUS OXYECHUS REICHENBACH.

OxyecJius REICH. Syst. Av. 1853, p. xviii. Type, Charadrius vo-
ciferus LINN.

273. .SIgialitis vocifera (LINN.).

Killdeer.

Charadrius vociferus LIXN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 150.
sEgialites vociferus BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 45.

[B5o4, C397, R5i6, €584.]

HAB. Temperate North America, migrating in winter to the West
Indies, and Central and Northern South America.

ii

1 62 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

SUBGENUS JBGIALITIS BOIE.

JEgialitis BOIE, I sis, 1822, 558. Type, by elimination, Charadrius
hiaticula LINN.

274. .ZEgialitis semipalmata BONAP.

Semipalmated Plover.

jEgialites semipalmatits¥>Q^PJ?. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 45.
[B 507, C 399, R 517, C 586.]

HAB. Arctic and subarctic America, migrating south throughout
tropical America, as far as Brazil and Peru.

275. .ffigialitis hiaticula (LINN.).

Ring Plover.

Charadrius hiaticula LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 150.
jEgialitis hiaticula BOIE, Isis, 1822, 558.

[B— C— , RSi8, C589.]

HAB. Northern parts of the Old World and portions of Arctic
America, breeding on the west shore of Cumberland Gulf.

[276.] ^Bgialitis dubia (Scop.).

Little King Plover.

Charadrius dubius SCOPOLI, Delic. F. et Fl. Insubr. II. 1786, 93.
AZgialites dubius WALDEN, Trans. Zool. Soc. VIII. ii. 1872, 89.

[B— , C 400 to, R 519,0 590.]

HAB. Most of the Eastern Hemisphere, breeding northward. Ac-
cidental on the coast of California and in Alaska.

277. .ffigialitis meloda (ORD).

Piping Plover.

Charadrius melodies ORD, ed. WILS. VII. 1824, 71.
AZgialites melodus BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 45.

[B 508, C 400, R 520, C 587.]

HAB. Eastern Province of North America, breeding from the coast
of Virginia (at least formerly) northward ; in winter, West Indies.

ORDER LIMICOL^E. 163

277 a. JEgialitis meloda circumcincta RIDGW.

Belted Piping Plover.

jEgialitis melodus var. circumdnctus RIDGW. Am. Nat. VIII. 1874,
109.

[B— , C 4000, R5200, C 588.]

HAB. Missouri River region ; occasional eastward to Atlantic coast.
278. JEgialitis nivosa CASS.

Snowy Plover.

jEgialitis nivosa CASS. in BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 696.

[B 509, C 401, R 521, C 591.]

HAB. Western Province of North America ; in winter, both coasts
of Central America, and Western South America to Chili.

[279.] JEgialitis mongola (PALL.).

Mongolian Plover.

Charadrius mougolus PALL. Reise Russ. Reich. III. 1776, 700.
sEgialites mongolus SWINH. P. Z. S. 1870, 140.

[B _ C -, R -, C -.] .

HAB. Northern Asia, southward to Northeastern Africa, India,
Malay Archipelago, and Australia. Choris Peninsula, Alaska ; acci-
dental.

SUBGENUS OCHTHODROMUS REICHENBACH.

Ockthodromus REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xviii. Type, Charadrius
ivilsonius ORD.

280. JEgialitis wilsonia (ORD).

Wilson's Plover.

Charadrius wilsonia ORD, WILS. Orn. IX. 1814, 77, pi. 73, fig. 5.
jEgialites wilsonius BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 45.

[B 506, C 398, R 522, C 585.]

HAB. Coasts of North and South America, from Long Island and
Lower California southward to Brazil and Peru, including the West
Indies. Casual north to Nova Scotia.

164 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

SUDGENUS FODASOCYS COUES.

Podasocys COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 96. Type, Chara-
drius montanus TOWNS.

281. JEgialitis montana (TOWNS.).

Mountain Plover.

Charadrius montanus TOWNS. Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837,

192.
jEgialitis montanus CASS. in BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 693.

[B 5°5> c 402, R 523, C 592.]

HAB. Temperate North America, from the Great Plains westward ;
accidental in Florida.

FAMILY APHRIZIDJE. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES.
SUBFAMILY APHRIZINuE. SURF BIRDS.

GENUS APHRIZA AUDUBON.

Aphriza AUD. Orn. Biog.^V. 1839, 249. Type, A. townsendii AUD.
= jyinga virgata GMEL.

282. Aphriza virgata (GMEL.).

Surf Bird.

Tringa virgata GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 674.
Aphriza virgata GRAY, Gen. B. III. 1847, pi. cxlvii.

[B 511, C 403, R 511, C 594.]

HAB. Pacific coast of America, from Alaska to Chili ; Sandwich
Islands.

SUBFAMILY ARENARIIN^l. TURNSTONES.

GENUS ARENARIA BRISSON.
Arenaria BRISS. Orn. V. 1760, 132. Type, Tringa interpret LINN.

ORDER LIMICOLjE. 165

283. Arenaria interpres (Lixx.).

Turnstone.

Tringa interpres Lixx. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 148.
Arenaria interpres VIEILL. Gal. Ois. II. 1834, 102.

[6515, C 406, R £09, €598.]

HAB. Nearly cosmopolitan. In America from Greenland and
Alaska to the Straits of Magellan ; more or less common in the
interior of North America, on the shores of the Great Lakes and the
larger rivers. Breeds in high northern latitudes.

284. Arenaria melanocephala (Vic.).

Black Turnstone.

Strepsilas melanocephalus VIG. Zool. Jour. IV. Jan. 1829, 356.
Arenaria melanocephala STEJX. Auk, I. July, 1884, 229.

[B 516, C 4o6rt, R 510, C 599.]

HAB. Pacific coast of North America, from Alaska to Monterey,
California ; breeding in Alaska.

FAMILY HJEMATOPODIDj®. OYSTER CATCHERS.

GEXUS H2EMATOPUS LINNAEUS.

Hamatopus Lixx. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 152. Type, H. ostralegus
Lixx.

[285.] Haematopus ostralegus LINN.

Oyster-catcher.

Hcematopus ostralegus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 152.
[B — C — , R 506, C 595.]

HAB. Sea-coasts of the Eastern Hemisphere ; occasional in Green-
land.

286. Haematopus palliatus TEMM.

American Oyster- catcher.

Hamatopus palliatus TEMM. Man. II. 1820, 532.

1 66 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B5i2, €404, R 507, C 596.]

HAB. Sea-coasts of temperate and tropical America, from New
Jersey and Lower California to Patagonia ; occasional or accidental
on the Atlantic coast north to Massachusetts and Grand Menan.

287. Haematopus bachmani AUD.

Black Oyster-catcher.

Hcematopus bachmani AUD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 245> pi- 427-
[B 5 13, €405, R 508, €597.]

HAB. Pacific coast of North America, from Alaska to Lower Cali-
fornia.

FAMILY JACANLLX53, JACANAS.

GENUS JACANA BRISSON.

Jacana BRISS. Orn. V. 1760, 121. Type, by elimination, Fulica spi-
nosa LINN.

[288.] Jacana gymnostoma (WAGL.).

Mexican Jacana.

Parra gymnostoma WAGLER, Isis, 1831, 517.

Jacana gymnostoma ZELEDON, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 114.

[B — , C — R 568, C 672.]

HAB. Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, south to Central America ;
Cuba.

ORDER GALLING. 167

ORDER GALLIN^E. GALLINACEOUS BIRDS.

SUBORDER PHASIANI. PHEASANTS, GROUSE, PAR-
TRIDGES, QUAILS, ETC.

FAMILY TETRAONID^E. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC.
SUBFAMILY PERDICIN-33. PARTRIDGES.

GENUS COLINUS LESSON.

Colinus LESS. Man. d'Orn. II. 1828, 190. Type, Tetrao virginianus
LINX.

289. Colinus virginianus (LINN.).

Bob-white.

Telrao virginianus LINX. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 161.
Colinus virginianus STEJX. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 45.

[8471, C389, R48o, C57i.]

HAB. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, from South-
ern Maine to the South Atlantic and Gulf States ; west to Dakota,
Eastern Kansas, and Eastern Texas.

289 a. Colinus virginianus floridanus (COUES).

Florida Bob-white.

Ortyx virginianus \2x.floridanus COUES, Key, 1872, 237.
Colinus virginianus floridanus STEJX. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 45-

[B— , C3890,R 4800, €572.]
HAB. Florida.

289 £. Colinus virginianus texanus (LAWR.).

Texan Bob-white.

Ortyx texanus LAWR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VI. April, 1853, I.
Colinus virginianus texanus STEJX. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 45.

168 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B472, C389£, R 480 £,0573.]
HAB. Southern and Western Texas, north to Western Kansas.

290. Colinus graysoni (LAWR.).

Grayson's Bob-white.

Or tyx graysoni LAWR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VIII. May, 1867, 476.
Colinus graysoni STEJN. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 45.

[B -, C -, R - C -.]
HAB. Mexico, north into Southern Arizona.

291. Colinus ridgwayi BREWST.

Masked Bob-white.

Colinus ridgwayi BREWST. Auk, II. April, 1885, T99«

[B - C -, R - C -.]
HAB. Mexican border of Arizona and southward.

GENUS OREORTYX BAIRD.
Oreortyx BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 642. Type, Ortyx picta DOUGL.

292. Oreortyx pictus (DOUGL.).

Mountain Partridge.

Ortyx picta DOUGL. Trans. Linn. Soc. XVI. 1829, 143.
Oreortyx pictus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 642.

[B 473, C 390, R 4Si, C 574.]

HAB. Washington Territory, Oregon, and northern coast region of
California.

2920. Oreortyx pictus plumiferus (GOULD).

Plumed Partridge.

Ortyx plumif era GOULD, P. Z. S. 1837, 42.

Oreortyx pictus var. plumiferus RIDGW. in Hist. N. Am. B. III. 1874,
476.

[B— C— , R 4810,0— .]

HAB. Sierra Nevada, and southern coast ranges of California to
Cape St. Lucas.

ORDER GALLING. 169

GENUS CALLIPEPLA WAGLER.
SUBGENUS CALLIPEPLA.

Callipepla WAGLER, Isis, 1832, 277. Type, C. strenua WAGL. =
Ortyx squamatus VlG.

293. Callipepla squamata (Vic.).

Scaled Partridge.

Ortyx squamatus VlG. Zool. Jour. V. 1830, 275.
Callipepla squamata GRAY, Gen. III. 1846, 514.

[B 476, C 393, R 484, C 577.]

HAB. Table-lands of Mexico, into Western Texas, New Mexico,
and Arizona.

293 tf. Callipepla squamata castanogastris BREWST.

Chestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge.

Callipepla squamata castanogastris BREWST. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
VIII. Jan. 1883, 34.

[B - C - R - C -.]
HAB. Eastern Mexico and Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas.

SUBGENUS LOPHORTYX BONAPARTE.

Lflphortyx BONAP. Geog. £ Comp. List, 1838, 42. Type, Tetrao cali-
fornicus SHAW.

294. CaUipspla californica (SHAW).

California Partridge.

Tetrao calif ornicus SHAW, Nat. Misc. 1797 (?), pi. cccxlv.
Callipepla californica GOULD, Mon. Odont. 1850, pi. xvi.

[B 474. C 391, R 482, C 575.]
HAB. Coast region of California and Oregon.

294 a. Callipepla californica vallicola RIDG\VAY.

Valley Partridge.

Callipepla californica vallicola RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, 355.

1 70 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B - C -, R -, C -.]

HAD. Interior valleys and foot-hills of the Pacific Province, south
to Cape St. Lucas.

295. Callipepla gambeli (NUTTALL).

Gambel's Partridge.

Lophorlyx gambeli " NUTTALL," GAME. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.

1843, 260.
Callipepla gambeli GOULD, Mon. Odont. 1850, pi. xvii.

[B 475, C 392, R 483, C 576.]

HAB. Western Texas, New Mexico, Southern Utah, Arizona, Lower
Colorado Valley, and southward into Western Mexico.

GENUS CYRTONYX GOULD.

Cyrtonyx GOULD, Mon. Odont. 1850, 14. Type, Ortyx massena LESS.
= O. inontezumce VIG.

296. Cyrtonyx montezumse (Vic.).

Massena Partridge.

Ortyx montezumce VIGORS, Zool. Journ. V. 1830, 275.
Cyrtonyx montezumce STEJN. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 46.

[B 477, C 394, R 485, C 578.]

HAB. Northwestern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Northwest-
ern Mexico.

SUBFAMILY TETRAONINJE. GROUSE.

GENUS DENDRAGAPUS ELLIOT.
SUBGENUS DENDRAG-APUS.

Dendragapus ELLIOT, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 23. Type, Tetrao
obscurus SAY.

297. Dendragapus obscurus (SAY).

Dusky Grouse.

Tetrao obscurus SAY, LONG'S Exp. II. 1823, 14.

Dendragapus obscurus ELLIOT, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila 1864, 23.

ORDER GALLING. 17 1

[B 459, C 381, R 47i, C 557.]

HAB. Rocky Mountains, from Central Montana to New Mexico
and Arizona.

2970. Dendragapiis obscurus fuliginosus RIDGW.

Sooty Grouse.

Canace obscura var. fuliginosa RIDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Dec.

1873, 199.
Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.

1885, 355-

[B— , C38iJ,R47i0,C559-]
HAB. Northwest coast mountains, from California to Sitka.

297 £. Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii (SAB.).

Richardson's Grouse.

Tetrao richardsonii "SAB. MS." DOUGL. Linn. Trans. XVI. iii.

1829, 141.
Dendragapus obscurus richardsoni RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.

1885, 355-

[B-, C38ia, R 471 0,0558.]

HAB. Rocky Mountains, from Central Montana northward into
British America.

SUBGENUS CANACHITES STEJNEGER.

Canachites STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 410. Type, Tetrao
canadensis LINN.

298. Dendragapus canadensis (LINN.).

Canada Grouse.

Tetrao canadensis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 159.

Dendragapus canadensis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B 460, C 380, R 472, C 555.]

HAB. British America, east of the Rocky Mountains, from Alaska
south to Northern Michigan, Northern New York, and Northern New
England.

1/2 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

299. Dendragapus franklinii (DOUGL.).

Franklin's Grouse.

Tetrao franklinii DOUGL. Trans. Linn. Soc. XVI. Hi. 1829, 139.
Dendragapus franklinii RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B 461, C 380 a, R 472 a, C 556.]

HAB. Northern Rocky Mountains (chiefly north of the United
States) to the Pacific coast.

GENUS BONASA STEPHENS.

Bonasa STEPH. Gen. Zool. XI. 1819, 298. Type, Tetrao umbellus
LINN.

300. Bonasa umbellus (LINN.).

Ruffed Grouse.

Tetrao umbellus LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 275.
Bonasa umbellus STEPH. Gen. Zool. XI. 1819, 300.

[B 465, C 385, R 473, C 565.]

HAB. Eastern United States, south to North Carolina, Georgia,
Mississippi, and Arkansas.

300 a. Bonasa umbellus togata (LINN.).

Canadian Rutted Grouse.

Tetrao togatus LINN. S. N. ed. 12, 1766, 275.

Bonasa umbellus togata RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B — , C - R - C -.]

HAB. The densely timbered portions of Northern Maine and the
British Provinces, west to Eastern Oregon and Washington Territory.

300 £. Bonasa umbellus umbelloides (DOUGL.).

Gray Ruffed Grouse.

Tetrao umbelloides DOUGL. Trans. Linn. Soc. XVI. 1829, 148.
Bonasa umbellus var. umbelloides BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 925.

[B465*, C385«,R473*, CS66.]

HAB. Rocky Mountain region of the United States and British

America, north to Alaska.

ORDER GALLING. 173

300 c. Bonasa umbellus sabini (DOUGL.).

Oregon Ruffed Grouse.

Tetrao sabini DOUGL. Trans. Linn. Soc. XVI. iii. 1829, 137.
Bonasa umbellus var. sabinei COUES, Key, 1872, 235.

[B 466,0385*^473^567.]

HAB. Coast mountains of Oregon, Washington Territory, and Brit-
ish Columbia.

GENUS LAGOPUS BRISSON.
Lagopus BRISS. Ornith. I. 1760, 181. Type, Tetrao lagopus LINN.

301. Lagopus lagopus (LINN.).

Willow Ptarmigan.

Tetrao lagopus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 159.

Lagopus lagopus STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 20.

[B 467, 470, C 386, R 474, C 568.]

HAB. Arctic regions; in America, south to Sitka, British Prov-
inces, and Northern New York.

301 a. Lagopus lagopus alleni STEJN.

Allen's Ptarmigan.

Lagopus alba alleni STEJN. Auk, I. 1884, 369.

Lagopus lagopus alleni STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 20.

[B -, C -, R -, C -.]
HAB. Newfoundland.

302. Lagopus rupestris (GMEL.).

Rock Ptarmigan.

Tetrao rupestris GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 751.
Lagopus rupestris LEACH, Zool. Misc. II. 1817, 290.

[B 468, C 387, R 475, C 569.]
HAB. Arctic America, from Alaska to Labrador.

CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

302 a. Lagopus rupestris reinhardti (BREHM).

Reinhardt's Ptarmigan.

Lagopus reinhardi (err. typ.) BREHM, Lehrb. Eur. Vog. 1823, 440.
Lagopiis rupestris reinhardti BLASIUS, List Eur. B. 1862, [6.

[B -, C -, R -, C -.]
HAB. Greenland, and western shores of Cumberland Gulf.

302 £, Lagopus rupestris nelsoni STEJN.

Nelson's Ptarmigan.

Lagopus rupestris nelsoni STEJN. Auk, I. 1884, 226.

[B -, C -, R -, C -.]
HAB. Island of Unalashka.

302 <:. Lagopus rupestris atkhensis (TURNER).

Turner's Ptarmigan.

Lagopus mutus atkhensis TURNER, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. July 29,

1882, 227, 230.
Lagopus rupestris atkhensis NELSON, Cruise Corwin, 1883, 56 e -f- 82.

LB -, c -, R -, c -.]

HAB. Atkha Island, Aleutian Islands.

303. Lagopus welchi BREWST.

Welch's Ptarmigan.

Lagopus welchi BREWST. Auk, II. April, 1885, J94-

[B -, C -, R -, C -.]
HAB. Newfoundland.

304. Lagopus leucurus SWAINS.

White-tailed Ptarmigan.

Lagopus leucurus SWAINS. Fauna Bor. Amer. II. 1831, pi. 63.
[B 469, C 388, R 476, C 570.]

HAB. Alpine summits of the mountains of Western North America,
from New Mexico north into British America.

ORDER GALLING. 175

GENUS TYMPANUCHUS GLOGER.

Tympanuchus "GLOGER, 1842," fide SUNDEV. Met. Nat. Av. Disp.
1874, 114. Type, Tetrao cupido LINN.

305. Tympanuchus americanus (REICH.).

Prairie Hen.

Cupidonia americanus REICH. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xxix. ; based on

Vollst. Naturg. Hiihnen., pi. 217, figs. 1896-1898.
Tympanuchus cupido americanus RIDGW. MS.

[£464,0384, R 47 7, C 563.]

HAB. Prairies of the Mississippi Valley, south to Louisiana, east
to Kentucky and Indiana.

306. Tympanuchus cupido (LINN.).

Heath Hen.

Tetrao cupido LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 160.

Tympanuchus cupido RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B 464, part, C 384, part, R 477, /^> c S^Si /«>*•]
HAB. Island of Martha's Vineyard, Mass.

307. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (RIDGW.).

Lesser Prairie Hen.

Cupidonia cupido var. pallidicincta RIDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Dec.

1873, 199-
Tympanuchus pallidicinctus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.

1885, 355.

[B— , €384*, R 477 «, C 564.]
HAB. Eastern edge of the Great Plains, from Texas northward.

GENUS FEDIOC.2ETES BAIRD.

Pediocates BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 625. Type, Tetrao phasianellus
LINN

1/6 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

308. Fediocaetes phasianellus (LINN.).

Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Tetrao phasianellus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 160.
Pedioccztes phasianellus ELLIOT, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862,403 (nee
BAIRD, 1858, qui subsp. cohimbianus) .

[B -, C 383, R 478,0 561.]

HAB. British America, from the northern shore of Lake Superior
and British Columbia to Hudson's Bay Territory and Alaska.

308 a. Pediocaetes phasianellus columbiamis (ORD).

Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Phasianus columbianus ORD, GUTHRIE'S Geog. 2d Am. ed. II. 1815,

3i7-
Pedicecetes phasianellus var. columbianus COUES, Key, 1872, 234.

[B463, C 3830, R 478 rt, 0562.]
HAB. Plains of the Northwestern United States.

308 £. Pediocsetes phasianellus campestris RIDGW.

Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Pedicecetes phasianellus campestris RIDGW. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
II. April 10, 1884, 93.

[B -, C -, R -, C -.]

HAB. Plains and prairies of the United States east of the Rocky
Mountains, south to New Mexico.

GENUS CENTROCERCUS SWAINSON.

Centrocercus SWAINS. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 358, 496. Type,
Tetrao urophasianus BONAP.

309. Centrocercus urophasianus (BONAP.).

Sage Grouse.

Tetrao urophasianus BONAP. Zool. Journ. III. 1827, 213.
Centrocercus urophasianus SWAINS. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 497,
pi. 58-

ORDER GALLING. 177

[B 462, C 382, R 479» C 560.]

HAB. The sage plains of the Rocky Mountain plateau and west-
ward, from Dakota, Colorado, and New Mexico, to Nevada, Eastern
California, Oregon, and Washington Territory.

FAMILY PHASIANIDJE. PHEASANTS, ETC.
SUBFAMILY MELEAGRINJE. TURKEYS.

GENUS MELEAG-RIS LINNAEUS.
Meleagris LINN. S. N. ed. 10, 1. 1758, 156. Type, M. gallopavo LINN.

310. Meleagris gallopavo LINN.

Wild Turkey.

Meleagris gallopavo LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 156.
[B 457, C 379 a, R 470 a, C 554.]

HAB. United States, from Southern Canada to the Gulf coast, and
west to the Plains, along the timbered river valleys ; formerly along
the Atlantic coast to Southern Maine.

310 a. Meleagris gallopavo mexicana (GOULD).

Mexican Turkey.

Meleagris mexicana GOULD, P. Z. S. 1856, 61.

Meleagris gallopavo var. mexicana BAIRD, Hist. N. Am. B. III.
1874, 410.

[B 458, C 379, R 470, C 553.]

HAB. Southwestern United States, from Texas to Arizona, south
over the table-lands of Mexico.

178 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

SUBORDER PENELOPES. CURASSOWS AND GUANS.

FAMILY CRACIDJE. CURASSOWS AND GUANS.
SUBFAMILY PENELOPINJE. GUANS.

GENUS ORTALIS MERREM.

Ortalis MERR. Av. Rar. Icones et Desc. II. 1786, 40. Type, Phasia-
nus motmot LINN.

311. Ortalis vetula maccalli BAIRD.

Chachalaca.

Ortalida maccalli BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 611.

Ortalida vetula var. maccalli BAIRD, Hist. N. Am. B. III. 1874, 398.

[B 456, C 378, R 469, C 552.]
HAB. Valley of the Rio Grande, and southward into Mexico.

ORDER COLUMB^E. PIGEONS.

FAMILY COLUMBIDJE. PIGEONS.

GENUS COLTJMBA LINNAEUS.

Columba LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 162, Type, by elimination, C.
cenas LINN.

312. Columba fasciata SAY.

Band-tailed Pigeon.

Columba fasciata SAY, LONG'S Exp. II 1823, 10.

ORDER COLUMB.E. 179

[B 445, C 367, R 456, C 539.]

HAB. Western United States, from Washington Territory and New
Mexico south to Guatemala.

313. Columba flavirostris WAGL.

Red-billed Pigeon.

Columba flavirostris WAGL. Isis, 1831, 519.

[B 446, C 368, R 457, C 540.]

HAB. Southern border of the United States, from Arizona and the
Rio Grande Valley south to Costa Rica.

314. Columba leucocephala LINN.

White-crowned Pigeon.

Columba leucocephala LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 164.
[B 447, C 369, R 458, C 541.]

HAB. Southern Keys of Florida, Greater Antilles, and coast of
Honduras.

GENUS ECTOPISTES SWAINSON.

Ectopistes SWAINS. Zool Jour. III. 1827, 362. Type, Columba migra-
toria LINN.

315. Ectopistes migratorius (LINN.).

Passenger Pigeon.

Columba migratoria LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 285 (£).
Ectopistes migratoria SWAINS. Zool. Journ. III. 1827, 362.

[6448, C 370, R 459, C 543-]

HAB. Eastern North America, from Hudson's Bay southward, and
west to the Great Plains , straggling westward to Nevada and Wash-
ington Territory.

GENUS ZENAIDUHA BONAPARTE.

Zenaidura BONAP. Consp. Av. II. Dec. 1854, 84. Type, Columba
carolinensis LINN. = C. macroura LINN.

ISO CHECK- LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

316. Zenaidura macroura (LINN.).

Mourning Dove.

Columba macroura LINN. S. N. ed. 10, 1758, 164 (part).
Zenaidura macroura RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[6451,0371, R 460, C 544-]

HAB. North America, from Southern Maine, Southern Canada, and
Oregon, south to Panama and the West Indies.

GENUS ZENAIDA BONAPARTE.

Zenaida BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 41. Type, Columba
zenaida BONAP.

317. Zenaida zenaida (BONAP.).

Zenaida Dove.

Columba zenaida BONAP. Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. 1825, 30.
Zenaida zenaida RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B 449, C 372, R 462, C 545-]
HAB. Florida Keys, Greater Antilles, and coast of Yucatan.

GENUS ENGrYFTILA SUNDEVALL.

Engyptila SUNDEV. Met. Nat. Av. Disp. 1872, 156. Type, Columba
ruf axilla RICH. & BERN.

318. Engyptila albifrons (BONAP.).

White-fronted Dove.

Leptoptila albifrons BONAP. Consp. Av. II. Dec. 1854, 74.
Engyptila albifrons COUES, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V. April, 1880, 100.

[B — , C — , R 463, C 542.]

HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, and southward to
Guatemala.

GENUS MELOFELIA BONAPARTE.

Melopelia BONAP. Consp. Av. II. Dec. 1854, 81. Type, Columba leu-
copter a LINN.

ORDER COLUMB.E. l8l

319. Melopelia leucoptera (LINN.).

White-winged Dove.

Columba leucoptera LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 164.
Melopelia leucoptera BONAP. Consp. Av. II. Dec. 1854, 81.

[B 450, C 373, R 464, C 546.]

HAB. Southern border of the United States, from Texas, New
Mexico, Arizona, and Lower California, southward to Costa Rica and
the West Indies.

GENUS COLUMBIGALLINA BOIE.
Columbigallina BOIE, Isis, 1826, 977. Type, Columba passerina LINN.

320. Columbigallina passerina (LINN.).

Ground Dove.

Columba passerina LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I. 1758, 165.
Columbigallina passerina ZELEDON, Pr. U. S. Nat Mus. VIII. 1885,

112.

[B 453, C 374, R 465, C 547-]

HAB. South Atlantic and Gulf States, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona,
and California, south to the West Indies and Northern South America.

*

GENUS SCARDAFELLA BONAPARTE.

Scardafella BONAP. Consp. Av. II. Dec. 1854, 85. Type, Columba
squamosa TEMM.

321. ScardafeUa inca (LESS.).

Inca Dove.

Chamtzpelia inca LESSON, Descr. Quadr. etc. Buffon, 1850, 211.
Scardafella inca BONAP. Consp. Av. II. Dec. 1854, 85.

[B 452, C 375, R 466, C 549-]

HAB. Rio Grande Valley, Arizona, and Lower California, south to
Guatemala.

GENUS GEOTRYGON GOSSE.

Geotrygon GOSSE, B. Jam. 1847, 316, foot-note. Type, G. sylvatica
GOSSE = Columba cristata TEMM.

1 82 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[322.] Geotrygon martinica (GMEL.).

Key West Quail-dove.

Columba martinica GMEL. S . N. I. ii. 1788, 781..
Geotrygon martinica BONAP. Consp. Av. II. Dec. 1854, 74.

[B 454, C 376, R 467, C 550-]
HAB. Key West, Florida, and West Indies.

GENUS STARNCENAS BONAPARTE.

Starncenas BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 41. Type, Columba
cyanocephala LINN.

[323.] Starncenas cyanocephala (LINN.).

Blue-headed Quail-dove.

Columba cyanocephala LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 163.
Starncenas cyanocephala BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 41.

[B455, C377, R468, C 551.]
HAB. Florida Keys and Cuba.

ORDER RAPTORES. BIRDS OF PREY.

SUBORDER SARCORHAMPHI. AMERICAN VULTURES.

FAMILY CATHARTID^E. AMERICAN VULTURES.

GENUS PSEUDOGRYPHUS RIDGWAY.

Pseudogryphus RIDGW. Hist. N. Am. B. III. Jan. 1874, 337, 338.
Type, Vultur californianus SHAW.

ORDER RAPTORES. 183

324. Pseudogryphus californianus (SHAW).

California Vulture.

Vultur calif ornianu^s SHAW, Nat. Misc. IV. 1797, pi. ccci.
Pseudogryphus californianus RIDGW. Hist. N. Am. B. III. 1874, 338.

[B 2, C 364, R 453, C 536.]

HAB. Pacific coast region of the United States, from Oregon south-
ward, and in the interior to Southern Utah.

GENUS CATHARTES ILLIGER.

Catharles ILLIG. Prodr. 1811, 236. Type, by elimination, Vullur
aura LINN.

325. Cathartes aura (LINN.).

Turkey Vulture.

Vultur aura LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 86.
Cathartes aura SPIX, Aves Bras. I. 1825, 2.

[B i, C 365, R 454, C 537.]

HAB. Temperate North America, from New Jersey, Ohio Valley,
Saskatchewan region, and Washington Territory southward to Pata-
gonia. Casual northward on the Atlantic coast to Maine.

GENUS CATHARISTA VIEILLOT.

Catharista VIEILL. Analyse, 1816, 21. Type, by elimination, Vultur
atratits BARTR.

326. Catharista atrata (BARTR.).

Black Vulture.

Vultur atratus BARTR. Trav. Car. 1792, 285.
Catharista atrata GRAY, Handl. I. 1869, 3-

[B 3, C 366, R 4S5? C 538.]

HAB. South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to North Carolina and
the Lower Ohio Valley, west to the Great Plains, and south through
Mexico and Central America, the West Indies, and most of South
America. Straggling north to New York and Maine.

1 84 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

SUBORDER FALCONES. VULTURES, FALCONS, HAWKS,
BUZZARDS, EAGLES, KITES, HARRIERS, ETC.

FAMILY FALCONLLX53. VULTURES, FALCONS, HAWKS,
EAGLES, ETC.

SUBFAMILY ACCIPITRIN^l. KITES, BUZZARDS, HAWKS, GOSHAWKS,

EAGLES, ETC.

GENUS ELANOIDES VIEILLOT.

ElanoidesV \VXLL. Nouv. Diet. XXIV. 1818, 101. Type, Falco furca-
tus = F. forficatus LINN.

327. Elanoides forficatus (LINN.).

Swallow-tailed Kite.

Falco forficatus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 89.

Elanoides forficatus COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1875, 345-

[B34, C 337, R 426, C 493.]

HAB. Southern United States, especially in the interior, from Penn-
sylvania and Minnesota southward, throughout Central and South
America ; westward to the Great Plains. Casual eastward to Southern
New England. Accidental in England.

GENUS ELANUS SAVIGNY.

Elanus SAVIG. Descr. de 1'figypte, 1809, 97. Type, E. c&sius —
Falco melanopterus DAUD.

328. Elanus leucurus (VIEILL.).

White-tailed Kite.

Milvus leucurus VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. XX. 1818, 563 (errore 556).
Elanus leucurus BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 4.

CB 35> C 336> R 427, C 492.]

HAB. Southern United States, from South Carolina, Southern Illi-
nois, and California, southward to Chili and Buenos Ayres.

ORDER RAPTORES. 185

GENUS ICTINIA VIEILLOT.
Ictinia VIEILL. Analyse, 1 8 1 6, 24. Type, Falco mississippiensis WILS.

329. Ictinia mississippiensis (WILS.).

Mississippi Kite.

Falco mississippiensis WILS. Am. Orn. III. 1811, 80, pi. 25, fig. I.
Ictinia mississippiensis GRAY, Gen. B. I. 1845, 26.

[636, C 335, R 428, €491-]

HAB. Southern United States, southward from South Carolina on
the coast, and Wisconsin and Iowa in the interior, to Mexico.

GENUS ROSTRHAMUS LESSON.
Rostrhamus LESS. Traite, 1831, 55. Type, Falco hamalus ILLIG.

330. Rostrhamus sociabilis (VIEILL.).

Everglade Kite.

Herpetotheres sociabilis VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. XVIII. 1818, 318.
Rostrhamus sociabilis D'ORB. Voy. Ois. II. 1847, 73.

[B 37. C 334, R 429> C 49°-]

HAB. Florida, Cuba, Eastern Mexico, Central America, and East-
ern South America, to the Argentine Republic.

GENUS CIRCUS LACEPEDE.

Circus LACEP. Mem. de PInst. III. 1801, 506. Type, Falco cyaneus
LINN.

331. Circus hudsonius (LINN.).

Marsh Hawk.

Falco hudsonius LIXN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 128.
Circus hudsonius VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, pi. 9.

[B 38, C 333, R 430, C 489-]
HAB. North America in general, south to Panama.

1 86 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

GENUS ACCIPITER BRISSON.
SUBGENUS ACCIPITER.

Accipiter BRISS. Orn. I. 1760, 310. Type, by elimination, Falco nisus
LINN.

332. Accipiter velox (WILS.).

Sharp-shiuned Hawk.

Falco velox WILS. Am. Orn. V. 1812, 116, pi. 45, fig. I.
Accipiter -uelox VIGORS, Zool. Journ. I. 1824, 338.

[B 17, C 338, R 432, C 494.]
HAD. North America in general, south to Panama.

333. Accipiter cooperi (BONAP.).

Cooper's Hawk.

Falco cooperi BONAP. Am. Orn. II. 1828, I, pi. x. fig. i.
Accipiter cooperi GRAY, List B. Brit. Mus. Accipitres, 1844, 38.

[B 15, 16, C 339, R 431, C 495.]
HAB. North America in general, south to Southern Mexico.

SUBGENUS ASTUR LACEPEDE.

Astur LACEP. Mem. de PInst. III. 1801, 505. Type, Falco palumba-
rius LINN.

334. Accipiter atricapiUus (WILS.).

American Goshawk.

Falco atricapiUus WILS. Am. Orn. VI. 1812, 80, pi. 52, fig. 3.
Accipiter airicapillus SEEBOHM, Brit. Birds, I. 1883, iv.

[B 14, C 340, R 433, C 496.]

HAB. Northern and Eastern North America, breeding mostly north
of the United States, south in winter to the Middle States. Acciden-
tal in England.

3340. Accipiter atricapilhis striatulus RIDGW.

Western Goshawk.

Astur atricapiUus var. striatulus RIDGW. in Hist. N. Am. B. III.

1874, 240.
Accipiter atricapiUus striatulus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.

1885, 355-

ORDER RAPTORES. 187

[B — C— , R 433 ^C 497-]

HAB. Western North America.

GENUS PARABUTEO RIDGWAY.

Parabitteo RIDGW. in Hist. N. Am.- B. III. Jan. 1874, 250. Type,
Falco harrisi AUD.

335. Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi (AUD.).

Harris's Hawk.

Falco harrisi AUD. B. Am. V. 1839, 3°» P1- 392-

Parabuteo unicinctus var. harrisi RIDGW. in Hist. N. Am. B. III.
Jan. 1874, 254.

[B46, C348, R 434, C 5 12.]
HAB. Mississippi, Texas, and Arizona, southward to Panama.

GENUS BUTEO CUVIER.

Buteo Cuv. Le<;. Anat Comp. I. tabl. ii. Ois. 1779-1800. Type,
Falco buteo LINN.

[336.] Buteo buteo (LINN.).

European Buzzard.

Falco buteo LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 90.
Buteo buteo LIGHT. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. 1854, 3.

[B — , C -, R 435, C -.]

HAB. Europe and Western Asia. Accidental in North America
(Michigan ?).

337. Buteo borealis (GMEL.).

Red-tailed Hawk.

Falco borealis GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 266.
Buteo borealis VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. IV. 1816, 478.

[B 23, €351, R 436, C 516.]
HAB. Eastern North America, west to the Great Plains.

188 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

337 a. Buteo borealis kriderii HOOPES.

Krider's Hawk.

Buteo borealis var. kridtrii HOOPES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1873,
238, pi. 5.

[B— , Casir, R436a, C 519.]
HAB. Plains of the United States, from Minnesota to Texas.

337 £. Buteo borealis cahirus (CASS.).

Western Red-tail.

Buteo calurus CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1855, 2Sl-
Buteo borealis var. calurus RIDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Nov. 1873,
186.

[620, 24, C35I0, R 436 £, C 517.]

HAB. Western North America, from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific, south into Mexico • casual east to Illinois.

337 c. Buteo borealis lucasaxms RIDGW.

Saint Lucas Red-tail.

Buteo borealis var. lucasanus RIDGW. in COUES'S Key, 1872, 216
(under B. borealis}.

[B— , C 351 £, R 436', C 518.]
HAB. Peninsula of Lower California.

338. Buteo harlani (AUD.).

Harlan's Hawk.

Falco harlani AUD. B. Am. I. 1830, 441, pi. 86.
Buteo harlani BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 3.

[B22, C35o, R438, C5i5.]

HAB. Kansas, Louisiana, and Texas, south to Central America.
Casual in Southern Illinois and Pennsylvania.

339. Buteo lineatus (GMEL.).

Red-shouldered Hawk.

Falco lineatus GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 268.

Buteo lineatus JARD. ed. WILS. Am. Orn. II. 1832, 290.

ORDER RAPTORES. -189

[B 25, C 352, R 439, C 520.]

HAB. Eastern North America, west to Texas and the Plains, south
to the Gulf coast and Mexico.

339 a. Buteo lineatus alleni RIDGW.

Florida Red-shouldered Hawk.

Buteo lineatus alleni RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. Jan. 19,
1884, 514-

[B — , C -, R — , C — .]

HAB. Florida.
339 £. Buteo lineatus elegans (CASS.)-

Red-bellied Hawk.

Buteo elegans CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 281.
Buteo lineatus var. elegans RIDGW. in Hist. N. Am. B. III. Jan.
1874, 257, 277.

[B 26, C 352 a, R439*» c 52I0

HAB. Western United States, from Western Texas to California,
and south into Mexico.

340. Buteo abbreviates CABAN.

Zone-tailed Hawk.

Buteo abbreviates CAB. in SCHOMB. Reise Brit. Guian. III. 1848, 739.
[B — , C 353, R 440, C 522.]

HAB. Texas, Arizona, and Southern California, south to Northern
South America.

341. Buteo albicaudatus VIEILL.

White-tailed Hawk.

Buteo albicaudatus VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. IV. 1816, 477.
[B— ,C-, R44i, C5i3.]

HAB. Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and southward through Mexico
and Central America, and most of South America.

342. Buteo swainsoni BONAP.

Swainson's Hawk.

Buteo sivainsoni BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 3.

I9O CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B 18, 19, 21, 28, C 354, R 442, C 523.]

HAB. Western North America, from Wisconsin, Illinois, Arkansas,
and Texas to the Pacific coast ; north to the arctic regions, and south
to Buenos Ayres. Casual east to Massachusetts.

343. Buteo latissimus (Wns.).

Broad-winged Hawk.

Falco latissimus WILS. Am. Orn. VI. 1812, 92, pi. 54, fig. i.
Buteo latissimus SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. I. Accip. 1874, 193.

[B 27, C 355, R 443, C 524.]

HAB. Eastern North America, from New Brunswick and the Sas-
katchewan region to Texas and Mexico, and thence southward to Cen-
tral America, Northern South America, and the West Indies.

SUBGENUS BUTEOLA BONAPARTE.

Buteola BONAP. Compt. Rend. XLI. 1855, 651. Type, Buteo bra-
chyurus VIEILL.

[344.] Buteo brachyurus VIEILL.

Short-tailed Hawk.

Buteo brachyurus VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. IV. 1816, 477.
[B — , C - R - C -.]

HAB. Mexico, Central America, and most of South America.
Florida (accidental ?).

GENUS URUBITINGA LESSON.

Urubitinga LESS. Rev. Zool. 1839, T32- (£/*• Compl. Buff. VII. 1837,
64 ) Type, Falco urubitinga GMEL.

345. Urubitinga anthracina (LIGHT.).

Mexican Black Hawk.

Falco anthracinus LIGHT. Preis-Verz 1830, 3.
Urubitinga anthracina LAFR. Rev. Zool. 1848, 241.

[B — C — R 444, C 528.]
HAB. Arizona, southward to Northern South America.

ORDER RAPTORES. 191

GENUS ASTURINA VIEILLOT.
Asturina VIEILL. Analyse, 1816, 24. Type, Falco nitidus GMEL.

346. Asturina plagiata SCHLEGEL.

Mexican Goshawk.

Asturina plagiata " LIGHT." SCHLEGEL, Mus. P. B. Asturinae, 1862, i.
[B 33. C 358, R 445. C 527.]

HAB. Southwestern border of the United States, southward to
Panama. Southern Illinois (accidental?).

GENUS ARCHIBUTEO BREHM.
Archibuteo BREHM, Isis, 1828, 1269. Type, Falco lagopus GMEL.

[347.] Archibuteo lagopus (BRUNN.).

Rough-legged Hawk.

Falco lagopus BRUNN. Orn. Bor. 1764, 4.
Archibuteo lagopus GRAY, List Gen. B. ed. 2, 1841, 3.

[B- C- R- C-.]

HAB. Northern parts of the Old World ; Alaska.
347#. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (GMEL.).

American Rough-legged Hawk.

Falco sancti-johannis GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 273
Archibuteo lagopus var. sancti-johannis RIDGW. in COUES'S Key,
1872, 218.

[B3o, 31, €356, R 447,0525.]

HAB. Whole of North America north of Mexico, breeding chiefly
north of the United States.

348. Archibuteo ferrugineus (LIGHT.).

Ferruginous Rough-leg.

Falco ferrugineus LIGHT. Abh. K. Akad. Berl. 1838, 428.
Archibuteo ferrugineus GRAY, Gen. B. fol. ed. 1849, I2-

[B 32, C 357, R 448, C 526.]

192 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

HAB. Western North America, from the Plains (Iowa to Texas)
westward to the Pacific, and from the Saskatchewan region south into
Mexico.

GENUS AQUILA BRISSON.

Aquila BRISS. Orn. I. 1760, 419. Type, Falco chrysaetos LINN.
349. Aquila chrysaetos (LINN.).

Golden Eagle.

Falco chrysaetos LINN, S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 88.
Aquila chrysaetus DUMONT, Diet. Sci. Nat. I. 1816, 339.

[B 39, C 361, R 449, 9532.]

HAB. North America south to Mexico, and northern parts of the
Old World.

GENUS THRASAETUS GRAY.
Thrasaetus GRAY, P. Z. S. 1837, 108. Type, Vultur harpyia LINN.

[350.] Thrasaetus harpyia (LINN.).

Harpy Eagle.

Vultur harpyia LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 86.
Thrasaetus harpyia GRAY, P. Z. S. 1837, 108.

[B — , C — , R 450, C63i.J
HAB. Lower Rio Grande Valley, casual, south to Paraguay.

GENUS HALL5JETXJS SAVIGNY.

Haliaetus SAVIGNY, Descr. de 1'figypte, 1809, 35. Type, Falco albi-
cilla LINN.

[351.] Haliaeetus albiciUa (LINN.).

Gray Sea Eagle.

Falco albiciUa LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 89.

Haliaetus albiciUa LEACH, Syst. Cat. M. B. Br. Mus. 1816, 9.

[B 42, C — , R 452, C 533.]
HAB. Northern Europe and Asia ; Greenland.

ORDER RAPTORES. 193

352. Haliseetus leucocephalus (LINN.).

Bald Eagle.

Falco leucocephalus LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 124.
Haliatus leucocephalus Bom, I sis, 1822, 548.

[B 41, 43, C 362, R 451, C 534.]
HAB. North America at large, south to Mexico.

SUBFAMILY FALCONINJE. FALCONS.

GENUS FALCO LINNAEUS.

Falco LINN. S. N. ed. 10, 1. 1758, 88. Type, by elimination, F. subbu-
teo LINN.

SUBGENUS HIEROPALCO CUVIER.

Hierofalco Cuv. Reg. An. I. 1817, 312. Type, Falco candicans
GMEL. = F. islandus BRUNN.

353. Falco islandus BRUNN.

White Gyrfalcon.

Falco islandus BRUNN. Orn. Bor. 1764, 2.

[B n, C 3410, R4i2, C 501.]
HAB. Arctic regions, including Arctic America and Greenland.

354. Falco msticolus LINN.

Gray Gyrfalcon.

Falco rusticolus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 88.
[B 12, C — , R 412 a, C 500.]

HAB. Iceland, Southern Greenland, and Northeastern North Amer-
ica, straggling southward in winter to Southern New England.

354 a. Falco rusticolus gyrfalco (LINN.).

Gyrfalcon.

Falco gyrfalco LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 91.
Falco rusticolus gyrfalco STEJN. Auk, II. 1885, 187.

13

IQ4 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B— , C34i, R 412 £,€498.]
HAB. Interior of Arctic America, from Hudson's Bay to Alaska.

354 £. Falco rusticohis obsoletus (GMEL.).

Black Gyrfalcon.

Falco obsoletus GMEL. S. N. I. i. 1788, 268.

Falco rusticolus obsoletus STEJN. Auk, II. 1885, 187.

[B—,C—,R 412 ^,0499.]
HAB. Labrador, south in winter to Maine and New York.

355. Falco mexicanus SCHLEG.

Prairie Falcon.

Falco mexicanus SCHLEG. Abh. Geb. Zool. 1841, 15.
[B 10, C 342, R 413, C 502.]

HAB. United States, from the eastern border of the Plains to the
Pacific, south into Mexico ; casual eastward to Illinois.

SUBGENUS RHYNCHODON NITZSCH.

Rhynchodon NITZSCH, Pterylog. 1840, 78. Type, by elimination, Falco
peregrinus LATH.

356. Falco peregrinus anatum (BONAP.).

Duck Hawk.

Falco anatum BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 4.
Falco peregrinus /3. anatum BLASIUS, List B. Eur. 1862, 3.

[B 5, 6, C 343, R 4M, C 503.]
HAB. North America at large.

356 a. Falco peregrinus pealei RIDGW.

Peale's Falcon.

Falco communis var. pealei RIDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Dec. 1873, 2O1-
Falco peregrinus pealei RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24,
1880, 192.

[B — , C 343 a, R 414 a, C 504.]

HAB. Pacific coast region of North America, from Oregon to the
Aleutian and Commander Islands.

ORDER RAPTORES. 195

SUBGENUS JESALON KAUP.

JEsalon KAUP, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 40. Type, Falco cesalon
GMEL. = F. regulus PALL.

357. Falco columbarius LINN.

Pigeon Hawk.

Falco columbarius LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 90.
[By, C344, R 417^505.]

HAB. The whole of North America, south to the West Indies and
Northern South America.

357 a. Falco columbarius suckleyi RIDGW.

Black Merlin.

Falco columbarius var. suckleyi RIDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Dec.

1873, 201.

[B — C 344 «, R 4170,0506.]

HAB. Northwest coast region of North America, from California to
Sitka.

358. Falco richardsonii RIDGW.

Richardson's Merlin.

Falco (Hypotriorchis) richardsonii RIDGW. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.
Dec. 1870, 145.

[B — C 345, R 418, C 507.]

HAB. Interior and western plains of North America, from the Mis-
sissippi River to the Pacific coast, and from the Arctic regions to
Texas.

SUBGENUS RHYNCHOPALCO RIDGWAY.

Rhynchofalco RIDGW. Pr. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1873, 46. Type,
Falco femoralis TEMM. = F. fusco-ccerulescens VIEILL.

359. Falco fusco-ccemlescens VIEILL.

Aplomado Falcon.
Falco fusco-ccerulescens VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. XI. 1817, 90.

196 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[69,0347, R 419, C 511.]
HAS. Texas and New Mexico, south to Patagonia.

SUBGENUS TINNUNCULUS VIEILLOT.
Tinnunculus VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 39.

360. Falco sparverius LINN.

American Sparrow Hawk.

Falco sparverius LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 90.

[B 13, C 346, 346 a, R 420, 420 a, C 508, 509.]
HAB. Whole of North America, south to Northern South America.

[361.] Falco sparverioides VIG.

Cuban Sparrow Hawk.

Falco sparverioides VIG. Zool. Jour. III. Aug.-Nov. 1827, 436.

[B— , C— , R 421, €510.]
HAB. Cuba. Accidental in Florida.

GENUS POLYBORUS VIEILLOT.
Polyborus VIEILL. Analyse, 1816, 22. Type, Falco tharus MOL.

362. Folyborus cheriway (JACQ.).

Audubon's Caracara.

Falco cheriway JACQ. Beitr. 1784, 17, tab. 4.

Polyborus cheriway CAB. in SCHOMB. Guiana. III. 1848, 741.

[B 45, C 363, R 423, C 535.]

HAB. Southern border of the United States (Florida, Texas, Ari-
zona), and Lower California, south to Ecuador and Guiana.

363. Folyborus lutosus RIDGW.

Guadalupe Caracara.

Polyborus lutosus RIDGW. Bull. U. S. Geog. & Geol. Surv. Terr. No.
6, 2d ser. Feb. 8, 1876, 459.

ORDER RAPTORES. 197

[B -, C — , R 424. C —.]
HAB. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

SUBFAMILY PANDIONIN^EJ. OSPREYS.

GENUS FANDION SAVIGNY.

Pandion SAVIGX. Descr. de Tfigypte, Ois. 1809, 95. Type, Falco
haliaetus LINN.

364. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (GMEL.).

American Osprey.

Falco carolinensis GMEL. S. N. I. i. 1788, 263.
Pandion haliaetus var. carolinensis RIDGW. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.
Dec. 1870, 143.

[B 44, C 360, R 425, C 530.]

HAS. North America, from Hudson's Bay and Alaska south to th$
West Indies and Northern South America.

SUBORDER STRIGES. OWLS.

FAMILY STRIGIDJE. BARN OWLS.

GENUS STRIX LINNAEUS.
Strix LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 92. Type, S. aluco LINN. ed. 10.

365. Strix pratincola BONAP.

American Barn Owl.

Strix pratincola BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 7.
[B 47, C 316, R 394, C 461.]

198 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

HAB. Warmer parts of North America, from the Middle States,
Ohio Valley, and California southward through Mexico.

FAMILY BUBONIDJE. HORNED OWLS, ETC.

GENUS ASIO BRISSON.
Asio BRISS. Orn. I. 1760, 28. Type, Strix otus LINN.

366. Asio wilsonianus (LESS.).

American Long-eared Owl.

Otus wilsonianus LESS. Traite*, 1831, no.

Asio wilsonianus COUES, Check List, ed. 2, 1882, 81, No. 472.

[B5i, C32o, R 395, €472-]
HAB. Temperate North America.

367. Asio accipitrinus (PALL.).

Short-eared Owl.

Strix accipitrina PALL. Reise Russ. Reichs. I. 1771, 455.
Asio accipitrinus NEWT. YARR. Brit. B. ed. 4, I. 1872, 163.

[652, C 321, R 396,0473.]
HAB. Throughout North America ; nearly cosmopolitan.

GENUS 8YRNIUM SAVIGNY.

Syrnium SAVIGN. Descr. de 1'figypte, Ois. 1809, 298. Type, Strix
stridula LINN.

368. Syrnium nebulosum (FORST.).

Barred Owl.

Strix nebulosa FORST. Philos. Trans. XXII. 1772, 386.
Syrnium nebulosum BOIE, I sis, 1828, 315.

[B54, C323, R 397, C 476.]

ORDER RAPTORES. 199

HAB. Eastern United States, west to Minnesota and Texas, north
to Nova Scotia and Quebec.

368 a. Syrnmm nebulosum alleni RIDGW.

Florida Barred OwL

Strix nebulosa alleni RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. March 27,
1880, 8.

[B-,C— , R 397 <*, C 477-]
HAB. Florida.

369. Syrnium occidentale XANTUS.

Spotted Owl.

Syrnium occidentale XANTUS, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 193.
[B — , C 324, R 398, C 478-]

HAB. Southwestern United States (New Mexico, Arizona, Cali-
fornia), and Lower California and Mexico.

GENUS ULULA CUVIER.
Ulula Cuv. Reg. An. I. 1817, 329. Type, Strix uralensis PALL.

370. Ulula cinerea (GMEL.).

Great Gray Owl.

Strix cinerea GMEL. S. N. I. i. 1788, 291.
Ulula cinerea BONAP. Consp. Av. I. 1850. 53.

[B 53, C 322, R 399, C 474-]

HAB. Arctic America, straggling southward, in winter, to the north-
ern border of the United States.

[370 a.~\ Ulula cinerea lapponica (RETZ.).

Lapp Owl.

Strix lapponica RETZ. Faun. Suec. 1800, 79.

Ulula cinerea lapponica RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24,
1880, 191.

[B— , C— , R 3990, C 475-1
HAB. Arctic portions of the Old World ; accidental in Alaska.

200 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

GENUS NYCTALA BREHM.
Nyctala BREHM, Isis, 1828, 1271. Type, Strix tengmalmi GMEL.

371. Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni (BONAP.).

Richardson's Owl.

Nyctale richardsoni BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 7.

Nyctale tengmalmi var. richardsoni RIDGW. Am. Nat. VI. 1872, 283.

[B 55, C 327, R 400, C 482.]

HAB. Arctic America, south occasionally in winter into the North-
ern United States.

372. Nyctala acadica (GMEL.).

Saw-whet Owl.

Strix acadica GMEL. S. N. I. 1788, 296.

Nyctale acadica BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 7.

[B 56, 57, C 328, R 401, C 483-]

HAB. North America at large, breeding from the Middle States
northward.

GENUS MEGASCOPS KAUP.
Megascops KAUP, Isis, 1848, 765. Type, Strix asio LINN.

373. Megascops asio (LINN.).

Screech Owl.

Strix asio LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I. 1758, 92.
Megascops asio STEJN. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184.

[B 49'/<»*» C 3i8, R 402, C 465-]

HAB. Temperate Eastern North America, south to Georgia, and
west to the Plains. Accidental in England.

373 a. Megascops asio floridamis (RIDGW.).

Florida Screech Owl.

Scops asio \ix.floridanus RIDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. Dec. 1873, 2O°-
Megascops asio floridanus STEJN. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184.

ORDER RAPTORES. 2OI

[B — , C 318 f, R 402 a, C 469.]
HAB. Southern Georgia and Florida.

373 £. Megascops asio mccallii (CASS.).

Texan Screech Owl.

Scops mccallii CASS. Illust. B. Cal. Tex. etc. July, 1854, 184.
Megascops asio maccalU STEJN. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184.

[B 50, C 318 b, R 402 b, C 468.]

HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, south to Guate-
mala.

373 <r. Megascops asio bendirei (BREWST.).

California Screech Owl.

Scops asio bendirei BREWST. Bull. Nutt Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 1882, 31.
Megascops asio bendirei STEJN. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184.

[B — , C — , R — , C — .]
HAB. Coast region of California.

373 d. Megascops asio kennicottii (ELLIOT).

Kennicott's Screech Owl.

Scops kennicottii ELLIOT, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 69.
Megascops asio kennicotti STEJN. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184.

[B — , C 318 a, R 402 d, C 466.]

HAB. Northwest coast region, from Sitka to Oregon, and eastward
to Idaho and Montana.

373 <?. Megascops asio maxwelliae (RIDGW.).

Rocky Mountain Screech Owl.

Scops asio var. maxivellics RIDGW. Field & Forest, June, 1877, 210, 213.
Megascops asio maxwellice STEJN. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184.

[B — , C — , R 402 c, C 467.]
HAB. Rocky Mountains, from Colorado to Montana.

202 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

373 f. Megascops asio trichopsis (WAGL.).

Mexican Screech Owl.

Scops trichopsis WAGL. I sis, 1832, 276.

Megascops asio trichopsis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B — , C — , R 403, C 470.]
HAB. New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, and Western Mexico.

374. Megascops flammeolus (KAUP).

Flamnmlated Screech Owl.

Scops flatnmeola KAUP, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV. 1862, 226.
Megascops flammeolus STEJN. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184.

[B— , C3i9, R4o4, C47i.]

HAB. Guatemala and Central Mexico, north to Colorado and
California.

GENUS BUBO CUVIER.
Bubo Cuv. Reg. An. 1817, 351. Type, Strix bubo LINN.

375. Bubo virginianus (GMEL.).

Great Horned Owl.

Strix virginia?ia GMEL. S. N. I. i. 1788, 287.

Bubo virginianus BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 6.

[B48, C3i7, R4Q5, C462.]

HAB. Eastern North America, west to the Mississippi Valley, and
from Labrador south to Costa Rica.

375<z. Bubo virginianus subarcticus (Hov).

Western Horned Owl.

Bubo subarcticus HOY, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VI. 1852, 211.
Bubo virginianus $. subarcticus RIDGW. Orn. 4oth Par. 1877, 572-

[B 48, part, C 317 a, part, R 405 a, part, C 463, part.]

HAB. Western United States from the Great Plains westward;
southward to the Mexican table-lands. East, casually, to Wisconsin
and Illinois.

ORDER RAPTORES. 2O3

375 £. Bubo virginianus arcticus (SWAINS.).

Arctic Horned Owl.

Strix {Bubo) arctica SWAINS. Fauna Bor. Am. ii. 1831, 86, pi. 30.
Bubo virginianus var. arcticus CASS. Illust. B. Cal. etc. 1854, 178.

[B &tpart, C w a, part, R 405 £, C 463, part.']

HAB. Interior of Arctic America (Fur Countries), south, in winter,
to Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming.

375 c. Bubo virginianus saturatus RIDGW.

Dusky Horned Owl.

Bubo virginianus saturatus RIDGW. Orn. 4oth Par. 1877, 572, foot-note.
[B 48, part, C 317 b, R 405 f, C 464-]

HAB. Northwest coast region, from the Columbia River northward ;
Labrador.

GENUS NYCTEA STEPHENS.

Nyctea STEPH. Gen. Zool. XIII. ii. 1826, 63. Type, Strix nyctea
LINN.

376. Nyctea nyctea (LINN.).

Snowy OwL

Strix nyctea LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 93.
Nyctea nyctea LIGHT. Nomen. Mus. Berol. 1854, 7.

[B6i, C325, R 406, C 479-]

HAB. Northern portions of the Northern Hemisphere. In North
America breeding mostly north of the United States ; in winter mi-
grating south to the Middle States, straggling to South Carolina,
Texas, and the Bermudas.

GENUS STJRNIA DUME"RIL.
Surnia DUMER. Zool. Anal. 1806, 34. Type, Strix ulula LINN.

[377.] Surnia ulula (LINN.).

Hawk Owl.

Strix ulula LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 93.
Surnia ulula BONAP. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. 1842, 22.

204 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B—,C—,R 407 0,0481.]
HAB. Arctic portions of the Old World. Casual in Alaska.

3770. Surnia nlula caparoch (MULL.).

American Hawk Owl.

Strix caparoch MULL. S. N. Suppl. 1776, 69.
Surma ulula caparoch STEJN. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 363.

[B 62, C 326, R 407, C 480.]

HAB. Arctic America, migrating in winter to the northern border
of the United States. Occasional in England.

GENUS SPEOTYTO GLOGER.

Speotyto GLOG. Handb. Naturg. 1842, 226. Type, Strix cunicu-
laria MOL.

378. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (BONAP.).

Burrowing Owl.

Strix hypogaa BONAP. Am. Orn. I. 1825, 72.

Spheotyto cunicularia var. hypogaa RIDGW. in COUES'S Key, 1872, 208.

[B 58, 59> C 332, R 408, C 487.]

HAB. United States, from the Pacific coast to the Great Plains,
south to Central America. Accidental in Massachusetts.

378 #. Speotyto cunicularia floridana RIDGW.

Florida Burrowing Owl.

Speotyto cunicularia var. floridana RIDGW. Am. Sportsm. V. July 4,
1874, 216.

[B — , C — , R 408 a, C 488.]
HAB. Florida.

GENUS GLAUCIDIUM BOIE.
Glaucidium BOIE, I sis, 1826, 970. Type, Strix nana KING.

379. Glaucidium gnoma WAGL.

Owl.

Glaucidium gnoma WAGL. I sis, 1832, 275.

ORDER PSITTACI. 20$

[B 6o; C 329, R 409, C 484.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Pacific coast to Colorado,
and from British Columbia south to the table-lands of Mexico.

380. Glaucidiuxn phaleenoides (BAUD.).

Ferruginous Pygmy Owl.

Strix pJialanoides DAUD. Traite Orn. II. 1800, 206.
Glaucidium phalanoides CAB. J. f. O. 1869, 208.

[B — , C 330, R 410, C 485-]

HAB. Southern border of the United States (Texas to Arizona),
south to Southern Brazil.

GENUS MICRATHENE COUES.

Micrathene COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 51. Type, Athens
ivhitneyi COOPER.

381. Micrathene whitneyi (COOPER).

Elf Owl.

Athene whitneyi COOPER, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1861, ri8.
Micrathene whitneyi COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 51.

[B— , C33i, R 41 1, C 486.]

HAB. Southern and Lower California and Arizona, south into
Mexico.

ORDER PSITTACI. PARROTS, MACAWS, PAR-
OQUETS, ETC.

FAMILY PSITTACID^B.

GENUS CONURUS KUHL.

Conurus KUHL, Consp. Psitt. 1820, 4. Type, Psittacus carolinensis
GMEL.

206 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

382. Conurus carolinensis (LINN.).

Carolina Paroquet,

Psittacus carolinensis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 97.
Conurus carolinensis LESS. Traitd, 1831, 211.

[B63, C3i5, R392, C46o.]

HAB. Formerly Florida and the Gulf States north to Maryland, the
Great Lakes, Iowa, and Nebraska, west to Colorado, the Indian Ter-
ritory, and Texas, and straggling northeastward to Pennsylvania and
New York. Now restricted to the Gulf States and the Lower Missis-
sippi Valley, and of local occurrence only.

ORDER COCCYGES. CUCKOOS, ETC.

SUBORDER CUCULI. CUCKOOS, ETC.

FAMILY CUCULID^E. CUCKOOS, ANIS, ETC.
SUBFAMILY CROTOPHAGLNJE. ANIS.

GENUS CROTOFHAGA LINN/EUS.
Crotophaga LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 105. Type, C. am LINN.

[383.] Crotophaga ani LINN.

Ani.

Crotophaga ani LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 105.
[B 66, 67, C 288, R 389, C 425-]

HAB. West Indies, and Eastern South America. Rare or casual
in Southern Florida, and accidental near Philadelphia.

ORDER COCCYGES. 2OJ

384. Crotophaga sulcirostris SWAINS.

Groove-billed Ani

Crotophaga sulcirostris SWAINS. Philos. Mag. I. 1827, 440.
[B — , C — , R 39°> C 426.] '

HAD. Lower California, and valley of the Lower Rio Grande in
Texas, south to Northern South America.

SUBFAMILY COCCYGrlNuE. AMERICAN CUCKOOS.

GENUS GEOCOCCYX WAGLER.

Geococcyx WAGLER, Isis, 1831, 524. Type, G. variegata WAGL. =
Saurothera californiana LESS.

385. Geococcyx californianus (LESS.).

Road-runner.

Saurothera californiana LESSON, Compl. Buff. VI. 1829 (?), 420.
Geococcyx californianus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 73.

[B 68, C 289, R 385, C 427-]

HAB. Texas, New Mexico, Southern Colorado, and westward to
California ; south into Mexico.

GENUS COCCYZUS VIEILLOT.
Coccyzus VIELL. Analyse, 1816, 28. Type, Cuculus americanus LINN.

386. Coccyzus minor (GMEL.).

Mangrove Cuckoo.

Cuculus minor GMEL. S. N. I. i. 1788, 411.
Coccyzus minor CAB. J. f. O. 1856, 104.

[B7i, C292, R386, C429-]

HAB. Southern Florida, Louisiana, the West Indies, and Central
America to Northern and Eastern South America.

208 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

387. Coccyzus americanus (LINN.).

Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

Cuculus americanus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, in.
Coccyzus americanus BONAP. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. III. ii.
1824, 367.

[B69, €291, R387, €429.]

HAB. Temperate North America, from New Brunswick, Canada,
Minnesota, Nevada, and Oregon south to Costa Rica and the West
Indies. Less common from the eastern border of the Plains west-
ward.

388. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (WiLs.).

Black-billed Cuckoo.

Cuculus erythrophthalmus WILS. Am. Orn. IV. 1811, 16, pi. 28.
Coccyzus erythrophthalmus BONAP. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. III.
ii. 1824, 367.

[B 70, C 290, R 388, C 428.]

HAB. Eastern North America, from Labrador and Manitoba south
to the West Indies and the valley of the Amazon ; west to the Rocky
Mountains. Accidental in the British Islands and Italy.

SUBORDER TROGONES. TROGONS.

FAMILY TROGONIDJ3. TROGONS.

GENUS TROGON LINN^US.
Trogon LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 167. Type, T. mridis LINN.

[389.] Trogon ambiguus GOULD.

Coppery-tailed Trogon.
Trogon ambiguus GOULD, P. Z. S. 1835, 30.

[B 65, C 284, R 384, C 422.]

HAB. Mexico, north to the valley of the Lower Rio Grande in
Texas.

. ORDER COCCYGES. 2O9

SUBORDER ALCYONES. KINGFISHERS.

FAMILY ALCEDINID2E. KINGFISHERS.

GENUS CERYLE BOIE.
Ceryle BOIE, Isis, 1828, 316. Type, Alcedo rudis LINN.

SUBGENUS STREFTO CERYLE BONAPARTE.

Streptoceryle BONAP. Consp. Vol. Anisod. 1854, 10. Type, Alcedo
torguata LINN.

390. Ceryle alcyon (LINN.).

Belted Kingfisher.

Alcedo alcyon LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 115.
Ceryle alcyon BONAP. P. Z. S. 1837, 108.

[B 117, C 286, Rs82, €423.]
HAB. North America, south to Panama and the West Indies.

SUBGENUS CHLOROCERYLE KAUP.

Chloroceryle KAUP, Kara. Eisv. 1848, 8. Type, Alcedo superciliosa
LINN.

391. Ceryle cabanisi (TSCHUDI).

Texan Kingfisher.

Alcedo cabanisi TSCHUDI, Faun. Per. Orn. 1844, 253.
Ceryle cabanisi BONAP. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 160.

[B 118, C 287, R 383, €424.]

HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande, Texas, and Lower Colorado
River, Arizona, south to Ecuador and Western Peru.

210 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

ORDER PICI. WOODPECKERS, WRYNECKS, ETC.

FAMILY PICID-33. WOODPECKERS.

GENUS CAMPEPHILUS GRAY.

Campephilus GRAY, List Gen. B. 1840, 54. Type, Picus principalis
LINN.

392. Campephilus principalis (LINN.).

Ivory-billed Woodpecker.

Picus principalis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 113.
Campephilus principalis GRAY, List Gen. B. 1840, 54.

[B 72, €293, R 359, C 431.]

HAB. Formerly South Atlantic and Gulf States, from North Caro-
lina to Texas, north in the Mississippi Valley to Missouri, Southern
Illinois, and Southern Indiana. Now restricted to the Gulf States and
the Lower Mississippi Valley, where only locally distributed.

GENUS DRYOBATES BOIE.
Dryobates Bom, Isis, 1826, 977. Type, Picus pubescens LINN.

393. Dryobates villosus (LINN.).

Hairy Woodpecker.

Picus villosus LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 175.

D(ryobates'\ villosus CABANIS, Mus. Hein. IV. June 15, 1863, 66.

[B impart, C 298, party R 360, C 438,^^.]

HAB. Middle portion of the Eastern United States, from the Atlan-
tic coast to the Great Plains.

393 a. Dryobates villosus leucomelas (BODD,).

Northern Hairy Woodpecker.

Picus leucomelas BODDAERT, Tabl. PI. Enl 1783, 21.
Dryobates villosus leucomelas RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, 355.

ORDER PICI. 211

[B 74,/tfr/, C 298, /*>•/, R 3600, C 438, part^

HAB. Northern North America, south to about the northern border
of the United States.

393 £. Dryobates villos-iis audubonii (SWAINS.).
Southern Hairy Woodpecker.

Picus audubonii SWAINS. & RICH. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 306.
Dryobates villosus audubonii RIDGW. Pr U. S. Nat. Mus VIII.
1885, 355.

[B 74,/arf, C 298, part, R 360, /0r/, C 438,
HAB. Southern portions of the United States, east of the Plains.

393 c. Dryobates villosiis harrisii (Aim).

Harris's Woodpecker.

Picus harrisii AUD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, *9r'

Dryobates villosus harrisii RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, 355-

[675, C 2980, R 360 £,C 439-1

HAB. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific coast, south into Mexico and Central America.

394. Dryobates pubescens (LINN.).

Downy Woodpecker.

Picus pubescens Lixx. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 175.

D(ry abates] pubescens CABANIS, Mus. Hein. IV. June 15, 1863, 62.

[B 76, C 299, R 361, C 440.]

HAB. Northern and Eastern North America, from British Columbia
and the eastern edge of the Plains northward and eastward.

3940. Dryobates pubescens gairdnerii (AUD.).

Gairdner's Woodpecker.

Picus gairdnerii AUD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 317.

Dryobates pubescens gairdnerii RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, 355.

212 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B 77, C 299 a, R 361 a, C 441.]
HAB. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains westward.

395. Dryobates borealis (VIEILL.).

Red-cockaded Woodpecker.

Picus borealis VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. II. 1807, 66.

Dryobates borealis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B 80, C 296, R 362, C 433-1

HAB. Southeastern United States, from New Jersey (at least for-
merly), Tennessee, and Indian Territory south to Eastern Texas and
the Gulf coast.

396. Dryobates scalaris (WAGL.).

Texan Woodpecker

Picus scalaris WAGLER, I sis, 1829, 511.

Dryobates scalaris RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B 79, C 297, R 363, C 434-]

HAB. Southern border of the United States, from Texas to Cali-
fornia, south into Mexico.

3960. Dryobates scalaris liicasaims (XANTUS).
Saint Lucas Woodpecker.

Picus lucasanus XANTUS, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 298-
Dryobates scalaris hicasanus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, 355.

[B— , C 297 £,R 3630, C436.]
HAB. Lower California.

397. Dryobates nuttallii (GAME.).

Nuttall's Woodpecker.

Picus nuttallii GAMBEL, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. April, 1843, 259-
Dryobates nuttallii RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B78, C2970, R364, C435.]
HAB. California.

ORDER PICI. 213

Dryobates Strickland! (MALH.).

Strickland's Woodpecker.

Picus stricklandi MALHERBE, Rev. Zool. 1845, 373-

Dryobates stricklandi RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B— , C— , R365, C437-]
HAB. Southern Arizona, south into Western Mexico.

GENUS XENOPICUS BAIRD.

Xenopicus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 83. Type, Leuconerpes albolarva~
tus CASS.

399. Xenopicus albolarvatus (CASS.).

AVhite-headed Woodpecker.

Leuconerpes albolarvatus CASSIN, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Oct. 1850,

106.
Xenopicus albolarvatus MALHERBE, Monogr. Pic. II. 1862, 221.

[B 81, C 295, R 366, C 442-]

HAB. Pacific coast region, from Washington Territory south to
Southern California, east to the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada.

GENUS PICOIDES LACE"PEDE.

Picoides LACEPEDE, Mem. de 1'Inst. III. 1801, 509. Type, Picus
tridactylus LINN.

400. Picoides arcticus (SWAINS.).

Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.

Picus (Apternus} arcticus SWAINS. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 313.
Picoides arcticus GRAY, Gen. B. I. 1845, 434-

[B 82, C 300, R 367, C 443-]

HAB. Northern North America, from the arctic regions south to
the northern border of the United States ; much further south in the
western part of the United States (Nevada, California), along the
mountain ranges.

214 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

401. Ficoides americanus BREHM.

American Three-toed Woodpecker.

Picoides americanus BREHM, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 195.
[B 83, C 301, R 368, C 444-]

HAB. Northern North America, from the arctic regions southward,
in winter, to the Northern United States.

401 a. Picoides americanus alascensis (NELS.).
Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker.

Picoides tridactylus alascensis NELSON, Auk, I. April, 1884, 165.
Picoides americanus alascensis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, 355-

HAB. Alaska.
401 £. Picoides americaims dorsalis BAIRD.

Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker.

Picoides dorsalis BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 100.

Picoides americanus dorsalis BAIRD, Orn. Calif. I. 1870, 386.

[B 84, C 301 a, R 368 a, C 445-]

HAB. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, south into New
Mexico.

GENUS SPHYRAPICUS BAIRD.
Sphyrapicus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 101. Type, Picus farms LINN.

402. Sphyrapicus varius (LINN.).
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.

Picus varius LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 176.
Sphyrapicus warms BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 103.

[B 85, C 302, R 369, C 446.]

HAB. North America north and east of the Great Plains, south to
the West Indies, Mexico, and Guatemala.

ORDER PICI. 215

402 a. SphyrapicTis varms nuchalis BAIRD.

Red-naped Sapsucker.

Sphyrapicus varius var. nuchalis BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 103.
[B 86, C 302 a, R 369 a, C 447.]

HAB. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, south into
Mexico.

403. Sphyrapicus ruber (GMEL.).

Red-breasted Sapsucker.

Picus ruber GMEL. S. N. I. 1788, 429.
Sphyrapicus ruber BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 104.

[B 87, C 302 b, 303 ? R 369 *, C 448.]
HAB. Pacific coast region of the United States.

404. Sphyrapicus thyroideus (CASS.).

Williamson's Sapsucker.

Picus thyroideus CASSIN, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1850-1851, 349.
Sphyrapicus thyroideus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 106.

[B 88, 89, C 304, 305, R 370, C 449-]

HAB. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, west to the
Pacific coast.

GENUS CEOPHLCEUS CABANIS.

Ceophlosus CABANIS, Journ. f. Orn. 1862, 176. Type, Picus pileatus
LINK.

405. Ceophlceus pileatus (LINN.).

Pileated Woodpecker.

Picus pileatus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 113.
Ceophlceus] pileatus CABANIS, J. f. O. 1862, 176.

[B 90, €294, R 37 1, C 432-]

HAB. Formerly whole wooded region of North America ; now rare
or extirpated in the more thickly settled parts of the Eastern States.

2l6 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

GENUS MELANERPES SWAINSON.
SUBGENUS MELANERPES.

Melanerpes SWAINS. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 316. Type, Picus
erythrocephalus LINN.

406. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (LINN.).

Red-headed Woodpecker.

Picus erythrocephalus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 113.
Melanerpes erythrocephalus SWAINS. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 316.

[B 94, C 309, R 375, C 453-]

HAB. United States, west to the Rocky Mountains, straggling west-
ward to Salt Lake Valley ; rare or local east of the Hudson River.

407. Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi RIDGW.

Californian Woodpecker.

Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi RIDGW. Bull. No. 21 U. S. Nat. Mus.
1881, 34, 85.

[B9s, C3io, R377, C454.]

HAB. Pacific coast region of the United States, east into Arizona,
south into Mexico.

407 a. Melanerpes formicivorus angustifrons BAIRD.

Narrow-fronted Woodpecker.

Melanerpes formicivorus var. angustifrons BAIRD, Orn. Cal. I. 1870,
405.

[B— , C 310 a, R 3770.C455-]
HAB. Lower California.

SUBGENUS ASYNDESMUS COUES.

Asyndesmus COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 55. Type, Picus
torquatus WILS.

408. Melanerpes torquatus (WILS.).

Lewis's Woodpecker.

Picus torquatus WILSON, Am. Orn. III. 1811, 31, pi. xx. fig. 3.
Melanerpes torquatus BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 40.

[B96, C3n, R376, C4S6.]

ORDER PICI. 217

HAB. Western United States, from the Black Hills and the Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific.

SUBGENUS CENTURUS SWAINSON.

Centurus SWAINS. Classif. B. II. 1837. 310. Type, Picus carolinus
LINN.

409. Melanerpes carolinus (LINN.).

Red-bellied Woodpecker.

Picus carolinus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 113.

Melanerpes carolinus RIDGW. Ann. Lye. N. Y. X. Jan. 1874, 378.

[B 91, C 306, R 373, €450-]

HAB. Eastern United States, to the Rocky Mountains ; rare or
accidental east of the Hudson River.

410. Melanerpes aurifrons (WAGL.).

Golden-fronted Woodpecker.

Picus aurifrons WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 512.

Melanerpes aurifrons RIDGW. Fr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B92, C3o7, R 373, €451-]
HAB. Southern Texas and Eastern Mexico.

411. Melanerpes uropygialis (BAIRD).

Gila Woodpecker.

Centurus uropygialis BAIRD, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 120.
Melanerpes uropygialis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B 93, C 308, R 374, C 452-]

HAB. Southern Arizona, Southeastern California, Lower California,
and Western Mexico.

GENUS COLAFTES SWAINSON.

Colaptes SWAINS. Zool. Journ. III. Dec. 1827, 353. Type, Cuculus
auratus LINN.

412. Colaptes auratus (LINN.).

Flicker.

Cuculus auratus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 112.
Colaptes auiatas VIGORS, Zool. Journ. III. 1827, 444.

218 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B97, C 312, R 378, C457-]

HAB. Northern and Eastern North America, west to the eastern
slope of the Rocky Mountains and Alaska. Occasional on the Pacific
slope, from California northward. Accidental in Europe.

413. Colaptes cafer (GMEL.).

Red-shafted Flicker.

Picus cafer GMEL. S. N. I. 1788, 431.

Colaptes cafer STEJN. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, 428.

[B98, C 314, R 378 £,0459-1

HAB. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, to the Pacific
coast ; north to Sitka, south to Southern Mexico.

4130. Colaptes cafer saturatior RIDGW.

Northwestern Flicker.

Colaptes mexicanus saturatior RIDGW. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. II. April

10, 1884, 90-
Colaptes cafer saturatior RIDGW. MS.

[B — 0 — , R — , 0 — .]
HAB. Northwest coast, from Columbia River to Sitka.

414. Colaptes chrysoides (MALH.).

Gilded Flicker.

Geopicus chrysoides MALH. Rev. et Mag. Zool. IV. 1852, 553.
Colaptes chrysoides REICH. Handb. Spec. Ornith. Scansorite, 1854,413.

[B 99, C3i3, R 379. C 458-]

HAB. Southern Arizona and Southern California, south to Cape St.
Lucas.

415. Colaptes rufipileus RIDGW.

Guadalupe Flicker.

Colaptes mexicanus rufipileus RIDGW. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv.

Terr. II. No. 2, April i, 1876, 191.
Colaptes rufipileus RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II. July, 1877, 60.

[B — , C — R 380, 0 — .]
HAB. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

ORDER MACROCHIRES. 219

ORDER MACROCHIRES. GOATSUCKERS,
SWIFTS, ETC.

SUBORDER CAPRIMULGI. GOATSUCKERS, ETC.
FAMILY OAPRIMULGID-ffi. GOATSUCKERS, ETC.

GENUS ANTROSTOMTTS GOULD.

Antrostomus GOULD, Icones Avium, 1838. Type, Caprimulgus caro-
linensis GMEL.

416. Antrostomus carolinensis (GMEL.).

Chuck- will's- widow.

Capritmilgus carolinensis GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 1028.
Antrostomus carolinensis GOULD, Icones Avium, 1838.

[Bin, C 264, R 353, C 396.]

HAB. South Atlantic and Gulf States, south through Eastern Mexico
to Central America ; Cuba. North, in the interior, to Southern Illinois.

417. Antrostomus vociferus (WILS.).

Whip-poor-wilL

Caprimulgus vociferus WILS. Am. Orn. V. 1812, 71, pi. 41, figs. 1-3.
Antrostomus vociferus BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 8.

[Bii2, C26S, R 354, C 397.]
HAB. Eastern United States to the Plains, south to Guatemala.

4170. Antrostonms vociferus arizonae BREWST.

Stephens's Whip-poor-will.

Antrostomus vociferus arizonoe BREWST. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII.
Oct. 1882, 211.

[B_,C- R-,C88i.]
HAB. Arizona, and table-lands of Mexico.

22O CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

GENUS FHAL.53NOFTIIiUS RIDGWAY.

Phalcenoptilus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. March 27, 1880, 5.
Type, Capriimilgus nuttalli AUD.

418. Fhalaenoptilus nuttalli (AUD.).

Poor-will.

Caprimulgus nuttalli AUD. B. Am. VII. 1843, 350, pi. 495.
Phalanoptilus nuttalli RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. 1880, 5.

[Bn3, C 266, R 355,0398.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Pacific coast eastward to
Eastern Nebraska and Eastern Kansas, south to Southern Mexico.

GENUS NYCTIDROMUS GOULD.

Nyctidromus GOULD, Icones Avium, II. 1838, pi. ii. Type, N. derby a-
nus GOULD = Caprimulgus albicollis GMEL.

419. Nyctidromus albicollis (GMEL.).

Paraugue.

Caprimulgus albicollis GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 1030.
Nyctidromus albicollis BURM. Th. Bras. II. 1856, 389.

[B— C— , R356, C395.]

HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande, south through Central and
most of South America.

GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON.

Chordeiles SWAINS. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 496. Type, Capri-
mulgus virginianus GMEL.

420. Chordeiles virginianus (GMEL.).

Nighthawk.

Caprimulgus virginianus GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 1028.
Chordeiles virginianus SWAINS. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 496.

[B 114, C 267, R357, C 399.]

HAB. Northern and Eastern North America, east of the Great
Plains, south through tropical America to Buenos Ayres.

ORDER MACROCHIRES. 221

420 a. Chordeiles virginianus henryi (CASS.).

Western Nighthawk.

Chordeiles henryi CASS. Illustr. B. Cal. Tex. etc. I. 1855, 233.
Chordeiles virginianus var. henryi COUES, Key, 1872, 181.

[B 1 15, C 267 a, R 357 a, C 400.]

HAB Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific coast,
south into Mexico.

[420 £.] Chordeiles virginianus minor (CAB.).

Cuban Nighthawk.

Chordeiles minor CAB. J. f. O. 1856, 5.

Chordeiles virginianus c. minor COUES, Birds Northwest, 1874, 264.

[B— , C- R 357 ^C 401.]
HAB. Cuba and Southern Florida.

421. Chordeiles texensis LAWR.

Texan Nighthawk.

Chordeiles texensis LAWR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VI. Dec 1856, 167.
[B 116, C 268, R 358, C 402.]

HAB. Southern border of the United States, from Texas to Cali-
fornia ; south to Central America.

SUBORDER CYPSELI SWIFTS.

FAMILY MIOROPODID^E3. SWIFTS.
SUBFAMILY CHJETURIN-33. SPINE- TAILED SWIFTS.

GENUS CYPSELOIDES STREUBEL.

Cypseloides STREUBEL, Isis, 1848, 366. Type, Hemichelidon fumi-
gata NUTT.

222 CHECK- LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

422. Cypseloides niger (GMEL.).
Black Swift.

Hirtindo nigra GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 1025.
Cypseloides niger SCL. P. Z. S. June 27, 1865, 615.

[B io8,C 270, R 350, €404-]

HAB. Rocky Mountain region (Colorado), west to the Pacific coast ;
north to British Columbia, and south to Mexico and the West Indies.

GENUS CHJETURA STEPHENS.

Chcetura STEPH. Gen. Zool. XIII. pt. ii. 1825, 76. Type, Hirundo
pelagica LINN.

423. Chaetura pelagica (LINN.).

Chimney Swift.

Hirundo pelagica LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 192.
Chatura pelasgia STEPH. Gen. Zool. XIII. pt. ii. 1825, 76.

[B 109, C 271, RSSI, C 405.]

HAB. Eastern North America, north to Labrador and the Fur
Countries, west to the Plains, and passing south of the United States
in winter.

424. Chsstura vauxii (TOWNS.).

Vaux's Swift.

Cypselus vauxii TOWNS. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VIII. 1839, 14^-
Chcetura vauxii DEKAY, Zool. N. Y. II. 1844, 36.

[Buo, C272, R352, C4o6.]
HAB. Pacific slope, from British Columbia south into Mexico.

SUBFAMILY MICROPODIN-3D.

GENUS MICROPUS MEYER & WOLF.

Micropus MEYER & WOLF, Taschb. Deutsch. Vog. I. 1810, 280.
Type, Hirundo apus LINN.

ORDER MACROCHIRES. 223

425. Micropus melanoleucus (BAIRD).

White-throated Swift.

Cypselus melanoleucus BAIRD, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854,

118.
Micropus melanoleucus RLDGW. Auk, I. July, 1884, 230.

[B 107, C 269, R 349, C 403.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific, and south to Central America.

SUBORDER TROCHILI. HUMMINGBIRDS.

FAMILY TROOHILID^j. HUMMINGBIRDS.

GENUS EUGENES GOULD.

Eugenes GOULD, Mon. Troch. pt. xii. 1856. Type, Trochilus fulgens
SWAINS.

±20. Eugenes fulgens (SWAINS.).

Rivoli Hummingbird.

Trochilus fulgens SWAIXS. Phil. Mag. 1827, 441.
Eugenes fulgens GOULD, Mon. Troch. II. 1856, pi. 59.

[B — , C 274 to, R 334, C 408.]
HAB. Southern Arizona, through Mexico to Guatemala.

GENUS CGBLIGrENA LESSON.

Caligena LESS. Ind. & Synop. Gen. Troch. 1832, p. xviii. Type,
Ornismva clemencies LESS.

427. Coeligena clemencise LESS.

Blue-throated Hummingbird.

Ornismya clemencies LESS. Ois. Mouch. 1829, 216, pi. 80.
Casligena clemencies LESS. Ind. £ Synop. Gen. Troch. 1832, p. xviii.

224 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B-,C-,R- C-.]
HAB. Mexico and Southern Arizona.

GENUS TROCHILUS LINN^US.
SUBGENUS TROCHILUS.

Trochilus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 119. Type, by elimination, T.
cohtbris LINN.

428. Trochilus colubris LINN.

Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

Trochilus colubris LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 120.
[B 101, C 275, R 335, C 409.]

HAB. Eastern North America to the Plains, north to the Fur Coun-
tries, and south, in winter, to Cuba and Veragua.

429. Trochilus alexandri BOURC. & MULS.

Black-chinned Hummingbird.

Trochilus alexandri BOURC. & MULS. Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyons, IX.
1846, 330.

[B 102, C 276, R 336, C 410.]

HAB. Pacific coast region, from California east to Utah and Ari-
zona, and southward.

SUBGENUS CALYPTE GOULD.

Calypte GOULD, Introd. Troch. 1861, 87. Type. Ornismya costcs
BOURC.

430. Trochilus costse ( BOURC.).

Costa's Hummingbird.

Ornismya costce BOURC Rev. Zool. 1839, 294'
Trochilus costcs GRAY, Handl. I. 1869, 145.

[B 106, C 280, R 337, C 415-]
HAB. Southern California, Arizona, and Western Mexico.

ORDER MACROCHIRES. 22$

431. Trochilus anna (LESS.).

Anna's Hummingbird.

Ornismya anna LESS. Suppl. Ois. Mouch. 1831, 115, pi. vii.
Trochilus anna JARDINE, Nat. Lib. Orn. I. 1833, 93.

[B 105, C 279, R 338, C 415-]
HAB. Southern California, Southern Arizona, and Mexico.

SUBGENUS SELASPHORTJS SWAINSON.

Selasphorus SWAINS. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 324. Type, Trochilus
rufus GMEL.

432. Trochilus platycercus SWAINS.

Broad- tailed Hummingbird.

Trochilus platycercus SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 441.

[B 104, C 278, R 339, C 413-]
HAB. Rocky Mountain plateau region, south to Guatemala.

433. Trochilus rufus GMEL.

Rufous Hummingbird.

Trochilus rufus GMEL. S. N. I. i. 1788, 497.

[B 103, C 277, R 340, C 411.]

HAB. Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, north to Sitka, south into
Mexico.

431. Trochilus alleni (HENSH.).

Allen's Hummingbird.

Selasphorus alleni HENSH. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II. 1877, 54.
Trochilus alleni RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B — , C— , R 341, C 41 2.]

HAB. Pacific coast, north to British Columbia, east to Southern
Arizona.

226 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

SUBGENUS ATTHIS REICHENBACU.

Atthis REICH. Aufz. der Colib. 1853, 12. Type, Ornysmia heloisa
LESS. & DELATT.

435. Trochilus heloisa (LESS. & DELATT.).

Heloise's Hummingbird.

Ornysmia heloisa LESS. & DELATT. Rev. Zool. 1839, I5-
Trochilus heloisa GRAY, Handl. I. 1869, 145.

[B— , G28i, R342, €416.]

>

HAB. Southern Texas and Eastern Mexico.

SUBGENUS STELLULA GOULD.

Stellula GOULD, Introd. Troch. 1861, 90. Type, Trochilus calliope
GOULD.

436. Trochilus calliope GOULD.

Calliope Hummingbird.

Trochilus (Calothorax} calliope GOULD, P. Z. S. 1847, "•
[B— , C282, R343, C4i7.]

HAB. Mountains of the Pacific slope, from British Columbia south
to Lower California, and east to Montana, Nevada, and New Mexico.

SUBGENUS CALOTHORAX GRAY.
Calothorax GRAY, Gen. B. 1 840, 1 3. Type, Cynanthus lucifer SWAINS.

437. Trochilus lucifer (SWAINS.).

Lucifer Hummingbird.

Cynanthus lucifer SWAINS. Phil. Mag. 1827, 442
Trochilus lucifer GIEBEL, Thes. Orn. III. 1877,683.

[B— C — , R344, C4i8.]
HAB. Mexico and Southern Arizona.

GENUS AMAZILIA REICHENBACH.

Amazilia REICH. Syst. Av. 1849, pi. 39. Type, Orthorhynchus
amazili LESS.

ORDER MACROCHIRES. 22J

438. Amazilia fuscicaudata (FRASER).

Rieffer's Hummingbird.

Trochilus fuscicaudatus FRAS. P. Z. S. 1840, 17.
Amazilia fuscicaudata RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. I. Oct. 2, 1878,
147.

[B — , C — , R 345, C 419.]

HAB. Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, south through Eastern
Mexico to Central America and Northern South America.

439. Amazilia cerviniventris GOULD.

Buff-bellied Hummingbird.

Amazilius ceruiniventris GOULD, P. Z. S. 1856, 150.

[B — , C — R 346, C 420.]
HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande south into Eastern Mexico.

GENUS BASILINNA BOIE.
Basilinna Bom, Isis, 1831, 546. Type, Trochilus leucotis VIEILL.

440. Basilinna xantusi (LAWR.).

Xantus's Hummingbird.

Amazilia xantusi LAWR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1860, 109.

Basilinna xanthusi ELLIOT, Class. & Synop. Troch March, 1879, 227-

[B — , C 273, R 347, C 407.]
HAB. Lower California.

GENUS IACHE ELLIOT.

lache ELLIOT, Class. & Synop. Troch. March, 1879, 234- Type,
Cynanthus latirostris SWAINS.

441. lache latirostris (SWAINS.).

Broad-billed Hummingbird.

Cynanthus latirostris SWAINS. Phil. Mag. 1827, 441.

lache latirostris ELLIOT, Class. & Synop. Troch. March, 1879, 235-

[B— , C— R348, C42i.]
HAB. Southern Arizona and Western Mexico.

228 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

ORDER PASSERES. PERCHING BIRDS.

SUBORDER CLAMATORES. SONGLESS PERCHING

BIRDS.

FAMILY TYRANNID^l. TYRANT FLYCATCHERS.

GENUS MILVULUS SWAINSQN.

Milvulus SWAINSON, Zool. Journ. III. July, 1827, 165. Type, Tyran-
nus savanna VIEILL. = Muscicapa tyrannus LINN.

[442.] Milvulus tyrannus (LINN.).

Fork-tailed Flycatcher.

Muscicapa tyrannus LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 325.
Milvulus tyrannus BONAP. Geogr. & Comp. List, 1838, 25.

[B 122, C 240, R 302, C 366.]

HAB. Mexico and southward throughout Central and most of South
America. Accidental in the United States (Mississippi, Kentucky,
New Jersey).

443. Milvulus forficatus (GMEL.).

Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.

Muscicapa forficata GMEL. S. N. I. i. 1788, 931.
Milvulus forficatus SWAINS. Classif. B. II. 1827, 225.

[Bi23l C 241, R 301, C367.]

HAB. Texas and Indian Territory, casually north to Kansas and
Missouri ; south to Central America. Accidental in Virginia, New
Jersey, New England, Manitoba, and at York Factory, Hudson's Bay.

GENUS TYRANNUS CUVIER.

Tyrannus CUVIER, Leg. d'An. Comp. I. 1799, tabl. ii. (Cf. Tabl.
Elem. 1797, p. 201.) Type, Lanius tyrannus LINN.

ORDER PASSERES. 229

444. Tyrannus tyrannus (LINN.).

Kingbird.

Lanius tyrannus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 94.
Tyrannus tyrannus JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 4, 1884, 96.

[B 124, C 242, R 304, C 368.]

HAB. Eastern North America, from the British Provinces south to
Central and South America. Rare west of the Rocky Mountains
(Utah, Nevada, Washington Territory, etc.).

445. Tyrannus dominicensis (GMEL.).

Gray Kingbird.

Lanius tyrannus /3. dominicensis GMEL. S. N. I. 1788, 302.
Tyrannus dominicensis RICHARDSON, Rep. Sixth Meet. Brit. Ass. V.
1837, 170.

[B 125, C 243, R 303, C 369.]

HAB. South Atlantic States (South Carolina, Georgia, Florida),
West Indies, Atlantic coast of Central America, and Northern South
America. Accidental in Massachusetts.

446. Tyrannus melancholicus couchii (BAIRD).

Couch's Kingbird.

Tyrannus couchii BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 175.

Tyrannus melancholicus var. couchii COUES, Checkl. ed. I, Dec.
1873, 51-

[6128, 129, C 246, R 305, C 372.]

HAB. Southern border of the United States (Texas, Arizona), south
to Guatemala.

447. Tyrannus verticalis SAY.

Arkansas Kingbird.

Tyrannus verticalis SAY, LONG'S Exp. II. 1823, 60.
[B 126, C 244, R 306, C 370.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south
to Guatemala. Accidental in Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and
Maine.

230 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

448. Tyrannus vociferans SWAINS.

Cassin's Kingbird.

Tyrannus vociferans SWAINS. Quart. Jour. Sci. XX. 1826, 273.
[B 127, C 245, R 307, C 371.]

HAB. Western United States, from the western border of the Plains
to Southern California, south to Guatemala.

GENUS PITANGUS SWAINSON.

Pitangns SWAINSON, Zool. Journ. III. July, 1827, 165. Type, Tyran-
nus sulphuratus VIEILL.

449. Pitangus derbianus (KAUP).

Derby Flycatcher.

Saurophagus derbianus KAUP, P. Z. S. 1851, 44, pi. xxxvi.
Pitangus derbianus SCLATER, P. Z. S. 1856, 297.

[B - C -, R 308, C 364.]

HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, south to Northern
South America.

GENUS MYIOZETETES SCLATER.

Myiozetetes SCL. P. Z. S. 1859, 4-6- Type, Muscicapa cayennensis
LINN.

[450.] Myiozetetes texensis (GIRAUD).

Giraud's Flycatcher.

Muscicapa texensis GIRAUD, Sixteen Texas B. 1841, pi. I.
Myiozetetes texensis SCL. P. Z. S. 1859, 5&

[B — , C — , R 309, C — .]

HAB. "Texas" (GIRAUD), south to Central America and Northern
South America.

GENUS MYIODYNASTES BONAPARTE.

Myiodynastes BONAP. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normande*e, II. 1857, 35.
Type, Muscicapa audax GMEL.

ORDER PASSERES. 231

451. Myiodynastes luteiventris SCL.

Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher.

Myiodynastes luteiventris SCL. P. Z. S. 1859, 42 (ex BONAP. Compte
Rend. XXXVIII. 1854, 657, nomen nudum).

[B— ,C — , R3io, €365.]
HAS. Southern Arizona, south to Costa Rica.

GENUS MYIARCHUS CABANIS.

Myiarchus CAB. Faun. Per. Aves, 1844-46, 152. Type, Muscicapa
ferox GMEL.

452. Myiarchus crinitus (LINN.).

Crested Flycatcher.

Muscicapa crinita LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 325.
Myiarchus crinitus LIGHT. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. 1854, 16.

[B. 130, C 247, R 312, C 373.]

HAB. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, west to the
Plains, south through Eastern Mexico to Costa Rica.

453. Myiarchus mexicanus (KAUP).

Mexican Crested Flycatcher.

Tyr[annuta] mexicana KAUP, P. Z. S. 1851, 51.

Myiarchus mexicanus LAWR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. IX. May, 1869, 202.

[B 132, C— , R 31 1, C 374-]

HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, southward to
Guatemala.

4530. Myiarchus mexicanus magister RIDGW.

Arizona Crested Flycatcher.

Myiarchus mexicanus magister RIDGW. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. II.
April 10, 1884, 90.

[B -, C -, R - C -.]
HAB. Southern Arizona, south into Western Mexico.

232 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

454. Myiarchus cinerascens LAWR.

Ash-throated Flycatcher.

Tyrammla cinerascens LAWR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. 1851, 121.
M\jiarchus\ cinerascens LAWR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VII. May, 1860, 285.

[B 131, C 248, R 313, C 375.]

HAB. Western United States, north to Oregon, Nevada, Utah, and
Colorado, south to Guatemala.

[455.] Myiarchus lawrenceii (GiR.).

Lawrence's Flycatcher.

Muscicapa lawrenceii GIRAUD, Sixteen Sp. Texas B. 1841, 9 (by

actual counting, the text not being paged).
Myiarchus lawrencii BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 181.

[Bi33, C248, R3i4, C376.]
HAB. " Texas " (GIRAUD) and Eastern Mexico.

455 a. Myiarchns lawrencei olivascens RIDGW.

Olivaceous Flycatcher.

Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens RIDGW. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. II.
April 10, 1884, 91.

[B - C -, R -, C -.]
HAB. Arizona and Western Mexico.

GENUS SAYORNIS BONAPARTE.

Sayornis BONAP. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 87. Type, Tyrannula nigri-
cans SWAINS.

456. Sayornis phcebe (LATH.).

Phoebe.

Muscicapa phcebe LATHAM, Tnd. Orn. II. 1790, 489.
Sayornis phoebe STEJN. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 51.

[B 135, C 252, R3i5, €379.]

HAB. Eastern North America, from the British Provinces south to
Eastern Mexico and Cuba, wintering from the South Atlantic and
Gulf States southward.

ORDER PASSERES. 233

457. Sayornis say a (BONAP.).

Say's Phoebe.

Muscicapa saya BONAP. Am. Orn. I. 1825, 20.
Sayornis sayus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 185.

•[B 136, €250, R 316, C 377.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south
into Mexico.

458. Sayornis nigricans (SWAINS.).

Black Phoebe.

Tyranmda nigricans SWAIN'S. Philos. Mag. I. May, 1827, 367.
Sayornis nigricans BONAP. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 87.

[6134,0251, R 317, C 378.]

HAB. Southwestern United States, from Texas through Southern
New Mexico and Arizona to California, and northward along the coast
to Oregon ; south to Southern Mexico.

GENUS CONTOPUS CABANIS.

Contopus CAB. J. f. O. III. Nov. 1855, 479. Type, Muscicapa wrens
Lixx.

459. Contopus borealis (SWAINS.).

Olive-sided Flycatcher.

Tyrannus borealis SWAINS. F. B. A. II. 1831, 141, pi. 35.
Contopus borealis BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 188.

[B 137, C 253, R 318, C 380.]

HAB. North America, breeding from the northern and the higher
mountainous parts of the United States northward. In winter, south
to Central America and Colombia.

460. Contopus pertinax CAB.

Coues's Flycatcher.

Myiarchus pertinax LIGHT. Nomen. Mus. Berol. 1854, 16 (nomen

nudum).
Contopus pertinax CAB. Mus. Hein. II. Sept. 30, 1859, 72.

234 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B— , C254, R 319, C 381.]
HAB. Southern Arizona, Mexico, and Guatemala.

461. Contopus virens (LINN.).

Wood Pewee.

Miiscicapa virens LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 327.
Contopus virens CAB. J. f. O. III. Nov. 1855, 479.

[Bi39, 0255, R32o, €382.]

HAB. Eastern North America to the Plains, and from Southern
Canada southward.

462. Contopus richardsonii (SWAINS.).

Western Wood Pewee.

Tyrannula richardsonii S WAINS. F. B. A. II. 1831, 146, pi. 46, lower

%.
Contopus richardsonii BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 189.

[B 138, C 255 a, R 321, C 383.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south
through Central America to Colombia.

GENUS EMFIDONAX CABANIS.
Empidonax CAB. J. f. 0. 1855, 480. Type, Tyrannula pusilla SWAINS.

463. Empidonax flaviventris BAIRD.

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

Tyrannula flaviventris BAIRD (W. M. & S. F.), Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci.

Phila. July, 1843, 283.
Empidonax flaviventris BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 198.

[B 144, C 259, R 322, C 388.]

HAB. Eastern North America to the Plains, and from Southern
Labrador south through Eastern Mexico to Panama, breeding from the
Northern States northward.

464. Empidonax difficilis BAIRD.

Baird's Flycatcher.

Empidonax difficilis BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 198 (in text).

ORDER PASSERES. 235

[B 144 a, C 259, part, R 323, C 389.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south
through Western Mexico to Costa Rica.

465. Empidonax acadicus (GMEL.).

Acadian Flycatcher.

Muscicapa acadica GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 947.
Empidonax acadicus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 197.

[B 143, C 256, R 324, C 384.]

HAB. Eastern United States, chiefly southward, west to the Plains,
south to Cuba and Costa Rica.

466. Empidonax pusillus (SWAINS.).

Little Flycatcher.

Platyrhynchus pusillus SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 366.
Empidonax pusillus CABANIS, J. f. O. 1855, 480.

[Bi4i, C2570, R325, C386.]

HAB. Western North America, from the western border of the
Plains to the Pacific, and from the Fur Countries south into Mexico.

466 a. Empidonax pusillus traillii (AUD.).

Traill's Flycatcher.

Muscicapa traillii AUD. Orn. Biog. I. 1832, 236.
Empidonax pusillus var. traillii B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. II. 1874,
369-

[B 140, C 257, R 325 a, C 385.]

HAB. Eastern North America, breeding from the Middle States
(Southern Illinois and Missouri) northward ; in winter south to Cen-
tral America.

467. Empidonax minimus BAIRD.

Least Flycatcher.

Tyrannula minima BAIRD (W. M. & S. F.), Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.

July, 1843, 284.
Empidonax minimus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 195.

236 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B 142, C 258, R 326, C 387.]

HAB. Eastern North America, south in winter to Central America.
Breeds from the Northern States northward.

468. Empidonax hammondi (XANTUS).

Hammond's Flycatcher.

Tyrannula hammondi XANTUS, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. May, 1858,

117.
Empidonax hammondi BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 199.

[B 145, C 260, R 327, C 390.]

HAB. Western North America, from the western border of the
Plains westward, north to the Lesser Slave Lake, and south to South-
ern Mexico.

469. Empidonax obscurus (SWAINS.).

Wright's Flycatcher.

Tyrannula obscura SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 367.
Empidonax obscurus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 200.

[B 146, €261, R 328, C 391.]

HAB. Western United States, north to Oregon and Montana, and
south to Southern Mexico.

[470.] Empidonax fulvifrons (GIRAUD).

Fulvous Flycatcher.

Muscicapa fulvifrons GIRAUD, Sixteen Tex. B. 1841, pi. ii.
Empidonax fulvifrons SCL. P. Z. S. 1858, 301.

[B - C - R 329, C -.]

HAB. " Texas " (GIRAUD), and probably Northeastern Mexico.
470 a. Empidonax fulvifrons pygmaeus (COUES).

Buff-breasted Flycatcher.

Empidonax pygm<zus COUES, Ibis, 1865, 537.

Empidonax fulvifrons pygm&.us RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, 356.

ORDER PASSERES. 237

[B — , C 262, R 329 a, C 392.]

HAB. Western New Mexico and Southern Arizona, south probably
into Western Mexico.

GENUS PYROCEFHALUS GOULD.

Pyrocephalus GOULD, Zool. Voy. Beag. 1841, 44- Types, " Pyro-
cephalus parvirostris (GoutD), and Muscicapa coronata (AuCT.)."

471. Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus (SCL.).

Vermilion Flycatcher.

Pyrocephalus mexicanus SCL. P. Z. S. 1859, 45.
Pyrocephalus rubineus var. mexicanus COUES, Key, 1872, 177.

[B 147, C 263, R 33°> C 394.]

HAB. Southern Arizona and valley of the Lower Rio Grande in
Texas, south to Guatemala.

GENUS ORNITHION HARTLAUB.
Ornithion HARTLAUB, J. f. O. 1853, 35. Type, O. inernie HARTL.

472. Ornithion imberbe (SCL.).

Beardless Flycatcher.

Camptostoma imberbe SCL. P. Z. S. 1857, 203.
Ornithion imberbe LAWR. Ibis, 1876, 497.

[B-, C— , R33i, C393.]

HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, south into East-
ern Mexico.

472 #. Ornithion imberbe ridgwayi BREWST.

Ridgway's Flycatcher.

Ornithium imberbe ridgwayi BREWST. Bull. Nutt. Qrn. Cl. VII. Oct.
1882, 208.

[B -, C - R -, C -.]
HAB. Southern Arizona and Western Mexico.

238 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

SUBORDER OSCINES. SONG BIRDS.

FAMILY ALAUDLLX33. LARKS.

GENUS ALAUDA LINN^US.

Alauda LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 165. Type, by elimination, A.
arvensis LINN.

[473.] Alauda arvensis LINN.

Skylark.

Alauda arvensis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 165.
[B— , GSS&J, R299, C88.]

HAB. Europe and Asia. Accidental in Greenland and the Ber-
mudas.

GENUS OTOCORIS BONAPARTE.

Otocoris BONAP. Faun. Ital. Ucc. Introd. 1839. Type, Alauda alpes-
tris LINN.

474. Otocoris alpestris (LINN.).

Horned Lark.

Alauda alpestris LINN. S. N. ed. 10, 1758, 166.

Otocoris alpestris BONAP. Fauna Ital. Uccelli, Introd. 1839 (not paged).

[B 302, C 53, R 300, C 82.]

HAB. Northeastern North America, Greenland, and northern parts
of the Old World ; in winter south in the Eastern United States to the
Carolinas, Illinois, etc.

474 a. Otocoris alpestris leucolaema (COUES).

Pallid Horned Lark.

Eremophila alpestris b. leucolama COUES, B. N. W. 1875, 38 (part).
Otocoris alpestris leucolama STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat Mus V Tune ?
1882, 34.

ORDER PASSERES. 239

[B— ,C 53 £, R 3000, C 83.]

HAB. Interior of British America, and Alaska, south in winter into
Western United States.

474 £. Otocoris alpestris praticola HENSH.

Prairie Horned Lark.

O\tocorys~\ alpestris praticola HENSH. Auk, I. July, 1884, 264.

[B -, C -, R -, C -.]
HAB. Upper Mississippi Valley and the region of the Great Lakes.

474 c. Otocoris alpestris arenicola HENSH.

Desert Horned Lark.

O\_tocorys'\ alpestris arenicola HENSH. Auk, I. July, 1884, 265.

[B -, C - R -, C -.]

HAB. Rocky Mountain region and Great Basin of the United

States.

474 d. Otocoris alpestris giraudi HENSH.

Texan Horned Lark.

Otocorys alpestris giraudi HEXSH. Auk, I. July, 1884, 266.

[B — C — R — C — .]
HAB. Eastern and Southeastern Texas.

474 c. Otocoris alpestris chrysolsema (WAGL.).

Mexican Horned Lark.

Alauda chrysolama WAGL. Isis, 1831, 530.

Otocoris alpestris chrysolcema STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5.
1882, 34.

[B— , C 530, R 300 £,084.]

HAB. Southern Arizona and Southern New Mexico, south into
Mexico.

240 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

474/ Otocoris alpestris rubea HENSH.

Ruddy Horned Lark.

O\Jocorys} alpestris rubeus HENSH. Auk, I. July, 1884, 267.

[B _ C -, R -, C -.]
HAB. California.

474 £-. Otocoris alpestris strigata HENSH.

Streaked Horned Lark.

O\tocqrys'\ alpestris strigata HENSH. Auk, I. July, 1884, 267.
[B - C -, R -, C -.]

HAB. Coast region of Washington Territory, Oregon, and British
Columbia.

FAMILY CORVIDJE. CROWS, JAYS, MAGPIES, ETC.
SUBFAMILY GARBULINJE. MAGPIES AND JAYS.

GENUS PICA BRISSON.
Pica BRISS. Orn. II. 1760, 35. Type, Corvus pica LINN.

475. Pica pica hudsonica (SAB.).

American Magpie.

Corvus hudsonicus SAB. App. Frankl. Journ. 1823, 25, 671.
Pica pica hudsoniea JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 4, 1884, 94.

[B 432, C 233, R 286, C 347.]

HAB. Northern and Western North America, casually east and
south to Michigan (accidental in Northern Illinois in winter) and the
Plains, and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona,
mainly replaced in California by the next species.

476. Pica nuttalli AUD.

Yellow-billed Magpie.

Pica nuttalli AUD. Orn. Biog. IV. 1838, 450, pi. 362.

ORDER PASSERES. 241

[B433, €2330, R 287, C348.]
HAB. California.

GENUS CYANOCITTA STRICKLAND.

Cyanocitta STRICKL. Ann. Nat. Hist. XV. 1845, 26r- Type, Coruus
cristatus Lixx.

477. Cyanocitta cristata (LINN.).

Blue Jay.

Corvus cristatus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 106.
Cyanocitta cristata STRICKL. Ann. Nat. Hist. XV. 1845, 2^l.

[B 434, C 234, R 289, C 349.]

HAB. Eastern North America to the Plains, and from the Fur
Countries south to Florida and Eastern Texas.

477 a. Cyanocitta cristata florincola COUES.

Florida Blue Jay.

Cyanocitta cristata fiorincola COUES, Key, ed. 2, 1884, 421.
[B - C -, R -, C -.]

HAB. Florida.

478. Cyanocitta stelleri (GMEL.).

Steller's Jay.

Corvus stelleri GMEL. S. N. I. 1788, 370.

Cyanocitta stelleri STRICKL. Ann. N. Hist. XV. 1845, 26i-

[B 435, C 235, R 290, C 350.]

HAB. Pacific coast of North America, from the Columbia River to
Sitka, and northern Coast Range in California.

47S<z. Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (RIDGW.).

Blue-fronted Jay.

Cyauura stelleri var. frontalis RIDGW. Am. Journ. Sc. & Arts, 3d ser.

V. Jan. 1873, 4r-
Cyanocitta stelleri VM . frontalis BOUCARD, Qat. Av. 1876, 279.

[B— , C 235 £,R 2900, C353.]
16

242 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

HAB. Sierra Nevada of California and Western Nevada, from Fort
Crook to Fort Tejon.

478 £. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (BAIRD).

Long-crested Jay.

Cyanocitta macrolopha BAIRD, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 118.
Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha COUES, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl. V. April,
1880, 98.

[6436, C 2350, R 290 £, 290 c, C 352.]

HAB. Central Rocky Mountains, from British America to New
Mexico and Southern Arizona.

GENUS APHELOCOMA CABANIS.

Aphelocoma CABANIS, Mus. Hein. I. Oct. 15, 1851, 221. Type, Gar-
rulus californicus VIG.

479. Aphelocoma floridana (BARTR.).

Florida Jay.

Corvus floridanus BARTR. Trav. Carol. 1791, 291.
Aphelocoma floridana CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1851, 221.

[B 439, C 236, R 291, C 354.]
HAB. Florida.

480. Aphelocoma woodhousei (BAIRD).

Woodhouse's Jay.

Cyanocitta woodhonsei BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, pi. 59.
Aphelocoma woodhonsii RIDGW. Field and Forest, June, 1877, 208.

[B438, €2360, R 292, C355.]

HAB. Middle Province of the United States, north to Eastern
Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, east to Colorado and New
Mexico, west to Nevada and Arizona.

481. Aphelocoma californica (Vic.),

California Jay.

Garrulus californicus VIG. Zool. Beech. Voy. 1839, 21, pi. v.

A \_phelocoma'] californica CAB. Mus. Hein. I. Oct. 15, 1851, 221,

ORDER PASSERES. 243

[6437, C 236 £, R 293, C3S6.]

HAB. Pacific coast region, including both slopes of the Sierra Ne-
vada, from the Columbia River to Cape St. Lucas.

482. Aphelocoma sieberii arizonae RIDGW.

Arizona Jay.

Cyanocitla ultramarina var. arizona RIDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V.

Dec. 1873, 199.
Aphelocoma sieberii arizona RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885,

355-

[B 440, C 237, R 295, C 357.]

HAB. Southern New Mexico and Arizona.

GENUS XANTHOURA BONAPARTE.

Xanthoura BOXAP. Consp. Av. I. May 6, 1850, 380. Type, Corvus
yncas BODD.

483. Xanthoura luxuosa (LESS.).

Green Jay.

Garrulus luxuosus LESS. Rev. Zool. 1839, Io°.
Xanthoura luxuosa BOXAP. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 380.

[B 442, C 238, R 296, C 358.]

HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, and southward
into Eastern Mexico.

GENUS PERISOREUS BONAPARTE.
Perisoreus BOXAP. Saggio, 1831, 43. Type, Corvus infaustus LINN.

484. Perisoreus canadensis (LINN.).

Canada Jay.

Corvus canadensis LIXN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 158.
Perisoreits canadensis BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 27.

[B 443, C 239, R 297, C 359.]

244 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

HAB. Northern New England, Michigan, and Canada, northward
to Arctic America.

484 a. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis BAIRD.

Rocky Mountain Jay.

Perisoreus canadensis var. capitalis " BAIRD MS." RIDGW. Bull.
Essex Inst. V. Nov. 1873, !93'

[B— , C 239 £, R 2970, €362.]

HAB. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, south to New
Mexico and Arizona.

484 £. Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons RIDGW.

Alaskan Jay.

Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III.
March 27, 1880, 5.

[B — , C — , R 297 b, C 360.]
HAB. Alaska.

484 c. Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus RIDGW.

Labrador Jay.

Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V.
June 5, 1882, 15.

[B - C -, R - C — .]
HAB. Coast district of Labrador, north to Ungava Bay.

485. Perisoreus obscurus (RIDGW.).

Oregon Jay.

Perisoreus canadensis var. obscurus RIDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. Nov.

1873, 194.
Perisoreus obscurus SHARPE, Brit Mus. Cat. B. III. 1877, 105.

[B— , C239a, R298, C36i.]

HAB. Northwest Coast, from the Sierra Nevada, in California, to
British Columbia.

ORDER PASSERES. 245

SUBFAMILY CORVINE. CROWS.

GENUS CORVUS LINNAEUS.

Corvus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 105. Type, by elimination, C.
corax LINN.

486. Corvus corax sinuatus (WAGL.).

American Raven.

Corvus sinuatus WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 748.

Corvus corax sinuatus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B 423, 424, C 226, R 280, C 338.]

HAB. Continent of North America, from the Arctic regions to
Guatemala, but local and not common in the United States east of the
Mississippi River.

487. Corvus cryptoleucus COUCH.

White-necked Raven.

Corvus cryptoleucus COUCH, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. April, 1854, 66.
[B 425, C 227, R 281, C 339-]

HAB. Southern border of the United States, from Texas to South-
ern California, north to Colorado, and south into Mexico.

488. Corvus americanus AUD.

American Crow.

Corvus americanus AUD. Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 317.

[B 426, C 228, R 282, C 340.]
HAB. North America, from the Fur Countries to Mexico.

483 a. Corvns americanus floridanus BAIRD.

Florida Crow.

Corvus americanus \xc.floridanus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 568.

[B 427, C 228 a, R 282 a, C 341.]
HAB. Florida.

246 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

489. Corvus caurinus BAIRD.

Northwest Crow.

Corvus caurinus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 569.

[B 428, C 228 b, R 282 b, C 342.]
HAB. Northwest coast, from California to Sitka.

490. Corvus ossifragus WILS.

Fish Crow.

Corvus ossifragus WILS. Am. Orn. V. 1812, 27, pi. 37, fig. 2.

[B 429, C 229, R 283, C 343.]
HAB. Atlantic coast, from Long Island to Florida.

GENUS PICICORVUS BONAPARTE.

Picicorvus BONAP. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 384. Type, Corvus columbia-
nus WILS.

491. Picicorvus columbianus (WILS.).

Clarke's Nutcracker.

Corvus columbianus WILS. Am. Orn. III. 1811, 29, pi. 20, fig. 3.
Picicorvus columbianus BONAP. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 384.

[B 430, C 230, R 284, C 344-]

HAB. Western North America, from Arizona to Sitka, and east to
the Plains.

GENUS CYANOCEFHALUS BONAPARTE.

Cyanocephalus BONAP. Oss. Stat. Zool. Eur. Vertebr. 1842, 17. Type,
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus WIED.

492. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (WIED).

Pinon Jay.

Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus WIED, Reise N. Amer. II. 1841, 21.
Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus STEJN. Auk. I. 1884, 230.

[B 431, C 231, R 285, C 345-]

ORDER PASSERES. 247

HAB. Rocky Mountain region, westward to the Cascade range and
Sierra Nevada, and from Mexico north into British America.

FAMILY STURNIDJE. STARLINGS.

GENUS STURNUS LINNAEUS.

Sturnus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 167. Type, by elimination, S.
vulgaris Lixx.

[493.] Sturnus vulgaris LINN.

Starling.

Sturnus vulgaris LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 167.

[B— , C— , R 279, €363.]
HAB. Europe and Northern Asia ; accidental in Greenland.

FAMILY ICTERID^l. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC.

GENUS DOLICHONYX SWAINSON.

Dolichonyx SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. June, 1827, 435. Type, Fringilla
oryzivora LINN.

494. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (LINN.).

Bobolink.

Fringilla oryzivora LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 179.
Dolichonyx oryzivorus SWAINS. Zool. Jour. III. 1827, 351.

[B 399, C 210, R 257, C 312.]

HAB. Eastern North America to the Great Plains ; north to South-
ern Canada ; south, in winter, to the West Indies and South America.
Breeds from the Middle States northward, and winters south of the
United States.

494 a. Dolichonyx oryzivorus albinucha RIDGW.

Western Bobolink.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus var. albinucha RIDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V.
Nov. 1873, I91-

248 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B - C -, R -, C -,]
HAB. Dakota, westward to Utah and Nevada, north to Manitoba.

GENUS MOLOTHRUS SWAINSON.

Molothrus SWAINS. F. B. A. II. 1831, 277. Type, Fringilla pecoris
GMEL. = Oriolus ater BODD.

495. Molothrus ater (BODD.).

Cowbird.

Oriolus ater BODD. Tabl. PL Enlum. 1783, 37.
Molothrus ater GRAY, Handl. B. II. 1870, 36.

[B 400, C 211, R 258, C 313.]

HAB. United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, north into
Southern British America, south, in winter, into Mexico.

495 a. Molothrus ater obscurus (GMEL.).

Dwarf Cowbird.

Sturnus obscurus GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 804.

M[plothrus~\ aterwx. obscurus COUES, B. N. W. 1874, 180, in text.

[B— , C 211 a, R 258^,0314-]

HAB. Southern United States, from Texas to Arizona and Lower
California, south into Mexico.

496. Molothrus seneus (WAGL.).

Bronzed Cowbird.

Psarocolius <zneus WAGL. Isis, 1829, 758.
Molothrus ceneus CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1851, 192.

[B— C— R 259, C 315.]
HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, and southward.

GENUS XANTHOCEPHALUS BONAPARTE.

Xanthocephalus BONAP. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 431. Type, Icterus icte-
rocephalus BONAP. = /. xanthocephalus BONAP.

ORDER PAS SERES. 249

497. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (BONAP.).

Yellow-headed Blackbird.

Icterus xanthocephalus BONAP. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. 1826,

223.
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 4, 1884, 92.

[B 404, C 213, R 260, C 319.]

HAB. Western North America, from Wisconsin, Illinois, and Texas
to the Pacific coast. Accidental in the Atlantic States (Massachu-
setts, South Carolina, Florida).

GENUS AGELAIUS VIEILLOT.
Agelaius VIEILL. Analyse, 1816, 33. Type, Oriolu s phaniceus LINN.

498. Agelaius phceniceus (LINN.).

Red-winged Blackbird.

Oriolns phosniceus LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 161.
Agelaius phceniceus SWAINS. F. B. A. II. 1831, 280.

[6401, C 212, R 261, C 316.]

HAB. North America in general, from Great Slave Lake south to
Costa Rica.

499. Agelaius gubernator (WAGL.).

Bicolored Blackbird.

Psarocolius gubernator WAGL. Isis, IV. 1832, 281.
Agelaius gubernalor BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 29.

[B 402, C 2i2#, R 261 a, C 317.]

HAB. Pacific Province of the United States, south into Western
Mexico.

500. Agelaius tricolor (Nurr.).

Tricolored Blackbird.

Icterus tricolor " NUTT." AUD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, pi- 388J fig- *•
Agelaius tricolor BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 29.

[6403, C 212 £, R 262, C 318.]

250 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

HAB. Pacific Province, of the United States, from the Columbia
River southward.

GENUS STURNELLA VIEILLOT.

Sturnella VIEILL. Analyse, 1816, 34. Type, Alauda magna LINN.
501. Sturnella magna (LINN.).

Meadowlark.

Alauda magna LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 167.
Sturnella magna SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 436^

[B4o6, C 214, R263, €320.]
HAB. Eastern United States and Southern Canada to the Plains.

501 a. Stnrnella magna mexicana (SCL.).

Mexican Meadowlark.

Sturnella mexicana SCL. Ibis, 1861, 179.

Sturnella magna var. mexicana B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. II. 1874,
172.

[B— C— , R 2630,032 1.]
HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande, and Arizona, southward.

501 £. Sturnella magna neglecta (AUD.).

Western Meadowlark.

Sttirnella neglecta AUD. B. Am. VII. 1843, 339, pi. 487.
Sturnella magna var. neglecta ALLEN, Bull. M. C. Z. III. No. 2, July,
1872, 178. '

[B 407, C 214 *, R264, C322.]

HAB. Western United States, from Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Texas,
etc., west to the Pacific coast.

GENUS ICTERUS BRISSON.

SUBGENUS ICTERUS.

Icterus BRISS. Orn. II. 1760, 85. Type, by elimination, Oriolus icte-
rus LINN.

ORDER PASSERES.

[502.] Icterus icterus (LINN.).

TroupiaL

Oriolus icterus LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 161.

Icterus icterus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B 408, C — , R 265, C 323.]

HAB. West Indies (introduced) and Northern South America.
Accidental at Charleston, S. C. (AUDUBON).

503. Icterus audubonii GIRAUD.

Audubon's Oriole.

Icterus audubonii GIRAUD, Sixteen Texas B. 1841, 3.

[B 409, C 220, R 266, C 330.]
HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, and southward.

504. Icterus parisorum BONAP.

Scott's Oriole.

Icterus parisorum BONAP. P. Z. S. 1837, 109.

[6411, C 219, R 268, €329.]

HAB. Southern border of the United States, from Texas to Lower
California, and southward.

SUBGENUS PENDULINUS VIEILLOT.
Pendulinus VIEILL. Analyse, 1816, 33. Type, Oriolus spurius LINN.

505. Icterus cucullatus SWAINS.

Hooded Oriole.

Icterus cucullatus SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 436.

[B 413, C 218, R 269, C 328.]

1 HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, and southward
through Eastern and Southern Mexico.

505 a. Icterus cncullatus nelson! RIDGW.

Arizona Hooded Oriole.

Icterus cucullatus nelsoni RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. VIII.
No. 2, April 20, 1885, 19.

252 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B _ C - R - C -.]

HAB. Southern Arizona, west to San Diego, and south to Mazatlan
and Cape St. Lucas.

506. Icterus spurius (LINN.).

Orchard Oriole.

Oriolus spurius LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 162.

Icterus spurius BONAP. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. III. 1823, 363.

[B 414, C 215, R 270, C 324.]
HAB. United States, west to the Plains, south, in winter, to Panama.

SUBGENUS YPH ANTES VIEILLOT.
Yphantes VIEILL. Analyse, 1816, 33. Type, Coracias galbula LINN.

507. Icterus galbula (LINN.).

Baltimore Oriole.

Coracias galbula LINN. S. N. ed. 10, 1758, 108.

Icterus galbula COUES, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl. V. 1880, 98.

[B4i5, €216, Rzyl, C326.]
HAB. Eastern United States, west nearly to the Roc^ Mountains.

508. Icterus bullocki (SWAINS.).

Bullock's Oriole.

Xanthornus bullocki SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 436.
Icterus btillocki BONAP. Geog. £ Comp. List, 1838, 29.

[B 416, €217, R 272, C 327.]

HAB. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains west to the Pacific coast.

GENUS SCOLECOPHAGUS SWAINSON.

Scokcophagus SWAINS. F. B. A. II. 1831, 286. Type, Oriolus ferru-
gineus GMEL. = Turdus carolinus MULL.

ORDER PASSERES. 253

509. Scolecophagns carolinus (MULL.).

Rusty Blackbird.

Turdus carolinus MULLER, Syst. Nat. Suppl. 1776, 140.
Scolecophagus carolinus RIDGVV. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 356.

[6417, C 221, R273, 0331.]

HAB. Eastern North America, west to Alaska and the Plains.
Breeds from Northern New England northward.

510. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (\VAGL.).

Brewer's Blackbird.

Psarocolius cyanocephalus WAGL. I sis, 1829, 758.
Scolecophagus cyanocephalus CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1851, 193.

[B 418, C 222, R 274, C 332.]

HAB. Western North America, from the Plains to the. Pacific, and
from the Saskatchewan region south to the highlands of Mexico.

GENUS QUISCALUS VIEILLOT.

SUBGENUS QUISCALUS.
Quiscalus VIEILL. Anal. 1816, 36. Type, Gracula quiscula LINN.

511. Quiscalus quiscula (LINN.).

Purple Grackle.

Gracula quiscula LINN. S. N. ed. 10, 1758, 109.
Quiscalus quiscula JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 4, 1884, 93.

[B 421, C 225, R 278, C 335.]
HAB. Atlantic States, from Florida to Long Island.

511 a. Quiscalus quiscula aglaeus (BAIRD).

Florida Grackle.

Quiscalus aglceus BAIRD, Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts, 1866, 84.
Quiscalus quiscula aglceus STEJN. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 43, foot-note.

[6422, C— , R 278 <z, €336.]
HAB. Florida.

254 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

511 £. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus (RIDGW.).

Bronzed Grackle.

Quiscalus ceneus RIDGW. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1869, J34-
Quiscalus quiscula ceneus STEJN. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 43, foot-note.

[B— , C 225 ^,R 278^, €337.]

HAB. From the Alleghanies and New England north and west to
Hudson's Bay and the Rocky Mountains.

SUBGENUS MEGAQUISCALUS CASSIN.

Megaquiscalus CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 409. Type, Quis-
calus major VIEILL.

512. Quiscalus macrourus SWAINS.

Great-tailed Grackle.

Quiscalus macrourus SWAINS. Anim. in Menag. 1838, 299.

[B 419, C 223, R 275, C 333.]
HAB. Eastern Texas, south to Central America.

513. Quiscalus major VIEILL.

Boat-tailed Grackle.

Quiscalus major VIEILL. N. Diet d'Hist. Nat. XXVIII. 1819, 487.
[B 420, C 224, R 277, C 334.] *

HAB. Coast region of the South Atlantic and Gulf States, from
North Carolina to Texas.

FAMILY FRINGILLID^E. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC.

GENUS COCCOTHRATJSTES, BRISSON.

Coccothraustes BRISS. Orn. III. 1760, 218. Type, Loxia cocco-
thraustes LINN.

SUBGENUS HESPERIPHONA BONAPARTE.

Hesperiphona BONAP. Compt. Rend. XXXI. Sept. 1850, 424. Type,
Fringilla vesper Una COOPER.

ORDER PASSERES. 255

514. Coccothraustes vespertina (Coop.).

Evening Grosbeak.

Fringilla vespertina COOP. Ann. Lye. N. Y. I. ii. 1825, '220.
Coccothraustes vespertina Sw. & RICH. F. B. A. II. 1831, 269, pi. 68.

[B 303, C 136, R 165, C 189.]

HAB. Western North America, east to Lake Superior, and casually
to Ohio and Ontario ; from the Fur Countries south into Mexico.

GENUS FINICOLA VIEILLOT.

Pinicola VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, p. iv. Type, P. rubra
VIEILL. = Loxia enucleator LINN.

515. Pinicola enucleator (LINN.).

Pine Grosbeak.

Loxia enucleator LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 171.
Pinicola enucleator CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1851, 167

[B 304, C 137, R 166, C 190.]

HAB. Northern portions of the Northern Hemisphere, breeding far
north; in winter south, in North America, irregularly to the Northern
United States. South in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in
the Sierra Nevada to California.

GENUS PYRRHULA BRISSON.

Pyrrkula BRISS. Orn. III. 1760, 308. Type, Loxia pyrrhula LINN.
[516.] Pyrrhula cassini (BAIRD).

Cassin's Bullfinch.

Pyrrhula coccinea var. cassini BAIRD, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci. I.

1869, 316.
Pyrrhula cassini TRISTRAM, Ibis, 1871, 231.

[B— , C 138, R 167, C 191.]

HAB. Alaska and Siberia. (Known as American only from a
single specimen, taken at Nulato, Jan. 10, 1867.)

256 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

GENUS CARPODACUS KAUP.

Carpodacus KAUP, £nt. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 161. Type, Loxia ery-
thrina PALL.

517. Carpodacus purpureus (GMEL.).

Purple Finch.

Fringilla purpurea GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 923.
Carpodacus purpureus GRAY, Gen. B. II. 1844, 384.

[B 305, C 139, R 168, C 194.]

HAB. Eastern North America, from the Atlantic coast to the Plains.
Breeds from the Middle States northward.

5170. Carpodacus purpurens californicus BAIRD.

California Purple Finch.

Carpodacus californicus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 413.
Carpodacus purpureus var. californicus B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B.
I. 1874,465,

[B3o6, C— , Ri68<7, C — .]

HAB. Pacific coast region, from British Columbia south to South-
ern California.

518. Carpodacus cassini BAIRD.

Cassin's Purple Finch.

Carpodacus cassini BAIRD, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 119.
[B 307, C 140, R 169, C 195.]

HAB. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific coast, and south over the plateau region of
Mexico.

519. Carpodacus frontalis (SAY).

House Finch.

Fringilla frontalis SAY, LONG'S Exp. II. 1824, 40.
Carpodacus frontalis GRAY, Gen. B. II. 1844, 384.

[6308, C 141, R 170, C 196.]
HAB. Middle Province of the United States.

ORDER PASSERES. 257

5190. Carpodacus frontalis rhodocolpus (CAB.).

Crimson House Finch.

Carpodacus rhodocolpus CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1851, 166.
Carpodacits frontalis var. rhodocolpus RIDGW. Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts,
V. Jan. 1873, 39.

[B — , C 141 a, R 170 rt, C 197.]
HAB. Pacific coast region, from Oregon to Cape St. Lucas.

520. Carpodacus ampins RIDGW.

Guadalupe House Finch.

Carpodacus amplus RIDGW. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. II.
No. 2, April i, 1876, 187.

[B— C— , Riyi, C— .]
HAB. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

GENUS LOXIA LINNAEUS.

Loxia LINX. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 171. Type, by elimination, Loxia
curvirostra LINN.

521. Loxia curvirostra minor (BREHM).

American Crossbill.

Cnicirostra minor BREHM, Naumannia, 1853, 193.

Loxia curvirostra minor RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat Mus. VIII. 1885, 354.

[B3i8, C 143, R 172, C 199.]

HAB. Northern North America, resident sparingly south in the

Eastern United States to Maryland and Tennessee, and in the Al-

leghanies ; irregularly abundant in winter ; resident south in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado.

521 a. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi RIDGW.

Mexican Crossbill.

Loxia curvirostra stricklandi RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, 354.

[B 318 #, C 143 tf, R 1720, C 200.]
HAB. Colorado, Southern Arizona, and highlands of Mexico.

258 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

522. Losia leucoptera GMEL.

White-winged Crossbill.

Loxia leitcoptcra GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 540.
[B3i9, C 142, Ri73, C 198.]

HAB. Northern parts of North America, south into the United
States in winter. Breeds from Northern New England northward.

GENUS LEUCOSTICTE SWAINSON.

Lencosticte S WAINS. F. B. A. II. 1831, 265. Type, Linaria tephrocotis
SWAINS.

523. Leucosticte griseonucha (BRANDT).

Aleutian Leucosticte.

Fringilla {Linaria) griseonucha BRANDT, Bull. Ac St. Petersb. Nov.

1841, 36.
Leucosticte griseonucha BONAP. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 537.

[B 323, C 1440, R 174, C 205.]

HAB. Aleutian Islands, including Kadiak, Unalashka, Prybilof,
and Commander Islands.

524. Leucosticte tephrocotis SWAINS.

Gray-crowned Leucosticte.

Linaria {Leucosticte) tephrocotis SWAINS. F. B. A. II. 1831, 255, pi. 50.
Leucosticte tephrocotis SWAINS. F. B. A. II. 1831, 494.

[B322, C 144, R i75>c 2°3-]

HAB. Interior of British America, south in winter throughout the
entire Rocky Mountain region of the United States, but most abundant
on the eastern slope.

5240. Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis (BAIRD).

Hepburn's Leucosticte.

Leucosticte littoralis BAIRD, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci. I. i. 1869, 318,

pi. 28, fig. i.
Leucosticte tepht ocotis var. littoralis COUES, Key, 1872, 130.

ORDER PASSERES. 2$9

[B— , C— , R 175*, C 204.]

HAB. In summer, probably the interior mountainous regions of
British Columbia ; in winter, northwest coast, from Kadiak southward,
and eastward in the Rocky Mountain region to Colorado.

525. Leucosticte atrata RIDGW.

Black Leucosticte.

Leucosticte atrata RIDGW. American Sportsman, July 18, 1874, 241 ;
Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. 2d ser. No. 2, May 11,
1875, 69.

[B— C— , Ri76, C2oi.]

HAB. In winter, mountains of Colorado and Utah ; summer range
not known.

526. Leucosticte australis (ALLEN).

Brown-capped Leucosticte.

Leucosticte tephracotis var. australis " ALLEN, MS." RIDGW. Bull.

Essex Inst. V. Dec. 1873, *97'
Leucosticte australis RIDGW. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr.

2d ser. No. 2, May 11, 1875, 79-

[B — , C — R 177, C 203.]

HAB. Mountains of Colorado, breeding above timber-line, descend-
ing into the valleys in winter ; New Mexico.

GENUS ACANTHIS BECHSTEIN.

Acanthis BECHST. Orn. Tasch. Deutschl. 1803, 125. Type, Fringilla
linaria LINN.

527. Acanthis hornemannii (HOLE.).

Greenland Redpoll.

Linota hornemannii HOLBOLL, Naturh. Tidskr. IV. 1843, 398.
Acanthis hornemannii STEJN. Auk, I. April, 1884, 152.

[6321, C— , R 178, C 209.]
HAB. Greenland and Eastern Arctic America.

26O CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

527 a. Acanthis hornemannii exilipes (COUES).

Hoary Redpoll.

jEgiothus exilipes COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 385.
Acanthis hornemannii exilipes STEJN. Auk, I. April, 1884, J52.

[B— , C 146 3, R 178*, C 210.]
HAS. Arctic America and Northeastern Asia.

528. Acanthis linaria (LINN.).

Redpoll.

Fringilla linaria LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 182.
Acanthis linaria BONAP. & SCHLEG. Mon. Lox. 1850, 48.

[B 320, C 146, 146 a, R 179, C 207.]

HAB. Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere, south irregularly
in winter, in North America, to the Middle United States (Washing-
ton, D. C., Kansas, Southeastern Oregon).

5280. Acanthis linaria holbcellii (BREHM).

HolbcelPs Redpoll.

Linaria holbcellii BREHM, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 280.
Acanthis linaria ft. holbcellii DUBOIS, Consp. Av. Europ. 1871, 18.

[B — , C — , R 1*1 9 a, part, C 2o8,/#r/.]

HAB. Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere, near the sea-
coast

528 £. Acanthis linaria rostrata (COUES).

Greater Redpoll.

sEgiothus rostratus COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 378.
Acanthis linaria rostrata STEJN. Auk, I. April, 1884, 153.

[B — , C — , R 17 9 a, part, C 20%, part.]

HAB. Greenland and Northeastern North America, south irregu-
larly in winter to New England, New York, and Northern Illinois.

GENUS SPINUS KOCH.
Spinus KOCH, Bayr. Zool. 1816, 233. Type, Fringilla spinus LINN.

ORDER PASSERES. 26l

529. Spinus tristis (LINN.).

American Goldfinch.

Fringilla tristis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 181.
Spinus tristis STEJX. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 362.

[B3i3, C 149, R 181,0213.]

HAB. North America generally, breeding southward to the middle
districts of the United States (to about the Potomac and Ohio Rivers,
Kansas, and California), and wintering mostly south of the northern
boundary of the United States.

530. Spinus psaltria (SAY).

Arkansas Goldfinch.

Fringilla psaltria SAY, LONG'S Exp. II. 1823, 40.
Spinus psaltria STEJN. Auk, II. Oct. 1884,

[6314, C 151, R 182,0 215.]

HAB. Western LTnited States, from the Plains to the Pacific, and
from Colorado and Utah southward to Sonora.

5300. Spinus psaltria arizonae (COUES).

Arizona Goldfinch.

Chryso7nitris mexicana var. arizonce COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.

1866, 82.
Spinus psaltria arizonce STEJN. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 362.

[B— , C 1510, R 182 «, C 216.]

HAB. Southern New Mexico and Southern Arizona, southward into
Northern Mexico.

530 £. Spinus psaltria mexicanus (SWAINS.).

Mexican Goldfinch.

Carduelis mexicanus SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 435.
Spinus psaltria mexicanus STEJN. Auk. I. Oct. 1884, 362.

[B3iS. C 159*, R 182*, C 217.]

HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, southward through
Mexico and Central America to Panama.

262 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

531. Spinus lawrencei (CASS.).

Lawrence's Goldfinch.

Carduelis lawrencei CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1851, 105, pi. v.
Spinus lawrencei STKJN. Auk, II. Oct. 1884, 362.

[B3i6, C 150, R 183, C 214.]
HAB. California ; Arizona, in winter.

[532.] Spinus notatus (DuBus).

Black-headed Goldfinch.

Carduelis notata DuBus, Bull. Ac. Brux. XIV. pt. 2, 1847, 106.
Spinus notatus STEJN. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 362.

[B3io, C— , R 184, €218.]
HAB. Mexico ; accidental in Kentucky (AUDUBON).

533. Spinus pinus (WiLs.).

Pine Siskin.

Fringilla pinus WILS. Am. Orn. II. 1810, 133, pi. 17, fig. i.
Spinus pinus STEJN. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 362.

[6317, C 148, R 185, C 212.]

HAB. North America generally, breeding mostly north of the
United States and in the Rocky Mountain region ; in winter south
to the Gulf States and Mexico.

GENUS PLECTROPHENAX STEJNEGER.

Plectrophenax STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 33. Type,
Ewberiza nivalis LINN.

534. Plectrophenax nivalis (LINN.).

Snowflake.

Emberiza nivalis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 176.

Plectrophenax nivalis STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 33.

[6325,0 152, R 1 86, C 219.]

ORDER PASSERES. 263

p

HAB. Northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere, breeding in the
arctic regions; in North America south in winter into the Northern
United States, irregularly to Georgia, Southern Illinois, and Kansas.

535. Plectrophenax hyperboreus RIDGW.

McKay's Snowflake.

Plectrophenax hyperboreus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. June u,
1884, 68.

[B -, C -, R -, C -.]

HAB. Alaska.

GENUS CALCARIUS BECHSTEIN.

Calcarius BECHST. Taschb. Vog. Deutschl. 1803, 130. Type, Fringilla
lappontca LINN.

536. Calcarius lapponicus (LINN.).

Lapland Loiigspur.

Fringilla lapponica LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 180.

Calcarius lapponicus STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 33.

[B326, C 153, R 187, C 220.]

HAB. Northern portions of the Northern Hemisphere, breeding far
north ; in North America south in winter to the Northern United
States, irregularly to the Middle States, accidentally to South Carolina,
and abundantly in the interior to Kansas and Colorado.

537. Calcarius pictus (SWAINS.).

Smith's Ixmgspur.

Emberiza {Plectrophanes) picta SWAINS. F. B. A. II 1831, 250, pi. 49.
Calcarius pictus STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 33.

[6327, C 154, R 188, C 221.]

HAB. Interior of North America, from the Arctic coast to Illinois
and Texas, breeding far north.

538. Calcarius ornatus (TOWNS.).

Chestnut-collared Loiigspur.

Plectrophanes ornatus Towxs. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837,

189-
Calcarius ornatus STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 33.

264 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

*

[B 328, 329, C 155, R 189, C 222.]

HAB. Interior of North America, from the Saskatchewan Plains
south to Texas. Rare west of the Rocky Mountains. Accidental in
Massachusetts.

GENUS RHYNCHOPHANES BAIRD.

Rhynchophanes BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858,432 (in text). Type, Plectra-
phanes mccownii LAWR.

539. Rhynchophanes mccownii (LAWR.).

McCown's Longspur.

Plectrophanes mccownii LAWR. Ann. Lye. N.Y.V. 1851, 122.
Rhynchophanes maccowni RIDGW. Field & Forest, II. May, 1877, 197.

[B 330, C 156, R 190, C 223.]

HAB. Interior of North America, from the Saskatchewan Plains
south to Texas and Mexico ; breeds from about the northern border of
Western Kansas northward.

GENUS FOOC-ZETES BAIRD.

Poocates BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 447. Type, Fringilla graminea
GMEL.

540. Foocaetes gramineus (GMEL.).

Vesper Sparrow.

Fringilla graminea GMEL. S- N. I. ii. 1788, 992.
Pocccstes gramineus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 447.

[B 337? A*r/> c 161, R 197, C 232.]

HAB. Eastern North America to the Plains, from Nova Scotia and
Ontario southward ; breeds from Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri
northward.

540 #. Poocaetes grammens confinis BAIRD.

Western Vesper Sparrow.

Pooccetes gramineus var. confinis BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 448 (in
text).

ORDER PASSERES. 265

[B 337, part, C 161 a, R 197 a, C 232.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south
into Mexico.

GENUS AMMODRAMUS SWAINSON.

Ammodramus SWAINS. Zool. Journ. III. 1827, 348. Type, Fringilla
caudacuta WILSON.

SUBGENUS PASSERCULTJS BONAPARTE.

Passerculus BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 33. Type, Fringilla
savanna WILS.

541. Ammodramus princeps (MAYN.).

Ipswich Sparrow.

Passerculus princeps MAYN. Am. Nat. VI. 1872, 637.
Ammodramus princeps RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354.

[B— , Ci58, Ri92, €225.]

HAB. Atlantic coast, from Nova Scotia south, in winter, to Vir-
ginia.

542. Ammodramus sandwichensis (GMEL.).

Sandwich Sparrow.

Emberiza sandwichensis GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 875.
Ammodramus sandwichensis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, 354-

[B333, C 159*, R 193, C 226.]
HAB. Northwest coast, from the Columbia River to Unalashka.

5-12 a. Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna (WILS.).

Savanna Sparrow.

Fringilla savanna WILS. Am. Orn. III. 1811, 55, pi. 22, fig. 2.
Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.
VIII. 1885, 354.

[B 332, C 159, R 193 at C 227.]

266 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

HAB. Eastern Province of North America, breeding from the North-
ern United States to Labrador and Hudson's Bay Territory.

542 £. Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudirms (BONAP.).

Western Savanna Sparrow.

Passerculus alaudinus BONAP. Compt. Rend. XXXVII. 1853, 918.
Atnmodramus sandwichensis alaudimis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.
VIII. 1885,354.

[B335, C— , R 193 ^C 229.]

HAB. Western North America, from the Plains to the Pacific coast
region, north to the Arctic coast.

542 c. Ammodramns sandwichensis bryanti RIDGW.

Bryant's Marsh Sparrow.

Passerculus sandwichensis bryanti RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII.

Jan. 19, 1885, 517.
Ammodramus sandwichensis bryanti RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.

VIII. 1885,354.

[B 334, fart, C \^ a, part, R 194, part, C 22

HAB. Salt marshes about San Francisco Bay, probably south along
the coast in winter.

543. Ammodramus beldingi RIDGW.

Belding's Marsh Sparrow.

Passerculus beldingi RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. Jan. 19, 1885,

516.
Ammodramus beldingi KXQ&W. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354.

[B 334, /<tf^, C i59#>/^'4 R 194, part, C

HAB. Salt marshes of the Pacific coast, from Santa Barbara south
to Todos Santos Island, Lower California.

544. Ammodramus rostratus CASS.

Large-billed Sparrow.

Emberiza rostrata CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, 348.
Ammodromus rostratus CASS, Illustr. B. Cal. Tex. etc. 1855, 226,
pi. 38.

ORDER PASSERES. 267

[B 336, C 160, R 196, C 230.]

HAB. Coast of California, south in winter to Cape St. Lucas and
Northwestern Mexico.

544 a. Ammodramus rostratus guttatus (LAWR.).

St. Lucas Sparrow.

Passer culus guttatus LAWR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VIII. 1867, 473.
Ammodramus rostratus guttatus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1^85, 355-

[B — , C 1600, R 195, C 231.]

HAB. Lower California.

SUBGENUS CENTRONYX BAIRD.
Centronyx BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1 858, 440. Type, Emberiza bairdii AUD.

545. Ammodramus bairdii (AUD.).

Baird's Sparrow.

Emberiza bairdii AMD. B. Am. VII. 1843, 359, pi. 500.
Ammodromus bairdi GIEBEL, Thes. Orn. I. 1872, 328.

[B 331, C 157, 157 bis, R 191, C 224.]

HAB. Interior of North America, from the plains of the Red River
and Saskatchewan south to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

SUBGENUS COTURNICTJLUS BONAPARTE.

Coturniculus BOXAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 32. Type, Fringilla
passer ina WILS.

546. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus (WILS.).

Grasshopper Sparrow.

Fringilla passerina WILS. Am. Orn. III. 1811, 76, pi. 26, fig. 5.
Ammodramus savannarum passerinus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.
VIII. 1885,355.

[B 338, C 162, R 198,, C 234.]

HAB. Eastern United States and Southern Canada to the Plains,
south to Florida, Cuba, Porto Rico, and coast of Central America.

268 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

546 a. Ammodramus savannarum perpallidus RIDGW.

Western Grasshopper Sparrow.

Coturniculu s pa sserinu s var. perpallidus " RIDGW. MS." COUES, Key,

1872, 137.
Ammodramus savannarum perpallidus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.

VIII. 1885,355-

[B 338, part, C 162^ R 1980, C 235.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific coast,
and the table lands of Mexico.

547. Ammodramus henslowii (AUD.).

Henslow's Sparrow.

Emberisa henslowii AUD. Orn. Biog. I. 1831, 360, pi. 77.
Ammodromus hensloivi GRAY, Gen. B. II. June, 1849, 374-

[B 339, C 163, R 199, C 236.]

HAB. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, north to Southern
New England and Ontario.

548. Ammodramus leconteii (AUD.).

Leconte's Sparrow.

Emberiza leconteii AUD. B. Am. VII. 1843, 338, pi. 488.
Ammodromus leconteii GRAY, Gen. B. II. June, 1849, 374.

[B 340, C 164, R 200, C 237.]

HAB. From the Plains eastward to Illinois, South Carolina, and
Florida, and from Manitoba south to Texas.

SUBGENUS AMMODRAMUS.

Ammodramus SWAINS. Zool. Jour. III. 1827, 348. Type, Oriolus
caudacutus GMEL.

549. Ammodramus caudacutus (GMEL.).

Sharp-tailed Sparrow.

Oriolus caudacutus GMEL. S. N. I. i. 1788, 394.
Ammodramus caudacutus SWAINS. Classif. B. II. 1837, 289.

ORDER PASSERES. 269

[B 341, C 1 66, R 201, C 240.]

HAB. Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast, from Prince Edward
Island and Nova Scotia to the Gulf States.

5490. Ammodrarrms caudacutus nelsoni ALLEN.

Nelson's Sparrow.

Ammodromus caudacutns var. nelsoni ALLEX, Pr. Bost Soc. Nat.
Hist. XVII. March, 1875, 93.

[B — , C — , R 201 a, C 241.]

HAB. Fresh marshes of the Mississippi Valley region (Illinois,
Kansas, etc.), and the Atlantic coast in its migrations (Lower Hudson
Valley to Charleston, S. C.).

550. Ammodramus maritimus (WILS.).

Seaside Sparrow.

Fringilla maritima WILS. Am Orn. VII. iSn, 68, pi. 24, fig. 2.
Ammodramus maritima SWAINS. Classif. B. II. 1837, 289.

[B 342, C 165, R 202, C 238.]

HAB. Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast, from Massachusetts south-
ward, and along the Gulf coast to the Rio Grande.

551. Ammodramus nigrescens RIDGW.

Dusky Seaside Sparrow.

Ammodromus maritimus var. nigrescens RIDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V.

Dec. 1873, 198.
Ammodramus nigrescens RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24,

1880, 178.

[B— , C 1650, R 203, C 239.]
HAB. Salt Lake, Southern Florida.

GEXUS CHONDESTES SWAINSON.

Chondestes SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 435. Type, C. strigatus
SWAINS.

270 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

552. Chondestes grammacus (SAY).

Lark Sparrow.

Fringilla grammaca SAY, LONG'S Exp, II. 1823, 139.
Chondestes grammaca BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 32.

[B 344, part, C 186, part, R 204, C 281, part.]

HAB. Mississippi Valley region, from Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan to
the Plains, south to Eastern Texas. Accidental near the Atlantic coast
(Massachusetts, Long Island, New Jersey, and Washington, D. C.).

552 a. Chondestes grammacus strigatus (SWAINS.).

Western Lark Sparrow.

Chondestes strigattis SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 435.
Chondestes grammaca strigata RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug.
24, 1880, 179.

[B 344, part, C impart, R 204 a, C 281, /^.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific coast,
south into Mexico.

GENUS ZONOTRICHIA SWAINSON.

Zonotrichia SWAINS. F. B. A. II. 1831, 493. Type, by elimination,
Emberiza leucophrys FOR ST.

553. Zonotrichia querula (Nun.).

Harris's Sparrow.

Fringilla querula NUTT. Man. I. 2d ed. 1840, 555.
Zonotrichia querula GAMB. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2d ser. I.
1847, 51.

[B 348, C 185, R 205, C 280.]

HAB. Middle United States, from Missouri and Iowa west to Mid-
dle Kansas and Dakota, and from Texas north to the Red River of
the North.

554. Zonotrichia leucophrys (FORST.).

White-crowned Sparrow.

Emberiza leucophrys FORST. Philos. Trans. LXII. 1772, 382, 426.
Z\onotrichid\ leucophrys SWAINS. F. B. A. II. 1831, 493.

ORDER PASSERES. 271

[B 345, C 183, R 206, C 276.]

HAD. North America at large, breeding chiefly in the Rocky Moun-
tain region (including Sierra Nevada) and northeast to Labrador.

555. Zonotrichia intermedia RIDGW.

Intermediate Sparrow.

Zonotrichia leucophrys var. intermedia RIDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V.

Dec. 1873, 198.
Zonotrichia intermedia RIDGW. Field & Forest, May, 1877, 198.

[B 346, part, C 183 £, R 2070, C 277.]

HAB. Western North America, from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific, and from Mexico to Alaska. Breeds, so far as known, only
north of the United States.

556. Zonotrichia gambeli (Nun*.).

GambeFs Sparrow.

Fringilla gambeli NUTT. Man. I. 2cl ed. 1840, 556.
Zonotrichia gambeli GAME. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2d ser. I.
1847, 50.

[B 346, part, C 1830, R 207, C 278.]
HAB. Pacific coast region, from Oregon southward.

557. Zonotrichia coronata (PALL.).

Golden-crowned Sparrow.

Emberisa coronata PALL. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1826, 44.
Zonotrichia coronata BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 461.

[B 347, C 184, R 208, C 279.]
HAB. Pacific coast region, from Alaska to Southern California.

558. Zonotrichia albicollis (GMEL.).

White-throated Sparrow.

Fringilla albicollis GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 926.
Zonotrichia albicollis SWAINS. Classif. B. II. 1837, 288.

[B 349, C 182, R 209, C 275.]

2/2 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

HAB. Eastern North America, west to the Plains, north to Lab-
rador and the Fur Countries. Breeds in Northern Michigan, Northern
New York, and Northern New England, and winters from the Middle
States southward.

GENUS SFIZELLA BONAPARTE.

Spizella BONAP. Saggio Distr. Met. 1832, 140. Type, Fringilla pu-
silla WILS.

559. Spizella monticola (GMEL.).

Tree Sparrow.

Fringilla monticola GMEL. S N. I. ii. 1788, 912.
Spizella monticola BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 472.

[B 357, part, C i^.part, R 210, part, C 268, part.]

HAB. Eastern North America, westward to the Plains, and from the
Arctic Ocean south, in winter, to the Carolinas, Kentucky, and East-
ern Kansas. Breeds north of the United States, east of the Rocky
Mountains.

5590. Spizella monticola ochracea BREWST.

Western Tree Sparrow.

Spizella monticola ochracea BREWST. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Oct.
1882, 228.

[B 357,/0r/, C T-Viipart, R 210, part, C 2^ part]

HAB. Western North America, east to Dakota and Western Kan-
sas, south in winter to New Mexico and Arizona, north to the arctic
regions ; breeds in Alaska.

560. Spizella socialis (WILS.).

Chipping Sparrow.

Fringilla socialis WILS. Am. Orn. II. 1810, 127, pi. 16, fig. 5.
Spizella socialis BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 33.

[B 359, part, C 178, R 211, C 269.]

HAB. Eastern North America, west to the Rocky Mountains, north
to Great Slave Lake, and south to Eastern Mexico.

ORDER PASSERES. 273

560 a. Spizella socialis arizonae COUES.

Western Chipping Sparrow.

Spizella socialis var. arizona COUES, Key, 1872, 143.

1780, R 2110, C 270.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific, south in winter to Middle and Western Mexico.

561. Spizella pallida (SWAINS.).

Clay-colored Sparrow.

Emberiza pallida SWAINS. F. B. A. II. 1831, 251.
Spizella pallida BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 33.

[6360, C 180, R 212, C 272.]

HAB. Interior of North America, from Illinois and Iowa west to
the Rocky Mountains, Arizona, and Cape St. Lucas, and from Texas
north to the Saskatchewan Plains.

562. Spizella breweri CASS.

Brewer's Sparrow.

Spizella breweri CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Feb. 1856, 40.

[B36i, C iSort, R2i3,C 273.]

HAB. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific coast. Accidental in Massachusetts.

563. Spizella pusilla (WILS.).

Field Sparrow.

Fringilla pusilla WILS. Am. Orn. II. 1810, 121, pi. 16, fig. 2.
Spizella pusilla BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 33.

[B358, C 179, R 214, C 271.]

HAB. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, west to the

Plains.

564. Spizella wortheni RIDGW.

Worthen's Sparrow.

Spizella ivortheni RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. Aug. 22, 1884,
259.

18

2/4 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B _ C -, R -, C -.]
HAB. New Mexico and Western Texas.

565. Spizella atrigularis (CAB.).

Black-cliinned Sparrow.

Spinites atrigularis CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1851, 133.
Spizella atrigularis BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 476.

[B362, C 181, R2iS, C274.]

HAB. Southern border of the United States, from Texas to Cali-
fornia, south into Mexico.

GENUS JUNCO WAGLER.

Junco WAGLER, I sis, 1831, 526. Type, /. phceonotus WAGL. —
Fringilla cinerea SWAINS.

566. Junco aikeni RIDGW.

White-winged Junco.

Junco hyemalis var. aikeni RIDGW. Am. Nat. VII. Oct. 1873, 612, 614.
Junco aikeni RIDGW. Field & Forest, May, 1877, 198.

[B— , C 174 a, R 216, C 262.]
HAB. Colorado, north to the Black Hills, where it breeds.

567. Junco hyemalis (LINN.).

Slate-colored Junco.

Fringilla hyemalis LINN S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 183.
Junco hyemalis SCL. P. Z. S. 1857, 7.

[B354, C 174, R 217. C 261.]

HAB. North America at large, but chiefly east of the Rocky Moun-
tains, breeding from the higher parts of the Alleghanies and Northern
New York and Northern New England northward. South in winter
to the Gulf States.

567 a. Junco hyemalis oregonus (TOWNS.).

Oregon Junco.

Fringilla oregona TOWNS. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837, 188.
Junco hyemalis var. oregonus RIDGW. Am. Nat. VII. Oct. 1873, 612.

ORDER PASSERES. 275

[B352, C. 175, R 218, €263.]

HAB. Western United States, northward to Alaska, east to the
Plains, south, in winter, to New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern Cali-
fornia. Accidental in Michigan and Massachusetts.

568. Junco annectens BAIRD.

Pink-sided Junco.

Junco annectens BAIRD, Orn. Cal. I. 1870, 564.
[B— , C— , R2i9, €264.]

HAB. Rocky Mountain region, from Arizona and New Mexico (in
winter) north to Idaho and Montana.

569. Junco caniceps (WOODH.).

Gray-headed Junco.

Struthus caniceps WOODH. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Dec. 1852, 202.
Junco caniceps BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 468.

[B 353, C 176, R 220, C 265.]

HAB. Rocky Mountain region, from the Black Hills to the Wah-
satch and Uintah Mountains, south to New Mexico and Arizona.

570. Junco cinereus palliatus RIDGW.

Arizona Junco.

Junco cinereus p'.illiatus RIDGW. Auk, II. Oct. 1885, 364.
[B 350, part, C — , R 222, part, C 267, part]

HAB. Mountains of Southern Arizona, and probably southward into
Western Mexico.

570 #. Junco cinereus dorsalis HENRY.

Red-backed Junco.

Junco dorsalis HENRY, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, 117.

Junco cinereus dorsalis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B35i, C— , R22i, €266.]
HAB. Mountains of New Mexico and Eastern Arizona.

2/6 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

571. Junco bairdi BELDING.

Buird's Junco.
Junco bairdi BELDING, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI. Oct. 5, 1883, 155.

[B — , C — , R — , C — .]
HAB. Lower California.

672. Junco insularis RIDGW.

Guadalupe Junco.

Junco insularis RIDGW. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. II.
No. 2, April i, 1876, 188.

[B— , C— , R223, C— .]
HAB. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

GENUS AMPHISPIZA COUES.

Amphispiza COUES, B. Northwest, 1875, 234- Type, Emberiza
bilineata CASS.

673. Amphispiza bilineata (CASS.).

Black-throated Sparrow.

Emberiza bilineata CASSIN, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Oct. 1850, 104,

pi. 3.
Amphispiza bilineata COUES, B. Northwest, 1875, 234.

[B355, C 172, R 224, C 258.]

HAB. Western United States, from Western Texas and the Indian
Territory west to California, north throughout the Great Basin, and
south into Mexico.

674. Amphispiza belli (CASS.).

Bell's Sparrow.

Emberiza belli CASSIN, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Oct. 1850, 104, pi. 4.
Amphispiza bellii COUES, B. Northwest, 1875, 234-

[B 356, C 173, R 225, C 259.]
HAD. California.

ORDER PASSERES.

574 a. Amphispiza belli nevadensis (RIDGW.).

Sage Sparrow.

Poospiza belli var. nevadensis RIDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Nov.

1873, 191.
Amphispiza bellii var. nevadensis COUES, B. Northwest, 1875, 234.

[B— , C 1730, R 2250,0 260.]

HAB. Southeastern Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada, south to Arizona
and Mexico, and east to Colorado and New Mexico.

GENUS PEUCJEA AUDUBON.
Peucaa AUD. Synop. 1839, 112. Type, Fringilla backmani AUD.

575. Feucaea aestivalis (LIGHT.).

Pine-woods Sparrow.

Fringilla cestivalis LIGHT. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 25.
Peuccea astivalis CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 132.

[B 37o,/*/*, C 170, part, R 226, C 251.]
HAB. Florida and Southern Georgia.

5750. Peucaea aestivalis bachmanii (AUD.).

Bachman's Sparrow.

Fringilla bachmanii AUD. Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 366, pi. 165.
Peucaa (estivalis bachmani BREWST. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 106.

[B 37o,flart, C ijo^arf, R 2260, C 252.]

HAB. South Carolina and Alabama, west to Texas, and north to
Southern Illinois and Southern Indiana.

576. Feucaea arizonse RIDGW.

Arizona Sparrow.

Peuccea astivalis var. arizona RIDGW. Am. Nat. VII. Oct. 1873, 615.
Peucaa arizona RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. I. Aug. 15, 1878, 127.

[B— , C i7orf, R227, C253.]
HAB. Southern Arizona and Sonora.

278 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

577. Feucaea mexicana (LAWR.).

Mexican Sparrow.

Coturniculus mexicanus LAWR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VIII. May, 1867,

474. (Mts. of Colima.)
Peuc&a mexicana RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. No. 7, May 23,

1885, 99.

[B - C — , R -, C -.]

HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas south into Central
and Western Mexico.

578. Feucaea cassini (WOODH.).

Cassin's Sparrow.

Zonotrichia cassini WOODH. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. April, 1852, 60.
Peucaa cassini BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 458. •

[B37i, C 170 to, R 228, C 254.]

HAB. Plains of Kansas southward and westward, through Texas,
New Mexico, and Arizona, into Mexico.

579. Feucaea carpalis COUES.

Rufous-winged Sparrow.

Peuccsa carpalis COUES, Am. Nat. VII. June, 1873, 322.

[B— , C 171 to, R 229, C 257.]
HAB. Arizona.

580. Feucaea ruficeps (CASS.).

Rufous-crowned Sparrow.

Ammodromus ruficeps CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Oct. 1852, 184.
Peuccea ruficeps BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 486.

[6372, C 171, R 230, C 255.]
HAB. Coast of California, south to Cape St. Lucas.

5800. Peucsea ruficeps boucardi (SCL.).

Boucard's Sparrow.

Zonotrichia boucardi SCLATER, P. Z. S. 1867, I, pi. i.

Peuccea ruficeps boucardi RIDGW. Hist. N. Am. B. II. 1874, 38.

ORDER PASSERES. 279

[B— C— , R 2300, C 256.]

HAB. Southern New Mexico and Southern Arizona, south into
Mexico.

580 £. Peucaea ruficeps eremceca BROWN.

Rock Sparrow.

Peucaa ruficeps eremceca BROWN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl. VII. Jan.
1882, 26.

[B _ C — , R — , C — .]

HAB. Southwestern Texas, south into Eastern Mexico.

GENUS MELOSPIZA BAIRD.

Melospiza BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 478. Type, Fringilla melodia
WILS. = F.fasciata GMEL.

581. Melospiza fasciata (GMEL.).

Song Sparrow.

Fringilla fasciata GMEL. S. N. I. 1788, 922.
Melospiza fasciata SCOTT, Am. Nat. X. 1876, 18.

[B363, C 169, R 231, C 244-]

HAB. Eastern United States to the Plains, breeding from Virginia
and the northern portion of the Lake States northward.

531 a. Melospiza fasciata fallax (BAIRD).

Desert Song Sparrow.

Zonotrichia fallax BAIRD, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 119

(nee Melospiza fallax auctorum plurimorum !).
Melospiza fasciata fallax HEXSH. Auk, I. July, 1884, 224.

[B 367, C \^a,part, R 231 a, part, C 245, part.~\
HAB. New Mexico and Arizona.

531 £. Melospiza fasciata montana HENSH.

Mountain Song Sparrow.

Melcspiza fasciata montana HENSHAW, Auk, I. July, 1884, 224.

280 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B — , C i6ga}flart, R 231 a, part, C 245, part. .]
HAB. Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and northward.

581*:. Melospiza fasciata heermanni (BAIRD).

Heermann's Song Sparrow.

Melospiza heermanni BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 478.
Melospiza fasciata 8. heermanni RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl. III.
April, 1878, 66.

[B364, C 1694 R 23 1 J, C248.]
HAB. Interior of Southern California, east into Western Nevada.

581 d. Melospiza fasciata samuelis (BAIRD).

Samuels's Song Sparrow.

Ammodromus sam uelis BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 455.
Melospiza fasciata samuelis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug.
24, 1880, 1 80.

[B 343? 365? C 169 e, R 23 1 c, C 249.]
HAB. Coast region of California.

581 <?. Melospiza fasciata guttata (NUTT.).

Rusty Song Sparrows

Fringilla guttata NUTTALL, Man. Orn. I. ed. 2, 1840, 581.
Melospiza fasciata p. guttata RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl. III. April,
1878, 66.

[B— , C 169 £, R23i//, C 246.]

HAB. Coast region of Oregon and Washington Territory, south in
winter to San Francisco, California. :

581/. Melospiza fasciata rufina (BON A p.).

Sooty Song Sparrow.

Passerella rufina BONAP. Consp. Av. I. July 15, 1850, 477.
Melospiza fasciata riifina RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24,
1880, 180.

[B366, C 169 r, R 231*, C 247.]
HAR Coast region of British Columbia, north to Sitka.

ORDER PASSERES. 28 1

582. Melospiza cinerea (GMEL.).

Aleutian Song Sparrow.

Fringilla cinerea GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 922.

Melospiza cinerea RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 180.

[B— , C i69/ R 232, C 250.]

HAB. Aleutian and Prybilof Islands, and east to Fort Kenai,

Alaska.

583. Melospiza lincolni (AUD.).

Lincoln's Sparrow.

Fringilla lincolni AUD. Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 539, pi. 193.

Melospiza lincolni BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 482.

[B 368, C 167, R 234, C 242.]

HAB. North America at large, breeding chiefly north of the United
States and in the higher parts of the Rocky Mountains ; south, in win-
ter, to Guatemala.

584. Melospiza georgiana (LATH.).

Swamp Sparrow.

Fringilla georgiana LATH. Ind. Orn I 1790, 460.

Melospiza georgiana RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355.

[B 369, C 168, R 233, C 243.]

HAB. Eastern North America to the Plains, accidentally to Utah,
north to the British Provinces, including Newfoundland and Labrador.
Breeds from the Northern States northward, and winters in the Mid-
dle States and southward.

GENUS PAS3ERBLLA SWAINSON.
Passerella SWAINS. Classif. B. II. 1837, 288. Type, Fringilla iliaca

G.MEL.

585. Passerella iliaca (MERR.).

Fox Sparrow.

Fringilla iliaca MERREM, " Beitr. zur besond. Gesch. der Vogel, II.

1786-87, 40, pi. x."
Passerella iliaca SWAINS. Classif. B. II. 1837, 288.

282 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B 374, C 188, R 235, C 282.]

•HAB. Eastern North America, west to the Plains and Alaska (val-
ley of the Yukon to the Pacific), and from the Arctic coast south to
the Gulf States. Breeds north of the United States ; winters chiefly
south of the Potomac and Ohio Rivers.

585 a. Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis (GMEL.).

Townsend's Sparrow.

Emberiza unalaschcensis GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 875.
Passerella iliaca unalascensis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug.
24, 1880, 181.

[6375, C 189, R 235 a, C 283.]

HAB. Pacific coast region, from Kadiak south, in winter, to South-
ern California. Breeds north of the United States.

585 £. Passerella iliaca megarhyncha (BAIRD).

Thick-billed Sparrow.

Passerella megarhyncha BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 925.
Pc.sserella iliaca megarhyncha RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug.
24, 1880, 181.

[B376tf, C— , R 235 £,0285.]
HAB. Sierra Nevada and Coast Range, California.

585 c. Passerella iliaca schistacea (BAIRD).

Slate-colored Sparrow.

Passerella schistacea BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 490.

Passerella iliaca var. schistacea ALLEN, Bull. M. C. Z. III. 1872, 168.

[B376, C 189*, R235r, C 284.]

HAB. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, east, in win-
ter, to the Plains (Kansas), west to Nevada and California.

GENUS EMBERNAGRA LESSON.

Embernagra LESS. Trait£, 1831, 465. Type, E. dumetorum LESS.
= Emberiza platcnsis GMEL.

ORDER PASSERES. 283

586. Embernagra rufivirgata LAWR.

Texas Sparrow.

Embernagra mfivirgata LAWR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. May, 1851, 112,

pi. 5, fig. 2.

[B 373, C 309, R 236, €311.]

HAB. Valley of ihe Lower Rio Grande in Texas and Eastern
Mexico.

GENUS PIFILO VIEILLOT.

Pipilo VIEILL. Analyse, 1816, 32. Type, Fringilla erythrophthalma
LINN.

587. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (LINN.).

Towhee.

Fringilla erythrophthalma LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 180.
Pipilo erythrophthalmus VIEILL. Gal. Ois. I. 1824, 109, pi. 80.

[6391, C 204, R 237, C 301.]

HAB. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, west to the
Plains.

5870. Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni COUES.

White-eyed Towhee.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus var. alleni COUES, Am. Nat. V. Aug. 1871,
366.

[B — , C 204 tf, R 2370, C 302.]
HAB. Florida.

588. Pipilo maculatus arcticus (SWAINS.).

Arctic Towhee.

Pyrgita {Pipilo) arctica SWAINS. F. B. A. II. 1831, 260, pis. 51, 52.
Pipilo maculatus var. arcticus COUES, Key, 1872, 152.

[B 393, C 205 a, R 238, C 304.]

HAB. Plains of the Platte, Upper Missouri, Yellowstone, and Sas-
katchewan Rivers, west to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains,
south in winter to Kansas, Colorado, and Texas.

284 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

5880. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (BAIRD).

Spurred Towhee.

Pipilo megalonyx BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 515.

Pipilo maculatus var. megalonyx COUES, Key, 1872, 152.

[B 394, C 205 b, R 238 a, C 305.]

HAB. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, west to the
Sierra Nevada and Southern California.

588 £. Pipilo maculatus oregonus (BELL).

Oregon Towhee.

Pipilo oregonus BELL, Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. 1852, 6.
Pipilo ma.ulatus var. oregonus COUES, Key, 1872, 152.

[B 392, C 205, R 238 £,€303.]

HAB. Pacific coast region, from Washington Territory south to San
Francisco, California.

589. Pipilo consobrinus RIDGW.

Guadalupe Towhee.

Pipilo maculatus consobrinus RIDGW. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog.

Surv. Terr. II. No. 2, April i, 1876, 189.
Pipilo consobrinus RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II. July, 1877, 60.

[B-, C- R238^,C-.]
HAB. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

590. Pipilo chlorurus (TOWNS.).

Green-tailed Towhee.

Fringilla chlorura " TOWNS." AUD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 336.
Pipilo chlorurus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 519.

[B398, C2o8, R239, C3io.]

HAB. Interior Plateau region of the United States, from the West-
ern border of the Plains to the Sierra Nevada, from about lat. 40°
south into Mexico.

ORDER PASSERES. 285

591. Fipilo fuscus mesoleucus (BAIRD).

Canon Towhee.

Pipilo mesoleucus BAIRD, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 119.
Pipilo fuscus var. mesoleucus RIDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Nov. 1873.
183.

[B 397, C 206, R 240, C 306.]

HAB. Southern border of the United States, from the valley of the
Upper Rio Grande west to the valley of the Gila, south into Western
Mexico.

591 <7. Pipilo fuscus albigula (BAIRD).

Saint Lucas Towhee.

Pipilo albigula BAIRD, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Nov. 1859, 3°5-
Pipilo fuscus var •. albigula COUES, Key, 1872, 152.

[B — , C 206 #, R 240^7, C 307.]
HAB. Lower California.

591 £. Pipilo fuscus crissalis (Vic.).

Californian Towhee.

Fringilla crissalis VIG. Zool. Bios. 1839, 19.
Pipilo fuscus var. crissalis COUES, Key, 1872, 153.

[B 396, C 206 £, R 240 £, C 308.]
HAB. California.

592. Fipilo aberti BAIRD.

Abert's Towhee.

Pipilo aberti BAIRD, STANSBURY'S Rep. Exped. Utah, 1852, 325.
[B 395, C 207, R 241, C 309.]

HAB. New Mexico and Arizona, north into Southern Colorado and
Utah.

GENUS CARDINALIS BONAPARTE.

Cardinalis BONAP. P. Z. S. 1837, in. Type, C. virginianus BONAP.
= Loxia cardinalis LINN.

286 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

593. Cardinalis cardinalis (LINN.).

Cardinal.

Loxia cardinalis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, 1758, 172.

Cardinalis cardinalis LIGHT. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. 1854, 44.

[B 390, C 203, R 242, C 299.]

HAB. Eastern United States, north to New Jersey and the Ohio
Valley (casually farther), west to the Plains.

5930. Cardinalis cardinalis superbus RIDGW.

Arizona Cardinal.

Cardinalis cardinalis superbus RIDGW. Auk, II. Oct. 1883, 344.

[B — , C 203 a, part, R 242 a, part, C 300, part.']
HAB. Arizona and Western Mexico.

593 £. Cardinalis cardinalis igneus (BAIRD).

Saint Lucas Cardinal.

Cardinalis igneus BAIRD, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 3°5«
Cardinalis cardinalis igneus STEJN. Auk, I. 1884, 171.

[B — , C 203 a, part, R 242 a, part, C 300, part.~\
HAB. Lower California.

GENUS PYRRHULOXIA BONAPARTE.

Pyrrhuloxia BONAP. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 500. Type, Cardinalis
sinuatus BONAP.

594. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata BONAP.

Texan Cardinal.

Cardinalis sinuatus BONAP. P. Z. S. 1837, in.
Pyrrhuloxia sinuata BONAP. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 500.

[B 389, C 202, R 243, C 298.]

HAB. Southern border of the United States, from the valley of the
Lower Rio Grande westward and southward.

ORDER PASSERES. 287

GENUS HABIA REICHENBACH.

Habia REICH. Syst. Av. June I, 1850, pi. Ixxviii. Type, Guiraca
melanocephala SWAINS.

595. Habia ludoviciana (LINN.).

Rose-breasted Grosbeak.

Loocia ludoviciana LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 306.
Habia ludoviciana STEJN. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 367.

[B 380, C 193, R 244, C 289.]

HAB. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, west to the
eastern border of the Plains, south, in winter, to Cuba, Central Amer-
ica, and Northern South America.

596. Habia melanocephala (SWAINS.).

Black-headed Grosbeak.

Guiraca melanocephala SWAINS. Philos. Mag. I. 1827, 438.
Habia melanocephala STEJN. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 367.

[B38i, C 194, R 245, C 290.]

HAB. Western United States, from Middle Kansas to the Pacific
coast, and south into Mexico.

GENUS GUIRACA SWAINSON.

Guiraca SWAINS. Zool. Jour. III. Nov. 1827, 350. Type, Loxia
ccerulea LINN.

597. Guiraca caerulea (LINN.).

Blue Grosbeak.

Loxia ccerulea LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 175.
Guiraca ccerulea SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 438.

[6382, C 195, R 246, C 291.]

HAB. Southern half of the United States, from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, south into Mexico.

288 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

GENUS PASSERINA VIEILLOT.

Passerina VIE!LL. Analyse, 1816, 30. Type, by elimination, Tanagra
cyanea LINN.

598. Passerina cyanea (LINN.).

Indigo Hunting.

Tanagra cyanea LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 315.

Passerina cyanea VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXV. 1817, 7.

[B 387, C 199, R 248, C 295.]
HAB. Eastern United States, south in winter to Veragua.

599. Passerina amoena (SAY).

Lazuli Hunting.

Emberiza amcena SAY, LONG'S Exp. II. 1823, 47.
Passerina amcena GRAY, Handl. II. 1870, 97.

[B 386, C 200, R 249, C 296.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific; south
into Mexico.

600. Passerina versicolor (BONAP.).

Varied Hunting.

Spiza versicolor BONAP. P. Z. S. 1837, 120.
Passerina versicolor GRAY, Handl. II. 1870, 97.

[B385,C 197, R 250, C 293.]

HAB. From the valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas and
Lower California southward to Guatemala. Accidental in Southern
Michigan.

601. Passerina ciris (LINN.).

Painted Bunting.

Emberiza ciris LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 179.

Passerina ciris VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXV. 1817, 17.

[B384, C 196, R 251; C 292.]

HAB. South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to North Carolina and
Southern Illinois, and south to Panama.

ORDER PASSERES. 289

GENUS 3FOROPHILA CABANIS.
Sporophila CABANIS, Fauna Peruana, 1844, 211.
602. Sporophila moreUeti (BONAP.).

Morellet's Seed-eater.

K? BOXAP. Consp. Av. I, 1850,497.
Sporophila morelleti CABANIS, Mus. Hein. I. 1851, 150.

[B 388, C 200, R 252, C 296.]

HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, south through
Mexico to Costa Rica.

GENUS EUETHEIA REICHENBACH.

Euetheia REICH. Av. Syst. Nat. Knacker, "June I, 1850," pi. Ixxix.
Type, Einberiza lepida LINN.

603. Euetheia bicolor (LINN.).

Grassquit.

Fringilla bicolor LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 324.
Euethia bicolor GUNDLACH, J. f. O. XXII. 1874, 312.

[B — , C 201, R 253, C 297.]
HAB. West Indies. Accidental or casual in Southern Florida.

GENUS SPIZA BONAPARTE.

Spiza BONAP. Journ. Ac. Nat Sci. Phila. IV. i. Aug. 1824, 45.
Type, Emberiza americana GMEL.

604. Spiza americana (GMEL.).

Dickcissel.

Emberiza americana GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 872.

Spiza americana RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. March 27, 1880, 3.

[B 378, C 191, R 254, C 287.]

HAB. Eastern United States to the Rocky Mountains, north to
Massachusetts, New York, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and south
in winter through Central America to Northern South America.

19

2QO CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

GENUS CALAMOSPIZA BONAPARTE.

Calamospiza BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 30. Type, Fringilla
bicolor TOWNS. = Calamospiza melanocorys STEJN.

605. Calamospiza melanocorys STEJN.

Lark Bunting.

Calamospiza melanocorys STEJN. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 49.
[B377, C 190, R 256, €286.]

HAB. From the Plains of Dakota and Middle Kansas west to the
Rocky Mountains, less commonly thence to the Pacific, and south
to Northern Mexico and Lower California. Accidental in Massa-
chusetts.

FAMILY TANAGRIDJSB. TANAGERS.

GENUS EUPHONIA DESMAREST.

Euphonia DESM. Hist. Nat. Tang. 1805, — . Type, Pipra musica
GMEL. ?

606. Euphonia elegantissima (BONAP.).

Blue-headed Euphonia.

Pipra elegantissima BONAP. P. Z. S. 1837, 112.
Euphonia elegantissima GRAY, Gen. B. App. 1849, 17.

[B224, C— , R 160, C— .]
HAB. Eastern Mexico, and south to Veragua. Texas (GiRAun).

GENUS PIRANGA VIEILLOT.

Piranga VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, p. iv. Type, Muscicapa
rubra LINN.

607. Piranga ludoviciana (WILS.).

Louisiana Tanager.

Tanagra ludoviciana WILS. Am. Orn. III. 1811, 27, pi. 20, fig. I.
Pyranga ludoviciana RICHARDSON, Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. V.
1837, 175-

ORDER PASSERES. 291

[B 223, C no, R 162, C 158.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Great Plains to the Pacific.
In winter south to Guatemala.

608. Firanga erythromelas VIEILL.

Scarlet Tanager.

Pyranga erythromelas VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXVIII.
1819, 293 (= Pyranga rubra AUCT., nee Fringilla rubra LINN.).

[B 220, C 107, R 161, C 154.]

HAB. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, and north to
Southern Canada. In winter the West Indies, Central America, and
Northern South America.

609. Firanga hepatica SWAINS.

Hepatic Tanager.

Pyranga hepatica SWAIXS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 438.

[6222, C 109, R 163, C 157.]
HAB. Southern New Mexico and Southern Arizona southward.

610. Firanga rubra (LINN.).

Summer Tanager.

Fringilla ritbra LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 181.
Piranga rubra VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, p. iv.

[B 221, C 1 08, R 164, C 155.]

HAB. Eastern United States, to the Plains, north to Southern
New Jersey and Southern Illinois, casually north to Connecticut and
Ontario, and accidentally to Nova Scotia. In winter, Cuba, Central
America, and Northern South America.

610 #. Piranga rubra cooperi RIDGW.

Cooper's Tanager.

Pyranga cooperi RIDGW. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1869, 130.
Piranga rubra cooperi RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354.

292 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B — , C io8<7, R 1640, C 156.]
HAD. New Mexico and Arizona, south into Western Mexico.

FAMILY HIRUNDINIDJE. SWALLOWS.

GENUS PROGNE BOIE.
Progne BOIE, Isis, 1826, 971. Type, Hirundo subis LINN.

611. Progne subis (LINN.).

Purple Martin.

Hirundo subis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 192.
Progne subis BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. May, 1865, 274.

[6231, C 117, R 152, C 165.]
HAB. Temperate North America, south to Mexico.

GENUS FETROCHELIDON CABANIS.

Petrochelidon CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 47. Type, Hirundo melano-
gastra SWAINS.

612. Petrochelidon lunifrons (SAY).

Cliff Swallow.

Hirundo lunifrons SAY, LONG'S Exp. II. 1823. 47.
Petrochelidon lunifrons BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. May, 1865, 288.

[6226, C 114, R 153, C 162.]
HAB. North America at large, and south to Brazil and Paraguay.

GENUS CHELIDON FORSTER.

Chelidon FORST. Synop. Cat. Brit. B. 1817, 55. Type, Hirundo
rustica LINN.

613. Chelidon erythrogaster (BODD.).

Barn Swallow.

Hirundo erythrogaster BODD. Tabl. P. E. 1783, 45.

Chelidon erythrogastra STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 31.

ORDER PASSERES. 293

[B 225, C in, R 154, C 159.]

HAB. North America in general, from the Fur Countries southward
to the West Indies, Central America, and South America.

GENUS TACHYCINETA CABANIS.

Tachycineta CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 48. Type, Hirundo thalassina
SWAINS.

614. Tachycineta bicolor (VIEILL.).

Tree Swallow.

Hirundo bicolor VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 61, pi. 31.
Tachycineta bicolor CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 48.

[B227, C 112, R 155, C 160.]

HAB. North America at large, from the Fur Countries southward,
in winter, to the West Indies and Central America.

615. Tachycineta thalassina (SWAINS.).

Violet-green Swallow.

Hirundo thalassinus SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 366.
Tachycineta thalassina CAB. Mus. Hein. 1. 1850, 48.

[B228, C 113, R 156, C 161.]

HAB. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific, south to Guatemala.

GENUS CLIVICOLA FORSTER.

Clivicola FORST. Synop. Cat. Brit. B. 1817, 55. Type, Hirundo
rip aria LINN.

616. Clivicola riparia (LINN.).

Bank Swallow.

Hirundo riparia LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 192.
Clivicola riparia STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 32.

[6229, C 115, R 157, C 163.]

HAB. Northern Hemisphere ; in America, south to the West Indies,
Central America, and Northern South America.

294 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

GENUS STELGIDOFTERYX BAIRD.

Stelgidopteryx BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 312. Type, Hit-undo serri-
pennis AUD.

617. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (AUD.).

Rough-winged Swallow.

Hirundo serripennis AUD. Orn. Biog. IV. 1838, 593.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 312.

[B 230, C 116, R 158, C 164.]

HAB. United States at large (in the Eastern States north to Con-
necticut), south to Guatemala.

FAMILY AMPELIDJE. WAXWINGS, ETC.
SUBFAMILY AMPELIN-5JJ. WAXWINGS.

GENUS AMFELIS LINNAEUS.

Ampelis LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 297. Type, by elimination, A.
garrulus LINN.

618. Ampelis garrulus LINN.

Bohemian Waxwing.

Lanius garrulus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 95.
. Ampelis garrulus LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 297.

[B 232, C 118, R 150, C 166.]

HAB. Northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. In North
America, south in winter, irregularly, to the Northern United States.

619. Ampelis cedrorum (VIEILL.).

Cedar Waxwing.

Bombycilla cedrorum VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 88, pi. 57.
Ampelis cedrorum GRAY, Gen. B. I. 1846, 278.

ORDER PASSERES. 295

[B 233, C 119, R 151, C 167.]

HAB. North America at large, from the Fur Countries southward.
In wiuter south to Guatemala and the West Indies.

SUBFAMILY PTILIOGONATINuE.

GENUS PHAINOPEPLA SCLATER.

Phainopepla SCL. P. Z. S. 1858, 543. Type, Ptiliogonys nitens
SWAINS.

620. Phainopepla nitens (SWAINS.).

Phainopepla.

Ptiliogonys nitens SWAINS. Anim. in Menag. 1838, 285.
Phainopepla nitens SCL. P. Z. S. 1858, 543.

[B 234, C 120, R26, C 168.]

HAB. Southwestern United States, from Southwestern Texas west-
ward to California, north to Southern Utah and Nevada, and south
into Mexico.

FAMILY LANIID-33. SHRIKES.

GENUS LANIUS LINN^US.

Lanius LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 93. Type, by elimination, L.
exaibitor LINN.

621. Lanius borealis VIEILL.

Northern Shrike.

Lanius borealis VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 90. pi. 50.
[B 236, C 134, R 148, C 186.]

HAB. Northern North America, south in winter to the middle por-
tions of the United States (Washington, D. C., Kentucky, Kansas,
Colorado, Arizona, Northern California).

296 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

622. Lanius ludovicianus LINN.

Loggerhead Shrike.

Lanius ludovicianus LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 134.

[B 237, C 135, R 149, C 187.]
HAB. Florida, the Carolinas, and the Gulf States east of Texas.

622 a. Lanius hidovicianus excubitorid.es (SWAINS.).

White-rumped Shrike.

Lanius excubitorides SWAINS. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 115, pi. 34.
Lanius ludovicianus var. excubitoroides COUES, Key, 1872, 125.

[6238, C 135 a, R 1490, C 188.]

HAB. Western United States, east to the Middle and New England
States, breeding as far north as Northern New York and Northern
New England. Rare or local east of the Alleghanies.

FAMILY VIREONILXE. VIREOS.

GENUS VIREO VIEILLOT.

SUBGENUS VIREOSYLVA BONAPARTE.

Vierosylva BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 26. Type, Muscicapa
olivacea LINN.

[623.] Vireo altiloquus barbatulus (CAB.).

Black-whiskered Vireo.

Phyllomanes barbatulus CAB. J. f. O. 1855, 4^7-

Vireo altiloqiius var. barbatulus COUES, Key, 1872, 120.

[B 243, C 123, R 137, C 172.]
HAB. Bahamas, Cuba, and Southern Florida.

624. Vireo olivaceus (LINN.).

Red-eyed Vireo.

Mitscicapa olivacea LINN. S. N. ed."i2, I. 1766, 327.
Vireo olivaceus BONAP. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II. 1826, 71.

ORDER PASSERES. 297

[B 240, C 122, R 135, C 170.]

HAB. Eastern North America, to the Rocky Mountains, north to
the arctic regions.

625. Vireo flavoviridis (CASS.).

Yellow-green Vireo.

Vircosyhria flavoviridis CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. Feb. 1851,

152.
Vireo flavoviridis BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 332.

[B 241, C — , R 136, C 171.]

HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, southward to
Panama. Accidental at Godbout, Province of Quebec.

626. Vireo philadelphicus (CASS.).

Philadelphia Vireo.

Vireosylvia philadelphica CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. Feb.

I^5I» r53' pl- I0> fig- 2-
Vireo philadelphicus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 335.

[B 244, C 124, R 138, C 173.]

HAB. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay ; south, in
winter, to Costa Rica.

627. Vireo gilvus (VIEILL.).

Warbling Vireo.

Muscicapa gilva VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 65, pl. 34.
Vireo gilvus BONAP. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci Phila. IV. 1824, 176.

[B 245, C 125, 1250, R 139, 1390, C 174, 175.]
HAB. North America in general, from the Fur Countries to Mexico.

SUBGENUS LANIVIREO BAIRD.

Lanivireo BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I May, 1866, 345. Type, Vireo fla-
vifrons VIEILL.

628. Vireo flavifrons VIEILL.

Yellow-throated Vireo.

Vireo flavifrons VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 85, pl. 54.

298 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B 252, C 126, R 140, C 176.]
HAB. Eastern United States ; south, in winter, to Costa Rica.

629. Vireo solitarius (WILS.).

> Blue-headed Vireo.

Muscicapa solitaria WILS. Am. Orn. II. 1810, 43, pi. 17, fig. 6.
Vireo solitarius VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXVI. 1819, 103.

[B 250, C 127, R 141, C 177.]

HAB. Eastern United States to the Plains. In winter, south to
Mexico and Guatemala.

629 a. Vireo solitarius cassinii (XANTUS).

Cassin's Vireo.

Vireo cassinii XANT. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, 117.
Vireo solilarius var. cassini HENSH. Rep. Orn. Spec. (Wheeler's
Exp.), 1874, 105.

[B 251, C — , R 141 a, C 178.]

HAB. Western United States ; confined to the Pacific slope during
the breeding season.

G29£. Vireo solitarius plumbeus (COUES).

Plumbeous Vireo.

Vireo plumbeus COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 74.

Vireo solitarius \vx.plumbeus ALLEN, Bull. M. C. Z. III. 1872, 176.

[B— , C 127 a, R 141 *, C 179-]

HAB. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains westward, south into Mexico in winter.

SUBGENUS VIREO VlEILLOT.

Vireo VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 83. Type, V. musicus VIEILL.
= Muscicapa noveboracensis GMEL.

630. Vireo atricapillus WOODH.

Black-capped Vireo.

Vireo atricapillus WOODH. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, 60.

[B 427, C 133, R 142, C 185.]
HAB. Mexico and Texas, and north to Kansas.

ORDER PASSERES. 299

631. Vireo noveboracensis (GMEL.).

White-eyed Vireo.

Muscicapa noveboracensis GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 947.
Vireo noveboracensis BONAP. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. IV. 1824,
176.

[B 248, C 129, R 143, C 181.]

HAB. Eastern United States, west to the Rocky Mountains ; south,
in winter, to Guatemala. Resident in the Bermudas.

632. Vireo huttoni CASS.

Button's Vireo.

Vireo huttoni CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1851, 150, pi. 10, fig. i.

[B 249, C 130, R 144, C 182.]
HAB. California.

632 a. Yireo huttoni stephensi BREWST.

Stephens's Vireo.

Vireo huttoni stephensi BREWST. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. July,
1882, 142.

[B— ,C- R— C— .]
HAB. Arizona, Western Mexico, and Lower California.

633. Vireo bellii AUD.

Bell's Vireo.

Vireo bellii AUD. B. Am. VII. 1844, 333, pi- 485.
[B 246, C 131, R 145, C 183.]

HAB. Middle portion of the United States, from Illinois and Iowa
west to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, south into Mexico.

633 a. Yireo bellii piisilhis (COUES).

Least Vireo.

Vireo pusillus COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 76.

Vireo bellii pusillus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354.

300 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B — C 132, R 146, C 184.]

HAB. Arizona and California, south to Cape St. Lucas, and through-
out Western Mexico.

634. Vireo vicinior COUES.

Gray Vireo.

Vireo vicinior COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 75.

[B— , C 128, R 147, C 180.]

HAB. Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern Cali-
fornia.

FAMILY CCEREBIDJE. HONEY CREEPERS.

GENUS CERTHIOLA SUNDEVALL.

Certhiola SUND. Vet. Ak. Handl. Stockh. 1835, 99. Type, Certhia
flaveola LINN.

635. Certhiola bahamensis REICH.

Bahama Honey Creeper.

Certhiola bahamensis REICH. Handb. I. 1853, 253.

[B3oi, C 106, R 159, C 153.]
HAB. Bahamas, and the Keys of the southeastern coast of Florida.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^El. WOOD-WARBLERS.

GENUS MNIOTILTA VIEILLOT.
Mniotilta VIEILL. Analyse, 1816, 45. Type. Motacilla varia LINN.

636. Mniotilta varia (LINN.).

Black and White Warbler.

Motacilla varia LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 333.

Mniotilta varia VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXI. 1818, 230.

[B 167, C 57, R 74, 740, C 91, 92.]

ORDER PASSERES. 3OI

HAB. Eastern United States to the Plains, north to Fort Simpson,
south, in winter, to Central America and the West Indies.

GENUS PROTONOTARIA BAIRD.

Protonotaria BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 239. Type, Motacilla citrea
BODD.

637. Protonotaria citrea (BODD.).

Prothonotary Warbler.

Motacilla citrea BODD. Tabl. P. E. 1783, 44.
Protonotaria citrea BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 239.

[B 169, C 59, R 75, C 95.]

HAB. Eastern United States, chiefly southward ; in winter, Cuba
and Central America.

GENUS HELINAIA AUDUBON.
Helinaia AUD. Synop. 1839, 66. Type, Sylvia swainsonii AUD.

638. Helinaia swainsonii AUD.

Swainson's Warbler.

Sylvia swainsonii AUD. Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 563, pi. 198.
Helinaia swainsonii AUD. Synop. 1839, 66.

[B 179, C 61, R 76, C 97.]

HAB. Southeastern United States (South Carolina, Georgia, Flor-
ida, Louisiana, Texas) and Jamaica.

GENUS HELMITHERUS RAFINESQUE.

Helmitherus RAFIN. Journ. de Phys. LXXXVIII. 1819, 417. Type,
Motacilla vermivora GMEL.

639. Helmitherus vermivorns (GMEL.).

Worm-eating Warbler.

Motacilla vermivora GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 951.

Helmitheros vermivora BONAP. Consp. Av. I. April 20. 1850, 314.

302 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[Bi78, C6o, R77, C96.]

HAB. Eastern United States, north to Southern New York and
Southern New England, south, in winter, to Cuba and Central
America.

GENUS HELMINTHOPHILA RIDGWAY.

Helminthophila RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 1882, 53.
Type, Sylvia ruficapilla WILS.

640. Helminthophila bachmani (AUD.).

Bachman's Warbler.

Sylvia bachmani AUD. Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 483, pi. 183.
Helminthophila bachmani RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan.
1882, 53.

[B 182, C 64, R 78, C 103.]

HAB. South Carolina and Georgia; Cuba, in winter. No recent
record of its occurrence.

641. Helminthophila pinus (LINN.).

Blue-winged Warbler.

Certhia pinus LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 187.

Helminthophila pinus RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan.
1882, 53.

[B 180, C 62, R 79, C 98.]

HAB. Eastern United States, from Southern New York and South-
ern New England southward. In winter, Mexico and Guatemala.

642. Helminthophila chrysoptera (LINN.).

Golden-winged Warbler.

Motacilla chrysoptera LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 333.
Helminthophila chrysoptera RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan.
1882, 53.

[B 181, C63, R8i, C 102.]
HAB. Eastern United States ; Central America in winter.

ORDER PASSERES. 303

G43. Helminthophila luciae (COOPER).

Lucy's Warbler.

Helminthophaga lucics COOPER, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. July, 1862* 120.
Helminthophila lucice RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan.

1882, 54.

[B — C 65, R 83, C 104.]

HAB. Valleys of the Colorado and Gila Rivers in Arizona and
California.

644. Helminthophila virginiae (BAIRD).

Virginia's Warbler.

Helminthophaga Virginia BAIRD, B. N. Am. ed. 1860, Atlas, p. xi.

foot-note, pi. 79, fig. i.
Helminthophila Virginia RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan.

1882, 54.

[B— , C66, R84, Cio5.]

HAB. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, from Colorado,
Utah, and Nevada southward.

645. Helminthophila ruficapilla (WILS.).

Nashville Warbler.

Sylvia ruficapilla WILS. Am. Orn. III. 1811, 120, pi. 27, %. 3.
Helminthophila ruficapilla RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan.
1882, 54.

[B 1 83, /#;-/, C 67,/tfr/, R %$,part, C io6,/0r/.]

HAB. Eastern North America to the Plains, north to the Fur Coun-
tries, breeding from the Northern United States northward. Mexico
in winter.

645 <z. Helminthophila mficapilla gutturalis RIDGW.

Calaveras Warbler.

Helminthophaga ruficapilla var. gutturalis RIDGW. in Hist. N.

Am. B. I. Jan. 1874, 191.
Helminthophila ruficapilla gutturalis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.

VIII. 1885,354.

[B 183, /ar/, C 61, part, R85,/ar/, C 106, /#;-/.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific.

304 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

646. Helminthophila celata (SAY).

Orange-crowned Warbler.

»

Sylvia celata SAY, LONG'S Exp. I. 1823, 169.

Helminthophila celata RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan.
1882, 54.

[B impart, C 68, R 86, C 107.]

HAB. Eastern North America (rare, however, in the Northeastern
United States), breeding as far northward as the Yukon and Mac-
kenzie River districts, and southward through the Rocky Mountains,
and wintering in the South Atlantic and Gulf States and Mexico.

646 a. Helminthophila celata lutescens (RIDGW.).

Lutescent Warbler.

Helminthophaga celata var. lutescens RIDGW. Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts,

1872, 457.
Helminthophila celata lutescens BREWST. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII.

April, 1882, 85.

[B 184, part, C 680, R 86 a, C 108.]

HAB. Pacific coast of North America, eastward, during migrations,
to the Rocky Mountains, and northward to Kadiak, Alaska.

647. Helminthophila peregrina (WILS.).

Tennessee Warbler.

Sylvia peregrina WILS. Am. Orn. III. 1811, 83, pi. 25, fig. 2.
Helminthophila peregrina RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan.
1882, 54.

[B 185, C 69, R 87, C 109.]

HAB. Eastern North America, breeding from Northern New York
and Northern New England northward to Hudson's Bay Territory;
Central America in winter.

GENUS COMPSOTHLYPIS CABANIS.

Compsothlypis CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 20. Type, Parus americanus
LINN.

ORDER PASSERES. 305

648. Compsothlypis americana (LINN.).

Parula Warbler.

Parus americanus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758. 190.
Compsothlypis americana CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 20.

[B 1 68, C 58, R 88, C 93.]

HAB. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, north to Canada,
and south in winter to the West Indies and Central America.

649. Compsothlypis nigrilora (COUES).

Sennett's Warbler.

Parula nigrilora COUES, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. IV.

1878, ii.
Compsothlypis nigrilora STEJN. Auk, I. April, 1884, 170.

[B— C— , R 890,094.]
HAB. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas.

GENUS DENDROICA GRAY.

SUBGENUS PERISSOGLOSSA BAIRD.

Perissoglossa BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. April, 1865, 180. Type, Mota-
cilla tigrina GMEL.

650. Dendroica tigrina (GMEL.).

Cape May Warbler.

Motacilla tigrina GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788. 985.
Dendroica tigrina BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 286.

[B 206, C 85, R 90, C 126.]

HAB. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay Territory,
west to the Plains. Breeds from Northern New England northward,
and also in Jamaica ; winters in the West Indies.

SUBGENUS FEUCEDRAMUS COUES.

Peucedramus COUES, in Zool. Wheeler's Exp. 1876, 202. Type,
Sylvia olivacea GIRAUD.

20

306 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

651. Dendroica olivacea (GIRAUD).

Olive Warbler.

Sylvia olivacea GIRAUD, Sixteen Sp. Tex. B. 1841, 29, pi. 7, fig. 2.
Dendroica olivacea BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 305.

[B— , C— , R92, C no.]

HAB. Southern New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, and Guatemala.
Texas (GIRAUD).

SUBGENUS DENDROICA GRAY.

Dendroica GRAY, List Gen. B. App. 1842, 8. Type, Motacilla coro-
nata LINN.

652. Dendroica aestiva (GMEL.).

Yellow Warbler.

Motacilla cestiva GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 996.
Dendroica astiva BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 282.

[B 203, C 70, R 93, C in.]

HAB. North America at large, south in winter to Central America
and Northern South America.

653. Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps RIDGW.

Mangrove Warbler.

Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
Sept. 2, 1885, 35°-

[B -, C -, R -, C -.]
HAB. Western Mexico, and Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.

654. Dendroica caerulescens (GMEL.).

Black-throated Blue Warbler.

Motacilla ccsrulescens GMEL. S. N. I. 1788, 960.
Dendroica cccrulescens BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. 1865, 186.

[Bi93, C76, R94, Cu7.]

HAB. Eastern North America to the Plains, breeding from North-
ern New England and Northern New York northward, and in the
Alleghanies to Northern Georgia; West Indies in winter.

ORDER PASSERES. 307

655. Dendroica coronata (LINN.).

Myrtle Warbler.

Motacilla coronata LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 333.
Dendroica coronata GRAY, List Gen. B. App. 1842, 8.

[B 194, C 78, R95, C 119.]

HAB. Eastern North America, chiefly, straggling more or less com-
monly westward to the Pacific ; breeds from the Northern United
States northward, and winters from the Middle States and the Ohio
Valley southward to the West Indies and Central America.

656. Dendroica auduboni (TOWNS.).

Audubon's Warbler.

Sylvia auduboni Tovrxs. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837, 191.
Dendroica audubonii BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 273.

[B 195, C 79, R 96, C 120.]

HAB. Western United States, east to the western border of the
Plains ; south in winter to Guatemala. Accidental in Massachusetts.

657. Dendroica maculosa (GMEL.).

Magnolia Warbler.

Motacilla maculosa GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 984.
Dendroica maculosa BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 284.

[6204, C84, R97, C 125.]

HAB. Eastern North America to the base of the Rocky Mountains,
breeding from Northern New England. Northern New York, and
Northern Michigan, to Hudson's Bay Territory. In winter, Bahamas,
Cuba, and Central America.

658. Dendroica cserulea (WILS.).

Cerulean Warbler.

Sylvia ccsrulea WILS. Am. Orn. II. 1810, 141, pi. 17, fig. 5.
Dendroica ccerulea BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 280.

[B2oi, C 77, RgS, C 118.]

HAB. Eastern United States and Southern Canada to the Plains.
Rare or casual east of Central New York and the Alleghanies.
Cuba (rare) and Central America in winter.

308 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

659. Dendroica pensylvanica (LINN.).

Chestnut-sided Warbler.

Motacilla pensylvanica LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 333.
Dendroica pennsylvanica BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 279.

[B 200,083, R99, C 124.]

HAB. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, west to the
Plains, breeding southward to Central Illinois and in the Appala-
chian highlands probably to Northern Georgia. Visits the Bahamas
and Central America in winter.

660. Dendroica castanea (WILS.).

Bay-breasted Warbler.

Sylvia castanea WILS. Am. Orn. II. 1810, 97, pi. 14, fig. 4.
Dendroica castanea BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 276.

[B 197, C 82, R 100, C 123.]

HAB. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay. Breeds
from Northern New England and Northern Michigan northward \ win-
ters in Central America.

661. Dendroica striata (FORST.).

Black-poll Warbler.

Muscicapa striata FORST. Philos. Trans. LXII. 1772, 406, 428.
Dendroica striata BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 280.

[B 202, C 81, R 101, C 122.]

HAB. Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains, north to
Greenland, the Barren Grounds, and Alaska, breeding from North-
ern New England northward. South in winter to Northern South
America.

662. Dendroica blackburniae (GMEL.).

Blackburnian Warbler.

Motacilla blackburnia GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 977.
Dendroica blackburnia BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 274.

[B 196, C8o, R 102, C 121.]

ORDER PASSERES. 309

HAB. Eastern North America to the Plains, breeding from the
northern and more elevated parts of the Eastern United States north-
ward ; in winter, south to the Bahamas, Central America, and North-
ern South America.

663. Dendroica dominica (LINN.).

Yellow-throated Warbler.

Motacilla dominica LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 334.
Dendroica dominica BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. 1865, 209.

[B 209, part, C 88, R 103, C 129.]

HAB. Southeastern United States, north to the Middle States, and
rarely to Southern New England ; south to the West Indies.

663 a. Dendroica dominica albilora BAIRD.

Sycamore Warbler.

Dendroica dcmmicavzr. albilora "BAIRD," RIDGW. Am. Nat. VII.
Oct. 1873, 606.

[B 209,/dzr/, C 88 #, R 1030, C 130.]

HAB. Mississippi Valley, west to the Plains, and north to Lake
Erie and Southern Michigan ; in winter south to Southern Mexico,
Hondurus, and Guatemala. Accidental in South Carolina.

664. Dendroica graciae COUES.

Grace's Warbler.

Dendroica grades " COUES MSS." BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. Apr. 1865,

210.

[B— -, C 87, R 104, C 128.]
HAB. Southern New Mexico and Arizona, and southward.

f>55. Dendroica nigrescens (TOWNS.).

Black-throated Gray Warbler.

Sylvia nigrescens TOWNS. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII, 1837, 191.
Dendroica nigrescens BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 270.

[B 192, C 75, R 105, C 116.]

HAB. Western United States, north to Colorado and Oregon, mi-
grating into Mexico in winter.

310 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

666. Dendroica chrysoparia SCL. & SALV.

Golden-cheeked Warbler.

Dendrceca chrysoparia SCL. & SALV. P. Z. S. 1860, 298.

[B — , C 74, R 106, C 115.]
HAB. Southwestern Texas, and southward to Guatemala.

667. Dendroica virens (GMEL.).

Black-throated Green Warbler.

Motacilla virens GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 985.
Dendroica virens BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 267.

[B 189, C 71, Rio7, C 112.]

HAB. Eastern North America to the Plains, north to Hudson's
Bay Territory, breeding from the Northern United States northward.
In winter, south to Cuba and Panama. Accidental in Greenland and
Europe.

668. Dendroica townsendi (NUTT.).

Townsend's Warbler.

Sylvia townsendi " NUTT." TOWNS. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII.

1837, 191.
Dendroica townsendi BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 269.

[B 191, C 73, R 108, C 114.]

HAB. Western North America, east to Western Colorado, north to
Sitka, south into Mexico, and in winter to Guatemala. Accidental
near Philadelphia.

669. Dendroica occidentalis (TOWNS.).

Hermit Warbler.

Sylvia occidentalis TOWNS. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837, 190.
Dendroica occidentalis BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 268.

[B 190, C 72, R 109, C 113-]

HAB. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific coast, and from Washington Territory southward • in winter,
to Guatemala.

ORDER PASSERES. 311

670. Dendroica kirtlandi BAIRD.

Kirtland's Warbler.

Sylvicola kirtlandi BAIRD, Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. 1852, 216, pi. 6.
Dendroica kirtlandi BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 249.

[6205, C 89, R no, C 131.3

HAB. Eastern United States (Ohio, Missouri, Michigan, Wiscon-
sin), and the Bahamas in winter.

671. Dendroica vigorsii (AUD.).

Pine Warbler.

*
Sylvia vigorsii AUD. Orn. Biog. I. 1832, 153, pi. 30.

Dendroica vigorsii STEJN. Auk, II. Oct. 1885, 343.
[Bi98, C9i, Rni, C 134-]

HAB. Eastern United States, to the Plains, north to Ontario and
New Brunswick, wintering in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, and
the Bahamas.

672. Dendroica palmarum (GMEL.).

Palm Warbler.

Motacilla palmarum GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 951.
Dendroica palmarum BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 288.

[B 2o8,/0r/, C yo>,part, R 113, C 132.]

HAB. Northern interior to Great Slave Lake ; in winter and in
migrations, Mississippi Valley and Gulf States, including Western and
Southern Florida, and the West Indies. Casual in the Atlantic States.

672 a. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea RIDGW.

Yellow Palm Warbler.

Dendraca palmarum hypochrysea RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I.
Nov. 1876, 85.

[B 208, part, C go, part, R 113 a, C 133.]

HAB. Atlantic States, north to Hudson's Bay. Breeds from New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia northward ; winters in the South Atlantic
and Gulf States.

312 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

673. Dendroica discolor (VIEILL.).

Prairie Warbler.

Sylvia discolor VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 37, pi. 98.
Dendroica discolor BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 290.

[B 210, C 86, R 114, C 127.]

HAB. Eastern United States to the Plains, north to Michigan and
Southern New England. Winters in Southern Florida and the West
Incies.

GENUS SEIURUS SWAINSON.

Seiurus SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 369. Type, Motadlla
aurocapilla LINN.

674. Seiurus aurocapillus (LINN.).

Oven-bird.

Motadlla aurocapilla LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 334.
Seiurus aurocapillus SWAINS. Zool. Journ. III. 1827, 171.

[Bi86, C92, Rn5, Ci35.]

HAB. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay Territory
and Alaska, breeding from Kansas, the Ohio Valley, and Virginia
northward. In winter, Southern Florida, the West Indies, and Cen-
tral America.

675. Seiurus noveboracensis (GMEL.).

Water-Thrush.

Motadlla noveboracensis GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 958.
Seiurus noveboracensis BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 21.

[B 187, /arf, C 93, part, R 116, C 136.]

HAB. Eastern United States to Illinois, and northward to Arctic
America, breeding from the Northern United States northward. South
in winter to the West Indies and Northern South America.

675 a. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis (GRINN,).

GrinnelPs Water-Thrush.

Seiurus ncsvius notabilis " GRINNELL," RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.

II. 1880, 12.
Seiurus noveboracensis notabilic RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.

1885, 354.

ORDER PASSERES. 313

[B 187, part, C 93, part, R 116 a, C 137.]

HAB. United States from Illinois westward to California, and north
into British America. Winters from the southern border of the United
States southward to Northern South America.

676. Seiurus motacilla (VIEILL.).

Louisiana Water-Thrush.

Turdus motacilla VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. II. 1807, 9, pi. 65.
Seiurus motacilla BOXAP. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 306.

[B 188, C94, R 117, C 138.]

HAB. Eastern United States, north to Southern New England and
Michigan, west to the Plains. In winter, West Indies, Southern Mex-
ico, and Central America.

GENUS GEOTHLYPIS CABANIS.

SUBGENUS OPORORNIS BAIRD.
Oporornis BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 246. Type, Sylvia agilis WILS.

677. Greothlypis formosa (WILS.).

Kentucky Warbler.

Sylvia formosa WILS. Am. Orn. III. 1811, 85, pi. 25, fig. 3.
Geothly pis formosa RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354.

[B 175, C 96, R 119, C 140.]

HAB. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, and north to
Southern New England and Southern Michigan. In winter, West
Indies and Central America.

678. Geothlypis agilis (WILS.).

Connecticut Warbler.

Sylvia a°ilis WILS. Am. Orn. V. 1812, 64, pi. 39, fig. 4.
Geothlypis agilis GREGG, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870, — (p. 7 of reprint).

[Bi74, C95, R 118, C 139-]
HAB. Eastern North America, breeding north of the United States.

3 14 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

SUBGENUS GEOTHLYPIS CABANIS.

Geothlypis CAB. VViegm. Archiv, 1847, i. 316, 349. Type, Turdus
trichas LINN.

679. G-eothlypis Philadelphia (WiLs.).

Mourning Warbler.

Sylvia Philadelphia WILS. Am. Orn. II. 1810, 101, pi. 14, fig. 6.
Geothlypis Philadelphia BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 243.

[B 172, C 98, R 120, C 142.]

HAB. Eastern North America to the Plains, breeding from the
mountainous portions of Pennsylvania, New England, and New York,
and Northern Michigan northward. Central America and Northern
South America in winter.

680. Geothlypis macgillivrayi (AUD.).

Macgillivray's Warbler.

Sylvia macgillivrayi AUD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 75? pi- 399> fig5- 4> 5-
Geothlypis macgillivrayi BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 244.

[B 173, C 99, R 121, C 143.]

HAB. Western United States, from the eastern foothills of the
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, north into British Columbia.
Mexico and Central America in winter.

681. Geothlypis trichas (LINN.).

Maryland Yellow-throat.

Turdus trichas LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 293.
Geothlypis trichas CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 16.

[B 170, part, C W, part, R 122, part, C 141, part.]

HAB. Eastern United States, mainly east of the Alleghanies, north
to Ontario and Nova Scotia, breeding from Georgia northward. In
winter, South Atlantic and Gulf States, and the West Indies.

681 a. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis BREWST.

Western Yellow-throat.

Geothlypis trichas occidentalis BREWST. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VIII.
July, 1883, 159

ORDER PASSERES. 315

[B i7o,/tfrt, C 97, part, R 122, part, C 141, part.~\

HAB. United States, from the Mississippi Valley west to the Pacific
coast, south, in winter, to Central America.

682. Geothlypis beldingi RIDGW.

Belding's Yellow-throat.

Geothlypis beldingi RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. Sept. 5, 1882, 344.

[B _ C -, R -, C -.]
HAB. Lower California.

GENUS ICTERIA VIEILLOT.

Icteria VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, pp. iii., 85. Type, Muscicapa
viridis GMEL. = Turdus wrens LINN.

683. Icteria virens (LINN.).

Yellow-breasted Chat.

Turdus virens Lixx. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 171.
Icteria virens BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. 1865, 228.

[B 176, C 100, R 123, C 144.]

HAB. Eastern United States to the Plains, north to Ontario and
Southern New England, south, in winter, to Eastern Mexico and
Guatemala.

6S3#. Icteria virens longicauda (LAWR.).

Long-tailed Chat.

Icteria longicauda LAWR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VI. 1853, 4.
Icteria virens var. longicauda COUES, Key, 1872, 108.

[B 177, C 1000, R 1230, C 145.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south
into Mexico.

GENUS SYLVANIA NUTTALL.

Sylvania NUTT. Man. Land Birds, I. 1832, 290. Type, by elimina-
tion, Muscicapa selbii AUD. = Motacilla viitrata GMEL.

316 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

684. Sylvania mitrata (GMEL.).

Hooded Warbler.

Motacilla mitrata GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 977.
Sylvania mitrata NUTT. Man. Land B. ed. 1840, 333.

[B2ii, C 101, R 124, C 146.]

HAB. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, north and east to
Michigan, Southern New York, and Southern New England. In win-
ter, West Indies, Eastern Mexico, and Central America.

685. Sylvania pusilla (VViLS.).

Wilson's Warbler.

Muscicapa pusilla WILS. Am. Orn. III. 1811, 103, pi. 26, fig. 4.
Sylvania pusilla NUTT. Man. Land B. ed. 1840, 335.

[B 21$, part, C 102, R 125, C 147.]

HAB. Eastern North America, west to and including the Rocky
Mountains, north to Hudson's Bay Territory and Alaska. Breeds
chiefly north of the United States, migrating south to Eastern Mexico
and Central America.

GS5tf. Sylvania pusilla pileolata (PALL.).

Pileolated Warbler.

Motacilla pileolata PALL. Zoog. Rosso- As. I. 1826, 497.
Sylvania pusilla pileolata RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885,
354-

[B 2 13, part, C 1 02 a, R 125 a, C 148.]

HAB. Western North America, from the Great Basin to the Pacific,
north to Alaska (Kadiak), and south, in winter, to Costa Rica.

G86. Sylvania canadensis (LINN.).

Canadian Warbler.

Muscicapa canadensis LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 327.

Sylvania canadensis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354.

[B 214, 215, C 103, R 127, C 149.]

HAB. Eastern North America, westward to the Plains, and north
to Newfoundland, Southern Labrador, and Lake Winnipeg, south, in
winter, to Central America and Northern South America.

ORDER PASSERES. 31/

GENUS SETOFHAGA SWAINSON.

Setophaga SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 368, Type, Motacilla
rutidlla LINN.

687. Setophaga ruticilla (LINN.).

American Redstart.

Motacilla ruticilla LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 186.
Setophaga ruticilla SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 368.

[B 217, C 104, R 128, C 152.]

HAB. North America, north to Fort Simpson, west regularly to
the Great Basin, casually to the Pacific coast, breeding from the
middle portion of the United States northward. In winter, the West
Indies, and from Southern Mexico through Central America to North-
ern South America.

688. Setophaga picta SWAINS.

Painted Redstart.

Setophaga picta SWAINS. Zool. Illustr. 2d ser. I. 1829, pi. 3.

[B2i8, C 105, R 129, C 151.]
HAB. Southern Arizona, south through Mexico to Guatemala.

[689.] Setophaga miniata SWAINS.

Red-bellied Redstart.

Setophaga miniata SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 368.

[B 219^0—, R 130,0—.]
HAB. Mexico and Guatemala. Texas (GIRAUD).

% GENUS CARDELLINA Du Bus.

Cardellina Du Bus, Esq. Orn. 1850, pi. 25. Type, C. amicta Du Bus
= Muscicapa rubrifrons GlRAUD.

690. Cardellina rubrifrons (GIRAUD).

Red-faced Warbler.

Muscicapa rubrifrons GIRAUD, Sixteen Sp. Texas B. 1841, pi. 7, fig. I.
Cardellina rubrifrons SCL. P. Z. S. 1855, 66.

318 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B — C— ,Ri3i, C 150.]

HAB. Southern Arizona, through Mexico, to Guatemala. Texas
(GIRAUD).

GENUS ERG-ATICUS BAIRD.

Ergaticus BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. May, 1865, 264 Type, Setophaga
rubra SWAINS.

[691.] Ergaticus ruber (SWAINS.).

Red Warbler.

Setophaga rubra SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 368.
Ergaticiis ruber SCL. & SAL. Nom. Neotr. 1873, ir-

[6216, C— , Ri32, C— .]
HAB. Mexico. Texas (GIRAUD).

GENUS BASILEUTERUS CABANISO

Basileuterus CAB. in SCHOMB. Guiana, III. 1848, 666. Type, Sylvia
vermivora VIEILL. = Setophaga aiiricapilla SWAINS.

[692.] Basileuterus culicivorus (LIGHT.).

Brasher's Warbler.

Sylvia culicivora LIGHT. Preis-Verzeich. 1830, no. 78.
Basileuterus culicivorus BONAP. Conspr Av. I. 1850, 313.

[B - C - R 133, C -g
HAB. Mexico and Central America. Texas (GIRAUD).

[693.] Basileuterus belli (GIRAUD).

Bell's Warbler.

Muscicapa belli GIRAUD, Sixteen Sp. Texas B. 1841, pi. 4, fig. I.
Basileuterus belli SCL. P. Z. S. 1855, 65.

[B — C — , R 134, C — .]
HAB. Mexico and Guatemala. Texas (GIRAUD).

ORDER PASSERES. 319

FAMILY MOTACILLID^E. WAGTAILS.

GENUS MOTACILLA LINN^US.

Motacilla LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 184. Type, by elimination, M.
alba LINN.

[694.] Motacilla alba LINN.

White Wagtail.

Motacilla alba LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 185.
[B — , C — R 69, C 86.]

HAB. Northern Europe and Northern Asia, south, in winter, to
North Africa and India. Accidental in Greenland.

[695.] Motacilla ocularis SWINH.

Swinhoe's Wagtail.

Motacilla ocularis SWINH. Ibis, Jan. 1860, 55.
[B — C — , R — , C — .]

HAB. Eastern Asia. Accidental in Lower California. Aleutian
Islands ?

GENUS BUDYTES CUVIER.
Bndytes Cuv. Regne An. I. 1817, 371. Type, Motacilla flava LINN.

696. Budytes flavus leucostriatus (HOM.).

Siberian Yellow Wagtail.

Budytes leucostriatus HOMEYER, J. f. O. 1878, 128.

Budytes flavus leucostriatus STEJN. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 280.

[B -, C 54, R 70, C 87.]

HAB. Alaska and Northern Siberia to China, wintering in the
Moluccas.

GENUS ANTHUS BECHSTEIN.

SUEGENUS ANTHUS.

Anthus BECHST. Gem. Naturg. Deutschl. III. 1807, 704. Type, by
elimination, A. aquaticus = Alauda spinoletta LINN.

320 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

697. Anthus pensilvanicus (LATH.).

American Pipit.

Alauda pensilvanica LATH. Synop. Suppl. I. 1787, 287.
Anthus pensilvanicus THIENEM. Rhea, II. 1849, I7I-

[Bi65, C55, R7i,C89.]

HAB. North America at large, breeding in the higher parts of the
Rocky Mountains and subarctic districts, and wintering in the Gulf
States, Mexico, and Central America. Accidental in Europe.

[698.] Anthus pratensis (LINN.).

Meadow Pipit.

A lauda pratensis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 166.

Anthus pratensis BECHST. Gem. Naturg. Deutschl. III. 1807, 732.

[B— , C 55&>, R 72, C 88.]
HAB. Europe, straggling to Greenland (and Alaska ?).

[699.] Anthus cervinus (PALLAS).

Red-throated Pipit.

Motacilla cervina PALLAS, Zoog. Rosso- As. I. 1826, 511.
Anthus cervinus KEYS. & BLAS. Wirb. Eur. I. 1840, p. xlviii.

[B — , C — , R — , C — .]

HAB. Northern parts of the Old World. Accidental in Lower
California. St. Michael's and Aleutian Islands, Alaska ?

SUBGENUS NEOCORYS SCLATER.
Neocorys SCL. P. Z. S. 1857, 5. Type, A lauda spragueii AUD.

700. Anthus spragueii (AUD.).

Sprague's Pipit.

A lauda spragueii AUD. B. Am. VII. 1843, 335» pi- 4^6.
Anthus spraguei BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. Oct. 1864, 155.

[B 166, C 56, R 73, C 90.]

HAB. Interior plains of North America, breeding from Central Da-
kota northward to the Saskatchewan district, and from the Red River

ORDER PASSERES. 321

westward (probably to the Rocky Mountains). South in winter to
Southern Mexico.

FAMILY CINCLHXiE. DIPPERS.

GENUS CINCLUS BECHSTEIN.

Cinclus BECHST. Orn. Taschenb. Deutschl. 1802, 205 Type, Sturnus
cinclus LINN.

701. Cinclus mexicanus SWAINS.

American Dipper.

Cinclus mexicanus SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 368.
[B 164, C 19, R 19, C 30.]

HAB. The mountainous parts of Central and Western North Amer-
ica, from the Yukon Valley and Unalashka to Guatemala ; east, in the
United States, to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains.

FAMILY TROGLODYTID2E. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC.
SUBFAMILY MIMIN^E. THRASHERS.

GENUS OROSCOFTES BAIRD.

Oroscoptes BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 346. Type, Orpheus montanus
TOWNS.

702. Oroscoptes montanus (TOWNS.).

Sage Thrasher.

Orpheus montanus TOWNS. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837, 193.
Oroscoptes montanus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 347.

[B 255, C 7, R 10, C 14-]

HAB. Western United States, from the western part of the Plains
to the Pacific.

21

322 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

GENUS MIMUS BOIE.
Mimus BOIE, Isis, Oct. 1826, 972. Type, Turdu s polyglottos LINN.

703. Mimus polyglottos (LINN.).

Mockingbird.

Turdus polyglottos LINN. S. .N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 169.
Mimus polyglottus BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 17.

[B2S3, 253*, C8, Rn,C 15-]

HAB. United States, south into Mexico. Rare from New Jersey,
the Valley of the Ohio, Colorado, and California northward.

GENUS GALEOSCOPTES CABANIS.

Galeoscoptes CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 82. Type, Muscicapa caroli-
nensis LINN.

704. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (LINN.).

Catbird.

Muscicapa carolinensis LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 328.
Galeoscoptes carolinensis CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 82.

[6254, C9, R 12, C 16.]

HAB. Eastern United States and British Provinces, west to and
including the Rocky Mountains ; occasional on the Pacific coast.
Winters in the Southern States, Cuba, and Middle America to Pan-
ama. Accidental in Europe.

GENUS HARPORHYNCHUS CABANIS.
SUBGENUS METHRIOPTERUS REICHENBACH.

Methriopterus REICH. Syst. Nat. 1850, pi. iv. Type, Turdus rufus
LINN.

705. Harporhynchus rufus (LINN.).

Brown Thrasher.

Turdus rufus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 169.
Harporhynchus rufus CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 82.

r
ORDER PASSERES. 323

[B 261, 261 a, C 10, R 13, C 17.]

HAB. Eastern United States, west to the Rocky Mountains, north
to Southern Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba, south to the Gulf States,
including Eastern Texas. Accidental in Europe.

706. Harporhynchus longirostris (LAFR.).

Long-billed Thrasher.

Orpheus longirostris LAFR. Rev. Zool. 1838, 55.
Harporhynchus longirostris CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 8l.

[B 260, C 100, R 130, C 18.]

HAB. Eastern Mexico, north to the Valley of the Rio Grande in
Texas.

707. Harporhynchus curvirostris (SWAINS.).

Curve-billed Thrasher.

Orpheus curvirostris SWAINS. Phil. Mag. III. 1827, 369.
Harporhynchus curvirostris CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 81.

[B 259, 259 a, C — , R 15, C 19.]

HAB. Eastern Mexico, extending into the southern border of
Texas and Eastern New Mexico.

7070. Harporhynchus curvirostris palmeri RIDGW.

Palmer's Thrasher.

Harporhynchus curvirostris var. palmeri " RIDGW." COUES, Key,
1872, 351.

[B— , C n, R IS0, C2o.]
HAB. Southern Arizona, south into Sonora (Guaymas).

708. Harporhynchus bendirei COUES.

Bendire's Thrasher.

Harporhynchus bendirei COUES, Am. Nat. VII. 1873, 330.
[B — , C ii bis, R 140, C 21.]

HAB. Southern Arizona, south into Sonora (Guaymas), and north,
at least casually, to Colorado (Colorado Springs).

i
324 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

709. Harporhynchus cinereus XANTUS.

St. Lucas Thrasher.

Harporhynchus cinereus XANTUS, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 29^-

[B — , C 12, R 14, C 22.]
HAB. Lower California.

SUBGENUS HARPORHYNCHUS CABANIS.

Harporhynchus CAB. Wiegm. Archiv, 1848, i. 98. Type, Harpes
redivivus GAME.

710. Harporhynchus redivivus (GAME.).

California!! Thrasher.

Harpes rediviva GAME. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1845, 264.
Harporhynchus redivivus CAB. Wiegm. Archiv, 1848, i. 98.

[B 256, C 13, R 16, C 23.]
HAB. Coast region of California, and Lower California.

711. Harporhynchus lecontei (LAWR.).

Lieconte's Thrasher.

Toxostoma lecontei LAWR. Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. 1852, 121.
Harporhynchus lecontii BONAP. Notes Coll. Delattre, 1854, 39.

[6257, C 13 0, R 16*, C 24.]

HAB. Valleys of the Gila and Lower Colorado Rivers, south into
Sonora.

712. Harporhynchus crissalis (HENRY).

Crissal Thrasher.

Toxostoma crissalis HENRY, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, 117.
Harporhynchus crissalis BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 350,

[B 258, C 14, R 17, C 25.]

HAB. Southwestern United States, from New Mexico to Utah and
Southern California.

ORDER PASSERES. 325

SUBFAMILY TROGrLODYTINLE. WRENS.

GENUS CAMPYXiORHYNCHTJS SPIX.

Carmpylorhynchus SPIX, Av. Bras. I. 1824, 77. Type, C scolopaems
SPIX = Turdus variegatus GMEL.

713. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (LAFR.).

Cactus Wren.

Picolaptes brunneicapillus LAFR. Mag. de Zool. 1835, 61, pi. 47.
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus GRAY, Gen. B. I. 1847, 159.

[B 262, C 43, R 56, C 63.]

HAB. Southern border of the United States, from Texaatp South-
ern California, and south into Northern Mexico.

714. Campylorhynchus affinis XANTUS.

St. Lucas Cactus Wren.

Campylorhynchus affinis XANTUS, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 29&-

[B -, C 44, R 57, C 64.]
HAB. Lower California.

GENUS SALPINCTES CABANIS.

Salpinctes CAB. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i. 323. Type, Troglodytes
obsoletus SAY.

715. Salpinctes obsoletus (SAY).

Rock Wren.

Troglodytes obsoletus SAY, LONG'S Exp. II. 1823, 4.
Salpinctes obsoletus CAB. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i. 323.

[B 264, C 45, R 58, C 65.]

HAB. Western United States, from the western border of the Plains
to the Pacific.

326 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

716. Salpinctes guadeloupensis RIDGW.

Guadalupe Rock Wren.

Salpinctes obsoletus guadeloupensis RIDGW. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog.

Surv. Terr. II. No. 2, April, 1876, 185.

Salpinctes guadalupensis RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II. July,
;. 1877, 60.

[B-,C— , RS8*,C-.]
HAB. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

GENUS CATHERPES BAIRD.

Catherpes BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 357. Type, Thryothorus mexica-
nus SWAINS.

[7*17.] Catheipes mexicanus (SWAINS.).

White-throated Wren.

Thryothorus mexicanus SWAINS. Zool. 111. 2d ser. I. 1829, pi. n.
Catherpes mexicanus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 356.

[B 263, C - R 59, C 66.]
HAB. Mexico. Texas (GIRAUD).

7170. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus RIDGW.

Canon Wren.

Catherpes mexicanus var. conspersus RIDGW. Am. Nat. VII. Oct.
1873, 602.

[B 263, part, C 46, R 590, C 67.]

HAB. Southwestern United States, from Western Texas and Colo-
rado to the Pacific.

GENUS THRYOTHORUS VIEILLOT.

SUBGENUS THRYOTHORUS.

Thryothorus VIEILL. Analyse, 1816, 45. Type, Troglodytes arundi-
naceus VIEILL. = Sylvia ludoviciana LATH.

ORDER PASSERES. 327

718. Tliryothorus ludoviciamis (LATH.).

Carolina Wren.

Sylvia ludoviciana LATH. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 548.

Thryothorus ludovicianus BOXAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, n.

[B 265, C 47, R 60, C 68.]

HAB. Eastern United States (rare toward the northern border),
west to the Plains. Rare in Southern New England.

718 a. Thryothorus ludovicianus miamensis RIDGW.

Florida Wren.

Thryothorus ludovicianus var. miamensis RIDGW. Am. Nat. IX. Aug.
1875, 469.

[B 265, part, C 47,/ar/, R 60 £, C 69.]
HAB. Southern Florida.

SUBGENUS THRTOMANES SCLATER.

. Thryomanes SCL. Cat. Am. B. 1861, 22. Type, Troglodytes bewickii
AUD.

719. Thryothorus bewickii (Aim).

Bewick's Wren.

Troglodytes bewickii AUD. Orn. Biog. I. 1831, 96, pi. 18.
Thriothorus bewickii BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 363.

[6267, C48, R6i, C7i.]

HAB. Eastern United States, to Eastern Texas and the eastern
border of the Plains ; north to New Jersey and Minnesota.

7190. Thryothorus bewickii spilurus (Vic.).

Vigors's Wren.

Troglodytes spilurus VIG. Zool. Voy. Bloss. 1839. 18, pi. 4, fig. I.
Thryothorus bewickii var. spilurus BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. 1864, 126.

[B— , C48£, R6i«, C 73.]

HAB. Pacific coast region of North America, from British Columbia
southward to Lower California and Western Mexico.

328 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

719 £. Thryothorus bewickii bairdi (SALV. & GODM.).

Baird's Wren.

Thryoihorus bairdi SALV. & GODM. Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, April,

1880, 95.
Thryothorus bewickii bairdi RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.

1885, 354.

[B— , €480, R6i£, C 72.]

HAB. Southern Texas and Arizona, north to Middle Kansas, Colo-
rado, and Southern Utah, south into Mexico.

720. Thryothorus brevicaudus RIDGW.

Guadalupe Wren.

Thryomanes bremcauda RIDGW. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr.

II. No. 2, April i, 1876, 1 86.
Thryothorus brevicaudus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354.

[B — C — , R 62, C — .]
HAB. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

GENUS TROGLODYTES VIEILLOT.
SUBGENUS TROGLODYTES.

Troglodytes VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. II. 1807, 52. Type, T. aedon
VIEILL.

721. Troglodytes aedon VIEILL.
House Wren.

Troglodytes aedon VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. II. 1807, 52, pi. 107.
[B 270, 272, C 49, R 63, C 74-]

HAB. Eastern United States, and Southern Canada west to In-
diana and Louisiana.

721 a. Troglodytes aedon parkmanii (Auo.)*

Parkman's Wren.

Troglodytes parkmanii AUD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 3to-
Troglodytes cedon var. parkmanm COUES, Key, 1872, 87.

ORDER PASSERES. 329

[B 271, C 490, R63#, C 75.]

HAB. Western North America, from Texas, Illinois, Minnesota,
and Manitoba westward ; north to Great Slave Lake, south to Jalapa,
Mexico, and Lower California.

SUBGKNUS ANORTHTJRA RENNIE.

Anorthura RENNIE, MONT. Orn. Diet. ed. 2, 1831, 570. Type, Mota-
cilla troglodytes LIXN.

7 '22. Troglodytes hiemalis VIEILL.

Winter Wren.

Troglodytes hiemalis VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXIV. 1819,
514.

[B 273, C 50, R 65, C 76.]

HAB. Eastern North America generally, breeding from the north-
ern parts of the United States northward, and wintering from about
its southern breeding limit southward.

722 a. Troglodytes hiemalis pacificus BAIRD.

Western Winter Wren.

Troglodytes hyemalis var. pacificus BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. Sept.
1864, 145.

[B 273, part, C 50, part, R 65 a, C 77.]

HAB. Pacific coast, from Sitka to Southern California; south, in
winter, to Mexico.

723. Troglodytes alascensis BAIRD.

Alaskan Wren.

Troglodytes alascensis BAIRD, Trans. Chic. Ac. Sci. I. 1869, 315, pi.
30, ng. 3.

[B— , C 50 rt, R66, €78.]
HAB. Aleutian and Pribylof Islands, Alaska.

GENUS CISTOTHORUS CABANIS.

SUBGENUS CISTOTHORUS.

Cistothorus CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 77. Type, Troglodytes stellaris
LIGHT.

330 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

724. Cistothorus stellaris (LIGHT.).

Short-billed Marsh Wren.

Troglodytes stellaris LIGHT, in NAUM. Vog. Deutschl. III. 1823, tab.

ad p. 724.
Cistothorus stellaris CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 77.

[B 269, C 52, R 68, C 81.]

HAB. Eastern United States and Southern British Provinces, west
to the Plains. Winters in the Gulf States and southward.

SUBGENUS TELMATODYTES CABANIS.

Telmatodytes CAB. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 78. Type, Certhia palustris
WILS.

725. Cistothorus palustris (WILS.).

Long-billed Marsh Wren.

Certhia palustris WILS. Am. Orn. II. 1810, 58, pi. 12, fig. 4.
Cistothorus (Telmatodytes') palustris BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 364.

[6268, Csi,R67, 67*, C 79, 80.]

HAB. Southern British America and the United States, south, in
winter, to Guatemala.

FAMILY CERTHIIDJE. CREEPERS.

GENUS CERTHIA LINN^US.

Certhia LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 118. Type, by elimination,
C. familiaris LINN.

726. Certhia familiaris americana (BONAP.).

Brown Creeper.

Certhia americana BONAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, n.
Certhia familiaris var. americana RIDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V.
1873, 180.

[B 275, C 42, R 55, C 62.]

HAB. North America in general, breeding from the northern and
more elevated parts of the United States northward, migrating south-
ward in winter.

ORDER PASSERES. 331

726 a. Certhia familiaris mexicana (GLOG.).

Mexican Creeper.

Certhia mexicana GLOG. Handb. 1834, 381.

Certhia familiaris var. mexicana B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. I. 1874,
128.

[B 276, C — , R 55 a, C — .]

HAB. Guatemala, Mexico, and Southern Arizona.

FAMILY PARIDJE. NUTHATCHES AND TITS.
SUBFAMILY SITTING. NUTHATCHES.

GENUS SITTA LINN^US.
Sitta LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 115. Type, S. eiiropaa LINN.

727. Sitta carolinensis LATH.

White-breasted Nuthatch.

Sitta carolinensis LATH. Ind. Orn. I. 1790, 262.
[6277, C38, R5i, C57.]

HAB. Southern British Provinces and Eastern United States to the
Rocky Mountains.

727 a. Sitta carolinensis aculeata (CASS.).

Slender-billed Nuthatch.

Sitta aculeata CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Oct. 1856, 254.
Sitta canadensis var. aculeata ALLEN, Bull. M. C. Z. III. No. 6, July,
1872, 161.

[6278, C 380, R 51 a, €58.]

HAB. Western North America, east to the Plains, and south into
Mexico.

728. Sitta canadensis LINN.

Red-breasted Nuthatch.

Sitta canadensis LINN. S. N. ed. 12, 1. 1766, 177.

332 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B 279, C 39, R 52, C 59.]

HAB. North America at large, breeding mostly north of the United
States, migrating south in winter.

729. Sitta pusilla LATH.

Brown-headed Nuthatch.

Sitta pusilla LATH. Ind. Orn. I. 1790, 263.

[B 280, C 40, R 53, C 60.]

HAB. South Atlantic and Gulf States; casual (?) in Ohio, Michigan,
Missouri, etc.

730. Sitta pygmaea VIG.

Nuthatch.

Sitta pygmcea VIG. Zool. Beechey's Voy. 1839, 25> P^ 4-
[B 281, C 41, R 54, C6i.]

HAB. Western United States, from New Mexico and Colorado to
Southern California and Washington Territory.

SUBFAMILY PARINJE. TITMICE.
GENUS FARTJS LINN^US.

SUBGENUS LOFHOPHANES KAUP.

Lophophanes KAUP, Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 92. Type,
Parus cristatus LINN.

731. Parus bicolor LINN.

Tufted Titmouse.

Parus bicolor LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 340.

[B 285, C 27, R 36, C 40-]

HAB. Eastern United States to the Plains, but rare towards the
northern border, being a straggler merely to Southern New England.

732. Parus atricristatus C\ss.

Black-crested Titmouse.

Pants atricristatus CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1850, 103, pi. 2.

ORDER PASSERES. 333

[B 286, C 29, R 37, C 42.]
HAB. Southeastern Texas and Eastern Mexico.

733. Parus inornatus GAME.

Plain Titmouse.

Parus inornatus GAME. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Aug. 1845, 265.

[B 287, part, C 28, part, R 38, part, C 41, part.}
HAB. California and Western Oregon.

733 a. Parus inornatus griseus RIDGW.

Gray Titmouse.

Lophophanes inornatus griseus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. Sept. 5,

1882, 344.
Parus inornatus griseus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885,354.

[B 287, part, C 2%, part, R 38, part, C 41, part.~]
HAB. New Mexico and Colorado to Arizona and Nevada.

733 £. Pams inornatus cineraceus RIDGW.

Ashy Titmouse.

Lophophanes inornatus cineraceus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI.

Oct. 5, 1883, 154.
Parus inornatus cineraceus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.

1885, 354.

[B — , C — , R — , C — .]
HAB. Lower California.

734. Parus wollweberi (BONAP.).

Bridled Titmouse.

Lophophanes wollweberi BONAP. Compt. Rend. XXXI. Sept. 1850,

478.
Parus wollweberi HENRY, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 3°9«

[B 288, C 30, R 39, C 43-]

HAB. Western Texas, Southern New Mexico, Southern Arizona,
and southward.

334 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

SUBGENUS PARUS LINNAEUS.

Parus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 189. Type, by elimination, P.
major LINN.

735. Parus atricapillus LINN.

Chickadee.

Parus atricapillus LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 341.
[B29o, C3i, R4i, C44-]

HAB. Eastern North America, north of the Potomac and Ohio

Valleys.

735 a. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis (HARRIS).

Long-tailed Chickadee.

Parus septentrionalis HARRIS, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1845, 3°o-
Parus atricapillus var. septentrionalis ALLEN, Bull. M. C. Z. Ill,
1872, 174.

[B 289, 289 a, C 31 a, R 41 a, C 45.]

HAB. Rocky Mountain Plateau region, east to Manitoba and the
Plains.

735 £. Parus atricapillus occidentalis (BAIRD).

Oregon Chickadee.

Parus occidentalis BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 391.

Parus atricapillus var. occidentalis COUES, Key, 1872, 81.

[6291, C3i^, R4i£, C46.]

HAB. Pacific coast region of North America, from Northern Cali-
fornia northward.

736. Parus carolinensis AUD.

Carolina Chickadee.

Parus carolinensis AUD. Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 474, pi. 160.
[B293, C3i£, R42, C47-]

HAB. Southeastern States, north to New Jersey and Illinois, west
to Missouri, the Indian Territory, and Eastern Texas.

ORDER PASSERES. 335

[737.] Parus meridionalis SCL.

Mexican Chickadee.

Parus meridionalis SCL. P. Z. S. 1856, 293.

[B 292, C — R 43, C 879.3
HAB. Mexico, north to Southern Arizona.

738. Parus gambeli RIDGW.

Mountain Chickadee.

Parus gambeli RIDGW. MS.

[B 294, C 32, R 40, C 48.]

HAB. Mountainous parts of the Western United States, from the
Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada.

739. Parus cinctus obtectus (CAB.).

Siberian Chickadee.

Parus (Pcecild) obtectus CAB. J. f. O. 1871, 237.

Parus cinctus obtectus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354.

[B — C — R 44, C 52.]
HAB. Northern Alaska and Eastern Siberia.

740. Parus hudsonicus FORST.

Hudsonian Chickadee.

Parus hudsonicus FORST. Phil. Trans. LXII. 1772, 3^3, 43°-
[B 296, C 33, R 45, C 49-]

HAB. Northern North America, from the more elevated parts of
the Northern United States (Northern New England, Northern New
York, Northern Michigan, etc.) northward.

741. Parus rufescens TOWNS.

Chestnut-backed Chickadee.

Parus rufescens TOWNS. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. ii. 1837,
190.

336 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B 295, part, C 34, part, R 46, C 50.]

HAB. Northwest coast of North America, from the Columbia River
northward.

7410. Parus rufescens neglectus RIDGW.

Californian Chickadee.

Parus rufescens /3. neglectus RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. I. April 25,
1879, 485-

[B 295, part, C w,part, R 460, C 51.]
HAB. Coast region of middle and southern portions of California.

SUBFAMILY CHAMJEINJE. WREN-TITS AND BUSH-TITS.

GENUS CHAMJEA GAMBEL.

Chamiza GAME. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1847, 154. Type, Parus
fasciatus GAME.

742. Chamaea fasciata GAME.

Wren-Tit.

Parus fasciatus GAME. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Aug. 1845, 2^5-
Chamcea fasciata GAME. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1847, 154.

[B 274, part, C 26, part, R 35,/0r/, C 39, part.]
HAB. Coast region of California.

7420. Chamaea fasciata hensl^awi RIDGW.

Pallid Wren-Tit.

Chamcea fasciata henshaivi RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5,
1882, 13.

[B 274, part, C 26, part, R 35>/^» C 39>/*r/-]
HAB. Interior of California, including the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada.

GENUS FSALTRIPARUS BONAPARTE.

Psaltriparus BONAP. Compt. Rend. XXXI. 1850, 478. Type, Parus
melanotis HARTL.

ORDER PASSERES. 337

743. Psaltriparus minimus (TOWNS.).

Bush-Tit.

Parus minimus TOWNS. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. ii. 1837, 190.
Psaltriparus minimus BONAP. Compt. Rend. XXXVIII. 1854, 62.

[B 298, part, C 35,/*rf, R 47, part, C 5

HAB. Pacific coast region, from Northern California to Washing-
ton Territory.

743 a. Psaltriparus minimus californicus RIDGW.

Califoraian Bush-Tit.

Psaltriparus minimus californicus RIDGW. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. II.
April 10, 1884, 89.

[B 298, part, C 35,/arf, R 47»/<"A C 53, part.'}
HAB. California, except the northern coast district.

743 £. Psaltriparus minimus grindae (BELDING).

Grinda's Bush-Tit.

Psaltriparus grinda BELD. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI. Oct. 5, 1883, '55-
Psaltriparus minimus grinda RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, 354-

[B— C— ,R— C— .]
HAB. Lower California.

744. Psaltriparus plumbeus BAIRD.

Lead-colored Bush-Tit.

Psaltria plumbea BAIRD, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 118.
Psaltriparus plumbeus BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 398.

[B 299, C 36, R 48, C 54-]

HAB. New Mexico and Arizona, north to Eastern Oregon and
Western Wyoming.

[745.] Psaltriparus melanotis (HARTL.).

Black-eared Bush-Tit.

Parus melanotis HARTL. Rev. Zool. 1844, 216.

Psaltriparus melanotis BOXAP. Compt. Rend. XXXVIII. 1854, 62.

22

338 CHECK- LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B 297, C — R 49, C 55.]

HAB. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala, north to the Rio Grande
Valley; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada (?).

GENUS AURIPARUS BAIRD.

Auriparus BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. July, 1864, 85. Type, ^Egithalus
flaviceps SUND.

746. Auriparus flaviceps (SUND.).

Verdin.

JEgithalus flaviceps SUXD. Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. VII. 1850, 129.
Auriparus flaviceps BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. July, 1864, 85.

[B 300, C 37, R 50, C 56.]

HAB. Southern border of the United States, from the Valley of the
Rio Grande to Arizona, Mexico, and Lower California.

FAMILY SYLVIID-3D. WARBLERS, KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS.

SUBFAMILY SYLVIIN.ZE. WARBLERS.

GENUS PHYLLOPSEUSTES MEYER.

Phyllopseustes MEYER, Vog. Lifl. Estl. 1815, 122. Type, Sylvia sibi-
latrix BECHST.

747. Phyllopseustes borealis (BLAS.).

Kennicott's Willow Warbler.

Phyllopneuste borealis BLASIUS, Naumannia, 1858, 313.
Phyllopseustes borealis MEVES, J. f. O. 1875, 429.

[B — , C 20, R 34, C 32.]
HAB. Northeastern Asia and Alaska.

ORDER PASSERES. 339

SUBFAMILY REGULIN2E. KINGLETS.

GENUS REGrULUS CUVIER.

4 Regulus Cuv. Leg. d'Anat. Comp. I. 1799-1800, tab. ii. Type, Mota-
cilla regulus LINN.

748. Regulus satrapa LIGHT.

Golden-crowned Kinglet.

Regulus satrapa LIGHT. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 35.

[B 162, part, C 22, part, R 33, C 34.]

HAB. North America generally, breeding in the northern and ele-
vated parts of the United States and northward, migrating south in
winter to Guatemala.

748 a. Regulus satrapa olivaceus BAIRD.

Western Golden-crowned Kinglet.

Regulus satrapa var. olivaceus BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. July, 1864, 65
(in text under R. satrapa).

[B 162, part, C 22, part, R 330, C 35.]

HAB. Pacific coast region of North America, from California north-
ward.

749. Regulus calendula (LINN.).

Ruby-crowned Kinglet.

Motacilla calendula LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 337.
Regulus calendula LIGHT. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 35.

[Bi6i, C2i, R3o, C33.]

HAB. North America, south to Guatemala, north to the Arctic
coast, breeding mostly north of the United States.

750. Regulus obscurus RIDGW.

Dusky Kinglet.

Regulus calendula obscurus RIDGW. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv.

Terr. II. No. 2, April i, 1876, 184.
Regulus obscurus RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II. July, 1877, 59.

340 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B-,C-,R3i, C-.]
HAB. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

SUBFAMILY POLIOPTILINuE. GNATCATCHERS.

GENUS FOLIOFTILA SCLATER.
Polioptila SCL. P. Z. S. 1855, u. Type, Motacilla carulea LINN.

751. Polioptila caerulea (LINN.).

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.

Motacilla ccerulea LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 337.
Polioptila ccerulea SCL. P. Z. S. 1855, 11.

[B 282, C 23, R 27, C 36.]

HAB. Middle and southern portions of the United States, from
the Atlantic to the Pacific, south, in winter, to Guatemala, Cuba, and
the Bahamas ; rare north toward the Great Lakes, Southern New
York, and Southern New England, straggling north to Massachu-
setts and Maine.

752. Polioptila plumbea BAIRD.

Plumbeous Gnatcatcher.

Polioptila plumbea BAIRD, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 118.
[B 283, C 25, R 28, C 38.]

HAB. Western Texas to Arizona and eastern coast of Lower Cali-
fornia.

753. Polioptila californica BREWST.

Black-tailed Gnatcatcher.

Polioptila californica BREWST. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. April,
1881, 103.

[B 284, C 24, R 29, C 37.]
HAB. Southern California and Pacific coast of Lower California.

ORDER PASSERES. 341

FAMILY TURDIDJE. THRUSHES, SOLITAIRES, STONECHATS,
BLUEBIRDS, ETC.

SUBFAMILY MYADESTINJE. SOLITAIRES.

GENUS MYADESTES SWAINSON.

Myadestes SWAINS, Nat. Libr. XIII. Flycatchers, 1838, 132. Type,
M. genibarbis SWAINS.

754 Myadestes townsendii (Auo.).

Townsend's Solitaire.

Ptiliogonys toivnsendii AUD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 206, pi. 419, fig. 2.
Myiadestes toivnsendi CAB. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i. 208.

[6235, C 121, R2S,C 169.]

HAB. Western United States, from the Plains westward to the
Pacific coast.

SUBFAMILY TURDDL33. THRUSHES.

GENUS TURDUS LINNAEUS.

SUBGENUS HYLOCICHLA BAIRD.

Hylocichla BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. June, 1864, 12. Type, Turdus
mustelinus GMEL.

755. Turdus mustelinus GMEL.

Wood Thrush.

Turdus mustelinus GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 817.
[B 148, C 3, R i, C 6.]

HAB. Eastern United States to the Plains, north to Southern
Michigan, Ontario, and Massachusetts, south, in winter, to Guatemala
and Cuba.

342 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

756. Tuidus fuscescens STEPH.

Wilson's Thrush.

Turdus fuscescens STEPH. Gen. Zool. X. i. 1817, 182.

[Bi5i, C6,R2, C7.]

HAB. Eastern United States to the Plains, north to Manitoba, On-
tario, Anticosti, and Newfoundland.

756 a. Turdus fuscescens salicidolus (RIDGW.).

Willow Thrush.

Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. IV.

April 6, 1882, 374.
Turdus fuscescens salicicola COUES, Key, ed. 2, 1884, 246.

[B -, C - R — , C -.]
HAB. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, east to Dakota.

757. Turdus alicise BAIRD.

Gray-cheeked Thrush.

Turdus alicia BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 217.
[B 154,050, R 3, C 12.]

HAB. Eastern North America, west to the Plains, Alaska, and East-
ern Siberia, north to the Arctic coast, south, in winter, to Costa Rica.
Breeds chiefly north of the United States.

757 a. Turdus alicise bicknelli (RIDGW.).

BicknelFs Thrush.

Hylocichla alicia bicknelli RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. IV. April 6,

1882, 377.
Turdus alicice bicknelli COUES, Key, ed. 2, 1884, 248.

[B i54,/*r/, C 5 a, part, R 3,/arr/, C 12, part.]

HAB. In summer, mountainous parts of the Northeastern States
(Catskills, White Mountains, etc.) and Nova Scotia, migrating south
in winter.

ORDER PASSERES. 343

758. Turdus ustulatus (Nun.).

Russet-backed Thrush.

Turdus ustulatus NUTT. Man. Orn. Land B. ed. 2, 1840, 830 (cestu-
latus, err. typ. p. 400).

[Bi52, C5£, R4, C ii.]

HAB. Pacific coast region of North America, from Alaska to Cali-
fornia, south in winter to Guatemala.

758 a. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (CAB.).

Olive-backed Thrush.

Turdus swainsonii CAB. Fauna Per. 1845-46, 187.
Turdus ustulatus £. swainsoni RIDGW. Field & Forest, II. May,
1877, 195.

[Bi53,C5, R4*, C 13.]

HAB. Eastern North America, and westward to the Upper Colum-
bia River and East Humboldt Mountains, straggling to the Pacific
coast. Breeds mostly north of the United States.

759. Turdus aonalaschkae GMEL.

Dwarf Hermit Thrush.

Turdus aonalaschkcE GMEL. S N. I. ii. 1788. 808.
[BiSo,C4*,R5,C8.]

HAB. Pacific coast region, from Alaska to Lower California, east,
during migrations, to Nevada and Arizona. Breeds from California
northward.

7590. Turdus aonalaschkae auduboni (BAIRD).

Audubon's Hermit Thrush.

Turdus auduboni BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. June, 1864, 16.
Turdus aonalaschkce auduboni RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 3,
March 27, 1880, i.

HAB. Rocky Mountain region, from near the northern border of
the United States south into Mexico.

759 £. Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii (CAB.).

Hermit Thrush.

Turdus pallasii CAB. Wiegm. Archiv. 1847, i 205.
Turdus aonalaschka pallasi RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III.
March 27, 1880, i.

344 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B 149, C 4, R 5 &, C 10.]

HAB. Eastern North America, breeding from the Northern United
States northward, and wintering from the Northern States south-
ward.

SUBGENUS TURDUS LINNAEUS.

Turdus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 168. Type, by elimination
T. viscivorus LTNN.

[760.] Turdus iliacus LINN.

Red-winged Thrush.

Turdus iliacus LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 168.

[B -, C -, R 6, C 4.]
HAB. Northern parts of the Old World ; accidental in Greenland.

GENUS MERULA LEACH.

Merula LEACH, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 1816, 20. Type, Turdus
merula LINN.

761. Merula migratoria (LINN.).

American Robin.

Turdus migratorius LINN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 292.
Merula migratoria SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 368.

[B 155, part, C \,part, R 7, C i.]

HAB. Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains, including
Eastern Mexico and Alaska. Breeds from near the southern border
of the United States northward to the Arctic coast ; winters from
Southern Canada and the Northern States (irregularly) southward.

761 ^. Merula migratoria propinqua RIDGW.

Western Robin.

T\urdus\ propinquus RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II. Jan. 1877, 9.
Merula migratoria propinqua RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug.
24, 1880, 1 66.

ORDER PASSERES. 345

[B 155, part, C i, part, R 7 a, C 2.]

HAB. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains westward.

762. Merula confinis (BAIRD).

St. Lucas Robin.

Turdus confinis BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. June, 1864, 29.

Merula confinis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 166.

[B - C i a, R 8, C 3.]
HAB. Lower California.

GENUS HESPEROCICHLA BAIRD.

Hesperocichla BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. June, 1864, 12. Type, Turdus
nezvius GMEL.

7G3. Hesperocichla nee via (GMEL.).

Varied Thrush.

Turdus ncevius GMEL. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 817.

Hesperocichla nczvia RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24,
1880, 1 66.

[B 156, C 2, R 9, C 5.]

HAB. Pacific coast of North America, from Bering's Strait to Cali-
fornia. Accidental in the Eastern States (New Jersey, Long Island,
and Massachusetts) .

GENUS CYANECULA BREHM.
Cyanecula BREHM, I sis, 1828, 1280. Type, Motacilla suecica LINN.

[764.] Cyanecula suecica (LINN.).

Red-spotted Bluethroat.

Motacilla suecica LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 187.
Cyanecula suecica BREHM, I sis, 1828, 1280.

[B— C— R2o, C3i.]
HAB. Northern parts of the Old World ; casual in Alaska.

346 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

GENUS SAXICOLA BECHSTEIN.

Saxicola BECHST. Orn. Taschb. 1803, 216. Type, Motacilla ccnan-
the LINN.

765. Saxicola oenanthe (LINN.).

Wheatear.

Motacilla cenanthe LINN. S- N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 186.
Saxicola oenanthe BECHST. Orn. Taschb. 1803, 217.

[Bi57, Ci5, R2i, C26.]

HAS. Europe, North Africa, Asia, Alaska, Greenland, and Lab-
rador, straggling southward to Nova Scotia, Maine, Long Island, and
the Bermudas.

GENUS SIALIA SWAINSON.

Sialia SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 369. Type, Motacilla sialis
LINN.

766. Sialia sialis (LINN.).

Bluebird.

Motacilla sialis LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 187.
Sialia sialis HALDEM. TREGO'S Geog. Penn. 1843, 77-

[B 158, C 1 6, R 22, C 27.]

HAB. Eastern United States to the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains, north to Manitoba, Ontario, and Nova Scotia, south, in
winter, from the Middle States to the Gulf States and Cuba. Ber-
mudas, resident.

766 a. Sialia sialis azurea (SWAINS.).

Azure Bluebird.

Sialia azurea SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 369.

Sialia sialis var. azurea B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. I. Jan. 1874, 62.

[B -, C -, R - C -.]
HAB. Southern Arizona and Eastern Mexico.

767. Sialia mexicana SWAINS.

Western Bluebird.

Sialia mexicana SWAINS. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 202.

ORDER PASSERES. 347

[B 159, C 17, R 23, C 28.]

HAB. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific coast, south to Southern Mexico.

768. Sialia arctica (SWAINS.).

Mountain Bluebird.

Erythaca (Sialia) arctica SWAINS. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 209,

pl- 39-
Sialia arctica NUTT. Man. Land B. 1834, 573.

[B 160, C 18, R 24, C 29.]

HAB. Western North America (chiefly the interior), from the west-
ern parts of the Plains to the Pacific, north to Great Slave Lake,
south to Mexico.

HYPOTHETICAL LIST.1

FAMILY PODICIPID^3.
1. .2Echmophonis clarkii (LAWR.).

Clark's Grebe.

Podiceps clarkii LAWR. in BAIRD'S B. N. Am. 1858, 895.
JEchmophor-us clarkii COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 229.

[B7o5, C6o8a, R73o, C846.]

Probably the female of ^E. octidentalis (LAWR.). (Cf. HENSHAW,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. 1881, pp. 214-218 ; B. B. & R., Water B. N.
Am. II. p. 423 ; and especially BRYANT, Auk, II. 1885, pp. 313, 314.)

FAMILY ALCID^S.
2. Cepphus motzfeldi (BENICK.).

Black-winged Guillemot.

Uria motzfeldi BENICK. I sis, Aug. 1824, 889.

Cepphus motzfeldi STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. Aug. 5, 1884, 210.

[B -, C — , R -, C -.]

North American, but its specific validity not satisfactorily estab-
lished. (Cf. STEJN. /. c., and Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, pp. 497, 498).

1 Consisting of species which have been recorded as North American, but whose
status as North American birds is doubtful, either from lack of positive evidence of
their occurrence within the prescribed limits of the present Check-List, or from ab-
sence of satisfactory proof of their validity as species.

3 SO CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

3. Cepphus carbo PALL.

Sooty Guillemot.

Cepphus carbo PALL. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 350.
[B 728, C 633, R 762, C 873.]

No evidence of its occurrence in North America. (Cf. STEJN. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. 1884, pp. 225-227.)

FAMILY LARID-3S.
4. Xema (Creagrus) furcata (NEB.).

Swallow-tailed Gull.

Larus furcatus NEB. Voy. 'Venus,' Atlas, pi. 10 (1846).
Xema furcatum COTJES, Key, 1872, 317.

[B 679, C 559, R 678, C 791.]

In all probability erroneously accredited to North America. Only
three examples are known, — the type, said to be from Monterey, Cal.,
one from the Galapagos, and one from the coast of Peru.

FAMILY PROOELLARIID^J.

5. Puffinus kuhlii (BOIE).

Cinereous Shearwater.

Procellaria kuhlii BOIE, I sis, 1835, 257.
Puffinus kuhlii BONAP. Consp. II. 1856, 202.

[B65i, C596, R7o8, C83i.]

An Eastern Atlantic species, of which no American specimens are
known to exist in collections.

6. Oceanodroma hornbyi (GRAY).

Hornby's Petrel.

Thalassidroma hornbyi GRAY, P. Z. S. 1853, 62.
Oceanodroma hornbyi BONAP. Consp. II. 1856, 195.

[B 641, C 592, R 727, C 827.]

HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 351

A very distinct species, of which only one specimen has been ob-
tained, the alleged locality being the " northwest coast of America."

FAMILY PHALACROCORACILXE.
7. Fhalacrocorax perspicillatus PALL.

Pallas's Cormorant.

Phalacrocorax perspicillatus PALL. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 305.
[B62i, C 533, R 648, €756.]

Believed, on good evidence, to be now extinct, as it unquestionably
is in the locality (Bering Island) where originally discovered. Only
three specimens are known to exist in collections, — one each being
in the St Petersburgh, Leyden, and British Museums. Even if exist-
ing, it has no valid claim to a place in the North American fauna.
(Cf. STEJN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI. 1883, p. 65.)

FAMILY ANATIDJ3.
8. Chen caerulescens (LINN.).

Blue Goose.

Anas casrulescens LIXN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 224.

Chen ccerulescens RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 202.

[B 564, C 479, R 590, C 694.]

Possibly a race of C. hyperboreus (PALL.). (Cf. B. B. & R. Water
B. N. Am. I. 1884, 437 ; RIDGW. Auk, I. 1884, 240.)

FAMILY ARDEIDuE.
9. Ardea wuerdemanni BAIRD.

Wiirdemann's Heron.

Ardea wiirdemanni BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 669.

[B 488, C 45°, R 486, part, C 656, part.]

352 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Believed to be either the colored phase of A. oceidentalis AUD., or
an abnormal specimen of A. wardi RIDGW. (Cf. RIDGW. Bull. U. S.
Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. IV. No. i, 1878, pp. 229-236 ; Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, VII. 1882, pp. 1-6 ; Auk, I. 1884, pp. 161-163 ; Water B.
N. Am. I. 1884, pp. 7-13.)

10. Ardea (Dichromanassa) pealei BONAP.

Peale's Egret.

A rdea pealei BONAP. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II. 1826, 154.
[B 482, C 355, part, R 491, fart, C 66

Supposed to be the white phase of A. rufa BODD., but possibly enti-
tled to recognition as a local or geographical race.

FAMILY SOOLOPAOID^S.

11. Tringa (Actodromas) cooperi BAIRD.

Cooper's Sandpiper.

Tringa cooperi BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 716.
[B 527, C 422, R535, C6i8.]

Known only from the single specimen from which the species was
originally described, taken on Long Island, in May, 1833, and still
extant in the National Museum. The status of the species is in
doubt.

FAMILY CATHARTID^.

GENUS GYFAGUS VIEILLOT.

Gypagus VIEILL. Analyse, 1816, 21. Type, by elimination, Vultur
papa LINN.

12. Gypagus papa (LINN.).

King Vulture.

Vultur papa LINN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 86.

Gypagus papa VIEILL. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXVI. 1819, 456.

[B - C -, R -, C -.]

HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 353

Recorded as occurring on the Rio Verde, Arizona, but its identity
not satisfactorily determined. (Cf. COUES, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI.
1881, p. 248.)

13. Cathartes burrovianus CASS.

Burroughs's Turkey Vulture.

Caihartes burrovianus CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phi la. II. 1845, 2I2*
[B4, C-, R- C-.]

HAB. Mexico and Eastern South America. Reported as having
been seen near Brownsville, Texas. (Cf. DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, p. 322.)

FAMILY FALCONID^3.
14 Buteo cooperi CASS.

Cooper's Henkawk.

Buteo cooperi CASS. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VIII. 1856, 253.
[629, C349, R 437, C 5 14.]

Probably the light phase of B. harlani AUD. (Cf. RIDGW. Auk,
I. 1884, pp. 253, 254; Ib. II. 1885, pp. 165, 166.)

15. Buteo fuliginosus SCL.

Little Black Hawk.

Buteo fuliginosus SCL. P. Z. S. 1858, 356.
[B -, C - R - C -.]

HAB. Tropical America ; Florida (accidental ?). Said to be the
melanistic phase of B. brachyurus VIEILL. (Cf. RIDGW. Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, VI. Oct. 1881, pp. 207-214.)

GENUS RHYNCHOPSITTA BONAPARTE.

Rhynchopsitta BONAP. Rev. et Mag. Zool. VI. 1854, 149. Type, Ma-
crocercus pachyrhynchus SWAIXS.
23

354 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

16. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (SWAINS.).

Thick-billed Parrot.

Macrocercus pachyrhynchns SWAINS. Phil. Mag. 1827, 439.
Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha BONAP. Rev. et Mag. Zool. VI. 1854, 149.

[B64, C-, R39',C-.]

HAB. Mexico. There is said to be a specimen in " the collec-
tion of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, labelled Rio
Grande, Texas, J. W. Audubon," but there is doubt as to whether the
specimen was really taken within the limits of the United States. (Cf.
BAIRD, Birds N. Am. 1858, p. 66, foot-note.) Its occurrence in Texas
is not improbable.

FAMILY FRINGILLID-^S. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC.
17. Acanthis brewsterii (RIDGW.).

Brewster's Linnet.

(flavirostris var.) brewsterii RIDGW. Am. Nat. July, 1872,

433-
Acanthis brewsterii RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354.

[B— , C 147, R 180, C 211.]

The type-specimen, taken at Waltham, Mass., remains unique. It
cannot be identified with any known species, but may be a hybrid be-
tween Acanthis linaria and Spinus pinus. (Cf. BREWST. Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, VI. 1881, p. 225.)

18. Spiza townsendii (AUD.).

TownsenePs Bunting.

Emberiza toivnsendii AUD. Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 183.

Spiza townsendi RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 182.

[B 379, C 192, R 255, C 288.]

The original specimen, taken May n, 1833, in Chester County, Pa.,
by Mr. J. K. Townsend, remains unique. Its peculiarities cannot be
accounted for by hybridism, nor probably by individual variation.

HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 355

FAMILY VIREONID^E. VIREOS.

GENUS HYLOPHILUS TEMMINCK.

Hylophilus TEMM. PI. Col. III. Livr. 29, 1823, text, and pi. 173, fig. i.
Type, H. thoracicus TEMM.

19. Hylophilus decurtatus (BONAP.).

Short- winged Hylophilus.

Sylvicola decurtata BONAP. P. Z. S. 1837, 118.
Hylophilus decurtatus BAIRD, Rev. Am. B. I. 1866, 380.

[B -, C -, R — , C -.]

HAB. Mexico and Central America, to Isthmus of Panama. South-
ern Texas ? (Helinai brevipennis GIRAUD, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1850, 40.
" Mexico and Texas.")

FAMILY MNIOTILTID-EJ. WOOD-WARBLERS.

20. Helminthophila lawrencei (HERRICK).

Lawrence's Warbler.

Helminthophaga lawrencei HERRICK, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874,

220, pi. 15.
Helminthophila lawrencei RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan.

1882, 53.

[B — , C — , R 80, C 99.]

Two specimens have been taken in New Jersey. Supposed to be a
hybrid between H. pinus and H. chrysoptera. (Cf. RIDGW. Ibis, 1876,
p. 169, and BREWST. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. 1881, pp. 218-225.)

21. Helminthophila leucobronchialis (BREWST.).

Brewster's Warbler.

Helminthophaga leucobronchialis BREWST. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Qub, I.

Jan. 1876, i, plate.
Helminthophila leticobronchialis RIDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII.

Jan. 1882, 53.

356 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

[B — , C — , R 82, C ioo.]

Known from numerous specimens, taken in Southern New England,
Lower Hudson Valley, New Jersey, Virginia, Michigan, etc. Sup-
posed to be a hybrid between H. pinus and H. chrysoptera, but pos-
sibly a distinct species. (Cf. BREWST. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI.
1881, pp 218-225 ; RIDGW. Auk, II. Oct. 1885, pp. 359-363.)

22. Helminthophila cincinnatiensis (LANGD.).

Cincinnati Warbler.

Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis LANGD. Jour. Cine. Soc. N. H July,

1880, 119, 120, pi. 4.
Helminthophila cincinnatiensis RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII.

1885, 354.

[B — , C — , R — , C ioi.]

One specimen taken near Cincinnati, Ohio. Probably a hybrid
between H. pinus and Geothlypis (Oporornis) formosa. (Cf. RIDGW.
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V. 1880, p. 237.)

23. Dendroica (Perissoglossa ?) carbonata (AUD.).

Carbonated Warbler.

Sylvia carbonata AUD. Orn. Biog. I. 1831, 308, pi. 60.

Dendroica carbonata BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 287.

Perissoglossa carbonata B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. I. Jan. 1874, 214.

[6207, C— , R9i, C— .]

Known only from Audubon's plate and description of two specimens
killed near Henderson, Kentucky, in May, 1811.

24. Dendroica montana (WILS.).

Blue Mountain Warbler.

Sylvia montana WILS. Am. Orn. V. 1812, 113, pi. 44, fig. 2.
Dendroica montana BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 278.

[Bi99, C— , Rii2, C— .]

Known only from the works of Wilson and Audubon. Taken in
the Blue Mountains of Virginia. Not as yet satisfactorily identified
with any other species.

HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 357

25. Sylvania(?) microcephala RIDGW.

Small-headed Warbler.

Sylvania microcephala RIDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354.
(= Muscicapa minula WILS. Am. Orn. VI. 1812, 62, pi. I, fig. 5.)
(Nee GMEL., 1788.)

[B2i2, C— , R i26,C—.]

Known only from the works of Wilson and Audubon. Claimed to
have been taken in New Jersey and Kentucky.

FAMILY SYLVIIDJE. WARBLERS.
26. Regulus cuvieri AUD.

Cuvier's Kinglet.

Regulus cuvieri AUD. Orn. Biog. I. 1832, 288, pi. 55.
[B 163, C -, R 32, C -.]

Known only from Audubon's description and figure of the original
specimen, killed in June, 1812, on the banks of the Schuylkill River,
in Pennsylvania.

THE

FOSSIL BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA.

A. -JURASSIC.

1. Laopteryx priscus MARSH.

Laopteryx priscus. MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. XXI. 1881, 341.
Upper Jurassic beds of Wyoming.

B. - CRETACEOUS.1

2. Apatornis celer MARSH.

Ichthyornis celer MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. V. 1873, 74-
Apatornis celer MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. V. 1873, 162.

Middle Cretaceous of Western Kansas.

3. Baptornis advenus MARSH.

Baptornis advenus MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. XIV. 1877, 86.

Cretaceous of Western Kansas, in the same beds with Odontornithes
and Pteranodontia.

1 The genera alphabetically arranged.

360 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

4. Graculavus velox MARSH.

Graculavus velox MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. III. 1872, 363.

Greensand of the middle marl bed, or Upper Cretaceous, near Hor-
nerstown, New Jersey.

5. Graculavus pumilus MARSH.

Graculavus pumilus MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. III. 1872, 364.

Greensand of the middle marl bed, or Upper Cretaceous, near Hor-
nerstown, New Jersey.

6. Hesperornis regalia MARSH.

Hesperornis regalis MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. III. 1872, 56.
Pteranodon beds of Western Kansas.

7. Hesperornis crassipes MARSH.

Lestornis crassipes MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. XI. 1876, 509.
Hesperornis crassipes MARSH, Odontornithes, 1880, 196, figs. 40 a-d,
pis. vii, xvii.

Yellow chalk of the Pteranodon beds, Western Kansas.

•

8. Hesperornis gracilis MARSH.

Hesperornis gracilis MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. XI. 1876, 510.
Yellow chalk of the Pteranodon beds, Western Kansas.

9. Ichthyornis dispar MARSH.

Ichthyornis dispar MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 344.
Pteranodon beds, Middle Cretaceous, Northwestern Kansas.

10. Ichthyornis agilis MARSH.

Graculavus agilis MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. V. 1873, 23O<
Ichthyornis agilis MARSH, Odontornithes, 1880, 197.

Pteranodon beds, Middle Cretaceous, Western Kansas.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 361

11. Ichthyornis anceps MARSH.

Graculavus anceps MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. III. 1872, 364.
Jchthyornis anceps MARSH, Odontornithes, 1880, 198.

Gray shale of the Middle Cretaceous, Smoky Hill River, Western
Kansas.

12. Ichthyornis lentus MARSH.

Graculavus lenius MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. XIV. 1877, 253.
Ichthyornis lentus MARSH, Odontornithes, 1880, 198.

Middle Cretaceous beds, near Fort McKinney, Texas.

13. Ichthyornis tener MARSH.

Ichthyornis tener MARSH, Odontornithes, 1880, 198, pi. xxx. fig. 8.
Pteranodon beds, Middle Cretaceous, Wallace County, Kansas.

14. Ichthyornis validus MARSH.

Ichthyornis validus MARSH, Odontornithes, 1880, 198, pi. xxx. figs.
11-14.

Yellow chalk of the Middle Cretaceous, near Solomon River, North-
western Kansas.

15. Ichthyornis victor MARSH.

Ichthyornis victor MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. XI. 1876, 511.
Middle Cretaceous of Kansas, in various localities.

16. Laornis edvardsianus MARSH.

Laornis edvardsiamis MARSH, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 5.
Middle marl bed, Upper Cretaceous, Birmingham, New Jersey.

17. Palseotringa littoralis MARSH.

Palaotringa littoralis MARSH, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 5.
Greensand of the Upper Cretaceous, near Hornerstown, New Jersey.

362 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

18. Palceotringa vagans MARSH.

Palceotringa vagans MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. III. 1872, 365.

Greensand of the Upper Cretaceous, near Hornerstown, New
Jersey.

19. Falaeotringa vetus MARSH.

Scolopax MORTON, Syn. Organic Remains of the Cret. U. S. 1834, 32.
Palceotringa vetus MARSH, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phi la. 1870, 5.

Lower marl bed of the Cretaceous formation, near Arneytown, New
Jersey.

20. Telmatornis prisons MARSH.

Telmatornis priscus MARSH, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 5.

Middle marl bed of the Upper Cretaceous, near Hornerstown, New
Jersey.

21. Telmatornis affinis MARSH.

Telmatornis affinis MARSH, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 5.

Middle marl beds of the Upper Cretaceous, near Hornerstown, New
Jersey.

- TERTIARY.

SUBCLASS RATIT^E.

22. Gastornis giganteus (COPE).

Diatryma gigantea COPE, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1876, ir.
Ga stornis giganteus COUES, Key N. A. Birds, 2d ed. 1884, 825.

Wahsatch Epoch, Eocene of New Mexico.

FOSSIL BIRDS. 363

SUBCLASS CARI NAIVE.

ORDER PYGOPODES.

23. Uria antiqua (MARSH).

Catarractes antiqua MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. XLIX. 1870, 213.
Uria antiqua COUES, MS.

Miocene of North Carolina.

24. Uria affinis (MARSH).

Catarractes affinis MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 259.
Uria affinis COUES, MS.

Post-pliocene of Maine.

ORDER TUBINARES.

25. Fuffinus conradii MARSH.

Puffinus conradii MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. XLIX. 1870, 212.
Miocene of Maryland.

ORDER STEGANOPODES.

26. Sula loxostyla COPE.

Sula loxostyla COPE, Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. XIV. 1870, 236.
Miocene of North Carolina.

27. Phalacrocorax idahensis (MARSH).

Graculus idahensis MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. XLIX. 1870, 216.
Phalacrocorax idahensis COUES, Key N. A. Birds, 2d ed. 1884, 824.

Pliocene of Idaho.

364 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

28. Phalacrocorax micropus (COPE).

Graculus micropus COPE, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. IV. No. 2,

1878, 386.
Phalacrocorax micropus COUES, Key N. A. Birds, 2d ed. 1884, 824.

Pliocene of Oregon.

ORDER ANSERES.

29. Cygnus paloregonus COPE.

Cygnus paloregonus COPE, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. IV. No. 2,
1878,388.

Pliocene of Oregon.

30. Branta hypsibates (COPE).

Anser hypsibates COPE, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. IV. No. 2,

1878, 387.
Branta hypsibates COUES, MS.

ORDER PALUDICOL^.

31. Grus haydeni MARSH.

Grus haydeni MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. XLIX. 1870, 214.
Pliocene of Nebraska.

32. Grus proavus MARSH.

Grus proavus MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 261.
Post-pliocene of New Jersey.

33. Aletornis nobilis MARSH.

Aletornis nobilis MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 256.
Eocene of Wyoming.

FOSSIL BIRDS.

34. Aletornis pernix MARSH.

Aletornis pernix MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 256.
Eocene of Wyoming.

35. Aletornis venustus MARSH.

Aletornis venustus MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 257.
Eocene of Wyoming.

36. Aletornis gracilis MARSH.

Aletornis gracilis MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 258.
Eocene of Wyoming.

37. Aletornis bellus MARSH.

Aletornis bellus MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 258.
Eocene of Wyoming.

ORDER LIMICOL^.

38. Charadrius sheppardianus COPE.

Charadrius sheppardianus COPE, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. VI,
No. i, 1881, 83.

(Formation and locality not given.)

ORDER GALLING.

39. Meleagris antiquus MARSH.

Meleagris antiquus MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. II. 1871, 126.
Miocene of Colorado.

366 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

40. Meleagris altus MARSH.

Meleagris altus MARSH, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, II.
Post-pliocene of New Jersey.

41. Meleagris celer MARSH.

Meleagris celer MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. 1872, 261.
Post-pliocene of New Jersey.

ORDER RAPTORES.

42. Falaeoborus umbrosus (COPE).

Cathartes umbrosus COPE, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 151.
Palceoborus umbrosus COUES, Key N. A. Birds, 2d ed. 1884, 822.

Pliocene of New Mexico.

43. Bubo leptosteus MARSH.

Bubo leptosteus MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. II. 1871, 126.
Lower Tertiary of Wyoming.

44. Aquila danana MARSH.

Aquila danana MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. II. 1871, 125.
Pliocene of Nebraska.

ORDER COCCYGES.

45. Uintornis lucaris MARSH.

Uintornis lucaris MARSH, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 259.
Lower Tertiary formation of Wyoming.

FOSSIL BIRDS.

ORDER PASSERES.

46. Falaeospiza bella ALLEN.

Palaospiza bella ALLEN, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. IV. No. 2,
1878, 443, pi. i. figs, i, 2.

Insect-bearing shales of Florissant, Colorado.

INDEX.

ACANTHIS, 259.

brewsterii, 354.

hornemannii, 259.

hornemannii exilipes, 260.

linaria, 260.

linaria holboellii, 260.

linaria rostrata, 260.
Accipiter, 186.

atricapillus, 186.

atricapillus striatulus, 186.

cooped, 1 86.

velox, 1 86.
Accipitrinae, 184.
Actitis, 158.

macularia, 158.
Actochelidon, 92.
Actodromas, 150, 352.
.•Echmophorus, 73.

clarkii, 349.

occidentalis, 73.
/Egialitis, 161, 162.

dubia, 162.

hiaticula, 162.

meloda, 162.

meloda circumcincta, 163.

mongola, 163.

montana, 164.

nivosa, 163.

semipalmata, 162.

vocifera, 161.

wilsonia, 163.
/Esalon, 195.
^strelata, 102.

fisheri, 103.

gularis, 102.

hasitata, 102.
Agelaius, 249.

gubernator, 249.

phoeniceus, 249.

tricolor, 249.
Aix, 117.

j Aix sponsa, 118.
Ajaja, 131.

ajaja, 131.
Alauda, 238.

arvensis, 238.
Alaudidse, 238.
Albatross, Black-footed, 97.

Short-tailed, 97.

Sooty, 98.

Yellow-nosed. 98.
Alca, 83.

torda, 83.
AJcedinidae, 209.
Alcidae, 76, 349.
Alcinae, 82.
Alcyones, 209.
Alectorides, 364.
Aletornis bellus, 365.

gracilis, 365.

nobilis, 364.

pernix, 365.

venustus. 36;.
Alle, 84.

alle, 84.
Allinae, 84.
; Amazilia, 226.

cerviniventris, 227.

fuscicaudata, 227.
Ammodramus, 265, 268.

bairdii, 267.

beldingi, 266.

caudacutus. 268.

caudacutus nelsoni, 269.

henslowii, 268.

leconteii, 268.

maritimus, 269.

nigrescens, 269.

princeps, 265.

rostratus, 266.

rostratus guttatus, 267.

sandwichensis, 265.

370

INDEX.

Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudi-
nus, 266.

sandwichensis bryanti, 266.

sandwichensis savanna, 265.

savannarum passerinus, 267.

savannarum perpallidus, 268.
Ampelidae, 294.
Ampelinae, 294.
Ampelis, 294.

cedrorum, 294.

garrulus, 294.
Amphispiza, 276.

belli, 276.

belli nevadensis, 277.

bilineata, 276.
Anas, 114.

americana, 116.

boschas, 114.

carolinensis, 1 16.

crecca, 116.

cyanoptera, 117.

discors, 1 16.

fulvigula, 115.

obscura, 115.

penelope, 115.

strepera, 115.
Anatidas, 113, 351.
Anatinae, 114.
Ancylocheilus, 152.
Anhinga, 108.

anhinga, 108.
Anhingidae, 108.
Ani, 206.

Groove-billed, 207.
Anorthura, 329.
Anous, 96

stolidus, 96.
Anser. 126.

albifrons, 126.

albifrons gambeli, 126.
Anseres, 113, 364.
Anserinae, 125.
Anthus, 319.

cervinus, 320.

pensilvanicus, 320.

pratensis, 320.

spragueii, 320.
Antrostomus, 219.

carolinensis, 219.

vociferus, 219.

vociferus arizonae, 219.
Apatornis celer, 359.
Aphelocoma, 242.

ralifornica, 242.

floridana, 242.

Aphelocoma sieberii arizonae, 243.

woodhousei, 242.
Aphriza, 164.

virgata, 164.
Aphrizidae, 164.
Aphrizinae, 164.
Aquila, 192.

chrysaetos, 192.

danana, 366.
Aramidae, 139.
Aramus, 139.

giganteus, 139.
Archibuteo, 191.

ferrugineus, 191.

lagopus, 191.

lagopus sancti-johannis, 191.
Arctonetta, 122.

fischeri, 122.
Ardea, 135.

candidissima, 136.

cinerea, 135.

ccerulea, 137.

egretta, 136.

herodias, 135.

occidentalis, 135.

pealei, 352.

rufa, 136.

tricolor ruficollis, 137.

virescens, 137.

warc'i, 135.

wuerdemanni, 351.
Ardeidae, 134, 351.
Ardeinae, 135.
Ardetta, 134.
Arenaria, 164.

interpres, 165.

melanocephala, 165.
Arenariinae, 164.
Arquatella, 149.
Asio, 198.

accipitrinus, 198.

wilsonianus, 198.
Astur, 1 86.
Asturina, 191.

plagiata, 191.
Asyndesmus, 216.
Atthis, 226.
Auk, Great, 84.

Razor-billed, 83.
Auklet, Cassin's, 78.

Crested, 79.

Least, 79.

Paroquet, 78.

Rhinoceros, 78.

Whiskered, 79.

INDEX.

371

Auriparus flaviceps, 338.
Avocet, American, 146.
Aythya, 118.

a'ffinis, 119.

americana, 118.

collaris. 119.

marila nearctica, 119.

vallisneria, 118.

BALDPATE, 116.
Baptornis advenus, 359.
Bartramia, 157.

longicauda, 157.
Basileuterus, 318.

belli, 318.

culicivorus, 318.
Basilinna, 227.

xantusi, 227.
Bird, Red billed Tropic, 107.

Surf, 164.

Yellow-billed Tropic, 106.
Bittern, American, 134.

Least, 134.
Blackbird, Bicolored, 249.

Brewer's, 253.

Red- winged, 249.

Rusty, 253.

Tricolored, 249.

Yellow-headed, 249.
Bluebird, 346.

Azure, 346.

Mountain, 347.

Western, 346.

Bluethroat, Red-spotted, 34-,.
Bobolink, 247.

Western, 247.
Bob-white, 167.

Florida, 167.

Grayson's, 168.

Mas'ked, 168.

Texan, 167.
Bonasa, 172.

umbellus, 172.

umbellus sabini, 173.

umbellus togata, 172.

umbellus umbelloides, 172.
Booby, 107.

Blue-faced, 107.

Red-footed, 108.
Botaurinae, 134.
Botaurus, 134.

exilis, 134.

lentiginosus, 134.
Brachyramphus, 80.

Brachyramphus craveri, 81.

hypoleucus, 81.

kittlitzii, 81.

marmoratus, 80.
Brant, 127.

Black, 128.
Branta, 126.

bernicla, 127.

canadensis, 126.

canadensis hutchinsii, 127.

canadensis minima, 127.

canadensis occidentalis, 127.

hypsibates, 364.

leucopsis, 128.

nigricans, 128.
Bubo, 202.

leptosteus, 366.

virginianus, 202.

virginianus arcticus, 203.

virginianus saturatus, 203.

virginianus subarcticus, 202.
Bubonidae, 198.
Budytes, 319.

flavus leucostriatus, 319.
Bullfinch, Cassin's, 255.
Bulweria, 103.

bulweri, 103.
Bunting, Indigo, 288.

Lark, 290.

Lazuli, 288.

Painted, 288.

Townsend's, 354.

Varied, 288.
Bush-Tit, 337.

Black-eared, 337.

Californian, 337.

Grinda's, 337.

Lead-colored, 337.
Buteo, 187.

abbreviatus, 189.

albicaudatus, 189.

borealis, 187.

borealis calurus, 188.

borealis kriderii, 188.

borealis lucasanus, 188.

brachyurus, 190.

buteo, 187.

cooperi, 353.

fuliginosus, 353.

harlani, 188.

latissimus, 190.

lineatus, 188.

lineatus alleni, 189.

lineatus elegans, 189.

swainsoni, 189.

372

INDEX.

ButeoJa, 190.
Butorides, 137.
Buzzard, European, 187.

CALAMOSPIZA, 290.

melanocorys, 290.
Calcarius, 263.

lapponicus, 263.

ornatus, 263.

pictus, 263.
Calidris, 153.

arenaria, 153.
Callipepla, 169.

californica, 169.

californica vallicola, 169.

gambeli, 170.

squamata, 169.

squamata castanogastris, 169.
Calothorax, 226.
Calypte, 224.
Campephilus, 210.

principalis, 210.
Camptolaimus, 121.

labradorius, 121.
Campylorhynchus, 325.

affinis, 325.

brunneicapillus, 325.
Canachites, 171.
Canvas-back, 118.
Caprimulgi, 219.
Caprimulgidae, 219.
Caracara, Audubon's, 196.

Guadalupe, 196.
Cardellina, 317.

rubrifrons, 317.
Cardinal, 286.

Arizona, 286.

Saint Lucas, 286.

Texan, 286.
Cardinalis, 285.

cardinalis, 286.

cardinalis igneus, 286.

cardinalis superbus, 286.
Carinatae, 363.
Carpodacus, 256.

amplus, 257.

cassini, 256.

frontalis, 256.

frontalis rhodocolpus, 257.

purpureus, 256.

purpureus californicus, 256.
Catbird, 322.
Catharista, 183.

atrata. 183.

Cathartes, 183.

aura, 183.

burrovianus, 353.
Cathartidce, 182, 352.
Catherpes, 326.

mexicanus, 326.

mexicanus conspersus, 326.
Centrocercus, 176.

urophasianus, 176.
Centronyx, 267.
Centurus, 217.
Ceophlceus, 215.

pileatus, 215.
Cepphi, 75.
Cepphus, 8 1.

carbo, 350.

columba, 82.

grylle, 81.

mancllii, 82.

motzfeldi, 349.
Cerorhinca, 78.

monocerata, 78.
Certhia, 330.

familiaris americana, 330.

familiaris tnexicana, 331.
Certhiidae, 330.
Certhiola, 300.

bahamensis, 300.
Ceryle, 209.

alcyon, 209.

cabanisi, 209.
Chachalaca, 178.
Chastura, 222.

pelagica, 222.

vauxii, 222.
Chaeturinae, 221.
Chamaea, 336.

fasciata, 336

fasciata henshawi, 336.
Chamoeinas, 336.
Charadriidae, 160.
Charadrius, 160.

apricarius, 160.

dominicus, 161.

dominicus fulvus, 161.

sheppardianus, 365.

squatarola, 160.
Charitonetta, 120.

albeola, 120.
Chat, Long-tailed, 315.

Yellow-breasted, 315.
Chaulelasmus, 115.
Chelidon, 292.

erythrogaster, 292.
Chen, 125.

INDEX.

373

Chen cserulescens, 351.

hyperborea, 125.

hyperborea nivalis, 125.

rossii, 126.
Chickadee, 334.

Californian, 336.

Carolina, 334.

Chestnut-backed, 335.

Hudsonian, 335.

Long-tailed, 334.

Mexican, 335.

Mountain, 335.

Oregon, 334.

Siberian, 335.
Chloroceryle, 209.
Chondestes, 269.

grammacus, 270.

grammacus strigatus, 270.
Chordeiles, 220.

virginianus, 220

virginianus henryi, 221.

virginianus minor, 221.

texensis, 221.
Chuck-wilPs-widow, 219.
Ciceronia, 79.
Ciconias, 133.
Ciconiidae. 133.
Cicominae, 133.
Cinclidae, 321.
Cinclus, 321.

mexicanus, 321.
Circus, 185.

hudsonius, 185.
Cistothorus, 329.

palustris, 330.

stellaris, 330.
Clamatores, 228.
Clangula, 120.

h vernal is, 120.
Clivicola, 293.

riparia, 293.
Coccothraustes, 254.

vespertina, 255.
Coccyges, 206, 366.
Coccyginas, 207.
Coccyzus, 207.

americanus, 208.

erythrophthalmus, 208.

minor, 207.
Cceligena, 223.

clemenciae, 223.
Ccerebidas, 300.
Colaptes, 217.

auratus. 217.

cafer, 218.

Colaptes cafer saturatior, 218.

chrysoides, 218.

rufipileus, 218.
Colinus, 167.

graysoni, 168.

ridgwayi, 168.

virginianus, 167.

virginianus floridanus, 167.

virginianus texanus, 167.
Columba, 178.

fasciata, 178.

flavirostris, 179.

leucocephala, 179.
Columbae, 178.
Columbidae, 178.
Columbigallina, 181.

passerina, 181.
Colymbus, 73.

auritus, 74.

dominicus, 74.

holboelii, 73.

nigricollis californicus, 74,
Compsohalieus, no.
Compsothlypis, 304.

americana. 305.

nigrilora, 305.
Contopus, 233.

borealis, 233.

pertinax, 233.

richardsonii, 234.

virens, 234.
Conurus, 205.

carolinensis, 206.
Coot, American, 144.

European, 144.
Cormorant, 109.

Baird's, IIT.

Brandt's, 1 10.

Double-crested, 109.

Farallone, no.

Florida, 109.

Mexican, no.

Pallas 's, 351.

Pelagic, in.

Red-faced, in.

Violet-green, in.

White-crested, 1 10.
Corvidae, 240.
Corvinae, 245.
Corvus, 245.

americanus, 245.

americanus floridanus, 245.

caurinus, 246.

corax sinuatus, 245.

cryptoleucus, 245.

374

INDEX.

Corvus ossifragus, 246.
Coturnicops, 142.
Coturniculus, 267.
Cowbird, 248.

Bronzed, 248.

Dwarf, 248.
Cracidae, 178.
Crake, Corn, 143.

Spotted, 141.
Crane, Little Brown, 139.

Sandhill, 139.

Whooping, 139.
Creagrus, 350.
Creciscus, 142.
Creeper, Bahama Honey, 300.

Brown, 330.

Mexican, 331.
Crex, 143.

crex, 143.
Crossbill, 257.

American, 257.

Mexican, 257.

White-winged, 258.
Crotophaga, 206.

ani, 206.

sulcirostris, 207.
Crotophaginae, 206.
Crow, American, 245.

Fish, 246.

Florida, 245.

Northwest, 246. ,
Crymophilus, 145.

fulicarius, 145.
Cuckoo, Black-billed, 208.

Mangrove, 207.

Yellow-billed, 208.
Cuculi, 206.
Cuculidae, 206.
Curlew, Bristle-thighed, 159.

Eskimo. 159.

Hudsonian, 159.

Long-billed, 158.
Cyanecula, 345.

suecica, 345.
Cyanocephalus, 246.

cyanocephalus, 246.
Cyanocitta, 241.

cristatar 241 .

cristata florincola, 241.

stelleri, 241.

stelleri frontalis, 241.

stelleri macrolopha, 242.
Cyclorrhynchus, 78.

psittaculus, 78.
Cygninae, 129.

Cygnus paloregonus, 364.
Cymodroma, 105.

grallaria, 106.
Cypseli, 221.
Cypseloides, 221.

niger, 222.
Cyrtonyx, 170.

montezumae, 170.
Cyrtopelicanus, 112.

DAFILA, 117.

acuta, 117.
Daption, 103.

capensis, 103.
Dendragapus, 170.

canadensis, 171.

franklinii, 172.

obscurus, 170.

obscurus fuliginosus, 171.

obscurus richardsonii, 171.
Dendrocygna, 128.

autumnalis, 129.

fulva, 129.
Dendroica, 305, 306.

aestiva, 306.

auduboni, 307.

blackburniae, 308.

bryanti castaneiceps, 306.

caerulea, 307.

casrulescens, 306.

carbonata, 356.

castanea, 308.

chrysoparia, 310.

coronata, 307.

discolor, 312.

dominica, 309.

dominica albilora, 309.

graciae, 309.

kirtlandi, 311.

maculosa, 307.

montana, 356.

nigrescens, 309.

occidentalis, 310.

olivacea, 306.

palmarum, 311.

palmarum hypochrysea, 311

pensylvanica, 308.

striata, 308.

tigrina, 305.

townsendi, 310.

vigorsii, 311.

virens, 310.

Dichromanassa, 136, 352.
Dickcissel, 289.

INDEX.

375

Diomedea, 97.

albatrus 97.

nigripes, 97.
Diomedeidae, 97.
Dipper, American, 321.
Dolichonyx, 247.

oryzivorus, 247.

oryzivorus albinucha, 247.
Dove, Ground, 181.

Inca, 181.

Mourning, 180.

White-fronted, 180.

White-winged, 180.

Zenaida, 180.
Dovekie, 84.
Dowitcher, 148.

Long-billed, 148.
Dryobates, 210.

borealis, 212.

nuttallii, 212.

pubescens, 211.

pubescens gairdnerii, 211.

scalaris, 212.

scalaris lucasanus, 212.

Strickland!, 213.

villosus, 210.

villosus audubonii, 211.

villosus harrisii, 211.

villosus leucomelas, 210.
Duck, American Scaup, 119.

Black, 115.

Florida, 115.

Harlequin. 121.

Labrador, 121.

Lesser Scaup, 119.

Masked, 125.

Ring-necked, 119.

Ruddy, 124.

Rufous-crested, 118.

Steller's, 121.

Wood, 1 1 8.
Dunlin, 151.
Dysporus, 108.
Dytes, 74.

EAGLE, Bald, 193.

Golden, 192.

Gray Sea, 192.

Harpy, 192.
Ectopistes, 179.

migratorius, 179.
Egret, American, 136.

Peak's, 352.

Reddish, 136.

Efder, 122.

American, 122.

King, 123.

Pacific, 123.

Spectacled, 122.
Elanoides, 184.

forficatus, 184.
Elanus, 184.

leucurus, 184.
Embernagra, 282.

rufivirgata, 283.
Empidonax, 234

acadicus, 235.

difficilis, 234.

flaviventris, 234.

fulvifrons, 236.

fulvifrons pygmaeus, 236.

hammondi, 236.

minimus, 235.

obscurus, 236.

pusillus, 235.

pusillus traillii, 235.
Engyptila, 180.

albifrons, 180.
Eniconetta, 121.

stelleri, 121.
Ereunetes, 152.

occidentalis, 153.

pusillus, 153.
Ergaticus, 318.

ruber, 318.
Erismatura, 124.

rubida, 124.
Euetheia, 289.

bicolor. 289.
Eugenes, 223.

fulgens, 223.
Euphonia, 290.

elegantissima, 290.
Euphonia, Blue-headed, 290.
Eurynorhynchus, 152.

pygmaeus, 152.

FALCO. 193.

columbarius, 195.
columbarius suckleyi, 195.
fusco-coerulescens, 195.
islanclus, 193.
mexicanus, 194.
peregrinus anatum, 194.
peregrinus pealei, 194.
richardsonii, 195.
rusticolus, 193.
rusticolus gyrfalco, 193.

376

INDEX.

Falco rusticolus obsoletus, 194.

sparverioides, 196.

sparverius, 196.
Falcon, Aplomado, 195.

Peale's, 194.

Prairie, 194.
Falcones, 184.
Falconidae, 184, 353.
Falconinae, 193.
Finch, California Purple, 256.

Cassin s Purple, 256.

Crimson House, 257.

Guadalupe House, 257.

House, 256.

Purple, 256.

Flamingo, American, 130.
Flicker, 217.

Gilded, 218.

Guadalupe, 218.

Northwestern, 218.

Red-shafted, 218.
Florida, 137.
Flycatcher, Acadian, 235.

Arizona Crested, 231.

Ash-throated, 232.

Baird's, 234.

Beardless, 237.

Buff-breasted, 236.

Coues's, 233.

Crested, 231.

Derby, 1230.

Fork-tailed, 228.

Fulvous, 236.

Giraud's, 230.

Hammond's, 236.

Lawrence's, 232.

Least, 235.

Little, 235.

Mexican Crested, 231.

Olivaceous, 232.

Olive-sided, 233.

Ridgway's, 237.

Scissor-tailed, 228.

Sulphur-bellied, 231.

Traill's, 235.

Vermilion, 237.

Wright's, 236.

Yellow-bellied, 234.
Fratercula, 77

arctica, 77.

arctica glacialis, 77.

corniculata, 77.
Fraterculinae, 76.
Fregata, 113.

aquila, 113.

Fregatidae, 113.
Fringillidae, 254, 354.
Fulica, 144.

americana, 144.

atra, 144.
Fulicinae, 144.
Fuligula, 119.
Fulmar, 99.

Giant, 98.

Lesser, 99.

Pacific. 99.

Rodger's, 99.

Slender-billed, 100.
Fulmarus, 99.

glacialis, 99.

glacialis glupischa, 99.

glacialis minor, 99.

glacialis rodgersii, 99.

glacialoides, 100.

GADWALL, 115.
Galeoscoptes, 322.

carolinensis, 322.
Gallinas, 167, 365.
Gallinago, 147.

delicata, 148.

gallinago, 147.
Gallinula, 144.

galeata, 144.
Gallinule, Florida, 144.

Purple, 143.
Gallinulinae, 143.
Gannet, 108.
Garrulinae, 240.
Garzetta, 136.
Gastornis giganteus, 362.
Gavia, 86.

alba, 86.
Gelochelidon, 92.

nilotica, 92.
Geococcyx, 207.

californianus, 207.
Geothlypis, 313, 314.

agilis, 313.

beldingi, 315.

formosa, 313.

macgillivrayl 314.

Philadelphia, 314.

trichas, 314.

trichas occidentalis, 314.
Geotrygon, 181.

martinica, 182.
Glaucidium, 204.

gnoma, 204.

INDEX.

377

Glaucidium phalaenoides, 205.
Glaucionetta, 119.

clangula americana, 120.

islandica, 120.
Glottis, 155.
Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed, 340.

Blue-gray, 340.

Plumbeous, 340.
Godwit, Black-tailed, 154.

Hudsonian, 154.

Marbled, 153.

Pacific, 154.
Golden-eye, American, 120.

Barrow's, 120.
Goldfinch, American, 261.

Arizona, 261.

Arkansas, 261.

Black-headed, 262.

Lawrence's, 262.

Mexican, 261.
Goose, American White-fronted,

Barnacle, 128.

Blue, 351.

Cackling, 127.

Canada, 126.

Emperor, 128.

Greater Snow, 125.

Hutchins's, 127.

Lesser Snow, 125.

Ross's Snow, 126.

White-cheeked, 127.

White-fronted, 126.
Goshawk, American, 186.

Mexican, 191.

Western, 186.
Crackle, Boat-tailed, 254.

Bronzed, 254.

Florida, 253.

Great-tailed, 254.

Purple, 253.
Graculavus pumilus, 360.

velox, 360.
Grassquit, 289.
Grebe, American Eared, 74.

Clark's, 349.

Holbcell's, 73.

Horned, 74.

Pied-billed, 75.

St. Domingo, 74.

Western, 73.
Green-shank, 155.
Grosbeak, Black-headed, 287.

Blue, 287.

Evening, 255.

Pine, 255.

-.26

Grosbeak, Rose-breasted, 287.
Grouse, Canada, 171.

Canadian Ruffed, 172.

Columbian Sharp-tailed, 176.

Dusky, 170.

Franklin's, 172.

Gray Ruffed, 172.

Oregon Ruffed, 173.

Prairie Sharp-tailed, 176.

Richardson's, 171.

Ruffed, 172.

Sage, 176.

Sharp-tailed, 176.

Sooty, 171.
Grues, 138.
Gruidas, 138.
Grus, 138.

americana, 139.

canadensis, 139.

haydeni, 364.

mexicana, 139.

proavus, 364.
Gu.ira, 131.

alba, 131.

rubra, 132.
Guillemot, Black, 81.

Black-winged, 349.

Mandt's, 82.

Pigeon, 82.

Sooty, 350.
Guiraca, 287.

caerulea, 287.
Gull, American Herring, 89.

Bonaparte's, 91.

California, 89.

Franklin's, 91.

Glaucous, 87.

Glaucous-winged, 87.

Great Black-backed, 88.

Herring, 89.

Heermann's, 90.

Iceland, 87.

Ivory, 86.

Kumlien's, 88.

Laughing. 90.

Mew, 90.

Nelson's, 88.

Pallas's, 89.

Ring-billed, 90.

Ross's, 91.

Sabine's. 91.

Short-billed, 90.

Siberian, 89.

Slaty-backed, 88.

Swallow-tailed. 350.

378

INDEX.

Gull, Western, 88.
Gypagus, 352.

papa, 352.
Gyrfalcon, 193.

Black, 194.

Gray, 193.

White, 193.

HABIA, 287.

ludoviciana, 287.

melanocephala, 287.
Haematopodiciae, 165.
Haematopus, 165.

bachmani, 166.

ostralegus, 165.

palliatus, 165.
Haliplana, 95.
Halocyptena, 103.

microsoma, 104.
Haliaeetus, 192.

albicilla, 192.

leucocepbalus, 193.
Harporhynchus, 322, 324.

bendirei, 323.

cinereus, 324.

crissalis, 324.

curvirostris, 323.

curvirostris palmeri, 323.

lecontei, 324.

Idngirostris, 323.

redivivus, 324.

rufus, 322.
Hawk, American Rough-legged, 191.

American Sparrow, 196.

Broad- winged, 190.

Cooper's, 186.

Cuban Sparrow. 196.

Duck, 194.

Florida Red shouldered, 189.

Harlan's, 188.

Harris's, 187.

Krider's, 188.

Little Black, 353.

Marsh, 185.

Mexican Black, 190.

Pigeon, 195.

Red-bellied, 189.

Red-shouldered, 188.

Red-tailed, 187.

Rough-legged, 191.

Sharp-shinned, 186.

Short-tailed, 190.

Swainson's, 189.

White-tailed, 189.

Hawk, Zone-tailed, 189.
Helinaia, 301.

swainsonii, 301.
Helminthophila, 302.

bachmani, 302.

celata, 304.

celata lutescens, 304.

chrysoptera, 302.

cincinnatiensis, 356.

lawrencei, 355.

leucobronchialis, 355.

luciae, 303.

peregrina, 304.

pinus, 302.

ruficapilla, 303.

ruficapilla gutturalis, 303.

virginiae, 303.
Helmitherus, 301.

vermivorus, 301.
Hen, Heath, 175.

Lesser Prairie, 175.

Prairie, 175.

Henhawk, Cooper's, 353.
Herodias, 136.
Herodii, 134.
Herodiones, 131.
Heron, Black-crowned Night, 138.

European Blue, 135.

Great Blue, 135.

Great White, 135.

Green, 137.

Little Blue, 137.

Louisiana, 139.

Snowy, 136.

Ward's, 135.

Wiirdemann's, 351.

Yellow-crowned Night, 138.
Hesperiphona, 254.
Hesperocichla, 345.

naevia, 345.
Hesperornis crassipes, 360.

gracilis, 360.

regahs, 360.
Heteractitis, 156.

incana, 156.
Hierofalco, 193.
Himantopus, 146.

mexicanus, 146.
Hirundinidae, 292.
Histrionicus, 121.

histrionicus, 121.
Hummingbird, Allen's, 225.

Anna's, 225.

Black-chinned, 224.

Blue-throated, 223.

INDEX.

379

Hummingbird, Broad-billed, 227.

Broad-tailed, 225.

Buff-bellied, 227.

Calliope. 226.

Costa's, 224.

Heloise's, 226.

Lucifer, 226.

Rieffer's, 227.

Rivoli, 223.

Ruby-throated, 224.

Rufous. 225.

Xantus's, 227.
Hydranassa. 136.
Hydrochelidon, 95.

leucoptera, 96.

nigra surinamensis, 96.
Hylocichla, 341.
Hylophilus, 355.

decurtatus, 355.
Hylophilus, Short-winged, 355.

IACHE, 227.

latirostris, 227.
Ibides, 131.
Ibiclidae. 131.
Ibis, Glossy, 132.

Scarlet, 132.

White, 131.

White-faced Glossy, 132.

Wood, 133.
Ichthyornis agilis, 360.

anceps, 361.

dispar, 360.

lentus, 361.

tener, 361.

validus, 361.

victor, 361.
Icteria, 315.

virens, 315.

virens longicauda, 315.
Icteridae, 247.
Icterus, 250.

auclubonii, 251.

bullocki, 252.

cucullatus, 251.

cucullatus nelsoni, 251.

galbula, 252.

icterus, 250.

parisorum, 251.

spurius, 252.
Ictinia, 185.

mississippiensis, 185.
lonornis, 143.

martinica, 143.

JABIRU, 133.

Jacana, 166.

gymnostoma, 166.
Jagana, Mexican, 166.
Jacanidae, 166.
Jaeger, Parasitic, 85.

Pomarine, 85.

Long-tailed, 85.
Jay, Alaskan, 244.

Arizona, 243.

Blue, 241.

Blue-fronted, 241.

California, 242.

Canada, 243.

Florida, 242.

Florida Blue, 241.

Green, 243.

Labrador, 244.

Long-crested, 242.

Oregon, 244.

Pifion, 246.

Rocky Mountain, 244.

Steller's, 241.

Woodhouse's, 242.
Junco, 274.

aikeni, 274,

annectens, 275.

bairdi, 276.

caniceps, 275.

cinereus dorsalis, 275.

cinereus palliatus, 275.

hyemalis, 274.

hyemalis oregonus, 274.

insularis, 276.
Junco, Arizona, 275.

Baird's, 276.

Gray-headed, 275.

Guadalupe, 276.

Oregon, 274.

Pink-sided, 275.

Red-backed, 275.

Slate-colored, 274.

White-winged, 274.

KILLDEER, 161.
Kingbird, 229.

Arkansas, 229.

Cassin's, 230.

Couch's, 229.

Gray, 229.
Kingfisher, Belted, 209.

Texan, 209.
Kinglet, Cuvier's, 357.

Dusky, 339.

3 So

INDEX.

Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 339.

Ruby-crowned, 339.

Western Golden-crowned, 339.
Kite, Everglade, 185.

Mississippi, 185.

Swallow-tailed, 184.

White- tailed, 184.
Kittiwake, 86.

Pacific, 86.

Red-legged, 87.
Knot, 149.

LAGOPUS, 173.

lagopus, 173.^

lagppus alleni, 173.

leucurus, 174.

rupestris, 173.

rupestris atkhensis, 174.

rupestris nelsoni, 174.

rupestris reinhardti, 174.

welchi, 174.
Laniidae, 295.
Lanius, 295.

borealis, 295.

ludovicianus, 296.

ludovicianus excubitorides, 296.
Lanivireo, 297.
Laopteryx priscus, 359.
Laornis edvardsianus, 361.
Lapwing, 160.
Laridae, 86, 350.
Larinae, 86.
Lark, Desert Horned, 239.

Horned, 238.

Mexican Horned, 239.

Pallid Horned, 238.

Prairie Horned, 239.

Ruddy Horned, 240.

Streaked Horned, 240.

Texan Horned, 239.
Larus, 87.

affinis, 89.

argentatus, 89.

argentatus smithsonianus, 89.

atricilla, 90.

brachyrhynchus, 90.

cachinnans, 89.

californicus, 89.

canus, 90.

delawarensis, 90.

franklinii, 91.

glaucescens, 87.

glaucus, 87.

heermanni, 90.

Larus Icumlieni, 88.

leucopterus, 87.

marinus, 88.

neUoni, 88.

occidentalis, 88.

Philadelphia, 91.

schistisagus, 88.
Leptopelicanus, 112.
Leucosticte, 258.

atrata, 259.

australis, 259.

griseonucha, 258.

tephrocotis, 258.

tephrocolis littoralis, 258.
Leucosticte, Aleutian, 258.

Black, 259.

Brown-capped, 259.

Gray-crowned, 258.

Hepburn's, 258.
Limicolae, 145, 365.
Limosa, 153.

fedoa, 153.

haernastica, 154.

lapponica baueri, 154.

limosa, 154.
Limpkin, 140.
Linnet, Brewster's, 354.
Longipennes, 84.
Longspur, Chestnut-collared, 263.

Lapland, 263.

McCown's, 264.

Smith's, 263.
Loon, 75.

Black-throated, 76.

Pacific, 76.

Red-throated, 76.

Yellow-billed, 75.
Lophodytes, 114.

cucullatus, 114.
Lophophanes, 332.
Lophortyx, 169.
Loxia, 257.

curvirostra minor, 257.

curvirostra stricklandi, 257.

leucoptera, 258.
Lunda, 76.

cirrhata, 77.

MACROCHIRES, 219.
Macrorhamphus, 148.

griseus, 148.

scolopaceus, 148.
Magpie, American, 240.

Yellow-billed, 240.

INDEX.

381

Mallard, 114
Man-o'-War Bird, 113.
Mareca, 115.
Martin, Purple, 292.
Meadowlark, 250.

Mexican, 250.

Western, 250.
Megalestris, 84.

skua, 85.

Megaquiscalus, 254.
Megascops, 200.

asio, 200.

asio bendirei, 201.

asio floridanus, 200.

asio kennicottii, 201.

asio maxwelliae, 201.

asio mccallii, 201.

asio trichopsis, 202.

flammeolus, 202.
Melanerpes, 216.

aurifrons, 217.

carolinus, 217.

erythrocephalus, 216.

formicivorus angustifrons, 216.

formicivorus bairdi, 216.

torquatus, 216.

uropygialis, 217.
Melanitta, 123.
Meleagrinae, 177.
Meleagris, 177.

altus, 366.

antiquus, 365.

celer, 366.

gallopavo, 177.

gallopavo mexicana, 177.
Melopelia, 180.

leucoptera, 181
Melospiza, 279.

cinerea, 281.

fasciata, 279.

fasciata fallax, 279.

fasciata guttata, 280.

fasciata heermanni, 280.

fasciata montana, 279.

fasciata rufina, 280.

fasciata samuelis, 280.

georgiana, 281.

lincolni, 281.
Merganser, 113.

americanus, 113.

serrator, 114.
Merganser, American, 113.

Hooded, 114.

Red-breasted, 114.
Merginae, 113.

Merlin, Black, 195.

Richardson's, 195.
Mertila, 344.

confinis, 345.

migratoria, 344.

migratoria propinqua, 344.
Methriopterus, 222.
Micrathene, 205.

whitneyi, 205.
Micropalama, 148.

himantopus, 149.
Micropodidae, 221.
Micropodinas, 222.
Micropus, 222.

melanoleucus, 223.
Milvulus, 228.

forficatus, 228.

tyrannus, 228.
Miminas, 321.
Mimus, 322.

polyglottos, 322.
Mniotilta, 300.

varia, 300.

Mniotiltidae, 300, 355.
Mockingbird, 322.
Molothrus, 248.

aeneus, 248.

ater, 248.

ater obscurus, 248.
Motacilla, 319.

alba, 319.

ocularis, 319.
Motacillidae, 319.
Murre, 82.

Briinnich's, 83.

California, 82.

Pallas's, 83.
Murrelet, Ancient, 80.

Craven's, 81.

Kittlitz's, 81.

Marbled, 80.

Temminck's, 80.

Xantus's, 81.
Myadestes, 341.

townsendii, 341.
Myadestinae, 341.
Mycteria^ 133.

americana, 133.
Myiarchus, 231.

cinerascens, 232.

crinitus, 231.

lawrenceii, 232.

lawrenceii olivascens, 232.

mexicanus, 231.

mexicanus magister, 231.

382

INDEX.

Myiozetetes, 230.

texensis, 230.
Myiodynastes, 230.

luteiventris, 231.

NEOCORYS, 320.
Netta, 1 1 8.

rufina, 118.
Nettion, 116.
Nighthawk, 220.

Cuban, 221.

Texan, 221.

Western, 221.
Noddy, 96.
Nomonyx, 125.

dominicus, 125.
Numenius, 158.

borealis, 159.

hudsonicus, 159.

longirostris, 158.

phaeopus, 159.

tahitiensis, 159.
Nutcracker, Clarke's, 246.
Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 332.

•Pysmy, 332.

Red-breasted, 331.

Slender-billed, 331.

White-breasted, 331.
Nyctala, 200.

acadica, 200.

tengmalmi richardsoni, 200.
Nyctea, 203.

nyctea, 203.
Nyctherodius, 138.
Nycticorax, 137.

nycticorax nasvius, 138.

violaceus, 138.
Nyctidromus, 220.

albicollis, 220.

OCEANITES, 105.

oceanicus, 105.
Oceanitinae, 105.
Oceanodroma, 104.

furcata, 104.

homochroa, 105.

hornbyi. 350.

leucorhoa, 104.

melania, 105.
Ochthodromus, 163.
Odontoglossae, 130.
Oidemia, [23.

americana. 123.

deglandi, 124.

Oidemia fusca, 124.

perspicillata, 124.
Old-squaw, 120.
Olor, 129.

buccinator^ 130.
columbianus, 129.
cygnus, 129.
Oporornis, 313.
Oreortyx, 168.
pictus, 168.
pictus plumiferus, 168.
Oriole, Audubon's, 251.
Arizona Hooded, 251.
Baltimore, 252.
Bullock's, 252.
Hooded, 251.
Orchard, 252.
Scott's, 251.
Crnithion, 237.
imberbe, 237.
imberbe ridgwayi, 237.
Oroscoptes, 321.

montanus, 321.
Ortalis, 178.

vetula maccali, 178.
Oscines, 238.
Osprey, American, 197.
Ossifraga, 98.

gigantea, 98.
Otocoris, 238.
alpestris, 238.
alpestris arenicola, 239.
alpestris chrysolaema, 239.
alpestris giraudi, 239.
alpestris leucolaema, 238.
alpestris praticola, 239.
alpestris rubea, 240.
alpestris strigata, 240.
Oven-bird, 312.
Owl, American Barn, 197.
American Hawk, 204.
American Long-eared, 198.
Arctic Horned, 203.
Barred, 198.
Burrowing, 204.
California Screech, 201.
Dusky Horned, 203.
Elf, 205.

Ferruginous Pygmy, 205.
Flammulated Screech, 202.
Florida Barred, 199.
Florida Burrowing, 204.
Florida Screech, 200.
Great Gray, 199.
Great Horned, 202.

INDEX.

383

Owl, Hawk, 203.

Kennicott's Screech, 201.

Lapp, 199.

Mexican Screech, 202.

Pygmy, 204.

Richardson's, 200.

Rocky Mountain Screech, 201.

Saw-whet, 200.

Screech, 200.

Short-eared, 198.

Snowy, 203.

Spotted, 199.

Texan Screech, 201.

Western Horned, 202.
Oxyechus, 161.
Oyster-catcher, 165.

American, 165.

Black, 1 66.

PAL^OBORUS umbrosus, 366.
Palaeospiza bella, 367.
Palaeotringa littoralis, 362.

vagans, 362.

vetus, 362.
Paludicolas, 138.
Pandion, 197.

haliaetus carolinensis, 197.
Pandioninae, 197.
Parabuteo, 187.

unicinctus harrisi, 187.
Parauque, 220.
Paridae, 331.
Parinae, 332.
Paroquet, Carolina, 206.
Parrot, Thick-billed, 354.
Partridge, California, 169.

Chestnut-bellied Scaled, 169.

Gambel's, 170.

Massena, 170.

Mountain, 170.

Plumed, 168.

Scaled, 169.

Valley, 169.
Parus, 332, 334.

atricapillus, 334.

atricapillus occidentalis. 334.

atricapillus septentrionalis, 334.

atricristatus, 332.

bicolor, 332.

carolinensis, 334.

cinctus obtectus, 335.

gambeli, 335.

hudsonicus, 335.

inornatus, 333.

Parus inornatus cineraceus, 333.

inornatus griseus, 333.

meridionalis, 335.

rufescens, 335.

rufescens neglectus, 336.

wollweberi, 333.
Passerculus, 265.
Passerella, 281.

iliaca, 281.

iliaca megarhyncha, 282.

iliaca schistacea, 282.

iliaca unalaschensis, 282.
Passeres, 228, 367.
Passerina, 288.

amcena, 288.

ciris, 288.

cyanea, 288.

versicolor, 288.
Pavoncella, 157.

pugnax, 157.
Pediocaetes, 175.

phasianellus, 176.

phasianellus campestris, 176.

phasianellus columbianus, 176.
Pelagodroma, 106.

marina, 106.
Pelecanidae, 112.
Pelecanus, 112.

californicus, 112.

erythrorhynchos, 1 12.

fuscus, 112
Pelican, American White, 112.

Brown, 112.

California Brown, 112.
Pelidna, 151.
Pelionetta, 124.
Pendulinus, 251.
Penelopes, 178.
Penelopinae, 178.
Perdicinae, 167.
Perisoreus, 243.

canadensis, 243.

canadensis capitalis, 244.

canadensis fumifrons. 244.

canadensis nigricapillus, 244.

obscurus, 244.
Perissoglossa, 305, 356.
Petrel, Ashy, 105.

Black, 105.

Black-capped, 102.

Bulwer's, 103.

Fisher's. 103.

Fork-tailed, 104.

Hornby's, 350.

Leach's, 104.

INDEX.

Petrel, Least, 194.

Peale's, 102.

Pintado, 103.

Stormy, 104.

White-bellied, 106.

White-faced, 106.

Wilson's, 105.

Petrochelidon, 292.

lunifrons, 292.
Peucaea, 277.

aestivalis, 277.

aestivalis bachmanii, 277.

arizonae, 277.

carpalis, 278.

cassini, 278.

mexicana, 278.

ruficeps, 278.

ruficeps boucardi, 278.

ruficeps eremceca, 279.
Peucedramus, 305.
Pewee, Western Wood, 234.

Wood, 234.
Phaethon, 106.

aethereus, 107.

flavirostris, 106.
Phaethontidae, 106.
Phainopepla, 295.

nitens, 295.

Phalacrocoracidae, 109, 351.
Phalacrocorax, 109.

carbo, 109.

dilophus, 109.

dilophus albociliatus, TIO.

dilophus cincinatus, no.

difophus floridanus, 109.

idahensis, 363.

mexicanus, 1 10.

micropus, 364.

pelagicus, in.

pelagicus resplendens, in.

pelagicus robustus, in.

penicillatus, no.

perspicillatus, 351.

urile, ill.
Phalaenoptilus, 220.

nuttalli, 220.
Phalarope, Northern, 145.

Red, 145.

Wilson's, 146.
Phalaropodida?, 145.
Phalaropus, 145.

lobatus, 145.

tricolor, 146.
Phalerinae, 78.
Phaleris, 79.

Phasiani, 167.
Phasianidae, 177.
Philacte, 128.

canagica, 128.
Philohela, 147.

minor, 147.
Phcebe, 232.

Black, 233.

Say's, 233.
Phcebetria, 98.

fuliginosa, 98.
Phcenicopteridae, 130.
Phcenicopterus, 130.

ruber, 130.
Phyllopseustes, 338.

borealis, 338.
Pica, 240.

nuttalli, 240.

pica hudsonica, 240.
Pici, 210.
Picidae, 210.
Picoides, 213.

americanus, 214.

americanus alascensis, 214.

americanus dorsalis, 214.

arcticus, 213.
Picicorvus, 246.

columbianus, 246.
Pigeon, Band-tailed, 178.

Passenger, 179.

Red-billed, 179.

White-crowned, 179.
Pinicola, 255.

enucleator, 255.
Pintail, 117.
Pipilo, 283.

aberti, 285.

chlorurus, 284.

consobrinus, 284.

erythrophthalmus, 283.

erythrophthalmus alleni, 283.

fuscus albigula, 285.

fuscus crissalis, 285.

fuscus mesoleucus, 285.

inaculatus arcticus, 283.

maculatus megalonyx, 284.

maculatus oregonus, 284.
Pipit, American, 320.

Meadow, 320.

Red-throated, 320.

Sprague's, 320.
iranga, 290.

erythromelas, 291.
hepatica, 291.
ludoviciana, 290.

INDEX.

385

Piranga rubra, 291.

rubra cooperi, 291.
Pitangus, 230.

derbianus, 230.
Plataleidae, 131.
Plautus, 83.

impennis, 84.
Plectrophenax, 262.

hyperboreus, 263.

nivalis, 262.
Plegadis, 132.

autumnalis, 132.

guarauna, 132.
Plover, American Golden, 161.

Belted Piping, 163.

Black-bellied, 160.

Golden, 160.

Little Ring, 162.

Mongolian, 163.

Mountain, 164.

Pacific Golden. 161.

Piping, 162.

Ring, 162.

Semipalmated, 162.

Snowy, 163.

Wilson's, 163.
Podasocys, 164.
Podiceps, 74.
Podicipedes, 73.
Podicipidae, 73, 349.
Podilymbus, 75.

podiceps, 75.
Polioptila, 340.

caerulea, 340.

californica, 340.

plumbea, 340.
Polioptilinae, 340.
Polyborus, 196.

cheriway, 196.

lutosus, 196.
Poocastes, 264.

gramineus, 264.

gramineus confmis, 264.
Poor-will, 220.
Porzana, 141.

Carolina, 142.

jamaicensis, 142.

jamaicensis coturniculus, 143.

noveboracensis, 142.

porzana, 141.
Priocella, 100.
Priofinus, 102.
Procellaria, 104.

pelagica, 104.
Procellariidae, 98, 350.

Procellariinae, 98.
Progne, 292.

subis, 292.
Protonotaria, 301.

citrea, 301.
Psaltriparus, 336.

melanotis, 337.

minimus, 337.

minimus calif ornicus, 337.

minimus grindae, 337.

plumbeus, 337.
Pseudogryphus, 182.

californianus, 183.
Psittaci, 205.
Psittacidae, 205.
Ptarmigan, Allen's, 173.

Nelson's. 174.

Reinhardt's, 174.

Rock, 173.

Turner's, 174.

Welch's, 174.

White-tailed, 174.

Willow, 173.
Ptiliogonatinse, 295.
Ptychoramphus, 78.

aleuticus, 78.
Puffin. 77.

Horned, 77.

Large-billed, 77.

Tufted, 77.
Puffinus, 100.

auduboni, roi.

borealis, 100.

cinereus, 102.

conradii, 363.

creatopus, 101.

gavia, 101.

griseus, 101.

kuhlii, 350.

major, 100.

puffinus, 100.

stricklandi, lor.

tenuirostris, 102.
Pygopodes, 73, 363.
Pyrocephalus, 237.

rubineus mexicanus, 237.
Pyrrhula, 255.

cassini. 255.
Pyrrhuloxia, 286.

sinuata, 286.

QUAIL-DOVE, Blue-headed, 182.

Key West, 182.
Querquedula, 116.

386

INDEX.

Quiscalus, 253.

macrourus, 254.
major, 254.
quiscula, 253.
quiscula aeneus, 253.
quiscula aglaeus, 253.

RAIL, Belding's, 140.

Black, 142.

California Clapper, 140.

Clapper, 141.

Farallone, 143.

King, 140.

Louisiana Clapper, 141.

Virginia, 141.

Yellow, 142.
Ralli, 139.
Rallidae, 140.
Rallinas, 140.
Rallus, 140.

beldingi, 140.

elegans, 140.

longirostris crepitans, 141.

longirostris saturatus, 141.

obsoletus, 140.

virginianus, 141.
Raptores, 182, 366.
Raven. American, 245.

White-necked, 245.
Ratitas, 362.
Recurvirostra, 146.

americana, 146.
Recurvirostrida?, 146.
Redhead, 118.
Redpoll, 260.

Greenland, 259.

Greater, 260.

Hoary, 260.

Holbcell's, 260.
Redstart, American, 317.

Painted, 317.

Red-bellied, 317.
Red-tail, St. Lucas, 188.

Western, 188.
Regulinae, 339.
Regulus, 339.

calendula, 339.

cuvieri, 357.

obscurus, 339.

satrapa, 339.

satrapa olivaceus, 339.
Rissa, 86.

brevirostris, 87.

tridactyla, 86.

Rissa tridactyla pollicaris, 86.
Road-runner, 207.
Robin, American, 344.

St. Lucas, 345.

Western, 344.
Rostrhamus, 185.

sociabilis, 185.

Rough-leg, Ferruginous, 191.
Ruff, 157.
Rhodes tethia, 91.

rosea, 91.
Rhyacophilus, 155.
Rhynchodon, 194.
Rhynchofalco, 195.
Rhynchophanes, 264.

mccownii, 264.
Rhynchopsitta, 353.

pachyrhynca, 354.
Rynchopidae, 96.
Rynchops, 96.

nigra, 97.

SALPINCTES, 325.

guadeloupensis, 326.

obsoletus, 325.
Sanderling, 153.
Sandpiper, Aleutian, 150.

Baird's, 151.

Bartramian, 157.

Buff-breasted, 158.

Cooper's, 352.

Curlew, 152.

Green, 156.

Least, 151.

Pectoral, 150.

Prybilof, 150.

Purple, 149.

Red-backed, 152.

Semipalmated, 153.

Sharp-tailed, 150.

Solitary, 156.

Spoon-bill, 152.

Spotted, 158.

Stilt, 149.

Western, 153.

White-rumped, 151.
Sapsucker, Red-breasted, 215,

Red-naped, 215.

Williamson's, 215.

Yellow-bellied, 214.
Sarcorhamphi, 182.
Saxicola, 346.

cenanthe, 346.
Sayornis, 232.

INDEX.

387

Sayornis nigricans, 233.

phcebe, 232.

saya, 233.
Scardafella, 181.

inca, 181.
Scolecophagus, 252.

carolinus, 253.

cyanocephalus, 253.
Scolopacidae, 147, 352.
Scolopax, 147.

rusticola, 147.
Scoter, American, 123.

Surf, 124.

Velvet, 124.

White-winged, 124.
Seed-eater, Morellet's, 289.
Seiurus, 312.

aurocapillus, 312.

motacilla, 313.

noveboracensis, 312.

noveboracensis notabilis, 312.
Selasphorus, 225.
Setophaga, 317.

miniata, 317.

picta, 317.

ruticilla, 317.
Shearwater, Audubon's, 101.

Black-tailed, 102.

Black-vented, 101.

Cinereous, 350.

Cory's, 100.

Dark-bodied, 101.

Greater, 100.

Manx, 100.

Pink-footed, 101.

Slender-billed, 102.

Sooty, 101.
Shoveller, 117.
Shrike, Loggerhead, 296.

Northern, 295.

White-rumped, 296.
Sialia, 346.

arctica, 347.

mexicana, 346.

sialis, 346.

sialis azurea, 346.
Simorhynchus, 79.

cristatellus, 79.

pusillus, 79.

pygmaeus, 79.
Siskin, Pine, 262.
Sitta, 331.

canadensis, 331.

carolinensis, 331.

carolinensis aculeata, 331.

Sitta pusilla, 332.

pygmaea, 332.
Sittinae, 331.
Skimmer, Black, 97.
Skua, 85.
SkyJark, 238.
Snipe, European, 147.

Wilson's, 148.
Snowflake, 262.

McKay's, 263.
Solitaire, Tovvnsend's, 341.
Somateria, 122.

dresseri, 122.

mollissima, 122.

spectabilis, 123.

v-nigra, 123.
Sora, 142.
Sparrow, Aleutian Song, 281.

Arizona, 277.

Bachman's, 277.

Baird's, 267.

Belding's Marsh, 266.

Bell's, 276.

Black-chinned, 274.

Black-throated, 276.

Boucard's, 278.

Brewer's, 273.

Bryant's Marsh, 266.

Cassin'sr 278.

Chipping, 272.

Clay-colored, 273.

Desert Song. 279.

Dusky Seaside, 269.

Field, 273-

Fox, 281.

GambePs, 271.

Golden-crowned, 271.

Grasshopper, 267.

Harris's, 270.

Heermann's, 280.

Henslow's, 268.

Intermediate, 271.

Ipswich, 265.

Large-billed, 266.

Lark, 270.

Leconte's, 268.

Lincoln's, 281.

Mexican, 278.

Mountain Song, 279.

Nelson's, 269.

Pine-woods, 277.

Rock, 279.

Rufous-crowned, 278.

Rufous- winged, 278.

Rusty Song, 280.

383

INDEX.

Sparrow, Sage, 277.
St. Lucas, 267.
Samuels's Song, 280.
Sandwich, 265.
Savanna, 265.
Seaside, 269.

Sharp-tailed, 268.

Slate-colored, 282.

Song, 279.

Sooty Song, 280.

Swamp, 281.

Texas, 283.

Thick-billed, 282.

Townsend's, 282.

Tree, 272.

Vesper, 264.

Western Chipping, 273.

Western Grasshopper, 268.

Western Lark, 270.

Western Savanna, 266.

Western Tree, 272.

Western Vesper, 264.

White-crowned, 270.

White-throated, 271.

Worthen's, 273.
Spatula, 117.

clypeata, 117.
Speotyto, 204.

cuniculara floridana, 204.

cunicularia hypogaea, 204.
Sphyrapicus, 214.

ruber, 215.

thyroideus, 215.

varius, 214.

varius nuchalis, 215.
Spinus, 260.

lawrencei, 262.

notatus, 262.

pinus, 262.

psaltria, 261.

psaltria arizonse, 261.

psaltria mexicanus, 261.

tristis, 261.
Spiza, 289.

americana, 289.

townsendi, 354.
Spizella, 272.

atrigularis, 274.

breweri, 273.

monticola, 272.

monticola ochracea, 272.

pallida, 273.

pusilla, 273.

socialis, 272.

socialis arizonae, 273.

Spizella wortheni, 273.
Spoonbill, Roseate, 131.
Sporophila, 289.

morelleti, 289.
Squatarola, 160.
Starling, 247.
Starncenas, 182.

cyanocephala, 182.
Steganopodes, 106, 363.
Steganopus, 145.
Stelgidopteryx, 294.

serripennis, 294.
Stellula, 226.
Stercorariidae, 84.
Stercorarius, 85.

longicaudus, 85.

parasiticus, 85.

pomarinus, 85.
Sterna, 92, 93.

aleutica, 94.

anaethetus, 95.

antillarum, 95.

dougalli, 94.

elegans, 93.

forsteri, 94.

fuliginosa, 95.

hirundo, 94.

maxima, 93.

paradisaea, 94.

sandvicensis acuflavida, 93.

trudeaui, 93.

tschegrava, 92.
Sterninae, 92.
Sternula, 95.
Stilt, Black-necked, 146.
Streptoceryle, 209.
Striges, 197.
Strigidaa, 197.
Strix, 197.

pratincola, 197.
Sturnella, 250.

magna, 250.

magna mexicana, 250.

magna neglecta, 250.
Sturnidae, 247.
Sturnus, 247.

vulgaris, 247.
Sula, 107.

bassana, 108.

cyanops, 107.

loxostyla, 363.

piscator, 108.

sula, 107.
Sulidae, 107.
Surnia, 203.

INDEX.

389

Surma ulula, 203.

ulula caparoch, 204.
Swallow, Bank, 293.

Barn, 292.

Cliff, 292.

Rough-winged, 294.

Tree, 293.

Violet-green, 293.
Swan, Trumpeter, 130.

Whistling, 129.

Whooping, 129.
Swift, Black, 222.

Chimney, 222.

Vaux's, 222.

White-throated, 223.
Sylvania, 315.

canadensis. 316.

microcephala, 356.

mitrata, 316.

pusilla, 316.

pusilla pileolata, 316.
Sylviiclas, 338, 357.
Sylviinae, 338.
Symphemia, 156.

semipalmata, 156.
Synthliboramphus, So.

antiquus, 80.

wumizusume, 80.
Syrnium, 198.

nebulosum, 198

nebulosum alleni, 199.

occidentale, 199.

TACHVCINETA, 293.

bicolor, 293.

thalassina, 293.
Tanager, Cooper's, 291.

Hepatic, 291.

Louisiana, 291.

Scarlet, 291.

Summer, 291.
Tanagridse, 290.
Tantalinae, 133.
Tantalus, 133.

loculator, 133.
Tatler, Wandering, 156.
Teal, Blue-winged, 116.

Cinnamon, 1 17.

European, 116.

Green-winged, 116.
Telmatodytes, 330.
Telmatornis affinis, 362.

priscus, 362.
Tern, Aleutian, 94.

Tern, Arctic, 94.

Black, 96.

Bridled, 95.

Cabot's, 93.

Caspian, 92.

Common, 94.

Elegant, 93.

Forster's, 94.

Gull-billed, 92.

Least, 95.

Roseate, 94.

Royal, 93.

Sooty, 93.

Trudeau's, 93.

White -winged Black, 96.
Tetraonidae. 167.
Tetraoninae, 170.
Thalasseus, 92.
Thalassogeron, 97.

culminatus, 98.
Thrasaetus, 192.

harpyia, 192.
Thrasher. Bendire's, 323.

Brown, 322.

Californian, 324.

Crissal, 324.

Curve-billed, 323.

Leconte's, 324.

Long-billed, 323.

Palmers, 323.

Sage. 321.

St. Lucas. 324.
Thrush, Audubon's Hermit, 343.

Bicknell's, 342.

Dwarf Hermit, 343.

Gray-cheeked, 342.

Hermit, 343.

Olive-backed, 343.

Red-winged, 344.

Russet-backed, 343.

Varied, 345.

Willow, 342.

Wilson's, 342.

Wood, 341.
Thryomanes, 327.
Thryothorus, 326.

bewickii, 327.

bewickii bairdi, 328.

bewickii spilurus, 327.

brevicaudus, 328.

ludovicianus, 327.

ludovicianus miamensis, 327.
Tinnunculus, 196.
Titmouse, Ashy, 333.

Black-crested, 332.

390

Titmouse, Bridled, 333.

Gray, 333.

Plain, 333.

Tufted, 333.
Totanus, 154.

flavipes, 155.

melanoleucus, 155.

nebularius, 155.

ochropus, 156.

solitarius, 156.
Towhee, 283.

Abert's, 283.

Arctic, 283.

Californian, 285.

Canon, 285.

Green-tailed, 284.

Guadalupe, 284.

Oregon, 284.

Saint Lucas, 285.

Spurred, 284.

White-eyed, 283.
Tree-duck, Black-bellied. 129.

Fulvous, 129.
Tringa, 149.

acuminata, 150.

alpina, 151.

alpina pacifica, 152.

bairdii, 151.

canutus, 149.

cooperi, 352.

couesi, 151.

ferruginea, 152.

fuscicollis, 151.

maculata, 150.

maritima, 149.

minutilla, 151.

ptilocnemis, 150.
Trochili, 223.
Trochilidae, 223.
Trochilus, 224.

alexandri, 224.

alleni, 225.

anna, 225.

calliope, 226.

colubris, 224.

costae, 224.

heloisa, 226.

lucifer, 226.

platycercus, 225.

rufus, 225.
Troglodytes, 328.

aedon, 328.

aedon parkmanii, 328.

alascensis, 329.

hiemalis, 329.

INDEX.

Troglodytes hiemalis pacificus, 329.
Troglodytidae, 321.
Troglodytinae, 325.
Trogon, 208.

ambiguus, 208.
Trogon, Coppery-tailed, 208.
Trogones, 208.
Trogonidae, 208.
Troupial, 251.
Tryngites, 157.

subruficollis, 158.
Tubinares, 97, 363.
Turdidae, 341.
Turdinae, 341.
Turdus, 341, 344.

aliciae, 342.

aliciae bicknelli, 342.

aonalaschkee, 343.

aonalaschkae auduboni. 343.
• aonalaschkas pallasi, 343.

fuscescens, 342.

fuscescens salicicolus, 342.

iliacus, 344.

mustelinus, 341.

ustulatus, 343.

ustulatus swainsoni, 343.
Turkey, Mexican, 177.

Wild, 177.
Turnstone, 165.

Black, 165
Tympanuchus. 175.

americanus, 175.

cupiclo, 175.

pallidicinctus, 175.
Tyranniclae, 228.
Tyrannus, 228.

dominicensis, 229.

melancholicus couchii, 229.

tyrannus, 229.

verticalis, 229.

vociferans, 230.

UINTORNIS lucaris, 366.
Ulula, 199.

cinerea, 199.

cinerea lapponica, 199.
Uria, 82.

affinis, 363.

antiqua, 363.

lomvia, 83.

lomvia arra, 83.

troile, 82.

troile californica, 82.
Urile, in.

INDEX.

391

Urinator, 75.

adamsii, 75.

arcticus, 76.

imber, 75.

lumme, 76.

pacificus, 76.
Urinatoridae, 75-
Urubitinga, 190.

anthracina, 190.

VANELLUS, 160.

vanellus, 160.
Verdin, 338.
Vireo, 296, 298.

altiloquus barbatulus, 296.

atricapillus, 298.

bellii. 299.

belli! pusillus, 299.

flavifrons, 297.

flavoviridis, 297.

gilvus, 297.

huttoni, 299.

huttoni stephensi, 299.

noveboracensis, 299.

olivaceus, 296.

philadelphicus, 297.

solitarius, 298.

solitarius cassinii, 298.

solitarius plumbeus, 298.

vicinior, 300.
Vireo, Bell's, 299.

Black-capped, 298.

Black-whiskered, 296.

Blue-headed, 298.

Cassin's, 298.

Gray, 300.

Hutton's, 299.

Least, 299.

Philadelphia, 297.

Plumbeous, 298.

Red-eyed, 296.

Stephens's, 299.

Warbling, 297.

White-eyed, 299.

Yellow-green, 297.

Yellow-throated, 297.
Vireonidae, 296, 355.
Vireosylva, 296.
Vulture, Black, 183.

Burroughs's Turkey, 353.

California, 183.

King, 352.

Turkey, 183.

WAGTAIL, Siberian Yellow, 319.

Swinhoe's, 319.

White, 319.
Warbler, Audubon's, 307.

Bachman's, 302.

Bay-breasted, 308.

Bell's, 318.

Black and White, 300.

Blackburnian, 308.

Black-poll, 308.

Black-throated Blue, 306.

Black-throated Gray, 309.

Black-throated Green, 310.

Blue Mountain, 356.

Blue-winged, 302.

Brasher's, 318.

Brewster's, 355.

Calaveras, 303.

Canadian, 316.

Cape May, 305.

Carbonated, 356.

Cerulean, 307.

Chestnut-sided, 308.

Cincinnati, 356.

Connecticut, 313.

Golden-cheeked, 310.

Golden-winged, 302.

Grace's, 309.

Hermit, 310.

Hooded, 316.

Kennicott's Willow, 338.

Kentucky, 313.

Kirtland's, 311.

Lawrence's, 355.

Lucy's, 303.

Lutescent, 304.

Macgillivray's, 314.

Magnolia, 307.

Mangrove, 306.

Mourning, 314.

Myrtle, 307.

Nashville, 303.

Olive, 306.

Orange-crowned, 304.

Palm, 311.

Parula, 305.

Pileolated, 316.

Pine, 311.

Prairie, 312.

Prothonotary, 301.

Red, 318.

Red- faced, 318.

Bennett's, 305.

Small-headed, 356.

Swainsoji's, 301.

392

INDEX.

Warbler, Sycamore, 309.

Tennessee, 304.

Townsend's, 310.

Virginia's, 303.

Wilson's, 316.

Worm-eating, 301.

Yellow, 306.

Yellow Palm, 311.

Yellow- throated, 309.
Water-Thrush. 312.

Grinnell's, 312.

Louisiana, 313.
Waxvving, Bohemian, 294.

Cedar, 294.
Wheatear, 346.
Whimbrel, 159.
Whip-poor-will, 219.

Stephens's, 219.
Widgeon, 115.
Willet, 156.
Woodcock, American, 147.

European, 147.
Woodpecker, AlaskanThree-toed, 2 14.

Alpine Three-toed, 214.

American Three-toed, 214.

Arctic Three-toed, 213.

Californian, 216.

Downy, 211.

Gairdner's, 211.

Gila, 217.

Golden-fronted, 217.

Hairy, 210.

Harris's, 211.

Ivory-billed, 210.

Lewis's, 216.

Narrow-fronted, 216.

Northern Hairy, 210.

Nuttall's, 212.

Pileated, 215.

Red-bellied, 217.

Red-cockaded, 212.

Red-headed, 216.

Saint Lucas, 212.

Southern Hairy, 211.

Strickland's, 213.

Texan, 212.

White-headed, 213.

Williamson's, 215.
Wren, Alaskan, 329.

Baird's, 328.

Wren, Bewick's, 327.

Cactus, 325.

Canon, 326.

Carolina, 327.

Florida, 327.

Guadalupe, 328.

Guadalupe Rock, 326.

House, 328.'

Long-billed Marsh, 340.

Parkman's, 328.

Rock, 325.

St. Lucas Cactus, 325.

Short-billed Marsh, 330.

Vigors's, 327.

White-throated, 326.

Winter, 329.

Western Winter, 329.
Wren-Tit, 336.

Pallid, 336.

XANTHOCEPHALUS, 248.

xanthocephalus. 249.
Xanthoura, 243.

luxuosa, 243.
Xema, 91.

furcata, 350.

sabinii, 91.
Xenopicus, 213.

albolarvatus, 213.

YELLOW-LEGS, 155.

Greater, 155.
Yellow-throat, Belding's, 315.

Maryland, 314.

Western, 314.
Yphantes, 252.

ZENAIDA, 180.

zenaida, 180.
Zenaidura, 179.

macroura, 180.
Zonotrichia albicollis, 271.

coronata, 271.

gambeli, 271.

intermedia, 271.

leucophrys, 270.

querula, 270.

University Press : John Wilson & Son , Cambridge.

0.642-2531

RETURN
TO

LOAN PERI

BIOSCIENCES

LIBRARY
4fl G'annini Hail

t -MONT

•i-MONC

ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS

DUE AS STAMPED BELOW

htb2 5iya4

SUBJcCTTO RBJALL

m

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
FORM NO. DDO, 50m, 1/82 BERKELEY, CA 94720

(Ml

7171

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY