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Division of Mollusks
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SOLLECTOR’S MANUAL OF BRITISH
Pee AND PRESHWATER
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PLATE X.

Fig. 1. Pisidium fontinale.
van 2k 5 nitidum.
PEE 8 oe. ar:

Ete © ate pusilhim:

N\o}}. THE

CORERCEOR > EAN

———ee

OF

BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER
SHELLS,

CONTAINING FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF EVERY SPECIES, AN
ACCOUNT OF THEIR HABITS AND LOCALITIES, HINTS ON
PRESERVING AND ARRANGING, ETC.; THE NAMES
AND DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE VARIETIES
AND SYNOPTICAL TABLES SHOWING
THE DIFFERENCES OF SPECIES
HARD TO- IDENTIFY.

Also, weth the permission of the Recorder and Referees,
THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S CENSUS OF COMITAL DISTRIBUTION

BY

HIONELCERNEST ADAMS, BA.

HON, TREASURER OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

TEL OSLRALED BY
GERALD Wh ADAMS, MRiCS.,; ALEDS SIC Hj. ALS:
AND THE AUTHOR.

SaCOND: EDITION:

REEDS.: TAYLOR) BROTHERS;
1896.

———— 4

TAYLOR BROTHERS, PRINTERS, LEEDS.

Dedicated
TO
THE MEMORY OF
HENRY AND ARTHUR. ADAMS,
AUTHORS OF
“THE GENERA OF RECENT MOLLUSCA,”
BY

THEIR NEPHEW.

PRE PAG E

TO THE

SECOND DITION:

HE very favourable reception which the first edition of this little
work received has encouraged me to undertake a second, and

I venture to hope that the care bestowed upon the thorough revision,
or rather re-writing of the whole and bringing it up to date has not

been thrown away.

It is to be regretted that, of necessity, many oi the old familiar
names—almost household words that call up so many associations—
have to give way to others by the inexorable law of priority, but it is
to be hoped that the present system of nomenclature is now fairly
crystallized. I know I have laid myself open to criticism by including
sO many varietal names, but as it is impossible to satisfy both
‘splitters’ and ‘lumpers,’ I have taken the latest list of the Con-
chological Society of Great Britain and Ireland as fairly enumerating
those names which are current among British conchologists. It is,
besides, at the option of anyone to disregard those which seem to him

superfluous.

I have the greatest pleasure in acknowledging the able and
cordial assistance that I have received from many friends and
correspondents. To the referees of the Conchological Society I am
indebted for permission to print the ‘ Census’ brought up to the date
of publication. For the ever ready help with facts, opinions, and
references that I have received from my friend Mr. J. W. Taylor my
obligation is especially great, and I am under particular obligations to
my friend Mr. W. Denison Roebuck for the assistance he has given

me during the last ten years in the study of slugs.

ll. PREFACE.

To Dr. Scharff, of Dublin, I am indebted for permission to
reproduce some of the figures in his * Slugs of Ireland,’ and to Mr.
A. Sich for his drawings of Avzon ater, and of Amala sowerby?.
Mr. J. Wetherall has kindly photographed the four smaller /¢szd7a,

a feat that several have attempted with, [ think, inferior results.

Though it is impossible to attempt a complete list of the very
numerous friends and correspondents who from time to time have
given me much valuable assistance, I must mention Messrs. R. D.
Darbishire, E. A. Smith, C. Oldham, G. Sherriff Tye, J. Rogers,
J. R. B. Masefield, W. Moss, Canon Norman, and the Rey, J. W.
Horsley.

In conclusion I cannot refrain from a tribute to the study of
conchology itself. To it | owe many valued friends, and, engaged in
it I have spent some of the happiest times of my life. ©=An hour with
my collections or a stroll along a country lane in search of snails has
often done more to dissipate the worries of an arduous professional

life than anyone but a naturalist would believe.

LIONEL E. ADAMS:

——— + >o<+—_—

EN VRODUC TION.

HE object of this little manual is to enable the novice to collect,

identify, and arrange systematically the various shells—both

land and freshwater—which abound in almost every part of these
islands.

Remembering the difficulties that I at first encountered in identi-
fying the various species, I have paid special attention to the points of
difficulty which are likely to present themselves to other beginners.

To this end I have framed synoptical tables of the differences
between those species of the Arzons, Vertigos, Pistdia and Hyalinte
which are most closely allied, and also a table showing the generic
distinctions between the 4Avrzonzde and the Limacide.

I have also shown in a tabular form the relations which the
different classes, orders, and genera bear to one another.

I have taken as a model the ‘ British Conchology ” of the late
Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, but have brought the nomenclature and arrange-
ment up to date. I am also indebted to Forbes and Hanley’s work,
to Dr. R. F. Scharff’s ‘Slugs of Ireland,” to the ‘* Journal of Con-
chology” and many other works; also to many friends and
correspondents for several facts and hints.

With the exception of the Pape and Vertigos, which I have my-
self enlarged from actual specimens, the plates of the shells and some
of the slugs have been drawn by my brother, Gerald W. Adams, a
collector like myself. Most of the drawings have been taken from
shells in my own cabinet, though, here and there, a friend has been

generous enough to lend me some fine or rare specimen to copy.

2 INTRODUCTION.

SIZE OF FIGURES.

Where there is no ‘‘size-line” the figures may be taken as the
natural size, except in the case of the three largest bivalves, which, for
convenience sake, are figured smaller than the average size of adult
specimens. In these cases I have stated their dimensions besides the

figures and also in the descriptions.

I have used millimetres for measurements, except for the mussels
where it would have been absurd, and for the slugs, which latter are
understood to be measured, fully extended, from the nose to the

extremity of the keel.

TRANSLATION OF NAMES AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

I have translated and accented the names of the genera, species and
varieties, and have appended a glossary of all the technical terms which
I have been compelled touse. Dr. Jeffreys points out that it may be a
guide to some to remember that in the pronunciation of names ending
in -zzas those derived from the names of animals usually have the
penultimate syllable long, as they are formed from the Latin
{Neritina, anatina, etc.) ; while those words which have a similar
termination, but are derived from the names of vegetable or mineral
substances (Achdtina, crystallinus, etc.) being derived from the Greek,
have the penultimate short. It may also be remembered that the
long and the short syllables in the classics are in fact the accented and

unaccented syllables respectively.

PLATES AND DESCRIPTIONS INSUFFICENT FOR
IDENTIFICATION.

It should be borne in mind that plates and descriptions are at
best but a second-rate substitute for a direct examination of the objects
themselves, and that more may be done towards the identification of
difficult species by a careful comparison with a good collection of well
authenticated specimens than by working with plates and descriptions

alone.

INTRODUCTION. 3

For the better identification of species let me advocate the advan-
iage of comparison e7 #zasse. When we compare two individuals we
are as likely as not to perceive casual or individual peculiarities,
whereas, if we have before us a series of (say) Myalinia cellaria
and also a series of . g/abra, the eye catches the specific agreements

and differences and rejects the individual ones.

Doubtless every describer of shells has been puzzled to find simple
geometrical terms suitable to their forms, which are often complex. I
have followed the authorities in using such terms as ovate, szb-
cylindrical, etc., though they are vague, and do not express to what de-
gree the object is oval or cylindrical. Dr. Jeffreys calls Lzinnea stagnalis
“* elongated,” which it certainly is; but what shafe is ‘‘ elongated ” ?
This difficulty, however, affects the describer more than the collector,
who can glance at a plate where the shell is figured. Some ludicrous
results of attempting to realize form from description may be seen in
the drawings of the old naturalist Gesner, who depicts elephants,
whales, besides other beings more fearful and wonderful still, from
the descriptions of persons who had seen them, or professed to have
done so.

THE PLEASURES OF COLLECTING.

The pleasures of collecting anything are too patent to need to be

dwelt on here, but the pleasures of collecting objects of Natural History

in any branch have additional charms—the charms of the country.

WAYS AND MEANS OF COLLECTING.

I have often been asked by would-be collectors such questions as
“* How do you set about collecting?” ‘‘ What implements are neces-
sary?” and most frequently, perhaps, ‘‘ Where do you look for shells ?
I know the ‘Garden Snail’ and one with yellow bands, but I never

see all these you have in your cabinet.”

To those desirous of information the following hints may prove

serviceable :—

4 INTRODUCTION.

When going out for a ramble after shells very few preparations are
necessary. For pond work a scoop is essential and better than a net,
which is an abomination. After experimenting with scoops of many
shapes and sizes, I have obtained one that suits me better than any
other. It is of oblong form, five inches in length, with one corner
rounded off and with perpendicular sides an inch and a half high. The
bottom and sides are of perforated zinc, the rim being strengthened by
a band of tin sharply folded. A ferrule at the back admits the end of
a walking stick. Rounded rims are not good for scraping shells off
flat surfaces, and often break them in so doing. The square corner is
often useful for digging a shell out of hard mud or gravel, but the
rounded corner is the one generally useful. This scoop can be carried
conveniently in the pocket. Any intelligent tinsmith can make it. I
would warn collectors against scoops of a soup-plate shape and
especially against one with a rounded rim. My friend, Mr. Charles
Oldham, was the first to point out to me the handiness of a pair of

forceps for picking small shells, such as P2s¢déa, out of the scoop.

OD
QI
steheenetats
OO f

Small Zine Collecting Scoop.

A store of tin boxes of various sizes is required, and in selecting
these it should be remembered that those opening with a hinge or a
spring are more handy than those the lids of which have to be removed
every time a shell is dropped in. Small nib-boxes and match-boxes are
very good for small shells, and should be padded with a little moss to
prevent the more delicate species being broken by being rattled

together in the pocket or blown out by the wind when the box is

INTRODUCTION. 5

opened. 7% boxes are much better than ‘‘chip” boxes or pill-boxes,

as they are less likely to get

broken, and do not come to
pieces when wet. Hispid
shells should be put into
a box by themselves, and
only a few together, as their
neighbours’ slime is apt to
spoil their personal appear-
ance. For the minute
species of freshwater shells
a small wide-necked bottle
filled with water may he

found useful to dip the fin-

gers in, and so wash off the

shells, which often adhere

Collecting tin with sliding door in the . C

: ene : : cS 7 e

lid to insert shells without removing the persistently, and reqs
lid; convenient for a side coat pocket. much time to dislodge in

safety. The shells will sink to the bottom, and the water may be
poured away. For the minute and delicate species of both land
and water, it is not a bad plan to keep one or two small glass tubes
in the waistcoat pocket. Along one side of these a strip of gummed
paper (stamp-edging is very good) should be fastened to hold the
glass together if cracked by a fall. Such tubes are obtainable at a

hhomceopathic chemist’s.
Any one who has tried it knows how difficult it is to get doz/2ng

water to clean the shells at night in an hotel or lodging-house, and
even if this be forthcoming, how impossible it is to carry on operations
in peace and quietness. To meet this difficulty I have a small spirit
lamp with a folding tripod stand. This is packed in a small tin box
which acts as the pan to boil the water. The whole apparatus takes

up little room in a knapsack, and renders one independent of others

6 INTRODUCTION.

and can be used in the quiet of one’s
own room. There is, however,
sometimes a difficulty in the dis-
posal of the boiled corpses. My
usual plan is to wait for a lull in the
traffic and carefully empty them out
of the window. This plan is not

perfect, I must admit, for, in spite of

all reasonable care, this operation

has on several occasions given rise to

much profanity in the street below.
Finally, remember never to be
without a receptacle of some sort

when out, even though not on a

regular expedition. Should you hap-

Portable Spirit Lamp
and Pan.

pen to be thus unprovided, you will
be sure to regret it.

The following incident may point the moral :—

Some years ago at Bagdad, on the desert under a bush of scrub I
came upon a couple of dead He/7x caperata which I wanted to preserve
carefully for the sake of the locality. Now, though I had had two
years’ experience of Egyptian and Arabian deserts, I had never found
a single snail (though I had heard of Helix desertorun), and I might,,
therefore, be excused for not encumbering myself with a receptacle.
However, I was carrying with me the key of my bedroom door,
according to the inconvenient foreign custom, which key, of native
make, was large enough for a medieval church door. Now, for the
first time, I regarded its size with favour, as I was enabled to drop the
shells down the hole (like bullets down the muzzle of a blunderbuss),
which I then plugged up. By the time I reached home I had forgotten
the shells, nor did I remember them till I began to wonder why my
door would not open in spite of my increased efforts. I.suddenly

remembered the shells and then—well, Tableau !

INTRODUCTION. if

Yet another incident — On the north coast of Ireland I was once
collecting Pupe and Vertigos among the sand drift, and having for-
gotten to bring the little tubes which I usually carried for the purpose,
I put the shells into the bowl of my pipe and covered them carefully
with tobacco. | On my way home I thought I could enjoy a smoke,
and I did—till suddenly I remembered the shells and then—well,
Tableau, as before !

I have often put small shells into my mouth and kept them under
my tongue, forgotten them, smoked pipes, and found them all safe
when I got home. I would not, however, recommend this practice,
as some of the Hyalinze (allzaria and glabra) bite the tongue and have
an unpleasant taste, as also do Azcylus fluviatilis and sometimes
Limnea peregra, besides which ZL. ¢treuncatula and probably other
species are often infested with undesirable parasites.

LEAVES AND Moss.

A good plan for dealing with dead leaves and moss is to take a
quantity home, spread it out to dry and search the siftings. This
saves much time while out, and often yields a good supply of Hyalnze,
minute felices, Pupe, Vertigos, etc. But this should be done with
judgment, as by taking away all the sheltering moss and the eggs of
the animals a restricted habitat may easily be destroyed.

SNAIL-TRAPS.

It often happens that we come across a good shell ina likely place,
and whenever we find a single individual we may infer that some of
his immediate relatives are not very far distant. A large flat stone,
log, piece of old matting, or a cabbage leaf laid over the place will
frequently be found, after a day or two, to have some of the desired
objects adhering to its under side. I have frequently set traps of
this nature, which visited periodically have been very productive.

WHERE TO COLLECT.
No ponds or ditches should be passed by without examination,

however barren they may appear ; and not only should the weeds be

8 INTRODUCTION.

examined, but the mud should be sifted with the scoop in search of

bivalves.

By the water’s edge the stalks and leaves of flags, rushes, and
sedges should be examined for the Szcczee, which are amphibious.

On the mud Lzmne@a truncatula and other species are found.

On land search all moist and shady spots, especially during and
after rain, under logs, stones, among dead leaves and decaying vegeta-
tion, among nettles and healthy vegetation, on the bark of trees and
at their roots among the moss, on old stone walls, and in damp cellars.
Acicula lineata and some of the Azzons feed on dead fungi which
should therefore be examined. Mr. Roebuck once informed me that
Mr. Soppitt had observed that Papa angiica particularly affects the moss
Hypnum cuspidatum, a fact which I subsequently had the pleasure
of verifying at Scarborough. <Agrzolimax levis and Hyalinia niteda
are found by the side of water in very wet places. The rejectamenta
of rivers after floods often yield a good harvest, but the uncertainty
of exact locality in this case is a drawback unless we can tell where

the shells have been brought from, which is generally impossible.

Last, and perhaps least, search trunks of trees. Bze/2mznus mon-
Zanus is our only species that makes trees its usual habitat, which are sup-
posed to be its feeding and breeding ground. In the South of England,
however, during the summer shells do ascend trees in great numbers.
In the beech woods of Cooper’s Hill, near Cheltenham, Mr. Oldham
observed Helix hispida var. hispidosa, H. nemoralis, H. rufescens,
Pupa secale, Claustlia bidentata, C. laminata, Buliminus obscurus,
B. montanus, and Cyclostoma elegans on the trunks, and a subsequent
visit of my own to this conchologists’ paradise confirmed his obser-
vations with the exception of C. e/egans. The late Mr. C. Ashford
also mentions AHelzx aspersa (Q. J. C., vol. v., p. 160) ‘‘a dozen or
more stationed in the day-time on the upper branches of a Gezzzsta in

the Public Gardens of Bournemouth.” I have witnessed this in Kent ;

INTRODUCTION. 9

and also Helix lapicida and H. nemoralis at the height of thirty or
forty feet up beech trunks at Ewell.
GEOLOGICAL FORMATION IN RELATION TO MOLLUSCAN LIFE.

It may be remembered that peaty soils yield little or nothing. The
red sandstone districts of the Midlands are very poor, though not so
those in Devon; and the desolate and repulsive millstone-grit districts
are particularly barren.

The sandy and calcareous soil of the oolite formation on the other
hand is not at all barren, except in places where it contains a large
percentage of iron and little calcareous matter, as in the Northampton
Sand. Sand hills by the sea are very favourite habitats for
Helix nemoralis, H. aspersa, H. virgata, etc.

Pine woods do not harbour molluscs—the resin perhaps being dis-
tasteful to them. The bracken, too, is shunned by all species except
Vertigo edentula.

Calcareous districts are always fruitful, especially pure chalk, while
granite and shale are not.

I have observed that ponds surrounded by oak trees do not usually

contain shells—perhaps the tannic acid does not agree with them.

It is certain that there is some relation between plants and the soil
and molluscs ; but of this relation very little is known, and there is

therefore a wide field for observation and experiment.

Brest TIME FOR COLLECTING.

The times of the year when the most perfect specimens are
obtained are— first, the early spring when the animals have just
emerged from their winter-quarters and before they commence to forint
a new lip; secondly, the autumn, just before they hibernate and after
the formation of the lip. J think the spring is the best time for the
aquatic and the autumn for the terrestrial species. All through the
summer, of course, shells are to be found, and those with the im-

mature lip, which is thin, should be handled and cleaned very carefully,

10 INTRODUCTION.

as much of the character of the shell often depends upon this lip.
Throughout the winter much may be done, except when frost fastens
down the stones or snow covers the face of the earth. But it should
be remembered that winter captures as a rule present a more

weathered appearance than those taken in summer.

It may be necessary to remind the beginner that molluscs like hot
moist weather ; dry weather has the tendency to dry them up alto-
gether. After a shower of rain, or even before it is over, the snails
will come out and climb over the hedges or rocks, and the slugs com-
mence their march towards the lettuces. Many of my most successful
days have been spent in pouring rain. I have sometimes observed
Helix hortensts appear before the rain has actually arrived—no doubt

being sensitive to the moisture of the atmosphere.

PREPARING SHELLS FOR THE CABINET.
Univalves.

The ‘‘ booty” should be cleaned as soon as possible after being
captured. Plunge the shells into boiling water, and see that it does
boil ; hot water not boiling will not do. The larger species may be
left in for half-a-minute, but more than a few seconds is often fatal to
the thorough cleaning of many of the smaller species—especially the
Hyalinte, which break off short if boiled too hard. Many collectors
advocate the addition of a spoonful of salt in the water, but I have

never found any advantage in this.

The animals of the larger univalves are easily extracted with a
piece of wire or a hair-pin, but for the smaller species, as Hyalznza
pura, fine needles are the best implements. The points of these may
be easily bent in a candle or gas flame to different shapes and curves to
reach obstinate fragments ‘‘round the corner.”” Common wooden

matches form excellent handles.

Should a fragment of the larger species remain inside, which will

often happen in the case of the Vewvzfare, fill the shell with water

INTRODUCTION. It

and shake it violently. Obstinate fragments may sometimes be
removed by a strong thin jet of water made by placing the thumb
against the mouth of a tap of running water. The C/ausz/@ are very
hard to clean. I have sometimes, though rarely, succeeded by letting
them crawl on a plate and pouring boiling water quickly over them,
when they die with their bodies partly outside the shell and so capable

of being taken hold of.

When the animals have been removed, the shells should be
placed in a basin of clean warm water in which they should all
be washed with soap and then well rinsed before being put out to
dry on a piece of blotting-paper. In the case of the minute Pee,
Vertigos, etc., no internal cleaning is necessary; they may be left
to dry up and then washed. Most shells are improved by a gentle
application of soap and hot water with a moderately soft tooth-brush ;
and some that are often encrusted with hardened mud, as the Vzuz-
pare, should be carefully scraped with a pen-knife. I have sometimes
found common washing-soda more effective than soap for the fresh-

water species. But it is a fatal mistake to use aczd in any form.

The operculum of those species which possess one should be

gummed on to a plug of cotton-wool inserted in the mouth of the shell.

Bivalves.

A pen-knife carefully inserted will separate the animal from the
shells of the bivalves, which should be instantly tied up or screwed up
in a piece of tissue paper till dry. Should this not be done, the liga-
ment will harden with the valves open, and the shell cannot then be

closed without snapping the ligament.

Slugs.

A set of slugs preserved in spirit forms an interesting feature in 2

collection ; and some guidance is necessary here.

1 INTRODUCTION.

The animals must not be plunged alive into spirit and straightway
sealed up. If this is done they will exude a thick coat of mucus,
which surrounds them like a cocoon, and, moreover, they will shrink

up to a very small uninteresting mummy.

They should be drowned in cold water, and when dead should be
cleaned of the inevitable mucous coat with a paint-brush. They
should then be put into methylated spirit and water (in proportion of
I spirit to 3 water). After three or four days they should be again
wiped and transferred to a mixture of equal spirit and water, and
finally, after another interval of the same length, to a mixture of

3 spirit to I water.

By this means their tendency to shrink is minimized, and they are

more apt to retain their markings, which pure spirit is apt to obliterate.

The various slugs in glass tubes, arranged in trays on cotton wool
and carefully labelled, have a novel and attractive appearance in a
collection. The corks of these tubes should be forced down just
below the rim of the tube and sealed by a coat of shellac dissolved
in spirit.

The shells of most slugs are covered by the mantle, under which
the blade of a pen-knife or scalpel should be inserted to effect their
removal. Many prefer to kill the animals first in boiling water, which
method recommends itself on the score of humanity and convenience ;

but in this case the animal is useless for further preservation.

The shells thus extracted may be gummed on strips of black card.

The skins of slugs may be preserved in the following manner :—
Drown the animal, wipe it dry, lay it on its back and cut weardy all
the sole away ; then remove the contents of the body and straightway
flatten out the skin, inside downwards, on a piece of white cardboard.
The skin should be well stretched out and the tentacles ‘‘ teased ”
into position. The skin will dry in position and will adhere to the

card. Care should be taken to get the card thick, or the inevitable

INTRODUCTION. 13

shrinkage will cause it to cockle. The shell may be placed beside
the skin and the name and locality written on the card. When the
skin is thoroughly dry it should be varnished with colourless varnish,
which will bring out and preserve the markings. The small species
will be found more difficult to deal with.

Darts.

There is a curious internal organ connected with the reproductive
system of about two-thirds of our British HeZzces and also of Hyalinza
netida and H. excavata which deserves attention. These ‘‘darts” are
not only exquisitely beautiful objects in themselves, but they have a
specific value which is particularly useful in distinguishing He/ex hov-
tensis from H/. nemoralis. These little objects under the lens resemble
curiously flanged spear-heads. They are enclosed in a pouch, the
‘* dart sac,” from which they are best separated by dissolving away
the ‘‘ sac ” in a solution of caustic potash. They show well mounted
on black card. For a full account of this organ I must refer those in-
terested to a series of papers and illustrations in the ‘‘ Journal of
Conchology,” vol. iv., by the late Mr. C. Ashford, of Christchurch
(Hants. ).

THE ARRANGEMENT OF A COLLECTION.

Much of the pleasure derived from a collection consists in its
arrangement. A cabinet with drawers is undoubtedly the best recep-
tacle, but a series of flat boxes will answer the purpose very well.

Various methods of setting out the specimens are adopted. Some
prefer slabs of wood or glass covered with stone-coloured paper, on
which the shells are fastened with gum. This is doubtless an excellent
plan for showing off the shells, especially in a museum or a perfect
collection where the shells are not supposed to be touched; but in the
-case of a collection which is constantly receiving better specimens to
be substituted for those already stuck down, this method has an
obvious drawback. There is no doubt that specimens are best shown

and protected by glass-topped boxes. These are made rectangular

14 INTRODUCTION.

or circular of various sizes. The rectangular boxes should be
chosen so as to fit the drawers of the cabinet as nearly as possible,
and should all be equal in height. Unfortunately they are expensive.

A cheaper method is that of a series of glass tubes from 4 to I inch
in diameter. These are very handy and allow of the contents being
turned over to see the under side of a specimen, which is impossible
with boxes. The mouths of the tubes should be plugged with cotton
wool, which is a better dust excluder than cork, though perhaps not
so neat. Glass tubes may now be bought very cheap, and of all
shapes and sizes; but those who do not care to go to the expense of
buying them can easily make them in the following manner. Buy a
few yards of glass tubing (which is exceedingly cheap) of the desired
thickness, nick the surface with a file and with a comparatively slight
pressure the tubing will snap in two at the nick with a straight edge.
Tubes so made will, of course, have two open ends.

Some arrange their shells on cotton wool in cardboard trays. This
method has the advantage of allowing the specimens to be easily
changed and if necessary taken up and handled. These trays may be
obtained from many naturalists.

Minute shells may be kept in the small glass tubes already men-
tioned. <A series of the commoner species can be mounted on a strip of
card, which is put into a tube or glass-topped box. Some of the delicate
white species, as Helix pulchella, Cectliordes acicula, etc., are better
shown on black. Where a very delicate object has been in question I
have stuck a wire into the lower surface of a cork and fixed the object
to the other end of the wire, so that when the cork is put into the
tube the object does not rattle and is held in position in the middle of
the tube.

For mounting shells on card Gum Tragacanth should always be used
as it does not glaze when dry like Gum Arabic.

A valuable shell should never be stuck down, but placed in a nest

of cotton wool in a glass box or tube.

INTRODUCTION. 15

DAMP AND Dust.

The great enemies of the specimens are damp and dust. The
drawers of the cabinet should be frequently aired if the room is at all
damp.

Dust is more difficult to cope with, and is exceedingly difficult
to remove thoroughly. It is drawn into even the _ best cabinets
by currents of air caused by change of temperature, to avoid
which the following plan has been adopted. A hole at the back of
the cabinet is made and plugged with cotton wool and the outside is
covered with a piece of wire gauze to keep the wool in place. The
currents of air now cease to rush through all the smaller crevices and
form one general flow through the ‘‘ dust trap,” leaving the dust on

the wool, which is renewed when required.

Mr. J. R. Hardy, of the Manchester Museum, informs me that he
has adopted the plan of fastening a strip of velvet along the edge of
the doors of some of the cabinets with very satisfactory results.

LABELLING AND REGISTERING.

As soon as possible the shells should be labelled, even the dupli-
cates which are to be stored away to gladden other collectors’ hearts.
Both the zame and the /ocaltty should be carefully recorded ; some
add the date of capture.

The collector cannot do without a register. There are various
methods of arranging this, but the following has commended itself to
me as the most practical :—Get a good-sized note book, keep a separate
page for each species, with the name written at the top and the
localities in a marginal column. I give a specimen :—

Aseca tridens.

Derbyshire. A few specimens found among moss at the foot of
limestone rocks at Matlock Bridge, Sept., 1880.
Essex. Sparsely among dead leaves, near Coggeshall. 1881.
Worcester. Specimens received, coming from Evesham. 1881.
Cheshire. A single specimen in moss on a wall at Marple,

Cheshire. Aug., 1882. BLE. ELC.

16 INTRODUCTION.

There should be some spare pages at the end of the register for
occasional notes. For instances, after a district has been well worked,
a list of all species found in it should be made and the extent of the
district explored should be accurately stated.

IDENTIFICATION.

Most of our large towns and many of the smaller ones boast of
some sort of museum where British shells have a place, and should
any stranger wish for further information than can be obtained
through the glass cases, the curator will always be ready to give
courteous attention to his enquiries. It is to be regretted that in many
museums minute shells are often placed at a distance of several inches
from the surface of the glass case. The curators of the Manchester
Museum at Owens College, however, have set a good example by
bringing all small objects close to the glass so that a pocket lens may ,
be used to examine them.

It may not be out of place to mention here that the referees of the
Conchological Society are always ready to identify and name any
shells or slugs sent to them. Specimens thus sent are carefully
returned if desired, and it should not be forgotten that in all cases the
exact locality should be specified.

EXAMINATION OF MINUTE SPECIES.

A good pocket lens is a szvze gud son to determine small species
and examine the sculpture, etc., of the larger ones.

Working with minute species by artificial light is often trying,
especially if the light is bad, but this may be remedied by fixing a
large lens so as to concentrate the light upon the object, and then with

another lens examine the shell thus illuminated.

A CAUTION.
A caution may be useful to the collector not to admit into his
collection any shell whatever without the most conclusive evidence of

its being British, I have repeatedly been presented with foreign

INTRODUCTION. sy

shells by persons of the highest integrity, with the assurance that they
came from such and such a place in the British Isles. I am sure the

majority of collectors have undergone similar experiences.
In order that a collection may be of any value, it should be, like

Ceesar’s wife, ‘‘ above suspicion.”

NUMBER OF BRITISH SPECIES AND VARIETIES.

Though the entire list of British land and freshwater species is
limited to 127, there are numerous varieties ; so that while a fair col-
lection is within the reach of most people—often within the range of
a single county —an absolutely perfect collection is never arrived at.
As an example of what a single district with a radius of five miles
from a head-quarters may produce, I instance Stafford with 32 aquatic,
38 terrestrial species ; total 70. This being a red sandstone district is
not particularly favourable for land shells. Other districts I have
worked in the South and North of England are much richer, but I

take Stafford as an average field for research.

VARIETIES.
For the vexed question of varieties there is not room to enter here.
Suffice it to say that the beginner need not trouble himself about them,
but will be able to distinguish them by degrees. |The present formi-

dable array is that authorized by the Conchological Society.

It should be noted that a single varietal name will not always fully
describe a given specimen; in such cases the names may be combined
thus :—Helix rotundata var. turtont-albida; H. memoralis var.

rubella-minor-albolabiata, 123(45).

FOREIGN SHELLS RECENTLY INTRODUCED INTO THE
; BRITISH ISLES.

Within the last few years several mollusks have been noticed for
the first time in the British Isles. P/lanorbizs dilatatus, which came
from America about 1864 in cotton bales, has made itself at home
near Manchester and Burnley, and has been admitted to rank with

C

18 INTRODUCTION.

indigenous species. | Physa acuta (at Kew Gardens and Glasgow),
flelix villosa (Cardiff), Hf. ¢errestris (Dover), Aulimus goodallit
(Bristol), and Clauszlia parvula (Stourbridge), all of which have been
introduced recently and have been found alive, have not been accorded
this privilege. A few dead specimens of Pepa cinerea have been
found near Stonyhurst, but this southern form has probably been
received from abroad by some member of the Jesuit College and

turned out purposely or not as may be.

SPECIES OF DOUBTFUL ORIGIN.

Dretssensia polymorpha, first noted in 1824, is supposed to have
come in ballast. Mr. B. B. Woodward, however, mentions as remark-
able the finding of a single valve in the alluvial deposit of the London
district.* Spherium pallidum is also suspected of being a foreign
importation. Mr. Woodward, in the same paper, says ‘* Hel¢x pomatia
and A. asfersa are not found anywhere [in Britain] in pre-Roman
deposits, though frequently found with Roman remains. They were
probably introduced about that time. . . . WH. cantiana was
probably introduced after this time.”

INDIGENOUS SPECIES RECENTLY NOTICED.

Testacella mauget, Helix pisana, and FH. obvoluta were formerly
under the bann of suspicion, but are now recognised as indigenous.
Limax cinereo-niger, Hyalinia luceda, and Vertigo moulinszana,
though they have escaped notice until quite recently, can hardly have
been introduced from abroad, and may fairly claim to be included in
the British list.

Hyalinia glabra (now called helvetica), noticed and figured by
Turton in 1840 and brought to notice by Mr. T. Rogers in 1870, has

an undoubted claim to rank as British.

The plate on the opposite page is intended to illustrate the terms

for the different parts of shells and slugs.
Ae RMON ne ee ee
* Proc. ‘‘ Geologists’ Magazine,” Aug., 1890.

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ARION, 1

Family.—AR{ONID&.
Genus.—ARION Ferussac.

The Arzons have a siime-gland at the extremity of the tail, but no
dorsal carination. Respiratory orifice in front of the centre of the
mantle-margin. The sze/d is granulated or shagreened, not con-

centrically striated as in the Lzmaczde.

ie ARiOneATER (lack) Lznzé Pl Teoh 1

Body with oval rugosities, which are much coarser than in any other
Arion, and form long ridges with deep furrows down the back ; szazz¢/e
finely granulated ; foot-frenge usually marked with transverse striz,
which are often black ; sZsve colourless ; colour black in the type,
but extremely variable; se/7 none, or composed of scattered
calcareous granules. The young are light coloured, very occasionally
banded on the body ; foot-so/e white, occasionally bordered with black ;

Length, 3 to 5 inches.

The ‘* Black Slug,” or “‘ Hodmetod”* as it is called in

the eastern counties, is the largest member of the genus.

Its range extends over the whole of the British Isles,
and it is often pestilently common. At Stafford I once

saw a field of cabbages ruined by its depredations.

It is not only extremely common in kitchen-gardens
and places where there is rank or decaying vegetation,
but it may be found on moors, in peaty and boggy places

usually shunned by molluscs.

* In other parts of the country Helzx asfersa is called the ‘*‘ Hodmetod.”

22 ARIONID.

Usually no shell is to be found, but now and then
there are a few calcareous granules, and in rare instances
in chalky districts these granules form a solid lump of
considerable size. The foot-sole is sometimes bordered

with black or brown, according to the colour of the animal.

It seems to prefer decaying vegetation to fresh. I have
several times found it engaged in acts of cannibalism, and
I once found a colony of the beautiful var. albolateralis
feeding upon excrement. These habits are ‘not nice,”
and I have never had the courage to try this species

as an article of diet.

The very young are pale yellowish white. The tentacles
first begin to turn bluish, then black, and then the back,
the colour gradually spreading down to the fringe. These
changes do not always vary directly as the size of the

animal—perfectly black individuals sometimes occurring

only a third of the adult size.

Very little is known, as yet, of the causes of the coloura-
ation of slugs. Differences of food, geological formation
of habitat, inheritance and protective mimicry may all or
some of them combine to produce the various striking

and beautiful forms we meet with.

This is a fascinating though most difficult problem, but

one which can only be lightly touched on here.

Dr. Scharff (“Slugs of Ireland,” page 554) says :—‘“ I
think that the colours of slugs in Ireland are at all ages,

as a rule, protective” (and if in Ireland, why not every-

ARION. 23

where else?) and he instances a beautiful example of
protective mimicry in the case of Geomalacus maculosus.
The results of my own collecting tend to show that
climate may be a factor in the matter.

Dealing first with inland localities, I find that I have
taken more brilliant forms and those more abundantly in
the south of England (where the climate ts warmer) than
in the north. In the northern counties I have very rarely
taken adult specimens other than the type; in the
Midlands coloured varieties only occasionally appear,
while the southern and western counties often teem with
coloured forms-—the type sometimes being a rarity.

Secondly, dealing with coast localities—all along the
south coasts of England and Wales, Cardigan Bay, and
the west coast of the Isle of Man and the north coast of
Ireland (all of which are noted for a mild climate) I have
taken coloured forms abundantly ; while on the coasts of
Lancashire and North Wales and the east coast of
England from the Thames to the Tees (zhere the climate
ts more bracing) I have no personal records for anything
but the type.

But before we can generalize confidently we require a
vastly greater amount of observations.

To identify this species it is only necessary to irritate it,
when it will contract into a completely hemispherical
lump. With the exception of A7ton minimus, this is the
only member of the genus that can assume this shape,

and it very rarely has any traces of banding.

24 ARIONIDA.

A curious habit of this species is to sway from side to
side when irritated. It is a ludicrous sight to see half-a-
dozen of the creatures wagging together.

It must be remembered that the eight following varietal
forms are by no means all the differently coloured varieties
met with. What used to be called the variety padlescens
(white body and mantle, blue tentacles, and a yellow or
orange fringe), 1s now considered an approach to the
perfectly white form, which I have never seen. On the
north coast of Ireland I once found an individual of a
brilliant salmon-pink colour, and in South Devon I found
another of the same beautiful colour; both were very

young specimens.

Var. I. rif (Zin.). Unicolourous red or brownish.

Var. II. drzinnea (Roed.). Colour of burnt-sienna.

Var. III. plimbea (Roeb.). Uniform pale lead colour.

Var. IV. reticulata (Roeb.). Skin with the groove
between the rugosities darker than the rugosities them-
selves, so as to present a reticulated appearance.

Var. V. bicolor (Roeb.). Back brown, sides primrose-
yellow, colours sharply defined ; /r7mge orange.

Var. VI. szwdmmerdimit (Kal.). Black, foot-fringe
yellowish or orange.

Var. VII. dlbolaterdlis (Roeb.). Black above, sides

and foot white, colours sharply defined ; /rzzge orange.

Var. VIII. dba (Lin.). Entirely white.

ARION. 25

2. AR{ON SUBFUSCUS (somewhat tawny) Draparnaud.

Body grey or tawny yellow, with one longitudinal dark band on
each side, and often a diffused band down the suture 5 #zantle granu-
lated, coloured and banded similarly to the body ; vzgosz¢zes shorter
and less prominent than in 4rzov ater ; fringe white with dark cross-
streaks ; foot-sole white ; s/ime yellow or orange ; she// none ; length
2 to 3 inches. |

The above description is that of a typical subfuscus,
but we meet with bandless examples, and others in which
the bands are all diffused into one broad dark patch over
the body and mantle, extending to the lower edge of the
lateral bands.

This species is most probably what English concho-
logists have called Arion flavus.

It is intermediate in size between Avion ater and Arion
hortensis. When the bands are present it need not be
confused with a colourless form of Avion ater, which is
extremely rarely banded; nor need it be mistaken for
Arion hortensts, which always has a yellow or orange
foot-sole, that of Avion subfuscus being invariably white.

It has a wide distribution throughout the whole of the
British Isles, but it is never very abundant.

It is found in the open country, and Mr. Roebuck
informs me that it occasionally frequents pine woods and
heather-covered moors.

The colouring is due to the slime which contains the
pigment and comes off the animal on to the fingers like

paint.

26 ARIONIDA.

Var. I. aurantiaca (Loc.). Brilliant orange.

Var. II. briinnea (Lehm.). Unicolourous brownish, the

bands being obsolete.

3. AR{ON MfNIMUS (smallest) Stmroth. PI. 1., f. 2.

Body light grey or whitish, tinged with lemon-yellow, with faint
indication of a lateral band down each side ; rzgosztzes pointed,
arranged in longitudinal rows ; sazd/e granulated, banded like the
body ; foot-sole yellowish ; sZ/me yellow ; length 20 to 23 mm.

This species has been lately differentiated by Dr. Scharff,
“Journal of Conchology,” vol. vi, p. 267 (Oct., 1890).
Mr. W. Denison Roebuck and others had, however, before
this discriminated it from its congeners, but without
venturing to accord it specific rank. Dr. Scharff, in the
article above referred to, says :—‘‘The wrinkles on the
body form the chief characteristic of this interesting little
slug. These, when examined by a lens, are found to
possess pointed projections, which cause a peculiar glit-
tering appearance when the light falls on them. These
little spikes, which I have not noticed in any other form,
are only seen when the animal is at rest. The body is

then generally drawn up in a semi-circular position, which

is so often assumed by Arion ater . . . but never
seen in other slugs . . . asregards its habitat, Avion
minimus is peculiar to the open country . . . fungi

appear to be their natural diet.”

Mr. Roebuck has recorded it for most parts of Great

Britain. It is a common species everywhere.

ARION. BT

It is apt to be mistaken for the young of afer, which is
usually of a very similar colour when of the same size,
and the resemblance is increased by the hemispherical
form they both assume. It may be at once identified by
its lateral bands, which a¢er is without, and by its rugosities
which are small pointed projections arranged in sym-
metrical rows, whereas those in azer are-very long and
irregular. These projections are lengthened out and
flattened somewhat when the animal is in motion. The
foot-sole is usually overhung by the body instead of pro-
jecting beyond it, as is the case with most species, and the
posterior extremity of the body is rounded off and not
pointed as in the other Azions. Mr. Beaulah, of Brigg,
has long known this slug, and says a friend of his calls it
the “‘Hedgehog Snail”—a happy allusion to its distinc-

tive character.

4, AR{ON HORTENSIS (inhabiting gardens) Aévzussac. PI. I, f. 3.
Lody slender, grey, often with a greenish tinge, with blackish or
purple side-bands; vagos¢tées very long; mantle granulated, with
dark side-bands; both #zan¢le and body being darker in dorsal region ;
foot-sole always yellow or orange; séme yellowish ; she// none, or
rarely consisting of a few loose granules ; /egth 1 to 14 inches.
This species is well named. It is generally, though not
exclusively, found in gardens.
Its range extends throughout the British Isles. Very
young specimens much resemble Avion minimus, but the

rugosities are sufficient to distinguish them. The yellowish

28 ARIONIDA.,

or orange tint of the foot-sole is a constant diagnostic
character of Aortensis, though it is possible to scrape off
the slime from the foot-sole, leaving it a pallid colour. Its
skin, as has been so often remarked, is wonderfully tough

to crush.
Var. I. ruféscens (Mog.). Reddish, with black bands.
Var. Il. subfisca(C. Pfr.). Orange, with brown hands.

Var. III. xzgra (Alog.). Black, with lateral grey bands.

d. AR{ON circuMsScR{PTUS (danded) Johnston.
[=ARI{ON BOURGUIGNATI Madbzle. ]

Not so long and slender as Arion hortensis, though similarly banded.
A dark diffused band down the centre of the back, usually divided
in the dorsal line by a whitish line ; /oof-so/e brilliant white. Colour
varying from white to very dark slate, with darker markings. Occa-
sionally the markings are very faint and the animal nearly white ;

slime milky ; dength 1 inch.

This is a very common species throughout the British
Isles. It is “sluggish” to the last degree, being rarely

found on the move.
In its habitat it frequents open fields more than gardens.

The colour of the head and tentacles varies according
to the colour of the animal, sometimes dark and sometimes

light.

Var. subfisca (Roeb.). Brownish with dark bands.

29

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30 ARIONIDA.

Genus.—GEOMALACUS Allman.

Genital pore near the base of the upper tentacles ; caudal gland
opening by a transverse slit; dody rounded at caudal extremity (not

pointed as in Arzor); shell solid.

G. MACULOSUS (spotted) Allman. PI. I.,f. 5.

ody cylindrical, dark grey ; spotted on body and mantle with

yellow or white ; s/e// solid, and shaped like that of a Lzmax.

This beautiful species was discovered in 1842 in Kerry,
near Lough Caragh, by William Andrews. Dr. Scharff
has taken it at Darrynane, in the extreme west of Ireland,
up to an elevation of 1,000 feet, and also at Castletown,
Berehaven, near Glengariff, and at Cork. Besides the
above British localities, it is only known to exist in

Portugal.

Dr. Scharff says :—‘ The dark grey lichens [on which
it feeds] with the white and yellow fructification conceal
the slug perfectly, and there is no doubt that we have here

a most striking instance of protective colouring.”

Mr. T. Rogers, of Manchester, informs me that he
once kept one of these slugs alive for more than two
years, in both of which it produced fertile eggs; the
young ones, however, died when they had attained about

half their full size.

The figure of this slug I have copied with Dr. Scharff’s
kind permission from the excellent figure in his “‘ Slugs

of Ireland.”

AMALIA. 31

Family.—LIMAaciD&,

Body more or less carinated ; respzratory orifice behind the centre

of the mantle-margin ; she// distinctly formed ; no stcme gland.

Genus.—AMALIA Moguin-Tandon.

This genus is a link between dvzon and Lzmax [see table, p. 20].
It differs from A7zo2 (1) in the position of the respiratory orifice,
which, in Amalia, is placed behind the centre of the mantle-margin ;
(2) the shed/ is distinctly formed ; (3] the s/¢ve-gZand is absent ; (4) it

is carinated ; while it resembles 4770 in having the mav¢/e granulated.

I. A. GAGATES (jet) Draparnaud.
ody dark lead colour, paling on sides, bandless, marked with
rugosities parallel to the keel ; mantle granulated, rounded oblong in
shape, marked with a horse-shoe shaped groove; ¢evztac/es slate colour;
keel extending the whole length of the body from the mantle to the
posterior extremity ; s/¢ze colourless ; /oot-sole pure white ; /ength
24 inches.

Mr. R. D. Darbishire was the first to notice this
species in Britain, finding a specimen at Portland, in
me52, Eee, presented it to Professor Forbes, who
identified it. It 1s said, however, that B. J. Clarke found

it in Ireland in 1843.

It is a local slug, though with a wide range throughout
the British Isles as far north as the Clyde. It mostly
affects sea-coast counties, though it occurs in Shropshire,
Notts, and Hereford, and on one occasion I took two
individuals of the var p/umbea at Stafford. It is found

near Dublin and on the west coast of Ireland. The

32 LIMACID-.

drab-coloured variety is the form commonly met with in
England.
Var. I. plimbea (Mog.). Lead colour, darker above.

Var. Il. zvéva (Williams). Drab-brown colour.

2. <A. SOWERBYI (after Sowerby) Férussac. Pl. I., f. 10.
[=L. MARGINATUS Jeffreys. ]

Body a warm brown colour, darker above ; wzast/e marked with a
groove in the shape of a horse-shoe, but with three angles like a
truncated diamond, the fourth angle of the diamond being cut off by
hinder edge of the mantle. The ody and mantle speckled with
the black ; she// often very thick; ee/ very pronounced, extending the
whole length of the back from mantle to posterior extremity ; /vot-
sole yellowish ; sme sticky ; dength 24 inches.

This is also a somewhat local species, but has a
slightly wider range than the last.

It may be pointed out that a transverse section ot
this slug, just behind the mantle resembles a bracket
(——), while a similar section of gagades is in the form of
a circumflex accent (A).

I am not certain if the angles of the “trumested
diamond’ can always be observed, as Dr. Scharff says
that in Irish examples the marking in question is often
faint. The same author points out that the colour of
sowerbyt “is always brown or a. bright yellow-brown,
while in the variety [ava] of A. gagates it is always a
light drab brown. Both species may be distinguished
merely by the touch. Whilst 4. cavtnata |i.e. sowerbyi|

feels like a sticky lump of fat, 4. gagates, owing to its

LIMAX. 33

more watery mucus, glides readily through the fingers.”
Perhaps the /oot-sole is the most constant characteristic,
being pure white in gagafes and yellowish in sozwerdyz.

Var. migréscens (Roeb.). Animal nearly black.

Genus.—Limax Linneé.

The Zzmaces have the mantle concentrically striated, the respiratory
orifice (as in Amalia) behind the centre of the mantle-margin; carina-
tien confined to caudal extremity; sed/ distinctly formed; no sdime-
gland.

1. L. MAXIMUS (/argest) Linné. PI. I., f. 6.

ody grey with a pink tinge, 2 dark lateral bands ; maztZe mottled
darkly, oblong, obtusely pointed behind ; she// oblong, convex above,
convex below ; s/¢wze colourless ; /ezgth 4 to 6 inches.

This handsome slug is common throughout the British
Isles. Colonies may sometimes be found in holes in
walls and it commonly frequents cellars. I have found
them “ coming to sugar” on trees at night, when I have
been moth hunting. Though not so abundant in the
open country as other slugs, they may be found under
logs in damp places.

This species, like many others, is not guiltless of canni-
balism, even without the ‘‘ extenuating circumstance” of
hunger. On one occasion I placed two large individuals
in a tin box with plenty of moss and a piece of cabbage
leaf, and the next day I was surprised to find one only—-
of greater size than before—and no wonder, for he had
devoured the whole of his companion with the exception

of the mantle and shell.

34 J .IMACIDA.

Var. I. cénérea (Mog.). Spotless, mantle dark blue.

Var. II. férussact (Mog.). Mantle marked with small
black points, 4 rows of spots on body.

Var. ILI. kryntkit (Kal.). [= jonstoni (Mog.).| Ground
colour a clear translucent lavender, szanzle spotted with
black, back marked with points and 2 fascia of black.

Var.. [V. dlacna (foeb.). » Ground icolour lilac yor
purplish.

Var. V. fascidta (Mog.). Very dark grey on body and
mantle, passing to cream white at sides, ridge of heel
whitish ; a white band on body at each side of eel.

Var. VI. pdllido-dorsélis (Huds.). With two black
stripes enclosing a median pale dorsal stripe ; eed much
paler ; sides gradually paling downwards from the black
stripes.

Var. VII. maculdta (Pic.). Mantle and body covered
with black spots.

Var. VIII. celléria( D Arg.). Mantle spotted with black,
the 4 fascize on back, black, interrupted.

Var. IX. Miilleri (Mog.). Ash-coloured: back with

white bands and a double row of black spots.

2. L. CINEREO-NIGER (ashy-black) Wolf.

This species may be distinguished from the last by the following
characteristics :—‘* The shield is unicolorous without markings, or
only slight traces towards the edge ; the respiratory orifice is margined
with the colour of the body, of a darker hue; the dorsal keel is in

colour usually different from the general tint of the body; the lower

LIMAX. aD

surface of the foot is divided longitudinally into three differently
coloured bands, the median one white, the two lateral ones dark.
There are also important differences between the two species in the
genital apparatus.” (‘Journal of Conchology,” vol. iv., Pet 45).
The usual colour of the type is black and the rugosities on the body
are larger than those of maxzmus. I also learn from Mr. W. Denison
Roebuck that this is probably the real maxzmus of Linné, our
weaxemus not being found in Sweden.

This slug, though local, has a wide distribution through- .
out the British Isles, and when its differences from
maximus become better known, it will probably be found
to be somewhat commoner than is generally suspected.
I once found two specimens of the var. maura and one
of /uctuosa under the same log in a boggy place on Can-
nock Chase, where I have never seen anything else but
A. ater, J have often visited the spot since, but never

found another.

Var. I. dictudsa (AMog.). Unicolorous dark drab.

Var. Il. orndza (Less.). Black ; with whitish keel and

dorsal band and 2 rows of white spots.

Var. III. mazira (Held). Uniform jet black.

3. L. FLAVUS (yellow) Linné. PI. I., f. 7.

Sody broadest just behind the mantle, yellow with a faint dark
network, which appears to show from beneath the skin ; coarsely
tuberculated ; mazdle oval ; fringe slightly more yellow than the body ;
head greenish ; ¢entacles clear blue; sole cream white; se/Z. broad,
rather thin, characterised by the nucleus slightly projecting over the

edge ; /eweth 4 inches

36 LIMACID&.

This fine slug has a wide distribution throughout the
British Isles as far north as Elgin. Its habitat is restricted
to cellars and the vicinity to human habitations. Its dis-

tinctive characteristic is the blue colour of the tentacles.

Var. I. wiréscens (Fer.). Ofa greenish glassy appear-
ance, usual markings scarcely visible.

Var. Il. colubrina (Pini.). Shield and body widely
and irregularly spotted with black.

Var. III. suffiisa (Roeb.). Shield and body suffused
with uniform dark tinge caused by the coalescence of the
darker markings, shading off paler below.

Var. IV. ruféscens (Mog.). Reddish, markings indis-
tinct.

Var. LV. maculéta (Kal.). Brown, with black markings.

4. LL. MARGINATUS (4eeled) Muller. PI. 1., f. 8.
[=L. arsorum B.-Cu.]

Body light slate colour or pale greenish grey, having a semi-
transparent gelatinous appearance, with two bands of dark colour
along. each side showing a lighter ridge on the dorsal line ; waztle
with two bands along each side and a broad suffused band down the
centre, obtusely pointed behind ; ead pale with a dark line on each
side coming from under the mantle along each side of the head level
with and running along the upper tentacles which are light coloured
and slender ; /oot-sole pale with a darker line down the centre;

Shell solid, often a cuboidal mass; S/zze colourless; Lezgth 3 inches.
The ‘ Tree Slug,’ as it may still be called in spite of its

change of name for the sake of priority, is distributed

over the whole of the British Isles as far north as

LIMAX. a1

Sutherlandshire. It is abundant in Scotland, Ireland,
Man, ard the North of England ; scarcer in the South of
England. It has a habit of climbing trees, and is said
to suspend itself from a branch by a thread of mucus.
When placed on a plate or wet leaf it will move about
actively, constantly raising itself up after the manner of a
stoat, presumably for the same purpose of observation. I
have often found individuals with a shell of abnormal
development forcing the mantle into a hump and some-
times wearing a hole in it. Now and then an individual
is found with the shell gone through the hole, which
may possibly be caused by other slugs eating it away for
the sake of the lime. I have seen a case where the shell
of an Ag. agrestis has disappeared through a hole in
presumably asimilar manner. It should be noticed that
the bands on the mantle are constant in this species,

though those on the body are not.

Var. I. nemordsa (Laud.). Greyish red, banded along

the mantle and on each side of the keel.

Var. II. Jdetténtt (Sord.) Back spotted with black
and white, median band white with a dusky band on
each side; mantle with median band dusky, the side

bands being alternately dusky and white.

Var. III. maculéta (Roeb.). Ground colour as in
type, with the markings reduced to small rounded black
spots and a thin continuous band along each side, which

shows a tendency to break up into spots.

38 LIMACID.

Var. IV. vrupicola(L. and P.). Smaller ; dorsal band
pale or wanting ; keel very gradually produced for two-
thirds the length of the back, nearly black.

Var. V: pdllens (L: and F.). Pale, dorsal line pale
extending for two-thirds the length of the keel; mantle
pale with almost invisible bands.

Var. VI. alpéstris (LZ. and P.). Somewhat smaller,
with a pronounced keel extending a quarter the length of
the back, shield blackish, often obscurely banded ; back
unicolorous with a pale median line.

Var. VII. fiélva (Norm). Reddish brown suffused
with black on the back ; shield reddish brown, scarcely

obscured by small blackish specks.

Genus.—Acriotimax Malm.

Dr. Scharff says:—‘‘ Avrioltémax has only 4 convolutions in the
intestines instead of 6, and these 4 are altogether different in position
from those in Zimax. In the last genus the left lobe of the liver
formed the apex of the intestinal one; in 4g7zolizmax it is the right.

The species of Avrtolimax rarely possesses bands.”

1. A. AGRESTIS (zzhabeting fields) Linné. Pl. I, f. 9.

Very variable in colour and markings; shed/ oblong ; sme milk
white ; Zezzgth 14 inches.

This is the common ‘Field Slug” or “ Dew Slug,”
which, unhappily, does not confine itself to its nominal
habitat, but swarms everywhere, especially where its
absence would be much appreciated. Its characteristic

distinction is its mz/k-white slime. I once captured an

AGRIOLIMAX. 39

individual of the typical form coupling with one of the
var. 27g7a.

Var. I. punctéta (Picard). Greyish or white with very
small black points.

Var. II. Zilacina (Mog.). Lilac or purple.

Var. III. dlbida (Picard). Entirely white.

Var. IV. nigra ( Butterell). Jet black.

Var. V. veticuldta (Miill.). Ash-brown with darker
mottling, #zazé/e unicolorous, paler.

Var. VI. sylvdtica (Moqg.). Grey spotted thickly with
dark purple.

Var. VII. ¢ristzs (AZog.). Brownish, shield with 2 lateral
brown bands, sometimes with an intermediate third.

Var. VIII. odscitra (Mog.). Reddish with brown spots.

Var. IX. vuféscens (L. and P.), Yellowish or reddish,

with a few obscure spots.

2, A. EAVIS (smooth) Muller. “Plo 1:, £4.

Slender, chocolate brown, unicolorous, the se// resembling that of
A. agrestis, though smaller, may be seen through the mantle ; s/zme
colourless; /ootsole same colour.as body ; /ezgth # inch.

This is our smallest slug. It may at once be recognised
by its uniform chocolate colour and its extremely active
and lively habits. It frequents the same damp situations
as Ffyalinia nitida, and I have found it on flags some
distance out in the water. It is of general distribution in
England and Scotland, but hitherto locally recorded for

Wales, and I have taken it in the North of Ireland ;

40 TESTACELLIDZ.

Dr. Scharff says it is very local in that country, and

only records it for Dublin.

Family.—TESTACELLID.
Genus.—TESTACELLA Cuvier.

Body of a firm texture, cylindrical; JZeztacles four; mantle
situated at the caudal extremity ; small, usually covered by the shell,
which is ear-shaped.

The Snail Slugs form a link between the naked slugs
with rudimentary shells, and the snails which live within
their shells. Their shells, though rudimentary, are external,
and are situated at the extremity of the tail, covering the
vital organs. Like many slugs they are carnivorous, but
to a much greater extent. Jeffreys (British Conch., vol. 1,
p- 153), says, “‘ They will not eat dead animals,” which is
not the case with many slugs and snails. They are
nocturnal in their habits and subterranean. The same
authority goes on to say, “they only sally out at night in
search of their prey, burying themselves deep in the
ground in the daytime. . . . Heavy rains destroy a
number of them. The average length of life in the

Testacellae appears to be five or six years.”

I. T. HALIOT[DEA(resembling the Venus’ ear shell, Haliotis) Cuzzer.
Pe; ter
Body pale yellow, capable of great extension, marked with furrows
of a darker colour branching out from a point just under the shell and
extending to the head ; wzaztle almost concealed by the shel/, which

is ear-shaped and very slightly convex above ; /ezgth 3 inches.

TESTACELLA, Al

This species is found interruptedly throughout the
length and breadth of England, as far north as Durham.
In Wales it is recorded for Chepstow and Tenby; and in
Youghal for Ireland. It occurs in the Channel Islands,
but not in Scotland. It may however turn up in various
localities hitherto unsuspected, as its subterranean habits

facilitate its escaping notice.

2. T. scUTULUM (/ittle shield) Sowerby. PI. II., f. 2.

Differing from the last species in the furrows, which in this species
branch off from a point outside and in front of the shell. It differs
also in colour, which is ochre-yellow or brownish. .Shed/ like that of

T. haliotidea. Length 3 inches.

This species has a more restricted range in England
than the last ; with the exception of Lewes, and sparingly
in Lancashire and Cheshire, it only occurs along the
eastern side of this country as far north as Yorkshire.
It is, however, found in Scotland, at Paisley. Though
not found in Wales, it has a wider distribution in Ireland
than the last species, being found at intervals along the
south and east coasts. Like Z: haliotidea, it occurs in

Guernsey.

3. T. MAUGEI (after Mauge), Férussac. Pl. II., f. 3.

This species differs from the other two in being much larger (4
inches in length), in colour deep brown, and in the furrows, which in
this species branch out from under the shell much more widely than
either of the others, as if the junction were much further underneath.

Shell much larger and more cylindrical.

42 VITRINIDA.

It has been thought that this species was imported in
foreign mould to nursery gardens at Bristol, but this is
now considered erroneous, its claim to rank as an
indigenous species having been fairly established by its
occurrence over a large district in the south-west of
England and Wales, in Yorkshire, Berks., and Middlesex,

and also in the south of Ireland and in Jersey.

Var. viridans (Morelet). Greenish brown, lke

bronze ; ventral dise bright orange-red.

Family.—VITRINID&.
Genus.—VITRINA Draparnaud.

Body incapable of being contained within the shell; mantle ex-
panded over the lip of the shell when the animal is in motion ; Ze7-
tacles 4; shell globular, thin, transparent ; sfzve very short ; mouth

obliquely semi-lunar 3 zevzbz/ecus none.

V. PELLUCIDA (transparent) Miller. PA. II., f. 4.

Spheroidal, very thin, transparent, green; sfzve scarcely raised;
mouth large; A. 34mm. B. 64mm.

The Vitrinas are a link between the slugs and snails
proper. They have the same tooth formation and mantle
as the slugs, while their shells resemble those of the
Flelices.

Our pretty little English species is found in almost all
parts of the British Isles. This shell, like a bubble of
clear greenish-tinted glass, is a truly beautiful object,
especially when set out on white cardboard or with a

background of cotton wool. Two varieties are found,

45

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44 ZONITIDA.

but the shell is very uniform. I have, however, a speci-
men taken in the north of Ireland with two milk-white
bands running in a spiral direction from apex to mouth.

Under a lens, or even with the naked eye, the operation
of breathing can be well observed. In autumn, winter,
and early spring, especially after rain, our little friend is
abroad on dead leaves and among moss.

Var. I. depresstiuscula (Jeff). Oval and flatter on both

sides.

Var Ag: dillwuynit (/ef.). Globular, spzve produced.

Family.—ZONITID.

Genus.—HVvA.inia Agassiz.

[= ZonitEs De Montfort. |

The identification of the different species of this inter-
esting genus (the Zozztes of our youth) often gives more
trouble to the novice—to whom they all look pretty much
alike—than all the rest of the British land and freshwater
shells put together, except the vexatious Pistdia. To
simplify matters for the beginner I have framed a synop-
tical table of comparison of those species most liable to
be confused (see Z. 43). Young specimens of some of the
larger species require care lest they be mistaken for adult
specimens of some of the smaller ones, and vice versa.
For instance, the young of z7¢é7da are apt to be mistaken
for adult examples of zadiatula, and the young zztdula

for adult fuva. It is a good plan in such cases to count

HYVALINIA. 45

the whorls—a full-grown rvadiatula has 44, while x7tida
has 5. If, therefore, the shell under consideration is the
size of an adult vadiatula but has only 3 whorls, the
observer will know that an extra whorl and a half would
make the shell too large for a vadiatula, and he may

conclude it to be a young ze¢zda.

The animals should also be studied and compared.
It may be remarked that fulva, crystallina, and excavata
are unmistakable when their several characteristics have

been pointed out.

Sub-genus.—Poura Ffeld.

I. H. LucipA (clear) Draparnaud.
[=H. DRAPARNALDI (Beck)].

Very slightly convex above ; afex flat, fawn colour above, semi-
transparent bluish white below; whorls 6-7, finely striated trans-
versely, last whorl increasing towards the south, which is oval and
very oblique; zszdcléecus wide. A. 6 mm. B. 14 mm. Azzmal
cobalt blue all over, including foot-sole ; darker on back, head, and
tentacles. The mantle shows a dark collar through the shell when
the animal is out and extended.

This handsome species, the largest of our British
flyaliniz, is undoubtedly indigenous, though only
recently admitted to rank as such.

The shell when adult is easily distinguishable from
cellaria by its greater size and flattened appearance, its
opaque fawn colour, its expansion of the last whorl
towards the mouth, and its extra whorl. The animal too

is very distinct in colour.

46 ZONITIDA,

It has been recorded for the Isle-of-Man, the Channel
Isles, Cornwall, Devon, Bristol, Lancashire, Hants, and
Middlesex in England, Glamorgan in Wales, and Dublin
and, Limerick in Ireland. Its: alleged occurrence aa

Scotland requires confirmation.

Var. albina (Moqg.). Whitish.

2. H. CELLARIA (czhabiting cellars) Miiller. P\. II., f. 5, 5a.

Compressed, glossy, semi-transparent, pale horn colour above,
clouded white below ; sfzve nearly flat ; zowth deeply semi-lunar ;
whorls 5-6; umdelecus broad and deep. A. 35 mm. B. Io mm.
Animal light bluish grey, footsole nearly white.

This is the commonest of our fyalinieg, being
distributed over the whole of the British Isles as far

north as Caithness.

It is found under stones and logs everywhere, though

more abundantly in some localties than others.

In the neighbourhood of Dover, for instance, this and

indeed all the yadinze are comparatively rare.

Its partiality for cellars and damp dark outhouses,
which is peculiar to some extent to the last species also,

has given it its appropriate specific name.
Var. I. complandta (/Jeff.). Spire flat.

Var. II. albina (Mog.). Pale transparent greenish ;

or clouded or clear white.

HYVALINIA. AT

2.12 He HEGMERICAn(Szezss) 27, El LN, £6,

[=H. GLABRA (sa00th) Jeffr. non Studer).

Convex above and beneath, very glossy and smooth, rather dark
transparent horn-colour, very slightly marked with white below ;
sptre raised and produced to a point ; outline of sozth forming about
three-quarters of a circle ; whorls 5-63 zmbzlicus deep, but narrower
than that of cel/arza and not showing the last whorl. Azzmal
with a black mantle showing a distinct black band through the shell.

~~ 51mm. 52.95 mm.

Investigation has at last settled the dispute as to
what the species we have been accustomed to call glaber
was called on the continent. It appears to be the /ed-
vetica of Draparnaud, as Mr. Taylor had suspected many

years ago.

This is a local species, though, as it is becoming better
known, its distribution is found to be wide, extending
over Great Britain as far north as Argyle and the Clyde
Isles. ‘There are no records for Ireland or Isle of Man;
it is however found in the Channel Isles. Though
known to Dr. Gray and figured by him in 1841 as a
wanicty “of a/iarza, it}; was. left. to Mr’ 'T:. Rogers, ‘of

Manchester, to bring it into notice in 1870.

Many seem to confuse it with a//zaria, and it has been
considered by some authorities.to be merely a variety of
that species. There are, however, some very distinct
differences between the two English forms. The adult
helvetica is, of course, much the larger and is thinner in

proportion to its size; but the distinction that I believe

48 ZONITID.

to be constant, and therefore diagnostic, is that the
umbilicus of a//iavia expands with its growth, while that
of helvetica contracts, so that in full grown specimens of
helvetica the last whorl hides the penultimate when viewed
from beneath, which is never the case with a//zaria. ‘The
garlic smell of a//iaria I have very often observed in

helvetica, and alliaria is occasionally without it.

But it is rather with ce//avza that the confusion is likely
to arise. Helvetica is more glossy (in fact it is the most
glossy of all our British’ species) ; its form more globose
and compact, the sculpture almost absent, and the spire
usually more raised and pointed. Unlike Aelvetica,
cellaria always leaves the penultimate whorl exposed
when viewed from beneath; and the suture of cellaria
is broader and deeper. The colour is not much to rely
on, but usually that of /elvetica is darker and clearer

than that of cel/aria.

Mr. E. Collier of Manchester was the first to call my
attention to the fact that this species will completely
clean out other small shells when put into a box with it.
He instanced H. fulva which was completely cleaned
out by this means. I have since observed the same
cannibalism in A. ztidula; Helix rotundata and V.
pellucida when placed in a tube with the above, fall an

easy prey, the shells being beautifully cleaned.

Var. viridans (Cockl). Greenish white.

HYALINIA, 49

4. H. ALLIARIA (smelling of garlic) Miller. Pl. Il., f. 6.

More convex above though less so below than cellaria; whorls
5, the last smaller in proportion than the cellarta; spire slightly
raised ; mouth narrow ; wmbzlicus rather wider in proportion than
that of cellarza ; anzmal smelling of garlic. A. 23min. B. 6min.

According to the Conchological Society’s records this
species has a slightly wider distribution than ce//aria ;
but it is not usually so abundant. It is found under
stones and logs, etc., often abundantly. I have never
found it in the Isle of Man, where ce//avza is very plenti-
ful, but it is recorded for that island.

Its odour of garlic is sometimes very powerful. I have
especially noticed it in the north of Ireland, where I have
sometimes smelt the animals before I found them. The
odour is not, however, a certain mark of identity, as I
have taken elvetica in North Wales and in Northampton-
shire and Cheshire with this peculiarity ; and ce//arza is

also said to possess it occasionally.

Var. vividula ( Jeff.). Greenish white.

5. H. nivTipULA (slightly glossy) Draparnaud. PI. II., f. 8.

Compressed, thin, very slightly glossy, whitish beneath ; whorls 5,
convex ; s¢vz@ in line of growth strong, and very slight longitudinally ;
spire slightly raised ; szfzve rather deep ; mouth round except where
interrupted by body of shell; zszdclicus very broad and deep.
A. 34mm. B. 84mm.

This shell has as wide a distribution as any other mem-

ber of the genus as far as Great Britain is concerned. It
E

50 ZONITID.

has also a wide distribution in Ireland. In the north of
the island it is very abundant. It is not recorded for the
Isle of Man. Like the rest of the genus it frequents moist

places under stones and logs almost everywhere.

Its dull appearance serves to mark it off from the others
except pura, which small specimens much_ resemble,
especially on account of the cross striae common to both
species alike, and which in the young of wz¢¢du/a are more
noticeable than in the weathered adults. The size of the
whorls is a guide in this case and the unfinished look of
the young witidula. ‘The animal of fura is also usually
lighter.

Var. I. nitens (Mich.). Last whorl expanding at the
mouth.

Var. Il. Hémit (Ald.). White or greenish—a beautiful

object, and rare.

6. H. RADIATULA (mznutely rayed) Alder. Pl. II., f. 10.

Compressed, thin, highly glossy, and exquisitely marked trans-
versely ; whorls 443 anzmal nearly black. A. 1 mm. B 3? mm.

As Jeffreys points out, this very pretty little shell
frequents moister places than pura. It is found in damp
moss in woods and under decaying logs. Under a lens
it is a beautiful object and need never be mistaken for
the next species, which it resembles in shape and size, but
care should be taken not to confound it with the young

of zitida which is usually found in similar damp habitats.

HYALINIA. ay |

It is slightly more local than Jura, notably in Wales,
and it is never abundant as is often the case with pura.
It is found in all the four provinces of Ireland and has
recently been added to the Manx list.

Var. viridescéntt-élba (Jeff.). Greenish white.

72 ity PURAs(acar) Alders PETE, f 9:

Compressed, very thin, pearly white ; faintly striated in the line of
growth and still more faintly longitudinally ; whorls 4 ; mouth nearly
circular ; wmb¢licus narrow but deep. A. If mm. B. 32 mm,
Animal cream colour.

This delicate little species extends from end to end of
Great Britain, but is not found everywhere.

In the ‘Journal of Conchology,’ Vol. VII., p. 151,
Messrs. Standen and Nelson point out conclusively that
the white form is the type that Alder named pura (doubt-
less from its clear pearly appearance). and that he regarded
the brown form as a variety. Though Alder did not
give a special name to the brown form, it seems to have
been known to his contemporaries as zz¢:dosa.

At present it is only locally known in Ireland, though
I found it very plentifully in the north, the white form
very considerably preponderating. In Scotland also this
is said to be the case. In the Midlands I have taken
about an equal proportion of the type to the variety, and
I have observed the same equality in the west of England
and in Kent.

Var. ttiddsa (Gray). Pale horn colour.

52 ZONITID.

Sub-genus.—ViTREA Fitzinger.

8. H. CRYSTALLINA (crystalline) Miller. Pl. II., f. 13, 13a.

Depressed above, more convex below, thin transparent pearly white ;
whorls 5, compressed ; south semi-lunar; zzzbclicus exceedingly
small; A. 12mm. B. 34mm.

The iridescent appearance and symmetrical form of
this little shell cause us to regret that it is one of the
smaller instead of the larger members of the genus.

It is easily identified from its colour and the compressed
appearance of the whorls, but especially by its umbilicus,
which is so small that a pin of moderate size will hardly
enter.

It is common everywhere in moist sheltered situations.

Var. I. complandta (/Jeff:). Nearly flat on both sides,
the last whorl larger.

Var. II. contrdcta ( West?.). Last whorl very narrow.

Sub-genus.—CONULuS Fitzinger.
9. TH. CRULVA Cowny) Aiuller. Pi. Us, tara:
Pyramidal, thin, glossy, clear horn-colour, whorls 54; mouth
narrow 3 z0¢/¢cus merely a slight indent, only found in adult speci-
mens. A. 24mm. B. 25mm.

This pretty little shellis a link between the /yalinie
and the Hedices. Its quaint pyramidal shape prevents the
possibility of mistaking its identity,

Its distribution extends over the whole of the British
Isles. Common under rotten branches, and logs and

stones, and among moss in woods.

HYALINIA. 53
Var. I. mortoni (Jeff. ). Spire depressed, sharply carinated.
Var. II. dlderi (Gray). Smaller, dark brown.
Var. III. wividula (Taylor). Greenish white.

Sub-genus.—ZONITOIDES Lehmann.
tO; He NITIDA (elossy) Afgiler, PI. V., f; 11} 1a:

Rather solid, glossy, semi-transparent, clear chocolate brown,
striated transversely, microscopically granulated ; whorls 5; spre raised,
apex blunt; seture deep; mouth round; zzmbilicus narrow but

deep. <A. 23mm. B. 64mm.

It is found at the roots of grass, among moss and under
stones in moist places, often with 4g. /evis, usually not
very abundantly, but Mr. J. R. B. Masefield once found a
large colony at Tenby.

Young specimens may be mistaken for vadiatula, but
under a lens that species is seen to be more regularly
striated and glossy. ‘The most distinctive characteristic
is perhaps the absence of white round the umbilicus and

the clear chocolate brown colour of the entire shell.

Both this and the next species possess a ‘ dart,’ which

connects them closely with the Hedzces.

It has a very wide distribution throughout the whole of
the British Isles, and is even reported to exist in Shet-
land.

Var. albina (Mog.). ‘Transparent greenish.

54 HELICIDz.

11. H. ExcavATAa (hollowed out) Bean. Pl. II., f. 12.

Not very glossy, semi-transparent, light brown, coarsely striated
transversely ; whorls 53, nearly cylindrical; sfzve raised; suture
very deep ; south nearly circular ; zdbzlicus very broad and deep.
A. 24 mm. B. 5% mm.

This is a well-marked species. Its broad and deep
umbilicus, convex spire, cylindrical whorls, and coarse
appearance combine to render it easy of identification.
Moreover it possesses a ‘ dart.’

Young shells are slightly carinated.

It is found in various parts of the four kingdoms, but
it is a local species. It does not seem to frequent
calcareous soils.

It should be looked for under stones, at the roots of

grass, among dead leaves, etc., principally in woods.

Var. witrina (fer.). Greenish white.

Family.—HELIciIpz

Genus.—HELIx Linné,

ody capable of being wholly contained within the shell ; Zezztacles 45

shell conical ; sfzve rarely much depressed.

Sub-genus.—PATULA feld.
1. H. ROTUNDATA (rounded) Miller. PI. III., f. 15.
Circular, depressed, rather thin, semi-opaque, horn colour, marked
at regular intervals with rufous brown; strongly ribbed in line of
growth ; whorls 6-7 ; strongly carinated ; zmzbilicus large and open.

A. 24mm. B. 64 mm.

PELE 50

This is perhaps the commonest of our land shells. It
is found everywhere under stones and logs, among moss,
and in fact in most sheltered spots. In some districts,
however, it is much scarcer than in others. Along the
Yorkshire and the Kentish coasts it is comparatively
scarce, though less so inland in those parts. The white
Or greenish variety is a beautiful object, and is often
found in colonies. ~
a. Size. Var. I.—mnor ( Jeff:). Smaller.

Var. II. ¢értont (flem.). Spire flat.
Var. III]. pyramiddlis (Jeff.). Spire raised.

Var. IV. dba (Mog.). Pale green or white.
c. Colour.4 Var. V. vifula (Mog.). Fawn colour without

b. Shape.

the rufous brown markings.

Monst. I. senestrorsum ( Taylor).
Reversed.

Monst. II. scalériforme (L. E. Ad.).
Whorls disunited.

d. Deformities.

2. H. RUPESTRIS (¢habiting rocks) Draparnaud. P\. IV., f. I.

Sub-conical, rather solid, semi-transparent, rather glossy, dark
horn-colour ; closely and regularly striated in the line of growth ;
obtusely carinated, especially when young; sfzve raised ; szture
very deep; mouth gibbous ; zmbzlicus wide and deep. <A. If mm.
B 2g mm.

This is a hardy little creature, and may be found on
stone walls and carboniferous limestone rocks at a
considerable elevation. It has a wide range throughout

England and Wales and Ireland, and it has been

56 HELICID&A.

recorded for Arran and Sutherland in Scotland and Isle
of Man. It is gregarious.

Var. I. viridescénti-alba (Jeff). Greenish white.

Var. II. trochdides (Kregi.). Spire more elevated,

umbilicus narrower.

Sub-genus.—PUNCTUM Morse.
Bo ede PYGMAA (minute) Draparnaud. PI. IV., f. 2.

Circular, depressed, thin, semi-transparent, glossy, yellowish horn-
colour ; striated finely and regularly in the line of growth ; whorls 4;
cylindrical ; sfzve more or less raised ; wmébzlicus large. A. }mm.
B. 14 mm.

This is the smallest of the Hedices. It frequents moist
situations in woods and under hedges among dead
leaves. It has a wide range throughout Great Britain
and Ireland, and is often plentiful. A good plan that
saves much time is to take a quantity of dead leaves
home, and after drying them to examine the siftings.

H.. pygmea is a very pleasing object under a powerful
lens—the close-set, well-marked striz appearing as a

surprise to the observer.

Sub-genus.—ACANTHINULA Beck.
4. H. LAMELLATA (Aaving plates) Jeffreys. Pl. II., f. 16.
Globosely conic, semi-transparent, horn-colour ; epzdermis raised
into ridges in the line of growth ; whorls 6, turreted ; sfzve blunt ;
umbilicus distinct. A. 2mm. B. 2mm.
This little shell, which inhabits the north of Great
Britain, as far south as Stafford, many parts of Ireland

and Anglesea, frequents dead leaves, especially those of

ALE EIX. 57

the beech and holly, being often very abundant where it
occurs.

It somewhat resembles an immature /xufa in shape,
but a second glance will detect the distinct umbilicus
and its turreted whorls with the epidermal ridges. It is
one of those few species of which no one has been ingeni-
ous enough to find varieties.

5. H. ACULEATA (spiny) Miller. PI. II., f. 15.
Pyramidal, turreted owing to its rapidly increasing convex whorls,
of which there are 4 to 44 ; epidermis raised into ridges in the line of
growth and produced into spines, which rise in symmetrical fringes
round the whorls. A. 23mm. B. 25mm.

This is a beautiful object under a lens. It has a very
extensive range throughout Great Britain, and also in
Ireland. It is very abundant round Coleraine.

Owing to its colour and shape, as well as to the fact
that its spines facilitate the accumulation of dirt, it is very
likely to be passed over as a small lump of earth.

Var. dlbida (Jeff.). Colourless.

Sub-genus.—VALLONIA Lusso.

6. H. PULCHELLA (mznutely beautiful) Miller. P\. IV. f., 3.

Nearly circular, rathersolid, semi-transparent, dull white ; whor/s 33 5
mouth nearly circular, trumpet-shaped; zmdzlicus wide and
shallow. <A. Im. B. 2imm.

This beautiful little shell is found under stones, among
the roots of grass on stone walls and sometimes on sand-
hills in most parts of Great Britain and Ireland. Unlike

Hf, ericetorum, it is more common on the east coast of

58 HELICID.

Scotland than on the west. I have frequently taken it in
ants’ nests under stones. ‘The variety is not uncommon.
At Beaumaris, where it is abundant, I found compara-
tively few individuals of the type, and the same remark
applies to Northamptonshire.
Var. costéta (Miull.). Marked in line of growth with
epidermal ribs.

Sub-genus.—CHILOTREMA Leach,
7, H. LAPIC{DA (stone-cutter) Linné. Pl. IV., f. 4.

Circular, compressed, dark rufous brown, dull, semi-transparent ;
whorls 5 ; mouth obliquely oval, surrounded by a strong white re-
flected rim; very strongly carinated ; zmzdzlicus large. A. 65mm.
B. 165mm.

This strikingly formed shell is found in many parts of
England, as far north as Yorkshire, rarely in Wales, and
not at all in Ireland. Its only Scottish habitat at Hawick
has been destroyed. It occurs chiefly in calcareous
districts, but not exclusively; it is fairly common at
Maidenhead (Berks), where the soil is gravelly, and at
other places where limestone is not present.

The name ‘stone-cutter’ is due to its supposed habit
of boring into rocks. This idea is, of course, erroneous,
but it does ensconce itself in crevices of rocks, whence it
emerges after rain. The white form is very rare. I once
took a single specimen at Ewell near Dover, on the trunk
of a birch tree. In the same spot I have taken two
scalariform specimens.

Var. I. albina (Menke). White.

HELE, 59
Var. II. minor (Mog.). Smaller and darker.

Var. III. nigréscens (Zaylor). Darker, peristome white.

Var. IV. subdnguléta (Pascal). Periphery rounded
without keel.

Monst. scalariforme (L. £. Ad.) Whorls disunited.

Sub-genus.—GONOsToMA Feld.
8. H. OBVOLUTA (wrapped up) Miller. Pl. IV., f. 5.

Circular, flat above, compressed below, moderately solid, opaque
reddish brown, hispid, whor/s, 64, compressed 3 mozth triangular,
surrounded by a strong pinkish-white rim with 3 denticles 3 ambz¢licus
large, A. 5 mm. B. 124 mm.

This peculiar shell, sometimes known as the ‘ Cheese
Snail,’ is found along the northern ridges of the South
Downs from Duncton, Graffham, and Singleton, Up-Park
in Sussex, through Ditcham and Stoner, in Hants, and
Crabbe Wood near Winchester. It is found under dead
fallen boughs.

I have seen a young sinistrorse specimen in the
possession of Mr. W. Heathcote of Preston, which is said
to have come from Mitcham in Surrey.

Monst. senistrorsum (L. E. Ad.). Reversed.

Sub-genus.—PoMATIA Leach.
9. H. PoMATIA (oferculate) Linné. PI. III., f. 1.
Globose, solid, opaque, cream-colour, with 5 or less bands of dull
red, coarsely striated in the line of growth, zmddlicus narrow.

A.) 43) mmo. \.B; 43) mm.
The ‘Apple Snail, as it used to be called, is the

60 HELICID-.

largest of our land snails. The above term was applied
to it under the misapprehension that pomatia was derived
from the Latin Aomum, an apple, whereas it is from the
‘Greek oma, an operculum. It has no true operculum,
but, when retiring into winter quarters, forms a very thick
epiphragm from a secretion of the mantle, which hardens
on exposure to the air like plaster-of-Paris. _ When this
thick plate closes the entrance, the animal retires deeper
into the shell and fortifies itself still further against the

cold by a succession of thin films.

Whether this snail was introduced by the Romans as
an article of food is doubtful; at any rate the
coincidence of its local and restricted range in the
vicinity of Roman military stations and villas is very
striking, and Mr. B. B. Woodward (Proc. Geol. Mag.,
August, 1890, ‘ Mollusca of the London district,” says,
“ FT, pomatia and HH. aspersa are not found anywhere in
pre-Roman deposits, though frequently found with

Roman remains.”

Jeffreys argues against the theory of its Roman intro-
duction on the ground there are several such localities
where it does not exist, which negative evidence is hardly
‘convincing, especially as regards the northern places he
instances (York, and Wroxeter near Shrewsbury), where
ithe colder climate might be expected to disagree with its
southern constitution, and the soil is notcalcareous. Jeffreys

also points out that the shell has not been found in any

HELIX. 61

recognised stratum of the Upper Tertiary formation in
this country, and this would lead to the inference that
it was introduced later. There is also a theory that it
was introduced by the monks in the middle ages; but
this interesting question has yet to be worked out.
Morton, in his “Natural History of Northamptonshire,”
published in 1712, mentions that “The Great Edible
Snail, though common in some places in the Southern
parts of Hngland, yet can scarce be brought to live with
us; as appears by an experiment made by the late Lord
ffatton, who put a great many live ones of this kind into:
a convenient coppice near his house at A77éy, with inten-
tions that they should breed there, but in a short time
they all dy’d.”

About 1810 General Arbuthnot brought some from
abroad and introduced them into a shrubbery at
Woodford, Northants, where they throve for some thirty

years ; now no trace of them remains.

A curious thickening of the lip is often found in this.
species, and I once found a perfect pearl, which was
detached from the shell, in a specimen I collected at

Charing in Kent.

It is found in Hants, Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Oxford,
Gloucester and Bedfordshire.

On the continent it is considered a delicacy, being
fattened on vine leaves and is hence called the ‘vine

snail.’ It may be seen exposed for sale in the markets.

62 HELICID.

I can recommend those interested in the subject to read
Dr. J. Reynes’ charming little book “L’Escargot,” and
also Reeve’s interesting ‘Edible British Mollusks.”
The white variety has been found in England, though
not the reversed form, which is not very uncommon on

the continent.
Var. dlbida (Mog.). White.

10. H. ASPERSA (desprinkled) Miller. FP. III, f. 2.

Globose, solid, opaque, yellowish with 5 dark brown bands, which
are interrupted at intervals by lighter markings ; zwhor7s 54 ; sembztlicus
none. A. 35m. B. 35mm.

Everyone knows the “Common Garden Snail.” Those,
however, who only regard it as an object of immediate
extermination have no idea of its beauties when met with
under happier auspices.

The proprietor of a London garden, for instance, stroll-
ing out after a shower of rain, when he fixes his stern gaze
upon our friends regaling themselves upon his pet sun-
flowers, generally collects them in an empty flower-pot,
and then heaves them stealthily into his neighbour’s
garden, whence, perhaps the next day, they return in a
similar manner. ‘This person, I say, is not in the frame
of mind to appreciate their beauty ; and, indeed, near
towns they are zo¢ beautiful, being mostly without any
epidermis and covered with dirt.

The finest and most beautifully marked specimens that
IT have seen were taken in the Isle of Man. In various

parts of England /. asgersa still forms an article of food,

POEL: 63

and in Venice and other parts of the Continent I have
seen baskets-full collected for this purpose. The taste
is insipid, and the animals are apt to be tough if not well
boiled. As nourishing food, however, they rank with
calfs-foot jelly, oysters, etc. The “band formula” may
be used for this species as for . nemoralts.

Though it has a wide distribution throughout the
British Isles, it is thought by some to have been intro-
duced not earlier than the time of the Romans.

It is a pity that Dr. Jeffreys and others described some
of their varieties as having more than one characteristic.
The form ¢exuzor, for instance, is not always ‘‘ dwarfed,”
nor is the var. conoidea always “thinner.” Of course, it
may be objected that a full-sized individual with a very
thin shell is not the v. zezwzor, at any rate of Shuttleworth,
or a conical individual with a thick shell the var. conotdea
of Jeffreys ; but in all probability if these conchologists
had seen more examples they would have left out the
secondary characters, which for practical purposes may be
disregarded. The form wzzicolor represents what is usually
known as vy. grisea (Mog.). Lxalbida is local, but often
not uncommon where it occurs, especially in the west ot
England and in Kent.

Var. I. globésa (Mog.). Larger, globular.
Size. War. Wl. minor (7ic.). Sialler. A) 22mm. B,
(maj.) 28mm. (mi2.) 23mm.
Texture. Var. III. zenzéior (Shutil.). Thin, dwarfed.
Shape. Var. IV. conoidea (fic.). Conical, thinner.

64 HELICID.

Var. V. élbo-fascidta (Jeff.). Bands (123) and
(45) coalescing, leaving a white band round

SS

the centre.
Var. VI. exdlbida (Menke). Yellowish or
whitish.
Var. VII. nigréscens (Mog.). Blackish, nearly
Color unicolorous.
and + ;
iE Var. VIII. zondta (Mog.) Pale with the 5
mark- ee
ings. bands distinct.
Var. IX. unduléta (Mog.). Marked with dark
and light alternate undulatory markings.
Var. X. fdmmea (Pic.), Marked as in var. 9,
but with broad flammules.
| Var. XI. wnicolor (Mog.). Uniformly reddish.
Monst. I. sévistvorsum (Taylor). Reversed.
es Monst. II cornucbpia (Gmelin). | Whorls dis-

united.

Sub-genus.—TacHEA Leach.

ir. H. NEMORALIS (z7ehabiting groves) Linné. Pl. IL., f. 17.

Globular, solid, very brilliantly and variously coloured, the type
having five bands; whorls 5% 3 umoticus distinct in the young,
closed in the adult; inside of /f usually coloured ; dar? straight,
length 7-8 mm. A. 163mm. B. 224 mm.

This is the pretty and common snail which spots the
country hedges after a shower. It 1s remarkably
abundant on sandhills by the sea, and it has a great
partiality for chalk and limestone, but it does zo¢ often
inhabit ‘ groves’ as its name would imply.

In a wood near Dover, I have seen it climbing the

trunks of large beech trees in company with HZ. dapicida

PLETE 65

and L. marginatus|=L. arborum (B.-Ch.)| during heavy
rain, a habit which I have not noticed in the north of
England, though I have often done so in the south of
England and also on the continent. It is not recorded yet
for Radnorshire, and a few of the Scotch and Irish counties,

but further investigation will probably supply the gaps.

Thrushes devour it with great relish, first breaking the
shell on a stone. These ‘Thrush Stones’ are well
known to country people. The bank vole (JZ glareolus),
and probably other field mice, are very partial to Helzx
nemoralis and H. aspersa, and the empty shells may be
found in their ‘runs’ in quantities. These mouse-eaten
shells are always eaten through the side, the apex of the
spire and the tip being left entire, and so need not be
mistaken for those eaten by thrushes, which are always
broken at the top of the spire. Mr. C. E. Wright, or
Kettering, counted a6 mouse-eaten shells in one foot of a
‘run’ ten feet in length which was full of them. Along
the sandhills on the north coast of Ireland I used to find
fresh shells empty and apparently broken by rabbits’ teeth,
in numbers at the entrances to their burrows, but whether
‘brer rabbit’ or rats were to blame for this I could never
discover. At any rate some of the lower animals know
what is good, and I can from experience recommend
this species and the next as delicacies. ‘They should be
left in an empty box to ‘scour’ for a couple of days, and
then boiled and eaten cold with vinegar and pepper

F

66 HELICID®.

They may not find favour just at first with some, but
those who like periwinkles will not find zemora/is inferior.
In France and Italy H. nemoralis, H. pisana, H. pomatia,
H. aspersa and H. Jactea are sold in the markets
ready cooked. I would, however, caution those
experimenting on snails to ascertain what they have been
feeding on, as on one occasion I fed on a batch of
Hi. pisana sent from Tenby and found myself very
uncomfortable. On enquiry I learnt that they had been

gathered from the wild celery. Verd. sap.

BAND-VARIATION IN HELIX NEMORALIS AND H.HORTENSIS.

No philosophical plan of treating the numerous
variations of these species has yet been propounded, and
until such is the case it is deemed the wiser plan to
include in the list only variations of size, form, texture,
colour of lip and ground-colour. A convenient method
or formula, however, exists by which band-variations may
be readily and accurately recorded. As all conchologists
know, the type form has five bands, each of which is
constant in its position on the shell, three of them being
always above, and two always below, the periphery. The
variation is usually by suppression or by coalesence of one
or more of these bands, or both. Numbering the bands
for convenience, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, the uppermost being the
first, and the lowermost the fifth band, the formula for

Aru 67

the type would be written thus: 12345. In the case of
the suppression of a band, a cypher (0) is used in lieu of
its number, thus—12045—signifying that the correspond-
ing band is deficient. The unicoiorous form is a case of
the suppression of the entire series of bands, and for this
the formula is five cyphers, thus—ooooo. In the case of
coalescence of one or more bands, the numbers standing
for the coalesced bands are enclosed within parentheses,
é.g.—(12)3(45), which signifies that the first and second
bands are fused together, also the fourth and fifth, the
third only being free. Any combination of these formule
may be used, as for instance, (12)305 signifies the
coalescence of the first and second, and the suppression
of the fourth. The black specimens afford an instance of
the coalescence of all five bands, for which the formule
is written thus—(12345). Additional bands which are to
be considered as splits off the normal ones) are denoted

by a small figure, thus— 123345 or 123345.

1234|5 indicates that a split occurs either of the 4th or

5th band forming an extra band intermediate.
I : 345 indicates that traces only of band 2 are present.
12345 indicates that the 4th band is very narrow.

12345 indicates that the 4th band is very broad.

I have had the curiosity to work out the possible plain

band combinations and the result is tabulated on p. 7o.

68 HELICID-.

It must be remembered that these are merely the flazz
combinations, and that the various possibilities of eccen-
tricity, such as extra bands, interrupted bands, etc., are
practically infinite when combined, as they may be with
any or all of the groups (a), (b), to (h). Thus it is
possible to have such a combination as the following :—
H. nemoralts, m. scalariforme +m. sinistrorsum +v. mayor
+ compressa + libellula + roseolabtata + rozeozonata, 12345.
It is perhaps fortunate that there are certain practical
limits to an infinite series. For instance, in cases where
a band is wanting, the coalescence of other bands is un-
common. It is still more uncommon to find examples
of zemoralis or hortensts possessing the upper and lacking
the lower banding. The converse of this is also uncom-
mon, though to a less degree, and confined to certain
localities in England, though it ismore common in Ireland.
Perhaps the commonest form is that in which the third
band alone is present (00300), an additional proof of the
distinction between this species and ortensts, which is
very rarely marked thus. The suppression of the third

band alone is rare in both species alike.

' Var. I. mdjor (fér.). Diam. 28mm. (after
Pascal).

a. SIZE.
| Var. II. minor (Mog.). Diam. 16mm. (after

Pascal).

\

b. texture. Var. III. pdnderdsa (Malm). Shell thicker

and heavier.

HELIX. 69

( Var. IV. compréssa (Terver). Spire depressed.
e. shape. -
| Var. V. contca (Pascal). Spire raised.

Var. VI. libél/ula (Risso). Yellow.
Var. VII. rubélla (Mog.). Reddish.

Var. IX. oltvdcea (Risso). Dark olive colour.
Var. X. albina (Afoqg.). Pale white.

d. colour. Var. VIII. casténea (Mog.). Chestnut colour.
Var. XI. roseolubiéta (Taylor). Peristome
a and rib pink or pale brown.
Var. XII. dlbolabidita (V. Mart.). Peristome
and rib white.
-) Var. XIII. dimargindta (Moq.). Peristome

black, rib white.

| Var. XIV. Ayalozonita (Taylor). Bands trans-
lucent.
Var. XV. réseozondta (CH. ). Bands pinkish.

f- bands. +

g. markings. Var. XVI. dudulita(Gent.). Bands fading

and deepening.

Monst. I. sénistrérsum (Taylor). Reversed.
Monst. II. scalériforme (Taylor). Whorls

disunited.

h. mon- |
trosities. |

TO

HELICID.

Plain Band combinations of /.
and //. aspersa.

Lom

(oy) Wer (ee) Cay enn aly dS @S) = LS)

s Bands. 4 Bands.
12345 02345
(12)345 0(23)45
1(23)45 02(34)5
12(34)5 623(45)
123(45) 0(23)(45)
(123)45 0(234)5
1(234)5 02(345)
12(345) (2345)
(12)3(45) 10345
1(23)(45) 10(34)5
(12)(34)5 103(45)
(123)(45) 10(345)
(12)(345) 12045
(1234)5 (12)045
1(2345) 120(45)
(12345) (12)0(45)
T2305
(12)305
1(23)05
(123)05
12340
(12)340
1(23)40
12(34)o
(12)(34)o
(123)40
1(234)o

(1234)0

3 Bands.
02045
020(45)
02305
0(23)05
02340
0(23)40
02(34)o
0(234)0
10305
12040
(12)o40
00345
00(34)5
003(45)
00(345)
10045
100(45)
12005
(12)005
12300
(12)300
1(23)00
(123)00
10340

10(34)0

nemoralis, FH. hortensts,

2 Bands. 1 Band. o Bands.
00045 ©0005 00000
000(45) O0040
I0005 00300
12000 02000

(12)000 10000

00305

00340
00(34)0

10300

HELIX. cl
12. H. HORTENSIS (¢zhabiting gardens), Miller. PI. IL., f. 19.

Differmg from A. zemoralis by its smaller size, more globular
form, and relatively greater solidity ; typical banding the same as in
fH. nemoralis ; outer lip and columella usually white ; ter ip exces-
sively thin and coloured or banded like the rest ot the shell; azzmal
usually lighter in colour than wzemoralts ; dart curved, length 4mm.
A. 16mm. B. 18mm.

Hf, hortensts, long a disputed species, has now been
definitely separated from 7. xemoralis. Its name horten-
sts (the garden snail) is as inappropriate as that of the

last-named, since it rarely frequents gardens.

Though its range is not quite so extensive as 7. memo-
valts in England, Ireland, and Wales, it is of wider distri-
bution in Scotland and will probably be found in every

comital area in that country.

The two species are by no means invariably associated
even when occurring in the same district, though occa-
sionally, asin the limestone region of Derbyshire, they
both swarm over the “tors.” On sandhills near the sea,
where zemoralts is usually abundant, Zorfensis is rarely,
if ever, found. It varies in colour almost as much as
nemoralis, but not concomitantly, the albino form, for

instance, being much more common in “ortensis.

With a little experience it may usually be distinguished
from xemoralis by its general appearance; and it is a
general, though not a universal rule, that, whereas white-

lipped examples of zesoralis are yellow (resembling the

72 HELICID-.

v. lutea of hortensis), the coloured-lipped “ortensts are
red. When, however, doubt exists, the ‘‘dart” should
‘be procured by following the directions given in the

Introduction, p. 12.

Mr. Chas. Ashford once informed me that “‘the rapid
fading of the peristome tint appears to be pecular to
ff. hortensts as distinguished from /7. memoralts. In fact
it is an accidental colouring in the former case and a
normal one in the latter.” This fact; which I have since
fully verified, is an additional reason for considering the

two species distinct.

The same variety often differs in different localities,
the form //acina for instance is sometimes found of a
pale homogeneous lilac, more often clouded in patches,
and sometimes, in South Devon for instance, almost runs
into the o/¢vacea form, and is there tinged with yellow.
The handsomest and perhaps rarest form of both this and

the last species is v. voseo-zonata.

a size. V. 1. minor (Mog.). Smaller.

V. Il. albina (Mog.). White.
V. III. “itea (Afog.). Yellow.

b. colour. « V. IV. zacarndta (Mog.). Reddish.
V. V. oltvdcea (Taylor). Olive brown.
V. VI. “ilacina (Taylor). Blush violet.

HELIX. 73

V. VII. réseolabidta (Taylor). Lip pink.
e.. lip. V. VIII. fuscolabiéta (von Mart.). Lip dark.
V. IX. diteolabidta (L.E.Ad.). Lip yellow.

V. X. roseozondta (Cki.). Bands reddish.
d. bands. , V. XI. avenicola (MacGill.). Yellow ; bands

transparent.

ei texture, WV. XID tenuis (Landon). Thin and trans-

lucent.
f. monstrosity. m. sézzstrérsum (Taylor). Reversed.

Sub-genus.—ARIANTA, Leach.
13. H. ARBUSTORUM (living in copses), Linné. P|. III, f. 18.

Globose, solid, glossy, brown and yellow, forming a sort of check
pattern, with a single band of dark brown; “if white ; zmdzlicus
indistinct. A. 12mm. B. 20mm.

This is rather a local species, though often very
abundant. It has a very extensive range throughout
Great Britain, though it is only locally known in Ireland.
Forbes records it for the Isle of Man, but it has escaped
notice there of late years. It is not known in the
Channel Isles.

It is found in ditches and hedgebanks, sometimes in
woods, and it is usually very abundant where there is

chalk or limestone.

The northern forms are usually smaller and more

conical than the southern, besides being more strongly

74

HELICID2.

marbled. The large flat shells from the Kentish coast

approach the continental forms in appearance.

I know of a colony of v. candgonensis near Dover. This

is a most striking form, but apt to be passed over for a
dark nemoralts.

a. size.

b. shape

C. texture:

d. colour
and
markings.

V.

Vi

Vv.
V

|

'

I. major (P/r.). Targer. A. gona
B. 27-30mm.

II. minima (Pfr.). Smaller. A. tomm.
B. 14mm.

III. condidea (West.). Conical, larger,
irregularly striate.

IV. alpéestris (Zeigl.). Conical. A. r2mm.
B. 15-18mm.

Vo jusca (Fer). Dark, thins strane
parent with or without bands.

. VI. canigonensis (Boubee). |= Repellint

(Taylor)|. Unicolourous brown with
darker band.

V. VII. fuscéscens (D. and M.), | =Marmo-

vita (Taylor)|. Similar to type but

bandless.

V. VILL. liteofasciéta (D. and M.). Bands

Ve

|
|
|
|
)
!
|
V. IX. céncta (Taylor). |=péllida ( Taylor)|.
|
|
L

translucent.

Light yellow, with band.
X. flavéscens (Mog.). Light yellow,
bandless.

V. XI. albina (Mogq.). White.

Pheri Fle

w

Sub-genus.—FRuTIcICcOLA, Feld.
14. H. CAanTIANA (Kentish), Montagu. Pl. III., f. 3.

Compressed, thin, dull, creamy white with a pink tinge; closely
striated in the line of growth ; whorls 6-7, not keeled ; sfzrve obtuse ;
mouth pink inside; s#md¢licus narrow but deep. A. 1omm. B. 173mm.

The ‘“‘Kentish snail” is found nearly all over the South
and East of England—especially fine and abundant in
Kent. Mr. W. D. Roebuck informs me that it has the
same range in England as the dormouse and the nightin-
gale. It extends as far north as Warwickshire, where its
range narrows to a single county (Notts.) and then spreads
into Yorkshire, Durham and Northumberland ; but there
is reason to believe that its presence in these two last
counties is due to “ballast.” In Wales it is only found
in Glamorganshire, and it has not been recorded for
Ireland or any outlying island except the Isle of Man.

Mr. B. B. Woodward in the article referred to on
p. 60, says that this species was. probably introduced
after the time of the Romans. If so, it has found its way
into such out-of-the-way localities that its aptitude for
distribution must be great. I am informed that at Middles-
brough it has been recently imported, probably in ballast,
and has established itself firmly. I have never observed
that birds feed upon it, which may tend to its fitness to
survive and therefore multiply. I have never taken it in
weld hedgebanks, or in waste places, except where there
is also a road or path which would point to its diffusion

by human agency.

76 HELICID#.
V. I. pyramidéta (Colb.). Spire more raised.
V. II. rubéscens (Aog.). Reddish.
V. Ill. géloprovincidlis (Dup.). Last whorl less

depressed, striz more regular and finer ; wdéz/icus none.

V. IV. dlbocincta (Cki.). Colour absent along the
periphery.
V. V. dlbida (Taylor). White.

M. stnestrorsum (Taylor). Reversed.

15. H. CARTUSIANA (aftera Carthusian monastery), Miiller.
mele a, fea

Depressed, globose, semi-transparent, slightly glossy, whitish,
tinted with brown except round the circumference of the shell, where
the white ground colour usually forms arcincture ; zw/or/s 6-7 3 mouth
with white internal rib ; ze#zbzdecaes almost hidden by the reflexion of

the outer lip. A. 7mm. B. 124mm.

The British localities for this species are the downs of
Kent and Sussex ; and in Norfolk, on the chalk near

Long Stratton, I took a single dead specimen in 1890.

It is also said to have been found in Surrey, Yorkshire
y; )

Somerset, Bucks., Essex, and Glamorgan.

I have noticed that specimens from the sand-hills at
Sandwich are very much darker and more transparent
than those I have taken from a chalk-hill near Lewes
and from the chalk downs of Dover. On the sand-hills

at Sandwich the shell feeds on the Hound’s Tongue

HELIX, T7

(Cynoglossum officinale), and much resembles in colour
and position the clusters of burrs upon that plant, but

its colour there depends apparently on the absence of
chalk.

It is much smaller and smoother than caxtrana.

Mrs. Fitzgerald, of Folkestone, who has collected this
species for years and knows the district thoroughly, in-
forms me that it shares with A. g/utinosa the peculiarity

of disappearing and reappearing at intervals.

Var. I. minor (Moqg.). Diam. to mm.

Var. Il. dactéscens (Picard)=v. albida (Jenner). White.

Var. III. ledicoloma (Stabile), Shell entirely white or
with white peristome or rib.

Var. IV. rifildbris (Jeff). Lip red instead of white.

16. H. RUFESCENS (reddish), Pennant PI. III., f. 5.

Sub-conic, depressed, thick, semi-opaque, dull-brown or rufous,
periphery usually bluntly keeled ; whor/s 6-7 ; sfz7e short and blunt;
mouth semi-lunar with white internal rib; zzdz7/cus narrow but deep.
A. 74mm. _ B. 125mm.

This species has an extensive range throughout Great
Britain, as far north as Stirling. It is often very abund-
ant in the south of England, but it is very local in some
parts of the country. It has a wide range in Ireland,
but is rare in the north-east district.

The white form is exceedingly common in most places
where the type is found. It is a variable shell, and

series from different localities are interesting.

78 HELICID.
as esiZe. Var. I. minor (Jeff.). Smaller.

b. shape. Var. II. depressa (Taylor). Spire flat.
Var. III. riébens (Mog.). Deep dull reddish

c. colour colour.
and ~ Var. IV. dlbo-cincta (Cockl.). With a white
markings. band round the circumference.

Var. V. dlba (Mogq.). White.

7, le ESPID Aa Lacey). Lene. Pl £6, 7,
[=H. concinna Jeffreys. ]
Sub-conic, rather solid, rather glossy, greyish horn colour, often
tinged with rufous ; hispid but hairs deciduous; obtusely and very
slightly keeled; whorls 6-73 wumbelicus broad, open, and deep.

A.5mm. B. 10mm.

The ‘Journal of Conchology’ (April, 1892, p. 61) says:
“The type specimen of this species in the Linnean col-
lection is the form named by Jeffreys HZ. concinna. It has
already been pointed out that no difference in the organi-
zation has as yet been detected between what have usually
been termed HZ. Azsfida and H. concinna, and that they
should probably be united together as a single species.
It will be recollected that Dr. Jeffreys eventually con-
sidered that the two forms should not be separated, but
as H. concinna had been accepted by others as a valid
species, he restored it to specific rank, and it would
appear almost against his own convictions of its specific

value. If AH. concinna be thus accepted as the type form

lstniaes 79

of 1. hispida, we must distinguish the ordinary very his-
pid form, and perhaps we cannot do better than adopt
Mousson’s name, Azspidosa.”

This common shell is found throughout the British
Isles as far north as Cantire. Though very few official
records exist for Ireland it will doubtless prove a common
species there, and it is so certainly in the north.

It is found in moist hedge-banks, at the roots of grass,
and on decaying vegetation among moss, &c., having the
same proclivities and habits as H. rufescens. I think it
may be stated that wherever HZ. rufescens is found there
will #7. hespida be found also, though the converse is by
no means true.

a. SIZE, Var. I. ndna (/Jeff.). Smaller, depressed,
with strong labial rib.
Var. II. sudbglobisa ( Jeff:). More globular,
thinner, wmbzlicus small.
Var. III. hispidosa (Mouss.) | = H. hispida
b. size and Jeffreys]. Usually thinner, more hispid,
shape umbilicus smaller.
Var. IV. dépildéta (Alder). Shell openly um-
bilicate, glossy and practically not hispid.
\ Var. V.contca ( Jeff.). Smaller, spire moreraised
Var. VI. subrifa (Mog.). Solid, reddish-
brown, with strong labial rib.

c colour

oa Var. VII. dlbo-cincta (Tayl.). Witha whitish

peripheral band.
Var. VIII. dlbida ( Jeff:). White.

80 HELICID.
18. H. GRANULATA (evandulated,) Alder. PI. IIL, f£..8.
[=H. seERIcEA Jeffreys].

Sub-ghobular, thin, rather glossy, pale greyish or yellowish white,
thickly covered with white silky epidermal bristles ; zw/or7s 6, tumid ;
spire raised, obtuse ; szfere rather deep ; oth larger and deeper
than H. hzspeda, with a stronger rib; z¢mzbz/¢cus much smaller than

that of 4. hispida. A. 6mm. B. 8mm.

This is a local species, but abundant where it occurs.
It has an extensive distribution throughout Great Britain,
as far north as Skye, and also in all four provinces of

Ireland.

Its chief distinction from /7. Azsfrda is its umbilicus
which is very small, while that of the last species is broad
and deep; besides which the form of AZ. gvanulata is
more globular, the spire more raised, and the bristles
thicker. The usual colour of //. Azspida is much the

darker.

It has the habit of falling from its station on the nettles
or other plants at the least touch or shake. It is very

difficult to clean perfectly.

a. shape. Var. I. carindéta (Taylor). Sharply angulated
at the periphery ; aperture diam. 4mm.,

alt., 24mm.

b. colour [ Var. II. cornea ( Jef.). Horn colour, thin;
and! ° = labial rib strong.
texture. Var. III. albida ( Jeff.). White.

HELIX. 81

19. H. REVELATA (discovered), Michaud. PI. TEL. £9:

Somewhat globular ; sve depressed ; pale olive-green, covered
scantily with short pale hairs ; zhor/s 4—43; suture deep 3 *o2th
nearly circular ; zsedzZicus small. A. 5mm. B. 8mm.

This is a very local species, and not abundant where it
occurs. Jeffreys says “In winter and dry weather it
buries itself rather deep in the earth, and must be looked
for by pulling up tufts of grass and large stones which are
sunk in the ground, as well as by searching among the

roots of shrubs and furze-bushes.”

Its British range is restricted to the Channel Isles,
Cornwall, and South Devon. Jeffreys also gives Notts.
as a locality, but this does not seem to have been con-
firmed.

20. H. Fusca (dusky brown), Montagu. YI. III. ETO:

Sub-conical, so thin as to be almost membranaceous, glossy, pale
yellowish brown, strongly striated in the line of growth ; very faintly

keeled 5 whorls 5—5% 5 wmbilicus very small. A. 5smm. B. 83mm.

The shell of this species is almost membranaceous, and
I have known it to collapse when the animal has been
extracted, and to be blown up again without injury. It is

difficult to extract the animal entire.

Though local it is sometimes abundant. Its range
extends interruptedly throughout Great Britain from
Devon to Sutherlandshire, and it also occurs in many

parts of Ireland.

82 HELICID.

It is particularly hardy, and has been noticed actively
crawling about during frost. It is found among under-
wood, especially nettles, often in clusters on the stalks
generally at the joints. Mr. Masefield, of Cheadle, Stafts.,
informs me that he finds it on the root leaves of the
Lychnis dioica when it is not out on the nettle stalks, and
also points out the striking resemblance it bears to the
dead seed-capsules of that plant, especially when they are
wet and transparent with dew or rain.

The variety is found not uncommonly in Park Woods,
Bassenthwaite.

Var. vitrea (Farrer). Shell pale glassy green, animal

milk-white, excepting tentacular retractors.

Sub-genus.—XEROPHILA ffeld.
2. ". PISANA (jist. moticed at Pisa), Muller. Pl, IN. 54 aae

Sub-globular, solid; s¢zated both spirally and in the line of growth,
giving a reticulated appearance under a lens ; nearly opaque, glossy,
yellowish white, marked with dark bands varying in number, often
interrupted ; zvor/s 55}; interior of mouth rose colour ; zzbz/icus
very small. A. 123mm. B. 183mm.

This variable species is unmistakable from its markings
and sculpture, though it somewhat resembles a large form
of A. virgata. It is very local, being only found in the
Channel Isles, Cornwall, Swansea, Tenby, and in Counties
Dublin and Kildare, Meath and Louth. Though strictly
a littoral species in the British Isles, it is found inland on
the continent. The Rev. J. W. Horsley informs me that

he has taken it at Tours and at Pau.

HELIX. 83

The var. ¢enuzs corresponds with var. fusca of arbus-
torum, the transparency being caused by the failure of
lime in the shell.

In the south of France and in Italy it is collected in
great quantities for food and may be seen exposed for sale
in the markets. In Venice, on the Lido, I have seen this
Species in countless thousands adhering to nettles and

other plants, apparently enjoying the noonday sun.

a. size. Var. I. minor (Bourg.). Smaller. A. 9mm.
B. 13mm.
b. texture. Var. II. ¢énuts (Tay/or). Translucent horn
colour.
Var. III. “neoléta (Mogq.). Whitish, with
several fine brown lines.

Fa an. 1 eel vaa hog. hy WRU! “oi pale

and
yellow.

markings. Var. V. alba (Shuttl.) White, usually with

translucent markings.

Eon: M. I. scalériforme (Afi/nes). Whorls dis-

oe united.
strosities
M. II. s¢tnestrorsum (Taylor). Reversed.

22. H. iraLa (/takan), Lisaed. Pl. Il, £ 14.
(=H. ERICETORUM (inhabiting heaths), Muller).
Almost circular, very depressed, thin, opaque, glossy cream colour,
with one dark band above and several beneath ; sfz7e slightly raised ;
whorls 6, cylindrical ; mouth nearly circular ; umdzlicus very large

and open. A. 7mm. B. 18mm.

84 HELICID-.

Found in considerable quantities on heaths, downs
and sand-hills, especially near the sea. It occurs in
Dovedale among the limestone rocks and over the barren
hills. It has a very extensive range throughout the
British Isles as far north as Caithness, though it is not
recorded for the Channel Isles. In Scotland it is found
chiefly, but not exclusively, on the western side.

It appears to be as fond of thistles as the donkey, but
without that animal’s reasonable excuse.

The largest specimen that I have seen is one which I
found in a limestone quarry at Blisworth, Northants ; it
measures 22mm. in diameter.

The var. Ayalozondta is a beautiful object and very
local ; var. /eztigindsa occurs near Dublin, at the Isle of
Man, and at Tenby.
aw Size: Var. 1. minor (Moqg.). Breadth 12mm.

b. shape. Van Il. wnstadilis (Zier/.). ° Spwemonre
raised, smaller, darker.
Var. III. Jleucozina (Mog.). Markings
coalesced except round the periphery
which remains white.

c. colour Var. 1V. hyalozondta (Ckil.). White with

and
translucent markings.
markings. LAN
, S Var. V. lentiginosa (Moq.). Markings

radiating from the centre.
\ Var. VI. dlba (Charp.). Entirely white.

d. monstrosity. M. sévdstrorsum (Jeff.). Reversed.

BREED: 85

23. H. CAPERATA (wrinkled), Montagu. P\. III., f. 13.

Sub-conical, compressed, solid, opaque, dull, dirty white, streaked
and banded by variable lines which are sometimes merely a row of
spots, strongly and regularly striated, obtusely carinated ; whov/s 6;
mouth nearly round, furnished with a white internal rib ; zezdzZ¢cus
open and shallow. A. 53mm. B. Io mm.

Found under stones and on the stalks of grass on sandy
soils, especially near the sea coast, where it is sometimes
almost as abundant as the last species, and frequently
found with it. It is also common in many parts of
Ireland, and throughout Great Britain as far north as
‘Sutherlandshire.

It is a particularly hardy animal, and will often be found
feeding in winter when other snails are torpid. “It has as
great a power of enduring heat as cold, and I have
observed it not only in many parts of southern Europe,

but even on the desert in the neighbourhood of Bagdad.

It is, perhaps, apt to be confounded with the young of
HZ, virgata, which are also carinated ; but a very little ex-
perience will enable the collector to determine its identity.

It is usually smaller and more depressed and has a
larger umbilicus than the adult of the last species ; but
the diagnostic character is the close regular striation of
ff, caperata, which should be compared under a lens
with the coarse striation of H. virgata.

The forms dzzonalts and obliterata are rare, the latter
corresponding with the white forms with translucent bands
of H. virgata and H. ttala.

b. shape.

c. colour
and
markings.

a ao ean ————— eS SEES eS —

HELICID.

Var. I. mdzor ( Jeff.). Breadth 125 mm.

Var. II. gigdéxii (Charp.). Smaller, more
depressed.

Var. III. sdébscaléris (Jeff:). Spire raised,
whorls more tumid.

Var. 1V.. wrndta (fic.). Smaller, wat
one broad dark band above, normal
below.

Var. V. Jbizondlis (Mog.). With two
bands above.

Var. VI. utéscens (Pasc.). Unicolorous
sand colour.

Var. VII. fiélva (Mogq.). Dark brown,
sometimes slightly marked with white.

Var. VIII. odliterdta (Fic.). White with
translucent markings.

Var. IX. dilba (Pic.). White without

markings.

2ae He VIRGATSA (si7iped), Da Costa, ee Ae ane

Conical, globose, solid, almost opaque, cream-coloured, very

variously banded (typical form having one band above and several

below the periphery) ; z4ov/s 6, tumid; sfzve raised ; south nearly

circular, furnished with an internal lip of a pinkish colour 3 zedzZicus

narrow, but deep.

A. Iomm. B. 134 mm.

This very variable shell is found on downs and sand

hills, and also in hedge banks, especially near the sea coast.

It is exceedingly abundant where it occurs, and as it

Jel ouip Se 87

°

varies greatly in size, colour and shape, a good series

ought to be secured.

It has a very wide range through Great Britain as far
north as Northumberland, but with the single exception
of Ayr it is not found in Scotland. It occurs in many

parts of Ireland, from Antrim to Kerry.
The young are carinated.

The variety of colour and markings cannot fail to make
this a favourite species with the collector, The com-
monest varietal forms are /z¢escens and albicans, which, I
think, always occur wherever the type is found, the former,
however, in the greater proportion ; albicans is always
smaller than the type found associated with it. Like
Hi. arbustorum, this species is smaller and more conical
in the north and larger and flatter in the south of
England ; and also, like that species, the largest indi-
viduals to be found in the British Isles occur in the
neighbourhood of Dover. The beautiful a/da form,
though very local, is usually fairly plentiful where it
occurs. It will be a guide to remember that in the
true albino forms of virgata, caperata, and Ztala, the
nucleus is white, as white individuals are often found
having a dark zuclews—these are not true albinos. The
albino form without the translucent bands is much the
rarer. The radiata variety is a Kentish coast form, though
it occurs in Mid-Kent at Charing. There is a colony

near Hythe and one here and there to Rye (just within the

88 HELICID-.

Sussex border), which I believe to be its western limit on
the mainland, though it occurs in the Isle of Wight. The
hypozona form occurs at Tenby in considerable numbers,
and I have also taken it near Lyme Regis and near Canter-
bury. Var. /ewcozona is also very local. This handsome
form is found at Tenby and at various places along the
Kent and Sussex coasts, but the finest that have come
under my notice are some I once took at Exmouth.
Var. nigrescens is, perhaps, as rare as any and is apt to be
passed over as HZ. hispida or H. rufescens, which it much
resembles. It occurs at Tenby, Beachy Head, near
Canterbury, and at the little village of Brookland in
Kent. I can heartily recommend Tenby to the lover of
this species. Here on the railway bank close to the town
many of the varieties occur in small colonies, each colony
often being confined to a few square yards. The Tenby
forms are, however, small, owing presumably to the want
of chalk. At Giltar Point, where the limestone crops out,
there is found a curious form with purplish and white
blotched markings. I have also taken a curious form
here and also in Kent with a clear yellowish ground
and a single dark peripheral band (var. vufulo-zonata
Taylor). Szdbalbida is not often seen; maculata occurs
not unfrequently. At Patrixbourne, in Kent, I have found
a series of var. ef7zona, a form which has hitherto escaped
notice.

f Var. I. mdjor (Taylor). Breadth 20-25 mm.
| Var. II. minor (Taylor). Breadth 6$ mm.

a. Size.

HELBE 89

Var. III. szébglobosa ( Jeff.). Smaller, with
double band above periphery, wmdzlicus

b. shape
very wide.
and me ~
Var. IV. dinedta (Olivi.) [ =v. submaritima
colour.

(Jeff:) |. Smaller, pyramidal, often
darker.

Var. V. depréssa (Reg.). Spire depressed.
Var. VI. subapérta (/eff.). Depressed,
c. shape. umbtlicus very wide, usually whitish.
Var. VII. carindta (/Jeff.) Depressed,
keeled.
(
|
|
|

Var. VIII. xigréscens (Grat.). Markings.
coalesced, shell therefore almost entirely
purple-brown.

Var. IX. Jleucozina (Taylor). Dark violet
with white peripheral zone.

Var. X. maculéta (Mog.). With the bands.

d. colour broken up into separate spots.
/ Var. XI. radidéta (Hidalgo). Markings
ue radiating trom the apex, often resulting

|

| in a tessellated appearance...

Var. XII. hypozdna (Mog.). Banded below,
white above.

| Var. XIII. épizdna (L. EL. Ad.). Blotched
above the periphery, plain white below.

| Var. XIV. Jutescéns (Mog.). Shell of a

( dull yellow colour.

90 HELICID-#.

Var. XV. riifulozondéta (Taylor). Coloured
like Zutescens with a single dark peri-
pheral band.

d. colour | Var. XVI. suddélbida (Poiret). One band
and | * above periphery, rest of shell white.
markings. | War. XVII. dlbicans( Grat.). Whitish with-
out markings, xuclews dark.

Var. XVIII. dlba (Taylor). Pure white,

markings (if any) translucent.

€. monstrosity. m. sézéstrorsum (Taylor). Reversed.

Sub-genus.—TURRICULA Beck.
25. H. TERRESTRIS (earth inhabiting), Tennant. Pl. IV., f. 6.

Pyramidal, greyish white with a broad dark band round each whorl,
‘closely and evenly ribbed in line of growth ; very sharply carinated,
the fee/ forming ridges round the shell ; whorls 8 ; mouth depressed
and sharply angulate. A. 53mm. B. 9 mm.

A colony of this Mediterranean species was noticed by
Capt. McDakin, in 1890, near Dover, where it has now
established itself. It is not at all clear how it came there,
but it is just possible that, situated as it is near a railway
bank, some foreigner threw some rubbish containing the
shells out of the train window. Mr. E. A. Smith (Journal
of Conch., vol. 6, p. 379) remarks :—‘ This is not the first
record of it as British, for Jeffreys (Brit. Conch., I., p. 215)
mentions the existence of a specimen in Dr. Turton’s
collection of British shells, marked ‘Cornwall,’” and

although he questioned its claim to be considered British,

HELIx, 91

he observed that ‘‘it is remarkable that this characteristic
species, which had been so long considered as peculiar to
the shores of the Mediterranean, has been lately found
by M. lAbbé Maillard at Beauvais, in the north of
France.”

Var. grisea (Mog.). Without banding.

Sub-genus.—COCHLICELLA Lisso.
26, | He ACUTA (foznied), Muller, Pl..IV., f. 7.
[=Butimus acutus Jeffreys}.

Long, conical, whitish, with a single dark band below the peri-
phery; whorls 8-93 zmdz/icus very slight. A.15mm.; B. 5mm.

In Great Britain this is a strictly littoral species, ex-
tending interruptedly from extreme north to south. In
Treland, where it is also very widely distributed, it is found
in inland situations a hundred miles from the sea. It
inhabits grassy cliffs, downs, and sand-hills.

There is in this species an internal calcareous body,
much resembling a miniature continental sabot, which is
probably analogous to the ‘dart sac’ of other Helices.
This little object can be extracted and mounted on black
card in a similar manner to the darts already described.

All the vars., except a/ba, are fairly common and gener-
ally distributed; var. a/éa is found plentifully at Bundoran.

Var. I. injfléta (Mog.). Ventricose, streaked

a. size :
with brown.

ae Var. II. elongdta (Cr. and Jan.). Longer ;

shape
P Asw2emmes Bb. 5mm,

92 PUPIDZ.

( Var. III. dizdna (Mog.). With two dark
| bands, the only upper usually visible on
the upper whorls.

| Var. IV. flammuléta (LBourg.). Like var.
| III., but bands interrupted.

| Var. V. strigdta (Menke). Streaked with
|
<

|

|

b. colour alternate pale-brown and white transverse
and semi-transparent ribs.
markings. | Var. VI. articuldéta (Lam.). With alternate

transverse ribs of white and violet-brown.
Var. VII. nzgréscens (Taylor). Dark violet-

brown with a few very fine whitish trans-

verse ribs.
Var. VIII. dlba (Reg.). White, sometimes
‘ with translucent markings.

Family.—PuPip&.
Genus.—Bu.LiMinus Ehrenberg.
Sub-genus.—ENA Gray.

Sheli cylindrically-conic, elongated.

I. B. MONTANUS (zxhabiting mountains), Draparnaud.
PL TV, ts:

Globosely conic, slightly glossy, light brown; whorls 735 spire
tapering, blunt; fs white, reflected; zmzbz/icus narrow, deep.
Immature specimens are keeled. A. 16mm. B. 6 mm.

This is a local shell, being confined to the southern

and western counties of England and to one locality in

BULIMINUS. 93

Suffolk. It has the habit of ascending the beech and ash
in the spring, presumably to feed and pair, descending in
the autumn to hibernate. It is very abundant in Birdlip
Woods, where it may be found on the trunks of the beech,
sycamore, and ash. It closely resembles the little knobs

on the beech trunks. The variety is very rare.

Var. albina (Mog.). Uniformly whitish.

2. B. opsctrus (Azdden), Miller. Pi. IV., f. 9.

Of the same shape as the last species, but much smaller, rather
shorter in proportion, and more glossy; transparent horn-colour ;
whorls 64. A.Q9mm. B. 34 mm.

The name obscurus was given to this shell in conse-
quence of its habit of covering itself, by means of its
slime or an exudation of the epidermis, with earth or any
substance it comes in contact with,—thus rendering itself
inconspicuous. In some districts, where the foreign
matter is not suitable for attachment (as in the calcareous
districts of Derbyshire), the shell is found clean and
smooth in the crevices of rocks. Found commonly in
hedge-banks among damp moss and earth, it seldom
occurs in any quantities, though in Birdlip Woods, near
Cheltenham, it may be taken in great numbers on the
trunks of the beech trees, and I have also seen it on beech
trunks near Dover.

Its range extends almost entirely throughout England
and Wales ; in Scotland it is (so far as has been recorded)

confined to the eastern side of the kingdom, with the

94 PUPA.

single exception of Lanarkshire. It has been found near
Dublin and in the eastern counties of Ireland. The
variety is a rare and beautiful object.

Var. albina (Afog.). Pure white or colourless.

Genus.—PUPA Draparnaud.
Sub-genus.—TORQUILLA Studer.

Animal with 4 tentacles 3 she// cylindrical, compact ; south often
furnished with teeth ; zmézZicus contracted. The Pupeé are gre-
garious.

I. P. SECALE (a grain of rye), Draparnaud. PI. IV., f. to.

Globosely conic, solid, opaque, rufous brown, striated in line of
growth ; whorls 8—9g ; mouth horseshoe-shaped, furnished with 8 or
9 white denticles.s A. 8mm. B. 3 mm.

There is no mistaking this species. It is far the largest
of our Lupe.

Though local it is abundant where it occurs—on rocks,
in woods, chiefly in calcareous districts, in many parts of
the south of England and Yorkshire and Westmorland in
the north ; also Jeffreys mentions its occurrence in South
Wales. It is not found in Scotland or Ireland.

a. eSIze- Var. I. minor (Mog.). Smaller. A. 64 mm,

Var. II. edéntula (Taylor). Smaller,

thinner, glossy, without denticles.

b. size
Dae Var. III. dotledusténa (Charp.). Smaller,
he larg icati ae
shape. the larger plication being double and

having a prominent additional fold at
at the angle of the columedia.
c. colour. Var. IV. dlba (/Jeff:). White.

PuPA. 95.

Sub-genus.—LAURIA, Gray.
2. P. ANGLICA (Zze/ish), Férussac. Pl. IV., f. 11.
[=P. RINGENS Jef-]

Ovate, rather solid, glossy, dark purplish horn-colour ; zwhorls 64 +
wouth horseshoe-shaped, furnished with 7 or 8 denticles of a reddish
tinge ; zzbe7¢cus small but distinct. A. 34mm. B. 14 mm.

It lives amongst moss and leaves in moist situations.
It is local in Scotland, the north of England, Ireland, the
Channel Isles, and Anglesea. Mr. Roebuck once pointed
out that it has a great partiality for the moss, hypnum
cuspidatum, and my own experience has enabled me to

confirm this.

Young specimens are carinated and furnished with in-

ternal septa which are visible from the outside.
Var. pallida ( Jef:). Whitish.

3. P. CYLINDRACEA (cyléndrical) Da Costa. PI. IV., f. 12.

(=P. umBILicata D7ap.]

Cylindrical, glossy, pale horn-colour ; whorls 6—7 ; mouth horse-~
shoe-shaped, with a broad white lip; a denticle on the base of the
penultimate whorl ; zdz/ecus small. A. 35mm. B. 12 mm.

This is a very abundant and common species through-
out the British Isles on stone walls, among moss, dead
leaves, and under the bark of trees. The young are
carinated and have a well-marked umbilicus. Infant
shells may be observed carried about by adults, presum-

ably their mothers.

a. Size, Var. I. cérta (Westl.). Shorter, 2} mm.

‘96 PUPA.

Var. II. edéntula (Mog.) Toothless.
b. shape. | Var. III. sempronit (Charp.). Smaller,

toothless, lip colour of shell.

c. colour. Var. 1V. albina (Mog.). White.

Sub-genus.—PUPI{LLA, Gray.
4. P. MUSCORUM (zhabtting moss) Linné. Pl. IV., f. 13.
[=P. MARGINATA Draf.]

Cylindrical, rather solid, dull, brown horn-colour ; whorls 6—7 ;
striated finely in line of growth ; sowth nearly circular, outside which
is a white rib not quite on the margin which is thin and not reflected ;
furnished with a denticle similar to that of the last species.
A. 34mm. B. 14 mm.

This species is specially fond of sandy soils near the
sea coast, but is also frequently fonnd inland. Its range

extends throughout the British Isles.

P. cylindracea and P. muscorum differ as fellows :—

P. CYLINDRACEA. P. MUSCORUM.
Smooth and glossy, ovate, | Dull and striated, cylindri-
mouth horseshoe-shaped cal, mouth — smaller,
with a thick reflected nearly circular, lip not

lip. reflected but thickened

near the edge.
Var. I. drévis (Baud). Short, tumid, fertstome white.

Var. II. digrandta (Rossm.). Smaller, thicker, with
two denticles.

Var. III. edéntula (Clessin). Without any denticle.

VERTIGO. 97

Genus. —VERTIGO ALiller.
Animal with only two tentacles ; sZe// subcylindrical or fusiform,
dextral or sinistral; most species with denticles; zdz/écus minute.
In order to aid the collector to identify these minute
shells I have tabulated some of the characteristic distinc-
tions of those which are dextral and denticulate.*
The species have been conveniently arranged as follows:
A.-—DEXTRAL, DENTICULATED, V, antivertigo, V. moulin-
stana, V. pygmea. V. alpestris, V. substriata.
B.—SinistraL. V. pusilla, V. angustior.
C.—DEXTRAL, WITHOUT TEETH. VJ. edentula, V. minu-

tisstma.

A. DEXTRAL, denticulated.
Sub-genus.— ALa@a Seifreys.
I. V. ANTIVERTIGO (vot reversed) Draparnaud. PI. IV.,f. 14.

Oval, tumid, thin, semi-transparent, glossy, rufous horn-colour:
whorls 4%, tumid; sfzve short, abrupt ; outh semi-oval, contracted in
the middle of the outer edge; zeeth 6—9 of a reddish brown colour ;
umobelicus distinct. A. 13mm. B. t mm.

Found in moist places under logs, stones, among moss,
and on water plants by the water side. It is recorded for
nearly all the English counties and for several in Scot-
land, but only locally, as yet, for Ireland and Wales.

Young specimens have only two denticles, one on the
pillar and one at the base of the penultimate whorl.

Var. I. dctodentéta ( Stud. ). With 8 denticles.

Var. II. séxdentéta (Mont. ). With 6 denticles.

* See page 103.

98 PUPID.

2. VY. MOULINSIANA (after Des Moulins) Dupuy. Pl. IV., f. 15.
3arrel-shaped, very thin and glossy, light horn-colour, transparent ;

whorls 44, very tumid; sfzve short, blunt; seture very deep; south

semi-oval, constricted at the outer edge; ¢eeth 4; wzebz/ecets distinct.

A. 24mm. B 13mm.

This is our largest and rarest species of Vertigo. Its
variety /i/jeborgiz was first discovered in Co. Galway by
the late Dr. Jeffreys in 1845; and it has also been found
in the Aran Islands by Dr. Scharff. In England the type
has been noted among rejectamenta of the Trent in
Notts., and a large colony was discovered by Mr. C. P.
Cambridge at Morden in Dorset, in 1889, and another
colony near the same place in 1890. In the Dorset
locality it was found on the stems of bulrushes, thus
bearing out Jefireys’ idea (B.C., vol. 1, —p. 256) that

should be looked for in marshy places.

It has been recorded for Otterbourne, Hants.; Hitchen
and Rye House, Herts.

Var. I. Zelljeborgit ( West/.). Rather less swollen than

the type, labial rib not so stout.

Var. II. dbidentéta (Jeff. ). With 2 denticles.

wy
3. V. PYGMA@A (minute) Draparnaud. P|. IV., f. 16.

Oval, somewhat cylindrical, semi-transparent, glossy, horn-colour ;
whorls 44, convex; speve blunt; weowth semi-oval; ‘eeth 4—5, (I on
the dody, 1 on the columella, 2 or 3 inside outer lip) ; wnebelicus small,

but deep. yA. 2mm, )B->amim,

VERTIGO. 99

This minute species is found in most parts of Great
Britain and Ireland at the roots of grass, and under stones
and logs in dry as well as moist situations, often in colonies.

It differs from the last species in being much smaller
and more cylindrical in form. The outer lip, moreover,
is not constricted or angulated.

Var. I. pallida (Jeff.). Lighter and narrower.

Var. Il. guddridentata ( Stud.). With 2 palatal teeth.

4. V. ALPESTRIS (inhabiting elevated situations) Alder.
PIV: b V7:

Sub-cylindrical, semi-transparent, glossy, light horn-colour, some-
times striate in the line of growth; whov/s 43, convex; spire short,
blunt; sz¢eve excessively deep; south semi-oval and sub-angular;
teeth 4, visible from the outside from the thinness of the shell (1 on
body, 1 on columella, 2 within outer ip); wmbz¢licus small but deep.

A. 2mm. B. Imm.

This shell differs from the last species in being more
cylindrical, paler, and nearly transparent, and it has no
strengthening rib on the outer margin. ‘The striations
are sometimes very faint.

It isa rare and local species, being confined to a few
of the northern counties of England, with the exception
of a single locality in Ireland (Coleraine), where I took a
specimen that the late Dr. Jeffreys kindly authenticated.

I have not heard of another authentic Irish record.

5. V. SUBSTRIATA (slightly striated) Jeffreys. Pl. IV., f. 18.
Ovate, thin, semi-transparent, glossy, very strongly and obliquely

striate in the line of growth; whor7s 45, cylindrical; spzve very abrupt ;

100 PUPIDA.

suture remarkably deep; zouth semi-oval, outer margin constricted >
teeth 5—6 (2 or 3 on dody, 1 or 2 on columella, 2 inside outer lip);
umbilicus small. A. 1mm. B. Imm.

This pretty little shell though local is found in many
parts of the British Isles in moist situations at the roots
of grass and under stones. Its strong striations, almost
amounting to ribs, serve to distinguish it from any of
the previously mentioned species, though in all cases the

denticles should be carefully noted.

é

B. SINISTRAL.

Sub-genus.—VERTILLA Moguin-Tandon.
Ga WaePUSELLN (zienie)' Muller. Pl. 1V., £09.

Fusiform, glossy, thin, horn-colour ; whor/s 43; spive more tapering
than most members of the genus; very slightly striated in line of
growth ; south semi-oval, constricted in the outer margin which is
rather thick ; Zeeth 6—7, (2 on body, 2 0n columella, 2 or 3 inside outer

iip).- A. igmm. B. 1gmm.

This species is found very locally in England, chiefly
in the north. It is recorded for two localities in the
south west of Scotland; not for Wales. I found it sparsely
among the sand hills at the mouth of the river Bann, and
it has been found near Bundoran, Dublin and in Donegal.

It is said to frequent similar situations to the others.
Var. I. allina (Taylor). White.

Var. II. témida ( Westl.). Smaller, more ventricose.

VERTIGO. 101
7. V. ANGUSTIOR (narrower) Jeffreys. PI. IV., f. 20.

Fusiform, but narrower than the last species, glossy, semi-trans-
parent, horn-colour; closely striate in the line of growth; whor/s 4s,
the penultimate being the broadest; south sub-triangular and
narrowed by a strong constriction of the outer margin; ¢eeth 4—5,
(2 on body, 1 on columella, 1 inside outer lip which is thickened and

reflected); zméze/écus indistinct. A. 13mm. B. Emm.

This species is also rare and local, being recorded for
Derby and Notts. in England, Sutherland in Scotland,

and for several places in Ireland.

V.. PUSILLA. | V. ANGUSTIOR.

Larger, broader in propor- | Smaller, narrower in pro-

{
|

tion. [> | «portion:
Last whorl broadest. | Penultimate whorl broadest
Mouth semi-oval. Mouth triangular.

Outer lip very slightly con- | Outer lip very deeply con-
tracted. tracted.

Teeth six to seven. Teeth four to five.

C. DEXTRAL, without teeth.

Sub-genus.—SPHERADIUM Agassiz.

8. V. EDENTULA (doothless) Draparnaud. PI. IV., f. 21.
Cylindrical, thin, glossy, horn-colour; slightly striated in the
line of growth; whorls 54—64; spire abrupt; mouth nearly circular;

Zip thin; umbilicus narrow. A. 24mm. B. 14mm.

102 PUPIDZ.

Found in several parts of Great Britain and Ireland,
much more commonly than any other Vertigo except,

perhaps, Avgea

It has the peculiarity of taking kindly to the fronds

of the bracken.

In the North of Ireland var. columella seemed to me

the prevalent form.

Var. columélla (Von Mart). Rather longer—the last

whorl broader than the rest.

,
Sub-genus.—ISTHMIA Gray.
9. V. MINUTISSIMA (very minute) Hartmann. Pi. IV., f. 22.
Cylindrical, glossy, different shades of horn-colour; closely striated
y » 8108s) )
in line of growth; whor/s 54; suture deep; mouth similar to that of

edentula but somewhat quadrangular; zzb2/7cus small. A. 12mm,

B. mm.

This beautiful little shell has been recorded for the
following localities, Portland, Isle of Wight, Cleethorpes,
S. W. Yorks., Durham, in England; Edinburgh in Scot-
land, and Kerry in Ireland. It has not been yet met

with in Wales.
It is gregarious, and its colonies though very populous
are restricted in area.

It is much smaller, and narrower in proportion to its

Jength than V. edentuda and is more strongly striated.

105:

VERTIGO.

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104 PUPIDA.

Genus.—BALEA Prideaux.
Shell sinistral, turriculate, thin, finely striated and streaked with

white in the line of growth.

B. PERVERSA (turned the wrong way) Linne. PI. V., f. 5.

Sinistral, club-shaped, thin, dark horn-colour, semi-transparent,
glossy, closely striated in the line of growth; whor/s 7—8; mouth
squarish oval, sometimes furnished with a denticle on the columella;
outer lip thin; zdz7icus narrow. A. 7mm. B. 25 mm.

This shell though local is abundant where it occurs.
Its distribution is very wide, extending over the whole
of Great Britain. In Ireland it is locally abundant and
has a wide range. It is found chiefly on the bark of trees;
Dr. Jeffreys says:—‘‘chiefly the beech, ash, sycamore and
apple.” I once found it ona willow near Maidenhead, in
company with CZ. dzdentata, the young of which it much
resembles. This resemblance it is necessary to note or
this local species may be passed over. It differs from
the immature C/V. ézdentata in being more slender, lighter
in colour, having a deeper suture and being without any
carination round the basal ridge, which carination is a
marked characteristic of the young of that species.

It is not, however, entirely confined to trees. Mr. J.
R. B. Masefield once took me to a thriving colony en-
sconced in a limestone wall on the top of Caldon Low
(where there are no trees). We pulled down a great deal
of wall in our search, but comforted our consciences by
building it up again. The greenish form is very beautiful,

It occurs very locally in colonies. It is ovo-viviparous.

CLAUSILIA. 105

Var. I. viridula (Jeff). Transparent greenish white.
Var. II. stmplex (Mog). Without denticle.

Genus.—CLausiLia Draparnaud.
Shell fusiform, British species all sinistral; furnished with a c/azs-
zlium ; mouth denticulated.

This genus derives its name from a peculiar character-

istic—a little door (Lat. claustlium).

This interesting provision of nature against the attacks
of such enemies as beetles, &c., differs from an operculum
thus:—It is not fastened to the anzma/, but to the pillar
of the she/Z by an elastic filament. When the animal is
within the shell this contractile filament draws the c/azs-
tlium close over the aperture, about half a turn from the
entrance, and when the animal emerges it pushes aside
the little “spring door,” which then lies flat against the

columella.

Sub-genus.—PIROSTOMA Vest.
I. C. BIDENTATA (wth 2 teeth) Strom. Pi. V., f. 1.
[=C. ruGosa (wrinkled), Draparnaiud.)

Fusiform, purplish brown, but varying in colour; marked with small
streaks of white; closely and irregularly striated in the line of growth;
whorls 1O—13; sfere tapering toa blunt point; *ozth pear-shaped,
expanding like a funnel, angulated above ; f/¢catzons, 2 on pillar, with
2 or 3 ribs between them, a plication behind pillar lip, near which is a
spiral fold; 1 or 2 teeth inside over Lip ; wmbilicus narrow ; clauselium
shaped much like a ‘ shoehorn.’ A. 11—1I3 mm. B. 3 mm.

This common shell is distributed throughout the whole

of the British Isles, and is found on walls, the rough bark

106 PUPIDE.

of trees, under logs and stones, among moss and some-
times on sandhills. It is very variable in size, texture and
intensity of striation. I have found it in Ireland on the
banks of the Bann under stones which are completely
covered by high tides. I possess a sub-scalariform speci-
men which I took in Derbyshire.*

Var. I. cravénensts (Taylor). | = dubia, Jeffr. non Drap.]
larger, more ventricose. A. 17mm. B. 34mm. Whorls 13.

Var. Il. evérettt (Miller). Smaller, fewer whorls than type.
Var. III. gracilior (Jeff. ). Longer, more slender. A.

14 mm. B. 24 mm.
Var. IV. tumidula (Jeff.). Shorter, more ventricose.
Var. V. séttont ( West.). [=schléchtit, Jeff.| “ Gener-
ally larger, more elongated, smoother and more trans-
parent than V’. dubia; pale brown, frequently resembling
CV. aminata in smoothness and transparency.” Whorls rT.
Var. VI. pérvula ( Turton). Smaller, more slender.
Var. VII. albina (Afog.). White.
M. dextrorsum (Jeff.). Dextral, resembling a Pufa in
shape.

2. C.ROLPHU (after Rolph ), Gray. Pl. V.; £. 2.
Fusiform, thinner than the last species; reddish or yellowish brown,
occasionally streaked with white; strongly striated; whorls g—103
the first two or three upper whorls are nearly of the same breadth
forming a short cylinder; afex blunt; sowth quadrangular ; plications

as in last species, but there are often two or three small teeth between

*See OC. Vole Vili pido.

CLAUSILIA, 107

the columellar folds; outer lip inflected ; basal crest short and curved ;
unebilicus indistinct; clazseléum oblong, regularly curved, slightly

contracted above. A. 12mm. B. 34mm.

This is a rare and local species, though sometimes
plentiful where it occurs, found only in a few localities
in some of the southern counties of England, also in

Notts. and Northants; not for Wales, Scotland or Ireland.

It is found chiefly under stones and has the peculiarity

of being almost subterranean in its habits.

Dr. Jeffreys says: ‘From C. rugosa and its variety dubia
this differs in being more ventricose and of a lighter
colour, as well as in having much coarser strize, which im-
part to the last-mentioned shell a decussated or slightly
granular appearance. The mouth of the shell in C. vo/phi

is, besides, larger and broader.”

Var. pellucida (Taylor). Colourless and transparent.

Sub-genus—A.LiInDA HY. & A. Adamis.
3. C. BIPLICATA (having 2 folds) Montagu. PI. V., f. 4.

Fusiform, dull, iridescent ; rufous brown streaked with white ;
strongly striate; whorls 12-133; mowth oval, angular, contracted
below, where a narrow but deep channel is formed ; Zee¢h as in
C. rolphii; umbilicus broader than usual in the genus; clausideum

almost oval, slightly curved. A. 16; mm. B. 44 mm.

This is one of our very local shells. It is found at the
roots and on the bark of willows by the Thames at

Putney and Hammersmith, in fair abundance ; and also

108 PUPIDZ.

in Wilts. It is much larger than C. volphit and more

slender in proportion. It is, moreover, streaked with white.

Var. xélsont ( Jeff.). More slender than type, almost

devoid of striation and translucent.

Sub-genus.—MArPESSA Gray.

4. C. LAMINATA (having plates) Montagu. Pl. V., f. 3.

Very similar in shape to the last species, but relatively narrower
just above the mouth ; pale reddish horn-colour ; smooth and glossy ;
microscopically striated in the line of growth; nearly transparent ;
whorls 123 mouth ovate; teeth well marked on the columella; there
are 3 or 4 internal laminz visible through the transparent shell;
umorecus small; claustlium sub-oblong, with a deep notch near the

base. A. 163mm. B. 4 mm.

This handsome species is locally but widely distributed
throughout England, but it has only been recorded for
Perth in Scotland, and Glamorgan in Wales, and con-

fined to a limited area in Ireland.

It has the reputation for a partiality for the beech and
ash, at the roots and on the trunks of which it may be
found, sometimes at a great height. It occurs in great
abundance in some places on the limestone rocks in

Derbyshire, and in the famous Birdlip Woods.

Var. I. pellucida ( Jeff.). Thinner, more transparent,
highly glossy.

Var. Il. albina (Mogq.). Clear white, sometimes with

a greenish tinge.

COCHLICOPA. 109
Family,—STENOGYRID-.
Genus.—Aztca Leech.
Shell oval-elliptic, polished ; colzmel/a dentate ; ferdstome labiate

within.

A. TRIDENS (with 3 teeth) Pulteney. PI. V., f. 7.
Chrysalis shaped, semi-transparent, solid, glossy, yellowish horn-
colour sometimes tinged with red or green ; whorls 7 ; spire pointed ;

mouth narrow, with 3 denticles. A. 64mm. B. 24 mm.

This species is widely distributed throughout England,
but it is only recorded for Glamorganshire in Wales, and
not at all for Ireland. In Scotland, in South Perthshire,
the variety *wowletiana is found, but the type has not
been met with in that kingdom. It is often found in
considerable numbers in moist shady spots. I have taken
it in the crevices of the limestone rocks in Derbyshire.

Var. I. cx) stéllina (Dup.). Transparent white.

Var. I]. nowletidna (Duf.). Rather larger and thinner,
a single denticle only on the outer lip.

Var. IIT. alsenénsrs (St. Simon). Outer lip bearing two
deeply seated denticles in addition to those described in
the type.

M. sinistrorum (Taylor). Reversed.

Genus.—CocHLicopa Férussac.

Shell sub-cylindrical, smooth ; columella arcuated forwards at the

base ; aperture elliptic-oblong, narrow.

*There is a question whether ’. zoudetiana is not the true type; at any rate it

is the common form in England.

110 STENOGYRIDZ.

C. LUBRICA (slippery) Miller. PI. V., f. 6.

Not so pointed as the last, more cylindrical; transparent, solid,
greenish, inside of lip often pink ; zehorv/s 5—53 3 spire rounded at the
point ; #zs¢th pear-shaped and broader than that of last species ;
having no denticles. A. 6mm. B. 2} mm.

This is a very common shell. It occurs in all parts of
the British Isles, in moss, under stones, logs, etc. A row
of these brilliant little objects mounted on a strip of card
shows pleasingly in a cabinet. I employ a series of glass

tubes containing cards with rows of the minute shells.

Var. 1. hyalina (Jeff.). Clouded greenish white, mouth
often reddish.

Var. Il. /ubricoides (#ér.). Smaller and more slender.

Var. III. exigua (Menke). Smaller. Alt. 44 mm.

Var. 1V. féisca (Mog.). Smaller, thinner, reddish brown.

Var. V. ovdta (/ef.). . Much smaller, oval, spire
shorter.

Var. VI. morsedéna (Doherty). Much larger, slender,

zhorls somewhat flattened. Alt. 8 mm. or more.

Genus. —_CMCILIOIDES Blainville.

Shell long, cylindrical, thin, glossy; sfzre long; mouth oval,

notched ; aznza/ eyeless.
C. ACICULA (a hairpin) Miller. V\. V.,f. 8.
[=AcHATINA AcicuLA J77iller.]
Slender and tapering in shape, semi-transparent, white, thin, and
very glossy ; whorls 5$ ; spzve obtuse 3 apex rounded 3 szfzve distinct ;
mouth long and rounded at the base, which has a deep notch. A. 5

mm. By I mm.

CACILIOIDES. did

This interesting animal is the only British member of
a genus consisting of nearly one hundred and sixty species.
It lives underground, and is never found on the surface of
the earth in a live state. Whether its subterranean habits
are the cause or the effect of its being destitute of the
power of sight need not be discussed here, but it is a fact
that, in common with other subterranean animals, it is
eyeless, upon which pecuharity the name cwczlioides is
founded.

Dr. Jeffreys remarks : “In all probability the 4. acicula
lives upon animal matter; for, in the spots where it has
been found living, no underground fungus or other vege-
tation appears to exist, and the form of the shell would
induce a belief that this snail is not only zoophagous but
predaceous. ‘The shells of all true G/andina, which are
carnivorous, have the same kind of notch or truncature

at the base as the present species of Achatina.”’

It inhabits various parts of England, Wales, and
Ireland, under stones and at the roots of grass, some
inches underground. As it would be rather a tedious
process to search for it by digging all over a district,
it is perhaps fortunate that another means of obtaining
it exists. Among the rejectamenta of rivers (Thames,
Yorkshire Ouse, &c.) specimens are common, being
doubtless washed away by floods from their native
localities. The specimens found in this way are of
course dead, but this shell fortunately does not suffer

much in appearance from exposure.

112 STENOGYRID.

Mr. J. Emmet, in an interesting paper in the Vaturalist
for 1885, points out that this shell is very abundant
in the magnesian limestone district of Yorkshire; the
writer says: “‘ Dr. Gray recommends searching at a depth
of six or eight inches, but my experience is that you will
find it at a much greater depth, even as much as eighteen
inches below the surface. It depends upon how the marl
is deposited, and upon the amount of soil overlying it.
The great point is to look for it carefully amongst the
marl below the soil, cautiously removing each fragment-
ary piece of limestone that covers the rock, and intently
looking in every cranny caused by the removal of the
said marly and stony pieces, until the shell becomes
conspicuous by its white appearance. Sometimes ten
or a dozen will be taken in as many inches.” The
writer goes on to predict that searched for in this way
it will be found in various places which have all the
necessary conditions, viz: at Knottingley, Doncaster,
and Pontefract. Soon after the publication of this paper
I heard from Mr. R. D. Darbishire that he had taken the

shell at the first of the above mentioned places.

Another method has suggested itself to collectors—
placing boards rubbed with suet upon the surface of
the ground where the shell is known or suspected to
exist, in the hope that it may come to feed on the

animal matter and adhere to the board.

CACILIOIDES. LES

At Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire, living specimens have
been taken under loose friable earth near the riverside.

It is found in the south of England as far west as
Somerset, and as far north as Northumberland;
it is recorded locally for Ireland, and I found it some
years ago in Anglesea. It does not seem to have been

found in Scotland.

Genus —STENOGYRA Shuttleworth.

Shell imperforate, elongately turreted; apex obtuse; whorls
numerous ; afertzve oval ; colwmella straight, thin.

S. GoopALL Miller. Pl. V., f. 12.

Pyramidal, tapering ; transparent white, slightly giossy, striated
in line of growth ; whorls 6. A.6mm. B. 2 mm.

In Gray’s ‘ Turton’ 1840, the following extract occurs:
“This shell was first introduced into the Fauna and
indeed first described in 1822 by Mr. Miller, who found
it in some pine-beds at Bristol; it is also common in the
same situations in the neighbourhood of London,
especially in Kensington Palace Garden, and has been
found near Manchester by Mr. Williamson. It was first
observed by the late Mr. Drummond, the botanist, in
1816, who was in the habit of feeding them; and when
he wanted a supply, he merely placed a flat board upon
the surface of the tan and left two or three dead worms
beneath it, and never failed of finding it covered with
them in a few days.”

It has also established itself at Preston (Lancs.),
I

114 SUCCINEIDA.

Middlesex, Surrey, Yorks., Norfolk, Gloucester, Glamor-
ganshire, always in gardens or pine houses.
It is generally supposed to have been imported in

foreign plant mould.

Family. —SUCCINEID.
Genus.—SuccinEA Draparnaud.

Body gelatinous ; tentacles 4; shell ovate, thin, amber-colour ;
spire short ; mouth large.

I. S. PUTRIS (t2habiting stinking places) Linné. PP. V., f. 13.

Shell pear-shaped, thin, semi-transparent, amber-colour ; whorls
3—4; sptre short ; mouth longand open. A. 16mm. B. 7 mm.

The “ Amber Snail” inhabits moist places by water.
Though amphibious it is seldom seen 77 the water except
in spring when on its way from its winter quarters in the
mud. It should be looked for on flags and rank vegeta-
tion at the edges of ponds, canals, etc., and on hedge-
banks where there is a ditch at the bottom.

It is widely distributed throughout the whole of the
British Isles. The varieties seem to graduate into each
other, and into the type in a most perplexing manner,
and I advise the tyro to leave them severely alone.

Var. I. stbglobosa (Jeff.). Shorter, broader,
more solid than the type. |

A ses Var. II. stugndlis (Gass.). Smaller, with

a somewhat straight front margin,

sometimes inclining to a_ greenish-

bronze colour.

SUCCINEA. 115
War DIT soltdula: (Jeg). . Thicker and
deeper coloured in consequence.

Var, iV. witvea (A7og.,). ‘Thinner and

more transparent in consequence.

b. texture.

c. colour. Var. V. dlbida (Morch). White.

2), Ss BEEGANS (e/esant) Risso. Pl. V.,-f.04.

More slender than fzétvzs ; usually of a deeper red 3; sz¢zve deeper ;

mouth narrower. A. 15mm. B. 6} mm.

This species appears to merge into the last, and often
it is extremely difficult to determine an individual by the
shell alone. There is, however, a difference in the
lingual dentition, and the animal of e/egans is usually
dark, while that of pwtris is light coloured. The main
difference in the shells of the two species is that elegans
has a deeper suture and a narrower mouth. Both are
found in the same habitats, but e/egans is much more
local than fzfris, though both have nearly the same

range of distribution.

Var. I. minor ( Jeff:). Smaller.
auSiZe: | Var. II. ochracea (Betta). Smaller, thicker,
spire longer, mouth small.
Var. III. longiscdta (Morel). Sheil longer,
mouth compressed.
Var. IV. pfeiffert (Rossm.). Shorter—not

so much drawn out.

b. shape.

116 “AURICULIDA.

Var. V. virescens (Morel). Thin, greenish-

G: Vtexture;
yellow.

. colour.
d. colour Var. VI. dlbida (Taylor). White.

c. monstrosity. m. szzdstrirsum (Baud.). Reversed.

3. S. OBLONGA (oblong) Draparnaud. Pl. V., f 15.

Shaped somewhat like Z. ¢rzzcatula, rather more solid than the
foregoing species, dull greenish colour ; w/or/s 3—4, convex ; suture
deep. A.6;mm. B. 4% mm.

This is a local and rare species, having been recorded
for N. E. Yorks., Ayr, Linlithgow, Swansea, Cork, and
Jersey. It is always found near the sea-coast. Owing to
its rarity its appearance is little known, and in museums
and collections the label is often prefixed to young speci-
mens of S. cedegans, etc. I have mistaken a dwarf Z.
peregra for it, and others have done the same. It is,
however, very distinct from the rest of the genus, being
very much smaller, with a longer spire in proportion to its
size, having very convex whorls and a correspondingly
deep suture. I would advise any fortunate finder to have
a specimen authoritatively identified before placing it per-

manently labelled in his collection.

Sub-order.—PULMONOBRANCHIATA.
Family,—AvURICULID.
Genus. —CARYCHIUM JZiiller.

Shell spiral, oval-oblong ; #zozth somewhat ear-shaped, furnished
with columellar folds and a tooth-like tubercle on the outer lip;

uibelicus indistinct.

SEGMENTINA. uy

C. M{NIMUM (smallest) Miiller. Pl. V., f. 9.

Sub-fusiform, semi-transparent, white, rather solid, glossy, micro-
scopically striate in the line of growth; whorls 553; spire pointed ;
mouth ovate, with 3 denticles. A.1?mm. B. ~ mm.

There is no mistaking this little shell when once seen.
It must be examined under a lens to be fully appreciated.
It is worth while to wait for the animal to come out, and
travel over a moist decayed leaf, when the conspicuous
black spots that constitute its eyes can be seen and their
sessile position noted; indeed, these eyes may be seen
through the shell, so dark are they and so transparent
the shell.

It is very common under stones, logs, etc., in moist
shady situations throughout the whole of the British Isles.

Var. ¢rident.ita (Risso). Denticles slightly more
distinct.

Family. —LIMN#IDA.
Subfamily, —PLANORBINE.
Genus.—SEGMENTINA Fleming.

Shell coiled, *dextral with internal transverse septa.

So NIvipA (sheniug) Miller... Pl. Vi, & 2.
[=P.. LINEATUS, Wadker].

Quoit-shaped, compressed, more convex above than below, semi-
transparent, pale rufous horn-colour ; cavzvated; whorls 4; spire sunk ;
wnibelicus narrow but deep. Its special characteristic is the nautilus-
like septa which are visible from the outside of the shell at intervals

across the whorls. A. 13mm. B. 5mm.

*There is much doubt whether the shells of this genus are dextral or sinistral ;

pending the decision of the anatomists I have retained the old nection.

118 LIMNZAIDZ.

This interesting species is local. It is found in ponds,
ditches and sluggish streams. Its recorded range in
England extends from Yorkshire to Kent, but it has not
been authenticated for Ireland, Scotland or Wales.

Var. albina (Taylor). Milk white and semi-transparent.

Genus.—PLANORBIS Guettard.
Quoit-shaped, dextral, circular.
Sub-genus.—Hiprettis Hartmann.

I. P. FONTANUS (22habiting springs) Lightfoot. Pl. VI., f. 2.
[=P. Niripus Jeffreys.)

Quoit-shaped ; thin, glossy, rufous horn colour; sharply keeled ;.
whorls 4A—5 3; spire sunk ; wmbzlicus shallow. A. 13mm. B. 55mm.

This may be distinguished from the last species by
having no septa, being more depressed; the spire not being.
so deeply sunk, and by having a shallower umbilicus.

It is a common species, inhabiting mud and weeds,
generally on the bottom. It is very partial to watercress.
The crust of mud which frequently spoils its appearance
is extremely hard to remove.

Its distribution is general throughout the British Isles,

though local in Scotland.

Var. dlbida (Nelson). White.

Sub-genus.—GVRAULUS Agassiz.
2. P. NAUTILEUS (“ke a nautilus) Linné. Pl. VI., f. 3.

Quoit-shaped, having the upper side flat and the under-side
convex; dirty white or grey; striated in the line of growth by

ridges of epidermis; whorls 3. A. £mm._ B. 23mm.

PLANORBIS, 119

There is no mistaking this elegant little shell, which is
found on weeds and on the underside of decaying leaves

in ponds and ditches throughout Great Britain.

The variety cvzsta which is commonly found with the

type, is an exceedingly beautiful object under a lens.

Var. I. crista (Linné). Ridges of epidermis exagger-
ated to points,

Var. Il. Jlevigéta (Adami). Without ridges.

3). Px DIEATATUS (expanded) Gould. PIs VI.;, f.. 12;

Flattish above, extremely convex beneath; zw/or/s 2 to 23, dull ;
nearly opaque ; #zouth exceedingly expanded and very large ; sztzvre
distinct ; zzbz/¢cus narrow, but deep. A. Imm. B. 2 mm.

This little shell was imported from America in cotton
bales. It was first noticed by Mr. T. Rogers, of Man-
chester, in 1869. The only places where it has yet been
observed to have made itself at home are the Bolton
Canal, and the Reddish Canal (between Stockport and
Manchester), where there are cotton mills, and at Burnley

in a mill “lodge” or small reservoir adjoining the mill.
g J g

An Be ALBUS Conic) Ataller. PlioVisy £4
Flattish above, with sfzrve depressed; dull white, very finely
striated in line of growth, but more distinctly marked with raised
strice spirally ; microscopically hispid ; wov/s5. A.2mm. B. 7mm.
This little shell often belies its name, being frequently
found black with dirt. Under a powerful lens its delicate

striations are visible, as well as rows of minute hairs

120 LIMNAIDA.

running in a spiral direction, though sometimes these
hairs are absent.

It occurs throughout the British Isles as far north as
Sutherlandshire.

Var. I. draparndldi (Shepp.). Carinated, destitute
of spiral strize.

Var. Il. suleéta (Taylor). With strong curved ridges
in line of growth, about 30 on last whor!, the intervening
spaces being occupied by broad sulci (furrows).

Monst. scalériforme (L. E. Ad.). Whorls twisted into
the form of a screw, in great numbers in Scout Dam,

Penistone, Yorkshire.

5. 2. PARVUS (small) Say. Pl. VI., f 5-
[=P. GLABER Jef].
Convex above with a depression in the centre, concave beneath ;
rather thin, glossy, horn-colour, finely striated transversely and still
more faintly spirally; whorls 5; seture very deep; mouth nearly

circular ; zzbzlicus large. A. 14mm. B. 35 mm.

This is a local shell, though it has a range extending
the entire length of Great Britain, though not into Wales.
It has been found in Ireland. Though resembling P.
albus in shape (but smooth and glossy) it is more likely
to be mistaken for the young of -. umbilicatus, as the
young of that species is sometimes only very faintly
keeled.

Var. compréssa (Lloyd). More concave below than the
type, whorls rounder, making the shell more compact.

(Found near Birmingham),

PLANORBIS. MAL

Sub-genus.—GYRORBIS Agassés.
6. BP. SPIRORBIS (czrcular coil) Miller. Pl. VI., f. 6.

Very flat, rather solid, glossy, brown horn-colour ; whorls 5 to 6;
faintly carinated on the lower margin. A. Imm. B. 6 mm.

This isa common shell throughout the British Isles.
It is abundant on pond vegetation and is often found
eroded by infusoria or covered with a black coating of
mud. For its association with A. hypuorum and L. glabra
see the former species.

Var, ecarindia ( Jef.).. No keel.

Var. II. d/bida (Nelson). Shell white.

Monst. scalériforme (Nelson and Taylor). Whorls

coiled in the form of a screw.

a. PavoRntex (whirlpool) Linge “Pl. Vis, tf. 7.

Very flat, glossy, yellowish horn-colour ; zo7r/s 6 to 8; sharply
keeled. A. 15mm. 5B. 74 mm.

Found in similar habitats to the last species, but is
more local. It is very widely diffused throughout the
British Isles, but is only recorded for Forfar and Caith-
ness in Scotland. I have noticed that it is much more
often found with a perfect epidermis than P. sfirorbis,
even in the same pond as that species.

It may be distinguished from P. spirorbis by its promi-

nent keel; it is also flatter and thinner.

Var. compréssa (Mich.). Thinner and much flatter,

and more sharply keeled.

122 LIMNAID.
8. P. CARINATUS (eeled) Miller. Pl. VI., f. 8.

Compressed, sfzve sunk, only slightly convex beneath, slightly
glossy, semi-transparent, pale brown; worls 5 to 6: seture deep;
mouth angulated above and below; sharply keeled in the ceztre of
the outer margin. A. 33mm. B. 13 mm.

Found in the south and east of England, in Lancashire;
south of Scotland, being confined to one locality in
Edinburgh, in a pond in the Botanic Garden, where it
was probably introduced ; in Wales, and Ireland; but it

is local, and not often plentiful.

Var. I. disceformis ( Jef.). Flatter and thinner.
Var. Il. dlbida (Hudson). White.

9. 7 P. UMBILICATUS A/uller. - Pl. VI., f. 9.
[=P. compLanatus Jeffreys].

Concave above, flat beneath, nearly opaque; strongly keeled
below ; whorls 5—6; mouth rhomboidal. A. 33mm. 5B. 15 mm.

This species is often very like the last on account of
the position of the keel being higher than in type speci-
mens ; indeed there is some doubt as to the actual specific
distinction between the two species. Dissection has
hitherto failed to find a difference in the animals. The
young shells are not always keeled and they then some-

what resemble P. parvus.

It has a somewhat wider distribution throughout the
British Isles than the last species, and it is more common.
The largest specimen I have seen, is one that I took near

Maidenhead, measuring 18 mm. across.

PLANORBIS. [as

Var. I. rhdmbea (Turt.). Smaller, more solid, more

convex above and more concave below.

Var. Il. albima(Jef.). Whitish.

Monst. snzstrérsum (Taylor). Sinistral.

Sub-genus.—Corttus Adamson.

10. P. CORNEUS (horn-celoured) Linné. Pl. VI., f. 10.

Very tumid, sfzve sunk; opaque dark horn-colour, lighter
below ; south nearly circular; whorls 5 to 6. A. 85 mm. B.
25 mm.

This species is unmistakable both from its size and
shape. It is far the largest of our British /Vanorves.
The young are covered with spiral rows of small hairs.
Its recorded range in England extends from Hampshire
to the north of Yorkshire. Though found locally in

Ireland, there are no records for Wales or Scotland.

have taken specimens with four marks shewing stages
of growth, which, if formed only once a season, imply

that these individuals were in their fifth year.
To preserve the hispid appearance of young specimens.

I can recommend their preservation in a little bottle or

tube of pure glycerine.

On being plunged into boiling water the animal will
sometimes diffuse a crimson fluid resembling that secreted

by V. contecta.

Var. albina (Mog.). Shell white.

iy! LIMN4IDA.

Sub-genits—BATHYOMPHALUS Agassiz.
11. P. CONTORTUS (twésted up) Linné. Pl. VI., f. 11.
Flat above, very convex below, dull brown ; zv/o7/s 8, compressed;

suture deep; mouth crescent-shaped ; zzbilicus deep. A. 2 mm.

B. 5 mm.

This is a compact-looking little shell, and when once.
seen is never confounded with any other. It is fairly
common on weeds in ponds and ditches. Generally
distributed throughout the British Isles.

An individual which I found near Manchester measures

6 mm. in diameter.
Var. I. dlbida ( Jeff:). Whitish.

Var. II. minor (Taylor). Diameter 3 mm.

Subfamily.—PHYSIN®.
Genus.—APLEXA Leming.
[=Puysa Lamarck].
Sinistral, sub-oval, sfz7e produced.
A. HYPNORUM (frequenting the moss Hypnum) Linné. P\.V1., 213.
Sinistral, spindle-shaped, thin, highly glossy, semi-transparent,
dark reddish horn-colour ; zwor/s 6—7. A. 12mm. B. 43 mm.
This pretty little shell is found in ponds and ditches,
at intervals, throughout the British Isles, as far north as
Skye, but it is not a common species.
Its frequent association with Z. glabra and P. spirorbis
has been pointed out by Mr. W. Nelson, in an interesting
note in the Journal of Conchology, vol. III, p. 115. The

particular cause of their mutual attraction is not at

PHYSA. 125

present known, but will probably be found to consist of
some favourite food-plant.

This species like many of the Zzmn@e@ has the habit
of floating on the surface of the water with its footsole
uppermost and exposed to the air.

Var. I. mdjor (Charp.). Length 18 mm.

Var. II. riéibra (Tryon). Dark reddish.

Monst. decolldtum (Nelson). Decollated.

Genus. —PHYSA Draparnaud.
Mantle having lobes expanding over the shell.

P. FONTINALIS (frequenting springs) Linné. Pl. VIL, f. 14.

Sinistral, oval, very thin, glossy, semi-transparent, greenish horn-
colour; whorls 4 to 5, tumid; spive very short, obtusely pointed.
The deeply serrated mantle is extended over most of the shell.
A.gmm. B. 63 mm.

The “Bubble Shell” is more common than the last,
and is more abundant where it occurs, and frequents
running as well as still-water. It has a great partiality

for the under sides of the water-lily.

Though the last species and several other members of
this family spread threads of mucus in the water, 7.
fontinalis is facile princeps in the art. This *habit may
be well watched in an aquarium, where the threads may
be seen passing perpendicularly downward from the sur-

face of the water, and upward from the bottom. The

“See an interesting paper by Mr G. Sherriff Tye, in F.C., vol. 1. p. 104.

126 LIMNZEID-.

downward thread is apparently kept in position by suction;
the top of the thread ending in a flat circular expansion,
with a slight depression in the centre, the whole resemb-
ling the bottom and stem of a wineglass inverted. Up
and down these threads the little animals delight to crawl,
and when two meet, as frequently happens, a fierce com-
bat often ensues, the antagonists striving to dislodge each
other by remarkably violent jerks.

Var. I. injfidta (Mog.). Much larger, more ventricose.

Var. Il. cérta (/af.). Spire very short.

Var. III. oblonga ( Jef). Spire produced.

Var. IV. alvina ( Jef). Shell white.

Subfamily.—LIMNAINE.
Genus.—AMPHIPEPLEA JVilsson.
Animal not contained wholly within the shell.
A. GLUTINOSA (e/utinous) Bruguiére. Pl. VII., f. 1.

Oval, globular, very thin and glossy, transparent, pale amber or
greyish horn-colour, here and there striated in the line of growth, and
faintly, but closely striated spirally ; zAorls 3 to 4, tumid; sfzre slightly
produced ; sz¢zve deepish ; #zozth nearly oval, contracted above. The

expansion of the mantle, which in young individuals covers the shell,

places it in the sub-genus Amphipeplea. A. 14mm. B. 114mm.

This is a very local species though abundant where it
occurs. In England it is found at Sandwich, near Reading
and Henley, Norwich, Hulland Reading, L. Windermere.

dn Ireland it has been met with in King’s Co., Co. Down

LIMNAA. 124

and Westmeath, but it is found neither in Scotland nor
Wales.
It has the peculiarity of suddenly disappearing and

reappearing without any known reason.
Var. I. mucronata (Jef.). Spire more produced.
Var. II. dbida ( Williams). White.

Genus.—LIMNEA Lrugutere.

Shell conic-oval or elongated ; sfzve usually produced ; dextral.

Sub-genus.—RAvD1x Montfort.

I. L. INVOLUTA ([spzre] enveloped [by whorls]) Thompson.
Pl, VEL i 2
Oval, very thin, glossy, transparent, pale amber; whor/s 3 to 4,
convex ; sfeve sunk; apex distinct; oth pear-shaped. A. 10 mm.

Bo7 mm.

This beautifully delicate shell is probably a variety
of LZ. peregra. Its only habitat is in a tarn on the Crom-
aglaun Mountain seven miles from Killarney on the road
to Kenmare.

Mr Laylor says: /().°C., vol. VL, p. 286), “though it 1s
probable that Z. zzvoluta is, like ZL. burnett’, only an
extreme variety of Z. sevegra, the fact has not yet been

fully and satisfactorily demonstrated.”

2. L. PEREGRA (wandering) Miller. Pl VILI., f. 3.
Obliquely ovate, thin, moderately glossy, yellowish horn-colour ;
whorls 4% to 5, convex ; sfzve produced and pointed $ széure rather
deep ; mouth three-fourths of the total length, oval; zazmer lip

folded on the columella. A. 183mm. B. 143 mm.

128 LIMNAIDA.

This is the commonest and also the most variable of
our freshwater shells, and is distributed not only over the
whole of the British Isles, but over almost every other
part of the Eastern Hemisphere. Mr. J. W. Taylor, in a
most interesting and able article in the Journal of Con-
chology, vol. v1., p. 284, says: “It is, however, interesting
and somewhat remarkable that it has not been satisfac-
torily shown to inhabit the continent of America.” It is
amphibious, being frequently found crawling on mud,

and on masses of weed out of water.

Though there are a multitude of different varietal
forms authenticated for the British Isles, this number by
no means approaches that of the continental conchologists.
But let not beginners in the science be disheartened by
the formidable array of varietal names hereto appended
No notice need be taken of these names; the specific
term jferegra includes them all, and when a series of
different forms has been obtained, the collector will
come to the conclusion that there is something con-
venient in the extensive differentiation after all. Care
should be taken not to confound the labiate variety with
L. auricularta. The body of peregra is fuller below than
that of auricularéa; or in other words the waist of peregra

is its broadest part, and of auricudaria the shoulder.

Var. I. durnéttt (Ald.). Globose, rather solid, dull,
strongly striate in line of growth ; spire scarcely elevated ;

apex intorted. Only locality Loch Skene, Dumfriesshire ;

LIMNAA. 129

specimens connecting this var. with var. II., have been
found in Lake Llyn-y-van-fach, Brecon.

Var. II. J/actéstris (Leach). Resembling v. dburnettz,
but smaller and more glossy, with strong transverse
grooves ; spire not so short, not intorted.

Var. III. J/étea (Mont.). Very solid, spire very short.

Var. IV. ovdta (Drap.). Thin, ampullaceous ; whorls
convex ; spire short ; mouth oblong.

Var. V. acimindta (Jeff.). Resembling y. ovata but
has a more produced spire and a rounder mouth.

Var. VI. zntermédia (Fér.). Thin, compressed towards
front margin ; spire produced ; mouth expanded.

Var. VII. walgdris (Mog.). Small, spire less produced ;
whorls and aperture less convex.

Var. VIII. odlinga (/Jeff.). Oblong, compressed in
front.

Var. IX. Jadbiosa ( Jeff.). Lip expanded and reflected.

Var. X. picta (/Jef.). Marked spirally by alternate
bands of brown and white. .&.—TZhe original v. picta
of Jeff. apparently does not include specimens with white
banding due to an accident to the shell.

Var. XI. maritima (Jeff). Dwarfed, solid; spire
produced ; suture deep. A?/ro'mm.. |B. 6 mim.

Var. XII. Jlinedta (Bean). With strong spiral ridges.

Var. XIII. céndida (Porro.). White.

Var. XIV. succineeformis (Shuttl.). Shaped like a

Succinea, very thin; whorls 4; spire small, oblique.

130 LIMNAID.

Var. XV. stagnéliformis (Taylor). Somewhat fusiform ;
last whorl making four-fifths of total length. A. 35 mm.
B. 18 mm.

Var. XVI. boisstt (Dup.). Small, globose; whorls
convex; spire produced.

Var. XVII “ebtdsa. (Kob.).° Shell. large; ‘spire pvery
small; whorls very convex, increasing rapidly; mouth
ample, almost reaching the level of the apex of the spire.
N.B.—This var. is very like L. auricularta.

Var. XVIII. pulchélla (Rof-). Small, pale, rather
pronounced lines of growth; aperture slightly margined.
A. 11 mm.

Var. XIX. didphana (FParr.). Very thin and trans-
parent.

Var. XX. injldta (Kod.). Shell larger ;~spire small;
whorls not very convex ; aperture pyriform.

Var. XXI. pdtula (Da Costa). Shell larger, much
more inflated and globular; spire short; whorls very
convex ; mouth ample.

Var. XXII. mucréstoma (Kob.). Shell more slender
and elongate than the type, with spire longer than the
mouth, the whole shell approaching Z. palustris in outline.

Monst. I. szwzstrorsum (/Jeff.). Reversed.

Monst. II. scalariforme (Jeff.). Whorls disjointed.

Monst. II]. decdllatum ( Jeff.). Spire truncate.

LIMNAA. 131
3.- L. AURICULARIA (ear-shaped) Linné. Pl. VII., f. 4.

Globosely ovate, thicker than ZL. jeregra, fairly glossy, semi-
transparent; whorls 4 to 5, very tumid; sfzve very short; apex

sharp ; south very large, with outer lip widely reflected. A. 29mm.

B. 21 mm.

This interesting species named after a somewhat
strained resemblance to the human ear, is found in rivers,
lakes, ponds, and canals throughout Great Britain, as far
north as Fife. In Ireland it has not been recorded for
the south-west or north-east, but further investigation of
that country will probably give it a wider range. It is
very common and particularly fine in the Thames, near
Maidenhead. Like all the larger members of this genus

it is generally the better for the application of a soft
tooth-brush.

Var. I. actta ( Jeff.). Smaller, oblong, mouth narrower.
Var. Il. dlbida (Jef.). White.

Var. III. mdégna (Colb.). Larger, mouth narrower,

upper edge of lip as high as the apex of the spire. A.
32 mm.

Var. IV. vreflexa (Nelson). Outer lip much reflected.

Var Ve) nor Civog.). Smaller. A, 17mm Bs
5. Cnt.

Var. Vw sampla. ( flavim.), Spire ‘short, aperture
extending beyond apex.

132 LIMNZID&.

Sub-genus.—-L{MNOPHYSA LFitzinger.

4. L. STAGNALIS (¢xhabtting swamps) Linné. Pl. VIL, f. 5.

Elongated, rather thick, not very glossy, pale whitish horn-colour,
striated in line of growth; whov/s 6—8; the body-whorl forming most
of the shell; sfzve tapering ; mouth large. A. 50mm. B. 25 mm.

This is the largest member of the genus. It is common
in England, Scotland and Ireland, but is not found in any
other part of Wales than Anglesea.

It is very variable and collectors will do well to secure
series from all possible localities.

The finest specimens that I have seen are two which I
took in a pond at Whitchurch, Shropshire. ‘The largest
measures 58 mm. in altitude and 30 mm. in breadth. I
grieve to say the pond was drained soon after I made the

capture and the locality destroyed.

Var. I. frdgilis (Linné). Smaller, thinner and more
slender than the type.

Var. Il. dottuica (Clessin). Dark, suture deep, much

smaller than type.

Var. III. dactstris (Stud. ).

Var. IV. dadidta (Jeff.). Outer lip enlarged.

Var. V. variegdta (Hazay). Whorls variegated with
white markings.

Var. VI. élbida (Jeff.). White.

Monst. I. senestrorsum (Jeff.). Reversed.

Monst. II. scalériforme (Taylor). Whorls disconnected.

LIMNA. 133

5. L. PALUSTRIS (zzhabiting marshes) Miller. Pl. VII, f. 6.

Tapering, rather solid, dull brown; whorls 6—7, tumid. A. 25 mm.
B. 10 mm. |

This shell is common and abundant on weed in ponds,
ditches and slow rivers in all parts of the British Isles as
far north as Aberdeen. Its varieties are numerous and
often striking. It is amphibious but not to the same
extent as the next species.

I once came across a pond in Essex full of nothing but
the variety corva, some of which measured an inch anda
half in altitude.

Var. I. cérva (Gmel.). Larger, more tumid, dark purple.

Var. II. obésa (Taylor). Very tumid; A. 234 mm.
B. 144 mm.

Var. III. édongdta (Mog.). Spire more produced.

Var. IV. conica (Jeff.). Conical, whitish, suture deep,
having an umbilical cleft.

Var. V. minor (Taylor). Smaller; A. 8 mm. B. 45 mm.

Var. VI. déncta (/Jeff.). Shorter and broader, mouth
purplish.

Var. VII. Zacundsa (Ze¢l.). With flattenings, depressions
and protruberances.

Var. VIII. fascidéta (Nelson). With 3 spiral dark bands
on body whorl.

Var. IX. réseolabidta (Jeff). With rose coloured rib.

Var. X. élbida (Nelson). White.

Monst. decollétum (Jeff.). Spire truncated.

134 LIMNAIDA.

6. L. TRUNCATULA (somewhat truncated) Miller. P\. VII., f. 7.

Somewhat resembling Z. Aa/ustrts in shape, but turreted in appear-
ance on account of the deeper sztmre; rather glossy ; south ovate ;
umbelical cleft distinct ; whorls 5—6. A.1Iomm. B. 5 mm.

This species is much smaller and more elegant in shape
than the last. It is common throughout the British
Isles both in still and running water, especially in shallow
pools which are often dried up in summer. It is found
further from the water than any others of this genus,
and may be confidently searched for on the walls and
arches of culverts and on dry mud.

It is not advisable to carry this species in the mouth,
as it harbours a parasitic worm, which in its after-form of
Fasciola hepatica attacks sheep that have taken it in while
drinking.

Var. I. ventricdsa (Mog.). "Tumid, spire short.

Var. II. élegans ( /Jeff.). Larger, spire tapering.

Var. III. mzcrdstoma (Drouet). Mouth contracted.

Var. IV. mdjor (Mog.). Larger than type.

Var. V. minor (Mog.). Smaller, thin, dark-coloured.

Var. VI. dlbida (Nelson). White.

Monst. scalériforme (Jeff.). Whorls disunited.

Sub-genus._-OMPHISCOLA Beck.
7. L. GLABRA (smooth) Miller. Pl. VII., f. 8.
Cylindrical, tapering gradually to a blunt point, thin, glossy,
greyish horn-colour ; striated closely and regularly in line of growth ;
whorls 7 to 8, rounded ; south small for the size of the shell. A. 15

mm. 9B. 5 mm.

ANCYLUS. 135

This is a local species often plentiful where it occurs,
inhabiting ponds and ditches in Great Britain, as far as
Lanark ; in Ireland it is recorded for Cork and Belfast.
For its frequent association with A. hypuorum and P.

spirorbis see the former species.

It is, like the preceding species, amphibious. I have
often found it crawling up the stalks of reeds several
inches out of water. Some that I once kept in an
aquarium persisted in crawling up the glass side and
tumbled out, thus falling victims to their adventurous
disposition.

Var. I. elongéta ( Jef.). Spire produced.

Varo II) \zedjor (Gass.). Much larger, A. 23 mm:

Monst. decollétum (Velson). Spire truncated.

Subfamily.—ANCYLINE.

Genus.—ANCYLUS Geoffroy.

Shel/ limpet-shaped with a rudimentary spire which is dextral; its

recurved form gives the name to the genus.

A. FLUVIATILIS (zhabtting rivers) Miller. Pl. VII., f. 9.

Shaped like the common marine limpet ; a@fex recurved. A. 7§ mm.
B. 54 mm.

The ‘Stream Limpet’ is found adhering to stones or
wooden piles in streams and canals,—very rarely in still
water. I have found it in ponds occasionally, but these

cannot be regarded as a natural habitat. It is common

136 LIMNAID.
throughout Great Britain and Ireland. Var. g7bdosa is
usually found in swift clear streams.

Var. I. cdpuloides (Jan.). Larger, apex near the centre.

Var. II. gibbdsa (Bourg.). Smaller, with the hook over-

hanging the posterior margin.
Var. III. dlbida ( Jeff.). White, more finely striated.

Var. IV stricta (Morel.). Much elevated, sides com-
pressed.

Genus.—VELLETIA Gray.

Shell conical, compressed ; afex sub-central, sinistral.

V. LACUSTRIS (zxhabiting ponds) Linné. Pl. VII., f. 10.

Compressed, oblong, thin; afex acute, sinistral A. 63 mm.
B. 23 mm.

The ‘Pond Limpet’ is found in sluggish streams,
canals, ponds, and marshes, on the stalks of flags, rushes,
and other water plants, especially the Stratiofes ; and it
may often be found adhering to other shells. Though
almost as widely distributed as the last species, it is more
local, especially in Ireland. Its compressed oblong form

marks it off distinctly from A. fuviatilis.
Var. I. compréssa ( Jeff). Broader and flatter.
Var. II. dlbida ( Jeff:). White or colourless.

Var. III. méguinidna (Bourg.). Elevated, compressed

at the sides ; corresponding to var. stricta of A. fluviatilis.

CYCLOSTOMA. 137

Order.—OPERCULATA.
Sub-order.—PULMONATA.

Lamtly.—CYCLOSTOMATID.
Genus.—CycL6sToMA.

Shell spiral ; mouth round ; umbilicus small, operculate.

C. ELEGANS (elegant) Miller. Pl. V., f. 10.

Globosely oval, solid, opaque, light pink, marked with streaks or
spots of a darker colour ; very strongly striated in the line of growth,
and more closely striated spirally; whorls 44, cylindrical; szture
very deep; sfzre blunt ; south nearly circular ; zebzlicus small, but
deep ; operculum thick, testaceous. A.15 mm. B. 10 mm.

This interesting shell is the only British representative
of an interesting genus which abounds in species in

warmer latitudes.

It is common in England and Wales, always on cal-
careous soils especially on pure chalk formations. It has
not been recorded for Scotland or Ireland. Along the
banks of the Thames between Marlow and Maidenhead it
occurs in great abundance on the chalk hills, and through-
out the calcareous districts of Kent. I have taken it in very
small areas where there is an outcrop of chalk, in the
midst of other formations by no means suitable. It is
also tolerably plentiful in Jersey, where there are no cal-
careous strata. I have observed it on tree trunks at

Cooper’s Hill and at Ewell.

Var. I. mdrmorea (Brown). Entirely free from stri-

ation.

138 ACICULIDA.

Var. II. fascidta (Picard). Ash coloured, with two
interrupted brown or violet bands.

Var. III. pd/lida (Mog.). Light pink or yellowish,

with traces of banding on upper whorls.
Var. IV. adlbéscens (Mog.). Whitish, without markings.

Var. V. ochroletica (Mog.). Whitish yellow.

Family.—AcicuLib&.

Genus.—AcCicuULA Hartmann.

Shell cylindrical; spzre thin; apex blunt; ofercelam horny, excentric.

A. LINEATA (lined) Draparnaud. Pl. V., f. 11.
Cylindrical, light brown, slightly transparent, glossy, striated in the
line of growth; whorls 6—7; spzre blunt; secure distinct; south

pear-shaped 5 zenebz/ecus very small; ofercetlum horny. A. 24 mm.

B. £mm.

This very minute and interesting species is rare and
local. It is found more in the north than in the south of
England ; in Merioneth in Wales ; in Renfrew and Ayr in

Scotland, and also in Ireland.

It is gregarious, being found sometimes in considerable
numbers in woods, under stones, on decaying leaves and

among wet moss. It is said to feed on decaying fungi.

Var. délba (/eff.). White, or colourless and transparent.

Monst. sénestrorsum (Jeff.). Reversed.

VIVIPARUS. 139

Sub-order.—-PECTINIBRANCHIATA.
Lramily.—-NERIT{D&.
Genus.—NERITINA Lamarck.

Shell sub-oblong ; oper cee calcareous and solid.

N. FLUVIATILIS (z7habiting rivers) Linné. Pl. VIII., f. 4.

Ovate, solid, glossy, chequered brown, white and purple; whov/s 3;

spire short ; ofercetdum semi-lunar. A. 84 mm. B. 64 mm.

This prettily marked shell is found in many rivers,
streams and canals throughout the British Isles, except in
Wales and Scotland, where Mr. W. D. Roebuck considers
it has been ‘‘accidentally imported with river ballast from
England or abroad.” It is the most solid of our fresh-
water shells and reminds us of its marine cousins the
Littoriné so common on seaweed. All the varietal forms
are connected by gradations of colour and markings.

Var. I. cerina (Colb.). Lemon coloured.

Var. II. ¢rifascidta (Colb.). With 3 bands of colour.

Var. III. unduldéta (Colb.). ‘Transversely banded.

Var. LV. nzigréscens (Colb.). Uniformly dark coloured.

Family.—PaLUDINID&.

Genus.—VIvViPARA Montfort.

Conoid, ventricose ; ofercee/u7 concentrically striate ; ovo-viviparous.

I. V. CONTECTA (covered by an operculum) Millet. Pl. VIII, f. 5.

Conical, diaphanous, fairly glossy, dark green, with darker bands
of same colour; whorls 7, very convex; suture very deep; mouth
almost.circular, but angulated above ; wszbz/zcus small, but deep and

distinct ; ofercu/um horny, thin. A. 38mm. B. 31 mm.

140 PALUDINID&.

This species and the next are often found coated with
confervoid, which can sometimes be removed by hot water
and soap applied with a soft nail-brush. Both this and
the following species are viviparous.

It inhabits rivers (usually sluggish), canals, and ponds,
as far north as Lancashire and Yorkshire, but it has not
been hitherto recorded for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland.
It is a local species, by no means so common as FV.
vivipara.

Var. virescens (Jeff.). Without bands.

2. V. VIViPARA (producing young alive) Linné. Pl. VIIL., f. 6.

Conical, but more oval than the last species, not so glossy as V.
contecta; lighter in colour and more solid ; whorls 633 suture not so
deep as V. contecta; umbilicus none ; operculum moderately thick.
A. 38mm. B. 30 mm.

This species, found within a slightly more extended
range than the last, is much more common. It has
not, as yet, been recorded for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland.
The two species may be readily distinguished by the

following characteristics :—-

V. CONTECTA. V. VIVIPARA.
Conical. _ More oval.
Rather glossy. Not so glossy.
Dark bluish green. Light greenish yellow.
Suture very deep. Not so deep.
Umbilicus distinct. Umbilicus none.
‘Texture thin. More solid.
Apex sharp. Apex blunt.
Operculum thin. Operculum slightly thicker.

BYTHINIA. 141

Vars. I. and II., form the ends of a series of which the -

intermediate forms are met with in the canal at Pontypool.
Var. I. efascidta (Pickering). Without bands.

Var. Il. dévo-purpitrea (Lloyd). Dark purple all over.
Var. III. dlbida (Nelson & Taylor). White.

Genus.—BYTHINIA Gray.

Shell ovate, conical, perforated ; azzzaZ with eyes sessile.

1. B. TENTACULATA (wth tentacles) Linné. Pi. VIII., f. 7.

Somewhat conical, rather solid, glossy, semi-transparent, horn-colour;
whorls 6, convex; mouth oval, angulated above; zmbzleces hardly

perceptible ; opercatdum thick. A. 125 mm. B. 6; mm.

Found in slow rivers, canals, ponds, etc., distributed
throughout every part of the British Isles. The finest
specimens I have seen were taken in the Trent near
Nottingham.

Var. I. prodicta (Menke). More slender than type.

Var. II. ventricisa (Menke). Spire shorter, tumid.

Var. III. excavdta (Jeff.). More tumid, suture deeper.

Var. IV. d/bida (Rimmer). White.

Monst. decol/étum (Jeff.). Upper whorls wanting.

2. B. LEAcutt (after Dr. Leach) Sheppard. Pi. VIIL, f. 8.
Conical, thin, moderately glossy, semi-transparent, horn-colour ;
whorls 5, very convex; mouth almost circular, with slight angulation
above; zmbilicus small, but distinct; oferceudum as in last species.

A. 64 mm. B. 5 mm.

142 PALUDINIDA.

This species is far more local and less abundant than the
last; it is found in similar situations. It occurs in many
parts of England and Wales but not in Ireland, and only
locally in Scotland. As it is only about half the size of
B. tentaculata, adult specimens cannot be mistaken ; but
to avoid confusion with the young of that species the
following table may be useful.

B. TENTACULATA. . B. LEAcsar,

_ Whorls much more convex,
| suture much deeper.
Umbilicus practically none. | Umbilicus distinct.

Mouth obliquely oval and | Mouth almost circular, very

sharply angulated above. slightly angulated.

It may be noticed that B. fextaculata bears the same
relation in its distinctive characteristics to B. Zeachit that
V. vivipara does to V. contecta.

Var. I. elongéta (Jeff-). Spire elongated.

Var. II. é/bida (Rimmer). White.

Genus.—PALUDESTRINA D’Orbigny.
[=*Hyprosia Hartman}.

Eyes placed on tubercles ; ofercadum horny and thin, paucispiral.

1. P. SiMILIS (vesembling another species) Draparnaud. P).VIII., f. 11
Sub-conical, thin, semi-transparent, yellowish horn-colour; zhor/s
5—6, rounded; suture deep; mouth oval; opercilum thin; wnebilicus

small. A. 34mm. B. 24 mm.

*The authorities do not consider this a freshwater genus, but as one species at
least lives and breeds in pure freshwater, and nearly all L. and F. water collectors
are more or less interested in it, I have included it.

PALUDESTRINA, 143

The habitat given by Jeffreys between Greenwich and
Woolwich is now no longer correct. I learn from the
Rey. J. W. Horsley that this species is nearly, if not quite
extinct, as far as this country is concerned. He informs
me that it has not existed for some years in the locality
given for it by Jeffreys, between Greenwich and Wool-
wich, but that having migrated down the river, owing to
the increased pollution of the Thames, it was to be found
in one small,shallow pond close to the river bank at Erith.
In September, 1892, Mr. Horsley and I searched this spot,
which was then dry mud, in vain, and my informant now
tells me that he has not been able to meet with it on a

subsequent occasion when he sought it.

2. P. VENTROSA (swollen) Montagu. PI. VIIL., f. 12.

Conical, tapering, thin, glossy, semi-transparent ; whorls 6—7,
rounded ; sfzve pointed; mouth and operculum oval. A. 5 mm.

B. 34 mm.

This species swarms in countless thousands in brackish
marshes on the coasts of Norfolk and Suffolk among
weed. It is also plentiful in estuaries in England and
Wales. In Ireland it occurs in Dublin Bay and Larne
Lough. It is not found in Scotland.

Var. I. minor (Jeff). Shell much smaller, spire
shorter.

Var. II. ovdta (Jeff.). Spire much shorter ; whorls 4,
more tumid than type; the last exceeds one half the shell.

Var. III. elongéta (Jeff.). Sometimes 8 whorls, longer.

144 PALUDINID&.

Var. IV. jpellicida ( Jeff.). White, transparent.
Monst. decollétum ( Jeff.). Spire truncate.

3) P. JENKINSI Sw27z. Pl. VILL, f..13.

Conical, tapering, rather solid, pale horn-colour ; finely striated in
line of growth ; whorls 5—6 ; mouth ovate, angulated above, the entire
rim standing out from the shell ; ofercz/um horny, concentric. A. 54
mm. B. 3mm.

This species was discovered by Mr. A. J. Jenkins at
Plumstead in 1889, and submitted to Mr. E. A. Smith,
who considered it a new species.* This however was not
the first time this shell had been taken in England, for
Mr. Sheriff Tye informs me that he has specimens—un-
named—collected some years previously by the late Miss

Fairbrass, near Deal.

In 1891 I found it at Sandwich—perhaps in Miss
Fairbrass’ locality,—and_ in 1892 Mr. Chas. Oldham and
I found a numerous colony near Exeter. Circumstances
then led me to hazard the conjecturef{ that the shell had
been imported in Baltic timber, and I suggested that
search should be made at Newhaven and Wisbeach, where
Baltic timber is still ‘imported, and last year (1894), Mr.
C. H. Morris of Lewes, found an exceedingly abundant
colony near Newhaven. I have also taken it in the
military canal at Hythe. It has also been found in con-

siderable quantities in two places in a Staffordshire canal.

*See ‘ Journal of Conchology,’ vol. vi., p. 142.
tSee ‘Journal of Conchology,’ vol. vii., p. 148.

VALVATA., 145

Canon Norman is of opinion that this species is identi-
cal with the Paludina crystallina of Pfeiffer, a West
Indian species, and a few specimens he kindly sent me
for inspection, bear a close resemblance to our species.
Mr. E. A. Smith, however, 1s by no means convinced of
this identity, as in his opinion the thread-like keel round
the whorls of our British species differs from the carination
of Pfeiffer’s P. crystallina var. coronata, which consists of
a row of spines forming a coronation rather than a
carination.

Mr. Smith also informs me that Paludestrina candeana
D’Orbigny, and Paludina cisternicola and ornata Morelet,
also belong to this species according to Von Martens.
Shuttleworth and Frauenfeld also state that Paludina
jamaicensis and Melania spinifera, both of C. B. Adams,
are also of this species.

Microscopical examination of the radule of P. crystal
lina and P. jenkinsit by the Rev. Prof. Gwatkin, shows the
two to be similar, though this in itself, according to Mr.
Gwatkin, is not positive evidence of identity, as ‘different
species may have a similar radula.”

Var. carindta (Smith). With a thread-like keel in the
centre of the whorls. Found in all cases with the type,

and in about equal proportion to it.

Famtily.—V ALVATIDE.

Genus.—VALVATA Miller.

Eyes nearly sessile ; opercelum horny and thin.

146 VALVATIDA.

I. V. PISCINALIS (2ahabeting fish ponds) Miller. P\. VIII, f. 9.

Globular, nearly opaque, brownish yellow ; wor/s 6, cylindrical ;
spire blunt; szture very deep; mouth circular; wmbzlicus deep ;
operculum concentrically spiral. A. 64mm. B. 65 mm.

This species is found in lakes, canals, and _ rivers,
throughout the British Isles, as far north as Perth. It
is nearly always covered with a green confervoid crust
which is very difficult to remove. ‘The largest specimen I
have seen is one that I took at Norwich, measuring
7?mm. I have some from Doxey Brook near Stafford,
with the whorls disconnected.

Var. I. depréssa (C. Pfr.). Flatter, umbilicus larger.

Var. II. antigua (Sow.). [=var. subcylindrica (Jeff.). |
Spire more raised.

Var. III. pusilla (Mill.). Smaller, striz stronger,
whorls 43.

Var. IV. adlbina (Taylor). White.

Monst. szzzstrorsum (Jeff.). Reversed.

2. V. CRISTATA (crested, t.e. with branchial plume) Alitller.
Pe VEE, iro,

In shape a circular coil; glossy, light horn-colour; whorls 5;

mouth circular; operculum concentrically spiral. A. 3mm. B3§ mm.
This pretty little shell frequents canals, lakes, and
ponds, especially among the roots of flags. It is rather
local, but is distributed from Orkney to the south of
England. In Ireland it is still more local, and has not
been recorded for the south-west.
Var. dlba (Rowe). White.

UNIO. 147

Cisse ACEPHALA:
SUB-CLASS._-PELECYPODA.
Order.—-LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
S2b-order.—ISOMVA. ‘
Family.— UNIONID&.
Genus.—Unt0 Philippsson.

Elongated, solid ; /atesa/ teeth strong ; Zele distinct.

I. U. TUMIDUS (swollen) Philippsson. Pl. IX., f. to.
Ovate, very solid, dark brown; efedermzs smooth. L. 1°5 inches.

B. 3 inches.

Common in many rivers, ponds and canals in England

and Wales, but not found in Scotland or Ireland.

Jeffreys gives the average length and breadth of this
shell as 1°5 in. and 3 in. respectively, but much larger
measurements are not uncommon. Mr. G. S. Tye (Sc.
Gossip, April, 1885,) gives the length of one in his
possession as 2°25 in. and the breadth 5 in. This and
other large specimens were taken “in a pool near Bir-
mingham.” I have taken specimens in Copmere, Stafford-
shire, of equal length and over 4 inches in breadth, but

Jeffreys’ measurements are correct for the average size.
Var. I. miilleri (Rossm.). More oval in shape.
Var. IL. ovdlis (Mont.). Wedge shaped, dark coloured.

Var. Il. fouderosa (Pasc.). Warger, very solid, dark

coloured.

148 UNIONID-A.

Var. IV. radidta (Colb.). Thinner, with yellow and

green radiations.

2. A PICTORUNEN(pancers ) Lz. Pl. 1X, f. 18.

Oblong, solid, usually narrower than U. temzdus. The “égament
is parallel with the lower margin, whereas the “gament of the last
species, if produced, would meet the line of the lower margin and
form an angle. Its colour is usually a much brighter green, and it is
more glossy than the last species ; it is also narrower in proportion to
its size, and is less solid. L.°1°33 ins. B. 3 ins.

The “ Painters’ Mussel” is found in similar localities to
U. tumidus, and often approaches it in appearance, so
much so that there has been great doubt of its being a
distinct species. Mr. Rogers informs me that specimens
found in canals near Manchester are lined with a beauti-
ful salmon-coloured nacre, due perhaps to the refuse at
the bottom of the canals, and I have taken specimens

similarly coloured at Castle Ashby ponds, Northants.

In the same article quoted under the last species, there
is mention of a specimen the length of which is 2,%, inches
and the breadth 54 inches; this shell was taken in the
same pond as the large U. fumidus mentioned above,
and here again I may mention that from the same spot
where I took the large /¢wmidus I have specimens of
pictorum 24 inches in length and 44 in breadth. The
most beautiful specimens I have seen have come from a
muddy bottom ;a sandy bottom alters the character in a

wonderful manner.

UNIO. 149

Var. I. vradidta (Mog.). Having greenish-coloured
rays.

Var. II. curvirdstris (Vorm.). Smaller, shorter, flatter.

Var Wien vavor. (fe7_). Broader, ‘shorter, yellow-
brown.

Var. 1V. compréssa (Jeff.). Very broad and flat.

Sub-genis.—MARGARITANA Schum.

3. U. MARGARI{TIFER (fearl bearing) Linné. Pl. IX., f. 12.

Oblong, compressed, very solid, dull black; deaks always eroded,
lower margin nearly straight. The inside is pearl-white, sometimes
pinkish. Occasionally pearls are found inside—white, green or brown.
i2un. B. 5.n:

This interesting species known as the ‘pearl mussel’ is
to be found in rivers in mountain districts in several parts
of Great Britain from Shetland to Cornwall, but only to
the west of a line drawn from Scarborough to Exeter ; and
also in Ireland and the I. of Man. The pearls for which
this shell was once eagerly gathered in the Tay, the Irt
and the Conway, are small and worthless compared with
those from the East.

Suetonius says that Ceesar was partly attracted to Britain
by the reports of pearls found there, and Pliny states that
he covered a buckler with them, which he dedicated to
Venus Genetrix.

Forbes and Hanley think that ‘“ Czesar’s buckler was

more probably covered with the pearls from JZytzlus

150 UNIONIDE.

edulis” (the common sea mussel). This, however, is not
likely, as the pearls from this shell are exceedingly few and

poor. ‘Tacitus writes that they were of marine origin.

Pennant states that as many as sixteen pearls have been
found in a single Uzio, and he gives an account of pearls

of value having been found in Donegal and in the Conway.

The ancient writers agree in disparaging the British
pearls, justly considering those from the East finer in size

and quality.

Tacitus mentions a theory current in his time that the
dull reddish colour of our pearls was due to their being
collected from cast-up shells instead of being gathered
from living shells from the bottom of the sea ; but he adds,
with characteristic dry humour, that the fault probably lay
in the pearls themselves, as otherwise his avaricious
countrymen would have been sure to discover the best

method of obtaining them.

I understand that at Waterford this species goes by the

name of the ‘Sugar loom.’

Var. I. stnudta(Zam.). Broader than the type, yellowish;

lower margin incurved.

Var. II. roissyt (Mich.). Longer than the type, lower

margin rounded outwards.

ANODONTA. 151

Genus.—ANODONTA Lamarck.

The members of this genus are almost toothless, as the name

implies.

I. A. CYGNEA ( [eaten by] swans) Linné. Pl. VIIL, f. 1.

Oblong, swollen, thin, brown or greenish; well marked by lines
of growth; /égament long and parallel to the lower margin. L. 2°75

itis. don 5.5 Shin:

The ‘Swan Mussel’ is found in great abundance in
slow rivers, ponds, lakes, and canals, as far north as Elgin;

in Wales and locally.in Ireland.

It is the largest of our freshwater mussels, attaining an
average breadth of over five inches. Again quoting Mr.
Tye’s article mentioned under U. tumidus and U. picto-
rum, we find “two fine specimens of A. cygvea, taken at
Worthing, of the following dimensions: length 44 in.,
breaditn 7, 1m.; length 5 in., breadth 8 in.” But the
largest British specimens known, were taken by Mr. W.
H. Heathcote, near Preston, the largest measured g in. in
breadth, 44 in. in length, and 3+ in. in thickness; the
greater number found on that occasion were more than
8 in. in breadth.

Should the scoop be too small, or the water too deep
for the length of the stick, or in the absence of both, it
will be found a good plan to get a withy and cut one end
in the shape of a pointed knife blade ; this may be pushed

into the open mouth of the mussel, which will close

152 UNIONID&.
tightly on it, when it can easily be drawn out of the mud.
If the stick be not flattened the closing force of the ani-

mal will often break the shell.

Var. I. avendria (Schroter). Broader, the upper and
lower margins nearly parallel, the inferior more or less
straight.

Var. II. ~vostrdta (Rossm.). Ovate, upper margin
forming a crest.

Var. III. stagnélis (Sow.). Thin, inflated, antenor
end: rounded; hinge line arcuate; beak sub-acute;

basal line much rounded ; olive green.
Var. IV. cucrasséta (Shepp.). More swollen and solid.

Var. V. vradidta (Mill). Larger, yellowish-green,
streaked ; beaks placed at a distance of only one-third

from the anterior side.

Var. VI. pédliida ( Jef.). Light yellow, wedge shaped.

2. A. ANATINA ( [eaten by] ducks) Linné. Pl. VIIL., f. 2.
Oval, compressed, glossy, green or brown; /¢gament short, promi-
nent, straight, forming an angle with the lower margin; sca7s deeper
than those of the last species. L. 2in. B. 3°5 in.

Found in Britain as far north as the Forth, but not in
Ireland. It may be distinguished from the last species by
its smaller size and the angle which its hinge makes with
the lower margin. It is considered a variety of A. cygnea

by some, and by others as the young of that species.

SPHARIUM. 153
The latter theory may be put aside when it is remembered
_ that the two species are often found separately, though the
young of cygzea do resemble adult avatine and the animals
of the two species cannot be distinguished by dissection.

Var. I. ventricdsa (C. Pfr.). Larger, more solid.

Var. II. complandta (Rossm.). Oval, compressed, beaks
close to anterior margin.

Var. III. vadidia (Jef.). With green and yellow

radiations.

Family.—SPHERUDE.
Genus.—SPHERIUM Scop.

Shell nearly equilateral; azzzal with two siphons.

I. S. CORNEUM (horn coloured) Linné. P\. IX., f. 1.

Somewhat globular; thin, glossy, opaque, yellowish horn-colour
with paler bands indicating the lines of growth, finely and evenly
striated in the same direction and also faintly striated from beak to
margin; /igament short; Azmge furnished with a double cardinal tooth
in each valve, 2 lateral teeth in the right and 4 in the left valve;
muscular scars faint. L. 84mm. B. 114 mm.

This common shell is found at the roots of flags and
weeds and in the mud in ponds, ditches, canals and rivers
in every part of the British Isles. It has the power of

suspending itself in the water by threads of mucus.
Var. I. flavéscens (McGill). Pale yellow.
Var. II. nicleus (.Stud.). Smaller, nearly spherical.

Var. III. scaldidéna (Norm.). Ovate, paler than the type.

154 SPHAERIIDE.

Var. IV. pisidtoides (Gray). Somewhat triangular,

strie coarser than in the type.

2. §S. R{vIcoLa (tnxhabitant of streams) Leach. V1. IX., f. 2.

Oval, solid, opaque, glossy, greenish or yellow when young, darker
when adult; s¢72@ evenly concentric; /¢gament short but conspicuous ;
scars distinct; ¢e¢h as in the last species but larger. L. 175 mm.
B. 224 mm.

This is the largest species of the genus. It is much
flatter than .S. corneum, especially when young ; more solid

and more strongly striated.

It inhabits canals and slow rivers in various parts of
England. It is said to have been taken in Dublin, but it

has not been recorded for Wales or Scotland.

Var. flavéscens (Moq.).

3. S. PALLIDUM (fale) Gray. Pi. IX., f. 3.
[=S. ovALE Jeffreys. ]

Oblong ; shoulders sharp ; thin, semi-transparent, dull, pale grey ;
strie faint, concentric ; deaks nearly central; /7gament long ; hinge
straight on posterior, incurved on anterior side ; ¢eeth small; scars
distinct. L. 10mm. B. 15 mm.

This is a local species, found in canals and ponds in
Lancashire, Yorkshire, Warwickshire, Staffordshire, Surrey,
and Middlesex, but not in Ireland, Wales, or Scotland.

It is probably of recent introduction, and was only

noticed about 1824, though a single valve has been found

in the fossiliferous alluvial deposit near London.

SPHARIUM. 155.
4. S. LACUSTRE (zahabiting lakes) Miiller. P\. IX., f. 4.

Round; shoulders sharp; more compressed than .S. corneum ; thin,
glossy, semi-transparent, grey ; regularly striate concentrically ; deaks
tipped with a small protuberance (ca/icalation); ligament narrow $
hinge strong. L. 73mm. B. Io mm.

Found in similar habitats to S. corneum but is more
local, though widely distributed. In Ireland it “appears
to be absent in the north, and in the south and east it 1s
decidedly rare.” Glasgow and the neighbourhood of
Edinburgh is the extent of its range in Scotland. With
regard to the capping of the umbones—the special
character of this species—-Mr. Taylor (‘Monograph of
the L. and F. W. Moll. of the B. Isles,’ part I., p. 43).
says: “Caliculation is apt to take place to a noticeable
extent, only in those species in which the embryonic
shell is of comparatively large size and somewhat globular
shape, and the succeeding shell growth does not continue
on the same plane.” It is thinner and more compressed
than S. corneum, and its round outline differentiate it from
the oblong S. pallidum. The valves close very perfectly
which enables it to survive a drought. My finest speci-
mens were taken alive from the surface of the mud of a
small pond which had been dried up for two months.

Var. I. brochoniéna (Bourg.). Much larger and flatter.

Var. II. rotunda (/ef.). Rounder and flatter.

Var. III. ryckhbltii (Norm.). Small, shoulders rounded
off, beaks prominent.

Var. IV. ovdlis (Fér.). Somewhat oval, with in-

distinct caliculation.

PISIDIUM.

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PISIDIUM, jaye

Genus.—Pisipium C. Pfeiffer.

Shell inequilateral ; deaks near the shorter or posterior end ; azzmal

with only one siphon.

These little shells are usually a great trouble to the
collector on account of their variability and similarity,
and conchologists have differed greatly as to the number
of species. The thanks of all collectors, therefore, are
due to Dr. Jeffreys, who has reduced the number to five

fairly well-marked species, distinguishing them as follows :—
a. Triangular. (P. amnicum, P. fontinale).
b. Oval. (P. pustllum). °
c. Round. (LP. xitidum).
d. Oblong. (P. milium).

The table on the opposite page may be a help to identification.

I. P. AMNICUM (2xhabiting rivers) Miiller. Vl. IX., f. 5
Triangular, tumid, solid, glossy, quite opaque when adult, having
deep concentric ridges, greyish horn-colour ; teeth (as those of all the
Pisidia) the same as those of the last genus, but proportionately
more strongly developed. L. 75mm. B. 93 mm.
P. ammnicum is found in ponds, canals, rivers, and lakes
in all parts of Great Britain as far north as the Forth, and

in Ireland rarely in the south and east.

There is no mistaking it when adult for any others of
the genus on account of its much greater size, and its
triangular shape distinguishes it from the members of the

genus Spherium. Young specimens need not be mis-

158 SPHERIIDA.

taken for P. fontinale, as the latter shell is not so deeply
grooved and is far more ventricose.
Var. I. -devitiscula (Mogq.). Larger, strice faint.

Var. II. flavéscens (Mog.). Uniform pale yellow.

2. P. FONTINALE (2nxhabiting springs) Draparnaud.
Pipi xX, .1.6, and Pl. X.; f. 1.

Triangular, tumid, thin, greyish horn-colour; more transparent
than P. amnicum; beaks prominent; scars deep. L. 3% mm,

B. 4—5 mm.

Found in sluggish streams, canals, ponds, and ditches
throughout the British Isles. ezs/owana is a common
and very distinct form.

Var. I. Aénslowdna (Shepp.). ‘The valves have a ridge
near the beaks.

Var. II. pulchélla (Jen.). Glossy, strongly grooved.

Var. III.. cinérvea (Ald.). Larger and flatter.

Var. IV. pdliida (Gas.). More ventricose ; irregularly
striate ; paler with a few darker rays which diverge from

beaks to margin.

3 P. PuUSsILLUM (swlall) Gmelin. Pl. IX.,'f.7, and Pie

Oval, thin, moderately glossy, finely striate concentrically, yellowish
white; deaks nearly central ; /¢gament inconspicuous. L. 42 mm.
B. 5 mm.

This is far the commonest species. It is found in
ditches and swamps, ponds, etc., throughout the British

Isles. Its oval form as well as its more central and

PISIDIUM. 159

flatter beaks, distinguish it from the last species. The
variety grandis was found by Mr. T. Rogers near Man-
chester, and was named for him by Mr. W. W. Walpole.
Some specimens that Mr. Rogers kindly gave me measure
6 mm. in breadth, but he informs me that he has taken

even larger examples.

Var. I. obtusdlis (Lam.). Smaller and more tumid.

Wan Ul. erandis (1. £. Ad.).. Much larger. L.-5 mm,

je is aanvaae

4. P. NfiripuM (shining) Jenyns. Pl. IX., f. 8, and Pl. X., f. 2.

Round, tumid above, compressed below, very glossy ; scavs distinct.

3 3
hogs mm:, (RB. 34 mm.

Though this species is recorded as having a wide
distribution, it is rare. Very few collectors seem able to
identify it. Typical specimens of this and other mem-
bers of the genus are easily distinguished, but the many
variations of form so commonly met with render identifi-
cation extremely difficult, especially as many collectors of
experience call the same thing by different names. I
think it is most apt to be confounded with pyse//um and

its var. obtusale.

It is recorded for most parts of Great Britain and
Ireland. The variety g/odosa was named so by Jeffreys
in a letter to Mr. T. Rogers. Some specimens of this
var. on being subjected to a continental authority were

considered to be P. obtusale.

160 MYTILIDA.

Var. I. spléndens (Mog.). L.emon-coloured, larger.

Var. II. globosa (L. E. Ad.). Spheeroidal.

sm@ P. MiLIUM (razz of millet) ffeld. P\. IX., f. 9, & Pl. X., f. 3:5
[=P. rosEuM /Jef7.]

Somewhat oblong, tumid, glossy, regularly striated concentrically ;
ligament almost invisible. L. 2} mm. B. 3} mm.

Its habitats are similar to those of the last species. Its
distribution is more restricted than any of the others, it
-having been found in Sligo only, in Ireland; in Wales
only in Anglesea. I have taken it in the northern, south-
ern, and western and midland counties of England, but
it is more common in Scotland than south of the Tweed.

Its oblong shape and straight lower margin serve to

distinguish it from its brethren.
Var. alpéstris (Clessin). Very strongly striated, very
globose, somewhat produced ; lower margin towards pos-

terior extremity more bent up and more arched.

S2b-order.—HETEROMYA.
Famtily.—MYTILIDe.
Genus.—DREISSENSIA Van Beneden.

Boat-shaped, furnished with a byssus ; deaks placed at the extreme

end ; /igament internal.

D. POLYMORPHA (many shaped) Pallas, P\. VIIL., f. 3.

Shell triangular, sharply keeled, lower margin incurved ; solid ;
ligament long and narrow; azzmal furnished with a dyssus. L.

35mm. 8B. 15 mm.

DREISSENSIA. 161.

There is no mistaking this shell. Its triangular boat-
shape is sufficient to identify it at once.

It inhabits rivers, lakes, and canals in England and
Scotland, but it has not yet been found in Ireland.
It is supposed to have been introduced from Russia
about 1824.

This, and indeed all mussels are much appreciated
by rats.

Var. I. dtlatéta (Colv.). Broad and flat, beaks pro-
truding beyond the hinge.

Var. II. angusta (Col.). Narrower than type.

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GEOSSARY.

acéphatous, headless.
chitina, agate.
Aicula, a hair-pin.
_4cme, a point.
y auledta, prickly.
vacumindta, pointed.

_acitus )

ointed.
acta $ P

vagréstis, inhabiting fields.
Agriolimax, field slug.
albicans, whitish.
albida, whitish.
albina, \
albé, J

adlbocincta, with a white band.

white.

albolaterdlis, white sided.
allidria, smelling of garlic.
-alpésteis, inhabiting heights.
admnicum, inhabiting rivers.

amphibious, inhabiting both land and water.

164 GLOSSARY.

Amphipéplea, enfolded around with a mantle.
_-Ampulldceous, shaped like a flask or bottle.
_ Gnatina, belonging to ducks.
_Ancylus, a hook.

dénglica, English.

angusta, narrow.

angustior, narrower.

_Anodonta, toothless.

antértor, the front; applied in bivalves to the end where
the mouth of the mollusk is situated; the large or

blunt end. (The Pészdia have the anterior pointed.)
_antiqua, ancient.

dntivertigo, not reversed.
_-dpex, the extreme point of the spire of a univalve.
aquatic, inhabiting water.
arenicola, inhabitant of sandy places.
__drborum, inhabiting trees.
arbustorum, inhabiting copses.
Arion, a fabled musician.
-articuldéta, jointed.
_aspérsa, spotted, sprinkled.
dir, black:
_Gtro-purpirea, dark purple.
_Aurantiaca, golden hued.
auriculéria, ear-shaped.
axis, applied to univalve shells, the centre column formed

by the junction of the whorls.

GLOSSARY. 165

B.
Bélea, bay coloured.
beak, see umbo.
bicolor, with two colours.
Lidentéta, with two teeth.
bigrandta, with two small teeth.
_bimargindta, with two lines of different colours round the
margin.
biplicéta, having two folds.
_-bivalve, a shell composed of two plates.
ee | with two bands.
_bréuchial, pertaining to the gills.
_brévis, short.
_-byssus, a collection of strands by which D. folymorpha,
etc., attach themselves to stones.
-Bythinia, an ancient province of Asia Minor (Bithynia).

CG
Cecatlioides, blind.

—¢calcéreous, chalky.

candida, white.

Cantiana, Kentish.

caperdta, wrinkled.

capuloides, resembling a knob or handle.
_-cérdinal, pertaining to the hinge of a bivalve.
_-tarindtus, keeled.

carnivorous, eating flesh.

166 GLOSSARY.

Cartistdna, after a Carthusian monastery.
_castdénea, chestnut-coloured.
celléria, inhabiting cellars.
Céphata, the class of mollusks with heads.
‘cerina, wax-coloured (z.e. yellow).
_-cincta, girdled.
_-cinérea, ash-coloured.

cinéreo-niger, dark ash-colour.

circumscriptus, trimmed round.

Claustlia, the name of the genus with an appendage called
a claustlium or door.

_Cochlicopa, a shell with a notch.
colubrina, resembling an adder.

columélla, a small column; the technical term for the axzs
of a univalve.

compacta, compact.

complandius, flattened.

compréssa, compressed.

concave, hollow.

concentric, having the same centre.

Conchology. ‘Conchology treats of the mollusca, or that
great division of invertebrate animals which have soft
bodies and an organization superior to that of insects.
and only inferior to that of fishes.”

concinna, neat.
conica, conical.
conoidea, cone-like.

contécta, covered.

GLOSSARY. 167

contortus, twisted together.
contréctile, able to become shorter.
convex, bulging out.

corneus, \ ‘
-horny.
cornea, J

corvus, a crow; applied toa very dark variety of Z. palustris.
costéta, ribbed.

ae \ crested.

cristéta, J

crystdllina, crystalline.

curta, short.

curvirostris, with curved beaks.
Cyclostoma, round mouth.
cygnea, pertaining to swans.

cylindrécea, cylindrical.

deciduous, liable to fall off.

decollétum, truncated.

dectissated, intersected by cross lines.

dénticle, a small tooth.

dentition arrangement of teeth.

depiléta, denuded of hairs.

depréssa, flattened.

depressiuiscula, somewhat flattened.

déxtral. A univalve is said to be dextral when the mouth
is on the observer’s right’ as he holds it facing him,

with the spire upwards.

168: GLOSSARY.

dextrorsa, turned to the right.
adidphana, transparent.

ailatatus,
ailatata,
aisciformis, circular, quoit-shaped.

} expanded,

dorsal, pertaining to the back.
dubia, doubtful.

ecdrinata, with no keel.

edéntula, toothless.

efascidta, having no band or stripe.

élegans, elegant.

elongdta, lengthened.

epidermis, the thin skin covering shells.

épiphragm, a film secreted by the animal to cover the
mouth of the shell.

epizona, marked above (the periphery).

equilateral, having equal sides.

ericctorum, inhabiting heaths.

exdlbida, whitish.

excavdta, hollowed out.

exigua, small.

fascidta, banded.
Silament, thread.
Jtémmea, with flame-shaped markings.

Jlavéscens, yellowish.

GLOSSARY. 169

Jidvus, yellow.

Jiuvidtilts, inhabiting rivers.
Jonténus :)
fontinalis J

foot, a flexible muscular process by which mollusks travel.

inhabiting springs.

Sragilis, frail.
Silva, tawny.
fiisca, dark brown.
Juscolabiéta, dark mouthed.
SJuscescens, dusky.
Justform, spindle-shaped.
G.
gagttes, jet.
galloprovincidlis, of the Gallic province (Provence).
Gastropoda, a class of univalve mollusks, the lower surface
of whose belly forms the foot.
Genus. In Natural History a sub-division of an Order.
A genus is sub-divided into species.
Géomdlacus, earth mollusk.
gibbosa, swollen.
gibbous, protruberant.
Seas \ smooth,
elibra,
globosa, globose.
glutinosa, sticky, slimy.
grédcilis, slender.
graciltor, rather slender.

grandis, large.

170 GLOSSARY.

granuldta, granulated, with small grain-like markings.
gregarious, living in colonies.

grisea, grey.

jal

hdbitat, dwelling place.

fliliotidea, ear-shaped ; from Haliotis the ‘ Venus’ ear
shell.

fiélix, a screw, coil.

herbivorous, feeding on vegetable matter.

hispid, )

hispida, hairy.

hispidosa, J ‘

hyaline, glassy.

flyalinia, the name of a genus of glassy shells.

hyalozondta, with a translucent band.

h brida, a cross between two species.

fy drobia, living in water.

hypnorum, living among the moss (Aypuum).

hypozina, banded below.

encarndta, flesh-coloured.

inconspicua, not easily observed.
tncrassadta, thickened, coarse.
indigenous, born in the country ; native.

infidta, blown out, swollen.

GLOSSARY. Teh

instébilis, fluctuating ; not adhering to the typical form.
intermédia, varying between two distinct forms.

tnvoluta, folding inwards.

tridéscent, coloured like a rainbow.

Isémya, a sub-order of mollusks with equal adductor

muscles.

1b

te \ with an enlarged lip.

Zacunésa, with hollows on the surface.

lactéscens, milky white.

Jacustris, inhabiting lakes or ponds.

levigdta, smoothed.

levis (properly spelt Zevzs), smooth.

levitiscula, somewhat smooth.
*/amelléta, furnished with plaits or folds.

Lamellibrénchidta, an order of mollusks with leaf-like gills.
*lémina, a plate.
*/amindta, furnished with plaits.

lapicida, stone-cutter.

létior, broader.

lentiginosa, freckled with markings like those on some

beans.
levicoloma, bordered with white.

leticozona, banded with white.

Li? GLOSSARY.

libéllula, named after a dragon-fly (Zzbe//u/a).

Zigament, the elastic substance connecting the valves of a
bivalve shell.

Lilacina, lilac.

Limax, a slug.

Limnea, inhabiting stagnant water.

pas | marked with lines.

lingual dentition, the arrangement of teeth on the tongue
of a mollusk.

Zip, the lip of a shell is the edge of the mouth.

longiscéta, lengthened.

libriciides, somewhat smooth.

luctuosa, of a sad (¢.e. dingy) colour.

4uinule, the oval depressed space in front of the umbones,
and opposite the ligament of some bivalves.’

lutea, yellowish.

liteofascidta, banded with yellow.

liteolabidta, yellow lipped.

M.

maculata,

miégna, large.

major, larger.

mantle, a flexible outgrowth of the body, resembling a
cloak or hood, which contains glands that secrete the

colouring matter of the shell.

GLOSSARY. vie:

margaritécea, pearly.

margaritifer, pearl-bearing.
margindta, having a rim or border.
marmorea, with marble-like markings.
matra, dark like a Moor.

maximus, largest.

membrandceous, conposed of fine-spun fibres.
microstoma, having a small mouth,
milium, a grain of Millet.

minimus, smallest.

minor, smaller.

minutissima, very minute.

mollitsc,

mollitisk, J a soft-bodied animal.

montdnus, inhabiting mountains.
mucus, slime.
mucronata, pointed.

muscorum, inhabiting moss.

N.

ndcreous, pearly.

nana, dwarf.

Nautiléus, like a nautilus in shape.

nemoralts, ae Ne
- inhabiting groves.

menorosa, J

nigra, black.

nigréscens, blackish.

nitens, shining.

174 GLOSSARY.

attidulus, rather shiny.
nitidus, shiny.

niicleus, the tip of a spire of a univalve.

O.

obésa, swollen.

obliterdta, markings absent ; (refers to colour).

oblonga, oblong.

obscurus, hidden.

obtusélis, blunt.

obvolita, wrapped up.

ochroletica, whitish-yellow.

ochracea, yellow.

bctodentéta, with eight teeth.

olivdécea, olive-colour.

opérculated, furnished with an operculum.

opérculum, a covering or lid. A hardened plate attached
to the foot of the animals of many univalves, which
closes like a door when the animal withdraws into
the shell.

Order. In natural history the sub-division of a Class.

orifice, a hole.

orndéta, ornamented.

ovals, \

- oval.

ovéta, J

oviparous, producing eggs.

évoviviparous, producing eggs which are hatched internally.

GLOSSARY. Kz

Or

dee
. pallens, )
pe fe
pallido-dorsalis, pale on the back.
Paludestrina, inhabiting marshes.
palustris, living in marshes.
paroula, small.
pdtula, extended, \
pedicle, a foot-stalk.
Pelecypoda, axe-footed ; another term for bivalves.
pellucida, transparent.
penultimate, last but one.
peregra, traveller.
periphery, the circumference of the body-whorl of a uni-
valve shell.
péristome, the rim of the mouth of a univalve.
pervéersa, turned the wrong way.
Physa, a bubble.
picta, painted, ornamented.
pictorum, belonging to painters.
fisdna, named after the town of Pisa.
pisidioides, resembling a Pistdium.
Fisidium, resembling a pea.
Planorbis, a flat coil.
plicdtion, a fold ; the thickened process which resembles
a tooth in the mouth of a univalve.
plimbea, \eaden coloured.

fomdtia, having a lid or covering.

176 GLOSSARY.

ponderosa, thick and heavy.

polymorpha, many shaped.

prodicta, lengthened.

pulchélla, minutely beautiful.

Pitlmonobranchidéta, an Order of mollusks with lungs.
punctdta, marked with minute spots.

Pipa, a chrysalis.

pura, clear.

pusillum, small.

putris, stinking.

pygmea, minute.

LAE EETES, <) shaped like a pyramid.
prramidita,

prriform, pear-shaped.

GF
guddridentdta, with four teeth.

RY
radiita, rayed.
radtdtula, slightly rayed.
rdva, tawny.
refléxa, bent back.
reticuléta, marked like network with cross striations.
reveldta, revealed, discovered.
rhombea, four-sided; referring to a section of the last whorl.
ringens, grinning like a dog, z.e., showing the teeth.

rivicola, an inhabitant of streams.

GLOSSARY,

roseolabiéta, pink lipped.
roseozondta, with pink bands.
roseum, pink.

rostrata beaked.

rotunda, round.

votunddta, rounded.

rubélla,
reddish.

ritbra, J

vubéscens, reddish.

rifa, red.

rufescens, reddish.

rujildbris, red-lipped.

rufiila, reddish.

rugosa, wrinkled.

vupéstris, inhabiting rocks.

rupicola, an inhabitant of rocks.

5.

=~l1

~I

scalériformis, shaped like a Sca/aria (a spiral marine shell)

applied to monstrosities with the whorls disunited.

scar, “muscular scars” are the depressions formed by the

attachment of the muscles holding the parts of a

bivalve together.
scutulum, a small shield.

secile, a grain of rye.

Segmentina, having the whorls divided by partitions.

séptum (plural sep¢a) a division.

sericea, silky.

M

178 GLOSSARY.

séssile, situated on a flat surface, not raised on a stalk.
shagréened, covered with small granules.

sexdentdta, with six teeth.

similis, resembling (another species).
simplex, with a single fold.

sinistral, opposed to dextral (q.v.).
sinistrorsa, turned to the left.

sinuate, curved,

siphon, a tube.

sdlida, solid.

solidula, somewhat solid.

spécies, the sub-division of a genus.
specific, belonging to a species.
spherium, shaped like a globe.

spire, all the whorls of a univalve except the lowest.
spirorbis, having a circular spire.
spléndens, shining.

stagnadliformis, shaped like Z. stagnalis.
stagnalis, inhabiting marshes.
stenogyra, having compressed whorls.
stria, fine lines.

striated, marked with fine lines.

stricta, compressed.

strigdta, streaked.

sub-dlbida, whitish.

sub-anguléta, with a somewhat sharp angle.

sub-apérta, somewhat open.

GLOSSARY, 179

sub-cylindrica, somewhat cylindrical.

subfisca, somewhat tawny.

siub-slobdsa, somewhat rounded.

sub-maritima, living almost on the sea-coast.
sub-rifa, somewhat red.

sub-scaléris, somewhat scalariform (q.v.).
sub-stridta, somewhat striated.

succinea, amber-coloured.

succineeformis, shaped like a Succinea.

suffiisa, suffused.

suture, the furrow between the whorls of a univalve.
sylvatica, inhabiting woods.

synonym, a name that has the same meaning as another

name,

ply

tentaculéta, furnished with tentacles.
fenttor, more slender.

ténuis, slender.

ee ae ' inhabiting the land.

terréstrial, ) ‘
Testacé/la, a small shell.

testdceous, having a hard shell.

tincta, dyed.
ae i furnished with three teeth.
tridentata,

trifascidta, with three bands.

tristis, sad-coloured.

180 GLOSSARY.

trochéides, shaped like the marine shell Z/ochus, i.e., pyra-
midal.

trincate, ending abruptly.

truncatula, slightly truncate.

tubérculate, furnished with pimples.

tumidula, somewhat swollen.

tumidus, swollen.

type, a standard of comparison.

typical, resembling the type.

Ud.

umbilicus, the navel ; applied to univalve shells, the cavity
formed by the whorls when they do not form a solid
axts or columella.

umbo, the knob or boss in the centre of a shield ; applied
to bivalves, the wszbones (or beaks) are the protruber-
ances by the hinge, which constituted the infant shell.

unidentdta, having one tooth.

unduléta, marked with wavy lines.

wnicolor, of one color.

Unio, a pearl.

univalve (a shell), consisting of one piece.

Ne
Valvdta, having a valve (i.e., oferculum).

valve, a complete part of a shell.

variegdta, variegated.

GLOSSARY. 181

variety. Varieties are members of a species that deviate
constantly from the type in form, size, colour, or
markings.

ventricosa, 1 swollen

ventrosa,
Vertigo, a twist.
UITESCENS, \ greenish.

viridans,

wiridescenti-alba, greenish white.
wirvidula, greenish.

zitrea, glassy.

vitrina, transparent like glass.
Vivipara, producing young alive.
vortex, a whirlpool.

vulgaris, common.
We
whorl, a twist of a spiral shell.
Usp

sonata, banded.

Zonttes, like a girdle, i.e., circular.

AQULHENTICATED RECOKDS

ie
THE? DISTRIBUTION
OF THE
BRITISH LAND AND’ FRESHWATER
NIGH USC A:

I am indebted to Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.,
recorder to the Conchological Society for many years,
for the following tables showing the counties and vice-
counties of the British Islands from which specimens
have been submitted to the society’s referees for

authentication.

The great merit of the system of authentication is
the uniformity of value which it gives to the records ;
and the fact that the vast majority of the species whose
distribution is indicated in the following tables have
been submitted to, and verified by, so high an authority
as Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., renders this table: of
great value. The few that have not been seen by Mr.
Taylor rest upon the authority of the late Mr. Charles

Ashford, whose great reliability and accuracy as a

RECORDS OF DISTRIBUTION OF MOLLUSCA. 183

referee are well known; or they are slugs, for the deter-
mination of which Mr. Roebuck himself, who has made

a special study of the naked species, is responsible.

It does not follow that other records are not equally
reliable, but for the sake of uniformity of value it is—
as will be at once obvious—necessary to confine the
tables to such records as have been submitted to and
passed by the society’s referees. Otherwise a wide door
would have been opened to errors of determination, the
avoidance of which is the object aimed at in instituting

the authentication system.

The areas adopted are those proposed by Mr. H. C.
Watson, and used by him in working out the distribu-

‘tion of the British Flora.

It is deemed sufficient to confine the tables to the
distribution of species, that of varieties being for many

reasons impracticable at the present time.

Readers who can furnish specimens for completing
these tables will do well to send them to Mr. W.
Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., Sunny Bank, Leeds, as he
will for the present continue to keep the records and

submit the specimens sent to the referees.

EXPLANATION OF “ VICE-COUNTIES.”

‘THE areas here adopted are those defined and promul-
gated by Mr. Hewett Cottrell Watson, for the purpose of
recording the distribution of British plants, and corres-
pond with the counties of Great Britain and Ireland,
with the important modifications that the larger counties
are sub-divided, that a few of the smaller are united to
adjoining counties, and that all detached or outlying
portions of counties are considered as forming part of

the counties by which they are surrounded.

The following are the sub-divisions of the larger
counties :—

t and 2.-Cornwall W. and E., divided by the high
road from Truro through St. Columb to the inland ex-

tremity of Padstow Creek.

3 and 4.—Devon N. and S., divided by the watershed
line which commences at the Tamar, about midway
between Tavistock and Launceston, passes over the ridge

of Dartmoor, and joins the Western Canal at Tiverton.

5 and 6.—Somerset N. and S., divided by the river
Parret from Bridgwater to Ilchester, the line thence curv-

ing round to the north extremity of Dorsetshire.

7 and 8.—Wilts N. and S., separated by the Kennett

and Avon Canal.

EXPLANATION OF ‘“‘VICE-COUNTIES.” , 185

10, 11, and 12.—Isle of Wight, and Hants N. and S.,
the latter divided by the high roads running W. and E.
from Winchester to the borders of Wilts. and Sussex
respectively, through Stockbridge and Petersfield.

13 and 14.—-Sussex W. and E., divided by the high
road from Brighton to Cuckfield, thence through Crawley
to the border of Surrey.

18 and 19.—-Essex S, and N., divided by the high road
from Waltham and Epping to Chelmsford, thence along
the river Blackwater to its mouth.

25 and 26.—Suffolk E. and W., divided by the first
meridian East of Greenwich.

27 and 28.—Norfolk E: and W., also divided by the
first meridian East of Greenwich.

29.—Cambridge, includes the Newmarket detached
portion of Suffolk.

30.—Bedford, includes a detached portion of Hunts.

33 and 34.—-Gloucester E, and W., separated by the
Thames and Severn Canal, thence by the River Severn
from the point of confluence of the canal up to Tewkes-
bury ; 33 includes five detached portions of Worcester-
shire and one of Warwickshire.

36. — Herefordshire, includes detached portions of
Monmouthshire and Worcestershire (detached portions
of Herefordshire are on the other hand included in

Brecknockshire, Radnorshire, Shropshire, and Worcester-
shire).

186 EXPLANATION OF ‘“VICE-COUNTIES.”

37.—Worcestershire, includes detached portions of
Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, and Warwick-
shire (detached portions of this county are on the other
hand included with Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and
Staffordshire).

38. —- Warwickshire, includes detached portions of

Gloucestershire and Worcestershire.

39.— Staffordshire, includes a detached portion of
Worcestershire, which in its turn includes an outlier of
Staffordshire.

40.—Shropshire, includes an outlier of Herefordshire
{a detached portion of Shropshire is included with Wor-
cestershire).

42 and 43.—Brecknockshire and Radnorshire, each

includes a detached portion of Herefordshire.

50.—Denbighshire, includes the Llandudno peninsula
and other portions of Carnarvonshire lying E. of the river

Conway, and also the detached portion of Flintshire.

53 and 54.—Lincolnshire S. and N., divided by the
Witham from its mouth at Boston to Lincoln, thence by
the Foss Dyke to the border of Nottinghamshire.

55-—Leicester and Rutland, includes a detached por-

tion of Derbyshire.

59 and 60.—Lancashire S. and W., separated by the
River Ribble (the Furness district is included with West-

morland).

EXPLANATION OF ‘‘VICE-COUNTIES.” 187

61.—York S.E. is the East Riding.

62.—York N.E. is the eastern half of the North Riding,
the part lying east of the Rivers Wiske and Swale.

63.—York S.W. is the southern half of the West Riding,
bounded on the north by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal,
and below Leeds by the River Aire.

64.—York Mid W. is the northern half of the West
Riding, minus the Dent and Sedbergh district.

65.—York N.W. is the western half of the North
Riding, to which is added the Dent and Sedbergh district
of the West Riding.

67 and 68.—Northumberland S. and Cheviotland,
divided by the River Coquet, and a line continued to

Carter Fell from the Linn Bridge.

86.-—Stirlingshire, includes the detached portion of

Dumbartonshire.

87 and 88.—Perth West with Clackmannan, and Perth
Mid, divided by the line of watershed which separates the

tributaries of the Tay from those of the Forth.

88 and 89.—Perth Mid, and Perth E., separated by the
Rivers Garry and Tay.
92 and 93.—Aberdeen S. and N., separated by the

watershed line which runs E. and W. from Inverury.

95.—Elginshire, includes the detached portion of Inver-

ness-shire which separates the two portions of Elginshire.

188 EXPLANATION OF ‘VICE-COUNTIES.”

g6 and 97.—Easterness and Westerness are constituted
thus :—Inverness-shire is first divided by the line of water-
shed between the East and West of Scotland, continued
along Loch Erricht to the Perthshire border, the eastern

portion

with Nairnshire added—being called Easterness,
and the western portion—with the detached portion of
Argyleshire situated N. W. of Loch Linnhe—is called

Westerness.

98.—Main Argyle is what is left of Argyleshire after
the separation of Cantire, the Islands, and the portion
N.W. of Loch Linnhe.

too.—Clyde Islands, include Bute, Arran, Cumbrae,

and Ailsa Craig.

1ot.—Cantire, separated from Argyleshire by the

Crinan Canal.

102.—-Ebudes S., includes the Islands of Jura, Colon-

say, and Islay.

103.—Ebudes Mid, includes the Islands of Mull, Col!,

Tiree, Staffa, Iona, etc.
to4.—Ebudes N., includes the Islands of Skye, Canna,
Rum, Muck, Eig, etc.

105 and 106.—Ross W. and E., divided by the water-
shed parting East and West Scotland, and including some

of the fragments of Cromarty county.

107 and 108.—Sutherland S.E. and N.W., divided by

EXPLANATION OF ‘“VICE-COUNTIES.” 189

the watershed line parting the East and West sides of
Scotland.

t19.—Donegal county, includes Londonderry city.

137 and 138.—Mayo E. and W., separated by the rail-
way from Ballina to the head of J.ough Mask.

139 and 140.—Galway W. and E., separated by Lough
Corrib.

143 and 144.—Tipperary N. and S., divided by the
line of watershed.

146 and 147.—Cork N. and S., divided by the River
Lee.

In applying these definitions, it should be remembered
that they are based on old maps, and on the political
divisions of counties which existed at the time of Mr.
Watson’s work commencing. Modern maps do not show
all the out-lying detached portions of counties here de

scribed.

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Se aceasta OP Ga eT| Pec ee LT uaoanaiere

Peres

TABLES.

DISTRIBUTION

ce
ee
Gr

LG

Loi

el

vydiow {od visuassia..¢y
ge UT *
a umMpnoiu *q
af tunypisnd +g
io o[VUTVUOY *q
WHOTUWY WNIpIsig
ce a.SNdVI °S
_ tunpiyyed *s
as tS VIOOTATI AS
WNstod WHLtewyds
ie Sse headed yyy
vausAd BIUOpoUYy
“* tayessew +
2 wm.10z9Td +)
“- snprumy) or,
a ENA Heo) IN
stjeurosid vyeayy A
a5 Se al
vyLYNovjuay erry
ag BAVATATA * A
¥21999U09 VAVdrAT,
STMVIANY Vunjiie
“* BywaUl] VNIIOW
surseaya ewoysojoA7
~* SLIISNOY] VATA A,
sIPHVIAny sny~ouy
fei Same Lomea
ra yynywoun.y "y]
a siysnyed 7
cas sTjeuseys “7
200) SWenonne a
sf “*visaiod +]

PN ee

The first numbers indicate the page, the second the

plate, and the third the figure.

AMeCIcULA lineata, 138) Vv, 11. | BALEA. perversa, 104, V,'5.

AGRIOLIMAX agrestis, 38, ie Q. BULIMINUS

levis, 265-15, 4. montanus, 92, Iv, 8.
AMALIA gagates, 31. obscurus, 93, 1V, 9.

sowerbyi, 32, 1, To. BytHINia leachii, 141, viii, 8.

AMPHIPEPLEA tentaculata, 141, vill, 7.
olutinos AM, Mk
glutinosa, 126, vil, | CACILIOIDES

ANCYLUS fluviatilis, 135, Vl, 9. acicula, T LG, Vi; os

ANODONTA anatina, 152,V11, 2-| CarycHiuM

cygnea, I51, vill, I. minimum, 117, V, 9.

APLEXA hypnoru mM, 124, V1, I 3: CLAUSILIA

ARION ater, 215 1,) 1. bidentata, 105, v, I.
circumscriptus, 28. biplicata, 107, v, 4.
hortensis, 27, 1, 3. laminata, 108, v, 3.
minimus, 26, 1, 2. | rolphii, LOG Vin
subfuscus, 25. COcHLICOPA

AZECA tridens, 109, V., 7. | lubnica; 110;,¥;, 6,

Ad We INDEX.

CycLostoma elegans, 137,v,10| HELIx rufescens, 77, 11, 5.

rupestris, 55, 1V, I.
DREISSENSIA : é
terrestris, 90; %va00;

olymorpha, 160, vill, 3. le
ee ge and virgata, 86, 11,12:

(GEOMALACUS maculosus, Hyatinia alliaria, 49, ii, 6.

Re. hs tS. cellaria, 46, 11, 5.

30 ‘rystg j a, 52 1] 2,
HELIx aculeata, 57, ii, 15. crystallina, 52, 11, 13

“xcavata,5A, tba gs
ACULAs Oil, IV, 7 excavata, 54, H, I

es = 8 = oe ‘
arbustorum, 73, 11, 18. fulva, 52, 1., 14.

aspersa, 62, ili, 2. helvetica, 47, 1, 7.

. ves lucida. 4:
cantiana, 75, lll, 3. » 45

caperata, 85, ili, 13: nitida, 53, 1, 11.

: eee tH =O
cartusiana, 76, ill, 4. nitidula, 49, 1, 8.

fUSCA, OT, Il, To. pura, 51, 1, 9.

eranulata, 8o, iii, 8. radiatula, 50, 11, 10.
hispida, 78, 11, 6, 7. Hypropia (see Paludestrina).
hortensis, 71, 11, 19.

+ LIMAX cinereo-niger, 34.
iiala, 83. ii, 14. CIEL EOS) ias

lamellata, 56, ii, 16. flavus, 35, 1, 7.

. . marginatus, 36)'1, 3:
lapicida, 58, 1v, 4. 5 aa

: ss Maximus, 3351570;
nemoralis, 64, 11, 17.

obvoluta, 59, 1V, 5. LIMNAA

pisaha, 2; ill, 11. auricularia, 131, Vil, 4.
pomatia, 59, 111, I. glabra, 134, vu, 8.
pulchella, 57, 1V, 3. involuta, 127, vil, 2.
pygmeea, 56, Iv, 2. palustris, 133, vii, 6.
revelata, 81, 111, 9. peregta, 127, vil, a:

rotundata, 54, 11, 15. stagnalis, 132, Vil, 5.

INDEX. 213

LIMN/A PuPA anglica, 95, iv, IT.
truncatula, 134, vil, 7. cylindracea, 95, Iv, 12.

muscorum, 96, iv, 12.
NERITINA » 99, 1V, 13

fluviatilis, 139, vill, 4. secale, 94; 1¥, 10.

PALUDESTRINA SEGMENTINA |
jenkinsi, 144, viii, 13. nitida, 117, Vi, 1.

similis, 142, Vill, 11. SPHARIUM

ventrosa, 143, Vill, 12. corneum, 153, 1X, I.

PALUDINA (see Vivipara). ee 155s iy a3

pallidum, 154, 1x, 3.

Puysa fontinalis, 125} vi, 14. rivicola, D545 1X, 2:

) STENOGYRA

PIsIpDIUM amnicum, 157, 1X, 5.

. oe soodallit, 13s Vi. FZ.
fontinale, 158, 1x., 6, & x, 1. 5 » 113; V;
milium, 160, 1x, 9, & x, 3. SUCCINEA

elegans; 15) V.. 04s

Ny

nitidum, 150, 1x, 8, & x,
pusillum, 158, ix, 7, & x, 4. oblonga, 116, v, 15.
putts) 61 4,..¥e,00
PLANORBIS albus, 119, vi, 4

' , EESTACELES
carinatus,.122, vi, 8. .
haliotidea, 40,11, 1, &vil, TT.
COMLOLtUS, 124, Vi; II.

: MaUueel, 41, 1, 3) co vil, Le
comeus, 123, Vi, Io. SR oe
. ; Sscutulums, 4'1,) ieee:

dilatatus, 119, vi, 12. ag

fontanus, 118, vi, 2. Unio margaritifer, 149, 1x, 12.
nautileus, 118, vi, 3. pictorum, 148, ix, 11.
parvus, 120, vi, 5. fumudus, 147, 1x, 10.
spirorbis, 121, vi, 6. VALVATA

umbilicatus, 122, vi, 9. cristata, 146, vill, 10.

VOTLER 121 0Vi 7 piscinalis, 146, vill, 9.

214 INDEX.

VELLETIA VeRTIGO pusilla, 100, 1Vv, 19.
lacustris, 136, Vil, 10. pygmea, 98, Iv, 16.

Tae substriata, 99, 1v, 18.
alpestris, 99, 1V, 17. VITRINA pellucida, 42, il, 4.

angustior, 1OT, 1V, 20. Ss
5 2 : VIVIPARA
antivertigo, 97, 1V, 14. a
Se hd gs contecta, 139, Vill, 5.
edentula, 1o1, iv, 21. tae aoe
? Da Vivipara, 140, vill, 6.

minutissima, 102, 1V, 22.

moulinsiana, 98, IV, 15.

PS
Vie Na
.

4
j

hg ao £
Bri

PLATE I.

Arion ater.

., (minimus.

> ~NOrtensis.
Agriolimax levis.
Geomalacus maculosus.
Limax maximus.

aoe ah aayAtS:

5 Marginatus.
Agriolimax agrestis.

Amalia sowerbyi.

. Plate ft

LE Adams del. 5 Lane ae.

ia

We abil Ma Nnen
ifs iy

; os Laat
Phe Sieg un

i
en i

»}>)

~

re ar ae alee

PLATE Il.

Testacella haliotidea.
_f scutulum.
i maugel.

Vitrina pellucida.

Hyalinia cellaria.

s alliaria.
helvetica.
i nitidula.

. pura.

Be radiatula.
* nitida.
excavata.

a crystallina.
us fulva.

Helix aculeata.

,», _ lamellata.
nemoralis.
arbustorum.

3)

3. ©» 6 HOKLeNsis:

hadreyewlblt

4

GWAdams del. CJarman sc.

Besse

3

)

39

93

9

>

2.

~~

9 SP HA AHN Sw

PLATE Ill.

Helix pomatia.

bb)

9)

aspersa.
cantiana.

cartusiana.
rufescens.

hispida.

hispida v. hispidosa.
granulata.

revelata.

fusca.

pisana.

virgata.

caperata.

itala.

rotundata.

lake ite

G:WaAdams del. GJarman. sc.

- eo
i!

i

=
‘

eri

aren :

2. o/ Se =

Rf

PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. Helix rupestris:

ete p » pygmeea.
aati: 5s) ypulchelia:
et 5 -aapicida.
Ue » obvoluta.

Feat os om ECELEStHS,
Ties! ss . pacuiea.

5 9 Buliminus montanus.
0 o obscurus.
50. Jniipa seeale:

a ee 5 ae ica;

aS », cylindracea.

pale se ,, muscorum.

», 14. Vertigo antivertigo.

SS RBG: i moulinsiana.
Bele e pygmeea.
sage 4p alpestris.

i NO: a substriata.
5 Oe - pusilla.

55 20: y angustior.

poe ale . edentula.

wee a minutissima.

Plate IV

_G.W Adams >

del .
LP Adams |

G.Jarman sc.

Hosen
hd 4 i .

ara
Heda te

PLATE V.
Clausilia bidentata.
5 rolphi.

us laminata.

‘s biplicata.
Balea perversa.
Cochlicopa lubrica.
Azeca tridens.
Ceecilioides acicula.
Carychium minimum.
Cyclostoma elegans.
Acicula lineata.
Stenogyra goodalli.
Succinea putris.

a elegans.

Fy oblonga.

riave-V

yy

Ve
a) } vt
2 va ye) ¥
gOS ‘

Dee Seah ONL a gh oN a AU LAM Ih opt RRR re, aie
Fy ae i Sy oathy , MARKS PAF ies a idten* 4)" | i

ROOT AEN y x

ih}

«|
ih

14.

PLATE VI.

Segmentina nitida.
Planorbis fontanus.
- nautileus.
>). Hy albus:
. parvus.
Re spirorbis.
oe vortex.
a carinatus.
5, umbilicatus.
55 corneus.
an contortus.
a dilatatus.
Aplexa hypnorum.

Physa fontinalis.

C. Jarman sc.

CW Adams del.

PLATE VII.

Fig. x. Limneea glutinosa.

Ata Ae o involuta.

9» 62, 3C. 5, peregra v. ovata.

ns Oia peregra.

ees Coe peregra v. obtusa.

xe ah Ce oe ,, m. sinistrorsum

4 “ auricularia.

5 :; stagnalis.

PS 108 ne palustris.

7 - truncatula.

eS 3s glabra.

» 9. Ancylus fluviatilis.
o. Velletia lacustris.

5 11. Testacella haliotidea.

maugel.

Piece Vit

CWAdanis del. @ Jarman sc.

ats)

-
be pea
:

99

bh]

N

=

— Ll
La

N

_

es a oa Ee

PEATE ‘Vill
Anodonta cygnea.

+ anatina.
Dreissensia polymorpha.
Neritina fluviatilis.
Vivipara contecta.

i vivipara.
Bythinia tentaculata.
is leachii.
Valvata piscinalis.
cristata:

Hydrobia similis.
5 _ yentrosa.

Jenkins:

Plate VII

GW Adams del. G. Jarman sc.

“é-

W

Iie

ES ee? a Oy

PLATE IX.

Sphzerium corneum.
rivicola.

>]

pallidum.

bP)

= lacustre.

Pisidium amnicum.
», fontinale.

pusillum.
>). mitidam:.
» —amuiliume:

Unio tumidus.

» ‘plctoram.:

», Margaritifer.

Plate IX.

— ee a

G.W Adams del. CJarman sc.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 1.

OPEN ZOmnNsS OF DE PRESS

ON
THE FIRST EDITION

OF

THE COLLECTOR’S MANUAL OF
BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS,

By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.

SMANCHESTER CITY NEWS,” April, 1885.

‘** There is no department of natural history that cannot be made into a
pursuit both of value and intelligent interest, and, of course, shell-collecting
is no exception to the rule. Mr. LIONEL ADAMS has compiled a manual
for the collector of British shells, and what with his simple and clear direc-
tions, his carefully arranged classification and descriptive details, a full
glossary and index, and a series of one hundred and twenty five engraved
figures of various shells, drawn by Mr. Gerald Adams, the book is the most
complete work of the kind on the subject. The hearty admiration which
Mr. ADAMS shows for objects which most people pass by unregarded is t...
very quality needed to make him a capital guide for a young collector.
There are in all one hundred and thirty species of British shells, but, says
Mr. ADAMS: ‘there are numerous varieties of most of these; so that while
a fair collection is within the reach of most people—often within the range of
a single county—a perfect collection takes a long time to accumulate.’ Some
instances are given of the curious way in which shells are introduced into
this country from abroad, becoming at length so firmly established as to be
ranked with indigenous species. . . . Altogether, the work may be
cordially commended to all who are disposed to enter the lists as shell-
collectors.”

“ATHENAUM,” May goth, 1885.

‘Young conchologists are likely to find this little manual, which is the
work of an experienced collector, of much service in determining and classify-
ing their treasures. About one hundred and thirty species of land and fresh-
water shells occur in our own country, and by the aid of Mr. ADAms’ clear
descriptions any intelligent student ought to have but little difficulty in
identifying these species, and even in recognizing their chief varieties. The
descriptions are supplemented by a series of excellent figures, mostly exe-
cuted by Mr. Gerald W. Adams, the author’s brother. A glossary of
technical terms, carefully accentuated, finds a place at the end of the book.”

“SCIENCE GOSSIP,” May, 1885.

‘*A beautifully got-up little manual, with exquisitely engraved figures of
every British species. Perhaps no department of natural history has come
more to the front lately than that of land and freshwater mollusca. Mr.
ADAMS is well known as a conchologist, and he therefore knows what he is
writing about. Moreover, he also knows how to present his knowledge in
a useful form. The present work, besides describing every species, its
habits, localities, &c., gives an account of all the varieties, hints on arrang-
ing and preserving shells, &c.”’

Hi; ADVERTISEMENTS.

Part |. to Ill. now ready. Part IV. in the Press.

SUBSCRIPTIONS ARE INVITED

FOR

& A MONOGRAPH @&

OF THE

Land & Freshwater Mollusca
OH MHE BRITISH ISLES

by

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Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France,
ex-President of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland,
late Editor of ‘* The Journal of Conchology,”

ete:, ete.

Vol. I. is devoted to Anatomy, Physiology, Uses, and Distribution, &c., the first
part dealing with the DrFriniITiION oF CoNCHOLOGY, HistToRY, CLASSIFICATION,
NoMENCLATURE, SYNONYMY, SHELL, SPECIES, VARIETIES, &c., and is illustrated with —
numerous figures in the text and a plate in colours.

The second part concludes the consideration of the variations and monstrosities
to which the shell is subject, treating upon Sinistrorsity, Scalariformity, Hyperstrophy,
Heterostrophy, etc., etc., and the Auxiliary Appendages of the shell, and is richly illus-
trated by figures in the text and a plate in colours.

The third part chiefly contains a detailed and fully illustrated account of a typical
Gastropod and Pelecypod.

The fourth part, which will follow as quickly as practicable, treats upon the
Morphology, Anatomy, and Evolution of the animal inhabitant, and the various organs.

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ADVERTISEMENTS. lil.

OPINIONS: OF THE SCIENTIFIC PRESS.

“SCIENCE GOSSIP,” December ist, 1894.

** The first part of this long-expected work is at last before us, and we
may candidly say it exceeds our expectations. Well considered, well
arranged, well illustrated, and well produced, Part I. creates the impression
that we have at last in view a standard work on this popular group of easily
studied animals. It bids fair to be, for a long time to come, much the best
and most complete work on the subject. The illustrations are excellent,
specially the coloured plate . . . Ifthe high character of this first part is
as well maintained to the end of the work, and of this there is no reason for
doubt, we shall have not only an useful, but a very handsome book indeed.”

“THE ZOOLOGIST,” February, 1895.

“This .. . new work on British mollusca . . . from the thorough
mode of treatment adopted by the author and the excellent and numerous
illustrations given, promises to eclipse all previous text-books on the subject,
as far as Great Britain is concerned. The introductory matter . . . being
admirably illustrated by explanatory figures . . . The typography is
excellent, and the illustrations, which are numerous, are far superior to any
figures of mollusca and their shells which we have seen . . . Indeed, so
far as it is possible to represent forms and markings without the aid of color,
we do not think the shells could be more correctly represented.”

‘THE NAUTILUS,” June, 1895.

“The first part well sustains the expectations excited by the prospectus
f for it makes perfectly clear to the beginner in Conchology the whole
jargon of descriptive terms, and by a well chosen illustration fixes it in his
mind . . . Excellent illustrations are scattered freely throughout the
text, illustrating at every point the statements made or peculiarities men-
tioned ; and this is a new departure in conchological treatises which can
hardly be too warmly commended. The species will be illustrated with
coloured plates, of which one accompanies this part. It is a really superb
piece of colour printing.”

OPINIONS UPON THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

“IT have examined your very effective plate, which strikes me as really
fine work, especially in the drawing. Limax maximus is fairly gliding off
the plate, and a very happy likeness.” R. D. DARBISHIRE, B.A., F.G.S., etc.

“*T think it excellent. What struck me as most praiseworthy is the evi-
dent minute faithfulness with which the markings had been copied; as works
of art I think nothing more could be desired.” L. E. Apams, B.A., etc.

“It is admirable and almost beyond criticism . . . The Aspersas,
indeed everything are wonderfully good and far beyond anything in English
works.” Cuas. ASHFORD.

‘*T think it [the plate of figures] is excellent in every way, and the more
I inspect the more I admire it.” J. Cosmo MELVILL, M.A.,, F.L.S., etc.

“I think your figures are admirable, free from that exaggeration of colour
which so often spoils the best drawn figures.”

NEV. cA Whe Cooke, M.A., FsZ2S.," etc.

iv. ADVERTISEMENTS.

pa jee = Soe

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Foreign Conchology.

Best Medium for Gechanging Shells.

EXCHANGE NOTICES of 30 words inserted FREE.

“SCIENCE GOSSIP is now one of the
brightest and most diversified monthlies for the

lover of science.”—-VAT7URE.

All communications for the Editor to be addressed to 1, Northumber-
land Avenue, London, W.C. Advertisements and Subscriptions (6s. 6d.
per annum, including postage), to SclENcE Gossrp, Nassau Steam Press,

Limited, 60, St. Martin’s Lane, London, W.C.

PUBLISHED BY

Simpkin Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Limited, London.

vi. ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE

JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY

(Established by WALTER E. COLLINGE in 1890 as
‘‘The Conchologist; a Journal of Malacology.’’)
EDITED BY
WILFRED MARK WEBB, F.L.S.,
Technical Laboratories, Essex County Council.
With the assistance in special departments of :—
Rev. A. H. Cooxr, M.A., F.Z.8. King’s College, Cambridge ;
Lieut.-Col. H. H. Gopwin-Avsten, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.8., &e.,
Hascombe, Godalming ;
CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S., Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S. W.;
S. Pacr, F.Z.8., Royal College of Science, London ;
KE. R. Sykes, B.A., F.Z.8., Gray’s Inn, London ;
B. B. Woopwarp, F.L.S., F.G.S., British Museum (Natural
History, London).
fs eta! Ba a cok
The Journal deals with all Branches of the Mollusca,

it 1s fully illustrated, and the Bibliography of
Current Literature is made a special feature.

Quarterly. Annual Prepaid Subscription, 4s. 4d. per annum.
(If not paid before July 10th, 5s. 4d.)

Volume IV. is now ready, 5s. 6d., bound in cloth. (Other
volumes may be had in sets, price on application. )

All communications to be addressed to the Fprror
‘““HOLMESDALE,” BreNtTWoop. Essex.

ADVERTISEMENTS. vil.

Che WMaturalists’ Journal.

Edited by S. L. MOSLEY, F.E.S.
THE BEST and CHEAPEST MAGAZINE for all
Lovers of Nature, and Teachers.

ECONOMIC NATURAL HISTORY A SPECIAL FEATURE.

Plates of Varieties, &c.
= 2d. Monthly. F in eating
Editorial & Publishing Offices: ECONOMIC MUSEUM, HUDDERSFIELD.

Where all Subscriptions (2/6 a year, post free) should be sent.

Trade supplied by ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row.

eee ees

THE Economic MuSEUM SUPPLIES ALL KINDS OF SPECIMENS AND CASES FOR TEACHING.

GLASS TOPPED BOXES, &c.

Manufactured on the premises and supplied promptly at very
moderate prices. Stock sizes always in hand; orders for special sizes
executed in two or three days.

Stock Sizes. Cheap Boxes. Best Quality. Card Trays.

(lid overlapping). (shouldered).
lyin. by lyin. by lin. 1s. 3d. per doz. Is. 9d. per doz. 4s. Od. gross,

24in. by 13in. by lin. ls. 6d. af Qs. 3d. a 4s: Gd, 5,
33in. by 23in. by lin. Qs. Od. 55 3s. Od. 6 Gs: Gd: at <5.
din. by 33in. by 14din. 2s. 9d. ss 4s. Od. a WseOder ° 3:

GLASS TUBES FROM 4s. GROSS. CIRCULAR GLASS-TOPPED Boxes, Is.
PER DOZ. SEND FOR PLAN OF SIZES.

HUGH FULTON, Conchologist,

Elbo. Kaine’s “Road. london, S. Wi.

Address only -HORSESIARKET, NORTHAMPTON.

G. BAZELEY,

NATURALIST and TA XIDERMIST:
SPECIALIST IN FISH PRESERVING.

FISHING TACKLE & REQUISITES, LIVE BAIT, &c.
Mammals, Birds, Shells, Hoofs Artistically Mounted. Fire Sereens of
Birds and Butterflies made up in every description.

Animals, Birds, and Fishes Preserved like Life and Mounted
Carefully at Moderate Charges.

Special attention given to Stuffing, True to Nature.

Skins Dressed like Chamois Leather and Mounted on Felt, &c., dc.

vill. ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE PRACTICAL SCIENTIFIC CABINET MAKERS.

RARVVVVEEAVAUVVVVEVVVEDY

de P. CROCK ET 1 icra

(ESTABLISHED 1847),

MAKERS of every Description of CABINETS, CASES, STORE
BOXES, APPARATUS and APPLIANCES, and DEALERS
in all kinds of SPECIMENS for ENTOMOLOGISTS, BOTAN-
ISTS, ORNITHOLOGISTS, GEOLOGISTS, MINERALO-
GISTS, NUMISMATISTS, CONCHOLOGISTS, c&c.,

And for the use of Lecturers, Science Teachers, College Students, &c., &c.
MUSEUMS FITTED AND ARRANGED.

Birds, Animals, Fish, &c., Preserved and Mounted in Glass Shades, Medallion
and Cases (with their most natural surroundings).

ALL BEST WORK. ESTIMATES GIVEN.
aa All goods at Store Prices. Great Advantages in Dealing direct with Makers.
SEND for full DETAILED PRICE LIST BEFORE ORDERING ELSEWHERE.

7a, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, LONDON, W.,

Factories : 34, Riding House Street and Ogle Street, W.

JOHN H. KNOWLES,

Natural {listory, Potanieal, and a
ee (,eneral Ncien tific Pookseller,
15, Rush Hill Road,

LAVENDER HILL, LONDON, 5.W.

“a> ™-_ a > a TO ee

Catalogues Issued Monthly, Post Free. Scarce Books sought for.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 1X.

CHARLES JEFFERYS,
dlaturalist and Caxidermist,
CES ING ia 3

OFFERS FOR SALE, AT REASONABLE PRICES,

Choice and Authentic Specimens of

British & Foreign Shells,

Birds’ Eaqs, Skins, Inseets, Ke., Ke.

CABINETS, GLASS-TOP BOXES, and all kinds of apparatus for
OOLOGISTS, ENTOMOLOGISTS, CONCHOLOGISTS,
TAXIDERMISTS, &c.

Helix virgata, H. caperata, H. pisana, and Bulimus acutus
in endless variety.
Boxes of above, containing 100 assorted specimens, including many of the

choice varieties for which Tenby is noted,

5/0 post-free.

36 species British Land Shells (typical forms), 4/3 | Post-free
3

30:-.. do. do. Freshwater Shells ( do. ), 4/

go) species: British) Marine Shells...) -=—.. 2/6

50 do. do. he ea me oe | Correctly named
100 do, do. 58, bce FS and localized,

150 do. do. Pease 0523/0 | Carriage paid.

200 do. do. PORE cy 45/0

SIXTY PAGE CATALOGUE - 1d. POST-FREE.

ESTABLISHED 1883.

9 ADVERTISEMENTS.

WM. BAZELEY & SONS,
The Midland Watural bistory Stores,

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

Manufacturers & Dealers in Apparatus & Sundries for all Scientific Purposes.

Entomologists and others

desiring Cabinets will find our

prices exceptionally low, our

Cabinet Works being fitted with
16 of the latest machines driven
by gas power, and drying rooms
through which timber passes being
heated by steam, thus ensuring
perfection of fit, while in general
finish nothing better can be ob-

3 tained.

Cabinets for Eggs, Insects, or other | Store Boxes —.., 1/6 per sq. ft.
collections, from 12,6 to 12 gs. | Tin Y .... 4d. Brass ¥ 27 ie
Nets of every description fron 1/9 | Carbon ... en ... od. per OZ.
Killing Bottles ... 9d., 1/-, 1/6 | Cork Sheets —... is . Ldd.
Setting Boards os from 4d. | Breeding Cages a BR eg
Setting Needles, in handle 3d. | Drying house, 8/6 plain ; 10/6
Forceps ah xe Gd., 9d. stained, polished, and in-
Pins, mixed, four sizes, white | side drawer.
or black, in boxes ... 1/- | Pupa Diggers, 1/-; with joint, 1/6 ;
Ditto, gilt, in boxes aie ool two prongs and joint 2/-
All sizes at Makers’ prices. | Bark Rippers ... Le 1/3, 1/6
telaxing Boxes, oval, zine | Larvee Tins for Collecting 1/-, 1/6
1/-, 2/-, 2/6 | Bottles for collecting Beetles Xe. 1/6
Pocket Boxes - 6d, 9d., 1/- | Sugaring Can & Brush 2/-, Lamp 1/6
THE EGG COLLECTORS’ TOOLS.
Brass Blow Pipe ... 8d.and1/- { Foreeps _... ag. 6d. and 9d.
Glass Suction Pipe... ... 6d. | Hook for hard set Eggs ... 3d.
Steel Ege Drills ... 6d.and1/- | Labels, List ast ao 3d.

The Set complete in ease, post free, 2/-.
CLIMBING IRONS, witH STRAP, COMPLETE 5/6,
Be IDERNISTS? COMPANION, containing two pairs of Scissors, two Scalpels, pair of

row Pliers, small File, Brain Scoop and Hook, and Pricker, in Japanned case, 10/6.
Complete Set for Skinning and Mounting, best quality, in Japanned case, 21-.

Taxidermists’ Sundries of every description. Eyes at Lowest prices.

ADVERTISEMENTS. Xi,

Microscopes & Sundries.
BALL AND SOCKET MICROSCOPE.

A good Student’s Microscope. In Mahogany

Case with slide and brass forceps.

1 power Acromatic, magnifying 45 times 20/-
2 % i) oe) 60 +) 22/-
3 9 9 39 iQ) Pr) 25) -

Some idea of the power of this 70 times can
be gathered from the fact it will show up foot of
* common house fly to size of a sixpennypiece.

SaeaD
Micrometer, dividing into 100 parts » oa Son 12 0
Micro Lamps, Lacquered Iron _... iy Le oe 1, 6
Micro Lamps, Polished Brass ae =A 9 6
Condenser, on Stand, and all Swing aitean ements on 6 6
Cabinets and as wi for Microscopic ee from 1/6 to £5.
Slides Ke. from 5/- per doz.

Special Slides on Apiculture, price on application.

Sundries for Mounting Slides.

Glass Slips, 3 by 1, smoothed edges _... aos 4/6 per gross.
Cells, Metal aut tt et A ee from 3/- ie
Cells, Vulcanite ; 3/- *

Glass Plate Circles, Ovals, and Squares 2/- per doz.
Covers, thin glass covers, assorted sizes, round & square 5/-

Mediums and Staining Fluids Canada
Balsam, Marine Glue, Asphaltum, Black Japan

3)

Varnish, Gold Size, Gly eerie} 5c. He ... all 1/= per bottle.
Turn Tables... ip * a at from 6/6
Air Pumps _.... ae Ms as ... from 10/6
Dissecting Tools ... ; .. from 14/« per doz.
Microscopical Objects, pnaed, 3 by i 6/- fe

Full Price Lists of each Department free on application.

N.B.—Mammals. Birds, and Fishes preserved and artistically mounted
by expert workmen.

Wm. BAZELEY & SONS
The Midland Natural History Stores, NORTHAMPTON, England.

XL. ADVERTISEMENTS.

Annual Subscription from the Leeds Office, 6/6 post-Sree; (5/- accepted if paid by the
end of March in cach year). Single numbers 6A. cach, or by post 74.

THE NATURALIS®

A MONTHLY JOURNAL of NATURAL HISTORY for the NORTH of ENGLAND.
Conducted by W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S.,

WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF

J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.1.8., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S ,
W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.I.S., M.B.O.U., GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. B. TURNER, F.R.M.S.

THis journal has been published under the above title at various times since 1837, and
has appeared regularly since 1875. ;

The scope of the journal has for its primary aim the elucidation of the natural history,
geology, and physical features of the Northern Counties of England—including under that
name Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancashire, Cheshire, York-
shire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, and Lincolnshire. Papers bearing upon the counties
mentioned therefore take precedence of all others.

The Naturalist is not, however, merely a medium for the publication of lists and of
faunal and floral papers exclusively, the Editors having always viewed their field from a
broad standpoint, and they welcome papers dealing with life-history, variation, folk-lore,
biological, and phenological and other phenomena, etc., provided they are based upon
original or personal observation, and that they are not merely résumés or repetitions of
ordinary text-book information ; and in fact the only natural history papers that are abso-
lutely unsuitable are such as deal specifically with districts or localities quite outside the
northern counties, and elementary papers upon general natural history.

Conchology has always taken a foremost place, and numerous papers and innumerable
notes upon the land, freshwater, and marine mollusca have appeared.

The Editors invite aid from all interested in the advancement of natural science in the
North—both as subscribers to the journal and as contributors of original articles, and par-
ticularly of short notes and observations on such facts as may be deemed of interest.

FOSTERS’ STEEL-RIBBED RODS
ARE SUPERIOR TO ALL OTHERS.

A CHALLENGE TO THE WORLD!

WE CHALLENGE any ROD MAKER to a TEST to be
carried out by duly-qualified Engineers, the LOSING SIDE to pay a
stated SUM to a PUBLIC CHARITY to be named by the winner.
(see FOSTERS’ CATALOGUE, 241 pages, 300 illustrations, sent
post-free per parcel post on receipt of 3 stamps (to pay postage only), or
COMPLETE LIST, with articles by Mr. C. W. Gedney on ‘Dry Fly
Fishing”; Mr. J. Taylor (scorer of the highest possible number of points
for accuracy and delicacy in throwing the fly at the International Tourna-
ment, 1890), on ‘‘Casting”; and Mr. W. H. Foster on ‘Where to Fish”
Gllustrated), and with coloured representations of flies, &c., 290 pages,

“7-7 / = CS .
price 1/-, which may be deducted from first order amounting to 5/- after-
wards sent.

ADDRESS :

FOSTERS’, ASHBOURNE, ENGLAND.

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