WATER

HEL

BIOLOGY
LIBRARY

THE

COLLECTOR'S MANUAL OF BRITISH

LAND AND FRESHWATER

SHELLS.

s

THE

COLLECTOR'S MANUAL

OF

BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER

SHELLS.

CONTAINING FIGUEES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF EVERY SPECIES, AN

ACCOUNT OF THEIR HABITS AND LOCALITIES, HINTS ON

PRESERVING AND ARRANGING, ETC. ; THE NAMES

AND DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE VARIETIES

AND SYNOPTICAL TABLES SHOWING

THE DIFFERENCES OF SPECIES

HARD TO IDENTIFY.

BY

LIONEL ERNEST ADAMS, B.A.,

AUTHOR OF "/s C^Nv^S^ ^TEtf OF fc^GMsilk PARSING."

ILLUSTRATED BY GERALD W. ADAMS AND THE AUTHOR.

LONDON :

GEORGE BELL AND SONS, YORK STREET,
CO VENT GARDEN.

1884.

BIOLOGY
LIBRARY

CHISWICK PRESS '.— C. WH1TTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT,
CHANCERY LANE.

Befctcateb

TO
THE MEMORY OF

HENRY AND ARTHUR ADAMS,

AUTHORS OF
" THE GENERA OF RECENT MOLLUSCA,"

BY
THEIR NEPHEW.

M90516

INTRODUCTION.

r I ^HE object of this little " manual " is to enable a
-*- novice to collect, identify, and arrange systemati-
cally the various shells — both land and freshwater — which
abound in every part of these islands.

Remembering the difficulties that I at first encountered
in identifying the various species, I have paid special
attention to those which are likely to present themselves
to other beginners.

To this end I have framed synoptical tables of the
differences between those species of Zonites and Vertigo
which are most closely allied.

I have also shown in a tabular form the relations the
different classes, orders, and genera bear to one another. .

I have taken as a model the " British Conchology " of
Dr. Grwyn Jeffreys — our highest authority on the subject.
I am also indebted to Forbes and Hanley's work, Mr.
Eimmer's excellent book, to Mr. T. Rogers of Manchester,
and to several others for many useful facts and hints.

With the exception of the Pupoe and Vertigos, which I
have myself enlarged from actual specimens, the plates

;2 :'J /'«/';•' ; /, INTRODUCTION.

have been drawn by' my brother Gerald "W. Adams, a
collector like myself. Most of the drawings have been
taken from shells in my own cabinet; here and there,
however, a friend has been generous enough to lend me
some fine or rare specimen to copy.

Where there is no " size-line " the figures may be taken
as life size, except in the case of the three largest bivalves,
which for convenience sake I have figured smaller than
the average size of adult specimens. In these cases I have
stated their dimensions beside the figures, and also in the
descriptions.

I have translated and accentuated the specific names of
all the species, and have appended a glossary of all the
technical terms which I have been compelled to make
use of.

It should be borne in mind that plates and descriptions
are at best but a second-rate substitute for a direct exami-
nation of the objects themselves, and that far more may be
done towards the identification of difficult species by careful
comparison with a good collection of well-authenticated
specimens, than by working at plates and descriptions
alone ; just in the same way that more correct and useful
knowledge of anatomy may be gained and fixed in the
memory by a couple of hours' dissecting than in a week of
poring over the best diagrams.

Most of our large towns, and many of the smaller ones,
boast of some sort of museum where British shells have a

INTRODUCTION. O

place, and should any stranger wish for further informa-
tion than can be obtained through the glass cases, the
curator will always be ready to give courteous attention to
his enquiries.

Though the entire list of British land and freshwater
species is limited to 130, there are numerous varieties of
most of these ; so that while a fair collection is within the
reach of most people — often within the range of a single
county — a perfect collection takes a long time to accu-
mulate.

The pleasures of collecting anything are too patent to
need to be dwelt on here, but the pleasures of collecting
objects of natural history in any branch have additional
charms — the charms of the country.

It should not be supposed that the summer is the only
time when it is possible to collect. Throughout the winter
much may be done, except, of course, when a frost puts an
end to turning over stones, and drives all water shells into
the mud.

Doubtless every describer of shells has been puzzled to
find simple geometrical terms suitable to their forms, which
are often complex. I have followed the authorities in
using such terms as ovate, sub cylindrical, &c., though they
are vague, and do not express to what degree the object is
oval or cylindrical. Dr. Jeffreys calls L. stagnalis " elon-
gated," which it certainly is ; but what shape is " elon-
ated " ? This difficulty, however, affects the describer

4 INTKODUCTION.

more than the collector, who can glance at a plate where
the shell is figured. Some ludicrous results of attempting
to realize form from description may be seen in the draw-
ings of the old naturalist Gresner, who depicts elephants,
whales, besides other beings more fearful and wonderful
still, from the descriptions of people who had seen them,
or professed to have done so.

Shells recently admitted into the British List.

Within the last few yeurs several shells have made their
appearance in these islands.

Some of these, whose introduction from foreign parts is
fairly established, have been admitted to rank with indi-
genous species. These are P. dilatatus, which came in
American cotton bales, and T. Maugei, which is shown to
have been introduced with continental plants sent to Bristol.
Both of these species have made themselves at home, and
are spreading.

Others, known hitherto only as foreign, and whose
method of introduction is obscure, have been admitted by
some as British species. Among these are Clausilia parvula
and Helix villosa.

Zonites glaler, Vertigo Lilljeborgii, and F. Moulinsiana,
though they had escaped notice till quite recently, can
hardly have been introduced by the ordinary methods, and
may fairly claim to be indigenous.

A few long-established British species, whose introduc-

INTRODUCTION. 5

tioii is suspected to be comparatively recent, are S. ovale,
D. polymorpha, H. Pisana, and H. obvoluta.

It was thought that H '. pomatia was introduced by the
Romans as an article of food, but this notion is now dis-
carded.

Ways and Means of Collecting.

I have often been asked by would-be collectors such
questions as "How do you set about collecting?"
" What implements are necessary ? " and most frequently,
perhaps, " Where do you look for shells ? I know the
' garden snail,' and a yellow one with bands, but I never
see all these you have in your cabinet."

To those desirous of this and similar information the
following hints may prove serviceable : —

When going out for a ramble after shells very few pre-
parations are necessary. For pond work a scoop is essen-
tial, and better than a net. The most handy scoop is one
of very fine zinc gauze, with a sharp zinc rim, to which is
attached an open ferrule, into which a walking-stick may
be inserted. A store of tin boxes of various sizes is re-
quired, and in selecting these it should be remembered that
those which open with a spring are more handy than those
the lids of which have to be removed every time a shell is
dropped in. Small nib-boxes and match-boxes are very
good for small shells, and should be padded with a little
weed or moss to prevent the more delicate species being
broken by being rattled together in the pocket. Tin boxes

6 INTRODUCTION.

are much better than " chip " boxes or pill-boxes, as they
are less likely to get broken, and do not come to pieces
when wet. Hispid shells should be put into a box by
themselves, and only a few together, as their neighbours'
slime is apt to spoil their personal appearance. For the
minute species of freshwater shells a small wide-necked
bottle filled with water may be found useful to dip the
fingers in, and so wash off the shells, which often adhere
persistently, and require much time to dislodge in safety.
The shells will sink to the bottom, and the water may be
poured away. For the minute and delicate species of both
land and water, it is not a bad plan to keep one or two
small glass tubes in the waistcoat pocket. Along one side
of these a strip of gummed paper (stamp-paper is very
good) should be fastened to hold the glass together if
cracked by a fall. Such tubes are obtainable at a homoeo-
pathic chemist's, at eightpence per dozen.

Finally, remember never to be without a receptacle of
some sort when out, even though not on a regular ex-
pedition. Should you happen to be thus unprovided, you
will be sure to regret it.

In the case of the Zonites, let the collector gather all he
can till he knows them well, and he will often find, when
he examines them at leisure, that he has entertained an
angel unawares in the shape of some good variety.

No ponds or ditches should be passed by without ex-
amination, however barren they may appear, and not only

INTRODUCTION. 7

should the weeds be examined, but the mud should be
sifted with the scoop in search of bivalves.

By the water's edge the stalks and leaves of flags and
sedges should be examined for the Succinice, which are
amphibious.

On land, search all moist and shady spots, especially
during and after rain, under logs, stones, among dead
leaves and decaying vegetation, among nettles and healthy
vegetation, on the bark of trees, and at their roots among
the moss, on old stone walls, and in damp cellars. The
rejectamenta of rivers, too, yield a fruitful harvest.

A good plan for dealing with dead leaves and moss is to
take a quantity home, spread it out to dry, and search the
siftings. This saves much time, and often yields a good
supply of Zonites, minute Helices, Pupce, &c. But this should
be done with judgment — as with the moss the eggs also
come away, and the habitat is destroyed.

It often happens that we come across a good shell in a
likely place, and wherever we find a single individual we
may be pretty certain that some of his immediate relatives
are not very far distant. A large, flat stone, log, or piece
of matting laid over the place will frequently be found on
examination, after a day or two, to have the desired object
adhering to its under side. I have frequently set " traps"
of this nature, which I visited periodically, and which have
been very productive.

It may be remembered that sandy or peaty soils yield

INTKODUCTION.

little or nothing (though a great exception must be made
in favour of sand-hills by the sea coast) ; nor do shells live
in pine-woods — the resin, perhaps, being distasteful to
them; nor among bracken. Calcareous districts, on the
other hand, are especially rich fields for search.

Preparing Shells for the Collection.

The " booty " should be cleaned as soon as possible after
being captured. Plunge the shells into boiling water, and
extract the animal with a pin. My most serviceable ex-
tractors for small species are fine needles stuck head first
into the wood of common matches. The points of the
needles are bent into curves of different shapes and sizes
to reach the interiors of shells into which the animals
sometimes shrink or remain broken. Care should be taken
to wash the mouths of small shells with a paint-brush.
The larger water shells are often improved by a gentle
application of soap and hot water with a moderately soft
tooth-brush ; but it is a fatal mistake to use acid in any
form.

It will be found, especially at first, that the animals of
many shells break inside, which spoils the appearance of
the transparent Zonites, &c. This cannot always be helped,
but may to some extent be avoided if the animals are
drawn out, before they cool, very slowly and steadily.
They should not be boiled too hard, but only plunged for a
few seconds into boiling water.

INTRODUCTION. 9

The animals of very minute species need not be removed
— the shells may be simply dried.

A penknife carefully inserted will separate the animal
from the shells of the bivalves, which should be instantly
tied up or screwed up in a piece of tissue paper till dry.
Should this not be done, the ligament will harden with the
valves open, and the shell cannot then be closed without
snapping the ligament.

A set of slugs preserved in spirits forms an interesting
feature in a collection ; and some guidance is necessary here.

The animals must not be plunged alive into spirits and
straightway sealed up. If this is done, they will exude a
thick coat of mucus, which surrounds them like a cocoon,
and, moreover, they will shrink up to a very small un-
interesting mummy.

They should be drowned in cold water, and when dead
should be cleaned of the inevitable mucous coat with a
paint-brush. They should then be put into methylated
spirit and water (in proportion of 1 spirit to 3 water).
After three or four days they should be again wiped and
transferred to a mixture of equal spirit and water, and
finally, after another interval of the same length, to a
mixture of 3 spirit to 1 water.

By this means their tendency to shrink is minimized,
and they are more apt to retain their markings, which pure
spirit is apt to obliterate.

The various slugs in neat glass tubes arranged in trays

10 INTRODUCTION.

on cotton wool, carefully labelled, have a very attractive
appearance in a collection.

The shells of most slugs are covered by the mantle, under
which the blade of a penknife or scalpel should be inserted
to effect their removal. Many prefer to kill the animals
first in boiling water, and this method recommends itself
both on the score of humanity and convenience. The shells
thus extracted may be gummed on to slips of black card.

Labelling^ and Registering.

As soon as possible the shells should be labelled, even if
they are duplicates, to be stored away for exchange. Both
the name and locality should be most carefully recorded.

The collector will do well to keep a register. There are
various methods of arranging this, but the following has
commended itself to me as the most practical : — Get a
good-sized note-book, keep a separate page for each species
with the name written at the top, and the localities in a
marginal column. I give a specimen : —

Cochlicopa tridens.

Matlock. A few specimens found among moss at the foot of

limestone rocks at Matlock Bridge. Sept., 1880.
Coggeshall. Sparsely among dead leaves. 1881.

Evesham. Specimens received, coming from Evesham. 1881.

Marple (Cheshire). A single specimen in moss on a wall. Aug., 1882.

&c., &c.

There should be some spare pages at the end of the
register for occasional notes. For instance, after a district
has been well worked, a list of all species found in it

INTRODUCTION. 11

should be made, and the extent of the district explored
should be accurately stated.

The Arrangement of a Collection.

Much of the pleasure derived from a collection consists
in its arrangement. A cabinet with drawers is undoubtedly
the best receptacle, but a series of flat boxes will answer
the purpose very well.

Various methods of setting out the specimens are
adopted. Some prefer slabs of wood or glass covered with
stone-coloured paper, on which the shells are fastened with
gum. This is doubtless an excellent plan for showing off
the shells, especially in a museum or a perfect collection
where the shells are not supposed to be touched ; but in
the case of a collection which is constantly receiving better
specimens to be substituted for those already stuck down,
this method has an obvious drawback. My own experience,
in the case of all but very small shells, is in favour of card-
board trays, lined with cotton wool, on which the shells are
easily arranged and are well shown out. The tray method
has the advantage of allowing the specimens to be easily
changed, and, if necessary, taken up and handled. These
trays may be obtained from many London naturalists.

Pink cotton wool, though in favour with some, has not
a pleasing effect.

Minute shells may be sometimes kept loose in the small
glass tubes before mentioned, or in small glass-topped

12 INTRODUCTION.

boxes, which can be handled without endangering the
contents. Sometimes a set of minute shells may be fas-
tened to a strip of card, which strip may be put into a tube
or glass-topped box. Some delicate white shells, snch as
7t. crystallinus, H. pulcliella, A. acicula, &c., are better
shown on black card. In all cases where shells are stuck
down gum tragacanth should always be used, as it does
not glaze when dry like gum arabic. In every case a
label on which is recorded the name and locality should be
affixed.

Varieties. — Most species have one or more well-marked
varieties of form and colour. Though it is of great im-
portance to secure specimens that vary from the types,
such specimens should never be labelled or registered with
any varietal name without some good authority.

A caution may be useful to the collector not to admit
into his collection any shell whatever without the most
conclusive evidence of its being British. I have repeatedly
been presented with foreign specimens by persons of the
highest integrity with the assurance that they came from
such and such a place in the British Isles. On one occa-
sion a lady gave me some West Indian sea-shells, which
she positively averred she had picked up in Jersey. I am
sure the majority of collectors have undergone similar
experiences.

In order that a collection may be of any value, it should
be, like Caesar's wife, " above suspicion."

Plate IX

Ligament,

Muscular Scar

Slime, -

-glaricL

Mantle,

Tentacles

orifice.

aw Adams del.

ft Jarman sc.

% fi r \' f K f J
f K r n ? f j /-

. PART I.
AQUATIC.

CLASS I.— CONCHIFERA, OR BIVALVES.
Order. — LAMELLIBKANCHIATA (with leaflike cfills).
Family I. — SPH^ERIDJE.
Genus L —

1. S. COENEUM (horn- colour ed) .

Shape somewhat globular ; thin, glossy, opaque, yellow-
ish horn-colour, with bands of a paler tint indicating the
lines of growth, striated finely and evenly in the same
direction, also faintly striated from the beaks to the
margin ; ligament short ; hinge furnished with a double
cardinal tooth in each valve — two lateral teeth in the right,
and four in the left valve ; muscular scars faint.

This common shell is found at the roots of weeds,
and in the mud in ponds, ditches, canals, and rivers in
every part of the British Isles.

It varies considerably as follows : —

Var. I. flavescens. Smaller, more globular, and
paler.

Var. II. nucleus. Smaller, nearly spherical.

14

Yar. III. Scaldiana. Ovate, and paler than type.
Var. IV. Pisidioides. Somewhat triangular.

2. S. RIVICOLA (inhabitant of streams).

Oval, solid, opaque, glossy, greenish or yellow when
young ; striae, evenly concentric ; ligament short, but con-
spicuous ; scars distinct ; teeth as in last species, but larger.

It inhabits canals and slow rivers in various parts of
England, and near Dublin.

This is the largest species in the genus. It is also
much natter than S. corneum, especially when young,
more solid and more strongly striated.

3. S. OVALE (oval).

Oblong, thin, compressed, semi-transparent, dull, pale
grey ; strice faint, concentric \ beaks central j ligament long ;
hinge straight on posterior, incurved on anterior side ; teeth
small ; scars distinct.

This is a local species, being found in ponds and
canals in Lancashire, Yorkshire, and near Birming-
ham. Its oblong shape, thin delicate appearance, pale
colour, and straight hinge, prevent its being mistaken
for any others of this genus.

4. S. LACUSTRE (inhabiting lakes).

Round, more compressed than S. corneum, thin, glossy,
semi-transparent, regularly striate concentrically; beaks

PISIDIUM. 15

small, but prominent ; ligament narrow ; hinge strong ;
teeth small ; scars faint.

In similar habitats to S. corneum, but more local
though widely distributed; Glasgow is the only Scotch
locality. Its prominent beaks form its characteristic
distinction from the other three species. It is, be-
sides, much more compressed than S. corneum, and its
" shoulders " are sharp, like those of S. ovale, though
less pronounced. The finest specimens I possess were
taken from the surface of the mud of a small pond
which had been dried up for two months. All the
specimens were alive.

Var. I. Brochoniana. Much larger and natter.

Var. II. rotunda. Rounder and flatter.

Var. III. Ryckholtii. Small, triangular, and globular ;
beaks prominent.

Genus II. — PISIDIUM.

These little shells are usually a great trouble to the
collector on account of their variability and similarity,
and conchologists have differed greatly as to the
number of species. The thanks of all collectors, there-
fore, are due to Dr. Jeffreys, who has reduced the
number to five fairly well-marked species, distinguish-
ing them as follows : —

16 SPHJ3RIDJE.

"A. Triangular (P. amnicum, P. fontinale).

B. Oval (P. pusillum).

C. Round (P. nitidum).

D. Oblong (P. roseum)."

The Pisidia differ from the Spharia in having a
single siphon, while the Sphceria have two.

1. P. AMNICUM (inhabiting rivers).

Triangular, tumid, solid, glossy, quite opaque when
adult, having deep concentric ridges, greyish horn-colour ;
teeth (as are those of "all the Pisidia) the same as those of
the last genus.

P. amnicum is found in ponds, canals, rivers and
lakes throughout the country. There is no mistaking
this species when adult on account of its much greater
size than any of the others ; its triangular shape dis-
tinguishes it from the members of the genus Spharium.
Young specimens need not be mistaken for P. fontinale,
as the latter shell is not so deeply groved, and far more
ventricose.

2. P. FONTINALE (inhabiting springs).

Triangular ; so tumid that it has a cuboid appearance ;
thin, greyish horn-colour ; more transparent than P. am-
nicum; beaks prominent ; scars deep.

Found in sluggish streams, canals, ponds, and ditches
throughout the country.

PISIDIUM. 17

Yar. I. Henslowana. The valves have a plate-like
appendage near the beaks.

Yar. II. pulchella. Strongly grooved, glossy.

Yar. III. pallida. More tumid, paler, irregularly
striate.

Yar. IY. cinerea. Larger and flatter.

3. P. PUSILLUM (small).

Oval, thin, moderately glossy, finely striate concen-
trically, yellowish white ; beaks nearly central ; ligament
inconspicuous.

Common in ditches and swamps. Its oval form, as
well as its blunter and more central beaks, distinguish
it from the last species.

Yar. I. obtusalis. Smaller and more tumid.

Yar. II. grandis. Much larger (near Manchester).

4 P. NITIDUM (shining).

Roundish, tumid above, compressed below, very glossy ;
scars distinct.

It is found in ponds throughout the country. Its
outline is rounder and its epidermis more glossy than
the rest of the Pisidia. Its siphon is funnel-shaped.

Yar. I. splendens. Lemon-coloured.

Yar. II. globosa. Spheroidal in form.

18 UNIONIDJE.

5. P. ROSEUM (rose-tinted).

Somewhat oblong, tnmid, glossy, regularly striate con-
centrically ; ligament almost invisible.

Its habitats are similar to those of the last species.
Its oblong shape, the situation of the beaks, which are
on one side like those of P. fontinale, and the straight-
ness of its lower margin, serve to mark it off from P.
nitidum, which it somewhat resembles.

Family II. — UNIONID.E.
Genus I. — UNIO.

1. U. TTTMIDUS {swollen).
Ovate, very solid, dark brown ; epidermis smooth.

Found in rivers, ponds, and canals in England and
Wales commonly.

Var. I. radiata. Thinner, radiated with yellow.
Var. II. ovalis. Wedge-shaped, dark coloured.

2. U. PICTORUM (Painters').

Oblong, solid, usually narrower than U. tumidus. The
ligament is parallel with the lower margin, whereas the
ligament of the last species, if produced, would meet the
line of the lower margin, and form an angle. (See plate.)
Its colour is usually a much brighter green, and it is more
glossy than the last species. It is also narrower in pro-
portion to its size, and less solid.

UNIO. 19

This shell is found in similar localities to U. tumidus,
and often approaches it in appearance — so much so
that there has been great doubt of its being a distinct
species. Mr. Rogers informs me that specimens found
in canals near Manchester are lined with a beautiful
salmon-coloured nacre, due perhaps to the refuse at
the bottom of the canal.

Yar. I. radiata. Having rays of a greenish
colour.

Yar. II. curvirostris. Smaller, shorter, and flatter.

Yar. III. latior. Broader and shorter, yellow-
brown.

Yar. IY. compressa. Yery broad and flat.

3. U. MARGARITIFEE (pearl-bearing).
Oblong, very solid, dull black; beaks always eroded, lower
margin incurved ; very compressed. The inside is pearl
white, sometimes pinkish. Occasionally pearls are found
inside — white, green, or brown. Length two inches, breadth
five inches.

This interesting species is to be found in rivers in
mountain districts in several parts of Great Britain,
and also in Ireland and Man. The pearls for which
this shell was once eagerly gathered in the Tay, the
Irt, and the Conway, are small and worthless com-
pared with those from the East.

Suetonius says that Caesar was partly attracted to

20

Britain by the reports of pearls found there, and Pliny
states that he covered a buckler with them, which he
dedicated to Yenus Genetrix.

Forbes and Hanley think that " Caesar's buckler
was more probably covered with the pearls from
Mytilus edulis " (the common sea mussel). This, how-
ever, is not Mkely, as the pearls from this shell are
exceedingly few and poor. Tacitus writes that they
were of marine origin.

Pennant states that as many as sixteen pearls have
been found in a single Unio, and he gives an account
of pearls of value having been found in Donegal and
in the Conway.

The ancient writers agree in disparaging the British
pearls, justly considering those from the East finer in
size and quality.

Tacitus mentions a theory current in his time that
the dull reddish colour of our pearls was due to their
being collected from cast-up shells instead of being
gathered from living shells from the bottom of the sea;
but he adds, with characteristic dry humour, that the
fault probably lay in the pearls themselves, as other-
wise his avaricious countrymen would have been sure
to discover the best method of obtaining them.

Var. I. sinuata. Broader than the type, yellowish ;
lower margin incurved.

ANODONTA. 21

Var. II. Roissyi. Longer than the type, lower
margin rounded outwards.

Genus III.— ANODONTA.

The members of this genus are almost toothless, as
the name implies. They are ovoviviparous.

1. A. CTGNEA ([eaten by'] swans').

Oblong, swollen, thin, brown or green, well marked by
lines of growth ; ligament long and parallel to the lower
margin ; inside pearly, iridescent. Length two and a half
inches, breadth five.

This is the largest of our freshwater mussels, attain-
ing an average breadth of over five inches. It is found
•in great abundance in slow rivers, ponds, and canals as
far north as Perth.

Var. I. radiata. Larger, rayed with yellow.

Var. II. incrassata. More swollen and solid.

Var. III. Zellensis. Broader, yellow-brown.

Var. IV. pallida. Light yellow, wedge-shaped.

Var. V. rostrata. Ovate, upper margin forming a
crest.

2. A. ANATINA ([eaten 'by'] ducks).

Oval, compressed, green or brown, glossy ; ligament short,
prominent, straight, forming an angle with the lower
margin. (See plate.) Scars deeper than those of the last
species. Length two inches, breadth three and a half inches.

22 DREISSENID^E.

Found in the same localities as A. cygnea. This
species may be distinguished from the last by its smaller
size and the angle its hinge line makes with the lower
margin.

Var. I. radiata. Radiated with green and yellow.

Var. II. ventricosa. Larger, more solid.

Var. III. complanata. Oval, compressed, beaks
close to anterior margin.

Family III. — DREISSENID^E.
Genus. — DREISSENA.

1. D. POLYMORPHA (many -shaped).

Shell triangular, sharply keeled, lower margin curved
inwards, solid; ligament long and narrow. Animal fur-
nished with a byssus.

There is no mistaking this shell. Its triangular
carinated shape is sufficient to identify it at once.

It inhabits rivers, lakes, and canals in several parts
of England. I have found it attached to iron pipes in
a reservoir near Manchester. Fine specimens are found
in the Thames.

NERITINA. 23

CLASS II.— GASTEROPODA (belly forming the foot) OR
UNIVALVES.

Order I— PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

Family I. — NERITID^E.

Genus.— NERITINA.

N. FLUVIATILIS (inhabiting rivers).

Ovate, solid, glossy, chequered brown and white and
purple ; whorls three ; spire short ; operculum semi-lunar.

This prettily marked shell is found in many parts of
Great Britain attached to stones in running water and
canals. It is the most solid of the freshwater shells,
and reminds us of its marine cousins, the Littorince, so
common on seaweed.

Family IL- — PALUDINID^} (living in marshes).
Genus I. — PALUDINA.

1. P. CONTECTA (covered % operculum).

Conical, diaphanous, fairly glossy, light green, with
darker bands of the same colour; whorls seven, very
convex ; suture very deep ; mouth almost circular, but
angulated above; umbilicus small, but deep and distinct;
operculum thin.

24

It inhabits slow rivers, canals, and ponds as far north
as Lancashire and Yorkshire. It is often found coated
with confervoid, which can easily be removed by hot
water and soap applied with a soft nail-brush. Both
this and the following species are viviparous.

2. P. VIVIPARA (producing young alive).

Conical, but more oval than last species. Not so glossy
as P. contecta ; lighter in colour, and more solid. Whorls
six and a half ; suture not so deep as P. contecta; umbilicus
none ; operculum moderately thick.

With the exception of one locality in Scotland (near
Moray Firth) this species is found within the same
limits as P. contecta. The two species may be dis-
tinguished by the following characteristics : —

P. CONTECTA.

Conical.
Rather glossy.
Dark green.
Suture very deep.
Umbilicus distinct.
Texture thin.
Apex sharp.

P. VIVIPAKA.
More oval.
Not so glossy.
Light greenish yellow.
Not so deep.
Umbilicus none.
More solid.
Apex blunt.

Var. I. unicolor. Without bands.
Var. II. atro-purpurea. With dark purple mark-
ings.

BYTHINIA. 25

Genus II. — BYTH£NIA.

1. B. TENTACULATA (with tentacles).

Somewhat conical, rather solid, glossy, semi-transparent,
horn-coloured ; whorls six, convex ; suture moderately deep ;
mouth oval, angulated above ; umbilicus hardly perceptible ;
operculum thick.

Found in slow rivers, canals, ponds, &c., dis-
tributed throughout every part of the British Isles.
Var. I. ventricosa. Shell white, tumid.
Var. II. decollata. Upper whorls wanting.
Var. III. excavata. More tumid, suture deeper.

2. B. LEACHII (after Dr. Leach).

Conical, rather thin, moderately glossy, semi-transparent,
horn-colour ; whorls five, very convex ; mouth almost cir-
cular, with slight angulation above ; umbilicus small, but
distinct ; operculum as in last species.

This species is far more local and less abundant
than the last, though found in similar situations. It
occurs in Berks, Hants, &c. As it is only about half
the size of B. tentaculata, adult specimens cannot be
mistaken; but in case it should be mistaken for the
young of that species the following distinctions may
be useful: —

26 PALUDINID^E.

B. TENTACULATA.

Umbilicus practically

none.

Mouth obliquely oval
and sharply angulated.

B. LEACHII.
Whorls much more con-
vex.

Suture much deeper.
Umbilicus distinct.

•
Mouth almost circular.

Genus III. — HYDROBIA.

1. H. SIMILIS (similar to another species).
Sub-conical, thin, semi-transparent, yellowish horn-
colour ; whorls five to six, rounded ; suture deep ; mouth and
operculum oval ; umbilicus small.

This species is only found between Greenwich and
Woolwich, in ditches which are occasionally flooded
by the tide.

2. H. VENTEOSA (swollen).

Conical, tapering, thin, glossy, semi-transparent ; whorls
six to seven, rounded ; spire pointed ; mouth oval.

Abundant in brackish water in estuaries in England
and Wales.

Var. I. minor. Much smaller, spire shorter.
Var. II. decollate Truncate, eroded.

VALVATA. 27

Var. III. ovata. Four whorls, shorter, more tumid.
Var. IV. elongata. Sometimes eight whorls,
longer.

- V. pellucida. White, transparent.

Family III. — VALVATIDJE.
Genus. — VALVATA.

1. V. PISCINALIS (inhabiting fish ponds).

Somewhat globular, rather solid, nearly opaque, brownish
yellow ; wlwrls six, very convex ; spire blunt ; suture very
deep ; mouth circular ; umbilicus deep.

Found in lakes, canals, and rivers throughout the
British Isles.

Var. I. depressa. Flatter, umbilicus larger.
Var. II. sulcylindrica. Spire more raised.
Var. III. acuminata. More raised and pointed.

2. V. CKISTATA (crested, i.e. with branchial plume).

In shape a circular coil, glossy, light horn-colour,
rather solid ; whorls five ; mouth circular ; umbilicus very
large and open.

This species frequents canals, lakes, ponds, &c.
It may generally be found at the roots of weeds in
muddy ponds.

28

It need never be mistaken for a Planorbis, the
general form of which it resembles, as it is furnished
with an operculum. Its mouth, too, is perfectly cir-
cular, which is the case with no species of our English
Planorbis.

Order II. — PULMONOBRANCHIATA.

Family. — LIMN^ID^.
Genus^ I. — PLANORBIS.

1. P. LINEATUS (streaked).

Quoit-sha.ped, compressed, more convex above than
below, thin, semi-transparent, brownish or reddish horn-
colour, carinated; whorls f bur ; spire sunk; umbilicus narrow,
bnt deep. Its special characteristic is the nautilus-like
septa which are visible from the outside of the shell at
intervals across the whorls.

This interesting species is local ; it is found in
sluggish streams and ponds in several parts of England,
and also in Ireland.

2. P. NITIDUS (shining).

Quoit-shaped, much depressed, thin and glossy, yellow-
ish or reddish horn- colour, sharply keeled ; whorls four to
five ; spire sunk, but not so much as that of the last species ;
umbilicus small and shallow.

P. nitidus may be distinguished from P. lineatus in
having no septa, being more depressed, the spire not

PLANOKBIS. 29

so deeply sunk, in being more sharply keeled, and
in having a shallower umbilicus.

It is a common species, inhabiting ponds and ditches
on weeds in most parts of the country. It is frequently
found covered with dirt, which is often extremely hard
to remove.

3. P. NAUTILEUS (like a nautilus).

Quoit- shaped, having the upper side flat and the under
side convex ; dirty white or brown ; striated in the line of
growth by ridges of epidermis ; whorls three.

There is no mistaking this elegant little shell, which
is found on weeds and on the underside of decaying
leaves in ponds and ditches throughout the country.

The variety, which is commonly found with the
type, is an exceedingly beautiful object under a lens.

Var. cristata. Bidges of epidermis exaggerated
to points.

4. P. ALBUS (white).

Flattish above, with spire depressed; dull white, very
finely striated in the line of growth, but more distinctly
marked with raised striae spirally ; microscopically hispid ;
whorls five.

This little shell often belies its name, being fre-
quently found black with dirt. Under a powerful
lens its delicate striations are visible, as well as rows
of minute hairs running in a spiral direction.

30

It is a common species, found as far north as
Aberdeenshire.

Var. Draparnaldi. Strise in line of growth stronger.

5. P. GLABER (smooth).

Convex above, with a depression in the centre ; concave
underneath, rather thin, glossy, horn-colour, finely striated
transversely, and still more faintly spirally; whorls five;
suture very deep ; mouth nearly circular ; umbilicus large.

This is a very local shell, being only found in a few
places in England, among which are Northumber-
land, Durham, Somerset, Norwich, and Birmingham.
It resembles P. albus in shape, but is smooth and
glossy. It is more liable, perhaps, to be taken for the
young of P. complanatus, as the young of that species
is only very faintly keeled.

6. P. SPIRORBIS (circular coil).

Very flat, rather solid, glossy, brown horn-colour ; whorls
five to six ; faintly carinated on the lower margin.

This is a common shell throughout the British Isles.
It is abundant on pond vegetation, and is often found
eroded by infusoria, or with a black coating of mud,
which is very hard to remove.

Var. ecarinata. Smaller, grey, no keel, only four
whorls.

PLANORBIS. 31

7. P. VORTEX (whirlpool).

Very flat, glossy, yellowish horn-colour ; whorls six to
eight ; sharply keeled.

Found in similar habitats to the last species, but is
less common. I have noticed that it is much more
often found with a perfect epidermis than P. spirorbis,
even in the same pond as that species.

It may be distinguished from P. spirorbis by its
prominent keel ; it is also flatter and thinner.

Var. compressor. Thinner and much flatter, and
more sharply keeled.

8. P. CAKJNATUS (keeled).

Compressed, spire sunk, only slightly convex beneath,
slightly glossy, semi-transparent, pale brown ; whorls five
to six ; suture deep ; mouth angulated above and below ;
sharply keeled in the centre of the outer margin.

Found in the south and east of England, in Lan-
cashire, south of Scotland, in Wales, and Ireland ;
but it is local, and not plentiful.

Var. disciformis. Flatter and thinner.

9. P. COMPLANATUS (flattened).

Concave above, flat beneath, nearly opaque, strongly
keeled below ; whorls five to six ; mouth rhomboidal.

This species is often so like the last that a very

32

natural doubt exists as to whether there are two dis-
tinct species. The typical difference is in the position
of their keels, that of P. carinatus being in the centre
of the outer margin, while that of P. complanatus is
much lower — in fact, touching a flat surface when
placed upon it. The typical P. complanatus is thicker
and larger than P. carinatus, but it is difficult to
decide upon half the individuals met with. The well-
marked complanatus, however, is more often met with
than the well-marked- carinatus, and the former species
is therefore allowed to be the commoner.

Yar. I. rhombea. Smaller, more solid, more convex
above and concave below. Only faintly carinated.

Yar. II. albida. Whitish.

10. P. CORNEUS (horn-coloured).

Yery tumid, spire sunk, opaque, dark horn-colour, lighter
below ; mouth nearly circular ; whorls five to six.

This species is unmistakable, both from its size and
shape. It is far the largest of our English Planorbis.
When young it is covered with spiral rows of small
hairs. It is very abundant in many districts in canals,
streams, and ponds, but it is considered local. I have
some specimens with four marks showing stages of
growth, which, if they are formed only once a season,
imply that these individuals were in their fifth year.

PHYSA. 33

Var. albino, . White, not uncommon.

11. P. CONTORTUS (twisted up).

Flat above, very convex below, dull brown ; whorls eight,
compressed; suture deep-, mouth crescent- shaped ; umbilicus
deep.

This is a compact-looking little shell, and when once
seen is never confounded with any other. It is fairly
common on weeds in ponds and ditches.

Var. albida. Whitish.

10. P. DILAIATUS {expanded).

Mattish above, extremely convex beneath ; whorls two
to two and a half, dull ; nearly opaque ; mouth exceedingly
expanded, and very large ; suture distinct ; umbilicus
narrow, but deep.

This little shell was imported from America in cotton
bales. It was first noticed by Mr. T. Rogers, of Man-
chester, in 1869. The only two places where it has
yet been observed to have made itself at home are the
Bolton Canal and the Reddish Canal (between Stock-
port and Manchester), where there are cotton mills.

Genus II. — PHYSA.

1. P. HYPNORUM (frequenting the Hypnum, a moss).
Sinistral, spindle-shaped, thin, highly glossy, semi-trans-
parent, dark reddish horn-colour; whorls six to seven.

D

34 LIMNJEID^E.

This pretty little shell is found in ponds and ditches
widely distributed, but it is said to be local. It
forms an attractive object in an aquarium as it floats
on the top of the water with its dark blue foot upper-
most.

2. P. FONTINALIS (frequenting springs).

Sinistral, oval, very thin, glossy, semi-transparent,
greenish horn-colour ; whorls four to five, tumid ; spire very
short, but pointed obtusely.

This shell, which is very common in running water
and ponds on weed, is often disappointing when the
animal is removed. When wet with the animal inside
the shell appears iridescent, but when clean and dry
is often dull.

This species is perhaps more interesting as an
inmate of an aquarium than the last, as it is un-
usually active for a mollusk, and amusingly quarrel-
some. When two individuals meet, they engage in
(seemingly) angry combat, jerking themselves and
their antagonist to and fro like wrestlers ! They spin
colourless threads of mucus, along which they crawl
and practise gymnastics.

Var. I. inflata. Much larger.

Yar. II. curia. Spire very short.

Var. III. oblonga. Spire produced.

LIMN^A. 35

Var. IV. albina. Milk white.

Genus III. —

1. L. GLUTINOSA (glutinous).

Oval, globular, very thin and glossy, transparent, pale
amber or greyish horn-colour, here and there striated in
the line of growth, and faintly, but closely, striated
spirally ; whorls three to four, tumid ; spire slightly pro-
duced; suture deepish ; mouth nearly oval, contracted above.

This is a very local species, though abundant where
it occurs. It is found in the home and eastern counties ;
also in Lake Windermere, Henley-on-Thames, Lake
Bala, &c.

Var. mucronata. Spire produced.

2. L. INVOLTJTA ([spire"] enveloped [by whorls']).

Oval, very thin, glossy, transparent, pale amber ; whorls
three to four, convex ; spire sunk ; apex distinct ; mouth
pear-shaped.

This is a beautiful delicately-formed shell, and it
is to be regretted that it is only found in a small lake
on the Cromlaun Mountain at Killarney. It is pro-
bably a variety of L. peregra.

3. L. PEEEGEA (wandering).
Obliquely ovate, thin, moderately glossy, semi-trans-

36

parent, yellowish horn-colour ; whorls five ; spire raised ;
apex sharp ; mouth large, pear-shaped.

This is the commonest and most variable of our
freshwater shells, and is distributed over the whole of
the British Isles.

Like other water-snails, L. peregra is amphibious,
and may be found crawling on mud and stones un-
covered by the water.

It is always worth the collector's while to gather
specimens from any- and every place he visits, and
carefully label them in separate trays in his collection,
Not till this is done will he have any idea of the
variability of this species.

Var. I. Burnetti. Globular and solid, dull yellow-
ish brown, strongly striated, last whorl nearly cover-
ing the rest, spire very short and blunt.

Var. II. lacustris. Somewhat resembling Var. L,
but smaller and more glossy, with strong transverse
grooves.

Var. III. lutea. Very solid, spire very short.

Var. IV. ovata. Ampullaceous, thin, whorls very
convex, spire short.

Var. V. acuminata. Like the last, with more pro-
duced spire.

Var. VI. intermedia. Spire produced, mouth ex-
panded.

LIMN^A. 37

Var. VII. oblonga. Oblong, compressed in front.

Var. VIII. labiosa. Smaller, outer lip expanded
and reflected.

Var. IX. picta. Banded with white.

Var. X. maritime^ Dwarfed, solid, spire produced,
suture deep.

Var. XI. succineceformis. Shaped like a Succinea,
very thin, whorls four.

Var. XII. decollata. Spire truncated.

Var. XIII. sinistrorsa. Sinistral, solid, spiral
ridges distinct.

Var. XIV. scalar if or mis. Oblong, whorls some-
what disjoined.

4. L. AURICULARIA (ear- shaped).

Globosely ovate, thicker and paler than L. peregra, fairly
glossy, semi-transparent ; whorls four to five, very tumid ;
spire very short ; apex sharp ; mouth very large, with outer
lip widely reflected.

This interesting species, named after its resemblance
to the human ear, is found in rivers, lakes, ponds, and
canals in many parts of the country. It is common
and fine in the Thames, in canals in Lancashire, and
other places. A soft tooth-brush may be used with
great advantage to remove the dirt and confervoid
which become very firmly attached to the shell.

38

Var. I. acuta. Smaller, more oblong, mouth nar-
rower.

Var. II. albida. Smaller, thinner, and white.

5. L. STAGNALIS (inhabiting swamps).

Elongated, rather thick, not very glossy, pale whitish
horn-colour, striated in line of growth ; whorls six to eight,
body whorl forming most of the shell ; spire tapering ;
mouth large.

This is the largest member of the genus. It is
generally distributed throughout the British Isles,
inhabiting slow streams, canals, and standing water.
This species also is often much improved by a careful
brushing.

Var. I. J rag His. Smaller, more slender.

Var. II. albida. Shaped like Var. I., but white in
colour.

Var. III. labiata. Dwarfed, solid, outer lip re-
flected and thickened.

6. L. PALUSTRIS (inhabiting marshes).

Tapering, rather solid, dull brown; whorls six to seven,
tumid ; mouth pear-shaped.

This shell is found in ponds and slow running water
throughout the British Isles. It is exceedingly variable

LIMN^EA. 39

both in size and form. I have some of the Var. corvus,
which I took in Essex, one and a half inches in length,
of a dark purple colour — truly magnificent shells.

Var. I. corvus. Larger, more tumid, dark purple.

Var. II. elongata. Spire more produced.

Var. III. tincta. Shorter and broader, mouth
purplish.

Var. IV. conica. Conical, whitish, suture deep,
having an umbilical cleft.

Var. V. roseo-labiata. With rose-coloured rib.

Var. VI. decollata. Spire truncate.

Var. VII. albida. White.

7. L. TRUNCATULA (somewhat truncated).

Somewhat resembling L. palustris in shape, bnt turreted
in appearance with deeper suture ; rather glossy ; mouth
ovate ; umbilical cleft distinct.

This species is very liable to be confounded with
some variety of the last, which in general form it
somewhat resembles. It is, however, much smaller
and more elegant in shape, with a much deeper suture,
which gives it its turreted appearance, and more tumid
whorls.

It is common both in still and running water, espe-
cially in shallow pools, which are often dried up in

40 LIMN^EIDJE.

summer. It often climbs damp walls to a height of
two or three feet. It varies considerably.

Var. I. major. Larger, more tumid.

Var. II. elegant. Larger, solid, slender.

Var. III. minor. Smaller, thin, dark horn-colour.

Var. IV. albida. Smaller, milk white.

Var. V. scalariformis. Smaller, whorls somewhat
disjoined.

Var. VI. microstoma. Small, whorls swollen, mouth
contracted.

8. L. GLABKA (smoot^.

Cylindrical, tapering gradually to a blunt point, thin,
glossy, greyish horn- colour, striated closely and regularly
in line of growth ; whorls seven to eight, rounded ; mouth
small for the size of the shell.

This is a local species inhabiting ponds and ditches
in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, and other parts of
the country. I have often found them crawling up
the stalks of reeds several inches out of the water.
Some that I kept in an aquarium crawled up the glass
side and tumbled out, thus falling victims to their
adventurous disposition.

Var. elongata. Spire more produced.

ANCYLUS. 41

Genus IV. — ANCYLUS.

1. A. FLUVIATILIS (inhabiting rivers).

Much the shape of the common marine limpet ; apex re-
curved, giving the name Ancylus (little hook) to the genus.

Found very commonly adhering to stones or wooden
piles in streams, but not in still water. It is common
throughout Great Britain and Ireland, but is not found
further north than Aberdeenshire.

Var. I. capuloides. Larger and higher.

Var. II. gibbosa. Smaller, with the hook over-
hanging the posterior margin.

Var. III. albida. White, more finely striated.

•^•-.

2. A. LACUSTEIS (inhabiting ponds).

Compressed, oblong, thin; apex acute, interior often
iridescent.

Found in sluggish streams, canals, ponds, &c., on
the stalks of many aquatic plants, especially the
Stratiotes and rushes. It is more local than the last
species, but is abundant where it occurs. Its com-
pressed, oblong shape marks it off distinctly from A.
fluviatilis.

Var. I. compressa. Broader and flatter.

Var. II. albida. Milk white.

PART II.
TEREESTKIAL.

Order.— PULMONOBRANCHIATA (continued).
Family /.— LIMACID^E (Slugs}.

The bodies of the Limacidce are straight, not coiled ;
the upper part of the back is covered with a fleshy
shield or mantle, under which the shell, if any, is
located. This shell is rudimentary, and is usually
an oblong plate, more or less membranaceous. They
have four tentacles similar to those of snails, the longer
or upper pair terminating in bulbs in which the eyes
are situated. The whole lower surface of the body
forms the foot. They have a respiratory orifice
situated on the right side of the body by the edge of
the mantle.

Genus I. — ARION.

All the Arions have a slime gland at the extremity
of the tail.

ARIOtf. 43

1. A. ATER (black).

Body rounded in front, tapering behind ; colour exceed-
ingly variable, black, chocolate, reddish, yellowish, green-
ish, and whitish ; coarsely tuberculated ; mantle finely
shagreened ; shell usually absent, though occasionally re-
presented by a few granules.

The great variations in the colour of this common
slug do not appear to have much, if anything, to do with
its habitat. The common type, coal black, from which
it derives its specific name, is found in the same locali-
ties as beautiful cream-coloured specimens with dark
tentacles and a yellow fringe. In Berkshire this
variety is common, as also chocolate-coloured speci-
mens. In the Isle of Man I once found a piebald
specimen. In Ireland I have met with individuals of
a bright yellow, and some of a gorgeous pink tint.

A few granules, only found in some specimens, re-
present the aborted shell. In chalky districts, how-
ever, some have a thick lump of nacreous matter under
the mantle.

2. A. FLAVUS (yellow).

This species is not so large as the last, averaging
three inches in length, but the tubercles of the body
are larger in proportion. It is of a yellow colour and
has a wide range. There is no shell.

44 LIMACIDJE.

3. A. HORTENSIS (inhabiting gardens).

This slug is much smaller than either of the two last
species, measuring one and a half inches in length. It
is usually slate grey, striped with black longitudinally.
It is "sluggish" to the last degree, being generally
found in a state of repose under stones. The shell
consists of a few granules.

Genus II.— GEOMALCUS.

Gr. MACULOSUS (spotted).

This is a very beautiful animal, only found in the
south-west of Ireland. It is described as resembling
an Arion in form, two inches in length, glossy black
or brown with yellow spots, head grey, foot brownish
yellow with transverse stripes, shell oval and solid
with concentric lines of growth.

Mr. Rogers, of Manchester, informs me that he once
kept one of these slugs alive for more than two years,
in both of which it produced fertile eggs ; the young
ones, however, died when they had attained about half
their full size.

LIMAX. 45

Genus III. — LIMAX.

None of the members of this genus are furnished
with a slime gland.

The members of this genus differ from the Arions
in having their respiratory orifice nearer the posterior
margin of the mantle.

1. L. GAGATES (jet).

Almost as varied in colour as A. ater ; its charac-
teristic distinction is in the mantle being bilobed when
the animal is extended. Length two and a half inches.
It is found in many parts of the country among vege-
table matter like other slugs, but it is local.

*

2. L. MARGINATUS (margined).

This mollusk is characterized by its strong carination
from the mantle to the end of the tail. It is of various
colours — yellowish, rufous brown, or, more usually, pale
slate grey; two and a half inches in length. The shell
is remarkable for its thickness. I have taken some in
the Isle of Man nearly cubical in form. It is a common
species on stone walls in the country, and is very active
after rain.

46 LIMACID^.

3. L. FLATUS (yellow).

This is a large species, attaining a length of four
inches; yellowish, speckled with black and white so as
to form a network. It is covered with coarse oval
tubercles. The head and tentacles are bluish ; the
slime yellow. The shell is characteristic, having
the nucleus slightly projecting over one end. It is
found in cellars and damp places throughout the
country.

4. L. AGRESTIS (inhabiting fields).

This is the well-known pest of London gardens,
where it is usually creamy white. Its common aspect
is white, mottled with dark grey. It has a thin oval
shell, with a membranaceous margin. Length one
and a half inches.

5. L. LEVIS (smooth).

This is an active little creature, less than an inch in
length, slender, very glossy, dark brown, mantle swell-
ing behind and raised into a hump by the very solid
shell. The shell is unguiform, very convex above and
flat beneath, solid, nucleus terminal, margin sharp,
and not membranaceous. It is found in the same

LIMAX. 47

situations as the rest of its tribe in many parts of the
country.

6. L. TENELLUS (tender).

About three-quarters of an inch long, slender, shell
oval, moderately thick.

This slug has been found in Shetland and North-
umberland.

7. L. ARBORUM (inhabiting trees).

L. arborum varies very much in colour, and is some-
times very beautifully marked. Length three inches.
Its distinctive feature is the blunt point of the mantle
behind. The shell is nearly oval, very thin and glossy.
The nucleus is nearly terminal, the margin broad, and
membranaceous.

It derives its name from its habit of climbing trees,
a habit which, in common with members of the animal
kingdom of a much higher development, it particularly
affects in its youth. It is often found disporting itself
by a thread of mucus which is attached to a branch.

Though found in most parts of Great Britain and
Ireland, it is not abundant everywhere.

8. L. MAXIMUS (largest).
This is a very handsome animal, mottled all over

48 TESTACELLID^E.

with variable colouring. Adult specimens range from
four to six inches in length. The shell is oblong,
slightly convex above and concave below, marked with
lines of growth ; margin membranaceous.

These slugs congregate in holes in walls and in
cellars. They come out at night to feed. The species
is generally distributed.

Family FL — TESTACELLIDJS.
Genus. — TESTACELLA.

1. T. HALIOTIDEA (resembling the Venus' ear shelly
Haliotis) .

This slug is peculiar in having its shell nearly at the
end of its tail, where its apology for a mantle is situated,
almost covered by the shell.

It is carnivorous, eating earthworms, and possibly
its own species. It is found at Norwich, Plymouth,
Clifton, near London, and in the south of Ireland.

Var. scutulum. Shell narrower, more pointed.

2. T. MAIJGEI.

This species is found in nursery gardens at Bristol,
whither it was doubtless brought with earth and foreign

SUCCINEA. 49

plants. The shell is larger and more cylindrical than
that of T. haliotidea.

Family III. — H ELIGIBLE.
Genus I. — SUCCINEA.

1. S. PtTTKlS (stinking).

Shell pear-shaped, thin, nearly transparent, glossy,
amber colour ; whorls three to four ; spire short ; moirih
long and open.

This species is found in moist places by streams and
ponds crawling on plants. It particularly affects flags
and withies. The early autumn is the time when it is
most abundant. Though amphibious it is seldom found
in the water. Sometimes colourless specimens are met
with.

Var. I. subglobosa. Shorter, broader, and more
solid.

Var. II. vitrea. Nearly membranaceous.

Var. III. solidula. Thicker, reddish yellow.

2. S. ELEGANS (elegant).

More slender than S. putris, rather thicker, mouth nar-
rower.

This species appears to merge into the last, and until
E

50 HELICID^E.

lately they were regarded as doubtfully specifically
distinct. Recent research, however, has shown a
difference in the lingual dentition of the two
species.

The main external difference between them is the
more slender shape of the elegans ; besides which, the
suture close to the mouth is much deeper.

Both are found together in the same localities, and
are equally common.

Var. I. minor. Smaller, thinner, reddish brown.

Var. II. ochracea. Smaller, thicker, larger spire,
and smaller mouth.

3. S. OBLONGA {oblong).

Shaped somewhat like L. truncatula, rather more solid
than the two last species; brownish yellow horn-colour;
whorls three to four, convex ; suture deep.

This is a rare species, found near the sea-coast at
Swansea, North Devon, Glasgow, and Cork.

It is very distinct from the other two species, being
very much smaller, with a longer spire in proportion
to its size, and a very deep suture.

VITKINA. 51

Genus II. — VITRINA.

V. PELLUCIDA (transparent).

Spheroidal, very thin, transparent, green ; spire scarcely
raised ; mouth large.

The Vitrinas are a link between the slugs and snails
proper. They have the same tooth formation and
mantle as the slugs, while their shells resemble those
of the Helices.

Our pretty little English species is found in almost
all parts of the British Isles. This shell, like a bubble
of clear greenish-tinted glass, is a truly beautiful
object, especially when set out on white cardboard or
with a background of cotton wool. Two varieties are
found, but the shell is very uniform. I have, however,
a specimen taken in the north of Ireland with two milk-
white bands running in a spiral direction from apex to
mouth.

Under a lens, or even with the naked eye, the ope-
ration of breathing can be well observed. In autumn,
winter, and early spring, especially after rain, our little
friend is abroad on dead leaves and among moss.

Var. I. depressiuscula. Oval and flatter on both
sides.

Var. II. Dilwynii. Globular, spire produced.

52 HELICIM;.

Genus III. — ZONITES.

The identification of the different species in this
genus gives more trouble to the novice — to whom they
all look pretty much alike — than all the rest of British
land and freshwater shells put together, with the ex-
ception of the minute Vertigos. When the adults of
two species differ considerably in size, as radiatulus
and nitidus, and the markings and sculpture are much
alike, it is a good plan to count the whorls of a small
specimen. A full-sized radiatulus has four and a half,
and nitidus five. If, therefore, the shell under con-
sideration is the size of radiatulus, and has three whorls,
the observer will know that another whorl and a half
would make the shell too large for a radiatulus, and he
may conclude it to be a young nitidus.

The animals should be carefully compared. Of the
ten species, fulvus, crystallinus, purus, radiatulus, and
excavatus are unmistakable when their striking diffe-
rences have been once pointed out.

1. Z. CELLARIUS (inhabiting cellars).
Compressed, glossy, semi-transparent, pale horn- colour
above, opaque white below ; spire nearly flat ; mouth deeply
semi-lunar; whorls five to six; umbilicus broad and deep;
diameter half an inch.

ZONITES. 53

This is the largest of the English Zonites. It is
common everywhere in damp cellars, under stones
and logs.

Var. I. complanata. Rather smaller, spire very flat.

Var. II. albida. White or colourless.

Var. III. compacta. Spire more raised, whorls
more convex.

2. Z. ALLIARIUS (smelling of garlic).
More convex above, though less so below, than Z. cel-
larius; whorls five, the last not so large in proportion as
that of the last species; spire slightly produced; mouth
narrow ; umbilicus rather wider in proportion than that of
the last species ; diameter a quarter of an inch.

Z. alliarius is rather more local than Z. cellarius,
though equally distributed. It has a powerful odour
of garlic, but this is not a certain mark of identity,
as other species have the same peculiarity. In the
north of Ireland, near Coleraine, the variety is very
abundant under stones, but I have rarely come across
the typical form in that district.

The umbilicus is wider in proportion to the size of
the shell than that of the last species, and the spire is
more produced.

Var. viridula. Greenish white.

54 HELICID^.

3. Z. GLABEK (smooth).

Convex above and below, very glossy, semi-transparent,
pale horn-colour, only slightly marked with white below ;
spire raised, and produced to a point; outline of mouth
forming about three-quarters of an almost symmetrical
circle ; whorls five to six ; umbilicus deep, but not disclosing
so much of the last whorl as that of Z. cellarius ; diameter
slightly more than three-eighths of an inch.

This shell, which is distributed widely throughout
England, and has also been found in Wales and the
south of Scotland, is local.

Its discovery in this country is due to Mr. Thomas
Rogers, of Manchester, who first noticed it in 1870.

It is likely to be mistaken for Z. cellarius, from
which it differs in the following respects : —

(1.) It measures less in diameter.

(2.) It measures more in height in proportion to its
diameter.

(3.) The spire is raised by a slight inclination to a
point.

(4.) The outline of the mouth is nearly circular in-
stead of oval.

(5.) The umbilicus does not disclose the penultimate
whorl, as is the case with Z. cellarius.

(6.) When the two shells are viewed directly towards
the mouth, the interior of the mouth of Z. cellarius

ZONITES. 55

is seen to be more interrupted by the penultimate
whorl.

(7.) It has less white below, and is altogether slightly
more smooth and transparent.

In shape it more nearly resembles Z. alliarius, but
its size is sufficient to prevent its being mistaken for
that species.

Mr. Rogers tells nie that when the animal is within
the shell it may easily be recognized by the abrupt
termination of the colour of the mantle, which is dis-
tinctly visible through the transparent shell.

4. Z. NITIDULUS (slightly glossy).

Compressed, thin, only slightly- glossy, whitish under-
neath ; whorls five, convex ; spire slightly raised ; suture
rather deep ; mouth round, except where interrupted by the
last whorl ; umbilicus very broad and deep ; diameter be-
tween a quarter and three-eighths of an inch.

This shell is widely distributed, and, like the rest of
the genus, frequents moist places under stones and in
woods.

It may be distinguished from Z. cellarius by its
smaller size and its much larger umbilicus. It has,
moreover, one whorl less, and is not nearly so glossy.

Yar. I. nitens. Smaller and lighter, last whorl very
large.

56 HELicnxsj.

Var. II. Helmii. Like Var. I., but pearl white.

5. Z. PURUS (clear).

Compressed, extremely thin, dull, semi-transparent, light
brown horn-colour; very faintly striated in both directions,
and having consequently a reticulated appearance under a
microscope ; whorls four, the last very large ; mouth almost
circular ; umbilicus rather narrow, but deep ; diameter nearly
one-seventh of an inch.

Found in many parts of Great Britain and Ireland,
but not everywhere. It is a very fragile shell, and the
animal is difficult to extract entire.

The variety is an exquisitely delicate object.

The animal is cream-coloured.

Var. margaritacea. Pearl white and nearly trans-
parent.

6. Z. EADIATULUS (slightly rayed).

In size and shape resembling the last species, but highly
glossy ; darker in colour, and exquisitely marked by
regular curved striae in the line of growth — more strongly
above than below ; whorls four and a half ; diameter nearly
one- seventh of an inch.

Dr. Jeffreys says that this species frequents moister
places than Z. purus. It is not abundant though widely
distributed in Great Britain and Ireland. Under a
lens it is a beautiful object, and when once seen need
never be mistaken for the last species, but care should

ZONITES. 57

be taken not to confound it with the young of Z.
nitidus.

Var. viridescenti-alba. Greenish white.

7. Z. NITIDUS (glossy).

Rather solid, glossy, and semi-transparent, chocolate
brown, transversely striated, faintly granulated under a
microscope ; wliorls five ; spire raised, apex blunt ; suture
deep ; mouth round ; umbilicus narrow, but deep ; diameter
a quarter of an inch.

It is found at the roots of grass in moist places, not
very abundantly. Its most distinctive characteristic
is the absence of white on the under side.

Var. albida. White.

8. Z. EXCAVATUS (hollowed out).

Not very glossy, semi-transparent, light brown, coarsely
striated; whorls five and a half, nearly cylindrical; spire
rather prominent ; suture very deep ; mouth nearly circular ;
umbilicus very broad and deep ; diameter nearly a quarter
of an inch.

This is a well-marked species. Its broad and deep
umbilicus, its convex spire, cylindrical whorls, and
coarse appearance combine to render it easy of identi-
fication. The young shells are slightly carinated.

It is found in various parts of England, Scotland,
Ireland, and Wales, but it is a local shell. Not far

58 HELICIDJE.

from Manchester, on the borders of Cheshire, both it
and its variety are not uncommon under stones, and
along canal banks among the roots of grass in the same
neighbourhood.

Var. vitrina. Transparent, greenish white.

9. Z. CRTSTALLINUS (crystalline).

Depressed above, more convex below, thin transparent
pearly white ; whorls five, compressed ; mouth semi-lnnar ;
umbilicus exceedingly small ; diameter one-eighth of an inch.

The iridescent appearance and symmetrical form
of this little shell cause us to regret that it is one of
the smaller instead of the larger members of the genus.

It is easily identified from its colour and the com-
pressed appearance of the whorls, but especially by its
umbilicus, which is so small that a pin of moderate
size will hardly enter.

It is common everywhere in moist sheltered situa-
tions.

Var. complanata. Nearly flat on both sides, the
last whorl larger.

10. Z. FTJLVUS (tawny).

Pyramidal, thin, glossy, of a clear semi-transparent
horn-colour ; whorls five and a half, cylindrical ; mouth
narrow ; umbilicus merely a slight indent, only found on
adult specimens ; diameter one- tenth of an inch.

HELIX. 59

This pretty little shell is a link between the Zonites
and Helices. Its quaint pyramidal shape prevents a
possibility of mistaking its identity.

Though generally distributed, it is by no means
common everywhere. It should be sought under rotten
branches and logs and among moss in woods.

Var. Mortoni. Paler, spire more depressed, more
sharply carinated.

Genus IV. — HELIX.

1. H. LAMELLATA (having

G-lobosely conic, semi-transparent horn-colour, epidermis
raised into plaits in the line of growth ; whorls six ; spite
blunt ; umbilicus distinct.

This little shell, which inhabits the north of Great
Britain and most parts of Ireland, as well as Anglesea,
frequents dead leaves, especially those of the holly.

It somewhat resembles an immature Pupa in shape,
but a second glance will show its distinct umbilicus
and its plaits of raised epidermis, which form regular
ridges in the line of .growth.

2. H. ACULEATA

Pyramidal, turreted in appearance owing to its rapidly
increasing ivhorls, of which there are four or four and a

60 HELICID^E.

half. As in the last species the epidermis is raised into
ridges in the line of growth, but in this shell the ridges are
exaggerated into points.

This is a beautiful object under a lens. It is pretty
generally distributed, and is found among moss and
dead leaves in moist shady situations. It may often
be passed over as a small lump of dirt owing to its
colour and shape.

Var. albida. Colourless.

3. H. POMATIA (operculate).

Globose, solid, cream-colour banded with red, coarsely
striated in the line of growth ; umbilicus narrow.

This fine shell is the largest of our snails. Though
common on the Continent, it is only sparingly met
with in a few localities in the south of England. It
derives its name from a Greek word (poma) signify-
ing an operculum, on account of the thick epiphragm
which it makes on retiring into winter quarters. This
epiphragm is formed by a secretion of the animal, and
hardens on exposure to the air like plaster-of-Paris.
"When this thick plate closes the entrance, the animal
retires deeper into the shell, and fortifies itself still
further against the cold by a succession of thin films.

The notion that this shell was introduced by the

HELIX. 61

Romans as an article of food is now discarded. On
the Continent it still continues to be considered a
delicacy.

Var. albida. White.

4. H. ASPERSA (besprinkled).

Globose, solid, opaque, yellowish with dark brown bands,
which are interrupted at intervals by lighter markings ;
whorls five and a half ; umbilicus none.

Everyone knows the " common garden snail."
Those, however, who only regard it as an object of
immediate extermination have no idea of its beauties
when met with under happier auspices.

The proprietor of a London garden, for instance,
strolling out after a shower of rain, when he fixes his
stern gaze upon our friends regaling themselves upon
his pet sunflowers, generally collects them in an empty
flower-pot, and then heaves them stealthily into his
neighbour's garden, whence, perhaps the next day,
they return in a similar manner. This person, I say,
is not in the frame of mind to appreciate their beauty ;
and, indeed, near towns they are not beautiful, being
mostly without any epidermis and covered with dirt.

The finest and most beautifully marked specimens
that I have seen were taken at the Isle of Man.
In various parts of England H. aspersa still forms an

62 HELICIM:.

article of food, and in Venice and other parts of the
Continent I have seen baskets-full collected for this
purpose. The taste is insipid, and the animals are apt
to be tough if not well boiled. As nourishing food,
however, they rank with calPs-foot jelly, oysters, &c.

A sinistral monstrosity occasionally occurs which is
said to be worth a guinea.

Var. I. albo-fasciata. Reddish brown, with a single
white band.

Var. II. exalbida. ' Yellowish or whitish.

Var. III. conoidea. Small, thin, conical (sand-hills
on sea coast).

Var. IV. tennis. Dwarfed, thin (Channel Isles).

5. H. NEMOEALIS (inhabiting groves).

Globular, solid, very brilliantly and variously coloured ;
whorls five and a half; umbilicus distinct in the young,
but covered in the adult ; inside lip reddish brown.

This is the common and pretty snail which spots the
country hedges after a shower of rain. It is also found
in great abundance on sand-hills by the sea coast.

There are said to be nearly two hundred colour
varieties of the common type, and nearly fifty of the
Var. hortensis I The collector will do well to make a
series of varieties according to his fancy, keeping three
or four of each sort, and then to fill up the gaps with

HELIX. 63

specimens that are intermediate in appearance. In
course of time he will come to the conclusion that no
distinct line can be drawn between any of them — a
startling conclusion to anyone acquainted with only
one or 'two distinct types — say the dark chocolate and
the pure yellow.

Thrushes devour them with great relish, breaking
the shells on a flat stone. I have observed fresh shells,
empty and broken, apparently gnawed by rabbits'
teeth, at the entrance to their burrows in the sand-
hills ; but whether " Brer Rabbit " is actually to blame
for this I have been unable to discover.

In Alsace I have observed these shells high up in
trees, a habit which I have not noticed in England.

There seems some doubt if the different varieties
interbreed. The collector should always examine the
mouths of all pairing couples he comes across, and
make notes of his observations.

Var. I. hortensis. Smaller, more globular, white
lipped.

Var. II. hybrida. Same size as Var. I., mouth pink.

Var. III. major. Larger, thinner, more depressed.

Var. IV. minor. Dwarfed.

6. H. ARBUSTORUM (living in cc
Globose, solid, glossy, brown and yellow, forming a sort

64 HELICIDJE.

of check pattern, surrounded with a single band of dark
brown ; lip white and thick ; umbilicus indistinct.

This is a rather local species, inhabiting dry ditches.
Where it is found it is abundant. In some parts of
Derbyshire the white variety occurs in great profusion
with the type.

Var. I. flavescens. Yellowish white, without any
circular band.

Var. II. major. Larger, more depressed.

Var. III. alpestris. Smaller, spire raised.

Var. IV. fusca. Dark brown, with or without the
band, very thin.

7. H. CANTIANA (Kentish).

Compressed, thin, dull, creamy white with a slight tinge
of pink ; closely striated in the line of growth ; whorls six
to seven, rounded, not keeled ; spire short, obtuse ; mouth
pink inside ; umbilicus narrow, but deep.

This shell is found in Northumberland, Yorkshire,
Wales, and some of the southern counties of England.
Where it occurs it is common.

When young it is covered with hairs, which after-
wards disappear.

8. H. CARTUSIANA (named after a Carthusian monastery).
Sub-conic, depressed, thick, not very glossy, yellowish

HELIX. 65

white tinted brown, often marked with a whitish band ;
whorls six to seven, faintly keeled ; mouth furnished with a
broad white internal rib ; lip thin ; umbilicus almost hidden
by the reflection of the outer lip.

This species is only found on the downs of Kent
and Sussex, near the coast, where it is abundant.
It is much smaller and smoother than H. Cantiana.

9. H. RUFESCENS (reddish).

Sub-conic, depressed, thick, semi-transparent, dull brown,
more or less reddish with a whitish line round the body
whorl, which is bluntly keeled ; spire short, obtuse ; mouth
semi-lunar, with internal white rib ; umbilicus narrow, but
deep.

This is a very common shell in woods, hedgerows,
and under stones. The young are sometimes hispid.
The varieties are moderately common.

Var. I. albida. White or colourless.

Var. II. minor. Smaller, spire more produced.

10. H. CONCINNA. (neat).

Sub-conic, rather solid and glossy, light horn-colour,
sometimes streaked with reddish brown. A whitish band
is often found on the last whorl, which is faintly keeled.
Whorls six and a half ; spire obtuse ; suture deep ; mouth
semi-lunar, with white internal rib; umbilicus rather broad
and deep. Hairs, which are easily rubbed off, are found
scattered scantily over the epidermis.

66

HELICIDJE.

Conchologists have been much puzzled whether this
shell is merely a variety of H. hispida or a distinct
species. The two shells are found in similar situations,
and are equally distributed.

The following are the distinctions made by Dr.
Jeffreys : —

H. CONCINNA.

Never globose.
Moderately glossy.
Umbilicus wide.

Hairs scattered and de-
ciduous.
Animal darker, foot grey.

H. HISPIDA.

Globose.

Very slightly glossy.

Umbilicus narrow.

Hairs thicker and per-
manent.

Foot thick and yellow-
ish.

Var. I. albida. White.

Var. II. minor. Smaller, white, spire produced.

11. H. HISPIDA (hairy).

Sub-conic, thin, only slightly glossy; colour markings
the same as H, concinna, but darker ; whorls six and a
half ; spire blunt ; suture deep ; umbilicus narrow, but deep.
Covered with short white hairs arranged in spiral lines.

Found under stones, timber, and among moss and
leaves ; common and universally distributed. It is a
pretty object when in full " plumage."

HELIX. 67

Var. I. subrufa. Reddish brown, solid, with a strong
labial rib.

Var. II. albida. Thin, white,

Var. III. conica. Smaller, spire raised.

Var. IV. nana. Much smaller, depressed, with a
strong labial rib.

Var. V. subglobosa. More globular, thinner, light
coloured, umbilicus small.

12. H. SERICEA (silky).

Sub-globular, thin, rather glossy, very pale grey, some-
times tinged with yellow; thickly covered with white
silky hairs ; whorls six, tumid ; spire raised, obtuse ; suture
rather deep ; mouth semi- lunar, with white internal rib ;
umbilicus very small.

This species is local, but abundant where it
occurs. It is found in Scotland, Yorkshire, Anglesea,
Hants, &c.

Its chief distinction from H. hispida is its umbilicus,
which is very small, while that of the last species is
broad and deep ; besides which, the form of H. sericea
is more globular, the spire more raised, and the bristles
much thicker. The usual colour of H. hispida is much
darker, though the Var. subglobosa is much like H.
sericea both in shape and colour.

Var. cornea. Horn-colour, very thin, labial rib
strong.

68 HELICIM:.

13. H. RELEVATA (discovered).

Somewhat globular ; spire depressed ; pale olive green,
covered scantily with short pale hairs ; whorls four to four
and a half; suture deep; mouth nearly circular ; umbilicus
small.

This is a very local species, only found in the Channel
Islands and on the south-west coast of England.

14. H. FUSCA (dusky brown).

Sub-conical, so thin as to be almost membranaceous,
glossy, pale yellowish brown, marked in the line of growth
by strong corrugations ; faintly keeled ; whorls five to five
and a half ; umbilicus very small.

The shell of this species is almost membranaceous,
and has been known to have been pressed flat and
blown up again without suffering any detriment.

It does not occur everywhere, but is found near
Belfast, in Wales, and in several parts of England.

It frequents grassy banks, and is said to feed on
nettles.

15. H. PISANA (first noticed at Pisa).

Sub-globular, solid, nearly opaque, yellowish white,
marked with variegated bands ; whorls five to five and a
half ; interior of mouth rose-colour ; umbilicus very small.

This species is unmistakable from its markings and
shape, though it somewhat resembles a large form of

HELIX. 69

H. virgata. It is found on sand-hills near the sea in
South Wales, Cornwall, Dublin, and Jersey.

In the south of France and in Italy it is collected in
great quantities for food, and may be seen exposed for
sale in the markets. In Marseilles and Venice I have
seen this species in countless thousands adhering to
nettles and other plants, apparently enjoying the noon-
day sun.

Var. alba. White or pale yellow.

16. H. VIRGATA (striped).

Conical, globose, solid, almost opaque, cream-coloured,
very variously banded ; whorls six, tumid ; spire raised ;
mouth nearly circular, furnished with an internal lip of &
pinkish colour ; umbilicus narrow, but deep.

This very variable shell is found on downs and sand-
hills in many parts of the British Isles — but not in
Scotland — especially near the sea coast. It is exceed-
ingly abundant in most places where it occurs, and as
it varies greatly in size, colour, and markings, a good
series ought to be secured.

The young are carinated.

Var. I. subaperta. Whitish, depressed, umbilicus
very wide.

Var. II. subglobosa. Smaller, with a double band
above the periphery; umbilicus wide.

70 HELICID^E.

Var. III. svbmaritima. Smaller, darker, spire
more raised.

Var. IV. carinata. Yellowish white, depressed,
keeled.

Var. V. leucozona. Darkly banded, with a clear
white band round the centre of the shell.

17. H. CAPERATA (wrinkled).

Sub-conical, compressed, solid, opaque, dnll, dirty white,
streaked and banded by variable lines which are sometimes
merely a row of spots ; obtusely carinated ; whorls six ;
mouth nearly round, furnished with a white internal rib ;
umbilicus open and shallow. .

Found under stones and on the stalks of grass on
sandy soils, especially near the sea coast, where it is
as abundant as the last species, and frequently found
with it.

It is a particularly hardy animal, and will often be
found feeding in winter when other snails are torpid.
It has as great a power of enduring heat as cold, and
I have observed it not only in many parts of southern
Europe, but even on the desert in the neighbourhood
of Bagdad.

It is, perhaps, apt to be confounded with the young
of H. virgata, which is also carinated; but a very little
experience will enable the collector to determine its

HELIX. 71

identity. It is more depressed and has a larger um-
bilicus than the adult of the last species, and is smaller
than the usual type.

Var. L major. Larger.

Var. II. ornata. Smaller, with a broad, dark band.

Var. III. subscalaris. Spire more raised, whorls
more tumid.

Var. IV. Gig axii. Smaller, spire more depressed

18. H. ERICETORUM (inhabiting heaths).

Almost circular, very flat, thin, nearly opaque, glossy,
cream- colour, with one broad dark band above and several
narrow ones beneath; spire slightly raised; whorls six,
cylindrical; mouth nearly circular, often of a reddish
colour inside ; umbilicus very large and open.

Found in considerable quantities on heaths, downs,
and sand-hills — particularly by the sea. It appears to
be as fond of thistles as the donkey, but without that
animal's reasonable excuse !

Var. I. alba. Milk white.

Var. II. minor. Much smaller, sometimes white,
sometimes banded.

Var. III. instabilis. Smaller, spire more raised,
darker, streaked or spotted.

19. H. ROTUND ATA (rounc
Circular, compressed, thin, and semi-trarisparent, pale

72 HELICID^E.

horn-colour, marked at regular intervals by rufous brown ;
ribbed in the line of growth; whorls six to seven, com-
pressed above ; outer margin strongly carinated ; umbilicus
large and shallow.

This is an extremely common shell, and is easily
identified. It is found everywhere, under stones, logs,
&c., and in moss. The white variety, which is a rare
capture, is a beautiful object

Var. I. minor. Smaller.

Yar. II. pyramidalis. Spire much produced.

Var. III. Turtoni. Spire very depressed.

Var. IV. alba. Cream-coloured or pale green,

20. H. RUPESTRIS (inhabiting rocks) ~

Sub-conical, rather solid, semi-transparent, rather glossy,
ctark horn-colour; closely and regularly striated in the
line of growth; obtusely carinated, especially when young;
spire raised ; suture very deep ; mouth gibbous ; umbilicus
wide and deep.

This is a hardy little creature, and may be found on
stone walls and limestone rocks at a considerable ele-
vation. It is gregarious.

Var. viridescenti-alba. Greenish white.

21. H. PYGMiiA (minute).
Circular, depressed, thin, semi-transparent, glossy.

HELIX. 73

yellowish horn-colour ; striated finely and regularly in the
line of growth ; whorls four, cylindrical ; spire more or less
raised ; umbilicus large.

This is the smallest of the Helices. It frequents
moist situations in woods and under hedges among dead
leaves. A good plan that saves much time is to take
a quantity of dead leaves home, and after drying them,
to examine the siftings.

H.pygm&a is a very pleasing object under a powerful
lens — the close-set, well-marked striae appearing as a
surprise to the observer.

22. H. PULCHELLA (minutely beautiful).

Nearly circular, rather solid, semi-transparent, white ;
whorls three and a half ; mouth nearly circular, with rim
thickened, giving it a trumpet-shaped appearance; um-
bilicus wide and shallow.

This beautiful little shell is found under stones,
among moss, and on sand-hills in many parts of Great
Britain and Ireland. Its peculiarly shaped mouth is
a sufficiently distinctive mark of its identity.

The variety is not uncommon.

At Beaumaris, where it is abundant, I have noticed
that the type is comparatively rare.

Yar. costata. Marked in line of growth with mem-
branaceous ribs.

74 HELICID^.

23. H. LAPICIDA (stone-cutter).

Circular, compressed, dark rufous brown, dull, semi-
transparent ; whorls five ; mouth obliquely oval, surrounded
by a strong white reflected rim ; very strongly carinated ;
umbilicus large.

This strikingly formed shell is found in many parts
of England, rarely in Scotland and Wales, and not at
all in Ireland. It occurs chiefly in calcareous districts,
but not exclusively; it is fairly common at Maiden-
head (Berks), where the soil is gravelly, and at other
places.

The name " stone-cutter " is due to its supposed
habit of boring into rocks. This idea is, of course,
erroneous, but it does ensconce itself in crevices of
rocks, whence it emerges after rain.

Var. I. albina. White.

Var. II. minor. Smaller and darker.

24. H. OBVOLTJTA (wrapped up).

Circular, flat above, compressed below, rather solid,
opaque, reddish brown, hispid ; whorls six and a half,
cylindrical ; mouth triangular, surrounded by a strong
pinkish white rim with three tooth-like protuberances ;
umbilicus large.

This peculiar shell is only found in the neighbour-
hood of Ditcham Wood, Hants, where it is not un-

BULIMUS. 75

common. It is common on the Continent, whence it
is thought possible that it was introduced.

25. H. VILLOSA (covered with

Both in shape and size much like H. rufescens ; of a pale
semi-transparent white ; spire flat ; no carination ; covered
with hairs.

This shell — four specimens of which were found at
Cardiff in 1873— has been admitted into the British
list.

How it found its way thither has not been satis-
factorily explained, but the neighbourhood of a large
seaport suggests its introduction among goods of some
sort.

Genus V. — BULIMUS.

1. B. ACTJTUS (pointed).

Conical, slightly diaphanous, whitish with irregular
transverse streaks of a darker shade ; whorls eight to nine,
convex ; umbilicus slight.

This very abundant species is only found on the
coast on grassy cliffs, downs, and sand-hills. The
finest specimens that I have ever met with are those I
have taken on the sand-hills at Port Kush (N. Ire-

76 HELICID.E.

land). The varieties are equally common with the
type.

Var. I. bizona. Two dark bands on the body whorl.

Var. II. inflata. More tumid, shorter, streaked
with brown, or marked with a single band.

2. B. MONTANUS (inhabiting mountains).

Globosely conic, slightly glossy, light brown; whorls
seven and a half ; spire tapering, but blunt ; Up white, re-
flected ; umbilicus narrow, but deep. Immature specimens
are keeled.

This is a local shell, being confined to the southern
and western counties of England. It has a habit of
ascending the ash and the beech in the spring, pre-
sumably to feed and pair, descending in the autumn
to hibernate.

3. B. OBSCURUS (hidden).

Of the same shape as the last species, but much smaller,
rather shorter in proportion, and more glossy ; transparent
horn-colour ; whorls six and a half.

The name obscurus was given to this shell in con-
sequence of its habit of covering itself, by means of its
slime or an exudation of the epidermis, with earth or
any substance it comes in contact with, — thus rendering
itself inconspicuous. In some districts, where the ex-

PUPA. 77

traneous matter is not suitable for attachment (as in
the calcareous districts of Derbyshire), the shell is
found clean and smooth in the crevices of rocks.
Though often met with in hedge-banks among damp
moss and earth, it never occurs in any quantities.
Var. alba. White or colourless.

Genus VI.— PtfpA.

1. P. SECALE (a grain of rye).

Globosely conical, solid, opaque, rufous brown ; regularly
striate in the line of growth ; whorls eight to nine ; mouth
horseshoe- shaped, furnished with eight or nine white
ridges having the appearance of teeth.

There is no mistaking this species. It is far the
largest of our Pupa. Though local, it is abundant
where it occurs — on rocks, in woods, chiefly in cal-
careous districts in England and South Wales, but
not in Ireland or Scotland.

Var. I. alba. White.

Var. II. Boileausiana. "It is distinguished from
the type by its smaller size, the larger plication being
always double, and by the presence of a prominent
additional fold at the angle of the columella."

Var. III. edentula. Smaller and thinner, smooth
and glossy, tooth-like processes absent

78 HELICID^E.

2. P. RINGENS (grinning).

Ovate, rather solid, glossy, dark horn-colour ; ivhorls six
and a half ; mouth horseshoe-shaped, furnished with seven
or eight tooth-like processes which, as well as the reflected
lip, are often of a reddish tinge ; umbilicus small, but dis-
tinct.

The name ringens, which signifies "grinning like a
dog," i.e. " showing its teeth," was of course suggested
by the appearance of the mouth, the denticular pro-
cesses of which are a safe mark of distinction from the
two following species.

It lives among moss and dead leaves in moist situa-
tions in Scotland, the north of England, and Ireland
generally.

Young specimens are furnished with internal septa,
which are visible from the outside, and are carinated.

Var. pallida. Whitish.

3. P. UMBILICATA (having an umbilicus).

Sub- cylindrical, rather solid, glossy, semi-transparent,
pale horn-colour ; whorls six to seven ; mouth horseshoe-
shaped, with a broad strong white lip ; on the base of the
penultimate whorl there is sometimes a denticle ; umbilicus
small.

This is a very abundant and common species
throughout the British Isles on stone walls and among

PUPA. 79

moss, dead leaves, &c. As Dr. Jeffreys remarks,
" the spire varies greatly in length," some individuals
not being half the length of the full size, which is
between one-seventh and one-eighth of an inch.

The young are carinated and have a well-marked
umbilicus.

Var. I. edentula. Denticle absent.

Yar. II. alba. White.

4. P. MAEGINATA (margined).

Cylindrical, rather solid, dull, brown horn-colour ; whorls
six to seven ; striated finely in the line of growth ; mouth
nearly circular, sometimes furnished with a denticle similar
to that of the last species. Outside there is a white rib, not
quite at the margin, which is thin and unreflected.

This species is specially fond of sandy soils near the
sea coast, but is frequently found inland. Generally
distributed.

P. marginata and P. umbilicata differ in the following
respects : —

P. UMBILICATA.

Smooth and glossy.

Ovate.

Mouth horseshoe-
shaped, with a thick
reflected lip.

P. MARGINATA.

Dull, striated.

Cylindrical.

Mouth smaller, nearly
circular, lip not re-
flected, but thickened.

80 HELICIDJE.

Var. I. bigranata. Smaller, thicker, with two
denticles.

Var. II. albina. White.

Genus VII. — VERTIGO.

The members of this genus have only two tentacles,
while those of the preceding genus have four. In
order to aid the collector to identify these minute and
very puzzling little shells, I have tabulated some of
the most important differences of those which are
dextral and furnished with teeth. (See Appendix B.)

The ten species have been conveniently arranged as
follows : —

A. dextral, denticulated. ANTIVERTIGO, LiLLJE-
BORGII, MOULINSIANA, PYGM^A, ALPESTRIS, SUB-
STRIATA.

B. sinistral. PUSILLA, ANGUSTIOR.

C. dextral, without teeth. EDENTULA, MINUTIS-
SIMA.

A. DEXTRAL, denticulate.

1. Y. ANTIYERTIGO (not reversed).

Oval, thin, semi-transparent, glossy, rufous horn- colour;
whorls four and a half, tumid ; spire short, abrupt ; mouth
semi- oval, contracted in the middle of the outer edge ;

VERTIGO. 81

t eeth six to nine, of a reddish brown colour ; umbilicus dis-
tinct.

Found in moist places under logs, stones, among
moss, and on water plants, as well as in elevated
situations, in many parts of the British Isles.

Young specimens have only two denticles, one on
the pillar and one at the base of the penultimate
whorl.

2. Y. LILLJEBOEGII l (after the Swedish naturalist,
Lilljeborg).

Barrel-shaped, very thin and glossy, light horn-colour ;
whorls four and a half, very tumid ; spire short, blunt ;
suture very deep ; mouth semi-oval, constricted at the outer
edge ; teeth four ; umbilicus distinct.

Dr. Jeffreys found this species in the west of Ireland,
and figured and described it in his work under the
name of V. Moulinsiana, from which it is doubtfully
distinct.

As to the differences of this from the last species and
V. pygm&a I cannot do better than quote Dr. Jeffreys,
who says : " This species differs from V. antivertigo
in being larger, more ventricose, and of a much lighter
colour, in the mouth and outer lip not being contracted,
and especially in the number and position of the teeth,

1 Identical with V. Moulinsiana of Dr, Jeffreys' " British Conckology."

82 HELICID^.

which never exceed four, instead of from six to ten,
as in that species. From V. pygmcea it may be dis-
tinguished by being" twice the size and very much more
ventricose, and also of a lighter colour. The difference
is equally great between all three species. V. Lillje-
borgii* resembles V. antivertigo in form and V.pygm&a
in the number of teeth. It is among the largest of our
native species of Vertigo"

Yar. bidentata. " Labial or palatal teeth wanting."

3. V. MOULINSIANA (after the French conchologist, Des
Moulin s).

Dr. Jeffreys, writing in the " Annals and Magazine
of Nat. Hist." for Nov., 1878, says: "The shell of
V. Moulinsiana is rather more swollen than that of V.
Lilljeborgii, and the labial rib is much stouter." V.
Moulinsiana has often an extra denticle.

V. Moulinsiana, if really specifically distinct from
V. Lilljeborgii, approaches it very nearly in form.
My figure is an enlargement of a specimen taken at
Hitchin, which a friend was kind enough to lend me.

This rare shell has been found in Hertfordshire and
also in Hampshire.

1 Written V. Moulinsiana in " British Conchology.

VERTIGO. 83

4, V. PTGMJDA (minute).

Oval, somewhat cylindrical, semi-transparent, glossy,
horn-colour ; whorls four and a half, convex ; spire blunt ;
mouth semi-oval ; teeth four to five (one on the body, one
on the columella, two or three inside the outer lip) ; um-
bilic'us small, but deep.

This minute species is found in most parts of Great
Britain and Ireland at the roots of grass, and under
stones and logs in dry as well as moist situations.

It differs from the last two species in being much
smaller and more cylindrical in form. The outer lip,
moreover, is not constricted or angulated.

Var. pallida. Lighter and narrower.

5. V. ALPESTRIS (inhabiting elevated situations).

Sub-cylindrical, semi-transparent, glossy, light horn-
colour, strongly striate in the line of growth ; whorls four
and a half, convex ; spire short, blunt ; suture excessively
deep ; mouth semi-oval and sub-angular ; teeth four, visible
from the outside from the thinness of the shell (one on the
body, one on the columella, two within the outer lip) ; um-
bilicus small, but deep.

This shell differs from the last species in being more
cylindrical, paler, and nearly transparent, more strongly
striated, and it has no strengthening rib on the outer
margin.

I may mention that I was the first to notice this

84 HELICID^E.

minute species in Ireland. In December, 1883, I
found a single live specimen near Coleraine. As I
was doubtful of its being actually alpestris, I sent it
to Dr. Jeffreys, who kindly confirmed my opinion as
to its identity. It is found, though rarely, in some
of the northern counties of England.

6. Y. SUBSTRIATA (slightly striated).

Ovate, thin, semi-transparent, glossy, very strongly and
obliquely striate in the iine of growth ; whorls four and a
half, cylindrical ; spire very abrupt ; suture remarkably
deep ; mouth semi-oval, outer margin constricted ; teeth
five to six (two or three on the body, one or two on the
columella, two inside the outer lip) ; umbilicus small.

This pretty little shell is found in many parts of the
British Isles in moist situations at the roots of grass
and under stones. Its strong striations, almost amount-
ing to ribs, serve to distinguish it from any of the pre-
viously mentioned species.

B. SlNISTRAL.

7. Y. PUSILLA (minute).

Fusiform, very glossy, thin, horn- col our ; whorls four and
a half; spire more tapering than that of most members
of the genus ; very slightly striate in the line of growth ;
mouth semi-oval, constricted in the outer margin, which is
rather thick ; whorls four and a half to five ; teeth six to

VERTIGO. 85

seven (two on the body, two on the columelia, two or
three inside the outer lip).

This species is found in many parts of England and
Ireland, but it is local and rare. It frequents similar
situations to the others.

8. Y. ANGUSTIOR (narrower).

Of the same form, but narrower than the last species,
glossy, semi-transparent, horn-colour ; closely striate in the
line of growth ; whorls four and a half, the penultimate
being the broadest; mouth sub-triangular, and narrowed
by the strong constriction of the outer margin ; teeth four
to five (two on the body, one on the columelia, one inside
the outer lip, which is thickened and reflected) ; umbilicus
indistinct.

This species is very rare and local, occurring in a
few localities only. In England at Bristol, Battersea
Fields, and in Yorkshire ; in Wales at Singleton (near
Swansea), Tenby, Milford, and in some of the southern
and western counties of Ireland. I have also found it
abundantly on the sand-hills at the mouth of the River
Bann.

The following table of comparison may be useful to
assist identification : —

86 HELICID.E.

Y. PUSILLA.

Larger, broader in pro-
portion.
Last whorl broadest.

Mouth semi-oval.
Outer lip very slightly

contracted.
Teeth six to seven.

V. AN GUST I OK.

Smaller, narrower in pro-
portion.

Penultimate whorl
broadest.

Mouth triangular.

Outer lip very deeply
contracted.

Teeth four to five.

C. DEXTRAL, without teeth.

9. Y. EDENTULA (toothless).

Cylindrical, thin, glossy, horn-colour ; slightly striated
in the line of growth ; whorls five and a half to six and a
half ; spire abrupt ; mouith nearly circular ; Up thin ; um-
bilicus narrow.

Found in several parts of Great Britain and Ire-
land, but it is local.

It frequents decaying leaves and logs, and is par-
ticularly active after rain. Dr. Jeffreys remarks, and
other writers bear him out in saying that "when
crawling it usually carries its shell in a slanting posi-
tion." It is, therefore, with much diffidence that I
record my own observation as being opposed to this —
in fact, what has struck me as noticeable is the per-
pendicular position of the shell when the animal is in

BALIA. 87

motion ; though my experience of the species is con-
fined to a single locality in the north of Ireland, where
it and its variety are abundant.

There is no mistaking this species for any other, as
its shape and toothless mouth mark it off distinctly
from any of the foregoing, and its size from the follow-
ing species.

Var. columella. Longer, last whorl broader.

10. V. MINUTISSIMA (very minute).

Cylindrical, glossy, different shades of horn-colour;
closely striated in the line of growth; whorls five and a
half; suture deep; mouth similar to the last species, hut
somewhat quadrangular ; umbilicus small.

This beautiful little shell is found in a few places in
Scotland and England.

It is much smaller and narrower in proportion to its
size than V. edentula, and is more strongly striated.

Genus VIIL— BALIA.

B. PERVERSA (turned the wrong way).

Sinistral, club-shaped, thin, dark horn-colour, semi-
transparent, glossy, closely striated in the line of growth ;
whorls seven to eight ; mouth squarish oval, sometimes fur-
nished with a denticle on the columella ; outer lip thin ;
umbilicus narrow.

88

This shell is local, though abundant where it occurs,
It is found on the bark of trees ; Dr. Jeffreys says
" chiefly the beech, ash, sycamore, and apple." I once
found it on a willow near Windsor, in company with
C. rugosa, the young of which it much resembles.
This resemblance it is necessary to draw attention to,
or this local species may be passed over. It differs
from the immature C. rugosa in being more slender,
lighter in colour, having a deeper suture, and being
without any carination along the basal ridge, which is
a marked characteristic of the young of that species.

Var. viridula* Greenish white, transparent.

Genus IX. — CLAUSILIA^

This genus derives its name from a peculiar charac-
teristic— a little door (L/at. elausilium).

This interesting provision of nature against the
attacks of such enemies as beetles, &c., differs from an
operculum thus: — It is not fastened to the animal, but
to the pillar of the shell by an elastic filament. When
the animal is within the shell this contractile filament
draws the elausilium close over the aperture, about
half a turn from the entrance, and when the animal
emerges it pushes aside the little " spring-door^" which
then lies flat against the columella.

CLAUSILIA. 89

All the members of this genus are sinistral.

1. C. EUGOSA (wrinkled),

Fusiform, purplish brown, but varying in colour ; marked
with small streaks of white ; closely and irregularly striated
in the line of growth ; whorls ten to thirteen ; spire tapering
to a blunt point ; mouth pear-shaped, expanding like a
funnel, angulated above ; plications two on the pillar, with
two or three ribs between them, a plication behind the
pillar lip, near which is a spiral fold ; one or two teeth
inside the outer lip ; umbilicus narrow ; clausilium shaped
much like a " shoehorn."

This common shell is distributed throughout the
whole of the British Isles, and is usually found on
stone walls, rocks, rough bark of trees, and sometimes
on sand-hills. It is very variable both in colour and
markings. The smaller forms seem to be found, as
might be expected, in northern and exposed situa-
tions. I have found it abundantly on the banks of
the River Bann, adhering to stones which are com-
pletely covered at high tides.

Var. I. albida. Whitish.

Var. II. Everetti. Smaller.

Var. III. gracilior. More slender.

Var. IV. tumidula. Shorter, more ventricose.

Var. V. dubia. Larger, more ventricose.

Var. VI. Schlechtii. " Generally larger, more

90 HELICIDJ3.

elongated, smoother and more transparent than Var.
dubia, pale brown, frequently resembling C. laminata
in smoothness and transparency."

2. C. ROLPHII (after Eolph).

Fusiform, thinner than the last species ; reddish or yel-
lowish brown, occasionally streaked with white ; strongly
striated ; ivhorls nine to ten ; the first two or three upper
whorls are nearly of the same breadth, forming a short
cylinder ; apex blunt ; mouth quadrangular ; plications as
in last species, but there "are often two or three small teeth
between the columellar folds ; outer lip inflected ; basal
crest short and curved ; umbilicus indistinct ; clausilium
oblong, regularly curved, slightly contracted above.

This is a rare and local species, found only in a few
localities in some of the southern counties of England.

Dr. Jeffreys says : " From C. rugosa and its
variety dubia this differs in being more ventricose and
of a lighter colour, as well as in having much coarser
striae, which impart to the last-mentioned shell a de-
cussated or slightly granular appearance. The mouth
of the shell in (7. Rolphii is, besides, larger and
broader."

3. C. BIPLICATA (having two folds).

Fusiform, dull, but with a slight iridescence ; rufous
brown streaked with white ; strongly striated ; whorls
twelve to thirteen ; mouth oval, angular, contracted below,

CLAUSILIA. 91

where a narrow but deep channel is formed ; teeth as in C.
Holphii ; umbilicus broader than usual in the genus ; clau-
silium almost oval, slightly curved, attenuated below.

This is one of our very local shells. It is found at
the roots and on the bark of willows by the Thames at
Hammersmith not uncommonly ; and also in Wilts.

It is much larger than C. Rolphii, and more slender
in proportion. It is, moreover, streaked with white.

4. C. LAMINATA (having plates).

Similar in shape to the last species, pale reddish horn-
colour ; smooth and glossy ; microscopically striated in the
line of growth ; nearly transparent ; whorls twelve ; mouth
ovate ; teeth very well marked on the columella ; there are
also three or four internal laminae which are visible through
the transparent shell ; umbilicus small ; clausilium shaped
like a shoehorn, but oblong.

This handsome species is sparingly distributed
throughout Great Britain as far north as North-
umberland, and is also found in Ireland, but is local.
It frequents the beech and ash, at the roots and on the
trunks of which it may be found. It occurs in great
abundance on the limestone rocks in Derbyshire.

Yar. I. pellucida. Thinner, more transparent, highly
glossy.

Var. II. albida. Greenish white.

92 HELICID^.

5. C. PAEVULA (small).

This shell differs from 0. rugosa " in being smaller and
quite smooth, with the exception of some very faint trans-
verse lines, which are only observable with a lens, or of a
few striae near the mouth."

Specimens of this species, which is fairly common
on the Continent, have been found near Stourbridge.

C. SOLID A (solid).

As only a single specimen of this Continental species
has been found near some nursery gardens at Staple-
ton, near Bristol, whither it was doubtless brought
with foreign plants, I think its claim to rank as British
may be disregarded. Had it, like T. Maugei, " bred
and multiplied," it might be viewed in a different
light.

Genus X. — CoCHLiCGPA.

1. C. TRIDENS (with three teeth).

Chrysalis-shaped, semi-transparent, solid, glossy, yellow-
ish horn- col our, sometimes tinged with red or green ;
whorls seven ; spire pointed ; mouth narrow, with three
denticles.

This shell is only found in England, where it is
widely distributed, but local. It is gregarious, and
frequents damp moss in shady spots.

ACHATINA. 93

Yar. crystallina. Greenish white and transparent

2. C. LUBRICA (slippery).

Shaped much like the last species, but not so ventricose
in proportion to its length ; transparent, solid, greenish,
sometimes with a reddish tinge ; whorls five to five and a
half ; spire rounded at the point ; mouth pear-shaped, and
broader than the last species ; lip often reddish.

This is a very common shell. It occurs in all parts
of the British Isles in moss, under stones, logs, &c. It
is a good plan to mount a row of these brilliant little
objects on a strip of card. The varieties are numerous,
as follows: —

Var. I. hyalina. Greenish white.

Var. II. lubricoides. Smaller and more slender.

Yar. III. viridula. Shaped like Yar. II., but
greenish white.

Yar. I Y. fusca. Smaller, thinner, reddish brown.

Yar. Y. ovata. Much smaller, oval, spire shorter.

Genus XL — ACHATINA.

A. ACICULA (a hair-pin).

Slender and tapering in shape, semi-transparent, white,
thin, and very glossy ; whorls five and a half ; spire obtuse ;
apex rounded ; suture distinct ; mouth long and rounded at
the base, which has a deep notch.

94 HELICIDJS.

This interesting animal is the only British member
of a genus consisting of nearly one hundred and sixty
species. It lives underground, and is never found on
the surface of the earth in a live state. Whether its
subterranean habits are the cause or the effect of its
being destitute of the power of sight need not be dis-
cussed here, but it is the fact that, in common with
other subterranean animals, it is eyeless.

Dr. Jeffreys remarks: "In all probability the
A. acicula lives upon animal matter ; for, in the spots
where it has been found living, no underground fungus
or other vegetation appears to exist, and the form of
the shell would induce a belief that this snail is not
only zoophagous but predaceous. The shells of all
true Glandina, which are carnivorous, have the same
kind of notch or truncature at the base as the present
species of Achatina"

It inhabits various parts of England, Wales, and
Ireland, under stones and at the roots of grass, some
inches underground. As it would be rather a tedious
process to search for it by digging all over a district,
it is perhaps fortunate that another means of obtaining
it exists. Among the rejectamenta of rivers (Thames,
Yorkshire Ouse, &c.) specimens are common, being
doubtless washed away by floods from their native
localities. The specimens found in this way are of

CARYCHIUM. 95

course dead., but this shell fortunately does not suffer
much in appearance from exposure.

It must be borne in mind that specimens found thus
on the river bank do not indicate the actual locality of
the shell, for who shall say how far they have travelled
before being stranded ?

Family IV. — CARYCHIID^E.
Genus. — CARYCHIUM.

C. MINIMUM (smallest}.

Sub-fusiform, semi-transparent, white, rather solid,
glossy ; microscopically striate in the line of growth ;
whorls five and a half ; spire pointed ; mouth ovate, fur-
nished with three denticles ; umbilicus small and narrow.

There is no mistaking this little shell when once
seen. It must, however, be examined under a lens in
order to be fully appreciated. It is worth while to
wait for the animal to come out and travel over a moist
decayed leaf, when the conspicuous black specks that
constitute its eyes can be seen and their sessile position
noted ; indeed, these eyes may be seen through the
shell, so dark are they and so transparent the shell.

It is very common under stones, logs, &c., at the
roots of grass, and particularly among moist decaying

96 CYCLOSTOMATID^E.

leaves in all parts of the British Isles south of the
Moray Firth.

Family V. — CYCLOSTOMATID^.
Genus I. — CYCLOSTOMA.

C. ELEGANS (elegant).

Globosely oval, solid,* ppaque, light pink, marked with
streaks or spots of a darker colour ; very strongly striated
in the line of growth, and more closely striated spirally ;
whorls four and a half, cylindrical ; suture very deep ; spire
blunt ; mouth nearly circular ; umbilicus small, but deep ;
oyerculum thick, testaceous.

This interesting shell is the only British representa-
tive of an interesting genus which abounds in species
in warmer latitudes.

It is common in England, Wales, and Ireland,
mostly — though not exclusively — in calcareous soils
near the sea. Along the banks of the Thames be-
tween Marlow and Maidenhead it occurs in great
abundance on the chalk hills. It is also tolerably
plentiful in Jersey, where there are no calcareous
strata.

ACME. 97

Genus //.— ACME.

A. LINEATA (lined).

Cylindrical, light brown, slightly transparent, rather
glossy, deeply striate in the line of growth ; whorls six to
seven ; spire blunt ; suture distinct ; mouth pear-shaped ;
umbilicus very small ; operculum horny.

This, the most minute of operculated land shells,
though widely distributed throughout all the British
Isles, is local. It may be found in woods, under stones,
and on decaying leaves.

It is said to be gregarious.

Var. alba. White or colourless and transparent.

IT

e ~

i-|iM^N^Hi-Hi-H(MCCi-Hr-«MeO-*'-i|MW^-i^HNeO'^<»O®t^oOO5Oi-i^i-iC<l

X, <^

S S'

8 ^

S =l
P "ai

II

w «

^

M

Q ^

^5 ^

H ^

PH ^
PM

<1

.

bo

i

§ .

|

"S

in

j-a

1

j

44

ffc

i

§

1

!§u

J3J

5

5 S

^

S r^ "^

o

i

.2

S & 2

•^ fi r^

"5 OH

|

S

w

k;

H|1>

,a J2 ""

-£'.§ *

£>

is

s

0 bc.^

13-2 S

&2

i

* &|

0 *

3 ^£

S"3

1

§3

b

4. nitidulu

Dark grey wit
brownish tiuj
speckled.

Narrow in fix
swollen and ke
behind.

Short, bulbs sr

Spire slight!
convex.
4-5.

1
1

Very broad

!

Not so glossy,
so transparent

Umbilicus ve
large.

|f

o

=3

§«1

_;

t!

j»,

S

s

t: J ^

.2

2

a

9

5P

t

2

p •*-* 93

•B

1

TO

Darker tha

ry long and

1

02

2 o

CO T^

Spire more i
than 1.
4-5.

Narrow

a

Iq

a

&_o ^3 o
c "blj.'S "3

e|5*

^ c O)

&

•a

I

02

02

^P -

cS

•

'd
'o

^J3

sll

I

II

i

ei

1

'3

separated f
• part of foot
dark line.

Is

fl

h

p

if

e circular th
ore interrup
ultimate wh

38 open than

ii

learer than
s white belo

raised to a
ie visible th
the shell.

-o g,
02 S:

s

1

02

083
&

£j

s

~

II

1. cellarius.

Slate grey.

Yellowish, pointed,
rrow, keeled behind.

Long and slender.

id to smell of garlic.

ts
m

h

i

bliquely and deeply
semi-lunar.

Rather broad.

i
_>.

%

Pale brown above,
paque white below.

1

a

dE

o

ANIMAL.
Body.

1

Tentacles.

1

02

SHELL.
Whorls.

Mouth.

Umbilicus.

Diameter of
circumference.

Colour and
texture.

Most distinctive
characteristic.

C

x

—

q
x

-:

a

|

&

t*i

£g

iii _

Its

•g

.2

•" c "S

£ ^ %3

.Sp p""s

c •£ 2

1

5

x'^"2

l°l-l

•I-2 1?

- M!

d

1

||»

'^ '

5^3

IP

•*-* "^

<M

'I

a
£

a
'Si5

II

^1 ft,

t&d

ig^Is -

§HS:=1

1

S
"So

Rather s
line of g

yi

S 5

a.£ 5 g-i o
3*2^ m

(M

j^,

*5

S

Hi

co

OT tA •

g

s

tn

-4

;=•£

S

S 2 1

^ ° s

s>

j>!»

'~ o *

I

*> c S

J ««s

-

'5

+? si

£

B&»

s

8

S

.|

r-j.

"3 Is
•12

fU

|||

fill

1

•3"* S

g-tc

"c S^* i

IS

i ^-Jl

1

&^> ^

o °

^^ S c£*

*3 §

•" — '52

CO

I-P

Ij

5

3" §

1211

.„!

i

|-3

,e a>

0

co'

CO

tA u ^

•3J

'I is g «

^

§

§

'o *• ^

M^

^ 'S ^ "^

5

02

1

02

e °^'2
o g.a

-H i-H <M

|I

Wf1

1

•SsA

C
a>43

If fll

1^43

-2

1

^ 0

13 2

~ ^^"^ i "*

S £&(

«!2

^s

1?

^

3^

|^|N^

|SJ-

11

I-"

1 1

fa~

"IT ^

? *-' o

Pa

r

s
182

1

ll

Is

ll

a> c ^

.5
fi

I

II

11

Pi

92

h^ ^3

c ,3

cS

S u

GLOSSARY

OF TECHNICAL TERMS ACCENTUATED.

A.

acephalous, headless, applied to bivalves.

dchatind, agate.

aoicula, a hair-pin.

acme, a point.

aculedta, prickly.

acuminata, pointed.

acutuSj pointed.

agrestis, inhabiting fields.

dlbida, white.

albina, white.

albo-fascidta, having white bands.

dlbus, white.

allidrius, smelling of garlic.

alpestris, inhabiting heights.

dmnicum, inhabiting rivers.

cwnphibious, inhabiting both land and water.

ampidldceous, shaped like a flask or bottle.

wiatina, belonging to ducks.

dncylus, hooked.

angustior, narrower.

anodonta, toothless.

502V ; /,\ GLOSSARY.

anterior, the front ; applied to bivalves, the large or blunt end.
antivertigo, not reversed.

aperture, an opening ; of univalves the month.
apex, the extreme point of the spire of a nnivalve.
aquatic, inhabiting water.
drborum, inhabiting trees.
arbustorum, inhabiting copses.

Arion. A fabled musician. The name of a genus.
aspersa, spotted, sprinkled.
dter, black.

atro-purpiirea, dark purple.
auriculdria, ear-shaped.

axis, applied to univalve shells, the centre column formed
by the junction of the whorls.

B.

Bdlia, striped.

beak, see umbo.

bidentdta, having two teeth.

bigrandta, having two small teeth.

bilobed, divided into two rounded parts.

biplicdta, having two folds.

bivalve, applied to shells with two movable plates forming
the sides.

bizona, with two bands.

branchial, pertaining to the gills.

Bulimus (deriv. disputed), the name of a genus.

Burnetti, after Burnet.

byssus, strands by which D. polymorplia, &c., attach them-
selves to stones.

Bythinia. An ancient province of Asia Minor ; the name
of a genus.

GLOSSARY. 103

a

calcareous, chalky.

Cantidna, inhabiting Kent.

caperdta, wrinkled.

capuloides, resembling a handle.

cardinal, applied to bivalves, belonging to the hinge.

carindtus, keeled.

carnivorous, eating animal matter.

Gartusidna, named after a Carthusian monastery.

CarycJiiidce. A Family of mollnsks, from the typical genus
Carychium.

Carychium. A genus named after a marine shell.

celldrius, inhabiting cellars.

cinerea, ash coloured.

GlausUia. The name of a genus with an appendage called
a clausilium. (See page 87.)

Cochlicopa, a shell with a notch.

columella, a small column ; the technical term for the axis
(q. V.).

compdcta, compact.

complandtus, flattened.

compressa, compressed.

concave, hollow.

concentric, having the same centre.

Conchifera. Shell-bearing; the name of the Class com-
prising bivalves.

Conchology. " Conchology treats of the Mollusca, or that
great division of invertebrate animals which have soft
bodies and an organization superior to that of insects
and only inferior to that of fishes."

concinna, neat.

conica, conical.

104 GLOSSAKY.

conoidea, cone-like.

contecta, covered.

contortus, twisted together.

contractile, able to become shorter.

convex, bulging out.

corneus, horny.

cbrvus, a crow, applied to a very dark var. of L. palustris.

costdta, ribbed.

cristdta, crested.

crystdllinus, crystalline.

curia, short.

curvirostris, with curved "beaks.

Cyclostoma, round mouth ; name of a genus.

Gyclostomatidce. Name of a Family of mollusks, from the

typical genus Cyclostoma.
cygnea, belonging to swans.

D.

deciduous, liable to fall off.

decolldta, shortened from the top, truncated.

decussated, intersected by cross-lines.

denticle, a small tooth.

dentition, see lingual.

depressa, flattened.

depressiuscula, somewhat flattened.

dextral. A univalve is said to be dextral when the mouth

opens to the observer's right as he holds it with the

spire pointing upwards.
dextrorsa, turned to the right hand.
dilatatus, expanded.
Dillwynii, named after Dillwyn.
disciformiSj formed like a circular plate.

GLOSSARY. 105

dorsal, belonging to the back.
Drdpandldi, named after Drapanaud.
Dreissena, named after Dreissens.
dubia, doubtful.

E.

edentula, toothless.

elegans, elegant.

elongdta, lengthened.

epidermis, the thin skin covering shells.

epipliragm, a film which is secreted by the animal to cover

the mouth of the shell.
equilateral, having equal sides.
ericetorum, inhabiting heaths.
Everetti, named after Everet.
exdlbida, whitish.
excavdtus, hollowed out.

F.

filament, a thread.

flavescens, yellowish.

flavus, yellow.

fluvidtilis, inhabiting rivers.

fontindle, inhabiting springs.

foot, a flexible muscular process by means of which

mollusks travel.
frdgilis, frail.
fulvus, tawny.
fusca, dark brown.
fusiform, spindle-shaped.

106 GLOSSARY.

G.

gagdtes, jet.

Gasteropoda. A Class of univalve mollusks, the lower

surface of whose belly forms the foot.
genus. In natural history a subdivision of an Order. A

genus is subdivided into species. (See Appendix A.)
Geomdlcus, an earth mollusk ; the name of a genus.
gibbosa, swollen.
gibbous, protuberant.
gldber, smooth.
glutinosa, sticky, slimy.
gracilior, rather slender.-
granulated, with small markings like grains.
gregarious, living in flocks.

H.

habitat, dwelling place.

hdliotidea, ear-shaped; from Haliotis, or "Venus' ear."

Helicidce. A Family of mollusks.

Helix, a screw, coil ; the name of a genus.

Helmii, named after Helm.

Henslowdna, named after Prof. Henslow.

herbivorous, feeding on vegetable matter.

hispid, hairy.

hortensis, inhabiting gardens.

hyaline, glassy.

hybrida, a cross between two species.

hypnorum, living among the moss Hypnum.

I.

inconspicua, not easily observed.
incrassdta, thickened, coarse.

GLOSSARY. 107

indigenous, born in the country, native.

infldta, blown out, swollen.

instdbilis, fluctuating.

intermedia, varying between two distinct forms.

involuta, folded inwards.

iridescent, coloured like a rainbow.

L.

labiosa, with a large lip.

lacustris, inhabiting lakes or ponds.

levis, smooth.

lamellata, furnished with plaits.1

Lamellibrdncliidta, having leaf-like gills ; the name of

an Order of mollusks.
lamina, a plate.

lamindta, furnished with plaits.
lapicida, a stone-cutter.
Idtior, broader.

Leachii, named after Dr. Leach.
leucozona, banded with white.
ligament, the elastic substance connecting the valves of

a bivalve shell.

Limax, a slug ; the name of a genus.
Limacidce. The name of a Family of mollusks.
Limnc&a, inhabiting marshes ; the name of a genus.
Limnceidce. The name of a Family of mollusks.
linedtus, marked with lines.
lingual dentition. The arrangement of teeth on the

tongue. The gasteropods are furnished with a " ribbon "

set with teeth, which grind against a hard palate.

1 Lamina means a plate ; lamellata and laminata are used erroneously
to describe plaits, plications or folds.

108 GLOSSARY.

lip. The lip of a shell is the outer edge of the mouth.
lubricoides, somewhat smooth.
lutea, yellowish.

M.

maculosus, spotted.

major, larger.

mantle, a flexible outgrowth of the body, resembling a

hood, which contains glands that secrete the colouring

matter of the shell.
margaritdcea, pearly.
margindtus, having a rim or border.
maritima, living on the sea coast.
Maugei, named after Mauge.
mdximus, largest.

meinbrandceous, composed of fine-spun fibres.
microstoma, having a small mouth.
minimus, smallest.
minor, smaller.
minutissima, very minute.

' > a soft-bodied animal. (See Conchology.)
mollusc, )

montdnus, inhabiting mountains.
Mortoni, named after Morton.
Moulinsidna, named after M. des Moulins.
mucus, slime.
mucrondta, pointed.

N.

nacreous, pearly.
ndna, dwarf-like.
Nautileus, shaped like a nautilus.
Nelsoni, named after Nelson.

GLOSSARY. 109

nemordlis, inhabiting groves.

Neritidce. A Family of mollusks.

Neritina. The name of a genus.

nitens, shining.

nitidulus, rather shiny.

nitidus, shiny.

nucleus i the tip of the spire of a univalve shell.

0.

oblonga, oblong.

obscurus, hidden.

obtusalis, blunt.

obvoluta, wrapped up.

ochrdcea, yellow.

operculated, furnished with an operculum.

operculum, a covering or lid. A hardened plate attached
to the foot of the animals of many univalves, which
closes like a door or lid when the animal withdraws
into the shell.

Order. In natural history the subdivision of a Class.

orifice, a hole.

orndta, ornamented.

ovdlis, oval.

oviparous, producing eggs.

ovoviviparous, producing eggs which are hatched in-
ternally.

P.

pdllida, pale.

Paludvna, inhabiting marshes ; the name of a genus.

PaludinidcB. A Family of mollusks.

paliistris, living in marshes.

110 GLOSSARY.

Pectinibrdnchidta, having gills resembling a comb; the

name of an Order of mollusks.
pedicle, a foot-stalk.
pellucida, transparent.
penultimate, the last but one.
peregra, a traveller.
periphery, applied to univalve shells, the outline of the

body-whorl.

peristome, the rim of the mouth of univalve shells.
perversa, turned the wrong way.
Physa, a bubble ; the name of a genus.
picta, painted, ornamented.
pictorum, belonging to painters.
Pisdna, named after the town of Pisa.
pisidioides, somewhat resembling a Pisidium.
Pisidium, resembling a pea ; the name of a genus.
Planorbis, a flat coil ; the name of a genus.
plication, a fold ; used for the thickened process which

resembles a tooth in the mouth of a univalve.
pomdtia, having a lid or covering.
polymorpha, many-shaped.

posterior, applied tobivalve shells, the thinner or sharper end.
pulchella, minutely beautiful.
Pulmonobrdnchidta, having gills resembling lungs; an

Order of mollusks.

Pupa, a doll or chrysalis ; the name of a genus.
purus, clear.
pusillum, small.
putris, stinking.
pygmcea, minute.

pyramiddlis, shaped like a pyramid.
pyriform, pear-shaped.

GLOSSARY. Ill

E.

radidta, rayed.

radidtulus, slightly rayed.

reflected, bent back.

reticulated, like network.

reveldta, unveiled, discovered.

ringens, grinning like a dog, i.e. showing the teeth.

rivicola, an inhabitant of streams.

roseo-labidta, having a pink-coloured lip.

roseum, pink.

rostrdta, beaked.

rotunda, round.

rotunddta, rounded.

rufescens, reddish.

rufiloibris, having red lips.

rugosa, wrinkled.

rupestris, inhabiting cliffs.

&

scdlariformis, formed like a Scalaria (a spiral sea shell

with projecting ribs which give the appearance of the

divisions of a ladder, scala).
scar. " Muscular scars " are the depressions formed by

the attachment of the muscles holding the parts of a

bivalve shell together.
scutulum, a small shield.
secdle, a grain of rye.
septum (plural septa), a division.
sericea, silky.

sessile, situated on a flat surface, not raised on a stalk.
shagreened, covered with small granules.

112 GLOSSARY.

similis, resembling (another species).

sinistral. The opposite to dextral (q. v.).

smistrersa, turned to the left.

sinudta, curved.

siplion, a tube or pipe.

solida, solid.

solidula, somewhat solid.

species, the subdivision of a genus.

specific, belonging to a species.

A Family of mollusks.
shaped like a globe ; the name of a

genus.
spire, applied to a univalve shell, all the whorls except

the lowest.

spirorbis, having a circular spire.
spUndens, shining.
stagndlis, inhabiting marshes.
strive, fine lines,
striated, having fine lines.
sub-aperta, somewhat open.
sub-cylindrica, somewhat cylindrical.
siib-globosa, somewhat rounded.
sub-maritima, living almost on the sea coast.
sub-rufa, somewhat red.
sub-scaldris, somewhat scalariform (q. v.).
sub-stridta, somewhat striated (q. v.).
Succinea, amber-coloured ; name of a genus.
succineceformis, shaped like a Succinea,
suture, applied to univalves, the division between the

whorls.
synonym, a name that has the same meaning as another

name.

GLOSSARY. 113

T.

tenellus, tender.

tentaculdta, furnished with tentacles.

tennis, thin, slender.

terrestrial, inhabiting the land.

Testacetta, a small shell ; the name of a genus.

TestacellidcB. A Family of mollusks.

testaceous, having a hard shell.

tincta, djed.

tridens, furnished with three teeth.

truncate, cut short, ending abruptly.

truncdtula, slightly truncate.

tuberculate, furnished with pimples.

tumidus, swollen.

Turtoni, named after Dr. Turton.

type, a standard.

typical, resembling the type.

Z7.

umbilicata, having an umbilicus.

umbilicus, the navel ; applied to univalve shells, the cavity
formed by the whorls when they do not form a solid
axis or columella.

umbo, the knob in the centre of a shield ; applied to
bivalve shells, the umbones (or beaks) are the pro-
tuberances by the hinge which constituted the infant
shell.

unicolor, of one colour.

Vnio, a pearl ; the name of a genus.

Unionidce. A Family of mollusks.

univalve, (a shell) consisting of one piece.

114 GLOSSARY.

F.

Valvdta, having a valve (i.e. operculum) ; the name of a

genus.

Valvatidce. A Family of mollusks.
valve, a complete part of a shell.
variety. Varieties are members of a species that deviate

constantly from the type in form, size, or colour.
ventricosa, full-bellied, swollen.
ventrosa, swollen.

Vertigo, a twisting ; the name of a genus.
virescens, greenish.
virgdta, striped.

viridescenti-dlba, greenish white.
viridula, somewhat green.
vitrea, glassy.

vitrina, transparent like glass.
vivipara, producing young alive.
vortex, a whirlpool.

W.

whorl, a twist of a spiral shell.

Z.

ZelUnsis, after a town named Zell.

ZoniteSj circular, like a girdle ; the name of a genus.

INDEX.

The first numbers indicate the page, the second the
plate, and the third the figure.

ACHATINA, 93.

acicula, 93, viii, 8.
ACME, 97.

lineata, 97, viii, 11.
ANCYLUS, 41.

fluviatilis, 41, iv, 9.

lacustris, 41, iv, 10.
ANODONTA, 21.

*&natina, 21, ii, 2.

cygnea, 21, ii, 1.
AQUATIC, 13.
ARION, 42.

ater, 43.

flavus, 43.

hortensis, 44.
BALIA, 87.

perversa, 87, viii, 5.
BIVALVES, 13.
BULIMUS, 75.

acutus, 75, vii, 7.

116 INDEX.

BULIMUS, montaims, 76, vii, 8.

obscuras, 76, vii, 9.
BYTHINIA, 25.

Leachii, 25, ii, 8.

tentaculata, 25, ii, 7.
CARYCHIIIUE, 95.
CAETCHIUM, 95.

minimum, 95, viii, 9.
CLAUSILIA, 88.

biplicata, 90, viii, 4.

laminata, 91, viii, 3.

•garvula, 92.

Rolphii, 90, viii, 2.

rugosa, 89, viii, 1.

solida, 92.
COCHLICOPA, 92.

lubrica, 93, viii, 6.

tridens, 92, viii, 7.
CONCHIFERA, 13.
CYCLOSTOMA, 96.

elegans, 96, viii, 10.
CYCLOSTOMATID^E, 96.
DEEISSENA, 22.

polymorplia, 22, ii, 3.

DREISSEMDjE, 22.

GASTEROPODA, 23.

GrEOMALCUS, 44.

maculosus, 44.
HELICIDJ;, 49.
HELIX, 59.

aculeata, 59, v, 16.

INDEX. 117

HELIX, arbustorum, 63, v, 18.

aspersa, 61, vi, 2.

Cantiana, 64, vi, 3.

caperata, 70, vi, 13.

Cartusiana, 64, vi, 4.

concinna, 65, vi, 6.

ericetorum, 71, vi, 14.

fusca, 68, vi, 10.

hispida, 66, vi, 7.

lamellata, 59, v, 15.

lapicida, 74, vii, 4.

nemoralis, 62, v, 17.

obvoluta, 74, vii, 5.

Pisana, 68, vi, 11.

pomatia, 60, vi, 1.

pulchella, 73, vii, 3.

pygmaea, 72, vii, 2.

revelata, 68, vi, 9.

rotundata, 71, vi, 15.

rufeseens, 65, vi, 5.

rupestris, 72, vii, 1.

sericea, 67, vi, 8.

villosa, 75, vii, 6.

virgata, 69, vi, 12.
HYDROBIA, 26,

similis, 26, ii, 11.

ventrosa, 26, ii, 12.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA, 13.

LlMACID^, 42.

LIMAX, 45.

agrestis, 46, iv, 14.

118 INDEX.

LIMAX, arborum, 47, iv, 16.
flavus, 46, iv, 13.
gagates, 45, iv, 11.
levis, 46, iv, 15.
marginatus, 45, iv, 12.
maximus, 47, iv, 17.
tenellus, 47.

LlMN2EA, 35.

auricnlaria, 37, iv, 4.

glabra, 40, iv, 8.

glutinosa, 35, iv, 1.

involuta, 35, iv, 2.

palustris, 38, iv, 6.

peregra, 35, iv, 3.

stagnalis, 38, iv, 5.

truncatnla, 39, iv, 7.
LiMN^nxai:, 28.
NEBITIDJE, 23.
NEKITINA, 23.

fluviatilis, 23, ii, 4.
PALUDINA, 23.

contecta, 23, ii, 5.

vivipara, 24, ii, 6.
PALUDINIDS, 23.

PECTINIBRANCHIATA, 23.
PHYSA, 33.

fontinalis, 34, iii, 14.

hypnorum, 33, iii, 13.
PISIDIUM, 15.

amnicnm, 16, i, 5.

fontinale, 16, i, 6.

INDEX. 119

PISIDIUM, nitidum, 17, i, 8.

pusillum, 17, i, 7.

roseum, 18, i, 9.
PLANORBIS, 28.

albus, 29, iii, 4.

carinatus, 31, iii, 8.

complanatus, 31, iii, 9.

contortus, 33, iii, 11.

comens, 32, iii, 10.

dilatatus, 33, iii, 12.

glaber, 30, iii, 5.

lineatus, 28, iii, 1.

Nautileus, 29, iii, 3.

nitidns, 28, iii, 2.

spirorbis, 30, iii, 6.

vortex, 31, iii, 7.

PULMONOBBANCHIATA, 28.
PUPA, 77.

marginata, 78, vii, 13.

ringens, 78, vii, 11.

secale, 77, vii, 10.

umbilicata, 78, vii, 12.

SPHERID2E, 13.

SPHERIUM, 13.

corneum, 13, i, 1.

lacnstre, 14, i, 4.

ovale, 14, i, 3.

rivicola, 14, i, 2.
SUCCINEA, 49.

elegans, 49, v, 2.

oblonga, 50, v, 3.

120 INDEX.

SUCCINEA, putris, 49, v, 1.
TERRESTRIAL, 42.
TESTACELLA, 48.

Haliotidea, 48, iv, 18.

Mangel, 48, iv, 19.
TESTACELLID.E, 48.
UNIO, 18.

margaritifer, 19, i, 12.

pictomm, 18, i, 11.

tumidus, 18, i, 10.
UNIONIDJE, 18.
UNIVALVES, 23.
VALYATA, 27.

cristata, 27, ii, 10.

piscinalis, 27, ii, 9.
VALVATIME, 27.
VERTIGO, 80.

alpestris, 83, vii, 17.

angustior, 85, vii, 20.

antivertigo, 80, vii, 14.

edentula, 86, vii, 21.

Lilljeborgii, 81.

minutissima, 87, vii, 22.

Monlinsiana, 82, vii, 15.

pusilla, 84, vii, 19.

pygmaea, 83, vii, 16.

snbstriata, 84, vii, 18.

VlTRINA, 51.

pellucida, 51, v, 4.
ZONITES, 52.

alliarius, 53, v, 6.

INDEX. 121

ZONITES, cellaring, 52, v, 5.

crystallinus, 58, v, 13.
excavatus, 57, v, 12.
fulvus, 58, v, 14.
glaber, 54, v, 7.
nitidulus, 55, v, 8.
nitidus, 57, v, 11.
pums, 56, v, 9.
radiatulus, 56, v, 10.

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

i.

1. Sphserram corneum.

2. „ rivicola.

3. oyale.

4.

lacustre.

5. Pisidium amnicum.

6. fontinale.

1. Anodonta cygnea.

2. „ anatina.

3. Dreissena polymorpha.

4. Neritina flnviatilis.

5. Paludina contecta.

6.

vivipara.

1. Planorbis lineatus.

2.

55

nitidus.

3.

)5

Nantileus.

4.

5>

albus.

5.

5?

glaber.

6.

J5

spirorbis.

7.

55

vortex.

II.

7. Pisidium pnsillum.

8. „ nitidum.

9. „ roseum.

10. Unio tumidus.

11. „ pictorum.

12. „ margaritifer.

7. Bythinia tentacnlata.

8. „ Leachii.

9. Yalvata piscinalis.

10. ,, cristata.

11. Hydrobia similis.

12. ventrosa.

III.

8. Planorbis carinatus.

9. „ eomplanatus.

10. „ corneus.

11. „ contortns.

12. „ dilatatus.

13. Physa hypnorum.

14. ,, fontinale.

124 REFERENCE TO

PLATES.

IV.

1. Limna3a glutinosa.

11.

Limax gagates.

2. „ involnta.

12.

,, marginatus.

3. „ peregra.

13.

,, flavus.

4. „ auricularia.

14.

,, agrestis.

5. „ stagnalis.

15.

„ levis.

6. ,, palnstris.

16.

,, arborum.

7. „ tmncatula.

17.

„ maximus.

8. „ glabra.

18.

Testacella Haliotidea.

9. Ancylus fluviatilis.

19.

„ Maugei.

10. „ lacustris.

*Y.

1. Snccinea putris.

10.

Zonites radiatulus.

2. „ elegans.

11.

„ nitidus.

3. „ oblonga.

12.

,, excavatus.

4. Yitrina pellncida.

13.

„ crystallinus.

5. Zonites cellarins.

14.

„ fulvus.

6. ,, alliarms.

15.

Helix lamellata.

7. „ glaber.

16.

,, aculeata.

8. „ nitidulus.

17.

„ memoralis.

9. „ purns.

18.

,, arbustorum.

YI.

1. Helix pomatia.

9.

Helix revelata.

2. ,, aspersa.

10.

,, fusca.

3. „ Cantiana.

11.

„ Pisana.

4. ,, Cartusiana.

12.

„ virgata.

5. ,, rufescens.

13.

„ caperata.

6. ,, concinna.

14.

„ ericetorum.

7. „ hispida.

15.

„ rotundata.

8. „ sericea.

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

125

VII.

1. Helix rupestris.

2. „

3. „ pulchella.

4. ,, lapicida.

5. ,, obvoluta.

6. „ villosa.

7. Bulimus acutus.

8.
9.

10. Pupa secale.

11. ,, ringens.

montanus.
obscurus.

12. Pupa umbilicata.

13. „ marginata.

14. Vertigo

antivertigo.

15. „

Moulinsiana.

16. „

pygmaea.

17. „

alpestris.

18. „

substriata.

19. „

pusilla.

20.

angustior.

21.

edentula.

22. „

minutissima.

VIII.

1. Clausilia rugosa.

2. „ Rolphii.

3. „ laminata.

4. „ biplicata.

5. Balia perversa.

6. Cochlicopa Inbrica.

7. Cochlicopa tridens.

8. Achatina acicula.

9. Carychmm minimum.

10. Cyclostoma elegans.

11. Acme lineata.

IX.

Plate explaining the technical names for the different parts
of a bivalve and a univalve shell.

CHISWICK PRESS :— C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT,
CHANCERY LANE.

Plate 1

3

V . C .-

' \ V, \\

^ f j /•

Plate 11

G.WAdams 3el.

c :. L I Lr c A

G-.Jarmaai sc.

[ (' li
^ f j /•

\\',r..r>~l\

CJfe

Plate 11 .

6

21

10

9

IS

14

G.WAdams del.

G-. Ja/rman sc.

% n ,v i ir (
M K r fi T r j

Plate IV

21

186

8

a 6

10

s"

GWAdaios del.

7, r, , y \ K fi
r tf r r, ^ f j /• s

Plate V.

H cu

lib

10

7V

• A 2 3

* »

131

GO

15

C IN. L V .

c ., L 1 1- c .

sc.

I K II

t u r ->

Plate VI

del.

GJarman sc.

Plate VII

10

29

LEAdamsJ

del.

8

4 4

21

72

i

i

lv I V .. t

irLLtl-cu

G. Jarman sc.

^ fj ,\' ( V, fi

\ \f, r n •? f j /- r,

Plate VI ["

7 CL

to,

I i

Ib

Ic

o

I

ZZJ

e u t
L L 1 1=

GWAdanns del

G-.Jarman sc.

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW

AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS

WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN
THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY
WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH
DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY
OVERDUE.

BIOLOGY LIBRARY

LD 21-10m-7,'39(402s)

I Adams, L« JL»
The collec
hol^British
freshwater

orfs manual
and

G7A4

BIOL06*

M90516

THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY