FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY LIBRARY The gift of Henry Field MARIA BROS. ANTIQUARIAN BOOKSELLERS SIMLA 'INDIA FLORA S1MLENSIS Lilium polyphyllum FLORA SIMLENSIS f ' . A HANDBOOK OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF SIMLA AND THE NEIGHBOURHOOD BY THE LATE COL. SIR HENRY COLLETT, K.C.R., F.L.S. BENGAL ARMY WITH AN INTRODUCTION / | BY W. BOTTING HEMSLEY, F.R.S., F.L.S. KEEPER OF THE HERBARIUM AND LIBRARY, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW AND 200 ILLUSTRATIONS DRAWN BY MISS M. SMITH, ARTIST AT THE HERBARIUM, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW, AND A MAP SECOND IMPRESSION CALCUTTA AND SIMLA THACKER, SPINK & CO. LONDON: W. THACKER & CO., 2 CREED LANE, E.C. 1921 QK sn /9ZI ‘ You have been much in my mind lately, for you first turned me to try and know the names and history of the plants I met with, instead of being content with simply taking pleasure in the look of them ; and you have at least doubled my enjoyment of them by doing so.’ — Matthew Arnold’s Letters. TO SIB JOSEPH D. HOOKEB G.C.S.I., F.B.S., D.C.L., &c. It ivas the desire of my dear Brother to dedicate this 1 Handbook ’ to the illustrious and venerable Author of the ‘ Flora of British India] to which ivork he ivas greatly indebted , and I cm happy in being permitted to give effect to this wish. ELLEN A. COLLETT. London, 1902. CONTENTS PAGE Preface xi In Memoriam xv Introduction xxiii Position, Area and Climate xxiv Description of the Map xxv Collectors xxvi Vegetation ............ xxvii Table of Genera and Species of each Natural Order in the Flora of Simla, and the Number common to Simla and the British Islands xxviii Natural Orders in Simla but not in the British Islands . xxxi Natural Orders in the British Islands but not in Simla . xxxi Natural Orders of only one Genus and one Species in Simla xxxii Natural Orders of one Genus, but more than one Species . xxxii Natural Orders of twenty Species and upwards . . . . xxxiii The Trees of Simla xxxiv Climbing Shrubs xxxix The Herbaceous Element xxxix The Ferns xxxix Aspects of the Vegetation xlii Concluding Remarks on the Flora lii Classification of the Natural Orders liii Glossary lvii List of the Plants figured Ixv Bibliography lxvii Descriptive Enumeration of the Plants ..... 1 General Index 637 1 PREFACE It has been my endeavour to produce a book which shall supply to residents at Simla, interested in botany and acquainted with the rudiments of that science, the means of identifying the trees, shrubs and herbs they see in their walks about the station roads and paths, in the neighbouring valleys or on excursions to Mushobra, Mahasu, Shali Peak, Fagoo, Narkunda, Huttoo, Baghi Forest and the Sutlej valley down to the hot springs near Suni. I have assigned no strictly defined limits to the * Flora,’ believing that this would answer the requirements of students better than if I were to confine it, for instance, to the territorial limits of the Simla Municipality or any other arbitrarily fixed boundaries. It is based on my own collection, made under ordinary conditions during a residence at Simla of about four years ; and, judging from my own experience, a book is much needed containing descriptions of the plants found in the district roughly defined above. The area thus covered is extensive, ranging from about 2,000 to 10,000 feet of altitude, and including portions both of the outer arid regions and of the inner subalpine summits of the N.W. Himalaya. The number of species described is therefore pro- portionately large, and amounts to more than 1,300. A short summary of the characters and distribution is given under each Natural Order followed by a key to the Genera. In a similar manner a short summary of generic characters and dis- tribution is followed by a key to the Species. A short description xn PREFACE is then given of each species, with its approximate local, Hima- layan and general distribution, and period of flowering. The author’s name is given after the name of each species, followed by a reference to the volume and page of the ‘ Flora of British India ’ which contains the description of the species, with further references and synonymy. An asterisk before a name signifies that I have seen no specimen of the species in question collected in or near Simla ; but, judging from its known range, it may be expected to occur within the limits of the * Flora.’ For example, if a species has been collected at Murree on the West and in Kumaon on the East, it will probably be found within the Simla district. In the distribution ‘ Simla ’ signifies that the species has been found in Simla or in the immediate neighbourhood, while ‘ Mushobra,’ ‘ Mahasu,’ etc., indicate that I have seen specimens from one or more of these places. ‘ Temperate Himalaya ’ signifies that the species extends along the Himalaya from Sikkim to Cashmere. * Western Himalaya ’ indicates the region from Kumaon to Cashmere. The derivation of the generic names is given as nearly as possible without any pretension to original research in this direction. The illustrations are all from original drawings by Miss M. Smith, made from dried specimens, except in a few instances where the species happened to be in cultivation at Kew. All the figures are approximately half the natural size, and the dissections are enlarged. Students will, I am sure, find the task of identifying plants much facilitated by these beautiful and characteristic illus- trations, and I cannot sufficiently express my gratitude to Miss Smith for the great pains she has taken to produce artistic and accurate representations. Miss Smith derived much assistance in her work from collections of beautiful water-colour drawings of Simla flowers kindly lent to me by Major C. E. Gubbins and by the late Colonel W. C. Mackinnon. The plants figured are all common Simla species, but British plants or their close allies are PREFACE Xlll purposely omitted; as figures of these are already available in many works on British botany.1 A considerable number of Simla plants also occur in Britain, and this is noted at the end of the description, together with the common English name. Thanks to the kindness of Sir William Thiselton-Dyer, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, I have enjoyed the great advantage of preparing this work in the Herbarium, being thus enabled to supplement my own imperfect collection of Simla plants by the largest and best-named collection of Indian and Himalayan plants in existence. Working in the Herbarium has also given me free access to the numerous rare and beautifully illustrated works in the Library, and has placed me in communica- tion with the officers of the Herbarium Staff, for whose unfailing courtesy and readiness to afford me the advice and assistance for which I was perpetually asking I beg to offer my hearty thanks and acknowledgments. I am under obligations of this nature to the whole of the staff, but it is to Mr. W. Botting Hemsley, F.R.S., the Keeper, that I am most deeply indebted ; indeed, if my book should be found to possess any merit, it is to him that credit is due. He kindly read the whole of the manuscript while the work was in progress, and the drawings were all made under his super- vision. To Mr. N. E. Brown I owe the determination of many critical specimens, while Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.R.S., was never weary of giving me the benefit of his wide knowledge of Indian plants and accurate botanical judgment. I am also under many and deep obligations to the undermentioned : — Sir Dietrich Brandis, K.C.I.E., F.R.S., etc., late Inspector General of Forests to the Government of India ; Mr. J. S. Gamble, C.I.E., F.R.S., late Conservator of Forests, and Director of the Imperial Forest School, Dehra Dun; F. J. Duthie, B.A., F.L.S., Director of the Botanical Department, Northern India; Sir George King, 1 Excellent figures of all the British species of Flowering Plants and Ferns, as understood by Bentham, will he found in ‘ Illustrations of the British Flora,’ by W. H. Fitch and W. G. Smith, published by Messrs. Reeve & Co., London. XIV PREFACE K.C.I.E., F.R.S., LL.D., etc., late Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta; Major D. Prain, M.B., E.R.S.E., etc., the present Superintendent; and to Dr. G. Watt, C.I.E., E.L.S., Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of India. I am further indebted to Lady Elisabeth Bruce [now Lady Babington Smith] and Mr. H. Babington Smith, authors of a privately printed list of Simla plants containing notes on the colours of their flowers, localities and seasons of flowering, which has most kindly been placed at my disposal. [ June 1900.] HENRY COLLETT. IN MEMOBTAM I have watched the progress of this work with sympathy and interest. I had not thought that the death of its distinguished author would impose on me the sad task of writing these words to his memory. Sir Henry Collett was born in 1836 and entered the Bengal Army when he was only nineteen. His military career was one of great distinction. The Commander-in-Chief, Field-Marshal Earl Roberts, K.G., Y.C., etc., has with great kindness given me the following account of it. March 1, 1902. Dear Sir William Thiselton-Dyer, — I was indeed well acquainted with the late Sir Henry Collett, and had a great regard for him. Throughout his military life he was as persevering and thorough as you describe him to be in the preparation of his book on the indigenous plants of Simla. Sir Henry Collett took a prominent part in several campaigns. As quite a boy he served during the Indian Mutiny. The follow- ing year, 1858, he took part in the Sittana Expedition on the N.W. Frontier of India. Five years later (1862-63) he was with a force employed in the Cossya and Jyntea hills on the S.E. Frontier of India, and received a severe wound in the ankle, which lamed him for life. In 1867-68 he took part in the Abyssinian Expedition, and it was then, I think, I made his first acquaintance. When the second Afghan war broke out in 1878, I applied for Major (as he then was) Collett to be attached to my column as Assistant Quarter-Master-General. He remained with me during the two years the war lasted, and afforded me very valuable assist- ance. It was from information gained by Major Collett, by means XVI IN MEMORIAM of a personal reconnaissance he made, that I was enabled to adopt the Spingawi route and thus turn the strong position held by the Afghans on the Peiwar Kotal. Between the years 1886-90, Colonel Collett served first as Quarter-Master-General in India, then in command of a brigade in Burma, and subsequently in command of the Eastern Frontier District during the Chin-Lushai Expedition. In 1891, Major- General Collett commanded the expedition to Manipur, and acted as Chief Commissioner of Assam. General Collett was frequently mentioned in despatches, he was thanked by the Government of India for his services in Assam, and before he retired from the Army in 1893, he had the honour of being made a Knight Commander of the Bath. No one who was acquainted with Sir Henry Collett could fail to appreciate his kindly disposition and charm of manner, as well as his many soldierly qualities. He was one of the few officers in the Army I have met with who was as devoted to science as to his professional duties. Sir Henry Collett’s retirement was a serious loss to the Indian Army, but I rejoice to think that the last years of his life were spent in pursuits which were thoroughly congenial to him, with a result which confirms my high estimate of his application, resolu- tion, and ability. Believe me, Yours very truly, Roberts. For nearly forty years Collett was actively employed in military duties, and mostly in India. From his youth he had a strong taste for scientific studies. It is remarkable that he was able, practically unaided, to prosecute them with such success. Our common friend, Mr. J. S. Gamble, C.I.E., F.R.S., late Director of the Forest School, Dehra Dun, has given me some interesting particulars. He ‘ used to say of himself, that his wound, obtained at an early period of his service, incapacitated him for the games which most soldiers, at any rate young men, delight in.’ He first took up astronomy and physics. Mr. Gamble continues : ‘ I always used to envy him his power of application and his wonderful capacity IN MEMOEIAM XVII of concentrating his attention on a new subject and not resting till he had got to understand it. . . . He had a wonderfully clear power of explaining. . . . When the discoveries of the telephone and microphone etc. were made, he was much interested ; and he amused himself by constructing a microphone and sending mes- sages from one end of his house to the other. Often I have spent some hours over it with him, and he was delightfully pleased when he could induce a fly to walk on the drum and listen to its foot- steps.’ Collett seems to have first become interested in botany in 1878 during the Kuram Valley expedition, perhaps influenced by the late Brigade- Surgeon Aitchison, C.I.B., E.R.S. The latter wrote : ‘ Early in 1879, I proposed to the Quarter- Master-General, Major Collett, that it might prove advantageous to science if some one were appointed to accompany the column in the contemplated advance on Kabul. General Roberts at once recommended the proposal to superior authority, which ultimately resulted in my being attached to the force as botanist.’ The result was embodied in the important paper published in the ‘ Journal of the Linnean Society’ (Botany, xviii. pp. 1-113). Late in 1879 Collett paid a brief visit to England. He wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker on September 16, apologising for his inability to deliver a letter from Aitchison in person, having ‘to return immediately in consequence of the news which has been received from Kabul.’ He adds : ‘ I had not much time when in Kuram for botanical pursuits, but I collected most of the plants which were new to me, and some of them will be forwarded to you.’ It was, however, about 1885 that Collett’s attention was seriously turned to botanical work. In the summer of that year the Simla Naturalists’ Society was founded. Sir Courtenay Ilbert, K.C.S.I., was President, and Collett was an original member. The present work is the fulfilment of a hope expressed by the President in the preface to the first number of the journal that one outcome of its work would be ‘ a handbook such as may be worthy of a district singularly rich in objects of interest to the naturalist, and as may furnish information to be sought in vain in the arid pages of a district manual.’ The society has been described as ‘ a small band of ardent naturalists.’ They !> XV111 IN MEMOBIAM no doubt confirmed Collett in his permanent devotion to botany. He contributed his first botanical papers to its journal and is also reported to have delivered to it a lecture on polarised light. Collett collected assiduously the plants of .Simla and formed a herbarium which he used in the preparation of this book. After his death it was given by his family to Kew. In 1887-88 he was in command of a brigade in Burma, and in the Southern Shan States on the little-explored frontier of Upper Burrma he found an opportunity of breaking new ground. In A. H. Hildebrand, C.I.E., the superintendent of the Southern Shan States, he found a colleague of tastes sympathetic with his own. Collett says : ‘ I began collecting plants in this region partly to gratify my own love of botany, and partly in response to the request of my friend Dr. (now Sir George) King, K.C.I.E., F.R.S.’ The results were published in 1890 in the ‘Journal of the Linnean Society’ (Botany, xxviii. pp. 1-150). No fewer than 725 species of flower- ing plants were enumerated. These were worked out at Kew and published under the joint names of Collett and W. B. Hemsley. The collection included two of the most remarkable plants ever introduced into European gardens. Both are remarkable for the size of their flowers: Rosa gigantea is the largest single-flowered rose known, it is described as having flowers 5-6 inches in dia- meter ; it climbs to the top of the tallest trees, and Collett is said to have detected it at the distance of two miles by means of a field- glass; Lonicera hildebrandiana is a honeysuckle with flowers seven inches long ; it was named in honour of his friend who ‘ kindly gave much assistance in collecting,’ and who, after an infinity of trouble, ultimately succeeded in transmitting living seeds to Kew. In 1889 Collett had himself sent to Kew living plants of two extremely remarkable orchids which he had discovered, Bulbophyllum racemosum and Cirrhopetalum Gollettii . After 1889 Collett’s hands were pretty full of serious military and administrative duties. I heard nothing from him till after his retirement in 1893. Even then it is an open secret that high pro- fessional advancement was still within his reach. But he had begun to be afflicted with deafness, and as he told me in after years he thought no one with that infirmity was justified in assuming high military command. IN MEMORIAM XIX He eventually settled in London, and it must have been early in 1895 that he came to consult me about his projected * Flora of Simla.’ He had a good practical knowledge of it in the field, and his first idea was that he might make a sort of rough draft and that some member of my staff might put it into a proper technical shape. I pointed out to him that such a collaboration would be in no way satisfactory, that the merit of the book would be the personal, impress that he would give to it himself, and that I should not be inclined to aid the undertaking unless he undertook it single- handed. Collett pleaded his want of technical knowledge, but the real obstacle was only his excessive modesty. He was a little shy of coming to work amongst us with only the equipment of the amateur, and though possessed of indomitable pluck was diffident as to the result. I assured him that it was merely a question of learning the grammar of an unfamiliar language ; that it might be an irksome task for a few weeks, but that he would soon acquire the necessary facility and that he would then feel a new interest in the prosecution of his work. I promised him that his path should be smoothed by the willing assistance of my staff, and he agreed with some demur to make the attempt. I call to mind no similar case of a man late in life, after a course of exceptional dis- tinction, quietly taking the position of a pupil in another field. But the wisdom of my advice was abundantly justified. Collett stuck to his task with bulldog tenacity occasionally relieved by a groan. But he soon mastered his difficulties and became the severest critic of his own work, the early portions of which he entirely rewrote. For several succeeding years he worked at Kew with the greatest regularity, spending the best part of the day in the Herbarium and ending with a walk in the gardens, where I was often amused to find that the habit of the old Quarter- Master-General had not been lost and that nothing escaped his observant eye. Some failure of his health probably took place, though so im- perceptibly as to escape observation. The old military fire was roused by the outbreak of the South African war, which he followed with absorbing attention. His first estimates of its course were extravagantly optimistic, to be followed by others equally pessimistic. With no military knowledge but some con- XX IN MEMORIAM ception of the conditions, I ventured to differ from him in both respects. But the war weighed heavily on him, and he told me he could not sleep at night for thinking of it and its consequences. He had, however, almost completed the manuscript of his book, and commenced printing. He then took a holiday in Ireland with Mr. Gamble. It is possible that he over-fatigued himself. On his return he had some kind of sudden seizure, and for some time he was in a precarious state but slowly recovered. He then came to see me at Kew, and though he was obviously very much broken I did not feel any immediate anxiety about him. But he had repeated failure of the heart’s action, and to this he eventually succumbed. He spent his life strenuously and with distinction in the service of his country and in the interests of science, and the end came with the simple exhaustion of his physical powers. Almost his last enquiry was as to the progress of his book. This fortunately had been- left in a state which enabled Mr. W. B. Hemsley, F.R.S., the Keeper of the Herbarium, to see it through the press with little difficulty. I think Collett felt no real anxiety as to its fate. He hoped that it would stimulate an interest in a subject which he himself had found a pleasant recreation in the midst of official duties. Those who use it will speedily discover that it is no mere compilation but the outcome of conscientious and independent work. Collett had the true scientific tempera- ment. He had no respect for scientific authority and distrusted textbooks. He was never content without verifying the facts for himself. He described his plants fresh from the field and at once entered in his notebooks copious memoranda and excellent draw- ings, and these he constantly used in working up his material at Kew. At first sight there may seem something anomalous in a dis- tinguished soldier devoting his years of retirement to botanical studies, still more perhaps in prosecuting them in the midst of his professional duties. As a matter of fact, the obligations of botarflcal science to the Army are very great : it is sufficient to recall the names so familiar to botanists of the late General Munro, C.B. ; of the late Colonel Grant, C.B., C.S.I., and of Lieu- tenant-General Sir Richard Strachey, G.C.S.I. The flora of Tibet IN MEMORIAM XXI would be hardly known to us but for the collections made by military officers, of whom Captain Deasy, the late Captain Wellby and Captain Malcolm, D.S.O., may more particularly be mentioned. Nor is it easy to estimate the position our knowledge of the Indian flora would occupy without the labours of a long series of officers of the Indian Medical Department. And among Russian officers the name of General Przewalski will always stand out pre- eminent for his botanical work in Western Asia. The fact' is that the qualities that make for success both* in the soldier and the botanist are largely identical : they are quick observation and the power of rapidly drawing correct observations from minute facts. When Collett discovered his giant rose through his field-glass he was using his eyes and his reasoning powers precisely as he would have done in a military reconnaissance. Collett’s personality had something wholly out of the common. Rather below the average height he had a spare, erect, and well- knit figure. A bright, frank and alert expression was accompanied by a singular charm of manner. In many ways he constantly reminded me of the late General Gordon. And as with him a keen glance would sometimes flash from the eyes which showed that stern resolution would not be wanting on occasion. There wTas nothing about him of the beau sabreur, but he had all the impress of a man destined to lead and command. As with most distinguished soldiers, his address was singularly modest and simple ; at the same time he held decided views on most subjects and with extreme tenacity, though rarely caring to give expression to them. Nor did he ever refer to his past career. In fact, I never" induced him to talk about it except in the case of the Mani- pur expedition, on which on merely geographical grounds I asked for information. He was not a copious correspondent, and his letters were always strictly to the point and expressed with soldierly terseness. Mr. Gamble, him’self a botanist of distinction, who had long worked with him in India, sums up his estimate of Collett’s powers in words with which from my own experience I entirely concur : — ‘ I am convinced that if Collett had been a professional botanist he would have made a great name for himself ; and it is possible XXII m MEMORTAM that had he been spared, his work, supported by his knowledge of the world, his wide reading and by his distrust of anything he could not personally verify, would have been more original and so perhaps more valuable. He was quite undaunted; he talked of taking up the Simla mosses when his Phanerogamic Flora should be published ! 5 I devote these words to the memory of my friend. -I will but add this : no one who has ever come to work amongst us at Kew has more- completely won the affectionate regard of everyone with whom he has come in contact. W. T. Thiselton-Dyek. Kew, 1902. INTBODUCTION (By W. Botting Hemsley) In the foregoing biographical sketch Sir William Thiselton-Dyer has expressed feelings shared by myself and others who were more or less associated with the Author in connection with this work, and I need go no further into personal matters than to explain the extent of my responsibility. Sir Henry’s Preface is much too modest concerning himself, and much too lavish; in acknowledg- ment of assistance from others. As a matter of fact, although he consulted me on many points from the beginning, and I made considerable alterations in his manuscript of the early Orders, I have in no instance referred back to the plants themselves in connection with the descriptions. The first serious attack of illness overtook Sir Henry just after the first sheet was set up in type, and while the questions of style and typography were still under consideration. When sufficiently recovered, towards the end of the year 1900, to discuss the matter, he arranged with my daughter to correct the proofs, under my supervision. The body of the work was then practically completed, but it was the Author’s wish to revise some portions of it, more especially that relating to the Grasses and the Preface. His health improved so much that we all hoped he would be able to carry out his intentions ; but although his interest in the work was unabated to the very last, he was unable to do any more than settle points of detail as the printing progressed. The Preface was written before his illness ; hence the absence of any mention of the arrangement made with Miss Hemsley. I think it im- portant to put this fact on record, because I could not undertake to read the proofs through myself ; and this may explain errors overlooked that I might or ought to have detected had I read them all critically.1 1 It is unfortunate that a few synonyms were not included by the Author, because it sometimes happens that they have been more used in previous publications than the names adopted in the present work ; for instance, Picea Morinda is comparatively familiar in English gardens under the synonym of XXIV INTRODUCTION The question of what should be included in the Introduction was never discussed. I only know that it was Sir Henry’s inten- tion to compile a Glossary, and I undertook to prepare a Synopsis of the Natural Orders. I am wholly responsible for this part of the book, except that I am indebted to my friends Mr. C. W. Hope, late of the Engineering Department, Government of India, for a list of the Ferns, and Mr. J. S. Gamble, C.I.E., F.R.S., formerly Conservator of Forests to the Government of India, and Director of the School of Forestry at Dehra Dun, for some notes on the Vegetation. He and Sir Henry were old friends, and they botanised together the district of Simla. POSITION, AREA AND CLIMATE The area is defined or rather described in the Preface, and the Map supplies further information. The town of Simla, the centre of the district whose Flora is described in the following pages, is situated in about 31° 6' N. latitude, and 77° 10' E. longitude, at an altitude of 7,230 ft., and exactly on the watershed of the two great river-systems, the Ganges and the Indus. The rivulets flowing northward and westward are feeders of the Sutlej, which rises in Western Tibet and forms the most easterly of the five principal tributaries of the Indus, which flows into the Arabian Sea ; whilst the Giri river and its affluents to the east flow into the Jumna, one of the great tributaries of the Ganges, which debouches into the Bay of Bengal. The climate of the district exhibits considerable variations at different elevations and exposures. In round numbers there is a total difference of 8,000 ft. in elevation ; and then there is the factor of aspect, whether northern or southern, to be taken into account. From observations near Simla at about 7,000 ft. the mean temperature of January, the coldest month, is 40o,6 Fahr., and of June, the warmest month, 67°'l ; whilst for the year it is 54°’86. The lowest temperature recorded, 26°’6, occurred on two days in February 1882, and the highest, 86°, on three days in May Abies Smithiana. Full synonymy, however, is given in the Flora of British India, to which the inquirer is referred. One more explanation I may give here. It has been represented to me that amateurs generally are puzzled by the ‘authors,’ that is, the names or abbreviations of names, cited after the names of the plants. Briefly the ‘ author ’ is the person who described the plant under the genus in question, or referred it to that genus, even without description, the plant having been already adequately described though, inferentially, referred to the wrong genus. INTRODUCTION XXV and XXIV INTRODUCTION The question of what should be included in the Introduction was never discussed. I only know that it was Sir Henry’s inten- tion to compile a Glossary, and I undertook to prepare a Synopsis of the Natural Orders. I am wholly responsible for this part of the book, except that I am indebted to my friends Mr. C. W. Hope, late of the Engineering Department, Government of India, for a list of the Ferns, and Mr. J. S. Gamble, C.I.E., F.R.S., formerly Conservator of Forests to the Government of India, and Director of the School of Forestry at Dehra Dun, for some notes on the Vegetation. He and Sir Henry were old friends, and they botanised together the district of Simla. POSITION, AREA AND CLIMATE The area is defined or rather described in the Preface, and the Map supplies further information. The town of Simla, the centre of the district whose Flora is described in the following pages, is situated in about 31° 6' N. latitude, and 77° 10' E. longitude, at an altitude of 7,230 ft., and exactly on the watershed of the two great river-systems, the Ganges and the Indus. The rivulets flowing northward and westward are feeders of the Sutlej, which rises in Western Tibet and forms the most easterly of the five principal tributaries of the Indus, which flows into the Arabian Sea ; whilst the Giri river and its affluents to the east flow into the Jumna, one of the great tributaries of the Ganges, which debouches into the Bay of Bengal. The climate of the district exhibits considerable variations at different elevations and exposures. In round numbers there is a total difference of 8,000 ft. in elevation ; and then there is the factor of aspect, whether northern or southern, to be taken into account. From observations near Simla at about 7,000 ft. the mean temperature of January, the coldest month, is 40o-6 Fahr., and of June, the warmest month, 67°T ; whilst for the year it is 54°*86. The lowest temperature recorded, 260,6, occurred on two days in February 1882, and the highest, 86°, on three days in May Abies Smithiana. Full synonymy, however, is given in the Flora of British India, to which the inquirer is referred. One more explanation I may give here. It has been represented to me that amateurs generally are puzzled by the ‘authors,’ that is, the names or abbreviations of names, cited after the names of the plants. Briefly the ‘ author ’ is the person who described the plant under the genus in question, or referred it to that genus, even without description, the plant having been already adequately described though, inferentially, referred to the wrong genus. INTRODUCTION XXV and one in June. Snow falls from December to March, and not infrequently lies for several weeks. The period of greatest rain is from June to September, with an average of 52 inches ; whilst the fall for the whole year is 70 inches. There is a considerable decrease in the rainfall northward ; at Kotgarh, for example, it is little more than half that of Simla. DESCRIPTION OE THE MAP The map is on a scale of four miles to the inch, and it bears the names of the principal localities mentioned in the body of the work, with their respective elevations. The rivers and streams are coloured blue, and the main roads yellow. Unfortunately the spelling of Indian geographical names is anything but uniform, and the spelling throughout this book of several of the localities is so different from that on the map as to be unrecognisable to persons unversed in the vagaries of geographers and officials. The orthography of the map is, I believe, official at the present day ; whilst that of the book has long been current, and is more familiar. In other works quoted or cited several other variants occur. Perhaps placing the different spellings side by side is the most useful way of presenting them. Book Map Other Works Baggi Baghi . Bargi Baghi — ■ hi ' Bhagi H jB 1 1 — Boileaugunge . Boileauganj Charaog . Chaog ■ — Chor — Choor, Chur Pagoo Phagu Eargoo Eagu — . — Giri Giri Giree — Gumber . . Gambar Huttoo . Hatugarh . Hattoo — — Hattou, Hatu — — Whattoo Jako Jako . Jacka, Chaka, Jakko Jutogh . Jutog ■ — . Kairi Kair — Kotgurh . Kotgarh . . Kotgerh, Kotgorh Matiana . Matiana . . Matteana Mahasu . Mahasu . . Mahassoo Mushobra Mashobra — XXVI INTRODUCTION Book Map Other Works Naldera . . Naldera Nahl Dehra Nal Dehra Narkunda . Narkanda Nagkunda Patarnala . Paternalla . — Sainj . Sainj . — Synj — — Subathoo Subathu Sabathu 1 1 Soobathoo P . '.te;.;.; . Subbathoo Sungree . — Soongri Syree . Sairi . — The Chor, frequently mentioned in the body of the work, is a peak just without the limits of the map to the south-east. It is nearly 12,000 ft. high, and is situated in about 30° 52' and 77° 32'. This and Hatugarh are the only elevations in the district on which there is a subalpine vegetation. COLLECTORS As long ago as 1855 Hooker and Thomson (‘ Flora Indica,’ Introduction, p. 203) stated that the flora of Simla might be con- sidered as exceedingly well known, and at p. 69 of the same work the collections are summarised, but the number of persons named as having collected in Simla is not large. This is perhaps due to the fact, that when the great Indian botanists Wallich, Royle and Falconer successively botanised in the North-West, Simla was in an early stage of its history. The earliest noteworthy collection in the Kew Herbarium labelled as coming from Simla was made by the Countess of Dalhousie, who evidently was no mere collector but a keen botanist ; for in a letter dated Dalhousie Castle, February 4, 1833, to Sir William Hooker, announcing the despatch of 600 duplicates of her Simla plants, she gives some interesting particulars. At the date when the plaflts were collected (1830) the Earl of Dalhousie was Commander-in-Chief in India, and subsequently he was appointed Governor-General. Referring to their journeys Lady Dalhousie says : 4 At Simla we remained nearly seven months. This station is 7,500 ft. above the level of the sea, in the region of the Finns Deodara and Rhododendron arboreum. Subbathoo, where several of the plants were gathered, is on a lower range at 4,000 ft. Mahassoo is 9,000 ft., and the greatest elevation I reached was Whattoo Mountain, 10,763 ft. INTRODUCTION XXV11 At Simla I found five species of Pinus ; at Mahassoo four of oak — all evergreen/ From the foregoing it appears that she saw and distinguished all the species of pine and oak observed by later botanists. Colonel (Lieutenant-General) Munro, Major (Lieu- tenant-Colonel) Madden, Captain (General Sir Richard) Strachey, Mr. Winterbottom, Captain Simpson, General and Mrs. Walker, Major Vicary and Mr. M. P. Edgeworth were also among the early amateurs who contributed to Sir William Hooker’s herbarium, now forming part of the National Herbarium at Kew. Among botanists of that period the collections of Griffith, Jacquemont and Thomson are at Kew. Later contributors are Sir Dietrich Brandis, Mr. J. S. Gamble and Dr. G. Watt ; and Sir Henry Collett’s collection has been presented to Kew since his decease. The titles of their published works, containing more or less infor- mation concerning the flora of Simla, are included in the 4 Biblio- graphy,’ p. lxvii. Extracts of passages relating to the vegetation of Simla have been made from the writings of several of the travellers named. VEGETATION Only a very imperfect idea of the composition of the Vegetation of a country can be gained from an enumeration of the plants constituting its flora, even when some explanation is given under each species, of its relative prevalence. A species may be common and generally dispersed, and yet not constitute a conspicuous feature in the landscape, by the roadside, in pastures or in woods. Fifty per cent, probably of the species have to be sought for, and no! more than twenty -five per cent, enter into the physiognomies of the vegetation. Some trees and shrubs are conspicuous as individuals ; others only from growing gregariously. Some herbs have large and brightly coloured flowers ; yet others having smaller flowers, but growing in masses, give greater character to the vegetation. Had the Author , been spared to complete his work, he would doubtless have pictured in words the appearance of the country at different seasons. This want I shall attempt to meet in some measure. Following the Author, I shall introduce some further comparisons with the flora of the British Islands, beginning with the ordinal composition of the Simla flora, premis- ing that the Simla district has a smaller area than the county of Sussex, in which about 1,000 species of flowering plants grow wild. xxviii INTRODUCTION Table showing the number of Genera and Species of each Natural Order in the Flora of Simla , and the number of these Genera and Species common to Simla and the British Islands. Orders Genera Species Simla District British Islands Simla District British Islands Ranunculaceae . 12 ' 7 33 4 Magnoliaceae 1 0 1 0 Menispermaceae . 3 0 6 0 Berberidaceae . 2 1 6 1 Papaveraceae 2 1 2 1 Fumariaceae 3 2 6 1 Cruciferae .... 11 9 23 11 Capparidaceae . 2 0 2 0 Violaceae .... 1 1 4 0 Bixacese . 2 0 2 0 Polygalaceae 1 1 5 0 Caryophyllaceae 12 9 25 7 Hypericacese 1 1 5 1 Malvaceae . 4 1 10 2 Tiliaceae . 3 0 8 0 Linaceae .... 2 1 2 0 Malpighiaceae . 1 0 1 0 Geraniaceae 4 k 4 20 5 Rutaceae .... 7 0 7 0 Simarubaceae 1 0 1 0 Meliaceae .... 2 0 4 0 Aquifoliaceae 1 1 2 0 Celastraceae 4 1 8 0 Rhamnaceae 5 1 11 0 Vitaceae .... 2 0 6 0 Sapindaceae 6 1 10 0 Sabiaceae .... 2 0 3 0 Anacardiaceae . 3 0 8 0 Coriariaceae 1 0 1 0 Leguminosae 45 8 114 12 Rosaceae .... 12 10 42 7 Saxifragaceae 9 4 16 2 Crassulaceae 6 3 11 0 Droseraceae 1 1 1 0 Halorrhagidaceae 2 2 3 3 Myrtaceae. 1 0 1 0 Melastomaceae . 1 0 1 0 Lythraceae 2 0 2 0 Onagraceae 2 2 9 4 Samydaceae 1 0 1 0 Cucurbitaceae . 4 0 4 0 Begoniaceae 1 0 2 0 Datiscaceae 1 0 1 0 Ficoideae .... 1 0 1 0 Umbelliferae 14 12 26 3 Araliaceae. 2 1 2 1 Comaceae. 2 1 4 0 Caprifoliaceae . 4 2 13 0 ) Rubiaceae. . . . | 13 2 I 23 2 INTRODUCTION XXIX Orders Valerianacese Dipsaceae . Compositse Campanulaceae Ericaceae . Monotropaceae Plumbaginaceae Primulaceae Myrsinaceae Styracaceae Oleaceae . Apocynaceae Asclepiadaceae Loganiaceae Gentianaceae Boraginaceae Convolvulaceae Solanaceae Scrophulariaceae Orobanchaceae Lentibulariaceae Gesneraceae Bignoniaceae Acantbaceae Verbenaceae Labiatae . Plantaginaceae Nyctaginaceae Ulecebraceae Amarantaceae Chenopodiaceae Phytolaccaceae Polygonaceae Piperaceae Lauraceae . Thymelaeaceae Elaeagnaceae Loranthaceae Santalaceae Balanophorace Enphorbiaceae Urticaceae . Juglandaceae Myricaceae Cupuliferae Sabcaceae . Gnetaceae • Coniferae . Orcbidaceae Scitamineae Haemodoraceae Iridaceae . Hypoxidaceae Dioscoreaceae Liliaceae . Genera Species Simla District British Islands 1 1 3 2 59 27. 4 3 4 0 1 1 1 0 6 5 1 0 1 0 6 2 5 0 10 0 1 0 5 1 8 3 5 2 7 3 24 8 1 1 1 1 3 0 2 0 10 0 8 1 29 13 1 1 2 0 1 0 7 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 3 0 4 0 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 12 2 16 3 1 0 1 1 5 5 2 2 1 0 7 3 18 10 4 0 2 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 18 8 Simla District British Islands 2 5 109 6 5 1 1 14 2 1 10 5 14 2 16 12 10 11 40 1 1 4 3 15 8 59 3 2 1 9 5 1 23 3 7 3 2 7 2 1 22 35 1 1 10 9 1 9 38 5 2 2 1 4 32 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 WOOOOOOlMOHOOOHMOOHOOOOWONIOOOtS^HOOOOOOOI^M XXX INTRODUCTION Genera Species Orders Simla District British Islands Simla District British Islands Commelinaceae . 3 0 6 0 Juncacese 2 2 7 4 Araceae 6 1 11 1 Lemnaceae 2 2 4 4 Alismaceae 1 1 1 1 Naiadaeeae 3 3 8 6 Eriocaulaceae I 1 3 0 Cyperaceae 12 5 56 2 Gramineae 58 21 133 21 Totals 123 639 244 1326 173 Dicotyledones Monocotyledones Petaloideae . Glumaceae . Gymnospermae Summary Genera Species . 498 or 78*0 per cent. 1003 or 75 -8 per cent. | 133 or 20*8 „ jg* } 313 or 23*3 . 8 or 1*2 „ 10 or 0*9 „ 639 100 1326 100 The proportion of species of Dicotyledones and Monocotyledones in the flora of the world is about 81*30 and 18*70 per cent., and the 23*3 per cent, of Monocotyledones in Simla is very high. It is due in this instance to the large number of grasses in this comparatively small area. For the whole of India the percentage is 23*43, and for other large areas that I have calculated it varies from 17*30 in Europe ; 18*50, Australia ; 19*38, North America ; to 21*50 in Mexico. From the foregoing comparison of the floras of the Simla District and the British Islands it will be understood that a person having some knowledge of the latter will be well prepared to take up the study of the former. It is true that only about 13 per cent, of the species are the same ; but nearly 40 per cent, of the genera are common to the two countries. Incidentally it may be mentioned that in higher latitudes the resemblances become stronger. Thus in a collection of about 500 species from the neighbourhood of Kirin, in about 126° E. long, and 44° N. lat., 160 were British, or just 32 per cent, of the whole. On the other hand, it is somewhat surprising to find that thirty- eight Natural Orders are represented in the small district of Simla which are not included in the flora of the British Islands. This is INTRODUCTION XXXI partly accounted for by the fact that a small portion of the former comes within the subtropical zone. Apart from this, the British flora is very poor as compared with the Japanese, for example, even after eliminating the subtropical element found in the warmer part of J apan. Again, comparing the list of Orders not represented in Britain with the list of Orders represented in Simla by only one genus and one species it will be seen that sixteen out of twenty- three are the same. Among Orders which do not occur in Britain several which are not wholly tropical or subtropical are somewhat numerous in Simla. Thus of the Butaceae there are seven genera and seven species, of the Asclepiadaceae ten and fourteen, and of the Acanthaceae ten and fifteen, respectively. Against this, twelve Natural Orders are represented in the British flora but not in that of Simla. About half of these, how- ever, are aquatic or marsh plants, which accounts for their absence from Simla. The rest are small Orders, except the Amaryllidaceae, of which the Haemodoraceae and Hypoxidacese are regarded as Suborders by some botanists. Natural Orders represented in the Simla District but not in the British Islands. Magnoliaceae Menispermaceae Capparidacese Bixaceae Malpighiaceae Butaceae * Simarubaceae Meliaceae Vitaceae Sabiaceae Anacardiaceae Coriariaceae Myrtaceae Melastomaceae Samydaceae Begoniaceae Datiscaceae Ficoideae Myrsinaceae Styracaceae Asclepiadaceae Loganiaceae Gesneraceae Bignoniaceae Acanthaceae Nyctaginaceae Amarantaceae Phytolaccaceae Piperaceae Lauraceae Balanophoraceae Juglandaceae Gnetaceae Scitamineae Haemodoraceae Hypoxidaceae Dioscoreaceae Commelinaceae Natural Orders represented in the British Islands but not in the Simla District. Nymphaeaceae Besedac eae Cistaceae Frankeniaceae Portulacaceae Elatinaceae Empetraceae Polemoniaceae I Ceratophyllaceae Hydrocharidaceae Amaryllidaceae Typhaceae XXX11 INTRODUCTION A glance at the table, pp. xxviii.-xxx., showing the number of genera and species of each Natural Order in the flora of Simla is suffi- cient to enable one to realise that certain Orders constitute a promi- nent feature in the aspect of the vegetation, or if not in its aspect at least in its composition, whilst others form no appreciable part of the vegetation. Thus thirty-five, or nearly a third, of the Orders are represented by only one genus, and twenty-three of these Orders by only one genus and one species each. The following lists bring them all under the eye at once, and by referring to the remarks under the descriptions one can gain an idea of their Tespective positions in the formation of the vegetation. For example, Balanophora involucrata (p. 443) has been collected only once in the Simla District, and that more than half a century ago ; and many others are very rare or inconspicuous. On the other hand Ilex dipyrena appears to be a common tree at elevations of 5000 to 8000 ft. Natural Orders of which there is only one Genus and only one Species in the Flora of Simla. Magnoliaceae Malpighiaceae Simarubaceae Coriariaceae Droseraceae Myrtaceae Melastomaceae Samydaceae Datiscaceae Ficoideae Monotropacese Plumbaginaceae StyracacesB Orobanchaceae Lentibulariaceae Illecebraceae Phytolaccaceae Balanophoraceae Juglandaceae Myricacese Gnetaceae Hypoxidaceae Alismaceae Natural Orders of which there is only one Genus , but more than one Species in the Flora of Simla. Violaceae Polygalaceae Hypericaceae Aquifoliaceae Begoniaceae Valerianaceae Myrsinaceae Loganiaceae Plantaginaceae Iridaceae Dioscoreaceae Eriocaulaceae The next table shows that a large proportion of the genera and species belong to a few Natural Orders. Eighteen out of 113 Orders comprise 372 out of the 639 genera, and 853 out of the 1326 species. Further, it will be seen that the three Orders, Gramineae, Leguminosae and Compositae, furnish more than a quarter of both genera and species. In the flora of the world the position of these Orders in relation to each other is just reversed. INTRODUCTION XXX111 Natural Orders of twenty Species and upwards in the Flora of Simla. Orders Genera Per cent. Species Per cent. Ranunculaceae 12 1-9 33 2-5 Cruciferae . 11 1*7 23 1*7 Caryophyllaceae . 12 1*9 25 1*8 Geraniacese 4 0-6 20 1-5 Leguminosae 45 7*0 114 8*6 Rosaceae 12 1*9 42 32 Umbelliferae 14 2-2 26 20 Rubiaceae . 13 2*0 23 1-7 Composite . 59 9-2 109 8-2 Scrophulariaceae . 24 3*7 40 30 Labiatae 29 4*5 59 4-4 Polygonaceae 3 0*5 23 1-7 Euphorbiaceae 12 1*9 22 1*7 Urticaceae . 16 25 35 2*6 Orchidaceae 18 2-8 38 2*9 Liliaceae 18 2-8 32 2-4 Cyperaceae . 12 1*9 56 4*2 Gramineae . 58 9T 133 io-o Totals : — 18 orders, or 16*0 per cent. 372 58-2 853 64*3 I will conclude these comparisons with some figures relating to species and genera. Some years ago I compiled 1 a series of calculations of the relative generic and specific composition of the floras of different areas, a few of which may be reproduced here for comparison with the Flora of Simla. Of course these figures are only rough approximations for the world and the larger areas, but for the smaller areas they are almost exact. Regions Average number of Genera to an Order Average number of Species to a Genus World .... 3750 12*65 India .... 130 6*0 Mexico .... 11-0 6*4 N. America 9-6 6*2 Australia .... 8-7 6*4 Simla .... 5-6 2*0 St. Helena .... 1-4 1*0 1 Biologia Centrali- Americana, Botany, vol. i. Introd. (1888), p. xxiii. C XXXIV INTRODUCTION It will be seen that in large areas, such as India, Mexico and Australia, the number of species to a genus is approximately half of what it is in the whole world ; whereas in the small area of Simla it is less than a sixth, and in the remote St. Helena it is only a twelfth. This is in accord with the general law that the floras of small areas and of remote islands are relatively richer in Orders and Genera than in Species. But the average number of species to a genus is unusually low in Simla for a continental area having a luxuriant vegetation. In my recent paper on the Flora of Tibet 1 I obtained the following figures : — Regions Orders Genera Species Himalaya, from 15,000 ft. and upwards 38 149 470 Tibet ' . ! 41 119 283 THE TREES OF SIMLA The woody element largely predominates in the vegetation of Simla, and the following species attain the dimensions and character of trees, though some of them are shrubby in certain localities : — Bixacece Flacourtia sapida. Xylosma longifolia. Malvaceae Bombax malabaricum. Tiliacece Grewia oppositifolia. vestita. Rutacece Murray a Koenigii. Limonia acidissima. iEgle Marmelos. Meliaceoe Melia Azedarach. indica. Cedrela serrata. Toona. Aquifoliacece Ilex dipyrena. odorata. Celastracece Euonymus Hamiltonianus. lacerus. pendulus. tingens. Elseodendron glaucum. 1 Journal of the Linnean Society, xxxv. p. 230. INTRODUCTION XXXV Bhamnacece Zizyphus Jujuba. oxyphylla. Rhamnus triqueter. virgatus. Sapindacece ^Esculus indica. Sapindus Mukorossi. Acer caesium, caudatum. cultratum. oblongum. villosum. Staphylea Emodi. Sabiacece Meliosma dillenisefolia. pungens. Anacardiacece Rhus Cotinus. punjabensis. semialata. succedanea. Wallichii. Pistacia integerrima. Odina Wodier. Leguminosce Erythrina suberosa. Butea frondosa. Dalbergia Sissoo. Cassia Fistula. Bauhinia purpurea, retusa. variegata. Acacia arabica. Catechu, modesta. Albizzia Lebbek. mollis. Albizzia odoratissima. stipulata. Bosacece Prunus Puddum. Padus. Pyrus Aucuparia. baccata. foliolosa. lanata. /Saxifragacece I tea nutans. Myrtacece Eugenia Jambolana. Samydacem Casearia tomentosa. Cornacece Marlea begonisefolia. Cornus capitata. oblonga. Capri foliacece Viburnum coriaceum. stellulatum. Bubiacece Stephegyne parvifolia. Hymenodictyon excelsum. Wendlandia exserta. Ericacece Pieris ovalifolia. Rhododendron arboreum. Myrsinacece Myrsine semiserrata. Styracacece Symplocos cratsegoides. XXXVI INTRODUCTION Oleacece Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis. Fraxinus floribunda. Olea cuspidata. glandnlifera. Ligustrum compactum. Apocynacece Holarrhena antidysen- terica. Trema politoria. Morus indica. Ficus bengalensis. Cunia. hispida. nemoralis. palmata. religiosa. Roxburghii. Rumphii. Boraginacece Cordia Myxa. Ehretia lsevis. Bignoniacece Oroxylum indicum. Verbenacece Vitex Negundo. Lauracecp. Cinnamomum Tamala. Machilus Duthiei. odoratissima. Phoebe lanceolata. Litsea consimilis. lanuginosa, polyantha. Buphorbiacece Buxus semper virens. Bridelia montana. Phyllanthus Emblica. Glochidion velutinum. Putranjiva Roxburghii. Mallotus philippinensis. Juglandacece Juglans Regia. Myricacece Myrica Nagi. Cupuliferce Betula alnoides. utilis. Alnus nepalensis. nitida. Quercus dilatata. glauca. incana. semecarpifolia. Carpinus viminea. Salicacece Salix alba. babylonica. daphnoides. elegans. oxycarpa. tetrasperma. Wallichiana. Populus ciliata. Urticacece Ulmus Wallichiana. Celtis australis. Coniferce Pinus excelsa. longifolia. INTRODUCTION XXXV11 Cedrus Deodara, Picea Morinda. Abies Pindrow. Taxus baccata. Graminece Dendrocalamus strictus. Cupressus torulosa. Totals : — One hundred and thirty-seven Species belonging to eighty- three Genera and thirty-six Orders. All the earlier travellers were struck by the variety of trees of the different altitudinal zones of vegetation. I have quoted Lady Dalhousie at p. xxvi. William Griffith during his short visit noted that Pinus longifolia, P. excelsa, Cedrus Deodara and Picea Morinda characterised successive zones. Mr. (now Sir Edward) Buck’s paper on twenty trees of the Simla neighbourhood is extremely interesting, and it embodies the impressions of an amateur rather than those of a professional botanist ; but he frequently cites Dr. G. Watt as his authority. However, I have not been able to ascertain whether the latter published anything on this subject. Divested of the glowing language of the lecturer his main facts merit reproduction. The twenty trees are : seven conifers, three oaks, a Rhododendron, an Andromeda [ Pieris ], four maples, two species of Cornus and two laurels. One of the characteristic features of the neighbourhood is the rapid transition from one region or belt of vegetation to another in ascending or descending the precipitous sides of the great Himalayan ranges. The most prominent elements in each climatic belt are its conifers. It must not be understood from this that the charac- teristic trees of the successive zones do not intermingle. Approach- ing Simla from Kalka by way of Subathu, Pinus longifolia begins to appear at elevations between 2,000 and 3,000 ft. ; and this thinly clad, inelegant conifer and the prickly Euphorbia Royleana constitute the only conspicuous vegetation on the scorching, arid, southern slopes for some forty or fifty miles of the upward journey. But the southern and western slopes generally are bare or ve^y scantily clothed with vegetation, so that we are indebted to this by no means always ornamental pine for relieving the barren monotony of the scenery. Standing on the summit of Huttoo or one of the other peaks north of Simla, and facing southward the scene is just the reverse, the whole country appear- ing as if covered with forest, in consequence of seeing only northern slopes. Pinus longifolia is the prevailing conifer up to 6,000 ft. ; but near Simla, at elevations of 5,000 to 6,000 ft., it is gradually replaced by Pinus excelsa. Cedrus Deodara is the next distinguishing conifer. It has almost the same range as XXXV111 INTRODUCTION Pinus excelsa, though occurring at both lower and higher eleva- tions ; but it is very capricious in its distribution. For instance, after passing the seventh mile from Simla, on the way to Huttoo, a distance of forty miles, it is conspicuous by its absence. Under favourable conditions it attains a large size, and the trunk of one at Kotgurh was twenty feet in girth. Passing from Simla to Mashobra Abies Smithiana [. Picea Morinda ] is first encountered, and it ranges from 7,500 to 9,500 ft., forming a belt distinctly above the cedar. Ascending Huttoo the lofty Abies Webbiana [ Abies Pindrow] is met with at about 8,000 ft. Thus there are five conifer steps. The cheer pine {Pinus longifolia), from 2,000 to 6,000 ft. ; the blue pine {Pinus excelsa), from 5,000 to 7,000 ft, ; the deodar, up to 8,000 ft. ; the spruce fir {Picea Morinda), from 7,000 to 9,000 ft. ; and the silver fir ( Abies Pindrow), at 8,000 to 10,000 ft. Each of the three upper coniferous belts has its characteristic oak. In the lowest the white oak {Quercus incana) is associated with the deodar ; in the middle the green oak {Q. dilatata) inter- mingles with Picea Morinda ; and in the upper, along with Abies Pindrow, the brown oak {Q. semecarpifolia ) is the prevailing species. The yew {Taxus baccata) is most abundant in the silver fir belt ; and the cypress {Gupressus torulosa) is found only on the north slopes of Shali at 8,000 to 9,000 ft. Of the two hollies in the Simla district Ilex dipyrena is much the commoner, occur- ring in all three of the upper belts. The showy Rhododendron arbor eum ranges between 5,000 and 8,000 ft., with a preference for the lower elevations on the north side. Andromeda ovalifolia [Pieris ovalifolia ], a member of the same Natural Order, is .often associated with this Rhododendron. Cornus capitata, along with the barberry, the white rose and the pomegranate, constitutes in June a blaze of yellow, white and red flowering bushes between Simla and Mashobra. Cornus macrophylla belongs more especially to the belt characterised by Pinus excelsa. The two laurels included by Mr. Buck in his twenty trees are not clearly identifiable on account of an evident confusion of names, but most probably Machilus Duthiei and Litsea consimilis were intended. His four species of maple — Acer caesium, A. caudatum, A. cultratum and A. villosum — are mostly at home in the forests of Narkunda and Huttoo. Mr. Buck in his concluding remarks refers to the folly of destroying the forests to grow potatoes for a decade or so, by which time the rains had denuded the rocky substratum of its £pil and produced a permanent barren. INTRODUCTION XXXIX CLIMBING SHRUBS Shrubs are also proportionately much more numerous than in the British Islands, and the genera, of which there are climbing species, number upwards of thirty : — Schizandra Sabia Trachelospermum Cocculus Csesalpinia Cryptolepis Stephania Bauhinia Dsemia Cissampelos Mimosa Holostemma Capparis Acacia Cynanchum Hiptage Rubus Marsdenia Euonymus Rosa Pergularia Berchemia Hydrangea Tylophora Sageretia Hedera Hoya Helinus Jasminum Porana Vitis Vallaris Ficus THE HERBACEOUS ELEMENT Always continuing the comparisons with the British Flora, the herbaceous element demands little comment. Generally speaking, the herbaceous plants of Simla are showier than the British species. The principal and most striking diversity in the herbaceous vegetation of the two countries is due to the presence in Simla of a number of genera of the leading Natural Orders — Leguminosae, Composite and Graminese — which are altogether unrepresented in Britain. The same may be said of the Scrophulariaceae, Acan- thaceae, Labiatae, Amarantaceae, Urticaceae and Araceae. On the whole, the petaloid monocotyledons of Simla are more conspicuous than those of Britain ; yet none probably is so effective as the bluebell ( Scilla nutans) of British woods and meadows. Pro- minent among them is Lilium 'poly'phyllum , the subject of the Frontispiece. THE FERNS OF SIMLA The ferns of Simla are so numerous that the late Sir Henry Collett never intended to include them in the present work, but he contemplated publishing an account of them in a separate volume. He collected material for this purpose, and I have before me a list of seventy-one species collected by him during one season. As may be seen from the Bibliography at p. lxvii several other persons have made a special study of this class of plants, and Colonel xl INTRODUCTION Beddome’s ‘ Handbook ’ may be mentioned as the best available work for naming the ferns of Simla. Although descriptions could not be given, I have considered it desirable to append a com- plete list of the species hitherto discovered in the District of Simla. I am indebted to Mr. C. W. Hope for this list, and I present it entirely on his authority. In addition to his own very rich collec- tion, it embodies the results of several collectors whose names are not mentioned in connection with the flowering plants. Among them General Blair. Mr. T. Bliss, Mr. E. W. Trotter and the late H. F. Blanford, F.R.S. Trichomanes Filicula, Bory Woodsia elongata, Hook. Dicksonia scabra, Wall. Davallia immersa, Wall. pseudocystopteris, Kze. Beddomei, Hope Clarkei, Baker tenuifolia, Sw. Cyst opt eris fragilis, Bernh. Adiantum lunulatum, Burnt. caudatum, L. Edgeworthii, Hook. Capillus- Veneris, L. venustum, Don pedatum, L. Cheilanthes subvillosa, Hook. Dalhousiae, Hook. albomarginata, Clarke farinosa, Kaulf. anceps, Blanford grisea, Blanford Onychium auratum, Kaulf. japonicum, Kze. contiguum, Hope Cryptogramme crispa, R. Br. Pellsea nitidula, Baker calomelanos, Link Pteris longifolia, L. cretica, L. digitata, Wall. quadriaurita, Betz. excelsa, Gaud. aquilina, L. Ceratopteris thalictroides, Brongn. Woodwardia radicans, J. Sm. Asplenium ensiforme, Wall. Trichomanes, L. septentrionale, Hoffm. unilaterale, Lam. planicaule, Wall. Adiantum-nigrum, L. fontanum, Bernh. exiguum, Bedd. varians, Hk. & Gr. thelypteroides, Michx. macrocarpum, Bl. nigripes, Mett. tenellum, Hope tenuifrons, Wall. Mackinnoni, Hope Filix-foemina, Bernh., var. dentigera, Clarke rupicola, Hope Schimperi, A. Br. pectinatum, Wall. fimbriatum, Hook. foliosum, Wall. longifolium, Don japonicum, TKb. polypodioides, Don multicaudatum, Wall. Aspidium marginatum, Wall. obliquum, Don ilicifolium, Don acanthophyllum, Franchet INTRODUCTION xli Aspidium Thomsoni, Hook. lobatum, Sw. angulare, Willd. squarrosum, Don Prescottianum, Hook. Bakerianum, Atkinson falcatum, Sw. Nephrodium Gamblei, Hope repens, Hope Thelypteris, Desv. Filix-mas, Rich. parallelogrammum, Kze. Kingii, Hope barbigerum, Hook. Schimperianum, Hochsi. cochleatum, Don Blanfordi, Hope ramosum, Hope odontoloma, Moore marginatum, Wall. crenatum, Baker Boryanum, Baker molle, Desv. Papilio, Hope cicutarium, Baker Oleandra Wallichii, Presl Polypodium erubescens, Wall. distans, Don laterepens, Hope Polypodium Dryopteris, L. Polypodium punctatum, Thb. lineatum, Colebr. multilineatum, Wall. amoenum, Wall. lachnopus, Wall. microrrhizoma, Clarke argutum, Wall. fissum, Baker rivale, Melt. linear e, Thb. simplex, Sw. clathratum, Clarke membranaceum, Don oxylobum, Wall. malacodon, Hook. Stewartii, Clarke ebenipes, Hook , juglandifolium, Don Nothochlaena Marantse, R. Br. Gymnogramme Totta, Schlecht. Levingei, Baker vestita, Hook. javanica, Bl. involuta, Hook. Osmunda Claytoniana, L. regalis, L. Ophioglossum vulgatum, L. Botrychium Lunaria, Sw. ternatum, Sw. lanuginosum, Wall. This gives a total of 124 species belonging to twenty-three genera, as against sixteen genera and thirty-seven species in the British Islands, and twenty-five species in the county of Sussex, which has a larger area than Simla, as here understood — a rich fern flora indeed! With the exception of the Gramineae (133 species), ferns are more numerous than any Natural Order of flowering plants in the Flora of Simla. xlii INTRODUCTION ASPECTS OF THE VEGETATION OF SIMLA From Dr. T. Thomson’s 4 Western Himalaya and Tibet ’ the following observations, made in 1847-1848, are extracted : — In consequence of the sudden elevation of the mountain range at the place where Simla has been built, there is a most complete and surprising change in the vegetation and general appearance of the scenery. During the last ascent on the road from the plains this is sufficiently perceptible, although from the great ravages which the proximity of so large a population has made in the oak woods, only a few stunted bushes are now left on the southern exposure. Between the plains and Simla the hills are totally devoid of trees, but immediately on gaining the top of the ridge on which the station is built, we enter a fine forest, which covers all the broader parts of the range, especially the slopes which have a northern aspect. The nature of the forest varies a good deal with the exposure and with the quality of the soil. By far the greater part consists of an oak [ Quercus incana ] and a rhododendron [ Rhododendron arbor eum], both small evergreen trees, rarely exceeding thirty or forty feet, with wide-spreading arms and rugged twisted branches. A species of Andromeda [Pieris ovalifolia ] is also very common, and a holly [ Ilex dipyrena ], Euonymus, Ehamnus, and Benthamia \Cornus\ are the other more common trees, if we except the Goniferce, of which four species occur. Of these Pinus longifolia is common at the western or lower extremity of the station, and prevails, to the exclusion of any other tree, on the dry sunny spurs which run towards the south, at elevations from 2,000 to 5.000 ft. This species is, of all the Indian pines known to me, except its near ally P. Khasyana, that which is capable of endur- ing the most heat, and at the same time the greatest variation in amount of moisture, as it is found at elevations of not more than 1.000 feet above the level of the sea, equally in the hot humid valleys of Sikkim, where it enjoys a perpetual vapour-bath, and on the dry sandstone hills of the Upper Punjab, on which rain hardly ever falls. It is only, however, at low elevations, where the mean temperature is high, that it is capable of supporting a great amount of humidity, for in the damp climates of the Himalaya it is entirely wanting, except in the deepest valleys ; and even in the drier districts it is always observed to select the sunnier, and therefore warmer exposures. Its upper limit is usually about 7.000 feet above the level of the sea, though on Jako at Simla a few stunted trees rise as high as 7,700 feet. INTRODUCTION xliii Pinus excelsa is also a very common species at Simla, par ticularly on the southern face of Mount Jako, which is the highest part of the ridge. Abies Smithiana \Picea Morinda ], the third coniferous tree, is exceedingly rare, a few trees only occurring in a shady ravine facing the west ; while the deodar, the fourth species, is common on the southern and western slopes of Jako, above 7,000 feet ; and again in shady groves at the bottom of the valleys on both sides of the ridge, as low as 5,000 feet. This beautiful tree, the cedar of the Indian mountains, seems limited to the western half of the Himalayan range, extending from the most westerly part of Nipal, as far as the mountains of Afghani- stan. The forest extends in parts close up to the peak of Jako, which has an elevation of 8,053 feet. The very summit, however, which is a short flat ridge, and a considerable part of the east and south face are bare [of trees] and grassy, or covered with scattered shrubs. The more common shrubby forms of the vegetation of the temperate zone are Salix, Posa , Pubus, Lonicera, Viburnum , Berberis, Indigofera, and Prinsepia, all, except the two last, quite European. Indigofera forms a remarkable exception, and one well worthy of note, as the genus is a very tropical one, although its shrubby species are particularly abundant throughout the whole of the Western Himalaya. The herbaceous vegetation of the spring months quite corre- sponds, in the temperate nature of its forms, with what has been found to be the case with the trees and shrubs ; but during the rainy season, as has been well pointed out by Dr. Hoyle in his valuable essay on the distribution of Himalayan plants, this is much less markedly the case. At the commencement of spring, in April — for March is still too cold for much vegetation — the weather being generally bright, though with occasional heavy showers, the earliest flowers are species of Viola, Fragaria, Geranium, Veronica, Valeriana, and dandelion. From April, as summer advances, the temperature gradually rises, till towards the end of June, when the rainy season commences. These months are generally dry, and if no rain falls the heat is some- times considerable, the thermometer rising as high as 80° in the shade. Still the flora is almost entirely temperate, the early spring plants being succeeded by many others of European families, principally Ranunculacece, Posacece, Labiatce, Stellatce, Polygonacece, Epilobiacece, Primulacece, &c. I can hardly enumerate a single spring flowering plant which does not belong to an European family. Few species are, however, identical with those of Europe, except Stellaria media , Cerastium vulgatum, xliv INTRODUCTION Taraxacum officinale, Verbascum Thapsus, Thymus Serpyllum, and Poa annua. The commencement of the rainy season [in June] is the signal in the mountains, as it is very universally throughout India, wherever that season is well marked, for the appearance of a very vigorous and luxuriant growth of plants of annual growth, the seeds or rootstocks of which had been lying dormant in the soil awaiting the access of heavy rain. At Simla, as elsewhere in the temperate region of the Himalaya, we find at this season numerous species of Impatiens, Acanthacece, Orchidece, and Labiatce, several Gentians and C ichor iacece, a great many grasses and Cyperacece, and species of Parnassia , Drosera, Pedicularis, Roscoea, Dipsacus Thalictrum, Urtica, &c. The Labiatce of the rainy season are mostly species of Plectranthus and Elsholtzia, both quite Indian genera, and very extensively distributed in mountainous districts. The Orchidece of Simla are entirely terrestrial, the dryness and cold of the winter months being greater than are compatible with the occurrence of epiphytical species of this Natural Order, and for the same reason, I presume, Melastomacece, so abundant in the Eastern Himalaya, are quite wanting. The view from the peak of Jako is one of the most agreeable and diversified which occur in any part of the Himalaya, although from the rather too level top of the mountain, and the intrusion of the forest almost to the very summit, the whole panorama cannot be embraced at once. Immediately under the eye are the numerous spurs and ridges covered with scattered houses, and the deep ravines which terminate the steep slopes below the station ; towards the plains the whole valley of the Gambar is seen and the station of Sabathu. To the north a valley stretches from Simla as far as the Sutlej River, distant about fifteen miles, so direct that the greater part of it is seen, though the river itself is concealed. East of north a long partially wooded ridge, about four miles distant at its nearest point, running parallel to the valley just mentioned, excludes the view of the nearer part of the Sutlej valley ; but the lofty ranges north of that river, covered with dense forest and backed by masses of brilliant snow, close in the view in that direction. Due east lies the Mahasu ridge, covered on the Simla slopes with a dense forest of deodar ; and to the south, across the valley of the Giri, towards which numerous rugged ridges run, is the mountain called the Chor, the highest peak of the range which separates the Giri from the Tons, the crest of which is upwards of 12,000 feet in height. The geological structure of the Himalaya between Simla and the plains is not easily discovered by the cursory observer. The INTRODUCTION xlv general basis of the mountains is clay-slate, occasionally very micaceous, passing into a coarse sandstone, but here and there limestone occurs interstratified. The dip is extremely variable, and the rocks, whatever their age, are evidently highly metamor- phosed. The tertiary formations, so well illustrated by Falconer and Cautley, extend all along the base of the mountains, and penetrate in some places far into the valleys, for certain rocks in the neighbourhood of Sabathu have been indicated by Major Vicary which appear to be of the same age, or perhaps of a still older tertiary epoch. From Simla to Fagu, a distance of fourteen miles, the road follows throughout the course of the main range, not always on the very crest of the ridge, but seldom at any great distance from it. After passing round the peak of Jako it turns northward and descends abruptly about 500 feet to a low part of the ridge, elevated about 6,800 feet, and quite bare of trees. The ridge con- tinues in a north-east direction for nearly four miles. On the slope of the hill below the road there is a small cluster of trees of Cupressus torulosa, a species of cypress, one of the rarer conifers of the Himalaya, the most favourite situation of which seems to be on very steep mountains in the interior, at elevations of from seven to nine thousand feet. It was found abundantly by Major Madden on Shali, a [limestone] peak twenty miles east of Simla, and it appears to extend thence west as far as Simla, where it occurs in several places on hot, dry, and very bare rocky hills as low as six thousand feet. About four miles from Simla a sudden increase in the eleva- tion of the range takes place. The road ascends the steep face of the ridge with a deep ravine on either hand, that to the right bare, while on the left there is first a thicket of rose and willow bushes, and further on an oak-wood of a species, Quercus floribunda [ Q . dilatata ], different from that common at Simla and indicative of greater elevation, though here growing with Rhododendron and Andromeda \Pieris\, common Simla trees. At an elevation of about 8,000 feet forest commences, and the road runs for a mile through fine trees of deodar and spruce, Abies Smithiana [. Picea Morinda ], generally on the very crest of the ridge, looking down towards the east into a deep and broad valley. . From an elevation of about 8,000 feet the Mahasu ridge rises to at least 9,000 feet, and as it is throughout well wooded, the road along it is extremely beautiful. On the earlier part of the ridge the forest consists chiefly of pine, Pinus excelsa and Abies Smithiana being abundant, and more especially the deodar, which, on the slope facing the west, may be seen in the greatest profusion, xlvi INTRODUCTION thousands of trees springing up in dense masses on the slopes which have been bared by the axe, or still more destructively by the fires of the hillmen. After about five miles the road enters a dense forest of large massive pines, intermixed with two species of sycamore, and a fine cherry, which relieve the otherwise too gloomy foliage of the coni- ferous trees. A magnificent climbing vine, which attaches itself to the tallest trees, rising in light green coils round their trunks, and falling in graceful festoons from the branches high overhead, adds much to the elegance of the scene, and renders it, in the expressive words of Griffith, who was familiar with the rich vege- tation of the humid forests of the Eastern Himalaya, the only true Himalayan forest of the western mountains. On this ascent the road rises to about 9,000 feet, the crest of the Mahasu ridge being 9,200 feet. The large size and dense shade of the trees, and the abundance of Abies SmitJiiana [Picea Morinda], of the sycamore, and of the gigantic vine, give the forest a totally different appearance from that of Simla, and the undergrowth pre- sents also a considerable amount of novelty ; a species of currant, a fine Spiraea, Indigofera atropurpurea, and fine species of Rosa and Rubus forming thickets under the tall trees. This forest, indeed, from its dense shade and great humidity exhibits a much greater contrast to the ordinary temperate vegetation of the Himalaya than is usually observed below 9,000 feet, at which elevation the upper temperate or subalpine vegetation begins fairly to pre- dominate over that which is prevalent from 5,000 to 9,000 feet. On the very summit of the Mahasu ridge there are a few trees of Quercus semecar pi folia, the alpine oak of the Western Himalaya, an European-looking and partially deciduous species, and of Picea Webbiana, or Pindrow, the silver fir of the Indian mountains, a dark sombre-looking pine, abundant in the forests of the interior. These trees may be adopted as the characteristics of the subalpine zone, in every part of which, from 9,000 to about 12,000 feet, which is the highest limit of tree vegetation in the Western Himalaya, they abound. On Mahasu they are entirely confined to the crest of the ridge, and form no part of the forest below. Eagu is situated immediately above the valley of the river Giri. The mountains to the right, which dip into the valley of the Giri, are bare of forest, with a good deal of cultivation in small terraced fields on the steep sunny slopes. On the left hand, again, the deep valley which runs towards the Sutlej is full of forest, not rising, however, to the ridge, which is bare, or lined only with scattered jungle of Indigofera, Desmodium, Spiraea, roses, and brambles, It seems to be a constant rule that the depressions of INTRODUCTION xlvii the ridges are bare and open, while the more elevated portions are covered with forest. Probably the cause of this is the greater humidity of the higher slopes, which attract the rain clouds, while the lower ranges are dry. The currents of air which sweep up the valleys may ^ also in part be the cause of the bareness of the ridges opposite their summits. At Theog, nearly eight miles from Fagu, the cultivation is principally of barley, which is sown in early spring, and reaped in the beginning or middle of June, according to the season. Beyond Theog the road is covered with brushwood on the left hand, but bare on the right. The highest part of the road is about two miles beyond Theog, and has an elevation of about 9,000 feet. The northern face of this hill is prettily wooded with the holly -leaved oak. The ravine immediately below Mattiana is crossed at an eleva- tion probably a little above 6,000 feet, as the trees of the temperate region, such as the holly -leaved oak [Quercus dilatata ] and woolly oak [< Q . incana\, Andromeda , and Rhododendron, continue to the very bottom of the descent ; and Pinus excelsa is common on the eastern slope, a little way above the stream. On the banks of this there were a few trees of an Acacia [ Albizzia mollis ] common in the low$r forests. I observed also a laurel, an olive, Rhus, and the common Toon, Cedrela Toona [more likely C. serrata ], all indicative of the commencement of a subtropical vegetation, which no doubt must be abundant on its banks a very few miles further down. Few of the plants observed in the valley were dif- ferent from those common around Simla ; a species of Caragana, a leguminous genus abundant in Siberia and in the interior and more dry parts of the Himalaya, was perhaps the most inter- esting. The ascent from the ravine was well wooded in its lowest part with oak and pine. A few trees of a very handsome poplar, Populus ciliata, a tall, widely branching, large-leaved tree, occurred in its lower part, as did also Benthamia fragifera [ Cornus capitata ] and a yew, apparently undistinguishable from the com- mon European species. The ripening of the apricot in a valley, among forest, at an elevation of 7,000 feet indicates an undoubted diminution of the rainfall. Very little change, however, is observable in the wild vegetation till the upper part of the last steep ascent, when a number of species make their appearance which are strangers to the more external ranges. A species of hazel [ Corylus Colurna ], as a tree, and Lappa, Achillea, Leonurus, Cheiranthus, and Rumex acetosa, as herbaceous plants, may be mentioned as instances, as xlviii INTRODUCTION also a Polygonum , with elegant panicles of white honey-scented flowers. Nagkanda Bungalow, elevated 9,300 feet above the level of the sea, is situated on a depression of the main range, where it has a direction from west to east. The ridge to the west, towards Mattiana, is elevated little more than 10,000 feet, while to the east rises the peak of Hattu to a height of 10,456 feet. The top of Hattu is only about 1,500 feet above the Nagkanda Bungalow, and the distance is nearly five miles. The first mile is bare of wood on the ridge, though the forest on both sides rises within a few feet of the crest, which is bordered by brushwood. As soon as the ascent commences the ridge becomes covered with forest, at first principally pine, spruce, and silver fir ( Picea ) being the principal species. Yew is also very common, forming a fine tall tree, and the few non-coniferous trees are chiefly the alpine oak,, sycamore, and cherry. On the top of Hattu the grassy slopes are covered with a luxuriant herbage of Potentillce, Labiatce, Gentianacece, Epilobium, Polygonum and Anemone, while a few stunted bushes of Quercus semecarpifolia, a simple-leaved Pyrus, and a willow are the only shrubby vegetation. The forest, however, rises close to the base of the cliffs on the western face, and contains all *the species common on the ascent of the mountain, the vegetation of the summit being in no respect peculiar, not even in early spring exhibiting any truly alpine plant. The mountain bamboo, a graceful small species of Arundinaria [A. spathiflora], which is extremely abundant in the woods of the upper temperate and subalpine zones, adorns the rocky hollows close to the summit. In looking back from the summit of Hattu towards Simla and the plains it may be observed that the country is well wooded, though when viewed from Simla or the heights of Mahasu the same mountains had appeared almost bare. This diversity in the aspect of the country, according to the direction from which it is seen, is due to the ridges being well wooded on one face and bare of trees on the other. The shrubby and herbaceous vegetation of Hattu is exceedingly luxuriant. The more open glades of the forest are filled with an undergrowth of tall balsams, annual-stemmed Acanthacece, Dip- sacus, Compositce, among which the beautiful Calimeris [probably Erigeron multiradiatus ] is very abundant, while in the drier pine- forest a graceful little bamboo occurs, often to the exclusion of every other plant. It grows in dense tufts, eight or ten or even twelve feet high, the diameter of the stem not exceeding a quarter of an inch. . The currant of the Mahasu ridge is also common, INTRODUCTION xlix with many of the same shrubs which are there abundant. The ridge close to Nagkanda is much drier, and has fewer peculiar plants, the resemblance to the Simla flora being there very remarkable. Since Thomson wrote the foregoing, upwards of fifty years ago, considerable changes have taken place, mainly due to the felling of timber trees and the clearing of large areas for the cultivation of the potato and other crops. Mr. J. S. Gamble has kindly supplied the following notes descriptive of the conditions a few years ago : — The town of Simla occupies the slopes of the peak of Jako, 8,053 feet, from which radiate three principal spurs : to the west the long spur which runs out to the village (bazar) of Boileauganj, beyond which is the outlying hill of Jatogh ; to the north the Elysium Hill spur, covered with houses, in a forest of white oak and rhododendron ; and to the south the spur of Chota Simla. Eastwards the slope is precipitous, falling to the village of Sinjoli on the main ridge along which, though first through a tunnel, passes the chief road into the interior of the mountains. The whole of the slopes of these spurs down to a level of 6,000 feet, and in some valleys still lower, has been acquired by the Government from the rulers of the Native States to which the land originally belonged, Patiala, Kuenthal, and Koti, and is managed by a Municipal Committee who have taken great pains to preserve the forest vegetation so that the station of Simla presents a marked contrast to the country outside, which is characterised by bare grassy slopes with occasional villages and patches of cultivation wherever the slope is sufficiently easy to admit of terracing, and with patches of forest in ravines and on the steeper hillsides. In recent years a considerable improvement has been effected, and under the enlightened advice of the Punjab Government, the rulers of the adjoining States, and especially the Raja of Patiala, have introduced measures of forest conservancy, so that much of the formerly destroyed forest is now in process of reconstitution. The forest of Simla is now managed under a special working plan which aims first at its preservation. The Jako peak and its nearer spurs are covered to the north and east chiefly with forests of white oak, Quercus incana, through which self-sown deodars are constantly endeavouring, if not checked, to push their way. The lower slopes and those of the Elysium spur have mixed with the oak much Rhododendron arboreum of large size and beautiful appearance when in flower, and many specimens of the pretty white-flowered Pieris ovalifolia. The western slopes of the Jako d 1 INTRODUCTION peak and tke Chota Simla spur are covered with an almost unbroken mass of deodar, occasionally mixed with blue pine, Pinus excelsa. The south slopes of the main ridge and the dry sunny spurs which take off from it are covered with forest of the long-leaved pine, Pinus longifolia, which here reaches the elevation of 7,000 ft., at least 2,000 ft. higher than it usually does in the great Himalayan valleys. The northern slopes of this same ridge are covered with mixed forest chiefly, the ravines like those of Annandale and the Glen having many such evergreen trees as the holly, Ilex dipyrena, Euonymus tingens and E. pendulus, the laurel, Machilus Duthiei and Litscea umbrosa, hornbeam, hazel, Cornus capitata, with bushes of Rhamnus, Lonicera, Viburnum , and others. In the forests of oak and deodar there is little or no shrubby vegetation, though here and there, especially on dry ex- posures, wherever blanks occur, Indigofera heterantha, Desmodium tilicefolium, Berberis aristata, and B. Lycium, Spircea canescens, Elsholtzia polystachya, Buddleia paniculata , Plectranthus rugosus and Lonicera quinquelocularis are characteristic. On the cooler and damper slopes Salix elegans, Viburnum, brambles, and some of the above-mentioned are the chief shrubs, while in the undergrowth of the ravines Indigofera hebepetala, Myrsine africana, Sarcococca pru- ni for mis, Rosa macrophylla, and Pr insepia are the most prominent. The herbaceous vegetation of Simla is remarkable for containing many species of great beauty, and wherever it is undisturbed by grazing animals it shows, almost the whole year round, except during the months of winter, the aspect of a wild garden which it would be the despair of a garden lover to imitate. Spring begins in April and brings with it the violets, the strawberry, Primula denticulata, Geranium, and Anemone. Then by degrees, as the weather gets warmer and drier, other plants appear, chiefly Acan- thacece, Labiatce and Compositce. About the middle of June the first burst of the monsoon is felt, and with it comes the curious A riscemata and Sauromatum, Gautleya and Roscoea , ground orchids such as Satyrium, Habenaria, Hemipilia, and Spiranthes, Lilium poly- phyllum, Polygona and Gentiana, while the rocks are bright with the flowers of Saxifraga ligulata. Down in the Glen and in the waterfall valley Platystemma violoides, Ghirita, Begonia, and ferns appear on the wet rocks, and the trees are draped with epiphytic ferns, especially of the genus Davallia, as well as with such plants as Peperomia and Elatostemma. But, perhaps, of all seasons, the autumn is the finest in general colouring, for it is then that we find on the hillsides the everlasting Anaphalis and Gnaphalium, many other Compositse and Labia tee, Gentianaceae. the tall spikes of Morina and the spiny heads of Echinops, while the woods are INTRODUCTION li gay with Slrobilanthes . In fact all seasons in Simla, except extreme winter, have their show. At Fagu there are few trees except some pollarded Quercus dilatata, but on the peak above are still to be found a few specimens of the brown-leaved oak, Quercus semecarpifolia, and many plants of beauty and interest may be collected on the grassy slopes towards Cheog if the grazing has not been too severe. It is at Fagu that the road to the Giri valley branches off and goes on over the Paternala range with a path leading to the con- spicuous and interesting Chor Mountain, which rises to 12,000 ft. and possesses a few interesting alpine plants. The road to the Upper Sutlej valley passes for most of the way on a level path cut out of the rock or winding round the hill- sides to Theog, Matiana and Nagkanda, forty miles from Simla, the whole road possessing great interest to the lover of scenery and the botanist. Most of the road lies either through cultivated lands or round bare slopes, but in the ravines there are oak and rhododendron forest. From Matiana an interesting excursion can be made to the limestone peak of Shali, where the Himalayan cypress, Cupressus torulosa, grows ; and from Nagkanda the favourite excursion is that to the top of Hattu, whence there is a magnificent panorama of the snowy range, with the valley of the Sutlej on one side and that of the Pabar, a tributary of the Jumna, on the other. The forest on Hattu consists of the firs Picea Morinda and Abies Pindrow below, with Quercus semecarpifolia around the peak and on the slopes to the north. In the Bhagi forest many trees of European genera occur, such as walnut, elm, hazel, birch, alder, maple, poplar, willow, hornbeam, holly ; the whole mixed with shade-loving shrubs, small bamboos ( Arundin - aria spathiflora) , ferns and herbaceous plants. Among the latter balsams are conspicuous, the curious Podophyllum Emodi and the tall spikes of Lilium giganteum. On the grassy slopes to the south there is, in early autumn, quite a blaze of colour, the most conspicuous plants being Erigeron multiradiatus, Gorydalis Govaniana, Potentilla atrosanguinea, Anaphalis, Delphinium, Aco- nitum and Pedicularis, while various species of Saxifraga and Sedum adorn the crevices of the rocks. In recent years much has been done xii the way of planting trees and making gardens in Simla, and the excellent and very successful works undertaken by the municipality for the regula- tion of ravines have completely changed the aspect of the slopes and done away with the many unsightly landslips that used to disfigure them. The work has been done by letting the water go down in ladder -like stone -built troughs, the sides of which have lii INTRODUCTION been carefully planted with willows, poplars and other trees, and more especially with the false acacia, Robinia Pseud-acacia. CONCLUDING REMARKS ON THE FLORA OF SIMLA The comparisons made with the British flora will prepare the student for even greater affinities when the whole of Europe is considered, and such is indeed the case. But, taking the data on distribution given in this book, which possibly are susceptible of some emendation and augmentation, just one third (432) of the species are restricted to the Himalaya ; yet such characteristic Himalayan genera as Meconopsis, Cathcartia and Stylophorum (Papaveracece) ; Codonopsis, Leptocodon and Cyananthus ( Cam - panulacece) ; Rhododendron ( Ericacece ) ; Primula ( Primulacece ) ; Gentiana (Gentianacece) , and Pedicularis (Scrophulariacece) are either not represented at all or only by very few species. But the paucity of essentially Himalayan types is partly due to the fact that absolutely alpine elevations are not reached in Simla. That it is not so altogether is proved by the fact that Meconopsis .robusta ranges from Nepal to Kumaon at 8,000 to 10,000 ft., Codonopsis rotundifolia from Kumaon to Kashmir at 7,000 to 11.000 ft., and many of the species of Rhododendron grow much below 10,000 ft. On the other hand many of the characteristic Simla plants extend westward into the Mediterranean region, and nearly all of the Coniferse extend to Afghanistan, whilst a variety of Pinus excelsa is found in Rumelia and Montenegro. There are no quite local species in the Flora of Simla, but probably about half of the 432 species peculiar to the Himalaya are only found west of Simla. The entire absence of epiphytic and rock orchids is remarkable, especially as the climatic conditions do not seem to be altogether unfavourable. Ferns are abundant, and many of them are epiphytic. In Sikkim epiphytic orchids are common between 5,000 and 6,000 ft., and various species of Dendrobium, Bulbophyllum, Codogyne , &c. are recorded from altitudes of 7,000 to 8,000 ft. Among palms Plectocomia himalayana ascends to 7.000 ft., and Calamus montanus to 6,000 ft. INTRODUCTION liii CLASSIFICATION OF THE NATURAL ORDERS OF FLOWERING PLANTS REPRESENTED IN THE FLORA OF SIMLA It was originally intended to construct a key to the Natural Orders, in concordance with the keys to the Genera and Species, but after due consideration it has been decided to explain their classification rather than enter into structural details. The reason is that only a very elaborate key would be sufficient, and an ela- borate one would be deterrent to the amateur, who gains his knowledge largely from external characters, and would therefore be bewildered by the intricacies of a long series of alternatives en- cumbered with numerous exceptions. The sequence of the Natural Orders in this work is adopted from Bentham and Hooker’s ‘ Genera Plantarum.’ Flowering Plants are primarily divided into three Classes of very unequal proportions, namely : — I. Dicotyledones, comprising the orders Ranunculacese to Salicacese, pp. 1-481. II. Gymnosperivle, comprising the orders Gnetacese and Coniferse, pp. 481 -488. 1 III. Monocotyledones, comprising the orders Orchidaceae to Gramineae, pp. 489-636. Definitions of the Classes and Divisions. I. Dicotyledones : Herbs, shrubs or trees of the most varied habit. Stem, when perennial, consisting of a central pith, con- centric layers of wood. and a separable bark, increasing in size by additional layers immediately beneath the bark. Leaves net- veined, commonly disarticulating from the branches freely. Parts 1 Dicotyledones were formerly divided into Angiospermae (having the ovules enclosed in an ovary) and Gymnospermae (having the ovules on open carpels), but they are now almost universally regarded as constituting distinct Classes, and the Gymnospermse are placed after the Monocotyledones. liv INTRODUCTION of the flower free or united, usually in fives or some multiple of this number. Ovule or ovules enclosed in an ovary. Embryo having two cotyledons or seed-leaves, usually distinguishable before germination, and appearing above ground in germination. Division 1. Polypetal^e : Petals free from each other or sometimes slightly united. Subdivision 1. Th al amiflorje . Calyx free from the ovary. Petals in one or more series. Stamens usually nume- rous. Ovary or ovaries usually superior. Ranunculaceoe to Tiliacece. Subdivision 2. Disciflor^e. Calyx usually free from the ovary. Stamens usually definite, inserted within, upon or around a disk. Ovary superior or immersed in the disk. Linacece to Goriariacece. Subdivision 3. Calyciflor^e. Sepals more or less united and more or less enclosing or adnate to the ovary. Petals and stamens inserted on the tube of the calyx or around the top of the ovary. Leguminosce to Cornacece. Division 2. Gamopetal^s. Petals combined, forming a variously shaped corolla. Stamens usually few and attached to the corolla. Subdivision 1. Infers. Ovary inferior. Stamens of the same number as the lobes of the corolla or rare]y fewer. Caprifoliacem to Campanulacece. Subdivision 2. Heteromer^e. Ovary almost always superior. Stamens free or inserted on the corolla. Carpels of the pistil more than two. Ericacece to Styracacece. Subdivision 3. Bicarpellat^e . Ovary almost always su- perior. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla and of the same number or fewer. Carpels of the pistil usually two. Oleacece to Plantaginacece. Division 3. Monochlamyde^. Flowers usually small and green. Perianth not differentiated into calyx and corolla or none. Nyctaginacece to Salicacece. II. Gymnospermje : Shrubs or trees, usually resinous. Stem consisting of a central pith, concentric layers of wood and a sepa- rate bark, increasing in size by additional layers immediately beneath the bark. Leaves usually needle-shaped or scale-like. Flowers in cones, spikes or clusters, the sexes separate. Perianth none. Ovule or ovules not enclosed in an ovary, but attached to the scales of the cone. Embryo having two or several cotyledons, distinguishable before germination and appearing above ground in germination. Gnetacece and Coniferce. INTRODUCTION Iv III. Monocotyledones : Herbs, more rarely shrubby as in Dioscored and Smilax or arboreous as in Palmce, Cordyline, Dra- caena and some Bambusce. Stem destitute of central pith, not increasing in diameter by concentric layers of new tissues. Leaves usually parallel-veined, but net-veined in Smilax , Aracece and some others, usually not disarticulating freely from the branches. Parts of the perianth free or united, usually in threes or reduced to rudimentary organs and enclosed in chaff-like scales, as in the Cyperacece and Graminece. Ovule or ovules enclosed in an ovary. Embryo usually very small and embedded in abundant albumen ; cotyledon one, not easily distinguished before germination, and usually not appearing above ground in germination. Division 1. Petaloide^e. Perianth usualN consisting of six coloured segments in two series. Subdivision 1. Infers. O^ary inferior. Orchidacece to Dioscoreacece. Subdivision 2. Supers. Ovary superior. Liliacece to Naiadacece. Division 2. Glumifer^f. Perianth reduced to rudimentary organs enclosed in chaff -like bracts. Eriocaulacece to Graminece. Briefly summarised the Classification of Plants is into Classes, Divisions or Subclasses, Natural Orders, Genera, Species and Varieties. Eor example, the Marsh Marigold, p. 11, belongs to — Class : Dicotyledones. Division : Polypetaloe. Subdivision : Thalamiflorce. Natural Order : Panunculacece. Genus : Caltha. Species : palustris. Varieties are distinguished by differences in the colour of the flowers and other minor characters. Exceptional Floral Structures It has been explained that a key to the ^Natural Orders to be useful must be elaborate. This is because there are so many exceptions to the general characters of some Orders ; and it is a key to the exceptions that is most needed by the beginner. I shall not attempt this, but a few words on the subject may be helpful. In the first place it should be understood that it is the sum of the characters that determines the place of a plant in the natural system, and not a conspicuous character that strikes the eye more than all the rest. Taking the Ranunculacese, for example, the Ivi INTRODUCTION genera here associated present a great variety in appearance and in structure, and the untrained observer might wonder on what grounds they were brought together, especially when compared with such Orders as the Cruciferse, the Umbelliferae and others. Thus the genera Clematis , Anemone , and Caltha have a calyx and no corolla ; but the sepals are usually brightly coloured and are commonly called petals. Their true nature is deduced from analogies, the occasional presence of rudimentary petals and other circumstances. In Delphinium and Aconitum the sepals and petals are so peculiarly formed that it is difficult to decide which belong to the former and which to the latter series. Actcea, again, differs from all the other genera in having a berry fruit. In this connec- tion it must be conceded that a Ranunculus is much more like a Potenlilla than any of the genera named ; but the essential differ- ence is that the stamens are inserted on the calyx in Potentilla, whereas in Ranunculus the sepals may be pulled away leaving the stamens on the receptacle. A few other examples of unusual structures or developments in flower and fruit may be useful. In & 'chizandra (Magnoliaceae) the receptacle or axis on which the carpels are seated elongates in the fruiting condition to six or nine inches, and has the appearance of being the axis of a raceme of flowers, each containing a single carpel. In the Papaveraceae the sepals fall so early that the expanded flower consists of petals only, enclosing the stamens and pistil. In the Polygalaceae two of the sepals are like petals and the lowest of the three petals is much enlarged and crested. In the Malvaceae the petals are often slightly connate at the base and adnate to the staminal column. In Impatiens the lower sepal (or three combined) is the largest and most conspicuous part of the flower. In Helinus (Rhamnaceae) the ovary is inferior. In Coriaria the petals are persistent, become fleshy and enclose the carpels. In Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) the petals are united, forming a gainopetalous corolla. The same thing occurs in the Cucurbitaceae. In Cornus capitata the white bracts of the involucre, enclosing a cluster oi small flowers, resemble the sepals of a Clematis. In the Asclepiadaceae the structure of the stamens is very peculiar, and the pollen coheres in masses similar to the condition in orchids. Tn Euphorbia several male flowers surround one female flower, INTRODUCTION lvii without separate envelopes, the whole having the appearance of a single flower. In Ficus numerous minute flowers are enclosed in the receptacle or fig. In Iris the stigmatic divisions of the style are like petals. These few deviations from the usual structure are given as a caution to students not to be misled by external resemblances. GLOSSARY Comparatively few technical terms are used in the descriptions in this work, but some familiar words have a definite signification in botanical language which requires explanation. Even the term petal has a more restricted meaning than it has in common parlance. Therefore it seems desirable to give a glossary, if only a very limited one. In addition to the names of organs and qualifying terms, a number of the commoner specific names are included. Illustrative examples have been selected as far as possible from the plants figured. i, as a prefix, denotes absence of an organ or organs : apetalous, acotyle- donous. Accumbent. — Applied to the embryo, especially of the Cruciferse, when the Radicle is turned up and applied to the edges of the cotyledons, thus o = . See Arabia dlpina, p. 31. Achene. — A dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, as in the Composite, or one car- pel in a cluster, as in the fruit of the Buttercup. Aculeatus.— Armed with prickles, which arise in the epidermal tissue. Acuminate. — Having a tapering tip, as the leaves of Pilea umbrosa, p. 464. Acute. — Having a sharp-pointed tip. Adherent. — Employed to denote union of the parts of different whorls or series in flowers, as calyx and ovary in all inferior ovaries, and stamens and corolla in most of the Gamopetalse. Adnate. — Organs of different series . united, as the stamens to the corolla in Primula, p. 298. Adventitious.— Roots, tubers or buds produced on any other than the ordi- nary part of the plant are termed ad- ventitious. Aestivation. — The disposition of the sepals or petals with regard to each other in the flower-bud. Alatus. — See Winged. Albumen. — The substance found in many seeds in addition to the em- bryo ; in some orders (Graminese) it J forms the bulk of the seed, in others (Leguminosse), it is almost always en- tirely absent. Albus. — White. Alternate. — One above the other at different levels, as the leaves of the Oak, or between each other, as the sepals and petals of most plants. Amplexicaulis. — Clasping the stem, as the leaves of Parnassia, p. 177, Chirita, p. 366, and Platystemma, p. 367. Androgynous. — When male and female flowers are intermixed or associated in the same head or spike. Anemophilous. — Fertilised by the wind conveying the pollen from flower to flower, as most plants having incon- spicuous flowers, such as the Sedges and Grasses. Annual. — Plants that flower only once and the same year or season as they spring from seeds. See Monocarpic. Anther. — The part of a stamen in which the pollen is generated. They mostly open or dehisce to allow the pollen to escape by longitudinal slits ; some- times by valves, as in Berberis and Machilus, p. 432 ; sometimes by pores, as in Rhododendron. Arborescens. — Growing into a tree. Arenarius. — Growing in sandy soil. Argenteus. — Silvery. Aril. — A pulpy or fleshy appendage to the coat or testa of a seed, as in Euonymus. lviii INTRODUCTION Aristatus. — Armed or bearing bristles, as the glumes of Grasses and the anthers of Pieris. Arvensis. — Growing in cultivated ground. Auriculatus. — Having ear -like appen- dages or lobes, as the leaves of Meri- andra, p. 393. Awn. — A stiff or flexible bristle. Axil. — The angle formed by a branch with the attached leaf, or by any axis with the attached organ. Axillary. — Produced in the axils of the leaves or other organs. Axis. — The , root, stem and branches which bear lea,ves, the parts of the flower, etc. A zureus. — Sky-blue . Baccate. — Having a more or less fleshy fruit. Barbatus. — Bearded. Berry. — Botanically a berry is an in- dehiscent fruit, fleshy or pulpy throughout with immersed seeds, as I in the Grape and Gooseberry. Bi, in compounds, signifies twice or two. Bilabiate, two-lipped, as the corolla of Salvia, Dicliptera and J usticia, and most of the Acanthacese, Labiatse and allied natural orders. Bifid, as the petals of Stellaria, p. 51. Blade. — The lamina or flat part of a leaf. Bracts. — The more or less leaf-like or scale-like organs on the inflorescence and immediately beneath the flowers. They constitute the involucre in the Compositse, etc. In Flemingia,]?. 145, they completely enclose the flowers. Bracteole. — The bracts immediately beneath or next to the flower. Bulb.— A. stock consisting of an axis and leaf -formations with buds in their axils, as in the Onion and Hyacinth. Bulb, Naked . — Having loose scales like the Lily. Bulb, Solid. — See Corm. Bulb, Tunicated. — Having the outer scales membranous, as the Tulip. Bullatus.— Blistered in appearance. C cesius. — Ash-grey. Calcaratus.— Spurred, as the petals of Aquilegia, and the corolla of Halenia, p. 328. Calyx. — The'outer floral envelope, where there are two dissimilar envelopes, as in the Buttercup and Primrose ; the sepals composing it are free in the former and combined in the latter. Campestris. — Growing in fields or open country. Candidus. — Pure white. Canescens. — Becoming grey or hoary. Capitate. — Terminating in a knob, as the pistil of many plants ; clustered in heads, as the flowers of the Com- positse and Primula denticulata, p. 298. Capitulum. — A dense head of flowers. Capsule. — A dry, dehiscent seed-vessel. Carneus. — Flesh-colour. Carpel. — One of the component parts of a fruit or seed-vessel. A seed-vessel consists of one or more carpels. They are separate, as in the Buttercup, or combined, as in the Flax. The pod of the Leguminosse consists of a single carpel, p. 132. Caryopsis.— The grain of Grasses. Catkin. — A deciduous spike of flowers, I as in the Willow, p. 479, and Poplar. Cernuus. — Drooping, pendent. | Character.— The features by which species, genera and orders are dis- tinguished from each other are termed their characters. Ciliate. — Having marginal hairs ; minutely fringed. Claw. — The stalk of a petal, etc., as in many Cruciferae and Caryophyllaceae, Gypsophila cerastoides, p. 46. Cleistogamic. — Fertilisation in closed flowers. Many plants, besides their ordinary flowers, produce others which never expand, yet they yield good seed, as the Violet. Coccineus.— Scarlet. Cceruleus. — Pale blue. Coherent. — Employed to denote union of parts of the same whorl, as the stamens of the Papilionacese and the petals of the Gamopetalae. Column. — The name given to the com- bined style and stamen or stamens in Orchids, and the combined stamens in Malva, p. 58. Comose. — Bearing a tuft of hairs, as the seeds of Epilobium, p. 195, and Trachelospermum, p. 312. In Am- phicome, p. 368, the seeds are comose at both ends. It is not usual to describe the pappose achenes of the Compositse as comose. Compound. — Of several parts, as a pin- nate leaf, Cassia, p. 148 ; as a bipin- nate leaf, Albizzia, p. 154. Cone. — The name given tojthe compound fruit of Pinus, and of other genera of the Coniferse, pp. 485-488. Also applied to other frutescences and to male inflorescences of similar shape. Connate. — Parts of the same whorl com- bined, as the petals of the Primrose and the stamens of the Mallow. Cordata. — Heart-shaped ; cordate, as the leaves of Marsdenia, p. 318. Coriaceous. — Leathery in texture, as the leaves of the common Laurel. Corm. — A fleshy, underground, bulb- like stock, as in Crocus. Cornutus. — Horned. Used in very much the same sense as calcaratus, INTRODUCTION lix and sometimes as aristatus ; as the appendages of the anthers of the Melastomacese, p. 190, Vacciniacese and Ericaceae, p. 294. Corolla. — The inner floral envelope where there are two, and usually the most showy part of the flower. It may consist of separate petals, as in the Buttercup, or of united petals, as in the Primrose. Corymb. — An inflorescence in which the lower flower-stalks are longer than the upper, thus bringing the flowers nearly to a level, as in Candytuft and Spiraea canescens, p. 158. Cotyledon. — A seed-leaf or embryonal leaf. In dicotyledons the embryo has two cotyledons ; in monocotyledons the embryo has only one cotyledon. Crenate. — Having rounded teeth, as the leaves of Potentilla, p. 166. Crested. — As the petals of Grewia, p. 62 ; the lowest petal of Polygala, p. 43. Cucullatus. — Hood -shaped . Cuneatus. — W edge -shaped. Cuspidatus. — Having a hard point. Cyme. — An irregular clustered inflo- rescence, as in Viburnum, p. 221. A scorpioid cyme, as in Forget-me-not. Deciduous. — Falling early or the same season, as the leaves of many trees. Used in contradistinction to ever- green in the case of leaves, and to persistent in the case of sepals and other organs. Decumbent. — Plants having trailing barren and ascending flower-stems. Decurrent. — Running down, as the blade of the leaves on the stems of many Thistles. Decussate. — Applied to leaves arranged in alternating pairs forming four vertical rows, as in Pycreus nitens, p. 553, and Cyperus niveus, p. 556. Dehiscence. — The opening or splitting of seed-vessels and anthers. Dentate. — Toothed, having the margin notched with small, triangular lobes, as the leaves of the Dead-nettle and Nepeta leucophylla, p. 398. Dicotyledon. — Having two seed-leaves usually distinguishable in the embryo or plantlet while still in the seed. Didynamous. — Having four stamens, two shorter than the others, as in Micromeria biftora, p. 392. Digitate. — Divided into leaflets in a radiate manner, as the leaves of the Horse Chestnut and Potentilla nepalensis, p. 166. Dimorphic. — Of two forms, as the leaves of Aconitum heterophyllum, p. 14, and of Pimpinella divers i folia , p. 210. Dioecious. — Bearing male and female flowers on different individuals. Disk. — Applied to an organ usually between the stamens and the ovary, sometimes between the petals and stamens, and often in the form of a ring, as in Zizyphus , p. 89, and Sageretia, p. 92. Dissepiments. — The partitions of an ovary or fruit. Distichous. — Arranged in two opposite vertical rows. Dorsal. — Appertaining to the back. As applied to carpels and stamens, it is the outside or that part next to the observer, as opposed to ventral or the side next the axis or centre of the flower. Drupe. — A fleshy fruit having a hard endocarp or stone enclosing the seed, as the Cherry. Drupelet. — A fleshy fruit composed of a number of carpelswith hard endo carps, as in most species of Rubus, p. 161. E, Ex, denotes absence, as ebracteate, eglandular, exalbuminous . Echinate. — Clothed with prickles, as the shell of the fruit of the Sweet Chestnut. Elliptical. — Oval, similar to ovate, but both ends equal. Emarginate. — Notched at the tip, as the petals of Stellaria crispata, p. 51. Embryo. — The plantlet or germ of a plant found in the seed. Ensiform. — Sword -shaped, as the leaves of Iris, p. 515. Entire. — Having an unbroken margin. Entomophilous. — Fertilised by insects conveying the pollen from flower to flower, as most plants having showy flowers. Epi, signifies upon in compounds. Epipetalous, as the stamens of Salvia, p. 395, Torenia, p. 353, and Scrophularia, p. 349, stamens on the corolla. Epicalyx. — The name given to the accessory lobes of the calyx of Poten- tilla, p. 166, and other genera. Epiphyte. — A plant that grows upon another but does not draw its nourishment therefrom. Ex, in composition means without, as exalbuminous ; or outside, as exo- genous. Exserted. — Projecting, as the stamens and style from the corolla of Elsholt- zia, p. 389, and Caryopteris, p. 381. Extrorse. — Applied to anthers which open outwards or away from the pistil. Fascicled. — Clustered . Filament. — The stalk of a stamen bear- ing the anther. lx INTRODUCTION Filiform. — Slender, thread-like. Fimbriate. — Fringed on the margin, as the labellum of Habenaria inter- media, p. 502. Flavus. — Pale yellow. Floret. — Often applied to the individual flowers of the Compositse and other plants, of which the inflorescence is popularly termed a flower. Folium. — A leaf. Follicle. — A several -seeded carpel de- hiscing along the inner or ventral suture, as in Delphinium denuda- tum, p. 12. Free. — Not joined together or with other organs, as all the parts of the flower of a Buttercup. Frond. — Applied to the leaves of ferns and some other groups of plants. Fruit. — The seed-vessel of any plant, whether edible or otherwise. Fugacious. — Falling very early, as the sepals of Poppies. Fulvus. — Dull yellow. Fuscus. — Brown. Oamopetalous. — Petals united and form- ing a corolla which falls away as a whole, as in the Labiatse. Genus. — See under the heading ‘ Classi- fication,’ p. lv. Glabrous. — Having no hairs ; smooth. Gland, ular. — Furnished with glands or secretory organs, as the leaves of Drosera, p. 187. The variously formed and situated honey -secreting organs of flowers are termed glands. Glaucous. — Of the peculiar pale blue- green seen in the leaves of the com- mon Pea. Glume. — The bracts enclosing the flowers of the Graminese and Cyper- acese. Graveolens. — Of a strong odour. Gymnos, signifies naked in compounds. Habit. — The general aspect of a plant, due to its mode of growth, stature, branching, foliage and other charac- teristics. Helmet-shaped. — As the upper sepal of Aconitum heterophyllum, p. 14. Herbaceous.— Applied to all green parts that are not woody, and to stems that flower and then die. Hermaphrodite. — Having both sexes, stamens and pistil, in the same flower. Heterogamous.— Flower -heads are hete- rogamous when they contain more than one kind of flower, as male and emale, or neuter and hermaphrodite, ! as in some Compositae. Hirsutus. — Clothed with rather long, soft hairs. Hispidus. — Clothed with rather long, stiff hairs, Homogamous. — Flower -heads are homo- gamous when all the flowers are alike, that is, male, female or her- maphrodite, as in some Compositse. Humilis. — Dwarf, used in comparison. Hypo, used in compounds to denote below, under ; as hypogynous petals and stamens below the ovary in Anemone, p. 5. j Imbricate. — Used more especially to denote that sepals or petals overlap each other in bud instead of their edges just meeting. Incumbent. — Applied to the embryo, especially of the Cruciferse, when the radicle is turned against the back of one of the cotyledons; thus, ol|. See Sisymbrium strictum, p. 34. Infei ior. — This term is employed to designate the relative positions of the different parts of a flower, but more especially it means, with regard to the ovary, that the calyx is adherent to it, so that the ovary is situated below the flower proper, as in Epi- lobium, p. 195, Aralia, p. 217, and Viburnum, p. 221. Inflorescence. — The arrangement of the flowers when they are not solitary in the axils of the leaves, as the raceme in Sisymbrium, p. 34, the panicle in Meliosma, p. 102, the umbel in H eracleum, p. 215, and the catkin in Salix, p. 479. Spikes, racemes, corymbs, etc., may be simple (un- branched) or paniculate (branched). Involucel. — A secondary involucre en- closing the separate flowers, as in the Dipsacese ; see Morina, p. 239. Involucre. — The name given to one or more series of bracts surrounding a head of flowers, as in all the Compo- sitse. In Cornus capitata, p. 219, the involucre is the conspicuous part of the inflorescence. Irregular. — Sepals or petals unequal in size or different in shape in the same •flower, as in Aconitum, p. 14. Keel. — The two lower more or less com- bined petals of the flowers of the Papilionacese constitute the keel or carina. An organ is keeled when it has a ridge like the keel of a boat, as the carpels of Delphinium, p. 12. Labellum. — See Lip. Labiate. — Lipped, as the corolla of most of the Labiatse, Verbenacese, Acan- thacese and Scrophulariacese. Laciniate. — Irregularly cut or divided. Lacustris. — Growing in lakes. I anceolate. — Of leaves, etc. , nearly ovate buttapering to both ends and broadest introduction Ixi below the middle. See Swertia, p. 327, Schizandra, p. 16, Impatiens, p. 74, and Ilex, p. 84. Lateral. — Employed to designate the two side petals or wings between the standard and keel in Leguminosse, and the side lobes of the lip of an Orchid and other similar relative positions of organs. Leaflet. — The ultimate articulated divi- sions of compound leaves, as in Thalictrum, p. 7, Cedrela, p. 82, Vitis, p. 94, Astragalus, p. 126, Cassia, p. 148, and Albizzia, p. 154. In many compoundly divided leaves the ultimate segments are not jointed to the rhachis, and do not eventually separate from it, and are properly designated lobes or segments. Legurme. — The pod or seed-vessel of the Leguminosse, etc. Ligulate. — Strap-shaped, as the ray- flowers of the Compositse ; all the flowers are ligulate in the suborder to which the Dandelion and Lactuca, p. 285, belong. Linear. — Narrow, with almost parallel edges, as the leaves of Grasses and Sedges. Lip. — The name given to one of the divisions of t'he perianth of Orchid flowers. This is usually different in shape and larger than the rest of the segments. See Bilabiate. Liltoralis. — Inhabiting the sea-shore. Lobe. — A division of a leaf, leaflet or petal. Luoidus. — Shining. Luteus. — Yellow. Macro, in composition long but some- times used instead of mega to indicate large. Membranous. — Employed to designate the texture of leaves, etc., when they are thin and limp, as opposed to coriaceous or leathery. Midrib. — The central rib-like thicken- ing of a leaf. Where there are similar lateral thickenings proceeding from the base towards the apex of the leaf they are commonly termed nerves. Some authors call the primary veins, which proceed from the midrib towards the margin, nerves. Coriaria nepalensis, p. 107, has three -nerved leaves ; in Osbeckia stellata, p. 190, they are five -nerved. The net -like vascular system of a leaf is termed the venation. Mono, in composition signifies one, as monocotyledon. Monocarpic. — Flowering and fruiting only once, whether the same season that the plant springs from seed or the season after or many years after, as the Talipot Palm and many kinds of Bamboo, which flower once and then die. Monocotyledon. — Having only one seed- leaf. Monoecious. — Sexes, stamens and pistil, in separate flowers, but on the same plant. Mucronate. — Terminating in a short, hard point. Natans. — Of swimmingor floating habit. Natural Order. — See under the heading ‘ Classification,’ p. lv. Nerves. — See Midrib. Nivalis.— From, snowy regions. Niveus. — Snowy -white. Nudus. — Naked, that is, a surface with- out scales, hairs or other appendages, as leaves and other organs. Numerous. — When organs exceed from twelve to twenty, as the stamens of Albizzia mollis, p. 154 . Nut. — Variously applied both in popular and botanical writings. The Hazel nut and the Acorn, without the involucre or cup, are true nuts. See Quercus, p. 474. The seed-vessel or grain of the Cyperacese is also desig- nated a nut. Nutans. — Drooping, nodding, as the flowers of the Snowdrop. Nutlet. — Applied to small one-seeded fruits and the divisions of the fruits of the Boraginacese and Labiatae. See Cynoglossum furcatum, p. 332. Ob, a prefix denoting inversion, as oblanceolate, obovate, obcordate, etc. Obtuse . — Having a rounded or blunt tip. - oides . — An affix denoting resemblance. Orbicular.— Circular in outline. Oval. — The same as elliptical. Ovary. — That part of the pistil contain- ing the ovules or young seeds. There may be several or many ovaries in the same flower, each having a single cavity or cell, as Larkspur and Buttercup ; or there may be only one ovary and that one -celled, as in the Leguminosse and Compositse, or more than one -celled, as in the Umbelliferse and Scrophulariacese. Ovate. — Egg-shaped, as the leaves of Lychnis, p. 49, and Grewia, p. 62. Ovule. — A young seed. Pale. — The name given to the inner flowering glume of Grasses differing from the others in being two -nerved or two -ribbed. Palmate. — Lobed in the form of a hand, as’ the leaves of Malva, p. 58, and Zehneria, p. 200. Palustris. — Growing in marshes. lxii INTRODUCTION Panicle. — A genera .name for loosely branched inflorescences, such as that of .the Horse Chestnut and many Grasses, as Panicum plicatum, p. 583. More strictly, a panicle is a compound inflorescence, which may be spicate, racemose, corymbose or cymose in composition. Papilionaceous. — Shaped like a butter- fly. Applied more especially to the flowers of the Pea farqily. In such flowers the upper petal is the standard , the lateral petals the wings, and the lower petals combined the keel. Pappus. — The calyx-limb of the Compositse, usually composed of hairs or bristles, less frequently of scales. See Aster, p. 250, Serratula, p. 275, Ainslicea, p. 277. Parasite. — A plant that grows upon and roots into the tissues of another from which it obtains its nourishment, as Cuscuta, p. 340, and Viscum, p. 440. Pedicel. — A flower-stalk ; properly the ultimate branchlets of a compound inflorescence, each bearing one flower ; but often employed instead of peduncle. Peduncle. — When flowers are solitary, as in the axils of the leaves, the stalk is termed a peduncle. It is also employed to designate the stalk of a cluster or head of flowers, as in the Composite. Peltatus. — Produced from within the margin, as the leaf -stalks of Cissam- pelos, p. 19. Perennial. — Flowering more than once from the' same root or root-stock, more especially applied to herbs that die down annually. Perianth. — The floral envelopes collec- tively ; but employed more especially where there is only one series or where there is no distinct differentia- tion into calyx and corolla. Pericarp. — The shell of a fruit or seed- vessel. It consists of distinct parts in some fruits ; thus in the Peach there is the skin or epicarp, the flesh or mesocarp, and the stone or endo- carp. Perigynous. — Growing on the tube or throat of the calyx, as the petals and stamens in most of the Rosacese. Persistent. — Of more than ordinary duration, as the calyx of the Straw- | berry, the style in many Cruciferse, and the leaves of evergreens. Petals. — The separate or united parts of the floral envelope. See Corolla. Petaloid. — Resembling petals in colour and texture, commonly applied to the perianth of the Lilies and other monocotyledonous orders. Petiolate. — Having a stalk. Petiole. — A leaf -stalk. Petiolule. — The stalk of a leaflet. Phcenogamous or Phanerogamous. — Having manifest flowers in contra- distinction to ferns, which are designated Cryptogamous.. Pinnate. — A compound leaf divided into leaflets. There are simply pinnate leaves, Cedrela, p. 82, Indigofera, p. 122, and bipinnate leaves, Albizzia, p. 154, and others of greater degrees of division. There are no buds in the axils of a leaflet. Pinnatifid. — As applied to leaves and other organs, signifies that they are lobed or divided, but not quite to the midrib. Pinnule. — Pinnules are the primary divisions of a bipinnate leaf ; leaflets are the primary divisions of a pinnate leaf and the secondary divisions of a bipinnate leaf. Pistil. — The female organs of a flower collectively. It consists of one car- pel, as in Leguminosse ; of several free carpels, as in the Buttercup ; or of several combined carpels, as in Flax. The simplest form of pistil consists’ of an ovary and stigma, but the latter usually has a stalk or style. Some authors call the carpels of a fruit pistils when they are free, as in the Buttercup. Placenta. — The process or body which bears the ovules in the ovary. Plumose. — Feathery, as the pappus of Ainslicea, p. 277, and the ripe achenes of Clematis, p. 3. Plumule. — The primary bud of an embryo. Pollen. — The powdery substance formed in the anthers. It consists of minute, unicellular bodies whose function is to fertilise the ovules, and it is thus regarded as the male element in sexual reproduction. Polygamous. — When male, female and hermaphrodite flowers are intermixed on the same individual plant. Polypetalous. — Petals free, as in the Buttercup. Prcecox. — Flowering early. Pratensis. — Growing in meadows. Procumbent. — Applied to stems that lie on the ground but do not form roots at the joints. Pubescent. — Clothed with short, soft hairs. Putamen. — The stone of a fruit such as the Peach. Raceme. — A kind of inflorescence in which the flowers are nearly equally stalked and arranged singly on a common axis or peduncle, as in Astra- galus chlorostachys, p. 126. Rachis, Rachilla. — See Rhachis. Radical . — Proceeding from the crown of the root or root-stock, as the INTRODUCTION lxiii leaves of the Dandelion and Prim- [ rose. Radicle. — The first root of a plant growing from a seed. Receptacle. — The top of the axis bearing the parts of the flower, as in the Buttercup ; or bearing the flowers, ! as in the Composite and in Ficus. Recurved. — Curled or turned backwards, as the perianth -segments of Lilium polyphyllum, see frontispiece. Regular. — When all the parts of each series of organs in a flower are alike, as the sepals and petals of the Butter- cup. Reniform. — Kidney-shaped in outline or form. Repens. — Creeping. Rhachis. — Used to designate the axis of a fern-frond, the principal axis of a compound leaf or of an inflorescence. The diminutive rhachilla is more especially used as the name of the axis of the flower -spikelet in Grasses. Rhizome. — A creeping, usually under- ground stem, producing erect stems at intervals. Riparius. — Growing on the banks of streams and lakes. Rotate. — In the form of a wheel, as the corolla of Androsace. Ruber. — Red. Ruderalis. — Growing in waste places. Rugosus. — W r inkled . Rupestris. — Growing on rocks. Sabulosus. — Growing in gravelly or j sandy places. Sagittate. — Shaped in the form of an I arrow-head. Salver -shaped. — Applied to the corolla, | as in Syringa, p. 308, and many i species of Primula , p. 298. Sarmentose. — Climbing by means of long, flexible branches and resting on other shrubs rather than attaching themselves, as the Blackberry and many Roses. Saxatilis. — Growing on rocks or stones. Scabrous. — Furnished with rigid, prickly hairs or bristles. Scandens. — Climbing. \ Scape. — A flower -stalk or stem, usually leafless, springing direct from the root or root-stock, as in Ophiopogon, p. 513, and Eriocaulon, p. 550. S carious. — Thin, dry and membranous, as the glumes of most Grasses. Seed-vessel. — Fruit, whether edible or otherwise. Semi , denotes half or partial. Sempervirens. — Evergreen. Septum. — A partition in an ovary or fruit. Sericeus. — Silky. Serotinus. — Late. Serrate. — Saw-toothed, as the edges of the leaves of Pilea umbrosa , p. 46i. Sessile. — Stalkless. Setaceus. — Bristly. Sheathing. — Envelopingsomeother part , as the base of the leaves of Grasses and the stipules of Polygonum, p. 424. Simple. — Applied to leaves and other organs in contradistinction to com- pound. For example a leaf is simple when the division does not. extend to the midrib. Sinus. — A recess of a lobed organ. Spadix. — A spicate inflorescence en- closed in a leafy bract or spathe, as in Ariscema, p. 541. Spathe. — A leafy bract enclosing the inflorescence as in Ariscema, p. 541. Spathulate. — Oblong and tapering downwards into a stalk, as the leaf of the Daisy. Spike.- — An inflorescence having, the flowers sessile on a common axis, which may be simple or branched. Plantago, p. 408. Spine. — A sharp, woody outgrowth having its seat below the skin or epi- dermis, as in Flacourtia, p. 41. Spurred. — Having a hollow, tubular projection, as the upper sepal of Delphinium, p. 12, the upper petal of Gorydalis, p. 26, the corolla of Halenia, p. 328, the labellum of Habenaria, p. 502, and the anthers of Pieris, p. 294. The last are more cor- rectly described as aristate. Squamatus. — Clothed with scales, as the leaves of Elceagnus, p. 436. Stamen. — The organ in a flower which produces the pollen or male element. It usually consists of filament and anther. Staminode. — A rudimentary organ in a series next to the stamens. Standard. — The name given to the upper petal of the flowers of the Papilion- ac eee, Flemingia, p. 145, and 7m- patiens, p. 74. Stellate. — Radiating, as hairs and other organs. Stigma. — -The viscous part of a style which receives the pollen, which then grows down into the ovary and fer- tilises the ovules. Stipitate. — Stalked, asappliedto ovaries, carpels and pods. Bcenninghausenia, p. 77. . Stipules. — Bract-like appendages at the base of the leaf -stalks of many plants. They are toothed or pinnatifid in the Violet, spine -like in Zizyphus, p. 89, in many species of Astragalus, p. 126, and in the False Acacia Robinia, and leaf -like in Lathyrus Aphaca. Stolon. — An offset or runner producing roots at intervals and forming inde- pendent plants, as in Viola, p. 40. Strictus. — Of narrow, stiff, erect habit of growth. Style. — The usually slender termination Ixiv INTRODUCTION of a carpel or ovary bearing the | stigma. Subulate. — Awl-shaped. Sulcate. — Furrowed. Superior. — As an ovary or pistil when it is free from the calyx and other parts of the flower. Sylvestris, Sylvaticus. — Inhabiting j woods. Sometimes used in the sense of wild as opposed to cultivated. Symmetrical. — When all the whorls of a i flower — sepals, petals, stamens and carpels — are the same in number. Syn, signifies union, as syncarpous j when the carpels are consolidated, as I in Flax and Hypericum ; or syngene- sious wheq the anthers are united, as in the Compositse. Tendril. — A twining organ by means of which a plant climbs. In Zehneria, p. 200, it is a modified branch ; in Vida and Lathyrus it is a modified j leaflet. Tenuis. — Slender, thin. Terete. — Cylindrical. Testa. — The skin of a seed. Thalamus. — The apex of the axis on j which the parts of the flower are seated. See Receptacle. Tomentose. — Clothed with a dense, short down. Almost the same as pubescent, but hairy in a stronger degree. Toothed. — The same as dentate. Notched on the margin, as the leaves of many ! plants. When the teeth are rounded the term crenate is employed ; when the points of the teeth are directed towards the tip of the leaf the term serrate is employed. See Craniotome, p. 401, and Quercus dilatata, p. 474. Torus. — See Receptacle. Tri, in compounds means three, as tri- foliolate, the leaves of Rhynchosia \ himalensis, p. 144. Truncate. — When the end or tip of an | organ is more or less square as if cut off. Tube. — The united part of a calyx or j corolla is termed the tube, whatever j its shape, as distinguished from the s lobes or limb. Tuber. — An underground, fleshy stem or stock like the Potato. Tuberous- rooted, as Dahlia. Tuberculate. — Furnished with excres- cences on the surface. Uliginosus. — Growingin swampy places. | Umbel. — An inflorescence in which the flower-stalks radiate from one point, i as in the Ivy. In Heracleum, p. 215, and most of the Umbelliferse the um- bels are compound, that is, having branches of the second order. Umbrosus. — Growing in shady places. Unarmed. — Destitute of spines or prickles. Undulate. — Having a wavy margin. Unisexual. — Flowers or plants bearing only male or female organs. Urens. — Stinging. Utricle.- — The name given to the bladder - like envelope of the nut of Garex, p. 567. Valvate. — Applied to sepals and petals when their edges meet in the flower- bud but do not overlap. Valve. — The pieces into which a seed- vessel divides or splits, as the pods of Cruciferse, Sisymbrium, p. 34, and Leguminosae, Astragalus, p. 126 ; and the trap-door-like covers of the anthers of the Berberidacese and Lauraceae, Machilus Duthiei, p. 432. Veins. — See Midrib. V elutinus. — Velvety, as the surface of some leaves. Ventral. — The part of an organ facing the centre of a flower. V errucosus. — W arty. Versatile. — Affixed by the middle, as the anthers of grasses. V erticillate. — When several leaves spring from the same horizontal plane, as in Galium, p. 235. Virens. — Becoming green. Virgatus. — Having long, slender, stiff stems or branches. V iridis. — Green. Viviparous. — Forming buds in the in- florescences which eventually fall off and grow into independent plants, as some Lilies and Rushes. Volubilis. — Twisting, twining, as Ipo- mcea, p. 337, and Cuscuta, p. 340. Whorl. — A ring of organs on the same plane, as the leaves of Galium, p. 235, and the carpels of Malva, p. 58. This term is also used to designate the two opposite clusters or cymes of flowers of most Labiatse. Winged. — Furnished with a membra- nous or leafy expansion, as the seeds of many Coniferse, the fruit of Acer, p. 99, and Begonia, p. 202. Wings. — The lateral petals of the Papi- lionacese and the sepals of Polygala- cese. INTRODUCTION lxv LIST OF THE PLANTS FIGURED All the figures are approximately half the natural size of the plants re- presented. The separate flowers, parts of flowers, seed-vessels, seeds, etc., are mostly enlarged to show their structure more distinctly. FIG. PAGE FIG. PAGE Abies Pindrow . 161 488 Corydalis cornuta 9 26 Acer caudatum . 32 99 Cotoneaster bacillaris . 48 172 Aconitum heterophyllum 5 14 Craniotome versicolor 128 401 Agropyron longearistatum 198 633 Crepis japonica . 84 281 Agrostis Royleana 194 614 Cuscuta reflexa . 107 340 Ainsliaea aptera . 82 277 Cyathula tomentosa . 132 413 Albizzia mollis . 43 154 Cynanchum Dalhousise 98 317 Amphicome arguta 117 368 Cynoglossum furcatum 104 332 Anaphalis cinnamomea 77 256 Cyperus niveus . 182 556 Andrachne cordifolia . 147 449 Andropogon distans . 192 605 Gryllus 191 602 Daphne cannabina 140 435 Androsace lanuginosa . 93 300 Delphinium denudatum 4 * 12 Anemone rivularis 2 5 Desmodium floribundum 39 132 Arabis alpina 10 31 Deutzia staminea 52 179 Aralia cachemirica 66 217 Dichrocephala chrysanthemi- Argostemma verticillatum 70 228 folia .... 76 248 Arissema helleborifolium 178 541 Dicliptera bupleuroides 120 377 Artemisia vestita 79 267 Dioscorea kumaonensis 174 519 Arundinaria falcata 199 635 Drosera lunata . 55 187 Aster mollius cuius 76 250 Astilbe rivularis 49 174 Astragalus chlorostachys 37 126 Echinops niveus 80 271 Avena aspera 196 618 Elseagnus umbellata . 141 436 Elsholtzia polystachya 123 389 Epilobium Royleanum 58 195 Begonia picta . 61 202 Eragrostis nigra 197 626 Berberis aristata 8 21 Eriocaulon Sieboldianum 180 550 Boenninghausenia albiflora 24 77 Euonymus tingens 28 86 Boerhaavia repens 131 409 Euphorbia hypericifolia 145 445 Buddleia paniculata . 100 321 Bupleurum tenue 63 208 Ficus palmata . 148 461 Fimbristylis Pierotii . 183 562 Campanula argyrotricha 88 292 Flacourtia sapida 13 41 colorata 87 291 Flemingia fruticulosa . 41 146 Carex nubigena . 184 567 Caryopteris Wallichiana 121 381 Casearia tomentosa 59 197 Galium rotundifolium 72 235 Cassia mimosoides 42 148 Gentiana argentea 101 324 Cautleya spicata 170 511 Geranium nepalense . 22 69 Cedrela serrata . 26 82 Gerbera lanuginosa 83 278 Cedrus Deodara 159 487 Girardinia heterophylla 149 463 Chenopodium Botrys . 133 417 Grewia oppositifolia . 20 62 Chirita bifolia 115 366 Gypsophila cerastioides 15 46 Cissampelos Pareira 7 19 Clematis Buchananiana 1 3 Commelina obliqua 176 533 Habenaria Edgeworthii 166 505 Coriaria nepalensis 35 107 ensifolia 165 503 Cornus capitata . 67 219 intermedia . 164 602 e Ixvi INTRODUCTION FIG. PAGE Halenia elliptica . 103 328 Hamiltonia suaveolens . 71 232 Hemipilia cordifolia . . 167 506 Heracleum canescens . 65 215 Herminium angustifolium . 163 500 Hypericum cernuum . . 18 55 Hypoxis aurea . . 173 517 Ilex dipyrena . . 27 84 Impatiens scabrida . 23 74 Indigofera Gerardiana . 36 122 Inula cuspidata . . 78 259 Ipomoea hederacea . 106 337 Iris nepalensis . . 172 515 J uncus concinnus . 177 537 J usticia simplex . 119 376 Kalanchoe spathulata . 53 183 Lactuca macrorhiza . . 85 285 Lespedeza Gerardiana. . 38 127 Leucas lanata . 129 404 Lilium polyphyllum . Frontispiece Litsea consimilis . 139 433 Lonicera quinquelocularis . 69 224 Loranthus vestitus . 142 438 Lychnis nutans . 16 49 Machilus Duthiei . 138 432 Malva verticillata 19 58 Marsdenia Roylei . 99 318 Mazus rugosus . . 110 350 Meliosma dillenisefolia . . 33 102 Meriandra strobilifera . 125 393 Mertensia racemosa . 105 334 Micromeria biflora . 124 392 Microstylis Wallichii . . 162 491 Mollugo stricta . . 62 204 Monotropa uniflora . 90 295 Morina longifolia . 74 239 Myrica Nagi . 151 471 Myrsine africana . 94 304 Nepeta leucophylla . . 127 398 Ophiopogon intermedius . 171 513 Oplismenus undulatifolius . 187 585 Osbeckia stellata . 56 190 Osyris arborea . . 144 442 Panicum plicatum . 186 583 Parnassia nubicola . 51 177 Paspalum sanguinale . . 185 579 Pedicularis carnosa . 114 362 Pennisetum flaccidum . 188 588 Peperomia reflexa . 137 429 Perotis latifolia . . 189 590 Phalaris minor . . 193 608 Picea Morinda . . 160 488 Pieris ovalifolia . . 89 294 Pilea umbrosa . . 150 464 Pimpinella diversifolia . 64 210 Pinus excels a . 157 485 longifolia . . 158 486 Plantago tibetica FIG. 130 PAGE 408 Platystemma violoides 116 367 Plectranthus Coetsa . 122 385 Pollinia fimbriata 190 593 Polygala crotalarioides 14 43 Polygonum capitatum 134 424 polystachyum 135 425 Potamogeton javanicus 179 547 Potentilla nepalensis . 46 166 Prenanthes Brunoniana 86 286 Primula denticulata . 91 298 petiolaris 92 299 Pycreus nitens . 181 553 Pyrus Pashia 47 170 Quercus dilatata 153 474 glauca 155 476 incana 154 475 semecarpifolia 152 474 Reinwardtia trigyna 21 66 Rhus Cotinus 34 104 Rhynchosia himalensis 40 144 Roscoea alpina . 169 510 Rubus biflorus . 45 161 Rumex hastatus 136 427 Sageretia theezans . 30 92 Salix elegans 156 479 Salvia lanata 126 395 Sarcococca pruniformis 146 447 Satyrium nepalense 168 507 Saxifraga diversifolia . 50 176 Schizandra grandiflora 6 16 Scrophularia himalensis 109 349 Sedum adenotrichum . 54 185 Serratula pallida 81 275 Sisymbrium strictum . 11 34 Skimmia Laureola 25 78 Smilax aspera 175 522 Solanum xanthocarpum 108 342 Sopubia trifida . 113 360 Spiraea canescens 44 158 Stellaria crispata 17 51 Strobilanthes Dalhousianus 118 373 Swertia purpurascens . 102 327 Symplocos crataegoides 95 305 Syringa Emodi . 96 308 Thalictrijm javanicum 3 7 Torenia cordifolia 111 353 Trachelospermum fragrans . 97 312 Tripogon filiformis 196 620 Valeriana Hardwickii 73 237 Viburnum cotinifolium 68 221 Viola canescens . 12 40 Viscum articulatum 143 440 Vitis himalayana 31 94 Woodfordia floribunda 57 192 Wulfenia Amherstiana 112 355 Zehneria umbellata . 60 200 Zizyphus oxyphylla 29 89 INTRODUCTION Ixvii BIBLIOGRAPHY The following list of books and articles includes the principal ones consulted and cited, and also a few others that may be useful to the student of the Flora and Vegetable Products of Simla and the surrounding country. Beddome, B. H. Handbook to the Ferns of British India, with 300 figures, chiefly in the text. 1883. Supplement, 1892. Bentham, G. Outlines of Elementary Botany, as Introductory to Local Floras. New Edition. Blanford, II. F. An annotated List of the Ferns of Simla between the Elevations of 4,500 and 10,500 ft. Printed for private distribution only. No date, but from internal evidence it must have appeared since 1883. Blanford, H. F. The Silver Ferns of Simla and their Allies. ‘ Journal of the Simla Naturalists’ Society,’ ii. pp. 13-22. 1886. Blanford, H. F. A List of the Ferns of Simla in the N.W. Himalaya, between Levels of 4,500 and 10,500 ft. ‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ lvii. 2, pp. 294-315, tt. 16-21. 1888. Brandis, D., and J. Lindsay Stewart. The Forest Flora of North- West and Central India. 1874. Brandis, D., and J. Lindsay Stewart. Illustrations of the Forest Flora of North-West and Central India, with 70 quarto uncoloured plates. 1874. Brandis, D. Vegetation and Country from Narkanda to Pangi. Simla, 1879. Brandis, D. Der Wald des ausseren Nordwestlichen Himalaya. ‘ Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereins der preussischen Rheinlande und Westphalens,’ xxxxii. pp. 153-180. About 1885-6. Bruce, Lady Elisabeth, assisted by H. Babington Smith and others. An annotated List of Flowers collected in the neighbourhood of Simla and Mashobra. Simla, 1897. Buck, E. C. Twenty Trees of the Simla Neighbourhood. * Journal of the Simla Naturalists’ Society,’ i. pp. 27-43. 1885. Ixviii INTRODUCTION Clarke , C. B. A Review of the Ferns of Northern India. 4 Trans- actions of the Linnean Society,’ 2nd Series, Botany, i. pp. 425-611, plates 49-84. 1880. Coldstream , W. Grasses of the Southern Punjab. Photo -litho- graphs of some of the Principal Grasses found at Hissar. 1889. Collett, H. Two Simla Plants. 4 Journal of the Simla Naturalists ’ Society,’ ii. pp. 1-11. 1886. Collett, H. Some Simla Grasses. 4 Journal of the Simla Natu- ralists’ Society,’ ii. pp. 55-58. 1886. Duthie, J. F., and J. B. Fuller. Field and Garden Crops of the North-western Provinces and Oudh, with 100 uncoloured plates. 1882-1893. Gamble, J. S. A Manual of Indian Timbers. 1881. A new edition is passing through the press. Gamble, J. 8. The Hill Route from Mussoorie to Simla. 4 Indian Forester,’ xxiv. (1898), pp. 105-111, with a map. Griffith, W. Journals of Travels. 1847. Loodianah to Simla, pp. 506-516. Hoffmeister , W. Travels in Ceylon and Continental India. 1848. Simla, pp. 474-480. Hooker, J. D., and T. Thomson. Flora Indica, with an Intro- ductory Essay. 1855. Simla, Introduction, p. 202. Hooker, J. D. The Flora of British India. Seven vols. 1875- 1897. Hope, C. W. The Ferns of North-western India, illustrated. 4 Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,’ xii.-xiv. 1899-1902. Jacquemont , V. Voyage dans l’lnde pendant les annees 1828- 1832. Tome iv., Botanique, containing 180 uncoloured plates. 1844. Royle, J. Forbes. Illustrations of the Botany ... of the Hima- laya Mountains, containing 97 coloured plates. 1839. Sunder, Ball Pathak, Pundit. Reafforestation of the Mahasu-Fagu Ridge. 4 Indian Forester,’ xxii. (1896), pp. 44-49. Thomson, T. Western Himalaya and Tibet : A Narrative of a Journey through the Mountains of Northern India during the years 1847-8. 1852. Watt, G. Dictionary of the Economic Products of India. Six volumes. 1889 to 1893. Wight, R. leones Plantarum Indise Orientalis, containing 2,101 uncoloured plates. 1840-1853. I. RANUNCULACEiE Herbs of various habit or climbing shrubs {Clematis). Leaves radical, alternate or opposite {Clematis). Flowers usually 2- sexual, regular or irregular, presenting a great variety of form in the different genera. Sepals usually 5, free ; petal-like, when the petals are wanting or rudimentary ; falling off after flowering ; imbricate or valvate {Clematis) ; all alike or sometimes differing much in shape. Petals variously formed, the same in number as the sepals or more, sometimes wanting or reduced, flat or spurred, imbricate. Stamens usually numerous, free. Carpels several or many, rarely only one or two, distinct, 1 -celled, one- or many- ovuled, style simple. Fruit of one or more, usually numerous, achenes or follicles ; or a many -seeded berry {Actcea). — Abundant in cold and temperate regions, rare in the tropics. In Ranunculacece the sepals and petals present almost as great a variety of form as all the other orders of the Thalamiflorece, but the great majority can be recognised by their numerous free stamens and free carpels. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Sepals large, petal-like . Herbs. Leaves alternate or radical. Carpels 1-ovuled. Flowers regular. Petals none. Sepals 4-8, petal-like. Flowers in an umbelliform cyme, with ear-like involucres ....... Flowers in panicles, involucres none Petals 5-8, more conspicuous than the sepals. Petals scarlet, without a basal gland Petals yellow, with a basal gland Carpels many-ovuled. Flowers very irregular. Sepals flat, regular. Petals spurred Upper sepal produced at the base in the form of a spur ........ Upper sepal helmet- shaped, base not produced Flowers regular or nearly regular. Flowers 1-2 in. diam., yellow .... Flowers 3-4 in. diam., red or white Flowers hardly J in. diam., white. Carpels 2-5. Follicles flat .... Carpel solitary. Berry ovoid .... 1. Clematis. 2. Anemone. 3. Thalictrum. 4. Adonis. 5. Ranunculus. 7. Aquilegia. 8. Delphinium. 9. Aconitum. 6. Caltha. 12. Pceonia. 11. Cimicifuga. 10. Actcea. 2 I. R ANUN CTJL ACEiE 1. CLEMATIS. The Greek name. — Temperate regions, rare in the tropics. Shrubs climbing by means of their leaf-stalks. Leaves of 3 leaflets or pinnate, opposite, or clustered at the nodes ; leaflets often lobed, usually irregularly toothed. Flowers solitary on axillary stalks, or in loose axillary panicles. Sepals 4, rarely more, large, petal-like, spreading or erect, valvate in bud. Petals none. Stamens numerous, filaments glabrous or hairy. Fruit a head of nearly sessile achenes conspicuous by the persistent styles which grow out into long feathery tails. Leaves with 3 leaflets. Flowers solitary on long stalks. Flowers white . Flowers dull purple ..... Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles. Sepals spreading. Flowers | in. diam. .... Flowers f-1 in. diam. Leaflets hairy . . Leaflets downy ..... Sepals erect, tips recurved. Filaments hairy only on the lower half Filaments hairy throughout. Stem and leaflets glabrous . Stem and leaflets hairy 1. G. montana. 2. C. barbellaia. 4. G. Gouriana. 3. C. grata. 5. G. puberula. 6. C. nutans. 7. G. connata. 8. G. Buchananiana. 1. Clematis montana, Buch.-Ham. ; Fl.Br.Ind. i. 2. Glabrous or pubescent. Stems terete. Leaves of 3 leaflets, stalked, clustered at the nodes ; leaflets narrowly ovate, acute, margins more or less toothed, especially towards the tip. Flowers 2-3 in. diam., white, solitary on axillary stalks longer than the leaves. Sepals oblong, flat, spreading, tip rounded. Anthers and achenes glabrous. Simla, common on open hill-sides ; April. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000- 12,000 ft. This species is widely cultivated in England on account of its early flower- ing season. 2. Clematis barbellata, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 3. Glabrous or nearly so. Stems terete. Leaves of 3 leaflets, stalked, clus- tered at the nodes ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, often lobed, irregu- larly sharply toothed. Buds ovoid, acute. Flowers dull purple, solitary on axillary stalks at first shorter than the leaves, lengthen- ing in fruit. Sepals §-l in. long, pubescent, lanceolate, long- pointed, spreading. Filaments usually fringed with long hairs. Anthers hairy on the back. Achenes glabrous. Mushobra, Mahasu, in forest ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 5000-12,000 ft. 3. Clematis grata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 3. More or less hairy. Stems deeply furrowed. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets rarely only 3, hairy on both surfaces, ovate -lanceolate, often cordate, usually lobed, pointed, irregularly sharply toothed. Flowers f-1 in. diam., cream-coloured, fragrant, in panicles often longer than I. RANTIN' CUL ACEiE 3 the leaves. Sepals oblong-ovate, tomentose outside, spreading. Filaments glabrous^ Achenes densely pubescent. Simla, Mushobra, common ; August. — W. Himalaya, 2000- 8000 ft. — China, Africa. 4. Clematis Gouriana, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 4. Glabrous or nearly so. Stems furrowed. Leaves pinnate or 2-pinnate ; leaf- lets thin, smooth, ovate -lanceolate, cordate, long-pointed, entire. Flowers in. diam., pale yellow, crowded in panicles. Sepals densely pubescent, oblong, tip rounded, spreading. Filaments glabrous. Achenes hairy. Valleys below Simla; June, July. — Hilly districts throughout India, 1000-3000 ft. — Java, Philippines. 5. Clematis puberula. Hook. f. Thoms. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 4. Downy. Stems furrowed. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets thin, nearly Fig. 1. Clematis Buchananiana. glabrous, ovate or narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed, often 3-lobed, margins irregularly sharply toothed, rarely entire. Flowers few, in leafy panicles, pale yellow, 1 in. diam. Sepals silky -pubescent outside, narrowly oblong, spreading, tip rounded. Filaments glabrous. Achenes hairy. Simla, Mushobra ; August. — W. Himalaya, 4000-7000 ft. 4 I. RANUNCULACEiE 6. Clematis nutans, Royle ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 5. Silky-pubescent. Stems slender, furrowed. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate-oblong or lanceolate, undivided or 3-5-lobed, margins entire or sharply and irregularly toothed. Flowers drooping, pale yellow, in panicles. Sepals f-1 in. long, densely silky-pubescent outside, not ribbed, oblong, erect, tip recurved, pointed. Filaments hairy only on the lower half, tapering upwards. Achenes densely hairy. Valleys below Simla ; September, October. — W. Himalaya, 2000-5000 ft. 7. Clematis connata, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 6. Glabrous except the flowers, stems faintly grooved. Leaves pinnate, the bases of the opposite stalks more or less united, sometimes forming a broad flat expansion ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, cordate, sometimes lobed, sharply irregularly toothed. Flowers yellow-white, in panicles. Sepals j-1 in. long, tomentose on both surfaces, not ribbed, oblong, erect, tip recurved, obtuse. Filaments hairy throughout. Achenes densely hairy. Simla, Mushobra ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-10,000 ft. 8. Clematis Buchananiana, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 6. Shortly hairy. Stems grooved. Leaves pinnate, the bases of the opposite stalks more or less united ; leaflets broadly ovate, cordate, often lobed, coarsely and irregularly crenately toothed. Flowers pale yellow, in long leafy panicles. Sepals f-1 in. long, tomentose outside, pubescent within, ribbed, narrowly oblong, erect, tip recurved, pointed. Filaments hairy throughout. Achenes hairy. (Fig. 1.) Simla, common ; August. — -Temperate Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. 2. ANEMONE. From the Greek anemos, wind, referring perhaps to some species appearing in the windy months of early spring. — Cold and temperate regions, rare in the S. Hemisphere. Perennial herbs. Stems erect, usually branched. Leaves radical, long-stalked, deeply lobed, margins toothed. Flowers rather large, regular, in a simple or compound, umbellifor.m cyme bearing leaf-like involucres at its base and at the forks of its branches ; cymes few- or many-flowered. Sepals 5-8, petal-like, imbricate, spreading. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Carpels many, 1-ovuled, styles short. Fruit a head of sessile achenes. Radical leaves 5-7-lobed. Leaves glabrous on the upper, white-tomentose on lower surface. Achenes woolly . . . .1.-4. vitifolia. Leaves silky on both surfaces. Achenes glabrous . 4. A. polyanthes. Radical leaves 3-parted. Leaves crenate. Achenes hairy . . „ 2. A. obtusiloba. Leaves sharply toothed. Achenes glabrous . . 3. A. rivularis. 1. Anemone vitifolia, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 8. Stem 1-3 ft., white-pubescent, robust. Radical leaves orbicular, 4-8 in. across, cordate, deeply 5-lobed, sharply toothed, upper surface I. RANTIN' CULACEiE 5 glabrous, lower white -tomentose. Involucral leaves similar but smaller and shortly stalked. Flowers 1^—2 in. diam., white. Sepals 5-8, silky outside. Ovaries pubescent. Achenes densely white-woolly, crowded in globose heads. Simla ; June-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. Habit of the garden A. japonica, but the radical leaves of the latter are 3-foliolate. 2. Anemone obtusiloba, D. Don ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 8. Stems 6-12 in., tufted, hairy. Radical leaves orbicular, 2 in. across, 3-parted, softly hairy on both surfaces, lobed and crenately toothed. Involucral leaves less than 1 in. long, sessile, 3-lobed. Flowers 1^-2 in. diam., white or tinged with blue near the base. Sepals 5-7, silky outside. Ovaries and achenes coarsely hairy. Fagoo, Huttoo, on open pastures ; May, June. — Temperate and alpine Himalaya, 8000-15,000 ft. 6 I. R ANUN CUL ACEiE 3. Anemone rivularis, Buch.-Ham. ; FI Br. Ind. i. 9. Stem 1-3 ft., silky pubescent. Radical leaves orbicular, 3-6 in. across, 3-parted, silky pubescent on both surfaces, deeply lobed and sharply toothed. Involucral leaves 3-4 in. long, 3-parted, seg- ments lobed, narrow, pointed, sharply toothed. Flowers 1-1 J in. diam., white, lower surface tinged with purple. Sepals 5-8, silky outside. Ovaries and achenes glabrous, styles hooked. (Fig. 2.) Simla ; May, June. — Throughout India on hills above 5000 ft. 4. Anemone polyanthes, D. Don ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 9. Densely silky. Stem 1-2 ft. Radical leaves orbicular, 2-4 in. across, cordate, 5-7-lobed, segments wedge-shaped, 3-lobed, crenate. Involucral leaves 1-2 in., sessile, oblong, 3-lobed, crenate. Umbels many-flowered, usually compound. Flowers 1-1 § in. diam., white. Sepals about 6. Ovaries and achenes glabrous, flattened, oval ; styles straight or hooked. Huttoo ; August. — Temperate Himalaya, 10,000-12,000 ft. 3. THALICTRUM. The classical name. — Temperate and cold northern regions (Britain, Meadow Rue) ; very rare in the Southern Hemisphere. Perennial, glabrous herbs. Stems erect, rarely partially decum- bent, branched. Leaves alternate, base of stalk sheathing, pinnate or 2 -pinnate, some or all of the pinnules with 3 leaflets ; leaflets stalked, orbicular or ovate, more or less distinctly 3-lobed, crenate or bluntly toothed, the crenatures often with a minute point, rarely entire, lower surface paler than the upper. Flowers small, regular, often polygamous, in panicles ; floral leaves alternate, not involucrate. Sepals 4-5, imbricate, petal-like, soon falling off. Petals none. Stamens numerous, sometimes coloured and pro- jecting beyond the calyx. Carpels several or many, sessile or shortly stalked, 1-ovuled, style short. Fruit a small head of * usually ribbed and more or less flattened, rarely terete, achenes ; style persistent, curved or nearly straight, tip hooked. Thalictrum elegans, Wall. : FI. Br. Ind. i. 10, occurs on the Chor and possibly on Huttoo. It is an alpine species, rarely growing below 10,000 ft., and is easily recognised by its long-stalked achenes, and very small 3 -loled leaflets, scarcely £ in. long. Carpels shortly stalked. Sepals green. Anthers f in. acute. Leaflets up to 2\ in. across ....... Sepals white. Anthers ^ in. Mowers large. Sepals in. Anthers blunt Mowers small. Sepals iTf in. Anthers acute . Carpels sessile. Sepals white. Anthers in. Panicle branches few, long. Flowers solitary. Sepals To in. Anthers acute Panicle branches many, short. Flowers clustered. Sepals in. Anthers blunt Sepals green. Anthers J in., acute 1. T. neurocar pum . 2. T. pedunculatum. 3. T. rostellatum. 4. T. saniculceforme. 5. T. javanicum. 6. T . foliolosum. I. R ANUN CUL ACEiE 7 1. Thalictrum neurocarpum, Royle\ FI. Br. Ind. i. 11, under T. reniforme. Stems 3-8 ft., hollow. Leaves 6-12 in. or more, the lower pinnules often with 3 leaflets ; leaflets mostly orbicular, |-2J in., cordate, coarsely crenate or bluntly toothed, upper sur- face covered with bloom. Sepals ^ in., narrowly oblong, obtuse, pale green. Stamens as long as the sepals, filaments tinged with purple, anthers nearly \ in. long, acute. Carpels shortly stalked. Achenes in., including the nearly straight style, pubescent, ribs prominent. Mushobra, Narkunda ; June-August. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-10,000 ft. 2. Thalictrum pedunculatum, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 12. Stem 1-2 ft., weak, sometimes half -trailing. Leaves 3-10 in., long-stalked, pinnules very long, with 3 leaflets ; leaflets J— 1 in., orbicular or obovate, usually 3-lobed, coarsely crenate. Flowers long-stalked. Sepals in., ovate, white. Stamens shorter than the sepals, anthers ~ in., blunt. Carpels shortly stalked. 8 I. R ANUN CUL ACEiE Achenes nearly | in., including the style, terete, spindle-shaped, ribs prominent. Simla, Mahasu, ISTarkunda ; April. — W. Himalaya, 6000-9000 ft. 3. Thalictrum rostellatum, Hook.}. & Thoms. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 12. Stems 1-3 ft., rather rigid. Leaves 2-6 in., lower pinnules often with 3 leaflets ; leaflets J-J in., orbicular, more or less 3-lobed, crenate. Sepals A- in., ovate, white. Stamens shorter than the sepals, anthers ~ in., acute. Ovaries shortly stalked. Achenes nearly ~ in., including the nearly straight needle-like style. Mahasu, Fagoo, Narkunda ; August. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-10,000 ft. 4. Thalictrum saniculaeforme, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 13. Stem 6-12 in. Leaf nearly as long, usually only one, radical, some- times a few smaller stem-leaves ; pinnules with 3 leaflets ; leaflets J-l in., orbicular or obovate, 3-lobed, entire or coarsely crenate. Panicle -branches few, long, spreading. Flowers few, mostly solitary. Sepals J in., ovate, white. Stamens shorter than the sepals, anthers ~ in.5 pointed. Ovaries sessile. Achenes J in., including the slender nearly straight style. Simla, on trees and rocks, not common ; frequent at Mussoorie ; July. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-8000 ft. 5. Thalictrum javanicum, Blume ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 13. Stems 2-3 ft. , pale coloured. Leaves 4-12 in. , pinnules usually with 3 lea f- lets ; leaflets J-l| in., orbicular or ovate-oblong, 3-lobed, entire or coarsely crenate. Panicle -branches many, short. Flowers clus- tered. Sepals Aj in., ovate, white. Stamens longer than the sepals, filaments thickened upwards, anthers ~ in., blunt. Ovaries numer- ous, sessile. Achenes J in., including the slender style. (Fig. 3.) Simla, common ; July. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. — Mountains of Western India, Java. 6. Thalictrum foliolosum, DC ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 14. Stems 4-8 ft. Leaves 6-18 in., pinnules often with 3 leaflets ; leaflets §-§ in., oblong-ovate, 3-lobed, crenate or almost sharply toothed. Sepals | in., ovate, green. Stamens longer than the sepals, filaments thread-like, anthers J in., acute. Ovaries sessile. Achenes J in., including the style, ribs prominent. Simla, common ; July. — Throughout the Himalaya, 5000-8000 ft. — Africa, Europe. 4. ADONIS. The classical name. — N. temperate regions of the Old World. Adonis aestivalis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 15. An annual, nearly glabrous herb. Stems 1-2 ft., leafy, erect, branched. Leaves I. R ANUN CUL ACEiE 9 alternate, sessile, pinnately divided into thread-like segments. Mowers regular, about \ in. diam., solitary at the end of branches. Sepals 5, ovate, green or slightly coloured, soon falling off. Petals 5-8, rather longer, scarlet with a dark purple spot at the base, spreading, basal gland none. Stamens numerous. Carpels many, 1-ovuled, style short. Fruit an ovoid or oblong head of many small, wrinkled, pitted achenes tipped with the persistent styles. The head lengthens as the fruit ripens. Kotgurh, in cornfields ; March, April. — W. Himalaya, up to 6000 ft. — Tem- perate Asia, Europe. Closely allied to the British A. autumnalis (Pheasant’s Eye). 5. RANUNCULUS. From the Latin rana , a frog, referring to the damp situations in which some species grow. — All temperate, alpine and subarctic regions (Britain, Buttercup). Annual or perennial herbs. Radical leaves long-stalked, usually deeply lobed. Stem-leaves alternate, smaller, usually lobed. Flowers regular, panicled. Sepals 5, green, imbricate, soon falling off. Petals 5, yellow, shining, imbricate, each with a thickened glandular spot at the base covered, in some species, with a minute scale. Stamens numerous. Carpels several or many, 1-ovuled, in a globose or oblong head, style short. Fruit a head of small achenes sometimes flattened, the tip of the persistent styles often hooked. The gland at the base of the petals secretes honey and thus renders the flowers attractive to insects. The flowers of Ranunculus resemble in some points those of Rubus, Potentilla, Fragaria and Geum , genera belonging to Rosacece. The sepals and petals are similar in number, colour and shape, the stamens in all are numerous and free, and the fruit is composed of small distinct achenes. But in Ranunculacece the sepals and petals are inserted on the receptacle, in Rosacece on the calyx. This constitutes the difference between Thalamifloral and Galycifloral flowers. Radical leaves deeply 3 -lobed. Achenes glabrous or hairy. Stem and leaves glabrous. Achenes in oblong or cylindric heads •. . . . . . . 2. R. sceleratus. Stem and leaves hairy. Achenes in globose heads. Flowers \ in. diam. Achenes hairy . . .1. R. hirtellus. Flowers I in. diam. Achenes glabrous. Stems decumbent, producing runners. Leaves of an ovate outline, mid-lobe longer than the others. Achenes minutely dotted . . . 3. R. diffusus. Stems erect, without runners. Leaves of a rounded outline, mid-lobe not longer than the others, Achenes not dotted . . . . . 4. R. Icetus. Radical leaves wedge-shaped, not lobed. Achenes spinous . 5. R. arvensis. 1. Ranunculus hirtellus, Boyle ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 18. Perennial, more or less covered with adpressed hairs. Stems 6-18 in., often tufted, erect or almost decumbent. Radical leaves 1 J-2 in. across, long-stalked, cordate, deeply 3-lobed, segments coarsely toothed, 10 I. RANUNCULACEiE often lobed. Stem-leaves digitately 3-5-parted, segments narrow, entire or toothed near the tip. Flowers \ in. diam., bright yellow. Achenes hairy, in globose heads. Mahasu, Narkunda, in forest ; April-June. — W. Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. Closely allied to the British R. auricomus (Goldilocks). 2. Ranunculus sceleratus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 19. Annual, glabrous, yellow-green. Stem usually 6-12 in., sometimes 1-3 ft., erect, succulent, hollow. Radical leaves |-lf in. across, long- stalked, deeply 3-lobed, segments lobed, obtusely toothed near the top. Stem-leaves shortly stalked, 3-parted, segments narrow, lobed and toothed. Flowers J in. diam., numerous, petals pale yellow. Sepals reflexed. Achenes glabrous, in oblong heads, ultimately becoming cylindrical and longer. River bed below Paniah, Simla; Sutlej valley; April-June. — Throughout N. India and Bengal, ascending to 5000 ft. — N. temperate regions (Britain, Celery-leaved Buttercup). 3. Ranunculus diffusus, DC. ; FI Br. Ind. i. 19. Perennial, covered with soft spreading hairs. Stems decumbent, 6-12 in., producing runners from among the radical leaves rooting and forming fresh plants at the joints. Radical leaves 2-3 in. across, long-stalked, cordate, deeply 3-lobed ; segments lobed, sharply toothed, mid-lobe the longest giving the leaf an ovate outline. Stem-leaves similar but smaller and shortly stalked. Flowers J-| in. diam., long-stalked, bright yellow. Achenes in globose heads, glabrous, flattened, minutely dotted, margins thickened. Simla, common ; May-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. — Java. Closely allied to the British R. reopens. 4. Ranunculus lsetus, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 19. Perennial, covered with long closely adpressed hairs. Stems 1-2 ft., erect, without runners, usually much branched. Radical leaves 2-4 in. across, sometimes larger, long-stalked, deeply 3-lobed ; segments deeply lobed, sharply toothed, nearly equal in length giving the leaf a rounded outline. Stem -leaves similar but smaller and shortly stalked. Flowers 1 in. diam., long-stalked, bright yellow. Achenes in globose heads, glabrous, flattened, not dotted, margins thickened. Simla, Sutlej valley; May-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. — Tibet. Closely allied to the British R. acris. 5. Ranunculus arvensis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 20. Annual, pale green, slightly hairy on the upper parts, otherwise glabrous. Stem 6-24 in., erect, branching. Radical leaves 1-3 in., long- stalked, spathulate or wedge-shaped, 3-5-toothed at the tip, other- wise entire. Stem-leaves shortly stalked, deeply divided into I. R, ANUN CUL ACEiE 11 2 or 3 narrow segments, entire, or the tip lobed or toothed. Flowers \ in. diam., petals pale yellow. Achenes in globose heads, flattened, spinous. Simla, in cornfields ; March, April. — W. Himalaya, 4-000-7000 ft. — N. Asia, Europe (Britain, Corn Buttercup). 6. CALTHA. From the Greek calathos , a cup, referring to the shape of the flower in the common species. — -N. and S. temperate regions. Caltha palustris, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 21. A glabrous, perennial herb. Rootstock thick, creeping. Stems 6-18 in., often tufted, erect, robust. Leaves shining, chiefly radical, 2-5 in. across, long- stalked, orbicular or kidney-shaped, deeply cordate ; teeth small, close, regular. Stem-leaves alternate, smaller, the upper sessile, embracing the stem like an involucre. Flowers regular, few, 1-2 in. diam., terminal. Sepals 5 or 6, petal-like, bright yellow, oval or oblong-obtuse, imbricate. Petals none. Stamens many. Carpels many, sessile, many-ovuled, style short, curved. Fruit a head of narrow, flattened, many-seeded follicles beaked with the persistent styles. The Chor on marshy ground, perhaps on Huttoo ; June. — W. Himalaya, 8000-10,000 ft. — N. Asia, N. America, Europe (Britain, Marsh Marigold). 7. AQUILEGIA. From the Latin aquila, an eagle, referring to the claw-like spurs — -N. temperate regions. Aquilegia pubiflora, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 24, under A. vulgaris. A perennial, thinly hairy or pubescent herb. Stems leafy, 1-2 ft., sometimes taller, erect, branched. Leaves glaucous ; lower long- stalked, pinnate, pinnules with 3 leaflets ; upper alternate, shortly stalked, leaflets 3, deeply 3 -lobed, segments coarsely crenate. Flowers drooping, nearly 1 in. diam., in a loose panicle bearing at the forks a few sessile leaves much less divided than the lower ones. Sepals 5, flat, ovate-lanceolate, soon falling off. Petals 5, yellow-green, nearly white or pale purple, the base of each pro- duced into an obtuse, hooked spur projecting between the calyx- lobes. Stamens numerous, inner ones reduced to scales. Carpels 5, sessile, style long thread-like, ovules many. Follicles tipped with the persistent styles, many-seeded. Simla, common ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. — Afghanistan. Closely allied to the British Columbine (A. vulgaris). Honey is secreted in the point of the spurs ; the flowers are visited by humble bees. 8. DELPHINIUM. From the Greek delphin, a dolphin, referring to the form of the flowers. — N. temperate regions including Britain (Larkspur). 12 I. RANTIN' CUL ACEiE Erect herbs. Leaves deeply lobed. Flowers irregular, racemed. Sepals 5, petal-like, free, the upper one produced at the base in the form of a spur, the others flat. Petals 4, the two upper each pro- duced at the base into a tubular spur enclosed within the spur of the sepal, limb small ; the two lateral petals flat, clawed, limb smaller than the sepals. Stamens many, filaments flattened at the base, tapering upwards. Ovaries 3, sessile, many-ovuled, style short, curved. Follicles many-seeded, tipped with the persistent styles. Honey is secreted in the spurs of the two upper petals, and can be obtained only by insects having a long proboscis, such as humble bees. In young flowers the stamens are so placed that a bee’s head rubs against the anthers ; in older flowers the stamens have withered and the stigmas then Stand in the way of the bee’s head. Nearly glabrous. Sepals spreading. Spur straight, cylindric . . . . . . . . 1. D. denudatum. Very hairy. Sepals erect. Spur curved, conical . . 2. D. vestitum. 1. Delphinium denudatum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 25. Glab- rous or slightly downy. Stems 2-3 ft., branched. Radical leaves 2-6 in. across, orbicular, long-stalked, divided nearly to the base, segments 5-9, narrow, pinnately lobed, often toothed. Stem- I. R ANUN CUL ACEiE 13 leaves few, shortly stalked, upper sessile, more or less deeply 3- lobed, lobes narrow, mostly entire. Flowers few, scattered, 1-1J in. long, spur cylindric, nearly straight. Sepals spreading, varying from deep blue to faded grey. Petals blue, the lateral ones 2-lobed, hairy. (Fig. 4.) Simla ; April- June.— W. Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. 2. Delphinium vestitum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 26. Very hairy. Stems l|-3 ft., usually simple. Radical leaves orbicular, 6-12 in. across, long-stalked, deeply 5-7-lobed, segments lobed, sharply toothed at the end. Stem-leaves similar but smaller. Flowers numerous, crowded, 1-1| in. long, spur conical, curved. Sepals dark blue, erect, tips converging. Petals dull bine, the lateral ones ovate, entire. Fagoo, Narkunda ; July. — W. Himalaya, 8000-1 2,000 ft. 9. ACONITUM. Etymology obscure, perhaps from the Greek akonlion, a dart, referring to some species being used to poison arrows. — Mountains of the N. Hemisphere (Britain, Monkshood). Perennial erect herbs. Leaves alternate, simple, sometimes lobed. Flowers irregular, racemed. Sepals 5, petal-like, free, erect, the upper one helmet-shaped, the others flat, the two lateral broader than the 2 lower. Petals 2 or 4, concealed within the calyx, the 2 upper enclosed in the helmet, long-clawed with a short, concave, spurred limb ; the 2 lower very small or wanting. Stamens many, filaments flat, wide at the base, tapering upwards. Ovaries 3 or 5, sessile, many-ovuled, style short, straight. Folli- cles many-seeded. The roots of some species (though not of the two described) are poisonous. Honey is secreted in the spurred limb of the long-clawed upper petals. The manner of the cross fertilisation by humble bees is the same as in Delphinium. Stem -leaves stalked, deeply lobed. Flowers pale yellow . . . . . . . . 1. A. Lycoctonum. Stem-leaves sessile, not lobed. Flowers dull green- blue . . . . . . . . 2. A. heterophyllum. 1. Aconitum Lycoctonum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 28. Pubescent, at least on the upper parts. Stem 3-6 ft., branched. Leaves orbicular, 6-12 in. diam., lobed nearly to the base, segments 5-9, lobed and sharply toothed ; lower leaves long-stalked, upper nearly sessile. Flowers 1 in. long, pale yellow. Helmet pointed in front and produced upwards in a high obtuse peak. Lateral sepals much shorter than the helmet. Follicles 3. Baghi forest ; June. — W. Himalaya, 8000-10,000 ft. — 1ST. Asia, Europe. 2. Aconitum heterophyllum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 29. Glabrous or the upper parts downy. Stems 1-3 ft., leafy, rarely branched. Lower leaves stalked, orbicular or broadly ovate, cordate, more or 14 I. R ANUN CUL ACEiE less 5-lobed, teeth obtuse or acute : upper leaves stem-clasping, lanceolate, not lobed, sharply toothed. Flowers 1 in. long, dull Fig. 5. Aconittjm hetekophyllum. Petals and stamens, sepals removed. green-blue with purple veins. Helmet pointed infront, top rounded. Lateral sepals as long as the helmet. Follicles 5. (Fig. 5.) Fagoo, Narkunda ; September. — W. Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft. Root used in medicine, native name Atees. 10. ACTiEA. From aide , the Greek name of the Elder, referring to a resemblance in foliage and fruit. — Temperate and cold regions of the N. Hemisphere. I. R ANTJN CUL ACEJE 15 Actaea spicata, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 29. A perennial, more or less pubescent herb. Stems 2-3 ft., erect, usually branched. Leaves 6-12 in., alternate, pinnately compound, the pinnules often with 3 leaflets ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, often lobed, deeply and sharply toothed. Flowers regular, scarcely J in. diam., white, crowded in short terminal racemes lengthening in fruit. Sepals 4, petal-like, concave, soon falling off. Petals 4, shorter than the sepals, clawed. Stamens numerous, longer than the sepals, anthers small. Ovary solitary, many-ovuled, stigma sessile, flat. Fruit a black, ovoid, glabrous berry, containing numerous small seeds. Narkunda in forest ; June. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. — N. Asia, N. America, Europe (Britain, Baneberry). 11. CIMICIFUGA. From the Latin cimex, a bug, and fugare, to drive away.— Europe, N. Asia, N. America. Cimicifuga foetida, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 30. A perennial, more or less pubescent herb. Stems 3-6 ft., erect, leafy, branched. Leaves 6-18 in., pinnately compound ; leaflets 1-3 in., rarely more, ovate or lanceolate, deeply and sharply toothed, terminal leaflet 3- lobed. Flowers nearly regular, hardly J in. diam., white, crowded in short or long racemes, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, and combined in a terminal, sometimes large and spreading, panicle. Sepals and petals 5-7 (no clear distinction between them), imbricate, ovate, concave ; one or two of the inner ones deeply 2-lobed, the tips white, broad, notched. Stamens numerous, ulti- mately longer than the sepals. Ovaries 2-5, rarely more, many- ovuled, style short, stigma pointed. Follicles in. long, flat, tipped with the persistent styles. Seeds 6-8. Patarnala in forest, and probably Baghi ; September. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-12,000 ft. — E. Europe, Siberia. 12. PiEONIA. The Greek name. — N. temperate regions (Britain, Pseony). *P3eonia Emodi, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 30. A glabrous, perennial herb. Stems 1-2 ft., leafy, erect. Leaves alternate, 6-12 in. long ; leaflets 3, usually 3-parted, segments lanceolate, pointed, entire. Flowers few, showy, 3-4 in. across, long-stalked, usually solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. Buds globose. Sepals 5, orbicular, concave, green, persistent, the outer ones ending in a leaf -like point. Petals 5-10, broadly ovate, concave, red or white. Stamens many. Ovaries 1-3, densely hairy, many-ovuled, seated on a fleshy disk ; style short, broad, recurved. Follicles ovoid, 1 in. Seeds few, large. Kumaon, Hazara ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. 16 II. MAGNOLIACEiE II. MAGNOLIACEiE A small Order, chiefly American and Asiatic, represented in the N.W. Himalaya only by a single species. — Named in honour of Pierre Magnol, a French botanist of the seventeenth century. SCHIZANDRA. From the Greek schizo, to cleave, and aner, andros, a man ; referring to the separated anther cells. — Mountains of India and Java, N. America. Schizandra grandiflora, Hook. f. & Thoms. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 44. A glabrous, climbing shrub with long, slender branches. Leaves alter- nate or clustered, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, entire or with small distant teeth, stalks and veins on the lower surface red. Flowers fragrant, 1 -sexual, globose, 1 in. diam., on drooping axillary stalks. Sepals and petals 9, similar, waxy -white often tinged with pink, ovate, concave, outer ones smaller. Male flowers : stamens about 40, small, crowded on an ovoid, fleshy column, filaments thick, anther-cells separated. Female flowers rather larger than the II. MAGNOLIACEiE 17 male, outer sepals more highly coloured : ovaries numerous, distinct, minute, sessile, crowded on an oblong, fleshy column, 1 -celled, stigma sessile, ovules 2. In fruit the column lengthens to 6-9 in., bearing numerous sessile, globose, red, 2-seeded berries, nearly | in. diam. (Fig. 6.) Simla (Jako), Matiana, Narkunda, in forest ; May, June. — Simla to Bhotan 6000-10,000 ft. III. MENISPERMACE^E Climbing or sometimes erect shrubs, rarely small trees. Leaves alternate, stalked, simple, entire or sinuate, rarely lobed, sometimes peltate. Inflorescence various. Flowers small or minute, 1 -sexual ; the male and female on different plants. Sepals 6 or 4 (only one in the female flowers of Gissampelos), free, usually imbricate in 2 series, the outer shorter than the inner. Petals 6 or 3 (only one in the female flowers of Gissampelos), much smaller than the sepals, free or 4 united in a shallow cup. Stamens in the male flowers usually as many as the petals, opposite to them, filaments free or united in a column, anthers 2-celled, bursting transversely, free or forming a ring round the peltate top of the stamina! column ; in the female flowers the stamens, or at least the anthers, are want- ing. Ovaries 3 or 1, distinct, 1 -celled, 1-ovuled ; style terminal, simple or 3-fid. Drupe small, the enclosed stone horse-shoe- shaped, grooved and ridged on the edges, variously sculptured on the faces, often perforate in the centre. Seed one, curved. — A large tropical Order. — Name from the Greek mene, the moon, and sperma, a seed, referring to the crescent-shaped seeds. Stamens free. Leaves not peltate or cordate. Flowers in panicles . . . . . . . . .1. Cocculus. Stamens united in a column. Leaves peltate or cordate. Glabrous. Flowers in umbels . . . . .2. Stephania. Pubescent or tomentose. Flowers in cymes or clustered in the axils of orbicular bracts . . . . . 3. Cissam.pelos. 1. COCCULUS. From the Greek kokkos, a berry. — All warm regions. Erect or climbing shrubs or small trees. Leaves stalked, lanceolate or ovate, not peltate nor cordate. Flowers minute, male in axillary panicles or sessile clusters ; female solitary or in small, stalked clusters. Sepals 6. Petals 6. Male : stamens 6, free, anthers 4-lobed. Female : staminodes 6, ovaries 3, style simple. Drupe globose, about J in. diam. The berries known as Cocculus indicus, used to poison fish and formerly to adulterate malt liquors, are the fruit of an Anamirta, a tropical genus of this Order. C 18 III. MENISPERMACEiE An erect shrub or small tree. Glabrous . . . . 1. C. laurifohus. Chmbing shrubs. Tomentose or pubescent. Tomentose or hairy. Male flowers in axillary panicles 2. C. villosus. Pubescent. Male flowers in sessile, axillary clusters . 3. G. Leceba. 1. Cocculus laurifolius, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 101. An erect shrub or small tree. Leaves 3-5 in., glabrous, shining, shortly stalked, dark green, lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire. Flowers numerous, in narrow, axillary panicles shorter than the leaves. Drupe black. Sutlej valley ; April. — Outer Himalaya up to 5000 ft. — Japan. 2. Cocculus villosus, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 101. A climbing, grey -tomentose, more or less hairy shrub. Leaves ovate or ovate- oblong, 1-3 in. Male flowers few, in narrow, axillary panicles 1-1 J in. long. Female flowers 1-3, sessile at the end of short axillary stalks, sometimes racemed. Drupe dark purple, stone beautifully moulded. Giri valley ; September. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. — Africa. 3. Cocculus Leseba, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 102. A grey-pubescent, chmbing shrub. Leaves ^-1J in., variable in shape, narrowly oblong or ovate, sometimes lobed. Male flowers crowded in small, sessile, axillary clusters. Female 1-3, sessile at the end of short axillary stalks. Drupe dark purple. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Plains of India, ascending to 3000 ft. — W. Asia, Africa. 2. STEPHANIA. From the Greek stephanos, a crown, refer- ring to the ring of anthers on the top of the staminal column. — Tropics of the Old World. Glabrous, climbing shrubs. Leaves peltate, orbicular or triangular. Flowers small, umbellate. Male flowers : sepals 6 ; petals 3, thick, fleshy ; stamens 6, the filaments united in a column, top dilated, peltate, the anthers forming a ring round the margin. Female flowers : sepals 3 ; petals 3, thick, fleshy ; ovary single, style 3-parted. Drupe small, globose. Leaves triangular. Flowers purple 1. S. elegans. Leaves orbicular. Flowers yellow . . . . . 2. S. rotunda. 1. Stephania elegans, Hook. f. & Thoms. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 103. Leaves about 4x2J in., varying much in size, triangular-ovate, entire, acute, base rounded, lower surface pale. Umbels axillary, solitary or several in a long-stalked cyme. Flowers ~ in. diam., red-purple, sepals obovate. Drupe red. Valleys below Simla ; September. — Sikkim to Simla, 6000 ft. III. MENISPERMACEJE 19 2. Stephania rotunda. Lour. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 103. Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, 3-7 in. across, sinuate, lower surface pale. Umbels axillary, solitary or several in a long-stalked cyme. Flowers -J-|- in. diam., green-yellow ; sepals narrowly wedge- shaped. Drupe red. Valleys below Simla ; July, August. — Hilly districts throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Siam, Cochin-China. 3. CISSAMPELOS. From the Greek cissus, ivy, and ampelos, a vine, referring to the habit of the plants. — -All hot regions. Cissampelos Pareira, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 103. A climbing, softly pubescent or tomentose shrub. Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, 1-4 in. across, peltate or cordate. Flowers small. Male flowers in stalked, branched cymes, clustered in the leaf-axils or borne on long, axillary, raceme-like shoots, each cyme in the axil of a small leaf -like bract ; sepals 4, hairy, ovate, spreading ; petals united in a shallow, 4-lobed cup ; stamens 4, filaments united in a very short column, top dilated, peltate, anthers sessile round the margin. Female flowers clustered in the axils of orbicular bracts crowded in long, axillary racemes ; sepal 1, pubescent, broadly 20 III. MENISPERMACE.E ovate ; petal 1, opposite the sepal, similar but smaller and deeply lobed ; ovary 1, hairy, style shortly 3-fid. Drupe hairy, globose, scarlet. (Fig. 7.) Common in valleys below Simla ; May-August.— Throughout India, ascend- ing to 6000 ft. — All warm regions. Ropes are manufactured from the strong fibres of the stems. IV. BERBERIDACE^E Erect shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate or tufted, simple, sometimes deeply lobed. Flowers regular, 2-sexual, racemed or solitary. Sepals 3 or 6, free, imbricate, petal-like. Petals 6, similar to the sepals. Stamens 6, free, opposite the petals, anthers 2-celled, opening by upturned valves or lateral slits. Ovary 1 -celled, ovules few or many ; style terminal, short or none, stigma large. Fruit a berry.- — A small Order inhabiting chiefly temperate and mountainous regions. Shrubs. Flowers small, yellow, racemed . . . .1. Berberis. Herbs. Flowers large, pink or white, solitary . . .2. Podophyllum. 1* BERBERIS. The Arabic name. — N. temperate regions including Britain (Barberry) S. America. Shrubs ; wood yellow. Leaves in tufts of ten having 3-5- branched spines at the base, simple, spiny-toothed, rarely entire. Flowers less than \ in. diam., globose, yellow, in bracteate, simple or compound racemes. Sepals 6, petal-like, the outer smaller. Petals b, usually shorter than the sepals, 2-glandular at the base. Stamens 6, anther-cells opening by upturned valves. Ovules few. Style short or none, stigma broad, peltate. Berry globose or ovoid, usually covered with bloom. Seeds few. The mature stamens of Barberry flowers possess a curious irritability ; if touched by an insect they spring forward and jerk out the pollen. — The small, orange or red, raised spots often seen on barberry leaves are a stage in the life of the parasitic fungus that produces ‘ rust 5 in wheat and other grasses. The connection between barberry bushes and ‘ rust 5 had been suspected by farmers long before it was scientifically ascertained to exist.- — The wood furnishes a yellow dye used by natives for colouring leather ; the fruit is eaten. — Several species of Berberis having pinnate leaves (Sect. Mahonia) are cultivated in gardens, and one ( B . nepalensis ) occurs wild in the Himalaya but not near Simla. Style none, stigma sessile. Leaves 1^—2^ in. ; teeth numerous, close-set . . 1. B. vulgaris. Leaves f in. ; teeth few . . . . , 2. B. brachybotrys • Style short but distinct. Flowers in compound, long-stalked racemes, much longer than the leaves . . . . . 3. J5. aristata . IV. BERBERIDACEiE 21 Flowers in simple, short -stalked racemes, hardly longer than the leaves. Leaves thin, broadly lanceolate, lf-3| in. Flower- stalks thick, \ in. . . . . 4. B. coriaria. Leaves tough, narrowly lanceolate, 1|- in. Flower - # stalks slender, \ in. . . . . . . 5. B. Lycium. 1. Berberis vulgaris, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 109. Bark brown. Leaves stalked, thin, ovate, 1J-2J in., teeth small, equal, numer- Fig. S. Berberis abistata. ous, close-set. Racemes shortly stalked, simple, drooping, much longer than the leaves. Stigma sessile. Berry oblong-ovoid, red. Narkunda ; June. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft. — N. temper at g regions (Britain). 2. Berberis brachybotrys, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 109, under B. vulgaris. A low, rigid shrub. Leaves sessile, hard, lanceolate, in., teeth few, sharp. Racemes simple, sessile, shorter than the leaves. Mowers crowded. Stigma sessile. Berry ovoid, red. The Shali, 9000 ft. ; June. — Sikkim to Simla, 6000-12,000 ft. 3. Berberis aristata, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 110. Young branches red. Leaves sessile, broadly lanceolate, l|-2 in., teeth 22 IV. BERBERIDACEiE few, distant. Racemes long-stalked, compound, corymbose or umbellate, drooping, much longer than the leaves. Style short but distinct. Young fruit cylindric ; berry oblong-ovoid, red. (Fig. 8.) Simla, common ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-7000 ft. — S. India. # 4. Berberis coriaria, Boyle ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 110, under B. aris- tata. Bark white. Leaves nearly sessile, broadly lanceolate, 1|-3|- X f-1 in., entire or the teeth few and distant. Racemes shortly stalked, simple, barely longer than the leaves ; flower- stalks thick, J in. long. Style short but distinct. Berry globose, purple-blue, covered with bloom. Narkunda ; May, June. — Kumaon to Simla, 7000-10,000 ft. 5. Berberis Lycium, Boyle ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 110. Bark pale grey. Branches angular. Leaves sessile, tough, narrowly lanceo- late, 1J x 4 in., acute, entire or the teeth few and small ; upper surface bright green, lower paler. Racemes shortly stalked, simple, barely longer than the leaves. Flowers pale yellow, stalks slender, 4 in. Style short but distinct. Berry ovoid, violet, covered with bloom. Simla, common ; April. — W. Himalaya, 3000-9000 ft. 2. PODOPHYLLUM. From the Greek pous, podos, a foot, and jpliyllum , a leaf, referring to the shape of the leaves. — N. Asia, N. America. Podophyllum Emodi, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 112. A glabrous, succulent ; erect herb. Scape 6-18 in., leafy at the top. Leaves 2, often purple -spotted, alternate, peltate, orbicular, 6-10 in. across, 3-parted, segments lobed, sharply toothed. Flower solitary, rarely 2, cup-shaped, 14 in. diam., white, sometimes pink. Sepals 3, petal-like, soon falling off. Petals 6. Stamens 6, anthers open- ing by lateral slits. Ovules many. Style short, stigma crest-like, ridged. Berry ovoid, 1-2 in., scarlet. Seeds many, small, enveloped in pulp. Matiana, Narkunda, rare ; April-June. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-14,000 ft. V. PAPAVERACEiE 23 V. PAP AVERAGE JE Erect, glabrous or nearly glabrous herbs ; juice coloured. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid. Flowers 2-sexual, regular, ter- minal, solitary. Sepals 2 or 3, free, falling off as the flower expands. Petals 4 or 6, in 2 series, hypogynous, free, soon falling off. Stamens numerous, free, anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1 -celled ; stigma sessile, ovules numerous. Capsule dehiscing by pores or valves. — Temperate and subtropical regions of the N. Hemisphere ; very few within the tropics or in the S. Hemisphere. Some species have spread as weeds of cultivation over nearly the whole world. Meconopsis aculeata, Hoyle ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 118, occurs on the Chor, but is not found below 11,000 ft. A prickly herb, 1-2 ft. high, with pinnatifid leaves and blue-purple flowers 2-3 in. across. Leaves not spinous. Flowers red with a dark centre . 1. Papaver. Leaves spinous, thistle-like. Flowers yellow . . . .2. Argemone. 1. PAPAVER. The classical (Latin) name of the Poppy ; etymology obscure. — Temperate and subtropical Asia, N. Africa, Europe, rare in the S. Hemisphere. Papaver dubium, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 117. Nearly glabrous ; stems 1-2 ft. ; juice milky. Leaves sessile, 3-6 in., pinnatifid, segments lobed, acute. Buds ovoid, nodding. Flowers 1-2 in. diam., terminal on long bristly stalks. Sepals 2, ovate. Petals 4, in unequal pairs, crumpled in bud, red with a dark spot at the base, soon falling off. Ovary more or less divided by about 6 ovule-bearing partitions projecting inwards nearly to the centre of the cavity ; style none ; stigmas as many as the partitions, linear, adnate to the convex top of the ovary and radiating from its centre ;• ovules numerous. Capsule glabrous, narrowly oblong, f-1 in., opening by pores close under the projecting rim of the stigmatic disk. Seeds numerous, small, kidney-shaped, minutely netted. Simla, in fields ; March, April. — W. Himalaya, 4000-7000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain, Poppy). P. Rhoeas, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 117 ; the Field Poppy of Britain, extends to Kashmir and may perhaps occur in fields as far west as Simla ; it differs from the above in having flowers 3-4 in. diam., 8-12 stigmatic rays, and a globose capsule. The Opium Poppy, P. somniferum , is sometimes cultivated in the Simla district. 24 V. PAPAVERACEiE 2. ARGEMONE. From the Greek argema , a white spot in the eye ; the juice of the plant was used as a remedy in diseases of the eye. — America ; naturalised elsewhere. Argemone mexicana, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 117. Glabrous, glaucous. Stems 1-4 ft., prickly, branching. Juice yellow. Leaves thistle-like, stem- clasping, oblong, 3-7 in., sinuately pinnatifid, spinous veins white. Flowers yellow, 1-2 in. diam., terminal on short, leafy branches. Sepals 3, prickly, ovate, pro- duced just below the tip in a short, horn-like excrescence. Petals 6. Ovary prickly, 1 -celled ; stigma sessile, 4-6-lobed ; ovules numerous, borne on the walls of the cavity. Capsule prickly, oblong-ovoid, 1-1J in., opening by 4-6 valves. Seeds numerous, globose, netted. Badherighat, below Jutogh ; May, June. — Throughout India, common in fields and on roadsides, ascending to 5000 ft. — An introduced weed, widely naturalised in nearly all tropical countries. VI. FUMARIACE^; Glabrous herbs ; rootstock usually perennial. Leaves alter- nate, rarely opposite, glaucous, pinnately divided ; leaflets small, thin, more or less lobed ; stipules none. Flowers irregular, corymbose or racemed. Sepals 2, small, scale-like. Petals 4, erect, tips converging ; the two outer larger than the two inner, united at the base, and the upper one spurred in Corydalis and Fumaria ; inner pair narrow, their crested tips united over the stigma. Stamens 6, united in 2 sets of 3 each, the middle anther of each set 2-celled, lateral anthers 1 -celled. Ovary 1 -celled ; ovules several or only one ; style thread-like, stigma dilated, often 2-lobed. Fruit a 2-valved, several-seeded capsule, or a 1-seeded nutlet. Seeds small, black. — Temperate and warm regions of the N. Hemisphere ; S. Africa. Petals not spurred. Leaf -stalks ending in a tendril . . 1. Dicentra . Upper petal spurred. Tendrils none. Fruit a flat capsule. Spur half the length of the petal . 2. Corydalis. Fruit a globose nutlet. Spur less than one-third the length of the petal . . . . . . . .3. Fumaria. 1. DICENTRA. From the Greek dis, twice, and kentron, a spur, referring to the spurred petals of some species. — Temperate regions of N. Asia and N. America. Dicentra Roylei, Hook. f. Thoms. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 121. A slender herb climbing by its leaf -tendrils. Stems 2-3 ft. Leaves VI. FUMARIACEiE 25 irregularly pinnate, 2-4 in., the stalk often ending in a branching tendril ; leaflets few, stalked, ovate, J-f in., entire, acute. Flowers 2-4, corymbose, yellow, heart-shaped, f-1 in. long ; bracts narrowly lanceolate, toothed. Sepals soon falling off. Outer petals similar, oblong, concave, base dilated, tip hooded ; inner petals narrow, clawed, keeled. Style long. Capsule narrowly oblong, nearly i\ in. including the persistent style. Seeds many. Simla below 6000 ft., rare ; September. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-6000 ft. Several species of Dicentra (often written Dielytra or Diclytra) are culti- vated, notably D. spectdbilis from China with large, drooping, rose-crimson flowers. 2. CORYDALIS. The classical name. — -Temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere ; S. Africa. Erect or procumbent herbs. Leaves pale green, pinnately divided ; leaflets deeply lobed, segments usually entire. Flowers in racemes. Outer petals dissimilar ; upper one broad, concave, produced at the base into a hollow spur about half as long as the petal ; lower one flat, narrow. Inner petals narrow, clawed, keeled. Lower set of stamens spurred at the base, the spur projecting inside the petal-spur. Capsule ovate-oblong or ovate, 2-valved. Seeds several. Petals purple . . . . . . 1. G. rutoejolia. Petals wholly yellow. Mowers 1 in. long. Stems erect . . . . 2. G. Govaniana. Flowers | in. long. Stems procumbent . . . 3. C. ramosa. Petals yellow, tipped with dark purple . . . . 4. G. cornuta. 1. Corydalis rutsefolia, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 122. Stems 4-8 in., erect or nearly so. Leaves 2 or 3, nearly opposite, pinnules with 3 leaflets ; leaflets ovate or oblong, variable in size, entire. Raceme usually only one, 3-10-flowered ; bracts ovate, leaf-like. Flowers purple, f-1 in. long ; spur obtuse. Capsule ovate- oblong, J in. Simla in wood§, not common ; April. — W. Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. — W. Asia, China. 2. Corydalis Govaniana, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 124. Rootstock thick, crowned with withered leaf -sheaths. Stems often tufted, 8-18 in., erect. Radical leaves nearly as long as the stem, long- stalked, 2-pinnate ; leaflets wedge-shaped, deeply lobed, segments narrow, obtuse or acute. Stem-leaves similar but smaller, few, sometimes none. Racemes long-stalked ; bracts long, broadly wedge-shaped, deeply lobed. Flowers bright yellow, numerous, crowded, 1 in. long ; spur conical. Capsule ovate, |-f in. Huttoo ; June. — W. Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft. 26 VI. FUMARIACEiE 3. Corydalis ramosa, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 125. Stem pro- cumbent, 6-24 in., leafy, branches usually long and straggling. Leaves pinnately divided ; leaflets deeply lobed, segments small, ovate-oblong, entire, acute or obtuse. Racemes many ; bracts leaf -like, deeply-lobed. Flowers yellow, \ in. long ; spur obtuse. Capsule ovate, J in. Simla, Matiana ; May-August. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. In the FI. Br. Ind. the range is erroneously given as ‘ Alpine Himalaya, alt. 12-15,000 ft.’ 4. Corydalis cornuta, Royle ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 126. Stems pro- cumbent, 6-24 in., leafy, branches usually long and straggling. Leaves pinnately divided ; leaflets deeply lobed, segments small, ova-te, entire or sometimes lobed, obtuse. Racemes many ; bracts small, lobed or entire. Flowers yellow, tipped with dark purple, J— f in. long ; spur curved, obtuse. Capsule ovate, 4 in. (Fig. 9.) Simla ; July-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-10,000 ft. 3. FUMARIA. From the Latin fumus, smoke, but the appli- cation is obscure.— Temperate regions of the Old World. VI. FUMARIACEiE 27 Fumaria parviflora, Lam. ; FI, Br. Ind. i. 128. Annual. Stems diffuse, 4-24 in., much branched. Leaves pale green, pinnately divided ; leaflets deeply lobed, segments very narrow, lobed or entire. Flowers pale pink or white, J-J in. long, in numerous, short racemes ; bracts lanceolate. Outer petals dissimilar ; upper one broad, concave, produced at the base in a short rounded spur, less than the length of the petal ; lower one flat, narrow. Inner petals narrow, clawed, keeled. Lower set of stamens spurred at the base, the spur projecting inside the petal-spur. Fruit a very small, globose, 1 -seeded nutlet. Simla, in fields, common ; May, June. — N. India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Temperate regions of the 1ST. Hemisphere ; rare in Britain, but closely allied to the Common Fumitory ( F . officinalis). VII. CRUCIFERS Annual or perennial herbs. Stems usually erect ; scapose only in Eutrema. Leaves simple or compound ; radical stalked, spread- ing in a rosette ; stem-leaves alternate ; stipules none. Flowers almost always without bracts, in terminal racemes or corymbs, usually short and crowded when flowering commences, lengthening as it advances, and becoming much elongated in fruit. Sepals 4, free, the 2 lateral often larger than the others and dilated or saccate. Petals 4, free, entire, placed cross-wise, usually equal. Stamens 6, free, 2 short, opposite the lateral sepals, 4 longer in pairs, opposite the other two sepals ; anthers basifixed, 2- celled ; two, four or six green, fleshy glands are placed near the base of the stamens. Ovary sessile, 2-celled ; ovules several or many in each cell (only one in Lepidium) ; style short or none ; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Pods long or short, stalked, divided into 2 cells by a membranous partition from which the 2 valves usually fall away at maturity leaving the seeds on its edges ; in Baphanus the pod is indehiscent. Seeds small, attached in each cell alternately to its right and left edge ; if all lie along the centre of the cell they are said to be in one row, if along the sides of the cell in two rows. The radicle of the embryo is said to be accum- bent when placed against the edges of the cotyledons, if against the back of one of them it is incumbent ; if the cotyledons are folded over the radicle they are conduplicate : these characters are oLmuch systematic value in Crucifer ce. — A very large Order rang- ing over all temperate and cold regions, but most abundant in the Old World. — -The name Crucifer ce is from the Latin crux, crucis, a cross, and refers to the arrangement of the petals. The staminal glands usually secrete honey which collects about the base of the pistil or in the saccate sepals and serves to attract insects. 28 VII. CRUCIFER2E This Order contains a number of useful cultivated plants ; the following sometimes occur as escapes near villages and are the modified descendants of wild species indigenous in Europe or temperate Asia. Brassica. 1 Erect, usually annual herbs. Flowers bright yellow, in corymbs, elongating in fruit into erect racemes. Pods usually erect or spreading, normally 2-valved, more or less constricted between the seeds, prolonged beyond the valves in a seedless beak. The following species are cultivated in Upper India. 1. Brassica rugosa, Train, var. typica, Train ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 157, under B. juncea, in part. — Stem short at first, when in flower 4-6 ft., branched. Basal leaves persistent, numerous, crowded, obovate, 12-15x8-9 in., stalk 3-4 in. ; stem-leaves similar but smaller, sessile, not stem-clasping. Flowers \ in. diam. Pods 1|-1^ in. long including the beak ; beak narrowly conical, £ in. Seeds 14-20 in a pod. — A cold weather crop in the W. (at least as far as Kumaon), Central and E. Himalaya. — Cabbage Mustard. Native name Tahari rai. 2. Brassica juncea. Hook. f. & Thoms. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 157, in part. — Stem 3-6 ft., much branched. Leaves large, pinnatifid, without basal lobes, terminal lobe much the largest : blade of the basal leaves 6-8 x 2-4 in., toothed ; upper leaves 2-2£x% in., entire. Flowers \ in. diam. Pods 2|-2J in. including the beak ; beak narrowly conical, nearly | in. Seeds about 40 in a pod. — A cold weather crop in the plains and lower Himalaya. — Indian Mustard. Native name A si rai. 3. Brassica campestris, Linn. var. Sarson, Train ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 156, under B. campestris, sub-sp. Napus, in part. — Stem 4-5 ft., unbranched or branching only near the top. Leaves glaucous, all (except the lowest 2 or 3) with stem- clasping, basal lobes : lower leaves pinnatipartite, 6-8 X 2-3 in., terminal lobe much the largest ; upper leaves oblong or lanceolate, 2|— 3 in., more or less sinuately pinnatifid. Flowers nearly \ in. diam. Pods various, erect or pendent, sometimes 3- or 4-valved ; erect pods 2 in., pendent pods 3-3J in. long including the beak ; beak conical, up to 1 in. Seeds 30-80 in a pod. — A cold weather crop in the plains, and hills up to 6000 ft. — Indian Colza. Native name Sarson. 4. Brassica Napus, Linn., var. dichotoma, Train ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 156, under B. campestris, sub-sp. Napus, in part. — Stem 1-4 ft., much branched. Leaves small, all (except the lowest 2 or 3) with stem- clasping, basal lobes : basal leaves not more than 4x2 in., more or less pinnatifid, terminal lobe much the largest; upper leaves triangular-lanceolate, l-2x|— | in., entire. Flowers about ^ in. diam. Pods 2-2 J in. long including the beak ; beak conical, rather more than J in. Seeds about 20 in a pod. — A cold weather crop in the plains, a spring crop in the Himalaya. — Indian Rape. Native name Tori or Lahi. The common ‘ drum head cabbage ’ with its varieties of cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kohl-rabi, knol-kohl, etc. is believed to be derived from B. oleracea indigenous on the S.W. coasts of Europe including Britain. The Radish, Baphanus sativus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 166 is also cultivated. Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid, terminal leaflet or lobe very broad. Flowers 1 The descriptions in this genus have been compiled from a valuable paper by Surgeon-Major D. Prain, Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, entitled A Note on the Mustards cultivated in Bengal. Bengal Secretariat Press, 1898. VII. CRUCIFERiE 29 rather large, usually white or lilac, with purple veins. Pods indehiscent, terete, thick, lj in., more or less constricted between the seeds, prolonged beyond the valves in a pointed beak about half the length of the pod. Seeds separated by pith. — As cultivated in native gardens, the Radish has a very long, coarse, thick, white root. Native name Moollee. Pod prolonged beyond the valves in a pointed beak . Pod not prolonged beyond the valves. Pod linear, long. Leaves, at least the lower ones, pinnatifid or pinnati- sect. Seeds in two rows ...... Seeds in one row. Flowers yellow. Leaves simply pinnatifid ; segments oblong . Leaves 2- or 3-pinnatisect ; segments linear . Flowers white or tinged with violet. Leaves simply pinnatifid. ..... Leaves simple. Stems 4 ft. Flowers racemose. Flowers white, straw-colour or pale pink. Leaves with 2 basal lobes, stem-clasping Leaves without basal lobes, not stem-clasping Flowers orange -yellow ..... Stemless. Scapes 2-3 in. Flowers corymbose, white Pod oblong, pp in. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers yellow Pod triangular, ovate or orbicular, short, flattened. Flowers white. Seeds, one in each cell ...... Seeds, several or many in each cell. Leaves pinnatifid. Pod triangular Leaves simple. Pod orbicular or ovate 8. Eruca. 1. Nasturtium.1 2. Barbarea. 5. Sisymbrium.2, 4. Cardamine. 3. Arabis. 5. Sisymbrium .3 7. Erysimum. 6. Eutrema. 1. Nasturtium A 10. Lepidium. 9. Capsella. 11. Thlaspi. 1. NASTURTIUM. The classical name for some kind of Cress ; etymology obscure .—Temperate regions, rare in tropical. Glabrous, perennial or annual herbs. Stem creeping, floating or erect. Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid or the upper ones nearly entire. Flowers small white or yellow, in racemes Sepals equal, similar, spreading. Petals shortly clawed. Stigma nearly sessile, capitate. Pods linear (oblong in N. paiustre), usually curved, spreading, valves convex. Seeds in 2 rows ; radicle accumbent. Flowers white. Leaves pinnate . . . . I. N. officinale. Flowers yellow. Leaves pinnatifid. Pods oblong, p-J in. . . . . . . 2. N. paiustre. Pods linear, 1-14 in. . . . . . 3. N. montanum. 1. Nasturtium officinale, JR. Br. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 133. Glabrous. Stem short or long, creeping or floating, sometimes much branched. Leaves pinnate, 2-4 in. ; leaflets sessile, ovate, 1 Except N. paiustre, which has an oblong pod. 2 S. Sophia only. 3 Except S. Sophia, which has pinnatisect leaves. 4 N. paiustre only. 30 VII. CRUCIFERS ^ in., entire or sinuate. Racemes short. Flowers white. Petals longer than the sepals. Pods linear, J-l in. Simla, in ditches ; April-September. — N. India, ascending to 7000 ft. — Temperate Asia, Europe, including Britain (Common Watercress). Often cultivated. 2. Nasturtium palustre, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 133. Glabrous. Stems 6-12 in., erect or nearly so, branched. Radical leaves numerous, stalked, 2-6 in., deeply pinnatifid, lobes toothed, lower ones distinct, narrow, terminal one large, broad. Stem-leaves similar or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, toothed. Racemes long. Flowers yellow. Petals and sepals nearly equal. Pods oblong, J-J in. Simla ; April-September. — N.W. India, ascending to 10,000 ft. — Europe (Britain, Marsh Watercress). 3. Nasturtium montanum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 134. Glabrous or nearly so. Stem erect, grooved, 6-18 in., branched. Lower leaves stalked, 2-4 in., pinnatifid at least near the base, toothed, gradually passing into the sessile, sinuate-toothed, ovate upper leaves. Racemes long. Flowers yellow. Petals and sepals nearly equal. Pods linear, 1-1^ in. Simla ; April-September. — N. India, ascending to 7000 ft. — Burmah. — - China, Japan. 2. BARB ARE A. From *' Herb of St. Barbara,’ the old name for B. vulgaris. — Most temperate regions. Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 134. A glabrous, perennial herb. Stem leafy, stiff, erect, 6-18 in. ; branches few, short. Leaves 2-4 in., lower stalked, upper sessile, mostly pinnately lobed, lower lobes usually few, small and narrow, terminal lobe large, broadly ovate ; sometimes all narrow, or the leaves oblong and deeply toothed towards the base. Flowers small, bright yellow, racemed. Sepals erect, equal, similar. Petals clawed. Style short, stigma capitate. Pods linear, |-1| in., erect or slightly spreading, 4-angled. Seeds in one row ; radicle accumbent. Simla ; June. — Temperate Himalaya, 600.0-10,000 ft. — W. Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe (Britain, Winter Cress, Yellow Rocket). 3. ARABIS. Etymology uncertain. — N. temperate and cold regions, rare in the S. Hemisphere. Annual or perennial herbs, usually more or less covered with forked or stellate hairs. Stems erect, leafy, simple or with a few short branches. Leaves simple : radical stalked ; upper stem- elasping, the base prolonged downwards in two short lobes. VII. CRUCIFERS 31 Mowers white or pale yellow, in racemes. Sepals short, erect, lateral ones slightly saccate. Petals clawed. Stigma nearly sessile. Pods linear, long, flat. Seeds in one row or in two ; radicle accumbent. Basal lobes of stem-leaves pointed. Seeds in two rows . 1 . A. glabra. Basal lobes of stem-leaves obtuse. Seeds in one row Leaves stellately hairy, lower surface green . . 2. A. alpina. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, lower surface white . 3. A. amplexicaulis. 1. Arabis glabra, Bernh. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 135. Glabrous except the radical leaves, glaucous. Stem stiff, 2-4 ft. Leaves oblong- lanceolate : radical stellately hairy, 3-4 in., sinuate-toothed, soon disappearing ; stem-leaves glabrous, entire, basal lobes pointed, lower leaves 3-6 in., upper gradually smaller. Flowers small, white or pale yellow. Pods erect, 2-3 J in. Seeds in two rows. Narkunda ; May-July. — W. Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. — Australia, N. temperate regions ; closely allied to the British A. perfoliata , Tower Mustard. 2. Arabis alpina, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. J35. More or less covered with forked or stellate hairs. Stems 6-18 in. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, toothed rarely entire : radical 1-4 in., crowded, spreading ; stem-leaves smaller, basal lobes obtuse. Flowers white, \ in. diam. Pods 1J-2 in., erect, ultimately spreading. Seeds in one row. (Fig. 10.) Simla ; March, April. — W. Himalaya, 5000-12,000 ft.— N. arctic regions and high mountains. 32 VII. CRUCIFERS 3. Arabis amplexicaulis, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 136. Glabrous or slightly stellately hairy. Stem 6-18 in. Leaves with a white bloom on the lower surface : radical obovate-oblong, 1J-4 in., coarsely toothed ; stem-leaves smaller, toothed, usually pointed, basal lobes obtuse. Mowers white, J in. diam. Pods l|-3 in., spreading. Seeds in one row. Narkunda ; April-June. — W. Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. 4. CARDAMINE. From cardamon , a Greek name for some kind of Cress ( Lepidium ). — Temperate regions. Annual or perennial herbs ; glabrous or with a few simple scattered hairs. Stems leafy, erect, sometimes weak and half decumbent, usually branched. Leaves stalked, pinnately lobed, radical ones sometimes numerous and spreading ; in G. impatiens the stem-leaves have two long narrow lobes at the base of the stalk, these are absent in the other species. Flowers usually white or tinged with violet, racemed. Sepals equal at the base. Petals clawed. Style usually short, stigma simple or 2 -lobed. Pods linear, long, flat, sometimes bursting elastically. Seeds in one row; radicle accumbent. Flowers ^ in. long. Petals nearly erect. Stem-leaves not lobed at the base. Segments broadly ovate with a few large, lobe-like teeth, terminal one broad, very obtuse. Pods obtuse . . . . . . . . 1. C. sylvatica. Segments oblong-ovate, crenate, terminal one lanceolate, tapering. Pods pointed . . . 2. G. oxycarpa. Stem-leaves lobed at the base . . . . . 3. C. impatiens. Flowers nearly J in. long. Petals spreading . . . 4. C. macrophylla. 1 . Cardamine sylvatica, Link ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 138, under C. hirsuta. Stem 6-12 in., weak. Leaves 2-6 in., radical few, stem-leaves not lobed at the base ; segments about 7, of the lower leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, with a few large, lobe-like teeth, of the uppermost often narrowly oblong, terminal segment largest, obtuse or rounded. Flowers white, ^ in. long. Petals longer than the sepals, nearly erect. Stigma almost sessile. Pods J-l in., obtuse, erect. Simla, Chadwick falls ; March. — All temperate regions (Britain). 2. Cardamine oxycarpa, Hook. f. Anders. ; FI. Br. Ind. -i. 138, under G. hirsuta. Stem 6-18 in., erect. Leaves 2-3 in., radical few ; stem-leaves not lobed at the base ; segments about 7, oblong-ovate, crenate, the terminal one much the longest, tapering. Flowers white, ~ in, long. Petals longer than the sepals, nearly erect. Style distinct. Pods 1-1 £ in., pointed, erect at first, ultimately spreading. Simla, Narkunda ; July. — Hilly districts throughout India, ascending to 9000 ft. VII. CRUCIFERS 33 3. Cardamine impatiens, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 138. Stem erect, 6-18 in., stiff. Leaves 3-4 in., radical few or many ; base of the stem-leaves dilated and furnished with two long, stem-clasping lobes ; segments 7-15, sometimes alternate, those of the radical leaves ovate, obtusely lobed, of the stem-leaves longer, lanceolate, entire. Flowers white, ~ in. long, crowded. Petals shorter than the sepals, nearly erect. Pods f-1 in., pointed, erect. Simla, common ; March-May. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-12,000 ft. — Temperate Asia, Europe (Britain). The ripe pods explode elastically, jerking out the seeds and curling up the valves. 4. Cardamine macrophylla, Willd. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 139. Perennial ; rootstock creeping. Stems erect, 1-2| ft., robust. Leaves 6 in. : radical few, soon disappearing, segments usually 9* l|-3 in., irregularly sharply and deeply toothed, ending in a long, nearly entire, tail-like point ; segments of the stem-leaves smaller and more numerous. Flowers white or tinged with violet, nearly | in. long, crowded. Petals more than twice as long as the sepals, spreading. Pods f-1 in., erect at first, ultimately spreading. Sungri, near Narkunda ; June. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-12,000 ft. — N. Asia, Japan. 5. SISYMBRIUM. A Greek name for some kind of Water- x cress. — Temperate regions in most parts of the world. Annual or biennial herbs, glabrous, or slightly hairy. Stems erect. Leaves simple or pinnately lobed, 2-3-pinnatisect : radical, rosulate, often soon disappearing ; stem-leaves sessile or stalked. Flowers J in. or less diam., white, pale pink or yellow, in racemes. Sepals erect, bases equal or the lateral slightly saccate. Petals clawed. Stigma nearly sessile, obscurely 2-lobed. Pods linear, long, terete or slightly flattened. Seeds in one row ; radicle incumbent except in S. Thalianum. Leaves undivided, toothed, sinuate or nearly entire. Stem-leaves stalked. Flowers white . . . . 5. S. Alliaria. Stem -leaves sessile. Flowers white. Pods |-1 in. . . . . .1. S. Thalianum. Flowers pink. Pods 1-2 in. . . , . .2 . S. strictum. Leaves pinnately lobed ; lobes broad. Flowers white or pink 3. 8. Wallichii. Leaves 2-3-pinnatisect ; segments thread-like. Flowers yellow . . 4. 8. Sophia. 1. Sisymbrium Thalianum, J. Gay ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 148. Slightly hairy, hairs scattered, spreading, simple, forked or stellate. Stems 6-12 in., slender, branching. Leaves undivided ; radical ovate, 1-2 in., toothed or nearly entire, obtuse ; stem-leaves few, distant, narrowly oblong, 1 in. or less, sessile, base not lobed. D 34 VII. CRUCIFERS Flowers white. Pods very slender, |-1 in., glabrous, erect, curved, nearly terete. Cotyledons placed obliquely so that the radicle is not quite incumbent. Simla ; March-July. — Plains of the Punjab, ascending to 6000 ft. — Tem- perate Asia, Europe (Britain, Ardbis Thaliana of -Bentham and some other authors). 2. Sisymbrium strictum, Hook. /. As Thoms. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 149. Whole plant rough with stellate pubescence. Stem 1-2 ft., urn branched, stiff. Leaves undivided : radical few, soon disappear- ing ; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly oblong, sinuate or obscurely toothed, acute, lower ones 1-1 \ in., upper gradually diminishing in size. Flowers pale pink. Pods very slender, 1-2 in., glabrous, terete, curved, nearly erect. (Fig. 11.) Narkunda ; June, July.— W. Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. — Tibet. VII. CRUCIFERS 35 3. Sisymbrium Walliehii, Hook. f. 6c Thoms. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 149. Rough with simple, forked and stellate hairs. Stems slender, 6-18 in., erect. Leaves pinnately lobed : radical 1-3 in., lobes broad, obtuse, usually pointing downwards, terminal lobe largest ; stem-leaves few, sessile, smaller, sometimes nearly entire. Flowers white, changing to pale pink. Pods very slender, 2-3 J in., glabrous, spreading, curved. Kumaon to Kashmir, 5000-7000 ft. ; April, May. 4. Sisymbrium Sophia, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 150. Finely pubescent. Stems 1-2 ft. Leaves numerous, l|-2 in., sessile, twice or thrice pinnatisect ; segments short, thread-like. Flowers pale yellow. Pods glabrous,, slender, 1 in., slightly flattened, curved, erect or spreading. Simla ; April-July. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-7000 ft. — N. Africa, America, Europe (Britain, Flixweed). 5. Sisymbrium Alliaria, Scop. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 151. Glabrous or nearly so, dull green. Stem 1-3 ft., usually unbranched. Lower leaves long-stalked, ovate or orbicular, 1J-3 in. across, cordate, sinuate or crenate ; upper on shorter stalks, ovate or triangular, 1-2 in. across, cordate, coarsely toothed. Flowers white, | in. diam. Pods glabrous, \\-2 in., nearly terete, erect. Simla, Matiana ; April-June. — W. Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain, Hedge Garlic). The crushed leaves smell strongly of garlic. 6. EUTREMA. From the Greek eu, completely, decidedly, and trema, a hole ; the partition dividing the cells of the pod is in some species incomplete near the middle. — Himalaya. Arctic Siberia. Eutrema primulsefolium. Hook. f. & Thoms. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 152. A glabrous, perennial herb ; root thick, cylindric ; stem none. Scapes several, slender, erect, 2-3 in., leafless but bearing a few small sessile bracts. Flowers small, white, in short corymbs. Sepals erect, base equal. Petals clawed. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Pods |-1 in., nearly terete, curved. Seeds in two irregular rows ; radicle incumbent. Huttoo, on rocks ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 6000-11,000 ft. 7. ERYSIMUM. A classical plant-name ; probably of E. officinale, the Hedge Mustard. — N. temperate and cold regions. Erysimum hieracifolium, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 153. A perennial herb, covered with short, adpressed, forked, stellate and simple hairs. Stems erect, robust, 6-24 in., angled. Stem-leaves 36 VII. CRUCIFERS sessile, oblong, 1-4 in., sinuate-toothed or nearly entire. Flowers orange-yellow, J-J in. diam., racemed, crowded. Sepals erect, lateral slightly saccate. Petals long-clawed. Style distinct, stigma 2-lobed. Pods linear, 1 J-2 in., nearly square, erect. Seeds in one row ; radicle incumbent. Matiana, Narkunda ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. — N. Asia, N. Europe. 8. ERUCA. The classical name of Brassica Eruca. — - Mediterranean region. W. Asia. Eruca sativa, Mill ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 158. An annual or biennial herb, glabrous or slightly hairy, glaucous. Stem 6-18 in., erect, branching. Leaves sessile, 1-4 in., pinnatifid ; segments coarsely toothed, terminal one broad ; upper leaves smaller, some- times nearly entire. Flowers pale yellow or white, f-1 in. across, in racemes ; veins dark. Sepals erect, lateral slightly saccate. Petals clawed. Stigma capitate. Pods erect, pressed against the stem, oblong-ovoid, J— 1 in., nearly terete, prolonged in a flat, pointed, seedless beak half the length of the valves. Seeds in two rows ; cotyledons folded longitudinally over the radicle. Mushobra ; August. — N. India, ascending to 10,000 ft. — N. Africa, S. Europe. Cultivated as a field crop in the N.W.P. for the oil expressed from the seeds. An escape. Native name Duan. 9. CAPSELLA. Diminutive of the Latin capsa, a box, referring to the pod. — N. and S. temperate regions. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Medic. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 159. An annual herb, more or less covered with forked hairs ; root long, tapering. Stems erect, 6-18 in., branched. Radical leaves vari- able, usually pinnatifid, sometimes lanceolate, terminal lobe broadly triangular, segments nearly entire ; upper leaves pinna- tifid, lobed at the bass, stem-clasping ; uppermost lanceolate. Flowers small, white, racemed. Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Pods nearly flat, triangular, about J in. broad. Seeds many, in two rows ; radicle incumbent. Simla ; April-October. — A cosmopolitan weed. Shepherd’s Purse of Britain. 10. LEPIDIUM. The classical name for the Garden Cress, Lepidium sativum. — Chiefly Europe and Asia. Lepidium sativum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 159. An annual, glabrous herb. Stems erect, 6-18 in., branched. Radical leaves twice pinnatisect ; stem-leaves sessile, pinnatifid or lanceolate. Flowers small, white, in long racemes. Sepals erect, equal at the VII. CRUCIFERiE 37 base. Pods ovate, \ in., notched at the tip, margins winged. Seeds one in each cell ; radicle incumbent. Simla, in fields ; April, May. — Cultivated in all temperate regions. Cress is commonly cultivated in gardens, and often occurs as an escape. Native name hnlim. 11. THLASPI. The Greek name for Cress. — N. temperate regions and the Andes. Annual or perennial, glabrous herbs. Stems erect. Leaves simple ; upper stem-clasping, base 2-lobed. Flowers small, white, racemed. Sepals erect, base equal. Petals clawed. Pods spreading horizontally, orbicular or ovate, flattened, margins winged, top notched ; style persistent in the notch. Seeds 4-8 in each cell ; radicle accumbent. Stem-leaves toothed. Pod orbicular, \ in. broad. Style very short . . . . . . . . . 1. T. arvense. Stem-leaves entire. Pod oblong-ovate, scarcely j in. broad. Style long . . . . . . . . 2. T. alpestre. 1. Thlaspi arvense, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 162. Annual. Stems 6-18 in., simple or branched. Radical leaves soon wither- ing ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, 1-4 in., coarsely toothed, the upper ones prolonged at the base in two long, pointed, stem- clasping lobes. Pods ovate-orbicular, about \ in. broad including the wing, deeply notched ; style very short. Seeds 5 or 6 in each cell. Simla, in cultivated or waste ground, not common ; April-July. — Temperate Himalaya, 1000-10,000 ft. — Asia, Europe (Britain). A weed of cultivation. 2. Thlaspi alpestre, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 162. Perennial. Stems usually tufted, 6-12 in., stiff, rarely branched. Radical leaves ovate, orbicular or oblong, often toothed near the base ; stem-leaves oblong or ovate, f-1 in., entire, base prolonged in two short, obtuse lobes. Pods oblong-ovate, scarcely \ in. broad including the wing, narrowed towards the base, notch broad ; style long. Seeds 4-8 in each cell. Simla, Mahasu, Narkunda ; April-June. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-12,000 ft, — N. temperate regions (Britain) ; the Andes. 38 VIII. CAPPARIDACEJE VIII. CAPPARIDACEJE Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or digitately com- pound. Mowers regular, 2-sexual, solitary or racemed. Sepals 4, free. Petals 4, imbricate. Stamens numerous, free. Ovary sessile or stalked, 1 -celled, ovules many. Capsule linear or ovoid. Seeds small, in 2 or more perpendicular rows. — Chiefly tropical regions. Leaves digitately compound. Ovary sessile . . . .1. Polanisia. Leaves orbicular. Ovary stalked . . . . .2. Copparis. 1. POLANISIA. From the Greek polus , many, and anisos, un- equal ; anthers numerous but variable in numbers, some of the stamens being imperfect. — Most tropical and subtropical regions. Polanisia viscosa, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 170, under Cleome viscosa. An annual, viscidly pubescent herb. Stems 1-3 ft., erect. Leaves digitately compound ; leaflets 3-5, unequal, the largest about 1 in., nearly sessile, ovate, entire. Flowers racemed, long- stalked, yellow, \ in. long. Sepals 4, lanceolate. Petals 4, clawed, limb ovate, reflexed. Stamens 12-20, some without anthers. Ovary sessile ; style short. Capsule linear, 2-3 in., glandular. Seeds wrinkled. Simla, waste ground, rubbish heaps ; June-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — A common tropical weed. 2. CAPPARIS. From kabar, the Arabic name of a species of the genus,— Most warm regions. Capparis leucophylla, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 173, under C. spinosa. A trailing, long-branched shrub, more or less covered with white pubescence. Leaves pale green, orbicular, about 1 in. across ; a pair of recurved prickles (stipules) at the base of the short stalk. Flowers globose in bud, solitary, axillary, about 1 in. diam. Sepals 4, green, concave. Petals 4, obovate, not clawed, white at first, turning pink as they fade. Stamens numerous, filaments purple, longer than the petals. Ovary stalked, overtopping the stamens; stigma sessile. Capsule ovoid, nearly 1 in., bent down- wards, 6-ribbed, opening irregularly, valves crimson inside. Seeds embedded in pulp. Sutlej valley below 5000 ft., usually growing on hot dry rocks ; June- October. — Lower Himalaya. — Persia. Closely allied to G. spinosa, a shrub of S. Europe, the pickled flower-buds of which are known as Capers. The flower-buds and unripe fruit of C. aphylla, a leafless shrub common on the Punjab plains, are also eaten. Native name karil. IX. VIOLACE^ 39 IX. VIOLACE^E An Order spread over nearly the whole world ; some of the species are shrubs or small trees. In the W. Himalaya Viola is the only genus. VIOLA. The old Latin name of the Violet. — Nearly all temperate regions. Small herbs. Stem usually short or none. Leaves radical or alternate, simple, stalked ; stipules persistent. Flowers irregular, 2-sexual, on axillary stalks, usually solitary. Sepals 5, persistent, nearly equal, prolonged downwards in a short, flat, obtuse blade. Petals 5, spreading, the lowest one usually the largest, its base produced in a hollow spur, the other 4 flat, nearly equal. Stamens 5, anthers sessile, erect, 2-celled, united in a ring encircling the ovary, each tipped with a small triangular lobe, the 2 lower pro- duced at the base in short spurs enclosed within the petal-spur. Ovary sessile, 1 -celled, style thickened upwards : stigma dilated ; ovules several, disposed in 3 lines on the walls of the cavity. Capsule ovoid, opening horizontally by 3 boat-shaped valves, the sides of which pressing on the smooth ovoid seeds eject them successively with considerable force. Honey is secreted within the spur ; the details of the cross-fertilisation effected by insects vary in the several species.— In the autumn on most plants minute closed ( cleistogamic ) flowers may be found near the ground which produce abundant seed. See Darwin’s Forms of Flowers, chap, viii. Flowers yellow . . . . . . . . 1. V. biflora. Flowers lilac or pale blue. Leaves narrowly triangular. Stigma 3-lobed, hollowed at the top . . . . . . . 2. V . PatriniL Leaves ovate. Stipules entire or toothed. Stigma 3-lobed, beaked 3. V. serpens. Stipules fringed. Stigma truncate, not beaked . 4. F. canescens . 1. Viola biflora, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 182. Glabrous or pubescent. Stems usually erect, 3-10 in. Leaves 2 or 3, kidney - shaped, j-1 in. across, crenate ; stipules ovate or oblong. Flowers 1 or 2 on the same stalk, pale yellow, the lower petal streaked with black ; spur very short ; stigma 2-lobed. Huttoo ; June. — Temperate Himalaya. — N. temperate regions. A very hairy form with larger leaves and flowers occurs on the Chor ; it is V. reniformis. Wall., included under V. biflora in the FI. Br. Ind. 2. Viola Patrinii, Ging. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 183. Glabrous or pubescent. Stems very short or none. Leaves tufted, triangular, usually narrowly elongate, l^-2|x|-lj in., base cordate or 40 IX. VIOLACE^: truncate, margins crenate ; upper part of stalk usually winged ; stipules entire or nearly so, adnate for more than half their length. Mowers usually dark lilac, often scented, stalks sometimes 6 in. long. Stigma 3-lobed, hollowed at the top. Simla (the Downs), common; April-June. — Temperate Himalaya. — China, J apan. 3. Viola serpens, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 184. Glabrous or with scattered, white hairs. Stems short but distinct, covered with withered scales, often producing runners. Leaves broadly ovate, 1-2 in., deeply cordate, crenate or sharply toothed, acute ; stipules entire or toothed. Mowers lilac. Stigma 3-lobed, produced laterally in a hooked beak. Simla, Mahasu, Narkunda, in woods above 7000 ft. ; April-July. — Hilly districts throughout India. — China, Java. 4. Viola canescens, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 184, under V. serpens. Softly densely pubescent. Stems none or very short, nearly always producing long, leafy runners. Leaves tufted, ovate, £-2 in., deeply cordate, crenate ; stipules fringed. Flowers lilac. Stigma terminal, truncate, not beaked. (Fig. 12.) Simla, common ; April-November. — Hilly districts throughout India, 3000- 7000 ft. X. BIXACE,® 41 X. BIXACE^ Trees or shrubs, often spinous. Leaves alternate, simple, shortly stalked. Flowers small, axillary, usually crowded in short, densely clustered racemes or sometimes scattered along the branches, 1 -sexual, the male and female on different plants. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals none. Stamens numerous, filaments thread-like, anthers versatile. Ovary 1- or 4-5-celled, girt at the base by a ring-shaped disk ; ovules few in each cell, attached to the walls, not to the axis. Styles 1 or 4-5. Berry globose. Seeds 2 or 6-12. — Chiefly tropical regions. — Bixa is an altered form of the native name of a species common in Brazil. Leaves pubescent, ovate, 1-2^ in. Styles 4 or 5 . . .1. Flacourlia. Leaves glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 in. Style 1 . .2. Xylosm.a. 1. FLACOURTIA. In honour of Etienne de Flacourt, French Governor of Madagascar, author of a history of that island. — W arm regions of Asia and Africa. Flacourtia sapida, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 193, under F. Ramoutchi. A shrub or small tree, pubescent, usually spinous. Leaves ovate, l-2£ in., toothed. Flowers green -yellow. Sepals ovate. Male flowers solitary or in small clusters or in short, 42 X. BIXACEiE sometimes compound racemes ; stamens numerous, much longer than the sepals. Female flowers solitary or in pairs ; ovary globose, 4- or 5-celled, seated in a notched, cup-like disk ; styles 4 or 5, free, spreading, stigmas dilated 2-lobed. Berry J in. diam., red. Seeds 8-10. (Fig. 13.) Suni, Sutlej valley ; March, April. — Low hills throughout India, up to 3000 ft. The fine-grained wood is used in turnery, for combs, &c. The fruit is eaten. 2. XYLOSMA. From the Greek xylon, wood, and osme, scent, odour ; the wood is aromatic. — Most tropical and subtropical regions. Xylosma longifolium, Clos ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 194. A tree, glabrous, sometimes spinous. Leaves thick, shining, oblong- lanceolate, 2-6 in., long-pointed, toothed. Flowers yellow. Sepals ovate. Male flowers numerous, in short, densely clustered, often compound racemes, sometimes forming a continuous in- florescence nearly a foot long ; stamens much longer than the sepals. Female flowers crowded in short, densely clustered racemes or sometimes nearly sessile and scattered along the branches ; ovary ovoid, 1 -celled, seated on a narrow, ring-shaped disk ; style 1, short, erect, stigma capitate. Berry J in. diam., red or black. Seeds 2. Suni, Sutlej valley ; January-March. — Low hills throughout India, up to 5000 ft. XI. POLYGALACEAE An Order consisting of herbs, shrubs and small trees spread over nearly all warm and temperate regions, but represented in the N.W. Himalaya only by Poly gala. POLYGALA. From the Greek polus , much, and gala , milk ; the herbs grow in pastures and were supposed to increase the yield of milk in cows. — Nearly all temperate and warm regions. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire ; stipules none. Flowers small, irregular, 2-sexual, in racemes. Sepals 5, free, unequal, in 2 series : 3 outer, small, green ; 2 inner (the wings), ovate or oblong, much larger, coloured, finely veined. Petals 3 unequal, united at the base : 2 upper small; the lowest (the keel) longest, concave, tip lobed and often crested with a finely divided fringe. Stamens 8, united in 2 sets of 4 each, adnate to XI. POLY GrAL ACEiE 43 the petals ; anthers opening by pores at the top. Ovary 2-celled ; style long incurved, stigma dilated. Capsule membranous, flattened, opening at the margins, usually enclosed in the per- sistent calyx. Seeds appendaged at the base, one in each cell. The British * Milkwort 5 (P. vulgaris) is closely allied to the Himalayan species. Flowers purple or pink. Keel 2-lobed at the tip, not crested Keel with a fringed crest at the tip. Stem and leaves densely hairy . Stem and leaves glabrous or nearly so. Perennial. Rootstock woody. Leaves linear, i-1 in. ..... Annual. Root fibrous. Leaves lanceolate, 1-2 in. . Flowers yellow ....... 1. P. triphylla. 2. P. crotalarioides. 3. P. abyssinica. 4. P. persicaricefolia. 5. P. chinensis. 1. Polygala triphylla, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 201. Annual, glabrous. Stems weak, nearly erect, 2-4 in., branched. Leaves orbicular or spathulate, ^-1 in. ; stalk often winged. Flowers deep pink, in slender, erect, terminal racemes 1-1J in. Calyx falling off after flowering. Keel-petal 2-lobed at the tip, not crested. Capsule orbicular, narrowly winged. Simla, Chadwick Falls, Syree ; August-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. — Malaya. 2. Polygala crotalarioides, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 201. Perennial, densely hairy. •. Rootstock woody, often tuberous. Stems short, thick, decumbent, branches long spreading. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate, J-2 in. Flowers purple, crowded in axillary racemes. Calyx persistent. Keel-petal crested. Capsule heart-shaped, fringed. (Fig. 14.) 44 XI. POLY Gr AL ACEJE Simla, in crevices of rocks, common ; April-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-7000 ft. Hoyle (Illustr. PI. Himal. 76) mentions that the root is Used by the hill people as a cure for snakebite. 3. Polygala abyssinica, R. Br. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 202. Perennial, glabrous or pubescent. Rootstock woody. Stems short ; branches numerous, 6-18 in., slender, ascending. Leaves sessile, linear, |-1 in. Flowers in long, terminal racemes. Calyx per- sistent, wing-sepals pale grey. Corolla purple, keel-petal crested. Capsule ovate, notched, narrowly winged. Simla, on' open, grassy hill-sides, common; August, September. — W. Himalaya, 3000-8000 ft. — W. Asia, Africa. 4. Polygala persicariaefolia, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 202. Annual, pubescent. Root fibrous. Stems erect, 6-18 in., branched. Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, 1-2 in. Flowers in stalked, erect, usually terminal racemes. Calyx persistent, wing-sepals pale yellow-grey. Corolla pink, keel-petal crested. Capsule ovate, notched, minutely fringed, narrowly winged near the top. Valleys below Simla ; September. — Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. — Tropical Africa and Australia. ) 5. Polygala chinensis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 204. Annual, pubescent. Stems erect or diffuse, 2-6 in. Leaves sessile, narrowly oblong, in., obtuse. Flowers yellow, crowded in axillary racemes. Calyx persistent. Keel-petal minutely crested. Capsule ovate, notched, fringed, narrowly winged. Simla, in valleys ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Tropical Asia, Australia. XII. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Annual or perennial herbs. Stems erect or partially decumbent, rarely climbing, usually thickened at the joints. Leaves opposite or in opposite clusters, flat or terete, simple, entire, bases often more or less united i- stipules none or scarious. Flowers regular, 2- rarely 1 -sexual, in forking cymes or panicles, rarely solitary. Sepals 4 or 5, persistent, free or united. Petals as many as the sepals, usually clawed, sometimes very small or none. Stamens free, twice as many as the petals, rarely 5 or fewer. Ovary free ; styles linear, 3-5 (in Polycarpcea only 1). Capsule membranous, fleshy and berry-like only in Cucubalus, 1 -celled (or 3-5-celled near the base), opening at the top in as many or twice as many teeth or valves as there are styles ; in Cucubalus only the fruit XII. CAKYOPHYLLACEiE 45 breaks up irregularly. Seeds small, usually many, rarely only 1 or 2, attached to a central column. — Cosmopolitan, but most abundant in the temperate and cold regions of the N. Hemisphere. — Name from Caryophyllus aromaticus, a tree whose dried flower- buds are cloves ; referring to the scent of the cultivated ‘ Clove pink,’ Dianthus caryophyllus . Sepals united in a 5-toothed calyx Calyx clasped at the base by imbricate bracts . . .1. Dianthus. Calyx without basal bracts. Styles 2. Calyx bell-shaped. Petals nearly white, notched . 2. Gypsophila. Calyx cylindric. Petals pink, margins jagged . . 3. Saponaria. Styles 3. Calyx cylindric, or ovoid and inflated. Fruit a mem- branous capsule ....... Calyx bell-shaped. Fruit fleshy, berry-like Styles 5. Petals fringed ...... Sepals free Leaves opposite ; stipules none. Petals 2-lobed. Petals shortly lobed. (See also Stellaria bulbosa) Petals deeply lobed (except S. bulbosa) Petals entire, sometimes none. Leaves flat, bases not united . . • . Leaves terete, bases united in a scarious sheath . Leaves in opposite clusters ; stipules small, scarious. Sepals green, obtuse. Styles 5 Sepals shining white, acute. Style 1 4. Silene. 5. Cucubalus . 6. Lychnis. 7. Cerastium. 8. Stellaria. 9. Arenaria. 10. Sagina. 11. Spergula. 12. Polycarpcea. 1. DIANTHUS. From the Greek dios, divine, and anthos, a flower ; the flower of the gods. — N. temperate regions. * Dianthus angulatus, Royle ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 215. A perennial, glabrous herb. Stems stiff, slender, 6-12 in., nearly erect. Leaves linear, acute, radical 3-6 in., upper in. Flowers solitary, terminal. Calyx tubular, |-| in., clasped at the base by about 4 imbricate, pointed bracts. Petals 5, pink, clawed, limb fringed. Stamens 10. Ovary stalked ; styles 2. Capsule opening at the top by 4 teeth. Kunawar, 7000-13,000 ft. ; June. — W. Himalaya. A plant of the inner dry ranges. 2. GYPSOPHILA. From the Greek gypsos , chalk, and philo, I love, referring to the habitat of some species. — Northern Asia, Europe. Gypsophila cerastioides, D. Don ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 217. A peren- nial, pubescent herb. Stems several, 4-8 in., slender, spreading. Leaves obovate or spathulate, 1^ in., lower ones stalked, upper 46 XII. CARY OPH YLLACEiE nearly sessile. Flowers numerous, small, in panicled cymes. Calyx bell-shaped. Petals nearly white, streaked with purple, clawed, Fig. 15. Gypsophiea cerastioides. limb slightly notched. Stamens 10. Ovary nearly sessile ; styles 2. Capsule opening to about the middle by 4 valves. (Fig. 15.) Mushobra, Matiana, Narkunda ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. 3. SAPONARIA. From the Latin sapo, soap ; the leaves and roots of some species are boiled and used as soap. — N. Asia, . Europe, N. Africa. Saponaria Vaccaria, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 217. An annual, glabrous herb. Stems erect, 1-2 ft. Leaves sessile, oblong, l-2JxJ-i in., acute; stem-leaves cordate, united at the base. Flowers in terminal, forked cymes. Calyx cylindric, J in., becoming ovoid in fruit, nerves 5, broad, green. Petals 5, pink, clawed, limb obovate, jagged. Stamens 10. Ovary nearly sessile ; styles 2. Capsule opening at the top by 5 teeth. Simla, in cornfields ; April, May. — Throughout India. — W. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia. A weed of cultivation. 4. SILENE. From Silenus, the attendant of Bacchus, referring to the viscid glands of most species. — Europe, Asia, N. America, S. Africa ; a very large genus. Annual or perennial, usually viscid, herbs. Stems often tufted, erect or ascending. Radical leaves stalked ; upper sessile, more or less united at the base. Calyx tubular or ovoid and inflated, usually narrowed towards the mouth. Petals 5, clawed, XII. C AR YOPH YLL ACEiE 47 limb entire or 2-lobed, sometimes with 2 minute scales at its base. Stamens 10. Ovary usually stalked ; styles 3. Capsule opening at the top in 6 teeth or short valves. Seeds many. Flowers white. Glabrous. Calyx ovoid, inflated. Petals not fringed 1. S. inflata. Viscidiy pubescent. Calyx tubular. Petals fringed 5. S. Griffithii. Flowers pink or brown-purple. Petals not lobed. Petals pink ; limb short, obovate . . 2. 8. conoidea . Petals brown-purple ; limb long, narrow . . 4. 8. Falconeriana. Petals deeply 2-lobed . . . . . .3 .8. tenuis. 1. Silene inflata, Smith', FI. Br. Ind. i. 218. Perennial, glabrous. Stems 1-3 ft., ascending, rarely erect. Leaves pale green, ovate, 1-2 in., acute. Flowers few, drooping, in loose, terminal panicles. Calyx inflated, ovoid, § in. long, net-veined. Petals white, blade 2-lobed. Ovary broadly ovoid. Capsule globose. Simla, Musbobra, Narkunda ; June, July. — Temperate Himalaya. — N. Asia, N. Africa, Europe, including Britain (Bladder Campion). 2. Silene conoidea, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 218. Annual, glandular-pubescent. Stems ascending or erect, 6-18 in. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1-3 in., acute. Flowers few, erect, in terminal panicles. Calyx tubular, finely grooved, 1 in., narrowed upwards, teeth long, linear. Petals pink, limb short, obovate. Ovary oblong-ovoid. Capsule ovoid, pointed, hard, shining, enclosed in the globosely inflated calyx. Simla, in cornfields ; April, May. — Plains of the Punjab, ascending to 8000 ft. — N. temperate Asia, Nv Africa, S.E. Europe. * 3. Silene tenuis, Willd. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 219. Perennial, lower parts glabrous, more or less pubescent upwards. Stems several, 6-18 in., erect or ascending. Leaves chiefly basal, narrowly lanceolate, 1-3 in. Flowers crowded in short, terminal racemes or narrow cymes. Calyx tubular, J-J in., thin, pubescent. Petals brown-purple, limb deeply 2-lobed. Ovary oblong. Capsule ovoid. Kunawar to Kashmir, 8000-12,000 ft. ; July, August. — Northern and Arctic Asia. 4. Silene Falconeriana, Boyle ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 220. Perennial. Stems erect, 1-4 ft., viscidiy pubescent on the lower parts, becoming glabrous upwards. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-3 in. Flowers in short, opposite, axillary cymes. Calyx tubular, \ in., nerves green. Petals brown-purple, limb long, narrow, obtuse. Ovary oblong. Capsule ovoid. Simla, on grassy bill- sides, 4000 ft. : September. — W. Himalaya, 3000- 9000 ft. 48 XII. CAKYOPHYLLACE^E * 5. Silene Griffithii, Boiss. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 220. Perennial, densely viscid-pubescent. Stems ascending or erect, robust, 12-18 in. Leaves ovate -lanceolate, 2-4xf-l| in. Flowers in opposite, axillary, usually 3-flowered cymes. Calyx tubular, f-1 in. Petals white, deeply 2-lobed, lobes fringed. Ovary and capsule oblong. W. Himalaya, Garhwal to Kashmir ; June- August. — W. and Central Asia5. 5. CUCUBALUS. A name of classical origin ; derivation uncertain.— Europe, Asia. Only one species. * Cucubalus baccifer, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 222. A rambling’ half-climbing, pubescent herb. Stems 2-3 ft., weak, diffusely branched. Leaves o^ ate -lanceolate, l-3x|— 1J in., acute, lower ones shortly stalked, upper sessile. Flowers nodding, in forked cymes, forming lax, leafy panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, \ in. Petals 5, white, tinged with yellow-green, clawed, limb 2-lobed, with 2 minute scales at its base. Stamens 10. Ovary shortly stalked, globose ; styles 3. Capsule berry -like, blue-black, globose, nearly \ in. diam., 3-celled at the base, fleshy at first, becoming dry and breaking up irregularly when mature. Seeds numerous. Temperate Himalaya, 5000-12,000 ft. ; June, July. — Central Asia, Europe. 6. LYCHNIS. From the Greek lychnos, a lamp : the flowers of some species are very brilliant. — N. temperate regions, Andes. Perennial herbs. Stems weak, nearly erect. Lower leaves usually stalked, upper sessile. Calyx tubular, inflated. Petals 5, clawed, limb fringed, usually with 2 scales at its base. Stamens- 10. Ovary shortly stalked ; styles 5. Capsule ovoid, sometimes 5-celled at the base, opening at the top by 5 teeth or short valves often split into double the number. Seeds many. Petals much longer than the calyx ; fringe long ; segments 2-lobed 1- L.fimbriata. Petals hardly longer than the calyx; fringe short; seg- ments entire 2. L. nutans. 1. Lychnis fimbriata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 225, under L. indica. Pubescent, often viscidly glandular, especially the inflor- escence. Stems 2-4 ft., diffusely branched. Leaves very variable in shape and size, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, acute, the smaller forms 1-2JXJ-1 in., the larger 5xl| in. Flowers erect or nodding, in cymes forming terminal panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, |-f in. Petals much longer than the calyx, purple or cream-white, flowers of both colours often on the same plant, limb long-fringed, segments usually 4, divided into 2 lobes. Simla, common ; September, October. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-1 0,000 ft. 2. Lychnis nutans, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 225. Perennial, pubescent, often viscidly glandular, especially the inflorescence. XII. CARY OPH YLL ACEiE 49 Stems 2-3 ft., weak, diffusely branched. Lower leaves lanceolate, about 3 X 1 in. ; upper broadly ovate, pointed, about 1 J-2| X 1-1 f Fig. 16. Lychnis nutans. in. Flowers nodding, in cymes, forming terminal panicles. Calyx \ in., globose. Petals hardly longer than the calyx, purple, limb shortly fringed, segments 4-6, undivided. (Fig. 16.) Huttoo ; July-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 9000-10,000 ft. 7. CERASTIUM. From the Greek keras , a horn, referring to the horn-shaped capsules, which protrude from the calyx. — Tein- perate and cold regions. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves ovate or oblong. Flowers white, in terminal, forked cymes. Sepals 5, free, margins and tip scarious. Petals 5, shortly lobed. Stamens 10, occasionally fewer. Ovary sessile, ovoid ; styles 5. Capsule cylindric, twice as long as the calyx, opening by 10 teeth. Seeds many. Glabrous. Petals twice as long as the sepals . . . 1. C. dahuricum. Pubescent. Petals not longer than the sepals . . . 2. C. vulgatum, E 50 XII, CARY OPH YLLACEiE 1. Cerastium dahuricum, Fisch. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 227. Perennial, glabrous. Stems shining, long, straggling over bushes or long grass. Leaves sessile, ovate l^Xl in., or oblong 2|xf in., bases united. Cymes repeatedly forked ; flowers long-stalked. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, § in., margins narrow. Petals nearly twice as long as the sepals. Capsule-teeth recurved. Matiana, Huttoo ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 9000-11,000 ft. — Caucasus to Siberia. 2. Cerastium vulgatum, Linn. ; Pi. Br. Ind. i. 228. Annual, pubescent, usually more or less viscid. Stems often numerous, 6-12 in., spreading from the base or nearly erect, usually much branched. Lower leaves stalked, ovate or spathulate ; upper sessile, varying from broadly ovate to narrowly oblong, J-l in. Cymes variable, their branches spreading or umbellate or reduced to a compact head. Sepals lanceolate, about J in., margins broad. Petals about as long as the sepals. Stamens sometimes 5 or even fewer. Capsule-teeth straight. Simla, very common ; April-October. — Hilly regions throughout India, ascending to 15,000 ft. — Temperate X. Asia, X. Africa, Europe ; widely diffused as a weed of cultivation (Britain, Mouse-ear Chickweed). The numerous forms of this variable plant have been regarded by some botanists as species. Three varieties are common at Simla : (1) that with open spreading cymes, frequent on roadsides and dry situations ; (2) that with the flowers in an umbel-like cluster; (3) that with the stalks so reduced that the flowers form a head. The two latter are usually found in shady, moist places. 8. STELLARIA. Prom the Latin Stella, a star, referring to the form of the flowers. — Nearly all cold and temperate regions. Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or partially pubescent, rarely hairy. Stems angled, slender, weak, often diffuse, some- times matted, a line of hairs usually running down between the joints. Leaves, at least the upper ones, sessile or nearly so, rarely long-stalked. Plowers white, in cymes, sometimes in panicles, seldom solitary. Sepals 5 or 4, free, often viscidly pubescent. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely none, deeply 2- lobed, except S. bulbosa. Stamens 10, sometimes fewer. Ovary sessile ; styles usually 3, rarely 2 or 5. Capsule sometimes 3- 5-celled at the base, opening by as many valves as there are styles, the valves sometimes split at the tip. Seeds usually numerous and small, rarely 1 or 2 or few and larger. Petals not longer than the sepals. Leaves 2-8 in. Leaves all sessile . . . . . 1. S. crispata. Lower leaves stalked . . . . 2. S. paniculaia. Leaves 1 in. Lower leaves stalked. Petals shorter than the sepals or none . . '. . . . . . 4. 8. media. Leaves all sessile Petals as long as the sepals . 7.' 8. longissima. XII. CARYOPHYLLACEiE 51 Petals longer than the sepals. Styles 3. Leaves sessile, 3-8 in. . . . 1 . 8. crispata. 1 Styles 5. Lower stem-leaves long-stalked . 3. 8. aquatica. Styles 2. Stems decumbent, 6-12 in. Petals 2 -parted nearly to the base . . . . . 5. 8. latifolia. Stems erect, 2-4 in. Petals shortly 2-lobed . . 6. 8. bulbosa. 1. Stellaria' crispata, Wall.; FI. Br.Ind. i. 229. Stems shin- ing, nearly erect, 2-4 ft., hairy at the joints and with a line of hairs running down between them, otherwise glabrous. Leaves glabrous, oblong or lanceolate, 3-8 in., sessile, usually cordate, Fig. 17. Stellaria crispata. long-pointed, margins often crisped. Cymes pubescent. Sepals lanceolate, nearly 1 in., acute, pubescent, often viscid. Petals shorter or longer than the sepals, 2-lobed. Styles 3. Seeds 1 or 2, large. (Fig. 17.) Simla, in shady places ; July, August. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. 2. Stellaria paniculata, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 229. Stems shining, decumbent or nearly erect, 2-4 ft., hairy at the joints and with a line of hairs running down between them, otherwise gla- brous. Leaves glabrous or minutely pubescent, ovate -lanceolate, long-pointed, 2-4 in. : lower ones narrowed into a winged stalk ; 1 S. crispata has two forms of flowers — petals minute or petals much longer than the sepals. 52 XII. CARY OPHYLLACEiE upper nearly sessile. Cymes viscidly pubescent, forming terminal or axillary, many-flowered panicles. Sepals viscid, lanceolate, ~ in. Petals shorter than the sepals, 2-lobed. Styles 3. Seed only one, large. Fagoo, Narkunda, in forests ; July-September. — W. Himalaya, 7000- 9000 ft. — Nilghiris. 3. Stellaria aquatica, Scop. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 229. Pubescent, upper parts viscid. Stems decumbent, 1-3 ft. Leaves ovate, cordate, J-2 in., acute : lower ones long-stalked * upper shortly stalked or- sessile. Flowers in leafy, axillary or terminal cymes. Sepals viscid, lanceolate, about in. at the time of flowering, enlarged in fruit. Petals narrow, deeply 2-lobed, about 1J times as long as the calyx. Styles 5. Sim] a, Narkunda, in wet places and along streams ; May-October. — Tem- perate Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. — N. and Central Asia, N. Africa, Europe, including Britain. 4. Stellaria media, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 230. Glabrous or pubescent. Stems nearly erect or procumbent, 6-24 in., a line of hairs running down between the joints, much branched. Leaves ovate, acute, j-1 in., usually cordate : lower ones stalked ; upper sessile, often narrower. Flowers in axillary or terminal cymes. Sepals hairy, often viscid, j in. Petals shorter than the sepals, deeply 2-lobed, sometimes wanting. Stamens often reduced in number. Styles 3. Simla, common; April-October. — N. India, ascending to 14,000 ft. — N. arctic and temperate regions (Britain, Common Chickweed). A very variable and widely colonised plant. 5. Stellaria latifolia, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 231. Stems shin- ing, much branched, 6-12 in., mostly decumbent, often matted, glabrous or the upper parts pubescent. Leaves nearly sessile : lower ones broadly ovate, almost orbicular, § in., abruptly narrowed in an acute point ; upper lanceolate, acute. Flowers solitary, long-stalked. Sepals 4, lanceolate, J in., finely pointed. Petals 4, twice as long as the sepals, 2-parted nearly to the base. Stamens 8. Styles 2. Huttoo, on rocks ; June.— W. Himalaya, 6000-8000 ft. *6. Stellaria bulbosa, Wulf. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 231. Glabrous or nearly so. Rootstock creeping, bearing small, globose tubers. Stems simple, erect, 2-4 in. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, f-lf in., narrowed into a short stalk. Flowers 1 or 2, long-stalked. Sepals 4 or 5, broadly lanceolate, ~ in. Petals 4 or 5, ovate-oblong, much longer than the sepals, shortly 2-lobed. Styles 2. Seeds few, large. In damp, shady forests from Bhotan to Kashmir, 6000-12,000 ft. ; April- .J uiy. — Siberia, Carintliia, Transylvania, XII. CARY OPH YLL ACEiE 53 A curious little plant as regards both structure and distribution, occurring probably near Narkunda. Minute cleistogamic flowers are frequently pro- duced in the axils of the lower leaves and from the top of the rootstock. 7. Stellaria longissima, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 232. Lower parts glabrous or pubescent, becoming densely hairy or almost woolly near the flowers. Stems shining, much branched, 6-18 in., mostly decumbent, usually matted. Leaves sessile, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 1 in., acute. Flowers solitary or in small cymes. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, 1- in. Petals as long as the sepals, deeply 2-lobed. Styles 3. Huttoo ; June, July. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft. 9. ARENARIA. From the Latin arena , sand ; many species grow in sandy places. — Nearly all temperate and cold regions. Annual or perennial herbs. Stems tufted, slender, much branched, ascending or decumbent. Leaves nearly sessile, small, flat. Flowers small, white, in terminal cymes. Sepals 5, free, lanceolate, acute. Petals 5, shorter than the sepals, entire. Stamens 10. Ovary ovoid ; styles 3 or 5. Capsule globose, opening by 6 or 10 valves. Seeds numerous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Styles 3. Seeds rough . 1. A. serpylli folia. Leaves orbicular. Styles 5. Seeds smooth . . . 2. A. orbiculata. 1. Arenaria serpyllifolia, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 239. Often more or less viscid. Stems 4-12 in. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, in., acute. Flowers numerous. Petals obovate. Styles 3. Cap- sule opening by 6 valves. Seeds rough. Simla, Mushobra, common ; April-July. — N. India, ascending to 12,000 ft. — Temperate Asia, Europe (Britain). *2. Arenaria orbiculata, Boyle ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 240. Stems very slender, 4-12 in. Leaves orbicular, less than J in. diam. Flowers sometimes solitary. Petals ovate. Styles 5. Capsule opening by 10 valves. Seeds smooth. Bhotan to Kashmir, on damp rocks in shady places, 5000-8000 ft. ; May- August. 10. SAGINA. The Latin for nourishing food ; the application is obscure. — Most temperate regions. Sagina procumbens, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 242. A very small, glabrous herb. Stems tufted, slender, 2-6 in., spreading. Leaves terete, acute, in., united at the base in a scarious sheath. Flowers very small, white, solitary on axillary or terminal stalks much longer than the leaves. Sepals 4 or 5, free. Petals 4 or 5, shorter than the sepals, entire, sometimes wanting. Stamens 54 XII. C Alt YOPH YLL ACEiE 4 or 5. Styles 4 or 5. Capsules opening to the base by 4 or 5 valves. Seeds many. Simla, Theog, Narkunda, on gravel walks and roadsides ; May-September. — , Temperate Himalaya.— Most temperate regions (Britain, Pearlwort). > 11. SPERGULA. From the Latin spar g ere, to scatter ; refer- ring to the numerous seeds produced. — Cosmopolitan in temperate regions ; most common on cultivated ground. Spergula arvensis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 243. A pubescent, often viscid, annual herb. Stems tufted, slender, 6-18 in., erect or ascending. Leaves linear, J-2 in., in opposite clusters ; stipules scarious. Flowers small, white, in terminal, forked cymes, on long stalks reflexed after flowering. Sepals 5, free, green, obtuse. Petals 5, entire, obtuse, slightly longer than the sepals. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule longer than the calyx, opening by 5 valves. Seeds many. Simla, in cornfields. — N. India. — N. Hemisphere (Britain, Corn-Spurrey) ; widely colonised. 12. POLYCARPiEA* From the Greek polus, many, and carpos, fruit, referring to the numerous capsules. — Most warm countries ; rare in America. Polycarpsea corymbosa, Lamk. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 245. A pubes- cent herb. Stems erect or ascending, 6-12 in., much branched. Leaves linear, J-l in., in opposite clusters ; stipules scarious. Flowers crowded in conspicuous, silvery cymes. Sepals 5, free, scarious, shining white, narrowly lanceolate, in., acute. Petals 5, white, much shorter than the sepals, entire. Stamens 5. Style 1, tip 3-toothed. Capsule much shorter than the calyx, opening by 3 valves. Seeds numerous, small. Giri valley, 4000 ft. ; July, August. — Throughout India, ascending to 7000 ft. — Most tropical regions ; rare in America. XIII. HYPERICACEAE A small Order, widely spread in temperate and warm regions, but rare in the tropics ; represented in the N.W. Himalaya by the single genus Hypericum. HYPERICUM. From Hypericum, the classical name of some species of the genus. — Chiefly N. temperate regions. XIII. HYPERICACEiE 55 Shrubs or perennial herbs, glabrous, usually glandular. Steins erect. Leaves opposite, sessile or nearly so, simple, entire ; stipules none. Flowers regular, 2-sexual, yellow, in cymes or corymbs, usually terminal, sometimes combined in panicles. Sepals and petals 5 each, free, imbricate. Stamens numerous, united at the base in 3 or 5 distinct bundles, anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary 3- or 5-celled ; ovules many ; styles 3 or 5, simple, distinct. Capsule opening from the top by 3 or 5 valves. Seeds numerous, small. Shrubs. Stamens in 5 bundles. Styles 5. Petals rather longer than the stamens. Styles twice as long as the ovary. Branches terete. Flowers 2 in. diam. Sepals ovate 1 . H. cernuum. Branches 4-angled. Flowers 1-1^ in. diam. Sepals lanceolate . . . . 2. H. lysimachioides. Petals twice as long as the stamens. Styles not longer than the ovary . . . . 3. H. patulum. Perennial herbs. Stamens in 3 sets. Styles 3. Stems 2-angled. Sepals entire . . . . 4. H. perforatum. Stems terete. Sepals fringed with stalked glands . 5. H. elodeoides. 1. Hypericum cernuum, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. 1. 253. A shrub, 3-6 ft., branches terete. Leaves ovate about 3 X 1 J in., or oblong- lanceolate 1J-3 x 2~1 in., each pair of leaves placed at right angles to the next pair above or below it. Flowers 2 in. diam., in 56 XIII. HYPERICACE2E terminal cymes. Sepals ovate, J in. Petals rather longer than the stamens. Stamens in 5 bundles. Ovary 5-celled ; styles 5, twice as long as the ovary. Capsule \ in. (Pig. 18.) Simla ; March-May. — W. Himalaya, 5000-7000 ft. 2. Hypericum lysimachioides, Wall. ; FI. Br . Ind. i. 254. A shrub, 1-3 ft. Branches 4-sided, at least towards the end. Leaves ovate, about 1J X J in. ; lower surface pale, black-dotted. Flowers 1-1| in. diam., in terminal, leafy, forked cymes. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, J in. Petals rather longer than the stamens. Stamens in 5 bundles. Ovary 5-celled ; styles 5, nearly twice as long as the ovary. Capsule J in. Simla, Mushobra ; April-July. — W. Himalaya, 5000-8000 ft. 3. Hypericum patulum, Thunb. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 254. A shrub, 1-3 ft. Branches 2 -ridged. Leaves ovate 1^ x § in., or oblong- lanceolate 1 J-2 X J-f in., each pair placed at right angles to the next pair above or below it ; lower surface pale, black-dotted. Flowers 1 in. diam., in terminal cymes. Sepals ovate, J in. Petals twice as long as the stamens. Stamens in 5 bundles. Ovary 5-celled ; styles 5, as long as the ovary. Capsule J in. Simla, on Summer Hill ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000- 7000 ft. — China. 4. Hypericum perforatum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 255. A perennial herb. Stems 1-2 ft., 2-angled. Leaves oblong, 1 in., obtuse, veins pellucid, lower surface pale. Flowers 1 in. diam., in terminal corymbs. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute, J in., margins often black-dotted. Petals black-dotted on the margins. Stamens in 3 bundles, anthers black-dotted. Ovary 3-celled ; styles 3, twice as long as the ovary. Capsule J in. Simla, in shady, damp forest : April-October. — W. Himalaya, 3000-8000 ft, — N. temperate Asia, N. Africa, Europe (Britain, Common St. John’s Wort). 5. Hypericum elodeoides, Choisy ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 255. A perennial herb. Stems terete, 1-2 ft., stoloniferous. Leaves ovate, obtuse, 1 X f in. ; or broadly lanceolate, acute, 1| X J in. ; lower surface pale, margins black-dotted. Bracts fringed with stalked glands. Flowers £ in. diam., in cymes, often numerous and forming terminal panicles. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute, J in., black-dotted and streaked, fringed with stalked glands. Petals black-dotted and streaked. Stamens in 3 bundles ; anthers black-dotted. Ovary 3-celled ; styles 3, twice as long as the ovary. Capsule J in. Simla, Narkunda, in shady, damp forest ; July, August. — Temperate Hima- laya, 6000-12,000 ft. Closely allied to the British H. montanum. XIV. MALVACEAE 57 XIV. MALVACEAE Herbs, low shrubs or trees, commonly furnished with stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, simple and often deeply lobed or digi- tately compound. Mowers 2 -sexual, regular, axillary, solitary or in small cymes. Calyx 5-lobed, rarely a spathe, persistent, except in Bombax, sometimes furnished with a whorl of bracteoles. Petals 5, twisted in bud, base adhering to the staminal tube. Stamens numerous ; filaments united in a staminal tube enclosing the pistil, except in Bombax ; anthers 1 -celled, borne on the tube itself or on short free filaments into which the upper part of the tube divides. Ovary sessile, 5-12-celled ; styles as many as the carpels, united for about half their length or more, stigmatic along their free ends or terminating in capitate stigmas ; ovules one or several in each cell. Fruit of 5-12 dry, 1 -seeded carpels ultimately separating from the axis, or a many-seeded capsule splitting from the top in 5 valves. Seeds usually small, sometimes enveloped in a covering of long, silky hairs.— A large Order, most abundant in warm' countries, but inhabiting nearly all regions except the coldest. Cotton is obtained from the covering of the seeds of various species of Gossypium , a genus of this Order. Several kinds are cultivated in India, all having large yellow flowers with a purple centre. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple. Filaments united in a tube. Staminal tube dividing into short, free, anther- bearing fila- ments. Carpels 1 -seeded. . Bracteoles 3. Styles stigmatic along their free ends . 1. Malva. Bracteoles none. Stigmas capitate . . . .2. Sida. Staminal tube bearing the anthers on its surface. Carpels several-seeded ....... 3. Hibiscus, Trees. Leaves compound. Filaments united only at the base . 4. Bombax. 1. MALVA. The classical name of some member of the Order, probably the Hollyhock, Althaea rosea. — Temperate regions of the Old World. Hairy or pubescent herbs. Leaves long-stalked, orbicular, cordate, more or less lobed, crenate or sharply toothed. Flowers stalked or nearly sessile, in axillary clusters. Bracteoles 3. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-iobed. Petals longer than the calyx, notched. Stamens united in a tube separating at the top into short, free, anther-bearing filaments. Ovary 10-12-celled, carpels arranged in a ring round a central axis ; styles united for about half their length, stigmatic along their free ends ; ovule solitary in each cell. Fruit enclosed in the persistent calyx ; carpels indehiscent, 1 -seeded, ultimately separating from the axis. 58 XIV. MALVACEAE Stems erect. Flowers nearly sessile. Bracteoles lanceolate . . 1 . M. verticillata. Flowers distinctly stalked. Bracteoles ovate . . 2. M, silvestris. Stems decumbent, spreading. Flowers long-stalked. Petals 2-3 times as long as the calyx . . . . . . . .3 . M. rotundifolia. Flowers shortly stalked or sessile. Petals hardly longer than the calyx . . . . . 4. M. parviflora. 1. Malva verticillata, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 320. Stellately hairy. Stems erect, 1-4 ft. Leaves 2-6 in. across, lobes shallow. Fig. 19. Malva verticillata. Flowers small, crowded in nearly sessile clusters. Bracteoles narrowly lanceolate, acute. Petals pale pink, nearly twice as long as the calyx. (Fig. 19.) Simla, Matiana ; May-August. — Temperate Himalaya, up to 12,000 ft. — Northern Asia, N. Africa, Europe. 2. Malva silvestris, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 320. More or less covered with spreading hairs. Stems erect, 1-3 ft. Leaves 1-3 in. across, lobes shallow or deep, the middle one usually the longest. Flowers large, stalked. Bracteoles ovate. Petals pale purple, darker-streaked at the base, 2-3 times as long as the calyx. Theog ; June. — W. Himalaya, 2000-8000 ft. — North temperate regions of the Old World (Britain, Common Mallow). 3. Malva rotundifolia, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 320. Stellately pubescent. Stems decumbent, spreading, the central ones usually XIV. MALVACEAE 59 ascending. Leaves 1-3 in. across, lobes shallow, broad. Mowers small, long-stalked. Bracteoles narrowly oblong, acute. Petals pale lilac, darker-streaked, 2-3 times as long as the calyx. Matiana, Narkunda ; June. — Plains of X. India, ascending to 10,000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain, Dwarf Mallow). A weed of cultivation. 4. Malva parviflora, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 321. Pubescent. Stems decumbent, 6-12 in., spreading. Leaves \-2 in. across, lobes usually obscure. Flowers small, shortly stalked or sessile. Bracteoles linear. Petals pale pink, hardly longer than the calyx. Mushobra ; May, June. — Plains of N. India. — W. Asia, W. Africa, Europe. 2. SIDA. A name adopted by Linnaeus from classical authors. — Tropical and subtropical regions. Low shrubs, more or less covered with stellate hairs or pubes- cence. Stems erect or nearly so. Leaves simple, not lobed. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, lobes triangular, acute. Bracteoles none. Petals pale yellow, slightly longer than the calyx. Stamens united in a tube separating at the top into short, free, anther- bearing filaments. Ovary 5-10-celled, carpels 1-ovuled, arranged round a central axis ; styles united for about half their length ; stigmas minute, capitate. Fruit enclosed in the persistent calyx ; carpels shortly pointed, ultimately separating from the axis, 1 -seeded, opening irregularly. Leaves cordate ; stalks 1—2 in. ; lower surface green . . 1. S. humilis. Leaves wedge-shaped at base ; stalks Jin. or less; lower surface grey-pubescent . . . . . . . . 2 . S. obovata. 1. Sida humilis, Willd. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 322. Stellately hairy. Leaves ovate, about 2\ X 1J in., cordate, long-pointed, toothed ; lower surface green, bearing a ‘few scattered, stellate hairs ; stalks 1-2 in. Flowers about J in. diam., solitary or in pairs or small cymes. Carpels 5. Valleys below Simla ; September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Tropical Africa and America. 2. Sida obovata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 323, under S. rhombi- folia. Stellately pubescent. Leaves variable, obovate about 1J X 1 in., or ovate about 2 x 1^ in., or orbicular about f X | in., base wedge-shaped, margins toothed at least on the upper half ; lower surface grey with dense pubescence ; stalks J in. or less. Flowers about ^ in. diam., in clusters. Carpels 7-10. Syree, Sutlej valley ; September, October. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Tropics of both Hemispheres. 60 XIV. MALVACEAE 3. HIBISCUS. The classical name of Althcea officinalis , the Marsh Mallow. — Tropical and sub-tropical regions of the Old World. Pubescent or hairy herbs. Stems erect. Leaves simple, usually deeply lobed. Flowers axillary, solitary, usually large and showy, sometimes forming a terminal raceme. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed or in H. cancellatus a spathe. Bracteoles numerous or in H. Solandra none. Stamens united in a tube bearing on its surface numerous nearly sessile anthers, tip truncate or lobed. Ovary 5-celled ; styles united for about half their length, stigmas capitate ; ovules several in each cell. Fruit a 5-celled, many-seeded capsule, enclosed in the persistent calyx and splitting from the top in 5 valves. Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 340. The Rozelle or Red Sorrel of the West Indies is cultivated throughout India for its succulent, acid, red or green calyces which make excellent jelly and tarts. Native name Pitwa. Caiyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Flowers in. diam. Bracteoles numerous. Flowers pale yellow with dark purple centre . . . . . . 1. H. Trionum. Bracteoles none. Flowers pale yellow or white . 2. H. Solandra. Calyx a spathe. Flowers 4-5 in. diam., pale yellow with dark purple centre . . . . . . 3. H. cancellahis. 1. Hibiscus Trionum, Linn.; FI. Br. Ind. i. 334. Annual, pubescent or hairy. Stems 1-2 ft. Lower leaves orbicular, 1-2 in. diam. ; upper deeply 3-5 lobed, lobes oblong, 1-2 in., obtuse, coarsely toothed, central one longest. Flowers about 1| in. diam., pale yellow with dark purple centre. Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, 5-lobed about half-way down, lobes broad, acute. Bracteoles numerous, linear. Sutlej valley; July-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Warm regions of the Old World. A widely spread weed of cultivation. 2. Hibiscus Solandra, L’Herit. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 336. Annual, pubescent or hairy. Stems 1-3 ft. Lower leaves cordate, orbi- cular or ovate and long-pointed, 1-2J in. across, more or less 3-lobed, crenate or sharply toothed ; upper deeply 3-lobed, lobes narrowly oblong, toothed. Flowers pale yellow or white, §-§ in. diam. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed nearly to its base, lobes narrow, pointed. Simla, Sutlej valley ; July-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Tropical Africa. 3. Hibiscus cancellatus, Boxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 342. Annual, very bristly. Stems 2-3 ft. Leaves cordate, coarsely toothed or crenate : lower ones long-stalked, orbicular or ovate, up to 6 x5 in., more or less 3- or 5-lobed ; upper arrow-head shaped, lobes long, XIV. MALVACJSiE 61 narrow, tapering. Flowers few, 4-5 in. diam., pale yellow with dark purple centre. Calyx an ovate, folded spathe, tip obscurely 5-toothed. Bracteoles numerous, linear, 1^ in., bristly, curved, the tips meeting over the top of the buds. Simla, Syree ; July, August. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Burmah. 4. BOMBAX. From the Greek bombyx, silk, referring to the fine silky wool enveloping the seeds. — Most tropical regions. Bombax malabaricum, De Cand. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 349. A tall tree, the lower part of the trunk usually buttressed ; branches whorled, spreading horizontally ; young stem covered with conical prickles. Leaves glabrous, dlgitately compound ; leaflets 5-7, shortly stalked, lanceolate, 4-8 in., entire, long-pointed. Flowers large, red, occasionally white, in the axils of fallen leaves, crowded towards the end of branches, appearing before the young leaves. Calyx falling off with the corolla, cup-shaped, thick, leathery, irregularly lobed, silky white inside. Bracteoles none. Petals thick, oblong, 3-6 in., tomentose outside, pubescent or glabrous within. Stamens numerous, in three series about half as long as the petals ; outer ones united near the base in 5 bundles, 10 inter- mediate shorter, 5 innermost forked near the top. Ovary 5-celled ; styles united to near the top, stigmatic along their free ends. Capsule woody, oblong, 4-5 in., splitting by 5 valves from the top. Seeds numerous, enveloped in fine silky wool. Simla ; February, March. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Java, Sumatra, Australia." The Semel or Cotton tree. The calyces of the flower-buds are eaten ; and the silky wool of the seeds is used to stuff pillows and quilts. XV. TILIACE^E Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, simple, sometimes lobed, crenate or sharply toothed ; stipules free. Flowers regular, 2-sexual, yellow or orange, in cymes or small clusters, rarely solitary, Sepals usually 5, free, valvate in bud. Petals usually 5, free, base glandular or naked. Receptacle more or less elevated, bearing the sepals and petals at its base, the stamens and ovary at its top. Stamens numerous or about 10, free, anthers 2-celled. Ovary sessile, 2-5-celled ; ovules few or many in each cell ; style columnar, tip lobed or toothed. Fruit a globose drupe or a capsule either globose and covered with hooked spines or long, narrow and glabrous. Seeds few or many, usually pendulous. — 62 XV. TILIACEiE A small Order, widely though thinly spread over most parts of the world except very cold climates ; most abundant in tropical regions. The Lime trees of Britain belong to a genus ( Tilia ) of this Order not repre- sented in India, though it reappears in China and Japan. Petals glandular at the base. Fruit globose or ovoid. Stamens numerous. Fruit a smooth drupe . .1. Grewia. Stamens about 10. Fruit a prickly capsule . . .2. Triumfetla. Petals not gl andular at the base. Fruit a 1 ong, narrow, glabrous capsule . . . . . . . . .3. Corchorus. 1. GREWIA. In honour of N. Grew, an English botanist, the earliest English writer on vegetable anatomy. — Warm regions of the Old World. Small trees, young parts more or less covered with rough, stellate pubescence. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, toothed, long- Fig. 20. Grewia oppositipolia. pointed, sides usually unequal. Flowers in leaf-opposed or axil- lary cymes. Sepals 5, thick, tomentose outside, nearly glabrous and coloured within. Petals 5, much shorter than the sepals, base with a large, thick, fringed gland on the inside. Receptacle ele- vated, hairy. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2-4-celled ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell ; stigma 2-4-lobed. Drupe globose, usually lobed, containing 1-4 stones, each with 1 or sometimes 2 seeds Cymes leaf- opposed. Sepals A-f in. Petals pale yellow . 1. G. oppositifolia. Cymes axillary. Sepals in. Petals orange . • 2. G. vestila. XV. TILIACEiE 63 1. Grewia oppositifolia, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 384. A tree, 20-40 ft. Leaves rough, 2-4 in., toothed, base rounded, lower surface pale, pubescent. Flowers in stalked, 3-5-flowered cymes placed nearly or quite opposite a leaf ; buds cylindric. Sepals narrowly oblong, in. Petals half as long as the sepals, pale yellow. Drupe about | in. diam., olive-green, covered with scattered, stellate hairs, black and glabrous when ripe. (Fig. 20.) Simla, valleys below 6000 ft. ; May. — N.W. Himalaya. Frequently planted. The wood is used for oar-shafts, banghy poles, spears, bows, &c. ; the foliage is lopped for fodder and may often be seen stored between the branches ; the fibres of the inner bark are manufactured into ropes and nets ; and the fruit is eaten. Native name Bedl. *2. Grewia vestita, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 387, under G. asiatica. A tree, 20-25 ft. Leaves rough, 2-4 in., obscurely lobed, base rounded, wedge-shaped or cordate ; lower surface densely gray- tomentose. Flowers numerous, in axillary, shortly stalked, crowded cymes. Sepals yellow, narrowly lanceolate, in. Petals orange, hardly | the length of the sepals. Drupe about J in. diam., black and glabrous when ripe. Outer hills from Kumaon to the Indus, ascending to 4000 ft. ; February- May. — Bengal, Central Provinces. The wood, &c., is put to similar uses as that of G. oppositifolia. Native name DJiaman. 2. TRIUMFETTA. In honour of G. B. Triumfetti, an Italian botanical author of the 17th century. — Tropical regions. Erect herbs or shrubs, usually more or less rough with stellate hairs or pubescence. Leaves long-stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, sometimes lobed, toothed, long-pointed, base rounded or slightly cordate. Flowers usually numerous and crowded in nearly sessile, axillary clusters often forming long, interrupted, leafy spikes, rarely few or leaf-opposed. Sepals 5, oblong, hairy out- side, abruptly pointed. Petals 5, yellow or orange, nearly as long as the sepals, a hairy gland at the base. Receptacle elevated, fleshy, lobed. Stamens about 10. Ovary prickly, 3-5-celled ; stigma toothed. Capsule small, globose or ovoid, densely covered with hooked prickles, opening by 3-5 valves. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. Stems and leaves densely pubescent or bristly. Flowers yellow. Capsule woolly or hairy. Bristly. Flowers f in. long. Prickles of capsule I in. 1. T. pilosa. Pubescent. Flowers 4 in. long. Prickles of capsule TtT in. . . . . . . . . . 2. T. rhomboidea. Stems and leaves nearly glabrous. Flowers orange. Capsule glabrous . . . . . . . . 3. T. annua. 1. Triumfetta pilosa, Roth ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 394. Perennial, rough with long bristles. Stems 1-3 ft. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 64 XV. TILIACEiE 3-5 X 1-2 in., lowest leaves more or less lobed. Flowers yellow, £-f in. long. Capsule J in., diam., densely pubescent, prickles i in., bristly. Simla ; June-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Tropical Asia and Africa. 2. Triumfetta rhomboidea, Jacq. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 395. Peren- nial, densely pubescent. Stems 1-3 ft. Leaves broadly ovate, 2-3 \ x l|-3 in., 3- or 5-lobed, lobes long-pointed ; uppermost leaves usually not lobed. Flowers yellow, J in. long or less. Capsule ~ in. diam., densely white woolly, prickles ~ in., bristly. Simla ; June-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America. 3. Triumfetta annua, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 396. Annual, nearly glabrous, the stem with a line of hairs along one side, shift- ing at each joint. Leaves ovate, 1J-3J X f-2 in., with a few scattered hairs. Flowers orange, J in. long or less ; clusters sometimes leaf -opposed. Capsule glabrous, J in. diam., prickles | in., glabrous. Simla ; June-Octoher. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Malay archipelago. Tropical Africa. 3. CORCHORUS. A name adopted by Linnaeus from classical authors. — Most tropical regions. Herbs, usually annual, or small shrubs. Leaves shortly stalked, not lobed, crenate or sharply toothed , stipules long, bristle-like. Flowers small, yellow, 1-3 on short, thick, axillary or leaf-opposed stalks. Sepals usually 5, sometimes 4. Petals 5 or 4, usually longer than the sepals, not glandular at the base. Receptacle slightly elevated. Stamens numerous. Ovary 3-5-celled ; style short, stigma shortly lobed. Capsule glabrous, long, narrow, erect, cylindric or angled, tipped with a short beak. Seeds numerous. The valuable fibre Jute is derived from the inner bark of C. capsularis, C. olitorius and some other species of this genus. It is used in the manufacture of rope, string and the gunny bags in which grain is packed for export. Capsule cylindric ; beak entire. Stems erect. Leaves 2-4 in. Capsule 2 in. . 1. C. olitorius. Stems prostrate. Leaves § in. Capsule 1-1|- in. . 2. C. Antichorus. Capsule 6-angled ; beak 3-fid ; divisions spreading . 3. G. acutangulus. 1. Corchorus olitorius, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 397. Annual, nearly glabrous. Stems 1-4 ft., erect, branching. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, 2-4 X 1-2 in. ; the lowest tooth on each side running out in a long, curved bristle ; stalk and veins on the lower surface hairy. Capsule cylindric, 2 in., 5-valved, beak entire. XV. TILIACEiE 65 Simla., below 4000 ft. ; July-September. — Cultivated throughout India and in most tropical countries. The ‘Jew’s Mallow.’ Most frequently met with as an escape; the leaves are eaten as a vegetable, and the bark yields jute. 2. Corehorus Antichorus, Rceusch. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 398. Peren- nial, nearly glabrous. Rootstock thick, woody, dividing at the top into several prostrate, twisted, interlacing branches, 6-12 in. long. Leaves broadly ovate or oblong, |-f in., crenate. Petals often shorter than the sepals. Capsule cylindric, 1-1^ in., 4-valved, beak entire. Simla, below 5000 ft. ; July-September. — Throughout India on dry arid soil. — Asia, tropical Africa. 3. Corehorus acutangulus, Lam. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 398. Annual. Stems hairy, prostrate or ascending, 1-3 ft. Leaves ovate, acute, 1-2 X J-l in., the lowest tooth on each side sometimes ending in a bristle ; stalks hairy. Capsule 3-celled, 6-angled, |-1J in., beak 3-fid, the divisions toothed, spreading. Simla, below 5000 ft. ; July-September. — Throughout India. — Australia, tropical Africa, W. Indies. XVI. LINACE^E Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, usually entire ; stipules minute or none. Flowers regular, 2-sexual. Sepals 5, free, imbricate. Petals 5, free, imbricate, twisted in bud, soon falling off. Stamens 5, alternate with 5 small staminodes, united at the base, anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary free, 3-5-celled, ovules 2 in each cell separated by an imperfect partition ; styles 3-5, or sometimes more in Reinwar dtia, united at the base, stigmas capitate. Capsule globose, separating into 5 or 10 valves. Seeds small, 2 or 1 in each cell. — A small, widely dispersed Order. A herb, 4-10 in. Styles 5. . . . . . .1. Linum. A shrub, 2-3 ft. Styles usually 3 . . .2. Reinwardtia 1. LINUM. The classical name of the Flax. — Temperate and warm regions. *Linum mysorense, Heyne\ FI. Br. Ind.\.41\. An annual, glabrous herb. Stems slender, erect, 4-10 in., branching near the top. Leaves sessile, oblong, about | in., acute. Flowers J in. diam., in terminal, corymbose racemes, lengthening in fruit. Sepals ovate, acute. Petals yellow, longer than the sepals. Ovary F 66 XVI. LINACEiE 5-celled ; styles 5, united near the base. Capsule J in. diam., separating into 5 two -seeded or 10 one-seeded valves. W. Himalaya, 3000-5000 ft. ; July-November. — Hilly districts throughout India. The common flax, L. usitatissimum, with sky-blue flowers varying to white, is cultivated throughout the plains and up to 6000 ft. in the hills, for the sake of the oil (linseed or alsi hi tel) expressed from the seeds, no use being made of the fibre contained in the stems. The plant has been cultivated from remote antiquity. 2. REINWARDTIA. In honour of K. Reinwardt, a Dutch botanist. — Hilly districts throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. Reinwardtia trigyna, Planch. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 412. A glabrous shrub. Stems 2-3 ft., erect or ascending. Leaves entire, ovate- lanceolate, 2-4 in., narrowed into a slender stalk, tip obtuse or acute, minutely mucronate, lower surface pale. Flowers about 1 in. diam., axillary, solitary or in small clusters, sometimes com- bined in a terminal corymb. Sepals lanceolate, acute. Petals primrose-yellow, much longer than the calyx. Stamens usually in 2 sets, 3 long, 2 shorter. Ovary 3-5-celled ; styles usually 3, sometimes 4-7, longer or shorter than the stamens, more or less XVI. LINACEiE 67 united, rarely free. Capsule globose, J in. diam., separating into as many valves as there are styles. (Fig. 21.) Simla, the Glen ; April, May. This plant presents great differences in the number of styles, and in the relative length of the styles and stamens. See Darwin’s Forms of Flowers , chapter vii., regarding similar differences in Linum. XVII. MALPIGHIACE^E A small Order of trees and shrubs, chiefly American ; a few genera in Africa and Asia, rare in Polynesia and Australia ; repre- sented in the N.W. Himalaya by only one species. — Named in honour of Marcello Malpighi, an Italian botanical author of the 17th century, one of the first to investigate vegetable anatomy. HIPTAGrE. From the Greek hiptamai, to fly, referring to the winged seeds. — Tropical Asia. Hiptage Madablota, Gcertn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 418. A tall, climb- ing shrub. Leaves opposite, glabrous, thick, shortly stalked, ovate- lanceolate, 4-6 in., entire ; stipules none. Flowers § in. across, fragrant, showy, in axillary, pubescent racemes forming a terminal, leafy panicle ; stalks 2-bracteate near the middle. Calyx tomen- tose, 5-parted, a large, smooth, oblong, brown gland on the outer surface. Petals 5, free, reflexed, silky, clawed, unequal, much longer than the calyx, uppermost with a large yellow spot, the others white, margins wavy, fringed. Stamens 10, curved, united at the base, lowest one twice as long as the others, all anther- bearing. Ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled, op.e ovule in each cell ; style long, curved, stigma terminal. Fruit of 1-3 globose, 3-winged nuts or samaras about J in. diam. ; wings unequal, narrowly oblong, up to 2 in. ; a 4th much shorter wing usually present. Sutlej valley, near Basantpur ; April. — Throughout India, in ravines and moist places, ascending to 3000 ft. — China, Java. XVIII. GERANIACEAi Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound, stipulate except in Impatiens. Flowers often showy, 2-sexual, regular or irregular, axillary, solitary, in pairs, race- mose or in umbel-like clusters. Sepals 5, free ; in Impatiens 3, the lower one petal-like and spurred. Stamens 10 or 5, the 68 XVIII. GEPANIACEiE alternate ones antherless in Erodium , filaments free or united at the base ; anthers 2-celled, versatile, in Impatiens cohering round the pistil. Ovary free, 5-lobed or in Impatiens oblong ; styles 5 or in Impatiens none, adnate to a central axis or partially united ; stigmas terminal, linear or capitate, in Impatiens sessile and minutely 5-toothed ; ovules in each cell solitary, several or numerous. Fruit capsular, breaking up when ripe into 5 distinct carpels or opening by 5 valves. Seeds few or numerous, attached to the central axis of the capsule. — An Order dispersed through nearly all temperate and subtropical regions ; rare in Australia. Elowers regular. Stamens 10, all anther-bearing. Leaves simple or pinnately lobed Leaves with 3 leaflets Stamens 10, only 5 anther-hearing . Flowers irregular. Stamens 5 1. Geranium. 3. Oxalis. 2. Erodium. 4. Impatiens. 1. GERANIUM. From the Greek geranos, a crane, referring to the long-beaked fruit (Crane’s Bill). — Chiefly cold and temper- ate regions in the N. Hemisphere. Erect, diffuse or procumbent herbs ; joints swollen. Leaves opposite, stalked, orbicular and palmately lobed or of triangular outline and divided to the base into 3 or 5 pinnatifid segments. Flowers 2 -sexual, regular, in pairs on axillary stalks. Sepals 5, free, ending in a short pointed tip. Petals 5, free, clawed, alter- nate with 5 glands. Stamens 10, all anther-bearing, 5 longer alternate with 5 shorter ; filaments flattened, united at the base. Receptacle prolonged upwards in a persistent, 5-grooved, tapering column. Ovary of 5 nearly distinct, 1 -celled carpels, whorled round and adnate to the base of the column. Styles 5, adnate to the column ; stigmas terminal, simple, linear, ultimately diverging. As the fruit develops, the column and styles elongate ; when ripe the carpels and the lower part of the styles separate from the column, the styles coiling upwards with a jerk and ejecting the seeds ; styles glabrous on the inner surface. After the seeds have been scattered, the persistent calyx, the column, and the curled up styles carrying the empty carpels, somewhat resemble a miniature chandelier. Seeds, one in each carpel, small, smooth. See Kerner’s Nat. Hist, of Plants, ii. 836, for a description of the dispersal of the seeds. Flowers 1|— 2 in. diam., blue-purple . Flowers f in. diam. or less. Petals purple or pink. Leaves orbicular, palmately lobed ; segments toothed. Leaves hairy or pubescent. Leaf-segments equal ..... Leaf- segments very unequal Leaves glabrous, shining .... Leaves triangular, 3 -5-parted ; segments pin- nately divided ...... Petals pink with dark purple base 1. G. W allichianum. 2. G. nepalense. 3. G. divaricatum. 5. G. lucidum. 4. G. Robertianum. 6. G. ocellatum. XVIII. GERANIACEiE 69 1. Geranium Wallichianum, Sweet ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 430. Perennial, hairy ; rootstock thick. Stems robust, 1-4 ft., erect. Leaves orbicular, 2-5 in. across, palmately 3-5-lobed ; segments wedge-shaped, pointed, acutely and irregularly toothed ; stipules oblong-ovate, J— 1 in. Flowers blue-purple, l|-2 in. diam. Sepals abruptly long-pointed. Petals slightly notched, claw hairy. Simla, common; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-11,000 ft. Resembles the British G. pratense which occurs on the Chor and higher ranges ; distinguished from it by the 7-9-lobed leaves and linear-lanceolate stipules. 2. Geranium nepalense, Sweet , FI. Br. Ind. i. 430. Perennial pubescent or softly hairy. Stems prostrate, diffuse, 6-18 in., branches rooting at the joints. Leaves orbicular, l|-3 in. across, palmately 3-5-lobed ; segments equal or nearly so, irregularly lobed and toothed ; stipules narrowly lanceolate, ^ in. Flowers pale purple, f in. diam. Sepals acute, shortly pointed. Petals slightly notched. (Fig. 22.) Simla, common ; May-September.— Temperate Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft.— China, Japan. 70 XVIII. GERANIACEiE 3. Geranium divaricatum, Ehrh. Beitr. vii. 164, included under G. molle , Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 432. Annual, softly hairy. Stems nearly prostrate, 6-24 in., diffusely branched. Leaves orbicular, about 2 in. across, palmately 3-5-lobed ; segments unequal, central one much the longest, teeth obtuse ; stipules very narrow, \ in., acute. Flowers pale purple, pink- veined, J in. diam. Sepals acute, minutely pointed. Petals notched. Capsules deflexed, diverging. Simla, on rocks, not common ; June-September. — W. Himalaya, 5000- 8000 ft. 4. Geranium Robertianum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 432. Annual or biennial, softly hairy, usually glandular and strongly scented, often turning red. Stems erect, 12-24 in. Leaves triangular, 1-3 in. broad, divided to the base in 3-5 pinnatelv lobed segments, central segment longest, lobes acute ; stipules lanceolate, J in. Flowers red-pink, streaked with white, J in. diam. Sepals acute, long-awned. Petals entire. Narkunda, in shady valleys ; August. — W. Himalaya, 6000-8000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe, including Britain (Herb Robert). 5. Geranium lucidum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 433. Annual, nearly glabrous, often turning bright red. Stems slender, erect or diffuse, 6-12 in. Leaves shining, orbicular, 1-2 in. across, pal- mately 5-7 -lobed ; segments bluntly toothed ; stipules acute, \ in. Flowers pink, hardly J in. diam. Calyx 5-angled, sepals erect, acute, minutely pointed, tips converging. Petals entire. Simla, on old walls, common ; April, May. — W. Himalaya, 6000-9000 ft. — N. Asia, N. Africa, Europe, including Britain (Crane’s Bill). 6. Geranium ocellatum, Carnb. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 433. Annual, hoary pubescent. Stems prostrate or diffuse, 12-18 in. Leaves orbicular, J-2 in. across, palmately 5-7 -lobed ; segments 3-lobed, toothed. Petals pink, with dark purple base, forming an almost black spot in the centre of the flower. Sepals acute, minutely awned. Petals broad, entire. Simla, Annandale Wad ; March-May. — Hilly districts in N. India, 1000- 6000 ft. 2. ERODIUM. From the Greek erodios , a heron, referring to the long-beaked fruit. — N. Temperate regions of the Old World ; South Africa, Australia. Erodium eicutarium, L’He'rit. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 434. Annual, hairy, more or less viscidly glandular. Stems tufted, branches prostrate, from a few inches to 2 ft. long ; joints swollen. Leaves opposite, mostly radical, 1|— 4 in., pinnately divided, pinnules 14- 22, pinnatifid ; segments acute, often lobed ; stipules scarious, broadly lanceolate, acute. Flowers small, purple, often spotted, XVIII. GrERANIACEiE 71 in stalked, axillary, erect, 2-10-flowered umbels. Sepals 5, acute, minutely awned. Petals 5, unequal, entire, alternate, with 5 glands. Stamens as in Geranium except that the 5 shorter ones are without anthers. Receptacle, ovary, styles, seeds and manner of dehiscence as in Geranium, except that the ripe carpels are pitted at the top and the styles silky on the inner surface. Simla, not common ; April-June. — W. India, ascending to 8000 ft. — N. Asia, N. Africa, Europe, including Britain. 3. OXALIS. From the Greek oxus, sharp, acid, referring to the taste of the leaves. — Most temperate and warm regions. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves with 3 sessile leaflets, alternate or all radical, long-stalked ; stipules small, adnate to the stalks. Flowers regular, 2-sexual, solitary on radical stalks or in small umbels. Sepals 5, free. Petals 5, twisted in bud, free, without glands. Stamens 10, 5 long, 5 shorter, all anther-bearing, filaments united at the base. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled ; styles 5, more or less united, stigmas capitate. Capsule ovoid or cylindric, 5-angled, opening in 5 valves. Seeds small, 2, 3 or several in each cell. The flowers vary in the number and length of the stamens and styles. See Darwin’s Forms of Flowers, chapter iv. Flowers yellow, in small umbels. Leaves alternate . . 1.0. corniculata. Flowers white or pale pink, solitary. Leaves all radical . 2. O. Acetosella. 1. Oxalis corniculata, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 436. Annual or perennial, hairy. Stems procumbent, 6-18 in., much branched, rooting at the joints. Leaves alternate, -|-1 in. across ; leaflets pale green, obcordate. Flowers in small, long-stalked umbels. Petals yellow, twice as long as the calyx. Capsule tomentose, cylindric, J-l in., tipped with the persistent styles. Seeds several in each cell. Simla, roadsides, common ; April-November. — Throughout India, ascending to 8000 ft. — Nearly all regions ; Britain. 2. Oxalis Acetosella, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 436. Perennial, pubescent ; rootstock scaly. Stem none. Leaves all radical, 1-2 in. across ; leaflets obovate, faintly notched, lower surface often purple. Flowers solitary on long, radical stalks, 2-bracteate about the middle. Petals white or pale pink, veined with purple, 3-4 times as long as the calyx. Capsule glabrous, ovoid, J in. Seeds 2 or 3 in each cell. Baghi forest, in damp, shady places ; June-July. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft. — N. temperate regions (Britain, Wood Sorrel). The seeds are expelled through the fissures of the opening capsule by a curious action dependent on a difference of tension between the outer and the inner seed-coats. See Kerner’s Nat. Hist, of Plants, ii. 835. The leaves of cultivated plants are sometimes worn as Shamrock, but wild plants are hardly above ground on March 17. 72 XVIII. GERANIACEJE 4. IMPATIENS. Name refers to the sudden bursting of the ripe capsule. — Chiefly mountainous regions in tropical Asia and Africa ; a few in Europe and N. America. Erect, succulent, usually glabrous herbs ; stems branching, usually hollow, joints more or less swollen. Leaves simple, alter- nate or opposite, sometimes whorled, sharply toothed or crenate, often glandular on the margins and at the base of the stalk ; stipules none. Elowers borne on slender stalks, irregular, in racemes or umbel-like clusters, sometimes solitary on axillary stalks. Sepals 3 (or 5) ; the 2 upper small, flat, usually green ; the lower (or 3 combined) forming the lip, much larger, petal-like, more or less tubular, produced at the base in a hollow spur. Petals 3 (or 5) ; the upper one, the standard, broad and somewhat concave, often crested ; the 2 lower (each of 2 combined) forming the wings, smaller, deeply 2-lobed. Glands none. Stamens 5 ; filaments short, thick, flattened ; anthers cohering round the pistil. Ovary oblong, 5-celled ; stigma sessile, 5-toothed when mature ; ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule ovoid, club-shaped, linear or narrowly oblong, often irregularly swollen, bursting asunder when ripe by 5 valves which separate from the seed-bearing axis and rolling up with a jerk scatter the numerous small seeds. * Flowers pink, purple or crimson Flowers solitary on axillary stalks. Capsule tomen- tose ......... Flowers in racemes or umbel-like clusters, often pani- culate. Capsule glabrous. Leaves stalked. Flowers 1-1£ in. long, excluding the spur. Capsule club-shaped, thick at the tip, gradu- ally narrowed to the base ... Capsule linear. Stems 4-10 ft. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate . . • . Stems 1-3 ft. Leaves alternate Flowers J-| in. long, excluding the spur . Leaves sessile, stem- clasping .... 1. I. Balsamina. 2. I. Roylei . 4. I. gigantea. 7. I. amphorata. 3. I. Thomsoni. 5. I. amplexicaulis. * * Flowers yellow Flowers lp-l|- in. long, excluding the spur. Lip abruptly contracted into a strongly curved spur Flowers not more than 1 in. long, including the spur. Lip gradually narrowed into a nearly straight spur. Flowers \ in. long ...... Flowers 1 m. long . 6. I. scabrida. 8. L racemosa. 9. I. la xi flora. * * * Flowers white, lip sometimes spotted Flowers \ in. long, including the spur. Spur in. long 10. I. micranthemum. Flowers \ in. long. Spur minute or none . . .11. I. hr achy centra 1. Impatiens Balsamina, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 453. Pubes- cent. Stems 6-18 in. Leaves alternate, sessile or shortly stalked, narrowly lanceolate, l|-2£ in., tapering to the base, sharply XVIII. GERANIACEiE 73 toothed. Flowers pink or nearly white, | in. long excluding the spur, solitary on axillary, usually clustered stalks. Standard tipped with a small, green point. Spur | in. long, slender, cylindric, curved. Capsule tomentose, ovoid, in. long, acute. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — China, Malaya. Widely cultivated ; common on the borders of rice fields. 2. Impatiens Roylei, Walp. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 468. Glabrous. Stems 3-6 ft. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, stalked, lanceolate, 2J-6 in., usually sharply and regularly toothed, long-pointed, teeth gland-tipped. Flowers pale pink, 1|-1| in. long excluding the spur, in terminal racemes or umbel-like clusters, sometimes paniculate. Lip spotted with yellow, broadly bell-shaped, abruptly contracted into a cylindric, curved, rather thick, yellow spur hardly J in. long. Capsule club-shaped, about 1 Xj in., thickest near the tip, narrowed to the base. Mahasu, common ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-9000 ft. *3. Impatiens Thomsoni, Hook. f. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 469. Gla- brous. Stems 1-4 ft. Leaves opposite or whorled, stalked, lanceolate, 2-6 in., sharply toothed or crenate, long-pointed ; a small bristle -like gland between the teeth or crenatures. Flowers pale pink, in. long excluding the spur, in terminal, umbel-like clusters, sometimes paniculate. Lip spotted with brown or yellow, funnel-shaped, gradually narrowed into a slender, tapering spur nearly J in. long. Capsule club-shaped, about f X J in., irregularly swollen, tapering to the base. Temperate Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. ; July-September. 4. Impatiens gigantea, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 469, under I. sulcata. Glabrous. Stems 4-10 ft. Leaves usually opposite or whorled, stalked, ovate -lanceolate, 3-7 in., crenate, long-pointed ; a small bristle-like gland on the upper side of each crenature. Flowers pink purple or dark crimson, 1-1 J in. long excluding the spur, in terminal, umbel-like, often paniculate clusters. Lip darker spotted, broadly funnel-shaped, abruptly contracted into a nearly cylindric, curved spur about | in. long. Standard keeled at the back. Wings orange -streaked. Capsule linear, 1J in. long, terete or nearly so, acute. Simla, Mahasu, common ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000- 12,000 ft. 5. Impatiens amplexicaulis, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 469. Gla- brous. Stems 1-3 ft. Leaves sessile, stem-clasping, lower ones opposite, upper alternate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-7 in., long-pointed, crenate ; crenatures gland-tipped. Flowers purple, f-1 in. long excluding the spur, in axillary, umbel-like clusters or 74 XVIII. GERANIACEiE racemes. Lip funnel-shaped, abruptly narrowed into a cylindric, usually nearly straight spur about J in.- long. Capsule oblong, f-1 in., terete, acute. Simla ; July-September. — W. Himalaya, 5000-12,000 ft. 6. Impatiens seabrida, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 472. Pubescent. Stems 2-4 ft. Leaves alternate, sessile or nearly so, ovate or lanceolate, 2-6 in., sharply toothed, teeth gland- tipped. Flowers yellow, spotted with brown, 1J-1J in. long excluding the spur, single on axillary, usually paired stalks. Lip broadly funnel- shaped, abruptly contracted into a slender, cylindric, incurved spur \ in. long. Standard with a green, horn-like outgrowth on the back, especially conspicuous in bud. Capsule linear, 1J-2 in., terete, acute. (Fig. 23.) Simla, more common at Mahasu ; July-September. — Simla to Bhotan, 7000-10,000 ft. 7. Impatiens amphorata, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 475. Gla- brous. Stems 1-3 ft. f Leaves usually alternate, stalked, lanceo- late, 3-6Jn., crenatej a small bristle-like gland on the upper side XVIII. GERANIACEiE 75 of each crenature. Flowers purple, 1-1 J in. long excluding the spur, in racemes or umbel-like clusters, often paniculate. Lip darker spotted, broadly funnel-shaped, narrowed into a slender, cylindric, incurved spur J in. long. Standard keeled at the back, tip crested. Wings usually white on the lower half. Capsule linear, 1-1 J in., terete, acute. Simla, in woods, common ; September, October. — W. Himalaya, 5000- 8000 ft. 8. Impatiens racemosa, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 479. Gla- brous. Stems 2-3 ft. Leaves alternate, stalked, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-9 in., crenate ; crenatures gland-tipped. Flowers yellow, \ in. long, including the spur, in racemes or umbel-like clusters. Lip boat-shaped, gradually narrowed into a slender, nearly straight, tapering spur ^ in. long. Wings darker spotted, produced in a long, linear tail descending into the spur. Capsule linear, J-J in., terete, acute. Simla, Fagu, Narkunda, in shady, damp ravines ; August, September. — Simla to Sikkim, 5000-8000 ft. 9. Impatiens laxiflora, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 479. Glabrous. Stems 2-4 ft. Leaves alternate, stalked, lanceolate, or ovate- lanceolate, 3-5 in., long-pointed, crenate ; a small, bristle-like gland in the angle between the crenatures. Flowers yellow, 1 in. long including the spur, in axillary racemes or umbel-like clusters. Lip boat-shaped, gradually narrowed into a slender, nearly straight, tapering spur J-§ in. long. Capsule linear, terete, § in. Simla, Huttoo ; August, September. — Simla to Sikkim, 5000-10,000 ft. 10. Impatiens micranthemum, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 481. Glabrous. Stems 1-4 ft. Leaves usually alternate, stalked, ovate- lanceolate, 3-4 in., crenate ; crenatures gland- tipped. Flowers white, the lip spotted with pink and yellow, \ in. long including the spur, in racemes or umbel-like clusters usually in the axils of the upper leaves. Lip boat-shaped, gradually narrowed into a slender, straight, tapering spur J in. long. Capsule narrowly oblong, \ in., nearly terete, acute. Huttoo ; July, August. — W. Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. *11. Impatiens brachycentra, Kar. & Kir. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 481. Glabrous. Stems \-2 ft. Leaves alternate, stalked, ovate-lanceo- late, 2-5 in., crenate ; the crenatures gland- tipped. Flowers white, J in. long including the spur, in racemes or umbel-like clusters usually in the axils of the upper leaves. Lip boat-shaped ; spur minute or none. Capsule narrowly oblong, in., nearly terete, acute. Mussoorie to Kashmir, 8000-12,000 ft. ; August, September. 76 XIX. RUTACEiE XIX. RUTACE^: Herbs, shrubs or small trees, often spinous, all parts more or less charged with aromatic glands. Leaves alternate, pinnate or simple ; stipules none. Flowers regular, usually 2-sexual, in panicles or racemes. Calyx small, 4- or 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, none in Zanthoxylum , free, usually imbricate. Stamens 5-10, numerous in JEgle, free, anthers 2-celled. Disk cup-shaped or a fleshy, cushion-like ring or inconspicuous. Ovary ovoid, 2-5- celled, many-celled in JEgle ; ovules 1-8, many in JEgle, in each cell. Styles usually united, stigmas terminal. Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe, or the carpels separating when ripe. Seeds small. — A large Order containing among other useful plants the Orange, Lime, Citron, Shaddock and Pummeloe ; the name is taken from the typical genus Buta , Hue. Herbs. Flowers \ in. long. Leaflets p-f in., entire . Flowers 1-1^ in. long. Leaflets 2-4 in., toothed Shrubs or small trees. Leaves oblong-lanceolate .... Leaves pinnate. Leaflets 3-21. Leaf- stalks winged. Flowers yellow, Petals none Flowers white. Petals 4 . Leaf-stalks not winged. Leaflets 11-21. Stamens 10 Leaflets 3-5. Stamens numerous 1. Bcenninghausenia. 2. Dictamnus. 4. Skimmia. 3. Zanthoxylum. 6. Lim,onia. 5. Murraya. 7. JEgle. 1. BCENNINGHAUSENIA. In honour of Freiherr von Boen- ninghausen, a German botanist. — Mountains of N. India to China and Japan. Only the following species. Bcenninghausenia albiflora, Reichenb. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 486. A perennial, nearly glabrous herb. Stems erect, 1-2 ft., branching. Leaves gland-dotted, 2-pinnate ; leaflets ovate, J-f in., entire. Flowers 2-sexual, white, about J in. long, in a terminal, leafy panicle. Calyx short, 4-lobed, persistent. Petals 4, much longer than the calyx, oblong, soon falling off. Stamens 6-8, unequal, inserted outside the base of a cup-shaped disk. Ovary 3-5-celled, stalked, lobed ; styles 3-5, united, stigmas minute ; ovules 6-8 in each cell. When ripe the carpels separate as small, several-seeded, distinct fruits. (Fig. 24.) Simla, common in woods ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000- 8000 ft. — Japan. The crushed leaves have a strong, disagreeable smell. The plant is known among the hillmen as pissu mar, the flea killer. XIX. RUTACE^E ' 77 2. DICTAMNUS. The classical name of D. albus. — S. Europe to China. *Dietamnus albus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 487. A perennial, heavy-scented herb, covered with small, raised glands. Stems robust, erect, 12-24 in., branched. Leaves gland-dotted, odd- pinnate, 6-12 in. ; leaflets 9-15, opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 in., toothed. Flowers 2-sexual, showy, 1-1J in. long, pink or white, in an erect, terminal raceme 6-12 in. long. Sepals 5, Fig. 24. Bcenninghausenia albiflora. narrowly lanceolate, persistent. Petals 5, much longer than the sepals, lanceolate, nearly equal, spreading. Stamens 10, as long as the petals, hairy, glandular, bristle-tipped. Ovary nearly sessile, ovoid, rough with glandular hairs, 5-celled ; ovules 3 or 4 in each cell ; style long, simple. When ripe the carpels separate as 2-3-seeded, tomentose, beaked, distinct fruits | in. long. Seeds black, shining. W. Himalaya, 6000-8000 ft. — Asia, S. Europe. Frequently cultivated in gardens in England. 3. ZANTHOXYLUM. From the Greek xanthos, yellow, and xylon, wood.- — Most tropical and warm regions. 78 XIX. RUTACE2E Zanthoxylum alatum, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 493. A shrub or small tree, nearly glabrous ; stem and branches armed with long, sharp prickles, those on young stems conical, thick, rising from a corky base. Leaves odd-pinnate, 2-6 in., stalk winged, 2 stipular spines at the base ; leaflets 5-9, opposite, sessile, lanceolate, 2-4 in., gland-dotted, entire or with a few small teeth ; midrib often prickly. Flowers small, yellow, 1- or 2-sexual, crowded in pubes- cent, short, lateral panicles. Calyx 6-8-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 6-8 (in the female flowers none), much longer than the calyx. Carpels 1-3, rarely 4 or 5 (rudimentary in the male flowers), distinct ; styles lateral, free, stigma capitate ; ovules 2 in each carpel. Fruit of 1-3 small, pale red, globose drupes ultimately splitting in 2 valves. Seed solitary, black, shining. Simla; April-June. — Himalaya, below 5000 ft. Walking sticks and clubs are made from the stems ; the fragrant twigs are used as tooth brushes. 4. SKIMMIA. An adaptation of the Japanese name. — Tem- perate Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft., Afghanistan, China, Japan. Skimmia Laureola, Sieb. & Zucc. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 499. A glab- rous shrub, 3-8 ft. Leaves gland-dotted, oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 in., entire, crowded near the end of branches. Flowers about in. diam., yellow or white, 1- or 2-sexual, in compact, er^ct, terminal panicles l|-2 in. long. Calyx 5-lobed, persistent. Petals oblong, XIX. RUTACEiE 79 much longer than the calyx. Stamens 5 (none in the female flowers), filaments as long as the petals. Ovary ovoid (rudiment- ary in the male flowers), 3-celled, ovule 1 in each cell ; style divided at the top in 3 short, stigmatic branches. Drupe ovoid, red, | in. long, containing 2, sometimes 1 or 3 seeds. (Fig. 25.) Simla, Mahasu, common ; April, May, often flowering again in the autumn. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. The leaves have a strong orange-like smell when crushed. 5. MURRAYA. In honour of J. A. Murray, a botanical author of the seventeenth century, born at Stockholm. — Tropical Asia. Murraya Kosnigii, Spreng. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 503. A small, pubescent tree. Leaves gland-dotted, odd-pinnate, 6-12 in., often crowded towards the end of branches, stalk not winged ; leaflets 11-21, alternate, shortly stalked, lanceolate, 1-2 in., entire or with a few small teeth near the tip. Flowers white, ^ in. long, 2-sexual, in terminal panicles. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, nearly erect, much longer than the calyx, dotted with green glands. Stamens 10, free, 5 long, 5 shorter. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled, sessile on a fleshy disk ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell ; style terminal, short, stigma capitate. Berry ovoid, ^ in. diam., black, wrinkled, seeds 1 or 2. Sutlej valley ; May, June. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. Often cultivated ; the aromatic leaves are used to flavour curries. 6. LIMONIA. From Limuna , the Persian name of the citron. — Tropical Asia. Limonia acidissima, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 507. A glabrous shrub or small tree, armed with long, straight spines. Leaves gland-dotted, odd-pinnate, 1-4 in., stalk broadly winged ; leaflets 5-9, opposite, sessile, ovate, |-1| in., crenate or sharply toothed. Flowers 2-sexual, white, J in. diam., in short, axillary, often leafy racemes. Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Petals 4, gland-dotted, much longer than the calyx. Stamens 8, nearly equal, shorter than the petals. Ovary 4-celled, sessile on a ring-shaped disk ; ovule 1 in each cell ; style terminal, short, stigma capitate. Berry globose, | in. diam., acid, yellow, turning to dark purple, smooth, containing 2-4 seeds. Valleys helow Simla ; April, May. — Hilly districts throughout India, ascend- ing to 4000 ft. The hard, yellow wood is used for the axles of oil-presses, rice-pounders, etc. 7. 7EGLE. Classical name of one of the Hesperides ; derived from the Greek aigle, splendour. — Tropical Asia and Africa. 80 XIX. RUTACEiE -ffigle Marmelos Correa ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 516. A small tree, attaining 35 ft. in cultivation, armed with long, straight spines. Leaves glabrous, odd-pinnate, 2-3 in., stalks not winged ; leaflets 3, rarely 5, ovate-lanceolate, 2-3 in., crenate, lateral ones opposite, nearly sessile, terminal long-stalked. Flowers 2-sexual, white, 1J in. diam., in short panicles. Calyx 5-lobed, soon falling off. Petals 5, thick, oblong, much longer than the calyx, gland-dotted, spreading. Stamens numerous, filaments short, anthers narrow, very long, erect. Ovary ovoid, 10-20-celled ; style terminal, short, stigma capitate ; ovules many in each cell. Berry grey or yellow, globose, 2-5 in. diam., rind woody, cells 8-16. Seeds numerous, flat', oblong, woolly, embedded in orange-coloured, sweet, aromatic pulp. Valleys below Simla, often planted near villages ; May. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. The Bel tree. Wood very hard, used for naves of cart-wheels, etc. ; the pulp of the fruit is a valuable medicine. XX. SIMARUBACE^E A small Order of trees or shrubs growing in most tropical or sub- tropical regions. The characters are those of Rutaceae except that the leaves are not gland-dotted. — Simarouba is the Carib name for a tree, Simaruba amara, whose bark is used medicinally by the natives of S. America. PICRASMA. From the Greek picrasmos, bitterness, referring to the intensely bitter bark. — Tropical Asia, W. Indies, Brazil. *Picrasma quassioides, Benn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 520. A tall shrub ; all parts very bitter ; inflorescence and young parts pubes- cent, otherwise glabrous. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, 10-18 in. ; leaflets opposite, sessile, ovate -lanceolate, 2-4 in., toothed, long-pointed, the lowest pair much smaller than the others. Flowers regular, polygamous, small, green, in axillary panicles. Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, much longer than the sepals, ovate, acute, valvate, enlarged and persistent in fruit. Stamens 5 (none in the female flowers), as long as the petals, hairy at the base ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary free (none in the male flowers), sessile on a thick, cushion-like disk, lobed, 3-5-celled ; ovule 1 in each cell ; styles 3-5, free at the base and tips, cohering near the middle, stigmas terminal. Fruit of 1-5 nearly dry, black, globose, 1 -seeded drupes about J in. diam. Outer Himalaya, from the Chenab to Nepal, between 3000 and 5000 ft. ; April- June. — S. China. XXI. MELIACEiE 81 XXL MELIACE^ Trees ; young parts and inflorescence pubescent, otherwise glabrous. Leaves alternate, pinnate or 2-pinnate ; leaflets oppo- site or nearly so, shortly stalked, unequal-sided, not gland-dotted. Flowers numerous, small, regular, 2-sexual, usually sweet-scented, in panicles. Calyx 5- or 6-parted. Petals 5 or 6, much longer than the calyx, free, imbricate. Stamens 10 or 5, filaments united or free, anthers 2-celled. Ovary ovoid, 3-5-celled, sessile on a fleshy disk ; style terminal, simple ; stigma peltate, lobed ; ovules 2 or several in each cell. Fruit a drupe or capsule ; seeds 1, 5 or many. Stamens 10-12, united in a tube. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell . 1. Melia. Stamens 5, free. Ovules 8-12 in each cell . . . .2. Cedrela. The Mahogany tree, Swietenia Mahagoni, a native of Central America, is often planted in India ; there are several good specimens in the Saharunpore Botanical Gardens and a fine avenue at the Hoogly railway station. 1. MELIA. The Greek name of the Ash, Fraxinus. — Asia, Australia. Trees, 20-40 ft. Leaves pinnate or 2-pinnate ; leaflets nearly opposite, toothed, long-pointed. Flowers honey-scented, in large, axillary panicles. Calyx 5- or 6-parted. Petals 5-6, narrowly spathulate. Stamens 10-12, filaments united in a tube, toothed at the top, anthers sessile within and below the top of the tube. Ovary 3- oT 5-celled, disk ring-shaped ; stigma 3- or 5-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell. Drupe ovoid or globose ; stone 1- or 5-celled ; seeds one in each cell, small, smooth. Leaves pinnate. Flowers white . . . . 1. M. indica. Leaves 2-pinnate. Flowers lilac . . . . 2. M. Azedarach. 1. Melia indica, Brandis ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 544, under M. Azadi- rachta, Linn. Leaves odd-pinnate, 9-15 in., crowded near the end of branches ; leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, 1-3 in. Flowers white, \ in. long. Calyx-segments 5, rounded. Petals 5. Anthers 10. Ovary usually 3-celled. Drupe ovoid-oblong, in., smooth, dark purple when ripe ; stone 1-celled, 1-seeded. Simla, in valleys ; March-May. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. The Neem tree, though not truly wild in India, is often planted and fur- nishes excellent timber. The bitter bark and leaves are used medicinally and an oil is expressed from the fruit. Held sacred by the Hindus ; wood used for making idols. 2. Melia Azedarach, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 544. Leaves 2- pinnate, 9-18 in. ; leaflets 3-7, ovate -lanceolate, J-l§ in. Flowers lilac, J-J in. long. Calyx-segments 5 or 6, acute. Petals 5 or 6. G 82 XXI. MELIACEiE Staminal-tube purple, anthers 10 or 12. Ovary usually 5-celled. Drupe ovoid or globose, J-f in. diam., yellow and wrinkled when ripe ; stone 5-celled, 5-seeded. Valleys below Simla, Sainj in the Giri valley ; March-May. — Planted throughout India ; wild in the N.W. Himalaya up to 5000 ft. — Persia, China. The Bukain or Persian lilac, though not probably truly wild in India, is commonly planted in the plains. Wood used for furniture. The bitter bark and leaves are used in native medicine and an oil is extracted from the fruit. (2. CEDRELA. Diminutive of the Latin cedrus, a cedar, referring to the aromatic wood. — Tropical Asia, Australia and America. Trees attaining 60-70 ft. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate or ovate -lanceolate, long-pointed, entire or toothed. Mowers white or pink, about | in. long, in terminal, pendulous panicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5, oblong, erect. Stamens 5, free, inserted on the disk ; disk thick, orange-coloured, lobed. Ovary XXI. MELIACEiE 83 5-celled ; stigma 5-lobed ; ovules 8-12 in each cell. Capsule open- ing from the top by 5 valves which ultimately fall away and leave the axis and cell-partitions as a pentagonal column of soft wood ; seeds numerous, winged. Leaflets entire. Panicles shorter than the leaves. Ovary hairy 1. G. Toona. Leaflets toothed. Panicles longer than the leaves. Ovary glabrous . . . . . . . . 2. C. serrata. 1. Cedrela Toona, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 568. Leaves even- pinnate, 12-18 in. ; leaflets 10-20, nearly opposite or sometimes alternate, 2-5 in., entire. Panicles shorter than the leaves. Flowers honey-scented. Calyx-segments obtuse or acute, ciliate. Petals ciliate. Ovary hairy. Capsule oblong, f-1 in. long ; seeds winged at both ends. Sutlej valley ; April, May. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. — Java, Australia. The Toon tree ; timber highly valued for furniture, door-panels, carving, etc. 2. Cedrela serrata, Royle ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 568, under G. Toona. Leaves usually odd-pinnate, 15-20 in. ; leaflets 15-25, opposite, 3-6 in., toothed. Panicles longer than the leaves. Flowers usually pink, rather foetid. Calyx-segments obtuse, glabrous. Petals glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Capsule ovoid, acute, 1 J-l \ in. long ; seeds winged only at the upper end. (Fig. 26.) Matiana, Sainj in the Giri valley ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 3000-8000 ft., in moist, shady places. The Hill Toon. Native name Tooni. XXII. AQUIFOLIACE^E A small, widely spread Order, represented in India by a single genus. — Aqui folium, pointed leaf, was the classical name of the Holly. ILEX. The classical name of the holm or evergreen oak, which often has prickly, holly-like leaves. — Widely spread in tropical and temperate regions, most numerous in S. America. Evergreen shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, simple, shortly stalked, hard, shining, usually toothed ; stipules small, soon falling off. Flowers small, white, 1- or 2-sexual, regular, crowded in axillary clusters. Calyx 4-parted, persistent. Petals 4, broadly ovate, obtuse, united at the base. Stamens 4, about as long as the petals and adhering to their base, anthers 2-celled. Ovary globose, sessile, 2-4-celled ; stigma broad, sessile, lobed ; 84 XXII. AQUIFOLIACEiE ovules solitary in each cell. Drupe globose, containing 2-4 one- seeded stones. The British holly is Ilex Aqui folium. Leaves 2-4 in., spinous-toothed or entire. Drupe usually of 2 stones 1. I. dipyrena. Leaves 4-8 in. ; teeth small, close, regular. Drupe of 4 stones 2. I. odorata. 1. Ilex dipyrena, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 599. Leaves ovate or ovate -lanceolate, 2-4 in., spinous-toothed or entire. Flowers Fig. 27. Ilex dipykena. usually 2-sexual. Ovary 2-, rarely 3- or 4-celled. Drupe scarlet, globose, J in. diam., containing 2, rarely 3 or 4 stones. (Fig. 27.) Simla, frequent ; April- June. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-8000 ft. 2. Ilex odorata, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 599. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 4-8 in., long-pointed ; teeth numerous, small, close-set, regular. Flowers 1 -sexual. Ovary 4-celled. Drupe black, ovoid, J in. long, usually containing 4 stones. Valleys below Simla ; April, May. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-6000 ft. XXIII. CELASTRACEiE 85 XXIII. CELASTRACE^ Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite or alternate, stalked, simple, not lobed or gland-dotted ; stipules small, soon falling off. Flowers small, regular, usually 2-sexual, sometimes polygamous, in loose, forking cymes or panicles. Calyx 4- or 5-parted, persis- tent, lobes imbricate. Petals 4 or 5, free, spreading, longer than the sepals, imbricate, inserted on or beneath the margin of the disk. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on or beneath the margin of the disk, alternate with the petals, filaments short, awl-shaped, anthers 2-celled. Disk broad, fleshy, occupying the bottom of the calyx, often lobed. Ovary sessile on the disk or partially immersed in it, usually lobed, 3-5-celled, ovules 2 in each cell ; style short, erect, sometimes divided at the top in stigmatic arms. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. Seeds 1, rarely 2 in each cell, usually en- veloped in a red, fleshy, outer coat (aril or ariflode). — A small Order scattered over the tropical and temperate regions of the whole wrorld. Leaves opposite. Stamens inserted on the margin of the disk. Fruit a winged, angled or prickly capsule . . . 1. Euonymus. Stamens inserted under the edge of the disk. Fruit an ovoid drupe 4. Elceodendron. Leaves alternate. A climbing shrub. Flowers in terminal panicles. Capsule globose . . . . . . . .2. Celastrus. An erect shrub. Flowers in axillary cymes. Capsule 3-angled ........ 3. Gymnosporia. 1. EUONYMUS. The classical name for plants of this genus ; derived from the Greek eu, good, and onoma, a name. — Asia, N. America, Europe (Britain, Spindle tree, E. eurojpoeus). Trees or shrubs, glabrous. Leaves opposite, shortly stalked, toothed. Flowers 2-sexual, in axillary cymes. Calyx flat, 4- or 5- parted, lobes obtuse. Petals 4 or 5, often toothed or fringed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted with the petals on the margin of the nearly flat disk. Ovary immersed in the disk, 3-5-celled ; style sometimes minute. Capsule 4- or 5-lobed, lobes angled or winged, globose and prickly in E . echinatus ; cells 4 or 5, opening down the middle ; seeds 1, rarely 2 in each cell, enveloped in a fleshy, red coat or ariflode, and remaining exposed after the capsule has opened. Leaves thick, leathery. Petals crenate, fringed or toothed. Erect trees. Capsule smooth. Petals purple- veined, crenate. Capsule 4- or 5-angled, not winged 1. E. tingens. Petals white, fringed. Capsule with 4 broad, rounded wings . . . . . . . .4 . E. pendulus . Climbing shrubs. Capsule prickly. Petals toothed . 3. E. echinatus 86 XXIII. CELASTRACEiE Leaves thin, membranous. Petals entire. Style minute. Capsule with 4 long, tapering wings 2. E. lacerus. Style short, distinct. Capsule 4-lobed, not winged 5. E, Hamiltonianus. 1. Euonymus tingens, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 610. A small tree. Leaves thick, leathery, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-3 in. ; upper surface dark green, wrinkled, lower pale ; margins crenate Fig. 28. Euonymus tingens. or sharply toothed. Flowers \ in. diam., the parts in 5’s, rarely in 4’s. Petals orbicular, yellow-white, purple-veined, margins minutely crenate. Style as long as the stamens. Capsule obscurely 4- or 5- angled, not winged. (Fig. 28.) Simla, common ; May. — W. Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. 2. Euonymus lacerus, Buch.-Ham. in D. Don , Prodr. 191 ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 611, under E.fimbriatus. A shrub or small tree. Leaves thin, membranous, ovate or orbicular, 2-3 in. ; teeth acute, small and regular or deep and somewhat irregular. Flowers J in. diam., the parts in 4’s. Petals broadly ovate, white, entire. Stamens very short. Style minute. Capsule with 4 long, tapering wings. Narkunda, Shali ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-10,000 ft. * 3. Euonymus eehinatus, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 611. A large, climbing shrub ; stems attached to trees or rocks by tufts of aerial rootlets. Leaves leathery, ovate-lanceolate, 2-3 in. ; upper sur- face dark green, lower paler ; margins crenate or bluntly toothed. Flowers J- in. diam., the parts in 4’s. Petals orbicular, white, XXIII. CELASTKACEiE 87 minutely toothed. Style distinct. Capsule prickly, globose, | in. diam. Himalaya, 7000-12,000 ft. ; March, April. — China, Luchu archipelago. 4. Euonymus pendulus, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 612. A small tree ; branches drooping. Leaves thick, leathery, oblong-lanceo- late, 2|-5 in. ; upper surface dark green, shining, lower pale ; margins sharply toothed. Mowers in. diam., the parts in 4’s, rarely in 5’s. Petals ovate-oblong, white, minutely fringed. Style short but distinct. Capsule with 4 broad, rounded wings. Simla, the Glen, Shali ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-8000 ft. 5. Euonymus Hamiltonianus, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 612. A shrub or small tree. Leaves thin, membranous, ovate or oblong- lanceolate, 2J-4 in., minutely toothed. Flowers J in. diam., the parts in 4’s. Petals oblong-lanceolate, green -white, entire. Style short but distinct. Capsule deeply 4-lobed, not winged. Narkunda ; June. — W. Himalaya, 4000-9000 ft. 2. CELASTRUS. The Greek name of the Privet, Ligustrum vulgare. — Tropical Asia, Australia, N. America. * Celastrus paniculata, Willd. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 617. A climbing shrub ; branches covered with small, white, wart-like excrescences. Leaves alternate, glabrous, membranous, ovate or orbicular, 2J- 4|x2-3| in., toothed, abruptly pointed. Flowers polygamous, pale yellow-green, in terminal, pendulous panicles. Calyx 5- parted, lobes rounded. Petals 5, inserted under the disk. Stamens 5, inserted on the margin of the disk. Ovary 3-lobed, sessile on the concave disk, 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell ; style acute. Capsule globose, J in. diam., cells 3, opening down the middle ; seeds 3 or 6, each enveloped in a red, fleshy coa t or aril and remain- ing exposed after the capsule has opened. Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. ; April-June. — Malay archipelago. 3. GYMNOSPORIA. From the Greek gymnos, naked, and spora, a seed. — Many warm regions of the Old World. — This genus is merged in Celastrus in Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Plant, i. 997. Gymnosporia Royleana, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 620. A stiff, erect, much -branched, spinous shrub, 8-12 ft. Leaves alternate, glabrous, ovate or orbicular, |-1| in., crenate or sharply toothed. Flowers numerous, 2-sexual, white, in short, axillary cymes. Calyx 5-parted, lobes obtuse, ciliate. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens 5, inserted under the margins of the 5-lobed disk. Ovary half immersed in the disk, 3-lobed, 3-celled ; style 3-lobed at the top. 88 XXIII. CELASTRACEiE Capsule 3-angled, £ in. diam., cells 3, opening down the middle. Seeds 3, half enveloped in a red, fleshy, outer coat or aril. Sutlej valley ; March-October. — -N.W. India, ascending to 4000 ft., usually on hot, dry, rugged slopes. 4. ELiEODENDRON. From the Greek elaia, an olive, and dendron, a tree, referring to the shape of the fruit and to its oily seeds. — S. Africa, Asia, America, Australia. * Elaeodendron glaucum, Pers. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 623. A tree. Leaves opposite, glabrous, hard, leathery, very variable in shape and size, ovate, orbicular or oblong, 2-4xl-2£ in., crenate, sharply toothed or nearly entire ; stalks £-1 in. Mowers yellow- brown, usually 2-sexual, in large, axillary cymes. Calyx 5-parted, lobes obtuse. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens 5, inserted under the margin of the disk, filaments recurved. Ovary conical, 3-lobed, half immersed in the disk, 3-celled ; style entire. Drupe ovoid, £ in. long, yellow-green ; stone 1- or 2-celled, cells 1 -seeded. Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. ; February- June. XXIV. RHAMNACEiE Shrubs or small trees, usually erect, often spinous, tendril-bear- ing only in Helinus. Leaves simple, alternate or nearly opposite, entire or toothed, with 3-5 prominent, basal nerves or feather- veined ; stipules small, soon falling off, spinous and persistent in Zizyjphus. Mowers very small, yellow-green, regular, usually 2- sexual, in axillary clusters, cymes or panicles, rarely solitary, um- bellate in Helinus. Calyx-tube cup-shaped, persistent, free or in Helinus adherent to the ovary ; limb 4- or 5-lobed, segments val- vate, erect or spreading, triangular, acute, keeled on the inner surface, usually falling off after flowering. Petals 4 or 5, rarely none, inserted on the mouth of the calyx-tube or on the margin of the disk, smaller Than the calyx-lobes, hood-like or the margins in- folded. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted with and opposite to the petals, more or less enclosed by them at least at first. Disk usually thick ; in Bhamnus thin, lining or filling up the calyx-tube ; in Helinus ring- shaped and lying on the top of the ovary. Ovary sessile, superior, except in Helinus , sometimes more or less immersed in the disk, 2-4-celled ; style erect, simple, usually short, stigma terminal, 3- branched or 3-lobed. Pruit drupaceous, containing 1-4 one-seeded stones, the base, except in Helinus, enclosed in the persistent calyx - tube. — An Order inhabiting tropical and temperate regions. XXIY. RHAMNACEiE 89 Leaves prominently 3— 5-nerved from the base Leaves feather- veined. Leaves toothed. Leaves alternate (except R. virgatus). Disk very thin. Ovary quite free ...... Leaves " opposite or nearly so (see also Rhamnus virgatus). Disk thick, surrounding the ovary Leaves entire. Branches without tendrils. Ovary 2 -celled, free Branches with terminal tendrils. Ovary 3-celled, ad- herent to the calyx ...... 1, Zizyphus. 3. Rhamnus. 4. Sageretia. 2. Berchemia. 5. Helinus. 1. ZIZYPHUS. From zizouf, the Arabic name of the Lotus, Z. vulgaris . — Tropical and temperate regions. Erect shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, usually shortly stalked, prominently 3-5-nerved from the base ; stipules persist- ent, spinous, sharp, usually unequal, sometimes only one. Flowers Fig. 29. Zizyphus oxyphyi.ua. unequally stalked, crowded in small, axillary cymes or clusters. Calyx 5-parted, tube short. Petals 5, deflexed ; disk thick, flat, filling up the calyx-tube. Stamens 5. Ovary immersed in the disk, 2-celled ; style 2-branched. Drupe fleshy ; stone 1-2-celled. Flowers and lower surface of leaves tomentose . . 1. Z. Jujuba. Flowers and lower surface of leaves glabrous . . .2. Z. oxyphylla. 90 XXIV. EH AMN ACE JE 1. Zizyphus Jujuba, Lamlc. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 632. Usually a small tree, sometimes a shrub ; trunk short, branches spreading, drooping at the ends ; young shoots tomentose. Leaves some- times sessile, oblong-ovate or nearly orbicular, 1-3 in., entire or with small, close-set teeth ; upper surface dark green, glabrous, lower grey or tawny tomentose. Mowers tomentose outside, crowded in small, stalked or sessile, axillary cymes. Drupe sweet, globose on wild trees, ovoid on cultivated, in., dark brown, orange or red ; stone wrinkled, usually 2 -celled. Simla ; July, August. — Cultivated and self-sown throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Asia, Australia, tropical Africa ; widely spread. The Ber tree, cultivated for its edible fruit, is exceedingly variable in the shape of the leaves, the density of the tomentum, and also in the shape and size of the fruit. May be found in flower or fruit at almost any season. 2. Zizyphus oxyphylla, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 634. Quite glabrous ; branches purple. Leaves unequal-sided, ovate, 1J-2J in., crenate or sharply toothed, long-pointed, acute. Mowers glabrous, in small, axillary clusters, sometimes solitary. Drupe orange, ovoid, ^ in. ; stone 1 -celled. (Fig. 29.) Simla, Mahasu ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 1000-7000 ft. ■* 2. BERCHEMIA. Probably in honour of Van Bergheim (French, Berchem), a Dutch painter of the seventeenth century. — Tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America. Erect or climbing, glabrous shrubs, without pines. Leaves alternate, shortly stalked or nearly sessile, entire, ovate, feather- veined ; veins 5-15 pairs, parallel, straight. Flowers on short, unequal stalks in small, axillary or terminal clusters or cymes, sometimes panicled. Calyx 5-parted, tube cup-shaped. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Disk thick, lining the calyx-tube. Ovary surrounded by the disk, 2-celled, ovoid, narrowed upwards in a straight, simple style as long as the petals ; stigma 2-lobed. Drupe cylindric or ovoid ; stone 2-celled. Leaves 2-3 in. Flowers in terminal panicles . . .1. B. floribunda. Leaves 1 in. Flowers in small, axillary or terminal clusters 2. B. lineata. * 1. Berchemia floribunda, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 637. A climbing shrub. Leaves 2-3 in., acute, lower surface pale ; veins 10-15 pairs. Flowers clustered in large, terminal panicles. Drupe oblong, flattened, f in., purple. Temperate Himalaya, Sikkim to the Jhelam, 3000-6000 ft. ; June, July. * 2. Berchemia lineata, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 638. A small, diffuse shrub. Leaves sometimes nearly sessile, J-l in., obtuse ; XXIV. RH AMN ACE JE 91 veins 5-7 pairs. Flowers in small, axillary or terminal clusters. Drupe ovoid, J in., purple-blue. Temperate Himalaya, Sikkim to the Indus, 4000-10,000 ft., usually on rocks ; May-July. 3. RHAMNUS. The classical name of some spinous shrub, perhaps a Rhamnus or Lycium. — Most warm and temperate regions except Australia. Shrubs or small trees, usually erect, spinous or unarmed. Leaves alternate, nearly opposite in R. virgatus, stalked, toothed, feather- veined, veins nearly parallel. Flowers sometimes poly- gamous, on short, unequal stalks in axillary clusters or panicles, rarely solitary. Calyx 4- or 5-parted, tube cup-shaped. Petals 4- 5 or none. Stamens 4-5. Disk thin, lining the calyx-tube. Ovary at the bottom of the calyx-tube, quite free, 3-4-celled, narrowed upwards into a short, 2-4-branched style. Drupe small, berry- like, obovoid or globose, black when ripe, containing 2-4 stones. Spinous. Leaves nearly or quite opposite Unarmed. Leaves alternate. Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves 2J-5 in. Flower-clusters axillary. Petals none . Flower- clusters in axillary particles. Petals 5 A procumbent shrub. Leaves in. 1. R. virgatus. 2. R. purpureus. 3. R. triqueter. 4. R. procumbens. 1. Rhamnus virgatus, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 639, under R. dahuricus. A spinous shrub or small tree, nearly or quite glabrous. Leaves opposite or nearly so, sometimes in clusters or crowded near the end of short, thick, opposite branches, lanceolate or ovate, 1-4 in., often long-pointed, sometimes crenate. Flowers crowded in the axils of the clustered leaves or at the base of branches. Drupe obovoid, | in. long. Simla, Mahasu, common ; April-June. — Hilly districts throughout India, ascending to 9000 ft. — X. China, E. Siberia, Manchuria. Closely allied to the common Buckthorn of Britain (R. catharticus). 2. Rhamnus purpureus, Edgw. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 639.. An unarmed shrub, glabrous or nearly so ; young branches purple. Leaves alternate, rarely nearly opposite, ovate -lanceolate, 2^-5 in., often abruptly pointed. Flowers in small, axillary clusters. Petals none. Drupe obovoid, \ in. long. Simla, Jako, Xarkunda ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. 3. Rhamnus triqueter, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 639. An un- armed. pubescent shrub or small tree. Leaves alternate, oblong- ovate, acute, 3-5 in. Flowers in small clusters on long branches of axillary panicles. Drupe ovoid, J in. Valleys below Simla ; May-August. — W. Himalaya, 3000-5000 ft. 92 XXIV. RHAMNACEiE 4. Rhamnus procumbens, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 640. A small, procumbent, unarmed, nearly glabrous shrub. Leaves alternate, leathery, shining, lanceolate, \-l\ in., acute. Flowers on rather long stalks, solitary or in pairs. Petals none. Drupe globose, J in. diam. Shali, Naldera, on rocks ; May, June. — Simla to Kumaon, 7000-8000 ft. 4. SAGERETIA. In honour of A. Sageret, a French botanist of the nineteenth century. — Asia, N. America. Shrubs or small trees ; branches long, drooping, half climbing, usually spinous. Leaves opposite or nearly so, shortly stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, toothed, feather- veined ; veins 3-7 pairs, nearly parallel. Flowers in axillary and terminal panicles. Calyx 5-parted, tube cup-shaped, lobes persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Disk thick, lining the calyx- tube, margin 5-lobed. Ovary ovoid, surrounded by the disk, 3-celled ; style very short, 3-lobed. Drupe small, globose, containing 3 stones. Leaves 2 4 in. ; veins about 7 pairs . . . 1. S. oppositi folia. Leaves f-14 in. ; veins about 3 pairs . . . . 2. 8. theezans. 1. Sageretia oppositifolia, Brongn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 641. A straggling, half- climbing shrub ; young leaves and shoots tomentose. Leaves ovate-lanceo- late, 2-4 in., acute or long-pointed, veins about 7 pairs. Flowers in long, terminal, pubescent, often leafy panicles. Drupe | in. diam., black. Valleys below Simla ; June-October. — W. Himalaya, 2000-6000 ft. 2. Sageretia theezans, Brongn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 641. A shrub ; young leaves and shoots pubescent. Leaves ovate, |-1J in., veins about 3 pairs. . Flowers in short, axillary panicles often combined in long, leafy, terminal panicles. Drupe ^ in. diam., dark brown. (Fig. 30.) Naldera, valleys below Simla, Suni in the Sutlej valley ; July-October. — W. Himalaya, 3000-8000 ft., and hilly districts in the Punjab. — China. The fruit is eaten. In China the leaves are used by the poorer classes as tea. 5. HEL1NUS. From the Greek helinos, a tendril. — Africa, India. Fig. 30. Sageretia THEEZANS. XXIV. RHAMNACEiE 93 Helinus laneeolatus, Brandis ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 644. An unarmed, glabrous, climbing shrub ; branches slender, grooved, bearing terminal, woody, simple coiling tendrils. Leaves alternate, shortly stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-2J in., entire, feather- veined, veins nearly parallel. Flowers in small, umbellate clusters at the end of long, axillary stalks. Calyx-tube cup-shaped, adherent to the ovary, 5-lobed. Petals 5, inserted with the 5 stamens on the margin of the disk. Disk ring-shaped, on the top of the inferior, 3-celled ovary. Style short, 3-branched. Fruit globose, J in. diam., consisting of the ovary enclosed in the calyx- tube and containing 3 flattened, leathery seeds. Valley below Sipi ; May-September. — N. India, ascending to 5000 ft. XXV. VITACE^E Erect or climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, stalked, simple or compound ; stipules membranous, often conspicuous. Flowers small, 2 -sexual, regular, in panicles, racemes or cymes. Calyx small, cup-shaped. Petals 4 or 5, free or united at the base, valvate, recurved, soon falling off. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the petals, free or partially united, anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, ovoid, 2-6-celled ; style short, simple, stigma terminal ; ovules 2 or 1 in each cell. Fruit a globose, succulent berry containing 1-6 seeds. — A large Order inhabiting the tropical and temperate regions of nearly the whole world. Climbing shrubs Stamens free. Two ovules in each cell . .1. Vitis. Erect shrubs. Stamens inserted in a 5-cleft tube. One ovule in each cell 2. Leea. 1. VITIS. The Latin name oh the Vine. — -Tropical and sub- tropical regions of Asia and Africa, Pacific Islands, America. Shrubs, climbing by means of tendrils. Leaves simple or digitately or pedately compound. Tendrils leaf-opposed, simple or branched. Flowers in leaf-opposed, rarely axillary, often tendril- bearing panicles, racemes or cymes. Calyx obscurely 4- or 5- lobed. Petals 4 or 5, free or cohering at the tips and falling off as a cap. Disk of 4 or 5 small glands alternate with the petals. Stamens 4 or 5, free. Ovary 2-celled, narrowed upwards in a short, thick style ; stigma circular, flat ; ovules 2 in each cell. Berry globose, succulent, 1- or 2-celled, containing 1-4 seeds. The Grape vine, V. vinifera, was formerly cultivated in Kunawar, but the vine disease appeared in 1855-60 and since then the cultivation has almost disappeared. Excellent grapes are grown in Kashmir and many parts of India, motably Peshawar. 94 XXV. VITACE.E Leaves simple. Leaves tomentose on lower surface. Flowers in panicles 1. V.lanata. Leaves glabrous. Flowers in racemes . . . 2. V. jparvifolia. Leaves compound. Leaflets 3. Leaves glabrous. Flowers yellow-green . . 3. V. himalayana. Leaves pubescent. Flowers red- brown . . 4. V. divaricata. Leaflets 5 . . . . ... 5. V. capreolata . 1. Vitis lanata, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 651. All parts more or less covered with red-brown wool or t omentum. Stem and branches woody, climbing over high trees. Leaves simple, cordate-ovate, about 4Jx4 in., sometimes obscurely lobed, sharply toothed, pointed ; upper surface woolly, becoming nearly glabrous with age, lower densely tomentose. Flowers yellow- green, in large panicles. Petals 5, cohering at the tips. Stamens 5. Berry | in. diam., purple. Valleys below Simla ; April, May. — Throughout India in hilly districts, ascending to 6000 ft. — China, Formosa, Luchu archipelago. 2. Vitis parvifolia, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 652. Glabrous. Stem and branches slender, trailing. Leaves simple, ovate, 1_3x|-2 in., cordate or truncate, sharply toothed, acute, some- times deeply 3-5 lobed. Flowers green, in short, erect, simple or branched racemes. Petals 5, cohering at the tips. Stamens 5. Berry| J in. diam./ black. Simla, Mahasu ; April, May.— W. Himalaya, 3000-6000 ft. XXV. VITACEJE 95 3. Vitis himalayana, Brandis ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 655. Glabrous, climbing over tall trees. Leaves digitately compound ; leaflets 3, shortly stalked, ovate, l|-5xl-2J in., sharply toothed, long- pointed, upper surface dark green, shining, lower pale ; lateral leaflets unequal-sided. Flowers yellow-green, in spreading cymes. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens 4 or 5. Berry J in. diam. , black. (Fig. 31.) Simla, common ; April, May. — W. Himalaya, 6000-11,000 ft. — China. In autumn the leaves turn bright red or ruddy brown. 4. Vitis divaricata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 657. Pubescent. Stems slender, sometimes very long. Leaves digitately com- pound ; leaflets 3, stalked, ovate-lanceolate, 6-10x3-4 in., toothed, long-pointed ; lateral leaflets unequal-sided, often cordate and lobed. Flowers red-brown, in small, umbellate cymes. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Berry J in. diam., black. Simla ; July. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-7000 ft. 5. Vitis capreolata, D. Don ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 659. Glabrous. Stems creeping, wiry. Leaves pedately compound ; leaflets 5, shortly stalked, ovate -lanceolate, toothed, long-pointed, unequal, the terminal one largest, 1-2| in. long. Flowers yellow-green, in small, umbellate cymes. Petals 4. Stamens 4. Berry J in. diam., black. Simla, the Glen, Mushobra, on rocks and tree trunks ; July-September.— - Temperate Himalaya, 4000-7000 ft. 2. LEE A. In honour of James Lee, a noted nurseryman and botanist of the eighteenth century. — Tropical regions of Asia and Africa, rare in Australia. Leea aspera, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 665, under L. aspera. Wall. A robust, spreading shrub, 2-10 ft. ; stems and branches grooved. Uppermost leaves usually simply pinnate or the lower pinnae with 3 leaflets ; lower leaves 2 -pinnate ; leaflets 5-7 in each main division, shortly stalked, cordate-ovate, 5-6 X 2-3 in., abruptly tapering into a long point ; principal veins about 14 pairs, prominent, parallel ; margins coarsely toothed ; both sur- faces minutely bristly, rough. Flowers yellow-green, in spreading, leaf-opposed, nearly glabrous cymes. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, oblong, bases united and adnate to the staminal tube. Stamens 5, lower part of filaments united in a 5-lobed tube adnate to the petals. Ovary 3-6-celled ; style short, simple, stigma terminal ; ovule one in each cell. Berry J in. diam., black when ripe. Simla ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. Mr. C. B. Clarke in Trimen’s Journ. Bot. 1881, p. 136, has shown that the Leea of the N.W. Himalaya is L. aspera , as described by Edgeworth in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx,. 36, and is not the plant referred to under that name by Wallich in Roxb. FI. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 468, which is L. robusta, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 655. 96 XXVI „ SAPINDACEJE XXVI. S API N DACE-® Erect trees or shrubs, rarely climbing herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, stalked, simple and frequently lobed or compound ; stipules usually small and soon falling off. Flowers usually small and regular, in cymes or panicles, 2- or 1 -sexual, the male and female sometimes on different plants. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals, free or united in a tube. Petals 4 or 5, rarely none, alternate with the sepals, often unequal, sometimes bearing a small scale on the inner face. Disk fleshy, complete as an entire or lobed ring, or incomplete (the posterior half wanting), or reduced to glands, or altogether absent. Stamens normally 8, sometimes fewer, inserted within the disk, filaments usually long, anthers oblong, 2-celled, versatile or erect. Ovary sessile, free, 3- or 2-celled ; styles 1-3 ; ovules 1 or 2, rarely several in each cell. Fruit various, capsular or samaroid. Seeds 1-3, rarely numerous. — An Order dispersed throughout nearly the whole world ; most abundant in tropical, absent in very cold regions. Leaves alternate Leaves compound. A climbing herb. Leaves ternately pinnate, 3 leaflets on division. Capsule membranous, inflated . 1. Cardiospermum. A tree. Leaves simply pinnate, leaflets about 15. Drupe yellow, fleshy . . . . .3. Sapindus. Leaves simple. Valves of the capsule winged on the back 5. Dodoncea. Leaves opposite Leaves simple, usually lobed. Fruit of 2 samaras joined to a short axis ........ 4. Acer. Leaves compound. Leaves digitate ; leaflets 5-9. Capsule thick, leathery. Seeds 1-3, large ...... 2. Msculus. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 3. Capsule membranous, inflated. Seeds several, small . . . .6. Staphylea. 1. CARDIOSPERMUM. From the Greek cardia , a heart, and sperma, a seed, referring to the heart-shaped excrescence on the seeds. — Chiefly tropical America ; only 3 or 4 species in Asia and Africa, two of those being also found in America. Cardiospermum Halicaeabum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 670. An annual, climbing, nearly glabrous herb ; branches long, slender, grooved. Leaves alternate, ternately pinnate, 2|-3 in. ; each division with 3 coarsely toothed, 3-lobed, pointed leaflets, the centre one the longest. Flowers few, small, white, irregular, in axillary, long-stalked corymbs having a pair of simple coiled tendrils near XXVI. SAPINDACEiE 97 the base. Sepals 4, free, concave, the 2 outer very small. Petals 4, in unequal pairs, each with a small scale on the inner face. Disk reduced to 2 glands. Stamens 8, unequal, inserted at the base of the ovary. Ovary 3-celled ; style short, 3 -parted ; ovule 1 in each cell. Capsule giobose, membranous, veined, 3-cornered. Seeds 3, spherical, black, bearing a conspicuous, white, heart- shaped excrescence. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Most tropical and subtropical countries. 2. 2ESCULUS. The Latin name of an Oak having edible acorns ; derived from esca, food, nourishment. — Temperate regions of Asia and America. /Esculus indica, Colebr. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 675. A tree ; buds sticky. Leaves glabrous, opposite, long-stalked, digitately com- pound ; leaflets 5-9, oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, toothed, central ones 6-9 in., outer ones shorter. Plowers irregular, about 1 in. long, in numerous, small, pubescent cymes disposed in terminal, erect, narrow, pyramidal panicles 12-15 in. long ; the upper flowers in each cyme usually male. Calyx tubular, splitting as the flower opens, 5-toothed. Petals 4, clawed, white and yellow, base often streaked with red ; 2 petals narrower than the others. Disk in- complete, the posterior half wanting, lobed. Stamens 7, longer than the petals, inserted at the base of the ovary within the disk. Ovary tomentose, narrowly oblong, 3-celled ; style simple, as long as the stamens ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule smooth, brown, ovoid, 1-2 in., containing 1-3 large, globose, dark brown, shining seeds. Simla (planted), Narkunda forests (wild) ; April, May. — W. Himalaya, 4000-10,000 ft. — Afghanistan. The Horse Chestnut of Europe, JS. Hippocastanum, has larger leaflets and prickly capsules. 3. SAPINDUS. From the Latin sapo, soap, and indicus, Indian ; the drupes of S. Saponaria and other species, contain a pulp which lathers with hot water and is used for washing. — Nearly all tropical countries. Sapindus Mukorossi, Gcertn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 683. A tree. Leaves glabrous, alternate, usually even-, sometimes odd-pinnate ; leaflets 8-15, alternate or the upper ones nearly opposite, lanceo- late, about 4|xlJ in., entire. Flowers numerous, small, poly- gamous, purple, in terminal, pubescent, pyramidal panicles 4-8 in. long. Sepals 5, free, in 2 series, imbricate. Petals 5, clawed ; a minute, hairy scale projecting on each side at the base of the fringed blade. Disk complete, flat, 5-angled. Stamens 8, inserted at the base of the ovary within the disk, filaments hairy. Ovary H 98 XXVI. SAPINDACEJ3 3-lobed, 3-celled ; style short, simple ; ovule 1 in each cell. Drupe yellow, smooth, globose, J- in. diain. Sutlej valley, a tree on the left bank above the Komarsen bridge ; cultivated throughout N. India, ascending to 5000 ft. — China, Japan. The drupes are used in medicine ; also as soap for washing clothes and the hair. Native name Ke.etha. 4. ACER. The classical name of the Maple. — Europe, N. America, Asia. Trees. Leaves opposite, long-stalked, simple, usually lobed. Flowers small, regular, polygamous, white or tinged with green, in corymbs or racemes. Calyx 5- or 4-parted, segments imbricate in bud. Petals 5 or 4, imbricate. Disk thick, ring-shaped, lobed. Stamens usually 8, inserted on the disk. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled ; styles 2, linear, incurved, more or less united ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit of 2 conjoined samaras, ultimately separating from the short axis ; wings large, membranous, net-veined, more or less diverging, thickened along the lower edge. Seed one or rarely two in each samara. In the FI. Br. Ind. i. 693, Simla is recorded as a locality for A. Icevigatum. Wall., but I have seen no specimen. Brandis (For. FI. 110) and Gamble (Man. Ind. Timb. 99) both give the Jumna as the western limit of the species. It has oblong, entire leaves 2|-6 x 1-2 in., green on the lower surface. Acer campestre, Common Maple, is wild in Britain ; A. Pseudoplatanus, the Sycamore or Great Maple (called the Plane in Scotland), is naturalised. Leaves not lobed, oblong, entire ; lower surface white . 1. A. oblongum. Leaves lobed. Leaves 5-lobed ; margins toothed. Lobes pointed, but not produced in tail-like tips. Margins of leaves not fringed ; lower surface white 2. A . caesium. Margins of leaves minutely fringed ; lower surface green . . . . . . . . 3. A. villosum. Lobes narrowed into long, linear, tail-like tips . . 4. A. caudatum. Leaves 5-7-lobed ; margins entire . . ,. . 5. A. cultratum. 1. Acer oblongum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 693. Evergreen. Leaves glabrous, not lobed, oblong, 3-6 X 1-2 in., entire, long- pointed, upper surface dark green, lower white. Flowers in hairy corymbs. Simla, the Glen ; Pebruary-April. — Temperate Himalaya, 2000-6000 ft. — China, Luchu archipelago. 2. Acer caesium, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 695. Glabrous or nearly so. Leaves cordate, 5-lobed, 3-7 in., closely and sharply toothed ; lower surface covered with a pale bloom ; lobes pointed, the 2 basal smaller, sometimes obscure. Flowers in corymbs, appearing with the young leaves. Simla, Mahasu, Narkunda ; March, April. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000- 10,000 ft. XXVI. SAPINDACEiE 99 3. Acer villosum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 695. Leaves glabrous or nearly so on the surface ; margins minutely fringed, cordate, 5-lobed, 4-10 in. ; teeth few, irregular, distant ; lobes pointed, the 2 basal smaller, sometimes obscure. Flowers in long, often branched, hairy, clustered racemes, appearing before the leaves. Narkunda ; March, April. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-9000 ft. 4, Acer eaudatum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 695. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, slightly cordate, 5-lobed, 2-5 in., closely and sharply, irregularly toothed ; lobes narrowed into a long, linear, tail-like tip, the 2 basal smaller, sometimes obscure. Flowers in short, glabrous racemes, appearing with the leaves. (Fig. 32.) Simla, Mahasu, Matiana, Narkunda ; March, April. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-11,000 ft. 5. Acer cultratum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 696, under A.pictumJ Thunb. Glabrous. Leaves usually cordate, 5-7-lobed, 3-6 in., 100 XXVI. SAPINDACEiE entire ; lobes pointed, the 2 basal smaller, sometimes obscure. Flowers long-stalked, in corymbs, appearing with the leaves. Wings of fruit widely divergent, forming a nearly straight line. Narkunda ; May. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-9000 ft. The wings of the fruit of the Japanese A. pictum, Thunb.. are erect and almost touching. 5. DODONiEA. In honour of R. Dodoens, a Dutch herbalist of the sixteenth century. — Mostly in Australia. Dodonsea viscosa, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 697. An evergreen shrub ; leaves and young shoots viscid with yellow, resinous dots. Leaves alternate, sessile, simple, glabrous, varying from oblong- lanceolate acute to oblanceolate obtuse, 2-4 in., entire or sinuate, tapering downwards ; stipules none. Flowers small, yellow, 1- and 2 -sexual, often on different plants, in short, terminal panicles or racemes. Sepals 5, ovate, free. Petals and disk none. Stamens usually 8, filaments very short, anthers nearly as long as the sepals. Ovary usually 3-, sometimes 2- or 4-lobed and celled ; styles as many as the cells, long, united nearly to the top ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule 3- (or 2- or 4-) celled ; valves winged on the back, ultimately separating from the axis, wings membranous broadly orbicular. Seeds 1-3. Valleys below Simla ; June-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 4500 ft. — Most warm countries. Native name Sanatta ; commonly planted for hedges. 6. STAPHYLEA. From the Greek staphyle, a cluster, refer- ring to the inflorescence. — N. America, Europe, Asia. Staphylea Emodi, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. i. 698. A shrub or small tree, glabrous ; bark spotted. Leaves opposite, long-stalked, pinnately compound ; leaflets 3, nearly equal, 2 lateral sessile, terminal stalked, ovate, 2-6 X 1-3 in., finely toothed, long-pointed, lower surface pale ; stipules long, linear, soon falling off. Flowers white, nearly in. long, in short panicles, appearing with the young leaves. Bracts stipule-like. Calyx white, 5-parted, segments ovate- oblong, obtuse, erect. Petals 5, oblong, erect, as long as the calyx. Disk complete, nearly filling up the calyx-tube, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, erect, as long as the petals, inserted with them outside the edge of the disk. Ovary 3-lobed and 3-celled ; styles 3, as long as the petals, erect, free or united near the top, stigmas capitate ; ovules 6-8 in each cell. Capsule membranous, inflated, broadly ovoid, 2-3 in., yellow-white, narrowed to the base, shortly 3-pointed at the top. Seeds several, globose. Narkunda, in forest ; April, May. — W. Himalaya, 6000-8000 ft. Natives think that walking sticks made of the wood keep off snakes ; pro- bably on account of the spotted bark. The Afghan name is Marchob , serpent- stick. XXVII. SABIACEiE 101 XXVII. SABIACE^B Trees or climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple ; stipules none. Mowers § in. diam. or minute, usually 2-sexual, single on axillary stalks or panicled. Calyx 5-parted, lobes nearly equal, imbricate. Petals 5, equal or unequal, opposite the sepals, imbri- cate. Stamens 5, opposite the petals, filaments rather thick, all or only 2 anther-bearing. Disk ring- or cup-shaped. Ovary sessile, 2-lobed, 2-celled ; styles 2, simple, erect, more or less cohering, tips ultimately recurved ; ovules 2 in each cell. Drupe solitary or in pairs ; stone 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. — A small Order, chiefly Asiatic. Climbing shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers £ in. diam. . . 1. Sabia. Erect trees. Leaves toothed. Flowers minute . . .2. Meliosma. 1. SABIA. From Soobja , the Bengali name of Sabia lanceo- lata. — India, China, Japan, Malayan peninsula and archipelago. Sabia campanulata. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 1. A glabrous, climbing shrub. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 in. , entire, long-pointed. Flowers regular, 2-sexual, brown-purple, f in. diam., single on axillary, usually solitary stalks. Calyx very short. Petals in. long, ovate, concave, obtuse. Stamens all anther-bearing. Disk ring-shaped, 5-lobed. Drupe orbicular, flattened, wrinkled, J in. diam., solitary or in pairs. Mushobra, in the woods above the Waterworks road, Narkunda, not common ; April, May. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. 2. MELIOSMA. From the Greek meli, honey, and osma, odour, referring to the flowers.— -Himalaya, China, Corea, Japan, S. and Central America. Small trees. Leaves simple ; lateral nerves prominent on the lower surface, running out into sharp teeth. Flowers minute, irregular, 2- rarely 1-sexual, in panicles. Bracts none or 1-2. Sepals as long as the outer petals, concave. Petals unequal, the 3 outer orbicular, concave, the 2 inner much smaller, 2-lobed. Disk'cup-shaped, membranous, toothed, surrounding the base of the ovary. Filaments 5 ; two bearing large, globose anthers, connective much dilated ; three without anthers. Drupe globose, containing a 1 -seeded stone. Leaves ovate ; lateral nerves straight ; teeth numerous, close-set . . . . . . . 1. M. dillenicefolia. Leaves lanceolate ; lateral nerves curved ; teeth few, distant 2. M. pungens. 102 XXVII. SABIACEiE 1. Meliosma dilleniaefolia, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 4. Leaves rusty -pubescent, shortly stalked, ovate, 6-10 X 3-5 in., abruptly pointed ; lateral nerves straight, parallel ; teeth numerous, small, close-set, regular ; lower surface pale. Panicle 6-12 in. Flowers 2-sexual, shortly stalked. Bracts none. (Fig. 33.) Simla, not common ; June, July. — Himalaya, Simla to Sikkim, 4000- 8000 ft 2. Meliosma pungens. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 4. Leaves nearly glabrous, shortly stalked, lanceolate, 6-8 X l|-2 in., long- pointed : lateral nerves curved ; teeth few, large, distant. Panicle 6-12 in. Flowers 2- or 1-sexual, sessile. Bracts 2 or 1. Narkunda, not common ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-7000 ft. Common about Mussoorie. XXVIII. ANACARDIACEiE 103 XXVIII. ANACARDIACE^E Shrubs or trees ; the bark often abounding in gum or acrid juice. Leaves alternate, pinnate or simple, crowded towards the end of branches ; stipules none. Flowers small, regular, 2- or 1 -sexual, sometimes polygamous, in panicles or racemes. Calyx 4- or 5- parted, persistent. Petals 4, 5 or none, longer than the calyx, free, imbricate. Disk ring-shaped, often lobed, sometimes wanting in the female flowers. Stamens 5-8, none or rudimentary in the female flowers ; filaments free, sometimes very short ; anthers 2 -celled, usually versatile. Ovary sessile, ovoid, rudimentary in the male flowers, 1 -celled ; styles usually 3 or 4 ; ovule solitary. Drupe nearly dry ; stones hard, 1 -seeded. — Name from the Greek ana, similar, and cardia, a heart ; referring to the thick heart- shaped stalk of the Cashew nut, Anacardium occidentale. The Mango tree belongs to this Order ; it is cultivated in the lower hills up to 3000 ft. Petals pale purple or yellow-green. Petals 5. Stamens 5 . . . . . .1. Rhus. Petals 4. Stamens 8 . . . . . .3. Odina . Petals none. Anthers large, deep red . . . ■ . .2. Pistacia. 1. RHUS. From rous , the classical name of R. Cotinus.- — Temperate regions, rarer in the tropics. Trees or shrubs ; juice usually acrid. Leaves simple or odd- pinnate, turning red in the autumn before they fall ; leaflets opposite, entire or toothed. Flowers polygamous, usually very small, but conspicuous by their number, forming large, dense panicles ; male and female often on different trees. Calyx 5-parted, much shorter than the petals. Petals 5, equal, spread- ing. Stamens 5. Styles 3, short. Drupe small, more or less flattened ; seed often oily. Leaves simple . Leaves compound. Leaves of 3 leaflets . Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 7-1 8. Leaflets toothed ; leafstalk winged Leaflets entire 1 ; leafstalk not winged. Leaves glabrous. Leaflets sessile. Drupes tomentose Leaflets stalked. Drupes glabrous Leaves tomentose . . . . 1. R. Cotinus. 2. R. parviflora. 3. R. semialata. 4. R. punjabensis. 6. R. succedanea. 5. R. Wallichii. 1 In R. punjabensis the leaflets sometimes have a few irregular, distant teeth. 104 XXVIII. ANACARDIACEiE 1. Rhus Cotinus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 9. A shrub or small tree. Leaves undivided, long-stalked, obovate or ovate, 2-4 in., entire, stalks and lower surface pubescent. Mowers pale purple, in drooping, hairy panicles 3-6 in. long ; fertile flowers few. Drupe Fig. 34. Rhus Cotinus. hairy, cordate, about \ in. long, unequally lobed. After flowering the stalks of the numerous, sterile flowers become elongated and covered with long, silky hairs, forming a spreading panicle of slender, feathery branches. (Fig. 34.) Valleys below Simla, common, the Glen ; March-August. — W. Himalaya, 3000-5000 ft. — E. Asia, S. Europe ; and a very closely allied species in N. America. Bark and leaves used for tanning. Wood bright yellow. *2. Rhus parviflora, Boxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 9. A shrub, covered with soft, red-brown tomentum. Leaves stalked ; leaflets XXVIII. ANACARDIACEiE 105 3, ovate, irregularly crenate, lateral ones sessile, central one shortly stalked, largest 2-3 in. Flowers pale yellow-green, in hairy, terminal panicle^ up to 12 in. long. Drupe brown, glabrous, shining, ovoid, J in. N.W. Himalaya from the Sutlej to Nepal, 2000-5000 ft. ; May, June. — Pachmarhi, Central India. 3. Rhus semialata, Murray ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 10. A tree ; young parts, leaf stalks and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves odd-pinnate, 12-18 in., the upper part of the rachis narrowly winged ; leaflets 9-13, lateral sessile, end one on a winged stalk, ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 in., closely and sharply toothed, lower surface tomentose. Flowers pale yellow-green, in large panicles nearly as long as the leaves. Drupe tomentose, red-brown, nearly £ in. diam. Simla, the Glen, Mahasu ; April-June. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-7000 ft. — China, Japan. Galls of various shapes, caused by insects, frequently occur on the branches ; they are used in the manufacture of ink and in native medicine. 4. Rhus punjabensis, Stewart ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 10. A tree ; young parts pubescent. Leaves glabrous, odd-pinnate, 12-18 in. ; leaflets 11-13, lateral sessile, end one stalked, ovate-oblong, 2£-5 in., acute, entire, rarely with a few irregular, distant teeth. Flowers white or pale yellow-green, in large, broad panicles about half the length of the leaves. Drupe red-tomentose, £ in. diam. Simla, Jako, the Glen ; May- July. — W. Himalaya, 3000-8000 ft. The juice raises blisters and makes black stains on paper. 5. Rhus Wallichii, Hook. f. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 11. A tree ; all parts rusty tomentose. Leaves odd-pinnate, 12-18 in., resembling those of a walnut ; leaflets 7-11, lateral sessile or nearly so, end one long-stalked, ovate or ovate-oblong, 3-9 in., abruptly pointed, entire. Flowers in axillary panicles much shorter than the leaves. Petals green-yellow, with dark veins. Drupe ovoid or globose, £ in. long, brown-tomentose at first, ultimately nearly glabrous. Simla, the Glen ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-7000 ft. The juice is highly corrosive. In Japan lacquer is in part prepared from the juice of the closely allied R. vernicifera. 6. Rhus succedanea, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 12. A tree. Leaves glabrous, odd-pinnate, 6-12 in. ; leaflets 7-13, lateral shortly stalked, end one long-stalked, ovate-oblong, 3-6 in., acute or long-pointed, entire, shining. Flowers green-yellow, in droop- ing panicles shorter than the leaves. Drupe globose, \ in. diam., glabrous, pale yellow. Valleys near Simla ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-6000 ft., Assam. — Japan, China, Java. The Simla tree is the variety himalaica of the FI. Br. Ind. 106 XXVIII. ANACAEDIACEiE 2. PISTACIA. The classical name of the Pistachio Nut, P. vera. — Mediterranean region, E. Asia, Mexico. Pistacia integerrima, Stewart ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 13. A tree ; glabrous or nearly so. Leaves odd- or even-pinnate, 6-9 in. ; leaflets 7-11 or 8-10, nearly opposite, shortly stalked, lanceolate, 2J-5 in., long-pointed, entire, base unequal, young foliage red. Flowers red, 1 -sexual, the male and female on different trees, in lateral panicles, appearing with the young leaves. Petals none. Male flowers : calyx very small, 5-parted, stamens 5-7, anthers large oblong, deep red, nearly sessile. Female flowers : calyx 4- parted, lobes narrow acute, soon falling off, disk and stamens none, style 3-parted, tips broad, recurved. Drupe glabrous, wrinkled, globose, | in. diam., grey when ripe. Simla, near the road between Annandale and the Glen ; April, May. — W. Himalaya, 1500-8000 ft. — Cultivated in the plains. Large crooked galls, often 6-7 in. long, form on the leaves in the autumn ; they are sold in bazaars under the name of Kalcri singi and are used in native medicine The heartwood is hard and durable and is highly esteemed for carving, furniture and all kinds of ornamental carpentry. 3. ODINA. Origin of name uncertain. — A small genus ; chiefly African. Odina Wodier, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 29. A tree. Leaves few, stellately tomentose when young, becoming glabrous after- wards, odd-pinnate ; leaflets 7-9, opposite, lateral shortly stalked, end one long-stalked, ovate, 3-6 in., entire, abruptly long-pointed. Flowers appearing before the young leaves, 1 -sexual, male and female on different branches or on different trees, in small clusters arranged along simple or branched, stellately tomentose, racemose panicles 3-6 in. long, in the axils of fallen leaves or at the end of the thick, naked branches. Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Petals 4, yellow-green, much longer than the calyx, spreading. Male flowers : stamens 8, nearly as long as the petals, ovary rudimentary, 4-cleft. Female flowers : stamens rudimentary, styles 4, short, thick. Drupe oblong, about \ in., flattened, glabrous, red when ripe. Valleys below Simla ; February- April. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Burmah. As seen in the arid valleys near Simla, this tree, especially when its branches have been lopped for fodder and its trunk hacked for gum, presents a singularly ungainly appearance, but in the moist forests, at the foot of the hills, it grows into a handsome spreading tree, and it is only in such situations that its valuable, hard, heavy heartwood is developed in sufficient thickness to be useful. The yellow gum obtained from the bark is used for calico-printing. XXIX. COKIARIACEiE 107 XXIX. CORIARIACE^E A small Order of doubtful affinity, consisting of a single genus, of which the few species are widely distributed. The structure of the pistil and fruit resembles that of Phytolacca in some respects. CORIARIA. From the Latin coriarius, pertaining to leather ; the leaves are used for tanning. — Mediterranean region to China and Japan ; New Zealand and the Andes. Coriaria nepalensis, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 44. A glabrous shrub ; branches 4-angled, arching ; bark red. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, ovate, 1-3 x f-2 in., shortly pointed, entire ; basal Fig. 35. Coriaria nepalensis. nerves prominent, curved, 1 or 2 on each side of the midrib. Flowers small, 2-sexual, regular, in lateral, clustered racemes 2-6 in. long. Sepals 5, imbricate, spreading, persistent. Petals 5, green, smaller than the sepals at first, soon enlarging and becoming fleshy and keeled on the inner face, persistent. Stamens 10, free, anthers large, oblong, coral-red, protruding, conspicuous. Carpels 5, distinct, 1 -celled, whorled round and attached to a short, central 108 XXIX. CORIARIACEJE axis ; styles 5, simple, long, thick ; ovule, solitary. Fruit of 5 small, distinct, one-seeded, prominently ridged carpels, enclosed within the much enlarged, purple, succulent petals and separated from one another by the projecting petal-keels. (Fig. 35.) Simla, common ; March, April. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-7000 ft. — China. Native name Masuri ; this shrub is said to have been abundant on the site of Mussoorie, and to have given its name to the station. XXX, LEGUMINOS^E Herbs, shrubs or trees, of extremely varied habit and appearance. Leaves simple or compound, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, stipulate. Flowers usually 2-sexual. Sepals 5, rarely fewer, often unequal, usually combined in a 5-toothed calyx. Petals 5, rarely fewer, dissimilar or nearly alike, free or more or less united, usually longer than the calyx and inserted at the bottom of its tube. Stamens 10, rarely fewer, numerous only in Acacia and Albizzia, free or variously united, commonly hypogynous ; fila- ments thread-like, sometimes dilated towards the tip ; anthers 2-celled, usually uniform. Ovary free, 1-celled ; style simple, slender, continuous with the ovary ; stigma usually small and terminal ; ovules several or many, rarely only 1 or 2. Fruit a pod, usually dry and opening by 2 similar valves, in a few genera ultimately breaking up into indehiscent, one-seeded joints ; seeds attached alternately along the upper margin of the valves, some- times separated from one another by partitions or by constrictions of the pod. — Leguminous plants constitute a vast Order spread over nearly the whole globe, Papilionacese being generally dis- persed, Csesalpiniese and Mimosese most abundant in the warmer regions. Many species are cultivated, either for their flowers or as forage plants or for their seeds which are used as food by both man and beast ; among the last the two following species are cultivated near Simla in addition to those subsequently mentioned. Cicer arietinum. A herb. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets about 13. Flowers pea-like, blue-purple or white. _ Pod 1 in. ; seeds 2. The common gram. Cajanus indicus. A shrub. Leaves of 3 sessile leaflets. Flowers pea-like, yellow, veined with red. Pod 2-3 in. ; seeds 3-5. The arhardhal. The False Acacia, Bobinia Pseud-acacia, a N. American tree, common in Britain, is often planted at Simla. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets entire. Flowers white, fragrant, in pendulous racemes. XXX. LEGUMINOSiE 109 Leguminosae are divided into three Sub-orders : Corolla pea-shaped. Petals dissimilar .... I. Papilionacece. Corolla regular. Petals similar or nearly so. Flowers large, in clusters, racemes or panicles. Petals free. Stamens shorter or only slightly longer than the corolla . . . . . . .II. Ccesalpiniece. Flowers small, in heads or spikes. Petals united. Stamens much longer than the corolla . . . III. Mimosece. I. PAPILIONACECE. Flowers pea-like. Calyx usually bell- shaped and 5-toothed. Petals usually clawed, dissimilar, consisting of an upper one called the standard and two lower pairs, the wings and keel respectively : standard outermost, covering the others, usually broadly ovate, free or slightly adherent to the stamens ; wing-petals usually oblong, free or adherent to the inner petals ; keel-petals innermost, usually ovate, their tips more or less incurved and their lower margins more or less united. Stamens 10, in Dalbergia only 9 ; all free, all united or united in two bundles of 5 each, or the upper stamen free and the others united ; the stamens if united sheathing the ovary and more or less free above the middle ; filaments usually thread-like, sometimes the alternate ones thickened towards the tip ; anthers usually uniform, sometimes alternately large and small. — The name Papilionacece is derived from the Latin papilio from the resemblance of the corolla to a butterfly. Papilionaceous flowers are all specialised in structure for fertilisation by insects ; the details varying in the different genera. A. Leaves simple Stamens all free. Leaves apparently whorled . Stamens all united. Leaves alternate Upper stamen free, others united Pod jointed. Flowers not enclosed within bracts. Petals shorter than the calyx Petals longer than the calyx Pod not jointed. Flowers enclosed within bracts B. Leaves compound * Leaflets two Stamens all united. Style glabrous Upper stamen free, others united. Style bearded 2. Thermopsis. 4. Orotalaria.1 21. Alysicarpus. 23. DesmodiumJ 37, Flemingia. 3 17. Zornia. 25. LathyrusA * * Leaflets three f Terminal leaflet stalked. (See also Trifolium minus.) Trees. Flowers white, pale pink or yellow- white. Stamens 10, upper one free, others united. Pod jointed 22. Ougeinia. Stamens 9, all united. Pod not jointed . . 38. Dalbergia.5 1 All species except C. medicaginea. 2 D. gangeticum only has simple l eaves. 3 F. fruticulosa only. 4 Species 2, 3 and 4. 5 Dalbergia usually has 5, sometimes 3 leaflets. 110 XXX. LEGUMINOSJL Flowers red or orange red. Calyx 2 -lipped. Pod glabrous, cylindric Calyx tubular. Pod tomentose, flat . Shrubs or herbs. Leaflets toothed. Flowers small. Flowers yellow. Pod straight or nearly so .... Pod spirally twisted or strongly curved Flowers white. Pod ovoid. Seeds only 1 or 2 Leaflets entire. Pod jointed, or constricted between the seeds. Stems twining. Flowers yellow ...... Flowers purple-blue ..... Steins erect or prostrate. Racemes cylindric. Pod folded within the calyx ....... Racemes simple. Pod straight, protruding . Pod neither jointed nor constricted between the seeds. Stems erect. Pod 1 -seeded .... Stems twining or trailing.2 Pod more than 1- seeded, except sometimes in Rhynchosia. Flowers ^ in., pale lilac, solitary, in pairs or in short racemes ..... Flowers \ in., pink- white, racemed. Lower bracts large, involucrate .... Flowers 1-lf in., pink or red, clustered at the end of long, naked stalks .... Flowers J in., yellow. Keel and style spirally twisted ..... Flowers f in., pale yellow. Standard with 2 small pouches in the middle . Flowers 4-1 J in., yellow. Pod with trans- verse, parallel grooves between the seeds . Flowers in., yellow or red. Pod 1|- in. . 29. Erythnna. 30. Butea. 7. Trigonella. 9. Medicago. 8. Melilotus. 28. Dumasia, 31. Pueraria. 20. Uraria. 23. Desmodium.1 16. Lespedeza. 26. Amphicarpcea. 27. Shuteria . 33. Vigna. 32. Phaseolus. 34. Dolichos. 35. AtylosiaA 36. Rhynchosia. t f Terminal leaflet sessile. (See also Atylosia and Trifolium minus.) Stamens all free. A shrub. Flowers yellow. Anthers uniform ......... Stamens all united. Anthers dissimilar. Pod flat, f-1 in. Seeds 1-15 .... Pod globose, \ in. Seeds 2 . ... Upper stamen free, others united. Flowers numerous, in heads or racemes. Flowers in terminal heads ..... Flowers in axillary racemes .... Flowers few, in small clusters or solitary. Flowers red, in terminal, head-like clusters Flowers blue, solitary or in pairs 1. Piptanthus. 3. Argyrolohium. 4. CrotalariaA 5. Trifolium A 11. Indig of era. 6 37. FlemingiaJ 6. Parochetus. * * * Leaflets 5 or more f Leaves with a terminal leaflet Stamens all free. A shrub. Leaflets 21-41. Flowers yellow 39. Sophora. 1 D. gangeticum only has simple leaves. 2 F. fruticulosa only. 3 A. scara- bceoides has the terminal leaflet very shortly stalked. 4 G. medicaginea only. 5 T. minus has the terminal leaflet shortly stalked. 6 1, trifoliala only. 7 F, vestita only. XXX. LEGUMINOSiE 111 Stamens united at the base, ultimately dividing into two bundles of 5 each. A herb. Leaflets 41-61. Mowers yellow . . . . . • . . • Stamens 9, all united. A tree. Leaflets 5 or 3. Flowers yellow-white ........ Upper stamen free, others united. Leaflets 5, 2 at the base of the leaf-stalk, 3 at the end. Flowers yellow, in umbels. Five longer stamens thickened upwards .... Leaves covered with short hairs fixed by the centre. Flowers red, pink or purple, in racemes Flowers yellow, in racemes. Ovary stalked. Style bearded. Pod inflated ..... Flowers red, in leaf-opposed racemes Flowers pink, yellow or yellow-green, in axillary racemes or heads, rarely solitary or in pairs 19. AEschynomene. 38. Dalbergia.1 10. Lotus. 11. Indigofer a. 2 12. Colutea. 13. Tephrosia. 15. Astragalus. f f Leaves terminating in a spine, bristle or tendril Stamens united in two bundles of 5 each. Flowers pale blue. Pod jointed . . . . . . .18. Smithia. Upper stamen free, others united. Pod not jointed. Leaves terminating in a spine A shrub. Flowers yellow .14. Caragana. Leaves terminating in a bristle or tendril. Herbs Style cylindric, nearly glabrous .... 24. V icia. Style flattened, bearded along the inner side . 25. Lathyrus .3 * * * * Leaflets none Stipules leaf-like. Leaves terminating in a tendril. Flowers yellow ....... 25. Lathyrus A II. CiES ALPXNIEZE . Calyx 5-parted, spathe-like and un- divided or spathe-like and splitting into 2 or 3 unequal segments. Petals free, imbricate, nearly equal and similar, the upper one innermost. Stamens 10 or fewer, free or united close to the base, shorter or only slightly longer than the corolla. Calyx 5-parted. Leaves pinnately divided. Shrubs prickly. Leaves 2 -pinnate . . .40. Ccesalpinia . Trees or herbs, not prickly. Leaves simply pinnate 41. Cassia. Calyx spathe-like and undivided or splitting into 2 or 3 segments. Leaves simple, notched or 2-lobed . . 42. Bauhinia. III. MIMOSEZE. Flowers usually very small, crowded in globose heads or cylindric spikes. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, teeth 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, united in a tubular or bell-shaped corolla. Stamens 8 or numerous, much longer than the corolla, free or more or less united. Stamens 8, free. Pod jointed . . . . .43. Mimosa. Stamens numerous. Pod not jointed. Stamens free or united only at the base . . . 44. Acacia. Stamens united up to the top of the corolla, . . 45. Albizzia. 1 Dalbergia usually has 5, sometimes 3 leaflets. 2 All species except I. trifoliata. 3 L. luteus only. 4 L. Aphaca only. 112 XXX. LEGUMINOSiE 1. PIPTANTHUS. From the Greek pip to, to fall, and anthos, a flower ; referring to the early falling of the flowers. — Temperate Himalaya, China, Central Asia. Piptanthus nepalensis, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 62. An erect shrub. Leaves with three leaflets, nearly glabrous ; leaflets sessile, lanceolate, 3-5 in., entire. Flowers yellow, 1-1 J in. long, crowded in short, hairy racemes. Bracts ovate, tomentose, soon falling off. Calyx tomentose, bell-shaped ; 2 upper teeth broad, united to above the middle ; 3 lower narrow, divided nearly to the base, equal. Petals clawed : standard erect, notched, margins reflexed ; wings nearly as long as the curved, obtuse keel. Stamens all free ; anthers uniform. Ovary stalked, nearly glabrous ; style incurved, glabrous ; stigma minute. Pod stalked, flat, 3-5 X J-f in. Seeds 4-10. Upper road from Matiana to Narkunda ; April, Mav. — Temperate Hima- laya. 7000-9000 ft.— China. 2. THERMOPSIS. From the Greek thermos , a lupin, and opsis, resemblance. — Himalaya, Central and E. Asia, N. America. Thermopsis barbata, Royle ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 62. A perennial herb. Stems tufted, erect, 6-18 in. Leaves of 3 sessile leaflets with leaf -like stipules at the base thus having the appearance of 3-7 whorled leaves, glabrous or hairy, lanceolate, 1-2 in., entire. Flowers dark violet-purple, 1 in. long, crowded in short, axillary racemes forming a long, terminal panicle. Bracts leaf-like, shaggy, united at the base. Calyx shaggy, bell-shaped ; teeth 5, lanceolate, 2 upper more or less united. Petals glabrous, long- clawed : standard orbicular, 2-lobed, margins reflexed ; wings shorter than the oblong keel. Stamens all free. Ovary hairy ; style incurved ; stigma minute. Pod hairy, broadly oblong, 1-2 in., acute. Seeds 2-6. Patarnala ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft. 3. ARGYROLOBXUM. From the Greek argyrosi silver, and lobos, a pod. — Mediterranean region to India ; Africa, chiefly South. Small shrubs or perennial herbs. Branches long, slender, diffuse or procumbent. Leaves of 3 leaflets ; leaflets sessile, nearly equal. Flowers small, in stalked racemes or clusters. Calyx deeply 2-lipped, upper lip 2-toothed, lower 3-toothed ; teeth narrowly lanceolate. Petals glabrous, hardly longer than the calyx ; standard oblong-orbicular, notched ; wings oblong ; keel broadly-oblong, obtuse, shorter than the standard. Stamens all united in a closed tube, 5 longer with large, basi-fixed anthers, 5 shorter with smaller, versatile anthers. Ovary sessfle ; style XXX. LEGUMINOSiE 113 incurved ; stigma minute. Pod £-1 in., erect, straight, narrow, flattened ; seeds 6-15. Densely silky. Leaflets lanceolate, acute. Flowers yellow . 1 . A. flaccidum' Thinly silky or glabrous. Leaflets obovate, obtuse. Flowers pink . . . . . . . . . . 2. A. roseum . 1. Argyrolobium flaccidum, Jaub. Spach ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 63. A small, erect shrub densely covered with short, adpressed, silky hairs ; branches 12-18 in., sometimes dwarfed to less than 6 in. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, -|-f in., acute. Flowers yellow, few, in short racemes. Pod f-1 in. ; seeds 6-8. Sutlej valley ; May-July. — X.W. India, ascending to 9000 ft. * 2. Argyrolobium roseum, Jaub. & Spach ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 64. A perennial, thinly silky herb ; branches 6-12 in. Leaflets broadly obovate, J in., base wedge-shaped, tip rounded. Flowers pink, few, clustered. Pod f in. ; seeds 10-15. X.W. India, ascending to 7000 ft. ; May-July. — Persia, Beloochistan. 4. CROTALARIA. From the Greek Jcrotalon, a rattle, refer- ring to the rattling of the seeds in the inflated pods. — Widely dispersed in tropical and warm regions. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or of 3 leaflets, entire ; stipules usually small or none, in G. alata conspicuous as decurrent wings. Flowers yellow, rarely blue, in terminal or leaf- opposed racemes. Calyx 2 -lipped ; teeth 5, long, linear, the 2 upper more or less united. Petals about as long as the calyx or much longer ; standard orbicular, notched, often with a small, hard knob just above the short claw ; wings shorter than the standard ; keel strongly incurved, pointed. Stamens all united in a tube split along the upper side, 5 shorter with long, basi-fixed anthers, 5 longer with smaller, versatile anthers. Ovary sessile or nearly so ; style strongly curved or abruptly indexed, bearded on the inner side below the minute stigma. Pod oblong or globose, inflated ; seeds 2 or more, often numerous. Leaves simple. Pod oblong, 6- to many-seeded. Flowers yellow. Petals never much longer than the calyx. Pod \ in. or less. Stems prostrate. Calyx and lower surface of leaves densely red-hairy. Flowers £ in. or less. Pod J in. . . . . Pod 5 in. or less ...... Stems erect or diffuse. Calyx and lower surface of leaves white-pubescent. Flowers | in. Pod l-li in. Stipules large, decurrent as conspicuous wings on the stem and branches ... Stipules small, not decurrent .... 1. C. prostrata. 2. G. humifusa. 6. C. albida. 4. G. alata. 5. C. mysorensis. I 114 XXX. LEGrUMINOSiE Petals i\- 2 times as long as the calyx. Leaves 1-2 in. Pod f in., densely hairy . . 3. 0. hirsuta. Leaves 2-6 in. Pod 1^-2 in., nearly glabrous . 8. G. sericea. Flowers pale blue . . . . . . . 7. C. sessiliflora. Leaves with 3 leaflets. Pod globose, 2-seeded . . 9. G. medicagineci. ] . Crotalaria prostrata, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 67. A perennial, diffuse, hairy herb ; stems slender, prostrate or trailing, 6-12 in. Leaves simple, nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, J-1J in., obtuse, lower surface densely red-hairy ; stipules small. Flowers \ in. long, few, racemose. Calyx densely red-hairy. Petals yellow, hardly longer than the calyx ; standard red-streaked. Pod oblong, \ in., glabrous ; seeds 12-18. Sutlej valley, Suni ; April. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Java. 2. Crotalaria humifusa, Grah. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 67. A peren- nial, diffuse, hairy herb ; stems slender, prostrate, 6-12 in. Leaves simple, nearly sessile, orbicular-ovate, J-l in., lower surface densely red-hairy ; stipules small. Flowers few, J in. long, racemose. Calyx densely red-hairy. Petals yellow, hardly longer than the calyx. Pod oblong, glabrous, not more than \ in. long ; seeds 6-8. Simla ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-6000 ft. 3. Crotalaria hirsuta, Willd. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 68. A perennial, diffuse, hairy herb ; stems prostrate or climbing over brushwood, much branched, one to several feet long. Leaves simple, sessile, ovate, 1-2 in., acute ; stipules small. Flowers | in. long, 2-3 in a raceme. Calyx hairy. Petals yellow, 1^ times as long as the calyx ; the standard and sometimes the wings spotted with purple. Pod oblong, | in., densely hairy ; seeds 8-10. Simla ; July-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. *4. Crotalaria alata, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 69. A densely hairy, erect undershrub, 1-2 ft. Leaves simple, nearly sessile, oblong, 1-3 in., tip rounded ; stipules large, pointed, persistent, decurrent as conspicuous wings on the stem and branches. Flowers | in. long, few, racemed. Calyx densely hairy. Petals pale yellow, hardly longer than the calyx. Pod oblong, 1-1 J in., glabrous ; seeds 30-40. N.W. India,- ascending to 5000 ft. ; July September. — Assam. — Java. *5. Crotalaria mysorensis, Roth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 70. A densely hairy, erect undershrub, 1-2 ft. Leaves simple, nearly sessile, narrowly oblong, 1-3 in., obtuse or acute ; stipules small. Flowers ^-| in. long, racemed. Calyx densely hairy. Petals yellow, hardly longer than the calyx. Pod oblong, 1-1 J in., glabrous ; seeds 20-30. Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. ; July-September. XXX. LE GUMIN O SiE 115 6. Crotalaria albida, Heyne ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 71. An erect or diffuse, much-branched, silvery-pubescent undershrub, 1-2 ft. Leaves simple, nearly sessile, narrowly oblong, 1-2 in., obtuse, upper surface minutely dotted, lower white -pubescent ; stipules none. Flowers J in. long, racemed. Calyx white-pubescent. Petals pale yellow, not longer than the calyx. Pod oblong, \ in., glabrous ; seeds 6-12. Simla ; July-September.-— -Throughout India, ascending to 7000 ft. — China, Malay Islands. 7. Crotalaria sessiliflora, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 73. An erect, hairy herb, 6-24 in. Leaves simple, shortly stalked, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 1-4 X J-J in., acute, upper surface glabrous or thinly hairy ; stipules minute. Flowers J in. long, nearly sessile, upper ones racemed, lower often axillary. Calyx densely covered with long hairs. Petals pale blue, not longer than the calyx. Pod oblong, | in., glabrous ; seeds 10-15. Simla, Chadwick Falls, Waterworks Road ; August, September. — Through- out X. India, ascending to 6000 ft. — China, Japan, Malay Islands. 8. Crotalaria sericea, Betz. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 75. An erect, silky-pubescent shrub, 3-6 ft. ; stems robust, grooved. Leaves simple, nearly sessile, obovate, narrowed to the base, 2-6 X 1-3 in., tipped with a minute bristle ; uppermost leaves lanceolate, acute ; upper surface glabrous, lower finely pubescent ; stipules small. Flowers f-i in. long, in long, terminal racemes. Calyx pubescent. Petals yellow, nearly twice as long as the calyx. Pod oblong, l|-2 in., nearly glabrous ; seeds many. Valleys below Simla ; August-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Tropical Asia. 9. Crotalaria medieaginea, Lam. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 81. A perennial, silky -pubescent herb ; branches 6-12 in., prostrate, spreading. Leaflets 3, nearly sessile, broadly wedge-shaped or narrowly obovate, J-f in. ; stipules minute. Flowers J in. long, racemed. Calyx pubescent. Petals yellow, twice as long as the calyx. Pod globose, ~ in. diam., pubescent ; seeds 2. Valleys below Simla, ■ Sutlej valley, Suni ; April-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Tropical Asia, Australia. 5. TRIFOLIUM. The Latin name of Clover, signifying three leaved. — Most temperate regions except Australasia. Erect or procumbent herbs. Leaves of 3 leaflets ; leaflets nearly sessile or the terminal one stalked, usually toothed ; stipules united to the leaf-stalk. Flowers small, numerous, crowded in long-stalked, ovoid or globose heads. Bracts small or none. Calyx bell-shaped ; teeth 5, nearly equal or the 3 lower longer. Petals narrow, persistent ; the claws united to the 116 XXX. LEGUMINOSiE staminal tube ; keel obtuse. Upper stamen free, others united. Style slightly curved, glabrous ; stigma minute. Pod very small, indehiscent, enclosed within the brown, deflexed, withered corolla ; seeds 1 or 3-4. Heads f-1^ in. diam. Terminal leaflet sessile. Flowers red-purple. Pod 1 -seeded . . . .1. T. pratense. Flowers white or tinged with pink. Pod 3-4-seeded . 2. T. repens. Heads J in. diam. or less. Terminal leaflet stalked. Flowers very small, yellow . . . . . . . . 3. T. minus. 1. Trifolium pratense, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 86. Perennial, hairy ; stems decumbent or nearly erect. Leaflets ovate or oblong, entire or toothed, tip obtuse or notched ; terminal leaflet sessile. Stipules large, broadly ovate, veined, long-pointed, much shorter than the leaf -stalks. Heads ovoid or globose, £-l| in. diam., with 1 or 2 leaves near the base. Flowers red-purple, nearly sessile. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, narrow, longer than the tube. Pod 1 -seeded. Simla, common ; April-July. — W. Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. — Temperate Asia, Europe (Britain, Purple Clover). — Widely colonised. 2. Trifolium repens, Linn. ) FI. Br. Ind. ii. 86. Perennial, glabrous or slightly hairy ; stems slender, procumbent, rooting at the joints. Leaflets obovate, toothed, veins prominent, tip notched ; terminal leaflet sessile. Stipules narrowly oblong, much shorter than the leaf-stalk. Heads globose, £-l£ in. diam. Flowers white or tinged with pink, shortly stalked. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, nearly equal, shorter than the tube. Pod 3-4-seeded. Simla, common ; April-July. — Temperate Himalaya. — Asia, Europe (Britain, Dutch Clover). — Widely colonised. 3. Trifolium minus, Smith ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 86. Annual, nearly glabrous ; stems trailing. Leaflets obovate, finely toothed ; terminal leaflet shortly stalked. Stipules broadly lanceolate, nearly or quite as long as the leaf-stalk. Heads ovoid, \ in. diam., or less. Flowers yellow, shortly stalked. Calyx-teeth narrow, acute, the 2 upper much shorter than the tube, the 3 lower longer. Pod obovoid, 1 -seeded. Simla, common ; an introduced weed, now naturalised ; April, May. — Europe (Britain, Lesser Clover). — Commonly called the Shamrock. 6. PAROCHETUS. From the Greek para, near, and ochetos, a stream, referring to the usual habitat. — A genus of only one species. Parochetus communis, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 86. A hairy herb ; stems long, thread-like, prostrate, rooting at the joints. Leaflets 3, nearly sessile, obcordate, entire or minutely toothed. Stipules lanceolate, acute, nearly free. Flowers deep violet-blue, XXX. LEGUMINOSiE 117 |-| in. long, solitary or in pairs at the end of a stalk longer than the leaves. Calyx hell-shaped ; teeth 5, acute, the 2 upper united to near the tips. Petals free from the staminal tube : standard erect, clawed ; keel shorter than the wings. Upper stamen free, others united, filaments not dilated, anthers nearly uniform. Style glabrous, inflexed ; stigma minute. Pod glabrous, f-1 in., straight, tipped with the persistent style ; seeds many. Matiana, in damp grass, not common ; April-September. — Himalaya from Simla eastwards, 4000-13,000 ft. — Nilghiris, Burmah, Java, Africa. 7. TRIGONELLA. From the Greek treis, three, and gonia , an angle ; referring to the triangular form of the flowers.— Asia, Mediterranean region, South Africa, Australia. Annual, fragrant herbs ; stems usually several, much branched, diffuse, procumbent, or erect. Leaves of 3 leaflets ; leaflets small, obovate, upper half toothed, lower entire, wedge-shaped, lateral leaflets nearly sessile, terminal one stalked, veins prominent, parallel, running out into small, sharp teeth ; stipules united to the leaf-stalk, lanceolate, entire or toothed, long-pointed. Flowers small, few, pale yellow, in umbels or short racemes at the end of axillary stalks often tipped with an awn-like point. Calyx bell- shaped ; teeth 5, distinct, nearly equal, very narrow, acute. Petals narrow : standard and wings nearly equal ; keel shorter, obtuse. Upper stamen nearly or quite free, others united. Style glabrous, slightly incurved ; stigma minute. Pod much longer than the calyx, flat or nearly so, straight or curved ; seeds several or many. Trigonella Foenum-grSBCUm, Linn., an erect, strongly-scented herb, is grown during the cold season throughout N. India as a pot-herb and occasionally as a fodder-crop. The seeds are used medicinally and as a spice. The plant was in high repute in ancient times both as food and medicine. Pod 2-3 in. long. The Fenugreek of old authors. Native name methi from the Sanskrit. Flowers 1-4 in an umbel. Petals slightly longer than the calyx. Umbel-stalk tipped with a bristle-like awn . . 2. T. gracilis. Umbel -stalk not tipped with an awn. Calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. Pod 1-2 in. long, net- veined . . . . . . . 1. T. polycerata. Calyx-teeth much longer than the tube. Pod 4 in. long, parallel- veined . . . . .3 . T. pubescens. Flowers 6-12 in a raceme. Petals 2 or 3 times as long as the calyx. Pod straight, breadth about J of length . . 4. T. Emddi. Pod curved, breadth about £ of length . . 5. T. corniculata. 1. Trigonella polycerata, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 87. Glabrous or slightly hairy ; stems slender, 6-12 in., diffuse or procumbent. Leaflets in. Flowers 2-4, umbellate ; umbel-stalk not awned. 118 XXX. LEGUMIN 0 SiE v Calyx hairy ; teeth shorter than the tube. Petals rather longer than the calyx. Pod glabrous, 1-2 X yjjin., slightly flattened and curved, net-veined. Simla ; June-September. — Plains of X. India, ascending to 6000 ft. — W. Asia, S. Europe, N. Africa. 2. Trigonella gracilis, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 88. Glabrous or nearly so ; stems slender, 6-18 in., diffuse or procumbent. Leaflets in. Flowers 1-3, umbellate ; umbel-stalk tipped with a bristle-like awn. Calyx slightly hairy ; teeth about as long as the tube. Petals a little longer than the calyx. Pod pubescent, about ^ X j in., flat, straight, transversely veined. Naldera ; October. — W. Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. *3. Trigonella pubescens, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 88. Nearly glabrous or hairy ; stems slender, 6-18 in., diffuse or procumbent. Leaflets in. Flowers 1-3, umbellate ; umbel stalk not awned. Calyx hairy ; teeth much longer than the tube. Petals slightly longer than the calyx. Pod hairy, about J X | in., flat, straight, transversely veined. W. Himalaya, 7000-10,000 ft. ; June-September. *4. Trigonella Emodi, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 88. Glabrous or pubescent ; stems erect or nearly so, 12-24 in., often robust. Leaflets J-f in. Flowers 6-12, racemose ; stalk prolonged in a short point. Calyx hairy ; teeth about as long as the tube. Petals 2-3 times as long as the calyx. Pod glabrous, about I x i in., flat, straight, transversely veined. W. Himalaya, 4000-10,000 ft. ; June-September. 5. Trigonella corniculata, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 88. Glabrous ; stems erect or nearly so, 12-24 in., often robust. Leaflets J-| in. Flowers 6-12, racemose ; stalk produced beyond the flowers in an awn-like point. Calyx nearly glabrous ; teeth about as long as the tube. Petals 2-3 times as long as the calyx. Pod glabrous, deflexed, about § Xj-q in., flat, slightly curved, transversely veined. Simla ; June-September. — W. Himalaya, 5000-12,000 ft. — W. Asia, S. Europe. 8. MELILOTUS. From the Greek meli, honey, and lotus ; the flowers are much frequented by bees. — Temperate regions of the Old World ; widely colonised. € Melilotus alba, Lam. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 89. A pubescent or nearly glabrous herb ; stems erect, 1-3 ft. Leaves of 3 leaflets ; leaflets ovate or oblong, |-1 in., upper part toothed, base entire, lateral leaflets nearly sessile, terminal one stalked, veins parallel, running out into small sharp teeth ; stipules narrowly lanceolate, XXX. LEGUMINOSiE 119 long-pointed, united to the leaf-stalk. Flowers nearly J in. long, white, in long, axillary racemes. Calyx bell-shaped ; teeth 5, distinct, lanceolate, nearly equal, acute. Standard not clawed ; wings and keel nearly equal, shorter than the standard ; keel obtuse. Upper stamen free, others united. Style .glabrous, incurved ; stigma minute. Pod indehiscent, ovoid, about ~ in. longer than the calyx, tipped with the persistent style ; seeds lor 2. Simla ; June-September. — Plains of N. India, ascending to 12,000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain). Melilotus parviflora, Desf., is common in fields in the plains and may occur below 3000 ft. Flowers pale yellow, hardly ^ in. long. 9. MEDICAGO. The classical name of the Lucern, M. sativa. ■ — Asia, Europe, N. Africa ; widely colonised. Herbs ; stems erect or procumbent. Leaves of 3 leaflets ; leaflets upper part toothed, lower entire, lateral leaflets nearly sessile, terminal one stalked, veins parallel, running out into small sharp teeth. Stipules narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed, united to the legtf-stalk. Flowers bright yellow, blue in the cultivated M. sativa , in stalked, axillary racemes, heads or clusters. Calyx bell-shaped ; teeth 5, distinct, nearly equal, acute. Petals twice a long as the calyx : standard not clawed ; keel shorter than the wing-petals, obtuse. Upper stamen free, others united. Style glabrous, incurved ; stigma minute. Pod strongly curved or spirally twisted, smooth or prickly ; seeds solitary, several or many. Stems erect. Leaflets oblong. Flowers -1- in. long, in racemes . . . . . . . . .1. M.falcata. Stems procumbent. Leaflets obovate. Flowers less than £ in. long, in heads or clusters. Flowers numerous, in globose heads. Pod smooth . 2. M. lupulina. Flowers 2-6, clustered. Pod prickly . . . 3. M. denticulata . * 1. Medicago falcata, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 90. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so ; stems nearly erect, 1-2 ft., much branched. Leaflets narrowly oblong, J-l in. Flowers J in. long, in racemes. Pod glabrous, strongly curved but not forming a complete spire, J-f in. ; seeds 5-10. Orchard below the Retreat, Mushobra ; June-September ; W. Himalaya, 5000-12,000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain). Lucern, M. sativa, closely allied to this species, has purple or blue flowers and spirally twisted pods. Cultivated for fodder throughout N. India. * 2. Medicago lupulina, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 90. Annual, pubescent ; stems numerous, slender, 1-2 ft., diffuse or procum- bent. Leaflets obovate, in. Flowers very small, numerous, crowded in globose or ovoid heads about J in. diam. Pod 120 XXX. LEGUMIXOSJE smooth, minute, strongly curved, black when ripe, tip coiled ; seed solitary. Plains of X. India, ascending to 10,000 ft. ; March-October. — W. Asia, X. Africa, Europe (Britain). 3. Medicago denticulata, Willd. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 90. Annual, nearly glabrous ; stems several, 4-24 in., procumbent. Leaflets obovate, J to nearly 1 in. Flowers about -J- in., in 2-6-flowered clusters. Pod net- veined, flat, spirally twisted in 2 or 3 coils and bearing two rows of hooked spines along the outer margin ; seeds several. Valleys below Simla ; March-October.— Plains of X. India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Asia, X. Africa, Europe (Britain). 10. LOTUS. A classical name applied by the ancients to several species. — Most temperate regions. Lotus corniculatus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 91. A perennial, glabrous herb ; stems slender, decumbent or ascending, very short or more than a foot long. Leaves of 5 leaflets ; leaflets ovate, obovate or oblong, J-J in., nearly sessile, entire, 2 at the base of the leaf -stalk, 3 at the tip, occasionally there is only one leaflet at the base and 4 at the tip or 3 at the tip and one intermediate ; stipules none or reduced to minute glands. Flowers about \ in. long, yellow, often streaked with crimson, 5-10 in a long-stalked, axillary umbel with a leaf of 3 leaflets close under it. Calyx bell- shaped ; teeth 5, distinct, nearly equal, acute. Petals about twice as long as the calyx : standard longer than the wings, clawed, erect ; keel abruptly incurved, pointed. Upper stamen free, others united, 5 alternate ones longer than the others and thickened upwards ; anthers uniform. Style abruptly incurved just above the ovary, glabrous ; stigma minute. Pod cylindric, straight, 1-1 \ in. ; seeds several, separated by a pith -like sub- stance which nearly fills the pod. Simla, Matiana, Huttoo ; April-September. — Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe (Britain, Bird’s-foot Trefoil). 11. INDIGOFERA. From the Latin indicum , signifying a blue pigment believed to be the same as the modern indigo, derived from the word India, whence it was procured, and fero , I bear. - — A large genus spread through nearly all tropical, and extend- ing into some temperate regions. Herbs or shrubs more or less covered with white, adpressed hairs fixed by the centre, often mixed with ordinary hairs or t omen- tum. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets 5 or more, rarely only 3, entire, usually opposite ; stipules usually small, shortly united to the leaf-stalk. Flowers red, pink or purple, in axillary, often erect racemes, rarely in ovoid heads. Bracts minute or long and more XXX. LEGUMINOSiE 121 or less enclosing the flower-buds, falling off as the flowers expand. Calyx small, bell-shaped ; teeth 5, nearly equal or the lowest longer. Petals soon falling off, except sometimes the standard ; keel straight, obtuse. Upper stamen free, others united ; anthers tipped with a minute point. Ovary sessile ; ovules usually many ; style glabrous, incurved ; stigma small, capitate, often minutely hairy. Pod cylindric or nearly so, straight or slightly curved, often de- flexed ; seeds 6-12, rarely only 2, separated by pith-like partitions. The indigo dye .of commerce is chiefly obtained from I. tinctoria, doubt- fully wild in India. Leaflets 3. Flowers crowded in short, sessile racemes . 2. I. trifoliata. Leaflets 5 or more. Flowers in ovoid heads. Pod \ in., 2-seeded . .1.7. enneaphylla. Flowers in racemes. Pod f in., or more, many-seeded. Bracts minute. Calyx- teeth bristle -like, much longer than the tube . . . . . . . 3. 7. hirsuia. Calyx-teeth triangular, not longer than the tube 4. 7. Gerardiana. Bracts long, more or less enclosing the flower-buds. Leaflets 9-11, ovate or ovate -oblong, thinly hairy or glabrous. Pod glabrous. Bracts boat-shaped, abruptly narrowed in a long, tail-like point . . . 6. 7. hebepetala. Bracts lanceolate, gradually narrowed to the <■ point. Flowers very dark purple-red . . . 5. 7. atropurpurea. Flowers bright pink . . . . .7.7. pulchella. Leaflets 19-35, oblong, densely hairy or tomen- tose. Pod tomentose . . . . 8. 7. Dosua. *1. Indigofera enneaphylla, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 94. Per- ennial, silvery pubescent ; stems numerous, tufted, procumbent, 12-18 in., much branched. Leaves |-1| in. ; leaflets 7-11, usually alternate, obovate, J-J in. Flowers very small, bright red, crowded in nearly sessile, ovoid heads in. long. Calyx-teeth long, bristle-like. Pod pubescent, about \ in. ; seeds 2. Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. ; January-December. — Malay Islands, N. 'Australia. *2. Indigofera trifoliata, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 96. Perennial, pubescent or hairy ; branches numerous, long, spreading from the base, procumbent or ascending. Leaflets 3, sessile, oblong, J-l in., gland-dotted. Flowers small, red, crowded in short, sessile racemes. Calyx-teeth long, bristle-like. Pod pubescejit, about 2 bi. Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. ; June- December. — Asia to Tropical Australia. *3. Indigofera hirsuta, Linn. ; Fi. Br. Ind. ii. 98. Annual or biennial, herbaceous, densely hairy ; stems 2-4 ft., erect. Leaves 2-6 in. ; leaflets 5—11, opposite, obovate, 1-2 in. ; stipules long, bristle-like, fringed. Flowers small, red, crowded in slender, hairy 122 XXX. LEGUMINOSJE racemes 2-6 in. long. Bracts minute. Calyx-teeth much longer than the tube, bristle-like, fringed. Pod hairy, about f in. Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. ; June-January. — Nearly all tropical regions. 4. Indigofera Gerardiana, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 100, including var. lieterantha. A silvery pubescent or tomentose shrub. Leaves 1J-3 in. ; leaflets 7-23, opposite, ovate or oblong-ovate, Fig. 36. Indigofera Gerardiana. both surfaces hairy. Racemes 2-4 in. Bracts minute. Flowers J— | in. long, pale red or purple. Calyx-teeth triangular, not longer than the tube. Pod pubescent, 1-2 in. (Fig. 36.) Simla, common ; May-July. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-8000 ft. 5. Indigofera atropurpurea, Buck. -Ram. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 101. A tall, nearly glabrous shrub ; branches erect. Leaves 6-12 in. ; leaflets 11—17, opposite, ovate-oblong, 1-1 \ in., both surfaces thinly pubescent. Racemes 6-12 in. Bracts lanceolate, gradually narrowed to the point. Flowers very dark purple-red, in. long. Pod glabrous, 1-1 J in. Sutlej valley, near Rampore ; June, July. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000- 9000 ft.— China. XXX. LEGUMINOS^ 123 6. Indigofera hebepetala, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 101. A tall shrub, thinly hairy or glabrous ; branches erect. Leaves 4-8 in. ; leaflets 9-17, opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, f-lf in. Racemes 2-6 in. Bracts boat-shaped, abruptly narrowed in a long, tail-like point, quite enclosing the flower-buds. Flowers crimson-red, J in. long. Pod glabrous, 1 J-2J in. Mahasu, Theog, Narkunda ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000- 15,000 ft. 7. Indigofera pulchella, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 101. A thinly hairy or glabrous shrub. Leaves 2-6 in. ; leaflets 11-19, opposite, ovate or oblong-ovate, f-1 in. Racemes 2-6 in. Bracts lanceo- late, gradually narrowed in a long point. Flowers bright pink, fading to violet, J in. long. Pod glabrous, 1-1 \ in. Valleys below Simla ; March-May. —Plains of X. India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Nilghiris. 8. Indigofera Dosua, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. * 102. A densely hairy or tomentose shrub. Leaves 2|-4| in. ; leaflets 19-35, opposite, narrowly oblong, J-J in., both surfaces hairy, lower paler. Racemes 2-4 in. Bracts hairy, narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed, much longer than the flower-buds. Flowers bright red, nearly \ in. long. Pod tomentose, j-1 J in. Simla, Mushobra ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, Assam to Simla, 6000-8000 ft. 12. COLUTEA. The classical name of some plant of this affinity ; etymology obscure. — Temperate Asia, S. Europe. Colutea nepalensis, Sims ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 103, under C. arbo- rescens, Linn. An erect, nearly glabrous shrub. Leaves odd- pinnate, 2-6 in. ; leaflets 9-13, pale green, obovate, iri in. Flowers yellow, often tinged with red, f in. long, in axillary racemes. Calyx bell-shaped ; teeth 5, short, nearly equal, the lowest longest. Standard orbicular, spreading, having 2 small folds just above the short claw ; wings oblong ; keel broad, curved, obtuse, the long claws united. Upper stamen free, others united. Ovary stalked, pubescent ; style strongly curved, bearded along the inner side, tip inflexed ; stigma thick, dilated. Pod bladder- like, ovoid, 1 J-2 in. long, splitting at the top when mature ; seeds many, kidney-shaped. Simla, Mahasu, Matiana ; July, August. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000- 11,000 ft. Closely allied to the S. European C. arborescens, Bladder Senna, so called from the inflated pods and the purgative properties of the leaflets. 13. TEPHROSIA. From the Greek tephros , ash-coloured, re- ferring to the pubescence of most species. — Most tropical regions. 124 XXX. LEGUMINOSiE Tephrosia purpurea, Pers. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 112. A perennial, pubescent herb ; stems erect, 1-2 ft., woody. Leaves odd-pin- nate, 2-5 in. ; leaflets 9-21, oblong-lanceolate, J-l xj-^ in., entire, obtuse, bristle-tipped, upper surface nearly glabrous, lower silky, veins straight, parallel. Flowers red, J-J in. long, in leaf- opposed racemes. Calyx silky, bell-shaped ; the 3 lower teeth about as long as the tube, 2 upper longer. Standard orbicular, silky outside ; keel incurved, obtuse. Upper stamen free, others united. Style strongly curved, glabrous ; stigma capitate. Pod sessile, pubescent, flat, lj-2xj in. ; seeds 6-10. Simla, in meadows, July-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Widely spread throughout the tropics. 14. CARAGANA. The Mongolian name for C. arborescens. — Central and Eastern China, Japan. Caragana brevispina, Royle ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 116. A tall, erect shrub, more or less hairy or pubescent. Leaves equally pinnate, 2-3 in.,* clustered on short, thick branchlets ; leaflets 8-16, oppo- site, ovate, obovate or oblong-ovate, J-l in., entire, upper surface glabrous, lower silky-pubescent, paler ; leaf-rachises usually per- sisting as long, thick spines, naked or bearing 1 or 2 leaflets ; stipules spinescent. Flowers bright yellow, nearly 1 in. long, in stalked few-flowered umbels shorter than the leaves. Calyx pubescent, oblique, tubular ; teeth 5, nearly equal, shorter than the tube, spine-tipped. Standard orbicular, erect, shortly clawed, sides reflexed ; keel straight, obtuse. Upper stamen free, others united. Ovary hairy ; style short, hairy, nearly straight ; stigma minute. Pod flattened, pubescent, in., woolly inside; seeds 3 or 4. Matiana, Narkunda ; June-August. — W. Himalaya, 6000-9000 ft. — Chinese Tartary, Afghanistan. 15. ASTRAGALUS. The classical name of a shrub supposed to be of this affinity. — A very large genus, widely distributed over the temperate regions of the northern Hemisphere ; one species in S. America and one in S.E. Africa. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets many, usually opposite, entire. Flowers in stalked, axillary racemes or heads. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular ; teeth 5, nearly equal. Petals narrow, clawed : standard erect ; wings about equal to the in- curved, obtuse keel. Upper stamen free, others united. Ovary sessile or stalked ; style incurved, glabrous ; stigma small, capitate. Pod usually more or less divided length-wise by the infolding of the lower suture ; seeds 3-12. Densely hairy or tomentose. Stems trailing. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets 13-17 . . .1. A. Amker stianus. Flowers in heads. Leaflets 21-31 . . . 4. A. leucocephahis. XXX. LEGUMINOSJE 125 Glabrous or thinly hairy. Stems erect or nearly so. Flowers many in a raceme. Leaflets 31-41. Flowers pink or lilac, hardly \ in. long . . . . . . . 2. A. trichocarpus. Leaflets 13-17. Flowers pale yellow-green, |-f in. long . . . . . . 5. A. chlorostachys. Flowers solitary or in pairs . . . . . 3. A. hosachioides. 1. Astragalus Amherstianus, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 119. An annual herb, densely covered with shining, white hairs ; stems tufted, slender, 6-18 in., trailing. Leaves 1-1| in. ; leaflets 13-17, narrowly oblong, J in. Flowers pale yellow or pink, J in. long, in racemes in. long. Calyx nearly as long as the corolla ; teeth linear, as long as the tube. Pod sessile, curved, \ in., incom- pletely 2-celled ; seeds 10-12. Simla ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. 2. Astragalus trichocarpus, Grah. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 121. A tall, erect, nearly glabrous shrub ; branches straight, grooved. Leaves 3-6 in. ; leaflets 31-41, oblong, in., upper surface pale green, lower silvery hairy. Flowers numerous, pink or lilac, hardly \ in. long, crowded in racemes 3-4 in. long. Calyx bell- shaped, much shorter than the corolla ; teeth shorter than the tube. Pod stalked, pubescent, oblong, f-l in., incompletely 2-celled ; seeds 4-6. Simla, the Glen, &c., common ; April, May. — Central Himalaya, Simla to Kumaon, 5000-8000 ft. 3. Astragalus hosackioides, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 123. A perennial, nearly glabrous herb ; stems tufted, slender, 1-2| ft., nearly erect, often zigzag, much branched. Leaves 1-2 in. ; leaflets 13-15, ovate-oblong, about | in., obtuse. Flowers yellow, J in. long, solitary or in pairs. Calyx half as long as the corolla ; teeth much shorter than the tube. Pod stalked, straight, | X| in. ; when ripe the membranous lining separates from the outer coat and is constricted between the seeds ; seeds 5-6. Shali, 8000 ft. ; September. — W. Himalaya. 4. Astragalus leucocephalus, Grah. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 128. A perennial herb, densely covered with silvery white hairs ; stems tufted, 4-12 in., ascending. Leaves 1-3 in. ; leaflets 21-31, crowded, oblong, J in. Flowers pale yellow, ^ in. long, in ovoid heads ^-f in. long. Calyx nearly as long as the corolla ; teeth linear, as long as the tube. Pod 1 -celled, sessile, oblong, J in., included within the calyx ; seeds 3 or 4. Simla, Naldera ; April, May. — W. Himalaya, 1000-7000 ft. — -Afghanistan. 5. Astragalus chlorostachys, Lindl. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 128. A tall, erect shrub ; stems glabrous or pubescent, grooved. Leaves 4-6 in. : leaflets 13-17, oblong, f-l in., obtuse, both surfaces 126 XXX. LEGUMINOSJE thinly hairy, lower paler. Mowers numerous, pale yellow-green, often tinged with lilac, ^-J in. long, crowded in racemes 3-6 in. long. Calyx pubescent, tubular, about half as long as the corolla, mouth oblique ; teeth very short. Pod glabrous, oblong, pointed, ^ in., narrowed into a stalk twice as long as the calyx, 2-celled ; seeds 6-10. (Fig. 37.) Simla, Mahasu ; August, September. — W. Himalaya, 5000-14,000 ft. 16. LESPEDEZA. In honour of D. Lespedez, Governor of Florida in the eighteenth century and a patron of botany. — N. Asia, N. America. Erect, pubescent or hairy undershrubs. Leaflets 3, entire, lateral sessile, terminal one stalked, largest. Stipules soon falling off. Flowers numerous, in axillary clusters or raqemes. Bracts small. Calyx bell-shaped ; teeth 5, long, narrow, nearly equal. Standard broad, erect, clawed ; keel slightly curved and obtuse, or strongly curved and acute. Upper stamen free, others united. Ovary 1-ovuled ; style glabrous, long, incurved ; stigma minute. Pod ovate, flat, indehiscent ; seed solitary. XXX. LEG4JMINOS2E 127 Leaflets at least three times longer than broad. Flowers in sessile clusters. Keel obtuse. Pod hardly longer than the calyx. Flowers \ in. long or less. Flowers pale yellow or white, tinged with purple. Leaflets | in- . . . . . .1. L. sericea. Flowers pale purple. Leaflets in. . . . 2. L. juncea. Flowers \ in. long, pale yellow. Keel tipped with purple 3. L. Gerardiana. Leaflets about as long as broad. Flowers in racemes. Keel acute. Pod much longer than the calyx. * Leaflets A in. ; lower surface densely covered with shining, white hairs. Racemes 1 in. or less . . 4. L. stenocarpa. Leaflets 1-1 4 in. ; lower surface pubescent. Racemes 3-6 in. . . . . . . 5. L. eriocarpa. 1. Lespedeza sericea, Miq. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 142. A shrub ; stems 2-3 ft. , densely pubescent. Leaves nearly sessile, crowded, overlap- ping ; leaflets wedge - shaped, J-f X jo in., upper surface nearly glabrous, lower densely white - silky. Flowers nearly sessile, \ in. long, pale yellow or white, tinged with purple, in numerous, small, axillary clusters. Calyx white- silky. Keel slightly curved, obtuse. Pod J in., thinly silky, hardly longer than the calyx. Simla ; July, August. — Throughout the Himalaya, 3000-8000 ft.--China, Japan, N. Australia. 2. Lespedeza juncea, Pers. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 142. A small shrub, rarely more than 6-12 in. high ; stems densely pubescent, some- times decumbent near the base. Leaves shortly stalked, crowded, overlapping ; leaflets oblanceo- late, J-J in., upper surface nearly glabrous, lower densely grey-silky. Flowers nearly sessile, hardly J in. long, pale purple, in numerous, small, axillary clusters. Calyx grey-silky. Keel slightly curved, obtuse. Pod | in., thinly silky, hardly longer than the calyx. • Simla ; August. — W. Himalaya, up to 7000 ft. — N. and Eastern Asia. 3. Lespedeza Gerardiana, Grah. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 142. A shrub ; Fig. 38. Lespedeza Gerardiana. 128 XXX. LEGUMINOSJE stems 1-3 ft., densely pubescent. Leaves shortly stalked, not crowded, slightly over-lapping ; leaflets oblanceolate, upper surface glabrous, lower densely grey-silky. Flowers nearly sessile, \ in. long, pale yellow, in numerous, small, axillary clusters. Calyx grey-silky. Keel slightly curved, obtuse, tipped with brown-purple. Pod ~ in., silky, concealed in the calyx. (Fig. 38.) Simla ; 'August. — Throughout the Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. 4. Lespedeza stenocarpa, Maxim. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 143, under L. macrostyla, Baker. A shrub ; stems 3-4 ft., densely pubescent. Leaves shortly stalked ; leaflets obovate, about \ in. long and nearly as broad, upper surface nearly glabrous, lower densely covered with shining, white-silky hairs. Flowers nearly \ in. long, deep red, crowded in racemes hardly \ in. long ; buds hidden by the ovate, silky bracts. Calyx white-silky. Keel strongly curved, acute. Fruiting racemes 1-2 in. Pod \ in., grey-silky, narrowly oblong, much longer than the calyx, tapering upwards to the base of the long, hairy, persistent style. Sutlej and Giri valleys ; July-December. — Plains of X. India, ascending to 5000 ft. 5. Lespedeza eriocarpa, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 144. A shrub ; stems 3-4 ft., pubescent. Leaves stalked ; leaflets ovate, or obovate, about lxf in., upper surface glabrous, dark green, lower pubescent, paler. Flowers nearly \ in. long, deep purple- red, in stalked racemes 3-6 in. long. Calyx brown-silky. Keel strongly curved, acute. Pod ovate, J in., hairy, acute, much longer than the calyx. Simla, Mushobra, Matiana, not common, Shali, abundant ; September. — Throughout the Himalaya, 4000-9000 ft. 17. ZORNIA. In honour of J. Zorn, a Bavarian botanical author of the eighteenth century. — A small American genus, one species being also widely diffused in the tropics. Zornia diphylla, Pers. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 147. A hairy or pubescent, nearly erect herb ; stems several, tufted, 6-12 in., slender. Leaves of 2 leaflets ; leaflets nearly sessile, lanceolate, |-1 in., entire, acute, lower surface black-dotted ; stipules leaf- like, produced downwards. Flowers nearly sessile, yellow, J in. long, in erect, axillary racemes 1-3 in. ; each flower almost hidden in a pair of leaf-like, fringed bracts. Calyx membranous, half as long as the petals ; teeth 5, the 2 upper united, 2 lateral very short, lowest as long as the upper. Standard orbicular ; keel incurved, obtuse. Stamens united in a closed tube, 5 longer bear- ing globose anthers, alternate with 5 shorter, bearing oblong anthers. Style incurved, glabrous ; stigma minute. Pod protrud- XXX. LEGUMIN0SH5 129 ing from between the bracts, flattened, minutely prickly ; upper margin nearly straight, lower deeply indented, dividing the pod into 2-5 indehiscent, 1 -seeded joints. Valleys below Simla ; July-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Nearly all tropical regions. 18. SMITHIA. In honour of Sir J. E. Smith, founder of the Linnean Society, who died in 1828. — Tropical regions of the Old World. Smithia ciliata, Boyle ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 150. An erect, annual herb ; stems glabrous, 6-18 in. Leaves pinnate, J-f in. ; rachis ending in a bristle ; stipules scarious, persistent ; leaflets 6-12, narrowly oblong, J in., obtuse, hairy, sensitive. Flowers pale blue or nearly white, in. long, crowded in stalked, axillary, 1 -sided racemes in. long. Bracts scarious, persistent. Bracteoles fringed, half the length of the calyx. Calyx membranous, nearly as long as the corolla, divided almost to the base in two entire, fringed lips, the upper the larger. Standard orbicular ; keel incurved, obtuse. Stamens all united at first, ultimately splitting into two bundles of 5 each. Ovary many-ovuled ; style incurved ; stigma minute. Pod rough, flattened, upper margin nearly straight, lower deeply indented, forming 6-8 indehiscent, 1 -seeded joints folded face to face within the calyx. Simla, Naldera, often on grassy slopes ; July-September. — Himalaya, Simla to Assam, 3000-6000 ft. 19. iESCHYNOMENE. From the Greek aischuno, to make ashamed, referring to the sensitive leaves collapsing when touched. —Tropical and subtropical regions. /Eschynomene indica, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 151. An annual, shrubby, glabrous herb ; stems 1-3 ft., erect, much branched. Leaves odd-pinnate, 2-3 in., stalk glandular; leaflets 41-61, sensitive, alternate, crowded, narrowly oblong, obtuse, diminishing in size towards the end of the leaves. Flowers yellow, often streaked with purple, \ in. long, in numerous, axillary, glandular racemes. Bracts and bracteoles small, lanceolate. Calyx half as long as the petals, divided nearly to the base in 2 nearly equal, entire or obscurely toothed lips. Standard orbicular, erect ; keel nearly straight, obtuse. Stamens all united near the base, ulti- mately dividing into two bundles of five each. Style incurved, glabrous ; stigma minute. Pod stalked, flattened, smooth, 1-1 1 in., upper margin nearly straight, lower indented, dividing the pod into 7-9 indehiscent, 1 -seeded joints. Valleys below Simla ; common on the borders of ricefields ; July-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — All tropical regions of the Old World. M. aspera, a large, thick- stemmed, perennial plant, is common in marshes in Bengal and S. India; the light, white pith is made int toys, solah hats, &c. K 130 XXX. LEGTJMINOSiE 20. URARIA. From the Greek oura, a tail, referring to the inflorescence. — Tropical regions of Asia, Africa and Australia. Uraria neglecta, Prain ; Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, lxvi. ii. 382 ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 156 ; U. lagopus in part. An erect shrub, 3-10 ft. ; stems and branches densely pubescent. Leaves of 3 leaflets ; leaflets ovate-oblong, 2-3 in., net-veined, entire, base rounded, upper surface nearly glabrous, lower pubescent, lateral nearly sessile, terminal one largest, stalked. Flowers very numer- ous, purple, J-J in. long, on long, hairy stalks crowded in cylindric, terminal racemes 3-6 in. long and about 1 in. diam. Bracts hairy, ovate, J in., pointed. Calyx hairy, nearly as long as the petals, tube short ; teeth 5, very narrow, nearly equal, the 2 upper partially united. Standard orbicular, erect ; keel incurved, obtuse. Upper stamen free, the others united. Style glabrous, inflexed ; stigma minute. Pod sessile, constricted between the seeds ; joints 6-8, glabrous, flattened, folded face to face within the calyx, indehiscent. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Throughout the Himalaya, 2000-6000 ft. — Assam. 21. ALYSICARPUS. From the Greek alusis, a chain, and carpos, fruit ; referring to the jointed pod. — Tropical regions of the Old World. Alysicarpus rugosus, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 159. A diffuse, nearly glabrous herb ; stems 6-24 in. Leaves ovate or oblong, about 1 x \ in., entire; stipules scarious, lanceolate, J-J in., acute. Flowers crowded in terminal racemes 1-4 in. long. Calyx J-i in., 4-lobed nearly to the base ; lobes fringed, overlapping, upper one broad, 2 -toothed, 3 lower narrowly lanceolate, acute. Petals pale pink, shorter than the calyx ; keel slightly curved, obtuse. Upper stamen free, others united. Style-tip incurved ; stigma capitate. Pod sessile, about J in., composed of 3-5 gla- brous, wrinkled, 1 -seeded, indehiscent joints, enclosed within the calyx. Valleys below Simla; July-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 4500 ft. — Tropics of the Old World, Cape, W. Indies. A. vaginalis, DC ., is common in the plains and may occur below 4000 ft. Leaves oblong \-2 in., or orbicular in. Calyx ^ in., shorter than the petals. Pod f-1 in., much longer than the calyx ; joints 4-6, smooth. 22. OUGEINIA. From Ujjain, a town in Central India whence seeds of O. dalbergioides were sent in 1795 to Dr. Roxburgh, Calcutta Botanic Gardens. Only one species. Ougeinia dalbergioides, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 161. A tree, 20-40 ft. Leaves of 3 leaflets ; stipules soon falling off ; leaflets pubescent, broadly ovate, sinuate or crenate, lateral nearly sessile, 1|_3 in., terminal one stalked, 2-6 in. Flowers numerous, appearing with the young leaves, nearly J in. long, in short XXX. LEGrUMINOS^E 131 racemes crowded at the joints of the old! branches ; stalks pubes- cent, thread-like, often clustered. Calyx pubescent, bell-shaped ; teeth 5, short, blunt, nearly equal, the 2 upper united. Petals white or pale pink, much longer than the calyx : standard broad, erect, notched ; keel slightly curved, obtuse, nearly as long as the wings. Upper stamens free, others united. Style incurved, glabrous ; stigma small. Pod glabrous, flat, 1J-3 in., composed of 2-5 oblong, 1 -seeded, indehiscent joints. Sutlej valley ; March-May. — Central and N. India, ascending to 4000 ft. 23. DESMODIUM. From the Greek desmos, a chain, referring to the jointed pod. — Most tropical regions ; Cape of Good Hope, N. America, extra-tropical Australia. Shrubs, sometimes herblike ; stems erect or prostrate. Leaves of 3 leaflets, except D. gangeticum ; leaflets entire or sinuate, lateral nearly sessile, terminal one stalked, larger. Flowers small, in terminal or axillary, simple or branched racemes, except D. triflorum, often combined in panicles. Calyx bell-shaped ; teeth 5, the 2 upper more or less united, 3 lower, distinct, equal. Petals longer than the calyx ; standard broad, erect ; keel nearly straight, obtuse. Upper stamen nearly or quite free, others united. Ovary usually sessile ; ovules several or many ; D. qpodocarjpum has a stalked ovary and only 2 ovules ; style incurved, glabrous ; stigma minute. Pod flat, much longer than the calyx, more or less divided by constrictions into several, rarely only 2, one-seeded, indehiscent joints ; in D. gyrans the pod is dehiscent along the lower margin and does not break up into joints. Leaves compound. Flowers \ in. long. Lateral leaflets nearly as long as the terminal one. Pod |-1 in. ; joints \ in. long .... 2. D. floribundum. Pod 2-2 1 in. ; joints nearly \ in. long . . 3. D. tilicefolium. Lateral leaflets less than J the length of the ter- minal one. . . . . . .10. D. gyrans. Flowers \ in. long or less. Stems erect or nearly so. Terminal leaflet 1 in. or more. Pod stalked. Flowers £ in. long . . .1. D. podocarpum. Pod sessile. Flowers J in. long. Leaflets lanceolate, long-pointed, sinuate . 5. D. sequax. Leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, entire. Leaflets ovate-oblong ; terminal one 2-3 in. Upper margin of pod wavy, lower deeply indented . . . . . 6. D. concinnum. Leaflets ovate ; terminal one 1-2 in. Upper margin of pod straight, lower slightly in- dented . . . . . .7 . D. polycarpum. Stems prostrate or- trailing. Terminal leaflet h in. or less. Flowers in leaf- opposed clusters, not racemed. Upper margin of pod not indented . . 8. D. triflorum. Flowers in racemes. Upper margin of pod i deeply indented . . . . . 9. D. parvifolium. Leaves simple . . . . . , . . 4. D. gangeticum. 132 XXX. LEGUMlNOSiE 1. Desmodium podocarpum, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 165. An erect, pubescent, small shrub. Leaflets entire, broadly obovate, usually acute, lower surface pale ; terminal one 1|-2J X 1J-2J in. Racemes up to 12-18 in. long, drooping. Flowers pink, | in. long. Pod \ in., stalked ; stalk 3-4 times as long as thfe calyx ; upper margin straight, lower deeply indented ; joints 2. Simla, common; July, August. — W Himalaya, 4000-7000 ft. — China, Japan, Mandchuria. 2. Desmodium floribundum, G. Don ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 167. A large, erect shrub ; stems hairy. Leaflets entire, ovate, obtuse or acute : both surfaces hairy, lower pale ; terminal one 2-3 X 1-1 J in. Racemes numerous. Flowers crowded, pink-purple, nearly \ in. long. Pod sessile, densely hairy, J-l XTV in. ; upper margin slightly, lower deeply indented ; joints 3-8, j in. long. (Fig. 39.) Simla, common; June-September. — Throughout the Himalaya, 2000-7000 ft. — China. 3. Desmodium tilisefolium, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 168. A tall, erect shrub ; stems tomentose or nearly glabrous. Leaflets, broadly ovate, entire or sinuate, obtuse or acute ; upper surface thinly "hairy or pubescent, lower usually grey-tomentose or nearly XXX. LEGrUMINOS^E 133 glabrous and pale; terminal leaflet 2-4xlJ-2f in. Racemes numerous, up to 12 in. long. Flowers pale pink, | in. long. Pod sessile, pubescent or densely hairy, 2-2 J X J in. ; upper margin slightly, lower deeply indented ; joints 6-9, nearly \ in. long. Simla, Mushobra, common ; July-October. — Throughout the Himalaya, 2000-9000 ft. 4. Desmodium gangeticum, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 168. A nearly erect undershrub ; stems pubescent. Leaves simple, ovate 1JX1 in., or oblong-ovate 4xlf in., entire, obtuse or acute; upper surface nearly glabrous, lower tomentose or thinly hairy. Racemes numerous, up to 12 in. long. Flowers pink, hardly J in. long. Pod sessile, pubescent, curved, f in. ; upper margin slightly, lower deeply indented ; joints 6-8. Sutlej valley ; March. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Tropical Asia and Africa. 5. Desmodium sequax, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 1 70. A tall, erect shrub ; stems tomentose or pubescent. Leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sinuate, long-pointed, both surfaces pubescent, lower much the paler ; terminal leaflet 2J-4 X lJ-2Jr in. Racemes numerous. Flowers pink, f in. long. Pod sessile, J— f in., tomen- tose, hairs minutely hooked ; upper margin slightly, lower deeply indented ; joints 6-8. Simla ; August, September. — Himalaya, Simla to Sikkim, 4000-7000 ft. 6. Desmodium concinnum, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 170. A tall, erect, pubescent shrub ; branches drooping. Leaflets ovate- oblong, entire, both surfaces thinly hairy ; terminal leaflet 2-3 X f-1 in. Racemes numerous, up to 10 in. long. Flowers dark blue, J in. long. Pod sessile, pubescent, curved, J-| in. ; upper margin wavy, lower deeply indented ; joints 4-6, upper margin of each concave. Simla ; August, September. — rThroughout the Himalaya, 1000-7000 ft 7. Desmodium polyearpum, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 171. An erect or nearly erect, hairy undershrub. Leaflets broadly ovate, entire ; upper surface nearly glabrous, lower hairy, paler ; terminal leaflet 1-2 X J-l in. Racemes l|-3 in. Flowers purple, sometimes white, hardly f in. long. Pods sessile, crowded, straight, hairy, f-1 in. ; upper margin straight, lower slightly indented ; joints 5-7. Valleys below Simla ; July, August. — Throughout India, ascending to 5500 ft. — Tropical and temperate Asia, Pacific Islands, Zanzibar. 8. Desmodium triflorum, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 173. A small shrub ; stems tufted, prostrate, sometimes rooting at the joints, 6-18 in., very slender, hairy, much branched. Leaflets obovate, 134 XXX. LEGUMINOSiE entire, about J-J in. across ; upper surface glabrous, lower thinly hairy, paler. Flowers bright blue, hardly J in. long, solitary on hairy, drooping, thread-like stalks, in leaf -opposed clusters of 2-6. Calyx densely hairy ; teeth very long. Pod sessile, J-J in., pubescent or glabrous, slightly curved, net-veined ; upper margin straight, lower slightly indented ; joints 3-5. Giri valley, usually in grass ; September, October. — Common in pastures throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Most tropical regions. 9. Desmodium parvifolium, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 174. A small shrub ; stems tufted, trailing, 6-24 in., glabrous or thinly hairy, much branched. Leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, in. long, entire ; upper surface glabrous, lower thinly hairy. Racemes numerous, J-l in., hairy. Flowers purple-blue, hardly J in. long. Calyx densely hairy ; teeth long. Pod sessile, in., straight, pubescent, both margins deeply indented ; joints 3-5. Simla, common round Summer Hill ; August-Oftober. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Tropical Asia, extending to Japan. 10. Desmodium gyrans, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 174. An erect, nearly glabrous undershrub. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire, obtuse ; upper surface glabrous, lower thinly hairy, pale ; lateral leaflets very small, about in., one or both often wanting ; ter- minal one 2-5x|-l in. Racemes numerous, 3-8 in. Flowers nearly \ in. long, pale yellow, the wing-petals tinged with pink or blue ; buds in pairs, enveloped in the bracts. Pod dehiscent, opening along the lower margin, sessile, 1-1| in., curved, glabrous ; upper margin continuous, lower slightly indented between the 6-8 seeds. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Tropical Asia. The Telegraph or Semaphore plant ; so named from the jerky vertical move- ments of the lateral leaflets, especially when exposed to full sunshine. 24. VICIA. The classical name of some kind of Vetch, probably Vida sativa. — N. temperate regions and S. America. Annual or perennial herbs ; stems weak, often climbing. Leaves pinnate, the rachis ending in a tendril ; leaflets usually many, opposite or nearly so, entire, midrib running out in the form of a minute bristle ; stipules large, pointed, often toothed, base prolonged below the attachment in a pointed lobe. Flowers few or numerous, in stalked, axillary racemes, sometimes solitary or in pairs. Calyx bell-shaped ; teeth 5, the 3 lower longer than the upper. Petals longer than the calyx : standard broad, erect ; keel nearly straight, obtuse, shorter than the wings. Upper stamen nearly or quite free, others united. Style incurved, cylindric, nearly glabrous or pubescent all round or minutely bearded on the outer face close under the small stigma. Pod flat ; seeds few or several. XXX. LEGUMIXOSJE 135 An acclimatised form of the Broad or Field bean, Vicia Faba, is common in gardens throughout X.W. India, and is occasionally cultivated up to 8000 ft. It has smaller leaves, flowers and seeds than the European plant. Vicia sativa, L. (probably introduced), is common in the X.W.P., and may occasionally be found up to 6000 ft. (Almora, Xaini Tal). Leaflets 8-12, f -1 in. long. Flowers red-blue, § in., usually solitary, sometimes in pairs, sessile in the leaf-axils. Pod glabrous, 1^-2 in. ; seeds 8-10. Cultivated as a fodder plant in Britain from the time of the Romans. Tare or Common Vetch. Flowers few or solitary, white, tinged with pale blue, i— J in. long. Leaves J-l in. Leaflets 6-12. Pod glabrous . Leaves l|-3 in. Leaflets 12-20. Pod hairy Flowers numerous, pink or purple, ^-§ in. long. Leaflets 8-16, narrowly oblong, ^ in. broad Leaflets 16-32, ovate, in. broad s 1. V. tetrasperma „ 2. V. hirsute i. 3. V. tenera. 4. V. rigidula. *1. Vicia tetrasperma, Moench ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 177. Annual, nearly glabrous. Leaves J-l in. ; leaflets 6-12, narrowly oblong, J-f in., obtuse. Flowers solitary or in pairs, J in. long, pale blue. Pod oblong, | in., glabrous ; seeds 3 or 4. X.W. Himalaya (Naini Tal, Almora), in woods, not common ; April, May. — Temperate Asia, X. Africa, Europe (Britain). 2. Vicia hirsuta, Koch ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 177. Annual, more or less hairy ; stems 1-3 ft. Leaves l|-3 in. ; leaflets 12-20, oblong, narrowed to the base, J— f in., tip notched. Flowers six or less in a raceme, J in. long, white, tinged with pale blue. Pod oblong, acute, J-J in., hairy ; seeds 2. Simla, in hedges and fields, common ; March, April. — X. India, ascending to 6000 ft., Xilghiris. — Temperate Asia, X. Africa, Europe (Britain, Hairy Vetch or Tare). 3. Vicia tenera, Grah. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 177. Perennial, nearly glabrous ; stems 1-4 ft. Leaves 2-4 in. ; leaflets 8-16, narrowly oblong, ^-1 XyV in., acute. Flowers many in a raceme, J in., pale pink. Pod thin, obliquely oblong, glabrous, acute, 1-1 J in. ; seeds 6-8. Simla ; April, May. — Kumaon to Simla, 6000-8000 ft. 4. Vicia rigidula, Royle ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 178, including V. pallida, Turcz. Perennial, glabrous ; stems 2-5 ft. Leaves 2-6 in.; leaflets 16-32, ovate, J-lxJ-| in., obtuse. Flowers many in a raceme, J-f in. long, pink or purple-blue. Pod thin, obliquely oblong, acute, 1J-1J in., glabrous ; seeds 5-8. Simla ; August, September. — W. Himalaya, 4000-9000 ft. 25. LATHYRUS. The Greek name of some kind of Vetch, probably L. sativus. — N. temperate regions and S. America. Annual or perennial herbs ; stems weak, sometimes climbing, usually angular, winged only in L. sativus. Leaflets 2-8 or in 136 XXX. LEGUMIXOSiE L. A'pinaca none ; rachis ending in a long tendril or in a short bristle. Stipules large, acute, in L. Ajphaca very large and leaf- like, usually produced below the attachment in 2 long, pointed lobes. Mowers axillary, stalked, solitary or in pairs or racemed. Calyx-tube bell-shaped ; teeth 5, nearly equal or the 3 lower longer. Petals longer than the calyx : standard broad, erect, notched ; keel nearly straight, obtuse, shorter than the wings. Upper stamen free, others united. Style incurved, flattened below the stigma, bearded along the inner face ; stigma small. Pod oblong, flat, tipped with the persistent style ; seeds several or many. L. sativus, h’w., is cultivated throughout India, and occasionally up to 4000 ft. in the hills. The seeds ( Khesari dhal) are eaten, but are poisonous if used habitually or in large quantities. Stems 4-angled, 2 of the angles broadly winged. Rachis ending in a long, 3-branched tendril. Leaflets 2. Flowers f in. long, solitary. Standard and wings blue-purple ; keel pale pink. Pod 1 in. ; upper margin 2-winged ; seeds 4 or 5. Cultivated in S. Europe from very early times for fodder and for the seeds. Rachis ending in a long tendril. Leaflets none. Stipules leaf-like. Flowers yellow . 1. L. Aphaca. Leaflets two. Flowers red, solitary . . . . . . 2. L. sphcericus. Flowers yellow, racemed . . . . . 3. L. pratensis. Rachis ending in a short bristle. Leaflets 2. Flowers red, ^ in. . . . .4 . L. inconspicuus. Leaflets 6-8. Flowers yellow, tinged with orange, 1 in. . . . . . . . . 5. L. luteus. 1. Lathyrus Aphaca, Linn . ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 179. Annual, glabrous ; stems trailing, about 1 ft. Rachis ending in a tendril. Leaflets none. Stipules leaf -like, cordate, triangular, about 1 X J in., entire. Flowers yellow, ^ in. long, solitary, rarely two, at the end of long, axillary stalks. Pod 1-1 J in. ; seeds 4-6. Simla, Mushobra, on waste ground or in fields ; April, May. — Throughout X. India, ascending to 7000 ft. — W. Asia, X. Africa, Europe (Britain). 2. Lathyrus sphserieus, Betz. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 180. Annual, glabrous ; stems trailing, 6-18 in. Rachis ending in a tendril. Leaflets 2, narrowly lanceolate, 2-3 in. Stipules narrow, base 2- lobed. Flowers red, J in., solitary, shortly stalked. Pod 1-2 J in. ; seeds 10-12. Simla, Boileaugunge ; April, May. — Throughout X. India, ascending to 5500 ft. — W. Asia, X. Africa, Europe. 3. Lathyrus pratensis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 180. Annual, hairy ; stems trailing, 1-3 ft. Rachis ending in a tendril. Leaf- lets 2, lanceolate, 1-2 in. Stipules large, leaf-like, base 2-lobed. Flowers yellow, in. long, in long, stalked racemes. Staminal tube nearly abruptly truncate. Pod glabrous, 1^ in. ; seeds numerous. Mahasu, Fagu ; June-September. — W. Himalaya, 6000-8000 ft. — W. Asia, X. Africa, Europe (Britain). XXX. LEGrUMIXOSHS 137 - 4. Lathyrus inconspicuus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 180. Annual, glabrous ; stems trailing, 6-18 in. Rachis ending in a bristle. Leaflets 2, narrowly lanceolate, 1-3 in. Stipules narrow, base 2-lobed. Flowers bright red, J in., solitary. Pod 1-H in. ; seeds 10-12. Simla ; April, May. — Punjab, ascending to 6000 ft. 5. Lathyrus luteus, Baker ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 180. Perennial, gla- brous ; stems nearly erect, 2-3 ft. Leaves 3-5 in. ; rachis ending in a bristle ; leaflets 6-8, ovate-lanceolate, about 3x1^ in., acute ; stipules large, leaf-like, base 2-lobed. Flowers bright yellow, tinged with orange, 1 in. long, in stalked racemes. Pod 2-3 in. ; seeds numerous. Mushobra, woods above the Waterworks Road, Mahasu, Matiana ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 8000-10,000 ft. — Temperate Asia, Europe. 26. AMPHICARP.33A. From the Greek amphi, both, and carpos, fruit, referring to the two kinds of pod borne by A. monoica. — Himalaya, China, Japan, N. America. Amphicarpsea Edgeworthii, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 181. A pubescent herb ; stems very slender, twining. Leaves of 3 leaf- lets ; leaflets thin, broadly ovate, nearly equal, about ljxl in., entire, acute, terminal one stalked, lateral nearly sessile. Flowers axillary, about | in. long, pale lilac, sometimes 1-sexual or without petals ( deist ogamic), solitary or in pairs or short racemes. Calyx tubular ; teeth 5, distinct, the two upper ones the shorter. Petals much longer than the calyx : standard obovate, erect, spurred at the base ; keel slightly incurved, obtuse, nearly as long as the wings. Upper stamen free, others united. Style incurved, gla- brous ; stigma small. Pod flat, hairy, about 1 in., acute ; seeds 2-4. Simla, in woods, 5000-6000 ft. ; August, September. — China, Japan. Closely allied to the X. American A. monoica, Elliott, which bears two kinds of pod : (1) as above described, and (2) one-seeded, orbicular pods about J in. diam., which are produced near the base of the stem or on plants with prostrate stems, and bury themselves in the ground. See Darwin’s Forms of Flower p. 327. The Simla species probably produces both kinds of pod, though there is no record of it. 27. SHUTERIA. In honour of D. Shuter, medical officer, Madras Presidency, at the end of the eighteenth century and beginning of the nineteenth. — India, China, tropical Africa. Shuteria involucrata, Wight & Am. Prodr. 207 ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 181, under S. vestita. A more or less hairy herb ; stems slender, twining. Leaves of 3 leaflets : leaflets nearly equal, 138 XXX. LEGrUMIN 0 SiE ovate, 1-2| xj-lj in., entire, obtuse, upper surface glabrous, lateral nearly sessile, terminal 1 -stalked ; stipules lanceolate, acute. Flowers white, tinged with pink, \ in. long, in clusters of 2 or 3, crowded in axillary, bracteate racemes ; the orbicular, leaf- like bracts of the lowest 1 or 2 clusters forming involucres round the flowers. Calyx tubular ; teeth 5, short, acute, the 2 upper nearly or quite united, the lowest tooth the longest. Petals longer than the calyx : standard obovate, erect ; keel nearly straight, obtuse, shorter than the wings. Upper stamen free, others united. Style incurved, glabrous ; stigma small, capitate. Pod flat, narrow, 1-1 J in., tipped with the persistent style-base ; seeds 5 or 6^ Simla, Dhami, North of Jutogh ; November. — Himalaya, Simla to Assam, 3000-7000 ft. — Nilghiris. 28. DUMASIA. In honour of J. B. Dumas, a French botanical author of the nineteenth century. — Tropical regions of Asia and Africa. Dumasia villosa, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 183. A densely hairy, perennial herb ; stems slender, twining. Leaves of 3 leaf- lets ; leaflets nearly equal, ovate, lj-3xf-l| in., entire, obtuse or acute, lateral nearly sessile, terminal one stalked. Flowers yellow, J-f in. long, in axillary, bracteate racemes. Calyx tubular, mouth obliquely truncate ; teeth obscure. Petals twice as long as the calyx : standard obovate, erect ; keel slightly incurved, obtuse, nearly as long as the wings. Upper stamen free, others united. Style long, straight and pubescent for about half its length, then flattened and abruptly incurved, terminal portion awl-shaped, glabrous ; stigma capitate. Pod flat, yellow-tomentose, 1-1J in., constricted between the seeds ; seeds 3 or 4. Simla, Annandale, Shali ; August, September. — Himalaya, Simla to Assam, 3000-7000 ft. ; Nilghiris. — Africa. 29. ERYTHRINA. From the Greek erythros, red, referring to the colour of the flowers. — Most tropical and subtropical regions ; Cape of Good Hope. Erythrina suberosa, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 189. A tree, 30-50 ft. ; branches prickly. Leaves of 3 leaflets ; leaflets broadly ovate, entire, upper surface glabrous, lower pale or red- brown tomentose or pubescent, lateral 3|- X 3 in., nearly sessile, terminal one 5 x4| in., long-stalked. Flowers red, appearing shortly after the young leaves, 1J-2 in. long, in small clusters crowded in short, terminal racemes. Calyx J in., 2 -lipped ; teeth obsolete. Standard oblong ; wings minute, curved ; keel-petals united, hardly half the length of the standard. Upper stamen free except at the base, others united. Ovary tomentose ; style XXX. LE GUMIN O SiE 139 short, glabrous, incurved ; stigma small. Pod stalked, glabrous, cylindric, 5-6 in., contracted between the seeds, long-pointed ; seeds 2-5, dark purple. Sutlej valley ; March, April. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. The wood is white, soft and light, yet fibrous and tough. It is used for making scabbards, sieve-frames, &c. E. indica, the ‘ Coral tree,’ is often planted in N. India. 30. BUTEA. In honour of John, Earl of Bute, a botanical author and patron of botany in the eighteenth century. — Tropical Asia. Butea frondosa, Boxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 194. A tree, 30-50 ft. Leaves of 3 leaflets ; leaflets hard, stiff, broadly ovate, entire, upper surface nearly glabrous, lower tomentose, lateral about 3|x2| in., nearly sessile, terminal one about 4|x3| in., long- stalked. Mowers deep red, tinged with orange, appearing before the leaves, about 2| in. long, in small clusters crowded on axillary or terminal racemes. Calyx brown-tomentose, tubular, \ in. ; teeth 5, short, the 2 upper united. Petals strongly curved, nearly equal, silvery-tomentose outside ; keel acute. Upper stamen free, others united. Style long, curved, glabrous ; stigma capitate. Pod stalked, tomentose, oblong, about 6 xl| in. ; lower portion flat, empty, not opening ; tip swollen, splitting round the single seed. Sutlej valley, Kalka ; March, April. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. The DhaTc. The leaves are used as fodder, as plates and as wrapping for parcels. A yellow dye prepared from the flowers is in great request during the Holi festivities. 31. PUERARIA. In honour of M. N. Puerari, Professor of Botany at Copenhagen in the eighteenth century. — -Tropical Asia, China, Japan. Pueraria tuberosa, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 197. A shrub ; root tuberous ; stems very long, pubescent, twining. Leaves of 3 leaflets ; leaflets broadly ovate, entire or sinuate, pointed, upper surface nearly glabrous, lower densely hairy, terminal one long-stalked, 4-9 in., lateral shortly stalked, smaller, unequally sided. Flowers purple-blue, appearing before the leaves, § in. long, in small clusters crowded in long, panicled racemes. Calyx | in., densely covered with red-brown hairs ; teeth short, acute, 2 upper nearly or quite united. Standard orbicular ; keel nearly straight, obtuse, slightly shorter than the wings. Upper stamen free at both ends but connected at the middle with the sheath formed by the others. Ovary hairy ; style glabrous, abruptly incurved at the base ; stigma small, capitate. Pod flat, densely grey-hairy, 2-3 in., deeply constricted between the seeds, tipped 140 XXX. LEGUMIN O SiE with the persistent style-base ; seeds 2-6, separated by parti- tions. Basantpur, Sutlej valley ; April. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. The tuberous roots are eaten and used medicinally. They are also given as fodder to the ponies in Simla. 32. PHASEOLUS. The Greek name of the Kidney-bean, P. vulgaris. — Warm regions of both Hemispheres ; widely cultivated. Herbs ; stems slender, trailing, twining or erect. Leaves of 3 leaflets ; leaflets nearly equal, usually lobed, margins entire, lateral nearly sessile, terminal one long-stalked. Flowers yellow, in short, head-like, axillary racemes. Calyx bell-shaped ; teeth 5, the 2 upper more or less united, lowest tooth the longest. Petals much longer than the calyx : standard orbicular, spreading ; keel narrow, long, obtuse, twisted in a complete spire. Upper stamen free, others united. Style spirally twisted, bearded below the obliquely placed stigma. Pod cylindric or flat.; seeds 6-12, separated by pith-like partitions. The following species are cultivated throughout India : — the £ Mung,5 P. Mungo ; the ‘ Moth,5 P. aconitifolius ; the Urd or Mash, P. radiatus ; the Scarlet-runner, P. multiflorus ; the Kidney- bean, P. vulgaris. All may be recognised by the spirally twisted keel and bearded style. Leaflets oblong. Flowers hardly J in. long. Pod cylindric . 1. P. trilobus. Leaflets broadly ovate. Flowers \ in, long. Pod flat . 2. P. calcaratus. * 1. Phaseolus trilobus, Ait. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 201. Stems trail- ing or twining, 1-2 ft., hairy. Leaflets nearly glabrous, oblong, 1-2 in., more or less deeply 3-lobed. Flowers pale yellow, hardly | in. long. Pod glabrous, cylindric, 1-2 in., curved ; seeds 6-12. Himalaya to Ceylon and Burmah, ascending to 7000 ft. in the N.W.P. ; August. — W. and tropical Asia, Africa. On a sheet of this species in the Kew Herbarium has been written by Mr. Bentham, ‘Simla to Almora, 4000-7000 ft., Madden.5 This is probably the authority for the distribution given in the FI. Br. Ind. I have seen no Simla specimen. 2. Phaseolus calcaratus, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 203. Stems trailing or twining, 1-3 ft., hairy. Leaflets nearly glabrous, broadly ovate, acute, 1J-3 in., sometimes lobed. Flowers yellow, i in. long. Pod glabrous, flat, 2-3 in., straight or curved ; seeds 8-12. Valleys below Simla ; August. — Throughout India, wild and cultivated. Native name Mung. 33. VIGrNA. In honour of Domenic Vigna, a professor at Padua in the seventeenth century. — Tropical and subtropical regions, Cape of Good Hope, Australia. XXX. LEGUMINOSiE 141 Vigna vexillata, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 206. A perennial, roughly hairy herb ; rootstock thick, woody ; stems twining or trailing, 3-5 ft., hairy. Leaflets 3, nearly equal, not lobed, entire, long-pointed, variable in shape, ovate-lanceolate about 2J x 1| in., or narrowly lanceolate about 3 X§ in.; lateral nearly sessile, terminal one stalked. Flowers pink or red, turning blue-purple as they fade, 1-1| in. long, in a cluster of 2-4 at the end of naked, axillary stalks 6-18 in. long. Calyx-tube bell-shaped ; teeth 5, long, lanceolate, nearly equal, distinct. Petals much longer than the calyx : standard orbicular, spreading ; keel strongly incurved but not spirally twisted, obtuse. Upper stamen free, others united. Style incurved, bearded below the obliquely placed stigma. Pod densely hairy, flat, 2-3 in., acute ; seeds 10-15, separated by pith-like partitions. Simla, on grassy slopes ; August, September. — Hilly districts throughout India, ascending to 8000 ft. — Nearly all tropical regions, S. Africa, Australia. 34. DOLICHOS. From the Greek dolichos, long, probably referring to the long, twining stems of some species. — Tropical regions. Dolichos biflorus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 210. An annual, hairy herb ; stems nearly erect ; branches climbing. Leaves of 3 leaflets ; leaflets nearly equal, often lobed, entire, ovate -lanceolate, 1-2 in., acute, lateral nearly sessile, terminal one stalked. Flowers yellow, in. long, solitary or in small, axillary, nearly sessile clusters. Calyx-tube very short ; teeth 5, long, nearly equal, very narrow, the two upper partially united. Petals longer than the calyx : standard ovate, spreading, with 2 small, membranous, fringed, dark brown pouches in the centre ; keel slightly incurved, obtuse. Upper stamen free, others united. Style slender, incurved, glabrous except a ring of minute hairs just below the terminal stigma. Pod flat, curved, l|~2xj in., hairy, tipped with the persistent, hook-like style-base ; seeds 5-7. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Tropical regions of the Old World. Widely cultivated for fodder ; native name Khidti. Dolichos Lablab is cultivated throughout India and up to 6000 ft. A twining, perennial herb ; roots tuberous. Leaflets broadly ovate, 2-3 in., long- pointed. Flowers -J—f in. long, white or pale purple, racemed. Style thickened upwards, bearded along the inner side. Pod glabrous, oblong, l|-2 x|-| in., tipped with the persistent style-base. Native name Sem or Sembi. 35. ATYLOSIA. From the Greek a, without, and iylos, a callosity ; the standard is without the hard, basal protuberances characteristic of some genera. — Tropical Asia, Madagascar, Australia. Tomentose or hairy shrubs ; stems twining or trailing. Leaves of 3 leaflets, lower surface more or less covered with 142 XXX. LEGUMINOSJE minute, resinous dots ; leaflets nearly equal, not lobed, entire, acute, lateral nearly sessile, terminal one stalked, rarely nearly sessile. Flowers yellow, in axillary racemes or clusters. Calyx- tube short ; teeth 5, nearly equal, acute, the 2 upper partially united, lowest the longest. Petals longer than the calyx : standard orbicular, spreading ; keel slightly incurved, obtuse. Upper stamen free, others united. Style thread-like, incurved, glabrous ; stigma small, capitate. Pod oblong, flat, marked with transverse, parallel grooves between the seeds, tipped with the persistent style-base ; seeds 4-10, separated by partitions. Flowers £— 1J in- long. Pod l |-2 in. Leaflets longer than broad. Corolla persistent. Pod £ in. broad, grey-pubescent . . . . 1. A. mollis. Leaflets as long as broad. Corolla soon falling off. Pod \ in. broad, thinly hairy . . . 3. A. platycarpa. Flowers scarcely J in. long. Pod f-1 in. . . . 2. A. scarab ceoides. 1. Atylosia mollis, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 213. Densely pubescent or tomentose ; stems long, twining. Leaflets ovate, longer than broad ; terminal one about 2 X 1 in. Flowers yellow, 1-1 f in. long, racemed. Corolla persisting until the pod is fully developed. Pod 1^-2 X-J- in., grey-pubescent ; seeds 8-10. Valleys below Simla, Haripur ; July-September. — Himalaya, Chamba to Sikkim, 2000-6000 ft. 2. Atylosia scarabseoides, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 215. Pube- scent or hairy ; stems long, twining or trailing. Leaflets ovate or oblong ; terminal one about |X^ in. or l|x| in., sometimes very shortly stalked. Flowers yellow, scarcely J in. long, in axillary clusters of '2-6. Corolla soon falling off. Pod f-1 Xj in., densely hairy ; seeds 4-6. Simla, Naldera, on grassy slopes ; July-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Tropical Asia, Madagascar, Mauritius. 3. Atylosia platycarpa, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 216. Pube- scent or hairy ; stems long, trailing or twining. Leaflets orbicu- lar, as long as broad, end one 1-3 in. across. Flowers yellow, f in. long, in racemes, or one or two together at the end of a short stalk. Corolla soon falling off. Pod l|Xj in., thinly hairy; seeds 5 or 6. Simla ; August, September. — W. Himalaya, i 000-8000 ft. 36. RHYNCHOSIA. From the Greek rhynchos , a beak, referring to the incurved keel-petals. — Most warm regions ; a few species in S. Africa and N. America. Shrubs or perennial herbs, more or less hairy ; stems trailing or twining, rarely erect. Lower surface of leaves dotted with XXX, LEGUMINOSiE 143 minute, resinous glands. Leaflets 3, nearly equal, rarely lobed, entire ; lateral nearly sessile, terminal one stalked. Flowers usually yellow, in axillary racemes. Calyx-tube short ; teeth 5, acute, nearly equal or the lowest much the longest, the 2 upper partially united. Standard broadly obovate, spreading ; keel incurved, obtuse. Upper stamen free, others united. Style long, incurved, pubescent or glabrous, not bearded ; stigma small. Pod oblong, flat, acute or tipped with the persistent style ; seeds 2 or 1. Stems erect. Lower surface of leaves white-tomentose. Flowers yellow . . - . . . 1 ,'lt. Pseudo-cajan. Stems trailing or climbing. Flowers yellow, or yellow streaked with purple. Flowers scarcely \ in. long. Terminal leaflet | in. long . . . . . . . 2. B. minima. Flowers in. long. Terminal leaflet 1-2J in. long. Leaflets obtuse. Lowest calyx-tooth much shorter than corolla. Standard hairy . . 3. B. Falconeri. Leaflets long-pointed. Lowest calyx-tooth as long as corolla. Standard glabrous . . 4. R. himalensis. Flowers dark red . . . . . . 5. R. sericea . 1. Rhynchosia Pseudo-cajan, Garnb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 223. An erect shrub, 4-6 ft. ; stem and branches white-tomentose. Leaflets ovate ; terminal one 1J-2 Xf-1 in. ; upper surface green, pubescent ; lower white, tomentose. Flowers yellow, | in. long. Calyx white-tomentose. Standard and style pubescent. Pod 1 in., white-tomentose. Sutlej valley ; August, September. — W. Himalaya, Murree to Kumaon, 3000-9000 ft. 2. Rhynchosia minima, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 223. Pubescent ; stems long, slender, trailing or climbing. Leaflets orbicular ; terminal one J-f in. across. Flowers yellow, scarcely | in. long. Style nearly glabrous. Pod | in., pubescent. Sutlej valley ; September- January. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Nearly all tropical and subtropical countries ; temperate N. America and S. Africa. 3. Rhynchosia Falconeri, Baker ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 224. More or less hairy ; stems long, trailing or climbing. Leaflets ovate, obtuse ; terminal one 1-1 1 Xf-lJ in. Flowers yellow, ^ in. long. Calyx densely hairy ; lowest tooth much shorter than the corolla. Standard hairy. Style glabrous. Pod 1-1 J in., hairy. Shali, 7500 ft. ; August, September. — Garhwal. 4. Rhynchosia himalensis, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 225. More or less hairy, viscidly glandular ; stems long, trailing or 144 XXX. LEGUMINOSJE climbing. Leaflets ovate, long-pointed, base rounded ; terminal one 1^-2J x 1J-1J in. Flowers yellow, veined with purple, nearly f in. long. Calyx pubescent ; lowest tooth as long as the corolla. Standard and style glabrous. Pod 1-1J in., pubescent. (Fig. 40.) Simla ; July, August. — W. Himalaya, Murree to Kumaon, 3000-6000 ft. 5. Rhynchosia sericea, Span. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 225. Softly pubescent, viscidly glandular ; stems thick, long, trailing or climbing. Leaflets broadly ovate, acute, base rounded; terminal one 2-3 X lf-2£ in. Flowers dark red, J in. long. Calyx and standard hairy. Pod 1 J in., tipped with the glabrous, persistent style. Simla, Mushobra, common on grassy banks ; July-September. — N. India, ascending to 7000 ft. 37. FLEMXNGIA. In honour of Dr. J. Fleming, Bengal Army, who died in 181 &. — Tropical Asia, Australia, Africa. XXX. LEGUMINOSiE 145 Procumbent or trailing shrubs. Leaves simple or of 3 nearly sessile leaflets, entire, lower surface gland-dotted. Flowers in small clusters, racemose, each cluster hidden within a large folded bract, or terminal, on long, axillary stalks without enve- loping bracts. Calyx-tube short ; teeth 5, narrow, long-pointed, the lowest the longest. Petals nearly equal, longer than the calyx : standard broadly ovate, spreading ; keel incurved, obtuse or acute. Upper stamen free, others united. Style incurved, thickened near the middle, tip glabrous or hairy ; stigma small. Pod short, oblong, turgid ; seeds 1 or 2. Leaves simple, flower- clusters racemose, each enclosed by a large, folded, bract . . . . . .1. F. fruticulosa. Leaves of 3 leaflets. Flower- clusters terminal on long, axillary stalks without enveloping bracts . . . 2. F. vestita. 1. Flemingia fruticulosa. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 227, under F. strobilijera. Branches procumbent, 6-18 in., spreading from the base. Leaves simple, cordate, ovate or nearly orbicular, Fig. 41. Flemingia fruticulosa. 1J— 3 in. ; upper surface nearly glabrous ; veins on lower surface prominent. Flowers pink or white, ^ in. long, in small clusters enclosed by folded, membranous, orbicular bracts nearly f in. long and arranged in two rows in short racemes. Keel slightly incurved, obtuse. Style-tip glabrous. Pod \ in. ; seeds 2. (Fig. 41.) Simla, on banks ; August-October. — W. Himalaya, Dalbousie to Kurnaom 4000-9000 ft. . • L 146 XXX. LEGUMINOS^E 2. Flemingia vestita, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 230. Pubes- cent or hairy ; root tuberous ; stems trailing, 1-2 ft. Leaves of 3 nearly sessile leaflets ; leaflets ovate, ljxl in. Flowers bright red, £ in. long, in small clusters at the end of long, axillary stalks. Calyx and corolla hairy. Keel strongly incurved, acute. Style- tip hairy. Pod \ in., enclosed in the calyx ; seed solitary. Simla, on grassy slopes ; August, September. — Himalaya, Simla to Assam. The root is edible. 38. DALBERGIA. In honour of Nicholas Dalberg, a Swedish botanist, who died in 1820. — Widely spread in tropical regions. Dalbergia Sissoo, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 231. A tree ; young parts pubescent. Leaves pale green, odd-pinnate ; leaflets 3 or 5, alternate, broadly ovate, 1-3 X f— 2 £ in., entire, abruptly pointed, terminal one stalked. Flowers sessile, yellow-white, £ in. long, in short, axillary panicles. Calyx bell-shaped ; teeth 5, short, the 2 upper united, lowest the longest. Petals much longer than the calyx ; standard ovate ; keel nearly straight, obtuse. Stamens 9, all united, tube split along the upper side. Ovary hairy ; style short, thick, glabrous ; stigma capitate. Pod long-stalked, thin, glabrous, strap-shaped, 1J-4 X £-J in. ; seeds 2-4. Sutlej valley ; March-June. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. A valuable timber tree ; widely planted. Wood suitable for nearly all purposes. Native name, Shisfiam or Sissoo. 39. SOPHORA. Origin of name obscure. — Most warm and temperate regions. Sophora mollis, Grah. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 251. An erect shrub, 3-4 ft. Leaves pale green, odd-pinnate, 5-10 in. ; leaflets 21-41, ovate, in., nearly sessile, entire. Flowers yellow, appearing with the young leaves, nearly £ in. long, crowded in short, axillary racemes. Calyx tubular, £ in. ; teeth 5, short, blunt, the 2 upper united, often obscure. Petals nearly equal ; standard broadly obovate, spreading. Stamens all free ; anthers versatile. Style incurved, glabrous ; stigma minute. Pod stalked, glabrous, 3-4 in., consisting of 4-6 one-seeded, 4-winged joints contiguous or separated by linear constrictions sometimes nearly an inch long. Sutlej valley ; March, April. — N. India, ascending to 6000 ft. 40. CiESALPINIA. In honour of Andreas Cesalpini, professor of medicine at Pisa in the sixteenth century. He was the first botanist to classify plants by the flowers and seeds. — Most warm regions. Caesalpinia Sepiaria, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 256. A prickly, climbing shrub. Leaves 2-pinnate, 10-18 in. ; leaflets 16-24, opposite, nearly sessile, oblong, £-1 in., obtuse. Flowers yellow, XXX. LEGUMINOSiE 147 4 in. long, wing-stalked, in erect racemes 6-12 in. long. Calyx 5- parted ; lobes oblong, overlapping, the lowest concave and largest. Petals 5, orbicular, spreading, the upper one the smallest and innermost. Stamens 10, all free, longer than, the petals ; lower half of filament dilated, woolly ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile ; style glabrous ; stigma small. Pod glabrous, nearly flat, oblong, 2-3x1 in., tipped with the hard, persistent style -base ; seeds * 4-8, mottled. Sutlej valley, Basantpur, Subathoo ; February-April. — Throughout India and Burmah, ascending to 4000 ft. — China. 41. CASSIA. The classical name of some tree with aromatic bark. — Nearly all tropical and subtropical regions ; N. temperate Asia and America. Trees or herbs, not prickly. Leaves even-pinnate ; rachis often gland-bearing ; leaflets few or numerous, opposite, entire. Plowers yellow, in racemes or solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3. Calyx 5-parted ; lobes overlapping. Petals 5, nearly equal, spread- ing, the upper one the innermost. Stamens all free, 10, rarely all perfect or 5 or 4 ; perfect anthers uniform, usually dehiscing by a terminal pore. Ovary nearly sessile ; style incurved ; stigma small. Pod flat, cylindric or 4-angled ; seeds numerous, rarely few. In the FI. Br. Ind. ii. 266, it is stated that C. pumila, Lam. ascends to 7000 ft. ; I have seen no specimen from above 1000 ft. The statement was perhaps founded on a wrongly named specimen of C. dimidiata (230, Edge- worth) in the Kew Herbarium. Leaflets 4-16, ovate, 1-5 in. A tree. Leaflets 8-16. Flowers numerous, in long racemes. Pod cylindric ..... Herbs. Leaflets 4 or 6. Flowers few, in pairs or short racemes. Leaflets 6. Perfect stamens 7. Pod 4-angled Leaflets 4. Perfect stamens 5. Pod flat Leaflets 40-100, narrowly oblong, ^ in. or less. Stems procumbent. Stamens 10 Stems erect. Stamens 5 or 4 . 1. C. Fistula. 2. C. obtusifolia. 3. C.Absus. 4. C. mimosoides. 5. C. dimidiata. 1. Cassia Fistula, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 261. A small tree. Leaves glabrous, 12-18 in. ; leaflets 8-16, ovate, 2-5 in., acute or obtuse. Flowers yellow, long-stalked, in drooping racemes 1-2 ft. long. Sepals 4 in., obtuse, soon falling off. Petals obovate, f-1 in., clawed. Stamens unequal ; 3 lowest much the longest, curved, perfect ; 4-6 intermediate in length, perfect ; remaining 1-3 very short, abortive. Pod cylindric, 1 in. diam., l-£ ft. long, filled with a soft pulp separating the numerous, flat seeds. Sutlej valley ; March, April. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Tropical Asia, Africa. — Native name, Amaltds. This is an exceedingly showy tree when in flower, and Grant-Duff in his Notes of an Indian Journey, p. 122, speaks of it as 1 * * 4 that infinitely glorified cousin of the Laburnum.’ 148 XXX. LEGUMINOSiE 2. Cassia obtusifolia, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 263, under C. Tora. An annual, erect, shrub-like herb, 3-6 ft. Leaves 2-3 in. ; leaflets 6, hairy, ovate, 1-2 in., acute, an awl-shaped, yellow gland between the lowest pair. Flowers yellow, J-f in. diam., in pairs on short, axillary stalks. Stamens 10 ; lower 7 nearly equal, perfect ; 3 upper minute, abortive. Pod linear, 6-9 in., 4-angled ; seeds numerous. Naldera, Sutlej valley ; September, October. — Throughout India, ascending to 5100 ft, — Most tropical regions. 3. Cassia Absus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 265. An erect, branched, viscidly glandular, biennial herb, 6-18 in. Leaves 1J-3 in. ; leaflets 4, ovate, 1-1^ in., obtuse, a small, awl-shaped gland between each pair. Flowers few, red-yellow, \ in. diam., in short racemes. Stamens 5, equal, perfect. Pod hairy, flat, 1-2 xj in. ; seeds 6. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Most tropical regions. 4. Cassia mimosoides, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 266. Perennial ; stems several, hairy, spreading, 12-18 in., procumbent or ascend- ing. Leaves 1-2 in. ; leaflets 40-100, narrowly oblong, J in., Fig. 42. Cassia mimosoides. acute, midrib close to the upper margin, a small, circular, sessile gland between or just below the lowest pair. Flowers yellow, J in. diam., axillary, solitary or in clusters of 2-3. Stamens 10, nearly equal, all perfect. Pod flat, hairy, 1J X | in. ; seeds 15-20. (Fig. 42.) Valleys below Simla, on grassy slopes ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Nearly all tropical regions. XXX. LE GrUMIN O SiE 149 5. Cassia dimidiata, Baker ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 266, under G . mimosoides. An annual, nearly glabrous herb ; stems erect, 1J-3 ft. Leaves 2-3 in. ; leaflets 50-100, narrowly oblong, | in., acute, midrib close to the upper margin, a small, circular, sessile gland between or just below the lowest pair. Flowers yellow, hardly J in. diam., axillary, usually solitary. Stamens 4 or 5, nearly equal, perfect. Pod flat, thinly hairy, l^X^ in. ; seeds 10-15. Valleys below Simla, in fields; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft.— Most tropical regions. 42. BAUHINIA. In memory of John and Caspar Bauhin, German botanists of the sixteenth century. — Widely spread in tropical and subtropical regions. Erect trees or tendril-bearing climbers. Leaves simple, notched or 2-lobed, entire. Flowers large, showy, in racemes, corymbs or panicles. Calyx-tube short ; limb long, spathe-like and undivided or splitting as the flower opens into 2 or 3 often reflexed segments. Petals 5, slightly unequal, clawed, erect or spreading, the upper one the innermost. Stamens 3-5, free,* anthers versatile. Ovary stalked ; style cylindric ; stigma ter- minal. Pod flat, oblong ; seeds 6-15. Trees. Leaves notched at the top. Petals | in., pale yellow . 1 . B. return . Leaves deeply 2-lobed. Petals 1-2 in., pink or purple. Calyx splitting to the base in 2 ultimately reflexed segments. Perfect stamens 3, rarely 4 . •. . 3. B. purpurea. Calyx spathe-like, not splitting. Perfect stamens 5 . 4. B. variegata. A climbing shrub. Petals 1 in., white, changing to cream- yellow . . . . . . . . . 2. B. Vahlii. 1. Bauhinia retusa, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 279. A small tree. Leaves glabrous, cordate, orbicular, 4-6 in., notched at the tip. Flowers in large, terminal panicles. Calyx pubescent ; limb splitting to the base in 2 or 3 segments. Petals pubescent out- side, oblong, in., pale yellow, with purple streaks or spots. Stamens 3. Pod glabrous, 5x1 in. Valleys below Simla ; September, October. — Central and N. India, W. Hima- laya from Kumaon to the Beeas up to 4000 ft. 2. Bauhinia Vahlii, Wight Am. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 279. A large climber, sometimes 100 ft. long, covered with red-brown tomentum ; branches frequently terminating in a pair of opposite tendrils. Leaves cordate, orbicular,' 6-18 in., 2-lobed nearly to the middle. Flowers in large, terminal corymbs. Calyx-limb splitting into 2 ultimately reflexed segments. Petals hairy out- side, obovate, 1 in., white, turning to cream-yellow. Stamens 3. Pod tomentose, thick, 6-18 x2-3 in. Sutlej valley, Kalka ; April-June. — Throughout Central and Northern India, ascending to 5000 ft. 150 XXX. LEGUMIN OSiE This species is put to more uses than almost any other forest plant except the bamboo. The large flat leaves are sewn together and used as plates, cups, rough table-cloths, umbrellas, cloaks and rain-caps ; the seeds are roasted and eaten ; the fibres of the bark are made into ropes, and from the trunk exudes a copious gum. Native name Taur. 3. Bauhinia purpurea, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 284. A tree. Leaves glabrous, cordate, ovate or orbicular, 4-6 in., 2-lobed nearly to the middle, lobes sometimes pointed. Flowers in pubescent racemes, often combined in panicles. Calyx -limb splitting to the base in 2 ultimately reflexed segments. Petals oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 in., pink ; margins waved. Stamens 3, occasionally 4. Pod glabrous, 6-12 X J-f in. Valleys below Simla ; September-November. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. Often planted. 4. Bauhinia variegata, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 284. A tree. Leaves glabrous, cordate, orbicular, 2-4 in., 2-lobed to about ^ of their length. Flowers in small, pubescent corymbs. Calyx-limb spathe-like, not splitting into segments, tip 5-toothed. Petals * oblong, 2 in., light red-purple, upper one darker and often tinged with cream and red ; margins waved. Stamens 5. Pod glabrous, 6-18 X | in. Sutlej valley ; February-April. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. - — Burmah, China. The Kuchnar or Geranium tree. Often planted. 43. MIMOSA. Supposed to be derived from the Greek mimos, a mimic ; referring to the highly sensitive leaves of some of the species imitating animal movement. — Warm regions of America, Africa and Asia ; chiefly America. Mimosa rubicaulis, Lam. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 291. A prickly, pubescent, erect or half-climbing shrub. Leaves 2-pinnate, 3-6 in. ; pinnules 3-10 pairs ; leaflets 12-30, sensitive, narrowly oblong, J in., acute, mid-rib close to the upper margin. Flowers minute, purple at first, afterwards changing to white, crowded in globose heads J-J in. diam., and forming terminal racemes. Calyx and corolla tubular, 4-toothed. Stamens 8, free, 2-3 times as long as the corolla. Style slightly longer than the stamens ; stigma minute. Pod stalked, glabrous, thin, flat, slightly curved, 3-5 xj in., the 6-10 square, 1 -seeded joints separating when ripe from between the persistent, marginal frame. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Afghanistan. 44. ACACIA. The classical name of some species of Acacia, probably A. vera. — Most warm regions. Species with the leaves reduced to flattened stalks are abundant in Australia. XXX. LEGUMIN O SiE 151 Trees or shrubs, erect or climbing, spinous or prickly. Leaves 2 -pinnate ; rachises often glandular ; pinnules opposite ; leaflets usually numerous, small, y— J in., opposite, entire. Flowers small, barely | in. long, usually yellow, in globose heads or cylindric spikes, axillary or paniculate at the end of branches. Calyx bell-shaped, 4- or 5-toothed or lobed. Petals 4 or 5, more or less united. Stamens very many, usually more than 50, much longer than the corolla, free or united close to the base ; anthers minute. Style thread-like ; stigma minute. Pod nearly cylindric or flat, 2-valved or indehiscent ; seeds 3-12. Flowers in globose heads. Trees or shrubs. Heads axillary. Heads with a whorl of small bracts at the base. Pod glabrous, irregularly cylindric . . . . Heads with a whorl of small bracts about the middle of the stalk. Pod tomentose, flat, con- tracted between the seeds . Climbing shrub. Heads panicled . . . . Flowers in cylindric spikes. Leaves 3-6 in. Pinnules 10-20 pairs. Leaflets narrowly oblong ....... Leaves 1-2 in. Pinnules 2-3 pairs. Leaflets obovate 1. A. Farnesiana. 2. A. arabica. 5. A. ccesia. 3. A. Catechu. 4. A. moderta. 1. Acacia Farnesiana, Willd. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 292. An erect shrub ; branches zigzag, covered with minute, raised, grey dots. Leaves l|-2 in. ; stipules spinescent ; pinnules 4-8 pairs ; leaflets 20-40 on a pinnule, narrowly oblong. Flowers deep yellow, fragrant, crowded in long-stalked, globose heads -J— J in. diam., forming axillary clusters of 2-5 ; heads with a whorl of small bracts at the base. Pod glabrous, thick, irregularly cylindric, often curved, 2-3 in. ; seeds separated by dry, spongy tissue, and arranged obliquely in 2 rows. Sutlej valley, Suni ; January-March. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. Often planted. — Nearly all hot countries. The pods and bark are used in native medicine and for tanning ; the flowers in perfumery. Native name KiTcar. Cultivated in S. Europe. 2. Acacia arabica, Willd. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 293. A tree attaining 50 ft. in the plains but usually stunted in the hills ; branches zigzag, pubescent. Leaves 1-2 in. ; stipules spinescent, white and very long on old branches ; pinnules 3-6 pairs ; leaflets 20-40 on a pinnule, narrowly oblong. Flowers yellow, fragrant, crowded in long-stalked, globose heads J in. diam., forming axillary clusters of 2-5 ; stalks bearing just above the middle a whorl of small bracts. Pod stalked, grey -tomentose, flat, 3-6 in., contracted between the circular seeds. Sutlej valley; July-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. — Arabia, Africa. The hard, tough and very durable wood is widely used in the construction of agricultural implements, boats, tent-pegs, &c. The gum procured by incisions made in the branches is used in native medicine, and by dyers and cloth- printers ; it forms part of the various gums exported as East Indian gum 152 XXX. LEGUMINOSiE arabic, The bark is used for tanning and dyeing, and that of the roots in the < preparation of native spirits. The green pods and young leaves make excellent fodder and the trees are in consequence often much lopped and mutilated. Native name Kikar or Babul. 3. Acacia Catechu, Willd. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 295. A tree, 30-40 ft. Leaves pubescent, 3-6 in. ; stipules soon falling off ; a pair of flattened, recurved prickles inserted below the leaf-base ; pinnules 10-20 pairs ; leaflets 60-100 on a pinnule, narrowly oblong. Flowers pale yellow, crowded in stalked, cylindric spikes 2-4 in. long, solitary or forming small, axillary clusters. Pod stalked, glabrous, flat, thin, oblong, 2-3 Xj-f in., acute. Valleys below Simla ; May-July. — Throughout N. India, ascending to 3000 ft. The hard wood is put to the same uses as that of A. arabica. The c Cutch 5 of commerce (native name Katha) is the heart-wood cut into chips and boiled down ; in the East it is eaten with Betel leaf, Piper Betle, Linn., and is exported to Europe for dyeing and tanning. Native name Klnair. 4. Acacia modesta, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 296. A small tree. Leaves glabrous, grey-green, 1-2 in. ; stipules soon falling off ; a pair of flattened, recurved prickles inserted below the leaf-base ; pinnules 2-3 pairs ; leaflets 6-10 on a pinnule, obovate. Flowers white or pale yellow, in stalked, cylindric, drooping spikes 1-2 in. long, solitary or forming small, axillary clusters. Pod stalked, glabrous, flat, oblong, 2-3 Xj-| in. Sutlej valley, Suni ; April, May. — Common throughout N.W. India and the Punjab, ascending to 4000 ft. — Afghanistan. The wood is hard and durable and is used for agricultural implements ; the leaves are used as fodder. 5. Acacia csesia, Wight da Arn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 297, under A. Intsia. A climbing, pubescent shrub ; branches covered with small prickles. Leaves 3-12 in. ; stipules soon falling off ; pinnules 4-15 pairs ; leaflets 20-60 on a pinnule, narrowly oblong, obliquely acute. Flowers pale yellow, crowded in stalked, globose heads in. diam., forming large, terminal panicles. Pod stalked, tomentose or ultimately glabrous, flat, oblong, 4-6 X 1 in. Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. in Kumaon ; April-August. — Burmah. 45. ALB1ZZIA. In honour of Albizzi, an Italian naturalist of the eighteenth century. — Warm regions of Asia, Africa and Australia. Unarmed trees. Leaves 2 -pinnate ; rachises usually bearing a gland near the base and between one or more pairs of the leaflets ; stipules usually small and soon falling off, large and more persistent in A. stipulata ; pinnules opposite or nearly so ; leaflets sessile, opposite, entire, unequal-sided. Flowers ^-1| in. XXX. LEGTJMINOSiE 153 long including the stamens, crowded in globose, axillary, stalked heads forming terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed. Stamens numerous, far protruding, filaments often coloured, more or less united, the stamina! tube about as long as the corolla ; anthers minute. Style thread-like ; stigma small. Pod broadly oblong, flat, thin, 2-valved or indehiscent ; seeds 4-15. Leaflets obtuse. Flowers 1| in., shortly stalked. Corolla glabrous. Leaflets 6-18 ; lower surface nearly glabrous . 1. A. LebbeJc. Flowers 1 in., sessile. Corolla hairy. Leaflets 20- 50 ; lower surface tomentose . . . , 2. A. odoratissima. Leaflets acute. Flowers pink, 1-1 J in. Stipules linear . . . 3. A. mollis. Flowers yellow, §— 1 in. Stipules broad, cordate . 4. A. stipulate i. 1. Albizzia Lebbek, Benth.; FI. Br. Ind.ii.298. A tree. Leaves nearly glabrous, 3-12 in. ; pinnules 2-4 pairs ; leaflets 6-18 on a pinnule, oblong, 1-lf x| in., obtuse. Heads long-stalked, in clusters of 2-4, forming short, terminal racemes or panicles. Flowers white, 1| in. long ; stalks J in. Calyx pubescent. Corolla glabrous. Pod glabrous, 6-12 X 1^-2 in. Valleys below Simla ; April, May. — Throughout India ascending to 5000 ft. — Tropical Asia ; Africa ; X. Australia. The Sir is ; frequently planted. 2. Albizzia odoratissima, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 299. A tree. Leaves pubescent, 6-12 in. ; pinnules 3-8 pairs ; leaflets 20-50 on a pinnule, oblong, f-lxj in., obtuse, upper surface pubescent, lower brown-tomentose. Heads shortly stalked, in small clusters forming terminal panicles. Flowers pale yellow, 1 in. long, sessile. Calyx and corolla hairy. Pod 6-8x1 in., brown-tomentose, ultimately glabrous. Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. — April-June. — Tropical Asia. 3. Albizzia mollis, Boiv. ; Encyc. xix. Siecle, ii. 33 (Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal , lxvi. Part II. No. 2. 514), FI. Br. Ind. ii. 300, under A. Julibrissin. A small tree. Leaves softly hairy, 6-12 in. ; stipules linear, soon falling off ; pinnules 6-12 pairs ; leaflets 20-50 on a pinnule, obliquely oblong, f xj in., acute. Heads long-stalked, in clusters of 2-3, forming short, terminal racemes. Flowers pink, 1-1J in. long. Calyx and corolla silky pubescent. Stamens pink-tipped. Pod pubescent, 4-6 Xf-1 in. (Fig. 43.) Sutlej valley, Suni, below Matiana ; April-June. — Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Assam, usually near water. 4. Albizzia stipulata, Boiv. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 300. A tree. Leaves pubescent or hairy, 6-12 in. ; stipules pink, very large, broad, cordate, not persistent ; pinnules 6-15 pairs ; leaflets 40-80 on a pinnule, obliquely oblong, in., acute. Heads 154 XXX. LEGUMINOSiE shortly stalked, in clusters of 2-3, forming bracteate racemes. Bracts ovate, acute, brown-tomentose, soon falling off. Flowers Pig. 43. Albizzia mollis. yellow, J-l in. long. Calyx and corolla silky pubescent. Stamens tinged with red. Pod pubescent, ultimately glabrous, 6 xf in. Below Sipi on the road to Shali ; April-June. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Tropical Asia. XXXI. ROSACEAE Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate ; stipules free or adnate to the stalk, sometimes soon falling off. Flowers regular, usually 2-sexual. Calyx-tube free from or adnate to the ovary ; XXXI. ROSACEiE 1 55 limb divided into 5, rarely 4, usually equal lobes, in some genera alternating with a similar number of bracteoles. Petals 5, rarely 4, equal. Stamens usually numerous, inserted with the petals around the mouth of the calyx-tube, filaments free, anthers 2- celled. Carpels several or numerous, rarely only one, superior or inferior, distinct or combined into a several-celled ovary ; ovules 1 or 2 in each ovary or cell, rarely more ( Spircea ). Styles as many as the carpels or cells, usually simple and free ; stigmas terminal. Fruit various, the ovaries either remaining free or becoming combined with each other or with the calyx ; seeds small, 1 or 2 in each ovary or cell, rarely more. — A very large Order spread over nearly the whole globe, but most abundant in N. temperate regions. See remarks on p. 9 regarding the resemblance of the flowers of Eubus , Potenlilla, Fragaria and Geum to those of Ranunculus. A Carpel or carpels superior. Fruit not enclosed in the calyx-tube. Calyx without bracteoles. Carpel only one. Unarmed trees. Calyx falling early . . . .1. Prunus. Spring shrubs. Calyx persistent in fruit . . .2. Prinsepia. Carpels more than one. Unarmed shrubs. Carpels on the base of the calyx. Fruit of 3-5 small follicles . . . . .3. Spiraea. Prickly shrubs. Carpels on a conical or oblong recep- tacle. Fruit of numerous, small, succulent drupelets 4. Eubus. Calyx with 5 bracteoles alternate with its lobes. Fruit dry, consisting of a head of numerous, small achenes. Achenes hairy. Style terminal, long . . .5. Geum. Achenes glabrous (except P. fruticosa). Style lateral, very short ........ 7. Potentilla. Fruit succulent, consisting of the enlarged receptacle bearing the minute, glabrous achenes . . .6. Fragaria. B. Carpels superior or inferior. Fruit adnate to the calyx-tube or wholly enclosed within it. Herbs. Flowers yellow. Calyx with a ring of small, hooked bristles outside the mouth ...... Trees or shrubs. Flowers white or pink. Carpels free from the calyx-tube, but wholly enclosed within it ....... Carpels adnate to the calyx-tube. Fruit fleshy, with 2-5 parchment-like cells in the centre, each containing 1 or 2 seeds Fruit drupe-like, enclosing 2-5 bony, 1 -seeded nutlets. Spinous shrubs. Leaves crenate. Nutlets 5 Unarmed shrubs. Leaves entire. Nutlets usually 2 8. Agrimonia. 9. Eosa. 10. Pyrus. 11. Crataegus. 12. Cotoneaster. 1. PRUNUS. The classical name of the Plum tree. — N. temperate regions. Unarmed, glabrous trees. Leaves simple, toothed, usually provided with a pair of glands at the base. Flowers white or pink. Calyx without bracteoles, free, falling off early ; tube bell- shaped, limb 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Carpel 156 XXXI. ROSACEiE solitary, at the base of the calyx-tube ; style terminal ; ovules 2. Drupe fleshy, juicy, enclosing a hard, 1 -seeded stone. The following fruit trees of this genus are cultivated in or near Simla. The almond, P. Amygdalus, flowers pink, appearing before the leaves, drupe velvety, stone slightly flattened, covered with shallow wrinkles and minute holes ; native name baddm. The peach, P. persica, flowers pink, appearing before or with the leaves, drupe downy, stone deeply and irregularly furrowed ; native name aril. The nectarine, a variety of P. persica, drupe glabrous. The apricot, P. armeniaca, flowers white, appearing before or with the leaves, drupe downy or glabrous, stone smooth, margins thickened and grooved ; native name Zarddlu ; the most common fruit tree about the hill villages. The plum, P. communis, and its varieties, such as the damson, bullace, &c., flowers white, appearing with the leaves, drupe glabrous, often covered with bloom, stone smooth. The sweet cherry, P. Avium, flowers white, clustered, appearing in April or May, leaf-stalks 2-glandular, drupe smooth, stone smooth. The wild cherry, P. cerasus, leaf-stalks without glands, drupe smooth, acid. Flowers 1 in. diam., pale pink, solitary or in small, sessile clusters . . . . . . . . . 1. P. Puddum. Flowers ^ in. diam., white, in racemes . . . . 2. P. Padus. 1. Prunus Puddum, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 314. Leaves ovate, 2|-5 in., long-pointed, teeth glandular ; stalks glandular ; stipules long, 3-5-parted, glandular-f ringed. Flowers 1 in. diam., pink, solitary or in small clusters, crowded towards the end of branches. Calyx-tube J in. long, lobes acute. Pedals oblong, obtuse. Style long ; stigmatic lobes usually 3, spreading. Drupe ovoid, red and yellow, acid ; stone wrinkled and furrowed. Valleys below Simla ; October, November. — Himalaya, Simla to Bhootan, 3000-6000 ft. — Native name Pajja ; often cultivated. 2. Prunus Padus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 315. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 in., minutely toothed, long-pointed ; stipules linear, soon falling off. Flowers J in. diam., white, in drooping racemes 3-8 in. long. Stigma peltate, lobed. Drupe globose, red, turning to dark purple or black, acid. Simla, common ; April-June. — Himalaya, Murree to Sikkim, 6000-10,000 ft. — N. Africa, Siberia, &c. (Britain, Bird Cherry). The young fruit is sometimes attacked by insects, causing it to swell out into a curved, horn-like excrescence. 2. PRINSEPIA. In honour of James Prinsep, formerly Secretary of the Asiatic Society, Bengal. — Himalaya, N. China. Prinsepia utilis, Royle ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 323. A glabrous, spiny shrub ; spines often leaf -bearing. Leaves lanceolate, 1-3 in., minutely toothed, long-pointed. Flowers white, J in. diam., in short, axillary racemes. Calyx without bracteoles, free, persis- tent ; tube cup-shaped, shallow ; limb 5-lobed, segments unequal, orbicular, imbricate. Petals 5, orbicular. Stamens numerous, filaments short. Carpel solitary, superior, inserted at the base of the calyx- tube ; style terminal, short, thick ; stigma large, XXXI. ROSACEJB 157 capitate ; ovules 2. Drupe purple, J-f in., obliquely oblong, the style almost basal in consequence of one-sided growth ; stone smooth, 1 -seeded by abortion. Simla, Mushobra ; April, and again during the winter. — Temperate Hima- laya, 4000-8000 ft. 3. SPIR-ffiA. The classical name of the Meadow-Sweet, S. Ulmaria. — N. temperate and cold regions. Erect, unarmed shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves simple or compound ; stipules usually small and soon falling off. Flowers numerous, J-J in. diam., usually 2-sexual, crowded in racemes, corymbs or panicles. Calyx without bracteoles, persistent ; tube cup-shaped, limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, orbicular. Stamens about 20, filaments sometimes united at the base. Carpels 3-5, rarely more or fewer, superior, inserted at the base of the calyx-tube, free or united at the base ; style short ; stigma terminal ; ovules 2- several. Fruit of 3-5 small, 2- to several-seeded, dry follicles opening along one or both sutures. Spiraea cantoniensis, a glabrous shrub from China, is frequently cultivated in Simla. Leaves lanceolate, deeply toothed. Flowers white, showy, in numerous, small umbels. Leaves irregularly pinnatiseet ; lateral lobes unequal, mostly small ; terminal lobe 2-6 in. diam., 3-5 -parted . 1. S. vestita. Leaves pinnately compound. Leaves 2- or 3 -pinnate. Leaflets ovate, usually in threes . . . . . . . . 2. 8. Aruncus. Leaves simply pinnate. Leaflets narrowly lanceolate 3. S. sorbifolia. Leaves simple, toothed. .Flowers pink . . . . . . . 4. S. bella. Flowers white. Leaves |-f in., nearly sessile. Flowers in small corymbs clustered at the end of numerous, short, lateral, leafy branchlets . . . . . 5. S. canescens. Leaves 1-1| in., stalked. Flowers in large corymbs terminating the stem or main branches . 6. S. vaccinifolia. 1. Spiraea vestita, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 323. A shrub-like herb ; rootstock perennial ; stems 1-2 ft., pubescent. Leaves irregularly pinnatiseet, 2-12 in. ; upper surface glabrous, lower pubescent, pale ; lateral lobes few or many, very unequal, acutely toothed, all small or 1 or 2 pairs up to about 1^ in. long ; terminal lobe 2-6 in. diam., deeply divided into 3-5 sharply toothed, long- pointed segments ; stipules persistent, large, semi-orbicular, acutely and irregularly toothed. Flowers white, in large, com- pound, corymbose, terminal cymes. Follicles hairy. Huttoo ; May, June.— W. Himalaya, 7000-10,000 ft. — Kamtschatka. Resembling and closely allied to the British Meadow-Sweet, S. ZJlmaria. 2. Spiraea Aruncus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 323. A shrub-like herb ; rootstock perennial ; stems 2-4 ft., nearly glabrous. 158 XXXI. ROSACEiE Leaves 2- or 3-pinnate, 6-12 in. ; upper surface glabrous, lower pubescent, pale ; leaflets usually in threes, ovate, 1-3 in., sharply and irregularly toothed, narrowed upwards into a tail-like tip. Flowers white, 1 -sexual, the male and female on different plants, in long, slender, panicled, pubescent racemes. Follicles glabrous, shining. Huttoo ; June, July. — W. Himalaya, 8000-10,000 ft. — N. Asia, W. Europe, N.W. America. Superficially resembles Astilbe rivularis, but the flowers have petals and 6-8 ovaries. Fig. 44. Spibjea canescens. 3. Spiraea sorbifolia, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 324. A tall, nearly glabrous shrub. Leaves simply pinnate, 8-12 in. ; leaflets 13-19, narrowly lanceolate, 2-4 in., sharply toothed, long-pointed. Flowers white, in terminal panicles 6-12 in. long. Follicles glabrous. Simla, Mushobra, common ; May-July. — W. Himalaya, 7000-10,000 ft. — N. Asia. 4. Spiraea bella, Sims ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 324. A shrub ; stems 2-4 ft., nearly glabrous. Leaves simple, glabrous, ovate, 1-2 in., sharply and irregularly toothed except near the base ; lower sur- face covered with a pale bloom. Flowers pink, often polygamous, XXXI. ROSACEiE 159 in broad, terminal, compound, pubescent corymbs. Follicles pubescent. Simla, Mahasu, common ; April-July. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000- 12,000 ft. 5. Spiraea eanescens, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 325. A shrub, softly tomentose or pubescent, 3-6 ft. ; branches arching. Leaves simple, ovate, £-f in., nearly sessile, entire or toothed towards the tip. Flowers white, in small, compound corymbs clustered at the end of numerous, short, leafy, lateral branchlets often all turned to one side. Follicles hairy. (Fig. 44.) Simla, Mushobra, common ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000- 12,000 ft. 6. Spiraea vaccinifolia, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 325. A' shrub, softly tomentose or pubescent, 1-3 ft. Leaves simple, ovate, 1-1 1 in., stalked, usually sharply toothed or crenate towards the tip, sometimes almost entire ; lower surface covered with pale bloom. Flowers white, in broad, terminal, compound, tomentose corymbs. Follicles glabrous. Simla, Elysium hill, Naldera, Shali, always on limestone ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 6000-8000 ft. 4. RUBUS. The Latin name for the Bramble, derived from ruber, red, referring to the colour of the fruit in some species. — This genus is found in nearly all parts of the globe and includes the Brambles, Blackberry and Raspberry of Britain. Prickly shrubs ; stems and branches usually weak, trailing or climbing. Leaves simple or compound ; stipules narrow, incon- spicuous ; leaflets sharply, often irregularly toothed, lateral nearly sessile, terminal one stalked. Flowers white or pink, in corymbose panicles, sometimes solitary or in small clusters. Calyx without bracteoles, persistent ; tube spreading ; limb 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, superior, crowded on a conical or shortly oblong receptacle ; style thread-like ; stigma terminal ; ovules 2. Fruit globose, formed by the combination of numerous, succulent, 1 -seeded drupelets. B. nutans was introduced from Kumaon by Sir Edward Buck, about 1883, at the Retreat, Mushobra. It is now common in Simla gardens and appears to be running wild. Stems prostrate, slender, hairy. Leaves compound ; leaflets 3. Flowers white, drooping, li in. diam. Drupelets red. Flowers white. Leaves simple, lobed . . . . . . 1. B. paniculatus. Leaves compound. Lower surface of leaflets glabrous, green . 3. B. macilentus . Lower surface of leaflets grey- or white-tomentose. Stem and branches shaggy, with long, tawny bristles . . . . . . . 4. B. ellipticus. Stem and branches glabrous, covered with white bloom . . . . . . . 5. B. bifiorue. 160 XXXI. ROSACEiE Flowers pink. Leaves compound. Leaflets -3, rarely 5. Calyx-lobes long-pointed. Drupelets pink . . . . . . . 2. R. niveus. Leaflets 5-11. Calyx-lobes acute. Drupelets black . 6. R. lasiocarpus. 1. Rubus paniculatus, Smith ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 329. A rambling climber ; prickles few, very small ; branches tomentose. Leaves simple, broadly ovate, 3-5 in., usually cordate, long-pointed, more or less lobed, upper surface nearly glabrous, lower white-tomentose. Flowers white, in spreading, tomentose, terminal panicles. Calyx white-tomentose ; lobes narrowly pointed, longer than the petals. Drupelets black or dark purple. Simla, the Glen, below Mahasu ; April- June. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000- 7000 ft. 2. Rubus niveus, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 335. A large, ram- bling shrub ; stems and branches glabrous or pubescent, purple ; prickles small. Leaves compound ; leaflets 3, rarely 5, often long-pointed, lateral leaflets lanceolate or broadly ovate, 1-2 \ in., terminal one lanceolate, oblong or ovate, 1J-3 in., often lobed, upper surface green, pubescent, at least along the nerves, lower white-tomentose or pale green and pubescent. Flowers pink, J-l in. diam., solitary or in small clusters. Calyx-lobes tomentose inside and out, long-pointed, usually much longer than the petals, rarely shorter. Drupelets pink, like those of a Raspberry. Simla, Mahasu, common ; May- July. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000- 10,000 ft. There are two distinct varieties of this plant : one, having the lower surface of the leaflets white-tomentose, is R. hyjpargyrus, Edgeworth ; the other, having both surfaces green, is R. concolor , Wallich. Both varieties occur at Simla, the latter usually in shady forest. 3. Rubus macilentus, Camb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 336. A trailing shrub ; stems and branches glabrous, shining, red-brown ; prickles numerous, curved, up to J in. long. Leaves compound ; leaflets 3, glabrous or nearly so, midrib often prickly, both sur- faces green ; lateral leaflets ovate, about 1 in., sometimes wanting, terminal one ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 1 J-2J in. Flowers white, about J in. diam., solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3. Calyx hairy inside and out ; lobes long-pointed, as long as the petals, rarely longer. Drupelets yellow or orange. Simla, Mushobra ; April, May.— Temperate Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. A variety with small leaflets hardly § in. long occurs at Simla, usually in forest. 4. Rubus elliptieus, Smith ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 336. A large, grey -tomentose shrub ; stems and branches trailing, shaggy with long, tawny bristles ; prickles numerous, curved. Leaves com- pound ; leaflets 3, orbicular-ovate, lateral leaflets 1-1| in., some- times wanting, terminal one 1 J-4 in., upper surface green, pubescent, lower grey-tomentose. Flowers white, J-J in. diam., XXXI. ROSACEiE 161 crowded in axillary and terminal panicles. Calyx-lobes tomentose inside and out, ovate, acute, shorter than the petals. Drupelets yellow. Simla, Mushobra ; March, April, sometimes flowering again during the cold season. — Throughout the Himalaya, 2000-7000 ft. — Burmah, S. China. The fruit has the flavour of Raspberry and is very good to eat. 5. Rubus biflorus, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 338. A large, spreading, nearly erect shrub ; stems and branches glabrous, covered with white bloom or powder as if whitewashed ; prickles numerous, small, recurved. Leaves compound ; leaflets 3 or 5, ovate-lanceolate, lateral leaflets 1-1 J in., terminal one rather Fig. 45. Rubus biflorus. larger, often lobed ; upper surface green, pubescent, lower white- tomentose. Flowers white, |-f in. diam., long-stalked, solitary or in small clusters. Calyx-lobes tomentose inside, acute, usually shorter than, rarely as long as the petals. Drupelets yellow or orange. (Fig. 45.) Simla ; April, May. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-9000 ft. 6. Rubus lasiocarpus. Smith ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 339. A large, spreading shrub ; stems and branches glabrous, purple, pendulous and often rooting at the tips ; prickles small, usually few. M 162 XXXI. ROSACEJE Leaves compound ; leaflets 5-1 1 , ovate or ovate-lanceolate, lateral leaflets 1^-2J in., terminal one rather larger, often lobed ; upper surface green, glabrous, lower white-tomentose. Flowers dark pink, J-f in. diam., crowded in small, tomentose panicles. Calyx- lobes tomentose inside and out, lanceolate, acute, longer than the petals. Drupelets black, hoary. Simla, Mahasu, common ; March-May. — Throughout the Himalaya, 4000- 10,000 ft. — Burmah, Java. A prostrate variety with 3-7 much smaller leaflets is distinguished in the FI. Br. Ind. as R. foliolosus , Don ; it occurs in the Mahasu forests. 5. GEUM. From the Greek geuo, to stimulate ; referring to the aromatic roots. — Nearly all temperate and cold regions. Soft, hairy herbs ; rootstock perennial ; stems several, erect. Leaves pinnately compound ; lateral segments or leaflets in unequal pairs, terminal one largest. Radical leaves numerous, crowded ; stem-leaves few. Stipules broad, toothed, often lobed, adnate to the base of the leaf-stalk. Flowers yellow, few, long- stalked, in terminal cymes. Calyx persistent ; tube bowl- or cup- shaped, bearing on its outer margin 5 small bracteoles alternate with the 5 lobes of the limb. Petals 5, broadly obovate. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, superior, densely hairy, crowded on a dry, convex receptacle ; style terminal ; stigma minute ; ovule solitary. Fruit a globose head of densely hairy achenes always dry ; achenes each tipped with the elongated, persistent style. Radical leaves 4-6 in. Flowers |--§ in. diam. Calyx -lobes reflexed. Style jointed in the middle . . . 1. G. urbanum. Radical leaves 6-12 in. Flowers 1-1| -in* diam. Calyx-lobes spreading. Style simple, not jointed . . . . 2. G. datum. 1. Geum urbanum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 342. Stems 1-3 ft. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets acutely and irregularly toothed. Radical leaves 4-6 in. ; lateral leaflets 6-12, nearly sessile, uppermost pair large, others all small but the alternate pairs larger ; terminal leaflet stalked, nearly orbicular, 1-3 in. diam., often lobed. Upper stem-leaves usually of 3 leaflets ; the lateral leaflets some- times merged in the terminal one and forming a 3 -lobed leaf. Lower stem-leaves similar to the radical but shorter. Flowers pale yellow, J-f in. diam. Calyx lobes reflexed. Style sharply incurved and jointed near the middle, lower portion glabrous, persistent, becoming elongated and hooked in fruit, terminal portion hairy, ultimately breaking off. Simla, common; May-July. — W. Himalaya, 6000-11,000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain, Herb-Bennet). 2. Geum elatum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 343. Stems 12-18 in. Radical leaves pinnatisect, 6-12 in. ; segments crenate or sharply toothed, often lobed ; lateral segments numerous, nearly or quite distinct, broad-based, sessile, ovate or oblong, up to 1 in. long, XXXI. ROSACEJE 163 pairs alternately large and small, gradually diminishing in size from the uppermost downwards ; terminal segment much larger, 3-lobed. Stem-leaves few, small, pinnately lobed. Flowers bright yellow, 1-1J in. diam. Calyx-lobes spreading. Style glabrous, nearly straight, simple, not jointed or hooked in fruit. Huttoo ; September, October. — W. Himalaya, 9000-1 2,000 ft. 6. FRAGARIA. From the Latin fragrans, fragrant, referring to the fruit. — N. temperate regions including Britain (Straw- berry) ; S. America ; Sandwich Islands. Soft, silky herbs ; rootstock perennial, producing long runners rooting at the joints ; stems nearly erect. Leaves mostly radical, tufted, long-stalked, digitately compound. Leaflets 3, sessile, ovate, toothed. Stem-leaves few, sometimes undivided. Stipules adnate to the base of the leaf-stalk. Flowers yellow or white, nodding, often polygamous, axillary or few in terminal cymes. Calyx persistent ; tube spreading, bearing on its outer margin 5 bracteoles alternate with the# 5 lobes of its limb. Petals 5, broadly obovate. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, very small, distinct, superior, crowded on a convex receptacle ; style lateral, short, persistent ; stigma minute ; ovule solitary. Fruit insipid, usually red, consisting of the globose, much enlarged, succulent receptacle, its surface dotted with the numerous seed- like, minute, glabrous achenes. Flowers yellow. Bracteoles 3 -toothed ..... 1 .F.indica. Flowers white. Bracteoles entire . . . . 2. F. vesca. 1. Fragaria indica, Andr. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 343. Leaflets |-1| in. ; teeth small, often blunt. Stipules broad, toothed. Flowers yellow, 1 in. diam. Calyx-bracts large, 3-lobed. Simla, Mushobra, common ; April, May. — Throughout the Himalaya, ascending to 8000 ft. — Asia, mountainous regions. 2. Fragaria vesca, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 344. Leafstalks sometimes bearing an additional minute pair of leaflets. Leaflets 1-1 1 in., deeply and acutely toothed ; teeth tipped with tufts of silky hairs. Stipules narrow, entire. Flowers white, j-1 in. diam. Bracteoles small, entire. Simla, Mahasu, common ; April-JTune. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000- 10,000 ft. — N. temperate regions. (Britain, Wild Strawberry.) 1. POTENTILLA. From the Latin potens, powerful ; referring to the reputed medicinal properties of some species. — N. tem- perate, arctic and mountainous regions. Shrubs or herbs, rarely annual, usually softly hairy. Leaves stalked, digitately compound with 3 or 5 leaflets or pinnately compound with from 3 to numerous leaflets ; leaflets usually 164 XXXI. ROSACEA toothed ; stipules adnate to the base of the leafstalk. Flowers usually yellow, sometimes white, red or purple, in corymbose cymes, rarely axillary and solitary. Calyx persistent ; tube shallow, bowl-shaped, bearing on its outer margin 5 bracteoles alternate with the 5 lobes of the limb. Petals 5, usually obcordate, sometimes obovate or narrowly oblong. Stamens numerous, rarely 5-10. Carpels numerous, very small, distinct, superior, crowded on a small, dry receptacle ; styles lateral, short, per- sistent ; stigma minute ; ovule solitary. Fruit a head of numer- ous, hard, glabrous (except P. fruticosa ) achenes, covered by the indexed calyx -lobes. In using the following key regard must be had to the basal leaves ; the upper leaves in Nos. 3, 5 and 10 often have only three leaflets, and might be mistaken for digitately compound leaves. A. Leaves digitately compound. Leaflets 3. Flowers yellow. FJowers f in. or less diam. Stamens 5 -10 ...... Stamens numerous ..... Flowers f-1 in. diam. ..... Flowers dark crimson ..... Leaflets 5. Flowers dark crimson, f-1 in. diam. Flowers yellow, f in. diam. .... 1. P. Sibbaldi. 9. P. Kleiriana.* 7. P. argyrophylla. 8. P. atrosanguinea. 6. P. nepalensis. 9. P. Kleiniana.* B. Leaves pinnately compound. Stamens 5. Flowers yellow, \ in. diam. . . . 2. P. albifolia. Stamens numerous. Leaflets entire. A shrub . . . . 3. P. fruticosa. Leaflets toothed. Herbs. Leaflets numerous, pairs alternately large and small . . . . . . .4. P.fulgens. Leaflets 3-9, pairs not alternately large and small. Petals twice as long as the calyx . . 5. P. fragarioides. Petals shorter than the calyx . . .10. P. supina. 1 . Potentilla Sibbaldi, Haller ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 345. A peren- nial herb, covered with long, silky hairs ; stems tufted, 2-12 in., procumbent or ascending. Leaves digitately compound ; leaf- lets 3, wedge-shaped, tip sharply 3-5-toothed, otherwise entire. Flowers pale yellow, J in. or less diam., in terminal, corymbose cymes. Petals as long as the calyx. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals and sometimes 1-5, opposite to them. Achenes glabrous. Huttoo, Bhagi ; July. — Alpine Himalayas, 9000-15,000 ft. — Lofty mountains in the N. temperate zone (Scotch Highlands) ; Arctic regions. 2. Potentilla albifolia. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 347. A perennial herb ; stems several, slender, pubescent, 6-12 in., diffusely spreading. Leaves pinnately compound ; leaflets 5-9, ovate, J-l * P. Kleiniana has leaves of 3 and of 5 leaflets. XXXI. ROSACEiE 165 in., deeply and sharply toothed, lateral leaflets gradually or irregu- larly diminishing in size from the uppermost pair downwards ; upper surface green, pubescent, lower white-tomentose. Flowers yellow, \ in. diam., solitary on slender, axillary stalks. Petals oblong, shorter than the calyx. Stamens 5. Achenes glabrous. Huttoo, Bhagi ; June, July. — W. Himalaya, 8000-10,000 ft. I have retained the name for this species adopted in the FI. Br. Ind., but D. Don’s micropetala, 1825, has priority over Wallich’s published in 1828. 3. Potentilla fruticosa, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 347. An erect shrub, 1-4 ft. Leaves pinnately compound, crowded ; leaflets 3-7, ovate-lanceolate, |-| in., entire, acute ; upper surface densely silky, hairy, lower glabrous. Flowers numerous, bright yellow, 1-4J in. diam., solitary, terminal ; stalks silky. Petals much longer than the calyx. Stamens numerous. Achenes hairy. Huttoo ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft. — N. Asia, Europe. (England, rare.) 4. Potentilla fulgens, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 349. A perennial herb ; stems robust, erect, 6-24 in., hairy. Leaves pinnately compound, 2-8 in. ; leaflets numerous, pairs alternately large and small, diminishing in size from the uppermost downwards, ovate, closely and sharply toothed, terminal leaflet 1-1 1 in. ; upper surface green, hairy, lower silvery tomentose. Flowers yellow or orange-yellow, ^ im diam., crowded in terminal corymbs. Petals scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens numerous. Achenes glabrous. Simla, Mushobra ; common ; August-October. — Temperate Himalaya. 6000-9000 ft. 5. Potentilla fragarioides, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 350. A perennial herb ; stems 4-12 in., erect or nearly so, pubescent or hairy. Leaves pinnately compound ; leaflets 5-9, often only 3 in the upper leaves, ovate or oblong-ovate, lateral leaflets gradu- ally diminishing in size from the uppermost pair downwards, terminal leaflet \-i\ in., teeth large, blunt or acute ; upper surface green, hairy, lower densely covered with long, pale or white hairs. Flowers long-stalked, yellow or white, \ in. diam., in open, terminal corymbs. Petals twice as long as the calyx. Stamens numerous. Achenes glabrous. Simla, common ; June-August. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-7000 ft. I am unable to distinguish P. Leschenaultiana and its variety P. banne- halemis (FI. Br. Ind. ii. 350) from the species described above. 6. Potentilla nepalensis, Hook. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 355. A peren- nial herb ; stems erect, 1-3 ft., hairy. Leaves digitately com- pound ; leaflets 5, often only 3 in the upper leaves, ovate or 166 XXXI. ROSACEiE oblong-ovate, unequal, the largest 1-2 in., teeth large, blunt or acute ; both surfaces thinly hairy. Flowers dark crimson, |-1 in. Fig. 46. Potentilla nepalenSjs. diam., in terminal, spreading panicles. Petals obcordate, longer than the calyx. Stamens numerous. Achenes glabrous. (Fig. 46.) Simla, common ; July, August. — W. Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. 7. Potentilla argyrophylla, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 356. A perennial herb ; stems erect, robust, 2-3 ft., pale-tomentose. Leaves digitately compound ; leaflets 3, ovate, 2-3 in., coarsely and acutely toothed ; upper surface green, finely hairy, lower white-tomentose. Flowers long-stalked, yellow, f-lj in. diam., in terminal panicles. Stamens numerous. Achenes glabrous. Matiana Narkunda ; July, August. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft. XXXI. ROSACEiE 167 8. Potentilla atrosanguinea, Lodd. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 357, under P. argyrojphylla. A perennial herb, not differing from P. argyro - jphylla except that the flowers are dark crimson. Mahasu, Huttoo ; June-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft. 9. Potentilla Kleiniana, Wight & Am. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 359. An annual herb ; stems several or many, diffusely spreading, 6-24 in., slender, thinly hairy. Leaves digitately compound ; leaflets 3 or 5, ovate or narrowly oblong, unequal, the longest 1J in., teeth blunt or acute. Flowers stalked, yellow, J in. diam., in terminal, corymbose cymes. Stamens numerous. Achenes glabrous. Valleys below Simla, Annandale ; Mav-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-7000 ft. — Nilghiris. — China, Japan. 10. Potentilla supina, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 359. An annual herb ; stems several or many, prostrate or diffusely spreading, 6-18 in., pubescent or hairy. Leaves pinnately compound, 1-3 in. ; leaflets 5-9, in the upper leaves often only 3, oblong, J-l in., crenate or sharply toothed, sometimes lobed, lateral leaflets nearly equal ; both surfaces thinly hairy. Flowers yellow, J in. diam., solitary, axillary. Petals shorter than the calyx. Achenes glabrous. Sutlej valley.— Throughout India, ascending to 8000 ft.— Asia, Africa. 8. AGRIMONIA. Etymology obscure. — N. temperate regions ; S. America. Agrimonia Eupatorium, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 361. A peren- nial, hairy herb ; stems erect, 2-3 ft. Leaves pinnately com- pound. Lower leaves 4-7 in. ; leaflets coarsely toothed, very unequal, larger ones 5-9, ovate, |-1| in., intermixed with a number of much smaller ones. Upper leaves gradually smaller and with fewer leaflets. Stipules adnate to the base of the leaf- stalk. Flowers yellow, £ in. diam., in terminal, spike-like racemes, each flower in the axil of a small, 3-cleft bract and with 2 smaller, 3-toothed bracteoles at the top of its stalk. Calyx-tube top- shaped, grooved, bearing outside its mouth a ring of small, hooked bristles ; limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens 15. Carpels 2, free, enclosed within the calyx-tube ; styles thread-like, protrud- ing ; stigmas terminal, dilated ; ovule solitary. Achenes 1 or 2, enclosed in the hardened, bristly calyx crowned with a ring of hooked bristles. Simla, common ; July, August. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-10,000 ft. — N. Asia ; Europe (Britain, Common Agrimony). 9. ROSA. The classical name. — N. temperate and subtropical regions (Britain, Rose). 168 XXXI. ROSACEiE Erect or climbing shrubs, usually prickly. Leaves pinnately compound ; leaflets toothed ; stipules large, adnate to and sheath- ing the base of the leaf-stalk. Flowers solitary or corymbose, large, white or pink. Calyx-tube ovoid, hairy or silky within, mouth contracted ; lobes 5 or 4, spreading in flower, erect or reflexed in fruit. Petals usually 5, rarely 4. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, small, usually silky, distinct, sessile at the base of the calyx-tube and wholly enclosed within it. Styles lateral, hairy, more or less protruding above the calyx-mouth, free or united in a column ; stigma terminal ; ovule solitary. Fruit of several hard, hairy achenes enclosed within the succulent calyx-tube. Erect shrubs. Styles free. Flowers pink. Petals 5, shorter than the sepals . 1. R. macrophyllci. Flowers white. Petals 4, longer than the sepals . 2. R. sericea. Climbing shrubs. Styles united in a column. Flowers white . . . . . . . . . 3. R. moschata. 1. Rosa macrophylla, Lindl. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 366. Erect, prickly or smooth ; stipules, flower-stalks and calyx more or less glandular. Leaves 2-7 in. ; stalks tomentose ; leaflets 7-11, nearly glabrous, ovate, acute, teeth small, regular, lateral leaflets gradually diminishing in size from the uppermost pair downwards, terminal one f-3 in. Flowers pink, solitary or corymbose, 1-2| in. diam. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow, longer than the petals, tip dilated, toothed. Petals 5. Styles free, hardly protruding above the calyx-mouth. Fruit ovoid, red ; calyx-lobes erect. Simla, Mushobra, Matiana, Narkunda ; April, May. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-10,000 ft.— China. There are two distinct varieties of this species. At Simla and Mushobra the stems are prickly, the leaves about 3 in., and the end leaflet rarely more than 1 in. At Matiana and Narkunda, in forest undergrowth, prickles are usually wanting, the leaves are 6-7 in., and the end leaflet 1^-3 in. 2. Rosa sericea, Lindl. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 367. Erect, pubes- cent, sometimes glandular, prickly or smooth. Leaves 1-3 in., clustered; leaflets 5-11, narrowly oblong, sharply toothed near the tip, otherwise entire, lateral leaflets gradually diminishing in size from the uppermost pair downwards, terminal one J-l in. Flowers white, solitary, 2-2| in. diam., on short, lateral shoots. Calyx-lobes 4, ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the petals, long- pointed. Petals 4. Styles free, protruding far above the calyx- mouth. Fruit bright red, pear-shaped ; calyx-lobes erect. Huttoo, Baghi ; June. — Temperate Himalaya, 9000-13,000 ft. — China. There are two varieties of this species. When growing in shady forest the stems are usually without prickles, and the leaves 2-3 in. ; on open, dry hillsides the prickles are numerous, and the leaves only 1-1 \ in. 3. Rosa moschata, Mill. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 367. Climbing, glabrous or nearly so, prickly. Leaves 3-6 in. ; leaflets 3-7, ovate, nearly equal, 1-3 in., toothed, acute. Flowers white, 1| in . XXXI. ROSACEiE 169 diam., in terminal corymbs. Calyx-lobes 5, narrowly lanceolate, shorter than the petals, long-pointed. Petals 5. Styles united in a column protruding far above the calyx-mouth. Fruit globose ; calyx -lobes reflexed. Simla, common ; April-June. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. — Afghanistan, Europe and Abyssinia, eastward to China. 10. PYRUS. The classical name of the Pear tree. — N. tem- perate regions. Trees or shrubs. Leaves stalked, simple or pinnate, toothed ; stipules soon falling off. Flowers in simple or compound, ter- minal corymbs. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, adnate to the ovary, becoming enlarged and fleshy in fruit ; lobes 5, reflexed, persis- tent or falling off after flowering. Petals 5, orbicular, shortly clawed. Stamens numerous. Carpels enclosed within and adnate to the calyx-tube ; styles 2-5, free to the base or nearly so ; stigma terminal, small. Fruit globose, fleshy, having 2-5 parch- ment-like cells at the centre, each containing 1 or 2 seeds or pips. The Apple, P. Malus, bearing pink flowers 1|— 2 in. diam., and the common Pear, P. communis, bearing white flowers 1| in. diam., are both planted at Simla and flower during March and April. The Quince, Cydonia vulgaris, with white or pale red flowers is also cultivated in the N.W.llimalaya. Leaves simple, sometimes lobed. Calyx-lobes fallen off in fruit. Leaves usually glabrous. Flowers few, in simple corymbs. Fruit apple-shaped. Leaves sharply toothed. Fruit red, smooth . . 1. P. baccata . Leaves crenate, rarely sharply toothed. Fruit yellow- brown, rough . . . . . . . 2. P. Pashia Leaves usually white -tomentose on lower surface. Flowers numerous, in compound corymbs. Fruit pear-shaped . . . . . . . 3. P. lanata. Leaves pinnately compound. Calyx-lobes persisting on the fruit. Corymb-branches and lower surface of leaves glabrous 4. P. Aucujparia. Corymb- branches and lower surface of leaves red- tomentose ........ 5. P. foliolosa. 1 . Pyrus baecata, Linn. : FI. Br. Ind. ii. 373. A small, more or less pubescent tree. Leaves simple, ovate, 2-3 in., sharply toothed, sometimes long-pointed. Flowers about 10 or fewer, in simple corymbs, long-stalked, white, 1| in. diam. ; buds pink. Calyx-lobes falling off. Styles 5, nearly free, base woolly. Fruit apple-shaped, in. diam., red, smooth, shining. Deoti ; April, May. — W. Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. — Siberia, China, Japan. Often planted in Britain (Siberian Crab). 2. Pyrus Pashia, Buck. -Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 374. A small tree ; barren branchlets usually ending in a spine. Leaves simple, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 in., crenate or long-pointed, 170 XXXI. ROSACEiE tomentose or woolly when young, ultimately glabrous ; on young trees the leases are sometimes deeply 3-lobed and sharply toothed. Flowers about ten or fewer, in simple corymbs, white, tinged with Fig. 47. Pyrus Pashia. pink, 1 in. diam. Calyx tomentose ; lobes falling off. Styles 3-5, free, base woolly. Fruit apple-shaped, J-l in. diam., yellow- brown, rough, with small, white spots. (Fig. 47.)* Simla, common ; April, May. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-8000 ft. — Burmah, N. China. 3. Pyrus lanata, Don. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 375. A tree, more or less white-tomentose. Leaves woolly when young, simple, ovate or oblong-ovate, 3-6 in., upper surface glabrous, lower white- tomentose, margins sharply toothed, more or less lobed. Flowers numerous, white, \ in. diam., in tomentose, compound corymbs. Calyx tomentose ; lobes falling off. Styles 2 or 3, densely woolly. Fruit pear-shaped, J-l in. long, red, smooth. Simla, Jako, Narkunda ; April, May. — W. Himalaya, 8000-10,000 ft. Closely allied to the British P. Aria (White Beam). 4. Pyrus Aucuparia, Gaertn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 375. A small tree or tall shrub ; leaves and inflorescence nearly or quite glabrous. Leaves pinnate, 4-6 in. ; rachis glabrous ; leaflets 15- 25, opposite, oblong-lanceolate, J-2 in., sharply toothed ; upper surface green, glabrous, lower pale, almost white, glabrous except on the nerves. Flowers numerous, pink, J in. diam., crowded in glabrous or slightly hairy, compound corymbs. Calyx glabrous ; XXXI. ROSACEiE 171 lobes persistent. Styles 2-5, base woolly. Fruit red or nearly white, globose, J-J in. diam. Huttoo ; June, July. — Temperate Himalaya, 9000-13,000 ft. — Europe to China and Japan (Britain, Rowan tree or Mountain Ash). 5. Pyrus foliolosa, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 376. A shrub or small tree ; leaves and inflorescence more or less covered with red-brown tomentum. Leaves pinnate, 4-6 in. ; rachis tomen- tose ; leaflets 11—31, opposite, oblong-lanceolate, 1-1 1 in., sharply toothed, acute ; upper surface green, hairy, lower paler, hairy, midrib and nerves tomentose. Flowers numerous, white or tinged with green, | in. diam., crowded in tomentose, compound corymbs. Calyx pubescent ; lobes persistent. Styles 2-5, free, base pubes- cent. Fruit red or covered with blue bloom. Huttoo : May, June. — Temperate Himalaya from Kumaon to Sikkim, 9000- 12,000 ft. ' 11. CRAT.ZEGUS. From the Greek Jcratos, strength, refer- ring to the wood. — N. temperate regions, most numerous in N. America. *Crat3egus crenulata, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 384. A large, glabrous, spiny shrub. Leaves usually crowded on short, lateral branchlets, narrowly oblong, 1-2 in., shortly stalked, crenate, obtuse. Flowers white, J in. diam., in numerous, terminal, com- pound corymbs. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, adnate to the ovary ; lobes 5, obtuse, persistent. Petals 5, orbicular. Stamens numer- ous. Carpels 5, distinct, 1 -celled, enclosed within and adnate to the calyx-tube, only the tips free ; styles 5 ; stigma capitate ; ovules 2 in each ovary. Fruit drupe-like, globose, J in. diam., orange-red, containing 5 bony, free, triangular, 1 -seeded nutlets, the tips protruding between the calyx-lobes. The Sutlej to Bhootan, 2500-8000 ft. ; April, May. Closely allied to C. Pyracantha which is often trained against walls in Britain. The bright red fruit remains on the tree nearly all the winter. The British Hawthorn, C. Oxyacantha, occurs in Kashmir and at Murree, but does not extend east of Kishtwar. The leaves are deeply lobed, and the fruit contains a single, 1- or 2-celled stone. 12. COTONE ASTER. From the Latin Gotonia ( Gydonia ), the Quince, and aster (ad instar), similar. — Temperate Asia, Europe, N. Africa, Mexico. Shrubs, sometimes procumbent. Leaves shortly stalked, simple, entire ; stipules soon falling off. Flowers small, in terminal and axillary cymes, sometimes solitary. Calyx -tube bell-shaped, adnate to the ovary ; lobes 5, short, persistent. Petals 5, orbicular. Stamens numerous. Carpels 2-5, 1-celled, enclosed within and adnate to the calyx-tube, only the tips free ; 172 XXXI. ROSACEiE styles 2-5 ; stigmas capitate ; ovules 2 in each ovary. Fruit drupe-like, containing 2-5 bony, 1 -seeded nutlets, the upper part of each free from the calyx-tube. C. multiflora, Bunge, is recorded in the FI. Br. Ind. ii. 386, from Kashmir and Garhwah Further material received since the publication of that work has, however, proved that this species does not extend to the Himalaya. Leaves 1-3 in. ; margins flat. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; upper surface gla- brous or nearly so. Cymes stalked, many-flowered. Fruit globose, nearly black when ripe . . .1. G, bacillar is. Leaves narrowly lanceolate ; upper surface hairy. Cymes nearly sessile, few-flowered. Fruit oblong, red when ripe . . . . . . . 2. G. acuminata , Leaves in. ; margins recurved . . . . . . 3. G. microphylla. 1. Cotoneaster bacillaris. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 384. A large shrub with long, slender branches. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, 1-3 in., obtuse or acute, both surfaces glabrous or nearly so, Fig. 48. Cotoneaster baqilearis. lower often hairy along the nerves, margins flat. Flowers white, ^ in. diam., in large, hairy or pubescent, stalked, loosely branched cymes on short, lateral, leafy branchlets. Fruit globose, | in. diam., red at first, nearly black when ripe. (Fig. 48.) Simla, Mushobra ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. The wood is used for walking sticks, whence the name (Latin, bacillum). C. rosea, Edgeworth, occurs on the Chor and on Marali ; it differs from the above, to which it has been reduced as var. afflnis in the FI. Br. Ind., in the leaves being more or less hairy on the upper surface and tomentose on the lower, especially when young, in its tomentose calyx, smaller pink flowers and red fruit. This species was formerly, in part, referred to C. multiflora. XXXI. ROSACEiE 173 2. Cotoneaster acuminata, Lindl. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 385. A shrub with long, slender branches. Leaves crowded, lanceolate, 1-2 in., long-pointed, both surfaces hairy, margins flat. Flowers white, £ in. diam., in hairy, small, nearly sessile cymes on very short, lateral, leafy branchlets. Fruit oblong, | in. long, red when ripe. Huttoo ; May-July. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-12,000 ft. 3. Cotoneaster mierophylla, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 387. A dwarf, dense, usually procumbent, much-branched shrub. Leaves hard, ovate, £— £ in., acute or obtuse, upper surface dark green, shining, lower pubescent or tomentose, margins recurved. Flowers white, £ in. diam., usually solitary. Fruit globose, £ in. diam., bright red. Simla ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-10,000 ft. — China. XXXII. SAXIFRAGACE^E Shrubs or herbs of various habit. Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes rosulate ; stipules usually none. Flowers usually regular, 2 -sexual* ; inflorescence various. Calyx-tube more or less adnate to the ovary ; limb usually 5- or 4-lobed. Petals 5 or 4, rarely none. Stamens usually 5 or 10, rarely numerous, inserted with the petals on the mouth of the calyx-tube or on the margin of the ovary ; filaments free, thread-like, or, in Deutzia , flattened and 3-pointed ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube, usually 1- or 2-celled, sometimes 3-5-celled ; styles as many as the ovary-cells except in Chrysosplenium and Ribes, free or more or less united ; stigmas terminal, small ; ovules usually numerous. Fruit a capsule, often 2-beaked or, in Ribes , a berry ; seeds usually minute, inserted on the inner angle of the cells except in Parnassia. — A large Order ranging over nearly the whole world ; most abundant in cold and temperate regions. Stamens 5. Leaves compound, 2-pinnate. Petals none.. Herbs Leaves simple, sometimes lobed. Petals 5. Herbs. Flowers solitary, terminal, on erect scapes Shrubs or small trees. Flowers racemed. Leaves not lobed. Fruit a capsule . Leaves 3- or 5-lobed. Fruit a berry Stamens more than 5, usually 10. Herbs. Leaves alternate or rosulate. Flowers in. diam. Petals 5 Flowers minute. Petals none 1. Astilbe. 4. Parnassia. 8. Itea. 9. Ribes. 2. Saxifraga. 3. Chrysosplenium, 174 XXXII. SAXIFRAGACEiE Shrubs, Leaves opposite. Flowers in compound corymbs, some of the outer ones much larger than the others. Filaments thread-like ....... 5. Hydrangea. Flowers in spreading panicles, alJ alike. Filaments flattened, 3 -pointed . . . . .6. Deutzia. Stamens 20-40. Petals 4. Shrubs . . . .7. Philadeljphus. 1. ASTILBE. From the Greek a, without, and stilbe, brilliancy ; referring to the small, apetalous flowers. — N. Asia, N. America. Astilbe rivularis, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 389. An erect, hairy herb, 3-4 ft. high ; rootstock perennial. Leaves alternate, 6-18 in., irregularly 2-pinnate, lower pinnules usually with 3 leaflets ; stipules large, membranous, sheathing ; base of leaf- stalks dilated, hairy ; leaflets ovate, sometimes lobed, 1-4 in. , cordate, sharply and unequally toothed, long-pointed, upper surface glabrous, lower minutely bristly along the midrib and nerves. Flowers very small, sometimes 1 -sexual, green-yellow, in a terminal panicle 1-2 ft. long. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, adnate to the base of the ovary ; limb deeply 5 -lobed, persistent. Petals XXXII. SAXIFRAGACEiE 175 none. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary nearly free, 2* celled ; styles 2. Capsule small, 2-beaked ; seeds numerous, minute. (Fig. 49.) Simla, Mushobra, in forest undergrowth ; July, August. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-7000 ft. Habit of Spircea Aruncus from which the apetalous flowers and fewer stamens at once distinguish it. 2. SAXIFRAGA. From the Latin saxum, a stone, and frango, to break ; referring to the former repute of some species as a remedy for stone ; an idea derived from their growing among rocks. — North temperate, alpine and Arctic regions; Andes of S. America. Herbs ; rootstock perennial ; stems erect or decumbent, often densely tufted. Leaves simple, lower often rosulate or crowded, upper alternate. Flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs, rarely solitary. Calyx adnate to the base of the ovary ; tube short ; limb deeply 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Ovary 2-celled, lower half adnate to the calyx ; styles 2, distinct, usually diver- gent ; ovules numerous. Capsule 2-beaked ; seeds many, minute. Small, slender herbs. Flowers yellow. Leaves ovate, 1-2 in., entire, lower stalked, upper sessile . . . . . . . 1. S. diversifolia. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, in., glan- dular-fringed or bristly on the margins, all sessile. Leaves uniformly scattered. Sepals glandular. Runners none . . . . . . 2. S. filicaulis. Lower leaves crowded, densely imbricate. Sepals glabrous. Runners numerous . . 3. S. Brunoniana. Large, thick-stemmed herbs. Flowers white or pink. Leaves hairy, entire, fringed ; stalk sheathing at the base only . . . . . . . 4. S. ciliata. Leaves glabrous, toothed ; stalk sheathing nearly throughout its length . . . . . 5. 8. Stracheyi. 1. Saxifraga diversifolia, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 393. Stems erect, 6-12 in., more or less glandular-hairy. Lower leaves crowded, long-stalked, ovate, 1-2 in., entire ; stem-leaves distant, sessile. Flowers yellow, \ in. diam., in terminal corymbs. Base of petals glandular. Sepals glandular, reflexed in fruit. (Fig. 50.) Simla, rare, Mushobra, Mahasu, common ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-17,000 ft. The plant described above is typical S. parnassifolia, Wall. S. Moorcrof- tiana, Wall., which occurs on the Chor, is a much taller and more robust herb with lanceolate or oblong leaves 2—4 in. long. In the FI Br. Ind. both forms are included under S. diversifolia. 2. Saxifraga filicaulis, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 396. Stems very slender, wiry, tufted, 3-8 in., leafy, procumbent, much branched, roughly glandular, pubescent. Leaves usually scattered, 176 XXXII. SAXIFRAGACEH3 rarely crowded, sessile, rigid, linear, £-£ in., glandular-fringed, acute, the upper ones often bearing bulbils in the axils. Runners none. Flowers yellow, solitary, terminal, in. diam. Sepals glandular, erect in fruit. Matiana, Huttoo, on rocks ; September, October. — W. Himalaya, 9000- 12,000 ft. y 3. Saxifraga Brunoniana, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 397. Stems very slender, wiry, tufted, 3-8 in., erect, usually forking, glabrous or slightly glandular. Lower leaves crowded, densely imbricate, sessile, narrowly lanceolate, in., glabrous, margins bristly, acute, having numerous, long, leafless, thread-like runners with terminal buds issuing from between them ; upper leaves few, distant, smaller. Flowers yellow, terminal, 2-4 on a stem, \ in. diam. Sepals glabrous, erect in fruit. Huttoo, on rocks, not common ; September, October. — Abundant on the Chor. — Temperate Himalaya, 10,000-16,000 ft. 4. Saxifraga ciliata, Boyle, ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 398, under S. ligulata, Wall. Rootstock very thick ; stems short, thick, fleshy, procumbent. Leaves ovate or orbicular, 2-6 in. long at the time of flowering, in the autumn attaining a foot or more across and turning bright red, cordate, margins entire, fringed with short, close, stiff hairs, both surfaces hairy, becoming nearly glabrous in age ; stalk stem-sheathing at the base. Flowers white, pink or XXXII. SAXIFRAGACEJE 177 purple, 1 £ in. diam., in a spreading, cymose panicle terminating a flexible scape 4-10 in. long ; styles long. Simla, common on rocks ; March, April. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000- 10,000 ft. 5. Saxifraga Stracheyi, Hook. f. d? Thoms. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 398. Habit and flowers of S. ciliata. Leaves ovate or obovate, 2-4 in. at the time of flowering, afterwards attaining 8-12 in., rarely cordate, margins toothed, both surfaces glabrous ; stalk stem- sheathing nearly throughout its length. Huttoo ; June. — Common on the Chor.- -W. Himalaya, 8000-14,000 ft. N 178 XXXII. SAXIFRAGACEJ3 3. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. From the Greek chrysos, gold, and splen, the spleen ; referring to the yellow flowers of some species and their supposed remedial properties. — N. temperate and Arctic regions ; S. America ; most numerous in China and Japan. Chrysosplenium tenellum, Hook f. & Thoms. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 401. A delicate, annual, glabrous herb ; stems thread-like, pro- cumbent, 1-3 in., leafy, often matted. Leaves stalked, alternate, kidney-shaped, hardly J in. broad ; marginal lobes 4-6, shallow, rounded. Flowers ^ in. diam., green -yellow, stalked, solitary, scattered. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; lobes 4, obtuse. Petals none. Stamens about 8. Ovary 1 -celled ; styles 2 ; ovules numerous. Capsule half-superior, 2-beaked ; seeds few or many. Baghi, Marali, on wet rocks ; June. — W. Himalaya, 9000-10,000 ft. 4. PARNASSXA. From Parnassus, a mountain in Greece, the abode of the Muses. — N. temperate and cold regions. Parnassia nubicola, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 402. A glabrous herb ; rootstock perennial. Leaves radical, long-stalked, ovate or oblong-ovate, 1-2 in., cordate, entire, acute. Scapes erect, slender, angular, 6-12 in., bearing a sessile leaf about the middle and a solitary, terminal, white flower about 1 in. diam. Calyx-tube short, adnate to the base of the ovary ; lobes 5, obtuse. Petals 5, entire or slightly jagged. Stamens 5, alternate with 5 fleshy, flattened, 3-lobed staminodes. Ovary ovoid, base adnate to the calyx-tube, 1 -celled ; style very short ; stigma capitate, 3-lobed; ovules numerous. Capsule obovoid, | in. long, opening by 3 valves ; seeds inserted on the valves. (Fig. 51.) Simla, the Glen, common ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. 5. HYDRANGEA. From the Greek hydor, water, and aggeion, a vase or cup ; referring to the cup-shaped capsule. — Himalaya, E. Asia, America. Hydrangea altissima, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 404. A climbing shrub. Leaves opposite, ovate or lanceolate, 3-6 in., sharply toothed, long-pointed, glabrous except along the nerves and in the nerve-axils on the lower surface ; stalks pubescent. Flowers in rounded, compound, hairy cymes, 3-6 in. across ; some of the outer sterile flowers conspicuous from the enlarged, coloured calyx ; others all small and fertile. Sterile flowers : calyx-limb petal-like, white, spreading, 4-lobed, 1J in. across ; petals none. Fertile flowers in. long : calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, limb very short, 4-toothed ; petals 4, white, cohering, falling off like a cap ; XXXII. SAXIFRAGACEiE 179 stamens 10 ; ovary inferior, 2-celled, styles 2, diverging. Capsule crowned with the persistent calyx -limb and styles. Narkunda, in forest ; July. — Himalaya, Simla to Bhotan, 4000-10,000 ft. In the common garden Hydrangea, H. Hortensia , a native of China and Japan, all the flowers have become sterile. 6. DEUTZIA. In honour of Johann Deutz, a Dutch naturalist of the eighteenth century and a friend and patron of the botanical traveller, Thunberg. — Himalaya, China, Japan and a doubtful species in Mexico. Erect shrubs, more or less stellately hairy ; branches opposite. Leaves simple, finely toothed. Flowers white, in spreading, terminal panicles. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, adnate to the ovary ; lobes 5, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 10, the alternate ones longer, filaments flattened, 3-pointed, central point anther- bearing. Ovary inferior, usually 3-celled ; styles 3-5, long, free or nearly so ; ovules numerous. Capsule inferior, globose, ulti- mately opening by 3-5 valves ; seeds numerous, minute. Leaves 2-5 in. ; lower surface green. Calyx-teeth obtuse 1. D. corymbosa. Leaves 1-2 in. ; lower surface grey-tomentose. Calyx-teeth acute . . . . . . . . . 2. D. staminea. 1. Deutzia corymbosa, R. Brown ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 406. Bark thin, peeling off in flakes. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 180 XXXII. SAXIFRAGrACEiE 2-5 in., long-pointed, covered with scattered, stellate hairs ; lower surface green. Flowers \ in. diam., in a few corymbose panicles. Stalks and calyx stellately pubescent. Calyx-teeth ovate, obtuse. Mushobra, Shali, Narkunda, in forest ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft.— N. Asia. 2. Deutzia staminea, R. Brown ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 407. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 in., long-pointed ; upper sur- face rough with stellate pubescence, lower grey, stellately tomen- tose. Flowers § in. diam., in numerous panicles. Stalks and calyx stellately tomentose. Calyx-teeth triangular, acute. (Fig. 52.) Simla, Prospect hill ; April, May. — W. Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. — China. 7. PHILADELPHUS. The classical name of a shrub not identified by modern botanists. — Himalaya, Japan, N. America, Europe. Philadelphus coronarius, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 407. An erect shrub, nearly or quite glabrous ; branches opposite. Leaves opposite, shortly stalked, ovate -lanceolate, 2-3 in., long-pointed ; teeth small, distant, sometimes wanting ; margins often hairy. Flowers white, orange-scented, about 1 in. diam., in short, terminal racemes. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, adnate to the ovary ; lobes 4, broadly triangular, acute, persistent, inner surface pubescent. Petals 4, ovate. Stamens 20-40. Ovary inferior, 4-celled ; styles 4, united for about one-third of their length. Capsule inferior, obconical, opening by 4 valves. Matiana, Narkunda ; June. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. — Eastern Europe, Japan. This plant is typical P. coronarius, Linn., not the variety tomentosus described in the FI. Br. Ind. Commonly cultivated in Britain and often called Seringat (French) or the Mock Orange. 8. ITEA. The Greek name for the Willow ; most species are of quick growth and are usually found on the banks of streams. — Himalaya, China, N. America. Itea nutans, Royle ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 408. A shrub or small tree. Leaves alternate, stalked, ovate-oblong, 3-6 in., sharply toothed, usually long-pointed ; upper surface glabrous, lower pubescent. Flowers white, ^ in. long, in clusters of 3-7 forming pubescent, drooping racemes 4-8 in. long. Calyx pubescent ; tube bell-shaped, adnate to the lower half of the ovary ; lobes 5, per- sistent. Petals 5, tips indexed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2 -celled ; style undivided, grooved, persistent ; stigma capitate ; ovules several. Capsule half-superior, separating into 2 valves through the cell-partition and the style ; seeds several. Sutlej valley near Suni ; April. — Simla to Kumaon, 3000-5000 ft. XXXII. SAXIFRAGrACEJE 181 9. RIBES. Origin of name obscure.— Asia, America, Europe (Britain, Gooseberry, Currant). Erect shrubs. Leaves stalked, at first clustered, ultimately alternate, triangular-ovate, cordate, 3- or 5-lobed ; lobes acute, sometimes long-pointed, sharply and irregularly toothed. Flowers small, 2- or 1 -sexual, in bracteate racemes. Calyx-tube ovoid, lower half adnate to the ovary ; lobes 5, much larger than the 5 small petals. Stamens 5, filaments short. Ovary inferior, 1- celled ; styles 2, partially united, tips recurved ; stigmas capitate. Berry succulent, globose, 1 -celled, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes and stamens ; seeds few or numerous, small, im- mersed in pulp. Racemes glandular. Bracts longer than the flower-stalks. Flowers mostly 1 -sexual . . . . . 1. R. glacicile. Racemes pubescent, not glandular. Bracts shorter than the flower-stalks. Flowers 2 -sexual. Leaves scented. Racemes 2-3 in. Lower flower-stalks longer than the upper. Berry black . . . .2. R. nigrum. Leaves inodorous. Racemes 3-6 in. Flower-stalks equal. Berry red . . . . . . . 3. R. rubrum. 1. Ribes glaciale, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 410. Glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves 1-3 in. across ; lobes usually 3, acute, often long-pointed, mid-lobe largest ; lower surface pale. Racemes glandular, 1-2 in., erect in flower, nodding in fruit. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, much longer than the flower-stalks. Flowers usually 1 -sexual, male and female on different shrubs, green or dull brown, J in. diam. Berry \ in. diam., red, sour. Huttoo ; June. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-12,000 ft. * 2. Ribes nigrum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 411. Pubescent. Leaves scented, long-stalked, 2-4 in. across ; lobes 3 or 5 ; upper surface glabrous, lower dotted with minute, yellow glands. Ra- cemes not glandular, drooping, 2-3 in. ; stalks of the lower flowers longer than those of the upper. Bracts shorter than the flower- stalks. Flowers 2-sexual, green, often tinged with dull purple, | in. diam. Calyx gland-dotted. Berry | in. diam., purple-black. W. Himalaya, Kumaon to Kashmir, 7000-12,000 ft. ; June. — China, N. Europe (Britain, Black Currant). 3. Ribes rubrum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 411. Pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves long-stalked, 2-3 in. across ; lobes 3 or 5. Racemes not glandular, pendulous, 3-6 in. ; flower-stalks short, nearly equal. Bracts shorter than the flower-stalks. Flowers 2 sexual, green-yellow, | in. diam. Berry \ in. diam., red. Mahasu, Narkunda ; April, May.— W. Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft. — N. Asia, Europe (Britain, Red Currant).. 182 XXXIII. CRASSULACEiE XXXIII. CRASSULACE^E Succulent herbs, sometimes with a woody base. Leaves usually fleshy, undivided or rarely lobed ; stipules none. Flowers 2-sexual, regular, in terminal cymes or panicles, rarely axillary. Calyx free, persistent, 4-8-parted, tubular in Bryophyllum. Petals as many as the sepals, free or united for the greater part of their length, sometimes persistent. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, free and inserted with the petals at the base of the calyx or more or less adnate to the corolla ; anthers 2 -celled, attached to the filaments at their back. Carpels as many as the petals, superior, distinct or nearly so, each with a small, flat scale at its base, 1 -celled, narrowed upwards in a slender style ; stigma terminal, small ; ovules many, rarely few or only one. Follicles distinct, each containing many or few small seeds, rarely only one, attached to the inner angle. — A widely diffused genus, rare in tropical regions and in the Southern Hemisphere. Stamens as many as the petals. Stems procumbent. Leaves opposite. Flowers minute, axillary ........ Stems erect. Leaves alternate. Flowers relatively conspicuous, in terminal panicles .... Stamens twice as many as the petals. Flowers usually conspicuous. Petals united for the greater part of their length. Calyx tubular, 4-toothed ..... Calyx 4-lobed nearly to the base Petals quite free. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals ..... Calyx of 8 sepals ...... 1. Tillcea. 2. Grassula. 3. Bryojphyllum. 4. Kalanchoe. 5. Sedum. 6. Sempervivum. 1. TILLiEA. In honour of M. A. Tilli, an Italian botanist of the seventeenth century. — A small, widely distributed genus. Tillaea pentandra, Boyle ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 412. A very small, glabrous, annual herb ; stems usually several, slender, procum- bent, leafy, 2-4 in. Leaves opposite, crowded, bases united, narrowly lanceolate, J in., entire, acute. Flowers minute, pink or white, axillary, sessile, solitary or in small clusters. Calyx 4- or 5-parted. Petals 4 or 5, nearly as long as the sepals. Stamens 4 or 5. Carpels 4 or 5. Follicles 4 or 5, 1- or 2-seeded. Simla, common on rocks and old walls ; July-September. — W. Himalaya, 3000-6000 ft. — S. India, Africa. • 2. CRASSULA. From the Latin crassus, thick, referring to the leaves. — Himalaya, one species ; Africa, abundant at the Cape of Good Hope. XXXTII. CRASSULACE.E 183 Crassula indica Decaisne ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 413. A glabrous, fleshy herb ; stem erect, 4-12 in. Leaves thick, entire, acute : radical rosulate, spathulate, |-1 in. ; stem-leaves alternate, sessile, oblong, J-l in. Flowers dull pink, J in. long, in a terminal panicle. Calyx 5 -parted. Petals 5, much longer than the sepals. Stamens 5. Carpels 5. Follicles 5, many-seeded. Simla, Theog., on rocks ; August, September. — Himalaya, Simla to Bhotan, 3000-8000 ft. 3. BRYOPHYLLUM. From the Greek bruein , to sprout, and jphyllon , a leaf ; detached leaves lying on damp earth produce buds in their marginal notches.- — Tropical Africa, and now generally spread in tropical and subtropical countries. Bryophyllum calycinum, Salisb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 413. A peren- nial, glabrous herb ; stem erect, hollow, 1-4 ft. Leaves usually simple, rarely compound with 3 leaflets, opposite, stalked, fleshy, ovate or oblong, 3-6 in., crenate, obtuse. Flowers pendulous, cylin- dric, 2 in. long, in a large, terminaljpanicle. Calyx tubular, inflated, green, tinged with red and spotted with white, 4-toothed. Corolla 184 XXXIII. CRASSULACEiE tubular, twice as long as the calyx ; tube cylindric, green ; lobes 4, tinged with red, acute, spreading. Stamens 8, in two series in- serted about the middle of the corolla-tube. Carpels 4. Follicles 4, many -seeded, enclosed within the dry, persistent calyx and corolla. Sutlej valley ; May, June. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. ; an introduced plant, spread throughout nearly all tropical regions ; often cultivated. 4. KALANCHOE. The Chinese name of one of the species. — Tropical Asia, tropical and South Africa, Brazil. i Kalanchoe spathulata, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 414. A perennial, glabrous herb ; stem erect, 1-4 ft. Leaves fleshy, opposite, crenate or nearly entire ; lower crowded, stalked, oblong-spathu- late, 4-8 in. ; upper distant, nearly sessile, oblong, 3-4 in. Flowers yellow, J-l in. long, in a large, terminal corymb. Calyx divided nearly to the base ; segments 4, triangular, acute. Corolla tubular, twice as long as the calyx ; tube inflated, narrowed to the mouth ; lobes 4, spreading, acute. Stamens 8, in two series inserted at the mouth of the corolla-tube, filaments very short. Carpels 4. Follicles 4, many-seeded, enclosed in the dry, persistent calyx and corolla. (Fig. 53.) Valleys below Simla ; September-November. — Lower Himalaya, 1000- 5000 ft. — Burmah, China, Java. 5. SEDUM. From the Latin sedere , to sit, referring to the broad, spreading, radical leaves of some species. — N. temperate regions including Britain (Stonecrop) ; one species in the Andes. Succulent herbs ; stems erect or ascending. Leaves thick, usually undivided, entire or rarely toothed, alternate or rarely opposite ; radical leaves often rosulate. Flowers small, 2-sexual, regular, in. terminal, usually compound cymes. Calyx 4- or 5- lobed nearly to the base. Petals 4 or 5, free. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Carpels 4 or 5 ; ovules numerous. Follicles few- or several-seeded. Sedum asiaticum, DC., grows on rocks near the top of the Chor but has not been found nearer Simla. It has a thick, woody rootstock ; several stems 3-12 in. high ; small, narrow, toothed leaves ; and numerous, yellow flowers crowded in terminal cymes. Flowers white. Leaves narrowly oblong ; radical few or none ; stem-leaves numerous . . . . 1. iS. linear if olium. Leaves spathulate ; radical numerous, rosulate ; stem-leaves few, distant . . . . . 3. S. rosulatum. Flowers white, striped with pink. Leaves oblong or obovate . . . . . . . 4. S. adenotrichum. Flowers pink or pink-purple. Leaves strap-shaped, 3-5-lobed . . \ 2. S. trifidum. Leaves ovate or orbicular, undivided . . 5. S. Ewersii. Flowers yellow. Leaves cylindric . . . . 6. S. multicaule. XXXIII. CRASSULACEiE 185 1. Sedum linearifolium, Boyle; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 420. Nearly or quite glabrous ; stems tufted, erect, 2-6 in. Leaves sessile, narrowly oblong, J-f in., entire or with a few small teeth, obtuse : radical few or none ; stem-leaves usually numerous. Mowers white, nearly | in. long, crowded. Matiana, on rocks ; July. — The Chor. — W. Himalaya, 7000-10,000 ft. 2. Sedum trifidum. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 420. Glabrous ; stems erect, 4-12 in. Leaves strap-shaped, 1-4 in., tapering to a sessile base, 3-5-lobed ; lobes divergent, unequal, J— 1 in., entire or sometimes toothed, obtuse. Flowers pale pink, J in. long in bud, crowded in leafy cymes. The whole plant turns crimson when withering. Simla, common on trees and rocks ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. 3. Sedum rosulatum, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 420. Glandular- pubescent or glabrous ; stems nearly erect, 2-4 in. Leaves spathulate, narrowed into a sessile base : radical numerous, rosu- late, j— 1 in. ; stem-leaves few, distant, — hi. Flowers white, long-stalked, J in. long, in open, loose cymes. Simla, on rocks and walls ; April- Junp. — W. Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. — Afghanistan. 186 XXXIII. CRASSULACEJE 4. Sedum adenotrichum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 420. Glandu- lar-pubescent ; stems nearly erect, 3-10 in. Leaves sessile, oblong or obovate : radical rosulate, J-l \ in. ; stem-leaves few, distant, J in. Flowers white, striped with pink, nearly J in. long, in open, loose cymes. (Fig. 54.) Simla, common on rocks and walls ; April, May. — W. Himalaya, 3000- 8000 ft. 5. Sedum Ewersii, Ledeb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 421. Glabrous ; stems often numerous, nearly erect, 6-12 in. Leaves glaucous, nearly sessile, occasionally opposite, ovate or orbicular, 1 in. across, sometimes sinuate : radical few or none ; stem-leaves numerous. Flowers pink-purple, J in. long in bud, crowded in broad cymes. Matiana, Narkunda ; July, August. — W. Himalaya, 8000-15,000 ft. — N. Asia. 6. Sedum multicaule. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 422. Glabrous ; stems usually several, nearly erect, 4-8 in., branched. Leaves nearly sessile, cylindric, J-l in., acute ; both radical and stem- leaves usually numerous. Flowers yellow, J in. long in bud ; cyme-branches long, racemose, leafy. Simla, on rocks; July, August. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-7000 ft. — China, Japan. 6. SEMPERVIVUM. From the Latin semper, always, and vivere, to live ; some species exhibit a remarkable tenacity of life. • — Europe (Britain, Houseleek) ; W. Asia ; N. and tropical Africa ; Canary Islands. Sempervivum sedoides, Decaisne ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 423. A succulent herb ; rootstock perennial ; stems annual, erect, 2-3 in., leafy. Leaves fleshy, nearly glabrous, sessile, oblong-ovate, entire, obtuse : radical rosulate, closely imbricate, J-f in. ; stem- leaves alternate, J-J in., overlapping. Flowers pubescent, white, | in. long, crowded in a terminal cyme. Calyx 8-lobed to the base ; lobes acute. Petals 8, nearly twice as long as the sepals. Stamens 16. Carpels 8, pubescent ; ovules numerous. Follicles many- seeded. Simla, Theog, on rocks, not common ; July, August. — W. Himalaya, 7000- 8000 ft, XXXIV. DROSERACEJE A small Order distributed over nearly all temperate and tropical regions, but most numerous and diversified in Australia ; limited in the Himalaya to the genus Drosera. XXXIV. DROSERACEiE 187 DROSERA. From the Greek droseros, covered with dew ; referring to the shining, glandular hairs. — Nearly all regions ; most numerous in W. Australia (Britain, Sundew). Drosera lunata, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 424, under D. pel - tata. Erect herb ; stems erect, slender, minutely glandular, leafy, 4-12 in., often branching. Leaves alternate, half -moon shaped. Fig. 55. Drosera lunata. about J in. across, peltate, upper surface and margins beset with viscid, glandular hairs ; radical leaves smaller, rosulate, soon dis- appearing. Flowers 2-sexual, regular, white, J in. diam., in ter- minal, branching racemes. Calyx 5-parted ; segments glandular, minutely toothed. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5. Ovary free, ovoid, 1 -celled ; styles 3 ; stigmas terminal, minutely fringed ; ovules 188 XXXIV. DROSERACEiE numerous. Capsule enclosed within the persistent calyx and corolla, 3-valved; seeds minute, attached to the valves. (Fig. 55.) Simla, common on pasture lands and banks ; August, September. — Tem- perate Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. — Hilly regions throughout India. Darwin by the publication of his Insectivorous Plants (1875) has added greatly to the interest of the Sundews. At Simla it is impossible to find a plant without some captured insects or their remains entangled on the leaves. XXXV. HALORRHAGIDACE^ Weak, flaccid herbs, growing in water or on mud. Leaves opposite or whorled, simple or pinnately divided ; stipules none. Flowers minute, 1-sexual, regular or incomplete, spicate or axillary. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb usually 4-toothed. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 8 or only one ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 4-celled ; ovule solitary in each cell. Fruit a minute, oblong or orbicular capsule, dividing when ripe into 4 one-seeded nuts. — Nearly all regions. — Origin of name obscure. Leaves whorled, pinnately divided. Flowers in a terminal spike . . . . . . . . .1. Myriophyllum. Leaves opposite, undivided. Flowers axillary . . 2. Callitriche. 1. MYRIOPHYLLUM. From the Greek murion, many, and phyllon , a leaf. — Nearly all regions ; most numerous in Australia. Myriophyllum spicatum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 433. A glabrous, nearly submerged herb, the flower-spikes only appearing above the surface ; stems leafy, varying in length according to the depth of water, more or less branched. Leaves whorled, usually in fours, pinnately divided ; segments simple, distinct, hair-like, J-J in. Flowers sessile, in whorls of about 4 forming slender, terminal spikes ; each flower surrounded by 1 large and 2 minute bracts ; upper flowers male, lower female. Male flowers : calyx 4-toothed ; petals 4, concave ; stamens 8, filaments short ; ovary rudimentary. Female flowers : calyx 4-grooved, teeth 4, minute ; petals minute or none ; stigmas 4, nearly sessile. Fruit oblong, dividing into 2 or 4 nutlets. Simla, the Glen ; June-August. — W. Himalaya, 1000-6000 ft. — Afghanistan. - — X. temperate and cold regions. (Britain, Water Milfoil.) 2. CALLITRICHE. From the Greek halos, beautiful, and thrix, trichos, hair ; referring to the stems. — Nearly all regions (Britain, Water Starwort). XXXV. HALORRHAGIDACEiE 189 Glabrous herbs, growing in water or on mucL ; stems slender, brittle, intricately branched, rooting at the joints. Leaves undi- vided, entire, lower opposite, uppermost crowded in little, flat rosettes. Flowers axillary, usually solitary, each between two minute bracts (sometimes wanting). Calyx and corolla none. Male flowers ; a solitary stamen, filament long. Female flowers : a 4-lobed ovary ; styles 2, long, thread-like. Fruit orbicular, flattened, sessile or nearly sessile. Margins of fruit winged, acute . . . . . . 1 . C. stagnalis. Margins of fruit not winged, blunt . . . . 2. G. verna. 1. Callitriche stagnalis, Scop. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 434. Leaves ovate or spathulate, sometimes very narrow, about J in. long. Margins of fruit winged, acute. Sipi, below Mushobra ; August, September. — Mountainous regions through- out India, 5000-10,000 ft. — Cosmopolitan (Britain). *2. Callitriche verna, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 434. Leaves oblong or spathulate, J-J in. Margins of fruit not winged, blunt. W. Himalaya, 5000-8000 ft. — Nearly all temperate and cold climates, includ- ing Britain. XXXVI. MYRTACE/E A very large Order inhabiting nearly all tropical and most sub- tropical regions. Abundant throughout India, but only a single species extends into the outer valleys of the N.W. Himalaya. — Myrtus is the classical name of the common Myrtle. The Australian Gum trees, Eucalyptus , belong to this Order ; E. Globulus and E. obliqua have been planted at Simla several times, but they usually succumbed to the winter frosts. EUGENIA. In honour of Prince Eugene of Savoy of the seventeenth century, a patron of botany. — Most tropical regions. Eugenia Jambolana, Lam. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 499. A glabrous tree. Leaves firm, shining, covered with minute, transparent dots, opposite, stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-6 in., entire, usually long-pointed ; lateral veins numerous, parallel, uniting to form a single vein running just within the margin ; stipules none. Flowers 2-sexual, regular, pale green, J-J- in. long to the tips of the stamens, nearly sessile, crowded in small, rounded clusters terminal on the branches of lateral panicles 2-4 in. long. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, funnel-shaped ; limb shortly 4-lobed. Petals 4, rounded, 190 XXXVI. MYRTACEiE concave, cohering, carried upwards by the unfolding of the stamens and falling off as the flower expands. Stamens numerous, in several series, much longer than the petals, inserted with them around the mouth of the calyx-tube, folded in bud. Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; style simple, linear ; stigma terminal, small ; ovules many in each cell. Berry succulent, globose or oblong, J-1J in., dark purple, crowned with the rim of the. calyx-tube ; seed usually solitary. Sutlej valley; May, June. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. Frequently planted ; fruit eaten. Native name Jdmun. XXXVII. MELASTOMACE^E A large Order inhabiting nearly all tropical regions ; abundant in America and E. Asia. Only one species extends to the lower valleys of the N.W. Himalaya. — Name from the Greek melas, black, and stoma , the mouth, said to be given on account of the edible fruit of some species staining the lips. XXXVII. MELASTOMACEiE 191 OSBECKIA. In honour of Peter Osbeck, a Swedish botanist and traveller, who visited China in the eighteenth century. — Asia, chiefly India ; Australia. Osbeckia stellata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 517. An erect shrub ; branches 4-sided, bristly. Leaves opposite, minutely bristly, shortly stalked, lanceolate, 3-6 in., entire, tapering to a fine point ; longitudinal nerves 5, prominent ; stipules none. Flowers 2-sexual, regular, pink-purple, 2-2 J in. diam., in small, terminal clusters. Calyx clothed with soft, matted, white, stellate bristles ; tube bell- shaped, partially adnate to the ovary, persistent ; lobes 4 or 5, lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube, alternate with 5 much shorter lobes, all falling off after flowering. Petals 4 or 5, twisted in bud. Stamens 8 or 10, inserted with the petals on the mouth of the calyx-tube; filaments yellow, curved; anthers yellow, 2- celled, longer than the filaments, strongly curved, dehiscing by terminal pores. Ovary ovoid, 4- or 5-celled, enclosed within and partially adnate to the calyx-tube, crowned with 4 or 5 hairy, erect lobes at the base of the long, curved style ; stigma terminal, small ; ovules numerous. Capsule nearly free, oblong-ovoid, |-f in., opening at the top by pores ; calyx-tube narrowed at the throat and produced in a short, spreading limb ; seeds numerous, minute. (Fig. 56.) Simla, Lansdowne Falls, not common ; September. From Simla to Bhootan up to 5000 ft. — China, Malaya. XXXVIII. LYTH RACEME Erect shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite} rarely whorled, simple, entire ; stipules none. Flowers 2-sexual, regular, in axillary clusters. Calyx free, bell-shaped or tubular, toothed. Petals as many as the calyx-teeth, small, sometimes soon falling off, inserted at the top of the calyx-tube. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary free, at the bottom of the calyx-tube, 2- or 4-celled ; style simple, thread-like ; stigma terminal, small ; ovules numerous. Capsule partially or entirely enclosed within the persistent calyx-tube ; seeds numer- ous, small. — Nearly all tropical and temperate regions ; most abundant in America. — Name from the Greek lythron, gore, referring to the colour of the flowers. The Pomegranate, Punica Granatum, occurs in the valleys below Simla, probably as an escape ; a shrub with large, red flowers and hard, globose fruit. Native name anar. A herb. Calyx green, A in* long. Stamens 8 . . .1. Ammannia . A shrub. Calyx red, | in. long. Stamens 12 . « .2. Woodfordia. 192 XXXVIII. LYTHRACEiE 1. AMMANNIA, In honour of Johann Ammann, a Swiss botanical author of the eighteenth century. — Tropical and warm regions. Ammannia senegalensis, Lam . ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 570. An annual, glabrous herb, 6-24 in. ; branches opposite, 4-angled. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, 1-2 in. Mowers very small, in small, shortly stalked clusters. Calyx bell-shaped, green, obscurely 4- toothed. Petals 4, pink, soon falling off. Stamens 8, inserted about the middle of the calyx-tube. Ovary globose, enclosed within the calyx-tube, 4-celled ; stigma capitate. Capsule more or less protruding from the calyx-tube, bursting irregularly. Valleys below Simla ; March, April. — Throughout N. India, ascending to 5000 ft., common in ricefields. — Asia, Africa, Australia and America. 2. WOODFORDIA. In honour of J. Woodford, a British botanical author of the nineteenth century. — Limited to the follow- ing species from India, China and E. Africa. XXXVIII. LYTHRACEJE 193 Woodfordia floribunda, Salisb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 572. A pubescent shrub ; branches long, spreading. Leaves opposite, sometimes in whorls of three, sessile, lanceolate, 2-4 in., tapering to a fine point ; upper surface green, lower white, black-dotted. Flowers clustered^ numerous, shortly stalked. Calyx tubular, in., bright red ; teeth 6, short, alternating with 6 minute, accessory teeth. Petals 6, red, hardly longer than the calyx-teeth. Stamens 12 ; filaments long, red, far protruding, inserted below the middle of the calyx-tube. Ovary oblong, 2-celled ; style far pro- truding. Capsule enclosed within the calyx-tube, opening by 2 valves. (Fig. 57.) Valleys below Simla ; flowers during the cold season. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — China, Africa, Madagascar. This plant varies in the relative length of the stamens and styles as described by Darwin in the case of Lythrum Salicaria ( Forms of Flowers, p. 137), a species omitted from the FI. Br. Ind., but which occurs, undoubtedly wild, near Sultanpur in the Kulu Valley and in Kashmir. The flowers of Woodfordia floribunda are used for dyeing silk. XXXIX. ONAGRACEAi Annual or perennial herbs ; stems erect or ascending. Leaves opposite and alternate, simple, usually toothed ; stipules none. Flowers 2-sexual, regular, in racemes. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb 2- or 4-parted, lobes valvate. Petals 2 or 4. Stamens 8 or 2, inserted with the petals on the top of the ovary, filaments thread-like, anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-, 2- or 4-celled ; style thread-like ; stigma capitate or 4-lobed, lobes distinct or combined; ovules numerous or only one in each cell. Capsule long, linear and opening by 4 valves or short, ovoid and inde- hiscent ; seeds small, numerous or only 1 or 2, tipped with a tuft of long hairs or naked. — Temperate regions ; rare in the tropics. Several species of Evening Primrose, (Enothera , have become naturalised about Simla. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Capsule many-seeded, opening by 4 valves 1. Epilobium. Petals 2. Stamens 2. Capsule 1- or 2-seede, indehiscent . .2. Girccea. 1. EPILOBIUM. From the Greek epi, upon, and lobos, a pod ; referring to the position of the corolla. — Very widely spread in temperate and cold regions and particularly abundant in New Zealand (Britain, Willowherb). Herbs ; stems leafy. Leaves opposite and alternate, usually toothed. Flowers axillary, pink or purple, rarely white, forming long or short, leafy racemes towards the end of the stems or branches. Calyx-tube linear, 4-angled or nearly cylindric ; limb 0 194 XXXIX. ONAGRACEiE 4-parted, lobes acute, falling off after flowering. Petals 4, erect or spreading, notched. Stamens 8, the alternate ones slightly shorter. Ovary 4-celled ; stigmas 4, distinct and spreading or erect and combined in a club-shaped body ; ovules numerous. Capsule elongate, 4-angled, 4-celled, the valves separating from the 4-sided, seed-bearing, central column ; seeds numerous, small, tipped with a tuft of long hairs. Haussknecht’s Monographie der Gattung Epildbium , 1884, has been followed in this genus instead of the FI. Br. IrLd. Stigmas distinct, spreading or recurved. Flowers in. long. Densely hairy. Leaves all stem- clasping . . 1. E. hirsutum. Pubescent. Leaves nearly sessile, not stem-clasping, lower ones stalked . . . . . . 2. E. parviflorum. Stigmas combined, club -like. Flowers less than £ in. long. Leaves linear-lanceolate, not more than J in. broad, tapering to a fine point . . . . . 3. E. cylindricum. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, £-1 \ in. broad. Stems pubescent all round. Leaves thin, lanceolate, tapering to the base. Racemes numerous, axillary . . . . 4. E. Royleanum. Leaves thick, ovate, abruptly narrowed at the base. Racemes few, terminal . . . 5. E. brevifolium. Stems glabrous, shining, except vertical lines of crisp pubescence . . . . . . 6. E. ledum. 1. Epilobium hirsutum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 583. Densety clothed with soft, white hairs ; stems erect, robust, 2-5 ft., cylindric except near the base, usually branched. Leaves lanceolate, l-3xJ-J in., stem-clasping; teeth small, sharp. Flowers pink-purple, \ bi. long. Stigmas distinct, at first erect, ultimately recurved. Capsule 1J-3J in. Kotgurh, Sutlej and Giri valleys, in wet places ; August-September. — W. Himalaya, 5000-7000 ft. — X- Asia, Africa, Europe (Britain). 2. Epilobium parviflorum, tichreb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 584. Pubescent ; stems erect or ascending, slender, 1-3 ft., cylindric, usually branched. Leaves shortly stalked or nearly sessile, not stem-clasping, ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 Xj-f in. ; teeth small, sharp. Flowers pale pink-purple, \ in. long. Stigmas distinct, at first erect, ultimately spreading. Capsule 2-3 in. Simla, Sutlej valley ; May-August. — W. Himalaya, 5000-7000 ft. — W. Asia, N. Africa, Europe (Britain). 3. Epilobium cylindricum, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 585, under E. roseum, var. cylindricum. Pubescent ; stems erect or ascending, cylindric or obscurely angular, 1-3 ft. Leaves sessile or shortly stalked, linear-lanceolate, l-2|xj in., tapering to a fine point ; teeth, small sharp ; both surfaces nearly glabrous, lower paler. XXXIX. ONAGRACEiE 195 Racemes numerous, axillary. Mowers pale pink, less than J in. long. Stigmas combined, club-like. Capsule 1|-2| in. Simla ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. 4. Epilobium Royleanum, Hausshn. Monogr. Epilob. 205 ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 584, under E. roseum, var. Dalhousianum. Pubescent ; stems erect or ascending, pubescent all round, 1-3 ft., branched. Leaves thin, flaccid, sessile or the lower ones shortly stalked, lanceolate, l|-3x|-l in., tapering to both ends, acute; teeth small, sharp ; lower surface paler. Racemes numerous, axillary. Mowers pale pink, hardly \ in. long. Stigmas combined, club- like. Capsule l|-2 in. (Fig. 58.) Simla, common ; July, August. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-12,000 ft. 5. Epilobium brevifolium, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 584, under E. roseum. Pubescent ; stems erect, cylindric, pubescent all round, 1-3 ft., usually unbranched. Leaves rather thick, sessile or nearly so, ovate, obtuse, 1-2XJ-1J in., abruptly narrowed at the base ; 196 XXXIX. ONAGRACEHC teeth small, sharp or lower leaves often nearly entire ; lower surface paler. Racemes few, terminal. Flowers purple-pink, hardly | in. long. Stigmas combined, club-like. Capsule 2-3 in. Simla, common ; June-September. — W. Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. 6. Epilobium lsetum, Wall. No. 6329, in part, i.e. Hausskn. Monogr. Epilob. 218 ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 584, under E. hirsutum, var. Icetum, in part. Stems erect, slender, 6-24 in., angled, usually unbranched, glabrous and shining except lines of crisp pubescence running down from the leaf-bases. Leaves sessile or nearly so, lanceolate, 1-lf x| in. ; teeth small, sharp. Racemes short, terminal. Flowers white or pale pink, J in. long. Stigmas combined, club -like. Capsule 2-3 in. Narkunda ; July.: — Simla to Sikkim, 6000-12,000 ft. 2. CIRCiEA. After Circe, ‘the enchantress of classical mythology. — -A small genus, inhabiting FT. temperate and cold regions. Perennial herbs ; stems usually unbranched. Leaves opposite, long-stalked, thin, ovate, sinuately toothed. Flowers less than i in. diam., in terminal and lateral racemes. Calyx-tube ovoid ; limb 2 -parted, lobes reflexed, falling off after flowering. Petals 2, notched. Stamens 2. Ovary 1- or 2-celled ; style filiform ; stigma capitate ; ovule 1 in each cell. Capsule nut-like, indehiscent, 1- or 2-celled, rough with hooked bristles ; seeds naked, 1 in each cell. Ovary 2-celled. Seeds 2. Leaves ovate, narrowed to the base . . . 1. C. lutetiana. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, cordate . . . . . 2. C. cordata. Ovary 1 -celled. Seed solitary . . . . . . 3. G. alpina. 1. Circsea lutetiana, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 589. Pubescent ; stems erect or ascending, 1-2 ft. Leaves ovate, 2-3xl-l| in., narrowed to the base, acute. Flowers white or tinged with pink. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule obovoid, J in. ; seeds 2. Mushobra, in woods ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000- 10,000 ft. — N. Hemisphere, southward to N. Africa. (Britain, Enchanter’s Nightshade.) 2. Circsea cordata, Royle ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 589. Pubescent or hairy ; stems erect, 1-2 ft. Leaves ovate -lanceolate, 3-4 X 1^-2 in., cordate, long-pointed. Flowers white. Ovary 2-celled. Cap- sule ovoid, | in. ; seeds 2. Simla, in woods ; August, September. — W. Himalaya, 7000-9000 ft. — N. China, Japan. 3. Circsea alpina, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 589. Glabrous or slightly pubescent ; stems erect, 4-8 in. Leaves broadly ovate, XXXIX. ONAGRACEiE 197 ^-1 in. across, obtuse or acute. Flowers white or tinged with pink. Ovary 1 -celled. Capsule very small ; seed one. Mushobra, Mahasu, in woods ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-11,000 ft. — Temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere including Britain. XL. SAMYDACE.E A small Order inhabiting nearly all tropical regions ; represented in the N.W. Himalaya by only one genus. — Semyda is the Greek name of some tree, probably the Birch. CASEARIA. In honour of Johann Casearius, a Dutch mission- ary in Cochin China, and a botanical author of the seventeenth century. — Widely spread in tropical regions, most abundant in America. Casearia tomentosa, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 593. A small, tomentose tree. Leaves alternate, shortly stalked, with trans- parent, linear or dot-like glands, ovate -lanceolate, 3-7 XlJ-3 in., entire or obscurely toothed ; stipules small, soon falling off. Flowers small, 2 -sexual, regular, green-yellow, shortly stalked, 198 XL. SAMYDACEiE crowded in axillary clusters. Calyx free, persistent, tomentose, 5-parted ; lobes orbicular, concave. Petals none. Stamens 8, inserted at the base of the calyx, alternate with 8 hairy staminodes, filaments free, anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1- celled ; style very short ; stigma capitate ; ovules numerous. Capsule more or less succulent, ovoid, J in. long, 6-ribbed, open- ing by 3 valves ; seeds about 8 on each valve, ovoid, enveloped in a fleshy, red aril. (Fig. 59.) Sutlej valley, Suni ; April, May. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. -—Malay islands, N. Australia. XLI. CUCURBITACE^E Perennial or annual herbs, often rough, juice watery ; stems usually long, climbing by means of spirally twining, lateral ten- drils. Leaves alternate, stalked, undivided or lobed, usually cordate ; principal nerves basal. Flowers axillary, 1 -sexual, male and female on the same or on different plants. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb 5-lobed or toothed. Corolla 5-lobed nearly to the base, inserted on the calyx-limb. Stamens 3, inserted on the calyx-tube ; filaments free, usually short ; anthers included, free or united, one anther 1-celled, the others 2-celled, cells linear, folded, curved or straight. Ovary inferior, 3-celled ; style single ; stigma 3-branched or 3-lobed ; ovules usually numerous, inserted on projections or placentas issuing from the cell- walls. Fruit capsular or berry-like, opening by 3 valves or indehiscent ; seeds many or few, small, usually flattened. — A large Order, chiefly tropical, rare in temperate regions, most abundant in Africa. — Name derived from the Latin cucumis , a cucumber, and orbis, a sphere, globe ; referring to the shape of some Gourds. Many species are cultivated, such as Cucumbers, Melons, Gourds, Pumpkins, Vegetable Marrows, etc., most of them of very ancient cultivation, but unknown in a wild state. Flowers more than 1 in. cliam. Flowers white. Petals fringed . . . .1. Trichosanthes. Flowers yellow. Petals entire . . . .2. Her prosper mum. Flowers less than J in. diam. Stems and leaves rough, bristly or covered with minute, sharp points . . . . .3. MuJcia. Stems and leaves smooth, glabrous or slightly pu- bescent ........ 4. ZeTmeria. 1. TRICHOSANTHES. From the Greek thrix, trichos, hair, and anthos, a flower ; referring to the fringed petals. — Asia, N. Australia. XLI. CU CURBIT ACEiE 199 Trichosanthes palmata, Boxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 606. A large, perennial, climbing herb ; stem angular. Leaves roughly pubes- cent, cordate, 2-6 in. cliam., more or less deeply 3-7-lobed, toothed. Tendrils branched. Flowers white, l|-3 in. diam., male and female usually on different plants. Male flowers on two axillary stalks, one bearing a solitary flower and soon falling off (sometimes wanting), the other a bracteate raceme, short and head-like at first, afterwards lengthening to 6-10 in. ; bracts broadly obovate, margins jagged ; calyx-tube funnel-shaped, 1| in., lobes lanceolate, irregularly toothed ; corolla-margins long-fringed ; filaments very short. Female flowers solitary, axillary, shortly stalked ; calyx and corolla nearly as in the male ; ovary ovoid, narrowed upwards ; style 1 in., tip 3 -cleft ; ovules numerous. Fruit smooth, globose, 1 J-2 in. diam., indehiscent, red, striped with orange ; seeds flattened, immersed in dark green pulp. Valleys below Simla, 5th Waterfall ; June-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Asia, N. Australia. 2. HERPETOSPERMUM. From the Greek herpetos, creeping, and sperma, a seed : the seeds somewhat resemble a small beetle. — Temperate Himalaya. Herpetospermum caudigerum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 613. A large, nearly glabrous, climbing herb. Leaves slightly rough- pubescent, long-stalked, broadly cordate-ovate, 2-6 in. across, toothed, often lobed, long-pointed. Tendrils branched. Flowers bright yellow, 1J-2 in. diam., male and female on different plants. Male flowers racemed ; calyx-tube funnel-shaped, f-1 in. long, lobes linear ; corolla-margins entire ; filaments very short, anthers united. Female flowers solitary, shortly stalked ; calyx and corolla nearly as in the male ; ovary ovoid, narrowed upwards ; style | in., tip 3-cleft, stigmas 2-lobed ; ovules 4 hi each cell. Capsule ovoid, 3xl| in., narrowed to both ends, opening by 3 valves ; seeds 12, flattened, oblong, \ in. long, minutely pointed at one end, embedded in a fibrous, nearly dry pulp. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Bhotan to Simla, 5000-8000 ft. 3. MUKIA. Adapted from Mucca , the name given to M. scabrella in Rheede’s Hort. Mai. viii. t. 13. — Asia, Africa, Australia. Mukia scabrella, Am. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 623. An annual, climb- ing herb ; stems and leaves very rough, bristly or covered with minute, sharp points. Leaves broadly cordate-ovate, l|-3 in. across, toothed, more or less 3-lobed or -angled, long-pointed. Tendrils unbranched. Flowers yellow, less than J in. diam., nearly sessile, solitary or in small clusters, male and female on 200 XLI. CUCURBITACEJE the same plant. Male flowers : calyx bell-shaped, toothed ; corolla-segments acute ; filaments very short, anthers free. Female flowers : calyx and corolla nearly as in the male ; ovary bristly, ovoid ; style club-shaped, stigma 3-lobed ; ovules few in each cell. Fruit nearly smooth, berry-like, globose, \ in diam., bright red, indehiscent ; seeds few, rough. Mushobra, in orchards; June. — Common throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Malaya, Africa, Australia. 4. ZEHNERIA. In honour of Joseph Zehner, an Austrian botanical artist. — Asia, Africa, Australia, S. America. Zehneria umbellata, Thwaites ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 625. A climb- ing herb ; stems and leaves smooth, glabrous or slightly pubescent. / Leaves exceedingly variable in shape, broadly ovate about 6x4 in., triangular-hastate about 6x4 in., more or less deeply 3-lobed about 6x6 in., or 3-5-lobed nearly to the base, lobes un- equal, narrow, diverging, mid -lobe the longest, about 2-6 in. ; XLI. CU CURBIT ACEAS 201 two or more forms, with intermediate forms, being sometimes borne on one plant. Tendrils usually branched, sometimes flower- bearing. Flowers pale yellow or white, J in. diam. or less, male and female on the same or on different plants. Male flowers umbellate ; calyx glabrous or pubescent, bell-shaped, toothed ; corolla hairy within ; filaments rather long. Female flowers soli- tary or in pairs ; calyx and corolla nearly as in the male ; ovary glabrous, pubescent or tomentose, narrowly oblong ; style 3-lobed at the top ; ovules numerous. Fruit glabrous, pubescent or tomentose, berry -like, ovoid, J-1J in. long, bright red, inde- hiscent ; seeds 6-12, smooth. (Fig. 60.) Simla, Mushobra, common ; July, August. — -Throughout India, ascending to 7000 ft. — Asia, N. Australia. The form having tomentose ovary and fruit is distinguished as var. nepa- lensis in the FI. Br. Ind. XLII. BEGONIACE^E A large Order chiefly inhabiting moist tropical regions and con- sisting almost entirely of species belonging to the genus Begonia. Abundant in the hot damp valleys of Burmah and the E. Hima- laya ; only two species extending their range to the N. West. BEGONIA. In honour of Michel Begon, French Governor of San Domingo and a patron of botany in the seventeenth century. — Nearly all tropical regions in moist shady places ; apparently absent from Australia. Succulent herbs ; rootstock tuberous ; stems slender, weak, nearly erect. Leaves mostly radical (those on the stem alter- nate), long-stalked, undivided, more or less unequally sided, irre- gularly sinuate and toothed ; stipules free, ovate, soon falling off. Flowers pale pink, 1 -sexual, male and female on the same plant, in axillary, stalked, bracteate cymes. Sepals 3-5, in two series, free, unequal, imbricate, coloured. Petals none. Male flowers : sepals 4, the two outer larger ; stamens numerous, nearly free, inserted with the sepals on the receptacle, anthers 2-celled. Female flowers : sepals 3 or 5, the two outer larger ; ovary inferior, 3-celled, 3-angled ; style-branches 3, each ending in 2 spirally rolled stigmas ; ovules numerous, inserted on axile placentas. Capsule 3-sided, the angles produced in thin, flat wings, opening by 3 valves ; seeds numerous, minute. Leaves roughly hairy on the upper surface, pubescent on the lower. Wings of capsule very unequal . . . 1. B. picta. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces. Wings of capsule nearly equal . . . . . . . . . 2. B. amcena. 202 XLII. BEGONJACEiE 1. Begonia picta, Smith ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 638. Stems pubes- cent, 6-15 in. Leaves ovate, 3-5 x 2-3 in., cordate, acute, some- times long-pointed, basal lobes nearly equal ; upper surface roughly hairy, green, blotched and variegated with pink ; lower pubescent, blotched with purple ; veins prominent. Flowers 1-1 J in. diam. Male flowers : outer sepals orbicular, inner oblong. Female flowers : sepals 5, outer broadly ovate, inner narrower ; style persistent. Capsule pubescent, about \ in. broad, one of the wings much longer than the others, up to 1 in. (Fig. 61.) Simla, on damp rocks, common ; July, August. — Bhotan to Simla, 2000- 6000 ft. 2. Begonia amoena, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 642. Glabrous ; stems 6-12 in., often producing runners from the base. Leaves ovate, 2-4x14-3 in., cordate, long-pointed, basal lobes nearly equal. Flowers f-1 in. diam. Male flowers : outer sepals ovate, inner much narrower. Female flowers : sepals 3, outer ovate, inner smaller. Capsule about \ in. broad, crowned by the persistent style and enlarged sepals ; wings nearly equal, about J in. long. Simla, on damp rocks, common ; July, August. — Dalhousie to Sikkim, .5000-7000 ft. XLIII. DATISCACEJE 203 XLIII. DATISCACE^ A very small Order inhabiting Asia, N. America and S.E. Europe ; represented in the N.W. Himalaya by a single species. DATISCA. Origin of name unknown. — W. Asia, California, Mexico. *Datisca eannabina, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. u. 656. A glabrous herb ; stem erect, robust, 2-6 ft. ; branches flower-bearing, long. Stem-leaves alternate, pinnate (lower ones the larger), 6-12 in. ; leaflets 5-11, shortly stalked, lanceolate, 6xl| in., coarsely toothed, tip long pointed, entire. Leaves of the branches alternate, linear-lanceolate, 1-3 in. , toothed or entire ; stipules none. Flowers I - sexual, regular, male and female on different plants, yellow, small, shortly stalked, in numerous, axillary clusters. Male flowers : calyx-tube very short, limb 5-lobed ; petals none ; stamens II- 13, inserted on the calyx, anthers linear-oblong, 2-celled, nearly sessile. Female flowers : calyx-tube ovoid, obscurely 3-angled, adnate to the ovary, limb 3-toothed ; petals none ; ovary inferior, 1 -celled ; styles 3, each divided nearly to the base in 2 linear stigmas ; ovules numerous, attached to 3 placentas on the cell- wall. Capsule oblong, ^ in., opening at the top ; seeds numerous, minute. Temperate Himalaya, Kashmir to Nepal, 1000-6000 ft. — W. Asia. Not yet recorded from the Simla region, but it may occur in the Sutlej or Giri valley. XLIV. FICOIDE^E A small Order, chiefly African, but scattered through most tropical and subtropical regions ; represented in the N.W. Hima- laya by a single species. — Name derived from the Latin ficus, a pustular swelling, referring to the numerous, shining vesicles on the leaves of some species of Mesembryanthemum and Aizoon. MOLLUGO. The specific name of Galium Mollugo trans- ferred to this genus on account of the general resemblance between the plants. — Tropical and subtropical regions. Mollugo stricta, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 663. An annual, erect, glabrous, usually much-branched herb, 4-12 in. high. Leaves 204 XLIV. FICOIDE.E opposite or whorled, often unequal, nearly sessile, narrowly lanceo- late, ^—1^ in., entire, acute ; stipules membranous, soon falling off. Mowers 2-sexual, regular, orange or pink, hardly ~ in. long, in numerous, terminal, compound cymes. Sepals 5, distinct. Petals none. Stamens 3-5, hypogynous. Ovary superior, ovoid, 3-celled ; styles 3, short, free, stigmas terminal ; ovules numerous, attached to axile placentas. Capsule globose, enclosed within the persistent calyx ; seeds many, rough with minute points. (Fig. 62.) Valleys below Simla ; July-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. XLV. UMBELLIFER^ Erect, rarely decumbent herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided or divided ; base of stalks often dilated and sheathing the stem. Flowers small, usually less than J in. diam., regular or nearly so, 2-sexual or polygamous, in umbels, rarely in heads. Umbels compound or simple, with or without bracts and bra.cteoles at the XLV. UMBELLIFERiE 205 base of the primary and secondary rays respectively. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb obsolete or 5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted on the margin of the calyx, equal or the outer ones of the umbel larger, tip usually acute and abruptly indexed. Stamens 5, anthers versatile. Ovary 2 -celled, crowned with a fleshy, 2-lobed disk ; styles 2, stigmas terminal, small ; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit inferior, dry, consisting of two 1 -seeded, indehiscent carpels which separate from a very slender, simple or forked, central axis and are traversed longitudinally by usually 5 ridges or wings, the central ridge being called the dorsal, the two marginal the lateral, and the remaining two the intermediate ridges. The carpels are also often furnished with internal, longitudinal oil- canals or vittse, which are best seen in cross sections. Seed pendulous from the top of the cell, inner face flat or grooved in the centre. — A numer- ous Order represented in nearly all cold and temperate regions, rare in the tropics. Name from the Latin umbella, a parasol or umbrella, referring to the inflorescence. Besides the species here described the two following are cultivated through- out India and may occasionally be found as escapes near houses. Fceniculum vulgare or Fennel. A tall, glabrous herb emitting a powerful odour when rubbed. Leaves pinnately dissected ; segments linear. Umbels compound, usually without bracts. Flowers yellow. Fruit small, oblong. — Native name, Sonf. Coriandrum sativum or Coriander. A glabrous herb, 6-18 in. high, emitting a very disagreeable odour when rubbed. Leaves pinnately divided ; segments of the lower leaves broadly ovate, lobed and toothed ; of the upper thread-like. Umbels compound. Flowers white. Calyx-teeth unequal, acute. Fruit small, ovoid. — Native name Dhanya. The following species is common on the Chor during September and October, but does not occur below 11,000 ft. Pleurospermum Brunonis, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 706. Stem erect, 6-18 in. Leaves pinnately divided ; segments thread-like. Umbels compound. Bracts large and conspicuous, white-margined. Flowers purple. Fruit black, oblong, nearly \ in. A. Leaves undivided Leaves orbicular or kidney-shaped, crenate . Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, entire 1. Hydrocotyle. 4. Bwpleurum. B. Leaves divided Leaves palmately divided ; segments 3-5 Leaves pinnately divided. Fruit flattened ; lateral ridges winged. Dorsal and intermediate ridges also winged ; lateral wings narrow. Calyx- teeth none . Calyx-teeth lanceolate .... Dorsal and intermediate ridges not winged ; lateral wings broad. Lateral wings of the 2 half-fruits free . Lateral wings of the 2 half-fruits cohering until separation on ripening Fruit not flattened ; lateral ridges not winged. Fruit smooth (see also 8. Anthriscus ). Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute 2. Sanicula. 10. Ligusticum. 11. Selinum. 12. Angelica. 13. Heracleum. 9. (Enanthe . 206 XLV. UMBELLIFERyE Calyx-teeth none. Fruit ovoid or oblong, about in. Flowers red. Leaf-segments linear Flowers white or yellow-green. Leaf-seg- ments lanceolate .... Fruit cylindric, i in. long Fruit bristly (see also 8. Anthriscus). Bristles scattered, minute. Fruit |— § in. long Bristles dense, long, curved. Fruit in. long Fruit smooth or minutely bristly, cylindric, J in. Ridges obscure ..... 3. Vicatia. 5. Pimpinella. 7. Chcerophyllum. 6. Osmorhiza. 14. Gaucalis. 8. Anthriscus . 1. HYDROCOTYLE. From the Greek hydor, water, and cotyle, a cnp, referring to the cnp-shaped leaves of H. vulgaris (Britain, Marsh Pennywort), sometimes containing water. — Temperate and tropical regions. Small herbs growing in wet or marshy places ; stems prostrate, rooting at the joints. Leaves orbicular or kidney-shaped, crenate, often lobed, usually long-stalked ; stipules small, scarious. Um- bels axillary, simple, small, head-like, stalked or nearly sessile. Bracts few or none. Flowers minute. Calyx-teeth none. Fruit orbicular or oblong, flattened, very small. Leaves rough, bristly. Flowers 30-40 in a head . . 1. H. jctvanica. Leaves smooth, glabrous. Flowers 10 or fewer in a head. Leaves orbicular, p-1 in* across, 5-7-lobed . 2. H. rotundifolia. Leaves kidney- shaped, f-2 in. across, not lobed . 3. H. asiatica. 1. Hydrocotyle javanica, Thunb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 667. Leaves rough, bristly, orbicular, 1-3 in. across, deeply cordate, 7-lobed, crenate. Umbels globose. Bracts none. Flowers 30-40 in an umbel, yellow-green, crowded. Valleys below Simla ; July. — Temperate Himalaya, 2000-8000 ft. — Tropical Asia, Australia. 2. Hydrocotyle rotundifolia, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 668. Leaves glabrous, shining, orbicular, J-l in. across, deeply cordate or peltate, 5-7-lobed, crenate. Umbels small. Bracts few, small. Flowers about 10 in an umbel, green-white, crowded. Valleys below Simla ; April- July. — Throughout India, ascending to 7000 ft. — Tropical Asia. 3. Hydrocotyle asiatica, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 669. Leaves glabrous, kidney-shaped, f-2 in. across, crenate, not lobed. Umbels small, sometimes clustered. Bracts few, small. Flowers 3 or 4 in an umbel, purple- white. Sutlej valley, Suni ; April, May. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. — Tropical and subtropical regions. XLV. UMBELLIFER2E 207 2. SANICULA. Etymology obscure ; perhaps from the Latin sano, to heal, as during the Middle Ages the plant was believed to possess curative properties. — A small genus ; most temperate regions. Sanicula europsea, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 670. Glabrous ; stem erect, 1-3 ft. Leaves palmately divided, segments 3-5, ovate, toothed, often lobed, teeth finely pointed : radical leaves long-stalked, 2-6 in. across ; stem-leaves few, smaller. Umbels irregularly compound. Bracts few, leaf-like. Rays unequal, repeatedly forking. Branches ending in a very small head of flowers surrounded by small, linear bracteoles. Flowers minute, white, mostly 1-sexual. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute. Fruit ovoid, j- in., covered with hooked prickles. Simla, Mahasu, in forest; June-August. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000- 12,000 ft. — Mountains of S. India. — Asia, Africa, Europe (Britain). 3. VICATIA. In honour of P. R. Vicat, a Swiss physician and botanical author of the eighteenth century. — Himalaya. Vicatia coniifolia, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 671. Glabrous ; stem erect, 1-2 ft. Leaves finely divided, 2-3 pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid, segments linear, acute. Umbels compound. Bracts linear, usually reduced to one. Rays 6-12, unequal. Bracteoles several, linear, much longer than their umbels. Flowers minute, dark red. Calyx-teeth none. Fruit smooth, oblong, about ~ in. ; ridges slender, distinct, not winged. Huttoo ; July, August. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. 4. BUPLEURUM. Origin of name obscure. — Temperate Asia, Africa, N.W. America, Europe (Britain, Hare’s Ear). Perennial, glabrous, erect herbs. Leaves undivided, ovate, lanceolate or linear, entire, usually sessile ; longitudinal nerves prominent. Umbels compound, numerous, usually paniculate. Rays 3-8, unequal. Flowers yellow, except B. longicaule. Calyx- teeth none. Fruit smooth, ovoid or oblong, less than | in. ; ridges usually slender, distinct. Bupleurum longicaule, Wall., occurs on rocks near the top of the Chor and is common near Dalhousie and Dharmsala above 8000 ft. Stems several. Bracteoles 5-8, ovate -lanceolate, much longer than their umbels. Petals and disk nearly black. In the following key the foliage -leaves of the stem are referred to, not the floral leaves of the panicle branches. Leaves at least \ in. broad, usually more. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, lower ones stalked. Brac- teoles none or only one, linear . . . .LB. lanceolatum. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, all sessile. Bracteoles 2-4, broadly ovate, leaf -like . . . . 2. B. Candollii. 208 XLV. UMBELLIFERiE Leaves at most ^ in. broad, usually less. Leaves 4-10 in. long ; margins thick . . .3 . B. falcatum. Leaves 1-3 in. long ; margins thin. Leaves obtuse, bristle-tipped ; nerves 5-7, prominent 4. B. tenue. Leaves finely acute ; nerves about 11, not prominent 5. B. Maddeni. 1. Bupleurum lanceolatum. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 674. Stems 1-5 ft. Leaves ovate up to 3x2 in., ovate-lanceolate up to 5x2J in. or narrowly lanceolate up to 4x1 in., usually tapering to a fine point ; lower leaves stalked, upper nearly sessile. Bracts none or only one, linear, up to J in. long. Bracteoles 2-6, narrowly lanceolate, much shorter than their umbels, falling off after flowering. Fruit ovoid, hardly 4 in. long ; ridges obscure. Fagu ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-9000 ft. 2. Bupleurum Candollii, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 674. Stems 1-3 ft. Leaves sessile, more or less stem-clasping, oblong up to 5x1 in. or ovate-oblong up to 2x| in., usually finely pointed. XLY. TJMBELLIFERJE 209 Bracts 2-4, broadly ovate, J-l in. long, leaf -like, acute. Bracteoles 4-5, ovate, about as long as their umbels. Fruit ovoid, hardly 4 in. long ; ridges distinct. Simla, Mahasu, Matiana ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000- 12,000 ft. 3. Bupleurum falcatum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 676. Stems glaucous, 1-4 ft. Leaves sessile, linear, 4-10 xJ-J in., usually curved like a scythe ; nerves 5-7, prominent, margins thick. Bracts 2-5, linear-lanceolate, acute, up to \ in. long. Bracteoles 4-5, lanceolate, shorter than their umbels. Fruit oblong, hardly J in. long ; ridges distinct. Simla, Mushobra, common ; Temperate Himalaya, 3000-10,000 ft.— W. Asia, Europe (Britain). 4. Bupleurum tenue, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 677. Stems flexuous, 1-3 ft. Leaves sessile, narrowly oblong, 1-3 xj in.; nerves 5-7, prominent, margins thin, tip obtuse, bristle-tipped. Umbels often borne on short, lateral branches. Bracts 1-4, lanceo- late, J in. or less, acute. Bracteoles 4-5, obovate-lanceolate, longer than their umbels. Fruit oblong, yy in. ; ridges distinct. (Fig. 63.) Simla, Mushobra, common ; July-September. — Plains of N. Punjab ; Temperate Himalaya, up to 9000 ft. 5. Bupleurum Maddeni, C. B. Clarke ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 678. Aspect and characters of B. tenue, except that the finely acute leaves have about 11 slender nerves, and the bracteoles are about equal to their umbels. Simla ; July, August. — Simla to Mussoorie, 6000-8000 ft. 5. PIMPINELLA. Supposed to be derived from bipinnula, 2-pinnate. — N. temperate regions, S. Africa, rare in S. America. Perennial, erect herbs. Leaves pinnate or 2-pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid or toothed ; radical leaves sometimes un- divided. Umbels compound. Bracts none or 1-5, linear. Bays unequal. Bracteoles 3-8, linear, less than | in., sometimes none. Flowers yellow-green or white ; stalks unequal, usually long. Calyx -teeth none. Fruit glabrous or pubescent, ovoid, about Yo in. long ; ridges slender, distinct. Leaves 2-pinnate. Rays 5-10. Eruit glabrous . . 1. P. acuminata. Leaves 1 -pinnate. Rays 10-20. Fruit roughly pubescent 2. P. diver sif olio,. 1. Pimpinella acuminata, C. B. Clarke ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 686. Glabrous, except the leaves ; stems 2-5 ft. Leaves pubescent on both surfaces, 2-pinnate ; leaflets 3-5 on each pinnule, 1-2 x in., irregularly lobed and toothed, long-pointed. Bracts 1-5. Rays 5-10. Bracteoles 3-5. Flowers yellow-green, 6-12 in an p 210 XLV. TJMBELLIEEHiE umbel ; stalks in fruit much elongated, drooping. Petals soon falling off. Fruit smooth. Simla, common in woods ; July-September. — W. Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft 2. Pimpinella diversifolia, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 688. Hairy or pubescent ; stems 2-5 ft. Leaves 1 -pinnate ; leaflets 3 or 5, rarely reduced to only 1, very variable in shape, lanceolate l|-5xl-2 in., or sometimes, in the radical leaves, broadly ovate and about 1 in. across, coarsely or finely, irregularly toothed, usually cordate, often long-pointed. Bracts none or 1-2. Rays 10-20. Bracteoles 3-8 or none. Flowers white, 8-16 in an umbel ; stalks in fruit elongated. Fruit roughly pubescent. (Fig. 64.) Simla, common ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-10,000 ft. — China. 6. OSMORHIZA. From the Greek osme, odour, and rhiza, a root ; the root smells like Aniseed. — N. Asia, N. America and the Andes. Osmorhiza Claytoni, C. B. Clarke ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 690. A perennial, erect herb, 2-5 ft. Leaves large, 2 -pinnate ; leaflets in XLV. UMBELLIFERdS 211 threes, bristly-pubescent, ovate or lanceolate, 1-2 in., irregularly and coarsely toothed, sometimes lobed. Umbels compound. Bracts 1-5, linear, J in. Rays 3-6, slender, more or less drooping, 1-4 in. Bracteoles about 6, lanceolate, £ in. Flowers white, 3-6 in an umbel ; stalks unequal, bristly towards the top, elongated in fruit. Calyx-teeth none. Fruit nearly cylindric, J-f in. long, covered with minute, scattered bristles ; ridges slender, distinct. Narkunda ; May-July. — Western Himalaya, 5000-8000 ft. — N.E. Asia, N. America. 7. CHSEROPHYLLUM. From the Greek chair o, to rejoice, and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to the beauty, and, in some species, fragrance of the leaves. — N. temperate regions. Perennial, erect herbs ; root sometimes tuberous or spindle- shaped. Leaves 1-3-pinnate ; leaflets regularly or irregularly lobed and toothed. Umbels compound. Bracts none. Rays unequal. Bracteoles 2-5, linear, up to ^ in. long, soon reflexed. Flowers white or red, polygamous, 10-15 in an umbel ; stalks slender, unequal, elongated in fruit. Calyx-teeth none. Fruit glabrous, nearly cylindric, £-£ in., narrowed to both ends ; ridges equal, distinct, blunt. Leaves 2- or 3 -pinnate ; segments irregularly lobed and toothed. Stem and leaves hairy. Base of stem clothed with long, stiff hairs pointing downwards . . 1 . C. villosum. Stem and leaves glabrous or only slightly hairy . 2. C. reflexum. Leaves 1 - or 2-pinnate ; segments closely and regularly toothed. If pinnatifid the lobes nearly similar and the teeth regular . . . . . . . 3. C. acuminatum. 1. Chserophyllum villosum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 690. Root thick, fleshy, spindle-shaped ; stem 1-4 ft., more or less hairy, and clothed, at least towards the base, with long, stiff hairs point- ing downwards. Leaves large, varying much in size and cutting, hairy or pubescent, 2- or 3-pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid ; segments irregularly and acutely lobed and toothed. Rays 3-6. Fruit £ in. Simla, Fagoo, Huttoo ; June -August. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-12,000 ft. The root is eaten and called ‘ Wild Carrot 5 by the hill people ; it is a favourite food of bears. 2. Chserophyllum reflexum, Lindl. ; FI. Br. Lnd. ii. 691. Aspect and characters of C. villosum, except that the stem and leaves are glabrous or only slightly hairy, the fruit is in. long and the barren flowers are nearly always reflexed after flowering. Simla, Fagoo ; June-August. — W. Himalaya, 5000-0000 ft. 3. Chserophyllum acuminatum, Lindl.-, FI. Br. Ind. ii. 691. Stem 2-4 ft., more or less hairy. Leaves hairy or pubescent, 1- or 212 XLV. UMBELLIFER^ 2 -pinnate ; leaflets triangular or nearly oblong, up to 2xJ in., closely and regularly toothed, or, if pinnatifid, the lobes nearly similar and the teeth regular. Rays 4-12. Fruit J in. Mahasu, Fagoo, Huttoo ; June-August. — W. Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. 8. ANTHRISCUS. The classical name of Scandix australis , Southern Chervil. — N. temperate regions ; rare in America. *Anthriscus nemorosa, Spreng. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 692. A peren- nial, nearly glabrous, erect herb, 5-8 ft. Leaves large, 2- or 3- pinnate ; leaflets broad, pinnatifid ; segments toothed or entire. Umbels compound. Bracts none. Rays 10-15. Bracteoles several, lanceolate, J-J in., entire. Flowers white, often poly- gamous, many in an umbel ; stalks long, slender, unequal. Calyx-teeth none. Fruit black, glabrous or rough with minute, scattered bristles, nearly cylindric, J-J in. ; ridges obscure. Garhwal to Kashmir, 7000-11,000 ft. ; May, June. 9. GENANTHE. From the Greek oinos, wine, and anthos, a flower ; some species have a slight vinous scent. — N. Hemisphere, S. Africa. (Enanthe stolonifera, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 696. A nearly glabrous herb, growing in water or marshy places ; stem 2-4 ft., succulent, thick, decumbent or ascending, often floating, rooting at the lower joints and producing stolons at its base. Leaves 1- or the lower 2-pinnate, uppermost often reduced to 3 leaflets ; leaflets lanceolate, 1-2XJ-1 in., toothed, sometimes lobed. Umbels leaf-opposed, long-stalked, compound. Bracts none or 1-3. Rays 15-30, nearly equal. Bracteoles several, linear, up to J in. Flowers white, many in an umbel, often polygamous. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute. Fruit glabrous, obovoid, J in. long ; ridges distinct, but not elevated. Valleys below Simla; June- August. — Throughout N. India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Malaya, China, Japan. 10. LIGUSTICUM. The classical name of L. Levisticum, Lovage, a plant growing abundantly in the Ligurian Alps, Piedmont. — N. Hemisphere. Ligusticum elatum, C. B. Clarke ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 698, includ- ing L. marginatum. A perennial, erect, glabrous or nearly glabrous herb, 2-4 ft. Leaves minutely bristly, 1- or 2-pinnate, sometimes very large ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, acutely and irregularly toothed, often lobed. Umbels compound, long-stalked. Bracts 1-5, linear, \ in. Rays many, minutely bristly, nearly equal. Bracteoles 6-12, linear, J in. Flowers white, many in an XLV. UMBELLIFERiE 213 umbel, polygamous. Calyx-teeth none. Fruit glabrous, ovate, flattened, hardly 1 in. long ; ridges all winged, the wings of the lateral broader than those of the dorsal and intermediate ridges. Simla, Mahasu, Huttoo, in open, grassy places ; July-October. — Simla to Naini Tal, 7000-9000 ft. 11. SELINUM. From selinon, the Greek name for Celery ; referring to the resemblance of the leaves. — Chiefly N. temperate regions. Perennial, nearly glabrous herbs ; stems erect, finely grooved, hollow. Leaves pinnately divided. Umbels compound, pubescent, long-stalked. Bracts 1-8, linear, up to 1| in. long, entire or lobed and toothed near the tip, usually fallen off in fruit. Rays numerous, thick, angular, nearly equal, hairy or minutely bristly. Bracteoles 5-12, linear, usually longer than their umbels, entire or lobed and toothed near the tip, persistent. Flowers white, polygamous, many in an umbel ; stalks slender, unequal. Calyx- teeth narrowly lanceolate. Fruit glabrous, ovate or oblong, flattened, up to ~ in. long ; ridges all winged, the wings of the lateral broader than those of the closely contiguous, dorsal and intermediate ridges. Leaves 3-5-pinnate. Leaflets divided into numerous, linear segments . . . . . . . . 1 . S. tenuifolium. Leaves 1-2-pinnate. Leaflets lanceolate, lobed and sharply toothed . . . . . . . . 2. 8. vaginatum. 1. Selinum tenuifolium. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 700. Stems 2-8 ft. Leaves large, finely divided, lower long-stalked, 4- or 5- pinnate, upper 3 -pinnate ; leaflets pinnatisect ; segments linear, acute, entire or toothed. Fruit ovate, ~ in. long. Mahasu, Matiana, Shali, Huttoo ; July-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-13,000 ft. Aromatic ; highly esteemed as sheep fodder by the hill shepherds. Native name Khes Jiavd, referring to the leaves. 2. Selinum vaginatum, C. B. Clarke ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 700. Stems 2-4 ft. Leaves 1- or 2 -pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid ; segments sharply and irregularly toothed, often lobed. Fruit oblong, ~ in. long. Mahasu, Huttoo ; July-October. — W. Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. 12. ANGELICA. From the Latin angelus, a divine messenger ; some species were once believed to be efficacious against poison, witchcraft, &c. — Chiefly N, temperate and arctic regions. Angelica glauca, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 706. A glabrous herb ; stem erect, hollow, 4-12 ft., finely grooved. Leaves 214 XLY. UMBELLIFERJE usually large, 1-3-pinnate ; leaflets often in threes or reduced to 3, sometimes to 1, ovate or lanceolate, undivided or lobed, irregularly and sharply toothed ; upper surface dark green, lower glaucous. Umbels compound, long-stalked. Bracts several, linear, up to 1 in. Rays many, nearly equal. Bracteoles many, linear, \ in. Flowers white or purple, many in an umbel. Calyx-teeth none. Fruit glabrous, flattened, oblong, \ X J in. ; dorsal and inter- mediate ridges not winged, lateral ridges expanded into mem- branous, broad, free wings so that the fruit is surrounded by a double or two-leaved border. Narkunda, Jiuttoo ; July-September. — W. Himalaya, 8000-10,000 ft. The aromatic root is used medicinally and as a spice by the hill men. Kashmiri name Chohore. 13. HERACLEUM. Heracleon, derived from Herakles the Greek form of Hercules, was the classical name of some plant that cannot now be identified. — 1ST. temperate regions. Perennial herbs ; stems erect, grooved, hollow. Leaves pinnately divided. Umbels compound, long-stalked. Bracts few, linear, J-J in., often falling off after the flowering season. Rays unequal. Bracteoles 4-8, linear, up to J in. long. Flowers white, usually polygamous, many in an umbel ; stalks unequal. Calyx- teeth none or very small. Fruit flattened, ovate or obovate, §-| in. long ; dorsal and intermediate ridges not winged, lateral ridges ex- panded into membranous,. broad, cohering wings so that the fruit, before the ripe carpels separate, is surrounded by a single border. Vittse conspicuous as 4 dark, nearly parallel lines on each carpel. Glabrous or nearly so. Leaflets narrowly lanceolate or strap-shaped, entire, rarely lobed or toothed. Calyx- teeth none . . . . . . . . 1. H. cachemiricumi Hairy or densely pubescent. Leaflets oblong or ovate, toothed, usually lobed. Calyx-teeth small. Stems slender, 1-3 ft. Leaflets p-3 in. long ; both surfaces covered with scattered, short, white hairs . . . . . . . . 2. H. canescens. Leaflets 4-12 in. long ; upper surface nearly glabrous, lower densely pubescent, paler . . 3. H. candicans. 1. Heracleum cachemiricum, C. B. Clarke; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 712. Glabrous or nearly so ; stems slender, 1-3 ft., nearly leafless. Leaves mostly radical, pinnate, long-stalked ; leaflets few, often in threes, sessile, narrowly lanceolate or strap-shaped, l-4xj-| in., entire, rarely lobed or with a few distant teeth. Rays 5-10. Calyx-teeth none. Fruit glabrous or minutely pubescent, ovate, 1% X jfo in- Mushobra ; May, June. — Garhwal to Kashmir, 5000-8000 ft. This species hardly differs from that described as Peucedanum Dhana, Buch.-Ham., in the FI. Br. Ind. ii. 709. XLV. UMBELLIFERiE 215 2. Heracleum canescens, Lindl. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 713. Stems slender, 1-3 ft., hairy, nearly leafless. Leaves up to 12 in. long, 1- or 2-pinnate ; leaflets sessile, oblong or ovate, £-3 in., undi- Fig. 65. Heracleum canescens. vided or 3-lobed, irregularly toothed ; both surfaces covered with scattered, short, white hairs. Rays 5-20, up to 3 in. long in fruit. Calyx-teeth small, linear, acute. Fruit pubescent, obovate, i-ixiin. (Fig. 65.) Simla, Mahasu, common in woods ; July-September. — W. Himalaya, 6000- 8000 ft. 3. Heracleum candicans, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 714. Stem robust, 2-6 ft., densely pubescent. Leaves 6-18 in., pinnate or pinnatifid, rarely 2-pinnate ; leaflets oblong, 6-12 in., pinnately lobed, irregularly toothed ; upper surface dark green, nearly 216 XLY. UMBELLIFERiE glabrous, lower densely pubescent, paler. Rays 10-40, up to 6 in. long in fruit. Calyx-teeth small, linear, acute. Fruit pubescent, obovate, J-J x J-J in. Simla, Mahasu, common ; May-August. — W. Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. 14. CAUCALIS. The classical name of some umbelliferous plant, perhaps Caucalis orientalis. — Temperate regions of the Old World. Caucalis Anthriscus, Scop. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 718. An annual, erect, roughly hairy or pubescent herb, 1-3 ft. Leaves 1- or 2- pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid ; segments entire or toothed, acute. Umbels compound, long-stalked. Bracts 1-5, linear, — J in. Rays 5-12, very unequal. Bracteoles several, linear, some- times longer than their umbels. Flowers pale pink, many in an umbel. Calyx-teeth none. Fruit ovoid, ~ in. long, covered with short, rough, curved and usually minutely hooked bristles. Simla, Mushobra ; June, July. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-9000 ft. — N. Asia, N. Africa, Europe (Britain, Hedge Parsley). XLVI. ARALIACE^E Erect or climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or pinnately compound ; stipules none or soon falling off. Flowers numerous, small, regular, 2-sexual or polygamous, in simple, globose umbels, solitary, racemed or panicled. Bracts small, at the base of the flower-stalks, not involucrate, soon falling off. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals 5, imbricate or valvate in bud, reflexed in flower. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals on the margin of the calyx-tube. Ovary inferior, 5-celled, surmounted by a flat or conical disk ; styles 5, free or united ; stigmas terminal ; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous. Fruit a small, succulent, berry -like drupe, containing 5 bony, 1 -seeded nuts. — Mostly tropical ; a few species in N. temperate regions. Erect shrubs. Leaves compound. Calyx-limb 5-toothed. Styles free ........... 1. Aralia. Climbing shrubs. Leaves simple. Calyx-limb obsolete. Styles united. .......... 2. Hedera. 1. ARALIA. Origin of name unknown. — Asia, N. America. Aralia cachemirica, Decaisne ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 722. An erect, roughly pubescent shrub, 5-10 ft. Leaves large, pinnately XLVI. ARALIACEiE 217 compound ; leaflets 5—9, stalked or sessile, oblong-ovate, 3-6 X l|-3 in., toothed, sometimes lobed, abruptly pointed, lower surface pale. Umbels numerous, panicled or racemed. Flowers white. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals imbricate. Disk flat. Styles free. Fruit black, globose, ~ in. diam., 5-ribbed. (Fig. 66.) Theoa, Narkunda, in forest ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft. 2. HEDERA. The classical name for the Ivy. — Temperate regions of the Old World, Australia. Hedera Helix, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 739. A shrub, climbing by aerial, adhesive rootlets. Leaves simple, thick, shining, ovate, angular or 3-5-lobed, very variable in size, those of the barren stems usually more deeply lobed than of the flowering shoots. Umbels stellately hairy, solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3, sometimes panicled. Flowers yellow-green, polygamous. Calyx -limb obso- lete. Petals valvate. Disk conical. Styles united in a very 218 XL VI. ABALIACEiE short column. Fruit black or yellow, sometimes red, smooth, globose, J in. diam. Simla ; September, October. — Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. — N. Asia, Europe (Britain, Common Ivy). XLVII. CORNACE^E Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, stalked, simple, entire or angularly lobed ; stipules none. Flowers small, white, regular, 2-sexual, in cymes or involucrate heads. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb 6- or 4-toothed. Petals 6 or 4, valvate in bud, usually free, inserted on the margin of the ovary. Stamens as many as the petals, inserted with them. Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; style short or long ; stigma terminal ; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit succulent, drupe-like, usually free and J-J in. long, containing a small, 2-celled, 2-seeded stone ; in C. capitata very small and coalescing in a globose head. — Chiefly 1ST. temperate regions. Leaves alternate. Petals 6, long, strap-shaped. Stamens 6 . .1. Marlea , Leaves opposite. Petals 4, short, oblong. Stamens 4 . . .2. Cornus. 1 MARLEA. The native name in Sylhet of M. begonicefolia . — Asia, Australia, Polynesia. Marlea begonisefolia, Roxb . ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 743. A nearly glabrous tree. Leaves alternate, broadly ovate, unequally sided, 3- 6 X 2^-6 in., usually angularly lobed, sometimes entire, long- pointed. Flowers § in. long, in axillary cymes. Calyx minutely 6-toothed. Petals 6, long, white, strap-shaped, reflexed, sometimes- cohering near the base. Stamens 6, filaments short, hairy, anthers long, linear, yellow, cohering. Style long, slender, hairy, tip 4- lobed. Drupes free, dark purple, ovoid, J in., crowned with the calyx-limb ; stone enveloped in pulp, sometimes, by abortion, 1- celled and 1 -seeded. Simla, the Glen, not common ; March-May. — Throughout N. India, ascending to 6000 ft. — China, Japan. 2. CORNUS. The Latin name of the Dogwood tree, Cornus Mas , Linn., derived from cornu , horn ; referring to the hard wood. —Chiefly N. temperate regions. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire ; upper surface green, lower pale, nearly white. Flowers white, in terminal, compound cymes or in involucrate heads. Calyx 4-toothed. Petals 4, XL VII. COKNACEiE 219 oblong, spreading. Stamens 4, filaments long, glabrous, anthers free. Style short ; stigma capitate. Drupes globose or ovoid, usually free and about \ in. long ; in C. capitata very small and coalescing in a succulent, globose head 1-2 in. diam. Flowers | in. diam., in compound cymes. Leaves ovate, 2-3 in. broad. Petals hairy outside . 1. G. macrophylla. Leaves oblong, 1-1 1 in. broad. Petals glabrous . 2. C.oblonga. Flowers very small, crowded in heads with an involucre of 4 yellow, petal-like bracts . . . . . 3. C. capitata. 1. Cornus macrophylla, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 744. A large tree. Leaves broadly ovate, 4-6 X2-3 in. ; upper surface glabrous, lower minutely hairy. Cymes terminal, compound, hairy, 2-4 in. across. Flowers nearly \ in. diam. Calyx hairy. Petals oblong, hairy outside. Drupe pubescent, globose, \ in. diam. Simla, Mushobra ; April-June. — Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. — China, Japan. 220 XLVII. COKNACEiE 2. Cornus oblonga, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 744. A shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong, 3-6 X 1-1 1 in., long-pointed; upper surface glabrous, lower minutely hairy. Cymes terminal, com- pound, pubescent, 1-2| in. across. Flowers nearly | in. diam. Calyx pubescent. Petals oblong, glabrous. Stamens pink, longer than the petals. Drupe glabrous, ovoid, J in. long. Simla ; August-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-7000 ft. — Burmnh. 3. Cornus capitata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 745. A small tree. Leaves oblong or ovate, 2-3 in., densely, minutely hairy ; stalks short. Flowers very small, crowded in hemispheric, terminal heads ^ in. diam., with a conspicuous involucre of 4, rarely 5, pale yellow, petal-like, ovate bracts 1-1 J in. broad. Drupes very small, coalescing in a succulent, globose head 1-2 in. diam., yellow or when ripe tinged with red. (Fig. 67.) Simla, common ; May- July. — Himalaya, from the Beeas to Bhotan, 3500- 7000 ft. Often called the Strawberry tree ; fruit edible. XLVIII. CAPRI FOLIACE./E Shrubs, rarely small trees. Leaves opposite, simple, usually entire ; stipules none. Flowers 2 -sexual, regular or irregular. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb 5-lobed or toothed, some- times obsolete. Corolla gamopetalous ; tube long or short, often unsymmetrically dilated near the base ; limb 5-lobed or 5-toothed, sometimes 2-lipped. Stamens 5, rarely 4, inserted on the corolla- tube ; anthers oblong or linear, versatile. Ovary inferior, 1-5- celled ; style short or long, stigma capitate ; ovules solitary and pendulous or several and inserted at the inner angle in each cell. Fruit baccate or drupaceous, rarely dry, 1-5-celled ; seeds one to many. — Chiefly N. temperate regions ; absent from Africa. — Name from the Latin capra, a goat, and folia, leaves ; referring to the climbing habit of some species. Flowers numerous, in terminal cymes. Cymes many-flowered. Calyx-teeth short or none. Stamens 5 . . . . . . .1. Viburnum. Cymes 3 -flowered, in head-like clusters. Calyx lobes long, linear. Stamens 4 . . . . . . .2. Abelia. Flowers axillary, in pairs. Ovary 2- or 3-celled . . .3. Lonicera. Flowers in whorls, combined in drooping, axillary spikes. Ovary 5-celled ........ 4. Leycesteria. 1. VIBURNUM. The Latin name of the Wayfaring Tree, V. Lantana. — Chiefly N. temperate regions. XL VIII* CAPRIFOLIACEiE 221 Shrubs or small trees. Leaves stalked, entire, sharply toothed or crenate. Flowers small, regular, white or pink, crowded in terminal, compound cymes. Calyx-limb shortly toothed, obsolete only in V. coriaceum , persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, tubular or rotate ; limb 5-lobed, lobes equal spreading, erect only in F. coriaceum. Stamens 5. Ovary 1 -celled ; style short, stigma small ; ovule solitary. Drupe glabrous, oblong or ovoid, usually flattened and grooved, 1 -seeded. Leaves entire or crenate. Leaves ovate or orbicular ; lower surface tomentose. Calyx-limb 5-toothed . . . . . . 1. V. cotinifolium. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, glabrous. Calyx-limb obsolete . . . . . . 3. V. coriaceum . Leaves sharply toothed. Flowers hardly £ in. long; Corolla rotate. Stamens ' in one series . . . . . . . 2. V. stellulatum Flowers § in. long. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens in two series . . . . . . . 4. V. fastens. 1 . Viburnum cotinifolium, Bon ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 3. A shrub ; young shoots and cyme-branches stellately tomentose. Leaves 222 XLVIII. CAPRIFOLIACE^E thick, ovate or orbicular, 2-5 in., cordate, crenate or nearly entire ; upper surface green, softly pubescent or nearly glabrous, lower grey, stellately tomentose, sometimes glabrous when old. Cymes round-topped, 2-3 in. across. Flowers numerous, white or tinged with pink, ^ in. long. Calyx glabrous. Corolla funnel-shaped. Drupe red, turning black when ripe, oblong, J in. (Fig. 68.) Simla, common; April, May. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-11,000 ft. Nearly allied to the British Wayfaring Tree, V. Lantana. Fruit edible. 2. Viburnum stellulatum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 4. A shrub or small tree ; young shoots and cyme -branches stellately hairy. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 2J-6 in., sharply toothed ; upper sur- face glabrous, lower stellately hairy, especially on the nerves. Cymes almost spherical, 3-5 in. diam. Flowers numerous, white, hardly j in. long. Calyx stellately hairy. Corolla rotate, stellately hairy outside. Drupe bright red, shining, oblong, J- in. Simla, Mahasu ; May- July. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-11,000 ft. 3. Viburnum coriaceum, Blume ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 5. A shrub or small tree ; young shoots and cyme-branches pubescent. Leaves glabrous, thick, oblong-lanceolate, 3-7 in., entire. Cymes flat-topped, 3-5 in. across. Flowers numerous, white, nearly \ in. long. Calyx glabrous, limb obsolete. Corolla tubular, lobes erect. Anthers purple. Drupe black, ovoid, J in. Simla, Summer hill ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000- 8000 ft. 4. Viburnum foetens, Decaisne ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 8. A shrub ; young shoots and cyme-branches pubescent or tomentose. Leaves fetid when crushed, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 in., sharply toothed ; upper surface glabrous or nearly so, lower hairy, especially on the nerves. Cymes numerous, 1-3 in. across. Flowers white or pink, f in. long, appearing before or with the leaves. Calyx glabrous. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens in two series, 2 near the mouth of the corolla-tube, 3 lower down. Drupe red, oblong, \ in. Narkunda ; April-June. — W. Himalaya, 7000-10,000 ft. 2. ABELIA. In honour of Dr. Clarke Abel, physician to Lord Amherst’s Embassy to China in 1817. — N. Asia. Abelia triflora, R. Brown ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 9. A shrub, 3-6 ft. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, lanceolate, l|-3 in., entire, minutely fringed, long-pointed ; stalks short, dilated at the base. Flowers pale pink or white, § in. long, in small, bracteate, 3- XL VIII. CAPBIFOLIACEiE 223 flowered cymes (central^ flower sessile), crowded in head-like clusters at the end of branches. Calyx hairy ; tube oblong, 5- ribbed ; lobes long, linear, fringed, persistent. Corolla funnel- shaped, pubescent ; tube slender, nearly cylindric ; lobes equal, spreading. Stamens 4, at the mouth of the corolla-tube. Ovary 3-celled ; 2 cells containing several abortive ovules, the third one perfect ovule ; style long. Fruit dry, narrowly oblong, crowned with the elongated calyx-lobes, 1 -seeded. Naldera, Shali, on limestone ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. 3. LONICERA. In honour of Adam Lonicer, a German botanist of the sixteenth century. — N. temperate regions, rare in the tropics. Erect shrubs ; branches prostrate in L. parvifolia. Reaves entire. Flowers almost regular or irregular, in pairs, each pair borne on a single axillary stalk or sessile in a leaf-axil ; rarely in sessile, axillary clusters of 3 or 4 flowers. Bracts 2, linear, spread- ing, in L. hispida boat-shaped and erect. Bracteoles 2, small, ovate, sometimes wanting. Calyx-tube ovoid ; limb short, toothed, persistent, teeth often unequal. Corolla tubular and 5-toothed or 2-lipped and the tube very short, upper lip erect, 4-toothed, lower reflexed, entire. Stamens 5. Ovaries sometimes united in pairs, 2- or 3-celled ; style long, slender, stigma capitate ; ovules several in each cell. Berries small, distinct or sometimes united in pairs, 2- or 3-celled, crowned with the small calyx-limb ; seeds 1 or very few. The common Honeysuckle of Britain, L. Periclymenum, belongs to this genus, but the Fly Honeysuckle, L. Xylosteum, often planted in shrubberies, is more nearly allied to the species here described. Corolla almost regular, tubular, 5-toothed. Bracts broad, boat-shaped, erect, half concealing the flowers ....... Bracts narrow, flat, spreading. Flowers purple. Berry black Flowers white or pink. Berry red. Leaves 1-2^ in. long ..... Leaves in. long ..... Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, tube short. Each pair of flowers (rarely 3 or 4) sessile in a leaf-axil ....... Each pair of flowers borne on a single axillary stalk. Corolla glabrous. Ovaries united. Berry black . . . . Corolla hairy. Ovaries free. Berries red 1. L. hispida. 2. L. purpurascens. 3. L. angustifolia. 4. L. parvifolia. 5. L. quinquelocularis. 6. L. orientalis. 7. L. alpigpna. 1. Lonicera hispida, Pall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 11. An erect shrub. Leaves roughly hairy, nearly sessile, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 1-4 in., acute. Flowers £ in. long, each pair borne on a single axillary stalk. Bracts large, hairy, broadly boat-shaped, erect, overlapping, half concealing the flowers. Bracteoles none. 224 XLYIII. CAPRIFOLIACEiE Corolla almost regular, tubular, pale green, often hairy. Berries red, ovoid, J in., distinct. Marali beyond Baghi ; June. — Temperate Himalaya, 9000-13,000 ft. — Central Asia, Siberia. This species probably occurs on Huttoo. 2. Lonieera purpurascens, Hook. f. Thoms. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 12. An erect shrub. Leaves shortly stalked, hairy, oblong, f-lj in., obtuse or acute, lower surface often tomentose. Flowers I in. long, each pair borne on a single axillary stalk. Bracts narrow, J in., spreading. Bracteoles short. Corolla almost regular, tubular, purple, hairy. Berries coalescing in a black, globose fruit, J in. diam. Huttoo, common; June. — Temperate Himalaya, 9000-12,000 ft. Fig. 69. Lonicera quinquelo cue arts 3. Lonicera angustifolia, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 13. An erect shrub, glabrous or nearly so ; young shoots hairy. Leaves shortly stalked, lanceolate, l-2|xj-| in., acute, lower surface pale. Flowers J— § in. long, each pair borne on a single, slender, axillary stalk. Bracts narrows J in., spreading. Bracteoles united, enclosing the ovaries. Corolla almost regular, tubular, white or tinged with pink, pubescent. Berries coalescing in a red, globose fruit, J in. diam. Simla, common ; May, June.— Temperate Himalaya, 7000-12,000 ft. XL VIII. CAPRIFOLIACEiE 225 4. Lonicera parvifolia, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 13. A glabrous shrub ; branches prostrate. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong-ovate or obovate, in. ; lower surface pale. Flowers in. long, each pair borne on a single axillary stalk. Bracts narrow, twice as long as the ovaries, spreading. Bracteoles united, half enclosing the ovaries. Corolla almost regular, tubular, white or tinged with pink. Berries coalescing in a red, globose fruit J in. diam. Simla, Jako, Huttoo, the Chor, on rocks ; June. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft. 5. Lonicera quinquelocularis, Hardw. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 14. An erect, pubescent shrub. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, 1-2 in. Flowers |-| in. long, each pair sessile in a leaf -axil, rarely in clusters of 3 or 4. Bracts linear, short. Bracteoles united at the base, half enclosing the ovaries. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, yellow, hairy. Berries distinct, ovoid, \ in. long, white, trans- lucent. (Fig. 69.) Simla, common ; April-June. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-12,000 ft. 6. Lonicera orientalis, Lamk. ; FI. Br. Ind. hi. 15. An erect, nearly glabrous shrub. Leaves stalked, ovate, 1^-3 X 1-1 § in., acute ; lower surface pale. Flowers \ in. long, each pair borne on a single axillary stalk. Bracts linear, shorter than the ovaries. Bracteoles none. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, pink. Ovaries united. Berries coalescing in a black, globose fruit \ in. diam. Narkunda ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 7000-10,000 ft. — W. Asia. 7. Lonicera alpigena, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 15. An erect shrub. Leaves shortly stalked, lanceolate, 2-4 xf-lj in., long- pointed, acute, more or less glandular-hairy. Flowers f in. long, each pair borne on a single axillary stalk. Bracts linear, nearly twice as long as the ovaries. Bracteoles very small. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, hairy, yellow at first, turning to red. Ovaries free. Berries distinct, red, globose, \ in. diam. Huttoo ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 9000-12,000 ft. 4, LEYCESTERIA. In honour of W. Leycester, a friend of Dr. Wallich and at one time Chief Justice in Bengal. — Himalaya and Western China. Leycesteria formosa, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 16. A nearly glabrous, erect shrub ; stems several, herbaceous, hollow. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 x 1-3 in., entire, sometimes toothed, narrowed to a long, slender point ; stalks short, united at the base. Flowers white, often tinged with purple, in bracteate whorls of 5 or 6 combined in axillary, drooping spikes. Bracts leaf -like, Q 226 XL VIII. CAPRIFOLIACEiE cordate, purple-tinged. Bracteoles similar but smaller. Calyx- tube ovoid ; limb 5-lobed, 1 or 2 lobes much longer than the others. Corolla funnel-shaped, |-1 in., 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled ; style long, slender ; ovules numerous in each cell. Berry glandular-hairy, dark purple, globose, J in. diam., crowned with the persistent calyx-limb ; seeds numerous. Simla, Mahasu, in forest ; June, July. — Simla to Bhotan, 5000-10,000 ft. XLIX. RUBIACE^E Trees, shrubs or herbs of various habit. Leaves simple, opposite or whorled, entire ; stipules usually persistent, attached to the stem between the bases of the leaves, minute or absent only when the leaves are whorled. Inflorescence various. Flowers 2-sexual, usually regular and symmetric. Calyx- tube adnate to the ovary ; limb 4- or 5-toothed or 4- or 5-lobed, sometimes wanting. Corolla gamopetalous ; limb 4- or 5-lobed, usually spreading. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted at the mouth or on the tube of the corolla ; filaments short or long ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 2- or 5-celled ; style short or long, simple or branched ; stigma usually linear or capitate ; ovules many or solitary in each cell. Fruit usually capsular, rarely succulent ; seeds small or minute, few or many. — A very large Order, abundant in most tropical and subtropical regions. Among species of great economic importance are : — The Coffee shrub, Coffea arabica, a native of E. tropical Africa, now widely cultivated ; the Cinchona, shrubs or trees from whose bark Quinine is extracted, natives of the Peruvian Andes and now cultivated in India, Java and elsewhere ; Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, a native of Brazil, from the roots of which the drug Ipecacuanha is obtained ; Rubia tinctorum, indigenous in S. Europe, and cultivated in India and elsewhere, from whose roots the red dye, Madder, is obtained. A. Ovules many in each cell Trees or shrubs. Flowers small, numerous, in heads or panicles. Flowers in globose heads ..... Flowers in panicles. Panicle-branches spike-like, erect. Stigma entire ....... Panicle-branches spreading. Stigma 2-branched Flowers J in. long, solitary, axillary . Herbs. Leaves whorled. Corolla 5-lobed Leaves opposite. Corolla 4-lobed. Calyx-teeth contiguous in fruit .... Calyx-teeth distant in fruit. Leaves sessile, not more than ^ in. broad Leaves stalked, in. broad 1. Stephegyne. 2. Hymenodictyon. 3. Wendlandia. 8. Randia. 5. Hedyotis. 6. Oldenlandia. 7. Anotis . XLIX. RUBIACE.E 227 B. Ovule solitary in each cell Shrubs. Ovary 5-celled. Flowers each half-enclosed in a tubular involucre formed of 2 partially united bracts Flowers not enclosed in an involucre Herbs. Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite. Calyx-teeth 4 . Leaves whorled. Calyx-teeth none. Corolla 5-lobed. Fruit succulent Corolla 4-lobed. Fruit dry .... 10. Leptodermis. 9. Hamiltonia. 11. Spermacoce. 12. Rubia. 13. Galium. 1. STEPHEGYNE. From the Greek stephos (poetical for Ste- phanos), a crown, and gyne, a woman ; referring to the structure of the stigma.— -Tropical Asia and Africa. Stephegyne parvifolia, Korth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 25. A pubes- cent or nearly glabrous tree. Leaves opposite, shortly stalked, ovate or orbicular, 2-6 in. broad ; stipules large, obovate, soon falling off. Flowers small, numerous, pale yellow, crowded in globose heads 1 in. diam. Calyces coherent ; tube short ; limb none or minute. Corolla glabrous, funnel-shaped ; tube long ; lobes 5, short, acute. Stamens 5, inserted at the mouth of the corolla-tube, filaments very short. Ovary 2-celled ; style long, slender, far- protruding ; stigma cylindric, cap-like ; ovules many in each cell. Capsule ovoid, nearly - in. long, ultimately opening by 2 valves ; seeds numerous, minute. Sutlej valley ; May-July. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Burmah. 2. HYMENODICTYON. From the Greek hymen , skin or membrane, and dictyon, a net ; referring to the membranous, net- veined wing of the seeds. — Tropical Asia and Africa. *Hymenodictyon excelsum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 35. A tree, all parts more or less pubescent. Leaves opposite, stalked, ovate or orbicular, 4-10 in. ; stipules large, oblong, soon falling off. Flowers very numerous, small, fragrant, white, sometimes tinged with green, crowded on the spike-like, erect branches of terminal panicles. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube long ; lobes 5. Stamens 5, inserted at the mouth of the corolla-tube, filaments very short. Ovary 2-celled ; style slender, long, far- protruding ; stigma ovoid ; ovules many in each cell. Capsule stalked, recurved, oblong-ovoid, § in., ultimately opening by 2 valves ; seeds numerous, small, the seed-coat extended outwards in a membranous wing deeply split at the base. Throughout India as far west as the Ravi, ascending to 5000 ft. ; June, July. — Java. 228 XLIX. R.UBIACEJE 3. WENDLANDIA. In honour of J. C. Wendland, a German botanical author, at 'the beginning of the nineteenth century. — Tropical Asia. Wendlandia exserta, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 37. A small tree ; young shoots grey-tomentose. Leaves opposite, stalked, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-9 in. ; upper surface pubescent, lower grey-tomentose ; stipules ovate, recurved, persistent. Flowers numerous, small, fragrant, white, in large, tomentose, spreading, terminal panicles Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla salver- shaped, 5-lobed ; lobes long, reflexed. Stamens 5, filaments pro- truding. Ovary 2-celled ; style protruding, stigma 2-branched ; ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule tomentose, globose, 2-valved ; seeds many, minute. Sutlej valley, Subathoo ; March, April — Throughout India as far west as the Chenab, ascending to 4000 ft. Fig. 70. Argostemma verticillatum. 4. ARGOSTEMMA. From the Greek argos, white, and stemma. a wreath ; referring to the inflorescence. — Warm valleys in moun- tainous regions of Asia. Argostemma verticillatum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 43. A delicate, nearly glabrous herb ; stems slender, erect, 2-6 in. Leaves 4, sessile in a terminal whorl, unequal, lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, 1-4 in., lower surface pale ; stipules minute. Flowers i in. diam., shining, white, in terminal umbels. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, 5-parted ; segments acute, spreading. Stamens 5, anthers oblong, erect, dehiscing by terminal pores. Ovary 2- celled ; style slender, stigma capitate ; ovules many in each cell. XLIX. RUBIACEiE 229 Capsule 2-celled, opening irregularly at the top ; seeds many, minute. (Fig. 70.) Simla, the Glen, on wet rocks ; July, August. — Simla to Sikkim, 2000- 6000 ft. — Burmah. Argostemma sarmentosum, Wall., FI. Br. Ind. iii»-42, occurs at Mussoorie and as far west as Garhwal. It is distinguished from the above by its long, thread-like runners, broader leaves, and by the flowers having their parts in fours. 5. HEDYOTIS. From the Greek hedus, sweet, and ous, otos, an ear ; referring to the fragrant and sometimes ear-shaped leaves of H. Auricularia. — Chiefly tropical Asia. Decumbent herbs ; stems 1-2 ft., usually rooting at the lower joints. Leaves opposite, smooth or rough, sessile or shortly stalked ; stipules fringed with long bristles. Flowers small, white, in axillary, sessile or shortly stalked cymes. Calyx- tube ovoid ; teeth 4, acute, contiguous in fruit. Corolla bell- shaped; lobes 4, spreading. Stamens 4, included. Ovary 2-celled ; style short, stigma deeply 2-lobed ; ovules many in each cell. Capsule ovoid or globose, 2-celled, indehiscent or opening irregularly at the top ; seeds numerous, minute. Rough, with minute bristles. Leaves sessile, narrowly lance- olate. Calyx bristly . . . . . . 1. H. hispida. Smooth, glabrous. Leaves stalked, ovate. Calyx smooth . 2. H. stipulate. 1. Hedyotis hispida, Retz ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 60. Stems angular, roughly pubescent. Leaves sessile or nearly so, narrowly lanceolate, 1§-2| in., acute ; upper surface roughly pubescent, lower bristly. Flowers usually numerous, crowded in axillary, sessile, rounded cymes. Calyx roughly bristly. Valleys below Simla ; July-October. — N. India, ascending to 5000 ft. — China. 2. Hedyotis stipulata, R. Br. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 63. Stems terete, smooth. Leaves shortly stalked, smooth, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, ovate, \-2 in., acute. Flowers usually few, in small, sessile or shortly stalked, axillary cymes. Calyx smooth, glabrous ; teeth long. Valleys below Simla ; July-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-5000 ft. — J apan. 6. OLDENLANDIA. In honour of H. B. Oldenland, a Danish botanist of the seventeenth century. — Most tropical and sub- tropical regions ; chiefly Asiatic. Slender herbs, erect or procumbent, usually minutely bristly. Leaves opposite, sessile, not more than J in. broad ; stipules 230 XLIX. KUBIACEiE small, membranous, fringed with unequal bristles. Flowers small, white or red, stalked, axillary or terminal, solitary or 2-4 in each cyme. Calyx-tube ovoid ; teeth 4, distant in fruit. Corolla salver- shaped ; tube short or long, lobes 4. Stamens 4, included. Ovary 2-celled ; style short, stigma 2-lobed ; ovules many in each cell. Capsule 2-celled, opening at the top ; seeds numerous, minute. Flowers white. Stems erect. Capsule globose, not ribbed . .1. 0. corymbosa. Stems procumbent. Capsule bell-shaped, prominently ribbed . . . . . . . . 2. 0. crystallina. Flowers red . . . . . . . . 3. O. coccinea. 1. Oldenlandia corymbosa, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 64. Mi- nutely bristly ; stems slender, erect, 3-12 in., simple or much branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, ^-2 in., acute. Flowers white, solitary on long, slender, axillary stalks or 2-4 in a small cyme. Corolla-tube short. Capsule globose, not ribbed. Valleys below Simla, Naldera ; August-October. — Throughout India, ascend- ing to 6000 ft. — Tropical Asia, Africa, America. 2. Oldenlandia crystallina, Boxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 65. Minutely bristly or nearly glabrous ; stems tufted, procumbent, much branched. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, J-f in., acute. Flowers white, solitary on long, slender, axillary stalks or 2-4 in a small cyme. Corolla -tube short. Capsule bell-shaped, prominently ribbed. Annandale, on gravel walks ; September, October. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Java. 3. Oldenlandia coccinea, Boyle ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 69. Minutely bristly ; stems slender, rigid, erect, 4-12 in. Leaves distant, narrowly lanceolate, in. Flowers bright red, J in. diam., axillary or terminal, solitary or 2-4 in a small cyme ; stalks short, elongating in fruit. Calyx-lobes long, linear. Corolla-tube long. Capsule oblong or globose. Simla, common on grassy slopes ; August, September. — W. Himalaya, 3000- 8000 ft. 1. ANOTIS. From the Greek aneu, without, and ous, otos, an ear ; referring to the absence of intermediate teeth between the calyx -lobes. — Tropical Asia and Australia. Anotis calycina, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 73. An annual, slender herb ; stems tufted, erect, shining, 2-8 in., 4-angled. Leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, J-l x J-J in., shortly stalked ; upper surface minutely hairy, lower nearly glabrous. XLIX. RUBIACEiE 231 pale ; stipules membranous, margins bristly. Flowers small, white or pale lilac, solitary on slender, axillary stalks or 2-4 in a small cyme. Calyx-tube ovoid ; teeth 4, minute, distant in fruit. Corolla tubular, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, anthers nearly sessile at the mouth of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled ; style slender, protruding, 2-branched ; ovules many in each cell. Capsule hemispheric, opening at the top by 2 valves ; seeds many, minute. Simla, Mushobra ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000- 7000 ft. 8. RANDIA. In honour of Isaac Rand, a British botanical author of the eighteenth century. — All tropical regions ; most abundant in Asia and Africa. Randia tetrasperma, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 109. A small, glabrous, rigid shrub ; branchlets short, usually ending in a spine. Leaves opposite, crowded towards the end of branchlets, ovate or oblanceolate, ^-2 in., narrowed into a short stalk ; stipules broadly lanceolate, long-pointed. Flowers solitary, axillary, sessile, f in. long, white, tinged with green. Calyx-tube ovoid ; lobes 5, long, narrow. Corolla tubular ; lobes 5, long, acute, reflexed. Stamens 5, at the mouth of the corolla-tube ; anthers long, linear, nearly sessile. Ovary 2-celled ; styles slender, far- protruding, stigma spindle-shaped ; ovules many in each cell. Berry purple, globose, \ in. diam. ; seeds small, about 6 in each cell, immersed in pulp. Simla ; April-June. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-6000 ft. Randia dumetorum, Lamk., is a common shrub throughout N. India, and may occasionally be found in the hills up to 3000 ft. It differs from the above in having long, axillary spines, densely hairy calyx and corolla, and yellow fruit. 9. HAMILTONIA. In honour of Dr. Francis Hamilton (pre- viously Buchanan), of the Bengal Medical Service and Superinten- dent of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta, at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries.— India, China. Hamiltonia suaveolens, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 197. An erect shrub, 4-10 ft. ; branches spreading. Leaves fetid when crushed, opposite, stalked, roughly pubescent, ovate-lanceolate, 3-9 in. ; stipules short, broad, acute, persistent. Flowers \ in. long, blue- lilac, sometimes white, in small, bracteate, head-like clusters at the end of short, forking branches forming terminal, pubescent panicles. Calyx hairy, short ; limb 5-parted, persistent. Corolla pubescent, funnel-shaped ; lobes 5, short, spreading. Stamens 5, filaments short, anthers linear. Ovary 5-celled, the partitions more or less disappearing in fruit ; style long, slender, 5-branched at the top ; ovules solitary in each cell. Capsule small, ovoid, opening from 232 XLIX. RUB-IACEiE the top in three valves ; seeds 5, oblong, 3-angled, outer coat loose, net-like. (Fig. 71.) Tara Devi, and valleys below Simla, common ; September -November. — Throughout India, ascending to 6500 ft. — China. 10. LEPTODERMIS. From the Greek leptos, thin, delicate, and derma , skin ; referring to the thin, membranous involucre sur- rounding each flower. — India, Burmah, China. Leptodermis lanceolata. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 198. A rigid, erect, nearly glabrous shrub, 4-8 ft. ; branches spreading. Leaves fetid when crushed, opposite, shortly stalked, lanceolate, 1-3 in., finely pointed ; both surfaces, margins and nerves beset with scattered, minute, white hairs ; stipules short, broad, acute, per- sistent. Flowers often 1 -sexual, nearly | in. long, white, some- times tinged with purple, in small, bracteate heads terminal on short branchlets and forming a large, paniculate inflorescence, each flower half-enclosed in a tubular involucre formed of two partially united, thin, membranous, pointed bracts. Calyx small ; lobes 5, obtuse, fringed, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube hairy within; lobes 5, short, spreading. Stamens 5, filaments short, anthers linear. Ovary 5-celled ; style long, slender, 5- branched at the top ; ovules solitary in each cell. Capsule cylin- XLIX. RUBIACEiE 233 dric, ^ in., splitting from the top in 5 valves ; seeds 5, each enveloped in a loose, fibrous, netted covering. Simla ; June-September.— Temperate Himalaya, 4000-10,000 ft. 11. SPERMACOCE. From the Greek sperma, a seed, and acoce, a point ; probably referring to the sharp, persistent teeth of the calyx. — Tropical and subtropical regions. Erect or procumbent herbs ; stems and branches 4-angled. Leaves opposite, sessile ; stipules short, broad, united to the leaf- bases, fringed with long bristles. Flowers small, sessile in axillary, bracteate clusters. Calyx ovoid ; teeth usually 4, linear, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled ; style slender, stigma capitate or 2-lobed ; ovules solitary in each cell. Capsule dividing when ripe into two one-seeded, half -fruits, each ultimately dehiscent. Stems erect, prickly. Clusters usually globose, many-flowered 1. S. stricta . Stems procumbent, hairy. Clusters 4-6-flowered . . . 2. 8. hispida. 1. Spermacoce stricta, Linn . ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 200. Stems erect, 6-12 in., angles minutely prickly. Leaves narrowly lan- ceolate, 1-2 in., acute ; both surfaces rough with minute prickles. Flowers white ; clusters many-flowered, usually globose. Corolla hardly i in. long. Stigma capitate. Valleys below Simla ; June-0 ctober. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft.— Tropical Asia and Africa. *2. Spermacoce hispida, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 200. Stems procumbent, 6-12 in., angles hairy. Leaves ovate or obovate, 2-1 i in., acute or obtuse ; both surfaces rough with minute bristles. Flowers blue or white ; clusters 4-6-flowered. Corolla |-J in. long. Stigma 2-lobed. Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. ; June-October. 12. RUBIA. The Latin name of Dyers’^ Madder, B. tinc- torum ; derived from ruber, red. — Most tropical and temperate regions. Rubia cordifolia, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 202. A climbing herb ; rootstock perennial ; stems and branches elongate, rather rigid, 4-angled, angles minutely prickly. Leaves in whorls of 4, long-stalked, cordate-ovate, 2-4 in., long-pointed ; nerves and mar- gins prickly, otherwise nearly glabrous, basal nerves prominent ; stipules none. Flowers small, dark red, in numerous, small cymes forming large, bracteate panicles. Calyx-tube globose ; limb obso- lete. Corolla rotate ; lobes 5, tips incurved. Stamens 5. Ovary 234 XLIX. BUBIACEiE 2-celled ; style 2-branched, stigmas capitate ; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit succulent, globose or slightly 2-lobed, \ in. diam., black, 2-celled or by abortion 1 -celled ; juice red ; seeds 2, small. Simla, Mushobra ; July-October. — Hilly districts throughout India, ascend- ing to 8000 ft. — N.E. Asia, tropical Africa. Native name Manjeet. A red dye is obtained from the roots. 13. GALIUM. From gallon , the Greek name of the Yellow Bed-Straw, G. verum ; probably derived from gala, milk, the flowers having formerly been used to curdle milk. — Nearly all regions, most abundant in temperate climates. Herbs ; stems and branches slender, weak, 4-angled, usually trailing or climbing. Leaves whorled, sessile, rarely stalked ; nerves lateral and sometimes obscure or basal and prominent. Flowers small or minute, usually numerous, in axillary and ter- minal cymes often forming large panicles, rarely solitary. Calyx- tube ovoid or globose ; limb obsolete. Corolla rotate ; lobes 4, spreading. Stamens 4, filaments short, anthers protruding. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, short, stigmas capitate ; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit small, dry, globose, slightly 2-lobed, smooth or covered with hooked bristles ; seeds 2, small. G. vestitum, Don, FI. Br. Ind. iii. 206, has been collected on the Rogi cliffs near Chini, and may occur nearer Narkunda. It is distinguished by its short, oblong, obtuse, laterally nerved, densely hairy leaves in whorls of 4 or 6 and the fruit covered with hooked bristles. A. Fruit covered with hooked bristles Leaves 3-nerved from the base .... Leaves laterally nerved. Leaves 6 or 8 in a whorl. Stems smooth, glabrous .... Stems prickly along the angles . Leaves 4 in a whorl. Stems hairy or bristly . 1 . G. rotundifolium . 2. G. triflorum. 3. G. Aparine. 4. G. hirtifiorum. B. Fruit smooth Leaves 6 or 8 in a whorl, laterally nerved. Leaves bristly or minutely prickly, ^-1 in. long Leaves glabrous, less than J in. long Leaves 4 in a whorl, 3-nerved from the base . 5. G. asperifolium. 6. G acutum. 7. G. cryptanthum. 1. Galium rotundifolium, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 204. Stems and branches trailing, angles hairy. Leaves in whorls of 4, ovate, J-l in. ; upper surface hairy or pubescent, lower minutely prickly on the nerves and margins, otherwise nearly glabrous ; basal nerves 3, prominent. Flowers white, often tinged with green or yellow. Fruit covered with hooked bristles. (Fig. 72.) Simla, common ; July, August. — Throughout the Himalaya, 4000-10,000 ft. — W. Asia, N. Africa, Europe. XLIX. RUBIACEiE 235 2. Galium triflorum, Michx. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 205. Stems smooth, glabrous, erect or ascending, 6-12 in. Leaves in whorls of 6 or 8, nearly glabrous, lanceolate, narrowed to the stalk-like base ; upper leaves 1-2^ in., lower smaller ; nerves lateral. Flowers white or tinged with yellow. Fruit covered with hooked bristles. Mushobra, Mahasu, Narkunda, in forest ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. — Asia, X. Europe, America. This species has the habit and odour of the British Sweet Woodruff, Asperula odorata. A variety occurs at Simla ( Hoffmeisteri of the FI. Br. Ind.) having distinctly stalked, ovate leaves § in. long, sometimes only 4 in a whorl. Fig. 72. Galium rotundifolium. 3. Galium Aparine, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 205. Stems and branches trailing or climbing, angles beset with minute, recurved prickles, otherwise glabrous. Leaves in whorls of 6 or 8, linear or narrowly lanceolate, J-1J in. ; midrib and margins minutely prickly ; nerves lateral. Flowers white, tinged with green. Fruit covered with hooked bristles. Huttoo ; July, August. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft. — W Asia, N. Africa, Europe (Britain, Goosegrass, Cleavers). *4. Galium hirtiflorum, Req. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 206. Stems trailing or ascending, more or less covered with hairs or bristles. Leaves in whorls of 4, hairy or bristly, linear, J-l in. ; nerves lateral. Flowers minute, red. Corolla fringed. Fruit covered with hooked bristles. Garhwal, Almora ; July, August. — Sirmore to Sikkim, 4000-10,000 ft. 5. Galium asperifolium, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 207, under G. Mollugo. Stems trailing, diffuse, angles minutely prickly, 236 XLIX. RUBIACEtE otherwise glabrous. Leaves in whorls of 6 to 8, bristly or minutely prickly especially on the margins and nerves, linear or narrowly lanceolate, J-l in., tip spinescent ; nerves lateral. Flowers red. Fruit smooth. Simla, common ; June-August. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-12,000 ft. Habit of the British G. Mottugo. *6. Galium acutum, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 208. Stems prostrate, interlaced, glabrous, shining. Leaves in whorls of 6, crowded, glabrous, ovate -lanceolate, less than J in., tip spinescent ; nerves lateral, obscure. Flowers white. Fruit smooth. The Chor to Sikkim, on rocks, 7000-12,000 ft. ; September, October. This species may have been overlooked on Huttoo. 7. Galium cryptanthum, Hemsl. ; Hook. Icon. Plant, t. 1469 ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 209, under G. verum, Scop. Stems trailing or ascending, softly hairy. Leaves in whorls of 4, shortly stalked, hairy, ovate, |-f in., acute ; basal nerves 3, prominent. Flowers few, yellow or white, usually produced in only the upper whorls. Fruit smooth. Narkunda ; July, August. — Kumaon to Chamba, 7000-1 1,000 ft. L. VALERIANACE^E A small Order widely diffused over nearly all temperate regions except Australia. The Spikenard of the ancients, Indian Nard of modern times, Nardostachys Jatamansi, belongs to this Order. It is a perennial herb inhabiting the Alpine Himalaya at an altitude of 11,000-15,000 ft., and is esteemed on account of its aroma and stimulating properties. VALERIANA. Origin of name uncertain. — All temperate regions except Australia. Perennial, erect herbs. Leaves opposite, undivided or pinnate, mostly radical or crowded near the base of the stem ; stipules none. Flowers numerous, 2- or 1 -sexual, the male and female sometimes on different plants, in. diam. or less, the smaller being 1 -sexual, in bracteate cymes forming a terminal corymb or panicle. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb at flowering time scarcely perceptible, unrolling afterwards in about 12 linear, hairy lobes. Corolla funnel-shaped ; limb 5-lobed, spreading. Stamens 3, inserted on the corolla-tube, protruding. Ovary inferior, cells 3, one containing a solitary, pendulous ovule, the others empty ; L. VALERIANACEiE 237 style slender, undivided, stigma terminal. Fruit small, 1-celled, 1 -seeded, crowned with the pappus-like calyx-limb. Stems 6-18 in. Leaves undivided. Corymb terminal . 1. V. Wallichii. Stems 1-5 ft. Leaves pinnate. Corymbs axillary . . 2. V. Hardwickii. 1. Valeriana Wallichii, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 213. Pubes- cent ; rootstock thick, horizontal ; stems 6-18 in., usually tufted. Radical leaves persistent, stalked, cordate-ovate, 1-3 x 1-2J in., toothed or sinuate, acute. Stem-leaves shortly stalked, smaller. Flowers white or tinged with pink, in a terminal corymb 1-3 in. across, often 1 -sexual, the male and female on different plants. Simla, Mushobra ; March-May. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-10,000 ft. — Afghanistan. V. pyrolaefolia, Decaisne, FI. Br. Ind. iii. 212, is closely allied to the above, differing only in its broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse radical leaves and sessile stem -leaves. It occurs on the Chor and perhaps on Huttoo. Fig. 73. Valeriana Hardwickii. 2. Valeriana Hardwickii, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 213. Pubes- cent ; rootstock descending. Radical leaves few, soon disappear- ing, stalked, ovate, 2-4 X 1^-3 in. Stem-leaves pinnate, 3-6 in., lower ones stalked, crowded, upper sessile ; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, 238 L. VALEKIANACEJE usually entire, long-pointed, end one largest. Flowers white, in numerous, axillary, stalked, compound corymbs forming a long, terminal panicle, often 1-sexual. (Fig. 73.) Simla, Mushobra, common ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000- 12,000 ft. The root is exported to the plains partly for medicinal use, but mainly as a perfume. LI. DIPSACE^E Erect, usually perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, entire, toothed or pinnatifid, prickly in Morina ; stipules none. Flowers 2-sexual, crowded in axillary clusters or in long-stalked, terminal, involucrate heads. Receptacle of the heads covered with scales or hairs. Base of each flower enclosed in a tubular sheath or involucel free from or united with the calyx -tube. Calyx- tube adnate to the ovary ; limb free. Corolla superior, tubular ; limb 4- or 5-lobed, lobes spreading, usually unequal. Stamens 2 or 4, inserted at the mouth of the corolla-tube ; filaments free, usually protruding ; anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary inferior, 1 -celled ; style long, slender, undivided, stigma terminal ; ovules solitary, pendulous. Achene enclosed within the persistent invo- lucel, tip free, usually crowned with the persistent calyx-limb. — - A small Order inhabiting nearly all regions in the Old World except Australia. Leaves prickly. Flowers in axillary clusters . , . .1. Morina. Leaves unarmed. Flowers in terminal heads. Flowers white. Corolla 4-lobed . . . .2. Dipsacus. Flowers purple. Corolla 5-lobed . . . . .3. Scabiosa. 1. MORINA. In honour of Louis Morin, a French botanical author of the seventeenth century. — W. Asia, S. Europe. Glabrous or softly pubescent. Leaves sometimes whorled, narrowly oblong, sinuately pinnatifid, prickly, thistle -like ; upper ones shorter, sessile, united at the base. Flowers sessile, crowded in the axils of the upper leaves forming a terminal, interrupted spike. Involucel funnel-shaped, unequally spinous-toothed. Calyx-limb 2-lobed, soon falling off, lobes entire, notched or bifid. Corolla-tube long, slender ; limb obscurely 2-lipped, 5-lobed, lobes unequal, ultimately spreading. Perfect stamens 2, rudimentary stamens usually 2. Stigma broad, disk-like. Achene small, free within the involucel. For an interesting description of the method of fertilisation in the flowers of this genus, see Kerner’s Natural History of Plants, ii. 352. LI. DIPSACE^l 239 Flowers white or pink. Calyx-lobes entire. Corolla white or faintly tinged with pink b Calyx-lobes notched. Corolla deep pink . . 2. M. longijoha. Flowers yellow • 3. M. Coultenana . 1. Morina persica, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 216. Stems 1J-3 ft. Leaves up to 9 in., hard, very prickly. Flowers white or faintly tinged with pink. Calyx-lobes obovate, entire. Corolla-tube 1-1 \ in. Filaments longer than the corolla-lobes. Simla ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 6000-9000 ft. — W. Asia, S. Europe. The typical M. persica of S. Europe has notched calyx-lobes. 240 LI. DIPSACEH3 2. Morina longifolia, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 216. Stems 2-4 ft. Leaves up to 15 in. Flowers deep pink. Calyx-lobes notched. Corolla-tube 1 in. Filaments much shorter than the corolla-lobes. (Fig. 74.) Mahasu, Theog, Huttoo ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 9000- 14,000 ft. 3. Morina Coulteriana, Boyle ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 216. Stems 1-2 ft. Leaves up to 6 in. Flowers yellow. Calyx-lobes bifid ; segments spinous. Corolla-tube J-| in. Filaments shorter than the corolla-lobes. Patarnala ; September. — W. Himalaya, 9000-13,000 ft. — Kashgar. 2. DXFSACUS. The classical name of the Fuller's Teasel, 1). fullonum ; derived from the Greek dipsaein, to be thirsty, referring probably to the united leaf-bases holding water. — Asia, N. Africa, Europe. Dipsacus inermis, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 217 including D. strictus , Don. More or less rough with stiff hairs or bristles ; stems robust, 4-10 ft. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 3-12 in., coarsely toothed, long-pointed ; lower leaves pinnatifid, terminal lobe much the largest ; upper leaves sometimes 3-parted ; stalks dilated and united at the base. Flowers numerous, white, crowded in hemi- spheric, terminal heads 1 in. diam., surrounded by an involucre of 6-8 spreading, leaf -like bracts. Receptacle covered with broad, concave scales abruptly narrowed in long, fringed, spine-like points overtopping the flowers when in bud. Involucel small, 4-toothed, adnate to the calyx-tube. Calyx-limb cup-shaped, hairy, 4-angled, 4-lobed, overtopping the involucel. Corolla pubescent ; limb unequally 4-lobed. Stamens 4, anthers protruding. Stigma linear. Achene enclosed in the 8-ribbed involucel, crowned with the calyx- limb or ultimately naked. Simla, Mushobra ; July-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. Closely allied to the British Small Teasel, D. pilosus. 3. SCABIOSA. From the Latin scabies , mange or itch ; refer- ring to the former use of the plants as a remedy for skin diseases. — W. Asia, Africa, Europe. *Scabiosa Candolliana, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 219. Rootstock perennial ; stems tufted, 12-18 in. Leaves chiefly basal, pubes- cent, narrowly oblong, 1-1 1 in., entire. Flowers purple, in hemispheric, terminal heads \ in. diam., surrounded with an involucre of short, imbricate, ovate bracts. Receptacle covered with short, soft hairs. Involucel-base adnate to the calyx-tube ; LI. DIPSACEiE 241 limb scarious, pubescent, funnel-shaped, 16-20-ribbed. Calyx- limb consisting of 5 long, spreading, rough bristles. Corolla pubescent, 5-lobed, that of the outer flowers larger and more unequally lobed than of the inner. Stamens 4. Stigma capitate. Achenes minute, enclosed within the base of the spreading, disk- like involucel and crowned by the persistent calyx-limb. W. Himalaya, 3000-5000 ft. ; May- July. Allied to the British Small Scabious, S. Columbaria. LII. COMPOSITE Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, rarely whorled, simple or compound ; stipules none. Flowers usually numerous and small, crowded in a simple head on the dilated summit of the stalk or receptacle, surrounded by an involucre of bracts ; or in a compound head, having the appearance of a simple head, but composed of a number of small, involucrate or component heads, containing one or about 12 flowers each. Simple heads are of three kinds : — (1) discoid heads, all the flowers tubular and alike, the outer flowers sometimes more slender than the inner ; (2) radiate heads, the outer or ray-flowers ligulate, i.e. having the lobes of the corolla united in a strap-shaped ligule and the inner or disk- flowers tubular ; (3) ligulate heads, all the flowers ligulate. Involucral bracts in one or several series. Receptacle naked, bristly or bearing scales or floral bracts, one for each flower, the base usually enclosing the ovary. Flowers of a head all 2-sexuaJ ; or the outer flowers female or neuter and the inner ones 2-sexual or male ; or, rarely, the heads or the whole plant bearing 1 -sexual flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb wanting or appearing as a pappus of hairs, bristles or scales. Corolla tubular or ligulate, inserted on the ovary ; limb toothed or lobed. Stamens 5, rarely 4, attached to the corolla-tube ; filaments usually free ; anthers cohering in a tube sheathing the style, rarely free, 2-celled, base of each cell sometimes tailed or prolonged downwards in a minute bristle. Ovary 1 -celled ; style linear, usually divided at the top in two stigmatic arms ; ovule solitary. Fruit a small, dry, 1 -seeded not or achene, usually crowned with the pappus, sometimes pro- longed upwards in a beak. — A very large Order inhabiting all parts of the world ; more than a thousand genera have been described. — Name from the Latin compositus , compound, referring to the heads. The flowers of most Composite are adapted for cross-fertilisation by insects. See Muller’s Fertilisation of Flowers, pp. 315-364 ; Kerner’s Natural History of Plants , ii. 318, &c. ; Lubbock’s British Wild Flowers in Relation to Insects p. 111. R 242 LII. COMPOSITE The naming of a composite plant will be facilitated if attention is paid to the following points : — 1. Whether the heads are simple or compound. 2. Whether the heads are discoid, radiate or ligulate. 3. The character of the pappus or its absence. 4. The colour of the flowers. 5. The character of the achenes. 6. The character of the leaves and involucral bracts. 7. The characters of the receptacle, whether flat or not, whether naked or not, and the nature of the bristles or scales if present Abstract of the Key to the Genera A. Simple heads, subdivided into I. Discoid heads ; flowers all tubular. II. Radiate heads ; ray-flowers ligulate, disk-flowers tubular. III. Ligulate heads ; flowers all ligulate. B. Compound heads, includes only 3 genera. A. Simple heads I. Discoid heads * Pappus of hairs Flowers purple or red (white in Eupatorium). Involucral bracts not spiny. Leaves not prickly. Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate. Involucral bracts in several series, unequal. Stems naked . Stems winged . ... . Involucral bracts in one series, equal Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers white Receptacle bristly. Pappus feathery . . . . . Pappus minutely barbed Involucral bracts spiny. Leaves not prickly or spiny . . . . Leaves prickly. Stems winged. Pappus not feathery . Stems not winged. Pappus feathery . Flowers yellow (sometimes white in Cnicus ). Involucral bracts spine-tipped. Spines short. Pappus feathery Spines long, needle-like. Pappus not feathery Involucral bracts not spine-tipped. Involucral bracts green. Style-arms short. Herbs. Anther- cells tailed . . . . Anther- cells not tailed 1. Vernonia. 14. Laggera. 37. Emilia. 4. Eupatorium. 43. Saussurea. 44. Sucrratla. 40. Arctium. 41. Carduus. 42. Cnicus.1 42. Cnicus .2 45. Tricholcpis. 13. Blumea. 12. ConyzaA 1 C. arvensis only. 2 C. argyracanthus and G. Wallichii, former some- times has white flowers. 3 Except C. stricta, whish has minutely radiate heads. LII. COMPOSITE 243 Shrubs . ..... Style-arms very long, thread-like . Involucral bracts scarious. Clusters of heads enclosed by leaf-like bracts Clusters of heads not enclosed by bracts Flowers white (see also Eupatorium and Cnicus). Woolly herbs. Heads many-flowered. Heads in a terminal cluster . Heads in corymbs .... Nearly glabrous herbs. Heads 1-4-flowered 21. Inula.1 36. Gynura. 16. Filago. 19. Gnaphalium. 17. Leontopodium. 18. Anaphalis. 47. Aindiea. * * Pappus of distinct or united scales or of barbed bristles Pappus of 3-4 short, club-like scales. Flowers white Pappus a toothed ring. Flowers pale blue Pappus of 2 barbed bristles. Flowers yellow . 2. Adenostemma. 3. Ageratum. 31. Biden-s. 2 * * * Pappus none Leaves pinnately lobed or divided. Heads globose. Outer flowers white, inner yellow Heads very small, shining, numerous, in large, terminal panicles . Heads in flat corymbs. Flowers yellow. Leaves finely divided ...... Heads in small, panicled clusters. Flowers rose- purple. Leaves finely divided Leaves usually lanceolate, never pinnately lobed or divided. Flowers yellow. Achenes long, ending in a short, glandular beak ...... Flowers white or pale yellow. Achenes long, club-shaped, covered with stalked glands Heads 1 -sexual. Involucre of female heads covered with hooked bristles Heads conical. Leaves opposite. Flowers white or yellow ....... Heads very small, shining, numerous, in terminal panicles. Leaves wedge-shaped Flowers orange-red. Involucre and leaves prickly 6. Dichrocephala. 35. Artemisia .3 34. Tanacetum. 7. Cyathocline. 23. Carpesium. 24. Adenocaulon. 25. Xanthium. 30. Spilanthes. 35. Artemisia A 46. Carthamus. II. Radiate heads (ligules minute in Myriactis and Conyza) * Pappus of hairs Ray-flowers yellow. Disk-flowers yellow. Involucral bracts in several series, unequal. Leaves stalked. Ligules minute ..... Ligules conspicuous. Ray-flowers 10-12 in a head . Ray-flowers more than 20 in a head Leaves sessile. Heads long-stalked Involucral bracts in one series, equal, a few smaller at the base ...... . 12. Conyza A 5. Solidago. . 21. Inula.6 . 22. Vicoa. . 38. Senecio. 1 I. Cappa only ; the others have radiate heads. 2 B. tripartita only ; the others have radiate heads. 3 Except A. parviflora, which has wedge- shaped leaves. 4 A. parviflora only ; the others have pinnately divided leaves. 5 C. stricta only ; the others have discoid heads. 6 Except 7. Cappa, which has discoid heads. 244 LII. COMPOSITE Ray-flowers lilac or purple. Disk-flowers yellow. Ray-flowers in 1 or 2 series . . . .10. Aster. Ray-flowers in more than 2 series . . .11. Erigeron. Ray-flowers white. Disk-flowers white. Heads solitary 48. Gerhera. * * Pappus of bristles or scales (sometimes none in Rhynchospermum and Spilanthes) Receptacle naked. Pappus of 3-8 bristles, sometimes none. Achenes beaked ..... Receptacle covered with broad, folded scales each enclosing several flowers. Pappus of 2-5 minute teeth ........ Receptacle covered with concave scales each partially enclosing a' single flower. Heads flat, J in. diam. ..... Heads conical, f in. long. Pappus sometimes wanting . . Receptacle covered with narrow, flat scales nearly as long as the flowers. Pappus of 2-3 stiff-barbed bristles . . . . . . . .31. Bidens.1 Receptacle covered with small, 3-toothed scales. Pappus of several fringed scales . . . .32. Galinsoga. 9. Rhynchospermum . 27. Eclipta. 29. Blainvillea. 30. Spilanthes. Pappus none (see also Rhynchospermum and Spilanthes ) Leaves ovate, lanceolate or triangular. Involucral bracts glandular .... Involucral bracts not glandular. Heads hemispheric. Ligules minute. Receptacle naked ....... Heads flat. Ligules broad. Receptacle scaly . Leaves pinnatisect ; segments linear 26. Siegesheclcia . 8. Myriactis. 28. Sclerocarpus . 33. Achillea. Ill, Ligulate heads * Pappus of simple hairs Achenes beaked. Beak of achenes dilated at the tip . . . 55. Lactuca. Beak of achenes not dilated at the tip. Heads corymbose. Stems leafy . . .51. Crepis .2 Heads solitary. Leaves all radical. . . 54. Taraxacum. Achenes not beaked. Receptacle hairy or bristly. Stems naked. Receptacle covered with long hairs ....... 52. Pterotheca . Stems leafy. Receptacle covered with short bristles ....... 53. Bieracium. Receptacle naked. Flowers purple or white . . . .56. Prenanthes. Flowers yellow. Juice white, milky. Stem-leaves none or few, small and stalked 51. Crepis. 3 Stem-leaves numerous, large, stem-clasping 57. Sonchus. Juice yellow. Margins of leaves beset with minute, white teeth . . . .58. Launcea. 1 Except B. tripartita , which has discoid heads. 2 Except C. japonica, which has achenes without beaks. 3 C. japonica only ; the others have beaked achenes. LII. COMPOSITE 245 * * Pappus of feathery hairs Flowers yellow. Heads numerous, corymbose. Leaves sinuate-toothed 50. Picris. Heads solitary, terminal. Leaves entire . . . 59. Tragopogon . * * * Pappus of short, blunt scales Heads sessile. Flowers blue ..... 49. G ichor ium. B, Compound heads Component heads, each containing a single flower. Heads terminal. Leaves prickly Heads axillary. Leaves not prickly Component heads, each containing about 12 flowers 39. Echinops. 20. Ccesulia. 15. Sphceranthus. 1. VERNONIA. In honour of W. Vernon, botanist and traveller in N. America in the seventeenth century. — Chiefly tropical regions ; abundant in America and Africa. Erect herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads discoid, corymbose. Involucral bracts in several series ; receptacle naked ; flowers tubular, all similar, purple ; pappus long, copious ; corolla-tube slender, 5-lobed : style-arms long, acute, hairy all round. Achenes pubescent. Outer involucral bracts shorter than the inner ; tips acute . . 1. V. cinerea. Outer involucral bracts longer than the inner ; tips dilated . . . . . . . . . 2. V. anthelmintica. 1. Vernonia cinerea. Less. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 233. Pubescent ; stems 6-12 in., sometimes decumbent at the base, grooved. Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate or ovate, \-i\ in. ; teeth few, coarse. Heads numerous, J in. diam. Involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, acute, outer ones smaller than the inner ; pappus white. Achenes in., terete. Simla ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 8000 fti^r Tropical Asia, Africa, Australia. 2. Vernonia anthelmintica, Willd. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 236. Stems robust, erect, 4-6 ft., glandular-pubescent near the top. Leaves rough, ovate -lanceolate, 3-5 in., coarsely toothed, long- pointed, narrowed into a short stalk. Heads J-f in. diam. In- volucral bracts narrowly oblong, tips dilated, outer bracts longer than the inner ; pappus tawny ; corollas often unequal. Achenes | in., ribbed. Valleys below Simla ; August. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. Afghanistan. Usually seen near villages. The seeds are used in native medicine. 246 LII. COMPOSITE 2. ADENOSTEMMA. From the Greek aden , a gland, and stemma, a wreath, referring to the glandular achenes. — All tropical regions. Adenostemma viscosum, Forst. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 242. An erect herb, 1-3 ft., glandular-pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or ovate, 6 x3 in., coarsely toothed, narrowed into the stalk ; uppermost sessile. Heads discoid, corymbose, J in. diam. Involucral bracts herbaceous, spathulate, in 2 series ; flowers tubular, white, all similar ; pappus of 3 or 4 short, club- like scales ; corolla J in., dilated upwards, 5-lobed ; style-arms long, thick., Achenes J in., 3- or 4-angled, glandular. Sutlej valley ; August. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — All tropical regions. 3. AGERATUM. From the Greek a , without, and geras, old age ; the plants continue in flower for a long time. — America. The following species is naturalised in nearly all tropical regions. Ageratum conyzoides, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 243. An erect, softly hairy herb, 1-3 ft. Leaves opposite, stalked, lanceolate or ovate, 3x1^ in., crenate. Heads numerous, discoid, Jin. diam., in dense, rounded corymbs. Involucral bracts narrow, nearly equal, ribbed, acute, in 2 series ; flowers tubular, pale blue or white, all similar ; pappus of 3-5 linear, acute, minutely barbed scales, united in a toothed, cup-like ring ; corolla-tube dilated upwards, lobes 5, short ; style-arms short. Achenes ~ in., angled, black, viscid. Sutlej valley ; May-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. 4. EUPATORXUM. The classical name of some plant of this affinity, probably of E. cannabinum. — Most warm and temperate regions. Tall, erect shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Heads numerous, discoid, in spreading panicles or compact corymbs. Involucral bracts few, unequal ; receptacle naked ; flowers tubular, pale purple or white, all similar ; pappus rigid, rough ; corolla-tube dilated upwards, lobes 5, short ; style-arms long, threadlike, pubescent all round, blunt. Achenes } in., angled. Inner involucral bracts obtuse. Heads panicled . . 1 . E. Eeevesii. Inner involucral bracts acute. Heads corymbose . . 2. E. cannabinum. 1. Eupatorium Reevesii, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 243. Hoary- pubescent ; stems 4-5 ft., much branched. Leaves shortly stalked, lanceolate or ovate, 3x| in., coarsely toothed ; upper smaller, often entire and alternate. Heads J in. long, in large, LII. COMPOSITE 247 spreading panicles. Outer in volucral bracts short, inner obtuse ; flowers pale purple. Valleys below Simla ; September, October. — Simla to Bhotan, 2000-6000 ft. — China, Japan. 2. Eupatorium cannabinum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 243. Pubescent ; stems 4-6 ft. Leaves sessile in distant pairs, some- times whorled, lanceolate, 4xlJ in., coarsely toothed. Heads | in. long, in compact, rounded corymbs. Involucral bracts very unequal, outer short, inner acute ; flowers nearly white. Sutlej valley; July, August. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-11,000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain, Hemp Agrimony). 5. SOLIDAGO. From the Latin solidare, to make whole or sound ; referring to the reputed healing properties of some species. — N. temperate regions ; abundant in America. Solidago Virga-aurea, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 245. An erect, pubescent herb ; stems 6-24 in., rarely branched. Leaves alternate, lanceolate ; lower 4-5 in., stalked, toothed ; upper smaller, sessile, entire. Heads radiate, f in. long, numerous, crowded in a long, leafy, terminal panicle. Involucral bracts unequal, narrow, acute ; receptacle naked ; flowers yellow ; pappus long, rough ; ray- flowers not more than 10 or 12 ; corolla of inner flowers 5-lobed ; style- arms of inner flowers flattened, acute. Achenes ribbed. Simla, common ; June-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. — Temperate Asia, America, Europe (Britain, Golden Rod). 6. DICHROCEPHALA. From the Greek dichros, two- coloured, and cephale, a head. — Asia, Africa, Polynesia. Pubescent or roughly hairy herbs ; stems 6-24 in., usually erect, sometimes diffuse. Leaves alternate, more or less pinnatifid. Heads discoid, globose, J-J in. diam. Involucral bracts few ; receptacle elevated, flat ; flowers minute ; corolla of the outer series white, very slender, 2- or 3-toothed, of the inner yellow, 4- or 5-lobed ; pappus none or in the outer flowers of 2 minute bristles. Achenes smooth, flat. Leaves stalked. Heads ^ in. diam. . . . 1. D. latifolia. Leaves sessile. Heads \ in. diam. . . 2. D. chrysanthemifolia. 1. Dichrocephala latifolia, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 245. Stems sometimes diffuse and branching from the base. Leaves l|-4 in., stalked ; lobes irregularly and coarsely toothed, end lobe often broadly ovate. Heads J in. diam., on slender stalks, panicled. Simla, common ; June-September. — Simla to Sikkim, 1000-9000 ft. — Hilly districts in S. India. — Tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa. 248 LII. COMPOSITE 2. Dichrocephala chrysanthemifolia> DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 245. Stems erect. Leaves 1-2| in., sessile, stem-clasping ; lobes toothed or entire, end lobe broad or narrow, lateral lobes usually acute. Heads J in. diam., usually solitary ; stalks thick, diverging. Corollas turning a uniform dull purple when in fruit. (Fig. 75.) Simla ; July-October. — W. Himalaya, 6000-7000 ft. — Nilghiris, tropical Asia and Africa. Fig. 75. Dichrocephala chrysanthemifolia. 7. CYATHOCLINE. From the Greek cyathos, a cup, and dine , a bed ; referring to the cup-shaped receptacle. — India. Cyathocline lyrata, Cass. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 246. An erect, pubescent, sweet-scented herb, 10-24 in. Leaves alternate, sessile, 1-5 in., pinnatisect ; lobes narrow, sharply toothed. Heads discoid, hemispheric, J in. diam., in small, rounded, panicled clusters. Involucral bracts rather broad, acute ; receptacle elevated, cup-shaped ; pappus none ; corollas rose-purple, those of the outer flowers very slender, 2-toothed, of the inner larger, 5-lobed. Achenes minute, smooth. Sutlej valley, borders of ricefields, &c. ; March-May. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Burmah. LII. COMPOSITE 249 8. MYRIACTIS. From the Greek murios , a thousand or many, and actis, a ray ; referring to the numerous, diverging heads. — Asia, Africa. Myriactis Wallichii, Less. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 247, including M. nepalensis, Less. An erect, much branched, pubescent or roughly hairy herb, 1-3 ft. Leaves alternate, ovate or lanceolate, 1-4 in. ; teeth coarse and irregular, contiguous or distant ; stalks winged. Heads minutely radiate, hemispheric, varying from in. diam., paniculate on diverging stalks. Involucral bracts 3-4- seriate ; receptacle convex, naked ; ray-flowers white ; disk- flowers yellovb turning dull purple in fruit ; pappus none ; ligules entire ; corollas of disk-flowers 4-5-lobed. Achenes flat, smooth. Simla, common; June-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-10,000 ft. — Central Asia. 9. RHYNCHOSPERMUM. From the Greek rhynchos , a beak, and sperma, a seed ; referring to the achenes. — E. Asia. Rhynchospermum verticillatum, Reinw. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 248. A pubescent herb, 2-3 ft. ; branches slender, spreading. Leaves alternate, shortly stalked, lanceolate, 1-3 in., entire or faintly toothed, long-pointed. Heads radiate, hemispheric, J in. diam., on short, thick stalks, often one in every axil along the branches. Involucral bracts in few series, lanceolate, margins scarious ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers all white or those of the disk pale yellow ; pappus of 3-8 bristles or none ; ligules entire or notched ; corollas of disk-flowers 4-5-lobed. Achenes flat, beaked. Valleys below Simla ; July-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-6000 ft. — E. Asia 10. ASTER. The classical name for some composite plant, derived from the Greek aster, a star ; referring to the radiate heads. — Most temperate and cold regions ; abundant in N. America. Erect, branched herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads radiate, large. Involucral bracts in few series ; receptacle flat or slightly convex, naked ; ray-flowers in one or two series, lilac or purple ; ligules long, entire or minutely toothed ; disk-flowers yellow, tubular, 5-toothed ; pappus copious, rough. Achenes flattened. Stems straight. Heads §-§ in. diam. . . . 1. A. molliusculus. Stems zigzag. Heads l§-2 in. diam. Leaves nearly sessile . . . . . . 2. A. Thomsoni. Leaves on winged stalks . . . . 3. A. asperulus. 1 . Aster molliusculus, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 251 . Pubescent or hairy ; stems usually tufted, 12-24 in., slender, leafy, often 250 LII. COMPOSITiE tinged with red. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1 in., entire or obscurely toothed. Heads long-stalked, ^-f in. diam. ; ray- flowers lilac ; ligules short, often recurved ; outer hairs of the pappus much shorter than the inner. Achenes hairy. (Fig. 76.) Simla, on dry banks, common ; May-September. — W. Himalaya. 5000- 8000 ft.— Tibet. 2. Aster Thomsoni, C. B. Clarke ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 252. Hairy ; stems 1-3 ft., bending at the joints. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate, 2-4 X 1-2| in., coarsely and sharply toothed, long-pointed. Heads 1 \-2 in. diam. Involucral bracts herbaceous ; ray-flowers purple ; ligules long, spreading ; pappus of disk-flowers short. Achenes pubescent. Simla, common in woods ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000- 10,000 ft. A form with leaves about l£xf in. and smaller flowers occurs at Mahasu. LII. COMPOSITE 251 3. Aster asperulus, Nees ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 252. Similar in aspect to A. Thomsoni, but the stem is nearly glabrous, the leaves have winged stalks, and the pappus is as long as the corollas. Simla ; July-October. — W. Himalaya, 4000-9000 ft. 11. ERIGERON. The classical name of a plant allied to the Groundsel, Senecio vulgaris , derived from the Greek eri, early, and geron, an old man ; some species are covered with hoary down when young. — N. temperate regions. Erect herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads radiate, small or large. Involucral bracts in few series ; receptacle flat or slightly convex, naked ; ray -flowers in more than two series, lilac or purple ; ligules short or long, entire or minutely toothed ; disk-flowers yellow, tubular, 5-toothed ; pappus copious or scanty, rough. Achenes flattened. Heads not more than in. diam. Ligules slightly ex- ceeding the pappus. Heads | in. diam. Leaves crowded, linear, 1 |—4 in. long . . . . . . . 1 . E. linifolius. Heads | in. diam. Leaves distant, lanceolate or obovate, 1-2| in. long . . . . 2. E. multicaulis. Heads 1-2 in. diam. Ligules far exceeding the pappus . 3. E. multiradiatus . 1. Erigeron linifolius, Willd. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 254. More or less hairy ; stems 1-3 ft., often much branched. Leaves crowded, all sessile, linear, 1J-4 in., and entire, or sometimes the lower ones stalked, 4 in. broad and coarsely toothed. Heads numerous, about \ in. diam., on slender stalks, forming a leafy, corymbose panicle. Ray-flowers pale purple or white ; ligules slightly exceeding the pappus. Simla, roadsides ; May-August. — A garden escape. 2. Erigeron multicaulis, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 255, under E. alpinus. More or less hairy or pubescent ; stems 6-24 in., often tufted. Radical leaves stalked, oblong, spreading. Stem- leaves lanceolate, narrowed to a sessile base, l-2|xj-|- in., or obovate, about 2xf in., entire or obscurely toothed, acute or obtuse. Heads solitary, long-stalked, about \ in. diam., in terminal, corymbose panicles. Involucral bracts linear, outer shorter, inner long-pointed ; ray-flowers pale purple ; ligules slightly exceeding the pappus. Achenes hairy. Simla, common ; May-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-10,000 ft. The two extreme forms of this species, (a) with narrowly lanceolate, almost linear leaves, and ( b ) with broadly obovate leaves, look very different ; the latter might for convenience be distinguished as var. obovatus ; but the two are con- nected by intermediates. 3. Erigeron multiradiatus, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 256. Hairy ; stems 8-24 in. Leaves sessile, ovate -lanceolate, 1| x|- in., 252 LIT. COMPOSITE entire or coarsely toothed, acute. Heads long-stalked, solitary or corymbose, 1-2 in. diam. Involucral bracts narrow, acute ; pappus scanty ; ray-flowers dark purple ; ligules spreading, far exceeding the pappus. Huttoo, abundant ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000- 12. CONYZA. A classical plant-name, applied to both Inula viscosa and Pulicaria vulgaris ; origin obscure. — Chiefly tropical regions. Erect herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads discoid, in C. stricta minutely radiate, corymbose. Involucral bracts many, narrow, outer smaller ; receptacle flat or convex, usually naked ; flowers pale yellow ; pappus in one series ; corolla of outer flowers slender, 2-3 toothed, minutely radiate in C. stricta, of the inner larger, 5-lobed ; anther-bases obtuse, not tailed. Achenes minute, flattened, pubescent. Heads discoid, •§■ in. diam. Softly hairy. Stems 6-15 in. Heads few, in close corymbs . . . . . . . 1. G. japonica. Pubescent and glandular. Stems 2-4 ft. Heads numerous, in spreading corymbs . . . . 2. C. viscidula. Heads minutely radiate, very numerous, in. diam., in large corymbs . . . . . . . . . 3. C. stricta. 1. Conyza japonica, Less. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 258. Softly hairy ; stems 6-15 in., often tufted, simple or branched. Leaves sessile, often crowded, obovate-spathulate, oblong or lanceolate, 1-3 in., coarsely toothed, base of upper leaves sometimes dilated. Heads globose, | in. diam., in terminal, close corymbs. Involucral bracts acute. Variable in shape and cutting of leaves and in hairiness. Simla, common ; April-September. — Simla to Burmah, 1000-7000 ft. — China, Japan. 2. Conyza viscidula, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 258. Pubescent and glandular ; stems 2-4 ft., leafy, much branched. Leaves lanceolate, 2-4 in., narrowed to both ends, entire or toothed. Heads numerous, J in. diam., in large, spreading corymbs. Waterworks Hoad, Mushobra ; September.— Simla to Burmah, 1000- 7000 ft. — E. Asia, Australia. 3. Conyza stricta, Willd. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 258. Hoary -pubes- cent or rough ; stems 1-2 J ft., leafy, much branched. Leaves pinnately lobed and toothed or linear and entire, 1-2 in. ; upper ones smaller. Heads very numerous, minutely radiate, in. diam., LII. COMPOSITE 253 on slender stalks forming large, terminal and axillary corymbs. Ligules very short, notched ; corolla of inner flowers 5-lobed. Simla, common ; August, (September. — Temperate Himalaya, 1000-6000 ft. — S. India, Burmah. — E. Africa. 13. BLUMEA. In honour of Dr. C. L. Blume, a Dutch bota- nist of the nineteenth century. — Tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and Australia. Blumea Wightiana, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 261. An erect herb densely covered with soft, often glandular hairs ; stems 10-24 in., simple or branched. Leaves alternate, toothed ; lower ovate, l|-2 Xf-1 in., stalked or nearly sessile ; upper lanceolate or linear, smaller, sessile. Heads discoid, J in. diam. or rather less, crowded in stalked, terminal or axillary cymes. Outer involucral bracts few, short, inner many, narrow, acute, slightly exceeding the flowers ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers pale yellow, often a few purple ones in the centre ; pappus scanty ; corollas of outer flowers very slender, minutely 2-3-toothed, of inner larger, 4-5-lobed ; anther-cells tailed ; style-arms short. Achenes minute, angled, slightly pubescent. Valleys below Simla ; April-June. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Tropical Asia, Africa, Australia. 14. L AGGER A. In honour of Dr. Lagger, a Swiss botanist of the nineteenth century. — Tropical regions of Asia and Africa. Laggera alata, Schultz-Bip. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 271. An erect, glandular-pubescent herb ; stems robust, 2-4 ft., leafy, winged with the decurrent leaf-bases. Leaves alternate, oblong, 4x1 in., acute ; teeth numerous, small, sharp. Heads many, discoid, f in. diam., in axillary racemes often forming a large, terminal, leafy panicle. Involucral bracts many, narrow, rigid, acute, the outer shorter, the inner equalling the flowers ; receptacle flat, naked ; pappus white ; flowers purple ; corollas of the outer very slender, minutely toothed, of the inner larger, 5-lobed ; style pubescent. Achenes small, hairy. Sutlej and Giri valleys ; September, October. — Hilly districts throughout India, 1000-6000 ft. — Tropical Asia and Africa. L. flava, Benth., is common in the plains and may occur in the hills below 3000 ft. ; it differs from L. alata in its slender, naked, glabrous stem and yellow flowers. 15. SPH2ERANTHTJS. From the Greek sphaira, a globe, and anthos, a flower, referring to the shape of the inflorescence.— Tropical regions of the Old World. 254 LII. COMPOSITE *Sphaeranthus indicus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 275. A nearly erect, softly hairy, shrub-like herb ; stems 6-18 in. ; branches long, spreading, winged with the decurrent leaf-bases. Leaves alternate, sessile, obovate-oblong, J-1J in., narrowed to the base, toothed. Heads compound, globose, about J in. diam., solitary, terminal ; component heads numerous, very small, crowded, each containing about 12 pink or purple flowers. Involucral bracts nearly as long as the flowers, linear, hairy at the tip ; receptacle naked ; pappus none ; outer flowers 10-12, female, corolla-tube dilated in the middle, 4- or 5-toothed ; innermost flowers 2 or 3, 2-sexual, corolla-tube slender, straight, 2-3-toothed. Achenes minute. Throughout India, common on dry ricefields, ascending to 5000 ft. ; December-March. — Tropical regions of the Old World. 16. FILAGO. From the Latin filum, a thread ; referring to the cottony leaves and stems. — Temperate regions of the Old World. Filago germanica, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 277. A nearly erect or prostrate, cottony herb ; stems 1-6 in., branched from the base. Leaves alternate, obovate-oblong, \ in., stalked or sessile. Heads numerous, discoid, J in. long, crowded in sessile clusters in the forks of the branches, the clusters enclosed by leaf -like bracts. Involucral bracts pale yellow, scarious, shining, acute ; pappus rough ; corollas of the outer flowers very slender, of the inner larger but scarcely dilated at the top, 4-5-toothed. Achenes minute, rough. Suni, in the Sutlej valley, on dry, rocky ground; April-June. — N. India, ascending to 3000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain, Cudweed). 17. LEONTOPODIUM, From the Greek leon, a lion, and pous, podos, a foot ; referring to the clustered heads. — Mountains of Europe and Asia. Leontopodium alpinum, Cass. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 279. A peren- nial, woolly herb ; flowering-stems tufted, 2-6 in., slender, leafy, erect or nearly so. Leaves sessile, J-l in., entire ; basal spathu- late, rosulate ; stem-leaves linear, alternate. Heads discoid, 1 -sexual, 5 in. long, 3-5, sessile in a terminal cluster with a few spreading, densely woolly, leaf -like bracts at its base. Involucral bracts in many series, scarious, oblong-lanceolate, purple -tipped, the outer ones woolly ; receptacle convex, naked, pitted ; pappus in one series, longer than the corolla, minutely barbed ; corollas white, tubular, of two kinds, those of the female flowers linear, minutely 5-toothed, those of the male flowers dilated in the upper half, deeply 5-toothed. Perfect achenes ovoid, rough ; those of the male flowers linear, smooth. Theog, in pastures, Narkunda ; May, June. — Alpine Himalaya, 9000- 18,000 ft. — Central Asia, Europe (the Edel- Weiss of the Alps). LII. COMPOSITE 255 18. ANAPHALIS. An alteration of the Greek gnaphalion, a lock of wool. — Asia, chiefly in temperate and mountainous regions. Herbs, more or less densely covered with woolly or cottony tomentum ; stems erect, leafy. Leaves alternate, entire, stem- clasping, often lobed at the base. Heads discoid, small, clustered in terminal or axillary corymbs. Involucral bracts in many series, scarious, shining, the outermost short and woolly, the inner longer ; receptacle naked ; flowers numerous, white or pale yellow ; pappus free ; corolla of the outer flowers very slender, 2-4-toothed, of the inner slightly larger, 5-lobed. Achenes minute, oblong, glabrous. Involucral bracts acute, spreading in flower. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, £-1 in. Heads 2-7 in a corymb . . . . . . . . 1. A. nubigena. Leaves broadly ovate, 2-4 in. Numerous beads in a corymb . . . . . . . . 2. A . triplinervis. Involucral bracts obtuse, erect in flower. Leaves lanceolate. Leaves thin ; lower surface cinnamon-red or grey . 3 . A. cinnamomea. Leaves thick ; lower surface white . . 4. A. adnata. Leaves linear. Leaves I|-2 in. ; basal lobes long, decurrent . 5. A. araneosa. Leaves 4-1 in. ; basal lobes short . . . 6. A. contorta. 1. Anaphalis nubigena, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 279 under var. intermedia. Stems tufted, slender, 6-12 in., unbranched. Leaves usually few and scattered, sometimes crowded towards the base of the stem, narrowly lanceolate or spathulate,.. ^-1 in., tipped with a small, black, naked point. Heads 2-7, | in. diam., in a terminal corymb. Involucral bracts acute, spreading in flower. Theog, Huttoo ; July, August. — Alpine Himalaya, 9000-16,000 ft. *2. Anaphalis triplinervis, C. B. Clarke ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 281. Stems robust, 1-2 ft., usually unbranched, often flexuous. Leaves 3-5-nerved, broadly ovate, 2-4 X 1-2 in., acute or obtuse, tipped with a small, black, naked point. Heads | in. diam., numerous, in terminal corymbs. Involucral bracts acute, spreading in flower. Temperate Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. ; July, August.— Abundant on the Jalowri Pass. 3. Anaphalis cinnamomea, C. B. Clarke ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 281. Stems 1-2 ft. Leaves 1-3-nerved, narrowly lanceolate, 2-5 X H m., acute, usually shortly lobed at the base ; upper surface dark green, lower cinnamon-red or grey-tomentose. Heads ^ in. diam., numerous, in terminal, compound corymbs. Involucral bracts broad, obtuse, erect in flower, spreading in fruit. (Fig. 77. ) Simla, Shali ; September. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. — E. Asia. 256 LII. COMPOSITE 4. Anaphalis adnata, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 282. Stems robust, 2-4 ft. Leaves thick, broadly lanceolate or oblong, often spathulate, 3 X f in., acute ; basal lobes, if present, short. Heads \ in. diam., numerous, in dense, rounded, terminal and axillary corymbs. Involucral bracts broad, obtuse, erect in flower, spread- ing in fruit, outer ones usually pale yellow. Simla, Shali ; September. — Simla to Bhotan, 6000-8000 ft. — Burmah. 5. Anaphalis araneosa, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 283. Stems 1-3 ft., more or less winged by the decurrent leaf -bases. Radical leaves oblanceolate. Stem-leaves linear, 1|— 2x|-| in., acute, margins often recurved, basal lobes usually long, acute and decurrent. Heads J in. diam., very numerous, forming a broad, terminal corymb 3-6 in. across. Involucral bracts broad, obtuse, erect in flower, spreading in fruit. Simla, common ; September.— Temperate Himalaya, 5000-8000 ft, 6. Anaphalis contorta, Hook. f. ;* FI. Br. Ind. iii. 284. Stems 6-18 in., usually branched from the base ; branches often decum- LII. COMPOSITE 257 bent. Leaves usually crowded, linear, ^-1 x J in., acute or obtuse, shortly lobed at the base, margins sometimes recurved. Heads J in. dram., in dense, terminal corymbs. Involucral bracts broad, obtuse, erect in flower, spreading in fruit, outer ones often pale purple. Simla, common ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000- 10,000 ft. 19. GNAPHALIUM. The Greek name of a woolly plant, probably G. germanicum, the Cudweed of Britain ; derived from gnaphalion, a lock of wool. — Temperate and subtropical regions. Erect, more or less softly woolly herbs. Leaves alternate, entire. Heads discoid, numerous, ^ in. diam., in irregularly globose clusters at the end of corymbose branches. Involucral bracts many, erect, scarious, shining, inner as long as the flowers, outer shorter ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers bright yellow ; pappus scanty, hairs free at the base ; corolla of the outer flowers slender, 3-4-toothed, of the inner larger, 5-toothed. Achenes oblong, slender, rough. Leaves spathulate ; both surfaces woolly . . . 1 G. luteo-album . Leaves linear ; upper surface green, glabrous, lower woolly 2. G. hypoleucum. 1. Gnaphalium luteo-album, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 288, under var. multiceps. Stems often tufted, 6-18 in., simple or branched. Leaves crowded or distant, sessile, basal lobes some- times decurrent, spathulate, l-3xJ-J in., both surfaces woolly ; uppermost leaves lanceolate, acute. Simla, common ; June- August. — Throughout India, ascending to 10,000 ft. — Most warm and temperate regions (Britain, Jersey Cudweed). Var. 2, pallidum, differs only in the heads being pale brown instead, of bright yellow ; it is common in the plains and may occur in the Sutlej valley. — In the British form of this species the heads are pale yellow. 2. Gnaphalium hypoleucum, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 288. Stems robust, 12-24 in., pubescent near the base, woolly on the upper parts, * usually much branched. Leaves sessile, linear, l|-2^ xl in., long pointed ; upper surface green and rough, lower white and woolly ; basal lobes blunt. Simla, common ; September, October. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-7000 ft. — Nilghiris. — -E. Asia, N. Africa. 20. CbESULIA. From the Latin ccesullce , having blue eyes ; referring to the flowers. — India. Caesulia axillaris, Boxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 291. A glabrous, erect herb, 6-12 in. Leaves alternate, sessile, dilated at the base, narrowly lanceolate, 2-4xJ-|in., long-pointed; teeth small’ s 258 LII. COMPOSITE rather far apart. Heads compound, axillary, sessile, globose, in. diam., involucrate ; component heads numerous, crowded on a flat receptacle, each containing a single, blue-purple or white flower. Involucral bracts 2, opposite, embracing the flower, keeled and winged at the back, tips erect, free, acute ; pappus none ; corolla tubular, 5-lobed. Achenes flattened, margined, enclosed within and adnate to the involucral bracts. Sutlej valley, common in ricefields and marshy ground ; July-October. — N. India, ascending to 3000 ft. 21. INULA. The classical name of the Elecampane, I. Hele- nium. — Asia, Africa, Europe. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, toothed. Heads large and solitary, or small and in corymbs, radiate except I. Cappa. Involucral bracts unequal, narrow, rigid, leaf-like in I. grandiflora ; receptacle naked ; flowers yellow ; ray-flowers more than 20 ; pappus scanty, rough ; corolla of outer flowers ligulate, except I. Cappa , of inner tubular, 5-toothed. Achenes small, cylindric, silky. Heads radiate. Heads 2-2 J in. diam. Ligules narrow, f-1 in. long . 1 . 1. grandiflora. Heads in. diam. Ligules broad, short . . .3 . I. cuspidata. Heads discoid, ^ in. diam., sometimes with a few very short ligules . . . . . . . . 2. I. Cappa. 1. Inula grandiflora, Willd. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 294. Bristly hairy ; stems leafy, 12-18 in., simple or branched. Leaves sessile, dilated at the base, lanceolate, 2-3 xf in., glandular- toothed, fringed with long hairs. Heads 2-2 \ in. diam., solitary. Involu- cral bracts toothed, outer ones long, leaf -like, inner shorter, narrow ; ligules narrow, f-1 in. long, 3-toothed. Matiana ; September. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft. — W. Asia. Abundant on the Jalowri Pass. 2. Inula Cappa, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 295. Aromatic ; stems robust, 4-8 ft. ; branches and inflorescence tomentose. Leaves thick, shortly stalked, oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 X f-1 1 in. ; upper surface hairy, lower softly and densely silky ; teeth close- set, short. Heads very many, J in. diam., in numerous, crowded, rounded corymbs, not radiate or with few and very short ligules. Involucral bracts linear, rigid, acute, inner ones as long as the flowers, outer gradually shorter. Valleys below Simla ; September, October. — Simla to Bhotan, 4000-6000 ft. — E. Asia. 3. Inula cuspidata, C. B. Clarice ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 296. Stems 4-8 ft. ; branches slender, nearly glabrous. Leaves thin, stalked, ovate -lanceolate, 5x2 in., long-pointed; upper surface rough, LTI. COMPOSITE 259 lower thinly pubescent ; teeth numerous, small, sharp. Heads many, radiate, \ in. diam., on slender stalks crowded in broad, terminal corymbs. Involucral bracts linear, rigid, acute, inner ones as long as the flowers, outer shorter ; ligules short, broad, 2- or 3-toothed. (Fig. 78.) Simla, common ; September, October. — W. Himalaya, 4000-7000 ft. 22. VICOA. In honour of G. B. Vico, an Italian scientific author of the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth centuries. — Asia, Africa. Rough or softly hairy, erect herbs ; stems leafy, branched. Leaves alternate, stem-clasping, lobed at the base. Heads radiate, long-stalked. Involucral bracts many, inner ones as long as the disk-flowers, outer shorter ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers yellow ; pappus scanty ; ligules 1- or 2-toothed ; corolla of disk-flowers 5-lobed. Achenes small, cylindric, silky-pubescent. Roughly pubescent. Flowers orange-yellow. Ligules short, broad, recurved . . . . . . . . 1. V. auricula ta. Densely and softly hairy. Flowers bright yellow. Ligules long.fnarrow, spreading . . . . . . 2. F. vestita. 260 LII. COMPOSITES 1. Vicoa auriculata, Cass. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 297. Roughly pubescent ; stems rigid, slender, 1-3 ft., usually red. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2 X J in., toothed or entire, acute ; basal lobes blunt. Heads orange-yellow, J— J in. diani. Involucral bracts narrow, acute, tips erect or recurved ; ligules short, broad, recurved. Simla ; September, October.' — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. 2. Vicoa vestita, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 297. Densely and softly hairy ; stems 10-18 in. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 X|-l in., toothed ; basal lobes short, obtuse. Heads bright yellow, f-1 in. diam. Involucral bracts long, linear, fringed, tips recurved ; ligules long, narrow, spreading. Sutlej valley, in cornfields ; April. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Afghanistan.* 23. CARPESIUM. From carpesion, the Greek name of some aromatic plant. — Asia, Europe. Erect, branched herbs. Leaves alternate, lanceolate. Heads discoid. Involucral bracts many, outer ones green, more or less leaf-like, inner much shorter, dry, broad, oblong, obtuse ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers yellow ; pappus none ; corolla of outer flowers 3-toothed, of the inner slightly larger, 5-toothed. Achenes long, smooth, ribbed, tip shortly beaked, glandular. Heads |-1 in. diam., solitary, terminal, nodding . . 1. C. cernuum. Heads not more than in. diam. Heads few, solitary or in small clusters at the end of long, axillary stalks. Leaves broadly lanceolate . 2. C. trachelifolium. Heads numerous, axillary, nearly sessile or in axillary racemes. Leaves narrowly lanceolate . 3. C. nbrotanoides. ! 1. Carpesium cernuum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 300. Pubescent or shortly hairy ; stems 1-3 ft. Leaves lanceolate, 2-5 Xf-l| in., toothed, acute ; lower ones narrowed into a short, winged stalk, upper sessile. Heads |-1 in. diam., terminal, solitary, nodding ; several of the outer involucral bracts large, leaf -like. Simla, common in woods ; August-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000- 8000 ft. — Asia, Europe. The Simla plant is cernuum proprium of the FI. Br. Ind. Var. pedun- . culosum occurs at Mahasu ; it is distinguished by its large, ovate leaves all with winged stalks, and the long, stiff, leafless stalks of the heads. 2. Carpesium trachelifolium, Less. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 301. More or less covered with long, soft hairs ; stems 10-18 in. Lower leaves long-stalked, broadly lanceolate, 3 X 1| in., cordate, sinuate- toothed ; upper smaller, sessile, nearly entire. Heads few, not more than J in. diam., solitary or in small clusters at the end of long, axillary stalks. Valleys below Simla ; August. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-6000 ft LIT. COMPOSITE 261 3. Carpesium abrotanoides, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 301. Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stems 2-4 ft. ; branches long, slender, leafy. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, 4-8 X |-1| in., narrowed to both ends, entire. Heads numerous, inserted along the whole length of the branches, not more than \ in. diam., axillary, sessile or shortly stalked or crowded in short, erect, axillary racemes. Valleys below Simla, not common; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000 -6000 ft. — Asia, Europe. The flowers, which have a powerful odour, are used in Kashmir to dye silk. 24. ADENOCAULON. From the Greek aden , a gland, and caulos, a stem or stalk. — Himalaya, Japan, N. America. Adenocaulon bicolor, Hook. f. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 302. An erect herb, 1-3 ft. ; stems and branches covered with grey, cottony hairs. Leaves alternate, thin, orbicular, 2-4 in. across, cordate, sinuately angled and toothed, upper surface glabrous, lower white-tomen- tose : lower leaves on long, more or less winged stalks ; upper smaller, sessile. Heads discoid, J in. diam., in a loose panicle ; branches slender, viscidly glandular towards the end. Involucral bracts 5, green, spreading, reflexed in fruit ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers about 10, white or pale yellow, outer ones only fertile ; pappus none ; corolla 4- or 5-lobed. Achenes long, club-shaped, covered with stalked glands. Narkunda, in forest; August. — Simla to Sikkim, 6000-9000 ft. — W. Asia, JST.W. America. 25. XANTHIUM. From Xanthion, the Greek name of Xanthium Strumarium, derived from xanthos, yellow ; the ancients extracted a dye from the plant. — Native country un- certain ; now widely dispersed throughout tropical and temperate regions. A casual weed in S. England. Xanthium Strumarium, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 303. An erect, coarse herb, l|-3 ft., sometimes more. Leaves alternate, rough, long-stalked, cordate, lobed and toothed, triangular and about 2x1 in., or orbicular and 4 in. across. Heads 1-sexual, male and female on the same plant, combined in axillary or terminal clusters. Male heads uppermost, globose, | in. diam. ; involucral bracts few, short, narrow, in one series ; receptacle cylindric ; flowers numer- ous, crowded, each enclosed in a translucent scale ; pappus none ; corolla white or green, tubular, 5-toothed ; filaments united, anthers free ; ovary and style rudimentary or wanting. Female heads ovoid, \ in. long ; outer involucral bracts few, short, inner many, in one series, narrow, united, covered with hooked bristles and terminating in two strong, hooked beaks ; flowers 2 ; pappus and corolla none ; style -branches long, thread-like, protruding 262 LII. COMPOSITE from between the beaks. Achenes obovoid, thick, enclosed in the hardened, involucral bracts. Valleys below Simla, common near villages and roadsides ; April-N o vember . — Common throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Most tropical and tem- perate regions. A plant of anomalous structure. Native name chota datura. This species is naturalised in Australia, where it has become a troublesome weed, and the Government of Queensland has spent considerable sums in its attempted extirpation. 26. SIEGESBECKIA. In honour of Dr. J. G. Siegesbeck, a German botanist of the eighteenth century. — Tropical and sub- tropical regions. Siegesbeckia orientalis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 304. An erect herb, 1-3 ft., clothed with crisped hairs ; branches opposite, spreading. Leaves opposite, ovate or broadly triangular, 2-5 X 1 j-4 in. , coarsely toothed, acute or obtuse ; stalks winged. Heads radiate, J in. diam., in leafy panicles. Involucral bracts in two series, the outer five bracts spathulate, long, narrow, spreading, glandular-pubescent, inner ones shorter, erect ; receptacle flat, covered with small, concave scales ; flowers yellow, sometimes white ; pappus none ; ligules 2- or 3-lobed ; corolla of the inner flowers 3-5-lobed. Achenes curved, angled, blunt at the base. Simla, common ; September, October. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — All warm regions. 27. ECLIPTA. From the Greek ecleipo, to omit or leave out ; referring to the absence of the pappus. — Most tropical regions. Eclipta alba. Hassle. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 304. A slender, usually erect, roughly pubescent herb, 1-2 ft. Leaves very variable, opposite, sessile, narrowly lanceolate, 2-3 X J-f in., toothed or nearly entire. Heads radiate, in. diam., terminal on erect stalks. Involucral bracts leaf -like, outer larger ; receptacle flat, covered with broad, folded scales each enclosing several flowers ; flowers white ; pappus of 2-5 minute teeth ; ligules 2-toothed or entire ; corolla of the inner flowers 4-5-lobed. Achenes narrowly oblong, ribbed, tipped with the pappus teeth. Valleys below Simla, in ricefields or marshy ground ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — All warm regions. 28. SCLEROCARPUS. From the Greek scleros, hard, and carpos, fruit. — Asia, Africa, tropical America. Sclerocarpus africanus, Jacq. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 305. An erect, roughly pubescent herb, 1-2 ft. Leaves lower usually opposite, LII. COMPOSITE 263 upper alternate, ovate, 2JxlJ in., narrowed into a short stalk, acutely toothed. Heads radiate, J-J in. diam., at the ends or in the forks of the branches. Involucral bracts few, leaf -like, outer spreading ; receptacle convex, covered with large, ribbed scales enfolding the lower half of the fertile disk-flowers ; flowers yellow ; pappus none ; ligules broad, spreading, notched ; corolla of the disk-flowers 3-5-toothed. Achenes curved, ribbed, enclosed in the hardened, pointed scales. Valleys below Simla, in cornfields ; July, August. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Tropical Africa. 29. BLAINVILLEA. In honour of D. de Blainville, a French zoologist of the nineteenth century. — Nearly all tropical regions. Blainvillea latifolia, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 305. A stiff, roughly pubescent, erect herb, 1-2 ft. Leaves lower opposite, upper alternate, ovate or triangular, 3x2J in., toothed. Heads radiate, in. diam., terminal at the end of branches or axillary and nearly sessile. Involucral bracts few, outer ones broad, leaf- like, inner gradually passing into scales ; receptacle covered with rigid, concave scales each embracing a flower ; flowers yellow or white ; pappus of 2-5 unequal bristles united in a short ring ; ligules small, 2- or 3-toothed ; corolla of the disk-flowers 5-lobed. Achenes 3-angled, inner ones often flattened, each enclosed in a scale. Below Sipi, usually in cornfields, not common ; August. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — All tropical regions. 30. SPILANTHES. From the Greek spilos, a spot or stain, and anthos, a flower ; referring to the dark-coloured pollen. — Most tropical regions, chiefly America. *Spilanthes Acmella, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 307. An annual herb, more or less pubescent, sometimes hairy ; stems 1-2 ft., usually decumbent near the base. Leaves opposite, stalked, ovate-lanceolate, about 2xlJ in., toothed or entire. Heads discoid or radiate, conical, J-£ in. long, solitary on long stalks. Involucral bracts green, lanceolate, in 2 series ; receptacle narrowly conical, covered with concave scales each enclosing the lower part of a flower ; flowers white or yellow, mostly 2-sexual or the outer female and shortly rayed ; pappus none or 1 or 2 bristles ; corolla bell-shaped, lobes 4, spreading. Achenes flattened, each enclosed in a scale. Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. ; May-October. — All warm regions. 31. BIDENS. The Latin for 2 -toothed ; referring to the pappus. — Nearly all temperate and warm regions ; most abundant in America. 264 LII. COMPOSITE Erect herbs ; stems robust, J-3 ft., usually glabrous near the base, pubescent upwards. Leaves opposite, stalked. Heads radiate, except B. tripartita , corymbose. Involucral bracts in 2 or 3 series, united near the base, outer ones green, inner membranous ; receptacle covered with narrow, flat scales nearly as long as the yellow flowers ; pappus of 2 or 3 erect, stiff, barbed bristles ; ligules white or yellow, 2-3-toothed, spreading ; corolla-tube of disk-flowers narrow, dilated at the top, 5-toothed. Achenes wedge-shaped or linear, | in. long including the pappus. Heads discoid. Leaves digitately 3-lobed . . . 1. B. tripartita. Heads radiate. Leaves 1 -pinnate. Ligules white . . . 2. B. pilosa. Leaves 2-pinnate. Ligules yellow . . . . 3. B. Wallickii. *1. Bidens tripartita, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 309. Leaves 2J-4 in., digitately 3-5-lobed ; lobes lanceolate, toothed, end one longest. Heads discoid, § in. diam., on short, erect stalks. Outer involucral bracts leaf -like, longer than the flowers, tips dilated. Achenes wedge-shaped, barbed along the ribs, pappus of usually two bristles. Temperate Himalaya, in marshes, 3000-5000 ft. ; August-October. — - N. Africa, N. America, Europe (Britain, Bur-Marigold). 2. Bidens pilosa, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 309, under var. 1, pilosa proper. Leaves 3-5 in., 1 -pinnate ; leaflets 3-5, ovate, toothed. Heads radiate, J-J in. diam., on long, thick, diverging stalks ; ligules white ; pappus of usually three barbed bristles. Achenes linear, rough. Valleys below Simla ; September, October. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — All warm countries. 3. Bidens Walliehii, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 309, under var. 2, bipinnata of B. pilosa. Leaves 3-6 in., 2-pinnate ; segments variously cut and lobed. Heads radiate, J-J in. diam., on long, slender, diverging stalks ; ligules yellow ; pappus of usually 3 bristles. Achenes linear, rough. Simla, common ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 8000 ft. — Burmah, China. 32. GALINSOGA. In honour of M. M. de Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist of the eighteenth century. — Tropical America ; introduced in India. Galinsoga parviflora, Cav. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 311. An erect herb ; stems weak, 6-18 in., usually smooth towards the base, roughly hairy upwards. Leaves opposite, stalked, ovate-lance- olate, 1-2^ in., more or less toothed. Heads radiate, J in. diam , on slender stalks. Involucral bracts few, broad, green, smooth ; LII. COMPOSITE 265 receptacle conical, covered with small, lanceolate, 3-toothed scales ; pappus of about 15 spathulate, fringed scales ; ligules few, white, very short, notched ; disk-flowers yellow ; corolla 5-toothed. Achenes angled, roughly pubescent, crowned with the pappus scales. Simla, common near houses ; January-December. — Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. ; introduced from America. Naturalised in a few localities in England. 33. ACHILLEA. From Achilleos, the classical name of A. Millefolium ; in honour of the mythical hero Achilles. — N. temperate regions. Achillea Millefolium, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 312. An erect, pubescent herb ; stems 6-24 in., leafy, grooved. Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, 2-4xJ-§ in., 3-pinnatisect ; segments linear, acute ; radical leaves stalked, upper sessile. Heads radiate, J in. diam., crowded in compound corymbs. Involucral bracts few, erect, outer ones shorter ; receptacle flat, covered with thin, oblong scales nearly as long as the flowers ; flowers white or pale pink ; pappus none ; ligules rounded, reflexed ; corolla of disk-flowers 5-lobed. Achenes oblong, flattened, shining. Mahasu, Huttoo ; August-October. — W. Himalaya, 6000-9000 ft. — N. Asia, N. America, Europe (Britain, Milfoil). 34. TANACETUM. Origin of name doubtful ; said to be altered from the Greek athanasia, immortality, referring to the persistent flowers. — N. temperate regions. Strong-scented, erect herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnatisect ; segments linear. Heads discoid, numerous, in terminal corymbs. Involucral bracts many, erect, margins coloured, outermost linear ; receptacle convex, naked ; flowers yellow ; pappus none ; corolla 5-toothed. Achenes smooth, 5-ribbed. Leaves f— f in. Involucral bracts woolly. Flowers orange- yellow . . . . . . . . 1. T. nubigenum. Leaves (radical) 6-18 in. Involucral bracts hairy. Flowers bright yellow . . . . . . . . 2. T. longifolium . 1. Tanacetum nubigenum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 318. Hoary ; stems tufted, 12 in., densely leafy in the upper part. Leaves J-J in., sessile. Heads nearly J in. diam., orange-yellow. Involucral bracts woolly. Shali ; September, October. — Simla to Sikkim, 9000-12,000 ft. 2. Tanacetum longifolium, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 320. Hairy ; stems 6-18 in., leafy and densely hairy towards the top. Leaves 6-18 in., mostly radical, far overtopping the flowers. 266 LIL COMPOSITE Heads several, | in. diam., corymbs crowded. Involucral bracts hairy ; flowers bright yellow. Huttoo, the Chor; September, October. — W. Himalaya, 10,000-13,000 ft. 35. ARTEMISIA. The classical name of some species of the genus ; Artemis was the Greek Diana. — N. temperate regions. Erect, more or less aromatic, shrub-like herbs ; stems grooved, usually much-branched. Leaves stalked or sessile, alternate, wedge-shaped or pinnately lobed or divided, bearing at the base close to the stem a pair of small, leaf -like lobes. Heads numerous, discoid, very small, globose, J in. diam. or less, in simple or com- pound racemes forming long, terminal, leafy panicles. Involu- cral bracts few, hairy or pubescent, scarious or with scarious margins, shining, outer ones shorter than the inner ; receptacle naked or , hairy ; flowers few, tinged with green, yellow or purple ; pappus none ; corolla of the outer flowers very slender, 2- or 3 -toothed, of the inner larger, 5-toothed. Achenes minute. A. maritima, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 323 (a British species), is common on the arid, inner ranges and in Afghanistan, but does not occur near Simla. It is distinguished by its short, white-tomentose, 2-pinnatisect leaves with linear segments. The ‘ Wormwood ’ of Britain, A. Absinthium , extends to N. Asia but not to the east of Kashmir. Leaves wedge-shaped ; tip toothed or lobed . . .1. A. parviflora. Leaves pinnately lobed or divided. Leaf-segments thread-like . . . . . . 2. A. scoparia. Leaf- segments broad or narrow, never thread-like. Ultimate leaf-segments and wing of rachis entire or nearly so . . . . . . . 3. A. vulgaris. Ultimate leaf-segments and wing of rachis closely pinnatifid . . . . . . . . 4. A. vestita. 1. Artemisia parviflora, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 322. Hairy or nearly glabrous ; stems 1-3 ft. Lower leaves sessile, wedge- shaped or obovate-oblong, 1-3 in., lateral margins usually entire, tip broad, toothed or lobed. Floral leaves similar, smaller, often lobed nearly to the base, sometimes lanceolate. Simla, common ; September, October. — Hilly districts throughout India, 3000-10,000 ft. 2. Artemisia scoparia, Waldst. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 323. Glabrous or nearly so ; stems slender, 1-2 ft., much branched. Leaves stalked or nearly sessile, 2-3-pinnatisect, 1-3 in. long ; segments thread-like. Floral leaves simple, linear, short. Heads very numerous, minute, nodding. Valleys below Simla ; September, October. — N. India, ascending to 5000 ft. 3. Artemisia vulgaris, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 325, including A. glauca, Pall., and A. Roxburglniana, Besser ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 322 and 326. Hairy or tomentose ; stems shrub-like, much LII. COMPOSITE 267 branched, 3-6 ft. Lower leaves 1-3-pinnately lobed or 1-3- pinnatifid, 1-3 in. long ; ultimate segments narrow or rather broad, entire or nearly so, acute or obtuse ; upper surface pubescent or hairy, lower tomentose or densely hairy, white-grey or brown ; leaf-rachis winged, wings entire or nearly so. Floral leaves 3-lobed nearly to the base or lanceolate. Simla, common ; August-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 12,000 ft. — Temperate Asia, Europe (Britain, Mug wort). 4. Artemisia vestita, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 326. Hoary- pubescent ; stems 1-4 ft. ; branches usually few and short. Leaves fern-like, 2-pinnate, 1-3 in. long ; ultimate segments narrowly oblong, closely pinnatifid, lobes acute ; upper surface dark green, pubescent, lower white-tomentose ; leaf-rachis winged, wings closely pinnatifid, segments uniform, acute, comb -like. Floral leaves similar, smaller. (Fig. 79.) Simla, common on the Downs ; September, October. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-10,000 ft. — Afghanistan, N. China. 268 LII. COMPOSITE 36. GYNURA. From the Greek gyne, a woman, and ouros , a tail ; referring to the long style-arms. — Warm regions of Asia, Africa and Australia. Gynura angulosa, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 334. A robust, succulent, glabrous herb ; stems erect, branched, 3-10 ft. Leaves alternate, sessile, lanceolate or oblong, 6-12 in. ; lower some- times 2 ft., irregularly toothed, long-pointed ; upper ones broadly lobed at the base. Heads discoid, |-| in. long, in terminal, bracteate corymbs. Involucral bracts 10-12, in one series, narrow, equal, margins scarious ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers orange-yellow ; pappus white, copious ; corolla slender, 5-toothed ; style-arms very long. Achenes ribbed. Valleys below Simla, not common ; September, October. — Hilly districts throughout India, ascending to 7000 ft. 37. EMILIA. Origin of name unknown. — India, tropical Africa. Emilia sonchifolia, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 336. An erect, glabrous herb, 10-24 in. Radical leaves spreading, usually stalked, more or less pinnatifid, 2-4 in. ; lobes entire or coarsely toothed, terminal lobe much the largest. Stem-leaves few, alter- nate, similar to the radical or lanceolate or ovate, 1-4 in., sessile or stalked, base often lobed, stem- clasping. Heads discoid, in. long, long-stalked, corymbose. Involucral bracts in one series, narrow, equal, edges often more or less united, reflexed in fruit ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers purple ; pappus white, copious ; corolla slender, 5-toothed ; tips of style-arms minutely conical. Achenes 5-angled, angles bristly. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 0000 ft. — Asia, Africa. 38. SENECIO. From the Latin senex, an old man, referring to the white pappus. — Cold and temperate regions. Erect herbs, sometimes of a shrubby habit. Leaves alternate. Heads radiate (ligules sometimes inconspicuous), in corymbs or short racemes forming terminal panicles. Involucral bracts in one series, equal, narrow, erect, a few smaller ones at the base ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers yellow ; pappus white, soft, copious ; ligules short or long, entire or toothed ; corolla of disk- flowers 5-toothed ; style-arms obtuse, tips minutely hairy. Achenes nearly cylindric, ribbed. The two following species are common on the Chor at about 11,000 ft. : S. amplexicaulis, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 348. Glabrous ; stems 2-5 ft., very thick. Leaves large, kidney- or halberd-shaped, regularly toothed ; stalks of the upper leaves with a broad, stem -sheathing wing. Heads many-flowered, crowded in racemes ; ligules very long. LII. COMPOSITE 269 S, Kunthianus, Wall. : FI. Br. Ind. iii. 354. Stems slender, ieafj% 18-24 in. Leaves lanceolate, toothed ; lower surface white-tomentose. Heads many- flowered, in broad, terminal corymbs. Heads 4-10-flowered. Leaves pinnately lobed . Leaves ovate. Leaf-stalks winged Leaf-stalks naked Heads many-flowered. Leaves pinnately lobed . Leaves ovate or spathulate . 1. S. gmciliflorus, . 4. S. alatus. . 5. S. rufinervis. . 2. S. chrysanthemoides. . 3. S. nudicaulis. 1. Senecio graciliflorus, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 338. Glabrous ; stems 2-6 ft., grooved. Leaves thin, stalked, not lobed at the base, long-pointed, 4-6 X 2-4 in., pinnately divided into oblong, acute, coarsely toothed segments ; uppermost leaves narrow or linear, sessile. Heads numerous, often drooping, narrowly cylindric, J in. long, 5-8-flowered, in small clusters forming terminal corymbs. Involucral bracts 5-7, linear ; ray-flowers 2- 5, inconspicuous ; ligules deeply toothed. Mahasu, Narkunda, in forest ; August, September. — Temperate Himalava, 8000-13,000 ft. 2. Senecio chrysanthemoides, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 339. Glabrous or nearly so towards the base, pubescent upwards ; stems 2-6 ft., robust, finely grooved. Lower leaves 6-9 x3-4 in., pinnately divided into broad, toothed lobes ; terminal lobe much the largest, ovate, irregularly lobed and toothed ; basal lobes lobed and toothed, stem-clasping. Upper leaves sessile, usually smaller and narrower ; lobes more numerous. Leaves often purple on the lower surface. Heads numerous, | in. diam., many- flowered, in large, spreading, terminal corymbs. Involucral bracts 10-12, oblong, acute ; ray-flowers 8-12, conspicuous ; ligules 3- toothed. Simla, Mahasu, common ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-13,000 ft. 3. Senecio nudicaulis, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 340, Stems glabrous, 12-24 in., grooved. Leaves nearly smooth on the upper surface, white- or purple-tomentose on the lower, obovate or spathulate, 2-3 in., crenate or sharply toothed ; radical leaves spreading, narrowed into a winged stalk ; stem-leaves few, •distant, sessile, basal lobes stem-clasping. Heads | in. diam., many-flowered, in terminal corymbs. Involucral bracts 10-14, ovate, pointed, 3-nerved along the centre, margins broad, scarious ; ligules conspicuous, long, narrow, 3-toothed. Simla, common, on dry slopes ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000- io,oooft. . 4. Senecio alatus, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 358. Stems thick and hairy, often shaggy towards the base, 1-4 ft. Leaves 270 LII. COMPOSITE pubescent, ovate, 6-12 x4-6 in., long-pointed, cordate, irregularly sinuate-toothed, long-pointed ; stalks broadly winged. Heads slender, cylindric, shortly stalked, in. long, 4-6-flowered, in short racemes forming large, terminal panicles. Involucral bracts 4-7, linear, obtuse, pubescent ; ray-flowers 1-2 ; ligules very short, entire, inconspicuous. Narkunda, common ; August, September. — Simla to Sikkim, 7000-9000 ft. 5. Senecio rufinervis, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 355. Tall, shrub-like ; stems, branches and inflorescence tomentose. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, 5-8 X2-4 in., long-pointed, sharply toothed ; lower surface white -tomentose except the red nerves. Heads numerous, slender, J in. long, 6-10-flowered, in small, rounded corymbs. Involucral bracts 5-8, much shorter than the flowers ; ray-flowers 2-5 ; ligules broad, conspicuous, minutely 3-toothed. Simla, Mahasu, common in forest ; August, September. Simla to Kumaon, 6000-8000 ft. 39. ECHINOPS. From the Greek echinos, a hedgehog, and opsis, appearance ; referring to the spinous involucral bracts. — Asia, Africa, S. Europe. Tall, erect, thistle-like herbs ; stems, branches and lower surface of leaves densely white-cottony. ■ Leaves alternate, pinnatifid, spiny. Heads compound, terminal, solitary, globose, l|-3 in. diam. ; component heads numerous, crowded, each con- taining a single pale blue or white flower. Involucral bracts in several series, outermost of coarse hairs or of narrow, spine-tipped bracts, intermediate of spathulate, spine-tipped bracts, one of the spines often prolonged beyond the flowers, innermost of united bracts enclosing the ovary and lower part of the corolla-tube ; pappus a ring of short bristles ; corolla tubular, deeply lobed. Achenes long, hairy, crowned with the pappus. E. echinatus, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 358, is common in the plains and may occur in the hills below 3000 ft. ; the leaves and outer involucral bracts resemble those of E. cornigerus, but the heads are only 1-1| in. diam., always white, and with several long, projecting spines. Several species of Echinops are in cultivation and are known as Globe Thistles. Outer involucral bracts numerous, soft, hair-like. Leaf- lobes broad 1. E. cornigerus. Outer involucral bracts few, spathulate, spine-tipped. Leaf- lobes linear . . . . . . . . 2. E. niveus. 1. Echinops cornigerus, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 358. Leaves 4-8 in., pinnately divided into broad, flat, lobed and toothed, spiny segments ; upper surface cobwebby. Heads 2|-3 in. diam., with or without projecting spines. Outer involucral bracts numerous, soft, coarse, hair-like, about § in. long. Simla, common ; August, September. — W. Himalaya, 6000-9000 ft. LIT. COMPOSITE 271 2. Echinops niveus, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 359. Leaves 3-8 in., pinnately divided into numerous, linear, spiny segments, margins recurved. Heads l|-3 in. diam,, usually without pro- jecting spines. Outer involucral bracts few, narrow, spathulate, spine-tipped. (Fig. 80.) Simla, common ; August, September. — W. Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. 40. ARCTIUM. From the Greek arctos, a bear : referring to the rough, coarse appearance of the plants. — Asia, Europe. Arctium Lappa, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 359. An erect, coarse, rough herb, 2-4 ft. Leaves radical and alternate, stalked, broadly ovate, 3-12 in. across, cordate, sinuate-toothed ; lower surface hoary or white-cottony. Heads discoid, globose, f-1^ in. diam.} 272 LII. COMPOSITE in terminal clusters. Involucral bracts many, upper half spread- ing, tips rigid, hooked ; receptacle flat, densely bristly ; flowers purple ; pappus copious, short, minutely barbed ; corolla-tube long, 5-lobed ; style white, arms united. Achenes large, glabrous, angled, finely ribbed. Narkunda ; September. — W. Himalaya, 6000-9000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain, Burdock). 41. CARDUUS. The classical name of a Thistle or thistle-like plant ; etymology doubtful. — Asia, N. Africa, Europe. Carduus nutans, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 361. An erect, robust, rough herb ; stems 1-4 ft., winged, grooved. Leaves alternate, oblong, 6-12 in., sessile, continued down the stem in interrupted, spinous wings, pinnately lobed ; margins sinuate, spiny. Heads discoid, f-l| in. diam., ovoid or globose, solitary or clustered, drooping. Involucral bracts many, tips spinous, spreading or reflexed ; receptacle flat, densely bristly ; flowers crimson ; pappus copious, long, rough, united at the base into a ring ; corolla-tube long, deeply 5-lobed. Achenes glabrous, obtusely 4-angled ; pappus soon falling off. Simla, Narkunda, in fields ; July-October. — W. Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. — W. Asia, N. Africa, Europe (Britain, Musk Thistle). 42. CNICUS. From knekos, the Greek name of various kinds of Thistle and thistle-like plants. — N. temperate regions. Erect, rough herbs ; stems robust, not winged. Leaves alternate, prickly or spiny. Heads discoid. Involucral bracts many, spine-tipped, the outer ones leaf-like ; receptacle flat, densely bristly ; flowers dingy purple or yellow, varying to white ; pappus long, copious, feathery, united at the base ; corolla deeply 5-lobed, tube long. Achenes glabrous, obtusely 4-angled, pappus soon falling off. Flowers dingy purple . . . . , .1. 0. arvensis. Flowers pale yellow or white. Leaf-margins uniformly beset with long, rigid spines. Tips of inner involucral bracts not dilated . 2. G. cirgyracantlius. Leaf-margins spiny, but the long spines confined to the end of the lobes. Tips of inner involucral bracts dilated . . . . . . .3 . G. Wallichii. 1. Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 362. Rootstock creeping ; stems numerous, 2-4 ft., upper parts cobwebby-tomen- tose. Leaves sessile, oblong, 3-6xf-l in., sinuate or pinnatifid, spinous ; upper surface pale, rough, lower white-tomentose. Heads 1 -sexual, male and female on different plants, solitary or clustered or corymbose. Male heads globose, J-l in. diam, ; LII. COMPOSITE 273 female ovoid, longer. Involucral bracts many ; outer ones ovate or triangular, shortly spine-tipped ; inner longer, tips undulate, recurved ; innermost linear-lanceolate ; flowers dingy purple ; pappus brown. Valleys below Simla, in fields ; March-May. — N. India, ascending to 5000 ft. - — W. Asia, Europe (Britain). 2. Cnicus argyracanthus, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 362. Stems robust, branched, grooved, 3-6 ft., rough or cottony. Leaves green and nearly glabrous on both surfaces, irregularly pinnately lobed, margins densely beset with long, rigid spines : radical leaves stalked, 10-24 X 1-1 £ in. ; stem-leaves shorter, sessile, basal lobes broad. Heads numerous, globose, f-l in. diam., sessile or shortly stalked, crowded in terminal clusters. Outer involucral bracts ending in long, rigid, erect or spreading spines ; innermost linear, long-pointed ; flowers pale yellow or white ; pappus nearly white. Simla, Eagoo, common ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000- 9000 ft. 3. Cnicus Wallichii, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 363. Stems robust, branched, grooved, roughly hairy or glabrous, 4-10 ft. Leaves glabrous or the lower surface white-cottony, sessile, more or less lobed at the base, 4-6 xf— 1£ in., irregularly pinnately lobed ; margins spiny, the longer spines few and confined to the ends of the lobes. Heads £-l£ in. diam. Outer involucral bracts narrow, ending in long, rigid, spreading spines ; tips of the inner bracts dilated ; flowers dull yellow ; pappus brown or dirty white. Simla, in fields ; July-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. Two of the six varieties into which this species has been divided in the Ft . Br. Ind. occur in or near Simla, viz. : Var. 2 , cernuus. Leaves white-cottony on the lower surface. Heads ^-f in. diam., on long, nearly leafless stalks. Var. 3, glahratus. Leaves nearly glabrous on the lower surface. Heads 1-1 \ in. diam., sessile or shortly stalked, clustered. 43. SAUSSUREA. In honour of H. B. and T. de Saussure, father and son, the former a botanist, celebrated for his investiga- tions of the Flora of the Alps ; the latter equally celebrated as a chemist and physicist. — Mountains in N. temperate regions. Erect herbs. Leaves radical and alternate, not prickly, usually more or less pinnately lobed ; upper surface glabrous, rough, lower white-tomentose. Heads discoid. Involucral bracts many, erect, not spiny but the tips usually rigid and sharp, inner ones narrower and longer than the outer ; receptacle densely bristly ; flowers dark purple or pale red ; pappus in one series, feathery, flattened and united at the base ; corolla slender, deeply 5-lobed. Achenes oblong, 4-ribbed, wrinkled, pappus soon falling off leaving a shallow cup surrounding the base of the style. 274 LII. COMPOSITE Flowers dark purple. Stems 1-6 in. Heads flat, |-1 in. diam. Stems 2-5 ft. Heads globose, lf-2 in. diam. . Flowers pale red. Heads broad, §-l| in. diam., many-flowered Heads narrow, l in. diam., 5- or 6-flowered 3. 8. taraxacifolia. 4. S. hypoleuca. 2. S. candicans. 3. S. albescens. 1. Saussurea taraxacifolia, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 368. Stems cottony, erect, 1-6 in., base covered with the withered remains of old leaf -stalks. Leaves mostly radical, spreading, shortly stalked, 4-8 X|-l in., pinnatifid ; lobes triangular, acute, all pointing down- wards like the lobes of a Dandelion leaf ; upper surface green, glabrous, lower white-tomentose. Heads solitary, J-l in. diam. Involucral bracts not spine-tipped ; flowers dark purple. Huttoo ; August-October. — Simla to Sikkim, 10,000-15,000 ft. 2. Saussurea candicans, C. B. Clarice ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 373. Stems cottony, erect, 1-5 ft., often branching near the top. Radical leaves oblong or obovate, narrowed into a short stalk, 1-6XJ-1J in., entire or sinuate, pinnately lobed near the base ; upper surface rough, lower white-tomentose. Stem-leaves usually few, sessile, lanceolate, usually smaller than the radical leaves. Heads f-lj in. diam., long-stalked, solitary or corymbose. Involucral bracts rigid, sharp ; flowers pale red. Simla, common ; April-June. — N. India, ascending to 7000 ft. — Afghanistan. 3. Saussurea albescens, Hook. f. & Thoms. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 374. Stems cottony, slender, erect, leafy, 6-10 ft., branching near the top. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 4-12 in., entire, toothed or more or less pinnately lobed ; upper surface rough, lower white- tomentose. Heads erect, narrow, J-f in. long, 5- or 6-flowered in long-stalked corymbs. Involucral bracts rigid, tinged with purple ; flowers pale red. Fagoo, Matiana, Shali ; September, October. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000- 10,000 ft. 4. Saussurea hypoleuca, Spreng. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 374. Stems pubescent or glabrous, erect, leafy, 2-5 ft., simple or branching near the top. Radical leaves narrow, 6-10 in., pinnatifid ; lateral lobes pointing downwards, terminal lobe much larger, oblong. Stem-leaves 3-8 in., pinnately lobed ; lateral lobes 2-4 pairs, oblong, less than 1 in. long, terminal lobe triangular, acute, 2-4 X 1-3 in., toothed or sinuate; upper surface rough, lower white-tomentose. Heads solitary, globose, l|-2 in. diam., nodding. Involucral bracts rigid, purple ; flowers dark purple. Huttoo; August-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-13,000 ft. 44. SERRATULA. From the Latin serrula, a small saw ; referring to the toothed leaves of some species. — N. temperate regions, Africa. LII. COMPOSITE 275 Serratula pallida, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 379. A rough, erect, perennial herb ; stems 1-3 ft., simple or branched. Leaves chiefly radical, stalked, variable in shape and size, broadly ovate or oblong, 3-12x2-6 in. and toothed, or 1-6 in. long and deeply pinnately lobed ; stem-leaves few or none. Heads discoid, 1-1| in. diam., solitary on a long, thick stalk. Involucral bracts many, erect* glabrous, acute but not spine-tipped ; inner ones long, narrow, outer shorter and broader ; receptacle bristly ; flowers purple ; pappus in several series, rigid, minutely barbed, innermost series longer than the corolla- tube, outer very short ; corolla deeply 5- lobed. Achenes oblong, smooth, flattened, obscurely ribbed. (Fig. 81.) Simla, common ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 6000-8000 ft. v 45. TRICHOLEPIS. From the Greek thrix , trichos, a hair, and lepis, a scale ; referring to the finely pointed involucral bracts - — India, Afghanistan. 276 LII. COMPOSITE Tricholepis elongata, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 380. A rough, perennial herb ; stems erect, 2-5 ft., diverging in several long, straight branches nearly leafless towards the end. Leaves alternate, variable in shape and size, lanceolate or oblong, 2-4 xf-2 in., and toothed, or ovate and pinnately lobed near the base, 4 X 1|- in., or pinnately divided throughout into long or short, entire or toothed lobes ; the different forms being sometimes seen on the same plant. Heads discoid, |-1 J in. diam., solitary at the end of branches. Involucral bracts many, erect, very narrow, with a long, recurved or twisted, needle- or hair-like point ; receptacle densely bristly ; flowers pale yellow ; pappus copious, rigid, minutely barbed, inner series nearly as long as the corolla, outer very short ; corolla-tube slender, 5-lobed. Achenes smooth. Simla, common ; August, September. — W. Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. 46. CARTHAMUS. Derived from the Arabic qurtom, to paint ; a red dye is obtained from the flowers. — S. Europe, W. Asia. Carthamus tinctorius, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 386. A glabrous, erect, thistle-like herb, 1^ ft. Leaves alternate, stiff, sessile, lanceo- late, lf-3 X|-l J in. ; teeth spinous. Heads discoid, |-1 in. diam., terminal. Involucral bracts many, spinous, erect, outer ones leaf -like, inner narrow ; receptacle flat, densely bristly ; flowers orange-red ; pappus none ; corolla-tube slender, deeply 5-lobed. Achenes glabrous, 4-angled. Cultivated throughout India for the dye obtained from the flowers and the oil from the seeds. Occasionally found as an escape near villages. June- September. — Native name Kusumbh. The Safflower or Bastard Saffron ; not known in a wild state. 47. AINSLI7EA, In honour of Dr. Whitelaw Ainslie, author of * Materia Indica/ 1826. — Himalaya, China, Japan. Erect, perennial herbs of singular habit. Leaves alternate, chiefly radical. Heads discoid, sessile or nearly so, narrow, f-lj in. long, in clusters or spikes. Involucral bracts many, erect, glabrous, rigid, acute, inner ones long, outer shorter ; flowers 1-4, usually 3 in a head, white or tinged with pink ; pappus feathery ; corolla-tube slender, limb slightly 2-lipped, lobes 5, long, narrow, unequal. Achenes hairy. Leaf -stalks not winged. Heads in small clusters . .1. A. aptera. Leaf-stalks winged. Heads in spikes . . . 2. A. pteropoda. 1. Ainslisea aptera, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 388. In March and April the slender, leafless stems, 1-4 ft. high, bear numerous heads in small clusters ; after fruiting the stems decay and in most cases disappear. In June the rootstock produces several long-stalked, broadly triangular, ovate or orbicular leaves about 4x4-| in. LII. COMPOSITE 277 cordate, sinuate-toothed and roughly pubescent or silky. During the rains, July to September, a new stem is thrown up bearing leaves, numerous closed heads and small buds. Towards the end of October most or all of the heads open out and shed an abund- ance of seeds, but without having exhibited flowers as in the spring. Fig. 82. Ainslijea aptera. During the winter the leaves drop off, and in the spring the buds produce perfect flowers. The plant is an example of cleistogamy, see Violacece, p. 39. The cleistogamic flowers of the October heads have small, closed corollas concealed in the pappus and containing the anthers and style. (Fig. 82.) Simla, Mahasu, in woods, common ; March, April. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-8000 ft. Sometimes called Aaron’s Rod. 2. Ainslisea pteropoda, DO. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 388. Habit and characters of A. aptera except that the stems are only 1-2 ft., the radical leaves are usually present on winged stalks, silky, 278 LII. COMPOSITE ovate. 2xl| in., finely toothed; and the heads are in spikes, rarely clustered. Valleys below Simla ; March, April. — Simla to Bhotan, 5000-6000 ft. — Burmah. 48. GERBERA. In honour of T. Gerber, a German naturalist and traveller of the eighteenth century. — Asia, Africa. Herbs. Leaves all radical, glabrous on the upper surface, white-tomentose on the lower. Heads radiate, solitary on long, erect, leafless stalks. Involucral bracts many, erect, the inner- most slightly longer than the pappus, the outer gradually shorter ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers white ; pappus copious ; corolla- tube slender, limb 2 -lipped ; lobes of the ray-flowers very unequal, outer ones long, spreading, 3-toothed, inner much shorter, bifid ; lobes of the disk-flowers nearly equal, outer ones 3-4-toothed, LII. COMPOSITE 279 inner bifid or entire ; style-arms obtuse. Achenes rough, flattened, ribbed, narrowed at the tip. In volucral bracts woolly outside. Pappus rough . .1. G. lanuginosa. Involucral bracts glabrous outside. Pappus smooth . .2 . G, Kunzeana. 1. Gerbera lanuginosa, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 390. Leaves lanceolate, 2|-6x§-3 in., often pinnately lobed near the base, entire, minutely toothed or sinuately lobed, sessile or stalked ; stalks winged at the top, silky at the base. Heads 1-2 in. diam. ; stalks 6-12 in., cottony or naked or with a few minute, scattered bracts. Involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, acute, white- woolly outside ; flowers often tinged with pink ; pappus white, rough with minute barbs. Achenes slightly hairy. (Fig. 83.) Simla, common on dry slopes ; May-October. — W. Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. The white coating on the leaves is used for making cloth, also as tinder, and to staunch wounds, etc., by the natives. 2. Gerbera Kunzeana, Braun ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 390. Habit of the preceding species, but the heads are cylindric and only in. diam., and their stalks bear numerous long, thread-like bracts. Involucral bracts broadly lanceolate, glabrous ; pappus brown, smooth ; corolla of disk-flowers sometimes 5-toothed instead of 2-tipped. Achenes hairy. Huttoo, not common ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000- 12,000 ft. 49. CICHORIUM. The classical name of the Succory or Endive, G. Endivia ; etymology obscure. — Temperate regions of the Old World. Cichorium Intybus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 391. An erect, usually rough and more or less glandular, perennial herb ; juice milky ; stems 1-3 ft., angled or grooved ; branches tough, rigid, spreading. Radical and lower leaves 3-6 in., pinnatifid, lobes toothed, pointing downwards ; upper leaves alternate, small, entire. Heads ligulate, 1-1J in. diam., terminal and solitary or axillary and clustered, sessile or on short, thick stalks. Involucre of about 8 inner bracts and a few outer smaller ones, all leaf -like with concave bases ; receptacle flat, usually bristly ; flowers bright blue ; pappus of 1 or 2 series of short, blunt, erect scales ; ligules very long, spreading, 5-toothed ; style-arms long. Achenes smooth, angled, crowned with the ring of pappus scales. Simla, Boileaugunge, in fields ; August, September. — N.W. India, ascending to 6000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain, Wild Chicory). The Endive is supposed to be a cultivated form of this species. 50. PICRIS. From the Greek pier os, bitter, referring to its qualities. — N. Asia, N. Africa, Europe. 280 LII. COMPOSITE *Picris hieracioides, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 393. A herb, rough with stiff, hooked hairs ; stems erect, 1-4 ft., robust, branched ; juice milky. Leaves alternate, narrowly lanceolate, 3-8 in. : lower ones stalked, sinuate-toothed ; upper smaller, stem- clasping, usually entire. Heads numerous, corymbose or panicu- late, ligulate, ^-| in. diam. , on bracteate stalks. Involucral bracts narrow, black-hairy, inner ones equal, in one series, outer many, shorter, spreading ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers yellow ; pappus copious, white, feathery, in one series with a few short hairs at the base ; ligules long, spreading, 5-toothed. Achenes terete, smooth , narrowed to both ends, ribbed, transversely wrinkled, brown when ripe. Murree to Bhotan ; April-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-8000 ft. — W. Asia, N. Africa, Europe (Britain). 51. CREPIS. The classical name of a plant of this affinity, probably the Ox-tongue, Picris echioides . — N. temperate regions, rare in the tropics. Erect or nearly erect herbs. Leaves chiefly radical, usually pinnatifid ; upper ones alternate. Heads ligulate, in terminal corymbs. Involucral bracts usually many, with a few erect, smaller ones at the base ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers yellow ; pappus white, soft, not feathery ; ligules long, spreading, 5-toothed. Achenes oblong, slender, finely ribbed, beaked except in C. japonica. Heads j— 1 in. diam. Involucral bracts many. Achenes beaked. Outer involucral bracts rough with hooked hairs. Hardened and keeled in fruit . . . . 1. G. fcetida. Outer involucral bracts softly pubescent, fringed . . 2. C. sibirica. Heads in. diam. Involucral bracts 6-8. Achenes not beaked . . . . . . . . . 3. G. japonica. *1. Crepis fcetida, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 393. Rough, branched from near the base ; branches 6-18 in., nearly erect or spreading. Lower leaves 2-6 in., pinnatifid, toothed, end lobe the largest ; upper leaves smaller, stem-clasping, toothed or entire. Heads long-stalked, \ in. diam. Involucral bracts many, outer ones rough with hooked hairs and becoming hardened and keeled in fruit ; flowers bright yellow. Outer achenes J in., curved ; inner | in., straight, finely ribbed ; beak long, very slender. W. Himalaya, in fields, 6000-8000 ft. ; April-September. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain). *2. Crepis sibirica, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 394. More or less rough ; stems robust, erect, 6-18 in. Lower leaves 6-12 in., stalked, pinnatifid, lobes rounded and finely toothed, end one the largest ; upper leaves smaller, narrowly lanceolate, stem- clasping. Heads few, long-stalked, 1 in. diam. Involucral bracts many, LII. COMPOSITE 281 pubescent, obtuse, fringed, inner ones long, linear, outer shorter, broadly ovate ; pappus scanty. Achenes \ in., slender, glabrous, finely ribbed, tapering into a short beak. W. Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. ; July-October. — N. Asia, Europe. 3. Crepis japoniea, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 395. Glabrous or nearly so, smooth ; stems often tufted, erect, slender, 6-24 in. ; branches spreading. Leaves nearly all radical, in a rosette, soft, thin, 1-4 in., usually pinnatifid, lobes toothed, end one the largest, or sometimes obovate and sinuate-toothed. Heads many, £— £ in. diam., in terminal corymbs. Involucral bracts 6-8, narrowly oblong, green, erect ; flowers pale yellow. Achenes flattened, finely ribbed, — in., not beaked. (Fig. 84.) Simla, common in shady places; March-July. — Throughout India, ascend- ing to 10,000 ft. — E. Asia. 282 LII. COMPOSITE 52. PTEROTHECA. From the Greek pteron , a wing, and thece , a sheath or case, referring to the prominent ribs of the achenes. — W. Asia, S. Europe. Pterotheca Falconeri, Hook. f. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 399. An erect herb ; stems many, slender, 6-18 in., branched, nearly glabrous towards the base, glandular upwards. Leaves all radical, 4-6 in., spathulate and pinnatifid, or 1-2 in. and obovate with a few small teeth. Heads ligulate, |-| in. diam., on slender stalks. Involucre cylindric ; bracts pubescent, inner ones 8-10, equal, linear, acute, outer few and small, usually spreading ; receptacle flat, covered with long hairs ; flowers yellow ; pappus very short, soft, white, not feathery ; ligules long, broad, spreading, 5 -toothed. Achenes linear, prominently ribbed, minutely wrinkled, narrowed to both ends, not beaked, red when ripe ; outer achenes often flattened and sterile. Matiana, Baghi, in cornfields ; June-August. — W. Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft. — Afghanistan. 53. HIERACIUM. From the Greek ierax, a hawk ; applica- tion obscure. — N. temperate regions, S. Africa, the Andes. Perennial, erect herbs ; juice milky ; stems robust, 1-3 ft., branched. Leaves alternate, lanceolate., toothed. Heads ligulate, J-f in. diam., stalked. Involucral bracts many, black-hairy or pubescent, narrow, acute, inner ones nearly equal, outer smaller ; receptacle flat, bristly ; flowers yellow ; pappus copious, rough, rigid, brittle, tawny ; ligules long, spreading, 5-toothed ; base of anther-cells not tailed ; style-arms slender. Achenes glabrous, terete, ribbed, narrowed to the base, not beaked, black when ripe. Leaves broadly lanceolate ; radical persistent. Tips of outer involucral bracts erect . . . . .1. H. vulgatum. Leaves narrowly lanceolate ; radical soon disappearing. Tips of outer involucral bracts recurved . . . 2. H. umbellatum. 1. Hieracium vulgatum, Koch ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 399. Hairy. Leaves glabrous on the upper surface, hairy on the lower, broadly lanceolate, 3-6xf-lJ in., long-pointed, irregularly and coarsely toothed : radical leaves many, persistent or long-stalked ; upper few, sessile. Heads on glandular-hairy stalks. Involucral bracts often cottony in bud, black-hairy, usually glandular. Simla, Mahasu ; June-September. — W. Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain, Hawkweed). Included under H. murorum, JArm., in Bentham’s British Flora. 2. Hieracium umbellatum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 400. Nearly glabrous, not glandular ; base of stem sometimes hairy. Leaves sessile, narrowly lanceolate, 3x| in. ; teeth few, small; radical leaves soon disappearing. Heads usually numerous, irregularly LII. COMPOSITE 283 umbelled ; stalks pubescent. Involucral bracts black-downy with a few interspersed hairs ; tips of the outer bracts recurved. Matiana, in woods ; August, September. — W. Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. — W, A.sia, N. America, Europe (Britain, Hawkweed). 54. TARAXACUM, From the Greek tarasso, to stir up ; refer- ring to its medicinal effects. — Temperate and cold regions. Taraxacum officinale, Wigg. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 401. A per- ennial herb ; juice milky. Leaves all radical, sessile, usually glabrous, variable in shape, narrowly oblong, 2-8 in., irregularly pinnatifid, lobes linear or triangular, acute, toothed, pointing downwards, or rarely oblanceolate and nearly entire. Heads ligulate, 2 in. diam., glabrous, solitary on a hollow, leafless stalk 2-8 in. long. Inner involucral bracts linear, erect, nearly equal, margins often white, tips usually thickened or hooked ; outer bracts short, ovate, erect or recurved ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers yellow ; pappus copious, white, not feathery, soft ; ligules long, spreading, 3-5-toothed, often brown on the back ; style-arms long. Achenes glabrous, flattened, ribbed, narrowed to the base, minutely spiny on the upper half, abruptly contracted into a long, slender beak crowned by the pappus. Simla, common ; March-November. — Himalaya, 1000-18,000 ft.— Temperate and cold regions. Closely allied to the British Dandelion, T. Dens-leonis. T. Wattii, Hook. /., FI. Br. Ind. iii. 402, occurs on the top of Shali ; it differs from the above in the short, thick beak of the achenes. 55. LACTUCA. The Latin name of the Lettuce, L. saliva , derived from lac, lactis, milk; referring to its juice. — N. tem- perate regions, S. Africa. Erect or decumbent, leafy herbs ; juice milky. Leaves alter- nate, usually provided with a pair of basal lobes close to the stem. Heads ligulate, few-flowered. Involucre narrowly cylindric ; bracts in few series, thin, green, margins often membranous, inner ones long, narrow, nearly equal ; outer lanceolate or ovate, usually much shorter; receptacle flat, naked; flowers yellow or blue ; pappus copious, silvery white, soft, not feathery ; ligules long, spreading, 3-5-toothed ; style-arms long. Achenes flattened, more or less rough, ribbed, beaked, tip of the beak dilated in a pappus-bearing disk. — Ripe achenes are necessary to distinguish this genus from Prenanthes. Flowers yellow. Stems leafy. Leaves pinnatifid . . . . 1. L, Scariola. Stems naked. Radical leaves triangular . 6. L. sqgittarioides, Flowers blue or blue-purple. Stems erect. Stems 6-18 in. Beak twice as long as its achene 2. L. dissecta. Stems 3-7 ft. Beak not longer than its achene. Leaves entire ...... 3. L. longifolia 284 LII. COMPOSITE Leaves more or less lobed and toothed. Stems sometimes dwarfed . . . . .4 . L. liastata. Stems prostrate or pendulous. Leaves pinnatifid. Heads racemose, drooping . . . . . 5. L. macrorhiza. 1. Lactuca Scariola, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 404. Glabrous or nearly so ; stems erect, 2-5 ft., leafy, branched, usually prickly towards the base. Leaves sessile, 5-7 in., pinnatifid, segments toothed, pointing downwards ; lower surface usually prickly on the midrib and nerves ; stem-leaves lobed at the base. Heads J in. long, erect ; flowers yellow. Achenes brown ; beak very slender, about as long as the body. Mushobra, Sutlej valley ; March-November. — W. Himalaya, 6000-1 1 ,000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain). 2. Lactuca dissecta, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 405. Glabrous or nearly so ; stems often tufted, erect, 6-18 in., leafy and much branched or naked and nearly simple. Leaves 1-4 in., pinnatifid, lobes varying much in size and cutting : radical leaves usually many, sessile ; lower stem-leaves stalked ; upper ones sessile, lobed at the base ; uppermost linear. Heads many, in. long, corymbose ; stalks slender, erect ; flowers pale blue. Achenes 3-ribbed on each face, margins thickened ; beak very slender, twice as long as the body. Simla, common ; April-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. — Afghanistan. 3. Lactuca longifolia, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 405. Glabrous ; stems erect, 3-6 ft. , branched. Leaves 4-7 X £- \ in. , long-pointed, entire, stem-clasping ; basal lobes narrow, acute, appressed to the stem. Heads | in. long ; stalks slender, erect ; flowers blue- purple. Achenes thickened on the margins ; beak very slender, not longer than the body. Shali, Daha in the Giri vallev ; September. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000- 9000 ft. 4. Lactuca hastata, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 407. Stems robust, erect, 4-7 ft., sometimes dwarfed and slender, glabrous towards the base, more or less glandular upwards especially on the branches of the inflorescence. Leaves variable, smooth or rough ; stalks naked or winged, base dilated or 2 -lobed ; blade 6-12 X 1^-4 in., pinnately lobed, terminal lobe broad, coarsely toothed, lower lobes many or few or none. Heads § in. long, in branched racemes forming a terminal panicle. Involucral bracts bristly hairy, the outer about half as long as the inner ; flowers 10-30, dark blue. Ripe achenes black, margins thickened ; beak about half as long as the body. Simla, Theog, in forest; July-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000- 12,000 ft. — Mountains in S. India. This species has the aspect of Prenanthes Brunoniana, but the heads con- tain 10-30 flowers instead of 3-5, and the achenes are distinctly beaked. LII. COMPOSITE 285 5. Lactuca macrorhiza, Hook. f. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 408. Gla- brous or nearly so ; root thick, woody ; stems tufted, prostrate or pendulous, much branched. Leaves thin, variable in size and shape, usually pinnately lobed, sometimes cordately orbicular or ovate ; margins sinuate ; stalks naked or winged, dilated or lobed at the base. Heads |-§ in. long, in terminal, drooping, corymbose Fig. 85. Lactuca macrorhiza. racemes; flowers grey-blue. Achenes black when ripe ; beak slender, about half as long as the body. (Fig. 85.) Simla, Mahasu, common on rocks and banks ; August, September. — Tem- perate Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. 6. Lactuca sagittarioides, C. B. Clarke ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 410. Glabrous ; stems usually tufted, slender, erect, 6-18 in., branch- ing. Leaves all radical, arrow-head shaped, rarely 1 or 2 lance- olate, 2-3 in. long, entire or toothed, lobes acute ; stalks long, narrowly winged at the top. Heads | in. long, in terminal, erect corymbs ; stalks slender ; flowers yellow. Achenes brown when ripe ; beak much shorter than the body. Daha, in the Giri valley ; May, June. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-6000 ft. 286 LII. COMPOSITE 56. PRENANTHES. From the Greek prenes, drooping, and anthos, a flower ; referring to the heads. — N. temperate regions. Erect herbs ; juice milky. Leaves alternate. Heads ligulate, slender, pendulous. Involucre narrowly cylindric ; bracts in few series, thin, green, inner ones long, narrow, nearly equal ; outer few, much smaller ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers 3-8 in a head, purple or white ; pappus white or pale brown, not feathery : ligules long, spreading, 5-toothed ; style-arms long. Achenes oblong, glabrous, angled, crowned with a pappus-bearing disk, not beaked. — Ripe achenes are necessary to distinguish this genus from Lactuca. Stems 1-6 ft. Heads numerous, panicled. Leaves of various shapes . . . . . . . . 1. P. Brunoniana. Stems 12-1 8 in. Heads few, solitary, long -stalked. Leaves always triangular . . . . . . 2. P. violcefolia. 1. Prenanthes Brunoniana, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 411. Smooth or rough, sometimes glandular especially on the inflor- Fig. 86. Prenanthes Brunoniana. escence and nerves of the leaves ; stems 1-6 ft., simple or branched. Leaves of various shapes ; stalks long or short, LI I. COMPOSITE 287 slender, naked or winged, their bases sometimes dilated or lobed ; blade 4-8 in. or more, lanceolate or triangular, cordate or trun- cate, toothed or sinuate, often pinnatifid with large or small, variously cut and toothed lobes. Heads |-§ in. long, in a ter- minal panicle ; flowers 3-5 in a head, purple or white. (Fig. 86.) Simla, common in woods ; August, September. — W. Himalaya, 6000- 9000 ft. This species has the aspect of Lactuca hastata, but the heads are 3-5- instead of 10-30 -flowered, and the achenes are without a beak. 2. Prenanthes violsefolia, Decaisne ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 412. Glabrous except a few hairs on the summit of the leaf-stalks ; stems slender, 12-18 in. Leaves triangular, 1-2 in. each way, entire or obscurely sinuate-toothed, cordate or the basal lobes acute ; stalks of the lower leaves with dilated base or a rounded, leaf -like, stem-clasping lobe. Heads |-§ in. long, few, solitary, long-stalked ; flowers 3-8 in a head, purple. Huttoo, rare ; September, October. — Kashmir to Kumaon, 9000-1 2,000 ft. 57. SONCHUS. The classical name of Sonchus oleraceus. — Temperate regions. Succulent, erect herbs ; juice milky ; stems hollow, grooved or angled. Leaves usually pinnately lobed or coarsely toothed : radical stalked ; upper alternate, stem-clasping, base lobed. Heads ligulate, many-flowered, in terminal panicles. Involucre ovoid ; bracts many, overlapping, green, outer ones smaller ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers yellow ; pappus copious, white, not feathery ; ligules long, spreading, 5-toothed. Achenes flattened, oval, 3-5-ribbed on each face, minutely transversely wrinkled, not beaked. Leaves hard ; teeth long, unequal, spinous . . . 1 . S. asper. Leaves thin ; teeth small, prickly, not spinous. Basal lobes of stem-leaves acute . . . . . 2. S. oleraceus. Basal lobes of stem-leaves rounded . . . 3. 8. arvensis. 1. Sonchus asper, Vill. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 414. Glabrous or slightly glandular on the upper parts ; stems 2-3 ft., branched. Leaves hard, lanceolate or pinnatifid, 6-10 x2-3 in., waved ; teeth numerous, long, unequal, divergent, spinous ; basal lobes recurved, rounded. Heads f-1 in. diam. Simla, in fields; August. — Throughout India, ascending to 12,000 ft. — All temperate and many tropical regions ; Britain. Included under 8. oleraceus in Bentham’s British Flora. 2. Sonchus oleraceus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 414. Glabrous or slightly glandular on the upper parts ; stems 2-3 ft., branched. Leaves thin, lanceolate or pinnatifid, 3-6 in. ; terminal lobe large, 288 LII. COMPOSITE lateral lobes pointing downwards, sometimes only one pair ; teeth small ; basal lobes acute, entire or pinnatifid. Heads f-1 in. diam. Simla, in fields, common ; July-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 8000 ft. — All temperate and many tropical regions (Britain, Sowthistle). 3. Sonchus arvensis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 414. Glabrous towards the base, glandular-hairy upwards ; stems 2-4 ft. Leaves mostly radical, pinnatifid, 4-6 in. ; lobes pointing down- wards ; teeth small ; basal lobes rounded, appressed to the stem. Heads 1-2 in. diam. Simla, roadsides, common ; July-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 8000 ft. — All temperate and many tropical regions (Britain, Corn Sowthistle). 58. LAUNiEA. In honour of M. de Launay, a French botanical author of the eighteenth century. — W. Asia, Africa, Europe. Glabrous, perennial herbs ; stems or branches erect or decumbent ; juice yellow. Radical leaves numerous, spreading, sessile, oblong, 4-8 X 1-3 in., pinnately lobed or pinnatifid; segments entire or coarsely toothed, obtuse or acute, margins at least of the older leaves beset with minute, hard, sharp, white teeth. Stem-leaves few or none, similar but smaller. Heads ligulate, narrow, ■£— § in. long, shortly stalked, solitary or in clusters usually forming more or less interrupted racemes. Involucral bracts many, green, margins white, membranous, inner ones long, equal, narrow, outer shorter ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers yellow ; pappus copious, soft, white, not feathery, united at the base ; ligules long, spreading, 5-toothed. Achenes narrowly oblong, smooth, ribs thick, rounded ; pappus soon falling off. Stems erect. Achenes as long as the pappus . . . 1 . L. secunda. Stems decumbent. Achenes much shorter than the pappus 2. L. nudicaulis. 1. Launsea secunda, C. B. Clarice ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 416. Stems erect, 1-3 ft., nearly or quite leafless except near the base ; branches long, slender. Heads ^ in. long, solitary or in small clusters of 2 or 3, forming long, one-sided racemes. Achenes as long as the pappus. Sutlej valley ; July-October. — N.W. India, ascending to 5000 ft. 2. Launsea nudieaulis, Less. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 416. Stems tufted, usually numerous, decumbent, branching, 6-24 in., naked or with a few small leaves below the flower-clusters. Heads j-f in. long, in clusters of 2-5 or about 10, rarely solitary, form- ing much interrupted racemes or crowded together at the end of branches. Achenes much shorter than the pappus. Valleys below Simla, in fields ; April-June. — Throughout India, ascending to 8000 ft. LIT. COMPOSITE 280 59. TRAGOPOGON. From the Greek tragos, a goat, and pogon, a beard ; referring to the long, coarse pappus. — Asia, W. Africa, Europe. Tragopogon gracile, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 417. A glabrous or sometimes slightly cottony herb ; stems often tufted, 6-18 in., erect, simple or branched from near the base ; juice milky. Leaves alternate, narrow, entire, 3-8 in., acute, base stem-sheath- ing ; radical leaves sometimes as long as the stem. Heads ligulate, 1-2 in. diam., solitary, terminal. Involucral bracts 5-8, ^-1^ in. long, in one series, green, acute ; receptacle flat, naked ; flowers yellow ; pappus in one series, feathery, united at the base, a few naked- tipped hairs usually projecting beyond the others ; ligules long, spreading, 5-toothed. Achenes slender, ribbed, minutely prickly on the upper half, tapering into a short beak. Simla, on grassy slopes, common ; May-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. LIII. CAMPANULACE^E Erect or decumbent herbs. Leaves undivided, alternate or rarely opposite, toothed or crenate ; stipules none. Flowers 2- sexual, purple or blue, axillary or terminal, solitary or in panicles or racemes. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb free, 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla regular or irregular, usually persistent, 5-lobed ; lobes valvate in bud. Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes and inserted with the corolla on the top of the ovary ; anthers united or free. Ovary 2-5-celled ; style linear, stigma when mature divided into 2-5 spreading lobes. Capsule 2- or 3-valved ; seeds many, minute. — All regions, but most abundant in temperate climates. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped. Anthers united . Corolla regular. Anthers free. Corolla lobed nearly to the base. Segments spreading, star-like Segments not spreading, bell- shaped Corolla lobed half-why down or less, bell-shaped 1. Lobelia. 2. Cephalostigma. 3. Wahlenbergia. 4. Campanula. 1. LOBELIA. In honour of Mathias Lobel, a Flemish botanist of the sixteenth century. — Most tropical and temperate regions. Lobelia trialata, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 425. Glabrous ; stems 4-12 in., nearly erect, branched, 3-sided, angles winged. Leaves sessile, ovate or lanceolate, J-l in., sharply toothed in the upper half, base wedge-shaped, entire. Flowers pale blue or white ; stalks 1 -flowered, slender, axillary. Calyx-teeth linear, acute. Corolla 2-lipped, ^ in. long, upper lip 2-parted, lower U 290 LIII. CAMPANULACE.E 3-lobed. Anthers united, tipped with bristles. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2 valved. Naldera ; August-October. — N. India, common in the plains, ascending to 5000 ft. — Burmah, Abyssinia. 2. CEPHALOSTIGMA. From the Greek cephalos, a head, and stigma. — India, Africa, South America. Cephalostigma hirsutum, Edgew. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 429. Roughly hairy ; stems 2-5 in., erect, much branched. Leaves nearly sessile, broadly lanceolate, j— § in., crenate ; margins wavy and crisped. Flowers blue, in panicles. Calyx-teeth acute. Corolla ^ in., deeply divided ; segments narrow, stellately spreading. Anthers free or nearly so. Stigma shortly 3-lobed. Capsule globose, 3-valved. Common on banks ; August, September. — W Himalaya, 2000-5000 ft. 3. WAHLENBERGIA. In honour of G. Wahlenberg, a Swedish botanist of the eighteenth century. — Widely spread in subtropical and temperate regions. Wahlenbergia gracilis, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 429. Gla- brous or hairy ; stems 4-24 in., erect or decumbent, usually branched from the base. Leaves sometimes opposite, sessile, linear or narrowly oblong, J-2 in., more or less toothed. Flowers pale blue, long-stalked, solitary or in panicles. Calyx-teeth tri- angular, acute. Corolla bell- shaped, J-f in. long, deeply divided ; lobes oblong. Anthers free. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-valved; tapering to the base. Simla, Boileaugunge, in fields ; May-October. — Common throughout India, ascending to 7000 ft. — E. Asia, Australia, S. Africa. 4. CAMPANULA. From the Latin campanula , a bell.- — N. temperate regions. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube ovoid or globose. Corolla bell-shaped ; lobes not extending below the middle. Fila- ments dilated at the base, anthers free. Ovary 3-celled ; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-valved from the base. Stems erect. Corolla 1-| in. long, dark purple . . . . 1. C. latifolia. Corolla in. long, pale lilac . . . . . 2. G. colorata. Stems procumbent, thread-like. Corolla \ in. long, blue . 3. C. argyrotricha. 1. Campanula latifolia, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 439. Stems 2-6 ft., glabrous, erect, robust, furrowed, branched. Leaves roughly pubescent on the lower surface, broadly lanceolate or ovate, 2^-5 x 2-3 in., base wedge-shaped or cordate, margins coarsely toothed or crenate, lower leaves stalked, upper sessile. LIII. CAMPANULACE.E 291 Flowers large, dark purple, racemed, lower ones long- stalked. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, J-f in. Corolla 1-1J in. ; lobes acute. Capsule \ X J in. Huttoo, in woods ; July, August.— W. Himalaya, 8000-11,000 ft.— W. Asia, Europe (Britain). 2. Campanula colorata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 440 ; including C. canescens and C. cana. Roughly hairy or tomentose ; stems 6-24 in., erect, slender, simple or branched. Leaves broadly or narrowly lanceolate, 1-1|- in., sessile, crenate or toothed. Flowers Fig. 87. Campanula colorata. numerous, pale lilac, in clusters or panicles. Calyx-teeth lanceo- late, J in., entire or toothed. Corolla J-J in. long, hairy outside ; lobes short. Varies much in size and hairiness according to situa- tion ; often produces small cleistogamic flowers. (Fig. 87.) Simla, common ; May-October. — Plains of N. India, ascending to 10,000 ft. \ Campanula argyrotricha. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 441. Stems numerous, procumbent, thread-like, hairy. Leaves nearly sessile, thin, ovate, § x | in., often smaller, toothed or nearly entire, softly silvery -hairy with a few long hairs interspersed. Flowers blue, long-stalked, solitary or racemed. Calyx-teeth ~ in., usually 292 LIII. CAMPANULACE^E entire. Corolla in. long, hairy outside. Often produces small, cleistogamic flowers. (Fig. 88.) Huttoo, common on rocks ; August, September. — W. Himalaya, 8000 11.000 ft. LIV. ERICACEAE Trees or shrubs usually erect, sometimes decumbent. Leaves alternate, undivided, usually entire, very small and closely over- lapping in Cassiope. Flowers regular, 2-sexual, in racemes or terminal corymbs, or axillary and usually sobtary. Calyx free, 5-lobed. Corolla hypogynous, bell-shaped, tubular or salver- shaped, 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Stamens 10, rarely 8, inserted with the corolla, sometimes slightly attached to its base ; filaments free ; anthers oblong, opening by terminal pores, sometimes pro- vided with spur-like processes. Ovary 5- or 10-celled ; style simple, cylindric ; stigma terminal, capitate in Rhododendron. Capsule opening by 5 or 10 valves, berry -like in Gaultheria ; seeds numerous, minute. — All regions ; chiefly temperate and cold. Flowers axillary, usually solitary. Decumbent shrubs. Leaves \ in. long, thin, spreading . . . 1 . Gaultheria. Leaves less than J in. long, thick, closely appressed overlapping . . . . . . .2. Cassiope. Flowers in long racemes. A tree . . . . .3. Pieris. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Trees or erect shrubs . . 4. Rhododendron. 1. GAULTHERIA. In honour of Gaulthier, a French- Canadian physician and botanist of the eighteenth century. — Chiefly America ; a few species in Asia and Australia. LIV. ERICACEAE 293 Gaultheria nummularioides, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 457. A small shrub ; stems prostrate ; branches hairy, ascending. Leaves thin, nearly sessile, spreading, ovate, | x| in., acute, upper surface glabrous, lower hairy ; margins toothed, fringed. Flowers solitary, axillary, J in. long, pink or white. Calyx ovoid ; teeth lanceolate. Corolla tubular ; teeth minute, recurved. Stamens 10, filaments dilated, anther-cells 2-spurred. Fruit berry-like, dark blue, the 5-celled capsule being enclosed in the persistent, enlarged, succulent calyx. The Chor, Marali, covering banks ; June, July. — Himalaya, 8000-12,000 ft — Java. This species ought to occur on Huttoo ; but no specimens are on record. 2. CASSIOPE. Of classical origin ; Cassiope was the mother of Andromeda ; also the name of an allied genus. — Cold N. regions. Cassiope fastigiata, D. Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 459. A small shrub ; stems tufted, 4-12 in., decumbent, much branched. Leaves thick, sessile, erect, closely appressed, overlapping, ovate- oblong, less than J in., acute; margins membranous. Flowers axillary, drooping, solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3, white ; stalks hairy, curved. Calyx glabrous. Corolla bell-shaped, J in. long ; lobes short, recurved. Stamens 10, anther-cells 1 -spurred. Capsule erect, globose, 5-valved. Huttoo, on rocks ; June, July.— Temperate Himalaya, 10,000-14,000 ft. 3. PIERIS. From Pieria , a district of Macedonia ; the abode of the Muses. — Himalaya, Burmah, Japan, N.E. America. . Pieris ovalifolia, D. Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 4(30. A small, glabrous tree. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or oblong, 4x2 in., entire, acute. Flowers white, in racemes 4-8 in. long. Calyx- segments lanceolate. Corolla pubescent, tubular, | in. long, narrowed to the mouth ; teeth small, spreading or recurved. Stamens 10, filaments 2-spurred at the top. Capsule globose, 5-valved. (Fig. 89.) Simla, common in forest ; May. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-8000 ft. 4. RHODODENDRON. From the Greek rhodon, a rose, and dendron, a tree. — Mountains of Asia, Europe, N. America, Australia, Ne\y Guinea. Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves crowded towards the end of branches, shortly stalked, leathery, entire. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Corolla-tube long or very short ; limb spreading. Stamens 8 or 10. Stigma capitate. Capsule cylindric, woody, 5- or 10-valved. The two following species occur on the Chor, flowering in June : — R. campanulatum, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 466. A shrub, 6-12 ft. Leaves 294 LIV. ERICACEAE ovate, 4x2 in. ; lower surface cinnamon-coloured, tomentose. Flowers pale pink, often spotted. Corolla bell-shaped, 1 in. ; lobes spreading. R. Anthopogon, D. Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 472. A shrub, 1 ft., highly aromatic. Leaves ovate, 1 x | in. ; lower surface covered with red- brown scales. Flowers sulphur- coloured. Corolla salver-shaped, f in. long. Occurs also on Marali A tree. Leaves 2|-5 in. Flowers 1-2 in. long . . 1 . B. arbor turn. A small shrub. Leaves f-1 in. Flowers less than J in. long 2. R. lepidotum. Fig. 89. Piebis ovalifolia. 1. Rhododendron arboreum, Smith ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 465. A tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2J-5 X 1-1 \ in. ; upper surface glabrous, lower silvery-scaly. Flowers red or pink, sometimes spotted, rarely white, crowded in large, head-like corymbs. Calyx small, persistent ; teeth unequal. Corolla bell-shaped, 1-2 in. long. Stamens 10, alternate ones longer. Capsule scaly, 1 in., curved, 10-valved. Simla, common ; March-May, occasionally again in July and August if the spring flowering has been checked by drought, hailstorms, &c. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-8000 ft. — Burmah. 2. Rhododendron lepidotum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 471. An erect, aromatic shrub, 1-4 ft. ; inflorescence and young parts covered with minute, circular, silvery or brown scales. Leaves oblong or obovate, f-1 in. ; upper surface silvery-scaly, lower brown-scaly. Flowers dingy yellow or pale pink-purple, in small LIV. ERICACEAE 295 corymbs, sometimes reduced to a single flower. Calyx-lobes obtuse. Corolla-tube very short, globose ; lobes rounded, spreading, | in. across. Stamens 8. Capsule scaly, | in., 5-valved. Simla, Jako, Huttoo ; June. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-15,000 ft. LV. MONOTROPACE^E Succulent, waxy white or pale yellow-brown herbs growing under trees on decaying vegetable matter ; root fibrous, densely interlaced ; stems tufted, rarely solitary, erect, covered with alter- nate, appressed scales. Leaves none. Flowers regular, 2-sexual. Sepals free, scale-like, usually 4, nearly as long as the petals. Petals free, hypogynous, 4 or 5, imbricate, base slightly dilated. Stamens 8 or 10, nearly as long as the petals. Anthers broadly kidney-shaped, 1 -celled, opening by two transverse slits. Ovary superior, ovoid, 4- or 5- celled, 8- or 10-grooved ; style thick, short, elongating in fruit ; stigma ter- minal, broad, nearly on a level with the anthers. Capsule 4- or 5-celled, opening by slits opposite the middle of the cells ; seeds very numerous, minute. — A small Order inhabiting North temperate forest regions. Flowers waxy white, solitary, terminal . . . . ^Monotropa. Flowers pale yellow brown, several, racemed . . 2. Hypopitys. 1. MONOTROPA. From the Greek monos, one, and trepein, to turn ; the flowers of some species are all turned to one side. — Himalaya, Japan, N. America. Monotropa uniflora, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 476. Glabrous, waxy white ; stems 6-12 in. ; scales broadly lan- ceolate, | in. Flowers waxy white, solitary, terminal, drooping. Petals 5, § in. long. Stamens 10. Capsule Fig. 90. Monotropa tjniflora. 5-celled, erect. (Fig. 90.) Simla, the Glen, Narkunda, in forest ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-8000 ft. — Japan, N. America. 296 LV. MON OTROPACEiE 2. HYPOPITYS. From the Greek hypo, under, and pitys, a pine ; the plants usually grow in pine forests. — Northern forest regions. Hypopitys lanuginosa, Nutt. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 476. Hairy or pubescent, pale yellow-brown ; stems 6-18 in. ; scales ovate- oblong, f in. Flowers pale yellow-brown, several in a terminal, bracteate raceme ; terminal flower with 5 petals and 10 stamens, the others with 4 petals and 8 stamens. Petals J in. long, inner surface densely hairy. Capsules 5- or 4-celled, erect. Mushobra, Narkunda, in pine forest. — Temperate Himalaya, 8000-10,000 ft. — N. Asia, N. America. Closely allied to the British Bird’s Nest, Monotropa Hypopithys of most authors. LVI. PLUMBAGINACE^E A small Order extending over most parts of the world, chiefly near the sea and in salt marshes. — There are several genera in India, but it is restricted to the following species in the N.W. Himalaya. The Thrift, Armeria, and Sea Lavender, Statice, of the British coasts both belong to this Order. PLUMBAGO. The Latin name of P. europcua, derived from plumbum, lead; the plant was used medicinally. — All warm regions. Plumbago zeylanica, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 480. A diffuse, rambling undershrub ; stems several, 2-4 ft. Leaves alternate , glabrous, ovate, 2-3 in., entire, acute ; stalks short, stem-clasping. Flowers 2-sexual, regular, white, in bracteate, often branched, glandular spikes 4-12 in. long. Calyx inferior, tubular, glandular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla hypogynous, salver-shaped ; tube f in. ; lobes 5, nearly equal, rounded, spreading. Stamens 5, free from the corolla, opposite its lobes, dilated at the base ; anthers protruded, 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1 -celled, narrowed into a long, linear style 5-branched at the top ; ovule solitary. Capsule enclosed in the persistent calyx, opening transversely near the base ; seed oblong. Giri and Sutlej valleys ; June, July. — Cultivated throughout India ; often seen as an escape near villages below 5000 ft. — Tropical regions of the Old World. LVII. PRIMULACE^l 297 * LVII. PRIMULACE^E Herbs of various habit ; rootstock usually perennial. Leaves undivided, usually entire ; stipules none. Flowers 2-sexual, regular. Calyx free, except in Samolus, 5- rarely 4-lobed or toothed, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, gamopetalous ; tube cylindric and distinct or very short, the corolla being lobed nearly to its base ; limb 5- rarely 4-lobed, spreading or erect. Stamens 5, rarely 4, inserted in the tube or at the base of the corolla, opposite to the lobes ; filaments short or long, usually free ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, except in Samolus, ovoid or globose, 1-celled ; style short or long ; stigma simple ; ovules usually many, attached to a free central column. Capsule 1-celled, opening from the top by 5 valves, except in Anagallis ; seeds minute, usually numerous. — A widely spread Order, chiefly inhabiting N. temperate and alpine regions. Flowers in heads, umbels or whorls, or solitary on radical stalks. Corolla-tube distinct. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx . . . 1 . Primula. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx . . . .2. Andro-sace. Flowers racemed or axillary. Corolla lobed nearly to the base. Flowers borne in the axils of leaves or bracts ; stalks naked. Ovary superior. Corolla or in. diam. Leaves J in. or more long. Filaments glabrous. Capsule opening from the top in 5 valves . . . . . . . 3. Lysimachia. Filaments hairy. Capsule opening by a circular fissure round the middle . . . .4. Anagallis. Corolla minute. Leaves less than J in. long . . 5. Centunculus. Flowers not axillary ; stalks bearing a small bract near the middle. Ovary half -inferior . . . .6. Samolus . 1. PRIMULA. From the Latin 'primus, first ; referring to the early flowering of many species. — Chiefly N. temperate and alpine regions ; S. America. Herbs ; stems very short or none. Leaves all radical, sessile or stalked, spathulate, oblong or ovate, toothed. Flowers ^ to nearly 1 in. diam., crowded in a terminal, head-like umbel or solitary on distinct radical stalks or whorled. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped ; tube longer than the calyx, cylindric ; limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included, inserted near the base or at the throat of the corolla-tube ; fila- ments very short. Ovary globose ; style as long as the corolla- tube or much shorter ; stigma capitate ; ovules numerous. Cap- sule globose, splitting from the top in 5 valves ; seeds many, minute. The flowers of the common Primrose and other species of Primula present two forms in the same species : long-styled, with the stamens deep in the 298 LVII. PRIMULACEJE corolla-tube ; and shoft- styled, with the stamens at its mouth. These forms are important in connection with cross-fertilisation by insects. See Darwin’s Forms of Flowers , chap. i. Flowers usually purple or lilac, sometimes white. Flowers crowded in a terminal, head-like umbel . 1. P. denticulata. Flowers solitary on distinct, radical stalks . .2. P. petiolaris. Flowers yellow, whorled . . . . . . 3. P. floribunda. 1 . Primula denticulata, Smith ; FI. Br. Ind. in. 485. Slightly mealy. Leaves waved and wrinkled, sessile or narrowed into short, broad stalks, oblong-spathulate, 2-4 in., enlarging after flowering ; teeth very small, sharp, unequal. Flowers varying from dark purple to pale lilac, crowded in a globose, head-like umbel terminal on a single, naked, radical stalk 4-12 in. long. Corolla salver-shaped, about J in. diam. ; lobes notched. (Fig. 91.) Simla, common on Jako ; March, April. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-13,000 ft. — Afghanistan, Burmah. 2. Primula petiolaris, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 493. More or less mealy at least on the buds. Leaves thin, membranous, sessile or narrowed into a winged stalk, oblong or ovate, 2-6 in., sharply and LVII. PRIMULACE^E 299 irregularly toothed. Flowers usually purple, sometimes varying to white, solitary on slender, distinct, radical stalks. Corolla funnel-shaped, f-1 in. diam. ; lobes toothed or acute, sometimes rounded. (Fig. 92.) Mahasu, Matiana, Narkunda, on rocks and grassy slopes above 8000 ft. ; April, May.— Simla to Bhotan, 4000-12,000 ft. 3. Primula floribunda. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 495. Glan- dular-pubescent. Leaves thin, narrowed into a broad, winged stalk, ovate, lj-4xj-l| in., coarsely and irregularly toothed. Flowers yellow, unequally stalked, in one or several superposed whorls borne on slender, erect, solitary or tufted scapes 4-8 in. high. Corolla salver-shaped, about f in. diam. ; lobes notched. Simla, near water or under damp rocks ; January-December. — W. Hima- laya, 3000-6000 ft. 2. ANDROSACE. From the Greek aner, andros, a man, and sacos, a shield ; the application is variously explained, but pro- bably the shape of the leaves of the common species suggested the name. — N. temperate, alpine and arctic regions. Small herbs ; stems none or very short. Leaves alternate or crowded in rosettes, stalked or sessile, lobed and toothed or entire. Flowers small, in involucrate umbels terminal on slender, erect scapes. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Corolla salver-shaped, in. diam. ; tube shorter than the calyx, narrowed and wrinkled at the mouth ; lobes 5, spreading, entire or slightly indented. 300 LVII. PRIMULACE.E Stamens 5, inserted on and included in the corolla-tube, filaments very short. Ovary top-shaped ; style short, stigma capitate ; ovules few. Capsule ovoid, splitting from the top in 5 valves ; seeds few, usually only 2. Leaves long-stalked, orbicular. Involucral bracts toothed 1 . A. rotundifolia. Leaves sessile, lanceolate. Involucral bracts entire. Runners rooting, naked between the rosettes of leaves 2. A. sarmentosa. Runner-like branches not rooting, leafy throughout . 3. A. lanuginosa. 1. Androsace rotundifolia, Hardw. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 496. More or less hairy, sometimes glandular. Runners none. Leaves all radical, long-stalked, orbicular, ^-1 \ in. across, cordate ; margins lobed, lobes shallow, toothed or crenate, rarely entire. Scapes several, tufted, 1-6 in. Involucral bracts wedge-shaped, toothed. Calyx-lobes acute, enlarged and spreading in fruit. Corolla deep pink, varying to nearly white, larger or smaller than the calyx. Simla, Mushobra, on rocks and banks ; April- June. — W. Himalaya, 5000- 11,000 ft. A very hairy variety with brighter and smaller flowers than the Simla plant occurs on the limestone rocks at Naldera and on Shali 2. Androsace sarmentosa, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 498. More or less softly hairy. Runners long, rooting and forming rosettes of leaves at the ends, otherwise leafless. Leaves all radical or in rosettes, sessile or nearly so, lanceolate, §-! in., entire. Scapes solitary, 3-6 in. Involucral bracts short, narrowly lanceolate, entire. Calyx-lobes acute or obtuse. Corolla pale pink-purple, darker towards the centre, mouth of tube yellow. Narkunda, Marali, on rocks ; June, July. — -Temperate Himalaya, 9000- 14,000 ft. LVII. PRIMULACE.E 301 3. Androsaee lanuginosa, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 498. Whole plant densely covered with long, almost silvery, white, silky hairs. Runner-like branches trailing, leafy and forming at intervals rosettes of leaves but not rooting. Leaves radical or alternate or crowded in rosettes, sessile, lanceolate, ^-J in., entire. Scapes solitary, 3-4 in. Involucral bracts short, narrowly lanceolate, entire. Calyx -lobes acute or obtuse. Corolla pale or dark purple, usually tinged with blue, yellow in the centre. (Fig. 93.) Simla, common on rocks and banks ; April-July. — W. Himalaya, 6000- 10,000 ft. 3. LYSIMACHIA. The classical name signifying Loosestrife and perhaps more correctly applied to Ly thrum Salicaria, the Purple Loosestrife of Britain. — Chiefly N. temperate and sub- tropical regions. Erect, decumbent or prostrate, gland-dotted herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, usually stalked, entire. Flowers solitary, rarely in pairs, in the axils of the upper leaves or of bracts, stalked, rarely sessile, forming terminal racemes or raceme-like spikes. Calyx 5-parted ; segments lanceolate. Corolla bell-shaped or rotate, 5-lobed nearly to the base ; lobes entire, twisted in bud. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla, filaments glabrous, distinct or connected at the base by a membrane or ridge. Ovary globose ; style slender, persistent, stigma terminal, simple ; ovules many. Capsule small, globose, splitting from the top by 5 valves ; seeds numerous, minute. Corolla bell-shaped, pale purple or white. Flowers stalked. Leaves ovate lanceolate. Flower-stalks much longer than their bracts . . . 1. L, lobelioides. Leaves narrowly lanceolate. Flower- stalks much shorter than their bracts . . . 2. L. pyramidalis. Flowers sessile or nearly sessile . . . . 3 . L. chenopodioides. Corolla rotate, yellow. Leaves alternate. Flower-stalks slender, as long as the leaves . . . . . . 4. L. alternifolia. Leaves opposite. Flower- stalks thick, shorter than the leaf-stalks . . . . . 5. L. japonica. 1. Lysimachia lobelioides. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 502. Gla- brous ; stems angular, ascending, 1-2 ft., branching from the base. Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, l-2xj— f in., tapering into a short stalk, acute. Flowers pale purple or white, in terminal racemes 3-6 in. long, elongated in fruit ; stalks much longer than their bracts. Cilyx nearly as long as the corolla, margins of lobes membranous. Corolla bell-shaped, \ in. diam. Filaments not united at the base ; anthers protruding. Simla ; May-July. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. 302 LVII. PKIMULACEiE 2. Lysimachia pyramidalis, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 503. Gla- brous ; stems erect, j-2 ft., usually much branched. Leaves alternate, sessile or nearly so,, narrowly lanceolate, |-3xJ-J in., upper ones smaller. Flowers pale purple, in terminal racemes 3-9 in. long ; stalks much shorter than their bracts. Calyx as long as the corolla. Corolla bell-shaped, | in. diam. Filaments not united at the base ; anthers included. Simla ; June-October. — Simla to Nepal, 5000-8000 It. 3. Lysimachia chenopodioides, Watt ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 503. Glabrous ; stems ascending, ^-1| ft., usually much branched. Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, J-1J X $— f in., tapering into a rather long stalk, acute. Flowers pale purple, solitary, axillary, sessile or nearly so. Calyx as long as the corolla. Corolla bell- shaped, J in. diam. Filaments not united at the base ; anthers included. Valleys below Simla ; May- July. Kashmir to Bhotan, 5000-9000 ft. 4. Lysimachia alternifolia. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 504. Pu- bescent or slightly hairy ; stems decumbent, 6-12 in., branching from the base. Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 1-1 \ X J-| in., stalked or the upper ones nearly sessile, acute. Flowers yellow, solitary, axillary ; stalks slender, as long, or nearly as long, as the leaves. Calyx longer than the corolla. Corolla rotate, J in. diam. Filaments united at the base ; anthers included. Valleys below Simla ; June-September. — Simla to Bhotan, 2000-6000 ft. 5. Lysimachia japonica, Thunb. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 505. Hairy and densely pubescent ; stems prostrate, rooting at the lower joints, 6-12 in. Leaves opposite, stalked, ovate, 1-l^xf-l in., acute. Flowers yellow, solitary or in pairs, axillary ; stalks thick, shorter than the leaf -stalks. Calyx longer than the corolla. Corolla rotate, J— J in. diam. Filaments united at the base ; anthers included. Valleys below Simla, the Glen ; June-August. — Kashmir to Bhotan, 3000- 8000 ft. — China and Japan. 4. ANAGALLIS. The classical name of the Pimpernel, A. arvensis ; etymology doubtful. — Chiefly N. temperate regions. Anagallis arvensis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 506. A glabrous, gland-dotted herb ; stems slender, erect or decumbent, 6-12 in., branching from the base ; branches 4-angled. Leaves opposite, sessile, broadly ovate, -|-1 in., entire, acute. Flowers closing in dull weather, bright blue, solitary, Itxillary ; stalks slender, longer than the leaves. Calyx 5 -parted ; segments narrowly lanceolate, acute. Corolla rotate, | in. diam., 5-lobed nearly to the base ; lobes glandular-fringed, entire, twisted in bud. Stamens 5, LVII. PRIMULACEJE 303 inserted at the base of the corolla, filaments hairy. Ovary globose ; style slender, stigma terminal, simple ; ovules many. Capsule small, globose,' opening by a circular fissure round the middle ; seeds numerous, minute. Simla, common in fields ; May-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 7000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain, Pimpernel) ; the flowers are usually red in N. Europe. Widely colonised in other countries. 5. CENTUNCULUS. Etymology doubtful. — Europe, Asia, America. *Centunculus tenellus, Duby ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 506. An annual herb ; stems erect, 2-6 in., simple or branched. Leaves alternate, sessile, ovate, less than J in. long, entire, acute. Flowers minute, white or pink, solitary, axillary ; stalks usually shorter than the leaves, elongating in fruit. Calyx 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla rotate, 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted at the base of the corolla. Ovary globose ; style thread-like, stigma simple ; ovules many. Capsule globose, opening by a circular fissure round the middle ; seeds numerous. Hilly districts throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. ; usually on damp, grassy places ; April-October. — Tropical America and Australia. 6. SAMOLUS. Etymology obscure. — Chiefly temperate regions of the S. Hemisphere, and the following widely diffused species. Samolus Valerandi, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 506. A glabrous herb ; stems ascending or erect, 6-18 in., usually branched. Leaves obovate or spathulate, 1-4 in., entire ; lower crowded, spreading, stalked ; upper alternate, smaller, nearly sessile. Flowers small, white, not axillary, in terminal racemes corymbose at first, ultimately elongating ; stalks bracteate about the middle. Calyx-tube hemispheric, half adnate to the ovary ; limb 5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 5-lobed, J in. diam. ; limb spreading. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla, filaments very short, alternate with 5 minute scales. Ovary globose, lower half adnate to the calyx-tube ; style short, stigma capitate ; ovules many. Capsule globose, small, crowned with the calyx-teeth, splitting from the top in 5 valves ; seeds numerous, minute. Sutlej valley, on marshy ground near Suni ; April. — W. Himalaya, 3000- 4000 ft. — Nearly all regions (Britain, Brookweed). 304 LVIII. MYRSINACEHS LVIII. MYRSINACE^ An Order inhabiting nearly all tropical and subtropical regions ; largely represented throughout India, but having only two species in the Simla neighbourhood. MYRSINE. The Greek name of the Myrtle, Myrtus communis ; both genera have gland-dotted leaves. — Nearly all tropical regions, chiefly Asiatic. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, dotted with pellucid glands, usually toothed ; stipules none. Flowers glandular, very small, regular, polygamous, in axillary clusters, sometimes apparently crowded along the branches owing to the leaves having fallen off. Calyx free, persistent, 4- or 5-lobed, much shorter than the corolla. Corolla rotate, hypogynous, 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the base of the corolla opposite its lobes, filaments very short, anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, ovoid, 1 -celled, narrowed upwards in a short style ; stigma large, terminal, capitate or 3-lobed ; ovules several, attached to a free central column. Fruit berry -like, indehiscent, glo- bose, hardly J- in. diam., smooth, red ; seed large, solitary. A shrub. Leaves %-l in. Flowers nearly sessile . 1 . M. africana. A small tree. Leaves 3-5 in. Flowers stalked . . 2. M. semi ser rata. 1. Myrsine africana, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iff. 511. A small, erect, pubescent shrub. Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, |-1 in., sharply toothed. Flowers nearly sessile. Calyx and corolla 4-lobed. Sta- mens 4. Stigma capitate, covered with minute protuberances. Berry dotted with red glands. (Fig. 94. ) Simla, the Glen ; March-May. — Temperate Himalaya, 2000-9000 ft.— S. Africa. Fig. 94. Myrsine' africana. 2. Myrsine semiserrata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iff. 511. A small, glabrous tree. Leaves shortly stalked, lanceolate, 3-5 in., sharply toothed towards the tip, rarely entire, margins gland-dotted. Flowers stalked. Calyx and LVIII. MYRSINACEiE 305 corolla 4- rarely 5-lobed. Stamens 4, rarely 5. Stigma of 3 spreading lobes. Simla, the Glen ; January-May. — Bhotan to the Beeas, 3000-9000 ft. — Burmah. LIX. STYRACACE^E A small Order inhabiting most warm regions except Africa. Seventy species are found in India but only one extends to theN.W. Himalaya. — Styrax was the classical name of the S. European tree, 8. officinale, whose bark produces the resinous substance known as storax. The Moluccan tree 8. Benzoin yields the resin called benzoin. Both substances are used in medicine and perfumery. SYMPLOCOS. From the Greek sympleco, to knit together ; referring to the united stamens. — Tropics of Asia, Australia and America. Symplocos crataegoides, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 573. , A shrub or small tree ; young parts and inflorescence hairy, otherwise 306 LIX. STYRACACEiE glabrous. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, 2-4 in., toothed, acute or obtuse, turning yellow in drying ; stipules none. Flowers regular, 2 -sexual, fragrant, white, J in. diam., in terminal panicles 2-6 in. long. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; lobes 5, short, obtuse, minutely fringed. Petals 5, nearly free. Stamens numerous, filaments united at the base in 5 sets, inserted at the base of the corolla. Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; style long, linear, stigma capitate ; ovules 2 or 3 in each cell, pendulous. Drupe globose or ovoid, about J in. diam., crowned with the persistent calyx-limb, black when ripe ; seed solitary. (Fig. 95.) Simla, Narkunda ; April-June. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-8000 ft. — Burmah, Japan. The inflorescence resembles that of the Hawthorn : hence the specific name. The leaves and bark are used in dyeing, yielding a yellow colour. LX. OLEACE^E Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, except in Jasminum humile, undivided or pinnate ; stipules none. Flowers 2 -sexual, rarely polygamous, regular, in cymes or panicles. Calyx free, bell-shaped or tubular, usually small, toothed or nearly entire, persistent. Corolla salver- or funnel-shaped or rotate, usually 4-lobed or in Fraxinus of 4 petals united at the base in two pairs. Stamens 2, inserted on the corolla-tube or at the base of the petals ; fila- ments usually short, anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 2-celled ; style usually short, stigma terminal, simple or 2-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, rarely solitary. Fruit drupe-like, berry-like or capsular ; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, sometimes solitary through the suppression of one cell. — A small Order inhabiting all warm and temperate regions. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs. Corolla salver- shaped, lobes 5 . . . .1. Jasminum. Trees. Corolla-lobes 4, nearly free . . . .4. Fraxinus. Leaves undivided. Bracts 2, conspicuous, concealing the calyx . . .2. Nyctanthes. Bracts none or minute. Corolla- tube longer than the calyx. Leaves ovate ; lower surface white. Corolla-tube cylindric, in. . . . . . .3. Syringa. Leaves lanceolate ; lower surface green. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, A in. . . . . . .6. Ligustrum. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx . . .5. Olea. 1. JASMINUM. Derived from jasemin, the Persian name, signifying fragrant.- — Tropical and temperate regions of the Old World. Climbing, sometimes erect, glabrous shrubs ; branches long. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, odd-pinnate ; leaflets opposite, LX. OLEACEiE 307 nearly sessile, entire, end one the longest. Flowers white or yellow, in terminal clusters. Calyx-tube short ; teeth 5, short or long. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube cylindric ; lobes 5. Stamens included in the corolla-tube, filaments short. Style slender, simple ; stigma capitate, obscurely 2-lobed. Berry deeply 2-lobed or globose through the suppression of one cell ; seeds . solitary in each cell. Calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube. Flowers white . . . . . . 1. J. dispermum. Flowers yellow . . . . . . 2. J. humile. Calyx-teeth much longer than the tube . Leaflets 3-7. Corolla-tube $ in. . . . . 3. J. officinale. Leaflets 7-11. Corolla- tube f in. . . . 4„ J. grandiflorum. 1. Jasminum dispermum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 602. A climbing shrub. Leaves opposite, 4-6 in. ; leaflets 3-5, lance- olate or ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, end one 2-4 in. Flowers numerous, crowded, white, sometimes tinged with pink, f-1 in. long. Calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube. Simla, Lansdowne Falls ; April. — Temperate Himalaya, 2000-8000 ft. 2. Jasminum humile, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 602. An erect shrub. Leaves alternate, 2-4 in. ; leaflets 3-7, oblong or ovate, end one 1-2 in. Flowers yellow, J-f in. long. Calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube. Simla, common ; May-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 2000-9000 ft. 3. Jasminum offieinale, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 603. A climb- ing or hah erect shrub. Leaves opposite, 2-4 in. ; leaflets 3-7, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, end one 1-2 in. Flowers white, numerous, crowded. Calyx-teeth linear, more than half the length of the corolla-tube. Corolla-tube ^ in. ; lobes | in. long. Fagoo, Narkunda ; May-July. — W. Himalaya, 3000-9000 ft. The common white Jessamine cultivated in Britain. 4. Jasminum grandiflorum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 603. A chmbing shrub. Leaves opposite, 3-4 in. ; leaflets 7-11, ovate, end one |-1 in., often partially united with the uppermost pair. Flowers white, often tinged with purple outside. Calyx-teeth linear, less than half the length of the corolla-tube. Corolla-tube f in. ; lobes \ in. long. Simla, common ; May-September. — Simla to Nepal, 2000-7000 ft. Cultivated throughout India. — Native name Cfiambel. 2. NYCTANTHES. From the Greek nyx , nyctos, night, and anthos, a flower ; the flowers open in the evening and fall off the following morning. — India. 308 LX. OLEACEiE Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 603. A rough, hairy shrub or small tree ; branches 4-angled. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, 3-4 in., entire or toothed, long-pointed. Flowers fragrant, sessile, in clusters of three, forming terminal cymes. Calyx tubular, entire or minutely toothed, almost con- cealed by 2 broad, ovate bracts. Corolla salver-shaped; tube cylindric, orange, J in. ; lobes usually 6, white, 2-lobed, margins jagged. Stamens included, filaments very short. Style cylindric ; stigma entire ; ovules solitary in each cell. Capsule flat, orbicular, J-f in. across, splitting into two 1 -seeded carpels. Valleys below Simla ; July-September. — N. India, ascending to 4000 ft. Cultivated throughout India. 3. SYRINGA. From the Creek syrinx , syringos, a musical pipe, reed ; referring to the long, straight branches from which the pith is easily removed to make a flute or whistle. — Temperate Asia, E. Europe. Syringa Emodi, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 604. A large shrub ; young parts and inflorescence pubescent, otherwise glabrous. Leaves stalked, ovate, 2£-5 X 1-2 in., entire, acute ; lower surface pale or white. Flowers small, white, in terminal panicles 3-6 in. long. Calyx short, obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped ; LX. 0LEACEH5 309 tube ~ in., cylindric, much longer than the calyx ; lobes 4, long pointed, tips indexed. Filaments short, anthers protruding. Style short ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule cylindric, f in. long, 2-valved ; seeds 2 in each cell, flat, winged. (Fig. 96.) Narkunda, Baghi ; May.— W. Himalaya, 9000-12,000 ft. Cultivated in Britain under the name of Himalaya Lilac ; the flowers have a heavy, rather disagreeable smell. 4. FRAXINUS. The classical name of the Common Ash, F. excelsior. — N. temperate regions. * Fraxinus floribunda, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 605. A large tree. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets 7-9, opposite, stalked, ovate- oblong, 5xlf in., toothed, long-pointed. Flowers small, poly- gamous, mostly 2 -sexual, in terminal panicles 6-8 in. long. Calyx short, 4-toothed. Petals 4, white, narrowly oblong, much longer than the calyx, cohering at the base in pairs. Stamens longer than the petals, attached to their base. Ovary minute ; style short, stigma very long, fleshy, erect. Fruit a narrow, winged, 1-seeded nut 1-1 1 in. long. Temperate Himalaya, not common, 5000-9000 ft. ; April, May. Closely allied to the Flowering or Manna Ash, F. Ornus, a native of S. Europe, cultivated in Britain. 5. OLEA. The Latin name of the Olive, O. europcea. — N. tem- perate regions and New Zealand. Trees or shrubs. Leaves leathery, stalked, ovate or lanceolate, entire. Flowers small, in panicles. Calyx short, 4-toothed. Corolla rotate ; tube not longer than the calyx ; lobes 4. Fila- ments short, anthers protruding. Style short ; stigma 2-lobed. Drupe ovoid ; seed solitary, oily. Leaves densely scaly on the lower surface, not glandular . l.O. cuspidata. Leaves glabrous on the lower surface ; nerve-axils glan- dular . . . . . . . . 2. O. glandulifera. *L Olea cuspidata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 611. A tree; branches and inflorescence scaly. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 x j— f in. ; tip hard, acute ; upper surface glabrous, shining, lower densely covered with minute, red-brown scales. Flowers white, in numerous, short, axillary panicles. Drupe in. long, black when ripe. Hilly regions in N.W. India, ascending to 6000 ft. ; April, May. Closely allied to the Olive tree of S. Europe, 0. europcea. 2. Olea glandulifera, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 612. A small, glabrous tree. Leaves ovate, 4-5 x 1| in., long-pointed ; the axils of the principal nerves on the lower surface glandular. Flowers 310 LX. OLEACEiE white, in terminal or lateral panicles 2-3 in. long. Drupe J-J in. long, black when ripe. Sutlej valley, Basantpur ; March-May. — Temperate Himalaya, 2000-6000 ft • — Mountains of S. India. 6. LIGUSTRUM. The Latin name of a shrub, probably the Privet, L. vulgare, derived from ligare, to bind ; referring to the use made of the flexible branches. — Asia, Australia, Europe. Ligustrum compactum, Hook. f. & Thoms. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 616. A glabrous shrub or small tree. Leaves stalked, lanceolate, 3-5 x f— 1 1 in., entire, long-pointed. Flowers small, white, in ter- minal panicles 4-6 in. long. Calyx short, obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, ^ in. longer than the calyx ; lobes 4. Filaments short, anthers protruding. Style short ; stigma 2-lobed. Drupe ovoid, in. long ; seeds 1—3. Valleys below Simla, not common, Koti, Khogua on the road to the Chor ; May, June. — W. Himalaya, 3500-6000 ft. Allied to the Privet, L. vulgare, of Britain. LXI. APOCYNACE^E Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, in threes in Nerium , simple, entire ; stipules none. Flowers 2-sexual, regular, in terminal or axillary cymes. Calyx free, usually small, often glandular at the base within, deeply 5-lobed. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube long or short, usually dilated round the stamens ; limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube ; filaments short ; anthers distinct but more or less cohering in a cone, free from or adherent to the stigma, cell-bases obtuse or produced downwards in short, curved, pointed tails. Ovary superior, 2-celled, cells distinct or united ; style simple, linear, stigma terminal ; ovules few or many in each cell. Fruit a berry or two distinct or more or less united follicles ; seeds few or many, naked or crowned with a tuft of hairs. — Nearly all tropical and subtropical regions. Plumeria acutifolia, the Frangipani tree, is cultivated throughout India, and sometimes planted in the lower hills. A small tree with thick branches and copious, milky juice. Leaves lanceolate, 6-15 in., crowded at the end of branches. Flowers fragrant. Corolla salver-shaped, white, pale yellow in the centre, 2-3 in. across. Vinca rosea, the Periwinkle, a West Indian plant, is cultivated throughout India, and sometimes seen as an escape. Leaves obovate. Flowers axillary, pink, 1^-2 in. diam. Anthers free from the stigma ; cell- bases obtuse. A spinous shrub. Leaves 1-1 J in. Fruit a berry . 1. Carissa. An unarmed tree. Leaves 6 in. Fruit two long follicles ........ 2. Holarrhena . LXI. APOCYNACEiE 311 Anthers adherent to the stigma ; cell- bases produced in short, curved, pointed tails. Calyx-lobes as long as the corolla- tube . . 3. Vallaris. Calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla-tube. Flowers red or pink. Leaves in threes . . 4. Nerium. Flowers white. Leaves opposite . . .5. Trachelospermum. 1. CARISSA. Probably a modification of the native name. — Asia, Africa, Australia. Carissa Carandas, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 630. An erect, spin- ous shrub ; branches forking, rigid ; inflorescence pubescent, other- wise glabrous. Leaves leathery, nearly sessile, ovate, 1-1^ x|-f in., usually obtuse. Flowers white, in small, terminal cymes. Calyx-segments acute. Corolla-tube §-§ in., lower portion cylin- dric, upper dilated ; lobes acute. Stamens included, inserted near the top of the tube ; anthers free from the stigma, cell-bases obtuse. Ovary-cells united ; style short, stigma spindle-shaped ; ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit an ovoid berry | in. long, green at first, then red, nearly black when ripe ; seeds 2-4, naked. Valleys below Simla on open hill-sides ; September-April. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. ‘ The fruit is used for making preserves. When ripe it may be used for tarts and puddings, for which purpose no fruit of the country is preferable ; it has when cooked much of the flavour of the green gooseberry.’- — Firminger’s Manual of Gardening, p. 256. — The ripe fruit is sold in bazars, and the shrub is occasionally cultivated. — Native name Kuronda. 2. HOLARRHENA. From the Greek holos, whole, and arren, male ; the anthers are free from the stigma. — Tropical Asia and Africa. Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 644. A glabrous or pubescent tree. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate-oblong, about 6x3 in., acute. Flowers white, in terminal, corymbose cymes. Calyx-segments acute. Corolla pubescent ; tube \ in., cylindric ; lobes oblong, obtuse. Stamens inserted near the base of the tube, included ; anthers free from the stigma, cell-bases obtuse. Ovary-cells nearly distinct ; style short, stigma spindle- shaped ; ovules numerous in each cell. Follicles glabrous, slender, terete, 8-15 in. long, distinct from the base, usually curved and touching at the tips ; seeds numerous, crowned with a tuft of long, silky hairs. Valleys below Simla, Subathoo ; April- June.— Throughout India, ascending to 3500 ft. 3. VALLARIS. Etymology doubtful. — India. Vallaris Heynei, Spreng. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 650. A climbing shrub ; inflorescence pubescent, otherwise nearly glabrous. Leaves 312 LXI. APOCYNACEiE shortly stalked, ovate-oblong, 2-3 X J-l in., acute. Flowers white, fragrant, in axillary, drooping cymes. Calyx-lobes as long as the corolla-tube, obtuse. Corolla-tube ~ in., cylindric ; limb spreading, § in. across, lobes rounded. Stamens inserted near the mouth of the tube, filaments hairy, anthers cohering in a cone round the stigma, adherent to it, a smooth, white gland on the back of each, cells produced downwards in short, curved tails. Disk 5-lobed. Ovary-cells united ; style hairy, stigma capitate ; ovules many in each cell. Fruit oblong, pointed, about 6x2 in., ultimately separating into 2 follicles ; seeds numerous, crowned with a tuft of hairs. Sutlej valley ; December-April. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. Often cultivated in gardens. 4. NERIUM. From nerion, the Greek name of the Oleander, N. Oleander ; derived from neros, damp, humid, referring to the habitat of the plants. — N. Asia, S. Europe. Nerium odorum, Boland. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 655. An erect, glabrous shrub ; juice milky. Leaves in threes, leathery, shortly LXI. APOCYNACEJE 313 stalked, narrowly lanceolate, 4-6 in., acute. Flowers red or pink, fragrant, in terminal cymes. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Corolla- tube f in., lower portion cylindric, upper dilated ; 5 fringed scales on the throat ; limb spreading, 14 in. diam., lobes rounded. Stamens inserted near the mouth of the tube ; filaments hairy ; anthers cohering in a cone round the stigma, adherent to it, each prolonged upwards in a long, thread-like, hairy appendage, cells produced downwards in short, curved tails. Ovary-cells nearly distinct ; style long, stigma conical, flat-topped ; ovules many in each cell. Follicles narrow, straight, 6-9 in., united at first, ultimately separating ; seeds numerous, crowned with a tuft of short hairs. Sutlej valley, in ravines ; April-October. — Throughout N. India, ascending to 5000 ft. Cultivated throughout India ; closely allied to the Oleander of S. Europe. 5. TRACHELOSPERMUM. From the Greek trachelos, the neck, and sperma, a seed ; referring to the long, narrow seeds. — E. Asia. Trachelospermum fragrans, Hook. f. ; FI. Br. Ind. iii. 667. A climbing, nearly glabrous shrub ; branches pendulous. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 X 1—1 \ in. Flowers white, fragrant, in terminal or axillary cymes. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Corolla-tube cylindric, in., dilated near the mouth ; limb spreading, \ in. diam., lobes oblong. Stamens inserted near the top of the tube ; anthers cohering in a cone round the stigma, adherent to it, tips acute, cells produced downwards in short, curved tails. Disk of 5 small, erect glands. Ovary-cells distinct ; style cup-shaped at the top, stigma oblong ; ovules many in each cell. Follicles slender, terete, 4-8 in., distinct from the base, usually curved and nearly touching at the tips ; seeds numerous, crowned with a tuft of long hairs. (Fig. 97.) Valleys below Simla, Lansdowne Falls ; April- July. — Simla to Burmah, 2000-6000 ft. LXII. ASCLEPIADACE^E Shrubs or herbs ; stems erect, twining or climbing ; juice often milky and acrid. Leaves opposite, usually stalked, simple, entire ; stipules none. Flowers regular, 2 -sexual, usually in axillary, umbellate cymes. Calyx free, small, 5-lobed nearly to the base. Corolla hypogynous ; tube usually short ; limb 5-lobed, spreading. 314 LXII. ASCLEPIADACEJE Corona composed of usually 5 distinct or united, variously shaped scales attached to the staminal tube or in Gryptolepis only to the corolla-tube. Stamens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla ; filaments flat, united in a short tube enclosing the pistils or in Cryptolepis only free ; anthers 2-celled, coherent round the stigma, the pollen of each cell agglutinated in a small, ovoid, pollen mass of wax-like consistency, granular only in Gryptolepis ; anther-tips membranous, produced, except in Ceropegia , usually indexed over the stigma. Carpels 2, free at least near the base ; styles short, more or less cohering ; stigmas terminal, united in a 5-angled disk bearing at each corner a small, hard, dark-coloured gland or corpuscle attached to the pollen mass on each side of it ; the ten pollen masses being thus united in five pairs, the members of each pair derived from different but contiguous anthers ; ovules numerous in each carpel. Fruit of two distinct follicles usually diverging from their base, one occasionally abortive ; seeds numerous, small, crowned with a tuft of long hairs. — A large Order chiefly inhabiting tropical and subtropical regions. — Ascle- pias was the classical name of Gynanchum Vincetoxicum ; derived from Asclepiades, the Greek form of the Latin Aesculapius, a famous physician. The flowers are curiously adapted to facilitate cross-fertilisation by insects ; see Muller’s Fertilisation of Flowers, p. 396. The structure of the flowers of this Order is difficult to understand from a description, and most of the hill species have flowers too small for easy dissec- tion. The flowers of the Mudar, Calotropis, very common in the plains and occasionally met with in the lower valleys, are better suited for the purpose and are well described by Muller. Stems erect. Corolla-tube very short. Flowers f-1 in. diam., pink, spotted with purple Flowers less than f in. diam., yellow .... Corolla-tube f-1 in. long. Flowers dark red-purple Stems twining or climbing. Flowers orange, ^ in. diam. ...... Flowers purple. Leaves l|-3 in. broad. Flowers ■ 1-1J in. diam., silvery white outside ....... Leaves TTT- 4 in. broad. Flowers ^ in. diam. Flowers waxy white, tinged with pink, f-1 in. diam. Leaves fleshy, 2-5 X $-1 in. ..... Flowers yellow, pale green or green- yellow. Coronal scales attached to the corolla-tube closing its mouth. Filaments free . . . . Coronal scales attached to the staminal tube. Fila- ments united. Corolla-tube f in. long, dilated at the base . Corolla-tube very short, not dilated. Corona longer than the staminal tube. Leaves 2-3 in. broad. Corolla fringed . 2. Calotropis. 5. Cynanchum.1 10. Ceropegia. 6. Marsdenia. 4. Holostemma. 8. TylopJiora ,2 9. Hoya. 1. Cryptolepis. 7. Pergularia. 3. Dcemia . 1 C. Vincetoxicum and C. glaucum. T . tenerrima only. LXIT. ASCLEPIADACEiE 315 Leaves 4-1 in. broad. Corolla not fringed ... .5. Cynanchum Dalhousiece. Corona not longer than the staminal tube. Leaves glabrous, 2-5 in. broad ; stalks with basal lobes . . 5. Cynanchum auriculatum. Leaves hairy, l|-2 in. broad ; basal lobes none . . .8. Tylophora hirsuta. 1. CRYPTOLEPIS. From the Greek cryptos, hidden, and lepis, a scale ; the coronal scales close the month of the corolla-tube and hide the anthers and stigma. — Tropical Asia and Africa. Cryptolepis Buchanani, Boem. & Schult. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 5. A glabrous, twining shrub ; juice milky. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong-ovate, 3-6 X 1-2J in. ; lower surface nearly white. Flowers J-f in. diam., yellow-green, in axillary, paniculate cymes. Corolla- tube short ; lobes narrowly oblong. Coronal scales 5, club-shaped, attached at the top of the corolla-tube, closing its mouth. Stamens at the base of the corolla-tube, filaments very short, free ; anther-bases adhering to the stigma, tips long, converging- over it ; pollen masses granular. Stigma conical. Follicles 2-4 in., smooth, straight, terete, tapering. Giri valley ; May, June. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. 2. CALOTROPIS. From the Greek halos , beautiful, and tropis, the keel of a boat ; referring to the shape of the coronal scales. — Tropical Asia and Africa. \F Calotropis procera, B. Br. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 18. An erect, white, downy shrub ; juice milky. Leaves sessile, cordate, ovate- oblong, 4-9 X 1-4 in. Flowers f-1 in. diam., pink, spotted with purple, in|lateral, umbellate cymes. Corolla thick, cup-shaped ; tube very short ; lobes triangular, acute. Coronal scales 5, fleshy, smooth, white, laterally flattened; adnate to the staminal tube, base upcurved. Filaments united, anther-tips inflexed ; pollen masses waxy. Stigma flat, 5-angled. Follicles 4-5 in., thick, wrinkled, covered with white woolly pubescence. Sutlej valley ; February-May. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Tropical Asia and Africa. C. gigantea, R. Br. ; FI. Br. Tnd. iv. 17, is also common in the plains, occasionally ascending to 2000 ft. Flowers 1-2 in. diam. Coronal scales hairy. The powdered roots of both species are used in native medicine. The acrid juice is poisonous for human beings, but the leaves are eaten by goats with impunity. Native name Mudar. 3. D.ZEMIA. An alteration of the vernacular Arabic name of D. extensa or an allied species. Daemia extensa, B. Br. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 20. A slender, twining, hairy shrub ; juice milky. Leaves long-stalked, deeply 316 LXII. ASCLEPIADACEiE cordate, broadly ovate, 2-3 in. across, acute. Flowers foetid, J-f in. diam., pale yellow-green, tinged with pink at the base, long-stalked, in axillary, umbellate cymes. Corolla-tube very short ; lobes broad, fringed. Coronal scales in two series ; outer 10 minute, affixed to the base of the staminal tube ; inner 5 white, laterally flattened, adnate to the staminal tube, spurred on the back, tips long, linear, spirally incurved over the stigma. Filaments united ; anther-tips indexed ; pollen masses waxy. Stigma flat, obscurely 5-angled. Follicles l|-2 in., lanceolate, long-pointed, covered with long, soft prickles. Valleys below Simla ; April- July. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. — Burmah, Afghanistan. 4. HOLOSTEMMA. From the Greek holos, whole, entire, and stemma, a chaplet, wreath ; referring to the ring-shaped corona. — : India. Holostemma Rheedei, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 21. A glabrous, twining shrub ; juice milky. Leaves long-stalked, deeply cordate, ovate, 2J-4X1J-3 in., acute or long-pointed; midrib minutely glandular at its base ; nerves red. Flowers 1-1 1 in. diam., purple, outer surface silvery- white, in axillary, umbellate cymes. Corolla thick, cup-shaped ; tube very short ; lobes broad, acute. Corona a short, fleshy ring affixed to and encircling the base of the staminal tube. Filaments united, tube 10 -winged ; anther-tips small, indexed ; pollen masses waxy. Stigma small, 5-angled, convex. Follicles short, thick, smooth, acute. Valleys below Simla ; July-September. — Simla to Sikkim, 3000-5000 ft. ; hilly districts throughout India. — Burmah. 5. CYNANCHUM. From the Greek kuon, a dog, and audio, to strangle ; referring to the poisonous properties of some species. — Tropical and temperate regions. Erect or twining shrubs. Flowers small, in axillary, umbellate cymes. Calyx nearly as long as or much shorter than the corolla. Corolla-tube very short. Corona thin, affixed to the base of the staminal tube, erect, 5-lobed or bell-shaped, sometimes bearing small scales within. Filaments united, tube very short ; anther- tips indexed ; pollen masses waxy. Stigma small, convex. Follicles 2-4 in., smooth, slender, tapering in a long point. Stems erect. Corolla glabrous . . . . . . 1. G. V incetoxicum. Corolla hairy . . . . . . 2. C. glaucum. Stems twining. Leaves |-1 in. broad. Corona nearly as long as the corolla, bell-shaped, toothed . . . .3 . C. Dalhousiece. Leaves 2-5 in. broad. Corona much shorter than the corolla, deeply 5-lobed . . . . .4 . G. auriculatum. LXIi. ASCLEPIADACEiE 317 1. Cynanchum Vincetoxicum, Pers. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 22. Pubescent ; stems erect, 6-18 in. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, 2xl| in., acute. Cymes stalked. . Mowers \ in. diam., yellow. Calyx nearly as long as the corolla. Corolla glabrous. Corona deeply 5-lobed. Shali, Sungree, Patarnala ; June. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-11,000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe. 2. Cynanchum glaucum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 22. Pubescent or hairy ; stems erect, 6-24 in. Leaves pale green, ovate -lance- olate, 3xf in., acute. Cymes shortly stalked or nearly sessile. Flowers J in. diam., yellow. Calyx about half as long as the corolla. Corolla hairy on the inner surface. Corona deeply 5- lobed. Simla, Mushobra, in woods ; May-July. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000- 9000 ft. 3. Cynanchum Dalhousiese, Wight ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 25. Stems twining, glabrous except a line of hairs running down between the joints. Leaves pubescent, shortly stalked, deeply cordate, narrowly lanceolate, 3-7 Xj-1 in., long-pointed. Cymes nearly sessile. Flowers J in. diam., pale green. Calyx much shorter than the corolla. Corolla glabrous ; lobes reflexed. Corona 318 LXII. ASCLEPIADACE^ bell-shaped, 10-toothed, nearly as long as the corolla, bearing 10 smallscales near the base within. (Fig. 98.) Simla ; July, August. — Simla to Mussoorie, 5000-7000 ft. 4. Cynanchum auriculatum, Wight ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 25. Stems twining, glabrous except a line of hairs running down between the joints. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, deeply cordate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3J-7 X2-5 in., acute ; stalks with a pair of leaf-like, basal lobes. Cymes long-stalked. Flowers J-J in. diam., yellow-green. Calyx much shorter than the corolla. Corolla pubescent within. Corona much shorter than the corolla, cup-shaped, bearing 5 small scales near the base within, deeply 5-lobed, lobes free. Mushobra, Mahasu ; June-August. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. 6. MARSDENIA. In honour of W. Marsden, traveller and botanist of the eighteenth century. — Nearly all warm regions. Marsdenia Roylei, Wight ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 35. A softly tomentose, twining shrub ; juice milky. Leaves stalked, cordate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-5xlJ-3 in., acute. Flowers | in. diam.. orange, crowded in axillary, umbellate cymes. Calyx hairy, about LXII. ASCLEPIADACE.E 319 half as long as the corolla. Corolla fleshy ; tube short ; lobes pubescent within. Coronal scales 5, attached at the base of the staminal tube, flat, linear, erect, much longer than the tube, tips free, converging. Filaments united, tube short ; anther-tips in- flexed ; pollen masses waxy. Stigma convex. Follicles hairy, deeply wrinkled, about 3x1 in., shortly pointed. (Fig. 99.) Simla, Jako, Annandale ; June-August. — Simla to Sikkim, 3000-7000 ft. 7. PERGULARIA. From the Latin pergula, an arbour, referring to the twining habit of the plants. — Tropical regions of Asia and Africa. * Pergularia pallida, Wight & Am. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 38. A twining shrub ; young parts and inflorescence more or less hairy, otherwise glabrous. Leaves stalked, cordate, ovate, 2-4 X 1J-3 in . , acute. Flowers yellow-green, f in. diam., in axillary, umbellate cymes. Corolla glabrous ; tube J in. long, dilated near the base, constricted at the throat ; lobes narrow, much longer than the tube. Coronal scales 5, membranous, flat, oblong, adnate to the staminal tube ; tips acute, free, each bearing on the inner side a short, linear appendage projecting beyond the scales and conver- ging over the stigma. Filaments united, tube short ; anther-tips inflexed ; pollen masses waxy. Stigma convex. Follicles glabrous, smooth, tapering, 3 X f in. Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. The closely allied P. odoratissima, a native of China, is cultivated through- out India on account of its highly fragrant, orange or green-yellow flowers. The throat of the corolla is hairy. 8. TYLOPHORA. From the Greek tylos, a swelling or protuberance, and phorein, to bear ; referring to the coronal scales.— Tropical regions of the Old World. Twining shrubs. Leaves ovate or very narrow. Flowers small, in axillary, umbellate cymes. Corolla-tube very short ; lobes long. Coronal scales fleshy, adnate to the staminal tube, base much dilated, tips narrow. Filaments united, tube very short ; anther-tips inflexed ; pollen masses waxy. Stigma conical. Follicles smooth, nearly glabrous, tapering, long-pointed, about 2 X J in. Leaves l |-2 in. broad. Flowers white or pale green . . 1 . T. hirsuta. Leaves not more than £ in. broad. Flowers dark purple . 2. T. tenerrima. *1. Tylophora hirsuta, Wight ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 43. Stems softly tomentose or hairy. Leaves hairy, ovate or ovate -lance- olate, 2-|-4 X lf-2 in., acute. Flowers white or pale green, J-J in. 320 LXII. ASCLEPIADACEJE diam. Coronal scales not longer than the staminal tube, wholly adnate to it. Throughout N. India, ascending to 5000 ft. 2. Tylophora tenerrima, Wight ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 44. Glabrous or pubescent ; stems very slender. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 1-4 Xy— i in., acute. Flowers few, dark purple, \ in. diam. Coronal scales longer than the staminal tube, tips free, acute, incurved. Simla, the Glen ; July, August. — Simla to Sikkim, 3000-6000 ft. 9. HOYA. In honour of Thomas Hoy, once gardener to the Duke of Northumberland at Sion House, near Kew. — Tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Australasia. Hoya longifolia, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 56. A glabrous shrub ; stems rooting and climbing over trees and rocks ; branches pendulous. Leaves fleshy, thick, narrowly lanceolate, 2-5xJ-l in., acute; stalks short, thick. Flowers waxy white, tinged with pink, f-1 in. diam., in axillary, shortly stalked, umbellate cymes. Corolla fleshy ; tube very short ; lobes tri- angular. Coronal scales thick, fleshy, adnate to the staminal tube, flattened, stellately spreading, inner angle produced in a short tooth, back rounded. Filaments united, tube short ; anther-tips indexed ; pollen masses waxy. Stigma flat. Follicles smooth, slender, terete, straight, 4-5 in. Below Chota Simla ; July, August. — Eastward to Sikkim and Khasia, 1000- 4500 ft. 10. CEROPEGIA. From the Greek ceros , wax, and pege, a fountain ; referring to the waxy appearance of the inflorescence.- — Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. Ceropegia Walliehii, Wight ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 67. A pubescent herb ; stems erect, 8-12 in. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or oblong, lfxl in., obtuse or acute. Flowers dark red-purple, axillary, solitary or in small clusters. Corolla-tube |-1 in. long, base dilated ; mouth funnel-shaped, 5-angled ; lobes \ in. long, narrow, erect, hairy within, tips cohering. Coronal scales 10, hi 2 series, outer united in a short, 10-lobed cup adnate to the staminal tube ; inner longer, linear, erect, free. Filaments united, tube very short ; anther-tips obtuse, not produced ; pollen masses waxy. Follicles smooth, tapering, long-pointed, 2 J X 1 in. Simla, Prospect and Elysium hills, Shali, in woods, rare ; June, July. — Simla to Nepal, 4000-8000 ft. LXIIT. L0GANIACEJ3 321 LXIII. LOGANIACE^ A small Order widely distributed throughout nearly all tropical and subtropical regions, represented in the N.W. Himalaya by only one genus. — Named in honour of James Logan, a British botanical author of the eighteenth century. The poison, strychnine, is prepared from the seeds of Strychnos Nux-vomica, a small tree belonging to this Order, common in S. India. BUDDLEIA. In honour of the Rev. Adam Buddie, a British botanical author of the eighteenth century. — Tropical and sub- tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America. Tall, erect shrubs ; young branches, leaves and inflorescence more or less tomentose. Leaves stalked, opposite, simple, the 322 LXIII. LOGANIACE.E bases of the stalks connected by a raised, stipular line. Flowers small, fragrant, regular, 2-sexual, nearly sessile, crowded in heads, whorls or spikes. Calyx free, bell-shaped, much shorter than the corolla-tube, 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla hypogynous ; tube nearly cylindric ; lobes 4, spreading, rounded, minutely toothed. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, alternate with the lobes ; anthers nearly sessile. Ovary superior, 2-celled ; style short, stigma terminal, 2-lobed ; ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule ovoid, opening by 2 valves ; seeds numerous, minute. Flowers nearly | in. long, in heads or whorls . . . 1 . B. paniculata. Flowers hardly \ in. long, in slender spikes . . . 2. B. asiatica. 1. Buddleia paniculata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 81. Tomentum red-brown. Leaves ovate or oblong, about 5x2 in., crenate or sharply toothed, upper ones usually lanceolate and entire. Flowers nearly J in. long, crowded in leafy heads or whorls on the short branches of terminal panicles. Corolla-tube pink; throat orange ; lobes lavender-blue ; sometimes the whole corolla varies to white or pink. Capsule tomentose. (Fig. 100.) Simla, Fagoo, Matiana ; March, April. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-7500 ft. — Afghanistan, Burmah. 2. Buddleia asiatica, Lour. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 82. Tomentum white or pale yellow. Leaves lanceolate, 3-6 xj-lj in., minutely toothed, long-pointed, upper ones usually entire. Flowers hardly J in. long, crowded in long, slender, usually drooping spikes, often combined in terminal panicles. Corolla white. Capsule glabrous. Valleys below Simla ; February-April. — Throughout India ascending to 5000 ft. — E. Asia. LXIV. GENTIANACE^E Annual or perennial herbs, more or less bitter, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite, very rarely alternate, simple, entire, often united at the base or connected by a raised line ; stipules none. Flowers regular, except in Canscora, 2-sexual, in terminal, forking, panicu- late or corymbose cymes. Calyx free, tubular or deeply lobed. Corolla hypogynous ; tube long or short ; limb 3-5-lobed, spread- ing. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, except in Canscora , and alternate with them, inserted in the tube or near the base of the corolla ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, usually 1 -celled ; style linear, stigma terminal, usually 2-lobed ; ovules several or many, attached to the cell- walls. Capsule opening by two valves ; seeds several or many, small. — A rather large Order extending LXIV. GENTIANACEiE 323 nearly all over the world but chiefly in temperate and mountainous regions, some species ascending to the utmost limits of vegetation. Corolla- tube shorter than the lobes. Ovary 2- celled. Stigma entire. Corolla-lobes without glands or spurs ........ Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla-lobes glandular or spurred Corolla-lobes glandular near the base Corolla-lobes spurred at the base .... Corolla-tube longer than the lobes. Corolla 3-lobed ........ Corolla 5- or 4-lobed ....... 1. Exacum. 4. Swertia. 5. Halenia. 2. Canscora. 3. Gentiana, 1. EXACUM. Name of classical origin ; etymology obscure. — Asia, Africa. *Exacum tetragonum, Roxb. ; FI. Rr. Ind. iv. 95. Stems erect, 1-4 ft., 4-sided, branching. Leaves opposite, stem- clasping, broadly lanceolate, l^-5x-|-l-| in., acute. Flowers blue, 1J in. diam., in terminal panicles. Calyx deeply 4-lobed ; lobes ovate, keeled, long-pointed. Corolla-tube inflated, much shorter than the 4 ovate, acute lobes. Stamens 4, filaments short ; anthers narrowly oblong, opening by two terminal pores. Ovary 2-celled ; style long, stigma capitate, entire ; ovules numerous. Capsule globose. N. India, in grassy places, ascending to 5000 ft. ; July-September. 2. CANSCORA. Adapted from Cansjancora, the native name of G. perfoliata, as given in Rheede, Hort. Mai. x. 103. — Asia, Australia, tropical Africa. Canscora decussata, Roem. Schult. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 104. Stems erect, 6-18 in., 4-sided, the angles winged. Leaves oppo- site, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, 1 x| in. Flowers irregular, white, J in. diam., in forked cymes forming terminal panicles. Calyx tubular, inflated, 4-winged, 4-toothed. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx, cylindric, much longer than the 3 obtuse lobes, one of which is notched. Stamens 4, one perfect, the others smaller, imperfect ; filaments short. Ovary 1-celled ; style short, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Burmah, tropical Africa. Canscora diffusa, R. Br. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 103, is distinguished from the above by its pale pink flowers, and by the angles of the stem and calyx not being winged. It is common throughout India, and ascends in Kumaon to 2000 ft. 3. GENTIANA. The classical name of G. lutea ; etymology uncertain. — Chiefly temperate and mountainous regions of the N. Hemisphere ; a few species in southern latitudes. 324 LXIV. GENTIANACEiE Glabrous or nearly glabrous herbs ; stems usually erect. Leaves opposite, sessile. Flowers in racemes, heads or panicu- late cymes. Calyx tubular, 5- rarely 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla- tube nearly cylindric, much longer than the lobes ; lobes 4 or 5, usually with a fold at the angles. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, attached to the tube, included. Ovary 1-celled, narrowed upwards into the persistent style ; stigma 2-lobed ; ovules several or many. Capsule sessile or stalked, more or less included in the calyx. Flowers less than half an inch long. Flowers stalked, in cymes. Calyx about half as long as the corolla. Leaves green. . . . . . 1. G. quadrifaria. Leaves silvery- shining . . . . . 2. G. aprica. Flowers sessile, in heads. Calyx nearly as long as the corolla. Leaves silvery- shining, narrowly lanceolate. Stems leafy . . . . . . . 3. G. argentea. Leaves green, broadly ovate. Stems usually naked 4. G. capitata. Flowers one to two inches long. Stems decumbent. Corolla 5-lobed . . . 5. G. Kurroo. Stems erect. Corolla 4-lobed . . . . 6. G. contorta. 1. Gentiana quadrifaria, Blume ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 111. Stems erect, 4-10 in., branching from the base. Leaves green ; radical rosulate, 1-1 \ in. ; upper smaller. Flowers blue, | in. long, in terminal cymes. Calyx about half as long as the corolla including the broad, acute lobes. Capsule ovoid. Simla, Matiana, in meadows ; July. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-10,000 ft. — Burmah, China. 2. Gentiana aprica, Decaisne ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 112, under G. decern fida. Stems erect, 2-6 in., usually much branched. Leaves silvery-shining ; radical rosulate, broadly ovate, ^ in. ; stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate, J in. Flowers blue, J in. long, in terminal cymes. Calyx about half as long as the corolla ; lobes narrow, finely pointed. Capsule ovoid. Sutlej valley, Suni ; April. — N. India, ascending to 3000 ft. 3. Gentiana argentea, Royle ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 112. Stems leafy, erect, 1-4 in., simple or Fig. ioi. Gentiana argentea. branched. Leaves silvery- shining, lanceolate, finely pointed, recurved, \ in. ; radical rosulate ; stem-leaves rather shorter. Flowers sessile, blue, J in. long, crowded in terminal, LXIY. GENTIANACEiE 325 leafy heads. Calyx nearly as long as the corolla ; lobes finely pointed. Capsule ovoid. (Fig. 101.) Simla on banks, common ; April, May. — W. Himalaya, 7000-12,000 ft. 4. Gentiana capitata, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind.iv. 113. Stems erect, 1-4 in., simple or branching. Leaves green, broadly obovate, in., crowded close under the flowers ; radical soon disappearing ; stem-leaves few or none. Flowers sessile, blue or white, J in. long, crowded in terminal, leafy heads J-f in. diam. Calyx nearly as long as the corolla ; lobes oblong, acute. Capsule globose. Simla ; September. — Simla to Bhotan, 4000-12,000 ft. 5. Gentiana Kurroo, Boyle \ FI. Br. Ind. iv. 117. Rootstock thick ; stems tufted, decumbent, 4-12 in. Leaves narrowly oblong; radical rosulate, 3-5xJ— | in.; stem-leaves 1 in., narrower. Flowers blue, spotted with white, lf-2 in. long, f in. diam., solitary or racemose. Calyx about half as long as the corolla ; lobes 5, linear. Corolla 5-lobed. Capsule oblong. Shali, near the top ; September. — W. Himalaya, 5000-11,000 ft. f>. Gentiana contorta, Royle ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 118. Stepis erect, 4-10 in., branching. Leaves ovate, 1 x^ in. Flowers blue, 1- 1 J in. long, racemed. Calyx about half as long as the corolla ; lobes 4, lanceolate. Corolla 4-lobed. Capsule oblong. Simla, Summer Hill, not common ; August- October. — W. Himalaya, 5000- 8000 ft. 4. SWERTIA. In honour of Emanuel Swert, a Dutch botanical author of the seventeenth century. — Asia, Africa, Europe ; chiefly in mountanious regions. Erect herbs ; stems more or less 4-sided, usually branching. Leaves opposite, except in S. alternifolia, sessile or narrowed in a stalk-like base. Flowers about \ in. diam., in paniculate or corymbose cymes. Calyx 4- or 5-parted ; segments lanceolate, acute. Corolla 4- or 5-lobed nearly to the base ; lobes acute, each furnished near the base with 1 or 2 honey-secreting glands. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, attached at the base of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled ; style short or almost none, stigma 2- lobed ; ovules several or many. Capsule sessile, oblong. The following larger flowered species occur on the Chor, but have not been found nearer Simla ; they all flower in the autumn : — Swertia speciosa, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 128. Stems robust, 2-4 ft., hollow. Radical leaves long-stalked. Stem-leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, 5x2 in., long-pointed, bases united, stem-clasping. Flowers lurid grey, H in. diam. Corolla 5-lobed, glands 2 on each lobe, long-fringed. 326 LXIV. GENTLANACEiE Swertia alternifolia, Royle ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 128. Kesembles S. speciosa, but the leaves are alternate. Swertia cuneata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 129. Stems 6-18 in., hollow. Leaves opposite, spathulate, l|-3xi-| i11-, lower long-stalked, upper sessile. Flowers lurid blue, 1|- in. diam. Corolla 5-lobed ; glands 2 on each lobe, linear, fringed. Calyx and corolla 5-lobed. One gland on each corolla-lobe. Corolla pale red purple, a complete ring of darker purple at its base . . . . . 1. S. purpurascens Corolla white, a broken, purple ring at its base . 2 .8. paniculata. Corolla yellow- white ; margins marked with short, pale purple streaks . . . . . 4. 8. cor data. Two glands on each corolla-lobe . . . . 3. S. letragona. Calyx and corolla 4-lobed. One gland on each corolla lobe. Leaves ovate, f in. broad. Glands fringed . 6. S. alata. Leaves linear-lanceolate, J in. broad. Glands not fringed . . . . . . 7. S. angustifolia. Two glands on each corolla-lobe, long-fringed . . 5. S. Chirata. 1. Swertia purpurascens, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind . iv. 121. Stems 1-3 ft. ; branches spreading. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, 1J X i in. Calyx and corolla 5-lobed. Corolla pale red-purple, a darker complete ring at its base ; lobes reflexed ; one gland on each lobe, horse-shoe shaped, naked. (Fig. 102.) Simla, Mushobra, common ; September. — N.W. Himalaya, 5000-12,000 ft. 2. Swertia paniculata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 122. Stems 1-3 ft. ; branches spreading. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, 1^ xj in. Calyx and corolla 5-lobed. Corolla white in the upper half with two purple blotches at the base forming an interrupted ring ; one gland on each lobe, ovate, naked. Simla, Mushobra ; September, October. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000 8000 ft. 3. Swertia tetragona, C. B. Clarke ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 122. Stems 6-24 in., usually branching. Leaves lanceolate, f-1 in. Calyx and corolla 5-lobed. Corolla nearly white ; two glands on each lobe, oblong, hairy. Simla, Mushobra ; September, October. — W. Himalaya, 5000-8000 ft. 4. Swertia cordata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 123. Stems 1-3 ft., usually branching. Leaves broadly ovate, l-2x|-lj in., acute. Calyx and corolla 5-lobed. Corolla yellow-white ; margins marked with short, pale purple streaks ; one gland on each lobe, circular, naked. Simla, Mushobra, common ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-10,000 ft. LXIV. GENTIANACEJE 327 5. Swertia Chirata, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 124. Stems robust, 2-5 ft., branching, terete except near the top. Leaves broadly lanceolate, 4xl| in., acute. Calyx and corolla 4-lobed. Corolla green-yellow, tinged with purple ; two glands on each lobe, green, fringed with long hairs. Simla., Chadwick Falls, Mushobra, Matiana ; September-November — - Temperate Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. The medicine Ghiretta is obtained from the roots and stems of this species. 6. Swertia alata, Boyle ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 125. Stems 1-2 ft., branching, angles winged. Leaves ovate, If xf in., acute. Calyx and corolla 4-lobed. Corolla lurid green-yellow, dotted and veined with purple ; one gland on each lobe, fringed. Simla, below Bishop Cotton’s school, Naldera ; September. — W. Himalaya, 4000-6000 ft. 7. Swertia angustifolia, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 125. Stems 1-3 ft., branching, angles narrowly winged. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2fxJ in., acute. Calyx and corolla 4-lobed. Corolla white or pale blue, darker dotted ; one gland on each lobe, green, circular, naked. Simla, Mushobra ; September. — Temperate Himalaya, 2000-7000 ft. 32& LXIV. GENTIAN ACEiE 5. HALENIA. In honour of J. Halen, a Swedish botanical author of the eighteenth century. — Mountainous regions of Asia and America. Halenia elliptica, D. Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 130. An erect, glabrous herb ; stems 4-sided, angles narrowly winged. Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, 1-2 X-|-l-| in., obtuse. Flowers pale blue. J in. diam., in axillary cymes. Calyx 4-parted ; segments ovate- lanceolate. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-lobed ; each lobe pro- duced downwards in a slender, straight spur longer than the calyx. Stamens 4, attached near the base of the corolla. Ovary 1 -celled ; style short, stigma 2-lobed ; ovules many. Capsule ovoid. (Fig. 103.) Mushobra, Mahasu, in woods ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-12,000 ft. LXV. BORAGINACEAB 329 LXV. BORAGINACE^ Trees, shrubs or herbs, usually roughly hairy ; stems terete. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple, entire, rarely toothed ; stipules none. Flowers regular, 2 -sexual, rarely polygamous, often changing in colour with age, usually in long, simple or branched, one-sided racemes, inr oiled from the tip when young. Calyx free, 5-toothed or 5-lobed, persistent, often enlarged in fruit. Corolla hypogynous ; tube cylindric, usually short, mouth naked or fur- nished with 5 small scales ; limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, attached in the corolla-tube, alternate with the lobes ; filaments very short ; anthers 2-celled, usually included. Ovary ovoid or 4-lobed, 4-, rarely 2-celled ; style linear, simple or branched, terminal or inserted between the lobes of the ovary, stigma small, terminal ; ovules 1, rarely 2 in each cell. Fruit a drupe or con- sisting of 4 one-seeded nutlets ultimately separating from the receptacle. — A large Order dispersed over nearly the whole world. — Named from Borago, a genus not represented in India ; etymology obscure. Mouth of corolla-tube without scales. Trees or shrubs. Ovary 4-celled. Style 4-branched . Ovary 2-celled. Style 2 -branched . Herbs. Leaves in. Flowers A in. diam. Leaves 1-4 in. Flowers f-1 in. diam. Mouth of corolla-tube furnished with 5 scales. Nutlets bristly. Ovary flattened. Bristles of nutlets minute Ovary conical. Bristles of nutlets I in. long Nutlets smooth. Flowers white. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx Flowers blue. Corolla -tube shorter than the calyx 1. Cordia. 2. Ehretia. 3. < Heliotr opium. 4. Trichodesma. 5. Cynoglossum. 6. Paracaryum. 7. Mertensia. 8. Myosotis. 1. CORDIA. In honour of E. Cordus, a German physician and writer on medicinal plants in the sixteenth century. — Nearly all warm regions, but chiefly America. Cordia Myxa, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 136. A tree. Leaves alternate, stalked, ovate or orbicular, 3-6 in., entire ; upper surface glabrous, lower pubescent. Flowers white, J in. diam., often polygamous, in open, usually terminal panicles ; bracts none or minute. Calyx irregularly lobed. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx ; lobes narrowly oblong, recurved. Stamens protruding, filaments hairy. Ovary ovoid, 4-celled ; style terminal, cleft about half-way up into 4 long, linear branches ; ovule one in each cell. Drupe pale brown or pink, nearly black when ripe, ovoid, f-l j in. 330 LXV. BORAGINACEJE long, girt at the base by the enlarged, cnp-shaped calyx ; stone wrinkled, containing 1-4 seeds. Valleys below Simla ; March, April. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Tropical regions of the Old World ; often cultivated. C. vestita, HooJc.f. & Thoms . ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 139, a small tree, extends from the Jhelum to Oudh, and may occur in the outer hills. The buds and young shoots are thickly clothed with long, red-brown hairs, and the flowers are pale yellow. 2. EHRETIA. In honour of G. D. Ehret, a German botanical artist of the eighteenth century, much of whose work was done in England. He married a sister of the celebrated Philip Miller.-— Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. Ehretia laevis, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 141. A tree. Leaves alternate, stalked, ovate or orbicular, 2-5 in., entire ; upper surface glabrous, lower roughly pubescent. Flowers white, nearly J in. diam., in one-sided, slender spikes forming terminal or axillary corymbs. Calyx pubescent, 5-lobed. Corolla- tube very short ; lobes long, spreading. Stamens protruding. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled ; style terminal, cleft near the top into 2 branches ; ovules 2 in each cell. Drupe red, globose, J in. diam., containing 3 or 4 small, 1 -seeded stones. Sutlej valley, Basantpur ; January- April. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. — Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. E. acuminata, R. Br. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 141, a tree, extends from the Indus to Sikkim, and may occur in the outer hills ; it differs from the above in having ovate -oblong, sharply toothed leaves, and in the drupe containing only two stones. 3. HELIOTROPIUM. The classical name of H. europceum , from the Greek helios, the sun, and tropeo, to turn towards. — Nearly all tropical and temperate regions. Heliotropium strigosum, Wittd. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 151. A small, perennial, usually procumbent herb, clothed with short, white appressed hairs ; stems tufted, spreading, much branched, 1-6 in. long. Leaves alternate, nearly sessile, linear-lanceolate, J— J in., entire, acute. Flowers pale blue or white, in. diam., in terminal, bracteate spikes 1-3 in. long, lower flowers often shortly stalked. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla-tube cylindric, about twice as long as the calyx ; lobes spreading. Stamens included. Ovary ovoid, 4-celled ; style terminal, short, stigma conical ; ovule one in each cell. Fruit of 4 more or less united, minute, 1 -seeded nutlets. Valleys below Simla ; July-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Tropical Asia, Australia. LXV. BORAGINACEiE 331 4. TRICHODESMA. From the Greek thrix, trichos, hair, and desmos, a band or fastening ; the anthers are united by hairs. — Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. Trichodesma indicum, R. Br. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 153. An annual herb, rough with appressed, bulbous-based hairs ; stems 6-18 in., erect or diffuse. Leaves stem-clasping, lower opposite, upper often alternate, lanceolate, 1-4 in., acute. Flowers pale blue, turning to pink and ultimately to white, f-1 in. diam., single on drooping, axillary stalks. Calyx conical, prolonged below the divisions in 5 recurved tails ; lobes lanceolate, finely pointed. Corolla-tube nearly as long as the calyx ; lobes ovate, abruptly tapering into a narrow point, a glandular, yellow spot at the base of each. Anthers lanceolate, cohering in a woolly, projecting cone, tips naked, twisted. Ovary 4-lobed, 4-celled ; style terminal, simple ; ovule one in each cell. Fruit enclosed in the enlarged calyx ; nutlets 4, smooth, oblong-ovoid, 1 -seeded, ultimately separating from the conical receptacle. Valleys below Simla ; September, October. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — W. Asia. 5. CYNOGLOSSUM. From the Greek cyon , a dog, and glossa, a tongue ; referring to the rough leaves of some species. — Most temperate and subtropical regions ; abundant in Asia. Erect, hairy or pubescent herbs, hairs often bulbous-based. Leaves entire, rarely toothed ; radical stalked, spreading, often disappearing before flowering-time ; stem-leaves alternate, sessile or nearly so. Flowers in long, simple or forked, 1 -sided racemes ; bracts none. Calyx deeply lobed, persistent. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx, furnished at the mouth with 5 small, obtuse scales ; lobes spreading, obtuse. Stamens included in the corolla- tube. Ovary flattened, 4-lobed, 4-celled ; style simple, inserted between the lobes ; ovule one in each cell. Nutlets 4, small, 1 -seeded, more or less covered with minute, hooked bristles, ultimately separating from the convex receptacle. Flowers ^ in. diam., or less. Flowers pale blue or white. Nutlets uniformly bristly. Leaves densely clothed with short, soft, appressed hairs. Flowers | in. diam. . . . 1. C furcatum. Leaves covered with long, white, conspicuously bulbous-based hairs. Flowers hardly ^ in. diam. 2. C. micranthum. Flowers dark blue. Leaves covered with long, white, mostly bulbous based hairs. Nutlets bristly on the margins, faces nearly naked . . . . 3. C. Wallichii. Flowers \ in. diam., dark blue. Upper surface of leaves covered with bulbous based hairs, lower softly pubes- cent . . . . . . . . . 4. G. microglochin. 1. Cynoglossum furcatum, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 155. Stems and leaves densely clothed with short, soft, brown, appressed hairs 332 LXV. BORAGrlNACE^E often tawny or yellow on the young parts ; hairs often bulbous- based. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, about 3 x J in. Flowers pale blue or white, J in. diam. Nutlets uniformly bristly. (Fig. 104.) Simla, Mushobra, common ; June-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 9000 ft. Fig. 104. Cynoglossum fttrcatum. 2. Cynoglossum micranthum, Desf. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 156. Stems and leaves rough with long, white, bulbous-based hairs sometimes mingled with short, white pubescence. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, l|-3JxJ-J in., hairs most conspicuous on the upper surface. Flowers pale blue or white, hardly ^ in. diam. Nutlets uniformly bristly. Simla, common ; June-August. — N. India, ascending to 8000 ft. 3. Cynoglossum Wallichii, G. Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 157, including G. denticulatum, A. DC. Stems and leaves rough with long, white hairs mostly bulbous-based. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, l-4xj-l in., often more or less toothed, sometimes LXY. BORAGINACEtE 333 narrowed in a short stalk, hairs most conspicuous on the upper surface. Flowers dark blue, - in. diam. Nutlets bordered with a line of broad-based, united bristles, faces nearly naked. Simla, Mahasu, common ; July-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000- 10,000 ft. *4. Cynoglossum microglochin, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 158. Stems softly pubescent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, about 4x2 in., acute, upper surface covered with long, white, bulbous-based hairs, lower with soft, white pubescence. Flowers dark blue, \ in. diam. Nutlets bristly on the margins, faces nearly naked. Kashmir to Kumaon, 7000-11,000 ft. ; July-October. — Common at Dalhousie. The closely allied C. nervosum, Benth., occurs on the Chor and on the Jalaori Pass ; it differs from the above in having narrowly lanceolate leaves about 4 X 1 in. 6. PARACARYUM. From the Greek jpara, alongside, and caryon , a nut ; referring to the position of the nutlets as regards the receptacle. — W. and Central Asia, N. Europe. Paraearyum glochidiatum, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 161. A softly pubescent herb ; stems 2-3 ft., erect. Radical leaves long- stalked, cordate, ovate, 3-6 X2-4 in., entire, finely pointed ; stem- leaves alternate, smaller, shortly stalked, uppermost sessile. Flowers pale blue, | in. diam., in long, usually forked racemes. Calyx deeply lobed. Corolla-tube very short, mouth furnished with 5 small, obtuse scales ; lobes spreading, rounded. Stamens included. Ovary conical, 4-lobed, 4-celled ; style simple, inserted between the lobes ; ovule one in each cell. Nutlets 4, small, ovate, ultimately separating from the conical receptacle, margins beset with tapering, hooked bristles nearly J in. long, faces smooth. Matiana hill, Huttoo ; July, August. — Temperate Himalaya, 9000-12,000 ft. 7. MERTENSIA. In honour of F. C. Mertens, a German botanical author of the nineteenth century. — Temperate Asia, E. Europe, N. America. Mertensia racemosa, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 171. A softly hairy herb ; stems weak, diffuse or nearly erect, 4-8 in. Leaves alternate, entire ; radical long-stalked, ovate, f-l in. ; upper shortly stalked or sessile, oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 in. Flowers white, | in. diam., in terminal racemes. Calyx deeply lobed ; segments linear. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, mouth furnished with 5 short, blunt scales ; lobes spreading, obtuse. Stamens included, anther-tips protruding. Ovary 4-lobed, 4- celled ; style simple, inserted between the lobes ; ovule one in 334 LXY. BQRAGrINACEiE each cell. Fruit of 4 small, smooth nutlets ultimately separating from the flat receptacle. (Fig. 105.) Simla, Mushobra, on damp rocks ; March, April. — Simla to Kumaon, 7000- 10,000 ft. Fig. 105. Mertensia racemosa. 8. MYOSOTIS. From the Greek mys, a mouse, and ous, otos, the ear ; referring to the leaves. — N. temperate regions, New Zealand, Australia. Hairy herbs. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers small, in terminal racemes ; bracts usually none. Calyx lobed to about the middle or nearly to the base. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx ; mouth furnished with 5 short, blunt scales ; lobes spreading, obtuse. Stamens included. Ovary 4-lobed, 4-celled ; style short, inserted between the lobes ; ovule one in each cell. Fruit of 4 small, smooth, 1 -seeded nutlets, ultimately separating from the flat receptacle. Calyx not lobed below the middle, covered with appressed, straight hairs. Corolla } in. diam. . . . 1. M. cces'pitosa. Calyx lobed nearly to the base, covered with spreading, hooked hairs. Corolla in. diam. . . . . . . 2. M. sylvatica. *1. Myosotis csespitosa, Schultz ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 173. Stems weak, ascending, 6-18 in., covered with appressedjiairs or nearly LXV. BORAGINACEiE 335 glabrous. Leaves sessile, oblong, l^x| in. Calyx lobed to the middle, hairs appressed, straight. Corolla J in. diam., bright blue with a yellow centre. Kunawar to Kashmir, in wet ditches or on the banks of streams, 9000- 12,000 ft. ; August-October. — W. Asia, N. Africa, Europe (Britain, Forget-me- not), N. America. 2. Myosotis sylvatiea, Hoffm. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 173. Stems tufted, erect or decumbent, 6-18 in., covered with spreading hairs. Leaves oblong, ljxj in., lower stalked, upper sessile. Calyx lobed nearly to the base, hairs spreading, hooked. Corolla in. diam., bright blue with a yellow centre. Simla, Fagoo, in pastures and shady places ; July-October. — W. Himalaya, 7000-12,000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain, Wood Forget-me-not). LXVI. CONVOLVULACEiE Herbs or shrubs ; stems usually twining. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or lobed, none in Cuscuta ; stipules none. Flowers regular, 2-sexual, often showy. Calyx free, deeply 5- lobed ; lobes overlapping, persistent, sometimes enlarged in fruit. Corolla hypogynous, usually bell-shaped or funnel-shaped ; limb 5-lobed, often folding at the angles. Stamens 5, equal or unequal, inserted on the corolla -tube, alternate with the lobes, filaments usually dilated at the base ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, sessile, often encircled at the base by a ring-shaped disk, 2- rarely 3-celled ; styles one or two, simple or branching, stigma globose or linear. Capsule globose, usually more or less enclosed by the persistent calyx ; seeds usually 4. — A large Order widely dispersed over nearly the whole world, most abundant in warm regions. Leaf-bearing shrubs or herbs. Style single. Style not branching. Stigma capitate. Stamens unequal. Style long, slender . Stamens equal. Style short, thick Style branching. Stigmas linear Styles 2, each branching in two linear stigmas Leafless, parasitic herbs. Flowers very small . 1. Ipomoea. . 4. Porana. 2. Convolvulus. 3. Evolvulus. . 5. Cuscuta. 1. IPOMOEA. From the Greek ips, bindweed, and omoios, similar ; referring to the climbing habit of most of the species of 336 LXVI. OONVOL VULACE7E this genus, and closely resembling Convolvulus.- — Nearly all warm countries, absent from Europe. Twining or rarely procumbent herbs. Leaves stalked, usually entire, sometimes lobed. Flowers large or small, axillary, in clusters, heads or racemes, sometimes solitary. Corolla-tube long or short ; limb spreading, more or less distinctly 5-lobed, folding at the angles. Stamens unequal, attached near the top of the tube. Ovary 2- or 3-celled ; style single, long, stigma, terminal, globose or 2 -lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule opening from the top by 4 valves ; seeds 4 or 6, sometimes fewer, large, glabrous or hairy. The American Sweet Potato, Ipomoea Batatas , having tuberous, edible roots and large, purple flowers, is occasionally cultivated in the plains. In the FI. Br. Ind. iv. 215, Simla is given as a locality for 7. dasysperma, Jacq. ; but there is no specimen from the Himalaya in the Kew Herbarium. Flowers pink, purple or blue. Flowers large. Corolla l|-3 in. long. Calyx glabrous. Corolla-tube long, cylindric . . 1. 7. muricata. Calyx hairy. Corolla-tube very short. Leaves 3-lobed . . . . . . . 2. 7. hederacea. Leaves ovate . . . . . . . 3. 7. purpurea. Flowers small. Corolla J-l in. long. Lower surface of leaves green, thinly hairy. Flowers in sessile heads . . . . . . . 4. 7. eriocarpa. Lower surface of leaves silvery-tomentose. Flowers in stalked clusters or racemes . . . 6. 7. pilosa. Flowers yellow. Corolla | -§ in. long . . . . 5. 7. chryseides. *1. Ipomoea muricata, Jacq. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 197. Glabrous ; stems rough with small, tubercular outgrowths. Leaves ovate, 2-4 in., cordate, abruptly tapering into a narrow point. Flowers large, pale purple, in small, stalked clusters, sometimes solitary. Sepals glabrous, broad, abruptly pointed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 2^-3 in. long ; tube 1-2 in., narrowly cylindric, much longer than the calyx, hairy within. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule \ in. diam. ; stalk thickened in fruit. Temperate Himalaya, 1000-5000 ft. ; August-October. — Hilly districts throughout India ; often cultivated. 2. Ipomoea hederacea, Jacq. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 199. Hairy. Leaves ovate, 2-5 in., cordate, more or less deeply 3-lobed. Flowers large, pale blue, often tinged with pink, in small, stalked clusters, sometimes solitary. Sepals linear, hairy near the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, 1|-2| in. long ; tube very short. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule | in. diam. Simla, Shali ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. ; often cultivated. — Nearly all warm countries. 3. Ipomoea purpurea, Lam. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 200. Hairy. Leaves ovate, 1-2 in., cordate, acute. Flowers large, pink, in LX VI. CON V OL VUL ACEiE 337 small, stalked clusters, sometimes solitary. Sepals hairy at the base, lanceolate. Corolla funnel-shaped, l|-2 in. long ; tube very short. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule J-in. diam. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 7000 ft. ; doubtfully indigenous, often cultivated. — Tropical America and culti- vated in nearly all warm countries. 4. Ipomoea eriocarpa, R. Br. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 204. Hairy. Leaves lanceolate, 2 3 X in., deeply cordate, long-pointed. Flowers small, pink, in sessile or nearly sessile heads. Sepals hairy, long-pointed. Corolla bell-shaped, J-f in. long. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule \ in. diam. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Tropical regions of the Old World. 5. Ipomoea chryseides, Ker ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 206. Glabrous ; stems usually rough with small, tubercular outgrowths, sometimes procumbent. Leaves broadly ovate, 1| x 1J in., cordate, sinuously toothed, long-pointed. Flowers small, yellow, in stalked clusters. z 338 LX VI. CONVOLVULACEiE Sepals broadly oblong, abruptly pointed. Corolla salver-shaped, J-f in. long. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule J in. diam. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Tropical Asia, Africa, Australia. 6. Ipomoea pilosa, Sweet ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 213. Softly hairy. Leaves broadly ovate, 3 X4 in., cordate, sometimes 3-lobed, acute ; upper surface thinly hairy, lower silvery-tomentose. Flowers small, pink, in stalked clusters or racemes. Sepals hairy, narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed. Corolla funnel-shaped, J-l in. long. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule J in. diam. Valleys below Simla, Subathoo ; August- October. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. — Tropical Africa. 2. CONVOLVULUS. The classical name of the Bindweed, C. sepium, derived from convolvo, to roll up ; referring to the twining habit. — Temperate and tropical regions. Convolvulus arvensis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 219. A glabrous or pubescent herb ; rootstock creeping ; stems slender, prostrate, twining, 6-24 in. Leaves stalked, ovate or lanceolate, 1-3 X J-l in., entire, base sagittate ; lobes spreading, acute. Flowers purple, with white or pale yellow centre, solitary or 2-3 on an axillary stalk. Sepals ovate, obtuse. Corolla f-1 in. long ; tube very short ; limb spreading, 1 in. diam., obscurely 5-lobed, folding at the angles. Stamens unequal, attached near the bottom of the tube. Ovary 2-celled ; style single, branching near the top in 2 short, linear stigmas ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule \ in. diam., opening by 4 valves ; seeds 4. Simla, in fields ; April-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 7000 ft. — A weed of cultivation in nearly all temperate and subtropical regions. — Britain, Eield Bindweed. 3. EVOLVULUS. From the Latin evolvo, to unroll, in opposition to convolvo ; the stems and branches do not twine. — Nearly all warm countries, most numerous in America. E volvulus alsinoides, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 220. A softly hairy, perennial herb ; branches numerous, slender* 4-12 in., diffuse or procumbent. Leaves sessile or nearly so, lanceolate or ovate, in., entire, acute. Flowers small, blue or white, axillary, stalked, solitary or 2 or 3 together, forming terminal racemes. Sepals narrowly lanceolate. Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube very short ; limb spreading, J in. diam., obscurely 5-lobed, folding at the angles. Stamens attached near tte bottom of the tube. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, each branching in 2dong, linear stigmas ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule globose ; seeds 4, smooth. Valleys below Simla, Syree ; March-October. — Throughout India, ascend- ing to 6000 ft. — Nearly all tropical and subtropical regions. LX VI. CONV OLVUL ACEA2 339 4. PORANA. Supposed to be derived from the Javanese name of P. volubilis. — India, Malaya, Australia, N. America. *Porana panieulata, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 222. A twining, softly tomentose shrub ; lateral branches often very long, drooping. Leaves stalked, ovate, 3-5 x 2-3 in., cordate, entire, long-pointed ; upper surface pubescent, lower tomentose. Flowers very numerous, small, white, in terminal, pendulous panicles. Calyx-segments oblong, unequal, 3 becoming membranous and greatly enlarged in fruit. Corolla funnel-shaped, J in. long ; tube short ; limb spreading, obscurely 5-lobed, folding at the angles. Stamens equal, attached near the top of the tube ; filaments short. Ovary 2-celled ; style thick, very short, stigma globose, 2-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule hairy, J in,, diam. ; enlarged sepals § in. long ; seed one, glabrous. Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. — Burmah, Java. P. racemosa, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 222, is of similar habit to the above but the flowers are in long racemes ; the deeply lobed corolla is nearly \ in. long ; the style is slender ; and all 5 sepals become membranous and enlarged in fruit. The species is common in the E. Himalaya from 2000 to 6000 ft. extending to Kumaon and perhaps further west. 5. CUSCUTA. Etymology doubtful. — Widely dispersed in nearly all temperate and warm regions. Annual, parasitic, leafless herbs ; stems twining, thread-like, attached to the plants on which they grow by minute, adhesive disks. Flowers small, in clusters or racemes. Calyx coloured, shorter than the corolla. Corolla tubular ; lobes short, triangular. Stamens attached near the mouth of the tube which has 5 small, fringed scales at the base. Ovary 2-celled ; stigmas 2, sessile or terminal on short, diverging styles ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule globose, opening by a horizontal line near the base ; seeds 4. Corolla ^ in. long ; lobes reflexed. Stigmas sessile . . 1. C. refiexa. Corolla hardly in. long ; lobes erect. Styles nearly as long as the stigmas . . . . . . . 2. C. euro'pcea. 1. Cuscuta refiexa, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 225. Stems succu- lent, yellow, densely interlaced over small trees or shrubs. Flowers fragrant, waxy white, shortly stalked, crowded in numerous, small clusters or racemes. Corolla-tube in. long ; lobes reflexed. Stigmas sessile, diverging, acute. (Fig. 107.) Mushobra, Eagoo, Matiana ; July-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Malaya. *2. Cuscuta europsea, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 227. Stems pale yellow or pink. Flowers waxy white, often tinged with pink, sessile in numerous, small, globose clusters. Corolla-tube hardly 340 LXVI. CONVOLVULACEiE in. long, cylindric, becoming globose in fruit ; lobes erect. Styles distinct, diverging, nearly as long as the linear stigmas. Temperate Himalaya, 5000-12,000 ft. — Central and W. Asia, Europe Britain, Greater Dodder). LXVI I. SOLANACE^E Herbs or shrubs, usually erect. Leaves alternate, simple ; stipules none. Flowers axillary or lateral, 2-sexual, regular. Calyx free, 5-lobed or 5-toothed, sometimes 5-parted almost to the base, persistent, often enlarged in fruit. Corolla hypogynous ; tube short or long ; limb usually spreading, 5-angled or 5-lobed, often folding at the angles. Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla- lobes, attached to the tube ; filaments free ; anthers 2-celled, usually free, coherent in Solarium. Ovary free, 2- rarely 5-celled ; style terminal, slender, undivided, stigma usually capitate ; ovules numerous in each cell. Fruit an indehiscent berry or a capsule opening by 4 valves or by a transverse slit ; seeds numerous, usually flattened. — A large Order widely dispersed through all warm and temperate regions. Many useful and some poisonous plants belong to this Order. In addition to the species described and mentioned the following are commonly cultivated LXVII. SOLANACEiE 341 and may occasionally appear as escapes : the Tomato, Lycopersicum esculen- tum, flowers yellow ; the Tobacco, Nicotiana Tabacum, flowers white or pink , the Chilly, Capsicum frutescens, flowers white, fruit pungent. Flowers distinctly stalked. Flowers in clusters, racemes or irregular umbels. Anthers coherent, opening by terminal pores . .1. Solatium. Anthers free, opening by lateral slits . . .3. Withania. Flowers solitary, usually axillary. Flowers § in. diam. or less. Leaves 2 in. Fruiting calyx globose, enclosing the berry ........ 2. Physalis. Leaves 4-8 in. Fruiting calyx spreading. Berry free ........ 5. Atropa. Flowers 1-3 in. diam. Flowers blue. Calyx lobed nearly to the base . 4. Nicandra. Flowers white or purple. Calyx tubular . . 6. Datum. Flowers sessile, crowded in a leafy spike. Corolla purple- veined . . . . . . . . .7. Hyoscyamus. 1. SOLANUM. The classical name of 8. nigrum ; etymology doubtful. — Chiefly tropical and subtropical regions ; most numer- ous in America . Shrubs or herbs. Leaves stalked. Flowers in lateral cymes, racemes or irregular umbels, sometimes solitary. Calyx small. Corolla-tube very short ; limb spreading, 5-lobed, folding at the angles. Filaments very short ; anthers oblong, acute, coherent in a projecting cone, opening by pores at the top. Ovary 2-celled ; style long, stigma small. Berry globose. The Potato, S. tuberosum, belongs to this genus ; its cultivation at Simla has caused the destruction of much fine forest, notably between Mahasu and Fagoo. The Brinjal, S. Melongena, is also commonly cultivated ; it has prickly, lobed, woolly leaves and blue flowers 1 in. diam. Leaves smooth. Flowers white. Leaves glabrous or nearly so . . . 1. S. nigrum. Leaves stellately tomentose . . . 3. S. verbascifolium. Flowers purple . . . . . 2. S. Dulcamara. Leaves prickly. Leaves ovate, sinuate ; lower surface tomentose . 4. S. indicum. Leaves oblong, pinnatifid ; lower surface glabrous or nearly so . . . . . 5. S. xanihocarpum. 1. Solanum nigrum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 229. An erect, nearly glabrous, branching herb, 12-18 in. Leaves ovate or oblong, 1^-4 in., with coarse, angular teeth. Flowers white, in. diam., on slender, drooping stalks forming irregular, umbel-like clusters. Calyx-teeth obtuse. Berry \ in. diam., red, yellow or black. Simla, in woods, common ; June-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 7000 ft. — Nearly all temperate and tropical regions (Britain, Black Nightshade). 342 LX VII. SOLANACEJE 2. Solanum Dulcamara, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 229. A pubescent herb ; stems shrubby at the base ; branches long, climbing or trailing. Leaves ovate or oblong, 1-3 in., long- pointed, entire or sometimes lobed at the base. Flowers purple, |-£ in. diam., in loose, drooping cymes. Calyx-teeth obtuse. Corolla-lobes recurved. Berry J in. diam., red when ripe. Narkunda ; August. — W. Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. — Temperate Asia, Europe (Britain, Woody Nightshade or Bittersweet). 3. Solanum verbascifolium, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 230. An erect shrub, 10-20 ft., covered with dense, stellate tomentum. Leaves broadly lanceolate, 5-10x3-5 in., entire, long-pointed. Flowers white, J-f in. diam., crowded in stalked, compound cymes. Calyx-teeth broad, acute. Corolla woolly outside. Berry | in. diam., yellow. Valleys below Simla ; September, October. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Tropical Asia, Australia, America. 4. Solanum indieum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 234. A small shrub or perennial herb, 1-6 ft. ; stems prickly, branching. Leaves ovate, 3-6 X 1-4 in., sinuate; upper surface stellately hairy, lower tomentose ; nerves on both surfaces prickly. Flowers blue, f-1 in. diam., in racemes, rarely solitary. Calyx tomentose, usually prickly. Corolla tomentose outside. Berry glabrous, ^ in. diam., yellow. LX VII. SOLANACEiE 343 Valleys below Simla ; May-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — ’Tropical Asia. 5. Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrad & Wendl. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 236. A low, diffuse herb, more or less rough with scattered, stellate hairs ; stems prickly, procumbent, branching. Leaves ultimately glabrous, oblong, 2-4 in., pinnatifid, nerves on both surfaces armed with numerous, long, straight prickles. Flowers blue, 1 in. diam., solitary or in small cymes. Calyx prickly. Corolla stehately pubescent outside. Berry glabrous, \ in. diam., yellow, often blotched with green. (Fig. 108.) Simla, common ; May-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 7000 ft. — Tropical Asia and Australia. 2. PHYSALIS. From the Greek jphysa, a bladder, referring to the fruiting calyx. — Chiefly tropical America ; several species introduced in the Old World. Physalis minima, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 238. An annual, erect or diffuse, pubescent herb, 1-3 ft. Leaves stalked, ovate, 2 xlj in., sinuately angular, acute. Flowers yellow or blue, \ in. diam., single on axillary stalks. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, obscurely 5-lobed, folding at the angles. Ovary 2-celled. Berry green, globose, J in. diam., loosely enclosed in the much-enlarged, inflated, 5-angled calyx. Simla, on waste ground near houses ; July-November. — Throughout India, " ascending to 7000 ft. The Cape Gooseberry, P. 'peruviana, is cultivated throughout India ; the corolla has 5 large purple spots near the base, and the ripe fruit is yellow. 3. WITHANIA. Supposed to be in honour of H. Witham, a British geologist and writer on fossil botany in the nineteenth century. — Mediterranean region, W. Asia. Withania coagulans, Dunal ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 240. An erect shrub, 1-3 ft., densely clothed with minute, ashy-grey, stellate hairs. Leaves stalked, thick, oblong-ovate, 1-2 in., entire, obtuse. Flowers yellow, nearly \ in. diam., often 1 -sexual, on short, drooping stalks in axillary clusters. Calyx tomentose, 5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped, stellately hairy outside ; lobes recurved. Anthers free. Ovary 2-celled. Berry globose, J in. diam., nearly enclosed by the enlarged calyx. Sutlej valley ; November- April. — Punjab, ascending to 3000 ft. — Sind Baluchistan, Afghanistan. The powdered seeds are used to coagulate milk preparatory to the manufac- ture of cheese. Native name Punirband, cheese-maker. 4. NICANDRA. In honour of Nicander, a Greek writer on medicine and the properties of plants, about a.d. 150. — A single species, native of Peru, cultivated in nearly all warm regions. 344 LX VII. SOLANACE^E Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 240. An annual, erect, glabrous herb, 1-3 ft. Leaves stalked, ovate-lance- olate, 4-8 in., irregularly, sinuately lobed and toothed. Flowers blue, 1-1 \ in. diam., single on recurved, usually axillary stalks. Calyx lobed nearly to the base ; segments ovate, cordate, acute. Corolla bell-shaped ; limb spreading, 5-lobed. Filaments hairy, bases dilated, covering the ovary. Ovary 5-celled ; style linear, stigma 5-lobed, lobes cohering. Berry globose, -| in. diam., loosely enclosed by the enlarged, membranous, net-veined, 5-angled calyx. Simla, roadsides, common ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000- 6000 ft. ; intrpduced. 5. ATROPA. From the Greek Atropos, the Fate who was fabled to cut the thread of life ; referring to the poisonous pro- perties of the plants. — W. Asia, Europe. Atropa Belladonna, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 241. An erect, glandular-pubescent or nearly glabrous herb, 2-3 ft. Leaves stalked, ovate -lanceolate, 4-8 in., entire, long-pointed ; upper ones usually with a much smaller leaf springing from the same point. Flowers pale purple, tinged with yellow or green, f in. diam., single on drooping, usually axillary stalks. Calyx lobed nearly to the base ; segments leaf -like. Corolla bell-shaped ; lobes 5, short, broad, spreading. Bases of filaments hairy, dilated, covering the ovary. Ovary 2 -celled ; style longer than the corolla, stigma green. Berry globose, f in. diam., purple-black, surrounded at the base by the enlarged, spreading calyx. Narkunda, in forest ; August, September. — W. Himalaya, 6000-11,000 ft. — W. Asia, Europe (Britain, Dwale, Belladonna, Deadly Nightshade). 6. DATURA. From Dhatura, the Oriental name of D. fastuosa. — Temperate and tropical regions. Datura Stramonium, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 242. An annual, erect, nearly glabrous herb, 2-4 ft. Leaves stalked, ovate, about 7x4 in., coarsely and irregularly lobed and toothed. Flowers white, single on short, usually axillary stalks. Calyx tubular, 1- lf in., 5-toothed, 5-ribbed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 3-6 in. long ; limb spreading, 1-3 in. across, 5-lobed, folding at the angles, lobes ending in long, narrow points. Stamens included. Ovary 4-lobed, 2- celled, covered with short, soft points ; stigma 24obed, oblong. Capsule ovoid, about Xf in., covered with rigid, sharp prickles, surrounded at the base by the enlarged, reflexed, lower part of the calyx, ultimately 4-celled in the lower portion, opening nearly to the base by 4 valves ; seeds wrinkled. Simla, on waste ground ; June-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-8000 ft. — Nearly all temperate and warm regions (Britain, a casual weed, Thorn Apple). Var. Tatula with purple flowers also occurs at Simla. D. fastuosa, Linn. ; is the species common in the plains ; it has larger flowers than D. Stramonium. LX VII. SOLANACEiE 345 7, HYOSCYAMUS. The classical name, signifying hog-bean. — 'Temperate Asia, Europe. Hyoscyamus niger, Linn . ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 244. An erect, more or less hairy and viscid herb with a disagreeable, heavy odour ; stems robust, 1-3 ft. Radical leaves spreading, stalked, oblong-ovate, 6-8 in., coarsely sinuate-toothed. Stem-leaves smaller, sessile, ovate, irregularly pinnatifid, passing into bracts. Flowers pale yellow -green, veined with purple, darker in the centre, nearly sessile, lower ones in the forks of the branches, upper solitary in the axils of leaf -like bracts, forming long, 1 -sided spikes rolled back at the top before flowering, ultimately becoming elongated and straight. Calyx f in. ; tube ovoid ; limb funnel- shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped ; limb spreading, 1-1 1 in. across, lobes 5, broad, short, slightly unequal. Stamens protruding. Ovary 2 -celled ; style longer than the stamens. Capsule | in. diam., enclosed in the globose tube of the enlarged calyx, lower part membranous, top hard, rigid, opening trans- versely along the constriction between the two portions. Narkunda ; July-September.— W. Himalaya, 8000-11,000 ft. — 'Temperate Asia, Europe (Britain, Henbane). LXVIII. SCROPHULARIACE^E Herbs. Leaves simple or pinnatifid, lower opposite, upper usually alternate, often passing into floral bracts, rarely all alternate ; stipules . none. Flowers 2 -sexual, more or less irregular, solitary in the axils of leaves or bracts, usually forming racemes or spikes. Calyx free, persistent ; tube long or short ; limb 5- sometimes 4-lobed or -toothed. Corolla gamopetalous ; tube long or short ; limb 5- or 4-lobed, distinctly 2 -lipped or spreading. Stamens 4, 2 or 5, attached to the corolla-tube, alternate with the lobes ; anthers often cohering, 2- rarely 1 -celled, cells sometimes separated. Disk more or less prominent, ring- shaped, encircling the base of the ovary, sometimes obsolete. Ovary free, entire, sessile, 2 -celled, in Lathrcea 1 -celled ; style simple, stigma terminal, usually 2-cleft or -lobed ; ovules numer- ous in each cell, rarely few. Fruit a capsule, berry -like in Hemi- jphragma, usually opening by 2 valves which separate from the seed-bearing axis ; seeds small, numerous, rarely few. — A very large Order, distributed in nearly all parts of the world. A. Stamens 2 ( Bonnaya has also two staminodes). Calyx 4-lobed. Corolla-tube very short . . . .16. Veronica. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx. Leaves 3-6 in., all basal, coarsely toothed. Flowers blue- purple . . . . . . . . .15. Wulfenia. 346 LX VIII. SCEOPHULARIACEiE Leaves in., opposite ; teeth finely pointed. Flowers white, spotted or tinged with pink . 13. Bonnaya. B. Stamens 4. *Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. Flowers yellow. Corolla-tube spurred at the base ... Corolla-tube not spurred. Leaves simple. Leaves stalked. Anthers 2-celled ; cells separated Leaves sessile. Anthers 1 -celled Leaves pinnatifid. Upper lip of corolla long- beaked . . Flowers blue, purple or pink, never yellow. Calyx 4-lobed. Stems aerial, leafy. Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed Stems subterranean, scaly. Upper lip of corolla entire ........ Calyx 5-lobed. Calyx -tube prominently keeled on the ribs. Leaves sessile, entire ...... Calyx-tube not keeled. Mouth of corolla closed ; tube bulged at the base Lower lip of corolla 2 -ridged at the base . Leaves gland-dotted. Anther-cells widely sepa- rated ....... Filaments of the longer pair of stamens spurred near the base ...... Upper lip of corolla laterally flattened, abruptly bent, extremity beak-like .... **Corolla not 2-lipped. Stems prostrate. Leaves all oblong or spathulate. Corolla 4-lobed Leaves of 2 kmds, orbicular and linear. Corolla 5 lobed . Stems erect. Flowers yellow. Leaves 1-2 in. broad, radical pinnatifid, upper oblong-ovate ...... Leaves all linear, mostly 3 -fid .... Flowers purple or pink, never yellow. Calyx-tube prominently keeled on the ribs . Calyx-tube not keeled on the ribs. Leaves less than J in. broad. Leaves simple. Calyx ovate, inflated . Leaves pinnatisect. Calyx bell-shaped Leaves § in. or more broad. Calyx 5 -parted. Corolla-tube globose . Calyx tubular. Corolla -tube cylindric . C. Stamens 5. Tomentose. Flowers yellow. Corolla-limb spreading 3. Linaria. 8. 18. Linderibergia. Striga. 23. Pedicularis. 1 22. Euphrasia. 24. Lathrcea. 6. Mimulus. 4. 7. Antirrhinum. Mazus. 9. Limnophila. 12. Vandellia. 23. Pedicularis. 2 10. Herpestis. 14. Hemiphragma, 2. 20. Celsia. JSopubia. 11. Torenia. 19. 21. Centranthera. Leptorhabdos. 5. 17. Scrophularia. Buchnera. 1. Verbascum. 1. VERBASCUM. The classical name of V. Thapsus ; etymo- logy obscure. — W. Asia, Mountains of tropical Africa, Europe. 1 P. megalantha only. 2 Excluding].?, megalantha. LXVIII. SCROPHULARIACE.E 347 Verbascum Thapsus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv, 250. An erect herb densely clothed with soft, yellow-grey, stellate hairs ; stems robust, 3-6 ft., winged with the prolonged leaf-bases. Leaves entire or nearly so ; radical and lower stalked, ovate, 4-12 in. ; upper sessile, oblong-lanceolate, 6-18 in. Flowers nearly sessile, yellow, f-1 in. diam., crowded in terminal spikes. Calyx 5-lobed, Corolla concave, woolly outside ; tube very short ; lobes 5, spreading, nearly equal, broad, obtuse. Stamens 5 ; filaments 3 short and hairy, 2 longer and glabrous. Stigma capitate. Capsule tomentose, ovoid. Simla, Mushobra ; May-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-11,000 ft. — W, Asia, Europe (Britain, Great Mullein). 2. CELSIA. In honour of Olaus Celsius, a Swedish botanist of the eighteenth century. — Asia, Africa, Europe. Celsia coromandeliana, Vahl ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 251. An erect, pubescent herb, 2-3 ft. Leaves 1-2 in., broad toothed; radical crowded, stalked, pinnatifid, 6 in., end lobe much the largest; upper alternate, sessile, oblong-ovate, 2-4 in. Flowers yellow, 4 in. diam., in simple or branched racemes 1-2 ft. long, often forming a large, terminal panicle. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla-tube very short ; lobes 5, spreading, obtuse. Stamens 4, equal ; filaments hairy. Stigma capitate. Capsule globose. Sutlej valley ; January-May. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Afghanistan, Burmah, China. 3. LINARIA. From the Latin linum, flax, referring to the shape of the leaves of L. vulgaris, the Toad Flax of Britain. — W. Asia, Europe. Perennial herbs ; branches numerous, slender, prostrate, 6-24 in., spreading from the base. Leaves alternate, stalked, variable in shape and size. Flowers yellow, single on long, slender, axillary stalks. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube produced at the base in a hollow spur ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, base dilated, closing the mouth. Sta- mens 4, in unequal pairs, included. Style thread-like ; stigma minute. Capsule ovoid, opening by pores at the top. Glabrous. Leaves long-stalked. Spur short, straight, obtuse . . . . . . . .1. L. ramosissima. Softly hairy. Leaves shortly stalked. Spur long, curved, acute . . . . . . . . . 2. L. incana. 1. Linaria ramosissima. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 251. Glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves long-stalked ; lower ovate, J-2 in., deeply cordate, angularly lobed ; upper narrowly lanceolate, sagittate, basal lobes long, acute, diverging. Calyx-segments 348 LX VIII. SCROPHULARIACEiE linear. Spur straight, obtuse, about one quarter the length ol the tube. Theog ; May, June. — Throughout India on rocks and stony places, ascend- ing to 7000 ft. — Afghanistan, Burmah. 2. Linaria incana, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 252. Covered with long, soft, white, spreading hairs. Leaves shortly stalked ; lower ovate or ovate-lanceolate, |-1 in. across, entire or angularly lobed ; upper similar but smaller. Calyx -segments lanceolate. Corolla pubescent, dotted with purple ; spur curved, acute, about half the length of the tube. Sutlej valley, Suni ; April. — Temperate Himalaya, 2000-8000 ft. 4. ANTIRRHINUM. — From the Greek anti, in comparison, and rin, a snout ; referring to the flowers. — W. Asia, Europe. Antirrhinum Orontium, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 253. An erect herb, 6-18 in., more or less glandular-hairy on the upper parts. Leaves sessile, narrowly oblong, 1-2 in., entire, lower opposite, upper alternate. Flowers pale pink, streaked with purple, ^ in. long, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx 5-parted ; segments linear, spreading, over- topping the corolla. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube slightly bulged at the base ; upper lip erect, 2 -lobed ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, base dilated, closing the mouth. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs, included. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, opening by pores at the top'. Simla, in fields ; April-October. — N.W. -India, ascending to 6000 ft. — W. Asia, N. Africa, Europe (Britain, Com Snapdragon). 5. SCROPHULARIA. Name refers to a former use of the plants as a remedy for scrofula. — N. temperate regions (Britain , Figwort). Erect herbs ; stems robust, angular, glabrous towards the base, viscidly glandular on the upper parts. Leaves stalked, opposite or the upper alternate, ovate or ovate -lanceolate, crenate or sharply toothed. Flowers small, dingy green-purple, in opposite, stalked cymes forming terminal panicles. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla- tube very short, globose ; lobes 5, short, broad, flat, the upper 4 erect, lowest spreading or recurved. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs, turned downwards ; anthers 1 -celled. Style long ; stigma minute. Capsule ovoid or globose ; seeds usually several. Sepals acute. Upper corolla-lobes equal. Stamens included 1. S. calycina. Sepals rounded. Upper corolla-lobes unequal. Stamens protruding . . . . . . . . 2. S. himcilensis. LX VIII. SCROPHULARIACE.E 349 1. Scrophularia calycina. Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 253. Stems 1-2 ft. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-4 in., usually cordate, acute. Cymes shortly stalked, forming an erect, stiff, narrow panicle ; flowers numerous, crowded. Sepals lanceolate, long- pointed, acute. Upper corolla-lobes equal. Stamens included. Capsule ovoid, acute. Narkunda, Huttoo, the Chor ; July-September.— -Temperate Himalaya, 9000-12,000 ft. 2. Scrophularia himalensis, Royle ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 255 ; including 8. jpolyantha. Stems 3-4 ft. Leaves ovate or lanceo- late, 3-5xlJ-2| in., often cordate, sometimes lobed at the base, acute. Cymes long-stalked, few-flowered, loosely spreading, sometimes forming a large panicle. Sepals rounded, margins scarious. The two upper corolla-lobes much longer than the two lateral. Stamens far protruding. Capsule globose. (Fig. 109.) Simla, Mushobra, Theog, common ; June-September. — Temperate Himalaya. 4000-10,000 ft. J ' 350 LXVIII. SCROPHULARIACE^E 6. MIMULUS. From the Greek mimo, an ape, referring to the shape of the flower ; commonly known as the Monkey Flower. — Most temperate and tropical regions. * Mimulus gracilis, R. Br. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 259. An erect, glabrous herb ; stems 6-12 in., 4-angled, often branching from the base. Leaves opposite, stem-clasping, narrowly oblong, 1|-2J in., entire. Flowers nearly white, spotted with yellow, single on long, axillary stalks. Calyx tubular, ribs prominently keeled, teeth 5. Corolla 2-lipped, \ in. long ; tube cylindric ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, 2-ridged at the base. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs, included. Stigma flat, 2-lobed. X. India, ascending to 3000 ft. ; common on riversides and in moist, shady places ; April, May. — China., Australia, Tropical and S. Africa. 7. MAZUS. From the Greek mazos, a teat ; referring to the two nipple-like warts at the mouth of the corolla-tube. — Asia, Australia. Small, erect, nearly glabrous herbs, 2-12 in. Leaves mostly rosulate or opposite and crowded near the base of the stem ; upper alternate, few or none. Flowers small, in terminal racemes. LX VIII. SCROPHULARIACEiE 351 Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, in. long ; tube short ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed ; lower much larger, spreading, 3-lobed, with 2 prominent, glandular ridges at the base. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs, included. Stigma flat, 2-lobed. Capsule globose. Calyx lobed half-way down. Runners none . . . 1. M. rugosus. Calyx shortly toothed. Runners long, leafy . . .2. M. surculosus. 1. Mazus rugosus, Lour. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 259. Stems tufted. Runners none. Radical leaves oblong or obovate, 1-3 in., narrowed to a stalk-like base, coarsely, irregularly toothed. Stem-leaves spathulate, |-1^ in. Flowers pale blue or white, streaked with blue, upper lip darker. Calyx lobed half-way down. (Fig. 110.) Simla, common ; May-October. — -N. India, ascending to 7000 ft. — Tropical Asia. 2. Mazus surculosus, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 260. Stems often tufted. Runners several, long, leafy, rooting at the joints. Radical leaves broadly obovate, 1-3 in., narrowed to a stalk-like base, coarsely and irregularly toothed, often pinnatifid near the base. Stem-leaves similar but smaller. Flowers pale blue or white. Calyx shortly 5-toothed. Simla, the Glen ; May-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-7000 ft. 8. LINDENBERGIA. In honour of J. B. Lindenberg, a German botanical author of the nineteenth century. — Asia, Africa. Perennial or annual herbs. Leaves opposite, stalked, toothed. Flowers nearly sessile, yellow, usually forming spikes or racemes. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube cylindric, short ; upper lip recurved, 2-lobed ; lower much larger, spread- ing, 3-lobed, with 2 prominent folds at the base. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs, included ; anthers 2-celled, cells separated from one another. Ovary hairy ; style slender, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid. L. grandiflora, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 261, is common in the E. Himalaya, extending to Kumaon ; it is a softly hairy, half climbing, rambling herb, bearing numerous, bright yellow flowers 1 in. long. Stems 2-3 ft. Flowers crowded in 1 -sided spikes . . I. L. macrostachya. Stems 4-12 in. Flowers axillary, solitary or in small clusters . . . . , . . . 2. L. urticcefolia. 1. Lindenbergia macrostachya, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 262. Glabrous or nearly so ; stems robust, erect, 2-3 ft. Leaves, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, l-3xj-l in., long-pointed. Flowers | in. long, crowded in terminal or axillary, 1 -sided, rigid spikes. Sutlej valley, Suni ; April. — X. India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Siam, China. 352 LX VIII. SCROPHULARIACEiB 2. Lindenbergia urticsefolia, Lehm. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 262. Glandular hairy ; stems often tufted, 4-12 in., erect or ascending. Leaves broadly ovate, about |-1^X|-1 in. Flowers f in. long, axillary, solitary or in small clusters, sometimes forming long, leafy racemes. Corolla-tube tinged with red. Simla, Mushobra, common on walls; April- October. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Afghanistan, Burmah. 9. LIMNOPHILA. From the Greek limne, a marsh, and phileo, I love, in allusion to the habitat of most species. — Asia, Africa, Australia. Herbs growing in water or marshy places ; stems erect or ascending ; leaves and inflorescence covered with glandular dots. Leaves opposite, the submerged, basal leaves sometimes pinnatifid or divided into thread-like segments. Flowers sessile, in heads or leafy spikes. Calyx 5-lobed nearly to the base ; segments nearly equal, lanceolate, acute. Corolla 2 -lipped ; tube cylindric ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed ; lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs, included ; anther-cells stalked, widely separated from one another. Style bent at the top ; stigma flat, 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid. Leaves shortly stalked. Mowers in sessile or stalked, axillary heads . . . . . . .1. L. Roxburghii. Leaves stem-clasping. Flowers axillary, forming leafy spikes . . . . . . . . . 2. L. hypericifolia. *1. Limnophila Roxburghii, 0. Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 265. Glabrous or nearly so, aromatic ; stems tufted, 1-2 ft. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or lanceolate, l^-3xj-lj in., crenate ; lateral nerves about 6 pairs, pinnate, curved. Flowers J in. long, blue, mouth yellow, in sessile or stalked, axillary heads. Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. ; flowers in the cold season. — Tropical Asia, Pacific islands. *2. Limnophila hypericifolia, Benth . ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 269. Glabrous ; stems 1-2 ft. Leaves sessile, stem-clasping, oblong- ovate, 1-lf X ■g — 1 in., entire or crenate ; nerves 3-5, basal, straight, nearly parallel. Flowers pink-purple, f in. long, solitary, axillary, forming leafy spikes. Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. ; flowers in the cold season. 10. HERPESTIS. From the Greek herjpestes, a creeper. — All warm countries. Herpestis Monnieria, Kunth ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 272. A glabrous, creeping, succulent herb growing in marshes ; stems several, 6-12 in., much branched, rooting at the joints. Leaves opposite, sessile, fleshy, oblong or spathulate, J-l in., entire, obtuse, lower LXVIII. SCR0PHULARIACEJ3 353 surface dotted. Flowers pale blue, purple-veined, nearly | in. diam., single on alternate, axillary stalks. Calyx 5-parted ; seg- ments unequal, acute. Corolla-tube cylindric, longer than the calyx ; limb spreading, lobes 4, nearly equal, upper one notched. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs, included. Style linear, dilated upwards ; stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, acute. Sutlej valley, Suni ; April. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. — All warm countries. Herpestis Hamiltoniana, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 272, is common in marshy places throughout N. India and may occur in the outer hills. It differs from the above in its erect stem, linear-lanceolate, acute leaves and opposite, sessile flowers. 11. TORENIA. In honour of Olaf Toren, a Swedish traveller of the eighteenth century. — Tropical Asia and Africa. Torenia cordifolia, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 276. An erect, slightly hairy herb, 4-10 in. ; stems and branches 4-angled. Leaves opposite, stalked, ovate, 1 X J in., sharply toothed. Flowers pale lilac or blue-purple, the limb darker than the tube, f in. long, single on axillary stalks, crowded towards the end of branches. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped, 5-toothed, ribs prominently keeled. Corolla-tube curved, longer than the calyx, dilated upwards ; limb spreading, 4-lobed, one lobe notched, the others entire. Stamens 4, 2 A 354 LXVIII. SCROPHULARIACEiE in unequal pairs ; filaments arching, anthers cohering. Style linear, curved ; stigma flat, 2-lobed. Capsule oblong, acute. (Fig. 111.) Valleys below Simla, on grassy slopes ; July-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — China, Java. 12. VANDELLIA. In honour of Domenico Vandelli, a Portu- guese botanist of the eighteenth century. — Chiefly tropical Asia. Erect or diffusely branching herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed. Flowers ‘small, single on axillary stalks, often crowded towards the end of branches. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube cylindric, longer than the calyx ; upper lip erect, notched ; lower broader, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs ; fila- ments of the longer pair spurred near the base ; anthers cohering in pairs. Style curved ; stigma flat, 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid. Stems diffuse. Flowers pale purple . . . 1. V. Crustacea. Stems erect. Flowers red-purple. Lateral lobes of lower lip white . . . . . . . . 2. V. nummular if olia. 1. Vandellia Crustacea, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 279. Gla- brous ; stems 4-18 in., diffusely branched from the base. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, J-l in. Flowers pale purple, \ in. long. Capsule obtuse, shorter than the calyx. Sutlej valley ; October. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. — Tropical regions of the Old World. 2. Vandellia nummularifolia, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 282. Stems 2-6 in., erect, minutely hairy along the angles. Leaves sessile, broadly ovate, J-J in. Flowers J in. long, red-purple. Lateral lobes of lower lip white. Capsule acute, longer than the calyx. Valleys below Simla ; July, August. — Temperate Himalaya, 2000-7000 ft. 13. BONNAYA. In honour of the Marquis de Bonnay, French ambassador at Copenhagen in the nineteenth century. — Tropical Asia, Africa, Australia. Bonnaya brachiata, Link & Otto ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 284. An erect or diffusely branching, glabrous herb, 4-10 in. Leaves opposite, sessile, oblong, ^-l^in. ; teeth closely set, finely pointed. Flowers white, spotted or tinged with pink, single on short, axillary stalks forming terminal racemes. Calyx 5-lobed ; segments linear, acute. Corolla 2 -lipped ; tube cylindric, longer than the calyx ; upper lip erect, entire ; lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 2, the upper pair being reduced to staminodes ; filaments curved, anthers cohering. Stigma flat, 2-lobed. Capsule narrowly cylindric, much longer than the calyx. Valleys below Simla ; July-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Java, China. LXVTII. SCROPHULARIACE^ 355 14. HEMIPHRAGMA. From the Greek hemi, half, and phragma, a partition ; referring to the valves of the capsule. — Himalaya, China. — A single species. Hemiphragma heterophyllum. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 289. A hairy herb ; stems several, slender, prostrate. Leaves of two forms : opposite, shortly stalked, cordate, orbicular, ^-§ in. across, crenate, on the main stems ; and tufted, sessile, linear, less than \ in., acute, on the branches. Flowers pink, ^ in. Fig. 112. Wulfenia AMHERSTIANA diam., solitary, axillary, usually sessile in the leaf -tufts on the branches, sometimes stalked in the axils of the stem-leaves. Calyx 5-parted ; segments narrow. Corolla-tube short ; limb 5- lobed, spreading, lobes broad, nearly equal. Stamens 4, equal : 356 LXVIII. SCROPHULARIACE^! anther-tips cohering. Style short. Capsule berry-like, globose, l in. diam., red, shining, ultimately opening by two valves. Huttoo ; May-October. — Simla to Bhotan, 6000-12,000 ft. — China. 15. WULFENIA. In honour of F. X. Wulfen, an Austrian botanical author of the nineteenth century. — Asia, Europe. Wulfenia Amherstiana, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 291. A perennial, nearly glabrous herb ; scapes 6-12 in., erect, slender. Leaves basal, crowded, obovate-oblong, 3-6 X 1-2 in., coarsely and irregularly crenate or sharply toothed, narrowed into the stalk. Flowers drooping, blue-purple, varying to white, crowded in bracteate, 1 -sided, spike-like rabemes 3-6 in. long. Calyx 5-parted ; segments acute. Corolla ^ in. long ; tube cylindric, longer than the calyx ; lobes 4, nearly erect, acute, upper one minutely notched. Stamens 2. Style long, protruding ; stigma minute, capitate. Capsule oblong, 2-lobed, as long as the calyx. (Fig. 112.) Mahasu, Theog, Narkunda, on damp rocks in shady forest ; July, August. — W. Himalaya, 7000-11,000 ft. — Afghanistan. 16. VERONICA. A mediaeval name of doubtful derivation.— Most temperate regions, rare in the tropics. Perennial or annual herbs. Leaves, at least the lower ones, opposite, usually passing into alternate, floral leaves or bracts. Flowers small, blue, white or tinged with purple, in axillary or terminal racemes. Calyx 4-parted ; segments unequal. Corolla- tube very short ; limb 4-lobed, spreading, lobes unequal, obtuse, entire. Stamens 2. Style linear ; stigma minute. Capsule flattened, notched or deeply 2-lobed, opening along the edges in 2 valves ; seeds few. Racemes axillary. Leaves sessile. Racemes 3-6 in. long. Leaves 2-6 in., entire or nearly so . . 1. V. Anagallis. Leaves 1-2 in., coarsely toothed Leaves stalked. Racemes ^—3 in. long. . 4. V. laxa. Perennial. Rootstock creeping. Capsule triangular, broadest at the base . . . . . 5. V. cana. Annual. Root fibrous. Capsule heart-shaped, nar- rowed to the base . . . . . 6. F. javanica. Racemes terminal. Flowers drooping, long-stalked. Leaves stalked, ovate. Sepals obtuse. Capsule notched . . . . . . . 2. V. agrestis. Leaves sessile, lanceolate. Sepals acute. Capsule deeply lobed . . . . . 3. V. bildba. Flowers erect, shortly stalked. Leaves crenate. Flowers minute . . . • . 7. V. arvensis. Leaves entire. Flowers | in. diam. . . . 8. F. serpyllifolia. 1. Veronica Anagallis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 293. Peren- nial, glabrous or nearly so ; stems succulent, hollow, erect or LXVIII. SCROPHULARlACEiE 357 ascending, 6-24 in. Leaves stem- clasping, oblong-ovate or oblong- lanceolate, 2-6 xf-f in., entire or nearly so. Flowers pale purple or white, J-J in. diam., in axillary racemes 3-6 in. long ; bracts shorter than the flower-stalks. Capsule notched. Valleys below Simla, Mushobra, in wet ditches ; March-October. — Through- out India, ascending to 9000 ft. — Asia, Africa, Europe (Britain), N. America. 2. Veronica agrestis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 294. Annual, pubescent ; stems procumbent, spreading, 6-18 in., much branched. Leaves shortly stalked, broadly ovate, 1 in., toothed ; the lowest opposite, without flowers ; upper alternate, gradually becoming smaller, each bearing in its axil a single flower. Flowers blue or white, J-J in. diam., on slender, drooping stalks usually shorter than the leaves, forming terminal racemes. Sepals obtuse. Capsule notched. Valleys below Simla, in fields ; March-October. — -N. India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Temperate Asia, Europe (Britain), N. Africa. 3. Veronica biloba, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 294. Annual, pubescent ; stems erect or ascending, diffusely branched from the base, 6-18 in. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, ^-1 in., more or less toothed ; the lowest opposite, without flowers ; upper alternate, gradually passing into short, entire bracts, each bearing in its axil a single flower. Flowers blue, J in. diam., on slender, drooping stalks longer than the leaves or bracts, forming terminal racemes. Sepals acute. Capsule deeply lobed. Simla, in fields, common ; April-October. — W. Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. — - Asia Minor. 4. Veronica laxa, Bentli. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 295. Perennial, pubescent ; stems weak, ascending, 10-20 in. Leaves sessile, ovate, l-2x|-lj in., coarsely toothed. Flowers blue, J-J in. diam., in axillary racemes 3-6 in. long ; bracts as long as the flower-stalks. Capsule notched. Narkunda ; June-August. — W. Himalaya, 5000-11,000 ft. — Japan. 5. Veronica cana, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 295. Perennial, grey -pubescent ; rootstock woody, creeping ; stems erect, 4-10 in., usually unbranched. Leaves stalked, ovate, 1-2 in., crenate. Flowers blue, 4 in. diam., in axillary racemes 2-3 in. long ; bracts longer than the flower-stalks. Capsule triangular, broadest at the base, in. across, notched. Huttoo ; June-August. — Temperate Himalaya, 9000-13,000 ft. — Japan. 6. Veronica javaniea, Blume\ FI. Br. Ind. iv. 296. Annual, pubescent ; root fibrous ; stems ascending, 6-18 in., much branched. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, f-1 in., toothed. Flowers blue, \ in. diam., in axillary racemes |-1 in. long ; 358 LXVIII. SCROPHULARIACE^E bracts longer than the flower-stalks. Capsule heart-shaped, narrowed to the base, | in. broad, notched. Simla ; June. — Simla to Bhotan, 3000-7000 ft. — Java, Luchu archipelago. 7. Veronica arvensis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 296. Annual, pubescent, hairy or glandular hairy ; stems erect or ascending, 2-6 in., often branching from the base. Leaves sessile or the lowest shortly stalked, ovate, in., crenate ; lower opposite, without flowers, gradually passing into small, alternate, entire bracts each bearing in its axil a single flower. Flowers minute, pale blue, nearly sessile, forming terminal, spike-like racemes. Capsule glandular hairy, notched. Mushobra, in grass ; April-October. — W. Himalaya, 7000-9000 ft. — Tem- perate Asia, N. Africa, Europe (Britain). 8. Veronica serpyllifolia, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 296. Peren- nial, glabrous or pubescent, often glandular ; stems ascending, 4-12 in. Leaves sessile or the lowest shortly stalked, oblong- ovate, in., entire, obtuse ; lower opposite, without flowers, gradually passing into small, alternate bracts each bearing in its axil a single flower. Flowers white or lilac, | in. diam., shortly stalked, forming terminal racemes. Capsule pubescent, notched. Narkunda ; May-July. — W. Himalaya, 8000-13,000 ft. — Temperate Asia, N. Africa, Europe (Britain), America. 17. BUCHNERA. In honour of J. G. Buchner, a German naturalist of the eighteenth century. — Nearly all warm countries. Buchnera hispida, Buch.-Ham. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 298. A slender, erect, rigid, roughly bristly herb, 6-18 in. Leaves opposite, sessile or narrowed into a stalk-like base ; lower crowded, obovate or oblong, 1-2XJ-1J in.; upper narrower, lanceolate or linear, passing into alternate, narrow, floral bracts. Flowers white or pale purple, J in. long, solitary, axillary, sessile, forming terminal spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube slender, cylin- dric, longer than the calyx ; limb spreading, J in. across, lobes 5, nearly equal. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs, included ; anthers 1-celled. Style short, thickened upwards ; stigma capitate. Capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx. Valleys below Simla, in grassy places ; July-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 9000 ft. 18. STRIGA. From the Latin striga, a furrow, referring to the grooved capsule. — Tropical regions of the Old World, Aus- tralia. Striga lutea, Lour. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 299. A slender, erect, roughly bristly herb, 4-12 in. Leaves sessile, linear, ^-1 in. ; LXVIII. SCROPHULARIACEiE 359 lower opposite, passing into smaller, alternate, floral bracts. Flowers yellow, \ in. long, solitary, axillary, sessile, forming terminal spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube cylindric, slender, curved, much longer than the calyx ; upper lip reflexed, notched ; lower much larger, 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs, included ; anthers 1-celled. Style shorter than the corolla-tube ; stigma capitate. Capsule oblong, grooved, shorter than the calyx. Valleys below Simla, in grassy places ; May-September. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — Tropical Asia and Africa. 19. CENTRANTHERA. From the Greek centron, a spur, referring to the anthers. — Asia, Australia. Centranthera hispida, JR. Br. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 301. An erect, rigid, roughly bristly herb, 1-2 ft. Leaves sessile, narrowly oblong, f-1 X | in. ; lower opposite, passing into smaller, alternate, floral bracts. Flowers pale purple or white, | in. long, solitary, axillary, nearly sessile, forming terminal spikes. Calyx ovate, inflated, narrowed to the mouth, ultimately splitting nearly to the base in 2 segments. Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube curved, much longer than the calyx ; limb spreading, \ in. diam., lobes 5, nearly equal, rounded, minutely crenate. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs, in- cluded ; filaments hairy ; anthers coherent in pairs, cells spurred, one imperfect. Style shorter than the corolla-tube ; stigma flat, dilated, acute. Capsule ovoid, grooved, as long as the calyx. Valleys below Simla, in damp, grassy places ; July-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. — Tropical Asia, Australia. 20. SOPUBIA. Adapted from Sopubi Swa, the Goorkha name of S. trifida. — Asia, Africa, Australia. Sopubia trifida, Buck. -II am. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 302. A slender, roughly pubescent herb ; stems erect, 1-2 ft. ; branches ascending. Leaves sessile, linear, |-1| in., toothed or entire, mostly 3-fid ; lower opposite or clustered ; upper alternate, undivided. Flowers yellow, \ in. diam., in numerous, terminal, bracteate racemes. Calyx bell-shaped, woolly inside, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube short ; limb 5-lobed, spreading, lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs ; anthers cohering, one cell of each imperfect. Style long, thickened upwards into a broad, flat stigma. Capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx. (Fig. 113.) Simla, Jako, common on grassy slopes ; June-October. — Simla to Sikkim, 3000-7000 ft. — Hilly districts throughout India. — Ceylon. 21. LEPTORHABDOS. From the Greek leptos , slender, and rhabdos, a rod, referring to the stems. — -Central Asia, N. India. 360 LXVIII. SCROPHULAEIACE^S Leptorhabdos Benthamiana, Walp. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 303. An erect, nearly glabrous herb ; stems 1-3 ft., branching. Leaves sessile, pinna tisect, 1-3 in. ; segments linear, toothed or entire ; lower leaves opposite or clustered, upper alternate. Flowers pale pink, i in. diam., in slender, bracteate, minutely glandular racemes. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube short ; limb 5-lobed, spreading, lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs ; anthers free, cells perfect. Style long ; stigma minute ; ovules only 2 in each cell. Capsule oblong, flattened, enclosed in the calyx ; seeds 2-4. Simla, Mushobra, Matiana ; August-October. — W. Himalaya .5000-11,000 ft. — Afghanistan, Persia. Fig. 113. Sopubia trifida 22. EUPHRASIA. From the Greek euphrasict, joy, gladness, referring to a reputed power of restoring impaired vision. — Most temperate regions. Euphrasia officinalis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 305. An erect, pubescent, often glandular herb ; stems 6-18 in., slender, branch- ing. Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, in., sharply and deeply toothed. Flowers white or lilac, purple-veined, usually tinged LXVIII. SCROPHUL ARI ACE M 361 with yellow iii the throat, in terminal spikes ; bracts leaf -like. Calyx tubular, 4-lobed. Corolla 2-lipped, in. long ; tube cylindric, longer than the calyx ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, lobes usually all notched. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs ; anthers hairy, cohering in pairs under the upper lip, lower pair long-spurred. Style long ; stigma small, capitate. Capsule oblong, flattened, as long as the calyx. Mahasu, Pagoo, Huttoo, on grassy slopes. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000- 13,000 ft. — N. temperate regions (Britain, Eyebright). 23. PEDICULARIS. From the Latin pediculus, a louse ; the application variously explained. — N. temperate regions. Erect herbs. Leaves alternate or whorled, pinnatifid or crenate. Flowers yellow or pink, in bracteate spikes or racemes. Calyx tubular. Corolla 2 -lipped ; tube nearly cylindric ; upper lip erect, laterally flattened, enclosing the stamens and style, abruptly bent and prolonged in a straight or curved, beak-like extremity ; lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs, anthers cohering in pairs. Style long, slender ; stigma capitate, often protruding from the tip of the beak. Capsule longer than the calyx ; seeds sometimes only few. The arrangement of the species in this genus has been adapted from Major D. Prain’s Monograph of the Indian Pedicularis in the Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, vol. iii. Flowers yellow . . . . . . . . 1. P. megalantha. Flowers purple or pink. Leaves whorled, pinnatifid, Calyx -teeth regular, entire. Tip of corolla recurved 2. P. pectinata. Calyx irregularly toothed. Tip of corolla straight . 3. P. gracilis. Leaves alternate, oblong, crenate . . . . 4. P. carnosa . 1. Pedicularis megalantha, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 312. Pu- bescent, 1-2 ft. Leaves alternate, long-stalked, oblong-lanceolate, 2-10x1-3 in., pinnatifid; segments oblong, crenate. Flowers bright yellow, racemed. Calyx hairy ; teeth 5, irregularly jagged. Corolla 2\ in. long ; tube twice as long as the calyx ; beak long, incurved, tip toothed. Stamens attached at the top of the tube, filaments of the longer pair hairy. Capsule 1 in., oblong, acute. Matiana, Huttoo, Baghi ; July-September. — Temperate, Himalaya, 7000- 14,000 ft. 2. Pedicularis pectinata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 306. Nearly glabrous, \-2\ ft. Radical leaves persistent, long-stalked, lanceo- late, 3-5 x2-3 in., pinnatifid ; segments toothed, sometimes again pinnatifid. Stem-leaves whorled, stalked, lanceolate, 3x2 in., pinnatifid ; segments toothed. Flowers pink, spicate. Calyx-teeth 5. entire, acute. Corolla f in. long ; tube as long as the calyx; 362 LXVIII. SCROPHULARIACEiE beak sickle-shaped, tip recurved. Stamens attached at the bottom of the tube ; filaments hairy. Capsule | in., ovoid, acute. Theog, Narkunda ; August, September. — W. Himalaya, 7000-11,000 ft. — Afghanistan. 3. Pedicularis gracilis, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 307. Stems much branched, with 4' lines of hairs running down. Leaves gla- brous, shortly stalked, whorled, oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 Xf-lJ in., pinnatifid ; segments crenate, sometimes again pinnatifid. Flowers pink-purple, racemed. Calyx irregularly 5-toothed. Corolla \ in. long ; tube slightly longer than the calyx ; beak nearly straight, Fig. 114. Pedicularis carnosa. entire. Stamens attached at the middle of the tube, filaments glabrous. Capsule | in., oblong, acute. Mahasu, Narkunda ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000- 10,000 ft. . 4. Pedicularis carnosa, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 313. Roughly pubescent, j-lj ft. Leaves alternate, stalked, ovate or oblong, l-3x|-§ in.; radical persistent. Flowers bright pink-purple, racemed. Calyx irregularly jagged, split half-way down in front. Corolla 1 in. long ; tube twice as long as the calyx ; beak straight, LXVIII. SCR0PHULAR1ACEL3S 363 obtuse. Stamens attached near the top of the tube, filaments glabrous. Capsule f in., broadly oblong. (Fig. 114.) Simla, Mushobra, common ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000- 9000 ft. 24. LATHRiEA. From the Greek lathraios, hidden ; the greater part of the plant is subterranean. — Himalaya, Northern Asia, Europe. Lathrsea squamosa, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 318. A pale pink, leafless, perennial herb, parasitic on roots of trees ; stems sub- terranean, much branched, creeping, fleshy, covered with closely set, short, thick scales. Flowering branches aerial, erect, 4-12 in., bearing a few thin scales. Flowers cream-white, tipped with pink- purple, horizontal, nearly f in. long, crowded in terminal, bracteate racemes, bent in bud, elongating and straightening as the flowers expand. Calyx hairy, tubular, 4-lobed. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube as long as the calyx ; upper lip entire, margins indexed at the tip ; lower 3-lobed ; both lips nearly erect. Stamens 4, in un- equal pairs, attached near the top of the tube, anthers hairy, slightly cohering. Ovary 1 -celled ; style curved, stigma capitate, protruding. Capsule ovoid. Baghi forest ; April-June. — W. Himalaya, 6000-9000 ft. — Northern Asia, Europe (Britain, Toothwort). LXIX. OROBANCHACEAi A small Order of leafless, parasitic herbs spread over nearly all temperate and tropical regions ; represented in the neighbourhood of Simla by only one species. OROBANCHE. From the Greek orobus, a vetch, and ancho , to strangle ; some species are parasitic on vetches. — Chiefly northern and subtropical regions of the Old World. Orobanche Epithymum, DC. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 325. A glandular-pubescent, red- or purple-brown herb ; stems erect, unbranched, scaly, 3-12 in., thickened at the base. Scales alter- nate, lanceolate, J-l in. Flowers red-brown, irregular, 2-sexual, each in the axil of a bract, forming a terminal spike. Calyx free, deeply divided in 4 unequal, lanceolate lobes. Corolla hypogyn- ous, 2-lipped, § in. long ; tube cylindric, curved ; upper lip erect, arched, notched ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, margins wavy, minutely toothed. Stamens 4, included, in unequal pairs, attached 364 LXIX. OROBANCHACEJE near the base of the tube ; filaments hairy, anthers cohering. Ovary ovoid, 1 -celled, the numerous ovules inserted on 4 parietal placentas meeting in the centre ; style long, linear, curved ; stigma broad, peltate, obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule opening by 2 valves ; seeds numerous, minute. Simla, Mahasu, parasitic, on the roots of thyme, grass, etc., common ; July-October. — W. Himalaya, 7000-13,000 ft. — W. and Central1 Asia, Europe (Britain, Red Broom-rape). O. rubra, Linn., of most authors. LXX. LENTIBULARIACE^E An Order containing a few genera of marsh or aquatic plants dis- persed over the greater part of the globe ; represented in the neighbourhood of Simla by only one very small and rare species. UTRICULARIA. From, the Latin utriculus, a small bladder, referring to the bladder-like vessels borne on the leaves of most species. — Nearly all regions. Utricularia orbiculata, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 334. A small, delicate herb ; stems creeping, thread-like, leafy. Leaves rosu- late or alternate, crowded, orbicular or obovate, about | in. across, interspersed with minute, bladder-like vessels. Flowers few, lilac, irregular, 2-sexual, \ in. long, forming terminal racemes on very slender, erect, naked scapes 2-6 in. high, springing from leafy rosettes. Calyx free, divided nearly to the base in 2' very unequal, rounded segments. Corolla hypogynous, 2-lipped, base prolonged backwards in a tubular, curved, pointed spur ; upper lip very short, erect or recurved, notched ; lower much larger, spreading, obscurely 3-lobed, base convex, closing the mouth of the spur. Stamens 2, included, attached at the base of the upper lip ; filaments curved. Ovary 1 -celled ; style very short ; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule globose, surrounded by the enlarged calyx ; seeds numerous, minute. On wet rocks in a stream below Chota Simla ; August, September. — Hilly districts throughout India, ascending to 8000 ft. — Burmah, Malaya, S. China. The minute, bladder-like vessels among the leaves serve to capture and utilise as food various animalculse. See Darwin’s Insectivorous Plants, chap, xvii. ; and Kerner’s Nat. Hist, of Plants, i. 120. LXXI. GESNERACEiE 365 LXXI. GESNERACE^E Herbs ; stems or flowering scapes erect. Leaves simple. Flowers irregular, 2 -sexual, blue or purple, rarely white. Calyx free, 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla hypogynous ; tube long or short ; limb 2 -lipped or spreading. Stamens 4 in unequal pairs or only 2, the other pair being reduced to staminodes, attached to the corolla-tube, alternate with the lobes ; filaments curved, anthers cohering in pairs. Ovary free, 1 -celled ; style simple, usually rather long, stigma small, terminal ; ovules very numerous, attached to the walls of the ovary. Capsule narrowly oblong, splitting nearly to the base in 2 valves ; seeds numerous, minute. — A large Order widely dispersed through nearly all tropical and subtropical regions. — Named in honour of Conrad Gesner, a Swiss naturalist of the sixteenth century. Stamens 4 ; staminodes none. Leaves numerous, stalked, all radical. Flowers pale purple or white . . . . . . .1. Didissandra. Leaf solitary, sessile at the top of the short stem. Flowers dark blue . . . . . .3. Platystemma. Stamens 2 ; staminodes 2. Leaves opposite, unequal . 2. Chirita. 1. DIDISSANDRA. From the Greek di or dis, twice, and aner, andros, a man ; referring to the two pairs of perfect stamens as compared with the single pair in the allied genus Didymocarpus. — India, China, Malaya. Didissandra lanuginosa, C. B. Clarke ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 355. A stemless herb. Leaves all radical, stalked, spreading, ovate, 1 Xf in., crenate ; upper surface wrinkled, nearly glabrous ; lower densely hairy. Scapes tufted, erect, 3-6 in., hairy near the base. Flowers few, J in. long, pale purple or white, in a terminal cyme. Calyx-lobes acute. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube cylindric ; upper lip erect, notched ; lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma flat, 2-lobed. Capsule £ in., erect, curved, acute. Valleys below Simla, on rocks, not common ; August, September. — Simla to Bhotan, 4000-6000 ft.— Khasia hills. 2. CHIRITA. From Cherayta, the Hindustani name of Swertia Chirata ; the plants are supposed to possess similar properties. — E. Asia. Small, hairy, erect herbs. Leaves thin, opposite, unequal, often reduced to a single pair. Flowers purple, solitary or in small, axillary cymes. Calyx-lobes acute. Corolla funnel-shaped ; lobes 5, rounded, spreading. Perfect stamens 2, staminodes 2 ; filaments 366 LXXI. GESNERACEiE flattened. Ovary narrowly oblong ; style very short ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 3-4 in., curved, finely pointed. Leaves broadly ovate. Flowers deep blue-purple . . 1. G. bifolia. Leaves lanceolate, acute. Flowers pale purple . . . 2. C. pumila. 1. Chirita bifolia, Don; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 357. Stems 3-6 in. Leaves 2, sessile, cordate, broadly ovate, toothed, the larger leaf about 3x2J in., the other much smaller. Flowers one to three, 1J-2 in. long, deep purple-blue, tinged with yellow about the mouth. (Fig. 115.) Valleys below Simla, in damp, shady places ; July-September. — Simla to Nepal, 5000-6000 ft. Fig. 115. Chirita bifolia. 2. Chirita pumila, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 357. Stems 2-6 in., often branching. Leaves 2-6, stalked, lanceolate, acute, toothed, the larger leaf 2|-6 X 1-2 in., the other smaller. Flowers one to six, 1-1 J in. long, pale purple, tinged with yellow. Valleys below Simla ; July-September. — Simla to Bhotan, 1500-6000 ft. 3. PLATYSTEMMA. From the Greek platys, broad, and stemma, a wreath ; referring to the corolla. — Himalaya. Platystemma violoides, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 361. A slender, pubescent, erect herb ; stems 2-6 in. Leaf terminal, solitary, LXXI. GESNERACEJE 367 rarely with a much smaller one opposite to it, hairy, sessile, broadly ovate, 1—2^ in. across, cordate, toothed. Scape 1—2 in., rising from the base of the leaf, bearing a small, terminal cyme of 1-4 dark blue flowers. Calyx-lobes acute. Corolla-tube very short ; limb flat, \ in. across, lobes 4, oblong, rounded, one lobe Fig. 116. Platystemma violoides. notched, the others entire. Stamens 4 ; filaments very short, curved; anthers 1 -celled. Ovary ovoid; stigma truncate. (Fig. 116.) Simla, the Glen, on wet rocks ; July, August. — Simla to Nepal, 6000- 9000 ft. LXXII. BIGNONIACE.E Trees or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate, odd- pinnate. Flowers showy, nearly regular, 2-sexual, in terminal racemes. Calyx free, bell-shaped, persistent. Corolla hypognous, bell-shaped or funnel-shaped ; limb spreading, lobes 5, nearly equal, toothed or entire. Stamens 5 or 4, attached to the corolla- tube, alternate with the lobes ; filaments thickened and hairy near the base ; anthers 2-celled. Disk conspicuous, fleshy, encircling the base of the ovary. Ovary free, 2-celled ; style long, simple ; stigma terminal, flattened, 2-lobed ; ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule long, narrow, flat or terete, opening by 2 valves ; seeds numerous, large, flattened, surrounded by a membranous, nearly transparent wing, entire or divided into linear segments. — Widely 368 LXXII. BIGNONIACEiE dispersed in nearly all tropical regions ; rare in temperate. — Name in honour of the Abbe Bignon, a French savant of the eighteenth century. A tree. Leaves opposite ; leaflets entire . . . 1. Oroxylum. Herbs. Leaves alternate ; leaflets toothed ... 2. Amphicome. 1. OROXYLUM. From the Greek oros, a mountain, and xylon , wood ; referring to the habitat of this, the only species.- India, Malay Archipelago. Oroxylum indicum, Vent. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 378. A tree. Leaves glabrous, opposite, 2 -pinnate, 4-6 ft.; leaflets stalked, broadly ovate, about 6x3 in., entire, long-pointed. Flowers foetid, dark red ; racemes erect. Calyx leathery, 1 in. long, obscurely toothed. Corolla fleshy, 2-3 in. long, bell-shaped ; lobes irregularly toothed. Stamens 5, four nearly equal, the fifth shorter ; anthers protruding. Disk Broad, obscurely 5-angled. Capsule flat, 15-30x2-4 in.; wing of seeds entire. Valleys below Simla, rare ; May-July. — Throughout India, ascending to 4C00 ft. — Burmah, Malay Archipelago. The long, sword-like capsules often remain hanging on the tree for months. LXXII. BIGNONIACEiE 369 2. AMPHICOME. Prom the Greek amphi, on both sides or ends, and come, hair ; the membranous wing of the seeds is divided at each end into hair-like segments. — India, Afghanistan. Perennial, glabrous, erect herbs ; stems 12-24 in., sometimes thick and woody at the base. Leaves alternate, pinnate ; leaflets toothed. Mowers pink ; racemes erect or drooping. Calyx J in. long. Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube curved ; lobes entire. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs ; anthers cohering. Disk ring-shaped. Capsule slender, terete, 4-8 in. ; wing of seeds divided at each end into numerous, linear segments. Leaflets 5-7, lanceolate. Calyx-teeth linear, acute . . 1. A. arguta. Leaflets 9-15, ovate. Calyx-teeth none or obscure . . 2. A. Emodi. 1. Amphicome arguta, Lindl. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 385. Leaves 3-5 in. ; leaflets 5-7, lanceolate, end one longest, sometimes lobed. Calyx-teeth distinct, linear, acute. Corolla 1J-2 in. long, J-£ in. wide at the mouth. (Fig. 117.) Road between Theog and Matiana on rocks ; July, August. — N. W„ Himalaya, 7000-8000 ft. 2. Amphicome Emodi, Lindl. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 385. Leaves 5-8 in. ; leaflets 9-15, ovate, end one usually the longest, some- times lobed. Calyx entire or obscurely toothed. Corolla 1 J-2J in. long, J-1J in. wide at the mouth ; tube tinged with yellow. Sutlej valley, on rocks, Subathoo ; July, August. — Temperate Himalaya, 2000-9000 ft. LXXIII. ACANTHACE^E Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple, opposite ; stipules none. Flowers 2-sexual, more or less irregular, usually in spikes or clusters often forming terminal panicles, rarely solitary or whorled, each flower usually in the axil of a bract and furnished with 2 bracteoles ; bracts frequently overlapping. Calyx free, 4- or 5- parted or lobed. Corolla hypogynous ; tube cylindric or dilated upwards ; limb spreading or 2 -lipped. Stamens 4 in unequal pairs or 2, one pair being imperfect or wanting, attached to the corolla-tube, alternate with the lobes ; filaments free or united near the base ; anthers 2-celled, cells contiguous or separated, one cell sometimes abortive. Disk fleshy, more or less surrounding the base of the ovary, inconspicuous. Ovary free, 2-celled ; style simple, usually long and threadlike, tip 2-lobed, one lobe often minute or wanting ; ovules 2-4 in each cell, rarely many. Cap- sule oblong or linear, opening by two valves ; seeds few ; seed- 2 B 370 LXXIII. ACANTHACE^: stalks hardened, incurved. — A large Order, widely distributed, chiefly in tropical regions. — Named from the genus Acanthus which is remarkable for its beautiful leaves. Perfect stamens 4. Corolla-limb spreading. Anther-bases bristle -tipped . . .2. Petalidium. Anther-bases blunt. Ovules 4-6 in each cell. Capsule linear. Seeds 6-8 . . . . . .4. JEchmanthera. Ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule oblong. Seeds 4 or fewer . . . .5. Strobilanthes. Corolla-limb 2 lipped. Flowers in axillary, spinous whorls . .1. Hygrophila spinosa. Flowers in unarmed spikes . . .7. Lepidagathis. Perfect stamens 2. Corolla-limb spreading. Flowers deep blue. Calyx equally 5-lobed . 3. Dcedalacanthus. Flowers lilac or pink. Calyx unequally 4- parted ....... 6. Barleria.1 Corolla-limb 2-lipped. Flowers purple or pink. Corolla-tube straight. Lower anther-cell spurred 8. Justicia. Corolla-tube twisted. Anther-cells not spurred 10. Dicliptera. Flowers pale blue or white, sometimes dotted and streaked with pink. A creeping herb. Flowers | in. long, pale blue or white . . . . .1. Hygrophila polysperma.1 An erect shrub. Flowers If- in. long, white, dotted and streaked with pink . . 9. Adhatoda. 1. HYGROPHILA. From the Greek hygros, wet, moist, and phileo, to love ; referring to the habitat of the plants. — Most tropical and subtropical regions. Erect or procumbent herbs, growing in marshy places, unarmed or furnished with axillary spines. Leaves sessile, entire. Flowers nearly sessile, crowded in spikes or axillary whorls ; bracts lanceolate ; bracteoles linear. Calyx 5-lobed or 4-parted ; lobes or segments narrowly lanceolate. Corolla-tube dilated near the mouth ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip erect, concave, notched or 2-lobed, lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4 or 2. Style-tip linear, recurved, the upper lobe reduced to a minute tooth ; ovules 2-4 or many in each cell. Capsule linear-oblong ; seeds 4-8 or numerous. Procumbent, unarmed. Flowers in spikes. Calyx 5-lobed 1. Ii. polysperma. Erect, spinous. Flowers in whorls. Calyx 4-parted . 2. H. spinosa. 1 Barleria and Hygrophila polysperma have 2 very short imperfect stamens in addition to the 2 long perfect ones. LXXIII. ACANTHACEJ3 371 *1. Hygrophila polysperma, T. Anders. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 406. Procumbent, pubescent ; branches spreading, 6-12 in., rooting at the joints. Leaves lanceolate, J-l| in. Flowers pale blue or white, in axillary and terminal spikes. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla | in. long, upper lip notched. Stamens 4, upper pair rudimentary. Capsule J in. long ; seeds 20-30. Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. ; May, June. — Tropical Asia. *2. Hygrophila spinosa, T. Anders. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 408. Erect, 2-5 ft., roughly hairy. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, 3-6 X|-l in. Flowers pale or bright blue, sometimes tinged with pink, in axillary, spinous whorls ; spines J-1J in., straight, sharp. Calyx 4-parted, upper segment largest. Corolla 1 in. long ; upper lip 2-lobed. Stamens 4. Capsule \ in. long ; seeds 4-8. Throughout India, common in ditches, ascending to 3000 ft. ; January- March. 2. PETALIDIUM. From the Greek petalos , broad, flat ; referring to the conspicuous bracteoles. — India, Africa. *Petalidiiim barlerioides, Nees ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 416. An erect, finely pubescent shrub, 2-3 ft. Leaves shortly stalked, broadly ovate, 2-4 in., toothed, acute. Flowers pale blue or white, nearly sessile, axillary, solitary or in small clusters ; bracts none ; bracteoles ovate, 1 in. long, net-veined, acute, enclosing the lower part of the flowers. Calyx deeply 5-lobed ; lobes linear. Corolla 1 J-1J in. long ; tube cylindric, hairy on the throat within ; limb spreading, 1^ in. across, 5-lobed, lobes nearly equal, rounded, minutely crenate. Stamens 4 ; base of anther-cells bristle-tipped. Style unequally 2-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule shortly stalked, ovoid, \ in. ; seeds usually only 2. Throughout India, chiefly in hilly districts, ascending to 3000 ft. ; January- April. 3. D7EDALACANTHUS. From the Greek dcedaleos, varie- gated, referring to the bracts, and Acanthus, an allied genus. — India, Malaya. Daedalacanthus nervosus, T. Anders. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 418. An erect, roughly pubescent shrub, 2-6 ft. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, about 6x3 in., entire, long-pointed. Flowers deep blue, crowded in numerous spikes 1-3 in. long, forming close, erect panicles ; bracts leaf-like, variegated green and white, oblong- ovate, long-pointed, enclosing the lower part of the flower ; bracte- oles shorter than the calyx. Calyx equally 5-lobed. Corolla 1 J in. long ; tube elongate, cylindric, dilated near the top ; limb oblique, spreading, f in. across, lobes 5, nearly equal, rounded. 372 LXXIII. ACANTHACE^E Stamens 2 ; anthers blunt. Style 2-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell Capsule shortly stalked, oblong, ^ in. ; seeds 4. Sutlej valley, in damp places ; March. — Outer Himalaya from the Punjab to Bhotan, ascending to 3000 ft., usually in forest undergrowth. 4. iECHMANTHERA. From the Greek aichme , the point of a spear, and anther ; referring to the minutely pointed anther-cells. — India. ^chmanthera tomentosa, Nees ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 428. An erect shrub, 1-3 ft. ; stems white-tomentose. Leaves stalked, lanceolate, 2-4 x 1-2 in., crenate, acute; upper surface hairy, lower white-tomentose. Flowers pale blue, in small clusters sessile along' the spreading branches of a terminal panicle ; bracts glandular-hairy, linear, as long as the calyx ; bracteoles similar, smaller. Calyx glandular-hairy, 5-parted ; segments linear. Corolla 1 in. long ; tube cylindric at the base, dilated upwards ; limb spreading, | in. across, lobes 5, rounded. Stamens 4, in- cluded ; anther-bases blunt, tips minutely pointed. Style linear, upper lobe obsolete or nearly so ; ovules 4-6 in each cell. Capsule linear, hardly longer than the calyx, splitting to the base ; seeds 6-8. Valleys below Simla, Subathoo ; August-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-5000 ft. 5. STROBILANTHES. From the Greek strobilos, a fir-cone, and anthos, a flower ; referring to the appearance of the young inflorescence. — Asia, Africa. Erect shrubs. Leaves often unequal, crenate or sharply toothed. Flowers blue, solitary in the axils of bracts, arranged in spikes or heads often forming terminal panicles ; bracts leaf -like or very small, persistent or falling off before the flowers expand ; bracteoles linear. Calyx 5-parted ; segments linear. Corolla-tube usually curved, more or less cylindric in its lower portion, dilated upwards ; limb spreading, 5-lobed, lobes nearly equal, rounded. Stamens 4 ; anther-bases blunt. Style-tip linear, recurved, upper lobe obsolete ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule pubescent, often viscid, oblong, about § in. ; seeds 4 or fewer, pubescent. Some species of Strobilanthes are gregarious as undergrowth in mountain forests, flowering only at intervals of sometimes several years ; at these seasons the plants die down after flowering, and permit the seedlings of forest trees to grow up which had been impossible while the Strobilanthes occupied the ground. Bracts persistent. Stems terete. Leaves hairy. Corolla-tube cylindric for half its length . . . . . .1. S. glutinosus. Stems 4-angled or deeply furrowed. Leaves glabrous or nearly so. Corolla-tube cylindric only at the base . . . . . 4. S. atropurpureus. LXXIJI. ACANTHACEiE 373 Bracts falling off before the flowers expand. Leaves nearly sessile or tapering into a winged stalk. Flowers in heads or very short spikes . 2. S. Dalhousianus. Leaves stalked, cordate. Flowers in interrupted, usually panicled spikes . . . . . 3. S. alatus. 1. Strobilanthes glutinosus, Nees ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 458. Stems 2-5 ft., pubescent terete. Leaves stalked, hairy on both surfaces, ovate, about 3 xljin., crenate or sharply toothed. Flowers pale blue, in short, often interrupted spikes ; bracts leaf -like, ovate. persistent. Calyx glandular-hairy. Corolla l|-2 in. long ; lower half of tube cylindric, upper half dilated ; limb 1-1| in. across. Valleys below Simla, usually in forest undergrowth ; October, November. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-6000 ft. Flowers annually. 2. Strobilanthes Dalhousianus, C. B. Clarke ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 460. Stems 2-3 ft., hairy, at least when young. Leaves hairy on both surfaces, nearly sessile or tapering into a winged stalk, ovate. 374 LXXIII. ACANTHACEiE 3-6xlJ-2J in., toothed, long-pointed. Flowers dark bine, in heads or very short spikes ; bracts small, concave, soon falling off. Calyx usually glandular-pubescent. Corolla 1J-2 in. long ; tube curved, gradually dilated from near the base ; bmb in. across. (Fig. 118.) Simla, Mahasu, common ; July-September. — W. Himalaya, 6000-8000 ft. Sometimes gregarious in forests of the Karshu oak, Quercus semecarpifolia ; flowers annually. 3. Strobilanthes alatus, Nees ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 464, including 8. angustifrons , G. B. Clarke. Stems 2-4 ft., pubescent. Leaves hairy, mostly long-stalked, ovate, 2J-9 X lf-4 in., cordate, sharply toothed, long-pointed ; stalks winged, at least near the top. Flowers dark blue, in interrupted, glandular-pubescent, usually panicled spikes ; bracts small, narrowly oblong, soon falling off. Calyx glandular-pubescent. Corolla 1| in. long ; tube curved, gradually dilated from near the base, bulging in the middle ; limb f in. across. Simla, Mushobra, common in woods ; August-October. — W. Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft. — Afghanistan. Flowers annually. 4. Strobilanthes atropurpureus, Nees ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 472, including S. Wallichii, Nees , var. microphyllus. Stems 6-24 in., pubescent, sometimes viscid, 4-angled or deeply furrowed. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually 2-4 X 1|- 2 in., sometimes smaller, crenate or sharply toothed, tapering into a winged stalk. Flowers blue, in interrupted spikes ; bracts leaf-like, persistent. Calyx glandular-hairy. Corolla 1-lf in. long ; tube pale blue or nearly white, curved, broadly dilated from a short, cylindric base ; limb dark blue, J-f in. across. Simla, Matiana, Huttoo ; June-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000- 10,000 ft. Gregarious in forests of the Indian spruce-fir, Abies Smithiana, and silver fir, Abies Webbiana ; flowers at intervals of often several years. 6. BARLERIA. In honour of J. Barrelier, a French botanist of the seventeenth century. — Tropical regions, chiefly of the Old World. Barleria cristata, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 488. An erect, hairy, perennial herb ; stems 2-4 ft., branching. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 in., entire, acute. Flowers lilac or pink, crowded in short, head-like, nearly sessile, axillary spikes ; bracts none ; bracteoles linear, hairy. Calyx 47parted ; segments hairy, outer pair lanceolate, f in., spinous-toothed, acute, inner narrow, J in., entire. Corolla 1J-1^ in. long ; lower half of tube cylindric, upper half dilated upwards ; limb spreading, 1 in. across, lobes 5, ovate, nearly equal. Stamens 2, as long as the corolla-tube and 2 imperfect, much shorter ; anther-cells blunt. Ovules 2 in each LXXIIT. ACANTHACEiE 375 cell ; style minutely capitate. Capsule oblong, \ in., acute ; seeds 4 or fewer, silky. Valleys below Simla ; July-October. — Throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. — China, Malaya. 7. LEPIDAGATHIS. From the Greek lepis, a scale, and agathis , a ball ; referring to the inflorescence of some species. — Most tropical regions. *Lepidagathis hyalina, Nees ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 521. A pubes- cent, perennial herb ; stems erect or ascending, 6-24 in., branch- ing from the base. Leaves glandular-pubescent, nearly sessile, ovate, 1-3 in., entire, acute. Flowers white, spotted with brown, crowded in oblong or ovoid, 1 -sided, terminal or axillary, nearly cylindric spikes ^-1| in. long ; bracts hairy, lanceolate, long- pointed, scarious ; bracteoles narrower, scarious. Calyx scarious, 5- parted ; segments hairy, lanceolate, upper one broader, 2 lower more or less united. Corolla J in. long ; tube as long as the calyx, dilated from the base ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip erect, notched,' lower longer, recurved, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, included ; anther-cells blunt. Style-tip recurved, obtuse, entire ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule oblong, hardly | in. ; seeds 4, hairy. Throughout X. India, ascending to 4000 ft. — Burmah, S. China. 8. JUSTICIA. In honour of J. Justice, a Scotch horticulturalist of the eighteenth century. — Nearly all warm regions. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers in loose, axillary cymes or crowded in erect spikes ; bracts linear or lanceolate ; bracteoles linear or minute or wanting. Calyx 4- or 5-parted ; segments linear, nearly equal. Corolla-tube nearly cylindric, straight, not twisted ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip erect, notched, lower recurved, 3-lobed. Stamens 2 ; anther-cells distinct, upper one blunt, lower with a small, white spur at the base. Style minutely 2-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule stalked, oblong ; seeds 4 or fewer. Flowers in loosely panicled cymes. Corolla § in. long . . 1. J. pubigera. Flowers crowded in erect spikes. Corolla J in. long . . 2. J. simplex. 1. Justicia pubigera. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 536. An erect shrub ; stems 1-4 ft., terete, hairy. Leaves hairy, stalked, ovate- lanceolate, about 3 X 1J in., long-pointed. Flowers purple-red, in loose, axillary cymes forming terminal, leafy panicles ; bracts linear ; bracteoles minute or none. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla § in. long. Capsule \ in. Simla, not common ; August-October. — N.W. Himalaya, 4000-7000 ft. 2. Justicia simplex, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 539. A herb ; stems 6- 12 in., erect or ascending, grooved, much branched. Leaves 376 LXXIII. ACANTHACE^E hairy, shortly stalked, ovate or lanceolate, 1-1 \ in., acute. Flowers pale purple, crowded in erect spikes f-1 in. long ; bracts hairy, lanceolate ; bracteoles hairy, linear. Calyx hairy, 4-parted. Corolla J in. long. Capsule J in. (Fig. 119.) Simla, very common ; June-October. — Throughout India, chiefly in hilly districts, ascending to 7000 ft. Fig. 119. Jttsticia simplex. 9. ADHATODA. Probably derived from the Cingalese name. — Most tropical regions. Adhatoda vasica, Nees ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 540. A glabrous shrub, 4-8 ft. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate -lanceolate, 5-6 X l|-2 in., entire. Flowers white, streaked and dotted with pink, crowded in stalked, axillary, erect spikes 1-3 in. long, usually clus- tered toward the end of branches ; bracts leaf -like, ovate ; bracte- oles narrowly lanceolate. Calyx 5-parted ; segments lanceolate. Corolla 1J in. long ; tube short, broad ; limb incurved, 2-lipped, upper lip notched, lower 3-lobed. Stamens 2 ; anther-cells blunt. LXXIII. ACANTHACE^ 377 Ovary hairy ; style obtuse, tip minutely hairy. Capsule f in. ; seeds usually 4. Valleys below Simla ; December-March. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. — S.E. Asia, Malaya. Goats do not eat this shrub, so it often escapes destruction when other species succumb. 10. DICLIPTERA. From the Greek diclis, folding doors, and pteron , a wing, referring to the 2 -celled, winged capsule. — Most tropical regions. Dicliptera bupleuroides, Nees ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 554, under D. Boxburghiana. A hairy, diffuse herb ; stems 6-24 in., grooved. Leaves stalked, ovate -lanceolate, usually about 2xf in., some- times in moist, shady places up to 5 x2f in., entire, long-pointed. Flowers pink, spotted with purple, crowded in axillary cymes clustered towards the end of branches ; bracts and bracteoles linear. Calyx 5-parted ; segments linear. Corolla pubescent, | in. long ; tube cylindric, twisted ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip erect, notched, lower recurved, 3-toothed. Stamens 2 ; anther-cells blunt. Style minutely 2-lobed. Capsule Jin.; seeds 4. (Fig. 120.) Simla, common ; May-December. — Throughout India in hilly districts, ascending to 7000 ft. — Afghanistan. 378 LXXIY. VERBENACEiE LXXIV. VERBENACE^E Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, usually simple ; stipules none. Flowers 2-sexual, more or less irregular, in spikes, racemes or cymes. Calyx free, persistent, often enlarged in fruit ; tube bell-shaped or tubular, sometimes very short ; limb 4- or 5-lobed or toothed, rarely entire and spreading. Corolla hypogynous ; tube usually nearly cylindric, often curved ; limb 5- or 4-lobed, sometimes 2-lipped, lobes spreading or erect, usually unequal. Stamens 4, usually in unequal pairs, attached to the corolla-tube, alternate with the lobes ; filaments free, anthers 2-celled, never cohering in pairs. Disk inconspicuous. Ovary free, sessile, 1 -celled when young, usually becoming 2- or 4-celled when mature ; style terminal, simple, tip 2-lobed or entire ; ovules 4, rarely 2 or 1. Fruit usually drupe-like, sometimes dry, rarely capsular, more or less enclosed by the calyx-tube, usually con- taining 4 one-seeded nutlets. — An Order widely dispersed in nearly all warm and temperate regions. Flowers in long, slender spikes or racemes. Flowers stalked. Calyx-teeth unequal, 3 lower long, 2 upper minute ....... 1. Flowers sessile. Calyx-teeth equal . . . .4. Flowers in ovoid or oblong heads. An erect shrub. Flowers J in. long. . . .2. A creeping herb. Flowers ^ in. long . . .3. Flowers in cymes. Cymes axillary. Leaves tomentose. Flowers hardly ± in. long. Calyx- limb erect, 4-toothed . . . . .5. Leaves glabrous. Flowers f in. long. Calyx-limb spreading, entire, very large . . . .7. Cymes aggregated in narrow, terminal panicles. Leaves digitate ; leaflets 3-5 . . .6. Leaves simple, lanceolate . . . . .8. Phryma. Verbena. Lantana. Lippia. Callicarpa. Holmskioldia. Vitex. Caryopteris. 1. PHRYMA. Etymology obscure. — Central and E. Asia, N. America. — A single species. Phryma leptostachya, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 562. A thinly hairy, erect herb, 1-2 ft. Leaves stalked, ovate -lanceolate, 2-4 in., toothed. Flowers in. long, pale pink, in long, slender racemes. Calyx tubular, prominently 5-ribbed ; teeth 5, unequal, 3 lower long, linear, becoming hooked in fruit, 2 upper minute. Corolla- tube cylindric ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip erect, concave, notched, lower larger, somewhat spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens in unequal pairs, included. Ovary 1 -celled ; style 2-lobed. Fruit dry, oblong, enclosed in the reflexed calyx ; seed solitary, loose within the membranous pericarp. LXXIV. VERBENACEJE 379 Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000- 7000 ft. 2. LANTANA. Name adopted from Viburnum Lantana, the Wayfaring tree, on account of resemblances in the foliage and fruit. — Most tropical regions. Lantana indica, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 562. A roughly hairy shrub ; branches long, rambling, 4-sided. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, 1-3 in., crenate. Flowers ^ in. long, white, pale purple or yellow, crowded in axillary, long-stalked, bracteate, ovoid heads. Calyx very small, obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla hairy ; tube long, curved, cylindric ; limb spreading, usually 4-lobed. Stamens in unequal pairs, included. Ovary 2-celled, narrowed upwards into a short style ; stigma terminal, oblique. Drupe smooth, purple, globose, containing a 2-celled stone ; seeds 1 in each cell. Valleys below Simla ; April-June. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. — Tropical Africa. 3. LIPPIA. In honour of Augustus Lippi, a French traveller of the seventeenth century. — Most tropical regions. Lippia nodiflora, Rich. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 563. A roughly pubescent herb ; stems prostrate, 6-30 in., rooting at the joints. Leaves obovate or spathulate, 1 in., narrowed to the sessile base, toothed near the top. Flowers ^ in. long, pink or white, crowded in axillary, long-stalked, oblong-ovoid, bracteate heads. Calyx minute, 2-parted. Corolla-tube cylindric ; limb obscurely 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed, lower rather longer, 3-lobed. Stamens in unequal pairs, included. Ovary 2-celled ; style short, stigma capitate. Fruit dry, minute, separating in two 1 -seeded nutlets. Sutlej valley, Suni ; April-June. — Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. — Nearly all warm regions. 4. VERBENA. The classical name of V. officinalis. — Most tropical and temperate regions ; chiefly America. Verbena officinalis, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 565. An erect, nearly glabrous, perennial herb ; stems 1-3 ft., 4-sided, branching. Lower leaves stalked, oblong or ovate, pinnatifid or coarsely toothed ; upper sessile, usually 3-parted. Flowers J in. long, lilac, sessile in long, slender, bracteate spikes. Calyx glandular- hairy, tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla hairy ; tube nearly cylindric, longer than the calyx ; limb spreading, unequally 5-lobed. Stamens in unequal pairs, included. Ovary 4-lobed, 1- or 4- celled ; style short, stigma capitate. Fruit dry, ultimately separating into 4 one-seeded nutlets. Simla ; April-June. — Throughout India, ascending to 7000 ft. — Nearly all temperate and subtropical regions (Britain, Vervein) 380 LXXIV. VERBENACE^E 5. CALLICARPA. From the Greek callos, beauty, and cargos, fruit. — Chiefly E. Asia and N. Australia. Callicarpa macrophylla, Vahl. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 568. An erect shrub, 4-8 ft. ; branches, leaf-stalks and inflorescence densely clothed with tawny, wool-like tomentum. Leaves shortly stalked, lanceolate, 6-9 X 2-3 in., crenate or sharply toothed, long-pointed ; upper surface wrinkled, stellately pubescent ; lower tomentose. Flowers hardly J in. long, pink, crowded in axillary, stalked cymes. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Corolla-tube short ; limb 4-lobed, lobes nearly equal, spreading. Stamens equal, far- protruding. Ovary 2- or 4-celled ; style long, stigma minutely capitate. Fruit succulent, globose, white, containing 4 one-seeded nutlets. Valleys below Simla ; July-November. — Throughout N. and E. India, ascending to 6000 ft. 6. VITEX. The classical name of V. Agnus-castus, a South European shrub. — Most tropical and warm regions. Vitex Negundo, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 583. A shrub or small tree ; branchlets, leaf-stalks and inflorescence densely grey- pubescent. Leaves stalked, digitately compound ; leaflets 3-5, lanceolate, unequal, largest about 4 xlj in., entire, long-pointed ; upper surface glabrous or nearly so, lower densely grey-pubescent. Flowers J in. long, blue -purple, crowded in short cymes forming erect, narrow, tapering, terminal panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx ; limb obscurely 2-lipped, lobes 5, unequal, lowest much the largest. Stamens in unequal pairs, protruding. Ovary 2- or 4-celled ; style long, tip 2-lobed. Fruit succulent, black, ovoid, | in. long, con- taining 4 one-seeded nutlets. Valleys below Simla ; March-June. — Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Nearly all tropical regions. 7. HOLMSKIOLDIA, In honour of Theodor Holmskiold, a Danish botanical author of the eighteenth century. — India, Africa. Holmskioldia sanguinea, Retz ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 596. A nearly glabrous, straggling shrub, 10-30 ft. Leaves stalked, cordate, ovate, about 3x2 in., toothed or entire. Flowers scarlet, tinged with orange, crowded in axillary, stalked cymes. Calyx coloured like the corolla ; tube very short ; limb membranous, circular, entire, spreading, 1 in. diam. Corolla f in. long ; tube nearly cylindric, curved ; limb short, obscurely 2-lipped, lobes 5, unequal, lowest the longest. Stamens in unequal pairs, protruding. Ovary 4-celled ; style long, tip 2-lobed. Fruit 4-lobed, nearly dry, con- taming 4 one -seeded nutlets. LXXIV. VERBENACEiE 381 Valleys below Simla, Subathoo ; October-December. — Outer Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Assam and Burmah, ascending to 3000 ft. 8. CARYOPTERIS. From the Greek caryon, a nut, and jpteron, a wing, referring to the winged capsule-valves. — E. Asia. Caryopteris Wallichiana, Schauer ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 597. An erect, nearly glabrous shrub, 4-10 ft. Leaves shortly stalked, lanceolate, about 4x1 in., toothed or nearly entire, long-pointed. Flowers fragrant, white, tinged with blue, lowest corolla-lobe darker, crowded in short cymes forming narrow, terminal panicles. Calyx pubescent, bell-shaped, deeply 5-lobed. Corolla pubescent, \ in. long ; tube cylindric, slightly longer than the calyx ; limb spreading, | in. diam., 5-lobed, 4 upper lobes oblong, nearly equal, lowest larger, notched. Stamens in unequal pairs, protrud- ing. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled ; style long, tip 2-lobed. Fruit pubescent, nearly dry, dark blue, globose, 4-lobed, ultimately separating into 4 concave valves each winged along one margin and carrying a single seed. (Fig. 121.) Valleys below Simla ; March, April. — Outer Himalaya, ascending to 382 LXXV. LABIATiE LXXV. LABIATE Herbs or shrubs ; stems and branches usually 4-sided. Leaves simple, lobed only in Leonurus, opposite, rarely whorled, often more or less covered with aromatic glands ; stipules none. Flowers irregular, regular or nearly so, usually 2-sexual, in opposite, axillary cymes composed of many or few, rarely only one or two flowers ; each pair of cymes constituting a whorl. Whorls sometimes placed one above the other at the extremity of the branches forming simple or paniculate racemes or spikes. Sepals 5, free from the ovary, more or less united in a 5- or 4- rarely 10 -toothed, tubular or sometimes 2 -lipped calyx. Corolla hypo- gynous ; tube distinct ; limb 4- or 5-toothed or lobed, regular or nearly so, or distinctly 2 -lipped, the upper lip usually erect and 2-lobed or notched, the lower spreading and 3-lobed, rarely entire. Stamens usually 4, in unequal pairs, rarely all equal, sometimes only 2, attached to the corolla-tube and alternate with the lobes ; filaments free from one another, very rarely united near the base. Anthers 2- or 1 -celled, cells widely separated in Salvia. Disk hypogynous, usually thick and fleshy, often lobed. Ovary free, 4-lobed to the base, lobes 1-celled ; style simple, slender, inserted in the centre of the ovary between the lobes, tip 2-lobed, stigmas minute ; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit included within the persistent calyx, 4-lobed or by abortion 3- to 1 -lobed, the lobes ultimately separating into as many indehiscent, 1 -seeded, usually smooth nutlets. — A very large Order spread over nearly the whole globe, rare in arctic regions. — Name from the Latin labium , a lip, referring to the shape of the flowers. The leaves at the base of a whorl are termed floral leaves, and often have the appearance of bracts. In compound forms of inflorescence the bracts are placed at the base of the branches of a cyme or of the flower-stalks, but are always small and often wanting ; when the cyme is contracted into a head the bracts form an involucre outside. If the corolla of a 2-lipped flower having 4 stamens in unequal pairs is slit up along the front through the lower lip and laid out flat, the outer or anterior pair of stamens will be found to overtop the inner or posterior pair in all the genera except Nepeta, in which alone the inner pair project above the outer. For details regarding the fertilisation of the flowers see Muller’s Fertilisation of Flowers, p. 469 ; Kerner’s Natural History of Plants, ii. p. 247. A. Corolla regular or nearly so, not 2-lipped. I. Stamens 2. A herb. Leaves glabrous. Flowers in axillary whorls . 10. Lycopus. A shrub. Leaves tomentose beneath. Flowers in spikes . 15. Meriandra. II. Stamens 4. Corolla 4-lobed. Filaments bearded. Leaves stalked, in pairs ...... 4. Pogostemon. Leaves sessile, whorled ...... 5. Dysophylla. LXXV. LABIATE 383 Filaments naked. Calyx 5-lobed ; lobes linear, elongated and feathery in fruit ........ 6. Colebrookea . Calyx 5-toothed, bell-shaped. Flowers white, purple or yellow. Stamens in un- equal pairs ....... 7. Elsholtzia . Flowers lilac. Stamens all equal ... 9. Mentha. Corolla 5-lobed. Flowers pale purple, in terminal heads ... 1. Acrocephalus. Flowers white, in racemes ..... 8. Perilla. B. Corolla irregular, limb 2-lipped. 1 I. Stamens 2. Filaments very short, anther- cells widely separated . .16. Salvia II. Stamens 4. * Lower lip of corolla boat -shaped, entire. Filaments free. Flowers about £ in. long ... 2. Plectranthus. Filaments united near the base. Flowers f-1 in. long . 3. Coleus. * * Lower lip of corolla distinctly 3-lobed. 2 | Calyx not 2 -lipped, teeth equal or nearly so. Upper lip of corolla flat or nearly so. 1 Leaves 1 in. or more long. Flowers pink, in short spikes . . . .11. Flowers blue or lilac, in axillary whorls . . 29. Leaves J in. long. Whorls axillary, 1-4-flowered 13. Upper lip of corolla concave or hood-like. Inner or upper pair of stamens longer than the outer . 17. Outer or lower pair of stamens longer than the inner . Flowers about J in. long . . . . .20. Flowers i in. or more long. Calyx 10-toothed ...... 26. Calyx 5-toothed or lobed. Leaves deeply lobed . . . . . 23. Leaves undivided. Calyx nearly as long as the corolla . .25. Calyx not longer than the corolla-tube. Flowers white except mid-lobe of lower lip. 21. Flowers pink, spotted with purple . . 22. Flowers dull blue-purple . . .27. t t Calyx 2-lipped. Calyx-mouth remaining open after flowering.3 Leaves ^ in. long ....... 12. Leaves f in. or more long ..... 14. Calyx-mouth closing after flowering. Calyx-lips entire . . . . . . .18. Calyx -lips toothed or lobed . . . . .19. Origanum Ajuga. Micromeria. Nepeta. Craniotome. Leucas. Leonurus. Roylea. Anisomeles. Stachys. Phlomis. Thymus. Calamintha. Scutellaria. Brunella. 1 Upper lip very short in Ajuga. 2 Middle lobe often notched. 3 In Thymus the mouth of the calyx is closed by hairs. 384 LXXV. LABIATJE * * * Lower lip of corolla 3-lobed, but the lateral lobes very small or wanting . . . . . .24. Lamium. C. Corolla irregular, limb 1 -lipped, upper lip wanting. Flowers in pairs, forming erect racemes. Lip of corolla 5-lobed ......... 28. Teucrium. 1. ACROCEPHALUS. From the Greek acros, the top, and cephale, a head, referring to the terminal inflorescence. — Tropical and subtropical regions in Asia and Africa. *Acrocephalus capitatus, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 611. An annual, pubescent herb ; stems 6-12 in., decumbent or ascending, usually branching from near the base. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, i-l in., coarsely toothed, narrowed into a nearly sessile base. Flowers small, pale purple, crowded in stalked, terminal, globose heads about \ in. diam. ; floral leaves usually spreading. Calyx ovoid in flowering time, elongated and tubular in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip flat, entire, lower shorter, 4-toothed. Corolla nearly regular ; tube longer than the calyx ; limb 5-lobed, lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, nearly equal, included. Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft., common in moist situations ; flowers during the cold season. 2. PLECTRANTHUS. From the Greek pledron , a spur, and anthos, a flower, referring to the unequally dilated base of the corolla-tube in some species. — Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. Erect shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, stalked or the upper sessile. Flowers about J in. long, in small cymes forming racemes or panicles. Calyx bell-shaped in flowering time, enlarging and becoming 2 -lipped or tubular in fruit ; teeth 5, nearly equal or very unequal. Corolla- tube usually longer than the calyx ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip short, broad, recurved, 3- or 4-lobed, lower longer, boat-shaped, entire. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs, lying along the lower lip of the corolla ; filaments free. Leaves opposite. Calyx -teeth equal or nearly so at least in flower. Lower surface of leaves glabrous or nearly so. Corolla-tube straight. Corolla white, mid-lobes of upper lip spotted with purple . . . . . .1. P. Gerar dianus. Corolla white . . . . . . 2. P. striatus. Corolla-tube abruptly decurved . . . 3. P. Coetsa. Lower surface of leaves white-tomentose . . 4. P. rugosus. Calyx-teeth very unequal, uppermost ovate, obtuse, others narrowly lanceolate, acute . . 6. P. incanus. Leaves in whorls of three . . . . . 5. P. ternijolius. LXXV. LABIATES 385 1. Plectranthus Gerardianus, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 617. Nearly glabrous, 4-6 ft. Leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, 2-6 X 1-2^ in., crenate or sharply toothed, long-pointed; lower surface gland-dotted. Cymes forming narrow, tapering, axillary panicles, the upper ones usually combined in a spreading, terminal inflorescence. Calyx gland-dotted ; tube bell-shaped at flowering time, elongated and curved in fruit ; teeth nearly equal, obtuse. Corolla white, the two mid-lobes of upper lip purple- spotted ; tube straight, much longer than the calyx. Simla, common ; August-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-9000 ft. 2. Plectranthus striatus, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 618. Roughly pubescent or shortly hairy, 6-24 in. Leaves opposite, ovate, 1-4 X 1-2| in., crenate ; lower surface gland-dotted. Cymes forming narrow, tapering, axillary panicles, the upper ones usually com- bined in a spreading, terminal inflorescence. Calyx gland-dotted ; tube bell-shaped at flowering time, elongated and curved in fruit ; teeth nearly equal, obtuse. Corolla white ; tube straight, much longer than the calyx. Simla ; August-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000-8000 ft. Closely allied to P. Gerardianus ; distinguished by its smaller size and rough pubescence. 3. Plectranthus Coetsa, Buch.-Ham. : FI. Br. Ind. iv. 619. Pubescent, 3-6 ft. Leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 386 LXXV. LABIATE 2-4 X 1-2 in. , crenate or sharply toothed. Cymes forming narrow, tapering, axillary panicles, the upper ones usually combined in a spreading, terminal inflorescence. Calyx bristly ; tube bell- shaped at flowering time, enlarged and curved in fruit ; teeth nearly equal, acute. Corolla lavender-blue ; tube abruptly decurved, much longer than the calyx. (Fig. 122.) Simla, common ; September, October. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-8000 ft. — Burmah. 4. Plectranthus rugosus. Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 620. Stel- lately pubescent, 2-6 ft. Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong, usually 1-1 \ in., often reduced in dry situations to J in. or less, crenate or sharply toothed, obtuse ; upper surface pubescent, closely wrinkled ; lower white- or grey-tomentose. Cymes form- ing narrow, leafy, axillary or terminal racemes. Calyx tomentose ; tube bell-shaped at flowering time, elongated and curved in fruit ; teeth nearly equal, acute. Corolla white, upper lip spotted and streaked with purple ; tube straight, longer than the calyx. Simla, common in stony places ; March-0 ctober. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-8000 ft. — Afghanistan. 5. Plectranthus ternifolius, Don ; FI. Br. Ind. iv 621. White- tomentose, 3-5 ft. Leaves in whorls of three, nearly sessile, lanceolate, 2-6 in., toothed ; upper surface hairy, wrinkled ; lower tomentose. Cymes shortly stalked, crowded in erect, cylindric racemes forming terminal panicles. Calyx tomentose ; tube bell- shaped at flowering time, elongated and tubular in fruit ; teeth nearly equal, acute. Corolla white, the upper lip pink-spotted at the base ; tube curved, longer than the calyx. Valleys below Simla ; August-October. — N. India, ascending to 5000 ft. — Burmah, S. China. ; ^ 6. Plectranthus incanus, Link ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 621. Pubes- cent, 1-3 ft. Leaves opposite, cordate, broadly ovate, 2-4 in., crenate. Cymes forming long, narrow, erect, axillary and terminal racemes. Calyx pubescent ; tube bell-shaped at flowering time, elongated and 2-lipped in fruit ; teeth very unequal, uppermost ovate, obtuse, reflexed in fruit, other 4 narrowly lanceolate, acute, the 2 lowest the longest. Corolla pale lavender-blue ; tube straight, hardly longer than the calyx. Valleys below Simla ; August, September. — Hilly districts throughout India, ascending to 6000 ft. 3. COLEUS. From the Greek coleos , a sheath, referring to the united filaments. — Chiefly tropical Asia and Africa. Coleus barbatus, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 625. An erect, hairy herb, 1-3 ft. Leaves stalked, ovate or oblong, about 2|xl in., crenate, obtuse ; upper surface hairy ; lower tomentose. Flowers LXXV. LABIATE 387 f-1 in. long, pale blue, in whorls of 6-8 forming long, leafless, interrupted, spike-like racemes. Calyx hairy ; tube bell-shaped, deflexed and slightly enlarged in fruit ; teeth 5, acute, upper one ovate, others narrowly lanceolate. Corolla-tube deflexed, longer than the calyx ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip reflexed, 3-lobed, lower much longer, boat-shaped, entire, acute. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs, lying along the lower lip of the corolla, filaments united near the base, sheathing the style. Valleys below Simla ; September. — Simla to Nepal, 2000-7000 ft. — S. India. — Africa. Cultivated in S. India for the edible, tuberous roots. C. aromaticus, Benth., a native of the Moluccas, is cultivated in gardens throughout India, the fragrant leaves being used in domestic economy. 4. POGOSTEMON. From the Greek pogon, a beard, and stemon , thread ; referring to the hairy filaments. — India, Central Asia. Pogostemon plectranthoides, Desf. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 632. A strongly scented, pubescent shrub ; young parts tomentose. Leaves opposite, stalked, ovate, 3-6 in., coarsely and irregularly toothed, long-pointed. Flowers hardly \ in. long, white, tinged with pink, in large whorls crowded in numerous, cylindric spikes forming terminal, erect panicles ; floral leaves bract-like, hairy, glandular, ovate, acute. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; teeth nearly equal. Corolla-tube curved, longer than the calyx ; limb spreading, 4-lobed, lobes nearly equal, obtuse. Stamens 4, nearly equal, far protruding, filaments lilac, bearded with long, lilac, beaded hairs. Sutlej valley, Suni ; April-October.— Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. The perfume patchouli is obtained from P. Patchouli, a native of tropical Asia, cultivated for export in the Straits Settlements. 5. DYSOPHYLLA. From the Greek dysodes, fetid, and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to the strong odour of the leaves. — Tropical Asia and Australia. * Dysophylla crassicaulis, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 640. A glabrous, erect or ascending herb, 6-24 in. Leaves 4-6 in a whorl, sessile, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 1-2 in., toothed, obtuse. Flowers minute, blue-purple, in large whorls crowded in slender, cylindric, terminal spikes 1-4 in. long. Calyx hairy, ovoid, 5 -toothed. Corolla tubular ; limb 4-lobed, erect or slightly spreading. Stamens 4, nearly equal, far protruding, filaments bearded with blue-purple, beaded hairs N. India, in swamps, ascending to 4000 ft. 6. COLEBROOKEA. In honour of H. T. Colebrooke, Chief Judge of the Supreme Court at Calcutta, and a botanical author of the eighteenth century. — India. — A single species. 388 LXXV. LABIATE Colebrookea oppositifolia, Sm. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 642. An erect, tomentose shrub, 5-10 ft. Leaves opposite or in threes, shortly stalked, lanceolate, 4-8 in., crenate, long-pointed ; upper surface pubescent, wrinkled, lower grey- tomentose. Flowers minute, white, 2- or 1-sexual, the male and female often on different plants, in large whorls crowded in long, cylindric, erect spikes, axillary or paniculate at the end of branches. Calyx deeply 5-lobed ; lobes linear, hairy, becoming much elongated and feathery in fruit when the tips often turn purple. Corolla pubes- cent ; tube as long as the calyx ; limb spreading, 4-lobed, lobes unequal. Stamens 4, equal, protruding in the male flowers, in- cluded in the female, filaments naked. Style protruding in the female flowers, wanting in the male. Nutlet usually only one, tip hairy. Valleys below Simla, Dharmpur, Suni ; flowers in the cold season. — Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. 7. ELSHOLTZIA. In honour of J. S. Elsholtz, a German botanist of the seventeenth century. — Chiefly temperate Asia. Erect herbs or undershrubs. Flowers very small, in large whorls crowded in cylindric or flat spikes often clustered to- wards the end of branches ; bracts small or conspicuous. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, small at flowering time, enlarged in fruit. Corolla -tube usually longer than the calyx ; limb 4-lobed, upper lobe nearly erect, notched, the others spreading, entire. Stamens 4 in unequal pairs, protruding, filaments naked. Spikes cylindric, bearing flowers all round. Flowers white or pale yellow. Spikes 2-6 in. Floral leaves bract-like, very small. Shrubby, 3-6 ft. Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, 3-5 in. . . . . . • • 1. E. polystachya. Herbaceous, 1-3 ft. Leaves long-stalked, ovate, 1-2 in 2. E. incisa. Spikes 1| in. Floral leaves conspicuous, forming broad, overlapping involucres nearly concealing the purple flowers . . . . . . 3. E. strobilifera. Spikes flat, bearing flowers only on one side. Flowers purple . . . . • • • • . 4. E. cristata. 1. Elsholtzia polystachya, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 643. A pubescent shrub, 3-6 ft. Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, 3-5 in., toothed, acute. Spikes slender, cylindric, 4-6 in. Flowers white or pale yellow ; floral leaves bract-like, minute. Fruiting calyx elongated, tubular, curved. (Fig. 123.) Simla, common ; June-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 7000-9000 ft. 2. Elsholtzia incisa, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 644. A pubescent, slender herb, 1-3 ft. Leaves fragrant, long-stalked, ovate, 1-2 in., coarsely toothed, base tapering, entire, lower surface gland-dotted. Spikes very slender, cylindric, 2-4 in. LXXV. LABIATJE 389 Flowers white ; floral leaves bract-like, small, linear. Calyx glandular. Valleys below Simla, fields and roadsides, common ; July-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 3000-5000 ft. — Burmah. 3. Elsholtzia strobilifera, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 645. A herb, 4-12 in. Leaves stalked, ovate, J-l in., crenate. Spikes cone-like, cylindric, |-1^ in. Floral leaves bract-like, mem- branous, persistent, united, forming broad, fringed, overlapping involucres nearly concealing the pale purple flowers. Fruiting calyx elongated, tubular. Simla, fields and roadsides, common ; June-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. 4. Elsholtzia eristata, Willd. ; FI. Br. Ind.iv. 645. A pubescent herb, 1-2 ft. Leaves fragrant, long-stalked, lanceolate, 1-4 in., 390 LXXV. LABIATE coarsely toothed, base tapering, entire, lower surface gland-dotted. Spikes flat, bearing flowers only on one side, 1-2| in. Flowers purple ; floral leaves bract-like, conspicuous, orbicular, abruptly pointed. Simla and valleys below, fields and roadsides ; September, October. — Himalaya, 1000-9000 ft. — China, Japan, N. Europe. 8. PERILLA. , Name of doubtful origin.- — Eastern Asia. Perilla ocimoides, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 646. An annual, erect, aromatic, hairy herb, 2-4 ft. Leaves stalked, ovate or orbicular, 3-5 in., coarsely toothed. Flowers small, white, in whorls of 2, forming long, erect, axillary and terminal racemes ; floral leaves bract-like, lanceolate, as long as the flowers. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, becoming much enlarged and 2-lipped in fruit. Corolla-tube included in the calyx ; limb spreading, 5-lobed, lower lobe slightly the larger. Stamens 4, as long as the corolla. Valleys below Simla ; April-October. — Himalaya, 2000-5000 ft. — Burmah, China, Japan. v Frequently cultivated in the Himalaya ; the seeds yield an aromatic oil. Native name Bhanjiri. 9. MENTHA. The classical name of a species of Mint. — Nearly all temperate regions. Mentha sylvestris, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 647. A strongly scented, erect or diffuse herb ; rootstock creeping ; stems 1-3 ft., hoary-pubescent. Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, ovate or oblong, 1-3 in., sharply toothed, acute ; upper surface hoary- pubescent, lower white-tomentose. Flowers small, lilac, in large whorls crowded in axillary and terminal, cylindric, tapering spikes ; lower floral leaves leaf -like, upper smaller, lanceolate. Calyx hairy, bell-shaped, acutely 5-toothed. Corolla-tube in- cluded in the calyx ; limb erect, 4-lobed, lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, equal, protruding, filaments naked. Simla, common in wet places ; July-October. — W. Himalaya, 4000-12,000 ft. — Temperate Asia, Europe (Britain, Horse mint). The variety, incana, having the stems and upper surface of the leaves white- tomentose also occurs, usually at lower elevations. 10. LYCOPUS. From the Greek lycos, a wolf, and pous, a foot ; referring probably to the leaves. — N. temperate regions, Australia. Lycopus europaeus, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 648. An erect, nearly glabrous herb, 1-3 ft. ; rootstock creeping. Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, 2-4 in., deeply and sharply toothed. Flowers small, white, dotted with purple, crowded in sessile, axillary whorls. Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-toothed ; teeth equal, LXXV. LABIATE 391 narrowly lanceolate, acute. Corolla bell-shaped, slightly longer than the calyx, 4-lobed. Stamens 2, slightly protruding. Matiana, in marshy ground ; July. — Punjab plains, ascending to 7000 ft. — Temperate Asia, Europe (Britain, Gipsywort). 11. ORIGANUM. The classical name of a species of wild Marjoram. — N. temperate regions. Origanum vulgare, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 648. An erect herb, 1-3 ft., more or less clothed with short hairs. Leaves stalked, ovate, about 1 xf in., entire. Flowers small, pink, crowded in numerous, 4-sided spikes J-l in. long in clusters or heads at the end of branches, sometimes forming terminal panicles ; floral leaves bract-like, lanceolate, longer than the calyx, overlapping, often tinged with purple. Calyx bell-shaped, enlarged in fruit, 5-toothed, mouth hairy within. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip erect, nearly flat, notched, lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4 in unequal pairs, slightly protruding. Simla, common ; August, September. — Temperate Asia, N. Africa, Europe (Britain, Wild Marjoram). The Sweet Marjoram, 0. Marjorana, is cultivated in gardens throughout India ; an oil is obtained from the seeds. 12. THYMUS. The classical name of the common Thyme, T. vulgaris. — Temperate regions of the Old World. Thymus Serpyllum, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 649. An aromatic, hairy, more or less procumbent, often tufted shrub, usually about 6-12 in. Leaves nearly sessile, gland-dotted, oblong-ovate, about J in., entire, obtuse. Flowers small, purple, sometimes 1 -sexual, in small whorls crowded in short, terminal spikes. Calyx hairy, gland-dotted, 2-lipped, mouth hairy within ; upper lip broad, 3-toothed, lower 2-parted, segments linear. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip nearly erect, flat, notched, lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, nearly equal, protruding. Simla, common on the downs ; May-October. — W. Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft. — Temperate Asia, N. Africa, Europe (Britain, Wild Thyme). 13. MICROMERIA. From the Greek micros, small, and meros, a part ; referring to the small flowers. — Most temperate and warm regions ; absent from Australia. Micromeria biflora, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 650. A hairy, usually tufted, nearly erect shrub, 6-12 in., somewhat resembling Thyme. Leaves sessile, gland-dotted, ovate, Jin., acute. Flowers stalked, small, pink or nearly white, in axillary whorls of 1-4. Calyx hairy, tubular, prominently 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed 392 LXXV. LABIATE Corolla-tube slightly longer than the calyx ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip erect, nearly flat, notched, lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs. (Fig. 124.) Simla, common ; April-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 1000-7000 ft. — W. Asia, Africa. 14. CALAMINTHA. The classical name of an aromatic plant of this affinity ; from the Greek calos, beautiful, and mentha, mint. — N. temperate regions. Softly hairy herbs, 1-3 ft. Leaves distant, shortly stalked. Flowers small, pink or purple, in axillary or terminal whorls sometimes forming short, interrupted spikes ; floral leaves linear. Fig. 124. Micromeria bielora, Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2 -toothed, lower teeth longer and narrower than the upper ; mouth remaining open after flowering. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip erect, nearly flat, notched, lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs. Whorls many-flowered, crowded, compact, surrounded by an involucre of numerous, long bracts . . . 1. C. Clinopodium, Whorls few-flowered, loose. Bracts few, short, not forming an involucre . . . . . . . . 2. C. umbrosa. 1. Calamintha Clinopodium, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 650. Stems erect. Leaves ovate, 1-1 £ in., entire or toothed Flowers in LXXV. LABIATiE 393 large, crowded, compact whorls each surrounded by an involucre of numerous, long, linear, hairy bracts. Calyx J in. long. Simla, Mushobra ; July-September. — W. Himalaya, 4000-12,000 ft. — Temperate Asia, N. Africa, Europe (Britain, Wild Basil), Canada. 2. Calamintha umbrosa, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 650. Stems ascending, often rooting near the base. Leaves ovate, f-lj in., sharply toothed. Flowers in loose, small whorls ; bracts few, short, not forming an involucre. Calyx \ in. long. Simla, Mahasu, common ; July-September. — Temperate Himalaya, 4000- 12,000 ft., S. India. — Temperate Asia 15. MERIANDRA. From the Greek meros, a part, and aner, andros, a man ; referring to the distinct anther-cells. — India, E. Africa. Meriandra strobilifera, Benth. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 652. An erect, tomentose shrub, 2-5 ft. Leaves thick, shortly stalked, oblong or lanceolate, 2-4x|-lJ in., crenate, base prolonged downwards in 2 pointed lobes ; upper surface pubescent, closely wrinkled ; lower white- tomentose. Flowers small, white, in large whorls crowded 394 LXXV. LABIATiE \ in erect, tomentose, 4-sided, often paniculate spikes ; floral leaves small, bract-like, sessile, ovate, overlapping. Calyx tubular- ovoid, 2-lipped ; upper lip concave, entire, lower 2-toothed. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx ; limb spreading, 4-lobed. Stamens 2, anthers protruding. (Fig. 125.) Valleys below Simla, common ; April-October. — W. Himalaya, 5000- 6000 ft. 16. SALVIA. From the Latin salveo , to be in good health ; referring to the healing properties of the Sage, S. officinalis. — Most temperate and tropical regions. Erect herbs. Flowers in small whorls forming erect, often panicled racemes. Calyx bell-shaped, enlarged in fruit, 2 -lipped ; upper lip entire or 3-toothed, lower 2-toothed. Corolla-tube dilated upwards ; limb 2 -lipped, upper lip erect, usually long, arching, concave, flattened, lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 2 ; filaments very short ; anther-cells widely separated, one at each end of a slender, curved connective jointed to the top of the filament, upper cell perfect, enclosed within the upper lip of the corolla, lower imperfect. For the action of the stamens in connection with insect visitors, see Lubbock’s British Wild Flowers, p. 149, and Muller’s Fertilisation of Flowers, p. 478. Flowers f-l£ in. long. Upper lip of corolla long, arching. Flowers yellow . . . . . . 1. S. glutinosa. Flowers blue, lilac or nearly white. Stems 1|— 3 ft. Leaves long-stalked. Corolla- tube much longer than the calyx . . 2. S. Moorcroftiana. Stem 1-1 \ ft. Leaves sessile. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx . . . . 3. S. lanata. Flowers hardly £ in. long. Upper lip of corolla short, nearly straight . . . . . . . 4. S. plebeia. 1. Salvia glutinosa, Linn. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 653. Viscidly hairy, strongly scented ; stems 2-3 ft. Leaves stalked, ovate- oblong, 3-8X1J-4 in., crenate or sharply toothed, base usually prolonged outwards in 2 pointed lobes, rarely cordate or tapering downwards. Flowers 1-1J in. long, yellow, upper lip purple- dotted, in distant whorls ; bracts small, leaf-like. Calyx broadly bell-shaped, upper lip entire. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, upper lip long, curved, flattened, concave. Simla, common ; July-October. — Temperate Himalaya, 6000-9000 ft. — W. Asia, S. Europe. 2. Salvia Moorcroftiana, Wall. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 654. Clothed with white, usually woolly or cottony hairs ; stems l|-3 ft. Leaves thick, long-stalked, ovate or oblong, 5-8x2|-6 in., sinuately and irregularly lobed, crenate or sharply toothed ; upper surface nearly glabrous or cottony-tomentose, closely wrinkled ; LXXV. LABIATJE 395 lower white-tomentose. Flowers 1 in. long, pale blue, lilac or nearly white, in distant whorls ; bracts large, pale, green-veined, orbicular, abruptly pointed. Calyx bristly, bell-shaped ; teeth spinous ; upper lip 3 -toothed. Corolla-tube much longer than the calyx ; upper lip long, curved, flattened, concave. Shali, Solan ; June. — W. Himalaya, 6000-9000 ft. 3. Salvia lanata, Roxb. ; FI. Br. Ind. iv. 654. White woolly- tomentose ; stems 1-1 J ft. Leaves mostly radical, sessile, oblong- lanceolate, 3-6xf-l| in., toothed ; upper surface tomentose or nearly glabrous, closely wrinkled ; lower tomentose. Flowers f in. Fig.