1,

■

FOR THE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

COLOR KEY TO

"NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Curator of Ornithology in the American Museum
of Natural History

HANDBOOK OF BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

Revised Edition. With Keys to the Species, Descriptions
of their Plumages, Nests, etc., and their Distribution and
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COLOR KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

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D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK

CYwm

TOPOGRAPHY OF A BIRD
Bluebird (natural size)

COLOR KEY TO
NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

With Bibliographical Appendix

BY

FRANK M. CHAPMAN

CURATOR OF ORNITHOLOGY
IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Author of " Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America,"
" Bird-Life," Etc.

With Upward of Soo Drawings

BY

CHESTER A. REED, B. S.

Revised Edition

NEW YORK

D. APPLETON & COMPANY

1912

Publish"/ November, 1912

COPYRIGHT,
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.

L903

COPYRIGHT
I). A.PPLETON & C >..

1012

Printed in the United States

PREFACE.

CO LEARN to call a bird by its right name is the first step in the
study of ornithology. We may propose to investigate the structure,
food, and habits of the birds of the world, or desire merely a super-
ficial knowledge of the species found in our garden, but in either case we are
at once confronted by this question of identification.

From the scientific point of view there is but one satisfactory way to
identify a bird. A specimen of it should be in hand in order that its form,
color, and size may be accurately determined, when, with the aid of analytical
keys, with which most text-books are provided, it is a simple matter to ascer-
tain the bird's name.

Wide experience has shown the writer, however, that where one dead bird
is identified, hundreds of attempts are made to name the living bird in nature.
This is to be expected. It is the natural outcome of the recent remarkable
interest in the study of birds which, fostered by Audubon Societies and
nature study teachers, has assumed an ethical and educational imi:>ortance of
the first magnitude.

We cannot place a gun in the hands of these thousands of bird-lovers
whom we are yearly developing; indeed most of them would refuse to use it.
Specimens, therefore, are rarely available to them and we should make some
special effort to meet their peculiar wants. The present volume has been
prepared with this end in view. Identification of the bird in the bush is its
sole end; an end, however, which we trust will prove but the beginning
of a new and potent interest in nature.

Frank M. Chapman
American Miiseum of Natural History,
New York City, 1903.

PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION.

In the present edition of the Color Key the body of the book, aside from
the correction of typographical errors, remains as it was in the preceding
edition. The Systematic Table has been reset and brought up to July, 1912,
the date of the publication of the latest supplement to the third edition of
the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds.'
Two Appendixes are added. The first includes all the changes in nomencla-
ture and descriptions of new birds which have been accepted by the A. O. U.
Committee on Classification and Nomenclature since the publication of the
Color Key in 1903; the second contains a list of faunal ornithological papers
which it is hoped will add greatly to the reference value of the book.
American Museum of Natural History, f.m.c.

New York City, October, 1912.

vm

CONTENTS.

Introduction 1

How to Learn a Bird's Name \

How Birds Are Named 4

Synopsis of Orders and Families of North American Birds 9

Color Key to North American Birds 41

Systematic Table of North American Birds 257

Appendix I. Additions, Subtractions, Emendations 293

Appendix II. Bibliography 305

Index 333

ILLUSTRATIONS.

The illustrations in this volume are designed to aid the student in identi-
fying birds in their haunts by giving, in color, those markings which most
quickly catch the eye. They do not pretend to be perfect reproductions of
every shade and tint of the plumage of the species they figure, but aim to
present a bird's characteristic colors as they appear when seen at a distance.
It was inpracticable to draw all the birds to the same scale but all those on
the same page are so figured. Reference should always be made, however,
to the measurements given at the beginning of each description. The figures
are based on the male bird.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

S . The sign of Mars, signifying male.

$ . The sign of Venus, signifying female.

Ad. Adult, a bird in fully mature plumage.

Yng. Young, a fully grown bird which has not yet acquired the plumage

of the adult.
L. Length, the distance from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail. This
measurement is made from dead birds, birds in life appear somewhat
shorter.
W. Wing, the distance from the 'bend' of the wing to the end of the longest

feather.
T. Tail, the distance from the insertion of the tail-feathers to the end of the

longest one.
Tar. Tarsus, the distance from the heel to the insertion of the toes, or of

the so-called 'leg.'
B. Bill, the distance from the feathers at the base of the bill above to its tip.
Note. All measurements are in inches and tenths, and a variation of about
ten per cent, from the figures given may be expected. The number before
the name <>f each species is that of the American Ornithologists' Union's
'Check-List of North American Birds.'

INTRODUCTION

HOW TO LEARN A BIRD'S NAME

"How can I learn to know the birds?" is the first question of the seeker
after bird-lore. The scientist's reply, "By shooting them and studying their
structure and markings in detail," may do for the few who, like himself,
desire to know the birds scientifically; but it is emphatically not the answer
to give the ninety and nine who, while they desire to secure an intimate,
accurate knowledge of birds, will not gain it at the sacrifice of bird-life.

In the present volume, therefore, an attempt has been made so to group,
figure, and describe our birds that any species may be named which has been
definitely seen. The birds are kept in their systematic Orders, a natural
arrangement, readily comprehended, but, further than this, accepted classi-
fications have been abandoned and the birds have been grouped according to
color and markings.

A key to the Orders gives the more prominent characters on which they
are based; telling for example, the external differences between a Duck and
a Grebe. In comparatively few instances, however, will the beginner have
much difficulty in deciding to what Order a bird belongs. Probably eight
times, out of ten the unknown bird will belong to the Order Passeres, or
Perching Birds, when one has only to select the color section in which it
should be placed, choose from among the colored figures the bird whose
identity is sought, and verify one's selection by reading the description of the
bird's characteristics and the outline of its range.

How to Learn a Bird's Name

In the case of closely related species, and particularly subspecies, the
subjects of range and season are of the utmost importance. Most subspecies
resemble their nearest allies too closely to be identified in life by color alone.
and in such cases a bird's name is to be learned by its color in connection with
its distribution and the season in which it is seen.

During the breeding period, unless one chance to be in a region where
two races intergrade, subspeeific names may be applied to the bird in nature
with some certainty, for it is a law that only one subspecies of a species can
nest in the same area; but during migrations and in the winter, when several
subspecies of one species may be found associated, it is frequently impossible
to name them with accuracy.

For example, during the summer one need have no hesitancy in calling
the Robins of the lowlands of South Carolina the Southern Robin (Planes-
tieus migratorius achrusterus) but later, when the Northern Robins (Planes-
ticus migratorius migratorius) begin to appear, it would be difficult, if not
impossible, to distinguish them in life from the resident birds.

If it were possible to impress the student, who proposes to name the bird
in the bush, with the absolute necessity for careful, definite observation he
would be saved many disappointing and discouraging experiences.

It is not possible to examine your bird too thoroughly. Never be satisfied
with a superficial view and a general impression. Look at your bird, if you
can, from several points of view; study its appearance in detail, its size, bill,
crown, back, tail, wings, throat, breast, etc., and at once enter what you
see in a note-book kept for that purpose. In this way, and this way alone,
can you expect to compete with those who use the gun.

It does not follow, however, that because one does not collect specimens
of birds one cannot study them scientifically. While the student may not be
interested in the classification of birds purely from the standpoint of the
systematist, he is strongly urged to acquaint himself with at least the arrange-
ment of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading structural
characters.

How to Learn a Bird's Name

To the student who desires to prepare himself for his work afield such
a study may well come before he attempts to name the birds. But where the
chief end in view is to learn a bird's name, the more technical side of the
subject may be deferred. In any event, it should not be neglected. This
orderly arrangement of knowledge will not only be practical benefit in one's
future labors but it will bring with it that sense of satisfaction which accom-
panies the assurance that we know what we know.

As one learns to recognize bird after bird it is an admirable plan to
classify systematically one's list of bird acquaintances under their proper
Orders and Families. These may be learned at once from the systematic
table at the end of the book, where the numbers which precede each species
are arranged serially, and hence systematically.

In some instances, as an aid to identification in the field, descriptions of
birds' notes have been included. It is not supposed that these descriptions
will convey an adequate idea of a bird's song to a person who has never
heard it, but it is hoped that they may occasionally lead to the recognition of
calls or songs when they are heard.

An adequate method of transcribing bird's notes has as yet to be devised
and the author realizes only too well how unsatisfactory the data here
presented will appear to the student. It is hoped, however, that they may
sometimes prove of assistance in naming birds in life.

As has been said before, the aim of this volume is to help students to
learn the names of our birds in their haunts. But we should be doing scant
justice to the possibilities of bird study if, even by silence, we should imply
that they ended with the learning to know the bird. This is only the begin-
ning of the quest which may bring us into close intimacy with the secrets of
nature. The birds' haunts and food, their seasons and times of coming and
going; their songs and habits during courtship, their nest-building, egg-
laying, incubating and care of their young, these and a hundred other sub-
jects connected with their lives may claim our attention and by increasing "our
knowledge of bird-life, add to our love of birds.

HOW BIRDS ARE NAMED

Birds have two kinds of names. One is a common, vernacular, or popular
name ; the other is a technical or scientific name. The first is usually given to
tin living bird by the people of* the country it inhabits. The second is
applied to specimens of birds by ornithologists who classify them.

Common names in their origin and use know no law. Technical names
are bestowed under the system of nomenclature established by Linnaeus and
their formation and application are governed by certain definite, generally
accepted rules. The Linnaean system, as it is now employed by most
American ornithologists, provides that a bird, in addition to being grouped in
a certain Class, Order, Family, etc., shall have a generic and specific name
which, together, shall not be applied to any other animal.
Our Robin, therefore, is classified and named as follows:

CLASS AVES, Birds.

ORDER PASSERES, Perching Birds.
Sub-order Oscines, Singing Perching Birds.
Family Turdidcz Thrushes.
Sub-family 7 urdina' Thrushes.
Genus, Planesticus, Thrushes.
Speciks. migratorius American Robin.

The Robin's distinctive scientific name, therefore, which it alone pos-
sesses, is Planesticus migratorius. There are numerous other members of the
genus Planesticus, but not one of them is called migratorius, and this com-
bination of names, therefore, is applied to only one bird.

4

How Birds are Named

The questions Why use all these Latin terms? Why not call the bird
'"Robin" and be done with it? are easily answered. Widely distributed
birds frequently have different names in different parts of their range. The
Flicker (Colaptes auratus), for instance, has over one hundred common or
vernacular names. Again, the same name is often applied to wholly different
birds. Our Robin (Planesticus migratorius) is not even a member of the
same family as the European Robin (Erithacus rubecola.) If, therefore,
we should write of birds or attempt to classify them only by their common
names, we should be dealing with such unfixed quantities that the result
would be inaccurate and misleading. But by using one name in a language
known to educated people of all countries, a writer may indicate, without
danger of being misunderstood, the particular animal to which he refers.
Among people speaking the same tongue, where a definite list of vernacular
names of animals has been established, they can of course be used instead of
the scientific names.

Such a list of North American birds has been prepared by the American
Ornithologists' Union. It furnishes a common as well as scientific name for
each of our birds, and is the recognized standard of nomenclature among
American ornithologists. The names a»nd numbers of birds employed in this
Color Key are those of the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of
North American Birds.'

It will be observed that in this 'Check-List,' and consequently in the
following pages, many birds have three scientific names, a generic, specific,
and sub-specific. The Western Robin, for example, appears as Planesticus
migratorius propinquus. What is the significance of this third name?

In the days of Linnaeus, and for many years after, it was supposed that
a species was a distinct creation whose characters never varied. But in
comparatively recent years, as specimens have been gathered from through-
out the country inhabited by a species, comparison frequently shows that
specimens from one part of its range differ from those taken in another
part of its range. At intervening localities, however, intermediate specimens
will be found connecting the extremes.

5

How Birds are Named

Generally, these geographical variations, as the}- are called, are the
result of climatic conditions. For instance, in regions of heavy rainfall
a bird's colors are usually much darker than they are where the rainfall is
light. Song Sparrows, for example, are palest in the desert region of
Arizona, where the annual rainfall may not reach eight inches, and darkest
on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, where the annual rainfall may
be over one hundred inches. In going from one region, however, to the other
the gradual changes in climate are accompanied by gradual changes in the
colors of the Song Sparrows, and the wide differences between Arizona and
Alaska Song Sparrows are therefore bridged by a series of intermediates.

Variations of this kind are spoken of as geographic, racial, or sub-
specific and the birds exhibiting them are termed subspecies. In naming
them a third name, or trinomial is employed, and the possession of such a
name indicates at once that a bird is a geographic or racial representative
of a species, with one or more representatives of which it intergrades.

Returning now to the Robin. Our eastern Robins always have the outer
pair of tail-feathers tipped with white and, in adults, the back is blotched
with black; Avhile Robins from the Rocky Mountains and westward have
little or no white on the outer tail-feathers, and the back is dark gray, with-
out black blotches. These extremes are connected by intermediate specimens
sharing the characters ; of both eastern and western birds. We do not,
therefore, treat the latter as a species, but as a subspecies, and consequently,
apply to it a subspecific name or trinomial, Planesticus migratorius propin-
quus, (propinquus, meaning nearly related.)

A further study of our eastern Robin shows that in the southern parts
of its breeding range (the Carolinas and Georgia), it varies from the
northern type in being smaller in size and much paler and duller in color;
and to this second geographical variety is applied the name Planesticus
migratorius achrustertis, (achrusterus, meaning less highly colored).

After the recognition of western and southern races of the Robin under
three names (trinomial) it would obviously be inconsistent to apply only two

6

How Birds are Named

names (binomial) to our eastern bird, the former being no more subspecies
of the latter than the latter is of the former. In other words, to continue to
apply only generic and specific names to the Eastern Robin would imply
that it was a full species, while the use of a trinomial for the Western or the
Southern Robin shows them to be subspecies. As a matter of fact we know
that there is but one species of true Robin in the United States, consequently
in accordance with the logical and now generally accepted method, we apply
to that species the name Planesticus migratorius, and this is equally applica-
ble to Robins from east, south or west. When, however, we learn that the
Eastern Robin is not a species but a subspecies, we repeat the specific name
by which it was made known and call it Planesticus migratorius migratorius.

It may be asked, Why give names to these geographical races? Why
not call Eastern, Western and Southern Robins by one name, Planesticus
migratorius, without regard to their climatic variations?

In reply, two excellent reasons may be given for the recognition of sub-
species by name; first, because in some cases they differ from one another
far more than do many species, when it would clearly be inadvisable to apply
the same name to what are obviously different creatures. For example, it
has lately been discovered by Mr. E. W. Nelson that the small, black-
throated, brown-breasted, Quails or Bob-whites of southern Mexico, through
a long series of intermediates inhabiting the intervening region, intergrade
with the large, white-throated, black-and-white breasted, Bob-white of our
northern states. It would be absurd to call such wholly unlike birds by
the same name, nor could we give a full specific name to the Mexican Bob-
white since at no place can we draw a line definitely separating it from the
northern Bob-white. Furthermore, the use of only two names would conceal
the remarkable fact of the intergradation of two such strikingly different
birds; a fact of the first importance to students of the evolution of species.

For much the same reason we should name those birds which show less
pronounced variations, such as are exhibited by the Robin. Here we have
a species in the making, and in tracing the relation between cause and effect,

How Birds are Named

we learn something of the influences which create species. Thus, climate
has been definitely proven so to alter a species, both in size and color that,
as we have seen in the case of the Song Sparrows, marked climate changes
are accompanied by correspondingly marked changes in the appearance of
certain animals. In naming these animals we are, in effect, giving a 'handle
to the fact' of their evolution by environment.

Since it is evident that a bird may vary much or little, according to the
governing conditions and its tendency to respond to them, no fixed rule can
be laid down which shall decide just what degree of difference are deserv-
ing a name. It follows, therefore, that in some cases ornithologists do not
agree upon a bird's claim to subspecific rank.

In North America, however, questions of this kind are referred to a
committee of seven experts of the American Ornithologists' Union, and
their decision establishes a nomenclature, which is accepted as the standard
by other American ornithologists and which has been adopted in this volume.

Foreign birds of wholly accidental occurrence, most of which have been
found in North America but once or twice, are included in the systematic
list of North American birds, but are not described or figured in the body
of the book, where their presence would tend to convey an erroneous im-
pression of their North American status. Furthermore, records of the
presence of birds so rare as these can be properly based on only the capture
of specimens.

In the preparation of the following pages both author and artist have
had full access to the collections of the American .Museum of Natural
History, and they are .also glad to acknowledge their indebtedness to
William Brewster of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Robert Ridgway, Curator
of Birds in the United States National Museum, and to C. Hart Merriam,
Chief of the Biologic Survey, for the lo.au of specimens for description and
illustration.

SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES OF NORTH
AMERICAN BIRDS.

The figures are all life-size, except as stated.

WATER BIRDS.

Order I. Grebes, Loons, and Auks. PYGOPODES.

(3 families, 32 species, 3 subspecies.)

Duck-like birds with the bill usually pointed, never wider than high,
and without flutings, 'gutters,' or serrations on its side; wings short,
never with a bright colored patch or 'speculum'; tail rudimentary, not
noticeable; toes webbed or lobed. Color usually blackish above, white
below; the throat often dark. The Grebes and Loons, when pursued,
dive rather than fly; the Auks usually take wing.

PIED-BILLED GREBE.

Family i. GREBES. PODICIPID/E.

Toes four, with lobate webs; tipped with a broad nail; tail wanting

FOOT OF RAZOR- BILLED AUK.
9

Synopsis of Orders and Families-

loon.

Family 2. LOONS. GAVIID/E.

Toes four, webbed; toe-nails not broad and flat; tail present.
Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, AND PUFFINS. ALCID/E.
Toes three, webbed; toe-nails sharp; tail present.

Order II. Gulls, Terns, Jaegers, Etc. LONGIPENNES.

(3 families, 42 species, 1 subspecies.)

Birds generally seen dn the wing, as a rule, over water. Bill strong,
thick; hooked in the Gulls and Jaegers; sharply pointed in the
Terns; often colored in part yellow or red; wings very long, the outer
feathers much the longest; tail usually short and square in the Gulls,
long and forked in the Terns; toes webbed. Color usually pearly gray
above, white below in adult Gull and Terns; Jaegers and many young
Gulls are dark.

PARASITIC JAEGER.

Family 4. SKUAS AND JAEGERS. STKRCORARIID^E.
Toes four; three front ones webbed; bill with swollen, hooked tip,
scaly shield.

10

its base with a

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

HERRING GULL.

COMMON TERN.

Family 5. GULLS AND TERNS. LARID/E.

Toes usually four, three front ones webbed; upper mandible curved and hooked; tail
usually square (Gulls, subfamily Larince). Bill straight and pointed; tail often forked
(Terns, subfamily Stemince).

BLACK SKIMMER.
11

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Family 6. SKIMMERS. RYNCHOPID/E.

Toes four, three front ones webbed; bill thin and blade like, the maxilla longer than
the mandible; tail slightly forked.

Order III. Albatrosses, Shearwaters, Petrels, Etc. TUBI-

NARES.
(2 families, 30 species, 1 subspecies.)
Sea-birds keeping, as a rule, well off shore, and flying low, near the
water, often skimming over the waves. Bill, with upper mandible
hooked; nostrils opening through tubes; wings long and pointed; tail
short; feet webbed; hind-toe rudimentary or absent. Color usually
gray or black and white; no bright markings.

BILL OF SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.

Family 7. ALBATROSSES. DIOMEDEID/E.

Nostrils opening through tubes, separated and on either side of the bill.

FULMAR.

LEACH PETREL.

Family 8. FULMARS, PETRELS. AND SHEARWATERS. PROCELLARIID^E.
Nostrils joined and situated on top of the bill.

12

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Order IV. Cormorants, Pelicans, Gannets, Man-o'war Birds,
and Tropic-Birds. STEGANOPODKS.

(6 families, 19 species, 5 subspecies.)

Large birds, two feet or more in length, varying widely in appear-
ance and habits; in external structure agreeing only in having all four
toes joined by webs.

YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD.

Family 9. TROPIC BIRDS. PHAETHONTID^E.

Bill pointed, somewhat tern-like; central tail feathers much elongated; chin feathered.

Jv/ax.Size,

GANNET.

Family io. GANNETS. SULID/E.

Bill stout, its tip not hooked; chin and eye space bare; tail pointed, its feathers not
'fluted.'

13

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

ANHINGA.

Family ii. ANHINGAS; SNAKE-BIRDS. ANHINGID/E.

Bill straight and slender; chin and eye space bare; tail rounded; its middle feathers
fluted.

VIOLET-GREEN CORMORANT.
Family 12. CORMORANTS. PHALACROCORACID/E.
Bill with a hooked tip; a small pouch at its base; plumage usually black or blackish.

MAN-O' WAR BIRD.

14

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

BROWN PELICAN.

Family 13. PELICANS. PELECANID/E.

Bill hooked at tip, with a large pouch; tail short, square; eye space bare.

Family 14. MAN-O' WAR BIRDS. FREGATID/E.

Bill hooked; pouch small; tail long and forked; eye space feathered.

Order V. Ducks, Geese, and Swans. ANSERES.
(1 family, 49 species, 6 subspecies.)
Birds of familiar form; bill, except in Mergansers or Saw-billed Ducks,
broad and with rows of 'strainers' or 'gutters' on either side; wings
short, in the Ducks usually with a bright colored patch or speculum;
tail generally short; legs short; feet webbed. Most species, unlike
the Grebes, take wing rather than dive when pursued.

RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.

15

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

MALLARD.

Family 15. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. ANATID/E.

Bill long, narrow, and rounded with tooth-like projections along its sides. (Mergan-
sers. Subfamily Mergirue.)

Bill broad, flattened, typically duck-like; tarsus or leg with transverse scales; hind
toe without a lobe. (River Ducks. Subfamily Anatmc?.)

Bill and tarsus as in preceding, but hind toe with a broad lobe or flap. (Sea and Bay
Ducks. Subfamily Fuligulince.)

Bill proportionately narrower than in the River or Bay Ducks; gutters on its sides
less developed; scales on front of tarsus rounded. (Geese. Subfamily Anserince.)

Large, usually white birds, witn bare eye space. (Swans. Subfamily Cygniiue.)

Order VI. Flamingoes. ODONTOGLOSS^E.

(1 family, 1 species.)

Bright red or pink and white birds, standing four feet or more in
height; side of the bill with gutters, its end bent downward; wings
rather short; legs long; feet webbed.

16

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

AMERICAN FLAMINGO.

Family 16. FLAMINGOES. PHOENICOPTERID/E.
Characters of the Family similar to those of the Order.

Order VII. Herons, Bitterns, Ibises,

HERODIONES.

and Spoonbills.

(4 families, 19 species, 3 subspecies.)

Long-legged wading birds, generally found along shores or on
muddy flats; bill variable; in the Herons straight and sharply pointed;
in the Ibises, slender, rounded, and curved downward; in the Spoon-
bill, flattened: wings rounded; tail short; legs long; toes all on same
level, long, slender, without webs. Herons and Bitterns fly with a
fold in the neck, the head being drawn in; Ibises and Spoonbills fly
with the neck straight, the head being extended.

17

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

33i.ll -Jvom above.

ROSEATE SPOONBILL.

Family 17. SPOONBILLS. PLATALEID/E.

Bill flattened and much broadened at the end; crown and face bare in adults; toes
partly webbed.

WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS.

Family 18. IBISES. IBIDID/E.

Bill long and curved down; its side with grooves; toes partly webbed.

WOOD IBIS.

Family 19. STORKS AND WOOD IBISES. ClCONIID^E.
Bill stout, without grooves; tarsus reticulate.

18

Synopsis of Orders and Families-

GREEN HERON.

Family 20. HERONS, EGRETS, AND BITTERNS. ARDEID/E.

Bill usually straight and sharply pointtd; lores naked; head feathered; tarsus with
transverse scales; middle toe-nail pectinate or with a comblike edge.

Order VIII. Cranes, Rails, Coots, Gallinules, Etc. PALU-

DICOL^E.

(3 families, 16 species, 3 subspecies)

Birds varying greatly in size and appearance, but all agreeing (and
differing from Herodiones) in having the hind-toe elevated, that is, leav-
ing the foot at a higher level than the front toes; tail short; legs
usually long. All fly with the neck extended, a fact by which Cranes
in flight may be known from Herons. Rails are short-winged skulkers
in grassy marshes; Gallinules frequent reedy shores; Coots, which alone
of the Order have webbed (lobate) toes, are as aquatic as Ducks, from,
which they may be known by their pointed, white bill, nodding motion
of the head when swimming, and habit of pattering over the water
when alarmed.

SANDHILL CRANE.

19

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Family 21. CRANES. GRUID/E.

Large birds over three feet in length; head partly bare in adults.

LIMPKIN.

Family 22. COURLANS. ARAMID^E.

Bill long and slender; head wholly feathered; toes not webbed.

SORA.

CLAPPER RAIL.
20

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

AMERICAN COOT.

Family 23. RAILS, COOTS, AND GALLINULES. RALLIDvE.
Bill variable; toes always long, webbed OobedJ in only one species; wings short and
rounded; tail short.

Order IX. Snipes, Sandpipers, Curlews, Plovers, Etc.

LIMICOL^E.

(7 families, 55 species, 4 subspecies.)

Generally long-legged, slender-billed birds of shores and mud flats,
and sometimes fields. Most of them are under a foot in length; none
are so large as the Ibises; wings long and pointed; tail short; toes long
and slender, usually without webs; color generally brown or blackish
above, mottled and streaked with whitish and buff. Many species
utter characteristic piping whistles as they fly or when they take wing.

NORTHERN PHALAROPE.

^amily24. PHALAROPES. PHALAROPODID^E.

">ront toes with lobes or webs; tarsus flattened; plumage thick; swimming Snipe.

21

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

BLACK-NECKED STILT.

22

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Family 25. AVOCETS AND STILTS. RECURVlROSTRlD/t.

Long legged, wading Snipe; in Avocets toes four, front three webbed; bill recurved;
in Stilts toes three, almost unwebbed; bill straight.

HUDSONIAN CURLEW.

Family 26. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. SCOLOPACID^E.

Toes usually four; tarsus with transverse scales; bill generally long, slender, and soft,
used as a probe.

23

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER.

Family 27. PLOVERS. CHARADR1ID/E.

Toes usually three, or when four, the fourth rudimentary; tarsus with rounded scales;
bill, as compared with that of Snipe, short and stout.

TURNSTONE.

Family 28. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. APHR!ZID>E.
Toes four, tarsus with transverse scales; bill short, rather hard.

24

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

AMERICAN OYSTER-CATCHER,

Family 29. OYSTER-CATCHERS. H/EMATOPODID^E.

Toes three, webbed at base; tarsus stout, with rounded scales; bill heavy, com-
pressed, and said to be used for opening shells.

MEXICAN JACANA.

Family 30. JACANAS. JACANID/E.

Toes four, with their nails greatly elongated to support the bird while walking on
aquatic vegetation; wing, with a sharp spur; bill with fleshy lobes at base and, in some
species, on its sides.

LAND BIRDS.

Order X. Grouse, Partridges, Bob-Whites, Etc. GALLIN./E.
(3 families, 24 species, 25 subspecies.)

Ground-inhabiting birds of chicken-like form; bill stout, hen-like; wings
short and rounded; tail variable; feet strong; hind-toe elevated. Color
usually mixed brown, black, and buff, or bluish gray.

25

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

bob-white.

RUFFED GROUSE.
Family 3I. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC. TETRAONID/E.

0,nikramlSft Ie S*m!uas^osA of the °rder: tarsus naked in Partridges and
Ouails, more or less feathered in Grouse and Ptarmigan.

2G

Synopsis ok Orders and Families.

TURKEY.

^Homily 32. TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, AND CHICKENS. PHASIANID/E.

Tarsus naked, often spurred; tail remarkably variable (Tor example, Turkey, Pea-
cock J; head often with a comb, wattles, or other excrescences.

CHACHALACA.

Family 33. CURASSOWS AND GUANS. CRACID/E.

Large tree-haunting, pheasant-like birds; toes four, all on same level.

Order XI. Pigeons and Doves. COLUMB^E.

(1 family, 13 species, 3 subspecies.)

Walking birds, feeding both on the ground and in trees; bill slender,

grooved, nostrils opening in a fleshy membrane; tail variable, short and

square, or long and pointed; feet stout, often reddish. Color usually

grayish brown. Call-notes a characteristic cooing.

mourning dove.
Family 34. PIGEONS AND DOVES. COLUMBID/E.
Characters those of the Order.

27

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Order XII. Vultures, Hawks, and Owls. RAPTORES.
(4 families, 56 species, 33 subspecies.)
Generally large birds with hooked bill; strong, heavy feet, and long,
curved nails ; wings large; tail rather long, usually square.

TURKEY VULTURE.

Family 35. AMERICAN VULTURES. CATHARTID/E.

Bill not strongly hooked; toe-nails comparatively weak; nostrils large, piercing
the bill; head and more or less of neck, bare.

RED-TAILED HAWK.

28

Synopsis ok Orders and Families.

Family 36. FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, ETC.
FALCONID/E.

Nostrils opening in a cere at the base of the bill; hook of
bill and claws well developed; plumage firm and close;
tarsus usually largely bare.

^Haf Size.

BARN OWL.

29

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Family 37. BARN OWLS. STRIGID/E.

Eyes black, set in a somewhat triangular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by
feathers; nostril opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; inner edge of middle toe-nail
serrate; no 'ears'; tarsus feathered.

pj^C^-M

SCREECH OWL.

Family 38. HORNED OWLS, ETC, BUBONID/E.

Eyes yellow or black, set in a circular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by
feathers; nostrils opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; tarsus feathered.

Order XIII. Paroquets and Parrots. PSITTACI.
(1 family, 2 species.)

Usually bright green birds with a heavy hooked bill, broad scoop-
shaped lower mandible; long, pointed wings; tail, in Parrots, generally
square; in Paroquets, pointed; feet heavy, two toes in front and two
behind.

CAROLINA PAROQUET.

Family 39. PARROTS AND PAROQUETS.
Characters the same as those of Order.

30

PSITTACID/E.

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Order XIV. Cuckoos, Trogons, Kingfishers, Etc. COCCYGES.
(3 families, 8 species, 2 subspecies.)
A composite Order of several groups of birds bearing no close rela-
tion to each other. Cuckoos have slightly curved bills, long tails, and
two toes in front and two behind. Trogons have short, rather broad,
stout bills, and soft, loose plumage, often green above, red below; moder-
ately long tails; small feet with two toes in front, two behind. King-
fishers have long, rather stout, pointed bills; wings, long; tail, medium;
three toes in front and one behind; middle and outer toes joined for
half their length.

yellow-billed cuckoo.

Family 40. CUCKOOS, ANIS, ETC. CUCULID/E.

Toes two in front, two behind; bill, usually, more or less decurved; tail, long and
rounded, the outer feathers being, generally, much shorter than the middle pair.

COPPERY-TAILED TROGON.

Family 41-. TROGONS. Trogonid/e.

Toes two in front, two behind; bill, short; upper mandible decurved and dentate;
tail square; plumage, soft, loose, and generally shining green above.

BELTED KINGFISHER.

31

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Family 42. KINGFISHERS. ALCEDINID^E.

Legs short; feet small; toes, three in front, one behind; third and fourth toes join-
ed; bill, stout and long.

Order XV. Woodpeckers. PICI.

(1 family, 24 species, 22 subspecies.)
Climbing birds with stout, pointed bills, bristly nostrils, pointed,
stiffened tail feathes, strong feet and nails; two toes in front and two
behind, except in Picoidcs, which has two in front and one behind.
Prevailing colors, black and white, the males usually with red on the
crown.

FOOT OF THREE-TOED
WOODPECKER.

PILEATED WOODPECKER.

Family 43. WOODPECKERS. PICID/E.
Characters the same as those of the Order.

32

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Order XVI. Goatsuckers, Swifts, and Hummingbirds.
MACROCHIRES.

(3 families, 27 species, 6 subspecies.)
Bill, in the Goatsuckers and Swifts, small; mouth large; in the Hum-
mingbirds, bill long, slender, needle-like; wings and tail variable; feet,
in all three groups, small and weak. Color, in Goatsuckers, mixed
brown, buff and black; in Swifts, black and white; in Hummingbirds,
usually shining green above with resplendent throat-patches of varied
hues.

WHIP-POOR-WILL.

Family 44. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. CAPRIMULGID/E.

Feet usually small and weak; toes, three in front, one behind; middle toe-nail pectin-
ate or combed; bill small; mouth very large and usually beset by long bristles.

CHIMNEY SWIFT.

Family 45. SWIFTS. MlCROPODID/E.

Bill small, triangular when seen from above; mouth large, no bristles; tail variable,
in Chcetura with projecting spines; wings long and narrow; feet small and toes short;
plumage usually dark.

RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.

Family 46. HUMMINGBIRDS. TROCH1LID/E.

Bill long and slender; feet slender; wings large and pointed; tail exceedingly variable,
often assuming the most striking shapes.

33

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Order XVII. Flycatchers, Jays, Blackbirds, Finches, Swal-
lows, Warblers, Thrushes, and Other Perching Birds PAS-
SERES.
(18 families, about 325 species and 226 subspecies.)
Bill, wings, and tail variable; feet with four toes not connected, the
hind-toe as long as the middle one; its nail generally longer than that
of the middle toe. This Order contains more species than the re-
maining sixteen Orders put together. In it will be found over 80 per
cent, of the birds commonly seen by field students. It is difficult of
definition, but almost ?ny small perching bird may, with more or less
certainty, be referred to the Passe res.

PHOEBE.

Family 48. FLYCATCHERS. TYRANNID/E.

Bill broad, flat, hooked at tip, its base with bristles; wings rather pointed, the sec-
ond to fourth primaries longest; tarsus rounded behind as well as in front; feathers of
crown generally somewhat lengthened, forming when erected, a small crest; pose, when
perching, erect; food of insects usually captured on the wing; voice generally unmusical.

HORNHD LARK.

Family 40. LARKS. ALAUDID/E.

Hind toe-nail much lengthened: bill rounded, straight; tarsus rounded behind as well
as in front; our species with a tuft of feathers on either side of the head; outer primary
short or rudimentary; walking birds, singing while on the wing.

34

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

BLUE JAY.

Family 50. CROWS AND JAYS. CORVID/E.

Large perching birds, usually twelve inches or more in length; bill stout; nos-
trils covered by projecting bristles; feet heavy; outer tail-feathers usually shortest;
fourth to fifth primary longest, first about half as long.

PURPLE CRACKLE.

BALTIMORE ORIOLE.

Family 52. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. ICTERID/E.

Base of bill, between nostrils, extending back and dividing feathers on forehead;
nostrils not concealed by bristles; first three primaries of equal length.

REDPOLL.

SONG SPARROW.

35

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

EVENING GROSBEAK.

CARDINAL

Family 53. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. FRINGILLID^E.

Bill short, stout, conical; third or fourth primaries longest; first about half an inch
shorter; the majority are small birds and but few are over eight inches in length.

SUMMER TANAGER.

Family 54. TANAGERS. TANAGRID^E.

Bill somewhat finch-like but more swollen in outline; the upper mandible, in typical
forms, toothed or dentate.

TREE SWALLOW.

Family 55. SWALLOWS. HIRUNDINID/E.

Bill short, broad and flat; feet small and weak; wings long and narrow; tail notched
and sometimes forked; birds of the air, feeding while on the wing.

36

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

CEDAR WAXW1NG.

Family 56. WAXWINGS. AMPELID/E.

Bill short, stout, and rounded, its tip notched; wings rather long; head crested.

NORTHERN SHRIKE.

Family 57. SHRIKES. LANIID/E. Bill stout, its mandible hooked and hawklike;
feet truly Passerine; pose, in perching, erect; solitary grayish birds.

RED-EYED VIREO.

Family 58. VIREOS. VIREONID^E.

Bill small, but distinctly hooked; outer primary usually very small and sometimes
apparently wanting; olive-green gleaners among the leaves.

37

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

NASHVILLE WARBLER.

YELLOW WARBLER.

AMERICAN REDSTART.

Family 60. WARBLERS. MNIOTILTID^E.

Bill, in most of the species, slender, sharply pointed, and without a notch or hook at
the tip; in the genera IVilsonia and Setopbaga, flat and flycatcher-like; in Icteria stout;
backof tarsus compressed into a thin ridge; three outer primaries of nearly equal
length.

AMERICAN PIPIT.

Family 61. WAGTAILS. MOTACILLID/E.

Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill slender, nostril not covered with bristles, as in
true Larks; back of tarsus thin, not rounded; terrestrial, walking with a wagging
motion of the tail.

AMERICAN DIPPER.

Family 62. DIPPERS. ClNCLID/E.

Thick-set birds with short wings and tail; plumage thick and water-proof; tarsus
scaled; semi-aquatic in habit, haunting mountain streams.

38

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

1^|pfc

BROWN THRASHEP,

HOUSE WREN.

Family 63. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. TROGLODYTID/E.

Tarsus scaled; tail rounded, the outer feathers being shortest; third to fourth primary
longest, the outer half as long; bill in Thrashers often decurved, its base with bristles;
in Wrens, bill without bristles; brown or grayish inhabitants of lower grovth.

BROWN CREEPER.

Family 64. CREEPERS. CERTHIID^E.

Bill slender and much decurved; tail usually pointed and stiffened.

CHICKADEE.

RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

Family 65. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. PARID^E.

Fourth or fifth primary longest; first an inch or less in length. Chickadees (sub-
family Panmr) have a short, stout bill, the nostrils covered with bristles; the tail is
rather long and rounded. Nuthatches (subfamily Sittince) have a long, slender bill,
short, square tail, and large feet.

39

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.

Family 66. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. SYLVIID/E.

Bill slender and Warbler-like, but first primary only one-third as long as the fourth.

V

WOOD THRUSH.

Family 67. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. TURDID/E.

Tarsus 'booted', without scales, (see foot of Robin under Synopsis of Order
Passeres); tail square; mandible notched and slightly hooked; outer primary an inch or
less in length; second to fourth of about equal length.

40

COLOR KEY TO

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Ordkr I. DIVING BIRDS.

PYGOPODES.

Family 1. GREBES. Podicipid.e. 6 species.

Family 2. LOONS. Gaviid.-e. 5 species.

Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, and PUFFINS. Alcid.e. 21 spe-
cies, 3 subspecies.

Grebes are at home in reed-grown ponds or sloughs where their nests
are made on raft's or islets of water-soaked vegetation. Their eggs
number from four to eight, are dull white in color, and are usually
covered by the bird with a portion of the nesting material when it
leaves its home. Grebes occasionally rest on the shore, but- are rarely
found far from the water. When on land they may lie flat on their
breasts or sit erect on their tails and entire foot, or tarsus. Their
progress on land, as a rule, is awkward and they may use their wings
as fore feet to assist them. In diving, Grebes sometimes spring part-
ly from the water and then plunge downward head first, or they may
quietly sink with scarce a ripple to mark the place of their disap-
pearance.

Loons generally pass the summer on some large lake, and in the
winter many of them live at sea. They nest, as a rule, on the shore,
but so near the water that the parent bird may slide off its two dark
brown, mottled eggs into its favorite element. Like the Grebes, Loons
are expert divers, and birds of both families so often seek safety under
the water rather than in the air that it is frequently difficult to make
them fly. The young of both Grebes and Loons are born covered with
feathers and take to the water shortly after birth, often using the back
of the parent bird as an ever present island on which they may rest
at will.

The Auks, Murres, and Puffins are sea birds which nest usually in
large colonies on isolated islets or rocky, inaccessible shores of the
northern part of the northern hemisphere. They lay one or two eggs,
sometimes in an exposed position among the rocks with no attempt
at nest-building, sometimes at the end of a burrow excavated by the
birds. In the latter case, the young are reared in the nest; in the for-
mer, they sometimes enter the water at an early age.

The one egg laid by Murres is remarkable both in color and in shape.
In color it varies from bluish green to buff, and is usually heavily
scrawled with black. In outline it is pyriform or pear-shaped. When
moved it does not roll away as would a hen's egg but revolves about
its own tip. In this manner it retains its place on the narrow
ledges often chosen by Murres for nesting-sites.

42

Grebes and Loons

2. Holboell Grebe (Colvmbus holballt). L. 19.

Ads. Crown and hindneck glossy black; back
blackish; throat, cheeks, and underparts white;
foreneck and sides rufous. Winter. Above blackish
brown; throat and underparts white; foreneck pale
rufous. Yng. Similar but no rufous. Notes. An
explosive kup" and "An exceedingly loud harsh voice
not unlike that of an angry Crow, but of much greater
volume. The calls were also given more slowly and
indeed with singular deliberatior., car, car, three or
four times, sometimes lengthened to caar, and again,
broken and quavering like ca-a-a-r or ca-a-a-a-r."
(Brewster.;

Range. — North America, eastern Siberia, and Japan; breeds locally
In the interior from about Lat. 50? northward; winters from Maine and
British Columbia southward to South Carolina, Nebraska and
southern California, chiefly on the coasts.

3. Horned Grebe (Colymhus auritus). L. 13.5.
Ads., summer. Crown, hindneck, and throat glossy
black; plumes behind eye deep buff; back and wings
blackish; foreneck, breast, sides, and lores chestnut;
abdomen white. Winter. Above grayish black; be-
low white.

Range. — Northern Hemisphere: breeds largely in the Interior from
eastern Quebec, northern Illinois, St. Clair Flats, North Dakota, and
British Columbia northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia
south to Gulf States and southern California.

4. American Eared Grebe (Colvmbus nigricollis
califormcus). L. 13. Ads. Above, neck all
around, and upper breast brownish black; cheek tufts
yellowish brown; flanks chestnut; belly white.
Winter. Grayish brown above; white below.

Range. — Western North America east to Kansas; breeds locally
from Texas and middle California north to Manitoba and British Col-
umbia; winters from British Columbia, on the Pacific coast, and Texas
southward.

5. Least Grebe (Colvmbus dominicus bracbypterus*).
L. 10 Ads. Throat black; cheeks slaty, above blackish;
below grayish. Winter. Similar but no black or slate
on throat or cheeks. Smallest of our Grebes.

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southern Lower
California south to northern South America.

6. Pied - billed Grebe (Todilymbus podiceps). L. 13.5.
Ads., summer. Above brownish black; throat and band
on bill black; foreneck, breast, and sides brownish;
belly white. Winter. The same, but throat white,
breast more rusty, bill without black band. Notes. A
loud, sonorous, il cow-cow-cow cow-cow-cow-cow- cow-cow-
uh, cow-uh, cow-uh, cow-u/i."

Range. — Argentine Republic; north through Mexico and West Indies
to Lat. of Hudson Bay; breeds locally throughout its range, but chiefly
northward; winters from New Jersey, Illinois, and southern California
southward.

43

Grebes and Loons

I. Western Grebe; Swan Grebe (SEchmophorus oc-
cidetttalis). L. 26. Ads., summer. Crown and hind-
neck black; back grayish brown; sides of head and un-
der parts white. Winter. Crown and hindneck like
back. Notes. A loud, rattling, grating whistle.

Range. — Western North America: in summer eastward to Shoal
Lake. Manitoba; northward to southern Alaska; breeds locally from
northern California and North Dakota northward; winters from British
Columbia to central Mexico.

7. Loon (Gavia imber). L. 32. Ads., summer.
Above, including whole neck, glossy black; throat and
neck with white streaks; back and wings with white
spots or bars; belly white. Winter Above blackish
margined with grayish; no white spots; below white.
Notes. A loud, maniacal laugh.

Range. — Northern hemisphere; in North America, breeds from
Maine, northern Illinois, Minnesota, and northern California north to
Greenland and Alaska; winters from about southern limit of breeding
range south to Gulf of Mexico, chiefly on coasts.

8. Yellow-billed Loon (Gavia adamsii). L. 36.
Similar to No. 7, but larger and bill yellowish or whitish.
Notes. Similar to those of No. 7, but harsher. (Murdoch.)

Range.— "Arctic America west of Hudson Bay, and northern Asia;
asual in njrthern Europe." (A. O. U.)

9. Black-throated Loon {Gavia arctica). L. 27;
W. 12. Ads., summer. Foreneck and back bluish
black; throat, neck, and back streaked or barred with
white; crown and nape gray; belly white. Winter.
Similar to No. 7, but smaller. Notes. A dismal "too-
too-e-e." (Turner.)

Range. — Northern part of northern hemisphere; in America breeds
from Hudson Bay north to Arctic coast; winters south to British Col-
umbia, the Great Lakes and, casually, to Long Island.

10. Pacific Loon (Gavia pacified). Similar to No.
9, but foreneck in summer reflecting deep blue or green;
hindneck paler; smaller, W. 1 1. Notes. A harsh "kok,
kok,kok." (Murdoch.)

Range.— Western North America; breeds at Point Barrow, Alaska,
and eastward; winters south along Pacific Coast to Mexico.

11. Red-throated Loon (Gavt a lumme). L. 25. Ads.,

summer. Foreneck chestnut, head and neck ashy.
Winter. Similar to No. 7, in winter, but back spotted
with white. Notes. A harsh "gr-r ga, gr-r, gr-r-ga,
gr-r." (Nelson.)

Range.— Northern part of northern hemisphere; in North America
breeds from New Brunswick to Greenland and Hudson Bay, and
northwest to Alaska; winters south to South Carolina and southern
California.

44

Auks, Murres and Puffins

12. Tufted Puffin (Lunda cirrhata). L. 15. Ads.,
summer. Cheeks white; a pair of long straw color
plumes from behind eyes; rest of plumage sooty.
Winter. Cheeks sooty, plumes usually absent. Yng.
Similar to winter adult, but breast and belly whitish.

Range. — Northern Pacific; resident locally from Santa Barbara
Islands north to Alaska. Accidental In Maine.

13. Puffin {Fratercula arctica). L. 13; W. 6; B. 1.8.
Ads. Above, and foreneck blackish; cheeks and under
parts white; bill in summer touched with bright red.
Notes. A hoarse croak.

Range. — North Atlantic; breeds from Bay of Fundy north to Green-
land; winters south to Long Island.

13a. Large-billed Puffin (F. a. glacialis). W. 7;

B. 2. 1. Similar to No. 13, but larger.

Range. — Arctic Ocean from Spltzenbergen to northern Greenland.

I 4. Horned Puffin (Fratercula corniculata). Simi-
lar to No. 13, but in summer with the throat blackish.
Notes. "A hoarse snuffling, rattling note" (Nelson.)

Range. "Northern Pacific from Kuril Islands to British Colum-
bia." (A. O. U.)

15. Rhinoceros A uklet (Cerorhinca monocerata). L.
15.5. Ads., summer. A horn on base of bill; two pairs
of white tufts; above blackish; throat and breast gray-
ish; belly white. Winter. Similar, but no horn. Yng.
Similar to winter ad. but no tufts.

Range.— "North Pacific: breeding south (formerly) to the Far-
allones; In winter south to Lower California and Japan." (A. O. U.)

45

Auks, Murres and Puffins

16. Cassin Auklet. (Ttycoramphus aleuticus). L.

9. Ads. A white spot above eye; above blackish;
throat and breast grayish; belly white. Notes. A
shrill, squealing "Come bear-r-r, come bear-r-r."

Range.— "Pacific Coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to
Lower California;breeding south to San Geronimo Island (Lat. 300 )."
(A. O. V.)

23. Marbled Murrelet (Brachyrampbus marmoratus).
L. 9.7. Ads. , summer. No crest; above dark brown,
finely mixed with rusty; below white, all feathers edged
with brown. Winter. Wholly different; above gray;
head dark; below white; a nearly complete white
nuchal collar. Yng. Similar to winter ad. but blacker
above; sprinkled with blackish below.

Range. — North Pacific; breeds from Vancouver north to Aleutian
Islands; winters south to southern California.

24. Kittlitz Murrelet (Bracbyrampkus brevirostris) .
L. 9.5; B., from feathers on top, .4. Ads., summer.
Above gray, mottled with buff; breast and sides mottled
with buff and black; belly white. Winter. Sides of head,
to above eye, and lower parts white; above gray; outer
tail-feathers white.

Range. — Northern Japan. Kamchatka and Aleutian Islands, east to
Unalaska. (A. O. U.)

25. Xantus Murrelet (Brachyrampbus bypoleucus).
L. 10. Bill slender. Ads. Above slaty black; under
surface of wing white; inner webs of outer primaries
white.

Range. — Pacific Coast from Monterey south to Cape St. Lucas;
breeding as far north as Santa Barbara Island.

26. Craveri Murrelet {Bracbyramphus craveri).
L. 10. Bill slender. Ads. Above slaty or brownish
black; sides slaty; under surface of wings dusky, some-
times mixed with white.

Range. — Coasts of Lower California, from Cape St. Lucas north
to Espiritu Santo Island in the Gulf of California, and to Natividad
Island (lat. 28 °) on the Pacific side. (A. O. U.)

34. Dovekie {Alle alle). L. 8. Ads., summer.
Above blackish; inner wing feathers tipped with white;
throat and breast blackish brown. Winter. Similar,
but throat and breast white or mixed grayish.

Range — North Atlantic and East Arctic; in America breeds from Lat.
68 ° northward; winters south to Long Island, rarely to Virginia. Ac-
cidental in Michigan.

46

Auks, Murres and Puffins

17. Paroquet Auklet (Cyclorrbynchus psittaculus).
\.. 10. Ads., sum»nr. M? crest; a white plume from
behind eye; above blackish; throat grayer, rest of un-
der parts white. Winter. Throat white. Notes. "A
low, sonorous, vibrating whistle." (Nelson.)

Range
ward.'

"North Pacific, from Sitka and the Kuril Islands north-
(A. O. U.) Five records for coast off San Francisco in win-

L.

I 8. Crested Auklet (Simorkynchus cristdtellus).

10. Ads., summer. Bill red; a crest of slender re-
curved feathers; a pair of white tufts from behind eye;
above sooty black; below grayer. Yng. Similar but
bill brewn; no crest or tufts. Notes. "A chirping
note," (Nelson.)

Range. — North Pacific from Kadiak and Japan northward." (A. O.
U.)

19. Whiskered Auklet (Simorhynelius pygmceus). L.
7.5. Ads., summer. White feathers at base of sides of
bill and, much lengthened, from above and below eye;
a crest of slender recurved feathers; above, and throat
dark slate fading into white belly. Yng. Similar but
no crest; little or no white on head. Notes. "A low
chattering note." (Nelson.)

Range — "North Pacific, from Unalaska through the Aleutian chain
to Kamchatka." (A. O. U.)

20. Least Auklet (Simorliynchus pusillus). L. 6.5.

Ads., summer. No crest; sides of head with white
feathers; above blackish; chin sooty; throat white; under
parts white, marked irregularly with sooty. Winter.
Little or no sooty on breast. Yng. Similar to winter
ad., but no white plumes.

Range. — "North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan north to Bering f^_
Strait." (A. O. U.)

21. Ancient Murrelet (Synthliboramphus antiquus).
L. 10.5. Ads., summer. No crest; head and throat black;
broad white stripes behind eye; back gray; breast and
belly white. Winter. Similar but throat white; no
white head stripes. Notes. "A low plaintive whistle."
(Nelson.)

Range. — North Pacific, from southern Vancouver Island and Japan
northward; south in winter to Monterey, California; accidental in Wis-
consin.

47

Auks, Murres and Puffins

27. Black Guillemot (Ceppbus grj lie). L. 13. Ads.,
summer. Black; greater wing-coverts white, black ai
base; under surface of wings white. Winter. Above
gray or black tipped with white; below white.

Range. — Coasts of northern Europe and North Atlantic; in Ameri-
ca breeds from Knox Co., Maine north to southern Greenland; win-
ters south to Quebec and Massachusetts; rarely to Toronto, Con-
necticut, and Long Island.

28. Mandt Guillemot (Cepphus mandtii). Similar
to No. 27, but bases of greater wing-coverts white.

Ranpe. — Arctic regions; breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay
north to northern Greenland and northern Alaska; in winter migrates
but little southward; no satisfactory United States record.

29. Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba). Similar
to No. 27, but inner surface of wings sooty gray. Notes.
A squealing, vibrant whistle.

Range. — North Pacific; breeds from Santa Catalina Island north to
Bering Strait, west through Aleutian Islands to Kamchatka and
northern Japan; winters in same region.

30. Murre (Uriatroile). L. 16; B. 1.7. Ads., sum-
mer. Above and neck sooty brown; under parts and
tips of secondaries white; sides with blackish streaks.
Winter. Similar, but throat white washed with sooty.
Notes. A hoarse murre and squawking a-r-r-r-r-r-rh.

Range. — North Atlantic; breeds in North America from Bird Rock,
Magdalen Islands, north to southern Greenland; winters south to
Maine and, rarely, Ontario.

30a. California Murre (U. t. californica). Similar
to No. 30 but larger, W. 8. 2; B. 1. 9.

Range. — North Pacific; breeds from Pribilof Islands south to Farall-
ones; winters south to southern California.

3 1. Brunnich Murre (JJria lomoia). Similar to
No. 30, but bill shorter, 1.2. In summer,

head and throat browner, lower mandible swollen at
sides and grayish at base.

Range. — North Atlantic and eastern Arctic: breeds in North Amer-
ica from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north to Greenland; winters
south to New Jarsey and along St. Lawrence to Lakes Champlain and
Ontario, rarely to Lake Michigan.

31a. Pallas Murre (U. I. arra). Similar to No.
31, but larger; W. 8.6; B. 1. 5. Notes. "A peculiar
growling or hoarse chattering note." (Nelson.)

Range. — North Pacific; south to Kadiak and Kamchatka.

32. Razor-billed Auk (Alca torda). L. 16.5.
Ads., summer. Above sooty black, foreneck browner;
tips of secondaries, line from bill to eye, and under
parts, white. Winter. Similar, but foreneck white.
Yng. Similar to winter ad. but without eye line. Notes.
A hoarse grunt or groan.

Range. — North Atlantic; breeds from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands,
north to Greenland; winters south to Long Island and, rarely, to On-
tario and North Carolina.

33. Great Auk (Plautus impenms). L. 29; W. 5. 7.

Ads. Above blackish; a large white spot before the
eye; secondaries tipped witli white; sides of neck and
the throat seal brown; belly, white. Resembling No.
32 in general appearance but body much larger; wing,
however, shorter.

Range. — Formerly, the coasts and islands of North Atlantic, south on
American side to Florida (in winter?); now extinct.

48

Order II. LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS.

LONGIPENNES.

Family 1. SKUAS and JAEGERS. Stercok akud.K. 4 species.
Family 2. GULLS and TERNS. Larid/K. 37 species, 1 subspecies.
Family 3. SKIMMERS. RynchopidvE. 1 species.

Skuas and Jaegers are pirates among the birds of the high seas.
Bold and dashing, they pursue the swift flying Terns or much larger
Gulls with equal success, forcing them to drop the fish they have cap-
tured and catching it ere it reaches the water.

Gulls (Subfamily Larincr) are usually considered so characteristic of
the sea that 'Sea Gull' is the name popularly applied to all members of
the subfamily to which they belong. Several species, however, are
equally at home, both in the winter and when nesting, on the larger
bodies of water in the interior, and one species is rarely or never found
on our sea coasts.

Gulls nest on the ground, on drifts of marsh-grass, on cliffs, and
one species, at least, among American Gulls (the Herring Gull) has as
a result of persecution, acquired the habit of nesting in trees.

Gulls feed from the surface of the water, picking up their food with
their strongly curved bills in passing or while hovering, not by plung-
ing into the water, as do the Terns. They are, in fact, the scavengers
of the water, and perform a service of great value to mankind by de-
vouring the bodies of various forms of aquatic animals which, in dying,
come to the surface and, if cast ashore, might, in decaying, prove a
source of disease.

For this reason it was especially unfortunate that the plumage of
these birds became fashionable for millinery purposes, with the result
that thousands of them were destroyed for their wings and breasts. In
'this country, however, through the efforts of the American Ornitholo-
gists' Union and the Audubon Societies, laws have been passed pro-
hibiting the killing of these beautiful and useful birds, and wardens
have been placed on their nesting grounds to protect them.

Gulls often rest in great flocks on the water, sitting high up and
riding the waves buoyantly, but the Terns (Subfamily Stcrnincr), after
they have acquired the power of flight, are rarely seen on the water.
They are lighter, more active birds than the Gulls, with longer wings
and tails, and sharper, more pointed bills. They feed largely on small

49

Long-winged Swimmers.

fish (the species called silversides being a favorite) of no value to man,
which they secure by darting from the air with great speed and direct-
ness. When looking for food, Terns usually fly with the bill down-
ward, a habit which will aid in distinguishing them them from the
Gulls, whose bill is carried in a line with the body.

Terns usually nest in large colonies on the beach of some isolated
islet either on our sea coasts or in the interior. The nest is generally
composed of a few wisps of sea-weed or grass, or the two or three eggs
are not infrequently laid in a slight hollow in the sand or among the
shells and pebbles.

Like the Gulls, Terns have been slaughtered in enormous numbers
for millinery purposes; but in this country, at least, effective efforts are
now being made to preserve them.

Skimmers nest in numbers on our Atlantic Coast from Virginia
southward, laying their four eggs in a slight depression in the sand.
In feeding, their mouth is held open and the longer, thin, lower mandi-
ble is dropped beneath the surface of the water, when, flying rapidly,
they readily pick up food.

In young Skimmers, however, the two mandibles are of equal length
and the lower mandible does not become appreciably longer than the
upper one until the birds begin to fly. During the flightless period of
the bird's life, the bill may be used to pick up food along the shore,
but when the power of flight is acquired and with it ability to feed in
the characteristic Skimmer manner, then the peculiar bill of these birds
becomes fully developed.

The young of all the Gulls and Terns are born covered with down
and can leave the nest a few hours after birth. The Noddy, however,
is said to be several weeks in its stick nest, which, unlike other mem-
bers of its group, it often builds in bushes.

The young are colored to harmonize with their usual surroundings.
Young Skimmers are pale, sandy brown, of the same color as the sand
in which they are hatched. Young Terns are darker, and young Laugh-
ing Gulls born in nests of reeds or meadow grasses, are the darkest of
the three.

All young Gulls and Terns have the habit of squatting low near the
ground in the presence of danger and remaining motionless until act-
ually touched when they seem to realize that they have been seen and

trust to their legs for safety.

50

\

Skua and Jaegers

35. Skua (Megalestris skua). L. 22. Ads. Above
dark, dirty brown, below paler. Yng. Similar, but
more distinctly streaked with yellowish, especially on
head and neck.

Range. — North Atlantic, chiefly eastern; breeds from Shetland
Islands northward; winters south to Gibraltar, and rarely Long Island.
One specimen from California coast.

36. Pomarine Jaeger {Stercorarius pomarinus).
L. 20; B. 1.5. Middle tail feathers rounded. Ads.
light phase. Cap black; throat, breast, and neck, all
around, white tinged with straw; back, lower belly,
upper and under tail coverts brownish slate. Ads.
dark phase. Dark brown, paler below. Yng. Above
blackish brown m irgined with rusty; below white
margined with dusky and buffy. Notes. "A low,
hoarse, chattering cry." (Nelson.)

Range.- Northern hemisphere; breeds north of Lat. 70 ° ;
winters, mainly at sea, south to South America, southern Africa and
Australia.

37. Parasitic Jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus). L.
17; B. 1.1; its scaly shield longer than distance from
end of shield to tip of bill. Ads. Both phases simi-
lar in color to No. 36, but central tail feathers pointed,
8.6 long. Yng. Similar in color to No. 36 but smaller,
bill shorter, middle tail feathers more pointed. Notes.
"Loud waling cries, interspersed with harsh shrieks."
(Nelson.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters
mainly at sea. from California, Great Lakes, and Massachusetts south
to South America.

38. Long-tailed Jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus).
L. 21; B. 1, its scaly shield shorter than the distance from
its end to the tip of bill. Ads. In both phases resemb-
ling No. 36 but central tail feathers pointed and 12 in.
long. Yng. Like No. 36 and No. 37, but to be dis-
tinguished by differences in bill measurements. Notes.
"A hoarse qua, a shrill pheil-pheil-pheu-pheo, when
flying; or a rattling kr-r-r-r-. kr-r-r-r, kr-r-r, kre-kre-.
kre-kre, the latter syllables shrill and querulous."
(Nelson.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions: winters
mainly at sea, south to Gibraltar and Gulf of Mexico; one California

51

Gulls

39. Ivory Gull (Pagopbila alba). L. 17- Ads. Pure
white; bill yellow; feet black. Yng. Similar, but wings
and tail tipped with blackish; throat dusky.

Range.— Breeds in Arctic regions: winters south to Great Lakes
and British Columbia; rarely to Massachusetts.

40. K itt i wa ke (Rissa tridactyla). L. 16/ Hind toe
a knob. Ads. Head, neck all around, underparts,
and tail white; 3 in. or less, of tips of primaries black.
Yng. Tip of tail, ear-coverts, nape, and wing-coverts
with black; bill black; inner web of ^primaries with
white. Notes. A rapidly uttered kit-a-wdke, kit-a-
wake.

Range. — North Atlantic and eastern Arctic regions; breeds in Amer-
ica, from Gulf of St. Lawrence to Greenland; winters south to Great
Lakes, Long Island and, rarely, Virginia.

40a. Pacific Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla pollicaris).
Similar to No. 40, but hind toe more developed; black
tips to 3 outer primaries, 3 in. or nore in length. Notes.
"A shrill, harsh cry when disturbed and a low whistle
whan communicating with each other." (Nelson.)

Range. — "North Pacific and Bering Sea; south in winter, casually
to southern California." (A. O. U.)

41. Red-legged Kittiwake (Rissa brevirostris). Ads.

Similar to Ad. of No. 40, but legs red, back and inner

web of primaries darker; bill shorter, 1.2. Yng. Sim-
ilar to No. 40, but no black on tail or wings.

Range. — Coasts and Islands of Bering Sea." (A. O. U.)

54. Ring-billed Gull [Larus delawarensis). L. 18.

Ads., summer. Bill greenish yellow, a black band across
tip; ends of primaries black, a white spot near tip of
outer one. Ads. Winter. Similar, but head and neck
streaked with grayish. Yng. Tail grayish with a
broad black band; primaries black; back brownish gray
and whitish; belly white; end half of bill black.

Range. — North America, coast and interior; breeds from Newfound-
land, southern Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters
from Nova Scotia and British Columbia south to Cuba and Lower
California.

55. Short-billed Gull (l.arusbracbyrhynchus). L. 17;
B. 1.50 Ads., summer. Head, neck, tail, and underparts
white. Two outer primaries tipped with black, their
white spaces followed by black; remaining primaries
tipped with white. Yng. Grayish brown; basal half
of tail pearl. Notes. "A sharp querulous kwew-kwew,"
(Nelson.)

. . Range. — North Pacific; breeds in Alaska and interior of northern

British Columbia; winters on coast from British Columbia to southern

California.

52

Gulls

42. Glaucous Gull (Larus glaucus). L. 28; W. 17.
1; B. 2.35. No black in plumage. Ads. Primaries
white tinted with pearl; bill with red spot at end of
lower mandible. Yng. Dirty white or gray, mottled
with dusky and butty, chiefly above; primaries white;
outer webs brownish.

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, from Labrador
northward; winters south to middle California, Great Lakes and Long

Island.

42.1. Point Barrow Gull [Larus barrovianus).
Similar to No. 42, but bill through angle not so deep,
(.8 as compared with .9 in glaucus); primaries more
distinctly tipped with white. Notes. "ku-kii-M, ku-
ku-kii, kU-lee-do, kil-lee-od, ku-lee-oo, ku-kil-kii, ku-
ku-kii, the ku-ku hoarse, the rest a shrill screaming."
(Nelson.)

Range. — "Bering Sea and contiguous waters; northeast to Point
Barrow, southwest to Japan." (A. O. U.)

43. Iceland Gull {Larus leucopterus). L. 25; W. 16;

B. 1.75. Similar in color to Nos. 42 and 42.1, but
smaller.

winters south in America to

Range. — Atlantic; breeds in Greenland;
Great Lakes, and rarely, Long Island.

44. Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens). L.

27. Ads., summer. Head, tail, and underparts white;
back pearl; primaries pearl, tipped with ■white. Ads.,
winter. Head and neck streaked with brownish.
Yng. Brownish gray, more or less mixed with white,
including wings and tail.

Range. — North Pacific; breeds from British Columbia to Bering
Straits; winters south to southern California.

45. Kumlien Gull {Larus kumlieni). W. 16.2;
B. 1. 75. Similarto No. 43, but primaries with well de-
fined ashy gray space*;; outer primary tipped with white,
with ashy gray on outer web and shaft part of inner
web; second primary ashy gray on only shaft part of
outer web.

Range. — "North Atlantic coast of North America, breeding in Cum-
berland Gulf; south in winter to the coast of the Middle States." (A.
O. U.)

46. Nelson Gull (Larus nelsont). "Wing 18.25,
culmen 2.35. Ads. In plumage exactly like L. kum-
lieni; depth of bill through angle .80; tarsus 3.05;
middle toe (without claw) 2.40." (Ridgv/ay.)

Range. — "Coast of Norton Sound, Alaska . " (A. O. U.)

53

Gulls

47. Great Black-backed Gull [Larus marinus). L.

29. Ads., summer. Back and wings slaty black; wing
feathers tipped with white. Ads. , winter. Similar, but
head and neck streaked with dusky. Yng. Back
grayish brown margined with buffy white; rump whiter;
primaries black; below white more or less marked with
dusky. Notes. "A braying ha-ba-ha, adeepkeow, keaic,
a short barking note, and a long-drawn groan, very
loud and decidedly impressive." (Brewster.)

Range. — North Atlantic and northern Ilurope; breeds In North
America from Nova Scotia to Greenland; winters south to Great
Lakes and South Carolina.

48. Slaty-backed Gull (Larus schistisagus). L. 26.
Ads. , summer. General appearance of No. 47; back
lighter; primaries as figured. Ads. , winter. Head and
neck streaked. Yng. Above brown margined with
buff and white; primaries brown; tail brown with little
or no mottling; below brown.

Range. — "North Pacific, chiefly on the Asiatic side; Herald Island,
Arctic Ocean, and Alaskan coast of Bering Sea." (A. O. U.)

49. Western Gull (Larus occidentalis). L. 24. Ads. ,
summer. Head, neck, tail, and underparts white; back
slaty gray; outer primaries black, a large white spot
near tip of first one. Ads.,'winter. Crown and hind
neck streaked with brownish. Yng. Grayish brown
mixed with white; wings and tail fuscous. Notes.
Ooeek, ooeek, ooeek; ca-ca-ca, and other calls.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds and winters from Lower California to
British Columbia.

57. Heermann Gull (Lar us beermanni). L. 17. Ads.,

summer. Bill redjhead and throat white, snading into slate
above and below; tail blackish, tipped with white;
primaries black. Ads. , winter.. Head and neck streak-
ed with grayish brown. Y ig. Uniform grayish
brown.

Range. — Pacific coast of North America: breeds from Mazatlan,
Mexico, north to Lower California; occurs regularly north to Van-
couver Island; winters south to Panama.

54

Gulls

5 1. Herring Gull (Larus argentatus). L. 24. Ads. ,
summer. White spaces at end (if outer primaries
sometimes juined. Ads., winter. Similar, but head
and neck, streaked with grayish. Yng. Above ashy
brown, margined and marked with buffy; wings brown-
ish black; tail the same; sometimes margined with
buffy; below ashy brown, sometimes lightly barred or
streaked with dusky. Notes. Cack-cack-cack; hah, It ah,
hah, and other notes.

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds in America from Maine,
Great Lakes, Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters
south to Cuba and Lower California.

52. Vega Gull [Larus vegas). Similar to No. 51, but
back said to be darker; feet yellow.

Range. — "Bering Sea and adjacent waters; south in winter to Cal-
ifornia and Japan.'' (A. O. U.)

53. California Gull [Larus californicus). L. 20.

Ads. Similar to No. 54 but larger; a red spot near tip
of lower mandible; white spot on outer primary, larger
and nearer end. Yng. Similar to No. 54 but darker;
tail nearly uniform fuscous.

Range. — Western North America; breeds chiefly In interior, from
Utah to Lat. 68 ° , }o'; winters from British Columbia to Mexico.

Gulls

58. Laughing Gull (Larus ; atricilla). L. 16. Ads. ,
summer. Head dark slate; tail white; bill with red-
dish. Ads., winter. Similar, but head and throat
white with grayish on nape and behind eyes. Yng.
Tail grayish with a broad black band; nape and back
ashy brown; forehead and under parts white. Notes.
A nasal cow-ow, also cuk-cuk-cuk, and a high, long-
drawn laugh.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Texas and Florida to
Maine and Nova Scotia; rare in interior; winters from South Carolina
to northern South America.

59. Franklin Gull (Larus franklini). L. 15. Ads. ,
summer. Breast with a rosy tinge; outer primaries with
wide black spaces near ends, bordered at base and tip
with white. Ads., winter. "Head mainly white, with
[its] sides and back grayish dusky." Yng. "Top and
sides of head and back grayish brown; quills dusky,
tipped with white; tail with subterminal band of dusky;
rest of tail, under parts, forehead, and eyelids white."
(Bailey.)

Range, — Interlorof North America; breeds from Iowa and Minneso-
ta northward to Great Bear Lake; winters from west Gulf States to
South America.

60. Bonaparte Gull [Larus Philadelphia). L. 14.
Ads., summer. Outer web of outer primaries and tip
black; inner web and shaft white; bill black. Ads. , "win-
ter. Similar, but throat and head white, its back
grayish. Yng. Tail white, tipped with black; outer
primary black, inner two-thirds of inner web and space
near tip white; rest of plumage much as in young of No.
58.

Range. — North America; breeds In interior from Hudson Bay and
Manitoba west to the Yukon; winters from British Columbia and
Maine to Lower California and Gulf of Mexico.

■61. Ross Gull (Rhodostethia rosea) L. 13.5. Bill
small, .7; middle tail feathers longest. Ads., summer.
White areas tinged with pink; a black collar. Ads.,
winter. No collar; a bl?ck spot before eye. Yng.
Lesser coverts black, margined with whitish; tail
white, central feathers tipped with black; back pearl;
ear spot and space about eye dusky; crown white,
washed with pearl.

Range.— "Arctic regions; south in autumn and winter to Kamchat-
ka, Point Barrow, Alaska and Disco Bay, Greenland." (A. O. U.)

62. Sabine Gull (Xema sabinit). L. 14. Tail
slightly forked. Ads. , summer. Head and throat
slaty black, margined behind with black; bill black,
tipped with yellow; outer primaries black, small tip and
inner half of inner web white. Ads., winter. Similar,
but head and throat white; nape region dusky. Yng.
Tail white, tipped with black; crown and back ashy
brown; forehead and underparts white. Notes. 'A
single harsh grating note." (Nelson.)

Range — Arctic regions; breeds in America from St. Michaels,
Alaska and Melville Bay, Greenland, northward; winters south on At-
lantic coast, rarely to New York; casually to Texas, and on Pacific
coast to Peru.

56

Terns

64. Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia). L. 21. T. 6.,
forked 1.5. Largest of our Terns. Ads., breeding.
Bill red; cap black; above pearl; below white; primaries
frosty black. After breeding, crown streaked black and
white; bill more orange. Yng. Similar to last but
wings and tail with blackish. Notes. A loud, harsh
itkay-ap}k" or "key-rak."

Range. — Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America, locally from
Texas to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters mostly south
of United States; three California winter records.

65. Royal Tern {Sterna maxima). L. 19; T. 7, fork-
ed 3.5; B. 2.5. Ads. , summer. Primaries frosty black,
white on inner two-thirds of inner web except at tip,
where frosty; bill orange red; crown black; above pearl;
below white. Ads. , winter. The same, but head
white with black streaks. Yng. Similar to winter ad.
but wings and tail with grayish.

Range. — Middle America; breeds from southern Brazil and Peru to
Gulf States, Virginia, and California; wanders north to Great
Lakes and Massachusetts; winters from Gulf States and California
southward.

66. Elegant Tern (Sterna elegans). L. 16. s; B. 2.7.
Similar to No. 65, but smaller; bill longer and more
slender. Ads. Tinged with shell pink below.

Range.-
O. U.)

"Pacific coast of America from California to Chili." (A.

67. Cabot Tern (Sterna sandvicensis aatflavida).
L. 16; T. 5.5, forked 2.7. Ads., breeding. Bill black,
the tip yellow; crown black; above pearl; below white;
primaries much as in No. 65. After breeding, head
white; nape with black streaks. Yng. Similar to
list but with back and tail with blackish; tip of bill
less yellow.

Range. — Tropical America; breeds on east side of Mexico north
along Gulf Coast to Florida, and Atlantic coast to South Carolina;
wanders to Massachusetts; winters south of United States to West
Indies and Central America.

57

Terns

63. Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica). L.
14.5; T. 5.5. Ads., summer. Bill thick, short, black;
tail short, forked only 1 . =,; crown black; above pearl;
below white. Ads., winter. Head white, with black
patch before and behind eye. Yng. Similar, but above
edged with buffy; head and neck streaked with gray-
ish. Notes. A high, thin, somewhat reedy tee-tee-tee,
sometimes suggesting a weak-voiced katydid.

Range. — Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America from Mexico to
Florida and nortli to Virgiria; wanders north rarely to New Bruns-
wick; winters from southern Texas southward.

73. Aleutian Tern (Sterna aleuticd). L. 14. T.

6.7, forked 3. Ads., summer. Above and below pearl
gray, browner below; throat white; crown black; fore-
head white; line from bill to ere black. Ads., winter.
"With rather more white on forehead." (Cat. B. M.)
Notes. "A thin, clear, trilling whistle." (Nelson.)

Range. — Alaska from Kadiak to Bering Strait, southwest to Japan.

74. Least Tern (Sterna ant dlarum). L. 9; T. 3.5,
forked 1.7. Ads., summer. Bill yellow, black at tip;
forehead white; a black line from bill to eye; crown
black; above pearl; below white. Ads. , winter. Crown
white; nape black; bill dark; tail shorter. Yng. Sim-
ilar to last, but above with buffy or brownish. Notes.
"A sharp squeak much like the cry of a very young
pig following its mother."

Range. — Western hemisphere; breeds locally from northern South
America northward to Massachusetts, Dakota, and southern Cali-
fornia; winters south of United States.

76. Bridled Tern (Sterna ancrthetus). L. 15. Ads.
Forehead and line over eye white; lores and crown
black; nape whitish; back sooty gray or sooty brown;
outer tail feathers white, except at tip; inner ones
grayish brown. Notes. A soft qua.

Range. — Tropical regions; north In Atlantic to the Bahamas; casual
in Florida.

58

Terns

69. Forster Tern (Sterna forsteri). L. 15; T. 7,
forked. 4. Ads., summer. Inner web of outer tail
feather dusky; below pure white; bill orange, blackish
at end; crown black; back pearl. Ads., -winter.
Crown white or grayish; a large black spot about eyes;
bill black. Yng, Similar to winter ad. but
above with brownish. Notes. A long drawn, deep,
reedy cock and tweet-tweet-tweet-tweet.

Range. — North America: breeds locally north to California, and
from Texas along coast to Virginia and in interior to Manitoba; wan-
ders to Massachusetts; winters from southern California and Texas
south to Brazil.

70. Common Tern (Sterna hirundo). L. 15; T. 5.5,
forked, 3.2 Ads. , summer. Outer web of outer tail
feather dusky; below white, washed with dusky; bill
red, blackish at end; crown black; back pearl. Ads. ,
winter. Forehead and underparts white; bill black.
Yng. Similar .to last, but above with brownish; tail
•shorter. Notes. A vibrant, purring, tearrr, and other
■calls.

Range — Northern hemisphere, in America, chiefly east of Plains;
breed > locally on coast and in interior from Gulf States to Barren
•Grounds and Greenland; winters south of United States to Brazil.

71. Arctic Tern (Sterna par adisa; a). L. 15.5; T.
7 2 forked 4.5. Similar to No. 70, but summer ad.
•with bill wholly bright red; tail longer; tarsus shorter,
.6 instead of .7. Notes. Like tearr of No. 70, but
shriller, ending in rising inflection, like squeal of a
pig. (Brewster.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds from Massachusetts north
1o Greenland and northwest to Aleutian Islands and Alaska; winters
■south to California and Virginia.

72. Roseate Tern (Sterna dougalli). L. 15.5; T. 7.5,
forked, 5.2. Ads., summer. Bill black, reddish only at
the base; below white tinged with shell pink; tail wholly /
white; crown black; back pearl. Ads. , winter. Fore-
head with white; no pink below. Notes. A reedy
■cack.

Range. — Temperate and tropical regions; breeds in North America
on east ccast only, from Florida north to Nova Scotia; rare north of
Virginia; winters south of United States to Venezuela.

59

Terns and Skimmer

75. Sooty Tern {Sterna fuliginosa). L. 17. Ads.,
summer. Above blackish, forehead and underparts
white; tail black, except outer feathers which are:
mostly white. Yng. Sooty slate; linings of wings.
white; scapulars, upper tail coverts, and tail feathers,
tipped with white. Notes. A squeaky quack, a nasal'.
ker-wacky-wak, and other calls.

Range. — "Tropical and subtropical coasts of the globe. In Amer-
ica from Chili to western Mexico and the Carolinas. and casually 10
New England." (A. O. U.)

77. Black Tern (Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis).

L. 10. Ads., summer. Head and underparts black;
back, wings, and tail slate. Ads., winter. Forehead,
nape, and underparts white; head gray. Yng. Simi-
lar to last, but above with brownish margin.,. Notes.
A sharp peek.

Range. — Temperate and tropical America; breeds in interior from
California, Kansas, and Illinois to Alaska; irregular migrant on Allan-
tic coast from New Brunswick southward; winters south of United
States to Chili.

79. Noddy {Anous stolidus). L. 15. Ads. Crown
silvery whife; rest of plumage sooty brown. Yng. Sim-
ilar, but all o'ooty brown except white line from bill to
eye. NoUx A low reedy cack increasing to a hoarc?,
guttural k'r-r-r-r-r-r-r.

Range — Tror'"' and subtropical regions; In America from Brazil
and Chili north to the Gulf and South Atlantic States." (A. O. I'.)

80. Black Skimmer [Rynchops nigra). L. 18. Ads.
Lower mandible longer than upper; forehead, under-
parts, part of secondaries, and tail white; rest of plum-
age black. Yng. Plumage widely margined with
buffy. Notes. Varied, nasal, penny-trumpet-like;
also ca-you, ca-you, like a hound's voice.

Range. — North America, chiefly eastern; breeds from southern
New Jersey southward; wanders rarely to Nova Scotia; winters from.
Gulf States to northern South America.

60

Order III. TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS.

TUBINARES.

Family 1. ALBATROSSES. Dkxuedeid.e. 4 species.

Family 2. FULMARS, SHEARWATERS, and PETRELS. Pro-
CELLARiiD/fi. 26 species, 1 subspecies.

The Albatrosses, of which about ten species are known, are birds of
far southern seas, where they nest on isolated islands. After the
young are reared, several species migrate northward and are found off
our Pacific coast. The largest known species, the Wandering Alba-
tross, which has been made famous by Coleridge's "Rime of the Anci-
ent Mariner," measures from twelve to fourteen feet in expanse of
wing, and, like other members of this family, is a tireless ocean wan-
derer.

In the museum of Brown University, there is a mounted Wandering
Albatross, killed off the coast of Chili by Capt. Hiram Luther, Decem-
ber 20, 1847. When captured, a small bottle was found tied around the
bird's neck, containing a slip of paper from which it was learned that
the bottle had been attached to the bird December 12, 1847, by Capt.
Edwards of the New Bedford Whaler, "Euphrates," when about 800
miles off the coast of New Zealand, or about 3,400 miles from the point
at which, eight days later, the bird was secured.

The Fulmars, (genus Fulmarus), are northern birds and nest in im-
mense numbers on isolated islets, somewhat like certain Gulls.

Comparatively little is known of the nesting places of our Shear-
waters, but it is believed that most of them breed on the islands of the
South Atlantic and South Pacific, and pass their winter, (our summer)
off our coasts.

One of the Petrels, (Wilson Petrel), is known to have this habit. It
has been found nesting on Kerguelen Island, in S. Lat. 49° 54', in
February, and in May it appears off our coasts for the summer.

Petrels nest in holes in the ground, laying one white egg. They are
never seen near their homes during the day, the bird then on the nest
waiting until night to feed, when the one which has been at sea re-
turns to assume its share of the task of incubation. These birds are
therefore both diurnal and nocturnal.

61

Albatrosses

81. Black-footed Albatross I Diomedea nigripes). L.

32. Ads. Sooty brown, lighter below; region about
base of bill whitish; upper mandible broad and rounded
at its base. Notes. A whining groan, uttered when
contesting for food. (Turner).

Range. — North Pacific; north to Lat. 520 ; south at least to Lower
California.

82. Short-tailed Albatross (Diomedea albatrus). L.
36. Ads. White; the head straw; tail and primaries
gray brown; upper mandible broad and rounded at
base.

Range. — North Pacific, north to Bering Strait; south, at least, to
Lower California.

82.1. Laysan Albatross {Diomedea immutabilis).

L. 32. Ads. Head, neck, rump, upper tail covens,
and whole under surface white; lores next to the eye
sooty black; back, wings, and end of the tail dark
sooty brown; interscapular region paler; base of the
tail whitish. (Cat. B. M.)

Range. — Laysan Island, Pacific Ocean; casual off the coast »f
Lower California;

83. Yellow-nosed Albatross (Thalassogeron culmin-
ates). L. 36. Ads. Above slate brown, grayer on
head; rump white; below white; neck sometimes
grayish; tail gray.

Range — "Indian and southern Pacific Oceans; casual off the
coast of Oregon; accidental in the Gulf of St. Lawrence." (A. O. U.)

84. Sooty Albatross [Phaebetria fuliginosa). L. 35.
Ads. Sides of lover mandible conspicuously grooved; en-
tire plumage sooty brown, except a white eye-ring.

^\\Jk_S NXtWItO f*OV\ ABOvt.

Range — "Oceans of southern hemisphere, north t<
Oregon." iA. O. U.)

62

the coast of

Fulmars and Shearwaters

86. Fulmar (Fulmaihs glacialis). L. 19; W. 13; B.
1.5. Ads. Light phase. Head, neck, and under parts
white; back, wings, and tail slaty gray. Dark phase.
Uniform dark slaty ;ray. Notes. Silent.

Range —North Atlantic, breeds from Lat. 690 northward; winters
south to Lat. of Massachusetts, and rarely to Virginia.

86b. Pacific Fulmar (F. g. glupischa). Similar to
No. 86, but nasal tubes light.

Range. — North Pacific; breeds from Ber'ng Sea north; winters
south to Mexico.

86.1. Rodger Fulmar [Fulmarus rodgersii). Sim-
ilar to light phase of No. 86, but back with white
.gathers; no dark phase.

Range. — "Bering Sea and adjacent parts of North Pacific."
A. O. U.J

87. Slender-billed Fulmar (Priocella glacialoides^. L.
'8.5. Ads. Head and underparts white; back ind tail
pearl; primaries black, white on inner web.

Range. — Southern Seas; north on Pacific coast to Washington.

94. Sooty Shearwater [Puffinus Juliginosus). L. 17.

Ads. Sooty gray, lighter below.

Range. — "Atlantic Ocean, breeding in the southern hemisphere; a
summer visitor off our coast, from South Carolina northward." (A.
O. U.)

95. Dark-bodied Shearwater [Puffinus griseus). L.
17. Ads. Above dusky black or brownish, paler be-
low; under wing coverts white and dusky; bill black.

Range. — South Pacific; north In summer on the American coast to
California.

96.1. Wedge-1ailed Shearwater {Puffinus cuneatus).
L. 17. T. 5.4, pointed. Ads. Above brown; below white;
sides of neck mottled v ith gray; middle tail feathers
nearly 2. longer than lateral ones. (Cat. B. M.)

Range. — "North Pacific Oc»in, from the Hawaiian Islands north
to the Bonin Group and Lo-ver California." (A. O. U.)

63

Shearwaters

88. Cory Shearwater (Puffinus borealis). L. 21.
Ads. Above grayish brown; below, including under
wing coverts and under tail coverts, white.

Range. — North Atlantic; recorded only off the coast from Massa-
chusetts to Long Island.

89. Greater Shearwater (Tuffinus gravis). L. 20.

Ads. Above grayish brown or blackish; tips of longer
upper tail coverts white; below white; middle of belly
and under tail coverts ashy gray.

Range. — "Atlantic Ocean, from Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope
north to Arctic Circle." (A. O. U.)

91. Pink-footed Shearwater {Puffinus creatopus). L.
19.5. Ads. Above dusky gray or brown; below white;
sides and lower belly with grayish; longer under tail
coverts dusky brown; feet, flesh-color; bill yellowish.

Range. — Pacific Ocean north on the American coast in summer and
fall to middle California.

92. Audubon Shearwater [Puffinus Ihermmieri). L.

12. Ads. Above black or brownish black; below
v\ hite; under tail coverts sooty.

Range.— Middle Atlantic; breeds in West Indies and Bahamas;
wanders north to Long Island.

93. Black-vented Shearwater (Puffinus opistbomelas.).
L. 15. Ads. Above dusky black; below white; sides
of breast grayish; under tail coverts dusky brown;
bill black

Range. — "Pacific Ocean, chiefly southward; coast of Lower Cali-
fornia north to Santa Cruz, Cal." (A. O. U.)

93.1. Townsend Shearwater (Puffinus auricn-
laris). Similar to No. 93, but bill and feet smaller,
B. 1.2; above darker, nearly black; black of head ex-
tending below eye. (Townsend.)

Range.— Pacific Ocean (Clarion Island, Lower California).

96. Slender-billed Shearwater [Puffinus tenuirostris),

L. 13., bill slender 1.2 Ads. "Above dark sooty slate;
beneath deep sooty gray, paler on throat where some-
times inclining to whitish." (Ridgw.)

Range.— North Pacific, from Japan and Kotzebue Sound south on
the American coast to middle California.

64

Petrels

93. Black-capped Petrel {/Estrelata hasitata). L.

16. Ads. Above sooty brown; back of neck and up-
per tail coverts white; base of tail white.

Range. — Tropical Atlantic; irregular In United States (Florida, Vir-
ginia, New York, Kentucky, Vermont, and Ontario.)

!03. Least Petrel [Halocyptena microsoma) . L. 5. 7.
Ads. Sooty blackish brown, lighter below.

Range. — "Coast of Lower California south to Panama." (A. O. U)

105. Forked-tailed Petrel [Oceanodroma Jurcata).
L. 8. 7. Ads. Tail forked; bluish gray, wings
darker; a blackish space about eye.

Range. — North Pacific; breeds in Aleutian Islands; recorded north
to Bering Strait; winters south to California.

105.1. Kaeding Petrel {Oceanodroma kaedingi).
W. 6. Ads. Similar to O. leucorrhoa, but much
smaller with much less deeply forked tail. (Anthony.)

Range. — Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Islands, Lower California.)

108. Ashy Petrel (Oceanodroma homochroa^. L. 8. 5.
Ads. No white on rump; tail forked; sooty black
above, browner below; wing coverts grayish.

Range. — "Cor.^t of California; breeds on tha Santa Barbara and
Farallone Islands." (A. O. U.)

65

Petrels

104. Stormy Petrel; Mother Carey's Chicken(7Vo-
cellaria pelagica). L. 5.5. Ads. Sooty black, brown-
er below; upper tail coverts white, tipped with black.

104.

g^

Range. — NorO
Brunswick.

Atlantic: winters south to western Africa and New

106. Leach Petrel; Stormy Petrel (Oceanodroma
leucorhoa). L. 8., W. 6.2. Ads. Tail forked; above
sooty brownish black; below browner; lesser wing cov-
erts grayish brown; longer upper tail coverts not tipped
with black. Notes. An elfin-like crow of eight notes.

Range. — North Atlantic and North Pacific; breeds from Maine to
Greenland and from Farallone to Aleutian Islands; winters south to
Virginia and California.

106.1. Guadalupe Petrel (Oceanodroma macro-
dactyla). L. 8.4; W. 6.4; T. 3.9, fork 1 in. deep. Ads.
Similar to O. leucorlwa, but with much longer and
more deeply forked tail, larger feet, shorter bill, and
very broad dusky tips to the upper tail coverts.
(Ridgw. in Cat. B. M.)

Range. — Pacific Ocean; (Guadalupe Island, Lower California.)

107. Black Petrel (Oceanodroma melania.) L. 9.

/07 Ads. Sooty black, paler below; wing-coverts grayish,
tail forked.

Range.— South Pacific, north to Santa Barbara Islands; breeds or
Coronados Islands, southern California.

1 08. 1 Socorro Petrel (Oceanodroma socorroensis).
W. 5.5. Ads. Similar to No. 108, but wings longer:
tail shorter and less deeply forked; sides of rump
whitish; no white on under surface of wing. (Towns.)

Range.— Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Island, southern California.)

109. Wilson Petrel; Stormy Petrel (Oceanites
oceanicus). L. 7. Ads. Webs of feet with yellow
patch: tail not forked; longer upper tail coverts not
tipped with black. Notes. A weak reset, weet, and a
hoarse chattering patret-tu-cuk-cuk-tu-tit. (Wilson.)

Range. Atlantic Ocean; breeds in Southern seas, (Kerguelen Is-
land in February) , and migrates north to Newfoundland, spending
summer off coast of eastern United States.

66

Order IV. TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS.

STEGANOPODES.

Family 1. TROPIC BIRDS. Pha'ethontid^. 2 species.

Family 2. GANNETS. Sulid.*:. 6 species.

Family 3. DARTERS. Anhingid^e. 1 species.

Family 4. CORMORANTS. Phalacrocoracid/E. 6 species, 5
subspecies.

Family 5. PELICANS. Pelecanhxe. 3 species.

Family 6. MAN-O'-WAR-BIRDS. Fregatid.e. 1 Species.

The members of this Order agree in having all four toes connected
by webs, but in other respects they differ widely in structure and, con-
sequently, in habit. The young of all the Steganopodes are born
naked, unlike the young of most of the other water birds, which, as a
rule, are hatched covered with' feathers and can swim or run about soon
after birth. The nests of the Steganopodes are, of necessity, therefore,
more complex structures than those of birds whose nests are merely
incubators and not cradles as well.

Tropic Birds resemble the larger Terns, when in the air, but their
wing strokes are more rapid. They usually nest in holes in the face of
cliffs, and lay one whitish egg, marked with chocolate.

Gannets are true sea birds, but, as a rule, do not live very far from
the land. When breeding, Gannets are usually associated in great
numbers. Their nests, as a rule, are placed on the ground or on cliffs,
and one or two chalky white eggs are laid. At this season the birds
are exceedingly tame and in localties where they have not been much
molested, one may walk about among the sitting birds without their
taking flight. Gannets are powerful birds on the wing. Their vigor-
ous wing strokes are interrupted at intervals by short sails. They feed
on fish which they capture by diving from the air.

The Darters or Anhingas number four species, distributed through-
out the tropical parts of the globe, only one species inhabiting America.
This is generally called the Snakebird or Water Turkey in Florida,
where it is a common species on the more isolated rivers and lakes.

67

TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS.

The name Snakebird is derived from the bird's habit of swimming with
the body submerged, when the long, sinuous neck, appearing above the
water, readily suggests a snake. At other times Snakebirds mount high
in the air and sail about, like Hawks, in wide circles. They build a
large, well-made nest in a bush or tree, generally over the water, and
lay four bluish white, chalky eggs.

Cormorants nest in large colonies, generally on isolated islets, but
sometimes in remote swamps. The nests are placed closely together
on the ground, in bushes, and less frequently in trees, according to
the nature of the bird's haunts.

Cormorants feed on fish which they catch by pursuing them under
the water. They dive from the surface of the water like Ducks, or
from a low perch, but not from the air, as do the Gannets.

Pelicans nest in colonies, generally on some small island, building
their nests on the ground or in bushes, and laying two or three large,
white, chalky eggs.

Brown Pelicans secure their food by plunging on it from the air, gen-
erally from about twenty feet above the water. The sides of the bill
are then bowed outward, theopening'widened, forming, with the pouch,
an effective net in which fish, twelve and fourteen inches long, are cap-
tured.

White Pelicans, on the contrary, feed from the water, scooping up
fishes as they swim. At times a flock of these birds may surround a
school of small fish in shallow water and drive them shoreward, at the
same time actively filling their pouches.

Young Pelicans are fed on fish which they take from the pouch of
the parent bird by thrusting their bills and heads well into it and prod-
ding actively about for the food to be found there. Young Cormorants
secure their food in a similar manner.

Frigate Birds, of which only two species are known, have a greater
expanse of wing in proportion to the weight of their body than any
other bird. Their power of flight is consequently unexcelled and they
may spend days in the air without tiring. Their feet are as weak as
their wings are strong, and are of use only in perching.

The food of Frigate Birds consists chiefly of fish, which they catch
from near the surface of the water, or rob from Gulls and Terns by
pursuing them, forcing them to disgorge their prey, and catching it ere
-t reaches the water.

68

Tropic Birds and Gannet

i 1 2. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird {Tkaethon american-
us). L. 30; T. 19. Ads. Bill yellow; no bars above;
middle tail feathers lengthened. Yng. Above barred
with black; middle tail feathers not lengthened.

Range. — Tropical coasts; breeds In West Indies, Bahamas and Ber-
mudas; casual in Florida; accidental in western New York and Nova
Scotia.

113. Red-billed Tropic Bird {Thaethoncethereus).

L. 30; T. 20. Ads. Bill red; above barred with
black; iong middle tail feathers pure white.

Range. — Coasts of tropical America, north on the Pacific coast to
Cape Coinett, Lower California; accidental on the Newfoundland
Banks. Breeds on San Pedro Martir and other Islands In the Gulf of
California." (A. O. U.)

117. Gannet (Sula bassana). L. 35. Ads. White;
head and neck tinged with straw; primaries blackish.
Yng. Grayish brown with white spots. Notes. A
harsh gor-r-r-rok.

Range. — North Atlantic; breeds, in America, only on Bird Rock and
BDnaventure Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence; winters off the coast,
south to Florida.

I mmaTure.

Boobies

115

WmChVwrC

I 14. Blue-faced Booby (Sida cyatiops). L. 28. Ads.
Body and lesser wing coverts white; central tail feath-
ers whitish, others dark brown. Yng. Above plain
dark grayish brown with some grayish streaks; below
white; flanks streaked with grayish.

Range. — Tropical seas; north in America to Lower California and
Bahamas; casual in southern Florida.

114. 1. Blue-footed Booby (Sula nebouxii). L. 33.
Ads. Head, neck, and underparts white, the first two
streaked with grayish; back dusky brownish, tipped
with whitish; legs and feet bright blue. (GossJ

Range: — Pacific coast of America, from Gulf of California to Gal-
apagos and Chili. (Cat. B. M.)

I I 5. Booby [Sula stila). L. 30. Ads. Breast and
belly white; bill and feet yellow. Yng. Entirely
brownish, lighter below; bill blackish; feet yellow.
Notes. A harsh, guttural hork, hork. (Audubon).

Range. — "Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America, north
to Georgia. Also. West Pacific and Indian Oceans." (A. O. U.) Ac-
cidental on Long Island. No United States breeding record.

I 15.1. Brewster Booby (Sula brewsteri). L.
30. Ads. Similar to No. 115, but head and neck
paler, bill blue, feet greenish.

Range. — "Coasts and Islands of the eastern south Pacific Ocean,
north to Lower California; breeding as far north as Georges Island at
the head of the Gulf of California.' (A. O. U.)

116. Bed-footed Booby (Sida piscator). L- 28.
Feet reddish. Ads. White; head and nape straw
color; primaries hoary gravish brawn', tail white. Yng.
Above sooty brown; head, neck, and lower parts light
smoky gray. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Tropical seas, except Pacific coast of America (Cat. B.
M.); north in Atlantic to Bahamas and, rarely, southern Florida.

70

Cormorants

I I 9. Cormorant (Thalacrocorax carbo". L. 36; T.

7.5, of 14 feathers. Ads. Chin and sides of throat
whitish; back glossy brownish, distinctly margined
with black; below uniform shining black. Breeding
plumage. Head and throat with white plumes; a white
patch on flanks. Yng. Belly white, above olive
grayish brown, margined with black; throat whitish;
neck brownish.

Range. — North Atlantic; breeds from Nova Scotia to Greenland;
winters south to Carolinas.

1 20. Double-crested Cormorant (Thalacrocorax
dilopbus). L. 30; W. 12.5; T. 6.2, of 12 feathers. Ads.
Back brownish with distinct black margins; below
shining black. Breeding plumage. With tufts on
either side of head black, sometimes mixed with white;
throat pouch orange. Yng. Back browner; head,
neck, and lower belly brown; breast whitish.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds locally from Bay of Fundy,
Minnesota, North Dakota, northward; west to Asslniboia; winters
from southern Illinois and Virginia southward.

120a. Florida Cormorant {P. d. Jloridanus). Simi-
lar to No. 120, but blacker and smaller. L. 25.

Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to North
Carolina and southern Illinois.

120b. White-crested Cormorant [P. d. ctncinatns).
Similar to No. 120, but larger, L. 36; nuptial crests
white.

Range. — Pacific coasts; breeds in Alaska; winters south to Cal-
ifornia.

1 20c. Farallone Cormorant (P. d. albociliatus).

Similar to 120b., but smaller, L. 28.

Range. — Breeds on California coast and In interior, south to Socorro
Island. (Ridgw.)

121. Mexican Cormorant {Phalacrocorax mexican-
us). L. 25. W. 10. Ads. Narrow border at base of
pouch white. Breeding plumage. Neck with white
plumes. Yng. Head and hindneck brownish; back
grayish, margined with black; throat, foreneck and
breast brownish white; belly black.

Range. — Breeds in West Indies and Central America to west Gulf
States; north in summer rarely to Kansas and southern Illinois.

71

Wind toe

Cormorants

122. Brandt Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicilla-
tus). L. 35; T. 6. Chin and sides of throat huffy
white or brownish. Ads. Above blue black, faintly
margined with black; below green black. Breeding
plumage. With white, hairlike plumes from back and
neck; no white on flanks; throat pouch blue. Yng.
Above dark brown; throat and belly whitish; breast
and sides brown.

Range.-
dent.

-Pacific coast from Cape St. Lucas to Washington; resi-

123. Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus).

L. 28; W. 10; T. 6.2. Forehead feathered; back
feathers not margined. Ads. Above glossy green and
purplish black; below bottle green. Breeding plumage.
With white plumes on neck and rump and white
patches on flanks; nape and forehead, crested. Yng.
Above greenish dusky brown, less green below.

Range. — "Aleutian and Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka, south to
Japin." (A. O. I.)

123a. Violet-green Cormorant (P. p. robust us).
Similar to No. 123, but larger; bill stouter, W. 10.8.

Range. — Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound south to Washington."
(A. O. U.)

123b. Baird Cormorant (P. p. resph mdens). Sim-
ilar to No. 123, but smaller; bill slenderer; W. 9.5.
Notes. A croaking, guttural note.

Range. — Pacific coast from Washington south to Mazatlan, Mexi-

124. Red-faced Cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile).
L. 34. Forehead as well as lotes bare. Ads. Above
green and purple; head and neck blue black; belly
green. Breeding plumage. With forehead and nape
crests and white patches on flanks. Notes. "A low,
droning croak." (Nelson.)

Range. — "Pribilcf, Aleutian, and Kuril Islands, and coast of Kam-
chatka. South in winter to northern Japan." (A. O. t'.j

72

Anhinqa, Pelicans, and Man-o'-War Bird

118. Anhinga; Snakebird; Water Turkey (An-
binga aubinga). L. 36. Ad. tf . Black; grayish head
and neck plumes which, in winter, are absent. Act.
9. Resembles male but whole head, neck, and
breart brownish. Yng. Similar to 9 but black-
parts duller. Notes. 'A rasping, clattering croak,
uttered when fighting or in coming to the nest.

Range. — Tropica] and subtropical America: breeds north to south-
ern Illinois and South Carolina; winters from Gulf States southward.

125. American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythror-
hynchos). L. 60. Ads. White; primaries black; bill
in breeding season with a knob. Yng. With crown
brownish.

Range: — North America; breeds in interior from eastern California,
Utah, Yellowstone Ptrk. Minnesota (? I northward to Lat. 6c° ; win-
ters from Gulf States and southern California, south to Central Amer-
ica.

126. Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidenta lis). L. 50;

W. 19.5. Ads. Pouch greenish; head white, rarely
yellowish; neck brown. In fall, no brown on neck.
Yng. Brownish gray, white below. "Notes. Adults as
a rule silent; young before flying, very noisy.

Range: — Atlantic and Gulf coast of tropical and subtropical Amer-
ica; breeds from northern South America to South Carolina; has
strayed to Illinois and Nova Scotia; winters from Gulf States south-
ward.

127. California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus californ-
icus). Similar to No. 126, but larger. L. 54; W. 21;
pouch in breeding season, red.

Range. — Pacific coast from Galapagos north to British Columbia;
oreeds north only to Los Coronados Islands.

128. Man-o'-War Bird; Frigate Bird (Fregata
aquila). L. 40. Ad. rj\ Black, glossy above;
pouch "scarlet or orange." Ad. V. Browner;
breast and belly white. Yng. Similar to 9 , but
head and neck white. Notes. Usually silent; rarely a
croaking note.

Range: — Tropical and subtropical coasts; in America north to
Florida, Texas, and southern California; casually to Kansas, Ohio
and Nova Scotia; winters from southern Florida and Lower Cal-
fornia southward.

73

Order V. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS.

ANSERES.

Family 1. DUCKS, GEESE, and SWANS. Anatid^. 49
species, 6 subspecies.

The Anatidse of North America are placed in five well-marked sub-
families, the Mergansers (Mergiiuz), River Ducks (Anatina) , Sea Ducks
{Fuligulirue) , Geese {Anseriruz)t and Swans ( Cygninee) .

The Mergansers, Saw-bills, or Shelldrakes are fish-eating Ducks and
their rounded bills, set with toothlike projections along the sides, are
of evident use to them in holding their prey.

The River Ducks include such well-known species as the Mallard,
Black Duck, and Widgeon. They differ from the Bay or Sea Ducks
in not having a well-developed web or flap on the hind-toe. As a
rule they feed in shallow water by tipping, standing on their heads, as
it were, while reaching the bottom for food.

The Bay or Sea Ducks have the hind-toe webbed. They feed, as a
rule, in deeper water than the River Ducks, sometimes descending to
the bottom in water over one hundred feet deep. During the winter
they gather in flocks often of several thousand individuals, and fre-
quent the larger bodies of water.

With both the River and Bay Ducks the sides of the broad, flat bill
are set with gutters which serve as strainers, retaining the mollusks,
seeds and roots of aquatic plants on which these Ducks feed, while the
mud or water taken in with the food is forced out the sides of the bill
as it closes.

Geese are more terrestrial than Ducks and often visit the land to nip
the grass. This is particularly true in the west where large flocks of
Geese, especially Snow Geese, may be seen feeding on the prairies.
On the water they feed over shallows by tipping and probing the
bottoms.

Swans also feed from the surface of the water either by simply im-
mersing the head and neck or by half submerging the body, when, with
the tail pointed to the zenith, the length of their reach is greatly in-
creased.

In spite of their comparatively short wings the large muscles attach-
ed to them give to the Anatidae great power of flight. Not only do
they make extended journeys, when migrating, without a rest, but they
attain a speed which is surpassed by but few birds. Some of the
smaller species, when alarmed, doubtless flying at the rate of one
hundred miles an hour.

In common with other diving water birds the Ducks, when molting,
lose most of their wing feathers all at once, and for a time are there-
fore unable to fly. During this comparatively helpless period the
brightly colored males assume in part the plumage of the females and

74

Ducks, Geese, and .Swans.

are thereby rendered less conspicuous. With the return of the power
of flight, however, they regain their distinctive, male plumage, which
is usually brighter than that of the female. With our Geese and Swans
there is no sexual difference in color.

Most of our Ducks and Geese breed in the north, some within the
Arctic Circle, and winter from the southern limit of frozen water south-
ward. The American Merganser, Hooded Merganser, Wood Duck,
Buffle-head, Golden-Eyes, Tree Ducks, and possibly Harlequin Duck
nest in hollow trees, at times some distance from the water. The
young of the American Golden-eye and of the Wood Duck have been
seen to reach the water by jumping from the nest-hole and fluttering
down in response to the calls of the parent below. It is said that they
are also brought down in the bill of the old bird, but tnis statement
apparently lacks confirmation.

The remaining species of our Ducks, Geese, and Swans, nest as a
rule, on the ground generally near water. From five to fifteen and, in
the case of the Fulvous Tree Duck, possibly as many as thirty eggs are
laid. In color they vary from white to burly and pv le olive and are al-
ways uniformly colored. Incubation is performed by the female alone.
The males at this period among most Ducks deserting their mate to un-
dergo the partial molt before mentioned. While incubating the females
surround their nest with soft down plucked from their bodies and when
leaving the nest to feed, this down is drawn over the eggs with the
double object, doubtless, of concealing them and of keeping them
warm.

With Eider Ducks this down constitutes the larger part of, if not
the entire nest. Saunders states that in Iceland the down in each nest
weighs about one-sixth of a pound. This is gathered by the natives,
who, however, are careful to afford the sitting bird an opportunity to
raise her brood without further molestation.

The collection of Eider down thus furnishes an admirable illustra-
tion of proper economic relations between man and birds. The down
is an important source of income to the natives of the comparatively
barren, northern countries in which the Eiders nest. So long as man
can remember it has been gathered annually. Still the Ducks con-
tinue to return in numbers year after year to the same region, per-
haps the exact spot in which they nested the year before.

Less intelligent methods would perhaps rob the bird of its second, as
well as of its first nest and, unable to reproduce its kind, the species
would become extinct within a comparatively short period.

The evils which would follow such a course are, however, thorough-
ly understood. The Ducks, in the first place, are encouraged in every
way. It is said that should one walk into a peasant's cabin and pre-
empt his cot as a nesting-site, the peasant would gladly give up his bed
to so valuable a visitor.

75

Ducks

129. American Merganser (Merganser americanus).

L. 25; B. from nostril, 1.5; nostril midway between
eye and tip of bill. Ad. rj\ No band of streaks on
breast; no crest. Ad. $ . and Yng. Chin white; crown
and throat reddish brown; rest of underparts and spec-
ulum white; above and tail ashy.

Range. — North America; breeds from New Brunswick, rarely
mountains of Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and mountains of Colorado
and California northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia
south to South Carolina and southern California.

130. Red-breasted Merganser (Merganser serratot).
L. 22; B. from nostril, 1.8; nostril nearer to eye than to
tip of bill. Ad. rj\ Breast with a broad cinnamon
band streaked with black; head feathers lengthened.
Ad. 9 and Yng. Crown grayish brown, washed with
rusty. Chin and throat paler; rest of underparts and
speculum white; back and tail ashy. Notes. When
alarmed, several low, guttural croaks. (Elliot.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from New Bruns-
wick and northern Illinois north to Greenland and Alaska; winters
from southern breeding limits, south to Cuba and Lower California.

131. Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus).
L. 1 7.5. Ad. J*. A large, circular black and white
crest. Ad. $ Yng. A small cinnamon crest, head,
neck and breast grayish brown; back, blackish; belly
white. Notes. 'A hoarse croak, like a small edition
of that of the Red-breasted Merganser." (Elliot.)

Range. — North America from Cuba and Lower California north to
Labrador and Alaska; breeds locally throughout its range, chiefly In
Interior of British America; winters from British Columbia, Illinois,
and Massachusetts southward.

132. Mallard (Anas boschas). L. 23. Speculum
(patch in wing j purple bordered by black and white;
under surface of wing pure white. Ad. fj\ Head
green; breast chestnut, a white neck-ring. Ad. $.
Above blackish and buffy, below rusty buff mottled
with dusky grayish brown. Notes. The familiar
quack of the barnyard Duck.

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from Labrador,
Indiana, Iowa, and California north to Greenland and Alaska; winters
from British Columbia, Kansas, and New Jersey to Central America
and West Indies.

i

143. Pintail (Dajil a acuta). L. J1, 28; 9, 22. Ad.

, Central tail feathers black, 7.5 long, pointed. Ad.

, Tail 3.5,; feathers sharply pointed; brownish black,
w.th buff bars; under wing-coverts dusky and huff;
back blackish with internal buff loops. Notes. A loud
quack, less sonorous than that of the Mallard; a low
mellow whistle, and a harsh rolling note. (Nelson.)

Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds, In America, from New Bruns-
wick, Iowa. Illinois, and British Columbia northward; winters from
British Columbia. Illinois, and Virginia, south to Central America and
West Indies.

76

Ducks

133. Black Duck {Anas obscura). L. 22. Ads.
Speculum bluish purple tipped with black] no white in
wing; lining of wing white and dusky) ctown without
paler margins; throat, usually, without markings; legs

'olivaceous brown" bill "greenish black, dusky olive,
or olive-green." Notes. A quack resembling that of
the Mallard.

Range. — Eastern North America; chiefly east of Mississippi; breeds
locally from New Jersey and Illinois north to Labrador and Hudson
Bay; winters from Maine to West Indies.

133a. Red-legged Black Duck (A. o. rubripes).
Similar to No. 133 but larger; crown edged with buff
or gray; throat spotted; legs red; bill yellow.

Range. — Summer range not definitely known, but breeding speci-
mens have been taken in northern Labrador, James Bay, and west
shore of Hudson Bay; in winter south to Virginia and Arkansas.

134. Florida Duck {Anasfidvieula). L. 20. Ads.

Throat and front of neck plain buff, usually unmarked;
speculum sometimes tipped with white; belly rusty
buff; broadly streaked with black. Notes. A quack sim-
ilar to that of No. 133.

Range. — Florida to coast of Louisiana; resident.

134a. Mottled Duck (A. f. maculosa). Similar to
No. 134, but underparts mottled with black the mark-
ings being rounder.

Range. — Eastern Texas; breeds (at least) from Corpus Christi
north to Kansas; winters on west Gulf Coas t.

135. Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus), L. 19.5.
Under wing coverts and axillars pure white. Ad.
rf. Wing-coverts chestnut; breast ringed with
white. Ad. 9. Head and throatas in cf, back fuscous
and buffy; breast and sides ochraceous thickly spotted
with blackish; speculum ashy gray and white. Notes.
A quack like that of the Mallard but shriller and more
often repeated.

Range. — Northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in the Interior
from Kansas and California north to Manitoba and Assinlboia; winters
from Maryland to Florida, rare in northeastern Atlantic States.

136. Widgeon (Mareca penelope). L. 18.5. Ad. <?.
Head and neck reddish brown; crown buff; sides with
wavy black and white lines. Ad. ?. Head and throat
rusty, finely streaked and barred with black; breast and
sides rusty; speculum blackish. Notes. Of male, a
shrill, whistling wbee-jou; of female, a low, purring
growl. (Saunders.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds In America, only in the
Aleutian Islands; casual in migrations and in winter in California and
on Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Greenland.

13 7. Baldpate (Mareca americana). L. 19. No
rusty on head. Ad. <j\ Under tail-coverts black;
streak from eye to nape glossy green. Ad. $. Head
and throat whitish finely marked with black; breast and
sides rusty washed with grayish. Notes. "A low,
soft whistle." (Elliot.)

Range. — North America; breeds in the interior from Minnesota and
British Columbia north to Alaska; winters from British Columbia and
Virginia south to South America; only a migrant on northeast Atlantic
coast to Labrador.

77

Ducks

139. Green-winged Teal [Neition carolinensis). L.

14.5. Wing-ccverts gray, tipped with buff or white.
Ad. rf . A white crescent in front of wing; speculum
wing-patch) green bordered by black tipped with
white. Ad. ?. Wings as in c?; throat and sides of
neck white, finely spotted with black; breast and sides
washed with rusty, marked with black. Notes. A
"peculiar chirping almost a twittering" as they fly.
(Seton.)

Range. — North America; breeds from New Brunswick, Minnesota,
and British Columbia north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from
Virginia, Kansas, and British Columbia south to Central America and
West Indies.

140. Blue-winged Teal (Querquedula discors) . Wing-
coverts blue. Ad. c?. Cheek patch white. Ad. $.
Resembles ? of No. 139, but wing-coverts blue; spec-
ulum greenish brown not distinctly tipped with white.
L. 16.

Range.— North America; chiefly east of Rockies; breeds from New
Brunswick, Kansas, southern Illinois and northern Ohio, north to
Alaska, mainly in interior; winters from Virginia and Lower Mississippi
Valley to northern South America, California, and Lower California.

141 . Cinnamon Teal (Querquedula cyanoptera). Ad.
rj\ Head and neck, breast and sides reddish brown.
tAd. 9. Resembles 9 of No. 140, but the underparts,
including throat, art usually suffused with rusty; the
throat often being blackish or speckled with dusky.
Notes, A rather thin, nasal quack. L. 16.

Ranee —Western North America from British Columbia south to
South America, east to Rockies and souther Texas; rarely to Flor-

142. Shoveller (Spatula clypeata). L. 20. Bill
much broader at tip than at base. Ad. tf. Belly chest-
nut; breast around to back white. Ad. 9-. Wing-
coverts blue; back conspicuously margined with buff.
Notes. "Occasionally a few feeble quacks." (Elliot.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; In America chiefly in interior; breeds
locally from Texas, and regularly from Minnesota and British Colum-
bia north to Alaska and Barren Grounds; winters from British Colum-
bia, Illinois, and Maryland south to northern South America.

144. Wood Duck {Aix sponsa). L. 18.5. Ad. rj\
Head crested; green, blue, and purple with white stripes.
Ad. 9- A white streak through and behind eye; crown
glossy purplish brown; back olive-brown glossed with
greenish. Notes. A frightened, plaintive, oo-eek.

Range. — North America; breeds locaiiy from Florida to Labrador
and British Columbia, winters from British Columbia, sot (hern
Illinois, and southern New Jersey, south to southern California and
Cuba.

78

Ducks

146. Redhead (.Aythya americana). L. iq. Ad. rf.

Head and upper neck entirely bright reddish brown.

Ad. 9- Throat white; back grayish brown without

fine bars; speculum gray. Notes. "A hoarse guttural
rolling sound." (Elliot.)

Range. — North America; breeds chiefly in interior from Maine.
Minnesota, and California north to Labrador and British Columbia;
winters from British Columbia and Maryland south to Lower Cali-
fornia and West Indies.

147. Canvas-back [Aythya vallisneria). L. 21. Ad.
c?. Head and whole neck dull reddish brown. Ad. $.
Head and neck rusty grayish brown; back grayish
brown, finely barred with black and white. Notes. "A
harsh guttural croak." (Elliot.)

Range. — North America; breeds only In interior from Minnesota
and Oregon north to Alaska and the Barren Grounds; winters from
British Columbia and Maryland south to southern California, Mexico
and West Indies.

148. American Scaup Duck {Aythya marila). L.
p71, 18.5; 9, 17.5. Ad. cj\ Head glossed with green-
ish; sides without distinct black bars. Ad. 9- Feath-
ers about base of bill white; breast and back rusty
grayish brown; speculum white. Notes. "Similar to
the guttural sound made by the Canvas-back, Red-
head and other diving Ducks." (Elliot.)

Range. — Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in
;he interior rarely from Minnesota, and regularly from North Dakota
northward; winters from Long Island to northern South America.

149. Lesser Scaup Duck {Aythya affinis). L. J1 17;

$, 16.5. Ad. o71- Head glossed with purplish; sides
with distinct black bars. Ad. 9- Similar to 9 of No.
148, but smaller.

Range. — North America; breeds only in interior from Iowa rarely.
North Dakota commonly, and British Columbia, north to Barren
Grounds; winters from British Columbia and Virginia south to Guat-
emala and West Indies.

150. Ring-necked Duck {Aythya collaris). L. 16.5.
Ad. cj\ A chestnut neck-ring; chin white; back black;
speculum gray. Ad. 9- Feathers about sides of base
of bill and throat white, back and breast rusty grayish
brown; speculum gray. Resembles 9 of No. 146, but
is smaller and rustier.

Range.— North America; breeding only in the interior from Minne-
sota northward; winters from Maryland and British Columbia south
to Guatemala and West Indies; rare on Atlantic coast north of Mary-
land.

79

Ducks

151. American Golden-eye (Clangtda clangula
amerieana). L. 20. Ad. <$'. Head greenish; white
patch at base of bill circular. Ad. $. Head and
throat brown; breast and back gray, a white throat-
ring; belly and speculum white. Notes. Rarely a low
croak; a high whistling sound produced by wings in
flight.

Range. — North America; breeds from Maine, northern Minnesota,
and Alberta, north to Arctic Regions; winters from southern Alaska,
the Great Lakes and Maine, south to Mexico and Cuba.

152. Barrow Golden-eye (Clangula islandica). L.

20. Ad. cf. Head purplish blue; white patch at base
of bill twice as high as wide. Ad. $. Resembles 9 of
No. 151. Notes. A high whistling made by wings in
flight, probably also a low croaking as in No. 151.

Range. — Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St. Lawrence,
and mountains of Colorado north to southern Greenland; winters south
to Virginia, Illinois, and California.

153. Buffle-head [Charitonetta albeola). L. 14.7.
Ad. cf. Head blue, purple, and green; a white band
from eye to eye across nape. Ad. ?. A whitish patch
on either side of head; throat and upper parts grayish
brown; belly and speculum white. Notes. A single
guttural note like a small edition of the Canvas-back's
roll. (Elliot.)

Range. — North America; breeds from Maine, Iowa, an 1 British
Columbia northward; winters from southern limit of breeding range
to West Indies and Mexico.

167. Ruddy Duck [Erismatura jamaicensis). L. 15.

Tail-feathers narrow and stiff; bill short (1.5) and
broad. Ad. <j\ Cheeks white, cap black, back red-
dish brown. Ad. $. A whitish streak through dusky
cheeks; back grayish brown with fine buffy bars;
belly silvery whitish. Yug. rf. Similar, but cheeks
all white or whitish.

Range. — Western hemisphere from northern South America to
Hudson Bay; breeds locally throughout its range, but chiefly north-
ward: winters from New Jersey, southern Illinois and California
southward.

168. Masked Duck (Nomouyx dominicus). L. 14.

Tail-feathers long. (4.5) narrow, stiff and pointed.
Ad. rj'. Front of head black; behind it reddish brown
all around; white in wing. Ad. 9. A brownish
streak through eye: huffy streaks above and below it;
back blackish regularly barred with buff; below washed

with rusty-
Range— Tropical America north to Lower Rio Grande; accidental In
Wisconsin, Lake Champlain, and Massachusetts.

80

Ducks

154. Old-squaw {Harelda hyemahs). L. J1 , 21; ?,
16; T. r?, 8; $,2.5. No colored speculum. /&£ •,".
Centra1 tail-feathers much lengthened; in winter,
crown, nape, throat, and neck all around white. In
summer, black, with rusty markings on back. Ad. + .
winter. Cheeks, neck all around, and underparts white;
breast and sides of neck dusky. In summer, crown,
cheeks and nape blackish, throat and breast dusky; a
whitish patch back of eye. Notes. In spring, a rich,
musical a-leedle-a, frequently repeated in deep, reed-
like tones. (Nelson.) Also uo-onc-o-onc-ougb-egh-
ougb-egb." (Mackay.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds from northern Labrador and
Aleutian Islands north to Arctic Ocean; winters south to Virginia,
Upper Mississippi Valley, and California, "rarely to Florida and Tex-

155. Harlequin Duck {Histrionicus histrionicus). L.

17. Ad. cj\ Back and breast slaty blue; head darker.
Ad. $. Front half of cheeks and spot over ears
whitish; above blackish brown; below dusky and
whitish. Notes. "A confusion of low gabbling and
chattering notes." (Nelson.)

Range. — "Northern North America, breeding from Newfoundland.
the northern Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevadas (latitude
380 ), northward; south in winter to the Middle States and California;
eastern Asia, Iceland." (A. O. U.)

156. Labrador Duck {Carnptolaimus labradorius).
L. 20. Ad. o71- Primaries blackish; rest of wing
white. Ad. ?. Ashy gray: speculum white. Yng.
$. Like 9, but throat and ends of greater wing-
coverts white.

Range. — Formerly North Atlantic coast; bred from Labrador north-
ward; wintered south to New Jersey; believed to be extinct;
last records, Grand Menan, New Brunswick, 1871; Long Island, 1875.

157. Steller Eider [Eniconetta stellen). L. 18.
Ad. tf. Throat and neck black nearly divided by a
white ring; top and sides of head white, forehead and
nape greenish; breast chestnut. Ad. $. Above and
below black and rusty; speculum purple bordered with
white; tail feathers pointed.

Range.— "Arctic and subarctic coasts of the northern hemisphere
Aleutian Islands, east to Unalaska and Kadiak; Kenai Peninsula.''
(A. O. U.)

81

Ducks

158. Spectacled Eider {Arctonetta fisckert) . L. 21-
Ad. Front of head plush-like, cushiony pads

around eyes; above largely white; breast slaty black;
belly black.

Range. — "Alaskan coast of Bering Sea and north to Point Barrow."
(A. O. U.)

I 59. Greenland Eider (Somateria mollissima borealis).

L. 23. Feathers on sides of bill reaching to nostrils,
bare spaces on either side of leathers on culmen pointed
at base I posteriorly. ) Ad. rj\ Crown black with a
white wedge. Ad. 9. Brownish black above mar-
gined with rusty and buff; below dusky finely mar-
gined with buff. Yng, (J. Similar to V but more
huffy. Notes. "A sort of cooing sound" in the
breeding season. (Elliot.) A raucous, moaning,
'ba ho,'k a ho; female's like that of Mallard. (Brunnich.)

Range. — Northeastern North America; breeds from Labrador to
Greenland: winters soutli to Massachusetts.

160. American Eider {Somateria dressert). L. 23.

Similar in color to No. 159, but bare spaces on either
side of feathers of culmen rounded at the base (poster-
iorly ).

Range. — Northeastern North America; breeds from Isle au Haut,
Maine, to Labrador; winters south to New Jersey and Great Lakes.

16 1. Pacific Eider {Somateria v-nigra). Similar
to No. 159, but Ad. c? with a black V on throat; sides of
bill more broadly feathered, distance from end of
feathers to base of bare space on culmen less than
distance from same place to end of bill. Notes. "A
low guttural note." (Nelson.)

Range. — North Pacific from Aleutian Islands north to Arctic Ocean
east to Great Slave Lake.

162. King Eider {Somateria spectabilis) . L. 23.

Feathers at side of bill not reaching nostril. Ad. rj>.
White patch on either side of rump; crown ashy blue.
Ad. 9 an J Yng. Resembling same plumages of No. 159
and No. 160.

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and St.
Michaels. Alaska north to Greenland and Arctic Ocean; winters
south to New Jersey (rarely Ga.), and Great Lakes; one California
record.

82

Ducks

163. American Scoter (Oidemia americana) . L. 19.
Feathers at base of bill not extending forward on sides
or top. Ad.tf. Wholly black; bill black, yellow at
base. Ad. $. Brownish above, lighter below; no
white on wing or on sides of head. Notes. A long
musical whistle. (Elliot.)

Range. — Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and Alas-
kan shores of Bering Seu northward; winters south to Virginia, Great
Lakes, Colorado, and California.

166. Surf Scoter (Oidemia perspicillata) . L. 20.
Feathers extending forward on top of bill. Ad. cf .
Black, nape and crown white; bill orange, yellow, and
white, a round black patch on its sides. Ad. 9.
Above black, throat and breast paler; belly whitish;
a whitish patch at base of bill. Yng. Similar but
with white patches on ears.

Range. — Northern North America; breeds from Newfoundland
northward; winters sojth to Virginia, Florida, Illinois, and Lower Cal-
ifornia.

165. White-winged Scoter {Oidemia deglandt).

L. 22. A white patch on wing, feathers extending
forward along sides and top of bill nearly to nostrils.
Ad. rj\ Black, a white spot about eye; bill orange,
black at base. Ad. 9. Dusky brown above; lighter
below. Yng. J*. Similar but sides and front of head
whitish.

Range. — Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and North
Dakota northward; winters south to Virginia, southern Illinois, and
Lower California.

177. Black-bellied Tree Duck (T>endrocygna au-
tumnalis). L. 22. Ads. Belly and tail coverts black:
foreback and breast gray; greater wing-coverts
whitish. Notes. A shrill whistle. (Elliot.)

Range. — Tropical America north to southern Texas.

178. Fulvous Tree Duck (SDendrocygna fulva).
L. 22. Ads. Belly uniform rusty brown; upper tail
coverts white; a black streak on hindneck; no white in
wing. Notes. A squealing whistle.

Range.— Tropical America, north in summer to Texas, Louisiana,
Nevada and central California. "Casual in North Carolina and
Missouri." (A. O. U.)

83

Geese and Swans

169. Lesser Snow Goose (Chen hyperborea). L.
23-28, Ads. White, head sometimes rusty; primaries
black. Yng. Head, neck, and above grayish.

Range.— "Pacific coast to the Mississippi Valley, breeding in Alas-
ka; south in winter to southern Illinois and southern California; cas-
ually to New England." (A. O. U. )

I 69a. Greater Snow Goose (C.
larto No. 169, but larger, L. 30-38.

/'. nivalis). Sim-

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters
from Chespeake, New Jersey (rarely) south to Cuba; rare on Atlantic
coast north of Maryland.

170. Ross Snow Goose (Chen rossit). L. 21; B.

1.6. Similar in color to No. 169, but much smaller; bill

particularly smaller.

Range.— Arctic America in summer;
California and east to Montana in winter.

Pacific coast to southern

180. Whistling Swan (Olor columbianus). L. 55.

Nostril nearer to tip of bill than to eye. Ads. White,
bill and reet black; a small yellow spot before the eye.
Yng. Head and neck brownish, rest of plumage
washed with grayish. Notes, 'wboogb, 'zchoogb, very
loud and shrill. (Nuttall.)

Range.— North America: breeds within Arctic Circle; winters
from British Columbia (? ) Lower Mississippi Valley, Chesapeake Bay.
south to Gulf of Mexico: rare on Atlantic Coast north of Virginia.

18 1. Trumpeter Swan (Olor buccinator'). L. 65.

Nostril about in middle of bill. Ads. White, bill and
feet black; no yellow on lores. Yng. Head and neck
brownish; rest of plumage washed with grayish. Notes.
Loud and sonorous in tone like those of a French horn.
(Elliot.)

Range. — "Chiefly the Interior of North America, from the Gulf Coast
to the Fur Countries, breeding from Iowa and the Dakotas north-
ward; west to the Pacific Coast; rare or casual on the Atlantic." (A.
O. U.)

84

Geese

169.1. Blue Goose (Chen caerulescens). L. 28. Ads.
Head and neck white; below brownish gray; foreback
'ike breast; rump gray. Yng. Similar but head and
neck grayish brown.

Range. — North America; breeds in Hudson Bay region; winters on
west coast of the Gulf of Mexico; two California records; said to
have occurred in New Jersey.

I 7 la. American White-fronted Goose (Anser albi-
frons gambeli). L. 28. Ads. Forehead and rump
white; below spotted with black. Yng. Similar but
no white on head no black below.

Range. — North America; breeds in Arctic region; winters on Gulf
Coast, California and Mexico; rare on Atlantic coast.

176. Emperor Goose (Thilacte canagica). L. 26.

Ads. Foreneck blackish; rest of head and neck white

sometimes tinged with rusty; tail mostly white. Yng.

Body less distinctly scaled; head and hind-neck spotted

with grayish. Notes. When flying, a deep, hoarse,

x ~ a ~ x ~
strident cla-ha, cia-ha,cla-ha; when alarmed and about

to fly, a ringing d-ltigh, -M&gh. (Nelson.)

Range. — "Coast and islands of Alaska north of the Peninsula;
chiefly about Norton Sound and Valley of the Lower Yukon; Com-
mander Islands, Kamchatka; casually south to Humboldt Bay, Cal-
ifornia." (A. O. U.)

176.

85

Geese and Brant

17 2. Canada Goose {Branta canadensis). L. 38.
Ads. A white patch on cheeks and throat; rest of
head and neck black; no whitish ring at base of black
neck. Yng. Similar but with blackish on white of
throat. Notes. A sonorous honk.

Range. North America; breeds from Labrador. Minnesota and
British Columbia, north chiefly in the interior, to Alaska; winters
from Long Island, Illinois and British Columbia south to Mexico and
southern California.

172a. Hutchins Goose {B. c .butcbinsii). Simi-
lar to No. 172, but smaller; L. 30; tail feathers, 14-16.

Rarge. — Western North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters
from British Columbia and Kansas south to Lower California and
Mexico.

172b. White-cheeked Goose (B. c. occidentalism.
Size of No. 172, but throat blackish, lower neck with
white collar.

Range. — 'Pacific coast region, from Sitka, south in winter to Cal-
ifornia.'' (A. O. U.)

I 7 2c. Cackling Goose (JB. c. minima). Similar to
No. 172b, but smaller, L. 24; tail feathers 14-16.

Range, — Western North America; breeds in Alaska; winters from
British Columbia southward; east rarely to Wisconsin.

173. Brant {Br antabernicla glaucogastra). L. 26.
Ads. Sides of neck with white markings; belly whitish.
Notes. A guttural car-r-rup, or r-r-r-rouk. (Elliot.)

Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters in
America, from Mississippi Valley east, and from Illinois and Massa-
chusetts southward; rare in interior.

174. Black Brant (fBranta nigricans). I. .26. Ads.
and front of neck with white markings; belly

nearly as dark as back. Notes. A low guttural gr r-r-
r-r; on alarm repeated often with emphasis. (Nelson.)

Range.— Western North America; breeds in northern Alaska and
eastward; winters from British Columbia to Lower California; occas-
ional on Atlantic Coast.

86

Order VI. FLAMINGOES.

ODONTOGLOSS^E.

Family 1. FLAMINGOES. Phcenicopterid^e. 1 species.

Flamingoes might be called long-legged Ducks. Their feet are
webbed, and their bill is set with ridges, which serve as sieves or
strainers, as do the 'gutters' on a Duck's bill. They are, however,
wading birds and their webbed feet are of use in supporting them on
the soft mud of shallow lagoons or bays where they search for the fav-
orite food of small mollusks. In feeding the flat top of the bill is
pressed into the mud when its tip points upward toward the bird's
body. Flamingoes fly with the neck and legs stretched to the utmost
presenting on the wing a picturesque, but by no means so graceful an
appearance as do the Herons. Their voice is a vibrant honking like
that of a Goose.

Order VII. HERONS, STORKS, IBISES, ETC.

HERODIONES.

Family 1. vSPOONBILLS. Plataleid^. 1 species.

Family 2. IBISES. Ibidiixe. 3 species.

Family 3. STORKS and WOOD IBISES. Ciconiid.e. 1 species.

Family 4. BITTERNS, HERONS, ETC. Ardeid.^r. 14 species,
3 subspecies.

The Roseate Spoonbill was formerly a common bird in Florida and
along the Gulf coast, but so many have been killed for their plumage
that in the United States the species is now exceedingly rare except in
the most remote parts of southern Florida.

Spoonbills build a rude nest of sticks in mangrove bushes or small
trees and lay three to five whitish eggs speckled with shades of brown.

Ibises are usually found in flocks along the shore of lagoons, lakes,
etc., or in marshy places. They fly with the neck outstretched and are
generally silent. Their nests of reeds, weed stalks, etc., are some-

87

Herons, Storks, Ibises, Etc.

times placed in low bushes, at others in grassy marshes. The eggs
number from three to five. They are plain blue in the Glossy Ibis,
greenish white with chocolate markings, in the White Ibis.

The Storks are largely Old World birds, only three of the some
twenty known species inhabiting the Western Hemisphere. But one
of these is found regularly north of the Rio Grande, the so-called Wood
Ibis which is abundant in southern Florida. It lives in flocks and
builds a nest of sticks usually in cypress trees, often forty feet from
the ground, laying two or three white eggs. When flying the neck is
extended. It progresses by alternate flapping and sailing and occa-
sionally soars high overhead in circles, like a Vulture.

The Bitterns and Herons unlike our other long-legged wading birds,
fly with a fold in the neck. They belong in two subfamilies, the
Botaitn'na- and Ardeirus, respectively. The Bitterns are usually soli-
tary birds inhabiting grassy or reedy marshes where their colors har-
monize with their surroundings and render them difficult to see. The
American Bittern nests on the ground and lays three to five pale
brownish eggs. The Least Bittern usually weaves a platform nest
of reeds among rushes growing in the water and lays four or five bluish
white eggs.

Herons feed along the shore' and are consequently more often
seen than Bitterns. With the exception of the Green Heron and the
Yellow-crowned Night Heron, which usually nest in isolated pairs, our
species gather in colonies to nest. Several hundred pairs occupying
a limited area in some wooded or bushy swamp to which, when undis-
turbed, they return year after year.

Herons build a rude platform nest of sticks, sometimes placing it in
bushes, sometimes in the tallest trees, and at others on the ground or
beds of reeds in marshes. The eggs are greenish blue in color and
usually four hi number. It is among those Herons, which in nesting
time are adorned with delicate plumes or aigrettes, that the greatest
ravages of the millinery hunter have been made. Attacking these
birds when they have gathered on the nesting ground, they are not
permitted to rear their young and the species is thus exterminated
branch and root.

The voice of Herons is a harsh squawk varying in depth of tone with
the size of the bird.

88

Flamingo, Spoonbill and Ibis

182. Flamingo (Phmnicopterus ruber). L. 45; from
toe to bill, 60. Ads. Rosy red, lighter on back; prim-
aries and secondaries black. Yng. Smaller, grayish
brown; lighter below Notes. A bonk resembling that
that of a Canada Goose.

Range. — Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America; resi-
dent (breeding?; In southwestern Florida (Monroe county); casual
west to Texas, north to South Carolina.

183. Roseate Spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja). L. 32.
Ads. Head and throat bare; sides of breast and end
of tail rusty buff; lesser wing-coverts, upper and under
tail-coverts carmine. Yng. Head feathered, buff and
carmine replaced by pink.

Range. — Tropical and subtropical America; north to Gulf States.

185. Scarlet Ibis (Guara rubra). L. 24. Ads.
Scarlet: tips of primaries black. Yng. Grayish brown,
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white; under-
pays dull white.

Range "Florida, Louisiana and Texas, southward to the West
Indies and northern South America. No record of Its recent occur-
rence in the United States." (A. O. U.)

89

Ibises

184. White Ibis (Guara alba). L. 25. Ads
White, tips of outer primaries black, face orange red.
Yng. Grayish brown, rump, breast and belly white.
Notes. When near nest, crook, croi , croo; when dis-
turbed, a loud, hoarse, bunk, hunk, hunk. ( Audubon).

Range.— Tropical America; breeds north to Lower California,
southern Indiana, southern Illinois and South Carolina; winters from
Gulf southward; accidental in South Dakota, Connecticut and Long
Island;

186. Glossy Ibis (Plegadis autumnalis). L. 24.
Ads. Front of head black with greenish reflections.
Yng. Head and neck fuscous brown margined with
white, rest of underparts fuscous brown; back with

greenish reflections.

Range. — Tropical and subtropical regions in America; rare or local
in southeastern United States; casual north to Massachusetts and
Illinois

187. White-faced Glossy Ibis (Plegadis guarauna).
L. 24. Ads. Front of head white. Yng. Resembles
young of No. 186.

Range. - Tropical and subtropical America; north to California,
(rarely British Columbia), Texas, Kansas, east rarely to Florida;
winters south of United States.

188. Wood Ibis (Tantalus load at or). L. 40. Ads.
Head and neck bare; white, primaries, secondaries and
tail blackish. Yng. Resembles ad. but head and
neck feathered, grayish brown. Note. When alarm-
ed, a rough, guttural croak. (Audubon.)

Range.- Tropical and subtropical America; breeds in Gulf States,
i I mi 1 1 ialiforni 1 . and I iti-r may stray as far north as New Ycrk,
Wisconsin, anj California.

90

Bitterns

190. American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosis).

L. 28. Ads. A glossy black streak on either side of
the neck. Yng. Similar to ad. but colors much deep-
er, more rusty. Notes. Call, quawk; song, pump-er-
lutik.

Range. — North America north to Labrador and British Columbia,
breeding chiefly north of latitude 35 °; winters from about latitude 35 °
southward.

191. Least Bittern (Ardetta exilis). L. 13. Ad.
cf. Hindneck rufous, foreneck, underparts, and under
tail-coverts white and buff. Ad. ?• Similar, but crown
and back brown, below streaked with brownish.
Notes. Call, an explosive quab; song, a soft coo repeat-
ed four or five times.

Range. — North America: breeds from Gulf States to New Bruns-
wick and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States southward. "Less
common west of Rocky Mountains; on the Pacific coast north to
northern California." (A. O U.)

I 9 1. 1. Cory Bittern (Ardetta neoxena). L. 13.
Ad rj\ Hindneck black, foreneck chestnut, belly
mixed black and chestnut, under tail-coverts black.
Ad. y . Similar, but crown and back duller.

Range. Eastern North America; recorded from Florida, Ontario,
(breeding), Massachusetts, and Michigan; about 20 specimens
known.

91

Herons

192. Great White Heron (Ardeaoccidentalis). Ads.
White, no "aigrette" plumes. A white Heron about
the size of a Great Blue Heron What is supposed to
he a gray-blue phase of this bird has been called Ardea
wuerdmanni, a bird which resembles No. 194, but has
the head and neck whitish.

Range. - Southern Florida, Cuba and Jamaica

196. American Egret {Herodias egretta). L. 41.
Ads. White, about 50 straight "aigrette" plumes grow
from the back between the wings; legs and feet black.
Ads. when not breeding and Yng., the same, but no
plumes.

Range.— Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia,
southern Illinois, and California; later strays to New Brunswick,
Minnesota, and Oregon; winters from southern California and Gulf
States southward.

197. Snowy Heron (Egretta candidissima) . L. 24.

Ads. White, about 50 recurved "aigrette" plumes

grow from back between the wings; legs black,

feet yellow. Ads when not breeding and Yng. The

K same, but no plumes.

Range. — Tropical and temperate America; bred formerly north to
Long Island, southern Illinois and California; now very rare In east-
ern North America; winters from Gulf States and southern California
southward.

92

Herons

194. Great Blue Horoi. {Ardea berodias). L. 45;
W. 18.5; B. 5.5; Tar. 7. Ads. Center of crown white,
head crested, legs blackish. Yng. Similar, but no
crest, crown wholly black, plumage more streaked.

Range-. Northern South America north to Arctic regions; breeds
locally throughout most of North America range; winters from about
latitude 42 ° southward.

194a. Northwest Coast Heron {A. h. fannini).
Similar to No. 194 but much darker; upperparts bluish
slate black; tarsus shorter, 5.3.

Range. — Pacific coast from Vancouver to Sitka.

194b. Ward Heron (A. h. wardi). Similar to No.
194 but whiter below, neck darker; legs olive; larger,
L. 52; W. 20; B. 6.5; Tar. 8.

Range. — Florida: coast of Texas.

202. Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nyc-
ticorax na^vius.) L. 24. Ads. Crown and back green-
ish black . lower back, wings and tail ashy ; head with two
or three rounded white plumes, except just after breed-
ing season. Yng. Grayish brown streaked with
white; below white streaked with blackish; outer webs
of primaries, pale rufous. Notes. An explosive quawk.

Range. — Western hemisphere; breeds in North America north to
New Brunswick, Quebec. Manitoba, and Oregon; winters from Cal-
ifornia and Gulf States southward.

203. Yellow-crowned Night Heron (Nyctanassa

violaceus). L. 23. Ads. Blue-gray; crown and ear-
coverts whitish, rest of head black; scapulars streaked
with black:head with two or three rounded, white plumes,
except just after nesting season. Yng. Crown black,
streaked with whitish; primaries bluish slate, no rufous;
back brownish streaked with white; below whitish
streaked with blackish.

Range.— Tropical and subtropical America; breeds north to South
Carolina, southern Illinois, and Lower California; strays to Massa-
chusetts and Colorado; winters from Gulf States southward.

93

Herons

198. Reddish Egret (Dickromanassa rufescens). L.
29. Two color phases independent of age. Ads.
Dark phase, Head and neck rufous; back slate; about
30 "aigrette" plumes. White phase. White, including
plumes; tips of primaries sometimes speckled with
gray. Yng. Rufous and gray, or white, without
plumes.

Range. — West Indies and Central America north to coasts of Gulf
States. Illinois [rarely), and Lower California.

199. Louisiana Heron {Hydranassa tricolor ruficol-
lis). L. 26. Ads. '"Aigrette" plumes, short, dirty
gray; rump and belly white; legs blackish. Yng.
Head and neck brownish; throat and line down fore-
neck white; above slaty washed with brownish; rump
and belly white.

Range. — West Indies and Central America north to Gulf States,
casually to Long Island and Indiana.

200. Little Blue Heron (Florida caerulea). L. 22.
Ads. Head and neck marroon; rest of plumage slaty
blue. Yng. White, tips of primaries bluish, legs
greenish yellow.

Range. — Tropical America and eastern United States; breeds north
to Virginia and Illinois, later may stray north as far as Nova Scotia;
winters from South Atlantic and Gulf States southward.

201. Little Green Heron {Butorides virescens). L.
17. Smallest of our Herons. Ads. Crown, glossy
green-black; throat and line down foreneck buffy; rest
of head and neck purplish chestnut; back green wash-
ed with bluish gray. Yng. Neck and below streaked
with blackish; back-feathers not lengthened; duller.
Notes. A rattling oc-oc-oc-oc-oc, a startling sco-w, and,
more rarely, a deep, hollow groan. (Brewster.)

Kange. — Tropical and temperate North America; breeds from Gulf
States north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States
■. mthward to northern South America.

201a. Frazar Green Heron (B. v. fra^ari). Sim-
ilar to No. 201, but rather larger and darker, neck
more purplish, light stripings on throat and foreneck
more restricted. (Brewster.)

Range.— Lower Califorina.

201b. Anthony Green Heron <B. v. anthonyi)
Similar to No. 201, but slightly largei , and paler, light
markings of wings, neck, and throat less restricted and
whiter. (Mearns.)

Range.— Arid portions of southwestern United States, south into
Mexico.

94

Order VIII. CRANES, RAILS, ETC.

PALUDICOL^E.

Family 1. CRANES. Gruid^e. 3 species.

Family 2. COURLANS. Ara.mid.k. 1 species.

Family 3. RAILS, GALLINULES, and COOTS. Rali.iixk. 12
species, 3 subspecies.

Cranes bear a general resemblence to Herons in that they are long-
legged, long-necked birds, but when on the wing, they carry the neck
fully extended, a habit which will readily distinguish them from the
curved neck Herons. Cranes are less aquatic than Herons and are
often found feeding on the prairies or pine-barrens where worms, grass-
hoppers, lizards, roots, etc., form their fare. They nest on the ground
laying two buffy eggs thickly marked with brown. The young, unlike
the nearly naked, helpless young of Herons, are born covered with
down and can soon follow their parents. The Cranes have loud sonor-
ous voices; the Herons raucous croaks.

The Limpkin is a singular inhabitant of the more retired Florida
swamps. It feeds upon the ground largely upon a kind of land shell,
but also perches in trees. Its nest of twigs is placed in a small tree or
bush, and it lays from four to seven pale burly eggs stained and
speckled with cinnamon brown.

The Rails (Subfamily Rallince) are inhabitants of grassy marshes
where, trusting to their long legs, they more often escape observation
by running than by flying. One may hear their characteristic notes
coming from the dense growth only a few yards distant and still be
unable to catch a glimpse of their maker.

Rails nest on the ground laying six to twelve or fifteen buffy eggs
spotted with reddish brown. The young of all our species are born
covered with a shining black down.

The Gallinules (Subfamily Gallinulhue) are more aquatic than the
Rails and are consequently less difficult to observe.

The Coots (Subfamily Fulicincz) are still more aquatic than the Gall-
inules, as might be supposed from their lobed toes, in fact are as
much at home in the water as though they were Ducks. Both Galli-
nules and Coots lay eight to sixteen buffy, thickly speckled eggs in a
nest of reeds often built on a pile of rushes in the reeds.

95

Cranes and Lirnpkin

204. Whooping Crane (Grus americana). L. 50.

Ads. White; skin of top of head dull red; primaries
black. Yng. Head feathered, plumage more or less
washed with rusty.

Range. — Interior of North America: breeds from northern Missis
sippi Valley north to Arctic regions- winters from Gulf States south
ward.

205. Little Brown Crane {Gins canadensis) . L. 35.
W. 18; B. 4. Ads. Skin of top of head dull red;
plumage brownish gray. Yng. Head feathered,
plumage with more or less rusty.

Range.— "Northern North America from Hudson Bay to Alaska
migrating; south through western United States east of Rocky
Mountains to Mexico." (Ridgway.)

206. Sandhill Crane (Grus mexicana). Similar to
No. 205, but larger. L 44 W. 20; B. 5. Notes. A
loud, sonorous, grating, krrrow. repeated five or more
times.

Range.- North America: breeds locally from Texas. Cuba, Florida
north through Mississippi Valley to Manitoba, British Columbia, and
Oregon; winters from northern California and Gulf States southward.

207. Lirnpkin (Aramus giganteus). L. 28. Ads.
Glossy olive-brown, striped with white: wings and
tail more bronzy. Notes. A loud wah-ree-ow, repeated
and the last note prolonged into a wail.

Range.— Central America and West Indies north to southern Texas
and Florida.

96

Rails

208. King Rail (Rallus elegans). L. 15- Ads.

Above olive-brown, black, and olive-gray; wing-cov-
erts reddish brown; neck and breast cinnamon; belly
and sides blackish, sharply and broadly barred with
white. Notes. A loud bup, hup, hup, repeated and end-
ing in a roll.

Range.— Eastern United States: breeds from Florida north to Con-
necticut and South Dakota; strays to Maine; winters from Virgin-
ia and Lower Mississippi Valley south to Gulf States.

209. Belding Rail {Rallus beldingi). Similar to
No. 208, but paler; flank-bars narrower.

Range.— Lower California.

210. California Clapper Rail [Rallus obsoletus).

L. 17. Above grayish olive-brown streaked with
blackish brown; breast cinnamon; flanks dusky brown
narrowly banded with white. Margins to back
feathers much broader than in forms of crepitans.

Range.— Salt Marshes of Pacific coast north to Washington.

2 12. Virginia Rail (T(aUus virginianus). L. 9.5;
B. 1.5. Ads. Above blackish and grayish brown;
wing-coverts reddish brown; below cinnamon, flanks
black and white. Resembling a King Rail in color, but
much smaller. Notes. Calls, kep or kik\ song, a
grunting sound and cut, cutta-cutta-cutta. (Brewster.)

Range. - North America; breeds from Pennsylvania, Long Island,
northern Illinois, and middle California north to Labrador, Manitoba,
and British Columbia; winters from about its southern breeding lim-
its south to Cuba and Guatemala.

2 15. Yellow Rail. {Porzana noveboracensis) . L. 7;
B. .5. Ads. Above black and buffy barred with
white; breast buffy; sides brownish barred with white.
Notes. An abrupt cackling, 'krek, 'krek, 'krek, 'krek,
kuk, 'k'k'k. (Nuttall.)

Range.- Eastern North America north to New Brunswick, Quebec,
and Huds n Bay. west to Manitoba and rarely California; probably
breeds chiefly north; winters in southern States.

97

Rails

'V--'

211. Clapper Rail, Marsh Hen {RjIIhs crepitans),

L. 14.5; W. 5; B. 2.5. Ads. Above pale olive bor-
dered by gray; wing-coverts pale grayish brown;
breast pale cinnamon; ilanks barred gray and white.
Notes. Gkak, gkak, gkak, at first loud and rapid,
ending lower and slower.

Range. — Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast; breeds from North
Carolina to Connecticut; winters from Long Island (rarely) south-
ward, north casually to Massachusetts; south casually to Louisiana.

21 la. Louisiana Clapper Rail (R. e. saturates).

Similar to No. 211, but above rich brown edged with
olive; breast darker cinnamon; bill more slender, 2.3.

Range. — Coast of Louisiana.

2Mb. Scott Clapper Rail (T{. C. scotti). Simi-
lar to No. 2ii, but much darker; sooty brown or black
above edged with olive-brown or olive-gray; breast
and neck cinnamon, washed with brownish; flanks
brown and white. Darkest bird of group.

Range. — Gulf coast of Florida.

2 I I c. Wayne Clapper Rail (/?. c. waynei). . Sim-
ilar to No. 2ii, but darker, back rich olive-brown
edged with gray; breast more ashy.

Range.— Atlantic coast, North Carolina to eastern Florida.

2 11.2. Caribbean Clapper Rail (T^allus longiros-
tris caribceus) . L. 14; W. 5.7; B. 2.4. Ads. Above
olive-brown edged with olive-ashy, breast cinnamon;
flanks brown and white.

Range—West Indies: coast of southeastern Texas (and north-
eastern Mexico?).

214. Carolina Rail {Porrana Carolina). L. 8.5; B.8.
Ads. Region about base of bill black. Yng. Simi-
lar, but no black about base of bill; breast more cinna-
mon. Notes. Calls, kiik or peep, song, ker-wee; and a
high, rolling whinny.

Range.- North America; breeds from Long Island, Illinois, Kansas,
and southern California, north to Newfoundiand, Hudson Bay region,
and British Columbia; winters from South Carolina, southern Illinois,
and northern California south to South America.

2 16. Little Black Rail I Por-ana jamaicensts) . L. 5;
B.6. Ads. Head, breast, and belly slate; back blackish
brown barred with white; nape reddish brown. Notes.
Probably, kik-kik-kik, queeah, or kik-ki-ki-ki, ki, queeah,
or variants. (Brewster.)

Range. — "Temperate North America north to Massachusetts, north-
ern Illinois, and Oregon: south to West Indies and Guatemala." (A.
O. U.) Probably breeds throughout its North American range (Con-
necticut, Illinois, Kansas).

98

Gallinules and Coot

dm

2(8. Purple Gallinule (fonornis martinica). L. 13.
Ads. Crown-plate bluish, bill carmine tipped with
greenish; back shining green; below purplish blue;
under tail-coverts white. Yug. Above browner;
below with white; no red on bill.

Range. -Tropical and subtropical America; breeds only in eastern
North America north to southern Illinois and South Carolina, strays
to Maine and Wisconsin; winters from southern Florida south to
South America.

219. Florida Gallinule (Gallimila galeata). L.
13.5. Ad. Crown-plate red, bill red tipped with
greenish; legs green with a red ring; back olive-brown;
flanks slate streaked with ■white. Yng. Crown-plate
smaller with bill brownish; no red on legs; below
grayish. Notes. An explosive chuck and many loud
and varied calls suggesting a disturbed brooding hen,
the squawking of a struggling hen, etc.

Range. — Temperate and tropical America; breeds locally north to
Maine, Montreal. Minnesota, and northern California; winters from
Gulf States and California southward.

22 1. American Coot {Fulica americana). L. 15.
Toes with scallops. Ads. Bill whitish; crown-plate
and two spots on bill brownish; head and neck black;
rest of plumage slate. Yng. Whiter below, browner
above, crown-plate smaller. Notes. An explosive
cuck and noisy cackling notes.

Range. - North America; breeds in the interior (chiefly northward)
north to the Mackenzie and on Pacific coast to British Columbia;
winters from British Columbia and Gulf States south to Central
America and West Indies.

99

Order IX. SHORE BIRDS.

LIMICOL^B.

Family 1. PHALAROPES. Phalaropodid.k. 3 species.

Family 2. AVOCETS AND STILTS. Recur virostrid^:. 2
species.

Family 3. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC. Scolopacid.e. 33
species, 2 subspecies.

Family 4. PLOVERS. Charadriid.k. 9 species, 2 subspecies.

Family 5. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. Aphrizid^e. 4
species.

Family 6. OYSTER-CATCHERS. ELematopodid.e. 3 species.

Family 7. JACANAS. Jacanid.e. 1 species.

The Phalaropes are swimming Snipes. The Northern and Red
Phalaropes, both of which have well-developed lobes or scalloped webs
on their toes, except when nesting, live at sea a hundred miles or more
off shore, where they find an abundance of food in small forms of ma-
rine life. The Wilson Phalarope is a bird of the interior and conse-
quently, is far less aquatic than the remaining species of the family;
nevertheless it readily takes to water, swimming buoyantly and grace-
fully.

Contrary to the general rule, the female Phalarope is larger and
more brightly colored than the male and this difference in size and
plumage is accompanied by similarly unusual habits; the female tak-
ing the place of the male in the Phalarope household. The female of
necessity lays the eggs, but they are hatched by the male alone, who it
is said, cares for the young, also without the assistance of his mate.

The Avocets and Stilts are wading Snipes- The Stilts secure their
food by quick thrusts of the bill, but the Avocets use their singular, up-
turned member in a more interesting manner. When in water two or
three inches deep, the bill is dropped below the surface, until the
curved lower mandible evidently touches the bottom; then walking
rapidly, or even running, the bill is swung from side to side and the
bird thus explores the mud in its search for food, which, when it is felt,
is picked up in the usual way.

Many of the members of the family Scolopacidae are probing Snipe.
The Woodcock, Wilson Snipe, and Dowitcher are good examples.

100

Shore Birds.

Their bill is long and sensitive and they can curve or move its tip
without opening it at the base. When the bill is thrust into the mud
the tip may therefore grasp a worm and it thus becomes a finger as
well as a probe.

Though not ranked as song birds, many of the Snipes and Plovers have
pleasing calls and whistles and in the breeding season they become
highly musical or indulge in singular vocal performances.

The song of the Bartramian Sandpiper would attract the attention of
the least observant and the singular aerial evolutions of the Snipe and
Woodcock lend an unusual interest to the study of these birds in the
spring. The Pectoral Sandpiper was observed by Nelson in Alaska, in
May, to fill its oesophagus with air dilating the skin of the neck and
breast and forming a sack as large as the body. Then in the air or on_
the ground the bird produced a series of hollow booming notes, con-
stituting its love song.

The Plovers have shorter, harder bills than the true Snipe and sev-
eral of our species frequent the uplands rather than muddy shore or
tidal flats.

The Turnstones are true shore birds. Their home with us is on the
seacoast where they feed along the beach turning over shells and
pebbles in their search for food.

The Oyster-catchers are also strictly maritime. They frequent bars
left bare by the tide and, it is said, use their stout bills to force open
mussels, oysters, or other bivalves left exposed by the water. This
belief, however, does not appear to rest on careful, definite observation.

The Jacana belongs to a small family of birds with representatives
throughout the tropics. All its members are remarkable for the length
of their toes, the wide extent of which enable these birds to walk over
aquatic vegetation. So, for instance, I have seen them running over
small lily leaves which, sinking slightly beneath the surface, made the
birds appear to be walking on the water.

The Limicolae, as a rule, nest on the ground. The Phalaropes,
Snipes, and Plovers lay four eggs, the Oyster-catcher three, the Jacanas,
it is said, four in some species to ten in others. The eggs of all are
proportionately large and pointed or pear-shaped and are usually thick-
ly marked with dark spots. The young are born covered with down
and leave the nest just after hatching,

101

Shore Birds

2 22. Red Phalarope (Crymophiltts fulicarius). L.
8.10; B. 9. Bill heavy, wider than deep. Ad. ?.
Below entirely reddish brown; cap black, back black
and buff. Ad. <j\ Similar, but smaller; crown and
back streaked with brown, black, and buff. Yng.
Resemble ri\ but upper tail coverts plumbeous, un-
derparts white. Winter. Crown and underparts white,
hindneck black, back gray. Notes. A musical clink,
clink. (Nelson.)

Range. -"Northern parts of northern hemisphere, breeding In the
Arctic regions and migrating south In winter; in the United States
south to the Middle States. Ohio Valley, and Cape St. Lucas: chiefly
maritime " (A. O. U.)

223. Northern Phalarope [Thalaropus lobatus).

L. 7.7; B. .8. Bill short, slender, sharply pointed.
Ad. $. Breast rufous; above slaty gray mixed with
ochraceous on back. Ad. rf. Smaller, less rufous
on throat; above blackish streaked with rusty. Yng.
Underparts and forehead white; crown sooty; back-
blackish streaked with straw-color. Winter. Upper-
parts gray mixed with white; underparts white.
Notes. A low chippering, clicking note.

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and northern
British America north to Greenland and Alaska: winters apparently
south of United States where it is known as a migrant chiefly off the
coasts.

224. Wilson Phalarope {Steganopus tricolor).
L. 9.5: B. 1.3. Bill long. Ad. 9. Sides of neck
black and chestnut; crown and back gray. Ad. <j*.
Smaller; chestnut and black much less and duller;
crown and back blackish, latter sometimes with ru-
l<~>us. Yng. Below white; crown and back black
margined with ochraceous; nape brownish gray.
Winter. Above gray, upper tail-coverts white; below
white. Notes. A soft, txumpetingjma,jma.

Range. — North America, chieflv in the interior; breeds from north-
ern Illinois (rarely!, Minnesota and Central California, north to latitude
550 : winters south of United States to southern South America.

283. Turnstone (Arenaria interpres). Similar to
283.1 but larger, W. 6., and upperparts in ad. with
black prevailing. Yng. Blacker than young of 283.1.

Range. — Eastern hemisphere, in America, only in Greenland and
Alaska.

283.1. Ruddy Turnstone {Arenaria morinella).
L. 9.5; VV. 5.7. Ads. Reddish brown prevailing in
upper surface. Yng. Above and breast grayish
brown margined with buffy, throat, abdomen, rump
and long upper tail-coverts white as in ad.; shorter
upper tail-coverts black. Notes. When flying, a loud
twittering note. (Nuttall.)

Range. — Nearly cosmopolitan: breeds in Arctic regions; winters in
America south of United States to Patagonia.

288. Mexican Jacana (Jacana spinosa). L. 8.

Toes over 1.5. Ads. Chestnut and black; wings
mostly greenish. Yng. Forehead, line over eye, and
below white. Above grayish brown, sometimes with
rump chestnut, nape black. Notes. A harsh, rapidly
repeated eep, eep, eep.

Range- Centr.il America and Mexico north to Lower RioGrande
Valley, Cuba and Haiti.

J 02

Shore Birds

225. American Avocet {Recuroirostra americana).
L. 16.5; B. 3.7. Ads. Head and neck rufous; belly
white; wings black and white. Yng. and Ads.inwinter.
Similar, but head and neck grayish or whitish.
Notes. A rather musical, loudplie-eek hurriedly repeat-
ed.

Range. — North America west of Mississippi: breeds from northern
States, central California and rarely lexis, north in the interior to
latitude 540 • winters from southern California and western Gulf
States to Central America and West Indies; casual on Atlantic coast.

264. Long-billed Curlew {Numenius longirostris) .
L. 24; B. 6., longest among our Snipe. Ads. Above
black and buffy; tail barred buffy and black; below
buffy, neck and breast finely streaked with dusky.
Yng- Similar, but buff deeper.

Range.— North America: breeds on Atlantic coast from Florida to
North Carolina; in interior north to Manitoba a-'d British Columbia:
later strays casually to Newfoundlmd ml Ontario; winters from
Gulf States and southern California southward.

265. Hudsonian Curlew {Numenius hudsonicus).
L. 17; B. 3.7. Ads. Less buff than No. 264; above
dark grayish brown and brownish gray; tail barred
with same; below white, breast streaked; sides barred
with blackish.

Range. — North America; breeds In Arctic regii
United States to South America.

winters south o\

266. Eskimo Curlew {Numenius borealis) L. 13.5;
B. 2. Ads. Tail barred with grayish brown and
black; above blackish and buffy; below. uiffy,the breast
thickly streaked; sides barred with blackish.

Range.- Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions: winters-
south of United States to South America: migrates chiefly through
Interior.

103

Shore Birds

226. Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus).

L. 15; Tar 4.10. Ad. <$. Forehead, lower hack.
and underparts white; crown, hindneck, upper back,
and wings black. Ad. 9. Similar, but upper back
and scapulars grayish brown. Yng. Similar to $,
but brown and black feathers lightly margined with
buffy. Notes, A sharp, rapidly uttered ip-ip-ip when
flying; a hoarse k-r-r-r-r-ing note when on the ground.

Range.— Temperate and tropical America: breeds north to Gulf
States, (locally and rarely in Mississippi Valley to Minnesota) and
California; winters from southern California and West Indies to
northern South America; rare east of Mississippi except in Gulf
States.

286. American Oyster-catcher {Hcemalopus pallia-
tus). L. 19. Ads. Base of tail and longer upper
tail-coverts white, shorter coverts and all back black-
ish brown; white in wings conspicuous in flight.
Yng. Similar but feathers above with buffy margins.
Notes. A sharp eep, eep.

Range.— Temperate and tropical America; breeds on sea coasts
only, north to Virginia and western Mexico; winters south of L'nited
States to South America; casual north to Nova Scotia.

286.1. Frazar Oyster-catcher [Hcrmatopus fra-
{ari). Similar to No. 286, but darker above, black
breast passing into white belly through a mottled
black and white band; upper tail coverts with brown
markings.

Range.— "Lower California (both coasts), north to Los Coronados
Islands." (A. O. U.)

287. Black Oyster-catcher {Hcematopus backmant).
L. 17. Ads. Black. Yng. Somewhat browner
Notes. A musical, piping whistle.

Range.— "Pacific coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to
La Paz, Lower California."

104

Shore Birds

228. American Woodcock (Pbilohela minor). L. n.
Ads. Below ochraceous-rufous; no bars; forehead
slaty, crown black with rusty bars; back mixed
black, rusty and slaty. Notes. A nasal peent or paip;
a whistling of wings and a twittering whistle.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds locally from Florida to
Labrador and Manitoba, but chiefly northward; winters from southern
New Jersey and southern Illinois to Gulf States.

230. Wilson Snipe (Gallinago delicata). L. 11.2.
Ads. Throat and belly white or whitish; breast rusty
buff indistinctly streaked; sides barred: above streaked
black and cream-buff; tail black and rusty; outer
feathers barred black and white. Notes. When tak-
ing flight several sudden, hoarse scaipes; a tremulous,
penetrating bleating, thought to be produced by air
rushing through the birds wings; a kuk-Mk-kuk.
(Brewster.)

Range. — North America; breeds from northern New England (rare-
ly Connecticut), northern Illinois and northern California north to
Labrador, Hudson Bay, and Alaska; winters from California, southern
Illinois, and South Carolina to northern South America.

26 I . Bartramian Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda).
L. 11. 5. Outer primary barred black and white.
Ads. Above black, ochraceous, and brownish gray;
breast and sides with dusky arrowheads; throat and
belly whitish. Yng. Similar, but more buffy. Notes.
Call, a soft, bubbling whistle; song, a prolonged,
mournful, mellow whistle, "cbr-r-r-r-r-ee-e-e-e-e-e-oooo-o-
00."

Range. — North America chiefly interior: breeds locally from Kansas
and Virginia to Alaska and Nova Scotia; winters south of United
States to South America.

262. Buff-breasted Sandpiper {Tryngites subnificol-
lis). L. 8.5. Inner border of inner web of primaries
beautifully speckled with black and white. Ads.
Above black widely margined with grayish brown;
below ochraceous-buff; a few black spots. Yng.
Above blackish brown, finely and evenly margined
with whitish; below much as in adult.

Range. -"North America especially in the interior; breeds in the
Yukon district and the interior of British America north to the Arctic
coast; south in winter as far as Uruguay and Peru." (A. O. U.)

28 1. Mountain Plover (Podasocys montana). L. 9.
No black on breast. Ads. Lores and crown-band
black; above grayish brown washed with pale rusty.
Yng. Similar, but no black, rusty wash deeper. Win-
ter. Same as last but rusty paler.

Range.— Western United States; breeds from Kansas to North
Dakota; winters westward to California, south to Lower California
and Mexico; accidental in Florida.

105

Shore Birds

23 1. Dowitcher (Macrorbampbus griseus) L. 10.5;
B. 2.1, pitted at tip. Ads. Rump, tail, under
wing-coverts, and axillars barred black and white;
above black margined with rusty; rump, white; below
reddish brown, spotted and barred with black. Yng.
Similar, but breast gray tinged with rusty; belly white.
Winter. Above gray, breast gray mixed with dusky,
belly white.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds chiefly north and north-
west of Hudson Bay; winters from Florida to northern South Amer-

232. Long-billed Dowitcher {Macrorhamphus scolo-
paceus). B. 2.1 to 2.9. Similar to preceding but
larger, bill longer; in adult spring plumage more barred
below. Notes. A lisping, energetic musical, peet-peet;
pee-ter-wee-too; wee-too repeated. (Nelson.)

Range.— "Western North America, breeding in Alaska to the Arctic
coast, migrating south in winter through western United States (in-
cluding Mississippi Valley) to Mexico, and less commonly along At-
lantic coast." (A. O. U.)

233. Stilt Sandpiper {Micropalama himantopus).
L. 8.2; tarsus long, 1.6. Ads. Entire underparts and

upper tail-coverts white barred with black; tail not
barred. Yng. Resembles ad. but below white, breast
lightly streaked; rump white no bars. Winter. Simi-
lar to yng. but back gray.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds within Arctic Circle; win-
ters from Florida to South America.

234. Knot (Tringa canutus*). L. 10.5; B. 1.3.
Upper tail-coverts with black bars and loops; tail
feathers without bars narrowly margined with white.
Ads. Mixed black, gray and reddish brown above,
reddish I Town below. Yng. Above gray, margined
with cream-white and black; below white; breast
lightly streaked. Winter. Similar, but above gray.

Range. Northern hemisphere; breeds within Arctic circle; winters
from Florida to South America: migrates chiefly along the coasts,
rare on Pacific coast of United States.

244. Curlew Sandpiper [Erolia ferruginea). L. 8;
B. 1.5, slightly curved. Ads. Below chestnut-rufous,
above rusty and black. Yng. Above brownish gray
margined with whitish; back blacker below white.
Winter. Above plain brownish gray; below white.

Range.— "Old World in general; occasional in Eastern North
America and Alaska." (A. O. U.)

106

Shore Birds

235. Purple Sandpiper {Arquatella maritima).
L. 9. Ads. Above black, margined with rusty and
cream-buff; below white, breast and sides heavily
marked with black. Winter. Head, neck, and breast,
slaty; back blacker, margined with slaty; central sec-
ondaries largely white.

Range. — "Northern portions of the northern hemisphere: in North
America chiefly the northeastern portions, breeding in the high north,
migrating In winter to the Eastern and Middle States (casually to
Florida), the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley." (A. O. U.)

236. Aleutian Sandpiper (Arquatella couest). L. 8.5.
Similar to No. 235, but ad. and yng. with more
ochraceous; in winter grayish margins to back lighter
and wider. Notes. When flying, a low, clear, musi-
cal tweo-tweo-tweo\ when feeding, clu-clu-clii. (Nelson.)

Range. — "Aleutian Islands and coast of Alaska, north to Kowak
River, west to Commander Islands, Kamchatka." (A. O. U.)

256. Solitary Sandpiper (Melodramas solitarius).

L. 8.4. Under wing-coverts, axillars, and all but
middle tail-feathers barred black and white. Ads.
Above fuscous with a faint greenish tinge; head and
neck streaked, back spotted with whitish ; below white;
throat and breast distinctly streaked with dusky. Yng.
Fewer spots and streaks above; breast markings fused.
Winter. Practically no white markings above.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Northern States
(rarely and sporadically) northward: little known of breeding habits;
winters south of United States to South America.

256a. Western Solitary Sandpiper (H. s. cinnamom

eus). Similar to No. 256, but spots above buffy, es-
pecially in fall; inner margin of outer primary speckled
black and white.

Range.- Western North America: breeds in British Columbia (ex-
act breeding range unknown) ; winters south of United States.

263. Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia). L.
7.5. Ads. Below white thickly spotted with bl?ck;
above brownish gray with a faint greenish lustre,
lightly marked with black. Yng. Similar above but
faintly margined with dusky and buff; below white,
breast grayer; no black marks. Winter. Same but no
margins above. Notes. Teet-weet, repeated.

Range. — North America, north to Hudson Bay; breeds throughout
Its North American range; winters from southern California and West
Indies to South America.

284. Black Turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala).
L. 9. No rusty; lower back, longer upper tail-coverts
and base of tail white; shorter upper tail-coverts black.
Ads. Above and breast brownish black; belly white.
Yng. Browner margined with whitish. Winter.
Same as Yng, but no margins. Notes. A sharp, weet,
weet, too-weet. (Nelson.)

Range.— "Pacific coast of North America from Point Barrow, Alas-
ka to Santa Margarita Island. Lower California; breeding from Alas-
ka to British Columb.a. " (A.O.UJ

107

Shore Birds

23 7. Pribilof Sandpiper (Arquatella ptilocnemis),

L. 10. Ads. Similar to No. 236 above but crowu
much lighter; breast with a black patch. Yng. Re-
semble adult above but breast grayish indistinctly
streaked and with a pale buff band; belly white.
Winter. Similar to yng. but slaty gray above.

Range. — "Breeding in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, and migrat-
ing to coast of adjacent mainland south of Norton Sound." (A.O.U.)

243a. Red-backed Sandpiper (Telidna alpina pa-
cifica). L. 8; B. 1.5; slightly curved. Ads. Belly
black; back chiefly rusty. Yng. Breast buffy, light-
ly streaked with dusky; belly white spotted with black;
back black, rusty, and buff. Winter. Above brown-
ish gray; below white; breast grayish, indistinctly
streaked.

Range. — North America; breeds in Arctic regions and winters from
Gulf States and California to South America.

246. Semipalmated Sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus).
L. 6.3; B. .6 to .8. Toes webbed at base. Ads.
Above brownish gray and black; little or no
rusty; below white, breast indistinctly streaked. Yng.
Above with rusty and whitish margins; below white,
breast grayish no streaks. Winter. Above brownish
gray with black shaft streaks; below white. Notes,
weet-weet.

Range. — Eastern North America: breeds in Arctic regions; winters
from Gulf States to South America.

247. Western Sandpiper {Ermnetes occidentalism .

Similar to preceding but bill longer .8 to 1.2; ads. more
rusty above, breast streaks more distinct and more
numerous. Notes. Call, a soft weet-weet; song, uttered on
the wing, "a rapid, uniform series of rather musical
trills." (Nelson.)

Range, — North America, chiefly west of Mississippi Valley; breeds
In Arctic regions; winters from Gulf States to South America.

248. Sanderling (Calidris armaria). L. 8. Three
toes, tarsus scaled. Ads. Above rusty, black and
grayish; below white, breast spotted, with black and
washed with rusty. Yng. Nape grayish, back blaek,
feathers with two white or yellowish white terminal
sp its; below silky white. Winter. Above brownish
gray with dusky shaft streaks; below silky white.

Range. — "Nearly cosmopolitan, breeding in Arctic and Sub-
Arctic regions, migrating, in America, south to Chili and Patagonia."
(A. O. U.)

108

Shore Birds

238. Sharp-tailed Sandpiper (Actodromas acumin

at a). L. 8.7. Tail feathers pointed. Ads. A white
line over eye; breast buff streaked with blackish.
Yng. Crown as in ad., back black and rusty; below
white, breast buffy, no streaks. Winter. Back gray-
ish brown streaked with blackish; below as in yng.,
but breast grayer and with indistinct streaks, Notes.
A soft metallic pleep-pleep. (Nelson.)

Range. — "Eastern Asia, and coast of Alaska, migrating south to
Java and Australia." (A. O. U.)

239. Pectoral Sandpiper (Actodromas metadata).
L. 9. Ads. Middle tail-feathers longest, pointed,
blackish margined with rusty; above black and rusty;
below white, breast thickly streaked; upper tail-coverts
black. Yng. and in winter much the same. Notes. Call,
a grating whistle; song, a hollow, resonant, musical
too-u, repeated eight times, made after filling esopha-
gus with air until it is puffed out to size of the body.
(Nelson.)

Range. — North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters south of
United States to South America; rare on Pacific coast.

240. White-rumped Sandpiper (Actodromas fusci-

collis). L. 7.5. Longer upper tail-coverts white. Ads.
Breast white, distinctly spotted or streaked. Yng. More
rufous above; breast less distinctly streaked. Winter.
Brownish gray above; similar to yng. below.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds in the interior north of
Hudson Bay; winters south of United States to southern South Amer-
ica; rare on Pacific coast.

241. Baird Sandpiper (Actodromas bairdii).
L. 7.5. No rusty in plumage. Ads. Longest upper
tail-coverts blackish; breast buffy, faintly streaked.
Yng. Similar, but back conspicuously margined with
whitish. Winter. Above "buffy grayish brown," no
white margins.

Range. — Interior of North America; breeds in the Arctic regions and
winters south of United States to southern South America.

242. Least Sandpiper (Actodromas minutilla). L. 6.

Smallest of our Sandpipers. Ads. Above black, buff
and rufous; below white breast lightly streaked. Yng.
Similar, but breast less distinctly streaked. Winter.
Above brownish gray, often streaked with black, be-
low white. Notes. Peep-peep.

Range.— North America; breeds from Sable Island and Magdalen?
northward; winters from Gulf States and California south to South
America.

109

Shore Birds

243. Marbled Godwit (Limosafedoa). L. 18; B. 4:

slightly recurved. Tail barred, cinnamon and black;
under wing-coverts cinnaimn with more or less fine
black markings. Ads. Above black and ochraceous;
below buffy white finely and uniformly barred with
black. Yng. Similar, but with no or with but few
bars below.

Range. — North America; breeds in the Interior from western Min-
nesota rarely Iowa and Nebraska northward; winters south of United
States to Central America and West Indies.

250. Pacific Godwit (Limosa lapponica baueri). L.16.
_ B. 3.7, slightly recurved, tail barred black and white;
under wing-coverts black and white. Ads. "Head,
neck and lower parts, plain cinnamon color." (Ridgw.)
Winter. Above black, grayish and rusty, former pre-
vailing; below white; throat streaked, elsewhere with
irregular, black bars. Notes. "A loud ringing ku-zre-.e,
repeated."

Range. — "Shores and Islands of the Pacific Ocean, from New Zea-
land and Australia to Kamchatka and Alaska. On the American coast
recorded south of Alaska only from La Paz, Lower California." (A.
O. U.)

25 1. Hudsonian Godwit {Limosa bcemastica).
L. 15; B. 3.2, slightly recurved. Under wing-coverts
dusky; upper tail-coverts black and white; tail black at
end, white at base. Ads. Above black, rusty and
grayish, below chestnut-red barred with blackish and
faintly tipped with white. Yng. Similar, but below
buffy whitish, breast grayer. Winter. Similar below
but above brownish gray.

Range. — Eastern North America chiefly interior; breeds In Arctic
Ree-ions; winters south of United States to South America.

270. Black-bellied Plover (Squatarola squatarola).

L. 11. Hind-toe present, small. Ads. Above black
and white, no yellowish; below black. Yng. Above
grayish bro\vn spotted with white and some yellowish;
below white. Winter. Similar to preceding but near-
ly uniform brownish above.

Range. — Northern Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions, winters in
America from Florida to Brazil.

272. American Golden Plover (Charadrius domini-

cus). L. 10.5; W. 7. No hind-toe; axillars dusky.
Ads. Above conspicuously spotted with yellow; be-
low black, sides of breast white. Yng. Duller above,
below grayish white with dusky marks and yellowish
wash. Winter. Similar but no yellow below. Notes.
Call, a plaintive too-lee-e; song, a marvelously har-
monious succession of notes. (Nelson.)

Range. — Western Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions; winters
from Florida to Patagonia, rare on Pacific coast.

272a. Pacific Golden Plover (C. d.fttlvus). Simi-
lar to No. 272 but wing shorter, 6.5; yellow richer.

Ss# Range. — "Breeding from northern Asia to the Pribilof IslmJs
3: and coast of Alaska, south in winter through China and India to
Australia and Polynesia." (A. O. U.)

110

Shore Birds

254. Greater Yellow-legs {Totanus melanoleucus).
L. 14; B. 2.2. No rusty; upper tail-coverts mostly
white; tail barred with black and white or gray. Ads.
Above black margined with whitish; below white and
black. Yng. Above grayish margined with whitish;
below white, breast lightly streaked. Winter. Simi-
lar but white margins less conspicuous. Notes. A
whistled when, wheu'wheu-wheu-wheu'wheu-wheu, wheu-
voheu.

Rjnge. — North America: breeds from Minnesota, rarely northern
Illinois, and Anticosti northward; winters from Gulf Statesand Cali-
fornia to southern South America.

255. Yellow-legs {Totanus flavipes). L. 10.7;
B. 1.4. Similar in color to preceding but smaller in
size.

Range. — North America; breeds rarely in upper Mississippi Valley
but chiefly north of latitude 55 ° ; winters from Gulf States to southern
South America; rare on Pacific coast.

258. Willet (Symphemia semipalmata). L. 15;
W. 8; B. 2.1. Primaries black with a broad white
band; upper tail-coverts mostly white. Ads. Above
brownish gray, black, and a little buff; below white
heavily marked with black and slightly washed with
buff. Yng. Above brownish gray margined with
buffy; below white, breast lightly streaked with dusky.
Winter. Similar, but above plain brownish gray.
Notes. Song, pil ' ly -unit-will et , repeated.

Range. Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to southern
New Jersey, later strays casually to Maine; winters from Gulf States
to South America.

2 58a. Western Willet (5. s. inornata). Similar to
No. 258 but slightly larger. W. 8.5; B. 2.4. In sum-
mer above paler, less heavily marked with black both
above and below. Yng. and Winter. Indistinguish-
able in color from No. 258.

Ringe — Western United States; breeds from Texas to Manitoba;
winters from southern California and Gulf States southward. A rare
migrant on Atlantic coast from South Carolina to Florida.

259. Wandering Tatler (Heter actitis tncanus). L.

11. Tail-coverts plain slaty gray. Ads. Above plain
slaty gray; below white barred with slaty gray. Yng.
Above slaty gray more or less margined with whitish;
breast and sides slaty gray; throat and belly white.
Winter. Similar, but no white margins above.

Range.— Pacific coast; breeds from British Columbia northward;
winters south to Hawaiian Islands and Galapagos.

282. Surf Bird (Apl/ri^a virgata). L. 10; B. 1.

Upper tail-coverts and base of tail-feathers white.
Ads. Above black, slaty, and rusty. Yng. Above
slaty margined with whitish; breast barred slaty and
whitish; belly white spotted with slaty. Winter. The
same, but no whitish margins.

Range. — "Pacific coast of America, from Alaska to Chili." (A. O.

V.)

Ill

Shore Birds

273. Killdeer (Oxyechus vociferus). L. 10.5. Rump
and upper tail-coverts rusty. Ads. Above grayish
brown and rusty; below white with two black rings.
Notes. A noisy kildee, kildee.

Range. — North America, north to Newfoundland, .Manitoba and
British Columbia; (rare on North Atlantic coast); breeds
throughout its range; winters from Virginia, Lower Mississippi Valley
and California south to South America.

274. Semipalmated Plover {/Egialitissemipalmata).

L. 6.7. Web between bases of inner and middle toes.
Ads.. One black ring around neck; a white ring in
front of it. Yng. Similar, but black parts brownish;
back margined with whitish. Winter. Same as last
but no whitish margins.

Range. — Breeds from Labrador northward; winters from Gulf
States to Brazil.

275. Ring Plover {JEgialitis hiaticula). L. 7.5.
No webs between toes. Similar to 274 but larger, bill
yellow at base, black or brown bands wider.

Range. — ;' Northern parts of Old World and portions of Arctic Amer-
ica, breeding on the west shore of Cumberland Gulf. " (A. O. I'.)

277. Piping Plover {/Egialitis melodd). L. 7; B.

short, .5. Very pale above. Ads. Above ashy,
crown and sides of breast black; no rusty. Yng. Sim-
ilar, but black replaced by ashy gray. Notes. A short
plaintive, piping whistle, repeated.

Range. Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia to Newfound-
land; winters from Florida southward.

277a. Belted Piping Plover {/E. m. circumcincta).

Similar to No. 277 but black on sides of breast meeting
to form a breast band.

Range. — Mississippi Valley; breeds from northern Illinois and Ne-
braska north to Lake Winnipeg, east to Magdalen arid Sable Islands;
winters from Gulf southward; casual migrant on Atlantic coast.

278. Snowy Plover {/Egialitis nivosa). L. 6.5.
No complete ring. Ads. Black on crown; ear-coverts
and sides of breast black. Yng. The same, but no
black; above margined with whitish. Winter. Same
as last but no whitish margins.

Range. — Western Tnited States east to Texas and Kansas; breeds
from Indian Territory and southern California northward; winters
from Texas and southern California southward.

2 80. Wilson Plover (Ochthodromus wilsonius).

L. 7.5; B. .8. No black on hind-neck. Ad. c?. One
black breast -and crown-band; some rusty about head.
Ad. 9. Similar but black areas brownish gray. Yng.
Same as last, but above margined with whitish.
Winter. No whitish margins.

Range. — Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia,
Gulf States, and Lower California; winters southward to Brazil;
casual north to Nova Scotia.

112

Order X. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, BOB-WHITES, Etc

GALLINAE.

Family 1. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, etc. Tetraonid.f.. 21
species, 22 subspecies.

Family 2. TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, etc. Phasiaxid.k. 1 species.
3 subspecies.

Family 3. CURASSOWS and GUANS. Cracid.*:. 1 species-

The members of the family Tetraonidse are usually placed in three
subfamilies as follows: (1.) Perdicinse, containing the true Quails
and Partridges of the Old World and with no species in America. (2.)
Odontophorinse, including the Bob-whites and so-called 'Quails' and
'Partridges' of the New World, and with no species in the eastern
hemisphere. (3.) Tetraoninae, the Grouse, with representatives in
the northern parts of both hemispheres. All the members of the first
two families have the legs bare, while the Grouse have the legs, and
often even the toes, more or less feathered.

The application of different names to the members of this family, in
various parts of the country, often make it uncertain just what species
is referred to under a given title. Our Bob-white, for example, is a
'Quail' at the north and a 'Partridge' at the south. As a matter of fact
it is, strictly speaking, neither a true Quail nor Partridge but a member
of a family restricted to America.

Again, the Ruffed Grouse is a 'Partridge' at the north and a
'Pheasant' at the south, whereas in truth it is neither one nor the
other. So far as the application of these local names goes, it is to
be noted that where the Bob-white is called 'Quail' the Grouse is
called 'Partridge' and that where it is called 'Partridge' the Grouse is
known as 'Pheasant'.

All the Tetraonidae are ground-inhabiting birds, and their plumage
of blended browns, buffs and grays brings them into such close har-
mony with their surroundings that, as a rule, we are unaware of the
presence of one of these birds until, with a whirring of short, stiff,
rounded wings it springs from the ground at our feet. It is this habit
of 'lying close,' as sportsmen term it, in connection with their excellent
flesh, which makes the members of this family the favorites of the
hunter and epicure and only the most stringent protective measures
will prevent their extinction as their haunts become settled.

113

Grouse, Partridges, Bob-whites, etc.

With the Ptarmigan this harmony in color is carried to a remarkable
extreme, the birds being white in winter and brown, buff and black in
summer; while during the early fall they assume a grayish, neutral
tinted plumage to bridge over the period from the end of the nesting
season, in July, to the coming of the snow in September.

The Tetraonidae all nest on the ground, laying usually from ten to
twenty eggs. The young, like those of their relative, the domestic
fowl, are born covered with downy feathers and can run about shortly
after birth.

The Turkey is the only wild member of the Phasianidae in
this county, but the family is well-represented in the domesticated
Chickens, Peacocks, and Pheasants, all of which have descended from Old
World ancestors. Our domesticated Turkey is derived from the Wild
Turkey of Mexico, which was introduced into Europe shortly after the
Conquest and was thence brought to eastern Xorch America. It differs
from the Wild Turkey of the eastern United States chiefly in the color of
the tips of the upper tail-coverts. These are whitish in the domesticated
Turkey, as they are in the Mexican race from which it has descended,
and rusty brown in the Eastern Wild Turkey.

Besides the five races of Wild Turkey described beyond, another
species of Turkey is found in America. This is the Honduras or Yu-
catan Turkey, now largely confined to the peninsula of Yucatan. It is
not so large as our bird, but is even more beautifully colored, its plum-
age being a harmonious combination of blue, gray and copper.

Ring-necked and 'English' Pheasants have been introduced into
various parts of the United States, and in Oregon and Washington and
in the east, on various private game preserves, they have become
naturalized. The true English Pheasant {Phasiauus colchicus) is b;
lieved to have been introduced into England from Asia Minor probably
by the Romans. Unlike the Ring-necked Pheasant {Phasiamis torquat-
7/s) it has no white collar. The last named species, however, has also
been introduced into England where it freely interbreeds with the ear-
lier established English Pheasant and individuals without at least a
trace of white on the neck are now comparatively rare.

The Curassows and Guans are tropical American birds, only one
species reaching the southern border of the United States. They are
arboreal in habit and form an interesting link between the Partridges,
etc. and the Pigeons.

114

Bib-whites and Partridges

289. Bob-white; 'Quail;' 'Partridge' (Colinus vir-
gimanus). L. 10. Ad. $. Throat, forehead and line
over eye white. Ad. % . Throat, forehead and line
over eye buff. Notes Song, a ringing, whistled
Bob-white or buck-wheat-ripe; calls, a conversational
quit-quit and a whistled whtre-are-you and Vm here,
repeatedly uttered when the individuals of a flock are
separated.

Range. — Eastern North America, resident from southern Dakota,
southern Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Vermont, New
Hampshire and Maine, south to Georgia and western Florida; west to
South Dakota. Nebraska. Kansas. Oklahoma, and eastern Texas.
"I l'roducfd at virious points in Colorado, New Mexico. Utah, Idaho,
California and Washington." (A. O. I.)

289a. Florida Bab- white (C. v. floridanus). Sim-
ilar to No. 280, but smaller, L. 8.5, and much darker;
black bars below mure numerous.

Range. — Florida; typical onlv in southern half of peninsula,
grading into No. 280 in northern and western parts of the state.

289b. Texan Bob-white ( C. v.texanus). Similar
to No. 289, but brown and buff areas paler; black bars
below wider.

Range. — Texas, except western part, rarely to western Kansas,
south to Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, Mexico.

291. Masked Bob-white {Colinus ridgwayi

<d. o7*- Throat black; breast and bellvreddis
'd. $. Resembles ? of No. 289b. Notes. S

291

A.

Ad

white; call, when

(H. Brown.)

the birds

_y0- L. 9.
'reddish brown.
Notes. Song, Bob-
scattered, hoo-we.

Range. — Northern Sonora, Mexico, north to Pima Count}

Arizona

29 6. Mearns Partridge (Cyrtonyx monte^umce
mearnsi). L. 9. Ad. $. Sides with numerous,
large, crowded white spots. Ad. 9. Pinkish brown,
above streaked with buffy and marked with chestnut
and black, below with a few broken black bars. Notes.
A low, murmuring whine; a clear dsiup-chiur; when
alarmed, chuk-chuk-chuk. (Bendirc.)

Range. — Nor'hern Mexico western Texas, southern New Mexico
and southern Arizona.

115

Partridges

292. Mountain Partridge (Oreortyxpictus). L. u.
Ads. Hindhead and nape same color as back; inner
margins of tertials buff. Notes. Song, an explosive
whistle ending in a throaty tone; call, a rapidly re-
peated cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh, and a sharp pit-pit.

Range. — Pacific coast from Santa Barbara, California, north to south-
ern Washington.

292a. Plumed Partridge (O. p. plumiferus). Hind-
head, nape, and foreback same color as breast; inner
margins of tertials white.

Range. — Sierra Nevada (both slopes^, east to Panamint Mountains,
and to Mount Magruder, Nevada; south in the coast ranges from San
Francisco Bay to Lower California (Campos). (A. O 0.)

292b. San Pedro Partridge (O. p. confinis). Sim-
ilar to No. 292a, but upperparts much grayer, the
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts being gray very
slightly tinged with olive; bill stouter. (Ridgway.)

Ranpre. — San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California

293. Scaled Partridge (Callipepla squamata). L.
10. Ads. Belly without chestnut patch; breast and
foreback grayish blue edged with black; back brown-
ish gray. Notes. A nasal pe-cos? pe-cos' (Bailey.)

Range.— "Tableland of Mexico, from the Valley of Mexico, north to
central and western Texas, Santa Fe, New Mexico and southern Ari-
zona." (A. O. U.)

293a. Chestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge (C. s.

castanogastris). Similar to No. 293, but o71 with chest-
nut patch on belly; 9 w'th belly much rustier than in
9 of No. 293.

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, northwest to Eagle Pass, Texas;
south into northeastern Mexico.

294. California Partridge (Lophortvx californica) .
L. 10. Ad. rj\ Above olive-brown; belly patch chest-
nut. Ad. $. Plumes shorter; throat whitish streak-
ed with dusky; no distinct chestnut patch on belly.
Notes. Song, a pheasant like crow and a crowing, em-
phatic sit-right-down' , sit-right-down' ; calls, a sharp
pit-pit pit, and a note like that of a young Robin.

Range. — "Coast region of California south to Monterey, introduced
in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia." (A. O. U.)

294a. Valley Partridge (L. c. vallicola). Similar
to No. 294, but much grayer above; sometimes plain
bluish gray without brown tinge.

Range. — "From western and southern Oregon, excipt near the
coast, south through western Nevada and the interior of California to
Cape St. Lucas." (Bendire.)

295. Gambel Partridge (Lophortvx gambelii).
L. 10. Ad. J1. Throat, forehead and belly patch
black; hindhead chestnut. Ad. $. Similar, but throat
grayish buff; forehead gray; no black on belly; hind
head brownish; crest smaller. Notes. Song, j/uk-kae-ja-

Range. — "Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah,
southern Nevada, southern California in the Colorado Valley .mj
south into northwestern Mexico." (A. O. U.)

116

Grouse

29 7. Dusky Grouse (TDendragapus obscurus). L.

cj', 20. 9, 18. Ad. <-j\ Gray tail-band otvr one inch
wide on middle feather; below grayish slate; above
blackish with fine rusty and grayish markings. Ad.
9- With more white below; foreback regularly barred
with buffy; middle tail-feathers irregularly barred with
buff or grayish; terminal gray band finely marked with
black. Notes. A loud, ventriloquial, hooting or boom-
ing.

Range. — "Rocky Mounta'ns, from central Montana and southeastern
Idaho to New Mexico and Arizona: east to the Black Hills, South Da-
kota and west to East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada." (A. O. U.)

297a. Sooty Grouse (D. o. fnliginosus). Similar
to No. 297, but slightly darker, gray band on central
tail feather less than one inch wide.

Range. — "Northwest Coast Mountains. from California to Sitka. east
to Nevada, western Idaho and portions of British Columbia." (A.O.U.)

297b. Richardson Grouse (D. 0. richardsonii) .

Similar to No. 297.1, but no tail band, or, if showing
indistinctly from above, not visible from below.

Range.— "Rocky Mountains, especially on the eastern slopes, from
central Montana, northern Wyoming and SDUtheastern Idaho, into
British America to Liard River." (A. O. U.)

298. Hudsonian Spruce Grouse (Canachites cana-
densis). L. 15. Ad. cf. Tail-feathers tipped with
brown; foreback margined with bluish gray. Ad. ?.
Above, bases of feathers more or less barred with rusty
especially on foreback; throat and breast barred with
rusty and black; belly as in male. Notes, A drumming
sound produced by the beating of the wings. (Ben-
dire.)

Range. — Labrador and Hudson Bay region.

298b. Alaska Spruce Grouse (C. c. osgoodi). Ad.
<-j\ Similar to Ad. r? of No. 298c, but margins to
feathers of foreback brownish ashy. Ad. $ . Similar
to Ad. $ of No. 298c, but paler, barred with buff in-
stead of rusty.

Range. —Alaska .

298c. Canada Grouse (C. c. canace). Ad. rf.
Similar to Ad. tf of No. 298. Ad. ?. Similar to Ad.
$ of No. 298, but above more rusty, rusty bars deep-
er and more conspicuous, showing throughout upper
surface and on flanks.

Range. — Northern New England, northern New York, New Bruns-
wick, Nova Scotia and Quebec west to northern Minnesota.

299. Franklin Grouse {Canachites franklinii). Re-
sembles No. 298, but tail without brown tips, some-
times tipped with white.

Range. — "Northern Rocky Mountains, from northwestern Montana to
the coast ranges of Oregon and Washington, and northward in British
America, reaching the Pacific coast of southern Alaska(latitude 6o° )."
(A. O. U.)

117

Grouse and Ptarmigan

300. Ruffed Grouse; 'Partridge;' 'Pheasant' (Bon-
ata umbellus). L. 17. Ad. tf. Prevailing color
above rusty brown; tail rusty or gray. Ad. $. Sim-
ilar but neck-tufts smaller. Notes. The male pro-
duces a drummmg sound by rapidly beating its wings;
the female utters a cluck and when defending her brood,
a singular low whining sound.

Range.— Eastern United States from Minnesota, southern Ontario,
southern New Hampshire and southern Vermont, south to Virginia
and along the Alleghanies to Georgia; west to northwestern Arkansas.

300a. Canadian Ruffed Grouse (B, u. togata).

Similar to No. 300, but slightly grayer above; tail
generally gray; bars on breast and belly darker and
better defined.

Range. — Spruce forests of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine
northern New Hampshire, northern Vermont and south to higher
mountains of Massachusetts and northern New York; west to easiern
slope of coast ranges of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia:
north to James Bay.

300b. Gray Ruffed Grouse (B. u. umbelloides).

Similar to No. 300a, but grayer; prevailing color of
upper-parts, including crown, gray; tail always gray.

Range.— Rocky Mountains, from Colorado north to latitude 650 In
Alaska, east to Mackenzie and poplar woods of western Manitoba.

300c. Oregon Ruffed Grouse (B. u. sabini) Sim-
ilar to No. 300, but much darker, prevailing color of
upper parts rusty brown; tail always rusty brown.

Range. — Pacific coast ranges from Cap? Mendocino, California,
north to British Columbia.

18

Ptarmigan

301. Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus). L.15.
Bill large, more than .4 deep at base; tail black, nar-
rowly tipped with white. Ad. $ Summer. Throat and
upper breast rusty brow n. Ad. tf Fall. Rustier and
more finely marked above. Ad. 9 Summer. Above
black barred with buff and tipped with white; below
buff barred with black; middle of belly whitish. Ad.
9, Fall. Much like fall male. Ads., Winter. White,
tail black tipped with white; no black before eye.
Notes. Song, hii-kfi-ki't-kii while ascending five or ten
yards in the air; a hard rolling kr-r-r-r when descend-
ing. (Nelson.)

Range. — Arctic Regions; in America breeding south to Lat. 5s0
in winter migrating south to Lat. 500 ; recorded once from Pe-
nobscot Co., Maine, and once from Manchester, Mass.

30! a. Allen Ptarmigan (/.. /. alleni). Similar to
No. 301, but 9 more finely marked; shafts of primaries,
at all seasons, strongly black spreading to the web of
the feather.

Range. — Newfoundland.

302. Rock Ptarmigan {Lagopus rupestris). L. 14.
Bill less than .4 deep at base; tail black. Always to
be known from No. 301 by its smaller bill. Ad. tf
Summer. Above irregularly barred and rW"'ed with
gray and rusty buff; below barred black and white and
rusty buff. Ad. r{' Fall. Above minutely speckled
black, gray and buff, the prevailing color being gray-
ish brown. Ad. tf Winter. White, lores and tail
black. Ad. 9 Summer. Above black barred with
rusty and margined with whitish; below rusty barred
with black and tipped with whitish. Ad. 9 Fall.
Like fall tf. Ad. 9 Winter. Like winter $ but no
black before eye.

Range. — North America from Gulf of St. Lawrence and higher
mountains of British Columbia north to Arctic Regions (except
northern Labrador) west through Alaska to Aleutian Islands.

302a. Reinhardt Ptarmigan (L. r. reinhardti).

Ad. cf Summer. Similar to No. 302, but "less regu-
larly and coarsely barred above" (Ridgw.) Ad. 9
Summer. Resembles 9 of No. 302. Ads. Fall Much
grayer than No. 302 in fall. Ads. Winter. Like No.
302 in winter. Notes. When courting the male utters
a growling kurr-kurr. (Turner.)

Range. — Northern Labrador north to Greenland.

302b. Nelson Ptarmigan (L. r. nelsont). Ad. tf,
Summer. Ground color of upperpa:ts deep umber-
brown, very finely and densely vermiculated; chest
barred with bright tawny brown and black. Ad. 9,
Summer. Similar to 9 of No. 302. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Unalaska, Aleutian Islands.

119

Ptarmigan

302c. Turner Ptarmigan (L. r. atkhensis). Light-
er in general hue than 3020" and without black blotch-
es on upperparts. (Elliot.) Ad. $, Summer. "Ground
color of upperparts pale raw-umber brown, mixed
with pale grayish; chest and neck barred with pale
brownish ochre and black." Ad. §, Summer. Ground
color of upperparts rusty, mixed with pale grayish
buff, narrowly and irregularly barred with black; chest
and neck coarsely barred with rusty and black.
(Ridgw.)

Range.— Atka, Aleutian Islands.

302d. Townsend Ptarmigan I L. r. townsendi). Ad.
el , Summer. Above, breast and flanks raw umber
finely vermiculated with black on back; with black
blotches on head, neck and upperpart of back and wings.
Ad. ?, Summer. Above ochraceous, bbtched and
barred with black, lighter below. (Elliot.)

Range. — Kyska and Adak. Aleutian Islands.

302.1. Evermann Ptarmigan {Lagopus evermanni).
L. 13.9. Ad. ci , Summer. Above and breast black
slightly marked with rusty. Ad. Q, Summer. Entire
body plumage, ochraceous, blotched and barred with
black and above tipped with white or ochraceous; be-
low black bars wider and no white tips. (Elliot.)

Range. — Attu, Aleutian Islands.

303. Welch Ptarmigan {Lagopus welchi). L. about
14. Bill and tail as in No. 302; plumage grayer than
in No. 302. Ad. cf, Summer. Above black finely and
irregularly marked with wavy lines of buff and white.
Ad. 2 , Summer. Above black finelv and irregularly
barred with buffy, grayish and white.

Range. — Newfoundland

304.? White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus).
L. 13. Tail white. Ad. rj\ Summer. Breast toarred,
black and white. Ad. 2, Summer. Above black
barred with rich buff; below rich buff barred with
black. Ads., Fall. Above and breast rich buff fine-
ly vermiculated with black. Ads. , Winter. Entirely-
white. Notes. When about to fly and at the begin-
ing of flight a sharp cackle like that of a frightened
hen. (GrinnellJ

Range. — "Alpine summits of Rocky Mountains; south to New
Mex co; north into British America (as far as Fort Halkett. Liar J
River); west to higher ranges of Oregon, Washington, and British
Columbia." (Bendire.)

304a.? Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan (L. I. penin-
sular is). Similar to No. 304, but in summer buff
markings much paler; in fall, colors much grayer.

Range. — Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.

120

Prairie Hens and Grouse

305. Prairie Hen | Tympanuchus americanus). L.

18. Underparts with distinct brown and white bars of
about equal width. Ad rf. A neck-tuft of ten or
more rounded feathers. Ad. ?. Neck-tufts much
smaller; whole tail barred. Notes. Song, a loud
"booming."

Range. — "Prairies of Mississippi Valley; south to Louisiana and
Texas: east to Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan and Ontario;
west through eastern portions of North Dakota, South Dakota, Ne-
braska, Kansas and Indian Territory; north to Manitoba; general
tendency to extension of range westward and contraction eastward;
migration north and south in Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri." (A.
O. U.)

305a. Attwater Prairie Hen (7. a. attwateri).

Similar to No. 305, but smaller and darker; neck-tufts
proportionately wide; tarsus not fully feathered.

Range. — Southwestern Louisiana and eastern Texas.

306. Heath Hen (Tympanuchus cupido). Similar to
No. 305, but smaller; scapulars more broadly tipped
with buff; neck-tuft of less than ten feathers; obtusely
pointed', axillars barred with dusky.

Range. — Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.

307. Lesser Prairie Hen (Tympanuchus pallidicinc-

tus). Similar to No. 305, but smaller, more buffy
above; brown bars below narrower than whitish
spaces between them. Notes. Doubtless the same as
those of No. 305.

Range. — Southwestern parts of Kansas and western Indian Terri-
tory, western (and southern?) Texas. (Bendlre.)

308. Sharp-tailed Grouse (Pedioecetes phasianellus) .
L. 17. Breast feathers with internal V shaped loops;
no neck-tufts. Ads. Prevailing color above black;
narrowly barred with rusty and margined with paler.

Range — Interior of British America, east to Rocky Mountains,
about James Bav (Moose Factory) and the west shore of Hudson
Bay, northern Manitoba, north at least to Fort Simpson, Mackenzie
River, northwest territory. (Bendire.)

308a. Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse (P. p. co-
lumbianus). Similar to No. 308, but prevailing color
above buffy.

Range. — "Northwest United States; south to northeastern Cali-
fornia, northern Nevada and Utah; east to Montana and Wyoming,
west to Oregon and Washington: north, chiefly west of Rocky
Mountains, through British Columbia to central Alaska (Fort Yukon) "
(Bendire.)

308b. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse {P. p. camp-

estris). Similar to No. 308a, but more rusty. Notes.
Song, a bubbling crow, a rattling of tail-feathers, and
stamping of feet. Calls, when disturbed, each, cack,
cock; a soft clear whistle and a grunt of alarm. (Seton.)
Call of mother to young and of young in reply a gut-
tural, raucous croak. (Grinnell.)

Range — "Plains and prairies of United States, north to Manitoba;
east to Wisconsin and northern Illinois; west to eastern Colorado;
south to eastern New Mexico." (Bendire.)

121

Grouse, Turkeys and Chachalaca

309. Sage Grouse (Centrocercus uropliasianus). Ad.
tf',L. 29; Ad. ?, L. 22. Similar to o71, but smaller,
throat whiter; breast barred black and whitish. Notes.
When courting, low, grunting, guttural sounds; when
alarmed, a sort of cackle, kak, kak. (Bendire.)

Range. — "Sage regions of the Rockv Mountain Plateau, and west
chiefly within the United States, but north to Assiniboia and the dry
Interior of British Columbia: east to North Dakota. South Dakota,
Nebraska and Colorado; south to northern New Mexico, Utah and Ne-
vada; west in California, Oregon and Washington, to the Sierra Ne-
vada and Cascade Range." (A. O. U.)

Pheasant (Pbasianus torquatus x P. colchicus). An
introduced species, see remarks on page 114.

3 10. Wild Turkey [Meleagris gallopavo silvestris).
<$ Ad. L. about 48: upper tail-coverts and tail tipped with
rusty chestnut; white bars in primaries entire.crossing the
webs of the feathers. Notes. Similar to those of the
domesticated Turkey.

Range. — Eastern United States from Pennsylvania south to central
Florida; west to Nebraska and northeastern Texas.

310a. Merriam Turkey (M. g. merriami). Similar
to No. 310, but tail and upper tail-coverts tipped with
whitish.

Range — "Mountairs of southern Colorado. New Mexico. Arizona
and western Texas; and northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico."
(Bailey.)

3 10b. Florida Wild Turkey {M. g. osceola). Sim-
ilar to No. 310, but smaller; primaries with narrow
broken bars not reaching across feather.

Range. — Southern Florida.

3 I Oc. Rio Grande Turkey ( M. g. intermedia). Tips
of upper tail-coverts and of tail rusty buff intermediate
in color between those of Nos. 310 and 310a.

Range. — "Lowlands of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico."

(A O. U.)

311. Chachalaca {Qrtahs vetula maccalli). L. 21.
Ads. Above olive-brown; tail blacker, all but middle-
feathers bordered with whitish; belly brownish. V ' .
A loud, trumpeting c/ia-cha-laca, repeated a number of
times.

Range. — Tropical portions of eastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz north
to Lower Rio Grande Valley.

122

Order XI. PIGEONS AND DOVES.

COLUMB^.

Family 1. PIGEONS and DOVES. Columbine. 13 species, 3
subspecies.

Pigeons are distributed throughout the greater part of the globe, but
their center of abundance appears to be in the Malay Archipelago,
where about one hundred and twenty of the some three hundred
known species are found. One hundred or more species have been
described from the New World but only twelve of these inhabit North
America.

The various races of domestic Pigeons, 'Pouters,' 'Fantails,' etc. are
descendants of the Rock Dove of Europe, modified in form and habit
through the selection by the breeder or 'fancier.'

Pigeons build a flimsy, platform nest of twigs and lay two white
eggs. Both sexes incubate, one relieving the other at certain hours
each day. The young are born naked and are fed by regurgitation,
on 'Pigeons' milk,' the parent thrusting its bill into the mouth of its
young and discharging therein food which has been softened in its own
crop.

Some species of Pigeons nest in isolated pairs, others in large colo-
nies, but it is the habit of many species to gather in large flocks after
the nesting season.

The Wild or Passenger Pigeon, once so abundant in this county, was
found in flocks throughout the year. Alexander Wilson, the 'father of
American Ornithology' writing about 1808, estimated that a flock of
Wild Pigeons seen by him near Frankfort, Kentucky, contained at
least 2,230,272,000 individuals. Audubon writes that in 1805 he saw
schooners at the wharves in New York city loaded in bulk with Wild
Pigeons caught up the Hudson River, which were sold at one cent each.

As late as 1876 or 1877 there was a colony of nesting Wild Pigeons
in Michigan, which was twenty-eight miles long and averaged three or
four miles in width, and in 1331 the birds were still so abundant in
parts of the Mississippi Valley that the writer saw thousands of birds,
trapped in that region, used i i a Pigeon match near New York City.

Today, however, as a result of constant persecution, the Wild Pigeon
is so rare that the observation of a single individual is noteworthy.

123

Pigeons and Doves

I

3 12. Band-tailed Pigeon (Columba fasciata). L.

15. Ad. c?. Tail-band ashy above, whiter below;
a white nape-band; tail square. Ad. $. Similar, or
in some specimens, nape band absent; pinkish of crown
and breast dingy. Notes. An owl-like hooting, some-
times a calm -wlioo-lioo-fioo, whoo-hoo-hoo, at others a
spirited hoop-ah-whoo, and again whoo-ugh. (Bailey.)

Range. — "Western United States from Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific; north to Washington and British Columbia; south to Mexico
and the highlands of Guatemala: distribution irregular, chiefly in
wooded mountain regions.'' (A. O. U.J

3 12a. Viosca Pigeon (C.f. riosar). Similar to No.
312, but paler, more clearly bluish slate above; pink of
crown and breast with a grayish bloom.

313.

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.

313. Red-billed Pigeon (Columba flavirostrts). L.

15. Ads. No tail-band; wings, tail, and belly slate;
head and neck purplish pink; no iridescent markings.
Notes. A fine, loud, coo-whoo-er-zi'hoo.

Range. — Costa Rica migrating north to southern Texas. New Mex-
ico and Arizona.

3/4.

«N>

3 14. White-crowned Plqeon(Columbaleucocephala).

L. 13.5 Ad. cJ1. Crown white; body slate; lower
hindneck iridescent; nape maroon. Ad. ?. Much
paler; crown ashy.

Range, — Greater Antilles and islands about Anegada Channel,
coast of Honduras, Bahamas and certain Florida Keys.

124

Pigeons and Doves

3 15. Passenger Pigeon, Wild Pigeon (Ectopistes
migratorius). L. 16. Outer tail-feathers chestnut at
base of inner web. Ad. o7'- Chin, whole head, and
lower back bluish slate. Ad. ?. Browner above,
breast brownish ashy; neck feathers less iridescent.
Notes. An explosive, squeaky, squawk.

Range. — Formerly eastern North America north to Hudson Bay;
now exceedingly rare, less so in the upper Mississippi valley than
elsewhere.

3 16. Mourning Dove, Carolina Dove {Zenaidura
mat roura). L. 1 1.8. Outer tail-feathers slate color at
base of inner web. Ad. tf. Chin whitish; sides of
head buffy; a black ear mark. Ad. 9- Similar but
paler, breast more ashy brown, neck-feathers less
iridescent. Notes. Coo-o-o-ah,coo-o-o-coo-o-o-coo-o-o.

Range. — North America, breeding from West Indies and Mexico 3/6
north 10 southern Maine. Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and British
Columbia; winters from southern New York, southern Illinois, Kansas
and southern C tlifornia southward.

317. Zenaida Dove {Zenaida ^enaida). L. 10.

Ad. o7*- Tail short, without white markings; all but cen-
tral pair of feathers tipped with ashy blue; secondaries
tipped with white. Ad. ?. Similar but pinkish of
crown and underparts brownish; neck feathers less
iridescent. Notes. Resemble those of No. 316, but
are louder and deeper.

Range. — Greater Antilles, coast of Yucatan and Bahamas, north in
April to Florida Keys.

318. White-fronted Dove (Lefitotila fulviventris
hrachypte'ra). L. 12. No black ear-mark; under wing-
coverts rusty chestnut. Ad. cf . Forehead whitish;
all but central pair of tail-feathers tipped with white.
Ad. 9. Forehead dingier; breast brownish ashy;
neck feathers less iridescent. Notes. A short, soft

Range. — Central America and Mexico, north in February' to valley
of Lower Rio Grande.

125

Pigeons and Doves

319. White-winged Dove {Melopelia leucoptera).
L. 12. Wing-coverts, externally, widely margined
with white; large black ear marks. Ads. All but cen-
tral pair of tail-feathers bluish slate with a black band
and whitish tip. Notes. A loud, crowing cookeree-
cookeree-coo-ree-coo, crow-co-er-coo, crow-co-er-coo.

Range. — Southern border of United States from Texas to Arizona-
south to Lower California and Central America, Cuba and Jamaica,
casual at Key West, Florida.

320. Ground Dove; Mourning Dove (Columbigal-
Una passerina terrestris). L. 6.7. Smallest of our
Doves. Ad. (?. Forehead and underparts deep vina-
ceous pink; hindhead and nape ashy blue margined
with dusky; base of bill coral, tip black. Ad. $.
Forehead and breast brownish gray; breast feathers
with dusky centers and margins. Notes. A soft,
:rooning coo.

Range. — Atlantic and Gulf States north to northern North Carolina
west to eastern Texas; more common neir coast.

320a. Mexican Ground Dove (C. p. pallescens).

Similar to No. 320, but forehead and underparts much
paler; back grayer.

Range. — 'Texas to southern California and south to Central America.

320b. Bermuda Ground Dove (C. />. bermudiana).

Similar to 320a, but smaller and paler; bill wholly
black. (Bangs and Bradlee.)

Range. — Bermuda.

32 1. Inca Dove (Scardafella inca). L. 8. Ads.
Tail long, outer feathers tipped with white; plumage
above and below margined with dusky, giving a scaled
appearance.

Range. — Southern Texas (San Antonio), southern Mexico and
southern Arizona south to Lower California and Central America.

322. Key West Quail-Dove [Geotrygon cbrysia).

L. 12. Ads. A white line below eye; belly white;
back rich rusty with beautiful, metallic, purplish, green
and blue reflections; tail rusty with no white.

Range.— Cuba, Hayti, Bahamas and, rarely, Florida Keys.

322.1. Ruddy Quail-Dove {Geotrygon montana).

L. 11. Ad. (J1. No white line below eye; breast dull
pinkish; belly deep buff; back rich rusty with purplish
reflections, tail rusty without white. Ad. 9. Above
olive-brown with greenish reflections; below rusty
buff.

Range. — Mexico south to Brazil; West Indies; casual at Key West

Florida

323. Blue-headed Quail Dove (Starncenas cyanocep-
halo). L. 12. Ads. Crown and sides of throat dull
blue; middle of upper breast black with white bars
and pinkish tips; belly rusty brown, lower back as in
No. 316. Notes. A hollow sounding bu-ub, the first
syllable lonjj, the second short. (Gundlach.)

Range. — Cuba, and rarely Florida Keys.

126

Order XII. VULTURES, HAWKS, AND OWLS.

RAPTORES.

Family 1. AMERICAN VULTURES. Cathartid.k. 3 species.

Family 2. FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, etc. Falcoxid.i:. 33
species, L3 subspecies.

Family 3. P>ARN OWLS. Strigid.e. 1 species.

Family 4. HORNED OWLS. Bubonid.e. 19 species, 20 sub-
species.

In the Raptores we have a group of birds of great value to man but
whose services for the most part, are so little appreciated that, far from
protecting these birds, we have actually persecuted them.

The Vultures, it is true, are given credit for their good work as
scavengers and they are protected both by law and by public sentiment.
Every one knows that a living Vulture is infinitely more useful than a
dead one. As a result throughout countries inhabited by these birds
they are usually both abundant and tame, entering the cities to feed
in the streets with an assurance born of years of immunity from harm.

But how differently their kin of the family Falconidae act in their
relations to man! 'Wild as a Hawk' has become an adage. These
birds are universally condemned. To kill one is a commendable act.
Every ones hand is raised against them. In some localities a price
has actually been set upon their heads.

A fondness for chickens, it is alleged, is the chief crime of Hawks,
and in popular parlance all Hawks are 'Chicken Hawks' and as such
are to be killed on sight.

Naturalists have long been aware that only one of our common
Hawks habitually preys upon poultry while most of our species, by
feeding largely on meadow mice, are actually beneficial. It was not,
however, until this matter received the attention of the Biological
Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, that the
economic status of Hawks, as well as of Owls, was placed on a sound
scientific basis. In Dr. A. K. Fisher's report on the food of Hawks
and Owls, issued by the Biologic Survey in 1893, the results of
the examination of the contents of several thousands stomachs of these
birds is tabulated. It is stated, for example, that only three out of
two hundred and twenty stomachs of the so-called 'Chicken' or Red-

127

Vultures, Hawks, and Owls.

shouldered Hawk contained the remains of poultry, while mice were
found in no less than one hundred and two, and insects in ninety-two.

That the Sparrow Hawk is also wrongly named is clear from a study
of its food, only fifty-four out of three hundred and twenty stomachs
examined containing remains of birds, while insects were found in two
hundred and fifteen.

As a matter of fact, among our commoner Hawks, the Cooper and
Sharp-shinned are the only ones feeding largely on birds and poultry,
and if the farmer will take the pains to ascertain what kind of Hawk it
is that pays unwelcome visits to his barn-yard, he will be spared the
injustice of condemning all Hawks for the sins of one or two.

Feeding after sunset, when the small mammals are most active,
Owls are even more beneficial than Hawks. The Great Horned Owl,
it is true, has an undue fondness for poultry, but the bird is generally
so rare near thickly populated regions that on the whole it does com-
paratively little harm.

Fortunately, it is those Owls which are most common in settled
regions which are of most value to man. Thus, our little Screech Owl
feeds chiefly on mice and insects. Only one of the two hundred and
fifty-five stomachs examined by Dr. Fisher contained the remains of
poultry while mice were found in ninety-one and insects in one hundred.
Of the Short-eared or Marsh Owl, seventy-seven out of one hundred
and one stomachs contained mice remains, and the same injurious
little rodents were found in eighty-four out of one hundred and seven
stomachs of the Long-eared Owl.

The bones and hair of the small mammals eaten by Owls are rolled
into oblong pellets in the stomach and are ejected at the mouth.
These pellets may often be found in large numbers beneath the roosts
in which Owls pass the day. In 200 such castings of the Barn Owl Dr.
Fisher found the remains of 454 small mammals of which no less than
225 were meadow mice.

Hawks build large bulky nests of sticks placing them usually well up
in large trees, and lay, as a rule, four eggs which are generally whitish,
blotched with brown. The Marsh Hawk is an exception. Its nest
built largely of grasses, is placed on the ground in marshes and the
eggs, often numbering six and rarely eight, are bluish white unmarked.

The Owls nest in holes in trees or banks, or, in some instances, an
old Hawk or Crow nest may be occupied. The eggs usually number
three to five and are always pure white.

128

Vultures and Osprey

324. California Vulture {Gymnogyps californianus) .
L. 44-55; Ex. 8 1-2 to nearly 11 feet. (Ridgw.) Ads.
Head and neck orange, blue, and red, unfeathered;
feathers around neck and on underparts narrow and
stiffened; greater wing-coverts tipped with white;
under wing-coverts white.

Range. — "Coast ranges of southern California from Monterey Bay.
south to Lower California and east to Arizona" (Bailey). Recorded
from Burrard Inlet, British Columbia (Fannin).

325. Turkey Vulture; Turkey Buzzard (Cathartes
aura). L. 30; T. 11. Ads. Head and neck red un-
feathered; brownish black; no white in plumage; bill
whitish. Notes. A low hissing sound when disturbed.

Range. — Western Hemisphere from central and northeast New
Jersey, central Illinois, northern Minnesota, the Saskatchewan region
and British Columbia, south to Patagonia: winters from southern
New Jersey, southern Illinois and southern California southward.

326, Black Vulture; Carrion Crow {Catharista
urubu). L. 24. T. 8. Ads. Head and neck unfeath-
ered, black, plumage black; under surface of wings silvery.
A >tes. A low grunting sound when disturbed.

Range. — Tropical America, north, as a resident to North Carolina,
southern Illinois and southern Kansas: west to the Plains, south to
northern South America, strays as far north as Maine and South Da-
kota.

364. American Osprey; Fish Hawk (Pandion halia-
etus carolinensis) . L. 23. Nape white; feet large; no
bars on primaries. Ad. <$. Below white with few or
no spots on breast. Ad. 9. Similar, but breast with
numerous grayish brown spots and streaks. Notes.
Loud, plaintive, whistles.

Range. — America; breeds from Florida. Texas and Lower California,
north to Labrador, Great Slave Lake and northern Alaska; winters
from South Carolina and Lower Mississippi Valley to northern South
America.

129

Kites and Marsh Hawk

327. Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoidesforficatus). L.

24. Ads. Back purplish black, wings and tail blue-
black. Notes. A shrill, keen, e-e-e or we-we-we. (Ben-
dire.)

Range. — Middle America; summers north to Virginia, central Illi-
nois, northern Minnesota. Manitoba and Dakota; west to central Kan-
sas, rarely to Colorado; winters in Central and South America.

328. White-tailed Kite {Elanus leucurus). L. 15.5.

Ads. Shoulders black; back and middle tail-feathers
ashy gray; rest of tail-feathers, forehead and underparts
white. Yng. Upperparts with rusty. Notes. A plain-
tive, musical whistle. (Barlow.)

Range. — Middle America north to South Carolina, southern Illinois,
Indian Territory, western Texas, Arizona and central California:
south to Argentine Republic; rare east of the the Mississippi.

329. Mississippi Kite (Iclmia raississippiensh) . L.
14. Ads. Head, ends of secondaries, and un lerparts
bluish gray; back bluish slate; tail black without b irs.
Yng. Head streaked black and white; back blackish,
tipped with rusty; tail with three or four broken white
bars; underparts buffy, streaked with rusty and
blackish.

'"• Range. — Middle America: breeds north to South Carolina, southern

Illinois and Kansas; winters in tropics.

330. Everglade Kite; Snail Hawk {Rostrhamus so-
ciabilis). L. 18. Longer upper tail-coverts and base
of tail white. Ads. Slaty black; end of tail with
brownish and whitish bands. Yng. Above blackish
brown tipped with rusty; below mottled rusty, black-
ish and buff.

Range. Tropical America north to southern Florida and eastern
Mexico; south to Argentine Republic.

33 1. Marsh Hawk; Harrier {Circus budsonius).

L. rf, 19; 9, 22. Upper tail-coverts and base of tail
white. Ad. rf. Above gray or ashy; underparts with
rusty spots. Ad. $, and Yng. Above brownish
black with more or less rusty, particularly on the nape;
below brownish rusty with black streaks on breast.
Notes. A peevish scream and peculiar clucking or
cackling. (Preston.)

Range. — North America, breeds locally north to about latitude 60 ° ;
winters from southern New York, northern Illinois, northern Kansas
Colorado and British Columbia south to Central America.

130

Hawks

332. Sharp-shinned Hawk {Accipitervelox). L. cT>
II. 2; 2, 13-5; T. d\ 5-5; V, 7. Tail square at end.
/&fc. Above slaty gray; crown darker; below barred
white and rusty brown. Yng. Above blackish brown
lightly margined with rusty; below white streaked
with brown. Note the relatively long tail in this and
the two following species. Notes. Cac-cac-cac.
(Ralph.)

Range.— North America; breeds throughout its range but chiefly

northward; winters from Massachusetts and Vancouver Island south-
ward.

333. Cooper Hawk {Accipiter cooperii). L. tf,
15.5; 9, 10; T. cf, 7-7', ?> 9- Similar in color to No.
332, but tail rounded; adult with crown blacker. Notes.
A cackling or chattering. (Bendire. )

Range. — North America: breeds from southern Mexico north to
British America; winters from Massachusetts, Lower Mississippi Val-
ley and Oregon southward.

334. American Goshawk {Accipiter atricapillus) .

L. p7*, 22; §, 24; T. cf , 10; 2, 11. 5. Ads. Above
blui>h slate; crown darker; a whitish line over the eye
to the nape; below finely marked with gray and white.
Yng. Above blackish brown, rusty and buff; below
buffy white streaked with blackish.

Range.— North America; breeds chiefly north of United States;
winters south to New Jersey, rarely Virginia, Illinois, Missouri and
Kansas; west to Oregon.

334a. Western Goshawk {A. a. striatulus). Simi-
lar to No. 334, but Ad. dark plumbeous above, mark-
ings on lower parts heavier and darker. Stripes on
lower parts of >'//». broader and blacker. (Ridgw.)
Notes. A shrill scream and a frequently repeated
keeab or kreeab. (Bendire.)

Range.— "Western North America; north to Sitka, Alaska; south to
California: east to Idaho. Breeds in the Sierra Nevada south to
latitude 38°. " (A. O. U.)

346. Mexican Goshawk (Asturina plagiata). L.

17. Ads. Above slaty fjray; below barred slaty-gray
and white. Yng. Above blackish brown with rusty
markings, particularly on wing-coverts; longer upper
tail-coverts white with black spots or bars; tail brown-
ish with numerous black bars; below whitish with
large elongate spots. Notes. A peculiar piping note
uttered while hovering in the air. (Bendire.)

Range. — Middle America, from Panama north, in March, to Mexican
border of United States.

131

Hawks

335. Harris Hawk {Tarabuteo unicinctus harrisi)

L. cT, 19; ?, 22. Lunger upper tail-coverts, base and
tip of tail white. Ads. Shoulders, thighs and under
wing-coverts, reddish brown; under tail-coverts white.
Yng. Similar but streaked below with rusty, buff and
black; legs barred with white. Notes. A long, harsh,
Buteo-like scream. (V. Bailey.)

Range. — Middle America from Panama north to southern Texas,
rarely Mississippi and iouthern California.

337. Red-tailed Hawk 1 Buteo borealis). L. tf, 20;
9,23. Four outer primaries notched. Ads. Tail
rusty brown with a black band, sometimes broken,
near its tip; below buffy white, a band of spots across
the belly; legs usually without bars. Yi/g. Tail gray-
ish brown with a rusty tinge and numerous blackish
bars; upper tail-coverts barred black and white; below-
less buffy than in adult; legs more often barred. Notts.
A shrill whistle, suggesting the sound of escaping
steam.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Great Plains, north to
i'bout latitude 6o° : breeds throughout its range; winters from Mass-
achusetts, Illinois and South Dakota southwatd.

337a. Krider Hawk (B. b. kriderii). Similar to
No. 337, but nearly or wholly white below. Ads.
Usually without black tail band.

Range. — "Great Plains of United States from Minnesota to Texas:
east irregularly or casually to Iowa and northern Illinois." (Bendire).

337b. Western Red-tail (B. b. calurus). Very
variable in color. Ads. Sometimes sooty brown
above and below with more or less rusty; in light phase
resembles No. 337, but tail averages paler and some-
times has more than one bar; the underparts are deeper
and legs are usually barred with rusty. Yng. Similar
to Yng. of No. 337, but markings below heavier;
flanks more barred.

Range. — Western North America from Rocky Mountains to Pacific;
north to British Columbia, south to central America; generally resi-
dent.

337d. Harlan Hawk (B. b. barlani). Ads. Above
sooty brown; tail closely mottled with blackish, rusty
and whitish; below varying from white, more or less
spotted on belly to sooty brown. Yng. Similar, but
tail barred with blackish, gray, rusty or whitish.

Range. — '"Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Valley, north (cas-
Kansas, Iowa, Illinois and Pennsylvania; east to Georgia
and Florida." (Bendire).

131!

Hawks

339. Red-shouldered Hawk {Buteo lineatus). L.

cf, 18.3; V , 20. 3. Four outer primaries notched. Ads.
Lesser wing-coverts bright reddish brown. Yug. Be-
low whitish streaked with brownish; lesser wing-cov-
erts less reddish; primaries with rusty buff. Notes. A
loud screaming kee-ver, kee-ver.

Range. — Eastern United States to Oklahoma, eastern Kansas,
eastern Nebraska and Minnesota, north to Maine, south to northern
Florida; generally resident.

339a. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk (B. l.alleni).

Smaller than No. 339- (W. o7'. "•) Ad. Much
grayer above, no rusty on head, much paler below.

Range. — Florida north along coast to South Carolina; west along
coast to eastern Texas.

339b. Red-bellied Hawk (B. 1. ehgans). Similar
to No. 3 3Q, but rusty of breast usually unbroken.
Young with lower parts deep brownish or dusky pre-
vailing; less buff on primaries. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Pacific coast from Lower California north to British
Columbia; east rarely to Colorado and western Texas.

342. Swainson Hawk {Buteo swainsoni). L. tf , 20.

Three outer primaries notched. Ad. rf. Breast patch
rusty brown. Ad. ?. Breast-patch grayish brown.
Dark phase. Brownish black more or less varied with
rusty; tail obscurely barred. Yug. Below rich rusty
buff with elongate black spots. Notes. Pi-tick, pi-tick,
frequently repeated. (^Bendire.)

Range. — "Western North America from Wisconsin, Illinois, Ar-
kansas and Texas to the Pacific coast; north to Arctic regions and
south to Argentine Republic, casual east to Maine and Massachu-
setts. Breeds nearly throughout its North American range." (A. O.
U.)

343. Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus). L.
o7, 15.8; 9,16.7. Three outer primaries notched. Ads.
Tail with two whitish bands and a brownish tip; be-
low barred with rusty brown. Yug. No buff in prim-
aries; tail brownish with several black bars; below
whitish, streaked with blackish. Notes. A high,
sharp, keen, penetrating whistle.

Range. — Eastern North America, breeds west to Plains, north to
New Brunswick and Saskatchewan: winters from southern New
Jersey south to northern South America.

133

Hawks and Caracara

340. Zone-tailed Hawk {Buteo abbreviatus) . L.J*,
19; j . 21. AJs. Tail with liltle if any white tip;
itunr webs of all but "Riddle fe ithers with black and
white bars. Yng. Brow ner; tail grayish brown; white
on inner webs, with numerous blackish bars. Notes.
Not unlike those of Buteo borealis. (Belding.)

Range.— Tropical America north to southern Texas, southern Ari-
zona and southern California.

344. Short-tailed Hawk {Buteo bracbyurus) . L.

17; T. 7. Ads. Above slaty gray, tail barred with
black and tipped with white; sides of breast rusty; rest
of underparis white. Dark phase. Blackish, forehead
whitish; tail lighter than back, barred with black.
Yng. Above blackish brown, below cream buff,
without black markings. Notes. Somewhat resemb-
ling the scream of the Red-shouldered Hawk, but more
prolonged. (Pennock.)

Range.— Tropical America, north to eastern Mexico; rare in Flori-

345. Mexican Black Hawk {Urubitinga anthracina).
L. (j\ 19; 9,2i. Ads. Tail with a white tip and
broad white band across all the feather^. Yng. Above
brownish black, buff and rusty; below buffy striped
with blackish; tail with several black and whitish bars.
Notes. Piping cries like the spring whistle of Numenius
longirost ris. ( B e n d i re . )

Range.— "Tropical America in general, north to central Arizona,
and the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas.'' (Bendire).

362. Audubon Caracara [Polyborus cheriway).

L. 22. Tail white witli a black end and numerous
black bars. Ads. Breast and hindneck barred; belly
black. Yng. Crown, back', and belly dark brown;
hindneck, breast and belly streaked with butty. Notes.
Generally silent, but sometimes utters a prolonged
cackling note. (B. F. Goss.)

Range.— Northern South America, north to southern Texas, south-
ern Arizona and Lower California; interior of southern Florida; resi-
dent.

363. Guadalupe Caracara {Tolyborus littosus).
Resembles No. 362, but has rump and upper tail-cov-
erts dull brown sh buff broadly barred with dull brown;
tail brownish buff with broad bars of grayish brown
bordered by narrower zigzag bars or lines of dusky-
terminal band less than 2.00 wide. (Ridgway.)

Range.— Guadalupe Island, west of Lower California.

134

Hawks

34 1. Sennett White-tailed Hawk {Buteo alhicauda-
tits sennetti) . L. cT, 21; $,23. Three outer primaries
cut. Ads. Grayish slate above. Yng. Above
brownish black; breast usually white, throat blackish,
belly heavily marked with rusty and blackish; some-
times wholly black below; tail generally silvery gray,
white on inner webs with numerous indistinct blackish
bars. Notes. A cry much like the bleating of a goat
(Merrill.)

Range.— From southern Texas and Arizona south to Mexico."
(Bailey.)

347a. American Rough-legged Hawk (Archibuteo
lagopus sancti-johannis) . B. .7 deep, smaller than in
No. '348. L. tf, 21; ?, 23. Le.u;s feathered to the
toes. Ads. Basal half of tail white, end half barred
with black; belly with more or less black. Yng. No
black bars on end half of tail; huffier belovv, more
black on belly. Black phase. Black more or less
varied with brown and rusty as it approaches light
plumage of ad. or yng; but to be kaown by feathered
legs.

Range. — North America; breeds north of United States; winters
south to Virginia, Missouri and central California.

348. Ferruginous Rough-Leg (Archibuteo ferrugi-

ntus). B. 1. deep, larger than in No. 347a; L. tf, 22;
$,24. Legs feathered to toes. Ads. Above rich
rusty streaked with black; legs rusty barred with
black; tail grayish sometimes washed with rusty.
Yng. Above blackish brown margined with rusty;
below white; breast with a few streaks; legs spotted;
tail with inner webs and base white; outer webs grayish.
Dark phase. Sooty brown more or less varied with
rusty; tail as in ad.

Range. — Western North America from the Plains (east North Da-
kota to Texas) . west to «he Pacific and from the Saskatchewan region
south into Mexico; casually east to Illinois. Breeds from Utah, Colo-
rado and Kansas north to the Saskatchewan Plains." (A. O. U.)

35 5. Prairie Falcon {Falco mexicanus). L. tf,

17; ?,2o. A blackish patch on the sides. Ad. tf.
Above including middle tail feathers, grayish brown;
back with more or less concealed buffy bars. Ad. ?.
No buffy bars on back. Yng. Above margined with
rusty and whitish; head much as in ad. Notes. Kee',
kee, kee and a sort of cackle. (Bendire.)

Range. — "United States from the eastern border of the Plains to the
Pacific and from the Dakotas south into Mexico; casual east to Illi-
nois. Breeds throughout its United States range." (A. O. U.)

yJsa

34-8.

135

Eagles and Gyrfalcons

349.

349. Golden Eagle {Aquila chrysaetos). L. tf, 30-

35: £ , 35-40; Ex. cf, 7884; V, 84-90. (Ridgw.) Legs
feathered to toes. Ads. Back of head and nape paler
than body; basal two-thirds of tail white. Yng. Base
of tail with broken grayish bars. Notes. A shrill,
kee-kee-kee, and, when alarmed, kiah-kiab repeated a
number of times. (Bendire.)

Range — Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America south
into Mexico; rare east of Mississippi, more common in Rocky Mount-
ains and mountains of Pacific coast.

352. Bald Eagle [Haliceetus leucocephalus). L. $,

33; +, 35; Ex. rj\ 84; 9> 89. Legs not feathered to
toes. Ads. Head, neck and tail white. Yng. Head
and body blackish, more or less varied with white;
tail blackish mottled with white. Notes. Of the male,
a loud, clear cac cac-cac; of the female harsh and brok-
en. (Ralph.)

Range. — North America breeding locally throughout its range, more
frequently near the Atlantic coast: resident in United States.

352a. Alaska Bald Eagle [H.J. alascanus). Simi-
lar to No. 352, but larger. W. d\ 23.8; 9, 24.6; T.
J\ 11.5; 9, 12; Tar. rj\ 4.1; 9,3-7- (Townsend.)

Range. — Alaska.

353. White Gyrfalcon {Falco islandus) . L. J1, 22;

? , 24. Tarsus feathered in front nearly to toes; only
outer primary notched. Under tail coverts pure white.
Ads. Below white with few or no black markings.

Yng. Dark areas above larger, below with elongate
blackish spots.

Range. — Arctic regions, in America south in winter casually to
Maine.

354. Gray Gyrfalcon {Falco rusticolus). L. tf, 22;

9 , 24. Tarsus feathered in front nearly to toes; only
outer primary notched. Under tail coverts with du>ky
margins. Ads. Crown usually more white than
dusky; above barred with blackish and grayish; below
white, breast streaked; sides and legs barred with
dusky. Yng. Above dark brown brown with broken
buffy bars and margins tail with while and 'ir>wn
bars of nearly equal width below white everywhere
streaked with blackish.

Range. — Arctic regions; south in winter to the northern border of
the United States; casually as far as Kansas and Maine.

354a. Gyrfalcon (F. r. gjirfalco). Similar to No.
354, but head usually with more dusky than white;
back in ad. indistinctly barred with grayish. Yng.
With dark stripes of lower parts usually about equal in
width to white interspaces.

Range. — "Northern Europe and Arctic America, from northern Labra
dor and coasts of Hudson Bay to Alaska" (Ridgw.); south in winter
Casually, to northern b< rdcr of United States as far as Long Island.

354b. Black Gyrfalcon (F. r. obsoletus). Similar
to No. 354, but much darker; above plain dusky with
few or no buffy markings; below dusky margined w i.h
buffy, the former prevailing. Notes. A chattering
ke-a, ke-a, ke-a, blending into a rattling scream.
{ Turner. )

Range.— Labrador; south in winter to northern New England; cas
uallv to Long Island.

136

Hawks

356. Duck Hawk (Falco peregrbius anatum). L.

cT, 16; 5, 19. Sides of throat black. Ads. Above
bluish slate; below huffy. Yng. Above blackish
margined with rusty; tail with broken rusty bars and
whitish tip; below deep rusty buff streaked with black-
ish; under surface of wing uniformly barred. Notes.
Loud screams and noisy cacklings. (Bendire.)

Range. — Western Hemisphere; breeds locally from Southern States
to Arctic regions; winters from Northern States southward; more
common west of Rocky Mountains.

356a. Peale Falcon (F. p. pealei). Ads. Crown
uniform with back; chest heavily spotted with blackish;
bars of remaining underparts very broad. (Ridgw.)

Range. — "Pacific coast region of North America from Oregon to the
Aleutian and Commander Islands, breeding throughout its range."
(A. O. (J.)

357. Pigeon Hawk \Falco columbarius) . L. rj\
105; 9, 13. Two outer primaries notched. Ad. cf.
Above slaty blue; middle tail feather with not more
than /o/<r black bands. Ad. $ and Yi/g. Above dark
blackish brown; bars in middle tail feather five or less-,
below more heavily barred than in (j\

Range.- North America; breeds chiefly north of United States from
Rocky Mountains and westward; breeds from Colorado and California
mi-th to Alaska; w!nters from Gulf States, Colorado and California,
soutn to northern South America.

357a. Black Merlin (F. c. suckleyi) . SimilartoNo.
357, but much darker above and more heavily marked
below; bars on tail and under side of wing nearly ob-
solete.

Range. — Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka; east to
eastern Oregon and Washington.

358. Richardson Merlin (Falco richardsonii) . Re-
sembles No. 357, but is paler and has the central tail
feather crossed by six light bars, counting the terminal
one.

Range. — Interior of Nortn America from eastern border of Great
Plains west; rare west of Rockies; north to, at least, latituce 530 ;
south to Mexico.

359. Aplomado Falcon (Falco fusco-ccerulescens) .
L. d\ 16; 9, 17-5- Middle of belly black. Ads.
Above slaty gray; breast buff, lower belly rusty. Yng.
Similar but grayish brown above, belly paler.

Range. — South and Central America north to southern border of the
United States.

3 60. Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius). L. 10;

9, it. Ad. cf. Tail with one black bar; below
spotted. Ad. ?. Whole back barred; tail with num-
erous black bars: below streaked. Notes. A rapidly re-
peated killy-killy-kilh , usually uttered while on the
wing.

Range. — Eastern North America west to Rocky Mountains; breeds
from Gulf States to Hudson Bay; wintsrs from southern Illinois and New
Jersey southward.

137

Hawks and Owls

360a. Desert Sparrow Hawk {F. s. pbaloeha). Simi-
lar to No. 360, but slightly larger and appreciably
paler; $ with black bars above narrower; streakings of
underparts finer and more rusty. cf, L. ic.6; W. 7-5'-
T. 5.3: ?, L. 10.8; W. 7.7: T. 5 7. (Mearns.)

Range.— "Western United States, nort! to astern British Columbia
and western Montana south, to Mazatlan in .iorthwestern Mexico."
(A. O. U.)

360b. St. Lucas Sparrow Hawk (F. s. peninsularis) ,
Similar to No. 360a, but paler: smaller than No. 360.
o71, W. 6.4; T. 4.5; ?, W. 7; T. 4.7. (Mearns.)

Range — Low^r California (Cape Region only?)

365. Barn Owl; Monkey-faced Owl (Strix pratin-
cole/). L. 18. No ear-tufts; eyes black. Ads. Above
gray and yellowish buff; below white more or I »s
washed with buff and spotted with black. Yng. More
huffy below. Notes. A sudden, harsh scream and a
screaming cr-r-r-r-e-e, repeated several times generally
when flying.

Range. — United States north to Long Island, (rarely Massachusetts) ,
southern Ontario, Minnesota and Oregon; migrates slightly south
and winters south to Mexico.

366. American Long-eared Owl {Asio wilsonianus) .

L. 14.8. Ear-tufts long; eyes yellow. Ads. Above
varied with gray; belly barred. Notes. Usually silent
except during the breeding season when they utter a
soft toned, slow wu-kunk,wu-hunk and a low, twittering,
whistling dicky, dicky, dicky. ( Bendire. )

Range.— North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and
British Columbia south into Mexico.

367. Short-eared Owl {Asio accipitrinus) . L. 15.5.

Ear tufts short; eyes yellow. Ads. No gray above;
belly streaked. Notes. A shrill barking call like the
ki-yi of a small dog. (Lawrence.)

Range. — "Nearly cosmopolitan:" In America breeds locally from
Virginia, northern Mississippi Valley, and Dakotas northward; winters
from northern United States southward.

378. Burrowing Owl {Speotyto cunicularia kypogata) .
L. 10. Tarsi bare behind. Ads. Spotted above with
buffy; belly barred; chin and breast-patch white. Yng.
Less distinctly spotted above; belly without bars.
Notes. A mellow, sonorous coo c-0-0; a chattering note
uttered when flying, and a short, shrill alarm-note,
t~ip-t:!p. (Bendire.)

Range.— Western North America from humid coast region east to
prairies of Mississippi Valley (western Nebraska, central Kansas,
western Minnesota) ; north to about line of Canadian Pacific R. R.;
south to Central America.

378a. Florida Burrowing Owl (5. c. floridana).

Similar to No. 378, but slightly smaller and whiter
throughout; spots above white with little if any buff;
tar>i nearly bare.
Range.— Interior of southern Florida.

138

Owls

368. Barred Owl (Syrnium varium). L. 20. No

ear-tufts; eyes black. Ads. Head, back and breast
barred; toes feathered nearly if not quite to the nails. Notes.
A loud, sonorous wboo-whoo-whoo-too-whoo, to-whoo-ak;
a long-drawn, whoo-ah; rarely a wild scream; and when
two individuals meet, a remarkable medley of hoots
and ba-has.

Range. — Eastern North America except Gulf Coast: north to Nova
Scotia and Manitoba; west to Colorado; resident, except at northern
limit of range.

3 68a. Florida Barred Owl (S. v. alleni). Similar
to No. 368, but smaller, darker; black bars especially
on breast, wider; toes nearly if not quite bare.

Ringe. Florida; north along coast to South Carolina; west along
coast to Texas.

368b. Texas Barred Owl (5. v. helveolum). Sim-
ihr to No. 368 in color, but with the toes bare as in
No. 368a.

Range. — Southern Texas.

369. Spotted Owl {Syrnium occidental) . Resem-
bles No. 368, but has the head and neck spotted with
white; primaries with broad, whitish tips. Notes.
Probably similar to those of No. 368. (Bendire. )

Range. — Western United States from southern Colorado and New
Mexico, west to California, south to Lower California and Guanajuato,
Mexico.

369a. Northern Spotted Owl (S. 0. caurinum).

Similar to No. 369, but darker; white markings small-
er; white spots on head and neck reduced to minimum;
white tips to primaries nearly obsolete. (Merriam.)

Range. — Western Washington and British Columbia.

370. Great Gray Owl (Scotiapiex nebulosa). L. 27.

No ear-tufts; eyes yellow. Ads. Above black finely
and irregularly marked with white; breast streaked;
feet feathered to toe-nails. Notes. Said to be a trem-
ulous, vibrating sound. (Fisher.)

Range.- North America; breeds north of Lat. 550 ; winters south to
northern border of United States casually as far as New Jersey, Ill-
inois. Minnesota, Idaho, and northern Cal: ornia.

37 1. Richardson Owl (Nyctala tengmalmi richard-
soni). L. 10. Ads. Above grayish brown with num-
erous white spots, particularly on head; feet feathered
to toes and usually with indistinct, dusky bars. Notes.
A musical, soft whittle. (Wheelright.) A peculiar
grating cry. (Nelson.) (See next page. )

Range. — Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St. Lawrence
and Manitoba northward; winters south to northern border of
United States, casually to Massachusetts, Iowa, and Colorado; no
Pacific coast record (?).

139

fi'i- ft?*; . .'-j. ; • v

Owls

372. Saw-whet Owl; Acadian Owl I Nyctala acadicd).

L. 8. Ads. Above cinnamon brown; forehead with
many, hindhead with few streaks; back with white
spots; feet and legs less heavily feathered than in No.
371 and without dusky bars. Yng. Breast and back
cinnamon brown with few white markings; belly rusty
buff, unstreaked. Notes. A frequently repeated whistle;
sometimes high, sometimes low; generally begins slow
and ends rapidly; resembles noise of saw-filing.
(Ralph.)

Range. — North America; breeds from mountains of Pennsylvania,
M issachusrtts (rarelv) , northern New York, northern Illinois: and, in
Rocky Mountains, frrm Mexico northward; winters south to Virginia,
Kansas and central California.

372a. Northwest Saw-whet Owl (N. a. scotma).

Similar to No. 372, but darker both above and below,
dark markings everywhere heavier; flanks, legs and
feet more rufescent. (Osgood.)

Range.— Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.

379. Pygmy Owl {Glaucidium gnoma). L. 7.
Top of head spotted. Ads. Above grayish brown;
spots whitish. Yng. No spots on head. Notes. A soft
cooing coohuh, coobuh, repeated a number of times.
(Bendire.)

Range. - "Timbered regions of western North America, from south-
ern Rocky Mountains in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona," west to
California, Oregon, and Washington, except coast belt, south into
Mexico.

379a. California Pygmy Owl ( G. g. calif ornicum) .

Similar to No. 379, but darker; spots above buff or
rusty.

Range. — Humid coast region from Monterey, California, north to
British Columbia.

379.1. Hoskin Pygmy Owl {Glaucidium boskinsii).

Similar to No. 379a, hut smaller and grayer, the fore-
head and facial disc with more white, the upperparts
less distinctly spotted. (Brewst.)

Range. — Southern Lower California.

380. Ferruginous Pygmy Owl {Glaucidium pkalce-
uoides). L. 7. Top of head streaked. Ads. Above
varying from grayish brown marked with whitish to
plain reddish brown without marks; below white
streaked with grayish brown or reddish brown. Yng.
No streaks on head. Notes. A softly whistled coo re-
peated many times at intervals of about one second.

Range. — Tropical America; from Brazil north to Mexican border of

United States.

38 1. Elf Owl (Micropallas whitneyi) . L. 6. Small-
est of our Owls. Ads Above grayish brown, head
spotted; back barred with rusty; below mixed rusty,
white and grayish. Notes. A tremulous cha-cha, cha-
cha, in different keys, sometimes low, sometimes dis-
tinct. (Bendire.)

^ ange. — Tableland of Mexico from Puebla north to Mexican border
of United Suites; Lower California, and (rarely.) California.

140

Owls

373. Screech Owl (Megascops asio). L. 9.4; \\ •
6.4; T. 3. Two color pnases; with ear-tufts; eyes
yellow. Ad. Gray phase. Above buffy gray irreg-
ularly marked with black; below gray, white, rusty
and black. Ad. Red phase. Above bright rusty
brown with a few black streaks; below white streaked
with black and barred with rusty brown. Yng. Above
gray or rusty barred with black and white; below
white thickly barred with blackish. Notes A fre-
quently repeated tremulous, wailing whistle; often
followed by a slower refrain-like call; a castanet-like
snapping of the mandibles.

Range. Eastern North America from Florida north to New Bruns-
wick, Ontario and Minnesota, "est to the Great Plains; resident.

373a. Florida Screech Owl (M. a. floridanus).

Smaller than No. 37s, W. 6.0; T. 2.8. Two color
phases. Similar to those of No. 373, but averaging
darker and more heavily marked below; especially in
red phase.

Ringe. Florida, north along coast to South Carolina; west along
coast to Louisiana.

373b. Texas Screech Owl (M. a. mccalli). Simi-
lar to No. 373, but smaller, W. 6.1, underparts, es-
pecially sides of belly, with more black bars; toes
barer. I have seen only a gray phase.

Range. "From western and southern Texas across east border of
tablelands of Mexico." (Bailey.)

373c. California Screech Owl \ M. a. bmdirei).
W. 6.6. A gray color phase only. Resembling No.
373, but somewhat darker above; less buff about the
nape; black streakings more regularly distributed; un-
derparts much as in No. 373b.

Range. — California and southern Oregon.

373d. Kennicott Screech Owl (M. .7. kennicottii).

L. 10; VV. 7. 25. Ads. Sooty brown prevailing above;
blackish markings below nearly if not fully as wide as
white ones; darkest of our Screech Owls.

Range.- Pacific coast from Oregon to Sitka.

373e. Rocky Mountain Screech Owl (M. a. max-

wellice). W. 7. Similar to No. 373f above but paler;
pale grayish buff predominating; black markings
throughout much narrower and less numerous than in
No. 373g; palest of our Screech Owls.

Range.— "Foothills and adjacent plains of the east Rocky Moun-
tains from Colorado north to Montana" (Bendire).

141

Slie.

Owls

373f. Mexican Screech Owl (M. a. cineraceus).

A gray color phase only. Similar to No. 373b, but
much grayer above; butt markings of No. 373b almost
wholly absent; below black bars more numerous and
narrower than in No. 373b.

Range. — "New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, and western
Mexico." (A. O. U.)

37 3g. Aiken Screech Owl (M. a. aikeni}. A gray
color phase only. W. 6.5. Similar to 3731, but still
grayer; almost no buff above; black markings wider on
head, back, and underparts.

Range. — "Plains, El Paso County. Colorado, south probably to
central New Mexico and northeastern Arizona." (A. O. U.)

373h. MacFarlane Screech Owl (M. a. macfarlanei) .

A gray color phase only. Ads. Of the size of kenni-
cottn, but with color and markings of betidirei. W. 7.2;
L3.8. (Brevvst.)

Range. — "Eastern Washington and Oregon to western Montana
and probably intermediate regions, and north to the interior of
British Columbia." (Bailey.)

373.1. Spotted Screech Owl (Megascops trtchopsis).
L. 7.7. Ads. Above mixed black, grayish brown and
buff; black prevailing on head; feathers of foreback
with buffy white spots on either side near the end;
below much as in No. 373f.

Range. — Southern Arizona and southward into northern Mexico.

373.2. Xantus Screech Owl (Megascops xantusi .
W. 5.3. Ad. rj\ Above drab, back tinged with pink-
ish rusty and faintly vermiculated with reddish brown;
breast paler ashy faintly suffused with pinkish or
rusty; belly whitish; underparts finely barred with red-
dish brown and streaked with clove-brown. (Brewst.)

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.

374. Flammulated Screech Owl (Megascops flam-
meola). L. 7. Ads. Ear-tufts small; eye surrounded
by rusty, then by gray; crown, nape and tips of scap-
ulars largely rusty; neck band rusty.

Range. — Mountains of Guatemala north to Colorado (n speci-
mens, 7 from Boulder County, Cook), west rarelv to California (a
specimens).

374a. Dwarf Screech Owl (M.f. idahoensis). Sim-
ilar to No. 374, but slightly smaller and paler, es-
pecially on underparts where ground color is white and
black markings are restricted.

Range. — Idaho, eastern Oregon and California (San Bernardino
Mountains, 3 specimens, Grinnell).

142

Owls

375. Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus). rj\
L. 22; W. is. Ads. Ears conspicuous; the feathers
nearly throughout the body rusty basally; facial disc
rich rusty. Notes. A loud, low, deep-toned whoo, hoo-
hoo-hoo, whooo-whooo, variable, but usually on the same
note; rarely a hair-raising scream.

R.mge. — Eastern North America; north to Labrador, south to Central
America; resident.

37 5a. Western Horned Owl (B. v. pallescens).

Smaller and paler than No. 375, W. 13.7; racial disc
washed with rusty.

Range. — Western United States, except Pacific coast region, east
to Great Plains; casually Wisconsin and Illinois north to Manitoba
and British Columbia; south to Mexico.

375b. Arctic Horned Owl (B. v. arcticus). Black
and white prevailing above; bases of feathers light
yellowish buff; below black and white with
little or no buffy; facial disc gray.

Range. — Interior ot Arctic America, from Rocky Mountains east to
Hudson Bay; breeds north of Lat. 510; in winter straggles south-
ward to adjacent border of United States; rarely to Wyoming and
Nebraska.

375c. Dusky Horned Owl (B. v. saturatus). Size
of No. 375b, but much darker; black bars below equal-
ling white ones in width; darkest bird of group.

Range. — "Pacific coast region from Monterey Bav, California,
north to Alaska; east to Hudson Bay and Labrador." (A. O. U.)

375d. Pacific Horned Owl (B. v. pacificus). Some-
what smaller than No. 375b, W. 13.5; more like No.
375 in color but less rusty.

Range.— California, except humid coast region; east to Arizona.

375e. Dwarf Horned Owl CB. v. elachistus). Sim-
ilar to No. 375c, but very much smaller. W. rj1, 12.8;
£ , 13.4. (Brewster.)

Range. — Lower California.

376. Snowy Owl (Nyctea nyctea) . L. 25. Ad. tf .

White more or less barred with blackish. Ad. ?. Sim-
ilar, but more heavily barred.

Range. — Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America breeds
from Lat. 500 northward; winters south to northern United States;
straggles as far as Texas and California.

377a. American Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula caparoch).
L. 15; T. 7.2 long and rounded. Ads. Above
brownish black, crown thickly spotted, scapulars con-
spicuously margined with white; chin blackish; belly
barred. Notes. A shrill cry generally uttered while
flying. (Fisher.)

Range.— Northern North America; breeds from Newfoundland and
northern Montana northward; winters south to northern United
States, rarely to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois; rare on
Pacific coast.

143

Order XIII. PAROQUETS AND PARROTS.

PSITTACI.

Family 1. PARROTS and PAROQUETS. Psittacid.e 2 species.

Parrots are found throughout the warmer parts of the earth. About
one hundred and fifty of the some five hundred known species inhabit
America. The Carolina Paroquet, practically the only member
of this family found in the United States, since the Thick-billed Parrot
barely reaches our border in Arizona, was once an abundant bird
in the Southern States, but it is now restricted to a few localities in
Florida and possibly Indian Territory,

OrderXIV. CUCKOOS, TROGONS, KINGFISHERS, Etc.

coccyges.

Family 1. CUCKOOS, ANIS, etc. Cuculid.e. 5 species 2 sub-
species.

Family 2. TROGOXS. Trogonid.e. 1 species.

Family 3. KINGFISHERS. Alcedinid.e. 2 species.

The Cuckoos are a group of world-wide distribution, but are more
numerous in the eastern than in the western hemisphere where only
thirty-five of the some one hundred and seventy-five species are found.
The habit of the European Cuckoo in placing its eggs in the nest of
other birds is well known. The American species, however, build
nests of their own though it is true they are far from well made struc-
tures. With the Anis one nest serves for several females who may de-
posit as many as thirty eggs, incubation and the care of the young
being subsequently shared by the members of this singular family.

Trogons are found in the tropics of both the Old and New Worlds.
They are quiet, sedentary birds inhabiting forests and feeding largely
on fruit. So far as is known they nest in hollow trees.

Only eight of the one hundred and eighty or more known King-
fishers are found in America, the remaining species being confined to
the Old World where they are most numerous in the Malay Archi-
pelago.

144

Parrots and Paroquets

382.1. Thick-billed Parrot {Rhynchopsitta pocky-
rkyncha). L. 16.5. Ads.. Forehead, loral region,
stripe over eye, bend of wing and thighs red; greater
under wing-coverts yellow; rest of plumage green.

Range - Central Mexico north rarely to southern Arizona.

382. Carolina Paroquet {Conurus carolinensis) . L.

12.5 Ads. Forehead and cheeks deep orange, rest of
head yellow. Yng. Forehead and loral region orange;
rest of head green like back; no yellow on bend of
wing. Notes. A sharp, rolling kr-r-r-r-r-r.

Range. — Formerly eastern United States, north to Maryland, Great
Lakes, and Iowa; west to Colorado, Oklahoma and eastern Texas;
now restricted to southern Florida and parts of Indian Territory.

145

Cuckoos

383. Ani (Crotopkaga ant). Resembling No. 384,
but upper mandible without grooves. Notes. A com-
plaining, whistled oo-eeek, oo-eeek.

pange. — Eastern South America: north to West Indies and Ba-
hamas: rarely to soutnern Florida; accidental in Louisiana and Penn-
sylvania.

384. Groove-billed Ani {Crotopbaga sulcirostris).
L. 12.5; B. .7 high\ the upper mandible with ridges
and furrows. Ads. Blue-black, many of the feathers
with iridescent margins.

Range. -Northwestern South America, north through Mexico to
Lower California and southeastern Texas; casually Arizona, Louisi-
ana, and Florida.

385. Road-runner [Geococcyx calif ornianus) . L. 23.
Toes two in front, two behind'. Ads. Above glossy
olive-brown with whitish and rusty margins: tail
much rounded, outer tail-feathers tipped with white.
Notes. A soft cooing and a low chittertng note produc-
ed by striking the mandibles together. Bendire men-
tions a note like that of a hen calling her brood.

Range.— Central Mexico north (rarely) to southwestern Kansas,
southern Colorado, and Sacramento Valley, California, rarely to
southern Oregon.

386. Mangrove Cuckoo ( Coc'cy^us minor). L. 13.
Ads. Underparts uniformly rich buff; above grayish
brown, crown grayer; ear-coverts black; tail black,
outer feathers broadly tipped with white.

Range.— Northern South America, north through Central America,
Mexico and Greater Antilles (except Porto Rico?) to Florida and
Louisiana; migrating south in fall.

386a. Maynard Cuckoo (C. m. maynardi). Simi-
lar to No. 386, but underparts paler, the throat and
forebreast more or less ashy white.

Range.— Bahamas and (eastern?) Florida Keys.

387. Yellow-billed Cuckoo {Coccy^us americanus) .
L. 12.2. Ads. Below white; lower mandible largely
yellow; tail black, outer feathers widely tipped with
white. Notes. Tut tut, tut-tut, tut-tut, tut-tut, cl-uck,
cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cow, cow, cow, coze,

:r, usually given in part.
Range. — Eastern N >rth America: breeds from Florida to New
Brunswick and Minnesota; winters in Central and South America.

387a. California Cuckoo (C. a. occidentalis) . Sim-
ilar to No. 387, but somewhat grayer and larger; the
bill slightly longer, 1.05.

Range. — Western North America; north t.» southern British Col-
umbia; east to Western Texas; winters south into Mexico.

388. Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccypts erythropbthah

urns). L. 11.8. Ads. White below; bill black; tail,
seen from below, grayish narrowly tipped with white:
above, especially on crown, browner than No. 387.
Notes. Similar to those of No. 387, but softer, the cow
notes connected.

Range.— Eastern North America; west to Rocky Mountains: breeds
north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States to
Brazil.

146

Trog-on and Kingfishers

389. Coppery-tailed Trogon {Trogon ambiguus).

L. 12. Ad. cf. Wing-coverts finely vermiculated; tail
coppery tipped with black; outer web and end of outer
feathers white, mottled with black. Ad. $ . Ear-cov-
erts gray; back grayish brown; middle tail-feathers
rusty brown tipped with black; breast brownish; upper
belly grayish; ventral region pink. Notes. Resemble
those of a hen Turkey. (Fisher.)

Range. — Southern Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande and Arizona.

390. Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). L. 13.

Ad. (J. Breast-band and sides like back. Ad. $.
Breast-band and sides rusty. Notes. A loud, harsh
rattle.

Range. — North America; breeds from Florida, Texas, and California
north to Arcti.- regions; winters from Virginia, Kansas, and southern
California south to northern South America.

39 1. Texas Kingfisher (Ceryle americana septen-
trionalis). L. 8.7. Ad. tf. Breast rusty brown; back
greenish; a \^j>ite collar. Ad. 9- Throat and breast
white, sometimes tinged with buffy; a breast and belly
band of greenish spots. Notes. When flying, a sharp,
rattling twitter; when perching, a rapid, excited ticking.

Range. — Tropical America, from Panama north to southern Texas.

147

Order XV. WOODPECKERS.

PICI.

Family 1. WOODPECKERS. Picid^e. 24 species, 22 sub-
species.

The some three hundred and fifty known species of Woodpeckers are
distributed throughout the wooded parts of the world, except in Aus-
tralia and Madagascar, nearly one half of this number being found in
the New World. Feeding largely upon the eggs and larvae of insects,
which they can obtain at all seasons, most of the North American
species are not highly migratory but are represented in the more north-
ern parts of their range at all times of the year.

Woodpeckers nest in holes in trees generally excavated by them-
selves. The eggs, four to eight or nine in number, like those of most
birds that lay in covered situations, are pure white. The young are
born naked and are reared in the nest-

In few birds is the close relation between structure and habit more
strikingly illustrated than in the Woodpeckers. Their lengthened toes
placed two before and two behind (except in one genus) and armed
with strong nails enable them readily to grasp the bark of trees up
which they climb. Their stiffened, pointed tail-feathers are also of
assistance to them in retaining their position on tree trunks, serving as
a prop on which they may rest while chiseling out their homes or lay-
ing bare the tunnels of the grubs of wood boring beetles. For this
purpose they use their bill, a marvellously effective tool with which
some of the large Woodpeckers perform astonishing feats. I have
seen an opening made by a Pileated Woodpecker in a white pine tree,
twelve inches long, four inches wide, and eight indies deep, though
perfectly sound wood to reach the larvae at work in the heart of the
tree. The bill is also used as a musical instrument, the 'song' of
Woodpeckers being a rolling tattoo produced by rapid tappings on
some resonant limb.

As might be supposed the Woodpeckers are great of economic value.
Professor Beal states that at least two-thirds to three-fourths of the
food of our common Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers consists chiefly
of noxious insects.

148

Woodpeckers

392. Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus princi-
palis). L. 20; B. 2.7, ivory white. Ad. <$. Crest
scarlet. Ad. $. Similar to the J1, but crest black.
Notes. A sharp, penny trumpet-like yap-yap.

Range. — Florida west to eastern Texas; north to southern Miss-
ouri and Oklahoma; formerly north to North Carolina, Illinois, and
Indiana.

400. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker {Picoides arc-

thus). L. 9.5. Back shining black without white; toes
two in front, one behind Ad.rf. Crown yellow. Ad. ?.
Crown black. Notes. A sharp, shrill, chirk, chirk.
(Hardy.)

Range. — "Northern North America, from the Arctic regions south to
northern United States. (New England. New York. Michigan, Minne-
sota and Idaho), and in the Sierra Nevadas to Lake Tahoe." (A. O.
U.)

401. American Three-toed Woodpecker {Picoides
americanus) . L. 8.7. Back with white; toes two in
front, one behind. Ad. rj\ Crown yellow; white bars
on back broken, detached not confluent. Notes. A
prolonged squealing, rarely uttered. (Turner.)

Range. — Northern North America; west to Rocky Mountains;
breeds from Maine, mountains of New Hampshire, northern New
York, and northern Minnesota northward; south in winter, rarely to
Massachusetts, central New York, and northern Illinois.

401a. Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker (P. a.
fasdatus). Similar to No. 401, but white bars on back
confluent forming a more or less continuous white
patch.

Range. — "Alaska Territory; casually? south through western
British Columbia to northwestern Washington (vicinity of Mt.
Baker); east irregularly to Great Bear Lake and the Mackenzie
River Valley, Northwest Territory." (Bendire.)

40 I b. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker (P. a. dorsa-

lis). Similar to No. 401a, but larger. W. 5; bill
narrower. Notes. A harsh, nasal cry; a sudden,
sharp whip, whip, whip, (Mearns. )

Range. — "Rocky Mountain region from British Columbia and
Idaho south into New Mexico." (A. O. U.)

405. Pileated Woodpecker (Ceophlaeus pileatus).
L. 17. W. 8.9. Ad. rj\ Crown, crest, and streaks
on sides of throat red; sides of neck and patch on wing
white. Ad. 9. Forehead brownish, no red on sides of
throat. Notes. A sonorous cow-cow-cow, repeated slow-
ly many times and a wichew call when two birds meet;
both suggesting calls of the Flicker.

Range.— Southern United States north to South Carolina.

405a. Northern Pileated Woodpecker (C. p. abie-
ticola). Similar to No. 405, but slightly larger, W. 9;
T. 6.2.

Range. — Locally distributed throughout more heavily wooded
regions of North America, except in southern United States, north to
Lat. 63 o .

149

Woodpeckers

3 93. Hairy Woodpecker {Dryobates villosus). L.

9; VV. 4.7 Outer tail-feathers white without terminal
black marks. Ad. tf. Wing-coverts spotted, under-
pays white; nape with a red band. Ad. $. Similar
but nape band white. Notes. A sharp peek and a King-
fisher-like rattle.

Range. — Eastern United States from North Carolina to Canada.

393a. Northern Hairy Woodpecker {D. v. leucome-

Us). Similar to No. 393, but larger; L. 10; W. 5.2.

Range. — British America north to Alaska.

393b. Southern Hairy Woodpecker (D. v. audii-
bonii). Similar to No. 393, but smaller; L. 8; W. 4.2.

Range.— South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to South Carolina.

393c. Harris Woodpecker (D. v. barrisi). Simi-
lar to No. 393, but wing-ccverts usually without white
spots; underparts dirty, dusky, brownish.

Range. — Pacific coast from northern California to British Colum-
bia.

393d. Cabanis Woodpecker | D. v. hyloscopus).

Similar to No. 393c, but whiter below.

Range.— California, east to Arizona.

393e. Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker ( D. v.
monti'cola). Similar to No. 393c, but pure white below;
larger, size of No. 393a.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region from northern New Mexico north
to British Columbia.

393f. Queen Charlotte Woodpecker (D. v picoideus)

Similar to No. 393c, but middle of back barred and
spotted with black; flanks streaked with black.
(Osgood.)

Range. — Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.

394. Southern Downy Woodpecker {Dryobates
pubescens). L. 6; W. 3.5. Outer tail-feathers white
with terminal black marks. Ad. <$. Nape-band red;
smallest of group, underparts dingier than in No. 394c;
white of less extent; wing-coverts spotted. Ad. \ .
Similar but nape-band white. Notes. A sharp peek
and a rattle similar to that of No. 393, but not so luud.

Range. —South Carolina. Georgia, and Gulf States to Tex IS.

394a. Gairdner Woodpecker {D. p. gairdnerii).

Similar to No. 394b, but underparts sooty gray; the
darkest below of any form in the group.

Range.— Pacific coast from northern California north to British

Columbia.

394b. Batchelder Woodpecker (D. p. bomorus).

Similar to No. 394c, but wing-coverts with few or no
white spots, under tail-coverts without dusky ^streaks.

Range. — "Rocky Mountain region of the United States." (A. O.
U.)

394c. Northern Downy Woodpecker (D. p. mcdian-
us). L. 6.5; W. 3.7. Similar to No. 394, but larger;
whiter below; white markings of greater extent.

Range. — Eastern North America south to South Carolina.

394d. Alaskan Downy Woodpecker (/). p. nelsoni).

W. 4. Similar to No. 394c, but still larger and whiter;
largest of the group.

Range. — Alaska.

150

Woodpeckers

394e. Willow Woodpecker (D. p. turati). Simi

lar to No. 304a, but smaller, W. 3.8. superciliary patch
and underparts whiter; tertials always more or less
spotted with white. (W. K. Fisher.)

Rangs. — "California, except: desert ranges and eastern slope of
Sierra Nevada, coast region north of Marin Co., and region north of
upper end of Sacramento Valley." (W. K. Fisher.)

395. Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Dryobates bore-
alts). L. 8.4. Sides of head and neck white bordered
by black below. Ad. tf. A nearly concealed red tuft
on either side of the hindhead. Ad. 9. Similar, but
no red on head. Notes. A loud, hoarse, yank, yank.

Range. Southern United States; west to e .stern Texas; north to
Virginia and Arkansas.

396. Texan Woodpecker (Dryobates scalaris bairdt).

L. 7.5. Outer tail-feathers barred to their base; nasal
tufts brownish. Ad. rf . All crown feathers tipped
with red; back barred: below brownish white, spotted
and streaked with black. Ad. $. Similar but top of head
wholly black.

Range. Northern Mexico, north to Texas boundary. New Mexico,
southern Colorado, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and south-
eastern California.

396a. Saint Lucas Woodpecker (T>. s. lucasanus).

Similar to No. 396, but outer tail-feather barred with
black only on terminal half or less, except sometimes
on inner web. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Lower California, north, rarely to Colorado Desert, Cali-
fornia.

397. Nuttall Woodpecker {Dryobates nuttallii).
L. 7.5. Below white only slightly soiled; outer tail-
feather barred only on end half. Ad. <~Z. Crown
black streaked with white; nape red. Ad. ?. Similar
but top of head entirely black, usually with a few
white spots. Yug. Top_ of head dull red. Notes. A
sharp quee-quee-quee-qnccp; a diminutive chittah. (Bail-
ley.) Loud rattling notes. (Henshaw.)

Range.— Northern Lower California, north locally, to southern
Oregon.

398. Arizona Woodpecker {Dryobates ari{once).
L. 8.2. Above brown, below spotted. Ad. <j\ A red
nape band. Ad. 9. Similar but no red on nape,
brown of crown continuous with that of back. Yng.
Whole crown red.

Range —Northwestern Mexico north to southern Arizona and
southwestern New Mexico.

399. White-headed Woodpecker {Xenopicus albo-

larvatus). L. 9. Whole head and part of wings
white. Ad. rj1. Nape red. Ad. $. Nape white.
Notes. A sharp, clear witt-witt; a rather silent bird.
(Bendire.)

Range — .Mountains of western United States from southern Cali-
fornia north to southern British Columbia; east to western Idaho and
western Nevada.

151

Woodpeckers

402. Yellow-beH'ed Sapsucker (Sphvrapicus varius).

L. 8.5: W. 4.8. Ad. r? . Crown and throat red; a
whitish band from eye to eye across nape; belly washed
with yellow; breast patch black Ad. 9. Similar, but
throat white; crown rarely black. Yug. Breast gray-
ish with internal dark rings or bars; crown dirty yel-
lowish margined with dusky; red feathers soon appear
on throat and crown. Notes. A clear ringing clear re-
peated; a low snarling cry resembling mew of Catbird.
(Brewster.)

Range. — Eastern North America: breeds from Massachusetts and
northern Illinois north to about Lat. 6;° 50'; south in Alleghanies
to northwest Georgia; winters from southern Illinois and southern
Virginia to Central America.

402a. Red-naped Sapsucker (5. v. width's). Sim-
ilar to No. 402, but slightly larger. W. 5; the nape
band red; red of throat encroaching on black bordering
streaks; female the same but chin white.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region: breeds from Colorado and north-
eastern California (?), north to British Columbia; winters from south-
ern California sou;h to northwestern Mexico.

403. Red-breasted Sapsucker (Sphvrapicus ruber).
L. 9. Ads. Crown, whole throat and breast dull red;
in other respects resembling No. 402. Notes. Jay or
chae, peeve, pluck, and pen rr. (Bendire.)

Range. — Breeds in mountains from northern Lower California north
to southern Oregon.

403a. Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker (5. r.
notkensis). Similar to No. 403, but colors deeper, red
brighter; belly yellower.

Range.— Pacific coast region from Santa Cruz Mountains, Cali-
fornia, north to southern Alaska.

404. Williamson Sapsucker I Sphvrapicus thvroi-
deits). L. 9. Belly bright yellow; rump white. Ad. tf.
Above black; a red stripe on throat; lesser wing-cov-
erts white. Ad. $. Crown and throat brownish;
back and lesser wing-coverts barred black and whitish.
Yng. Similar to 9 , but breast barred like sides. Notes.
A shrill huit-huit uttered when flying. (Bendire.) The
roll of this Woodpecker is not continuous, but is brok-
en or interrupted.

Range. — Higher mountain ranges of western United States; breeds
from northern New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California
north to Wyoming and southern British Columbia; winters from
southern California and western Texas into Mexico.

408. Lewis Woodpecker (Asyndesmus torquatus).
L. 11. Ads. Breast and a collar around the neck
gray; region about base of bill dark red; belly pinkish
red; above shining green black. Yng. No gray
collar; crown suffused with red. Notes. A weak,
peeping twitter. (Lawrence). Generally a silent
bird.

Range.— Western United States: breeds from New Mexico, Arizo-
na, and southern California north to southern Alberta and British
Columbia; winters from southern Oregon aud Colorado south to
western Texas and southern California.

152

Woodpeckers

406. Red-headed Woodpecker {Melanerpes erythro-
cepbalus). L. 9.7. Ads. Whole head and breast red;
end half of secondaries white. Yng. Whole head and
breast grayish streaked with blackish; back black-
margined with grayish; end half of secondaries white
with black bars. Notes. A tree-toad-like ker-r-ruck,
ker-r-ruck.

Range.— Eastern United States west to Rocky Mountains; breeds
from Florida and Texas north to New York and Manitoba; local and
irregular in northern parts of range; winters from Virginia, and oc-
casionally from New York, southward.

407. Striped-breasted Woodpecker {Melanerpes
formicworus) . L. 9.5. Breast band streaked with white;
rump white. Ad. $. Forehead, white, crown, nape,
and breast-spot red. Ad. ?. Center of crown with a
black band of same width as white band on forehead.
Notes. A loud tchurr, tchurr.

Range.— Mexico north to southwest Texas and Arizona.

407a. Californian Woodpecker (M. f. bairdt).

Similar to No. 407, but black breast-band with white
only on its posterior margin.

Range. — Pacific coast region from northern California to southern
Oregon.

407b. Narrow-fronted Woodpecker (M. f. angust-

ifrons). Ad. rf. Similar to No. 407, but smaller, W.
5.2; the throat brighter yellow. Ad. $. With black
crown-band wider than white forehead band.

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.

409. Red-bellied Woodpecker (Centuruscarolinus).

L. 9.5. Center of belly reddish. Ad. rf. Top of
head and nape entirely red. Ad. $. Nape red, crown
grayish, forehead tinged with red. Notes. A hoarse,
■chuh-ckuh.

Range. — Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
Florida and Texas to Maryland, Ontario, and South Dakota; winters
from Virginia and southern Ohio southward; casually north as far as
Massachusetts.

410. Golden-fronted Woodpecker (Centurus auri-

frons). L, 10.5; center of belly yellow. Ad. rf. Fore-
head yellow, crown-patch red, nape orange. Ad. $.
Forehead and nape yellow, crown entirely gray.
Notes. Loud and penetrating. (Bailey.)

Range. — Mexico, north to central Texas.

411. Gila Woodpecker (Centurus uropvgialis). L.
10. Center of belly yellow. Ad. <$. Top of head
and nape sooty gray; a red-crown patch. Ad. $. Top
of head and nape entirely sooty gray. Notes. Dchurr,
dchurr; when flying, a shrill huit like call-note of
Phainopepla. (Bendire.)

Range. — Northwestern Mexico, north to southwestern New Mexico,
and Lower California.

153

Woodpeckers

412. Southern Flicker (Colaptes auratus). Small-
er than No. 412a, W. 5.6.

Range. — Southeastern United States north to South Carolina.

412a. Northern Flicker (C. a. luteus). L. 13; W.

6.4. Crown bluish gray; throat pinkish brown; a
scarlet nape-band; lining of wings and tail yellow. Ad.
o7'. With black patches on the sides of the throat.
Ad. 9- Without black throat patches. Notes. Aloud,
emphatic kei-jrer; a low chuckle when taking flight; a
weechew repeated and used only when two or more birds
are together; and a mellow cUh-cilk-ctlh-cilh, repeated,
doubtless a song.

Range. — Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains and
Alaska; rare on the Pacific coast; apparently hybridizing with No. 413
at the western border of its range.

413. Red-shafted Flicker (Colaptes cafer collaris).
L. 13. No red nape band; crown brownish; throat
bluish gray; lining of wings and tail reddish. Ad. q7'.
Patches at side of throat red. Ad. 9- No red throat
patches. Notes. Resemble those of No. 412.

Range. — Western United States, except northwest coast region;
east to the Rocky Mountain region; apparently hybridizing witli No.
412 at the eastern border of its range.

413a. Northwestern Flicker (C. c. saturatior).
Similar to No. 413, but much darker throughout, back
vinous-brown.

Range. — Pacific coast region; breeds from Oregon north to south-
ern Alaska; winters south to northwest California.

414. Gilded Flicker (Colapti <s chrysoides). L. 12;

W. 5.7. Crown cinnamon; under surface of wings
and tail yellow. Ad. $. No red band on nape- throat
bluish gray, its sides with a red patch. Ad. y. No
red on sides of throat. Notes. Resemble those of No.
412. (Bendire.)

Range. — "Central and southern Arizona from Lat. }4° to southern
Sonora, and Lower California south of Lat. 300 ." (A. O. U.)

414a. Brown Flicker (C. c. brunnescens). Simi-
lar to No. 414, but slightly smaller; upperparts darker.
(Anthony).

Range. — Lower California north of Lat. 300 .

4 15. Guadalupe Flicker (Colaptes rufipileus). Sim-
ilar to No. 413, but bill 1.6 or more, more slender,
wing averaging less than 6.2; crown cinnamon-brown;
rump vinaceous-white. (Ridgw. )

Range — Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

154

Order XVI. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, AND HUMMING-
BIRDS.

MACROCHIRES.

Family 1. GOATSUCKERS. Caprimulgid^e. 6 species, 6 sub-
species.

Family 2. SWIFTS. Micropodid^e, 4 species.

Family 3. HUMMINGBIRDS. Trochilid.e. 17 species.

The Goatsuckers are birds of the dusk and early morning. They
live chiefly on insects which they capture on the wing, their enormous
mouths being especially well adapted to this kind of hunting. Our
species build no nest but lay their two mottled eggs on the bare ground
or leaves. The young are hatched covered with down and can follow
their parents about long before they acquire the power of flight. Goat-
suckers are noted for their singular calls, most of the species uttering
loud, characteristic notes which, heard at night, are especially effective.

Swifts are birds of world-wide distribution; about half the seventy-
five known species being found in America. They are pre-eminently
birds of the air with wings so well developed that few birds can sur-
pass them in power of flight, but with feet so weak and small that
many species cannot perch as do most birds, but, when resting, cling to
a vertical surface and use their tail to aid their feet in supporting
themselves. Their nests are often marvels of architectural skill and
constructive ability. The eggs, four to six in number, are white.

Hummingbirds are found only in America where they range from
Patagonia to Alaska, but the larger part of the some five hundred
known species are found in the Andean region of Columbia and Ecua-
dor. Only one species is found east of the Mississippi, and nine
of our sixteen western species advance but little beyond our Mexican
border.

Hummingbirds nests are the most exquisite of birds' homes.
Their eggs, so far as is known, number two, and are pure white. The
young are born naked and, in the case of our Ruby-throat, at least,
spend about three weeks in the nest.

The notes of some tropical Hummingbirds are sufficiently varied to
be classed as songs but our species utter only sharp squeaks and ex-
cited chipperings.

155

1 i

Goatsuckers

4 I 6. Chuck-will's-widow (Antrostomm carolinensis).

L. 12. Mouth bristles with fine, hair-like branches
near their base. Ad. <j\ End half of outer tail-
feathers white, rusty, and Hack on outer webs; chin chiefly
rusty; throat-patch buffy. Ad. $. No white in tail.
Notes. A loudly whistled chuck-will's-widow, repeated
many times.

Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to Virginia
and Illinois: west to Kansas and central Texas; winters from southern
Florida southward.

4 17. Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus). L.

9.7. Mouth bristles without branches. Ad. <j\ Three
outer tail-feathers broadly tipped with white; white on
inner vane of outer feather 1.4 or more wide; throat
patch white; chin chiefly black. Ad. 9- Three outer
tail-feathers narrowly tipped with rusty buff; throat
patch rusty buff. Notes. A rapid, vigorous, whistled
whip-poor-will, repeated many times.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Gulf States north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters froin
Gulf States southward.

4 17a. Stephens Whip-poor-will {A. v. macromy-
stax). Similar to No. 417, but slightly larger, W. 6.5;
mouth bristles much longer; male with throat-patch
rusty; white on inner web of outer feather less than 1.3
wide.

Range.— "Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas, south
over mountains bordering tablelands of Mexico to Guatemala."
(Bailey.)

4 18. Poor-will (Phalamoptilus nuttallii). L. 7.7.
Primaries rusty barred with black. Ad. rj\ Three
outer tail-feathers evenly tipped with white; a large
white throat patch; plumage above suggesting in color
the wings of certain moths. Ad. 9- Similar, but tail-
tips buffy. Notes. Variously rendered poor-will, con-
day, pearl-rob-it, puir-whee-er.

Range. — Western United States; breeds from Kansas, Nebraska,
and Dakota west to eastern slope of Sierra Nevadas: north to Mon-
tana and British Columbia; winters from Mexican border southward.

4 18a. Frosted Poor-will (*P. n. nitidus). Simi'ar
to No. 418, but paler, the upperparts especially whiter,
more frosty.

Range. — "Texas to Arizona and from western Kansas soutn to
northern Mexico," (Bailey.) Lower California.

418b. California Poorwill (7J. n. calif ornicus) .

Similar to No. 418, but darker.

Range.— Breeds on coast of California, north to Butte Cour iyr
winters from southern California southward.

156

Goatsuckers

4 19. Merrill Parauque (Nyctidromus albicollis mer-
rilli). L. 12; T. 6.2. Outer tail-feather without
white. Two color phases, one gray, one rusty. Ad.
rj1. Outer tail-feather black with sometimes a little
rusty, next feather white on inner web, third feather
white except at base. Ad. $. Outer tail-feathers
brownish with broken rusty bars; next two with white
at tip. Notes. A vigorous ker-whee-you repeated and
sometimes running into a whit-wlrit-iclnt, ker-whee-you.

Range.— Mexico north to southern Texas; winters chiefly south of
Rio Grande.

420. Nighthawk (Cbordetles •cirginianus) . L. 10.
W. 7.8. Primaries blackish with a white bar and no
rusty spots; darkest of our Nighthawks. Ad. cf.
Above black with white and buff markings, throat and
band near end of tail white. Ad. $. Throat rusty, no
white band in tail. Notes. A nasal peent; and in the
breeding season, a booming sound produced by diving
from a height earthward.

Range. — Eastern United States, chiefly, breeds from Florida to
Labrador, west and northwest to northern California, British Colum-
bia, and Alaska; winters south of United States.

420a. Western Nighthawk (C. v. henryt). Simi-
lar to No. 420, but markings above rusty and more
numerous; belly washed with rusty.

Range. — Western United States, east to the Plains, wintering south
of United States; exact distribution unknown.

420b. Florida Nighthawk (C. v. chapman*)'. Simi-
lar to No. 420, but smaller (L. 8.6; W. 7.1;) and
paler; white and buff markings above larger and more
numerous.

Range. Florida, west along Gulf Coast to eastern Texas; south in
winter to South America.

420c. Sennett Nighthawk (C.v.sennetti). Simi-
lar to No. 420b, but still paler, white and buff prevail-
ing on back and scapulars; palest of our Nighthawks.

Range. — Great Plains north to Saskatchewan; winters south of the
«'nited States.

42 1. Texan Nighthawk {Chordeiles acutipennis tex,-

ensis). Wing quills with rusty spots; outer primary
shorter than one next to it; belly conspicuously washed
with rusty buff. Ad. J\ Throat-patch and band near
end of tail white. Ad. $. No white band in tail.
Notes. A mewing call and a tapping accompanied by a
humming sound. (Merrill.)

Range.— Central America; breeding north to southern Texas, south-
ern New Mexico, souihern Utah, southern Nevada, and Lat. 380 in
California; winters south of United States.

157

Swifts

422. Black Swift | Cypseloide. iger boreaas). L. 7;
W. 6.5. Tail without spines, slightly forked. Ads.
Sooty black, paler below; a black spot before the eye;
forehead whitish. Notes. Generally silent. (Ben-
dire.)

Range. — Breeds from Central America north, In mountains of
western United States, to British Columbia; east to Colorado; winters
south of United States; more common in Pacific coast states.

423. Chimney Swift {Chcetura pelagica). L. 5.4;
W. 4.9. Tail with protruding spines. Ads. Above
sooty, rump and underparts paler; throat whitish.
Notes. A rolling twitter.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Florida to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States, to
Central America.

424. Vaux Swift ( Chcetura vauxii). L. 4.5; W. 4.4.
Ads. Similar to No. 423, but smaller and somewhat
browner. Notes. Resemble those of No. 423, but are
less frequently uttered. (Bendire.)

Range. — Western United States; breeds on Pacific coast, locally.
north to British Columbia: east casually to Montana and Arizona;
winters south of United States to Central America.

425. White-throated Swift (Aeronautes melanoleu-
cus). L. 6.5. Tail forked, without spines. Ads.
Above sooty brownish black; breast, middle of belly
and flank patches white. Notes. A sharp, metallic
twitter.

Range. — Western United States; east to western Nebraska and
Black Hills; breeds in Rockv Mountains north to Montana; on Pa-
cific coast north to Lat. 38 ° : winters south of United States to Cen-
tral America.

158

Hummingbirds

426. Rivoli Hummingbird [Eugenes julgens). L.

5.1. A small white spot behiad eye. Ad. cy. Crown
purple, throat bright green, back bronzy green; tail
somewhat more bronzy. Ad. $. Above bronzy green,
all but central tail-feathers with blackish ends and
narrow grayish tips; below grayish, all but throat
feathers green centrally. Yng. c> • Throat with more or
less green, belly and above more bronzy than in 9-

Range. — Nlcaraugua. north in mountains to mountains of southeast-
ern Arizona.and southwest New Mexico; winters south of United
States.

429. Black-chinned Hummingbird [Trocbilus alex-
andri). L. 3.5; W. 1.7. Ad. rj\ Chin and upper
throat black, lower throat amethyst; tail forked,
feathers pointed. Ad. $. Throat grayish white;
chin buffy\ tail feathers more rounded, three outer ones
tipped with white. Yng. cf. Similar to $, but throat
with dusky spots.

Range.— Western United States; breeds from San Antonio. Texas,
New Mexico, Arizona, and California north to Montana and British
Columbia; rare on Pacific coast north of southern California; winters
south of United States.

430. Costa Hummingbird [Calypte costce). L. 3.1.
No rusty in plumage. Ad. cf. Crown, throat and
lengthened neck-feathers amethyst, back dull green.
Ad. 9- Below grayish white; above grayish green;
outer tail-feathers gray at base, then black and at tip
white. Yng. cf. Similar to 9, but throat usually with
some amethyst spots; tip of outer tail-feather grayish.

Range. — Northwestern Mexico; breeds north throughout Lower
California, to southern California, northern Nevada, southwestern
Utah, and southwestern New Mexico; winters from Mexican border
southward.

437. Lucifer Hummingbird (Calotborax lucifer.)
L. 3.6; B. .8. Ad. rf. Throat purplish pink, feathers
at its side much lengthened; tail feathers very narrow,
the outer ones less than .05 in. wide on end half.
Ad. 9. Below nearly 1. r if orm rust v buff, above bronzy
green; tail-feathers white-tipped.

Range.— "From western Texas and southern Arizona south to ihe
city of Mexico and Puebla." (Bailey.)

440. Xantus Hummingbird {Basilinua xautusi)-
L. 3.6. A white streak behind eye. Ad. rj\ Chin,
forehead and cheeks black; throat green; tail rusty
brown. Ad. 9- Below uniform rusty, above green;
outer tail-feathers rusty brown.

Range. — Lower California, noth to Lat. 290 ; most common in
Cape Region.

159

A~*RfcEO

Humminobirds

42 7. Blue-throated Hummingbird (Cxligena dem-
entia). L. 5.2. A white stripe behind, and a smaller
one before eye. Ad. <$. 1 hroat blue; belly grayish;
back green; tail blue-black, outer feathers broadly-
white tipped. Ad. 9- Similar but throat dusky gray.

Range.- Southern Mexico north, in mountains to mountains of
southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona; winters south of
United States.

438. Reiffer Hummingbird (Amaplis t^acatl). L.
4.1. Ads. Above, throat and breast shining green;
belly grayish; tail square, rusty brown, narrowly mar-
gined with coppery. Yng. Similar but more rusty
above.

Range.— Northern South America; north, rarely, to Lower Rio
Grande Valley, Texas.

439. Buff-bellied Hummingbird (Amaplis ceriini-
ventris cbalconota). Similar to No. 438, but belly rusty
gray, tail forked and broadly margined with coppery
green.

Range. — Central America, north, in spring, to Lower Rio Grande
Valley, Texas.

440.1. White-eared Hummingbird (Basilwua leu-
cotts). L. 3.7. A white line behind eye. Ad. rj\
Chin, forehead and cheeks blue, throat and breast
green, tail blackish bronzy green. Ad. ?. Crown
rusty, back bronzy green, below gray spotted with
green; outer tail-feathers tipped with gray. Yng. cf .
Similar.

Range.— Nicaraugua north, in spring, through mountains to south-
ern Arizona.

44 1. Broad-billed Hummingbird {Iache latirostris).
L. 4. Ad. cj\ Above green; below darker; throat
purplish blue; tail darker. Ad. 9- Below gray; outer
tail-feathers green at base, then bluish black tipped
with gray. Yng. rj\ Similar to Ad. $, but tail blue
black with faint gray tips; throat with metallic green
feathers.

Range. — Southern Mexico; breeds north through mountains to
southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.

428. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Trochilus col-
ubris). L. 3.5; W. 1.5. Ad. <$. Throat ruby, chin
blackish; tail forked, the feathers pointed. Ad. 9-
Throat grayish, tail-feathers rounded, three outer ones
tipped with white. Yng. rj\ Like 9 but throat with
dusky spots. (See next page.)

Range. - Eastern North America, west to about Long, too0 : breeds
from Florida and eastern Mexico, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay
region; winters from southern Florida to Central America.

160

Hummingbirds

431. Anna Hummingbird {C-lypte annce). L. 3.6.
Ad. <$. Crown and throat glittering purplish pink;
feathers at sides of throat much lengthened. Ad. 9-
Above green; below grayish washed with green; throat
usually with pink feathers; tail with a narrow white
tip. Yng. Similar but browner above.

Range. — Western United States, from northern Lower California
north to northern California; east to southern Arizona; south In winter
to Mexico; recorded from Guadalupe Island.

432. Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selaspborus platy-
cercus), L. 4. Ad.rf. Outer primary very narrow,
end sharp; crown green, throat pink; tail green above,
purplish below without white tips. Ad. 9. Outer
tail-feathers rusty at base, then black with a broad
white tip; middle feathers entirely green; above bronzy
green; throat feathers with dusky centers; sides rusty.

Range. — Rocky Mountains: west, rarely to eastern California;
north to southern Wyoming and Idaho; winters south of United States.

433. Rufous Hummingbird (Selaspborus ritfits),
L. 3.6. Ad. c?\ Next to middle pair of tail-feathers
notched near tip of inner web; back reddish brown some-
times washed with green. Ad. 9- Sides rusty, back
green, throat spotted with green and sometimes ruby,
outer tail-feathers rusty at base, then black and a
white tip, the feather more than .12 wide; middle tail-
feathers green at base, end black. Vug. cf. Similar to
9 but all tail-feathers rusty at base.

Range.— Western United States; breeds from the higher mountains
of southern California and Arizona, north to Lat. 61 ° in Alaska; dur-
ing migrations east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico,
and western Texas; winters in southern Mexico.

434. Allen Hummingbird {Selaspborus alleni). L.
3.6. Ad. c? . Crown and back green, and tail rusty
tipped with dusky, no notch in tail-feathers; in other
respects like No. 433. Ad. 9 and Yng. cf. Like the
same of No. 433, but outer tail-feather less than .12 in.
wide.

Range. Pacific coast, from Monterey, California, north to British
Columbia; migrates south through Arizona, and southern California
to Mexico.

435. Morcom Hummingbird (Attbis morcomi).
L. 2.9. Ad. 9. Above bronzy green; middle tail-
feathers bronzy green tinged with rusty on basal half;
rest of tail-feathers rusty brown, then green, then black
and tipped with white; below white, sides rusty,
throat spotted with bronze-green. (Ridgw.) Male
unknown.

Range. - Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, (known from one
specimen.)

43 6. Calliope Hummingbird (Stellula calliope).
L. 3. Ad.rf. Throat purplish pink, white at base
showing through; above green. Ad. 9- Sides rusty,
throat with green spots, above green, outer tail-feathers
gray at base, then black, then white in nearly equal
amounts. Yng. r^. Similar to 9-

Range. — Mountains of western United States; breeds north to
Montana. Idaho, and British Columbia; west to eastern Oregon and
eastern California; winters south of United States; rare on Pacific
coast of United States.

161

Order XVII. PERCHING BIRDS.

PASSERES.

Family 1. FLYCATCHERS. Tyrannida?. 32 species, 7 sub-
species.

Family 2. LARKS. Alaudid.e. 1 species, 13 subspecies.

Family 3. CROWS AND JAYS. Corvida?. 21 species, 14 sub-
species.

Family 4. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. Icterid.*:. 18
species, 14 subspecies.

Family 5. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. Fringillida:. 87
species, 92 subspecies.

Family 6. TANAGERS. Tanagrid.e. 4 species, 1 subspecies.

Family 7. SWALLOWS. Hirundinidai. 9 species, 2 subspecies.

Family 8. WAXWIXGS. Ampeud.e. 3 species.

Family 9. SHRIKES. Laniid^e. 2 species, 3 subspecies.

Family 10. VIREOS. Yireonid.e. 13 species, 10 subspecies.

Family 11. WARBLERS. Mniotiltid.e. 55 species, 18 subspecies.

Family 12. WAGTAILS. Motacillidaj. 3 species.

Family 13. DIPPERS. Cinclida?. 1 species.

Family 14. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. Troglodytid.e. 26
species, 24 subspecies.

Family 15. CREEPERS. Certhiid.e. 1 species, 4 subspecies.

Family 16. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. Paridai. 21 species,
20 subspecies.

Family 17. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. Sylviid.e.
7 species, 3 subspecies.

Family 18. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. Turdid.e. 13
species, 14 subspecies.

The North American members of the Order PASSERES are placed
in two Suborders, the Clamatores, or so-called Songless Perching Birds,
which includes all the Flycatchers, and the Suborder Oscinest or Sing-
ing Perching Birds , which includes all our remaining Perching Birds.
While the Flycatchers are therefore technically classed as songless
birds, it does not follow that they have no songs. Sing they do, but
because of the less developed condition of their voice-producing organ,
they cannot give utterance to the longer and more musical songs of
the Oscines, which are supplied with a better musical instrument.

162

Perching Birds.

The Flycatchers, (Family Tyrannidtz) number somewhat over
three hundred and fifty species, and are found only in America, where
they are most abundant in the tropics. Feeding almost exclusively on
insects, those species which visit the United States are of necessity
migratory, not more than half a dozen of the thirty species which nest
with us, remaining in the United States during the winter, and these
are found only on our southern borders.

Flycatchers as a rule, capture their prey on the wing. When perch-
ing, their pose is usually erect and hawk-like. They often raise their
crown feathers, which in many species are somewhat lengthened, a
habit giving them a certain big-headed appearance.

Flycatchers are most useful birds. The food of the Kingbird, for
example, a species which is erroneously believed to destroy honey bees,
has been found to consist of 90 per cent, insects, mostly injurious spe-
cies, while only fourteen out of two hundred and eighty-one stomachs
contained the remains of honey bees; forty of the fifty bees found be-
ing drones.

The true Larks, (Family Alaudidez) are chiefly Old World birds, the
Skylark being the best known member of the Family. In America we
have only the Horned or Shore Larks, one species of which shows so
much climatic variation in color throughout its wide range, that no less
than thirteen subspecies or geographical races of it are recognized in
the United States.

The Horned Lark is a bird of the plains and prairies and is less
common in the Atlantic States than westward. Like the Skylark it
sings in the air, but its vocal powers are limited and not to be com-
pared with those of its famous relative.

The Crows and Jays, (Family Corvidce) number about two hundred
species of which some twenty-five inhabit the western hemisphere.
To this family belong the Raven, Rook, Magpie and Jackdaw, all birds
of marked intelligence; and our Crows and Jays are fully worthy of
being classed with these widely known and distinguished members of
their family.

The Crows and Jays, by varying their food with the season, are rare-
ly at loss for supplies of one kind or another and most species are repre-
sented throughout their ranges at all times of the year. In the more
northern parts of their homes, however, some of these birds are

163

Perching Birds.

migratory, and Crows, as is well known, gather in great flocks during
the winter, returning each night to a roost frequented, in some
instances, by two or three hundred thousand Crows.

While the Crows and Jays are technically 'Song Birds' their voices
are far from musical. Nevertheless they possess much range of
expression and several species learn to enunciate words with more
or less ease.

The Starlings, (Family Sturnidce) are Old World birds represented
in America only by the European Starling which was introduced into
Central Park, New York City, in 1890 and is now common in the sur-
rounding country.

The Blackbirds, Orioles, and Meadowlarks, (Family Icteridce) number
about one hundred and fifty species and are found only in the New
World. The Blackbirds are most numerous in North America, where,
migrating in vast armies and often living in large colonies, they be-
come among the most characteristic and conspicuous of our birds.

The Orioles are most numerous in the tropics, where some thirty
species are known. Apparently all of them are remarkable as nest
builders, the large Cassiques, nearly related, great yellow and black
birds, weaving pouches three and four feet long, several dozen of
which, all occupied, may be seen swinging from the branches of a
single tree.

The Finches, Sparrows, Grosbeaks, etc., (Family Fringillidce) number
nearly six hundred species, a greater number than is contained in any
other family of birds. They are distributed throughout the world,
except in the Australian region, some ninety odd species inhabiting
North America.

Varying widely in color, the Fringillidae all agree in possessing
stout, conical bills, which are of service to them in crushing the seeds
on which they feed so largely.

The streaked, brownish Sparrows, often so difficult of identification,
are usually inhabitants of plains, fields, or marshes, where they are
rendered inconspicuous by their dull colors. The more gayly attired
Grosbeaks, Buntings, Cardinals, etc., frequent trees or bushy growths,
where their plumage either harmonizes with their surroundings or
where they have the protection afforded by the vegetation.

Most of the members of this family are good singers, some of them

164

Perching Birds.

indeed being noted for their powers of song. They are less migratory
than insect-eating birds and some species are with us at all seasons.
Their abundance, musical gifts, and constant presence render them,
from the field student's point of view, highly important members of
the great class Aves.

From an economic standpoint the Fringillidae are no less deserving
of our esteem. Some species are of incalcuable value as destroyers
of the seeds of noxious weeds. Fifteen hundred seeds have been
found in the stomach of one Snowflake or Snowbunting, and it has
been estimated by Professor Beal, of the Biological Survey of the
United States Department of Agriculture, that during the winter
season, in the single State of Iowa, where his studies were made,
Tree Sparrows devour no less than 875 tons of weed seeds, chiefly
of the ragweed.

The Tanagers, (Family Tanagridce) are found only in the New
World, where they are most numerously represented in the tropics.
As a family they are remarkable for the brilliancy of their colors; the
common, but mistaken idea that most tropical birds are brightly clad
being in no small part due to the abundance of Tanagers and beauty of
their plumage.

Only five of the some three hundred and fifty known species reach
the United States and these are migratory, coming to us in the spring
and returning to the tropics in the fall. Tanagers, as a rule, are not
possessed of much vocal ability, our species ranking high in their fam-
ily as songsters, the notes of many species being far less musical.

Like most gaily costumed birds the plumages of many Tanagers un-
dergo striking changes in color with age and season. The male of our
Scarlet Tanager, for example, is olive-green with black wing-coverts
during his first winter, the scarlet plumage not being acquired until the
following spring. It is worn, however, only during the nesting season
after which the less conspicuous olive-green dress is again acquired,
the wings and tail, however, remaining black.

Swallows, (Family Hirundinidce) are of world-wide distribution, and
as might be expected in birds possessing such remarkable powers of
flight, many of the species have unusually extended ranges. Our Barn
Swallow, for example, is found throughout North America in summer,
and in the winter it migrates as far south as southern Brazil.

Birds of the air, the aerial habits of Swallows are reflected in their

165

Perching Birds.

long wings and small, weak feet; while their small bills and broad,
widely opening mouths indicate their manner of feeding.

In spite of their poor equipment of tools, Swallows take high rank
as nest builders, and it is interesting to observe that although the birds
are structurally much alike, their nests often differ widely in character.
Compare for instance, the mud-made dwellings of the Barn and Cliff
Swallows with the tunneled hole of the Bank Swallow and one realizes
how little the character of a bird's home may depend on the structure
of it's builder.

The food of Swallows, remarks Professor Beal, "consists of many
small species of beetles which are much on the wing, many species of
diptera (mosquitoes and their allies), with large quantities of flying
ants and a few insects of similar kinds. Most of them are either inju-
rious or annoying, and the numbers destroyed by Swallows are not
only beyond calculation, but almost beyond imagination."

The true Waxwings, (Family A mpelidcz) number only three species
with representatives in the northern parts of both hemispheres. Their
notes, as a rule are limited to a few unmusical calls, which, with our
Cedar Waxwing, are usually uttered when the bird is about to fly.

Waxwings are found in small flocks during the greater part of the
year and roam about the country as though they were quite as much at
home in one place as in another, provided food be plenty. Small fruits,
chiefly wild ones, constitute their usual fare, but they also feed on
insects, the injurious elm beetle being among their victims.

The Shrikes, (Family Laniida) are represented in America by only
♦wo species, the remaining two hundred or more members of this family
being found in the Old World. Shrikes are noted for their singular habit
of impaling their prey on thorns or similarly sharp-pointed growths,
or occasionally they may hang it in the crotch of a limb. This proceed-
ing enables them to tear it to pieces more readily, for it will he observ-
ed that while Shrikes have a hawk-like bill, their feet are comparatively
weak and sparrow-like and evidently of no assistance to them in dis-
secting their food.

Our Northern Shrike, or Butcherbird, feeds chiefly on small birds,
and mice, while the southern species, or Loggerhead, is a great de-
stroyer of grasshoppers and he also eats lizards and small snakes.

The Vireos, (Family Vireonidce) number fifty species, all American.

166

Perching Birds.

They search the foliage carefully for leaf-eating insects and their
eggs, and examine the crevices in the bark for eggs of the injurious
wood-boring insects. They are therefore unusually beneficial birds.

Bearing a general resemblance in size and color to many of the
Warblers, Vireos are sometimes confused with members of that family.
They are, however, as a rule, more deliberate in their motions and not
such active flutterers as are many of the Warblers. They are also
more musical, all the Vireos having characteristic songs, which if not
always highly musical, are generally noticeable, pronounced and unmis-
takable.

The nests of all our Vireos are pendant, deeply cup-shaped struct-
ures usually hung between the forks of a crotch, to the arms of which
they are most skilfully woven.

The Warblers, (Family Mtiiotiltidce) like the Vireos are distinctly
American birds, indeed they may be called characteristic North Amer-
ican birds since most of the one hundred odd species are found north of
Mexico. Between thirty and forty species of these active, beautiful
little creatures may be found in the course of a year at a single local-
ity in the Eastern States and they therefore constitute an exceedingly
important element in our bird-life. Most of them come in May at the
height of the spring migration, when the woods often swarm with them
as they flit from limb to limb in pursuit of their insect food. The larg-
er number of them pass onward to their northern homes and in Sep-
tember they return to us in increased numbers.

The beauty of their plumage, the briefness but regularity of their
visits, the rarity of certain species, combine to make the Warblers es-
pecially attractive to the field student and their charms are heightened
by the difficulty with which many of them are identified. Study them
as we may there are still species which have escaped us.

By far the larger number of Warblers may be described as flutterers
that feed agilely about the terminal branches, (genera Dendroica and
Hehninthophila); others are true flycatchers, so far as feeding habit is
concerned, (genera Setophaga and Wilsonia,) while others still feed in
the undergrowth or on the ground, (genera Geothlypis and Seiurus).
Insects constitute almost their entire fare and they are among our
most beneficial birds.

Most of the Wagtails (Family Motacillidce) , are inhabitants of the

167

Perching Birds.

Old World, only three of the sixty odd species being found in this
country. Our Pipit or Titlark is our best known, most widely distrib-
uted species.

Like other members of its family it has the habit of wagging or tip-
ping its tail both when walking (for it should be noted that these birds
are ground-inhabiting and walkers) and at rest.

The Dippers (Family Cinclidce) though numbering only twelve
species are distributed throughout the larger part of the world from
the Andes of South America to the mountains of Alaska, Europe, Asia
and Africa.

Everywhere they are haunters of streams, usually dashing mountain
torrents, over and under which they seem equally at home. Darting
into the rushing waters they fly beneath the surface or feed on the
bottom with perfect ease, their thick, dense plumage evidently forming
a waterproof covering. Their nests are great balls of moss often
placed so near some boiling cascade as to receive frequent showers of
spray. The opening, however, is at the side, and the eggs and young
are well protected by an effective roof.

The Wrens, Thrashers, and Mockingbirds, (Family Troglody tides)
form two well defined subfamilies. The Wrens, (Subfamily Troglody-
tintz) number about one hundred and fifty species all but a dozen of
which are confined to America. The Thrashers and Mockingbirds,
(Subfamily Miminez) number some fifty species, all of which are con-
fined to America.

As their dull, neutral colors would lead us to suppose, both Wrens
and Thrashers are inhabitants of the lower growth rather than of the
tree-tops, and while they may seek an elevated perch whence to deliver
their song, their food is secured and their time consequently largely
passed near or on the ground.

Few families of birds contain so many noted musicians, nearly every
member of this family being a singer of more than usual ability.

The Creepers, (Family Certhiidtz) number twelve species, only
one of which is found in America. This, however has a wide range
and, presenting more or less climatic variation in color, is recognized
under several subspecific names. Its habits, nevertheless, are much
the same everywhere. It climbs the trees of the mountains of Mexico
or of California with the same ceaseless energy it shows in Maine.

The sharply-pointed, stiffened tail-feathers of the Creeper are of
evident use to it as it ascends trees and pauses here and there to pick

168

Perching Birds.

out an insect's egg from the bark. The same type of tail feather is
shown by Woodpeckers, an excellent illustration of similar structure
accompanying similar habits in birds not at all closely related.

The Nuthatches and Titmice, ( Family Paride?), like the Wrens and
Thrashers, belong in two well marked Subfamilies; The Nuthatches,
(Subfamily Sittinte) number about twenty species, only four of which
inhabit America; the Titmice, (Subfamily Parincz) number some seven-
ty-five species, of which thirteen are American.

Nuthatches are tree-creepers, but climbing up or down with equal
ease, their tail is not employed as a prop, and consequently shows no
special development of pointed or stiffened feathers. Their toes,
however, are long, and their nails large and strong, evidently giving
them a firm grip on the bark of trees.

The Chickadees are generally resident birds and, as a rule, whatever
species we find in a given locality are apt to be there throughout the
year. We therefore become better acquainted with some of these
birds than with others which are with us only a short season. This is
especially true of our eastern Black-capped Chickadee, which comes
familiarly about our homes in winter to partake of the feast of nuts and
suet which we spread for him at that season.

Feeding largely on the eggs or larvae of insects particularly injurious;
to trees, the Nuthatches and Titmice are of great value to man.

The Kinglets, Gnatcatchers, and Old World Warblers, (Family Syl~
viidce) number about one hundred and twenty-five species, which are
divided among the following well-defined subfamilies: The Kinglets,
(Subfamily Reguli?i<z) seven species, three of which are American; the
Gnatcatchers, (Subfamily Pol iopti lines) some fifteen species, all Amer-
can; the Old World Warblers, (Subfamily Sylviince) about one hundred
species, all Old World except one which inhabits the Bering Sea coast
of Alaska.

The Kinglets are small, olive green birds which may be mistaken for
Warblers but, aside from structural differences not evident in the field,
they may be known by their smaller size, greater tameness, and habit
of nervously flitting their wings at frequent intervals. One of our
species, the Ruby-crown, possesses a remarkably loud, clear, and musi-
cal cong, a surprising performance for so tiny a songster. Kinglets
build large nests of moss and feathers and lay as many as ten eggs.

The Gnatcatchers are small, slender, grayish birds which once well
>cen will not be confused with other species. The Gnatcatchers, like
the Kinglets, are architects of more than usual ability, building a nest
beautifully covered with lichens.

169

Perching Birds.

The Thrushes, (Family Turd idee) are variously classified by different
ornithologists, but under the ruling of the American Ornithologists'
Union they are grouped in the same family with the Bluebird, Solitaires,
and Stonechats. This family numbers about three hundred species,
of which about one-half are true Thrushes (Subfamily 7 urdince) . The
members of this subfamily are, as a rule, fine singers, many of them
being among the best known song birds, and from a musical point of
view the group, as a whole, is usually given the first place among birds.
If, however, all the fifteen known species of Solitaires sing as well
as the four species it has been my privilege to hear, I am assured that
no one would dispute their claim to the highest rank which can be
awarded singing birds.

In the succeeding pages, the five hundred and fifty odd species and
subspecies included in the preceeding families of the Order Passeres
are grouped according to some obvious color character in order to
facilitate their identification in life. A satisfactory arrangement of this
kind is out of the question. Lines sharply separating the groups pro-
posed do not exist and some species appear to fit in one section as well
as in another. Nevertheless, it is hoped that in most instances, the
system will be found to serve the purpose intended. Under its ruling
our Perching Birds are grouped as follows:

1. With red markings.

2. With blue markings.

3. With orange or yellow markings.

4. With reddish brown or chestnut markings, chiefly in the form of

patches or uniformly colored areas.

5. Brownish, generally streaked birds.

6. Dull, inconspicuously colored birds, without prominent markings.

7. Gray, black, or black and white birds.

While the first object of the bird student is to learn to name birds I
would again urge him to acquaint himself with at least the arrange-
ment of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading struct-
ural characters, (see page 2.)

Having identified a bird, its family may always be determined by re-
ferring to its number in the systematic list of birds at the end of the
book; and the more important characters of its Order and Family will
be found in the synopsis of Orders and Families beginning on page 9.

170

Perching Birds Marked With Red

607. Louisana Tanager (Tiranga ludoviciana) . L.

7.5. Ad. (j\ Yellow; back, wings, and tail black, head
more or less red. Ad. $. Above olive-green, head
rarely red-tinged; below dusky greenish yellow; wings
and tail brownish edged with greenish, two yellowish
white wing-bars. Yng. cf. kike V, but head and
rump greener, underparts yellower. Notes. Call, clit-
tuck; song, resembles that of No. 608.

Range. — Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific;
breeds from Arizona to British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Cen-
tral America.

608. Scarlet Tanagerr/Yra//^? erj/thromelas) . L.

7.4. Ad. c?. Scarlet; wings and tail black. Ad. $
Olive-green, yellower below, wings and tail blackish
brown, no wing-bars. Yng. cT. Like ?, but brighter
wing-coverts black. Ad. $, Winter. Like Yng. 6, but
wings and tail black. Notes. Call, chip-churr; song, a
rather forced whistle, suggesting a Robin's song, but
less musical, Look-up, way-up, look-at-me, tree-top; re-
peated with pauses.

Range. — Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
Virginia and scuthern Illinois north to New Brunswick and Manitoba;
winters in Central and South America.

609. Hepatic Tanager (Piranga hepatica). L. 7.8.
Bill large. Ad. <$ Vermilion, back grayish; tail dull red.
Ad. $, No wing-bars; above grayish olive; crown and
tail greener; below dusky yellow. Yng. cf. Like 9
and variously intermediate between it and ad. rj\
Notes. Call, clut-tuck; song, like that of No. 608, but
somewhat more robin-like.

Range.— From Guatemala north in spring to New Mexico and Ari-
zona; winters in Mexico and Central America.

6 10. Summer Tanager {Piranga rubra). L. 7.5;
W. 3.8. Ad. J\ Rosy red. Ad. ?. Olive-yellow
above, dusky saffron below. Yng. cj]. Variously in-
termediate between Ad. <$ and V- Notes. Call,
ehiekv-luckv-titck; song, resembles in form that of No.
608 but is more musical and less forced.

Range. Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
Florida and western Texas north to southern New Jersey, southern
Illinois, and Kansas; winters in Central and South America.

610a. Cooper Tanager (P. r, cooperi). Similar
to No. 610, but larger; W. 4; bill more swollen, colors
paler.

Range. "Breeds from southwestern Texas to the Colorado Valley.
California, and from Arizona and New Mexico to northwestern Mexico;
south in winter to western Mexico; casually to Colorado,"

:M

ym

<6\0.

171

11

Perching Birds Marked With Red

594.

593. Cardinal {Cardinalis cardinalis). L. 9; W.
3.7; T. 4.1. Ad. <j\ Forehead with a well-defined
black band; feathers of back (except in worn plumage)
tipped with oltie-brou-n or olive-gray. Ad. 9» Above
olive-brown; crest, wings and tail dull red edged with
olive-brown; throat and region at base of bill gray;
breast buffy, sometimes tinged with red; belly whiter.
Notes. Call, a sharp, insignificant tsip; song, a rich,
sympathetic whistle, whe-e-e-you, whe-e-e, hurry-hurry-
hurry, quick-quick-quick, and other notes.

Range. — Eastern United States; resident from northern Florida and
eastern Texas north to southern New York and Iowa.

593a. Arizona Cardinal (C. c. superbus). Largest
of our Cardinals, L. 9.5; YV. 4; T. 4.9. Ad. rj\
Paler, more rosy, than No. 593; margins to back
feathers usually gray; black on forehead usually sep-
arated by base of culmen. Ad. ?. Gray above like
No. 593c, but breast richer, much as in No. 593d; gray
of throat more restricted and often confined to the
chin.

Range.— Southern Arizona and northern Sonora. Mexico.

593b. Saint Lucas Cardinal (C. c. igneus). Simi-
lar to No. 593a, but smaller; W. 3-6; T. 4; c? with
even less, sometimes almost no black on forehead; 9
paler; gray on chin and about base of bill less defined.

Range. — Southern Lower California.

593c. Gray-tailed Cardinal (C. c. canicaudus). W.

3.7. Ad. (j\ Red bright as in No. 593d, but black on
forehead narrower, usually separated by base of cul-
men. Ad. 9. Grayer than 9 of No. 593, the edgings
of wings and tail usually gray without an olive tinge.

Range. — Texas, except western and northeastern parts, and north-
eastern Mexico.

593d. Florida Cardinal (C. c. Jloridanus) . Smaller
than No. 593, W. 3.4; tf averaging deeper red; 9
darker and richer in color, particularly on breast.

Range. — Southern half of Florida.

594. Arizona Pyrrhuloxia {Tyrrhuloxia sinuata).
L- 9; W. 3.6; T. 4.1. Ad. cf. Gray; in fresh plumage
washed with brownish; crest, wings and tail externally
dull red; under wing-coverts, center of breast and of
belly, throat, and region about base of bill, rosy red.
Ad. 9- Usually little or no red about bill or on under-
parts. Notes. Call, several flat, thin notes; song,
a clear, straight whistle. ( Bailey. )

Range. —Northwestern Mexico, north to western Texas, southwest-
ern New Mexico, and Arizona.

594a. Texas Pyrrhuloxia (P. s. texana). Similar
to No. 594, but bill larger; underparts averaging
slightly grayer; red before eyes averaging duskier.

594b. Saint Lucas Pyrrhuloxia (P. s. peninsula).

Similar in color to No. 594, but decidedly smaller, with
the bill larger; W. 3.4; T. 3.7. (Ridgw.)

Range. -Cape Region of Lower California.

172

Perching Birds Marked With Red

5 I 5. Pino Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator leucura).
L. 8.5; W. 4.6. Ad. cf- Rosy red in varying amounts;
belly gray; wings, tail and center of back feathers
blackish brown; two white wing-bars. Ad. $. Gray,
hc.id and rump greenish; breast tinged with greenish.
Yng.tf. Like 9> but with head and rump reddish.
Notes, Song, sweet; in winter strong and cheery; in
spring tender and plaintive. (Chamberlain. )

Range.— Northeastern North America; breeds from New Brunswick
and northern New England northward: winters south, irregularly, to
southern New England, Ohio, and Manitoba, and casually to District
of Columbia and Kansas.

5 I 5a. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak (P. e. mon-
Una). Similar to No. 515b, but decidedly larger, W.
4.8, and coloration slightly darker; the adult male with
the red of a darker, more carmine hue. (Ridgw.)

Range.— "Rocky Mountains of United States, from Montana and
Idaho to New Mexico." (Ridgway.)

5 15b. California Pine Grosbeak {P. e. californica).
Similar to No. 515, but cf with red much brighter;
feathers of back plain ashy gray without darker
centers; 9 with little if any greenish on rump.

Range. — Higher parts of "Central Sierra Nevada, north to Placer
County and south to Fresno County, California " (Grinnell.)

5 1 5c. Alaskan Pine Grosbeak (P. e. alascensis).
Similar to No. 515, but decidedly larger with smaller or
shorter bill and paler coloration, both sexes having the
gray parts of the plumage distinctly lighter, more ashy.
(Ridgw.)

Range. "Northwestern North America except Pacific coast, breed-
ing in interior of Alaska; south, in winter, to eastern British Colum-
bia, Montana (Bitterroot Valley) , etc." (Ridgway.)

5l5d. Kadiak Pine Grosbeak (P. e. flammula).

Similar to No. 515, but with much larger, relatively
longer and more strongly hooked bill; wings and tail
grayish brown instead of dull blackish.

Range. — "Kadiak Island and south on the coast to Sitka, Alaska.''
(Ridgway.)

521. American Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra minor}.
L.6.i;W. 3.4; B. .66. Tips of mandibles crossed.
Ad. rj\ Red, more or less suffused with greenish or
yellow. Ad. 9. Olive-green, rump and underparts
yellower. Yng. Resemble Ad. 9- Notes. Calls,
when feeding, a conversational twittering; louder and
more pronounced when flying; song, sweet, varied and
musical, but of small volume.

Range.— Northern North America, chiefly eastward; breeds from
northern New England (in Alleghenies from Georgia) north and west
to Alaska; winters south irregularly to Virginia and Nevada; casually
to South Carolina and Louisiana.

521a Mexican Crossbill (L. c. stricklandi). Simi-
lar to No. 521, but larger; W. 4; B. .78.

Range. — "Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, west to the Sierra
Nevada, and south through New Mexico, Arizona and the tablelands
of Mexico to Guatemala." (A. O. U.)

173

Perching- Birds Marked With Red

522. White-winged Crossbill (Loxij l-ucoptira).
L. 6. Tips of mandibles crossed. Ad. <$. Rose-
pink; middle of back black; wings with two white bars.
Ad. 9« Olive-green and dusky; rump and under-
pays yellower; wings with two white bars. Yng. Like
Ad. $. Notes. Resemble those of Nj. 521.

Range. — Northern North America; breeds from northern New
England, northern New York and northern Michigan northward;
winters south irregularly to Virginia, Illinois, British Columbia, and
Nevada.

SZZ.

5 95. Rose-breasted Grosbeak iZamdodia ludovicia-
na). L. 8. Ad. q7'. Black; rump, belly, tips of
inner vanes of outer tail-feathers and patch in wing
white; under wing-coverts and breast rose. Ad. $.
Under wing-coverts saffron; above streaked brown and
black; below whitish streaked with blackish; a white
line over eye; two white wing-bars. Yng. rf. Resem-
bles $, but under wing-coverts rose; breast more or
less rose-tinged. Notes. Call, a sharp, steely peek;
song, a rich, fluent, joyous carol.

Range. — Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
northern New Jersey, northern Ohio, and northern Indiana (and
south in Alleghanies to North Carolina) , north to Nova Scotia and
Manitoba; winters in Central and bouth America.

5 17. Purple Finch iCarpodacus purputt its). L. 6.2;

W. 3.2. Bill swollen and rounded; nostrils large,
partially covered by projecting, grayish, bristly feath-
ers; tail slightly forked. Ad. rf. Dull rose, head and
rump brightest; back brownish; lower belly white.
Ad. 9. Above grayish brown, slightly edged with
whitish and brownish ashy; below white streaked with
dark brownish; a more or less distinct whitish stripe
over the eye. Yng. Resemble Ad. 9- Notes. Call,
creak, creak, and a querulous whistle; song, a sweet,
rapidly flowing warble. (Seepage 175.)

Range. Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
northern New Jersey, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern
Illinois northward; winters from the northern States to the Gulf of
Mexico.

5 17a. California Purple Finch (C. p. californicus).

Similar to No. 517, but c? duller and darker; V decided-
ly olive greenish above. (See page 175.)

Range. — Pacific coast region; breeds in the mountains of Califor
nla; west of the Sierra north to British Columbia; winters from cen-
tral Oregon to southern Arizona.

174

Perching Birds Marked "With Red

5 18. Cassin Purple Finch {Carpodacus cassini) . L.

65. Ad. cf. Similar to Ad. tf of No. 5'7 and No.
5-i 7a, but back much blacker, streaks more sharply
defined; crown as bright but appearing like a cap; be-
low much paler. Ad. ?. Similar to Ad ? of No.
517a but larger and more sharply streaked with black,
both above and below. Notes. Resemble those or
No. 517.

Ranee -Western United States, east to the eastern base of the
Rockies, west to the Pacific; breeds in the mountains from New
Mexico north to British Columbia.

5 19. House Finch [Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis) .
L. 6.1; W. 3.1. Ad. cf\ Throat, breast, fore/wad, line
over' eye, and rump, bright rose-red; back grayish
brown tinged with red; belly white, streaked with
brownish. Ad. ?. Above brownish gray obscurel>
streaked with brownish, no olive tint; below white
streaked with brownish. Ad. rj' in Winter. Red
areas dull purplish pink tipped with grayish. Yng.
Resemble Ad. ?. Notes. Call, nasal, in chorus,
chattering; song, a musical cheery, varied warble, re-
minding one of that of No. 517, but recognizably diff-
erent.

Range— Western United States, east to the Plains, west to the
Pacific, and from northern Mexico north to southern Wyoming and
Oregon.

5 19b. St. Lucas House Finch (C. m. ruberrimus).

Similar to No. 519, but smaller, W. 2.8; red more ex-
tended, always showing in males on under tail-coverts.

Range, — Southern Lower California.

5 I 9c. San Clemente House Finch (C. m. dementis)

Similar to No. 519, but wing and tail averaging short-
er, the bill decidedly, and feet slightly larger; colora-
tion somewhat darker. W. 3; B. .48. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Santa Barbara Island, California; Todos Santos Island,
Lower California.

520. Guadalupe House Finch {Carpodacus ampins).
Similar to No. 519, but red deeper; back dark brown
without red suffusion.

Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

520.1 San Benito House Finch (Carpodacus mc-
gregori). Similar to No. 519, but much larger with
relatively shorter wings and tail; above much grayer
and more distinctly streaked; red areas paler, more
flesh-colored, often dull yellow; W. 3.7.; T. 2.5; B. .5.
(Ridgw.)

Range. — San Benito Island, Lower California.

175

Perching Eirds Marked With Red

^

527. Greenland Redpoll (Acanthis hornemannii).

L. 6.1; W. 3.3. A red crown-patch. Ad. cf. Rump,
lower breast, sides and belly white, generally unstreaked\
breast and rump sometimes faintly tinged with pink.
In winter. Throat, breast, and above washed with
buff. Ad. $. Similar to o71. but no pink on breast or
rump, sides sometimes lightly streaked.

Range. — Breeds in Greenland; winters south to Labrador.

527a. Hoary Redpoll (A. h. exilipes). Similar to
No. 527 but smaller and darker; rump still white, but
with sides more apt to be streaked; L. 5; W. 3; T. 2.3;
B. .3.

Range.— Breeds in Arctic regions; in America, winters south irreg-
ularly to Massachusetts, Ontario, northern Illinois, and Michigan.

528. Redpoll {Acanthis linaria). L. 5.3; W. 2.8;
T. 2.3. B. .36. Crown-cap red. Ad. <$. Above
blackish brown edged with yellowish brown and some
whitish; rump heavily streaked with blackish edged
with whitish and tinged with rose; breast rose; sides
heavily streaked. Ad. 9- Similar, but no pink on
rump or breast. Yng. rj\ Like female. Notes. Call
like that of Goldfinch or Siskin and chit\ song like
that of American Goldfinch but distinct. (Minot.)

Range. — Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; In Amer-
ica, winters south to northern United States, irregularly to Virginia,
Alabama, Kansas, Colorado, and northern California.

528a. Holbcell Redpoll (A. I. holboellit). Similar
to No. 528, but larger, the bill longer; W. 3.2; T. 2.3;
B. .38.

Range. — Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; In Amer-
ica, winters south, casually to northern United States, (Quebec, On-
tario, and Massachusetts.)

528b. Greater Redpoll {A. I. rostrata). Similar to
No. 528, but larger, above darker; L. 5.5; W. 3.2; T.
2.5; B. .35; depth at base, .28.

Range. — "Southern Greenland in summer, migrating south In
winter, through Labrador to (sparingly) the northern border of the
United States, (New England, lower Hudson Valley, northern Illinois,
etc.) , and west to Manitoba." (Ridgway.)

749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula).
L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. Ad. o71. A
more or less concealed vermilion crown-patch; back
olive-green; underparts soiled whitish more or less
tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. Ad. $ and
Yng. Similar, but no crown-patch. Notes. Call, a
wren-like ~ack\ song, a surprisingly loud, rich, musical,
varied, flute-like whistle.

Range.— North America; breeds from the northern border of the
United States northw.ird an.l south In the Rocky Mountains to Arizo-
na and on the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from South Car-
olina and Oregon southward to Central America.

749a. Sitkan Kinglet ( R. c. grinnelli). Similar to
No. 749, but more olive-green above, more buffy below.

Range.— Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters south-
ward to California.

176

Perching Birds Marked With Red

750. Dusky Kinglet (Regulus obscurus). Similar to
No. 749, but above sooty olive. Ad. tf. With crown-
patch pinkish or purplish vermilion-red. (Ridgw.)
(See page 176.)

Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

— European Goldfinch (Cardnelis carduelis) , L. 5.50.
Feathers at base of bill red; crown and neck-stripe
black; back brownish; wings with a yellow band;
inner webs of tail-feathers tipped with white; below
white tinged with brownish. Notes. Call, twit] song,
'sweet and varied." (See page 176.)

Range. — Introduced In this country near Hoboken, N. J., in 1878;
now not uncommon near New York City.

443. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (Muscivora forfica-
tta). L. 14.5. Ad. <j\ Above gray, back washed
with red or yellow; crown-patch red. Ad. ?. Similar,
but tail shorter, red less bright, back grayer. Notes.
Loud, harsh, chattering notes uttered on the wing.

Range. — Central America and Mexico: breeds through Texas north
to southern Kansas and western Louisiana, and winters south to Cen-
tral America: accidental in Florida and as far north as Connecticut
and Hudson Bay.

47 1. Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubineus
mexicanus). L. 6. Ad. rj\ Crown and underparts
red; back grayish brown. Ad. 9- Above brownish,
below white, breast streaked with dusky, belly red or
yellow. Yng. <$. Similar to $ but spotted with red
below and on crown. Notes. A shrill ^i-bree, qi-bree,
uttered while the bird hovers twenty or thirty feet up
in the air. (Bendire.)

Range.— Central America and Mexico, breeding north to southern
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Utah (rarely) :" winter vis-
itant to southern California." (Grinnell.)

688. Painted Redstart (Sc-top/ni^a picta). L. 5.4.
Ads. Black; center of breast and belly deep red, patch
in wings and outer tail-feathers white.

Range — Mexicai > lateau north to southwest New Mexico and Arizona ,

690. Red-faced Warbler (Cardellina rubrifrons).

L. 5.2. Ads. Forehead, face, throat and sides of neck-
red, crown and ear-coverts black, nape band and rump
whitish; back gray; no white in wings or tail. Notes.
A prolonged, very clear, whistled song. (Scott.)

Range. — From Guatemala north over the Mexican Plateau to south-
ern Arizona and western New Mexico.

177

Perching Birds Marked With Red

498. Red-winged Blackbird {Agelaius phceniceus).
L. d\ 9-5; W. 4.7; B. .88; depth at base, .5. Ad. $.
Black, in winter more or less tipped with rusty; lesser
wing-coverts scarlet; median wing-coverts buff, tips in
summer whitish. Ad. 9- Above brownish black,
widely margined with buffy and rusty; below whitish
heavily streaked with black; throat tinged with orange
or yellow; lesser wing-coverts tinged with red. Yng.
cf. Similar to Ad. rj\ but heavily margined with rusty
above and less so below; lesser wing-coverts duller and
narrowly edged with black. Notes. Call, chM, chink,
a reedy each; song, a chorus song, a liquid kong-quOr-rei',
alarm note a shrill cbee-e-e-e-e. The notes of this species
are subject to much variation with locality, but 1 find
it impossible to express on paper differences perfectly
apparent when heard.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf of Mexico north
to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern
Illinois southward.

498a. Sonoran Red-wing {A. p. sonoriensis). Sim-
ilar to No. 498, but larger, bill more slender; 9 paler,
streaking below browner. W. 9> 4-8; B .95; depth at
base .5.

Range.— Lower Colorado Valley In California and Arizona, southern
Arizona and south over coast plain of Sonora; Cape St. Lucas.

498b. Bahaman Red-wing {A. p. bryanti). Simi-
lar to No. 498, but bill slightly longer, the female
streaked below with b.ownish instead of black.

Range. — Bahamas and southern Florida.

498c. Florida Red-wing {A. p. floridanus). Simi-
lar to No. 498, but smaller, the bill longer and more
slender; rf, W. 4 2; B. .9; depth at base .4.

Range. — Florida, except extreme southern portion; west along
Gulf coast to Texas.

498d. Thick-billed Red-wing (A. p. fortts). Simi-
lar to No. 498, but larger, bill shorter and proportion-
ately thicker. W. 5; B. .8; depth at base .5.

Range. — Breeds on Mackenzie River, Athabasca, and other Interior
districts of British America; during migrations Great Plains, from
Rockies to Minnesota, Iowa, western Illinois, northern Kentucky, and
southwest to western Texas a id Arizona. (Ridgway.)

498e. San Diego Red-wing {A. p. neutralis). Sim-
ilar to No. 498a, bat slightly smaller, the 9 with
streaks below wider. W. 4.7; B. .95; depth at base .5.

Range.— Great Basin region from southern British Columbia south
to Mexico, western Texas, to southern California and northern Lower
California; in winter as far east as Brownsville, Texas. (Ridgway.)

498f. Northwestern Red-wing (A. p. caiirinum).
Similar to No. 498, but slightly larger, bill somewhat
longer and more slender, the rj: with median wing-
coverts deeper buff, the 9 much darker, streaks be-
low wider, darkest 9 of group. W. 4.8; B. .9; depth
at base .45.

Range. — Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia;
south in winter to southern California.

178

Perching Birds Marked With Red

499. Bicolored Blackbird (Agelaius gubernator
californicus). Ad. rf. Similar to No. 498, but median
wing-coverts darker and broadly tipped with black,
concealing as a rule, their brownish bases. Ad. $.
Very different from 9 of No. 498; above and below
blackish slightly edged with rusty. Notes. Similar in
character to those of No. 498, but with easily recogniz-
able differences. (See page 178.)

Range. —Pacific coast; breeds from northern Lower California
northward, west of Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges, to Washing-
ton; migratory at north part of range.

500. Tricolored Blackbird (Agelaius tricolor).
Ad. cf . Similar to No. 498, but glossier, lesser wing-
coverts darker, median wing-coverts white; in winter
black more or less edged with grayish brown; median
wing-coverts dingy. Ad. 9. No rusty; above black-
ish edged with grayish; below black bordered with
whitish. Notes. "Said to be quite different" from
those of No. 498. (Bendire.) (See page 178.)

Range.— Northern Lower California north to southern Oregon; local
in valleys of interior.

5 23. Aleutian Leucosticte (Leucosticte gnseonucha) •,
Like No. 524a, but much darker, breast chestnut-
chocolate; larger, W. 4-4.

Range.— Islands of Bering Sea (resident); in winter. Shumagin
Islands, lower portion of Alaska Peninsula and Kadiak Island.

524. Gray-crowned Leucosticte (Leucosticte tephro-
cotis). L. 6.7; W. 4.1. Ad. cf. Reddish brown
more or less tipped with grayish; rump, upper tail-
coverts, lesser wing-coverts, outer edges of primaries,
and lower belly tipped with pink; forecrown black;
hindhead gray; cheeks down to blackish throat brown.
Ad. 9 . Similar but duller. Yng. Nearly uniform
brownish; margins of primaries showing some
pink. Notes. A quick alarm note, qui, qui. (Silloway.)

Range. — Western LInited States; breeds in higher parts of Sierra
Nevada of California, from Mt. Shasta south to Mt. Whitney, and on
White Mountains (Grinnell) ; north in Rocky Mountains to British
Columbia; in winter east to Manitoba, Colorado, and NebraSKa.

524a. Hepburn Leucosticte ( L. t. littoralis). Sim-
ilar to No. 524, but cheeks gray like hindhead; throat
often grayish.

Range. — Higher mountains of Washington and British Columbia;
north to Alaska; winters south to Colorado and, on Pacific Coast, as
far north as Kadiak Island.

525. Black Leucosticte {Leucosticte atrata). Simi-
lar to No. 524, but brown replaced by brownish black
in Ad. rf, or dusky slate brownish in Ad. 9 and Yng.

Range. — Breeds on higher mountains of Idaho and Wyoming;
winters south to Colorado and Utah.

526. Brown-capped Leucosticte [Leucosticte aus-
tralis). Resembles No. 524, but little or no gray on
hindhead, the black of fo.ehead passing gradually into
brown of nape and back.

Range.— Breeds in mountains of Colorado at about 12000 feet alti-
tude, winters at lower altitudes and south to New Mexico.

179

Perching Birds Marked With Blue

599. Lazuli Bunting (Oyanospi^a amcena). L. 5.5.

Ad. cf. Two white wing-bars; breast cinnamon,
throat and upperparts light blue; back blacker. In
winter more or less tipped w'th rusty. Ad. $. Middle
wing-coverts tipped with whitish', above grayish brown
with generally a blue tinge, strongest on rump and
leaser wing-coverts; below whitish, breast buff. Yng.
Like 9 , but browner, no blue. Notes. Suggest those
of the Indigo Bunting.

Range.— Western United States, east to western Kansas; breeds
north to Montana and British Columbia; winters in Mexico.

600. Varied Bunting [Cyanospi^a -versicolor}. L.
5.5. Ad. <$. Reddish purple, crown and rump blue,
nape red. Ad. 9- Above brownish gray; below
whitish washed with buff; a slight tinge of blue on
rump, wings and tail. Much like 9 of No. 598, but
less brown above and no streaks below. Yng. Re-
semble 9-

Range.— Mexico; breeding north to southern Texas and southern
Arizona; winters south of United States.

600a. Beautiful Bunting (C. v. pulchra). Similar to
No. 600, but slightly smaller, rump more purple,
throat with less red.

Range. — Southern Lower California.

601. Painted Bunting; Nonpareil (Cyanospi^a

arts). L. 5.4. Ad. <S\ Below red, rump duller,
back green, head dark blue. Ad. 9- Bright, shining
olive-green above; greenish yellow below. Yng. $.
Like 9 i second year variously intermediate between
Ad. c? and 9- Notes. Resemble those of the Indigo
Bunting but possess less volume.

Range. — Southern United States; breeds north to North Carolina,
southern Illinois, and Kansas, and west to southern Arizona; win-
ters in Mexico and Central America.

654. Black-throated Blue Warbler {Dendroica
ccerulescens). L. 5.2. A white patch or spot at base of
primaries. Ad. <j\ Throat and sides black; belly
white; above dark grayish blue; outer tail-feathers
with white. Ad. 9- Grayish olive-green; below
yellowish white; a narrow white line over eye; white
wing-patch small, sometimes barely showing above
coverts; tail with a bluisii tinge. Yng. cf • Like Ad. rf,
but greenish above; black areas smaller and tipped
with whitish. Notes. Call, a sharp, characteristic
chip; song, usually, %wee-{wee-{wee in an ascending
scale.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from northern Connecticut,
mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Michigan, and northern Min-
nesota, nr>rth to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central
and South America.

654a. Cairns Warbler (D. c. cairnst). Similar to
No. 654, but c? darker, the back with more or less
black; V darker and duller.

Range. — Breeds In higher portions of southern Alleghenles; winters
south of United States.

180

Perching Birds Marked With Blue

658. Cerulean Warmer {Dendroica cerulea). L. 5.
Ad. cf. A gray-blue breast band; above bright gray-
blue streaked with black; wing-bars and spots in tail
white. Ad. 9 and Yng. c?. Above blue-gray washed
with greenish, below yellowish white; a whitish line
over eye. Notes. Call, a warbler lisp and tchip of the
Myrtle Warbler; song resembling that of Parula
Warbler. (Brewster.) (See page 180.)

Range. — Mississippi Valley, breeding north to Minnesota and east
to Cayuga County, New York, Maryland, and West Virginia; gener-
ally rare east of Alleghanies; migrates south through Texas and
winters in Central and South America.

597. Blue Grosbeak {Guiraca ccerulea). L. 7; W.
3.4. Ad. fj\ Deep, dark blue, back blacker and
sometimes with brownish edgings; lesser wing-coverts
broadly, greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with
chestnut. In winter more or less tipped with brown-
ish above and below. Ad. 9- Above grayish brown,
deepest on head; below grayish white washed with
buffy; wing-bars buff. Some specimens show more or
less blue, particularly about head. Yng. tf. Like 9,
but browner. Notes. Call, a strong, harsh, ptchick;
song, a beautiful but feeble warble, somewhat like
that of Purple Finch and with a slight resemblance to
that of Rose-breasted Grosbeak. (Ridgw-)

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf north to
Maryland and southern Illinois; winters south of United States into
Mexico and Central America; casually north as far as Maine and
Quebec.

597a. Western Blue Grosbeak (G. c. lunula). Sim-
ilar to No. 597, but larger, W. 3.6. male brighter blue;
back blacker; tips of wing-coverts paler, those of greater
coverts usually decidedly paler than those of lesser
coverts and averaging wider than those of No. 597.
Female averaging paler, less brown.

Range. — Western United States; breeds from Mexico north to
Kansas, southern Nebraska, Colorado, and northern California;
winters in Mexico and Central America.

598. Indigo Bunting {Cyanospi^a cvanea) . L. 5.4.
No white wing-bars. Ad. tf. Deep blue, darkest
on head. In winter brown, paler below, more or less
mixed with blue. Ad. 9- Above brown; below
whitish washed with brown with a suggestion of streaks;
lesser wing-coverts and margins of tail-feathers usually
tinged with blue. Yng. Similar to 9 but below more
streaked; browner, and generally without blue tinge.
Notes. Call, a sharp/)//; song, a tinkling, unsympa-
thetic, rapid warble, July, July, summer-summer' s here)
morning, noontide, evening, list to me.

Range. — Eastern United States, west to the Plains, casually to Col-
orado; breeds north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central
America.

181

Perching Birds Marked With Blue

766. Bluebird (Sialia sialis) . L. 7. Ad.tf. Above,
including wings and tail, bright blue; throat and breast
rusty brown, belly whitish. Ad. ?. Above grayer,
below paler. In winter specimens of both sexes have
upperparts tipped with rusty. Notes. Call, tur-wee,
tur-wee; song, a rich and sweet but short warble.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States to
Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from southern New England and
southern Illinois southward

76 6a. Azure Bluebird (5. s. a^urea). Similar to
No. 766, but breast paler, upperparts less deep, more
cerulean.

Range. — Mountains of eastern Mexico north to southern Arizona.

767. Western Bluebird ( Sialia mexicana 'Occident alts) .
L. 7. Ad. cf. Above bright blue,foreback with more or
less rust-brown, but rarely wholly chestnut; throat
blue, breast rust-brown, belly bluish gray. Ad. 9-
Above grayish blue; rust on foreback faintly indicated;
throat bluish gray, breast paler than in rj\ Notes.
Call, suggests that of No. 766, but is louder and
wilder.

Range. — Pacific coast region from northern Lower California north
to British Columbia, east to western Nevada and casually, during mi-
grations, to New Mexico. (Ridgway.)

767a. Chestnut-backed Bluebird (S. m. bairdi).
Similar to No. 767, but foreback wholly rust-brown.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region from Wyoming south into Mexico.

767b. San Pedro Bluebird (5. m. anabelce).
Rust-brown of back and breast greatly reduced in ex-
tent, usually wholly wanting or barely indicated on
back, and divided into two patches on breast by back-
ward extension of blue of throat; W. 4.2. (Ridgw.)

Range. — San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.

768. Mountain Bluebird (Sialia arctica). L. 7.5.
Ad. (j\ Above beautiful cerulean blue, throat and
breast paler, belly whitish. Winter specimens are
more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. 9. Above
brownish gray, rump blue, throat and breast gray-
ish buff; belly whitish. Notes. Call, suggests that
of No. 766, but in fall is merely a feeble chirp.
(Ridgw.)

Range. — Western United States, except Pacific coast; breeds from
the Sierra Nevada east to the Plains and from New Mexico north to
the Great Slave Lake region; winters from the Mexico boundary
states south into Mexico.

182

Perching Birds Marked With Blue

477. Blue Jay {Cyanocitta cristata). L. 11.7. Ads.
Above gray-blue, breast and sides washed with grayish;
white tip to outer tail-feather rarely less than one inch
long. Notes. Varied; commonly a loud harsh jay jay\
often whistling calls and imitations of the notes of
ether birds, particularly of common Hawks.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Georgia and northern Texas north to Labrador and Hudson Bay
region; resident, except at northern part of range.

477a. Florida Blue Jay (C. c. florincola). Simi-
lar to No. 477, but smaller, L. 10; blue above with a
purplish tinge; greater wing-coverts more narrowly
barred with black and tipped with white.

Range. — Florida and Gulf Coast to southeastern Texas.

482. Arizona Jay (Apbelocoma sieberii ari{ once). L.
13; W. 6.3; T. 5.8. Ads Above grayish blue, head,
wings and tail brighter than back; below unstreaked,
gray breast tinged with bluish; belly whiter. Notes.
Noisy, harsh, and far-reaching. (Bendire.)

Range. — Northern Mexico, north to southern New Mexico and
Arizona.

482a. Couch Jay (A. s. couchi). Similar to No-
482, but smaller; W. 5.8; T. 5.3; bluer above, throat
whiter.

Range. — "Eastern Mexico, extendingto western Texas In theChisos
Mountains." (Bailey.)

492. Pinon Jay {Cvetnocephalns cyanocephalus) . L.
11; T. 4.8. Ads. Above nearly uniform grayish blue,
head slightly darker; below slightly paler, throat streak-
ed with white. Notes. Variable, some as harsh as
those of No. 491, others like gabble of Magrie; others
like Jays' common call a shrill, querulous, peek, peeh;
when on ground maintain a constant chatter. (Ben-
dire.)

Range. — Western North America, from New Mexico and Lower
California north to southern British Columbia; east to Rockies, west
to Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges.

183

Perching' Birds Marked With Blue

479. Florida Jay (Aphelocoma cyanea). L. 11.5.

Ads. Foreback clay-color or pale brownish gray; head,
nape, wings, tail, sides of throat and faint breast-
streaks blue; a grayish line over eye; throat gray;
belly dingier; forehead usually hoary. Notes. Harsh
and unmusical calls.

Range. — Florida; confined mostly to coast of the middle portions of
the peninsula.

480. Woodhouse Jay { Aphelocoma woodhousei). L.
12; W. 5. Ads. Back grayish or brownish bine, usual-
ly not sharply defined from nape; crown, nape, wings
and tail blue; throat gray; belly dingier; breast streaked
with blue; under tail-coverts blue; a narrow white line
over eye. Resembles No. 479, but is larger, back
bluer, forehead not hoary; line over eye sharper.

Range. — Western United States (chiefly Great Basin region), from
northern Mexico north to southeastern Oregon and southern Wyoming;
east to western Texas and Colorado; west to California, east of the
Sierras.

480.1. Blue-eared Jay (Aphelocoma cyanotis). Re-
sembling No. 480, but larger; W. 5. 5; under tail-cov-
erts white; back slaty-gray tinged with blue; white line
over eye less evident.

Range. — "Mexican tableland north casually to Sutton County,
Texas." (Bailey.)

480.2. Texan Jay (Aphelocoma texand). Similar \o.
No. 480.1, but white line over eye more distinct, below
paler and browner gray, lower throat and chest with
obsolete grayish streaks instead of blue streak >.
Differs from No. 480 in having pure white under tail
coverts and in other respects. (Ridgw.)

Range. — "Southeastern Texas, from Concho and Kerr Counties
west to the Davis Mountains." (Bailey.)

48 1. California Jay {Aphelocoma californica). Sim-
ilar to No. 480, but back brown; usually sharply de-
fined from nape; blue areas brighter, throat and bellv
whiter; breast less streaked with blue. Notes. Varied,
usual call a harsh, metallic squawking.

Range. — Pacific coast from northern Lower California, north to
southern Wahington, east, in California, to the Sierra Nevada.

48 la. Xantus Jay (A. c. Inpoleuca). Similar to No.
481, but blue areas somewhat lighter, underparts de-
cidedly whiter.

Range. — Lower California, north to Lat. 280 .

48 1b. Belding Jay {A. c. obscura). Similar to No.
481, but darker and with smaller teet; W. 4.7. (An-
thony.)

Range. — San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.

48 1.1. Santa Cruz Jay {Aphelocoma insularis).

Similar to No. 481, but larger; W. 5.6; blue area^
much deeper, back much darker, grayish sooty
tinged with blue.

Range. — Santa Cruz Island, California.

184

Perching- Birds Marked With Blue

478. Steller Jay (Crauocitta stelleri). L. 13. Ads.
Crest, back and upper breast sooty brown; rump and
belly dark, (Antwerp) blue; forehead more or less
streaked with blue. Notes. Varied, usual call a loud,
harsh squawking; the bird is a mim'c and also a
whistler.

Range. — Pacific coast from Monterey, California, north to near
Cook Inlet, A|aska, including Vancouver Island.

478a. Blue-fronted Jay (C. s. frontalis). Similar
to No. 478, but back paler, grayer, rump and belly
turquoise, forehead with more blue which sometimes
extends to the crest.

Range. — "Southern coast ranges and Sierra Nevada of California
and western Nevada, from Fort Crook south to northern Lower Cal-
ifornia." (A. O. U.J

478b. Long-crested Jay (C. 5. diademata). Simi-
lar to No. 478, but paler, grayer above, blue turquoise,
as in No. 478a; :rest longer, the forehead with pale,
bluish ■white streaks; a white spot over the eye.

Range. — "Southern Rocky Mountains; north to southern Wyoming;
west to Uintah Mountains, in eastern Utah, and the higher ranges of
northwestern Arizona; south to New Mexico." (Bendire.)

478c. Black-headed Jay (C. s. annedens). Be-
tween No. 478 and No. 478b. Forehead streaks, and
spot over eye much as in latter; color of body dark as
in former.

Range. — Northern Rocky Mountain region from northern Utah and
southern Wyoming north to Alberta and British Columbia.

47 8d. Queen Charlotte Jay (C. s. carlottce). Sim-
ilarto No. 478, but darker, sooty slate above, blue deeper.

Ranee. — Queen Charlot'e Islands, British Columbia.

483. Green Jay {Xanthoma luxuosa glaucescens) .
L. 11. Ads. Crown and patches at side of throat
blue; oack, wings, and central tail-feathers green;
outer tail-feathers yellow; throat black, breast and
belly greenish yellow. Notes. Noisy and harsh often
suggesting certain of the Blue Jay's calls.

483

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley,
eastern Mexico.

Texas, and south Into north-

185

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

503. Audubon Oriole {Icterus audubonii). L. 9.5.
Ads. Head, breast, wings and tail black; belly yellow;
back greenish yellow. Yng. Greenish yellow below;
olive-green above. Notes. See No. 507.'

Range.— Mexico north to the Lower Rio Grande; casually as far as

San Antonio, Texas; resident.

504. Scott Oriole (icterus parisorum) , L. 8; B. .95;
Ad. (j\ Lesser wing-coverts, base of tail, rump and
belly yellow; rest of plumage black. Ad. $. Yellow-
ish below, olive-green above, two white wing-bars.
Yng. rf. Like female, but throat black. 'Notes. See
No. 507.

Range. — Mexican tableland, migrating north to western Texas,
northern New Mexico, southern Nevada and southeastern California:
wintersin Mexico.

505. Hooded Oriole (Icterus cucullatus sennetti).

L. 8; B. .75. Ad. (?. Orange; forehead, face, throat,
foreback, wings and tail black; lesser wing-coverts and
tips to greater ones white. Ad. $. Yellowish below,
brownish olive-green above, two white wing-bars.
Yng. tf". Like $ , but throat black. Notes. See No.
507.

Range. — Mexico; migrating north to the Lower Rio Grande; winters
In Mexico.

505a. Arizona Hooded Oriole (/. c. nelsoni). Sim-
ilar to No. 505, but head, rump, etc. yellow instead of
orange.

Range. — Northwestern Mexico and Lower California, migrating
north to southwestern New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California,
west of Sierra Nevada; winters in Mexico.

507. Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula). L. 7.5.
Ad. c? . Throat, whole head, foreback, wings and
middle tail-feathers black; breast, belly, rump, lesser
wing-coverts and ends of outer tail-feathers orange;
wing-coverts and tertials margined with white. Ad. £•
Head and foreback olive-yellow spotted with black;
rump and tail brownish yellow, below dull yellow,
throat generally blackish. Notes. The notes of all
the orange and black Orioles known to me are mellow,
musical, querulous whistles generally given in detach-
ed fragments, all much alike in character but dis-
tinguishable when one becomes familiar with them.

Range. — Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains;
breeds from Florida and eastern Texas north to New Brunswick and
the Saskatchewan; winters in Central and South America.

508. Bullock Oriole (Icterus bullockt). L. 7.5.
Ad. rj1. Cheeks, most of underparts, forehead and line
over eye orange; rump and outer tail-feathers yellower;
center of throat, crown, foreback and middle tail-feath-
ers black; a large white wing-patch. Ad. 9. Above
olive grayish brown; below yellowish, belly
whiter; tail olive-yellow; wings blackish, median cov-
erts tipped, greater coverts externally margined with
white; chin sometimes blackish. Yng. tf. Like 9,
but center of throat and lores black. Notes. See No.
507.

Range. — Western North America, from Mexico north to Assiniboia
and British Columbia; east to western Texas; west to the Pacific;
winters In Mexico.

186

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

63 7. Prothonotary Warbler {Protonotaria citrea).
L. 5.5. Tail-feathers with large white areas. Ad. cf.
Whole head and underparts orange-yellow; back
greenish yellow; rump gray. Ad. 9- Crown green-
ish like back; yellow paler; belly whitish; less white in
tail. Notes. Call, a sharp, metallic chink; song, a
"high pitched, penetrating and startling" "peet, tsweet,
tsweet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet." (Jones.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north
to Virginia, Ohio, and southern Minnesota; winters in the tropics.

65 1. Olive Warbler {Dendroica olivacea). L. 5.2.
Ad. rj\ Head and breast orange brown, a black band
through the eye; back olive-gray; belly grayish; wing-
bars white; outer tail-feathers largely white. Ad. 9.
Above olive-gray, head yellower; eye- band dusky;
breast yellow; belly white. Notes. Song, a liquid quirt
quirt, quirt, in a descending scale. (Price.)

Range. — Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico north to mountains of
Arizona and New Mexico.

662. Blackburnian Warbler {Dendroica blackbur-
nice). L. 5.2. Ad. rf. Throat, line over eye, center
of crown, and sides of neck bright orange; back black
with a few whitish streaks; wing-bars broadly white;
tail-spots white. Ad. 9- Yellow areas paler; above
grayish streaked with blackish. Yng. and Ad. in Win-
ter. Similar to Ad. 9, but throat paler, back browner;
wing with two distinct bars. Notes. Song, wee-see-wee-
see, tsee-tsee, tsee, tsee-tsee, tsee, tsee, in an ascending
scale, the last shrill and fine.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land (and in Berkshire and Worcester counties, Massachusetts),
and northern Minnesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region,
(and south in Alieghanies to South Carolina); winters in tropics.

687. Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). L. 5.4. Ad.
cf. Black; sides of breast, band in wings and in tail rich
salmon. Ad. 9- Sides of breast, band in wings and
in tail dull yellow; back olive-brown, crown gray; be-
below whitish. Yng. cf- Intermediate between adults.
Notes. Song, ching, ching, chee; ser-wee, swee, swe-e-e.

Range. — North America; rare on the Pacific coast; breeds from
North Carolina, and Kansas north to Labrador and Alaska; winters
in the West Indies, Central and South America.

748. Golden-crowned Kinglet (Ttygulus satrapa).
L. 4. 1. Ad. cf- Crown orange and yellow bordered
by black; a whitish line over eye; back grayish olive-
green; below soiled whitish. A blackish band in wing
bordered basally by yellowish white. Ad. 9- No
orange in crown, its whole center yellow. Notes.
Call, a fine, high ti-ti; song, five or six fine, shrill
high-pitched notes ending in a short, rapid, rather ex-
plosive warble, "tree, t^ee, t^ee, t{ee, ti,ti,ter, tt-ti-ti."

Range. — North America; breeds from northern United States north-
ward, and southward along the Rockies into Mexico and in the Alle-
ghenies to North Carolina; winters from about its southern breeding
limit to the Gulf States and Mexico.

748a. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet (R. s.

olivaceus). Similar to No. 748, but upperparts brighter
olive-green; underparts with a brownish tinge.

Range. — Pacific coast region; breeds from the higher Sierra Ne-
v«da of California north to southern Alaska. "] oy

12

Perching- Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

666. Golden-cheeked Warbler {Dendroica chryso-
paria). L. 5. Ad. rf. Throat, crown and back
black; cheeks and spot in forehead yellow; a narrow
black line through eye; wing-bars and tail-patches
white. Ad. 9. Above olive green with black streaks;
cheeks duller than in ;?, eye-streak dusky; throat
yellow, breast blackish; belly white. Notes. Song,
tser, weasv-weasy, twea, resembling song of No. 667.
(Nehrling.)

Range.— Western central and southern Texas and south through
eastern Mexico to highlands of Guatemala. (Ridgway.)

667. Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica
virens). L. 5. Ad. rj\ Throat and breast black;
cheeks greenish yellow; back olive-green; wing-bars
and tail patches white. Ad. 9 and Yng. cf. Similar,
but throat yellowish; black breast tipped with yellow-
ish; belly tinged with yellow, back without black streaks.
Yng. 9- Throat and breast yellowish white, little or
no black. Notes. Song, a droning ^ee, $ee, ^e-ee, ^ee.

Range. —Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut and
northern Illinois north to Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay, and south In
Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters in Central America.

668. Townsend Warbler {Dendroica townsendi).
L. 5.1. Ad.rf. A black eye-patch bordered by yel-
low stripes; crown and throat black; back olive-green
spotted with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white.
Ad. 9- Eye-patch olive; throat yellow, indistinctly
blackish; crown and back olive-green, with few black
streaks. Yng. Similar, but yellower. Notes. Song, de-det
de-de,de, like that of No. 6 '7. (Merrill.)

Range. —Western North America; breeds from mountains of south-
ern California north to Alaska, east to western Colorado; in migra-
tions to western Texas: winters in Mexico.

669. Hermit Warbler (Dendroica Occidents lis). L.
5.1. Underparts without streaks. Ad. rf. Crown
and cheeks yellow; throat black; back gray spotted
with black; wing-bars and tail patches white. Ad. 9-
Crown less yellow; throat yellowish; back olive-gray,
usually without spots. Yng. 9- Similar, but yellow-
er. Yng. cf- Throat dusky; forehead and cheeks
yellow; back olive-green with concealed black spots.
Much like Yng of No. 667, but forehead yellower, no
streaks below. Notes. Song, ^eegle-^eegle-^eegle-^eek.
(Barlow. )

Range. — Western United States; breeds In high mountains
from British Columbia to California, and from Pacific Coast
district of United States to Rocky Mountains; migrates to Low-
er California, Mexico, and Guatemala. (Bailey.)

684. Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia mitrata). L. 5.7.
Outer tail-feather with white patches. Ad. cf. Fore-
head and cheeks yellow; hindhead extending to breast
and throat black; belly yellow; back olive-green.
Ad. 9- Throat yellow, hindhead olive-green usually
with black. _ Notes. Call, a sharp cheep; song, a
gracefully whistled you must come to the woods, or you
wont see me.

Range.— Eastern United States: breeds north to southern Connecti-
cut, central western New York, and southern Michigan; winters In
Central America.

188

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

53 1. Lawrence Goldfinch (Astragalinus lawrencei).
L. 4.7. Ad. tf. Crown, throat ana front of cheeks
black; body gray] breast, rump, wings and, to a less de-
gree, back with yellow; outer tail feathers with large
white spots near the end. Ad. ?. Similar, but no
black, back browner and without yellow. Notes.
Suggesting those of the Goldfinch, but weaker.

Range — California, west of the Sierra; breeds from northern Lower
California north to Chico, California; winters to Arizona and New
Mexico.

642. Golden-winged Warbler (Helminthophila chrv-
soptera). L. 5. Ad. <$. Crown yellow, wing-bars
broadly yellow; above bluish gray; below grayish
white; throat-patch and eye-stripe black. Ad. $.
Crown duller; throat-patch and eye-stripe gray. Notes.
Song, a lazy ^ee-^ee-^ee-^ee all on same note.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from northern New Jersey
and northern Indiana north to Vermont, southern Ontario, and Mich-
igan, and south along Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters In Cen-
tral America.

678. Connecticut Warbler (Geotli lifts agilis). L.
5.5. Eye-ring white; no white in wings or tail. Ad.
c?\ Crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat and breast
paler, the latter with no black; above olive-green; be-
low yellow, sides greenish. Ad. 9 and Yng. Throat
and breast olive brown; belly yellow; back brownish
olive-green; crown browner. Notes. Call, a sharp
peek; song, suggesting that of Maryland Yellowthroat
and also that of Ovenbird, free-chapple, free-chapple,free-
chapple, whoit. (Seton.)

Range.— Eastern North America, north to Maine and Manitoba;
known to breed only in Manitoba; winters in northern South America.

679. Mourning Warbler {Geothlypis Philadelphia).
L. 5.4. No white in wings or tail. Ad. <$. No white
eye-ring; crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat black-
ish; breast black more or less veiled by slaty; belly
yellow; back olive-green. Ad. 9- Head slaty; throat
and breast grayish; an inconspicuous white eye-ring.
Yng. Similar, but browner above; throat more yellow.
Notes. Song, clear and whistled, tee te-o te-o te-o we-se,
the last couplet accented and much higher pitched.
(Jones.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land, northern New York and eastern Nebraska north to Nova Scotia
and Manitoba, and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia;
winters in Central and South America.

680. Macgillivray Warbler {Geothlvpis tolmiei).
L. 5.4. Ads. Similar to No. 679, but with an incom-
plete white eye-ring showing above and below eye,

Range. — Western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific; breeds from western Texas and mountains of southern Cal-
ifornia north to British Columbia; in migrations ranges east to Ne-
braska and middle Texas; winters in Mexico and Central America.

189

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

656. Audubon Warbler [Dendroica audubont). L.
5.6. Crown, sides of bre.ist, rump, and throat usually
with yellow. Ad. <j\ 1 hroat bright yellow; breast
black; back blue-gray streaked with black; wing-bars
broadly white; outer tail-feathers with white. > Ad. $.
Similar to male, but breast grayish; yellow less bright;
less white in wings. <j\ Winter. Like same plumage
of No. 655, but throat yellowish; more white in tail.
$, Winter. Similar, but less yellow, throat sometimes
without yellow, when like No. 655, bi>t white on four
or five outer tail-feathers instead of on two or three.

Range. — Western United States; breeding In higher mountains
from southern California and New Mexico north to British Columbia;
winters south into Mexico.

65 6a. Black-fronted Warbler (D. a. nigrifrons).

Similar to No. 656, but Ad. $ with forehead, sides of
crown, and ears black; back black, narrowly margined
with bluish gray. In winter. Bluish gray, not brown-
ish above. Ad. $ darker, more heavily streaked with
black above. (Ridgw. )

Range. — Mountains of northern Mexico north to southern Arizona.

657. Magnolia Warbler 1 Dendroica maculosa). L.
5.1. Rump yellow; seen from below a white band
across middle of tail. Ad. rj\ Crown ashy, back
black; wing-coverts broadly white; below yellow
streaked with black. Ad. $ . Duller; fewer black
stripes below; wing-bars separated, narrow. Yng. and
Ad in winter. Crown and sides of head brownish ashy,
back olive-green; below yellow, sides occasionally
streaked. Notes. Song, a loud, clear whistle, chee-to,
chee-to, chee-tee-ee, uttered rapidly and with a falling in-
flection. (Langille. )

Range. Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rock-
ies; breeds from northern New England, noriliern Michigan (and
south along the Alleghanies to Penns\ lvani.i), north to Quebec and
Hudson Bay region; winters in Central America.

663. Yellow-throated Warbler {Dendroica domini-

ca). L. 5.2. Ads. I hroat and line from bill to eye
yellow; cheeks and forehead black; back bluish gray;
two broad white wing-bars; tail-patches white. Notes.
Song, loud, ringing and ventriloquial; suggesting that
of Indigo Bunting but shorter.

Range.— Southeastern United States; breeds from Florida north to
Virginia and winters from Florida south into West Indies.

b63a. Sycamore Warbler (D. d. albilora). Simi-
lar to No. 663, but bill smaller, line from eye to bill white
or with but traces of yellow.

Range.— Mississippi Valley; breeds from Texas north to Kanas,
southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and West Virginia; winters in
Mexico and Central America.

664. Grace Warbler (JDendroica gracice). L. 5.
Ad. c?. Throat and line over eye yellow; cheeks gray;
above gray, crown and back with black streaks; wing-
bars and tail-patches white. Ad. $?• Similar, but
duller, back sometimes brownish.

Range. — Northwestern Mexico, north to New Mexico, southwestern
Colorado, and Arizona.

3 90

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

686. Canadian Warbler {Wilsonia canadensis).
L. 5.6. No white in wings or tail. Ad. rf. A neck-
lace of black spots on breast; back gray; belly yellow;
forehead black. Ad. 9 and Yng. tf. Black areas
smaller. Yng. 9. Slightly yellowish above; necklace
slightly indicated by dusky spots. Notes. Song, tu-tu,
tswe, tu, tu, longer or shorter and suggesting in style of
utterance both he Yellow Warbler and Goldfinch.
(Jones.) (Seepage 190.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts, cen-
tral New York, and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Manito-
ba, and south along the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters In
Central and South America.

640. Bachman Warbler {Helminthophilabachmanii).
L. 4.2. Outer tail-feathers usually with a white patch
more or less distinct. Ad. ^ . Breast-patch and
crown-band black; forehead, chin and belly yellow;
back olive-green, hindhead grayish. Ad. 9. Above
grayish olive-green, head grayer; below dingy grayish
with a yellow tinge. Notes. Song, when migrating, re-
sembles that of Parula Warbler, (Brewster); when
breeding, that of Worm-eating Warbler, Junco or
Chippy. (WiJmann).

Range.— Southeastern United States, west to Louisiana, north to
Virginia and southern Indiana; rare on Atlantic coast; known to breed
onlv in Missouri; winters south of United States.

641. Blue-winged Warbler {Helminthophila pinus).
L. 4.8. Ad. cf- Crown and underparts yellow; back
olive-green; a black stripe through eye; two whitish
wing-bars; outer tail-feathers with white patches. Ad.
9. Similar, less yellow on head, duller below. Notes.
Song, a wheezy, swee-chee, the first inhaled, the second
exhaled; also, later, wee, chi-chi-chi-chi, chilr, ckee-chur.

Range.— Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecti-
cut and Minnesota, occasionally wanders to Massachusetts; winters
south of United States.

670. Kirtland Warbler {Dendroica hirtlandi). L.
5.7. Ad. cf. Above bluish gray streaked with black;
below pale yellow, sides streaked with black; wing-
bars grayish; tail-patches white. Ad. 9- Similar,
but browner. Notes. Song, said to resemble that of
Maryland Yellow-throat and also that of Yellow-throat-
ed Warbler.

Range. — Eastern United States; has been found from April to Oc-
tober in United States as follows: in Florida, South Carolina, Virgin-
la, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Michigan, and On-
tario, in all some twenty odd specimens; found breeding in summer
of 1905 in Oscoda County, Michigan; winters in Bahamas where
some fifty specimens have been taken.

67 1. Pine Warbler {Dendroica vigorsii). L. 5.5.
Ad. cf. Throat and breast greenish yellow; above
bright yellowish green; wing-bars and tail-patches
white. Ad. 9- Similar, but breast duller, back
browner. Yng. tf. Similar to Ad. cf, but browner.
Yng. 9- Below huffy white, breast slightly or not all
yellowish; back olive-brown. Notes. Song, sug-
gesting a Chipping Sparrow's but more musical.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf States north to
New Brunswick, Minnesota, and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and
southern Illinois to Gulf States.

191

C. R.VtttO

Perching- Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

696. Siberian Yellow Wagtail (Budytes flavus leu-
costriatus). L. 6.5. Ad. $. Crown bluish slate, a
white line over eye; back olive-green; below yellow;
wing-bars yellowish; outer tail-feathers largely white.
Ad. 9. Similar, but duller, head and wing-bars
browner. Notes. Call, a sharp, pU-pli-pIe; song, a
low, clear, medley of jingling notes uttered on the
wing. (Nelson.) (See page 191.)

Range.— China, Eastern Siberia, and Bering Sea portion of eastern
Alaska.

529. American Goldfinch (Astragalinus tristis).
L. 5.1; W. 2.8. Ad. rf. Yellow, cap, wings and tail
black; wing-coverts, secondaries and inner margins of
tail-feathers tipped with white. Ad. 9> Above gray-
ish olive-brown; below buffy whitish; throat yellowish;
wings and tail duller than in male; white tips to
tail not distinct. Yng. c? and Ad. <$' in winter. Simi-
lar to 9 but wings and tail black; white markings
grayer than in summer. Notes. Calls, when perch-
ing, hear me, hear me, dearie, soft and sweet, when fly-
ing, per-chic-o-ree; per-chic-o-ree; song, sweet, rapid,
varied and canary-like.

Range. — Eastern North America west to the Rockies; breeds from
Virginia and Missouri nortli to Labrador and Manitoba; winters from
northern United States to the Gulf States.

529a. Western Goldfinch (A. t. pallidas). Similar
to No. 529, but larger, W. 3.05. Ad. J\ in summer,
similar in color to No. 529. 9 and rj1, in winter.
Much paler, the white areas greater in extent.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region from northern Mexico north to

British Columbia.

529b. California Goldfinch {A. t. salicamans).
Similar to No. 529, but wings and tail shorter and
color darker. Ad. rf in summer. With back always
(?) tinged with pale olive-green; in winter darker than
No. 529, but with white areas as large as in 529a.
(Ridgw.)

Range.— California, west of the Sierra, south to Lower California,
north to Washington.

530. Arkansas Goldfinch (Astragalinus psaltrid).
L. 4. 1. Ad. S1' Cap, wings, and tail black, most of
primaries and tail white basally; back and cheeks olive-
green, often marked with black; below yellow Ad. 9.
No black cap; above olive-green; below dull yellowish;
wings and tail brownish black, former with white
much reduced, latter with little or no white. Yng. Re-
semble female. Notes. Call, se-e-e-ep; song, sweet,
varied and musical.

Range. — Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific;
breeds from northern Lower California and western Texas, north to
Colorado, southern Idaho, and Oregon; winters from the southern
part of its breeding range southward.

530b. Mexican Goldfinch (A. p. mexicanus). Re-
sembles No. 530, but cheeks and entire upperparts black;
9 as in No. 530.

Range. — Mexico, north to southern Texas.

192

Perching- Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

685. Wilson Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla). L. 5.

No white in plumage. Ad. $. Crown shining black;
forehead, cheeks and underparts yellow; back olive-
green. Ad. 9. Similar, but crown-patch often
smaller, sometimes absent. Yi/tr. 9. Crown-patch
absent. Notes. Song, 'tsh-'tsh-'tsh-tshea. (Nuttall )
Suggests that of Redstart or Yellow Warbler. (Minot.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, north-
eastern Maine, and Ontario north to Labrador and Hudson Bay re-
gion; winters in Mexico and Central America; "occasional during mi-
gration in Colorado . . . and other parts of the Rocky Mountain dis-
trict " (Ridgw ) (See n lee 192.)

685a. Pi leolated Warbler (IV. p.pileolata). Sim-
ilar to No. 685, but yellow deeper, olive brighter.

Range. — Western North America; breeding throughout the Rocky
Mountain district from western Texas in higher mountains, north-
ward to Alaska, coast and interior; westward to eastern Oregon and
Queen Charlotte Islands; in migrations over all of western North Amer-
ica and east to Minnesota; in winter south to Central America.
(Ridgw.) (See page 102.)

685b. Golden Pileolated Warbler (IV. p. chryseo-
la). Similar to No. 685a, but still brighter, richer
yellow; forehead nearly orange; back brighter green.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to
British Columbia; in migration east to eastern Oregon; south to
Chihuahua and Lower California. (Ridgw.) (See page 192.)

677. Kentucky Warbler {Geothlypis formosa). L.

5.6. No white in plumage. Ad. q71. Cheeks and
crown black the latter tipped with ashy; back olive-
green; a yellow line over eye; below bright yellow.
Ad. ?. Similar, but less black in crown and on cheeks;
yellow duller. Notes. Song, a loud musical whistle,
turdle, turdle, turdlc, suggesting notes of Carolina
Wren.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to
lower Hudson Valley, southern Michigan and eastern Nebraska;
winters in Central and northern South America.

681. Maryland Yellow-throat (Geothlypis trichas).

L. 5.2; W. 2.1. Ad. o71- Forehead and cheeks biack,
bordered behind by ashy; back olive-green; throat and
breast yellow, belly whitish washed with yellow, sides
brownish. Ad. ?. No black mask; above dull olive-
green, forehead brownish; throat and breast more or
less washed with yellow, belly whitish, sides brown-
ish. Yug. o*« Similar to Ad. ?, but browner; breast
yellow; cheeks and forehead with more or less half-
concealed black. Notes. Calls, pit, chit, or cback;
song, variable, often wicbity, wichity ,wichity .

Range.— "Atlantic Coast district of United States^ breeding In Vir-
ginia, District of Columbia, Maryland and southern Pennsylvania
(Carlisle), probably also in Delaware and southern New Jersey and
In upland portions of Carolinas and Georgia; .... south in winter to
Bahamas . . . . " (Ridgw.)

68 1a. Western Yellow-throat (G. t. occidentalis).
Similar to No. 68rd, but yellow below richer, border of
mask whiter and broader.

Range. — Arid western United States; east to western portions of
Great Plains, north to Montana and eastern Washington (?) ; west to
southern California; breeding southward to northern Chihuahua and
northern Lower California; southward in winter to western Mexico and
Cape St. Lucas. (Ridgw.)

193

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

68 lb. Florida Yellow-throat (G. t. ignota). Simi-
lar to No. 68id, but yellow below more extended and
deeper, sides browner; black mask wider; upperparts,
especially hindhead, browner.

Range.— South Atlantic and Gulf Coast districts of United States
fiom southeastern Virginia to Florida and westward along Gulf low-
lands to eastern Texas; winters from at least coast of South Carolina
southward; also in Cuba. (Ridgw.)

68 I c. Pacific Yellow-throat (G. t. art^ela). Sim-
ilar to No. 68ia, but bill smaller, wings and tail shorter,
color duller, whitish margin of mask narrower, yellow
usually less orange; W. 2.2; T. 2.1. (Ridgw.)

Range. — "Pacific Coast district, from British Columbia southward;
breeding southward to Los Angeles County. California, and eastward
to Fort Klamath, Oregon; during migration to Cape St. Lucas."
(Ridgw.)

68 Id. Northern Yellow-throat (G. t. brachidactyla).

Similar to No. 681, but averaging larger; W. 2.2.
Ad. o71. More yellow below, more olive-green above.
Ad. ?. Usually with yellow below brighter and
more extended. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Northeastern United States from northern New Jersey to
Newfoundland; west to northern Ontario and eastern Dakota, and
south through Mississsippi Valley to upland districts of the Gulf
States and east central Texas; in winter Bahamas, Mexico, and Cen-
tral America. (Ridgw.)

68 1 e. Salt Marsh Yellow-throat (G. t. sinuosa).

Similar to No. 681c, but much smaller and slightly
darker, especially on sides and flanks; W. 2.1.
(Ridgw.)

Range. — Salt Marshes of San Francisco Bay, California.

682. Belding Yellow-throat [Geotblypis leldingi),

L. 5.7. Ad. o71- Black mask crossing head diagonally
bordered behind by yellow; rest of plumage much as in
No. 681a. Ad. ?. Similar to $ of No. 681, but
larger.

Range. — Lower California.

682.1. Rio Grande Yellow-throat (Geotblvtrs pol-
iocephala). L. 5.7. Ads. Lores and forehead black,
crown gray, back olive-green; underparts yellow.

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward Into
Mexico.

194

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

645. Nashville Warbler (Helminthopbila rubricapilla) .
L. 4.8. No wing-bars; no white in tail. Ad. <$. A
chocolate crown-patch; rest of head and cheeks bluish
gray; a white eye-ring; back olive-green; below bright
yellow. Ad. $. Similar, but little or no chocolate in
crown; yellow duller. Yng. Head brownish; under-
pays washed with brownish, particularly on throat
and flanks. Notes. Song, ke-tsee-ke-tsee-ke-tsee-cbip-ee.
chip-ee-chip-ee-chip, first half like Black and White
Warbler's, second half like Chipping Sparrow's.
(Langille.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from southern New York,
Connecticut, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and Hudson
Bav region; winters south of United States.

645a. Calaveras Warbler (f-f. r. guttur alt's) . Sim-
ilar to No. 645, but rump brighter; underparts richer

yellow.

Range. — Western United States; breeds on high mountains, from
the Sierra Nevada to British Columbia, east to eastern Oregon,
northern Idaho; south in migration to Lower California and Mexico;
southeast to Texas. (Rldgw.)

648. Parula Warbler [Compsotblypis americana).
L. 4.5; W. 2.3. Ad. <j\ Above grayish blue, a
yellamish patch in the back:, breast yellow washed with
chestnut and with an indistinct blackish band; belly,
wing-bars, spot near tip of outer tail-feathers white.
Ad. $. Paler, breast without black, sometimes no
chestnut. Notes. A short, little, guttural, lisping
trill.

Range. — Breeds in south Atlantic and Gulf states east of Texas
north near the Atlantic coast to the District of Columbia and Mount
Carmel, Illinois (Brewst ); winters from Gulf States southward.

648a. Northern Parula Warbler (C. a. usnece).
Similar to No. 648, but bill averaging slightly smaller,
the wing longer, 2.4; black breast-band averaging
wider; the chestnut wash stronger.

Range. — Breeds in New England, New York and west along the
northern tier of states, north into Maritime Provinces and Canada;
winters from Gulf stales southward.

649. Serine! t Warbler {Compsothlypis nigrilora).
L. 4.5. Similar to No. 648, but yellow below reaching
to belly; breast without black and with only a slight
brownish wash; lores and ear-coverts black. Notes.
Song probably resembles that of No. 648.

Range.— Lower Rio Grande Valley south into eastern Mexico.
746. Verdin (Aurtparus flaviceps) . L. 4.2; W. 2.2;
T. 1.9. Ad. rj1. Head and throat yellow; forehead
usually with some concealed orange-brown; lesser
wing-coverts reddish chestnut; back brownish gray;
belly whitish. Ad.Q. Similar, but less yellow.

Range. — Southern border of the United States and northern Mexico
from southernTexas to southern California; north to southwestern Utah
and southern Nevada.

746a. Baird Verdin (A. f. lamprocephalus). Simi-
lar to No. 746, but tail shorter; wing somewhat short-
er; yellow of head brighter; W. 2.0; T. 1.6. (Ober-
holser.

Range. — Lower California.

195

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

650. Cape May Warbler {Dendroica tigrina). L.
5.1. Ad. rf'. Ear-coverts and wash on throat chest-
nut; crown blackish; back olive-green with black spots;
below yellow streaked with black; wing-coverts broad-
ly white; outer tail-feathers with white. Ad. 9 and
Yng. rf. Duller; crown like back; no chestnut. Yng.
9. Above olive-gray; below whitish faintly tinged
with yellow; wing-bars narrow. Notes. Song, a wiry
"a-wit, a wit, a-wit, a-wit, repeated. (Butler.)

Range.— Eastern North America: breeds from northern New Eng-
land, rarely, and Manitoba north to Hudson Bay region; winters south
of United States.

652. Yellow Warbler {Dendroica cestiva). L. 5.1.
Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow. Ad. rf. Crown
yellow, back bright yellowish green: below yellow
thickly streaked with reddish brown. Ad. 9 and Yng.
cf . Duller above, crown like back; below much paler,
few or no streaks. Yng. 9- Similar to last but still
duller. Notes. Song, a rather loud wee-ckee, clue, chee,
cher-wee, variable in form but recognizable in tone.

Range. — North America, except Alaska, Pacific coast from Van-
couver north, and southwestern United States, (western Texas to
Arizona. (Ridgw.); breeds throughout most of its range, and win-
ters in Central and South America.

652a. Sonora Yellow Warbler (D. ce. sonorana).
Similar to No. 652, but cf much yellower, less green
above, the crown and rump bright yellow; below
brighter yellow, reddish brown streaks narrower, fewer
sometimes almost wanting. Ad. ?. Similar to Ad.
9 of No. 652, but grayer above and whiter below.

Range. — Northern Mexico; breeding north to western Texas and
southern Arizona; winters south of United States.

652b. Alaskan Yellow Warbler (D. ce. rubiginosd).

Similar to No. 652, but cf darker above, the crown of
about the same color as back; 9 duller.

Range. — Breeds on Pacific coast from Vancouver northward and in
Alaska; winters south of United States.

653. Mangrove Warbler (Dendroica bryanti castan-
eiceps). L. 5. Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow.
Ad. c?. Whole head reddish chestnut; back olive-
green; below yellow lightly streaked with reddish
brown. Ad. 9- Olive-green above; yellow below.

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California and Pacific coast of Cen-
tral America and Mexico.

672. Palm Warbler (Dendroica palmarum). L. 5.2.
No white wing-bars; tail patches white. Ads. Crown
dark chestnut; line over eye, throat, and breast yellow;
breast and sides with reddish brown streaks; telly
much paler, often grayish washed with yellow; back
olive-brown; rump Drighter. Ad. in Winter and Yng.
No crown-patch; above grayish olive-brown indis-
tinctly streaked; rump yellowish; below grayish white
washed with yellow and streaked with brownish;
under tail-coverts bright yellow. Notes. Call, a recog-
nizable chip; song, a short, simple trill.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds in interior of British Amer-
ica west of Hudson Bay; migrates south through Mississippi Valley
and rarely north Atlantic States; winters in Florida and West Indies.

196

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

672a. Yellow Palm Warbler (D. p. hypocbrysea).

Similar to No. 672, but underparts entirely bright yel-
low; upperparts yellower. Winter specimens are
whiter below but are still conspicuously yellow.

Range. Eastern United States; breeds from Nova Scotia north-
ward, east of Hudson Bay; migrates through Atlantic States and
winters in Florida and west to Louisiana,

673. Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor). L. 4.7.
Wing-bars yellowish; tail-patches white. Ad. rf.
Above bright olive-green with reddish chestnut spots
in the back; below yellow, sides with black streaks.
Ad. 9- Similar, but usually duller; chestnut spots
smaller, sometimes absent. Yng. Similar to $ Ad.,
but browner. Notes. Song, a high, thin qee, ^ee, %ee,
£<?<?, ^ee-e, 7ee, the next to last highest. (See page 196.)

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Massachu-
setts, southern Ontario, and southern Michigan; winters from south-
ern Florida Into the West Indies.

Lawrence Warbler {Helminthophila lawrencei). Re-
sembles No. 641, but has a black breast patch and
a broad black stripe through the eye as in No. 642.
It is believed to be a hybrid between the two. Some
15 specimens are known. Its notes are said to re-
semble those of both No. 642 and No. 641.

Brewster Warbler {Helminthophila leucobronchialis) .
Resembles No. 642 above, but is white usually
tinged with yellow below, this type being connected
with No. 641, by specimens showing more green above
and yellow below. Hybridism and dichromatism are
believed to account for these birds of which somewhat
over a hundred specimens are known, chiefly from the
lower Hudson and Connecticut Valleys. Some songs
resemble those of No. 642, others those of 641.

644. Virginia Warbler {Helminthophila virginice).
L. 4.5. No white in wings or tail. Ad. rf. Above
gray, crown-patch chocolate; upper tail-coverts yel-
lowish; below whitish, breast-patch and under tail-
coverts yellow. Ad. $ . Similar, but less (sometimes
no) chocolate in crown and yellow on tail-coverts;
duller below. Yng. No crown patch; below washed
with buff, little or no yellow on breast. Notes. Very
musical, with a song of remarkable fullness for so
small a bird. (Aitken.)

Range. — Rocky Mountain region from Nevada and Colorado (rarely
Wyoming) south into Mexico.

655. Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica coronata). L. 5.6.
Crown, sides of breast and rump yellow. Ad. rj.
Above blue-gray streaked with black; throat white,
breast largely black; two white wing-bars; outer tail-
feathers with white. Ad. 9. Browner above, less black
on breast, cf *n winter. Above brown, back indis-
tinctly streaked with black; below whitish, breast and
sides streaked with black. Yng. $. Similar, but less
yellow on crown and sides. Notes. Call, a character-
istic tchip; song, a trill.

Range. — Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rockies;
breeds from northern New England and northern Minnesota north to
Labrador and Alaska; winters from Massachusetts and Kansas south
Into West Indies and C»«tral America.

197

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

659. Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica pensyl-
ranica). L. 5. Ad. $. Sides chestnut, crown yel-
low; back streaked black and greenish yellow; cheek-
patch and sides of throat black. Ad. $. Crown dull-
er; chestnut and black reduced. Yng. Above bright
yellow-green, back with or without black spots; be-
low grayish white, sides sometimes with traces of
chestnut; wing-bars yellowish white. Notes. Song,
resembles that of Yellow Warbler. (See page 197.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from northe-n New Jersey
and Centra! Illinois nonh to Newfoundland and Manitoba (and south
In the Alleghenies to South Carolina); winters in Central America.

604. Dickcissel (Spi\\i americana). L. 6.2. Ad.

cj\ Breast, bend of wing, ane over eye and at side of
throat yellow; throat-patch black; lesser wing-coverts
reddish chestnut; no white in tail. Ad. 9. Less
yellow and chestnut, no black on throat. Notes.
Song, an earnest, but unmusical dick, dick,che-che-che,

die.

Range. — Middle United States east of the Rockies, west of Alle-
ghenies, breeds from Alabama and Texas to Minnesota; casual In
Atlantic States; winters in Central and northern South America.

6 18. Bohemian Waxwing (Ampelis garrulus). L.
8. Crested. Ads. Brownish gray; under tail-coverts,
fore-crown and sides of throat chestnut-rufous; throat
and eye-stripe black; wing-quills and primary coverts
tipped with white or yellow; secondaries usually with
red tips; tail tipped with yellow.

Range. — Northern parts of northern hemisphere; breeds In far
north; winters south irregularly to northern United States, casually
to Pennsylvania, Illinois, Kansas, and northern California

619. Cedar Waxwing {Ampelis cedrorum). L. 7.
Crested. Ads. Grayish brown; belly yellowish; un-
der tail-coverts white; no white tips on wing-quills;
secondaries with red tips; tail tipped with yellow and
rarely with red tips. Notes. A fine, lisping note; a
string of notes usually uttered when taking flight.

Range. — North America: breeds from Virginia and the highlands of
South Carolina, Kansas, and Oregon, north to Labrador and southern
Alaska (?); winters from northern United States to Central America.

628. Yellow-throated Vireo {Vireo flaoifrons) . L.

5.5. Ads. Throat and breast bright yellow, belly
white; above bright olive-green, rump gray; two white
wing-bars. Notes. Call, a scolding cock; song like
Red-eye's but richer, more deliberate, see me; Vm here;
where are you? in varying forms; also a mellow trill.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas to
Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters in tropics.

683. Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteriavirens). L. 7.5;
T. 3.07. Ads. Throat and breast bright yellow; low-
er belly white; above olive-green; line over eye and at
side of throat white. Notes. Call, a gasping, mew-
ing kee-yuck and chut, chut; song, of whistles, caws and
chucks, sometimes uttered in flight.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from northeastern Mexico
(but not in Florida?) north to South Dakota, southern Minnesota, and
Massachusetts (locally) ; winters In Mexico and Central America.

683a. Long-tailed Chat (/. v. longicauda). Simi-
lar to No. 683, but grayer above; tail slightly longer.

Range.— Western United States, east to Plains; breeds from Mexico
north to North Dakota and British Columbia; winters in Mexico.

198

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

497. Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthocephalus
xanthocephalus). L. 10. Ad. $. Black; head and
breast orange yellow; outer wing-coverts white,
black tipped. Ad. $. Brownish, line over eye, throat
and breast dull yellow, lower breast streaked with
white; ear-coverts rusty. Notes. Call, a hoarse chuck;
song, a variety of hoarse grunting, guttural whistles;
usually uttered with apparent great effort and bodily
contortion. The young utter a rolling, whistling call.

Range.— Western North America, east to Kansas, northern Illinois,
and northwestern Indiana; west to the Pacific coast ranges; breeds
locally from Texas (?) , New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern Californ-
ia north to the Hudson Bay region, and southern British Columbia;
winters from southwestern Louisiana, and California southward.

501. Meadowlark (Sturnclla magna). L. 10.7; W.
4.8. Ads. Above black varied with chestnut and buff;
below yellow, a black breast-crescent; bars on middle
tail-feathers fused along shaft, yellow of throat not
spreading on to its sides. Notes. Calls, a nasal note
and a rolling twitter; song, a high fife like whistle of
rarely more than eight or ten notes; without gurgles or
grace notes.

Range.— Eastern North America west to about Long. ioo° , north to
New Brunswick and Minnesota; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois
southward.

501a. Texas Meadowlark (S. m. hoopesi). Similar
to No. 501b, but yellow not spreading on to sides of
the throat. Notes. Resemble in character those of
No. 501.

Range. — Not well determined; known from Corpus Christi, Texas,
west along Mexican boundary to southern Arizona and northern Son-
ora, Mexico.

50 I b. Western Meadowlark (5. m. neglecta). Sim-
ilar to No. 501, but bars on middle tail-feathers usually
distinct, not confluent along shaft; yellow of throat
spreading on to its sides; general color paler. Notes.
Calls, a liquid chuck and a wooden, rolling b-r-r-r-r-r-r-r,
song, rich, musical, flute-like with intricate gurgles
and grace notes; wholly unlike that of No. 501.

501c. Florida Meadowlark (5. m. argutula). Sim-
ilar to No. 591, but smaller and darker; W. 4-4-

Range. — Florida and Gulf coast to Louisiana.

5 14. Evening Grosbeak {Hesperiphona vespertina) .
L. 8. Ad. cf. Brownish yellow; wings, tail, and
crown black; exposed part of tertials white. Ad. $.
Dingy brownish gray, more or less tinged with yel-
lowish; throat and belly whitish; tail-coverts and tail-
feathers, on inner web, tipped with white. Notes.
Call, loud; song, short, but melodious, resembling that
of Robin or Black-headed Grosbeak. (Cooper.)

Range.— Rocky Mountain region of British America, south, in win-
ter, to the upper Mississippi Valley, rarely to Ohio and casually
through New York to New England.

5 14a. Western Evening Grosbeak (H. v. montana).

c? not distinguishable from J' of No. 514; ? more buffy,
especially below.

Range.— Mountains of western United States from New Mexico
north to British Columbia.

199

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

EASTERN HORNED LARKS.
474*. Horned Lark (Otocoris alpestris). L. 7.7, W.
d\ 4-3; ?t4-i. Hind toe-nail much the longest. Ad.
(f, winter. Throat and line over eye distinctly yellow,
black feathers over eye lengthened, forming when raised
little tufts; breast-patch, sides of throat, line over eye
and forecrown black, more or less tipped, especially on
head, with yellowish or brownish; back brownish in-
distinctly streaked with blackish; nape, wing and tail-
coverts pinkish brown; belly white, lower breast dusky,
sides pinkish brown; tail mostly black, outer margin of
outer feathers white, p71, summer. Yellow areas whit-
er; black areas more distinct; back pinker. Ad. 9,
winter. Similar to o71, but throat and line over eye less
yellow; black areas smaller; back more distinctly
streaked. 9 , summer. More distinctly streaked above.
Notes. Call, a tseep, tseep; song, an unmusical, twit-
tering warble sung during soaring flight.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds in Labrador and region east
of Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina (chiefly on coast)
and in the Mississippi Valley to Illinois.

474b. Prairie Horned Lark (O. a. praticola). W.
o71 4; 9,3-8. Line over eye white. Similar to No.
474, but smaller, line over eye and forehead generally
white, the throat often white and never so yellow as
in winter specimens of No. 474.

Range.— Breeds in the Mississippi Valley, south to southern Illinois
and Missouri west to eastern Nebraska and Assiniboia; east through
northwestern Pennsylvania and central New York to western and
northern New England; north to Quebec and Ontario; winters south
to South Carolina, Kentucky, and Texas.

474d. Texan Horned Lark (O. a. giraudi). W. o71
3.9; 9, 3.6. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat
smaller and paler; throat, forehead and line over eye
yellow; breast, in males, generally tinged with yellow.

Range.— Coast of Texas from Galveston to the Rio Grande.

NORTHERN HORNED LARKS.
474a. Pallid Horned Lark (O. a. arcticola). W.
071, 4.4; 9, 4.2. Largest of our Horned Larks; no yel-
low in plumage; throat, forehead and line over eye
white; back brown with grayish edgings.

Range. — "In summer, Alaska (chiefly in the interior) with the Val-
ley of the Upper Yukon River; in winter south to Oregon, Utah, and
Montana." (Oberholser.)

474k. Hoyt Horned Lark (O. a. hoyti). W. J\
4.4; 9,4-2. Throat tinged with yellow; line over eye
white; back darker, pink areas richer than in 474a.
An intermediate form between Nos. 474 and 474a

Range.— "In summer, British America from the west shore of Hud-
son Bay to the Valley of the Mackenzie River, north to the Arctic
Coast, south to Lake Athabasca; in winter, southward to Nevada,
Utah. Kansas, and Michigan, casually to Ohio and New York (Long
Island)." (Oberholser.)

* Fourteen subspecies of this wide-ranging, variable form are now
recognized in America, north of Mexico. Many of them are too
closely related to be distinguished even by detailed descriptions. When
breeding, they may be identified, in life, by a knowledge of the area
which each form alone Inhabits at this season. But during their mi-
grations, and in winter, when several forms may be associated, it is
usually not possible to Identify them in the field. The reader is re-
ferred to admirable monographs of this group bv J. Dwight, Jr. (The
Auk, vii, 1890, pp. 138-150), and H. C. Oberholser (Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., xxiv, igo2, pp. 801-884).

200

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

WESTERN HORNED LARKS.
474c. Desert Horned Lark (O. a. leucolcema). W.
071, 4- 1; 9> 3.8. Forehead and line over eye very
slightly, often not at all, tinged with yellow; throat
yellow; back brown edged with pinkish gray; resem-
bles No. 474b, but is paler and less distinctly streaked
above.

Range. — "In summer, western United States from central Dakota,
western Kansas and western Nebraska to Idaho and Nevada, north on
the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains to Alberta; in winter, south
to Texas, Chihuahua. Sonora, and southeastern California." (Ober-
holser.)

474e. California Horned Lark (O. a. actio). W.
d\ 3-9» 9> 3-6. d\ summer. Back of head and nape,
spreading on to sides of breast, pinkish cinnamon; back
distinctly streaked with brownish black; throat always,
forehead and line over eye usually tinged with yellow. $ ,
winter. Less distinctly streaked above; cinnamon areas
paler and with grayish tips; black areas more or less
tipped with yellowish. 9, summer. Crown and back
uniformly streaked with blackish margined with pink-
ish gray. 9, winter. Less distinctly streaked; black
areas tipped with whitish.

Range. — Northern Lower California north, west of the Sierra,
to Marin and San Joaquin Counties, California.

474f. Ruddy Horned Lark (0. a. rubea). Similar
to No. 472e, but nape region, sides of breast, etc.,
much deeper in color, deeper than in any other of our
Horned Larks; back less distinctly streaked with
blackish and more ruddy in tone, not sharply defined
from nape; yellow areas richer in color.

Range. — Sacramento County, California.

474g. Streaked Horned Lark (0. a. strigatd).
Cinnamon areas less extensive but nearly as deeply
colored as in No. 474f; back distinctly and widely streak-
ed with blackish; forehead, line over eye, throat and
breast washed with yellow.

Ringe —"In summer, the states of Oregon and Washington west
of the Cascade Mountains; in winter, to eastern Oregon and Wash-
ington, south to northern California." (Oberholser.)

474h. Scorched Horned Lark (O. a. adusta). W.
cf, 4; 9, 3.8. Nearest to No. 474I, but the male
differs in being nearly uniform pinkish brown above,
back with only a few indistinct brownish streaks;
color deeper, browner, more ruddy.

Range. — "In summer, the central part of extreme southern Arizona;
in winter, northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico." (Oberholser.)

474i. Dusky Horned Lark (O. a. merrilli). W. tf,
4; 9 » 3-8. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat darker
above, the line over the eye usually tinged with yel-
low.

Range. — "In summer, northwestern United States, and southern
British Columbia, from northeastern California and northwestern
Nevada, northward through Oregon and Washington east of the Cas-
cade Mountains to British Columbia and extreme northern Idaho; in
winter, south to central California." (Oberholser.)

201

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

474j. Sonoran Horned Lark (O. a. pallida). W.
c?, 3.8; 9, 3.6. Nape very pale pinkish; back pale
grayish brown edged with grayish; forehead, line over
eye, and throat tinged with yellowish. Resembles No.
474I, but is still paler.

Range. — "Region immediately adjacent to the head of the Gulf of
California, Mexico." (Oberholser.)

4741. Montezuma Horned Lark (O. a. Occident a lis).
W. o7', 4; 9i 3-8. No distinct blackish streaks above;
back pale brownish edged with pinki.sh gray; throat
yellow, forehead and line over eye tinged with yellow.
Similar to No. 474I1, but paler, less ruddy above; differs
from No. 474c in being browner and less streaked
above.

Range.— In summer, central New Mexico, west to central Arizona;
In winter, south to northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico and
southeast Texas." (Oberholser.)

474m. Island Horned Lark (O. a. insularis). Sim-
ilar to No. 474g, but slightly darker above, breast
usually without a yellow tinge.

Range. — Santa Barbara Islands, California.

446. Couch Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus
couchii). L.9.5. Ads. Throat white, breast and belly
yellow, tail dark brown; crown gray with an orange
patch, back grayish green; Yng. Similar, but no
crown-patch.

Range. — Guatemala, north in spring as far as Lower Rio Grande,
Texas.

447. Arkansas Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis). L.
9. Ads. Throat light gray spreading over breast to
yellow belly; tail black, outer margin of outer feather
wholly white; above resembling No. 446. Yng. With
no crown-patch. Notes. Squeaky, rattling, rolling
notes; a noisy bird.

Range. — Western United States; breeds east to about Long. ioo° ,
north to Assiniboia, southern Alberta southern British Columbia, west
to the Pacific; winters south of United States, to Central America.

448. Cassin Kingbird (Tyrannus vociferans). L.
9. Ads. Throat and breast dark gray, belly yellow;
tail black, outer web of outer feather not wholly white;
above as in No. 447. Yng. With no crown-patch.
Notes. Less noisy than No. 447. (BendireJ

Range. — Western United States, northwestern Mexico and north
through Rockies, from western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, to
southern Wyoming; in California north to S.m Benito County; win-
ters south of United States to Central America.

449. Derby Flycatcher (Pitangus derbianus). L.
11. Ads. Back brown, wings and tail externally
rusty; a yellow crown-patch; forehead, line over eye
and across nape white; throat white, below yellow.
Notes. Kiskadee, repeated. (Richmond.)

Range. — Northern South America; breeds north as far as Lower
Kio Grande, Texas.

202

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange

45 1. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher {Myiodynastes lu-
teiventris). L. 8. Below sulphur streaked with
black; tail largely rusty brown; a yellow crown-patch;
inner wing feathers widely margined with whitish;
back grayish brown streaked with dusky. Yng. With
no crown-patch. Notes. A screech, like squeaking
of a wagon wheel, and a single note. (Poling.)

Range. — Central America; breeds north as far as southern Arizona.

452. Crested Flycatcher (Mytarchus crinitus). L.

9. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-
brown. Ads. Throat and breast gray, belly bright
sulphur; back grayish olive-green; greenest above and
yellowest below of our larger Myiarchi. Notes. Loud,
chuckling, grating whistles.

Range — Eastern North America; west to the Plains; breeds from
Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters
from southern Florida south to northern South America.

453. Mexican Crested Flycatcher (Mytarchus mex-
icanus). L. 9.2; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle
tail-feathers rust brown. Ads. Throat and breast
gray, belly sulphur, both paler than in No. 452; back
grayish brown, with little or no green tinge. Notes.
Resemble those of No. 452. (Merrill. )

Range.— Central America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande,
Texas.

453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher (M. m. magis-
ter). Similar to No. 453, but larger, L. 9.4, W. 4.2,
and averaging slightly paler.

Range. — "Western Mexico; north to southern Arizona and south-
west New Mexico; south in winter to Tehuantepec, Mexico."

454. Ash-throated Flycatcher {Mviarchus cineras-
ecus). L. 8.; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle
tail-feathers rust-brown, outer pair dusky at tip of
inner web. Ads. Throat and breast pale grayish
white, belly white tinged with yellow, above grayish
brown, outer web of outer tail-feather whitish. Palest
below of our Myiarchi. Notes. A rather resonant but
wooden chfich-pr-r-r-r.

Range. — Western United States: breeds from western Texas and
Lower California north to Colorado and Oregon; winters in southern
Mexico and Central America.

454a. Nutting Flycatcher (M. c. nuttingi). Simi-
lar to No. 454, but smaller, W. 3.6, outer margin of
outer tail-feather not whitish, tip of its inner web
rusty, not dusky.

Range.— Breeds in southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters
n Central America.

454b. Lower California Flycatcher (M. c.periinax).

Similar to No. 454a, but bill larger and stouter; above
grayer; below less yellow. (Brewster.)

Range.— Lower California.

455a. Olivaceous Flycatcher (Myiarchus lawrencei
olivascens). L. 7. Ads. Inner webs of tail-feathers
like outer webs; tail-feathers margined with rusty;
breast and belly as in No. 452; crown brownish, back
grayish olive-green. Notes. A short mournful peeur.

Range.— Breeds from western Mexico north to southern Arizona;
winters south to southern Mexico; casual in Colorado.

203

Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown

587. Towhee; Chewink (JPipilo erythrophthahnus).

L. 8. Three outer tail-feathers with white; iris red.
Ad. <j\ Above and breast black; sides reddish chest-
nut; belly white. Ad. 9. Above and breast brown.
Call, chewink or towhee; song, a loud, not over
musical sweet bird sin-n~ng, and a tremulous refrain /'// try.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Georgia and Louisiana north to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; win-
ters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas.

587a. White-eyed Towhee (7J. e. alleni). Similar
to No. 587, but iris whitish; only two outer tail-feath-
ers with white tips, or if on third, a mere spot. Notes.
Call, towhee, much sharper thanjthat of No. 587.

Range. — Florida, north along coast to South Carolina.

588. Arctic Towhee {Pipilomaculatus arcticus). L.
8.7. Ad.tf. While tip of outer tail-feather more than 1.3
long; scapulars and back marked with white; back
black more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. 9.
Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white markings
than in o71. Notes. Call, a Catbird-like mew; song,
suggesting that of No. 587, but shorter, more wooden,
less musical.

Range. Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and west-
ern North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to
Colorado, Utah. New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas.

588a. Spurred Towhee (/\ m. m.-galonyx). Simi-
lar to No. 588, but blacker above, no brownish edgings
on front of back; white markings on back less num-
erous; white tip to outer tail-feather less than 1.3 long.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds
from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory in the northern part of
range.

588b. Oregon Towhee {P. m, oregonus). Similar
to No. 588a, but darker; practically no brownish edg-
ings on back of male; sides much deeper; white mark-
ings mucli reduced, the white tip to outer tail-feather
less than 1. long; sides much deeper.

Range. — Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia;
winters south to southern California.

588c. San Clemente Towhee (P. m. dementce).
Similar to No. 588a, but adult male with black duller or
grayer; female lighter brown. (Ridgw.)

Range. ban Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cat-
alina Islands, " southern California. (Grinnell.)

288d. San Diego Towhee {P. m. atratus). Similar
to No. 588a, but decidedly darker, with white markings
of wings, tail, etc., more restricted; r.imp deep black.

Range. — The southern c 'ast district of southern California, south
Into Lower California. (RiJgw.)

588e. Mountain Towhee (P. m. magnirostris). Sim-
ilar to No. 588, but bill much larger, rufous below pal-
er, above biovvner and tinged with olive. (Brewster.)

Range. Cape Regi-Mi or Lower California.

589. liuadalupe Towhee (Pipilo consobrinus) . Sim-
ilar to No. 588b in restriction of white markings, but
wings and tail much shorter, W. 3.1; T. 3.2, hind claw
much larger; Ad. c? sooty rather than black (Ridgw.)

Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

204

Perching Birds Marked "With Chestnut or Reddish Brown

45 7. Say Phoebe {Savornis soya). L. 7.5. Ads.
Breast rusty gray changing to rusty on belly; above
gray with a brown tinge; tail black. Notes. A plaintive
phee-eur; a short, plaintive, twittering warble. (Bendire.)

Range. — Western North America, east to about Long. ioo° : breeds
from southwestern Texas, southern California, north to the Yukon,
Alaska; winters In Mexico; accidental in Wisconsin, Illinois, and
Massachusetts.

59 1. Canon Towhee (Ptpilo fuscus mesoleucus). L.

9.; W. 3. 7. Ads. Crown cinnamon-brown; back
brownish gray; throat buffy bordered by blackish
spots; lower belly and under tail-coverts cinnamon.
Notes. Calls, a loud, metallic chip repeated four times;
in flight a robin-like screep-eep-eep.

Range. — Northern Mexico north to western Texas, Arkansas Valley,
Colorado, and Arizona; resident.

591a. St. Lucas Towhee (/'. f. alhigula). W. 3. 3.

Similar to No. 591, but smaller; abdomen whiter, with-
out cinnamon.

Range — Southern Lower California.

591b. California Towhee (P.f. crissah's) W. 3. 9.
Similar to No. 591, but much browner above; throat
and under tail-coverts rusty brown; breast brownish
gray; scarcely lighter on the belly.

Range. — California, west of the Sierra.

59 I c. Anthony Towhee (P. f. senicula). W. 3. 7.

Similarto No. 591b, butsmallerand grayer, the abdomen
whiter.

Range. — Northern Lower California north to southern California.

592. Abert Towhee {Pipilo aberti). L. 9. Ads.
No crown-cap; lores and chin blackish; below pinkish
cinnamon; above grayish brown. Notes. Call, a loud,
clear, sharp chirp. Song, resembling that of the Spurr-
ed Towhee group. (B. B. and R.)

Range.— Southern California, Arizona, and northwestern New
Mexico, north to southern Nevada and southwestern Utah.

205

Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown

506. Orchard Oriole {Icterus spurius) L. 7. 3. Ad.

o71. Black: breast, belly, rump, and lesser wing-cov-
erts chestnut. Ad. $. Above olive-green, below
greenish-yellow; two white wing-bars. Yng. Male.
First fall like ?; first spring like ?, but throat black.
Notes. Song much richer and more finished than that
of the orange and black Orioles; the difference is inde-
scribable but easily recognizable.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Florida and Texas north to Massachusetts, Ontario, Michigan, and
North Dakota; winters in Central America and northern South Amer-
ica.

592.1. Green-tailed Towhee (Oreospi^a chlorura).
L. 7. Ads. Center and sides of breast grayish,
middle of throat and abdomen white; above olive-green
more or less washed with grayish; crown reddish
chestnut. Notes. Call, a high, thin kitten-like mew;
song, musical, suggesting that of the Thick-billed
Sparrow.

Range. — Mountains of western United States, from more eastern
Rockies to Coast Range in California; north to central Montana,
Idaho, and eastern Washington; south, at least in winter, into Mex-
ico. (Ridgw.)

643. Lucy Warbler {Helminth opinio, luciee). L. 4.2.
Ad. cf- Above gray; crown-patch and upper tail-cov-
erts chocolate; below whitish. Ad. 9- Chocolate
areas smaller. Yng. No chocolate in crown; upper
tail-coverts cinnamon.

Range.— Northwestern Mexico; breeding north to Arizona and
southwestern I' tali.

660. Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendroica castanea).
L. 5.6. Ad. oy'. Throat, sides and crown rich chest-
nut; cheeks black; sides of neck buff; back black and
gray; wing-bars and tail-spots white. Ad. $. Less
chestnut; cheeks grayish. Yng. and Ad. in Winter.
Above olive-green streaked with black; below buffy
white, the flanks usually with a trace of chestnut.
Notes. Song, a very soft warble, tse-cbee, repeated five
times, too liquid to admit of exactspelling. (Langille.)

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Hudson Bay re-
gion; winters in Central and northern South America.

206

Perching; Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown

596. Black-headed Grosbeak (Zamelodia melano'
cephala). L. 8.1. Ad. rj\ Black; neck-ring, rump,
back-streaks and underparts bright cinnamon; center
of belly and under wing-coverts yellow; patch in wing,
wing-bars and tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers
white. In winter tipped with brown above and on
breast below with black spots. Ad. 9- Under wing-
coverts yellow as in cf; above as in No. 595; below
less streaked, breast buff. Yng. <$. Like 9 but
breast deeper buff; few streaks below; sides of crown
blacker. Notes. Call and song like those of the Rose-
breasted Grosbeak, but the latter more fluent.

Range. — Western United States, east to the Plains; breeds from
Mexico north to Dakota and British Columbia; winters south of
United States into Mexico.

76 1. American Robin {Mania migratoria) . L. 10;
W. 4.9; T. 3.8. Outer tail-feathers with white tips.
Ad. <j\ Breast and belly rich rust-brown; above dark
slaty, head and spots in back black. Ad. 9- Similar
but paler below, little or no black above. Winter.
Underparts margined with whitish; black above more
or less concealed by ashy. Notes. Calls, varied and
characteristic; song, a loud, hearty, cheer-up cheerily,
cheerily, cheerily, repeated and varied.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Rockies, northwest to
Alaska; breeding south to Virginia and, in the mountains, Georgia;
winters from northern States southward.

761a. Western Robin (At. m. propinqua) . Similar
to No. 761, but no white tips to tail-feathers. Ad. rj.
Without black spots in back.

Range. — Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains west to the Pacific; breeds from the southern end of the
Mexican tableland north to British Columbia; winters from Oregon
and southern Colorado southward.

76 1b. Southern Robin (M. m. achrustera). Simi-
lar to No. 761, but smaller and in general much lighter
and duller; W. 4.7; T. 3.5. (Batchelder.)

Range. — Carolinas and Georgia except mountainous districts,
lowlands of Virginia.

762. St. Lucas Robin (Merttla confims). Resemb-
ling No. 761 in plan of coloration but everywhere
much paler; breast and belly buff; no black in head.

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.

763. Varied Thrush (Ixoreus naemis). L. 10; W.

4.7. Ad. o71. Below rust-brown, belly whiter, a
broad black breast-band; above slaty, line behind eye
and bars in wing rusty; outer tail-feathers with white
tips. In winter washed with brownish above; breast
band with rusty* Ad. 9 • Paler below, breast-band
faintly indicated; above washed with brownish. Notes.
Song, a weird vibrant, long-drawn whistle repeated
on different notes.

Range.— Pacific coast from higher mountains of northern California
north to Alaska; south in winter along the coast.

763a. Pale Varied Thrush ( /. n. meruloides).. Sim-
ilar to No. 763, but wing longer, 5.IJ 9 paler and
grayer. (Grinnell.)

Range. — Interior of British Columbia north to north Alaska; south
n winter, through interior, to southern California.

207

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored

@&

456. Phcebe {Sqyornis pbcebe). L. 7. Ads.
Above grayish olive, crown blackish', outer web of
outer tail-feather whitish; below white tinged with yel-
low, sides of breast grayish; bill black. Yng. Green-
er above, yellower below. Notes. Pewit-pbaebe, pewit-
phcebe; call, pee, pec, rarely a flight song.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from
South Carolina and western Texas north to Newfoundland and Man-
itoba; winters from North Carolina and northern Texas south to Cuba
and Mexico.

459. Olive-sided Flycatcher {Nuttalornis borealis).
L. 7.4. Ads. Throat and middle of belly white with a
yellow tinge; sides and most of breast grayish; above
brownish gray with an olive-tinge, crown darker, the
feathers lengthened. Notes. Hip-hip or quilp-quilp,
less often a loud, emphatic tohip-pew-hip. (Head.)

Range. — North America; breeds from Massachusetts (rarely),
northern New York, and Minnesota, northward to Alaska, south
through the Rockies and Coast Range to Mexico; winters in Central
and South America.

460. Coues Flycatcher (Contopus pertinax pallidt-
ventris). L. 7.7. Ads. Below nearly uniform gray,
belly paler; above gray, crown slightly darker, the
feathers lengthened. Notes. A plaintive musical four
or five noted whistle with regular intervals and a
singularly human-like quality.

Range.- Western Mexico, north to central Arizona; winters south
of United States.

46 1. VJ ood Pewee (Contopus zirens). L. 6.5; W.
3.3. Ads. Above dark olive, crown blacker; below
dusky grayish, throat whitish, belly yellowish; lower
mandible yellowish. Yng. Greener above, yellower
below. Notes Pee-a-wee, peer and pee; all plaintive
and musical.

Range.— Eastern North America, west to about Long. ioo° ; breeds
from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; win-
ters in Central America.

462. Western Wood Pewee (Contopus ricbardsonii).

Similar to No. 461, but above with usually no green-
ish tinge; below less yellow; under mandible brownish.
Notes. A nasal, rather emphatic pee-a.

Range.— Western United States, east to about Long. ioo° ; breeds
from western Texas and Lower California north to Manitoba, Alberta,
and British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America.

462a. Large-billed Wood Pewee (C. r. peninsula').
Similar to No. 462, but smaller, W. 3-3! the bill larger,
length from nostril .42, width at nostril, .31; upper-
parts grayer. (Brewster.)

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

208

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored

466. Traill Flycatcher (Empidonax traillit). Simi-
lar to No. 466a, but upperparts browner with little if
any real greenish tinge; bill averaging narrower,

Range. — Western United States; breeds from western Texas ai...
southern California north to Alaska and Great Slave Lake, east *"
Kansas, Missouri and Illinois; winters in the tropics.

466a. Alder Flycatcher (E. t. alnorum). L. b.k,

W. 2.8. Ads. Lower mandible horn color; below
white, breast grayish; breast and sides faintly washed
with yellow; above brownish olive-green; wing-bars
usually buffy. Like No. 467, but larger. Notes.
Pep of alarm, and an explosive ee-^ee-e-iip with stress
on the rasping %ee. (Dwight.)

Range. — Eastern United States, west to Michigan; breeds from
northern New Jersey (locally) north to New Brunswick; winters in the
tropics,

466

467. Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus).
5.4; W. 2.5. Ads, Similar in color to No. 466a, but
smaller, tail slightly forked. Yng. Wing-bars more
buffy. Notes, a vigorous chebec, ckebec; rarely a flight
song, "chebec, tooral-oorat."

Range. — Eastern Nortli America, west to western Texas and east-
ern Colorado; breeds from Pennsylvania (North Carolina, in the Alle-
ghanies north to New Brunswick and Great Slave Lake; winters »■■
Central America.

467

K^

468. Hammond Flycatcher {Empidonax bammoncnj,
L. 5.5. Ads. Bill smallest of our Empidonaces, lower
mandible brown; throat and breast grayish, breast and
belly slightly washed with sulphur; above grayish with
a slight olive tint. Like No. 467, but bill smaller,
lower mandible browner, throat grayer.

Range. Western North America; breeds from the mountains ot
New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Athabasca, east to Color*'1"'
winters in Mexico.

468

469. Wright Flycatcher (Empidonax wrightn,.
Similar to No. 468, but underparts whiter; bill much
longer, longest and narrowest of our Empidonaces',
lower mandible whitish at base, brownish at tip; oute*
web of outer tail-feather white.

Range.- Western United States, east to eastern slope ol Rockies;
breeds from mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Cal-
ifornia north to Montana and southern Oregon; winters in Mexir<-

469.1. Gray Flycatcher (Empidonax griseus). k_.

6. Ads. Above gray with a slight brownish tinge;
below grayish white with little or no yellow. Grayest
of our Empidonaces.

Range.- Western Mexico and Lower California north to southerp
California and Arizona, (Fort Verde.)

9fl9

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored

646.

463. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher {Empidonax fiavi-
ventris). L. 5 6. Ads. Below distinctly greenish
yellow, belly brighter; above bright olive-green. Yng.
Brighter, wing-bars buffy. Notes. Pse-ek in one harsh
explosive syllable; a plaintive chu-e-e-p. (Dwight.)

Range. Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
northern New England (south in Alleghanies to Pennsylvania),
northern Ntw York, and Minnesota, north to Labrador and Northwest
Territories; winters in Central America.

464. Western Flycatcher (Empidonax di/jhilis).
Similar to No. 463, but brighter yellow below,' breast
washed with brownish instead of greenish; above
yellower. Notes. A soft low note, and a wailing pee-eu.
(C. A. Allen.)

Range. — Western North America; east to about Long. ioo° ; breeds
from Mexican border north to southern Alaska; winters in Mexico and
Central America.

464.1. St. Lucas Flycatcher (Empidonax cineritius).

Most like No. 464, but much duller; scarcely a tinge of
green above; no decided yellow below except on throat
and abdomen. (Brewster.)

Range. — Lower California, from Cape Region north, rarely, to
southern California.

464.2. Santa Barbara Flycatcher {Empidonax insul-

icola). Similar to No. 464, but above darker and
browner; below paler. (Oberholser.)

Range. — Santa Barbara Islands, California.

465. Green-crested Flycatcher (Empidonax vires-
cens). L. 5.7. Ads. Throat and belly white, breast
grayish; sides, breast and sometimes belly, washed
with sulphur; back olive-green, a tint lighter than in
No. 463; lower mandible whitish; wing-bars buffy.

Notes. Spee or peet and pee-e-vuk.

Range.— Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from the
Gulf States to southern Connecticut and Manitoba; winters in Central
America.

646. Orange-crowned Warbler (Helminthophila ce-
lata). L. 5. No white in wings or tail. Ad. rj\
Above olive-green more or less washed with grayish;
a concealed, reddish orange crown-patch; below dusky
yellowish green. Ad. ?. Similar, but grayer, crown-
patch smaller or wanting. Yng. Like $ , but no
crown-patch. Notes. Song full and strong, not very
high pitched and ending abruptly on a rising scale,
chee, chee, chee, chw', chw'. (Jones.)

R nge. — Interior of North America, breeding from Manitoba and
mountains of New Mexico to Alaska; winters in Gulf States and
southward; rare in Atlantic states north of South Carolina.

646a. Lutescent Warbler (H. c. lutescens). Simi-
lar to No. 646, but greener above, yellower below; un-
derpays distinctly yellow with a dusky wash.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeding in mountains from southern Cal-
ifornia to Kenai Peninsula. Alaska; winters from California south
into Mexico: east to Colorado In migrations.

646b. Dusky Warbler {H. c. sordida). Similar to
No. 646a, but decidedly darker, bill and feet larger,
wing shorter and tail longer. ( Ridgw 1

Range. — Breeds in Santa Barbara Islands, California; later occurs
on adjoining mainland.

210

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored

472. Beardless Flycatcher {Ornitbion imberbe).
L. 4-S; W. 2.10. Ads. Bill small, narrow, upper
mandible decidedly curved; above gray tinged with
olive, below grayish white with a yellow tinge.

Range.— Central America; north in spring to Lower Rio Grande
Texas.

472a. Ridgway Flycatcher ( O. i. ridgwayi). Sim-
ilar to No. 472, but larger, W. 2.2; grayer, little if any
sulphur tinge on underparts. (Ridgw.) Notes. Call,
a shrill pier repeated; song, from the tree-tops, yoop,
yoop, yoopeedeedledee. (Stephens.)

Range.- Southern border of Mexican tableland north in spring to
southern Arizona.

6 16. Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia). L. 5.2. Ads.

Below white, a broad grayish brown band across the
breast; above grayish brown. Yi/g. Similar, but
brown areas more or less tipped with rusty.

Range.— Northern hemisphere: in America, breeds from northern
New Jersey, Kansas, and southern California, north to Labrador, and
Alaska; winters south to Brazil.

<fC% '„

472.

616.

617. Rough-winged Swallow {Stelgidopteryx serru
pennis). L. 5.5. Ads. Above grayish brown; below
grayish white, whiter on belly; barbs on outer vane of
outer primary recurved. Yng. Plumage more or less
tipped with rusty.

Range.— United States; breeds from Mexico north to Massachusetts,
Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central America.

211

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored

-4&"iW

623. Black-whiskered Vireo {Vireo calidris barba-
tulus). L. 6. Ads. A dusky streak on either side of the
throat, crown slate without a black border; back olive-
green; below white, lowei belly, under tail- and under
wing-coverts yellowish; no wing-bars. Notes. Re-
semble those of No. 624 but song more emphatic and
hesitating.

Range. — Breeds in Cuba, Bahamas and southern Florida; winters
In Central Ameiica.

624. Red-eyed Vireo {Vireo olivaceus). L. 6.2.
Ads. Crown slate, on either side a narrow black
border; a white line over eye; above olive-green; below
white; under wing-coverts sulphur; no wing-bars;
no dusky streaks on throat. Notes. Call, a petulant,
complaining whang; song, a broken, rambling recitative
"you see it — you know it — do you hear me? — do you
believe it?"

Range. — Eastern United States, wesi to the Rockies and British
Columbia, east of Cascades; breeds from the Gulf States to Labrador,
Manitoba, and British Columbia; winteis in Central and South Amer-
ica.

632. Hutton Vireo {Vireo huttoni). L. 4.8. Ads.
Underparts dusky grayish white with a faint yellow
tinge; above dusky olive-green; lores and eye-ring
grayish, not conspicuous; two white wing-bars. Notes.
A piping whistle like the call of a young bird, pee-yer,
pee-yer; and a hoarse whistle oh-mv, oh-iny, oh-my.

Range. — California, west of Sierra; resident.

632a. Stephen Vireo (V. h. stephensi). Similar to
No. 622, but grayer above, whiter below, wing-bars
broader.

Range.— Mexican boundary from western Texas to southeastern
California.

632c. Anthony Vireo (V. h. obscurus). Similar to
No. 632, but darker, and averaging slightly smaller.

Range. — "Pacific coast, from Oregon to southern British Columbia;
south in winter to California." (A. O. U.)

647. Tennessee Warbler {Helminthophila peregrina) .
L. 5. No wing-bars; little or no white in tail. Ad. rj\
Head bluish gray; a whitish line over eye; back olive-
green; below grayish white. Ad. $. Gray of head
with more or less olive-green; stripe over eye and un-
derparts yellower. Yng. Similar to 9, but entirely
bright olive-green above; yellower below. Notes.
Song scarcely distinguishable from that of the Chip-
ping Sparrow, but first two syllables twip instead of
chip. (Jones.)

Range.— Eastern North America, west in migrations to the Rocky
Mountains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England,
northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Quebec and Alaska;
winters in Central and northern South America.

747. Kennicott Willow Warbler ( Phvllopseustes
borealis). L. 5. Ads. Above olive-green; below
white tinged with yellowish, sides greenish; a whitish
line over eye; a narrow whitish wing-bar; no white in
tail. Notes. Call, a monotonous d{it\ song, resembles
trill' of Redpoll. (Seebohm.)

Range.— Asia, east to western Alaska.

212

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored

625. Yellow-green Vireo {Vireo flavoviridis). L.
6.4. Resembling No. 624, but greener above, the
sides heavily washed with greenish yellow.

Range. — Northern South America, north to the Lower Rio Grande.

626. Philadelphia Vireo (Vireo philadelphicus). L.

4.8. Ads. No distinct crown-cap; above olive-green;
below yellowish; a whitish line over eye; no wing-bars.
Notes. Resemble those of the Red-eyed Vireo but gen-
erally higher pitched; also a very abrupt, dcuble-syll-
abled utterance with arising inflection which comes in
with the song at irregular intervals. (Brewster.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Maine, New Ham-
shire and Manitoba northward; winters in the tropics.

627. Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus). L. 5.4; W.
2.8. Ads. Above grayish olive-green, crown slightly
grayer but without distinct cap as in No. 624; a whit-
ish line over eye but no black line above it; below
white, the sides washed with yellowish; no wing-bars.
Notes. Call, resembles that of the Red-eyed Vireo;
song; a rich, firm, unbroken warble with an alto un-
dertone.

Range. — Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
Gulf States north to Hudson Bay region; winters in Mexico.

627a. Western Warbling Vireo (V. g. swainsoni).
Similar to No. 627, but averaging smaller, W. 2.6, the
bill more slender; upperparts, particularly crown,
grayer.

Range. — Western United States, east to the Rockies; breeds from
Mexico to BritishColumbia; winters in Mexico.

631. White-eyed Vireo (Vireo noveboracensis) . L.
5; W. 2.4.; B. .4. Ads. Eye-ring and lores yellow;
iris white; above olive-green more or less washed with
grayish; below white, sides yellowish; two whitish
wing-bars. Notes. Calls, varied, often harsh and
scolding; song, an emphatic whistle who are you, eh? or
what's that you say?, and a low medley often including
imitations of the notes of other birds.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas
north to New Hampshire and Minnesota; winters from Florida to Cen-
tral America.

631a. Key West Vireo (V. n. maynardi) . Similar
to No. 631, but bill heavier, sides averaging less yel-
low.

Range. — Southern Florida; resident.

62 1b- Bermuda White-eyed Vireo (V. n. bermud-

ianus). Similar to No. 631, but wing shorter, 2.30; no
yellow on sides. (Bangs and Bradlee.)

Range. — Resident in Bermudas.

63 Ic. Small White-eyed Vireo (V. n. micrus).
Smaller than No. 631, W. 2.2; averaging grayer above;
sides with less yellow.

Range. — Northeastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.

213

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored

629. Blue-headed Vireo {Vireo solitarms) . L. 5.5;
VV. 2.9; B. .4. Ads. Lores and eye-ring white; crown
ind cheeks bluish slate-color; back olive-greei.; below
white, sides washed with greenish yellow; two whitish
wing-bars. Notes. Resembling in form those of Red-
eyed or Yellow-throated Vireos but more varied, some-
times a continuous warble; a musical chatter, like that of
the Yellow-throated and a trilled whistle. (Torrey.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut (and
south along Alleghanies) north to New Brunswick and Manitoba;
winters from Florida to Central America.

629a. Cassin Vireo (V. s. cassini). Lake No. 629,
but back washed with the color of the head; white on
breast and throat less pure.

Range. — "Breeds from British Columbia and Idaho south along Pa-
cific coast region and Nevada to Lower California; migrates to Arizona,
New Mexico; and northern Mexico." (Bailey.)

629b. Plumbeous Vireo (V. s. plumbtus). Above
wholly plumbeous-gray with scarcely, if any, olive
tinge, below white, the sides gray faintly tinged with
greenish yellow; size of No. 6290

Range. — Rocky Mountain region; breeds from northern Mexico
north to southwestern Dakota and Wyoming; winters south to south-
ern Mexico.

629c. Mountain Solitary Vireo (V. s. alticola).
Larger than No. 629, W. 3.15, B. .46; head darker, its
color extending over most of the back.

Range.— Breeds in Alleghanies from North Carolina to Georgia;

winters in Florida.

629d. St. Lucas Solitary Vireo {V. 5. lucasanus).
Smaller than No. 629a, but bill longer and stouter,
sides and flanks much yellower; young without
brownish below, and resembling young of No. 629.

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.

633. Bell Vireo {Vireo bellit). L. 5. Above olive-
green, crown grayer; lores and eye-ring white; two in-
conspicuous whitish wing-bars; below white, sides
tinged with yellowish. Most like No. 627, but back
greener, no white line back of eye. Notes. Resemble
those of the White-eyed Vireo, but less harsh, song
less emphatic. (Goss.)

Range. — Interior states from Illinois west to Plains; breeds from
Texas to Minnesota; winters in Mexico.

633.1. Least Vireo {Vireo pusillus). L. 4.8. Ads.
Above gray, slightly tinged with greenish toward rump;
below white, sides with little if any greenish tinge;
one inconspicuous whitish wing-bar; lores and eye-
ring inconspicuously grayish.

Range. — Northwestern Mexico and northern Lower California;
breeds north to Arizona and middle California.

634. Gray Vireo {Vireo vicinior). L. 5.5. Above
slaty gray; below white tinged with grayish; one in-
conspicuous wing-bar; lores and eye-ring gray; bill
short. Notes. Song may be compared with the finest
efforts of the Blue-headed Vireo with the added charm
and mellowness of the song of the Yellow-throated
Vireo. (Henshaw.)

Range. — Northern Mexico, north to western Texas, southeastern
California, and southern Nevada; winters in Mexico.

214

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored

749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet {Regulus calendula).
L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. Ad. rj\ A
more or less concealed crown-patch; back olive-green;
underparts soiled whitish more or less tinged with
buffy; two white wing-bars. Ad. V and Yng. (Here
figured.) Similar, but no crown-patch.

Range. — Norlh America; breeds from the northern border of the
United States northward, and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizo-
na, and In the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from south Caro-
lina and Oregon southward to Central America.

749a. Sitkan Kinglet (/?. c. grinnelli) . Similar to
No. 749, but more olive-green above; more buffy below.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters south-
ward to California.

470a. Buff-breasted Flycatcher (Empidonax fulvi-
frons pygmcens). L. 4.7. Ads. Below rusty buff;
above grayish brown.

Range. — Western Mexico; north in spring to southwestern New
Mexico and Arizona.

586. Texas Sparrow (Arremonops nifivirgata). L.
6.5. Ads. Above olive-green, sides of crown brown-
ish, its center grayish; below whitish; bend of wing
yellow. Notes. Song resembles that of the Chipping
Sparrow but with somewhat of the sweetness and
modulation of that of the Yellow Warbler.

Range.— Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas; casually to
Louisiana.

638. Swainson Warbler (Helinaiaswainsonii). L. 5.
Bill large; no white in wings or tail. Ads. Crown
brown, back, wings and tail olive-brown; a whitish
line over eye; below whitish tinged with yellow.
Notes. Song, "a series of clear, ringing whistles, the
first four uttered rather slowly and in the same key,
the remaining five or six given more rapidly and in an
evenly descending scale." (Brewster.)

Range. — Southeastern United States; breeds from Gulf States
north to southeastern Virginia, southern Indiana and southern Mis-
souri.

639. Worm-eating Warbler {Helmitheros vermi-
vorus). L. 5.5. Bill large; no white in wings or tail
Ads. Crown black with three buff stripes; back,
wings and tail olive-green; below buffy white deeper on
breast. _ Yng, Buff everywhere richer. Notes. Call,
a sharp 'chip; song, resembles that of Chipping Spar-
row but is somewhat weaker.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connect-
icut, southern Illinois and southern Wisconsin; winters south of
United States.

742. Pallid Wren-tit (Chamcra fasciata). L. 6.7;
T. 3.4. Outer tail-feathers shortest. Ads. Above
brownish gray; below buffy obscurely streaked with
gray. Notes. Song wooden and unmusical, beginning
deliberately and ending in a roll, chick: chirk; chick,
ch ick -ch ick - ch ick-ch ick -ch ick -ch ick .

Range. — "Interior of California, Including the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada, from the head of the Sacramento Valley south to
northern Lower California." (A. O. U.)

215

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored

742a. Coast Wren-tit (C.f.pkcea). Similar to No.
742, but much browner above and deeper more pink
below; sides as dark as back.

Range. — Pacific Coast from Monterey County. California, north to
southern Oregon.

707. Curve-billed Thrasher ( Toxostoma curvirostre).
L.i 1.2. Ads. Above brownish gray; below mottled
with brownish gray; lower belly buffy; four outer pairs
of tail-feathers tipped with white; two narrow white
wing-bars. Notes. Call, a sharp, wbit-wUt', one of the
most silent of song Thrushes. ( Merrill ) Song, re-
markably melodious and attractive. (Couch J

Range. — Mexican boundary region of Texas and New Mexico south
over the Mexico tableland to Oaxaca.

707a. Palmer Thrasher ( T. c. palmeri). Similar to
No. 707, but wing-bars less evident; outer tail-feathers
without white tips.

Range. — "Southern Arizona, from about fifty miles northwest of
Phoenix, south to Guaymas, Sonora." (A. O. U.)

708. Bendire Thrasher {Toxostoma bendirei). L.
10.2. Ads. Above brownish ashy; below soiled
whitish washed with buffy and lightly spotted with
dusky, chiefly on breast; outer tail-feathers narrowly
tipped with whitish. Notes. Call, tirup, tirup, tirup.
(Brown.)

Range.— Desert regions of southern Arizona south into Sonora.
Mexico: west rarely to southeastern California; resident except at
extreme northern limit of its range.

709. St. Lucas Thrasher (Toxostoma cinereum).

L. 10. Ads. Above grayish brown; below white with
numerous wedge-shaped spots; outer tail-feathers
tipped with white.

Range. — Southern Lower California.

709a. Mearns Thrasher (T. c. mearnsi). Differs
from No. 709 in much darker upperparts, more rusty
flanks and crissum, much Larger and more intensely
black spots on lower parts and less curved bill. (An-
thony.)

Range. — Northern Lower California, south to about Lat. 300 30 '.

216

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored

7 10. Californian Thrasher {Toxostoma redivivum).

L. 12. Ads. Above grayish brown; belly distinctly
buff; breast grayish, throat whitish, washed with buff;
no white in wings or tail. Notes. Song suggesting
both that of the Brown Thrasher and the Mockingbird.

Range, — California west of the Sierra Nevada, north of about Lat.
35° ; south into Lower California.

7 I Oa. Pasadena Thrasher ( T. r.pasadenense). Sim-
ilar to No. 710, but grayer above; belly paler, throat
whiter.

Range. — Southern California.

711. Leconte Thrasher {Toxostoma lecontet). L.
10.5. Ads. Above brownish ashy, below creamy
white, under tail-coverts buff. Note's. Call, a sharply
reiterated wbtt or quit; song, remarkable for its loud
rich tone; can be heard distinctly for more than a mile.
(Mearns.) Call, low and musical, huee-e, whistled
through the teeth. (Stephens.)

Range. — "Desert region of southern California, Nevada, and ex-
treme southwestern Utah, from Benton, Cal. (Lat. 38 °), southeast-
ward through Arizona to Sonora (Lat. 300 ). Local in San Joaquin
Valley." (A.O. U.)

71 la. Desert Thrasher (7. /. arenicola). Differ-
ing from No. 711 in having upperparts darker and
grayer, tail blacker, and breast gray. (Anthony.)

Range. — Northern Lower California. (Rosalia Bay.)

712. Crissal Thrasher {Toxostoma crissalis). L.
12. Ads. Under tail-coverts reddish chestnut; upper-
parts brownish gray; underparts ashy, chin white.
Notes. No loud call note; song of remarkable scope
and sweetness. (Mearns.)

Range. — "Southwestern United States, from western Texas to the
Colorado Desert, California, and northern Lower California; north to
Charleston Mountains, Nevada, and St. George, Utah." (A. O. U.)

217

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

538. Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius onto-
tus). L. 6.2. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but
middle pair of tail-feathers (and sometimes these) with
white, tzeo outer pairs white to the tip. Ad. $. Throat
and cheeks buff ; breast and belly black; crown black,
nape chestnut; lesser wing-coverts black tipped with
white. Ad. ?. Above grayish brown streaked with
black; below pale buff. J1 in winter. Like summer $
but black and chestnut areas more or less tipped with
grayish brown. Notes. Song, short, shrill, but very
sweet, often uttered on the wing. (Allen J

Range.— Great Plains; breeds from central Kaijsas and eastern
Colorado north to the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado
and Nebraska south into Mexico.

539. McCown Longspur {Rkynchophanes mccowiiii).
L. 6. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but middle pair
of tail-feathers with white, the outer one white to the
tip, the others tipped with black; lesser wing-coverts
chestnut. Ad. r?. Throat and belly white, breast and
crown black; back grayish brown streaked with
black. Ad. $. Below white washed with brownish;
above grayish brown streaked with black. cT » winter.
Like ? but a partly concealed black breast patch; tail
with more white. Notes. Call, a chip at each stroke
of the wing; song, of soft, twittering, pleasing notes.
(Goss.) "A twittering, hurried chant, suggestive of
the Horned Lark's performance, but terminating in de-
creasing power." (Silloway.)

Range. — Great Plains; breeds from northwestern Kansas to Mon-
tana and the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Kan-
sas south Into Mexico.

5 52. Lark Sparrow (Ckondestes granvtnacus) . L.
6.2; Ads. Sides of the crown and ear-coverts chest-
nut; all but middle tail-feathers tipped with white; back
broadly streaked with black; sides of throat and spot
on breast black. Notes. Song, loud and musical sug-
gesting both a Song Sparrow's and a Canary's.

Ranee. — Interior of North America from the Plains east to Illinois;
casually east of the Alleghanies; breeds trom Texas to Manitoba;
winters south into Mexico.

552a. Western Lark Sparrow (C. g. strigatus).

Similar to No. 552, but streaks on upperparts generally
narrower.

Range. — Western United States from the Plains t<> Pacific; breeds
from Mexico to Manitoba and British Columbia; winters south to
Centre 1 America.

218

Perching" Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

536. Lapland Longspur (Calamus lapponicus). L.
6.2 Hind toe-nail as long as or longer than toe; two
outer tail-feathers with white at ths end. Ad. rf, sum-
mer. Nape chestnut; crown, cheeks, throat and upper-
breast black; back black margined with rusty brozvn.
Ad. 9 , summer. Crown and back black margined
with rusty; nape brighter; below whitish; breast feath-
ers dusky at base; sides streaked with blackish. Win-
ter, cf. Black areas and nape veiled with whitish or
buff y tips; ^ , like 9 in summer.

Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and northeast North America
south to northern Labrador; in America, winters south, irregularis-, to
South Carolina, Kentucky, Kansas, Texas; west to Manitoba.
(Ridgw.)

536a. Alaskan Longspur (C. /. alascensis). Simi-
lar to No. 536, but margins to back feathers much
paler, brownish gray or buffy; nape in winter more
buffy. Notes. Song, uttered on wing as bird with up-
stretched wings floats downward, sweet, liquid, tink-
ling, of same general character as that of Bobolink,
but shorter, less powerful. ( Nelson. )

Range. — Breeds in Alaska, Aleutian and Pnbilof Islands east to Fort
Simpson; winters south to eastern Oregon, Colorado, and western
Kansas. (Ridgw.)

553. Harris Sparrow (Zonotrichia querula). L.

7.5. Ad. summer. Throat and crown black; nape
chestnut, cheeks brownish; two white wing-bars.
Ads. winter. Throat mottled with white, crown tipped
with grayish. Notes. A queer, chuckling note; song
of pleasing, plaintive whistling notes in musical tone
like those of No. 558, but delivered in a different song.
(Cooke.)

Range.— Interior of North America; from Illinois west to the Dako-
tas; in summer, the region west of Hudson Bay (exact breeding range
unknown) ; south in winter to Texas (and Mexico?) ; accidental in
British Columbia, Oregon and California.

565. Black-chinned Sparrow (Spi{ella atrogularis) .

L. 5.7. Below slaty gray. Ad. tf. Throat and
front of face black; rest of head and underparts slaty
gray, the belly whitish; back reddish brown narrowly
streaked with black. Ad. 9 , Throat with little o"r
no black; crown washed with brownish. Yng. Simi-
lar to Ad. 9 , but never with black on throat; crown
more heavily washed with brownish. Notes. Song
said to resemble that of No. 563. (Bailey.)

Range.- Mexico and southwestern United States; breeds from
southern New Mexico and southern California southward; winters
south into Mexico and southern Lower California.

— English Sparrow (Passer domesticus), L. 6.3.
Ad. o*. Throat and upper breast black; crown slate;
band behind eye and on nape chestnut. Ad. 9-
Below dirty white; crown and rump dingy grayish
brown; back streaked with black and rusty brown; a
buffy stripe behind eye. Yng. <j\ Similar to Ad.
but throat and head tipped with brownish gray. Notes.
Harsh and discordant.

Range. -Introduced into America from Europe In 1851 and later
dates; now distributed throughout the greater part of the United
States.

219

14

Perching- Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

537. Smith Longspur [Calcarius pictus) . L. 6.6.
Hind toe-nail as long as toe; Hco outer tail-feathers
mostly white. Ad. cY'. Throat, breast and belly buff;
nape buff; crown and cheeks black; ear-coverts and
line over eye white; lesser wing-coverts black margined
with white. Ad. 9- Above brownish black mar-
gined with buff and rusty brown; below pale buff,
sides of breast and flanks streaked with brown. $ in
winter. Like 9 but lesser wing-coverts black and
white. Notes. Call constantly chirrup as they fly.
(Goss.)

Range. — Middle western United States; breeds In northern British
America; winters south over the plains and prairies to Texas; east tu
Illinois.

5 7 9. Rufous-winged Sparrow {Aimophila carpalis).
L. 5.7. Outer tail-feathers shortest. Ads. Lesser
wing-coverts bright reddish brown; crown reddish
brown or chestnut margined with gray; back streaked
with black and margined with grayish brown; below
whitish; two black streaks from either side of the base
of the lower mandible. Notes, Call, $ib, $ib, %ib.
(Bendire.)

Range. — Southern Arizona, north to Tucson and Camp Lowell and
south through Sonora to northern S naloa. (Ridgw.)

580. Rufous-crowned Sparrow {Aimophila ruficeps).

L. 4; T. 2.6. No yellow at bend of wing; outer tail-
feathers shortest. Ads. Above reddish brown marg-
ined with buffy gray (no black streaks); below, in-
cluding middle of belly, brownish; sides of throat with
black lines. Notes. Song, very sweet, resembling
that of Lazuli Bunting, but distinguishable. (C. A.
Allen.)

Range.— Northern Lower California north to Marin County and
Sacramento Valley, California; local.

580a. Scott Sparrow (A. r. scottii). Similar to No.
580, but above brighter reddish brown, the margins to
the feathers grayer, the underparts much paler, the
breast grayish, the throat and middle of the belly
whitish.

Range. -Northwestern portion of Mexican plateau and adjacent
portions of Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas (El Paso Co.)
(Ridgw.)

580b. Rock Sparrow {A. r. eremceca). L. 6.
Ads. Crown reddish chestnut, back olive-brown
margined with gray. Similar to No. 580a, but back of
a different color from crown, the grayish margins
wider.

Range. — Limestone Hill districts of middle Texas, from Kinney and
Maverick counties on the Rio Grande, northeastward to Cook County
and westward at least to Tom Green County; south in winter to Mex-
ico. (Ridgw.)

580c. Laguna Spar.'ow {A. r. sororia). Similar
to No. 580a, but bill somewhat stouter, reddish brown
above averaging brighter and wider.

Range. — Southern Lower California.

220

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

540. Vesper Sparrow {Tocecetes gramineus). L.
6.1. Outer tail-feather mostly white; hind toe-nail
not longer than toe; lesser wing-coverts reddish brown.
Ads. Above grayish brown streaked with black and
chestnut; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with
black and chestnut. Notes. Call, chip. Song, loud
and musical Look-look, see-see, me-me-me-me-me-me-sing,
followed by a confusion of notes.

Range. Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia. Illinois and
Missouri north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Vir-
ginia and southern Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico.

540a. Western Vesper Sparrow (P. g. confinis).

Similar to No. 540, but paler, less black above; bill
somewhat more slender.

Range.— Western United States from the Plains to the Sierra;
breeds from Arizona and New Mexico north to the Saskatchewan and
British Columbia; winters south into Mexico.

540b. Oregon Vesper Sparrow (P. g. affinis).

Similar to No. 540a, but smaller, W. 3; bill still more
slender; plumage browner, more buffy; browner even
than No. 540, the underparts, including belly, suffused
with buff.

Range.— Pacific coast; breeds in western Oregon (and north?) ;
winters southwest of the Sierra to San Diego, California.

575. Pine-woods Sparrow [Peuccea aestivalis). L.
5.8; T. 2.5. Bend of the wing yellow; outer tail-
feathers much shorter than the middle pair. Ads.
Above reddish chestnut, head and back streaked with
black and margined with gray; below whitish, breast
faintly tinged with buff. Notes. Song, exceedingly sweet
and plaintive.

Range.— Florida and southern Georgia; winters In southern Florida

5 75a. Bachman Sparrow (T. ce. bachmanit). Sim-
ilar to No. 575, but above brighter reddish chestnut,
black streaks fewer and usually confined to back;
breast and sides deeper buff.

Range.— Lower Mississippi Valley, west to southern Indiana and
southern Illinois, east to Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina,
and Virginia (rarely); west to Concho County, Texas; winters south in
Atlantic States, to southern Florida.

576. Botteri Sparrow {Peuccea botteri). L. 6; T.
2.8. Bend of wing yellow; outer tail-feathers shortest.
Ads. Above bright rusty brown (about the color of a
Field Sparrow) , head and back streaked with black
and margined with gray; below buffy, the center of the
belly whitish. Notes. Song, begins with a faint trill
followed by a succession of disjointed syllables, cha,
cheewee, wee, wee, wee, wir. (Henshaw.)

Range.- Entire plateau of Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande Val-
ley in Texas and southern Arizona. (Ridgw.)

"578. Cassin Sparrow [Teuccea cassint). L. 6; T.
2.8. Bend of wing yellow; outer tail-feathers shortest,
their ends with distinct gravis/! patches. Ads. Above
gray streaked with dull reddish brown and spotted or
barred with black; below grayish white. Notes. Song,
lengthened and pleasing, usually sung on wing.

Range. — Texas and southern Kansas west to southern Nevada and
Arizona south into Mexico.

221

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

55 9. Tree Sparrow {Spi^ella monticola). L. 6.3.
A black spot in the center of the breast. Ads. Cap
reddish brown, no black on head; two white wing-bars;
back streaked black, reddish brown and buff; below
whitish; upper mandible black, lower yellowish.
Notes. Call, a musical, tinkling, too-lay-it, song, ''a
loud, clear and powerful chant."

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds In
Labrador and region west of Hudson Bay; winters south to South
Carolina, Tennessee and Indian Territory.

559a. Western Tree Sparrow (5. m. ochracea).
Similar to No. 559, but back with much less reddish
brown, largely brownish buff streaked with black.

Range. — Western North America east to the Plains; breeds in
Alaska; winters south to Mexican border.

560. Chipping Sparrow {Spi^ella socialis). L. 5.3.
Ads. Crown reddish chestnut, forehead blackish; a
black line from eye to nape; back streaked with black,
reddish brown and grayish brown; wing-bars not con-
spicuous; below grayish white; bill largely black. Yng.
Crown like back; cheeks brownish. Notes. Call,
chip; song, an unmusical chippy, chippy, chippy, repeated.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Gulf States to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters in the
Gulf States and Mexico.

5 60a. Western Chipping Sparrow (5. s. ari^once).
Similar to No. 560, but much grayer above; back with
little or no reddish brown.

Range. — Western North America; breeds from Mexican border
states to Alaska; winters from California and Mexican border states
to southern Mexico.

563. Field Sparrow (Spi^ellapusilla). L. 5.6; T.
2.5. Bill entirely pinkish brown. Ads. Crown red-
dish brown, a gray line over the eye, a reddish brown
stripe from behind it to nape; back reddish brown
streaked with black; below whitish, no streaks, breast
washed with buffy; two white wing-bars. Notes. Call,
chip; song, a musical whistle, cher-wei, cher-wee^cher-wei,
chei-o, dee-e-e-e-e; with many variations but usually end-
ing in a trill.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from South Carolina,
Alabama and central Texas north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters
from Virginia and Illinois to Gulf States.

563a. Western Field Sparrow (5. p. arenacea).
Similar to No. 563, but much paler above; crown large-
ly grayish; back with but little reddish brown, breast
with little or no buff; tail longer, 2.7.

Range. — Great Plains of interior; breeds from Nebraska and South
Dakota to eastern Montana; winters south to northeastern Mexico;
casu;i!ly to Louisiana. (Ridgw.)

584. Swamp Sparrow (Mdospi^a georgiana). L.
5.8. Ads. Forehead black with a gray median line;
crown bright chestnut; below grayish white; sides
brownish, nape gray; back grayish, black, and buff.
Yng. Crown streaked chestnut and black; gray line
over the eye sometimes tinged with yellow; other parts
deeper in color. Notes. Call, a sharp cheep] song, a
simple tweet-tweet-tweet, etc., all on one note.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
New Jersey. Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador
and Manitoba; winters from Kansas, southern Illinois, and Massa-
chusetts to Gulf States.

222

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

542. Sandwich Sparrow (Passerculus sandwtcbensis ).
L. 5.7; W. 2.9 A yellow line from the bill passing
over the eye; bend of wing usually tinged with yellow.
Ads. Above streaked with black, chestnut and brown-
ish gray; below white, (buffy in fall and winter),
breast and sides streaked with black, the streaks nar-
rowly margined with chestnut. Notes. Doubtless re-
semble those of No. 542a.

Range. — Northwest coast; breeds in western Alaska; winters south
to northern California.

542a. Savanna Sparrow {P. s. savanna). Similar
to No. 542, but smaller, W. 2.7; yellow line over eye
shorter and less pronounced; bill smaller. Notes. Call
a sharp tsip, frequently uttered; song, a weak, musical
little trill following a grasshopperlike introduction,
tsip, tsip, isip, se-e-e-sW-r-r. (Dwight.)

Range. — Eastern Nortli America, west to the Plains; breeds from
northern New Jersey (rarely), eastern Long Island, and Missouri
north to Labrador and western Hudson Bay; winters from Virginia
and southern Illinois to Cuba and Mexico.

542b. Western Savanna Sparrow (P.s. alaudinus).
Similar to No. 542a, but bill more slender, color aver-
aging paler, the yellow line not passing over the eye,
less evident before it and often wholly wanting.

Range. — Western North America from the Plains west to the Si-
erra; breeds from Mexico City north to Alaska; winters from south-
ern California southward.

542c. Bryant Marsh Sparrow (P. s. bryanti).
Similar to No. 542b, but smaller, W. 2.6; colors much
darker, streaks below heavier; yellow over eye more
pronounced. A darker bird even than No. 542a, but
with the bill slender as in No. 542b.

Range. — Resident in salt marshes about San Francisco and Mont-
erey Bay; winters south to San Pedro vGrinnell) ; casually to Mexico
City. (Ridgw.)

543. Belding Sparrow {Passerculus beldingi). L. 5;
W. 2.5. Ads. Similar to No. 542c, but somewhat
smaller, above darker and with a slight olive caste; un-
derpays more heavily streaked.

Range. — Pacific Coast; salt marshes from Todos Santos Island,
Lower California, north to Santa Barbara.

544. Large-billed Sparrow (Passerculus rostratus).
L. 5.5; W. 2.6. Bill stout, upper mandible curved; no
yellow before eye or on bend of wing. Ads. Above
grayish brown marked with brown and blackish but
without well-defined streaks; below white, breast and
sides streaked with grayish brown, the streaked
feathers centrally blackish.

Range. — Coast of southern California north to Santa Barbara; win-
ters south to Cape St. Lucas and northwestern Mexico.

544a. St. Lucas Sparrow (P. r. guttatus). Simi-
lar to No. 544, but.smaller, W. 2.5; bill more slender;
upperparts brownish 4, ray with an olive tint and streak-
ed with darker; similar to No. 544c, but smaller, upper-
parts more olive and more widely, but less sharply
streaked.

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California in winter; breeding
range unknown.

223

Perching Birds

Chiefly Brown or Streaked

544b. Lagoon Sparrow (P. r. balophilus). Similar
to No. 544a, but larger, W. 2.7, and darker; streaks on
chest with little if any brown edging; differing from No.
543, in more uniform coloration of upperparts, in less
narrow and decidedly blackish streaks on chest, etc.

Range. — Salt marshes, Abreojos Point, Lower California.

544c. San Benito Sparrow (P. r. sanctorum). Sim-
ilar to No. 544, but bill more slender; above grayer
(brownish gray) distinctly streaked with blackish, the
streaks margined with brown; below streaked with
black, the streaks narrowly margined with browmsh.

Range.— Breeds on San Benito Island, Lower California; in winter
to Cape Region of Lower California.

545. Baird Sparrow ( Coturmculus bairdii). L. 5.7.
Tail-feathers pointed, middle ones shortest, Ads.
Crown yellowish brown, streaked with black; back
black margined with chestnut and grayish; below
whitish, breast and sides streaked with black. In
fall and winter, colors richer. Notes. Song, "trick-e-
trik-eeeee-chiky-le-roit, with a peculiar tinkling utter-
ance."

Range. — Great Plains; breeds from western Minnesota, North
Dakota, eastern Montana, north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters
south to Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. (Ridgw.)

546. Grasshopper Sparrow {Coturmculus savanna-

rtimpasseruuis). L. 5.3. Line before eye orange; bend of
wing yellow, tail-feathers pointed. Ads. Crown black
with a buffy central stripe; nape chestnut and gray,
back black, chestnut buff and gray; below buffy, un-
streaked, belly whiter. Notes. Call, a sharp chip;
song, a weak, insect-like pit-tuck, ^ee-e-e-e-e-e-e.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
the Gulf States to Massachusetts, Vermont, and Minnesota; winters
from North Carolina to Cuba and Mexico.

546a. Western Grasshopper Sparrow (C. s. bi-

maculatus). Similar to No. 546, but paler below and
with less black and more chestnut above.

Range. — Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific;
breeds from Mexican border states north to Montana and British Col-
umbia; winters south into Mexico.

546b. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow (C. s. florid-
anus). Similar to No. 546, but smaller, W. 3; darker
above, paler below; sides of crown almost solid
black; chestnut above largely replaced by black.

Range. — Kissimmee Prairies. Florida.

547. Henslow Sparrow (Ammodramus heuslowii).
L. 5. Bend of wing yellow; tail-feathers pointed, the
outer ones much the shortest. Ads. Crown and
nape pale olive-green streaked with blackish; back
bright reddish brown streaked with black and gray;
below white; breast and sides washed with buff and
streaked with black. Notes. Call, tee-wick; song, sis-
r r-rit-srit-srit. (Jouy.)

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds locally, from Virginia and
Missouri, north to New Hampshire, southern Ontario and Minnesota;
winters from Virginia and Missouri south to the Gulf of Mexico.

547a. Western Henslow Sparrow {A. b. occidenta-
lism. Similar to No. 547, but paler, in summer little or
no buff below.

Range.— Central western states; breeding, so far as known, in South
Dakota; in winter south to Texas.

224

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

548. Leconte Sparrow {Ammodramus lecontet),

L. 5. No yellow on wing; tail-feathers pointed, outer
ones much the shortest. Ads. Broad line over eye,
throat, breast and sides rich buff; nape chestnut and
gray; back black narrowly margined with chestnut and,
at the sides, broadly with buff; sides streaked; breast
rarely with a few streaks. Notes. Call, a thin, sharp,
tweet, and a long-drawn bi^; song, a tiny, husky,
reese, reese. (Seton.)

Range.— Great Plains and more western prairies; breeding from
Dakota, Minnesota, etc., to Manitoba, migrating south and east, in
winter, through Illinois, Iowa. Kansas, etc., to South Carolina and
Gulf States from Florida to Texas." (Ridgw.)

533. Pine Finch (Spinuspinus). L. 5. Bill sharp-
ly pointed; a tuft of bristly feathers over the nostril;
tail slightly forked. Ads. Base of tail, of inner wing-
feathers and outer edges of primaries yellow; above
brownish; below whitish streaked with black. Notes.
Call, a metallic note; song, tinkling and musical often
sung on the wing as with No. 529, the song of which
it resembles.

Range. — North America; breeds from northern boundary states to
Alaska; in the Alleghanies south to North Carolina; and in the Rock-
ies and Sierra south to Mexico; winters from the northern states to
Gulf states and Lower California.

541. Ipswich Sparrow {P asser cuius princeps). L.
6.2. Ads. Above pale brownish gray streaked with
brown; below white, breast and sides streaked with
brownish; spot above eye and bend of wing often pale
sulphur yellow. Notes. Resemble those of No. 542a.

Range. — Breeds on Sable Isiand, Nova Scotia, winters south along
coast, regularly to Virginia, rarely to Georgia.

549. Sharp-tailed Sparrow {Ammodramus caudacu-
tus). L. 5.8. Tail-feathers sharply pointed, outer
ones shortest. Ads. Below white, breast and sides
washed with buff and distinctly streaked with black;
nape olive-green; cheeks orange-buff; ear-coverts gray;
crown olive-chocolate with a blue-gray central line;
back olive, buff, black and gray. Notes. Call, chip;
song, an unmusical, short, '"husky," "gasping" effort,
uttered from a perch or on fluttering wings above the
reeds.

Range. — Atlantic coast: breeds from South Carolina to New Hamp-
shire; winters from North Carolina to Florida.

549.1. Nelson Sparrow {Ammodramus nelsoni).
L. 5.5. Tail-feathers pointed, outer ones shortest.
Ads. Similar to No. 549, but breast and sides much
deeper buff, the former with few or no streaks; upper-
parts more richly colored. Notes. Resemble those of
No. 549.

Range. — Breeds In interior from northern Illinois to Manitoba and
South Dakota; migrates east to New York and winters south to South
Carolina and Texas; accidental in California.

549.1a. Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow {A. n. sub-
virgat'is). Similar to No. 549.1, but breast and sides
paler, the former lightly but distinctly streaked with
grayish; upperparts less richly colored.

Range. — Atlantic coast; breeds in marshes of eastern Maine,
southern New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island; winters south to
South Carolina.

225

«F* -y%* 5-19 l

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

5 50. Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus).

L. 6: W. 2.5. Tail-feathers pointed, the outer ones
shortest; spot before eye and bend of wing yellow.
Ads. Above olive-green and gray (no black); below
white, breast and sides grayish and, in first plumage,
streaked with buff. Notes. Similar in character to
those of No. 549.

Range. — Atlantic coast: breeds in salt marshes from North Carolina
to southern Massachusetts; winters from Virginia to Georgia.

550a. Scott Seaside Sparrow (A. m. peninsula).

Similar to No. 550, but smaller, W. 2.3; above black
margined by olive-brown and olive-green; below whit-
ish, breast and sides heavily streaked with blackish.

Range. — Atlantic coast from northeastern Florida to South Caro-
lina: Gulf Coast of Florida.

550b. Texas Seaside Sparrow {A. m. sennetti).

Similar to No. 550, but greener above; the feathers of
head and back usually, those of nape always, with
black centres.

Range. — Coast of Texas.

550c. Fisher Seaside Sparrow (A. m. fisbert).

Similar to No. 550a, but darker above, the breast and
sides heavily washed with rusty buff and streaked
with black.

Range. — Coast of Louisiana, south in winter, at least as far as
Corpus Christi, Texas: casual on Gulf coast of Florida.

550d. Macgillivray Seaside Sparrow (A. m. mac

gilhvraii). Similar to No. 550c, but above grayer,
less black, breast and flanks but faintly washed
with buff and streaked with dusky grayish. Grayer
above than No. 550a, and less heavily streaked below.

Range. — Local on coast of South Carolina.

55 1. Dusky Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus nigres-
cent). L. 5.9. Above black lightly margined with
gray; below white heavily streaked with black; spot
before eye and bend of wing yellow. Notes. Similar
in character to those of No. 550.

Range. — Marshes at head of Indian River, Florida, from Banana
River to Haulover Canal.

583. Lincoln Sparrow {Melospi^alincolnii). L. 5.7.
Ads. A broad buff band across the breast; center of
crown with a gray stripe, its sides striped chestnut and
black; back grayish brown streaked with black and
chestnut, below streaked with black except on middle
of white belly. Notes. Call, a sharp chirp; song,
suggests bubbling, guttural notes of House Wren com-
bined with rippling music of the Purple Finch.
(Dwight.) (See, also, Brewster, Bird-Lore II, P. ill.)

Range.— North America; breeds from northern New York, northern
Illinois and higher parts of Rockies and Sierra north to Alaska;
winters from southern Illinois and southi rn California into Mexico;
rare east of Alleghanies.

583a. Forbush Sparrow (M. I. striata). Similar
to No. 583, but browner above, crown-stripe and line
over eye more brown than gray.

Range.— Pacific coast from British Columbia to California; breed-
ing range unknown.

226

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

554. White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leu-
cqpbrys). L. 6.9. No yellow before eye. Ads.
White stripe over eye not reaching to bill; lores black;
breast gray, throat but little paler; back gray streaked
with brown, rump browner, Yng. Black crown-
stripes replaced by chestnut, the white ones by buff;
back much browner, no gray. Notes. Call, a sharp
chip; song, a plaintive, musical whistle usually of five
or six notes, the first two longest.

Range. — North America; breeds from northern New England and
(in the higher Rockies and Sierra) New Mexico, Arizona, and Cal-
ifornia north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters from
southern United States into Mexico.

554a. Intermediate Sparrow (Z. /. gambeli). Sim-
ilar to No. 544, but the lores wholly gray or whitish,
the white line over the eye reaching the bill.

Range. — Western North America; breeds from Montana and eastern
Oregon northeast of Coast Mountains, to lower Mackenzie and north-
ern Alaska; winters from southern United States into Mexico; casual
In migrations east to Mississippi River States.

554b. Nuttall Sparrow (Z. /. nuttalli). Similar to
No. 554a, but smaller, L. 6.5, margins to feathers of
back browner, underparts browner, bend of wing
yellow.

Range. — "Pacific coast district, breeding from Monterey, Californ-
ia, to Mt. Simpson, British Columbia, south in winter to San Pedro
Martir Mountains, Lower California." (Ridgw.)

557. Golden-crowned Sparrow {Zonotrichia coron-
ata). L. 7.2. Ad. <j\ Center of crown yellow, its
sides black; below grayish white, sides brownish;
back brown streaked with black; two white wing-bars;
bend of wing yellow. Ad. $. Crown like back; its
front tinged with yellow; breast washed with brownish.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds in Alaska; winters from Oregon
south to northern Lower California.

558. White-throated Sparrow {Zonotrichia albicol-
lis). L. 6.7. A yellow mark before the eye and on
bend of wing. Ads. Crown black, a narrow white
stripe through its center and bounded by white behind
the eye; throat white sharply defined from gray breast;
back reddish brown streaked with black. Yng. Less
yellow before eye, crown browner, its stripe gray;
throat grayer, sometimes like breast. Notes. Call, a
low tseep, and sharp chink', song, a musical, clearly
whistled sow-wheat peverly, peverly, peverly; or peabody,
peabody, peabody.

Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Plains, casually to the
Pacific; breeds from Massachusetts (locally), northern New York,
northern Michigan, and eastern Montana, north to Labrador and West
Hudson Bay region; winters from Massachusetts (rarely) and Illinois
south to the Gulf.

227

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

56 1. Clay-colored Sparrow {Spi^ella pallida).

L. 5.4. No reddish brown. Ads. Above grayish
streaked with black; sides of crown largely
black, a grayish line through its center; sides of head
brownish; below white. Notes. Song, three notes,
and a slight trill. (Coues.)

Range. — Interior of North America, from Illinois to the Rockies;
breeds from eastern Colorado, and northwestern Illinois north to Sas-
katchewan; winters from southern Texas Into Mexico.

562. Brewer Sparrow {Spizella breweri). L. 5.4.
No reddish brown. Ads. Back and crown brownish
gray, uniformly and narrowly streaked with black;
sides of head grayish., below white. Grayer than No.
561, the sides of thecrownwo^ largely black. Notes.
Call, chip; song, a reedy warble resembling in tone
that of a Long-billed Marsh Wren. ■

Range. — Western United States, from the Rockies to central Cal-
ifornia; breeds from Mexican border States north to British Colum-
bia; winters from southern California south Into Mexico.

574. Bell Sparrow [Amphispira belli). L. 6.1; W.
2.7. Ads. Sides of throat with black streaks; center
of breast with black spots; above grayish brown, usual-
Is- without distinct streaks, no white in tail.

Range.— Pacific coast, from northern Lower California northwest of
Sierras, to Warren county, California; resident.

574a. Sage Sparrow {A. b. nevadensis). Similar
to No. 574, but larger, W. 3.1; back brownish gray,
usually finely but distinctly streaked with black; less
black at sides of throat, usually a whitcstripe over the
eye. Notes. Call, a chipping twitter; song, feeble,
but sweet and sad. (B. B. & R.)

Range. — Great Basin region: breeds from New Mexico, Arizona,
and southeastern California north to Idaho and eastern Oregon; win-
ters south to western Texas and southern California.

574b. Gray Sage Sparrow (A. b. cinerea). Simi-
lar to No. 574, but paler above, throat-stripes narrower,
more interrupted, breast-spot smaller, both stripes and
spot dull grayish instead of blackish. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Lower California.

5 64. Worthen Sparrow [Spizella wortheni). Re-
sembles No. 563a, but-sides of head plain gray, no
brownish streak behind eye; tail shorter, 2.5.

Range. — Southern New Mexico (Silver City) , southward over east-
ern border of Mexican plateau to southern Puebla; breeding from
Tamaullpas northward. (Ridgw.)

228

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

EASTERN SONG SPARROW GROUP.
581. Song Sparrow ( Melospi^a cinerea melodia) . L.
6.2. Ads. Above reddish brown and gray with black
streaks; tail with a decided rufous tinge; black streaks
below conspicuously margined with reddish brown,
those of center of breast forming a patch. Notes.
Call, a characteristic chimp or trink; song, too variable
in form to admit of brief description but unmistakable
in tone throughout the whole group.

Range. — Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from
Virginia and northern Illinois north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters
from southern Illinois and Massachusetts to Gulf States.

58 1b. Mountain Song Sparrow (A/, c. montana).

Similar to No. 581, but grayer; reddish brown not so
bright; bill smaller.

Range. — Rocky Mountain district of United States west to, and in-
cluding Sierra Nevada in California; north to eastern Oregon, south-
ern Idaho, and southern Montana; south in winter to western Texas
and northern Mexico. (Ridgw.)

581k. Merrill Song Sparrow {M. c. merrilli). Sim-
ilar to No. 581b, but slightly darker and more uniform
above, with grayish edgings to interscapulars and
scapulars less strongly contrasted with the darker
mesial streaks, the latter usually with more brown
than black. (Rid?w.)

Range. — Breeds from northern California (Shasta County) in
mountains and through Oregon and Washington east of Cascade
Mountains, to northwestern Idaho; winters south Into Mexico.
(Ridgw.)

58 I j. Dakota Song Sparrow (M. c. juddi). Simi-
lar to No. 581, but above paler, especially line over
eye and sides of neck; white below clearer; interscap-
ulars with black center broader, reddish brown por-
tions narrower; dark markings on breast restricted and
more sharply denned. (Bishop.)

Range. — "Turtle Mountains and vicinity, North Dakota." (A. O.
U.)

DESERT SONG SPARROWS.
581a. Desert Song Sparrow (Melospi^a cinerea
fallax). W. 2.5. Above reddish brown and gray;
below white with reddish brown streaks; usually no
black in plumage.

Range. — Lower Sonoran district of southwest Arizona, southern Ne-
vada, southeast California and northwest Lower California and Son-
ora. (Ridgw.)

58 I g. Brown Song Sparrow (M. c. rivularis). Sim-
ilar to No. 581a, but larger, W. 2.7, with longer, more
slender and more compressed bill; still less strongly
contrasted markings, and duller, less rufescent colors.
(Ridgw.)

Range. — Mountain districts of southern Lower California. (Ridgw.)

CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.
581c. Heermann Song Sparrow {Me lospi^a cinerea
heermanni). L. 6.5; W. 2.5. Ads. Above chestnut
olive-gray with usually distinct black streaks; tail
without a decided rufous tinge; black streaks below not
conspicuously bordered by rufous.

Range. — Central valleys of California including lower levels of
Sacramento and San Joaquin basins. (Ridgw.)

229

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.
581m. San Diego Sparrow i M. c.cooperi). Simi-
lar to No. 581c, but slightly smaller, W. 2.4, much
lighter and grayer.

Rarfge. — Southern coast district of California north to Monterey
Bay, east to Ft. Tejon. San Bernardino, etc., and north Pacific coast
district of Lower California south to San Quentin Bay. (Ridgw.)

58 Id. Samuels Song Sparrow (M. c. samuelis).

Similar to No. 581c, but smaller, W. 2.4, bill more
slender.

Range — Coast slope of central California (except salt marshes of
San Francisco Bay), from Santa Cruz County to Humboldt County,
north, at least in winter, to Humbolt Bay. (Ridgw.)

58 1 I. Alameda Song Sparrow (M. c. pustlluhi).
Similar to No. 581a. but smaller, W. 2.3, less rusty,
underparts more heavily streaked, usually more or less
suffused with yellowish.

Range. — Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. (Ridgw.)

58 1 i. San Clemente Song Sparrow (M. c. ele-
ments). Similar to No. 581m, but larger and grayer.

Range. — San Clemente, San Miguel, and Santa Rosa Islands.
Santa Barbara Group, California; Coronados Islands, Lower Cali-
fornia. (Ridgw.)

58 I h. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow (M. c. gram-
inea). Similar to No. 58 1 i, but much smaller, W. 2.4.

Range. — Santa Barbara Islands, California mainland in winter.

NORTHWEST COAST SONG SPARROWS.
58 le. Rusty Song Sparrow (Af. c. morphna) . W.

2.7. Ads. Above without clear gray and not distinct-
ly streaked; prevailing color dark reddish brown; be-
low heavily streaked with same.

Range. - Northwest coast region, Oregon to British Columbia;
south i n winter to southern California.

58 If. Sooty Song Sparrow (M. c. rufina). Simi-
lar to No. 58ie, but larger, W. 2.0, more sooty above
and below, underparts more heavily streaked,

Range. — Pacific coast region from British Columbia north to south-
ern Alaska.

58 In. Yukutat Song Sparrow (M. c. caurind).

Similar to No. 58if, bill longer and more slender, color
grayer.

Range. — Coast of Mt. St. Elias district of Alaska, from Yakutat
Bay to Lituya Bay.

58lo. Kenai Song Sparrow (M. c kenaiensis).

Similar to No. 582, but smaller, W. 3, plumage darker,
more sooty, less rufous.

Range.- Coast of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, from east side of Cook
Inlet to Prince William Sound. (Ridgw.)

581.1. Kadiak Island Song Sparrow {M.c.instgnis).
Similar to No 5810, but larger, W. 3.2, bill longer,
color grayer.

Range.— Kadiak Island and opposite coast of Alaska. (Ridgw.)
582. Aleutian Song Sparrow (Melospi{a cinerea).
Similar to No. 581. 1, but larger and grayer; largest and
grayest bird of group; L. 8; W. 3.4.

Range.— "Western portion of Alaska Peninsula (Stepovak Bay,
opposite Shumagin Islands), Shumagin Islands, and Aleutian Islands,
from Unalaska to Atka, Adak, and Attu." (Ridgw.)

230

Perching- Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

585. Fox Sparrow (Passerella tliaca). L. 7.2.
Back streaked, gray and reddish brown; tail and spots
below bright reddish brown. Notes. Call, a weak
tseep; song, loud, sweet, varied, ringing and joyous.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from Magdalen Islands and
Manitoba, northwest to Alaska; winters from Virginia to the Gulf
States.

585a. Shumagin Fox Sparrow (P. i. unalaschen-
sis). Back not distinctly streaked, much paler than
No. 585; spots below grayish brown; palest of present
group.

Range.— Alaska, Shumagin Islands, and Alaskan Peninsula to Cook
Inlet.

— Kadiak Fox Sparrow (P. i. insularis). Similar
to No. 585a, but browner above and below; tail nearly
same as back; breast spots larger.

Range. — 'Kadiak Island, Alaska, In summer; in winter south along
the coast slope to southern California." (Ridgw.)

— Sooty Fox Sparrow (P. i. fuliginosa). Ads.
Above, including wings and tail, uniform brownish
umber, unstreaked; below heavily spotted with same.

Range— Coast of British Columbia and northwest Washington;
south in winter to San Francisco, California. (Ridgw.)

— Townsend Fox Sparrow (P. i. townsendi). Sim-
ilar to fuliginosa but more rufous.

Range. Southern Alaska north to Cross Sound; south In winter to
northern California. (Ridgw.)

— Yakutat Fox Sparrow (P. i. anhectens). Similar
to townsendi but less .rufous; very near fuliginosa, but
not quite so deeply colored.

Range. — Coast of Alaska, from Cross Sound to Prince William
Sound (to Cook Inlet?); in winter, south to California. (Ridgw.)

585b. Thick-billed Sparrow (P. i. megarhyncha).
L. 7.3; W. 3.3; depth of B. at base, .4. Ads. Above
and spots below gray', wings and tail light brown;
bill large. Notes. Song, resembles that of No. 585,
but is recognizably different.

Range.— Breeding In the Sierra Nevada (both slopes) from Mt.
Shasta southward: in winter beyond Sierras as far as Los Angeles
County, California. (Ridgw.)

585c. Slate-colored Sparrow (P. i. schistacea).

Similar to No. 585b, but smaller, bill smaller; W. 3.2;
depth of B. at base, .35.

Range.— Rocky Mountain district of United States and British Co-
lumbia; breeds from more eastern ranges of Colorado west to White
Mountains in southeastern Colorado, mountains of northeastern Cal-
ifornia and eastern Oregon; north to interior of British Columbia; In
migrations, New Mexico, Arizona, western slopes of Sierra Nevada,
western Kansas. (Ridgw.)

585d. Stephens Sparrow (P. i. stephmsi). Similar
in coloration to No. 585b, but larger, the bill conspicu-
ously so; W. 3.4; depth of B. at base .6. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Breeding on San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains;
southern California. (Ridgw.)

231

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

697. \v\

674. Oven-bird {Seiurus durocapillus). L. 6.1.

Ads. No Wing-bars; no white in tail; above brownish
olive-green; crown orange-brown bordered by black;
below white streaked with black. Notes. Call, a
weak cheep; song, a crescendo teacher repeated about
five times; also a wild, ecstatic flight song.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from
Virginia and Kansas north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska: win-
ters from Florida south to West Indies and Central America. (Said to
breed In Bahamas.)

675. Water-Thrush (Seiurus noveboracensis). L.

6; W. 3. A whitish line over eye; above olive; below
pale sulphur yellow heavily streaked with blackish;
throat spotted; no wing-bars or tail-patches. Notes.
Call, a sharp chink; song, a high-pitched, liquid
whistle, street, sweet, sweet, chu-chu-wee chu. (Jones.)
Also a flight song.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land and northern Illinois, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay,
and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia; winters from Flor-
ida to northern South America.

675a. Grinnell Water-Thrush (5. n. notabilis).

Similar to No. 675, but larger, W. 3.1; upperparts
darker, less olive; underparts less yellow.

Range. — Western North America; breeds from Minnesota, western
Nebraska, and probably more northern Rocky Mountain district of
United States, north to Alaska; winters from southern United
States southward; in migration east to Mississippi valley, rarely to
Atlantic States from New Jersey southward.

67 6. Louisiana Water-Thrush {Seiurus motacilla).
L. 6.2. Ads. A white line over eye; above grayish
olive; below buffy white; breast and sides streaked; no
spots on throat; no wing-bars or tail-patches. Notes.
Call, a sharp, metallic chink; song, a sudden outburst
of loud wild, ringing notes; also a flight song.

Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States to
Connecticut, lower Hudson Valley, and Minnesota; winters in tropics.

697. American P\p\t:T\t\ark(Anthuspensilvantcus).

L.6.4. Hind toe-nail much the longest. Ads. Outer
tail-feather largely white; next one only tipped with
white; upperparts grayish brown indistinctly streaked;
underparts rich buff, breast and sides streaked with
blackish. Yng. and Ads. in Winter. Less gray above,
paler below. Notes. Call, a soft dee-dee usually utter-
ed in flight; a flight song.

Range. — North America breeding In Arctic regions and in the high-
er parts of the Rockies from Colorado northward (also on Mt.
Shasta?); winters from southern California, Nevada and Gulf States
south through Mexico to Central America.

700. Sprague Pipit (Authns spraguei). L. 6.2.
Hind toe-nail much lengthened; two outer tail-feathers
largely white. Ads. Above streaked with buff and
blackish brown; below white tinged with buff; breast
streaked. In winter, similar, but less brown above,
less buff below. Notes. Song, uttered on the wing
when several hundred feet above the earth, sweet and
far reaching, resembling at beginning song of Skylark.

Range.— "Interior plains of North America, breeding from plains of
the Yellowstone northward to Saskatchewan district and from the Red
River westward (probably to the Rocky Mountains); south in winter
on the tablelands of Mexico to Puebla; accidental in South Carolina."

232

Perching" Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

702. Sage Thrasher (Oroscoptes montanus). L.
8.7. Ads. Above brownish gray; below whitish
heavily streaked with blackish; outer tail-feathers
tipped with white. Notes. Call, a low chuck; song,
deficient in power but possessing sweetness, vivacity
and variety; resembling song of Ruby-crowned King-
let. (Ridgway.)

Range. — Western United States from western South Dakota, west-
ern Nebraska and eastern Colorado, north to Montana, west to the
Cascades and Sierra Nevada, south into northern Mexico and Lower
California. (A. O. U.)

705. Brown Thrasher ( Toxostoma rufum). L. 11.5;
W. 4.1; B. .95. Ads. Above, wings and tail rufous
or rusty brown; below white heavily streaked with
blackish; two white wing-bars. Notes. Calls, a sharp
kissing note and a clearly whistled wheeu; song, loud,
musical, varied, finished and rich in tone.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north
to Maine and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and the lower Mississ-
ippi Valley southward.

706. Sennett Thrasher {Toxostoma longirostre sen-
netti). L. 11.5; W. 4; B. 1.1. Ads. Similar to No.
705, but wing shorter, bill longer, upperparts less
bright, streaks below blacker. Notes. Resemble those
of No. 705, but song even finer.

Range. — Southeastern Texas from Corpus Christ! south into north-
eastern Mexico.

7 13? Texan Cactus Wren [Heleodytes brunneica-
pill us couesi). L. 8.5. Largest of our Wrens. Ads.
Above brown, head darker, back streaked with white;
below, including chin, heavily marked with black.
Notes. A loud, harsh cack-cack-cack-cack.

Range. — "Rio Grande region of Texas and adjoining Mexican
states, west to the eastern Desert Tract, south over the Mexican
tableland." (Mearns.)

7 13a. Bryant Cactus Wren (H. b. bryanti). Dif-
fers from No. 713b, in heavier spotting below, and in
perfectly barred tail and slight wash of rufous on belly
and flanks. (Anthony.)

Range. — "Northern Lower California and southern California, west
of the Coast Range." (Mearns.)

7 I 3b. St. Lucas Cactus Wren (H. b. affinis). Re-
sembling No. 713c, but all the tail-feathers, except
middle pair, barred with white for their whole length;
flanks white or very pale buff, with large rounded or
tear-shaped spots. (Ridgw. )

Range.— Southern Lower California.

7 13c? Desert Cactus Wren (H. b. anthonvi). Sim-
ilar to No. 713, but paler above; chin without spots.

Range. — Interior deserts of the southwestern United States, south
into Mexico and northeastern Lower California. (Mearns.)

755. Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). L.

8.2. Ads. Above bright cinnamon, brightest on head;
below white with large, rounded black spots. Notes.
Calls, a sharp pit-pit, a liquid quirt, and a soft tut-tut-
tut: song, both flute-like and bell-like; sung with fre-
quent pauses and low notes.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from Virginia and Kansas
to Vermont, Quebec, and Minnesota; winters in Central America.

233

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

7 15. Rock Wren {Salpinctes obsoletus). L. 5.7.
Ads. Rump rusty; tail tipped and outer feathers
barred with pale rusty; above grayish brown lightly
speckled with blackish; below, including belly, whitish;
breast obscurely streaked with brownish. Notes.
Calls, Wren-like; song, sweet, varied and Mockingbird-
like.

Range. — "Western United States, from the western border of the
Plains to the Pacific, north to Dakota, Montana, and British Colum-
bia; south on the tablelands of Mexico and Guatemala to Salvador;
breeds throughout its range, and is resident from about the southern
border of the United States southward." (A. O. U.)

7 16. Guadalupe Rock Wren (Salpinctes guadelou-

petisis). Resembling No. 715, but darker and browner,
with chest, etc., more distinctly speckled; wings and
tail shorter; bill and tarsi lunger; W. 2.6; T. 2.2.
(Ridgw.)

Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

7 17. White-throated Wren (Catherpes mexicunus
albifrons). L. 6; W. 2.7. Ads. Belly, rump, and all
tail-feathers rusty; tail barred with black; throat white;
back rusty brown.

Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into
northeastern Mexico.

7 17a. Canon Wren (C. m. conspersus). Similar to
No. 717, but smaller, W. 2.3; tail-bars narrower.
Notes. Call, a "ringing dink;''1 song, a series of about
seven, loud, ringing whistles uttered in a regularly de-
scending scale.

Range. — "Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region, from the Sierra
Nevada and Cascades eastward to southern Idaho, Wyoming, Color-
ado and western Texas: south on the tableland of Mexico to Aguas
Calientes; breeds nearly throughout its range; resident in southern
parts of its United States distribution." (A. O. U.)

7 17b. Dotted Canon Wren (C. m. punctulatus) .

Similar to No- 717a, but darker; more nearly resemb-
ling No. 717 in colors, but smaller in size.

Range. — Pacific coast from Lower California north to Oregon; resi-
dent.

7 18. Carolina Wren {Thryotborus ludovicianus).

L. 5.5; W. 2.3; B. .6. Ads. Above bright rust-brown;
below washed with same, throat and line over eye
white. Notes. Calls, Wren-like; song, a great variety
of loud, musical whistles, wbee-udel, wbee-udel, whee-udel

Or tea-kettle, tea-kettle, tea-kettle, etc.

Range — Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States north
to the lower Hudson Valley (and casually Massachusetts), northern
Illinois, and southern Iowa; resident.

7 18a. Florida Wren (T. /. miamensis). Similar to
No. 718, but darker above, more deeply colored below;
larger, W. 2.4; B. ,7.

Range. — Florida, from Pasco and Brevard counties southward.

7 18b. Lomita Wren (T. I. lomitensis). Similar to
No. 718, but browner, less rufous above, rump with
more white spots; below paler, the flanks usually
barred.

Range.- Southeastern Texas.

234

Perching- Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

7 19. Bewick Wren {Thryomanes bewickii), L. 5;
W. 2.2, T. 2.1. Ads. Above rich, dark cinnamon-
brown, tail grayer; below grayish white; all but middle
pair of tail-feathers black, outer ones barred, others
tipped with grayish. Notes. Call, "a soft, low, plit'"
song, strongly suggesting that of Song Sparrow.

Range. — Mississippi Valley west to the Plains, north to Lat. 400 ,
east to Alleghanies and locally to Atlantic States from southern New
Jersey to Georgia.

7 I 9a. Vigors Wren ( 7. b. spilurus) . Similar to No.
719, but smaller, W. 2; upperparts less cinnamon or
reddish.

Range. — California, west of Sierra Nevada and south to Santa
Cruz Island. (Bailey.)

7 19b. Baird Wren (7. b. leucogaster). Similar to
No. 719c, but upperparts grayer.

Range. — "Western Texas to southeastern California, and from
southern Nevada. Utah, and Colorado south over tablelands of Mex-
ico to Zacatecas." (Bailey.)

7 19c. Texas Bewick Wren (T. b. crvptus). Simi-
lar to No. 719, but graver, brown of upperparts not so
rich; slightly larger, W. 2.3.

Range. — "Texas, except the extreme western corner, states of Nuevo
Leon and Tamaulipas, in Mexico, with probably Kansas, Indian Ter-
ritory and Oklahoma; migratory north of Texas." (Oberholser.)

7 I9d. Southwest Bewick Wren (7. b. charientimts).
Similar to No. 719b but flanks and upper surface dark-
er, eye-stripe rather broader, under tail-coverts more
heavily barred, wing shorter, 2. (Oberholser.)

Range. — Coast region of southern California, north to about Pasa-
dena, south to Lat. 280 , Lower California, Santa Catalina Island;
resident. (Oberholser.)

729e. Northwest Bewick Wren (7. b. calophomts).
Similar to No. 719a, but bill larger, upper surface
usually rather deeper and richer brown, flanks some-
what more rufescent; W. 2.1; B..6. (Oberholser.)

Range. — Pacific slope from Oregon north to southern Vancouver
Island, valley of the Fraser River, and slightly farther along the
mainland coast; probably resident. (Oberholser.)

7 19.1. San Clemente Wren ( Thryomanes leucophrys)
Similar to No. 719c!, but flanks and upperparts rather
grayer and paler, bill longer, under tail-coverts less
heavily barred. (Oberholser.)

Range. — San Clemente Island, California.

720. Guadalupe Wren {Thryomanes brevicauda ).
L. 4.5; W. 1.9. Ads. Resembling No. 719a, but
rump with few or no concealed white spots; tail dull
grayish brown, narrowly and indistinctly barred with
dusky, two or three outer feathers with brownish gray
tips. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

235

15

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

72 1. House Wren (Troglodytes aedon). L. 4.7; T
1.7. Ads. Above cinnamon brown, sometimes ob-
scurely barred; tail the same, all the feathers barred;
below grayish with a brownish wash, lower belly and
Hanks usually more or less barred. Notes. Call, a
scolding krrring; song, a bubbling, rippling, irrepress-
ible little melody.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds north to Maine. Montreal,
and Manitoba; winters from South Carolina and. the Lower A\issis-
sippi Valley southward into Mexico.

72 1a. Parkman Wren [J. a. parkmanii). Similar
to No. 721, but less cinnamon above; intermediate in
color between No. 721 and No. 721b.

Range. —Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to
British Columbia; winters from southern California southward.

72 1b. Western House Wren (7". a. a{tecns). Sim-
ilar to No. 721, but much grayer above and paler be-
low; back more frequently barred.

Range. — Western United States from the Sierra Nevada east to the
Mississippi Valley; winters south into Lower California and Mexico.

722. Winter Wren {Olbiorchilus hiemalis). L. 4;
T. 1.2. Ads. Above cinnamon, much brighter than
in No. 721; below pale cinnamon, sides and belly
heavily barred with blackish. Notes. Call, chimp-
chimp, resembling call of Song Sparrow; song, tink-
ling, rippling, full of trills, runs and grace notes.
(Bailey.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Lng-
land and northern New York northward, and southward along the A1-
leghanies to North Carolina; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois
to Florida.

722a. Western Winter Wren (O. h. pacificus)

Similar to No. 722, but much deeper colored both
above and below, and more heavily barred.

Range. — Breeds on the Pacific coast from southern California north
to Alaska; east to Idaho; winters south into Mexico.

722b. Kadiak Winter Wren (O. h. helleri). Slight-
ly larger and paler than No. 722a. (Osgood.)

Range. — Kadiak Island, Alaska.

723. Alaskan Wren {Olbiorchilus alascensis). Re-
sembling No. 722a, but paler and larger, W. 2.1, B. .6

Range — Breeds on Kadiak Island, Alaska; winter range unknown.
723.1. Aleutian Wren (Olbiorchilus indigents). Sim-
ilar to No. 723, but darker, less reddish; rump and up-
per tail-coverts more evidently barred; bars on belly
heavier. (Oberholser.)

Range. — "Westernmost part of the Aleutian group, Alaska." (Ober-
holser.

724. Short-billed Marsh Wren (Cistothorus stel-
laris). L. 4; T. 1.4; B. .4. Ads. Crown and back
streaked with whitish; breast-band, sides and under
tail-coverts rusty; wing-coverts tipped with whitish.
Notes. Call, like sound produced by striking two
pebbles together; song, chap — chap -chap-chap, chap-chap-
chap p-p-rrr. (Seton.) (See next page.)

Range.- Eastern North America, ranging west to Utah; breeds
from the (iulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters
from the Gulf States southward.

236

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

7 25. Long-billed Marsh Wren {Telmatodytes palus-
his). L. 5.2; T. 1.6; B. .5. Ads. Crown and fore-
back largely black, the latter with white streaks; a
white stripe over eye; rump cinnamon; below white,
sides washed with cinnamon; outer tail-feathers black,
broadly barred with pale cinnamon. Notes. Call,
scolding, a characteristic Wren-like racking', song, a
reedy, guttural, bubbling trill often sung in ilight.

Range. — Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains;
breeds from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba;
winters locally from Massachusetts, south into Mexico.

725a. Tule Wren (T. p. paludicola) . Similar to
No. 725, but upper tail-coverts barred, middle tail-
feathers more distinctly and broadly barred; underparts
usually browner.

Range.— Pacific coast; breeds from southern California to British
Columbia; winters from Washington to Guatemala.

725b. Worthington Marsh Wren (7. p. griseus).

Similar to No. 725, but with less black above; upperparts,
sides and flanks pale grayish; dark markings of under
tail-coverts, flanks, sides and breast, faint, confused
and inconspicuous, sometimes practically wanting.
(Brewster.)

Range.— Coast of South Carolina'and Georgia.

725c. Interior Tule Wren CT.p. plesius). Similar
to No. 725a, but paler.

Range. — "Western United States, except the Pacific coast; north to
British Columbia and Alberta, east to the Rocky Mountains and Tex-
as, south into Mexico." (Oberholser.)

725.1. Marian Marsh Wren ( Telmatodytes mariance).
Similar to No. 725, but upperparts darker; sides and
flanks of about same color as rump; under tail-coverts
and sometimes breast barred or spotted with black.

Range. — Gulf coast of Florida.

726. Brown Creeper (Certhta familiaris americana) .
L. 5.6; B. .63. Tail-feathers stiffened and pointed.
Ads. Rump rusty; a huffy white band in the wing;
back and crown streaked with whitish, black and
rusty; below white. Notes. Call, a faint, high, thin
tseep; song, "an exquisitely pure, tender song of four
notes." (Brewster.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Maine and Minnesota
(casually Missouri) northward; winters from about the southern
breeding limits to the Gulf States.

726a. Mexican Creeper (C.f. albescens). Similar
to No. 726, but rump rich rusty brown, back black,
crown black streaked with white, band in wing white.

Range.— Mexican plateau region north to southern Arizona.

726b. Rocky Mountain Creeper (C.f. montana).
Similar to No. 726, but bill longer, .7; band in wing
averaging whiter.

Range. — Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Arizona north-
ward to Alaska.

726c. Californian Creeper (C. /. occidentalis) .
Similar to No. 726, but much rustier; prevailing color
of upperparts yellowish rusty.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds from Santa Cruz Mountains, Cal-
ifornia, northward to Alaska.

237

Perching* Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

726d. Sierra Creeper (C. f. ^elates). Similar to
No. 726c, but colors more dusky and less rufescent;
similar to No. 726b, but much darker; light centers of
feathers on head and back much reduced. vOsgood.)

Range. — "Southern Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Sierra
Nevada of California." (Osgood.)

756. Wilson Thrush; Veery (Hylodcbla fuscescms).

L. 7.5. Ads. Above, wings and tail, uniform cinna-
mon brown; below white, sides grayish, breast and
throat buff rather faintly marked with triangular spots
the color of the back. Notes. Call, a clearly whistled
whee-you and a softer too-wbee; song, a weird, spiral of
blended alto and soprano tones largely on one note.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey,
the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois north to New-
foundland and Manitoba; winters in Central America.

756a. Willow Thrush H . f. salicicola) . Similar to
No. 756, but more olive above.

Range. — Rockv Mountains north to British Columbia, east to
Dakota; in migration, casually to Illinois and South Carolina: winters
as far south as southern Brazil.

759. Alaskan Hermit Thrush {Hylocichla guttata).
L. 6.5. W. 3.5; tail rufous, much brighter than back.
Ads. Eye-ring whitish, not deep buff; back olive-
brown; breast tinged with buff and heavily spotted
with large, wedge-shaped marks.

Range.— Breeds in northwest coast region from British Columbia
to Alaska; In winter south to Mexico.

759a. Audubon Hermit Thrush (H. g. auduboni).
Similar to No. 759, but larger, W. 4; back grayer, tail
paler, flanks less heavily washed with gray.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region of United States south to Guat-
emala.

759b. Hermit Thrush (H. g. pallasii). Similar to
No. 759, but back and sides browner. Notes. Call, a
low chuck; song, highly musical and probably exceed-
ing in spiritual quality that of any of our birds.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from Michigan, Alleghan-
les in Pennsylvania, Catskills, higher mountains of Massachusetts
(rarely at sea level), north to Labrador; winters from New Jersey to
Gulf States.

759c. Dwarf Hermit Thrush (H. g. nana). Simi-
lar to No. 759, but smaller, W. 3.2, back slightly
browner.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds from Washington south through
Sierra Nevadas; east, in migrations, to Nevada and Arizona; south to
Lower California and western Mexico. (A. O. U.)

238

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

757. Gray-cheeked Thrush {Hylocit h la altcice). L.
7.5; W. 4. Ads. Tail and back the same color, olive
without brownish tinge; eye-ring and lores whitish,
cheeks and breast only slightly tinged with buff, breast
with wedge-shaped spots. Notes. Doubtless like
those of No. 757a.

Range.— Breeds in Labrador and west to Alaska; migrates through
eastern North America and winters in Central America.

757a. Bicknell Thrush (H. a. bicknelli). Similar
to No. 757, but smaller, L. 7; W. 3.5. Notes. Calls,
pbeu like that of Veery; a low cluck like that of Hermit
Thrush, and rarely, a pip or peenk like that of Olive-
backed Thrush; song, like that of Veery but more in-
terrupted. (Brewster.)

Range.— Breeds in the high parts of the Catsklllls and north to
White Mountains and Nova Scotia; winters in tropics.

758. Russet-backed Thrush (Hylocicbla ustulata).
L. 7.2; W. 4. Tail not decidedly more rufous than
back. Ads. Eye-ring, cheeks, sides of neck and
breast distinctly huffy, breast with wedge-shaped spots;
back and flanks olive-brown; tail slightly browner.
The most deeply colored bird of the ustulata group.

Range. — Pacific coast;
south to Guatemala.

breeds from Oregon to Alaska; winters

7 58a. Olive-backed Thrush (H. u. swainsonii) .

Similar to No. 758, but back, tail, and flanks without
brownish or rufescent tinge. Notes. Call, a liquid
putt', song, suggesting both that of Hermit Thrush and
the Veery.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds In Alleghanies from Penn-
sylvania and the Catskills, north to New Brunswick and Manitoba;
winters in Central and South America.

758b. California Olive-backed Thrush (H. u.

cedica). Differs from 758 and 758a, in more rufescent
coloration on the flanks; sides and upper surface
usually paler than No. 758. (Oberholser.)

Range. — California, except north coast; north In Interior to southern
Oregon; south, In winter to Arizona and southern Mexico. (Ober-
holser.)

7 58c. Alma Thrush (H. u. almce). Similar to No.
758a, but back and flanks grayer. The palest bird of
the ustulata group.

Range. — Alaska, except Yukon Basin, south in Rocky Mountain
region, and west to Utah and eastern NevaH" 'V O. V.)

239

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

GRAY-HEADED JUNCOS.

566. White-winged Junco [[unco aikent) . L. 6.5;
W. 3.30 Ads. Resembling No. 567, but larger,
paler, wings generally with two white bars; three outer
tail-feathers mostly or entirely white; fourth partly
white.

Range —Breeds in Wyoming d western North Dakota; winters in
Colorado, western Kansas, casuallv to Indiana and Wisconsin.
(Ridgw.)

567. Slate-colored Junco (Junco hyemalis) . L. 6.2.

W. 3. Ad. tf, summer. Head and back gray, the
crown sometimes slightly darker, the feathers usually
more or less tipped with brownish; breast and sides
gray; belly white; third outer tail-feather with white.
Ad. ?, summer. Similar, but brown wash stronger.
Ads., winter. Brown tips to feathers longer, sides
sometimes brownish. Notes. Calls, a sharp, kissing
note and a rapid chew-chew-chew; song, a simple, twit-
tering trill.

Range. — Eastern North America, breeds from northern New Eng-
land, northern New York, and northern Minnesota north to Labrador
and northwest to Alaska; and southward along the Alleghanies to
Pennsylvania; winters south to the Gulf States.

567e. Carolina Junco (J. h. carolinensis) . Similar
to No. 567, but slightly larger, W. 3.2, the upperparts
and breast uniform slate-gray without a brownish wash
the bill horn color.

Range. — Alleghanies from Virginia to Georgia.

568. Pink-sided Junco (Junco mearnst). L. 6.2.
Ad. cf, summer. Sides broadly brownish pink, center
of belly white; breast pale slate-gray, crown darker,
back washed with brownish. Ad. 9 »« summer. Sim-
ilar to the rj\ but with less pink on sides, the crown
washed with gray. Ads. winter. Similar to summer
Ads., but with more brownish.

Range.- Breeds in southern Idaho and south-central Montana;
winters south through Wyoming and Colorado to northern Mexico.

567,1. Montana Junco (Junco montauus). Similar
to No. 568, but with less pink on the sides, the throat
and breast darker slate.

Range. - Breeding from northwestern Montana and northern Idaho
north to northwest Territory and Alberta; in winter south to Mexico,
east more or less irregulaily to the Mississippi, Massachusetts, and
Maryland. (Ridgw.)

57 1. Baird Junco (Junco bairdi). Back and sides
rusty cinnamon, head gray, throat and breast grayish

white, belly white.

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.

572. Guadalupe Junco (Junco insularis). Similar
to mearnst but smaller, W. 2.7, bill longer, head and

breast darker.
Range.— Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

57 1.1. Townsend Junco (Junco tovmsendt). Similar
to No. 567.1, but with the back grayer, the brownish
wash much reduced.

Range. — Snn Pedro Martir Mountains, northern Lower California,

240

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

GRAY-HEADED, BROWN-BACKED JUNCOS.

569. Gray-headed Junco (/««< :o cania rps). L. 6.5;
W. 3.2; T. 2.9. Ads. Head, breast and sides gray;
back reddish brown; no reddish brown on wings; three
outer tail-feathers with white; upper and lower mandi-
bles pinkish.

Range.— Breeds In mountains of southern Wyoming, Colorado,
Utah, Nevada, and northern New Mexico. (Ridgw.)

570. Arizona Junco (Junco phceonotus pa Hiatus).
L. 6.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.9. Ads. Head gray; underparts
grayish white; back, and to a greater or less extent,
wing-coverts and tertials, reddish brown; three outer
tail-feathers with white; iris yellow; upper mandible
blackish, lower yellowish. Notes. Calls, resemble
those of No. 567; song suggests that of Song Sparrow.

Range. — Breeds in mountains of southern Arizona and southward.

570a. Red-backed Junco (Junco dorsalis) L. 6.7;
W. 3.3; T. 3. Ads. Head gray; underparts grayish
white', back reddish brown; no reddish brown on wings;
three outer tail-feathers with white; upper mandible
blackish, lower flesh-color; iris "brown."

Range, — Breeds on high mountains of New Mexico and central
Arizona; winters south to northern Mexico and western Texas.

BLACK-HEADED JUNCOS.
567a. Oregon Junco [Junco oreganus). L. 6.2;
W. 3. Ad. <j\ summer. Head, neck, throat and
breast black sharply defined from the mahogany brown
back, third outer tail-feather with little or no white;
sides washed with pinkish brown. Ad. $, summer.
Head and breast grayer, back paler. Ads. winter.
Back deeper ,the head and neck more or less tipped with
brown, the breast with gray, these areas less sharply
defined from the back and belly.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds from northern British Columbia to
Alaska; winters south to California.

— Shufeldt Junco (J. 0. shufeldti). Similar to No.
567a, but larger, W. 3.1, brown of back less intense.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon north to British Colum-
bia (and eastward in humid regions to Montana?); winters south to
northern Mexico.

567b. Coues Junco (J. o. connectens). Similar to
shufeldti, but back paler, brownish gray, breast grayer,
sides with less pinkish brown, head and breast still
sharply defined from adjacent areas.

Range. — Breeds in the interior of British Columbia and probably In
arid districts southward (breeding areas not definitely known); winters
southward doubtless to Mexican boundary.

567c. Thurber Junco (J. 0. tkurberi). Similar to
No. 567, but back much paler, a bright pinkish brown;
head and breast black as in No. 567.

Range. — Breeds in mountains from southern Oregon south to
southern California; east to western Nevada.

567d. Point Pinos Junco (J. 0. pinosus). Similar
to No. 567c, but throat and breast slate-color.

Range. — Santa Cruz district of California: breeds from King
Mountain, south at least to Point Sur, County; wanders eastward
in winter into Santa Clara and San Benito Valleys. (Grinnell.)

241

Perching- Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

7iia..

733. Plain Titmouse [Beeolophus inornatus). L.
5.5. Ads. Head crested; above grayish brown; below
grayish white, belly white, sides often buft'y. Notes.
Similar to those of the Tufted Titmouse, but weaker
and less varied. (Ridgw.)

Range. — California, west of the Sierra; north to Oregon.

733a. Gray Titmouse (B. i. griseus). Similar to
No. 733, but above graf, below whitish gray, no buff
on sides.

Range. — Southwestern United States: from southeastern California
and Nevada to Colorado and New Mexico.

733b. Ashy Titmouse (B. i. cineraceus). Similar
to No. 733a, but underparts grayish white, not whitish
gray.

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

743. Bush-Tit {Psaltriparus minimus). L, 4.2; T.
2.1. Ads. Crown sooty brown; back grayish brown;
below brownish white, sides darker.

Range. — Pacific coast from northern California to Washington.

743a. California Bush-Tit {P. m. californicus) . Sim-
ilar to No. 743, but crown much lighter, brighter brown,
quite different from the brownish gray back; under-
parts paler. Notes. When feeding, a faint tsit, tsit,
tsit, tsit, when moving about, tsit, tsit, tsit, sre-e-e-e; tsit,
sre-e-e-e; when a bird is separated from its companions,
same as last but uttered more hurriedly; alarm note, a
greatly intensified tsit ; tsit ; tsit ; tsit : in presence of
Hawk or Owl a shrill, quavering trill, sre-e-e-e-e-e.
(Grinnell.)

Range.— California, except the north coast region.

743b. Grinda Bush-Tit (P. m. grindce). Similar
to No. 743, but back bluish ash-gray. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.

744. Lead-colored Bush-Tit (Psaltriparus plumbeus).
L. 4.5. Ads. Crown and back bluish gray, sides of
head brownish; below dingy white with a buffy tint on
belly.

Range.— Western United States from eastern Oregon and eastern
California east to Wyoming, Colorado, and western Texas.

744. 1 . Santa Rita Busb-TltlPsaltriparus santaritce).
Similar to No. 744, but smaller, sides of head paler,
male with a more or less distinct blackish line along
sides of head as in female of No. 745- (Ridgw.)
(Now considered the same as 745.)

-Range. — Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona.

745. Lloyd Bush-Tit (Tsaltriparus lloydi). L. 4.2.
Ad. cf. Sides of head shining black, crown blue-gray,
back browner; chin blackish, underparts whitish, the
belly and sides buffy. Ad. 9- Sides of head brown-
ish, ear-coverts bordered above by a narrow black line;
no black on chin. Yng. Similar to 9, but no black
in head.

Range.— "Mountains of western Texas, between the Pecos and Rio
Grande Rivers" (Sennett). scuth into Mexico.

242

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

731. Tutted Titmouse (ticeolophus bicolor) . L. 6.
Ads. Head crested; forehead black', above gray; below
whitish, sides rusty. Notes. A clearly whistled peto,
peto, and a hoarse de-de-de.

Range.— Eastern United States; resident f,um the Gulf States north
to northern New Jersey and southera Iowa; straying somewhat
further north in summer after breeding.

73 1a. Texan Tufted Titmouse (B. b. texensis).
Similar to No. 731, but forehead rusty, upperparts
paler.

Range. — Southeastern Texas.

732. Black-crested Titmouse {Bceolophus atricrist-
atus). L. 6.1. Ads. Head with a black crest; fore-
head white or tinged with rusty; back gray; below
whitish, sides rusty. Notes. An abbreviation of the
call of No. 731, peic-bete-pete-pete. (Bailey.)

Range. — "From southeastern Texas west to El Paso, south to east-
ern Mexico." (Bailey.)

75 1. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila cceruled).
L. 4.5; T. 2. Outer tail-feathers with white, white
tip of next to outer one at least 1.00 long. Ad. tf.
Above bluish gray, forehead narrowly black; below
grayish white. Ad. $. Similar, but lighter gray; no
black on forehead. Notes. Call, a twanging ting;
song, sweet and varied but of small volume.

Range.— Eastern United States, west to Coiorado; breeds from the
Gulf States north to southern New Jersey, and Ontario; wanders cas-
ually as far north as Maine and Minnesota; winters from the Gulf
States southward.

75 1a. Western Gnatcatcher (P. c. obscura). Simi-
lar to No. 751, but slightly grayer above; white tip to
next to outer tail-feather less than 1.00 long.

Range.— Western United States from western Texas west to Cal-
ifornia and Lower California.

752. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher {Polioptila plumbed).

L. 4.4. Outer web of outer tail-feather wholly white,
inner web black except at tip. Ad. cf. Crown shin-
ing black, back blue-gray; underparts grayish white.
Ad. 9 and Yng. rf. Similar, but no black on head.
Yng. 9 . Back and sides with a brownish wash.
Notes. Call, a faint mew; song, "a harsh ditty of five
notes, something like a Wren's song vvith notes like
those of a Swallow. (Cooper.)

Range. — Mexican boundary region, from western Texas to south-
eastern California and Lower California.

753. Black-tailed Gnatoatcher (Polioptila californ-
ica). L. 4.5; T. 2.1. Similar to No. 752, but outer
vane of outer tail-feather black margined with white;
back darker, underparts much grayer, flanks brownish.

Range. — Pacific coast region of southern California and northern
Lower California.

243

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

734. Bridled Titmouse {Bceolophus wollweberi) .
L. 5.2. Ads. Head crested, black and gray; throat
black; hind neck with a white band bounded by black;
back olive-gray; below whitish. Notes. Chickadee-
like but fainter. ( Henshaw. )

Range. — Tableland of Mexico norlh to western Texas and southern
Arizona.

738. Mountain Chickadee (Partis gambelt). L. 5.5.
Ads. A white line over the eye and a black through
it; back gray; belly whitish. Notes. A hoarse, dee-dee-
dee, a two or three-noted pbe-be whistle exactly like
that of the Chickadee and an exceedingly sweet three-
noted whistle of regular intervals, d, c, a.

Range. — "Mountainous portions of the western United States from
the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, north
to British Columbia, Idaho, etc., and south to northern Lower Cal-
ifornia." (A O U.)

740. Hudsonian Chickadee {Paras budsonicus).

L. 5.2; W. 2.6. Ads. Crown hair-brown, back a
more yellow brown; sides of head and neck grayish
white; throat black, belly white, sides rusty. Notes.
fscba-dee-dec-dee-dee\ the dee-dee notes repeated with
almost incessant volubility. (Brewer. )

Range.— British America, from the west side of Hudson Bay north-
westward to the Lower Yukon.

740a. Kowak Chickadee (P. b. stoneyt). Similar
to No. 740, but larger, W. 2.7. above grayer, crown
much paler.

Range.— Kowak River region, Alaska.

740b. Columbian Chickadee (P. h. columbianus) .

Similar to No. 740, but grayer above, crown slaty-drab.

Range.- Rocky Mountains from Montana northward; Kenai Pen-
insula, Alaska.

— Canad'an Chickadee (P. h. littoralis). Similar to
No. 740, but smaller, W. 2.5, crown duller brown.

Range.— British America east and south of Hudson Bay; northern
New York, northern New England, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia.

739, Alaskan Chickadee {Pants ductus alascensis).

L. 5.2. Ads. Crown brown, back brighten sides of
head and neck pure white; throat blackish; belly whit-
ish, sides huffy.

Range. — "Northern Alaska and eastern Siberia." (A. O. U.)

74 I. Chestnut-backed Chickadee ( Parus rufescens).
L. 4.6. Ads. Back and sides rusty chestnut, crown sooty
brown, throat black. Notes. A lisping tbe-tbe-tbe-le-te.
(Kobbe.)

Range.— Pacific coast from Oregon to southern Aiaska.

741a. California Chickadee {P. r. negledus). Sim-
ilar to No. 741, but with only a tinge of rusty on
flanks.

Range.— "Coast of California from Monterey County northward."
(A. O. U.)

741b. Barlow Chickadee {P. r.barlowi).

to No. 741a, but with no rusty on flanks.

Range. — Vicinity of Monterey, California.

244

Similar

Perching- Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

735. Black-capped Chickadee (Pants atricapillus).
L. 5.2; T. 2.5. Ads. Cap and throat black; back
gray with a brownish tinge; outer margins of wing-
coverts grayish white; flanks, cream buff. Notes. Chick-
adee-dee, liquid gurgles and chuckling notes and a
sweet, clearly whistled, pbe-he or pbe-be-e.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from southern Illinois and
Pennsylvania north to Labrador, and south along Alleghanies to
North Carolina; migrates a short distance below its southern breed-
ing limits.

735a. Long-tailed Chickadee {P. a. septentrionalis) .

Similar to No. 735, but tail longer, 2.7, flanks paler,
white edgings broader.

Range. — Rocky Mountain region north to British Columbia; east to
Manitoba and the Plains.

735b. Oregon Chickadee (P. a. Occident alis) . Sim-
ilar to No. 735, but much darker; flanks grayish.

Range. — Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka.

736. Carolina Chickadee (JParus carolinensis). Sim-
ilar to No. 735, but smaller, L. 4.6; T. 2., the greater
wing-coverts not margined with whitish. Notes.
Whistle "tswee-dee, twsee-dee."

Range.— Southeastern United States north to middle New Jersey,
and southern Illinois; resident from southern New Jersey southward.

736. a Plumbeous Chickadee [P. c. agilis). Similar
to No. 736, but paler above, whiter below.

Range. — "Eastern and central Texas (Bee, Victoria, Cook, and
Concho Counties, etc.") (A. O. U.)

737. Mexican Chickadee (Parus sclateri) . Simi-
lar to No. 735, but sides broadly gray like back, black
more extended. Notes. A rapid, vigorous double-
noted whistle repeated three times, wholly unlike that
of the Chickadee.

Range. — Mountainous portions of the Mexican tableland north to
southern Arizona.

630. Black-capped Vireo {Vireo atricapillus).
4.5. Ad. cf. Crown and cheeks shining black;

L.

lores

and eye-ring white; back olive-green; below white,
sides tinged with greenish yellow; two whitish wing-
bars. Ad. 9. Similar, but black of head duller.
Yng. "Top and sides of head dull grayish brown;
lores, orbital ring and lower parts dull huffy white or
palebuffy." (Ridgw.) Notes. "Of the general char-
acter of the White-eye or bellii type." (Bailey.)

Range.— Breeds in central and western Texas; north to southern
Kansas; winters in southern Mexico.

245

Perching- Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

72 7. White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis).

L. 6. Ad. cf. Crown and fort-back bluish black;
sides of head and neck grayish white; tertials with
distinct black marks rounded at end. Ad. ?• Similar
but black of head and shoulders washed with gray.
Notes. Call, a nasal yank-yank and conversational
notes; song, a tenor, ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha, all on the same
note.

Range. — Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains,
breeds from the Gulf States to Minnesota and New Brunswick; resi-
dent.

727a. Slender-billed Nuthatch (5. c. aculeata).

Similar to No. 727, but head usually greenish black;
black of tertials less deep and on next to inner one
usually pointed at end.

Range. — Western North America west of the Rockies: breeds from
Lower California north to British Columbi. : resident.

727b. Florida White-breasled Nuthatch (S. c.

atkinsi). Similar to No. 727, but somewhat smaller,
wing-coverts and tertials not tipped with grayish; $
with head black as in rj\

Range. — Florida and north along the coast to South Carolina.

727c. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch (S. c. nelsont).

Similar to No. 727a, but larger, W. 3.7, with some-
what more white in tail and more rusty on flanks and
lower belly.

Range. — Wooded mountains of northern Chihuahua and Sonora,
Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and nortrrvard. (Meams.)

727d. St. Lucas Nuthatch (5. c. lagutue). Simi-
lar to No. 727a, but with the wings and tail shorter,
the black tips of the outer tail-feathers more restricted;
W. 3.2; T. 1.7. (Brewster.)

Range. — Higher mountains south of La Paz, Lower California.
(Brewster.)

728. Red-breasted Nuthatch {Sitta canadensis).
L. 4.6. Ad. cf . A stripe through the eye and crown
black; line over eye white; underparts rusty. Ad. 9.
Similar, but crown gray like back, line through the
eye blackish, paler below. Notes. A fine, thin, nasal,
penny-trumpet like, drawled yna-yna.

Range. — North America, breeding from the northern portions of the
northern tier of States northward, and southward In the Alleghanies
to Virginia, In the Rocky Mountain* to Colorado, and in the Sierra
Nevada in California; winters irregularly southward to the Gulf
States and Arizona.

729. Brown-headed Nuthatch (Sitta pusilla.) L.
4.3. Ads. Crown brown; a white patch on nape;
back bluish gray; below grayish white, sometimes
tinged with buff. Yng. Crown whitish. Notes. A
conversational, twittering tnee-tnee.

Range.— South Atlantic and Gulf States north toDelawire, accident-
ally to New York and casually to Missouri.

730. Pygmy Nuthatch {Sitta pysmcea). L. 4.3.
Ads. Crown grayish olive; a whitish patch on nape;
a dark brown line through eye; below white tinged
with buff. Yng . Crown gray like back. Notes. A
metallic, clinking clittick, clittick

Range. —Western North America, eas to the Rocky Mountains;
breeds from Mexico to British Columbia.

246

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

730a. White-naped Nuthatch (S. p. leuconucba).

Similar to No. 730, but bill larger, crown grayer, back
less bluish gray, nape patch more conspicuous, under-
pays white with scarcely more than a trace of buffy.
(Ridgw.)

Range. — Lower California.

444. Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus). L. 8.5. Tail
tipped with white. Ads. Above slaty, crown blacker
with an orange patch. Yng. Similar, but no crown-
patch. Notes. An unmusical, steely chatter. "A
soft and very pleasing song," heard only in the early
morning (O. T. Miller.)

Range. — North America, breeds from Florida north to New Bruns-
wick and Manitoba, and from eastern Texas northwest to Utah, Ne-
vada, northeast California and western British Columbia; winters
south of United States, to Central and South America.

445. Gray Kingbird (Tyrannus dominie ensis.) L.
9. Ads. No white tip on tail; an orange crown-patch;
under wing-coverts sulphur; ear-coverts black; above
gray; below white. Notes. A loud, chattering,
pitirri, pitirri.

Range. — West Indies, breeding north through Florida along the
coast to South Carolina; winters in Lesser Antilles, Mexico, and Cen-
tral America.

701. American Dipper; Water Ouzel {Cinclus mexi-

canus). L. 8. Ads. Slaty gray, head and neck
browner. In winter more or less tipped with whitish.
Notes. Song, remarkably sweet and lively, in modula-
tion resembling somewhat that of Brown Thrasher,
but less powerful though sweeter in effect. (Ridg-
way. ) Call, a sharp, pebbly cack-cack-cack.

Range.— "The mountainous parts of central and western North
America, from the Yukon Valley and Unalaska to Guatemala; east in
the United States, to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains.
Apparently resident throughout its range." (A. O. U.)

704. Catbird {Galeoscoptes carolinensis). L. 8.9.
Ads. Slaty gray, cap and tail black, under tail-coverts
reddish chestnut. Notes. Call, a whining, nasal te/iay;
song, rich, musical, and varied.

Range. — North Americ? ; west to British Columbia and rarely Pa-
cific coast states; breeds from the Gulf States north to New Bruns-
wick and the Saskatchewan; winters from Gulf States southward.

7 54. Townsend Solitaire (Myadestes townsendit) . L.
8.5. Ads. Brownish gray; eye-ring, tips of outer
tail-feathers, a narrow wing-bar white; wing with a
buff band showing in flight. Notes. Song, a rich,
flowing, Grosbeak-like warbling, sung with great
vigor and freedom and often for comparatively long
periods.

Range. — "Western United States, from the Plains westward to the
Pacific coast, north to British Columbia and south in winter to the
southern border of Arizona and noithern Lower California; breeds
from the mountains of New Mexico, southern Arizona, and central
California northward."

247

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

62 1. Northern Shrike {Lanius borealis). L. 102.
Lores grayish. Ads. Above bluish gray; tail
black, outer featers tipped with white; below white,
usually with wavy bars. Vug. Above washed with
brown; below more distinctly and more heavily barred
Notes. Song, not unlike that of the Brown Thrasher
but more disconnected, less loud.

Range.— North America; breeds from Labrador to Alaska; winters
south, irregularly, to Virginia, Kansas, Arizona, and California.

622. Loggerhead Shrike {Lanius ludovicianus).
9. Lores black. Ads. Underparts white without bars;

above bluish gray; rump and upper tail-coverts little if
any paler; tail black, outer feathers tipped with white.
Yng. Underparts, head, and rump more or less nar-
rowly barred. Notes. Call, harsh and discordant;
song, a series of guttural gurgles, squeaky whistles.

Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Virginia;
In Mississippi Valley, northeast to western Pennsylvania, central and
northern New York, Massachusetts, western New Hampshire, Maine,
and British Columbia; migrates down Atlantic States, as well as Mis-
sissippi Valley, and winters in southern States.

622a. White-rumped Shrike (L. I. excubitorides) .
Similar to No. 622, but paler above, rump and upper
tail-coverts whiter; bill less deep.

Range.— "Western North America, from eastern borderof the Plains
to the Pacific, except coast of California, and from Manitoba and the
Plains of the Saskatchewan south over tablelands of Mexico."

622b. California Shrike (/.. /. gambeli). Similar
to No. 622, but rump paler, breast usually with indis-
tinct wavy bars and tinged with brownish.

Range.— Pacific coast, from Lower California to British Columbia.

622c. Island Shrike {L. I. anthonyi). Similar to
No. 622b, but darker and smaller, W. 3.7.

Range. — Santa Barbara Islands, California.

703. Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos). L. 10.5.
Ads. Above ashy gray; below soiled whitish; outer
tail-feathers with white; wing-coverts narrowly tipped
with white; primaries white basally. Notes. Call, a
harsh, kissing note; song indescribable.

Range. — Southeastern United States and Bahamas, west to north-
eastern Texas; breeds north to southern New Jersey (rarely
Massachusetts), and southern Illinois; winters from Virginia and
lower Mississippi Valley southward.

703a. Western Mockingbird (M. p. leiicopterus) .
Similar to No. 703, but with a very slight brownish
tinge below and white areas in wing averaging larger.

Range. — Southwestern United States and northern Mexico from
Indian Territory and eastern Texas west to California.

765. Wheatear (Saxicola oenantbe). L. 6; W. 3.7.
Ad. J\ Back gray, upper tail-coverts and base of
tail white; below white more or less washed with buff.
Ad. $. Browner above and below, no black through
eye. Ads. in winter and Yng. Similar to 9,butdnnj'
mon brown above, cinnamon below.

Range. — Asia; migrating in summer to Alaska.

765a. Greenland Wheatear (S. a. leucorboa). Sim-
ilar to No. 765, but larger, W. 4.

Range. — Western Europe; breeds in Greenland and on adjoining
mainland; rarely south to St. Lawrence; casually to Louisiana.

248

Perching- Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

5 73. Black-throated Sparrow (Amphispi^a biline-
ata). L. 5.3. Ads. Throat, upper breast, and front
of face black; a white stripe over eye and another at
the side of the throat; above grayish brown unstreaked;
outer web of outer tail-feather white, except at tip; at
least half an inch of tip of inner web white. Notes.
Song, simple but sweet, three ascending and three
descending notes.

Range. — Middle and eastern Texas (except along coast?), north to
Oklahoma and western Kansas; winters from central Texas south into
northeastern Mexico.

573a. Desert Sparrow {A. b. deserticola) . Similar
to No. 573, but above grayer, the white tip to outer
tail-feather less than half an inch long.

Range. — Western United States and northern Mexico, from western
Texas to southeastern California; breeds north to southern Colorado,
and western Nevada; winters south into Mexico.

602. Morellet Seed-eater (Sporophila morelleti).
L. 4.6. Ad. rf. Entire upperparts, cheeks, tail,
wings and breast-band black; bases of wing-feathers,
tips to coverts and underparts, except breast-band,
whitish. Ad. $. Above grayish brown, below uni-
form buffy. Yng. cf. Variously intermediate be-
tween Ad. c? and Ad. tf. At least two years evident-
ly required to reach mature plumage.

Range.— Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.

636. Black and White Warbler (Mniotilta varia).
L. 5.3. Ad. c?\ Above streaked black and white;
throat black or white; belly white; sides streaked
black and white. Ad. $. Less black; whiter below;
throat always white. Notes. Song, a thin, wiry,
see-see-see-see.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Louisiana,
and northern Texas, north to Hudson Bay region; winters from Gulf
States south to northern South America; accidental in California.

66 1. Black-poll Warbler {Dendroica striata). L.
5.6. Ad. o7*. Crown black, cheeks white; back streaked,
gray and black; below white streaked with black;
wing-bars and tail-spots white. Ad. ?. No black
cap; above olive-green streaked with black. Yng. and
Ad. in winter. Above olive-green lightly streaked with
black; below yellowish white; breast obscurely streaked.
Notes. Song, a slender, wiry tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-
tree-tree, rapidly uttered. (Lnngille.)

Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from
northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan, and
Colorado, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in West Indies and
northern South America.

665. Black-throated Gray Warbler {Dendroica nig-
rescens). L. 5. Ad. rf. Crown, cheeks and throat
black, a white stripe at sides of throat, a yellow line
before eye; back gray streaked with black; wing-bars
and tail-patches white. Ad. ?. Similar, but crown
not always wholly black. Yng. Above washed with
brownish, black areas tipped with white. Notes.
Song, 7ee-ee-$ee-ee, $e, %e, $e, with the quality of the
song of Dendroica wens or D. ccvrulescens.

Range.— Western United States; breeds in mountains from Arizona
and northern Lower California, north to Colorado and Vancouver
Island: winters in Mexico.

249

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

611. Purple Martin {Progne subis). L. 7.8. Ad.
cP. Shining blue-black, ail feathers with dusky
bases. Ad. $. Above dull blue-black; breast gray-
ish edged with white; belly whitish. Yng. $. Var-
iously intermediate between $ and Ad. cy.

Range. — North America, except Pacific coast; breeds north to New-
foundland and the Saskatchewan; winters in tropics.

6 I I a. Western Martin (P. s. hesperid). tf similar
to cf of No. 611; ? belly whiter; forehead grayish.

Range. — Pacific coast from northern Lower California to Washing-
ton (and British Columbia?); winters in tropics.

6 1 I.I. Cuban Martin {Progne cryptoleuca). W. 5.50.
Ad. rj\ With feathers of ventral region basally mark-
ed with white. Ad. $ and Yng. tf . With breast
and flanks sooty grayish brown, belly pure white.

Range. — Cuba, north in spring to southern Florida.

6 I 2. Cliff Swallow {Petrocbelidon lunifrons). L.
5.5. Ads. Throat chestnut, forehead and rump cin-
namon-buff; nape gray; crown and back glossy blue-
black, the back streaked with white. Yng. Throat
dusky, often mixed with chestnut; back blackish
brown; rump cinnamon-buff, forehead usually with
same.

Range. — "North America, north to the limit of trees, breeding
southto the valleys of the Potomac and Ohio, southern Texas,
southern Arizona, and California; Central and South America in win-
ter; not recorded from Florida or West Indies.'' (A. O. U.)

6 1 2.2. Mexican Cliff Swallow {Petrochelidon me-
lanogastra). Similar to No. 612, but smaller, W. 4.1,
forehead deeper, usually chestnut, like throat, rump
darker, more rusty.

Range. — Mexico, north to southern Arizona.

6 13. Barn Swallow (Hirundo erythrogastra). L.
o71, 7.5; ?,6.5. Tail deeply forked. Ad. (J1. Above
glossy blue-black, forehead chestnut: throat and upper
breast chestnut, belly paler. Ad. ¥• Forehead, and
underparts paler; tail less deeply forked. Notes. Song,
a sweet, twittering, warbling song. (The notes of all
our Swallows, while simple, are dignostic but difficult
of description.)

Range. — North America, north to Greenland and Alaska; breeds
through most of range; winters south to southern Brazil.

614. Tree Swallow (Indoprocne bicolor). L. 6.
Ads. Above steel-blue or steel-green; below white.
Yng. Sooty gray above; white below.

Range. — North America; breeds locally from Lat. 410 on Atlantic
coast and Lat. 380 on Pacific coast north to Labrador and Alaska;
winters from South Carolina and southern California to the tropics.

6 15. Northern Violet-Green Swallow (Tachycineta

thalassina lepida). L. 5.2; W. 4.5. Ad. <^. Above
bronze-green; upper tail-coverts greener; an indistinct
nape-ring; mark above eye, cheeks and underparts
white; flank-patches white, often showing from above.
Ad. 9. Much duller, the head browner, Yng.
Above brownish sooty with a greenish tinge; a whit-
ish mark "above and behind eye; below white.

Range. — Western United States, from eastern base of Rockies to
Pacific; breeds from Mexico north to British Columbia; winters In
Mexico and Central America.

250

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

6 1 5a. St. Lucas Swallow (T. t. brachyptera) .
Similar to No. 615, but wing shorter, rf, 4.1, 9> 4.
(Brewster.)

Range. — Lower California.

458. Black Phoebe (Sayornis nigricans). L. 7.2.
Ads. Breast and head black, back grayer; outer web
of outer tail-feather white; belly black, under tail-cov-
erts white streaked with dusky. Notes. A liquid hip, a
rising kee-ree, and a falling hee-wray. (Bailey.)

Range. — Mexico, except Yucatan and Pacific coast from Colima
northward, north into Texas, New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona.

458a. Western Black Phoebe (5. n. semiatra).

Similar to No. 458, but under tail-coverts white with-
out dusky streaks.

Range — Pacific coast of Mexico and United States, from Colima to
Oregon, including most of Arizona. (Nelson.)

494. Bobolink; Reedbird {Dolichonyx orypvorus).
Ad. rj\ summer. Black; nape buffy, lower back,
scapulars and upper tail-coverts white. Ad. ?.
Above yellowish brown streaked with buff, and black;
below yellowish white, sides streaked with black.
Winter plumage, Ads and Yng. Like 9 but yellower.
Notes. Song, an irrepressible bubbling outburst of
"mad music'' often given on the wing; calls, a black-
bird-like chuck and a metallic, far carrying, chink.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to Utah; breeds from north-
ern New Jersey, Illinois and Kansas, north to Nova Scotia, Manitoba,
and Montana; migrates south through Florida and West Indies, and
winters south 01 Amazon.

534. Snowflake (Passerina nivalis). L. 6.9. Hind
toe-nail twice as long as shortest toe-nail. Ad. cf,
summer. Head, rump, secondaries, outer tail-feathers
and below white; rest of plumage largely black. Ad.
9 , summer. Similar, but crown blackish, back edged
with rusty or grayish. Winter. Above rusty and
black, below white, breast tinged with rusty. Notes.
Calls, a clearly piped whistle, and a peculiar chirr,
often uttered when taking wing; song, short, simple,
but rather sweet. (Minot.)

Range. — Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere: in winter
south to northern states; Irregularly to Georgia, southern Indiana,
Kansas, Colorado, and eastern Oregon.

534a. Pribilof Snowflake (P. n. towusendi). Sim-
ilar to No. 534, but larger, with relatively longer bill;
tf, W. 4.7; B. .5. (Ridgw.).

Range. — Aleutian and Commander Islands, Pribilof Islands, Shuma-
eln Islands. (Ridgw.).

535. McKay Snowflake (Passerina hyperborea).
L. 7.5; W. 4.6; B .4. Similar to No. 534, but with
more white. Ad. rjf, summer. Back and scapulars
entirely white. Ad. 9> summer. Crown and hind-
neck white. Yng. Not certainly distinguishable from
Yng. of No. 534. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Breeds on Hall and St. Mathews Islands, Bering Sea; In
winter west coast of Alaska.

251

16

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

605. Lark Bunting [Calamospi^a melcmocorys). L.

7.2. Ad. cf. Black, patch in wing white, outer tail-
feathers tipped, tertials margined with white. Ad. $.
Above grayish brown streaked with blackish; below
white conspicuously streaked with black; all but cen-
tral tail-feathers with white tips; broad wing-bars buff.
Y»g- cf- Variously intermediate between Ad. cfand ?.
(See page 251).

Range. — Western United States, chiefly east of Rockies; breeds
from western Kansas and eastern Colorado, north to western Minne-
sota and Assiniboia; wintersin Mexico; irregular west in migrations
to Idaho and southern California.

484. Canada Jay; Whiskey Jack (Perisoreus cana-
densis). L. 1 1.5. Ads. Black of hindhead reaching
to back of eye; back, wings, and tail gray, belly lighter,
throat white; forehead buffy white. Notes, ca-ca-ca
and a number of peculiar sounds impossible to repro-
duce on paper. (Bendire.)

Range. — Eastern North America; Nova Scotia. New Brunswick,
northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan;
northern Minnesota, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay region,
west to the Rockies in Alberta.

484a. Rocky Mountain Jay (P. c. capitalis). Sim-
ilar to No. 484, but head white, black of hindhead
grayer and not reaching to eye.

Range. -Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico and Arizona
north to Montana and Idaho.

484b. Alaskan Jay (P. c. fUmifrons) . Very near to
No. 484, but forehead averaging more yellowish.

Range. Alaska; Interior and west to Cook Inlet, north of southern
coast region.

484c. Labrador Jay (P. c. mgricapillus). Similar
to No. 484, but black of hindhead deeper and reaching
forward as a well defined ring around the eye; below

browner.

Range. — Labrador.

485. Oregon Jay (Perisoreus obscurus). Similar to
No. 484, but back feathers with light shaft streaks, fore-
head less white, underparts nearly uniform white.

Range. — Pacific coast from northern California to southern British
Columbia.

485a. Gray Jay {P. o. griseus). Similar to No.
485, but larger and grayer; back, etc., deep mouse
gray, instead of brown; below grayish white instead of
brownish white. (Ridgw.)

Range. — British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern
California, east of Coast and Cascade Ranges. (Ridgw.)

49 1. Clarke Nutcracker (Nua/raga cotumbiana).
L. 12. Ads. Gray; wings and middle tail-feathers
black, tips of secondaries and outer tail-feathers white.
Notes. A loud, harsh, car-r-car-r.

Range.- Mountains of western North America, from northern Low-
er California, Arizona and New Mexico, north to northern Alaska:
casually east to Mississippi Valley.

252

Perching- Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

475. American Magpie {Pica pica hudsoma). L.

20. Ads. Bill black; scapulars, belly and most of
inner margins of primaries white; wings glossy blue
black, tail externally greenish; back and breast vel-
vety black. Notes. Cack, cack, also garrulous gabble
intermixed with whistling notes. (Bendire.)

Range.— Western North America, east to the Plains, west to Cas-
cade and Sierra Ranges; breeds from northern New Mexico and
northern Arizona north to Alaska^strays farther east in winter.

476. Yellow-billed Magpie (Pica nuttalli). Similar
to No. 475, but bill and eye-space yellow, smaller, L.
18. Notes. A harsh,. rasping, cac-cac-cac; and a low,
rich whistle, audible only at a short distance.

Range. California, west of Sierra Nevada, "north to Red Bluff
and south to Santa Paula." (Grlnnell.)

493. Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). L. 8.5; T. 2.5.
Ad. summer, Metallic green and purple spotted above
with buffy; bill yellow. Ad. winter. Similar, but
above heavily spotted with brownish buff; below
heavily spotted with white; bill blackish. Notes. A
long-drawn, two-noted whistle, the second lower; and
a chattering, metallic call when in flocks.

Range.— Europe and northern Asia; accidental in Greenland; In-
troduced into New York City in i8go; now common, extending east
to New Haven, Connecticut, north, to Ossining, New York, south to
Staten Island and^Plainfield, New Jersey.

495. Cowbird [Molothrus ater). L. 7.9; W. 4.2.
Ad. cT. Head and neck coffee-brown, body greenish
black. Ad. ?. Brownish gray, throat lighter. Yng.
Like ?. Notes. A metallic twitter, and by the male,
a long-drawn, glassy kluck-tse-e-e; and watery gurg-
ling notes uttered with spread wings and tail.

Range. — United States: rare west of Rockies; breeds from Florida
and Texas north to New Brunswick and Little Slave Lake; west to
eastern Oregon, Nevada, and southeastern California; winters from
southern New Jersey, southern Illinois, Indian Territory, northern
Texas, and southeastern California, southward.

495a. Dwarf Cowbird (M. a. obscurus). Similar to
No. 495, but smaller, L. 7.5; W. 4.

Range. — Southwestern United States; from Gulf Coast of Texas
west along Mexican boundary to Arizona and Lower California; win-
ters south of United States.

496. Red-eyed Cowbird (Callotlirus robustus).
L. 9. Ad. cf • Velvety bronze-black; wings and tail
shining blue-black. Ad. 9- Dull black, wings and
tail with slight greenish reflections.

Range. — Southern and eastern Mexico north, in spring, to Lower
Rio Grande, Texas.

620. Phainopepla (Pbainopepla nitens). L. 7.5.
Crested. Ad. <$. Shining black; inner vanes of

Primaries largely white, showing in flight. Ad. 9.
)ark gray, tail blacker, wing-coverts and quills nar-
rowly margined with whitish. Yng. Like 9- Notes.
Calls, commonest, like call of young Robin; male
has also a scold, a Meadowlark-like note and a
harsh ca-rack or ca-racack; song, a jumble of flute-
like tones and weak, squeaky notes. (Bailey.)

Range. — Mexico north to western Texas, southern Utah and south-
ern California; winters from Mexican border southward.

253

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

509. Rusty Blackbird (Scolecopbagus carolinus).

L. 9.5. Ad. <j\ Nearly uniform greenish black,
sometimes with rusty edgings. Ad. ?. Slaty gray,
generally with some rusty edgings, Winter plumage
of both sexes similar to summer but widely tipped with
rusty above and yellowish rusty below. Notes. More
musical than those of other Blackbirds; calls, tchack or
turalee repeated several times. (Bendire.)

Range.— Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from
New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, and
Manitoba, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from Virginia,
southern Illinois, and Kansas, southward.

5 10. Brewer Blackbird (Scolecophagus cyanocepha-
lus). L. 10. Ad. c?. Whole head violet-purple, rest
of plumage bright greenish black. Ad. 9- Grayish
brown, throat paler, wings and tail greenish black; no
rusty. Winter plumage with light grayish brown
edgings to the feathers of the anterior part of the body.
Notes. Chack and a loud, shrill whistle. (Bailey.)

Range.— Western North America from the Plains to the Pacific;
breeds from Texas and northern Lower California north to the Sas-
katchewan and British Columbia; winters in the southern parts of its
range; casually east to Mississippi River states.

5 11. Purple Grackle (Qidsealns qniscula). L. cf,
12. Ad. c?. Head, purple, steel-green or steel blue;
back purple, brassy green or greenish; the feathers
always with iridescent bars. Notes. Tchak and a short
unmusical call uttered with spread wings and tail.

Range.— Eastern United States; breeds in lower Mississippi Valley
and east of Alleghanies, from Georgia to Massachusetts; winters
from Virginia southward through its breeding range.

5 1 la. Florida Grackle (O. q. aghvus). Similar to
511, but slightly smaller, he*"ad always violet purple;
back always bottle-green, with iridescent bars.

Range.— Florida, north on the Atlantic coast to Virginia, west on the
Gulf Coast to Texas.

5 I I b. Bronzed Grackie (Q. q. ceneus). Head as in
No. 511, back and belly bronze, the feathers wholly
without iridescent bars.

Range.— Eastern United States west to the Rockies; breeds from
southern Texas to Great Slave Lake, east to Alleghanies, and, in
New York, east and northeast to Connecticut, Massachusetts, and
Labrador; winters chiefly in lower Mississippi valley; migrates in part
east of the Alleghanies.

5 I 3. Boat-tailed Grackle (Megaquiscalus major^. L.
c?\ 16; W. 7.5; T. 7. Ad. cT. Head and neck glossy
purple; back and belly glossy greenish blue. Ad. 9-
Much smaller, T. 5.2; above blackish brown; below
soiled rusty buff. Notes. Tchack, a variety of hoarse,
rather forced whistles and a gurgling roll as of a Coot
pattering over the water.

Range.— Florida, north along the coast to Virginia; west along
coast to Texas.

5 I 3a. Great-tailed Grackle (M. in. macrourus). Simi-
lar to No. 513, but larger, rj\ L- l8; l • 9- ForeDack

and breast, as well as head and neck, purple, only-
rump and lower belly greenish blue; 9 blacker both
above and below than 9 of 513. Notes. Tchack, and
a greater variety of squeaky calls and hoarse whistles
than are uttered by No. 513.

Range.— Eastern Texas and south into Mexico.

254

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

486. American Raven (Corvus corax sinuatus). L.
24; W. 16; B. 2.7. Ads. Resembling No. 488, in
color but glossier below and with the feathers of throat
narrow and lengthened; nape feathers gray at base.
Notes. A hoarse, croaking, craacU-craack, sometimes a
deep, grunting koeer-koeer\ a clucking, and a metallic
klunk. (Bendire.)

Range. — Western North America, from Guatemala north to British
Columbia; east to the Rockies, west to Pacific.

486a. Northern Raven (C. c. principalis').
to No. 486, but larger, L. 25; W. 17; B. 3.

Similar

Range. — Eastern North America, from mountains of northern
Georgia and coast of Maine, north to Greenland; west to the Rocky
Mountains.

487. White-necked Raven (Corvus cryptoleucus) . L.
18.5. Ads. Blue-black; feathers of throat narrow
and lengthened and with feathers of neck all around,
white at the base. Notes. Kwank-kwank, less loud and
penetrating than those of No. 486. (Bendire.)

Range. — Northern Mexico, north to western Kansas, eastern Color-
ado (rarely) , and southern California; east to western Texas.

488. American Crow (Corvus americanus). L. 19.3;
W. 12. 1 ; B. 2.00. Black with steel-blue or deep,
purplish reflections; below duller, neck feathers not
lengthened. Notes. Caw, caw, with many variations;
song, car-r-r-uck, oo-oo-oo-oo-ah.

Range. — North America, north to Arctic Circle; winters from north-
ern United States southward; local in west.

488a. Florida Crow (C. a. pascuus). Similar to
No. 488, but wings and tail somewhat shorter, bill and
feet slightly larger, W. 12; T. 7.3; B. 2.1.

Range. — Florida.

489. Northwest Crow (Corvus
to No. 488 in color but smaller; L.

Mauritius). Similar
16; W. n; B. 1.7.

Range.— Northwest coast, from Oregon to Kadiak Island, Alaska.

490. Fish Crow (Corvus ossifragus). L. 16; W.
11; B. 1.5. Ads. Resemble No. 488, in color, but back
feathers are uniform blue-black without dull margins;
underparts are nearly as bright as upperparts. Notes.
A hoarse, nasal, reedy car resembling the call of the
young of No. 488.

Range, —Atlantic coast north to Connecticut, (casually Massachu-
setts),west along Gulf coast to Louisiana; resident, except at northern
limit of range.

255

SYSTEMATIC TABLE

Of the Birds of America north of Mexico, arranged according

to the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List

of North American Birds', Third Edition,

1910, and Supplement*, July, 1912.

(The presence of brackets, I ]. indicates that the species is an accidental visitant.)

Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds

Family COLYMBIDJE. Grebes.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

1 Western Grebe ^3chmophorus occidentalis 44

2 Holbcell's Grebe Colymbus holbcelli 43

3 Horned Grebe auritus 43

4 Eared Grebe nigricollis californicus . . 43

5 Mexican Grebe dominicus brachypterus. 43

6 Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps 43

Family GAVIID^E. Loons.

7 Loon Gavia immer 44

8 Yellow-billed Loon " adamsi 44

9 Black-throated Loon " arctica 44

10 Pacific Loon " pacifica 44

11 Red-throated Loon " stellata 44

* The Auk, xxix, 1912, pp. 380-387.

t Note that trinomials are now employed for all the races of a species
including the first one described. Hence in place of No. 13, Puffin, Fratercula
arctica, we now have No. 13, Puffin, Fratercula arctica arctica. (See pages 6 and
7 for an explanation of this method.)

§ Note also that in accordance with a ruling of the A. O. U., the apostrophe
is used with the names of birds named after individuals. Thus in place of No.
16, Cassin Auklet, we have No. 16, Cassin's Auklet. These changes affect all
similar cases throughout the Color Key. After identifying a species, therefore,
the student should turn to its number in the Systematic Table to learn whether
any change has been made in its name. All alterations other than those of
mere nomenclature are given beyond in Appendix I.

257

Systematic Table of North American Birds

Family ALCID^E. Auks, Murres, and Puffins.
a.o.u.

No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

12 Tufted Puffin Lunda cirrhata 45

13 Puffin Fratercula aretica arcticaf 45

13a Large-billed Puffin " naumanni 45

1 4 Horned Puffin corniculata 45

15 Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca nionocerata 45

16 Cassin's Auklet§ Ptychoramphus aleuticus 46

1 7 Paroquet Auklet Phaleris psittacula 47

18 Crested Auklet iEthia cristatella 47

1 9 Whiskered Auklet " pygmaea 47

20 Least Auklet " pusilla 47

21 Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus 47

23 Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus 46

24 Kittlitz's Murrelet brevirostris 46

25 Xantus's Murrelet ; " hypoleucus 46

26 Craveri's Murrelet " craverii 46

27 Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle 48

28 Mandt's Guillemot " mandti 48

29 Pigeon Guillemot " columba 48

30 Murre Uria troile troile 48

30a California Murre " " californica 48

31 Brunnich's Murre " lomvia lomvia 48

31a Pallas's Murre " arra 48

32 Razor-billed Auk Alca torda 48

33 Great Auk Plautus impennis 48

34 Dovekie Alle alle 46

Order LONGIPENNES. Long-winged Swimmers

Family STERCORARIID^]. Skuas and Jaegers

35 Skua Megalestris skua 51

36 Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus 51

37 Parasitic Jaeger parasiticus 51

38 Long-tailed Jaeger " longicaudus 51

Family LARIDiTC. Gulls and Terns.

39 Ivory Gull Pagophila alba 52

40 Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla tridactyla 52

40a Pacific Kittiwake " " pollicaris 52

258

Systematic Table of North American Birds

A.O.U.

Xo.

COMMON NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

Page

41 Red-legged Kittiwake ....

42 Glaucous Gull

43 Iceland Gull

44 Glaucous-winged Gull

45 Kumlien's Gull

46 Nelson's Gull

47 Great Black-backed Gull . .

48 Slaty-backed Gull

49 Western Gull

[50] Siberian Gull

51 Herring Gull

[52] Vega Gull

53 California Gull

54 Ring-billed Gull

55 Short-billed Gull

[56] Mew Gull

57 Heermann's Gull

58 Laughing Gull

59 Franklin's Gull

60 Bonaparte's Gull

[60.1]Little Gull

61 Ross'.s Gull

62 Sabine's Gull

63 Gull-billed Tern

64 Caspian Tern

65 Royal Tern

66 Elegant Tern

67 Cabot'.s Tern

[68] Trudeau's Tern

69 Forster's Tern

70 Common Tern

71 Arctic Tern

72 Roseate Tern

. 73 Aleutian Tern

74 Least Tern

75 Sooty Tern

[76] Bridled Tern

77 Black Tern

[78] White-winged Black Tern.

7'.' Noddy

Rissa brevirostris 52

Larus hyperboreus 53

leucopterus 53

glaucescens 53

kumlieni 5;;

nelsoni 53

marinus 54

schistisagus 5 t

occidentalis ", i

affinis A.V.

argentatus ■",:,

vegae A.V.

californicus 55

delawarensis 5 -

brachyrhynchus 52

canus A. A'.

heermanni "4

atricilla 56

t'ranklini 56

Philadelphia 56

minutus A.V.

Rhodostethia rosea 56

Xema sabini 56

Gelochelidon nilotica 58

Sterna caspia 57

maxima 57

elegans 57

" sandvicensis acuflavida. . . . 57

" trudeaui A.V.

" forsteri 59

" hirundo 59

" paradisaea 59

" dougalli 59

" aleutica 58

" antillarum 58

" fuscata 60

" ansetheta 58

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. 60

" leucoptera A.V.

Anotis stolidus 60

259

17

Systematic Table of North American Birds

a.o.u.
xo. common name. scientific name.

Family RYNCHOPID^E. Skimmers.

80 Black Skimmer Rynchops nigra

Page

60

Order TUBINARES. Tubed-nosed Swimmers.

Family DIOMEDEID^E. Albatrosses.

81 Black-footed Albatross Diomedea nigripes 62

82 Short-tailed Albatross albatrus 62

82.1 Laysan Albatross immutabilis 62

[S3] Yellow-nosed Albatross Tbalassogeron culminatus 62

[84] Sooty Albatross Phcebetria palpebrata 62

Family PBOCELLARHDiE. Fulmars, Shearwaters, and

Petrels.

[85] Giant Fulmar Macronectes giganteus AY.

86 Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis glacialis 63

89

[90]

91

92

866 Pacific Fulmar

86.1 Rodger's Fulmar

87 Slender-billed Fulmar . . . .
[102]Pintado Petrel

88 Cory's Shearwater

Greater Shearwater

Manx Shearwater

Pink-footed Shearwater . .
Audubon's Shearwater . . .

[92.1]Allied Shearwater

93 Black-vented Shearwater .
93.1 Townsend's Shearwater . .

95 Sooty Shearwater

96 Slender-billed Shearwater
96.1 Wedge-tailed Shearwater .

[96.2]New Zealand Shearwater.
[Ul] Black-tailed Shearwater ..

[98] Black-capped Petrel

[99] Scaled Petrel

100 Fisher's Petrel

[101 IF'.ulwer's Petrel

" " glupischa <>::

rodgersi *'<■'•

Priocella glacialoides 63

Daption capense \ . V

Puffinus borealis 64

gravis 64

puffinus A.Y.

creatopus <'>1

Puffinus lherminieri 6 I

assimilis -YY.

opisthomelas 64

" auricularis 64

griseus 63

tenuirostris 64

cuneatus 63

" bulleri A.Y.

Priofinus cinereus A.V.

^Estrelata hasitata 65

scalaris A.V.

" f'sheri A.Y.

Bulweria bulweri A.Y.

103 Least Petrel Halocyptena microsoma 65

l n 1 Stormy Petrel Thalassidroma pelagica 66

105 Forked-tailed Petrel Oceanodroma furcata 65

260

Systematic Table of North American Birds

A.O.U.

No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

105.2 Kaeding's Petrel Oceanodroma kaedingi 65

106 Leach's Petrel leucorhoa 66

106.1 Guadalupe Petrel macrodactyla 66

[106.2]Hawaiian Petrel castro A.V.

107 Black Petrel " melania 66

108 Ashy Petrel " hoiuochroa 65

108.1 Socorro Petrel " socorroensis 66

109 Wilson's Petrel Oceanites oceanicus 66

[110]White-bellied Petrel Fregetta grallaria A.V.

[Ill] White-faced Petrel Pelagodroma marina A.V.

Order STEGANOPODES. Totipalmate Swimmers.

Family PHAETHONTID.E. Tropic Birds.

112 Yellow-billed Tropic-bird Phaethon americanus 69

113 Red-billed Tropic-bird tethereus 69

[113.1]Red-tailed Tropic bird rubricaudus A.V.

Family SULID.E. Gannets.

[114] Blue-faced Booby Sula cyanops 70

114.1 Blue-footed Booby

115 Booby

115.1 Brewster's Booby
[116] Red-footed Booby
117 Gannet

nebouxi 70

leucogastra 70

brewsteri 70

pi.scator 70

bassana 69

Family ANHINGID^E. Darters.

118 Water-Turkey Anhinga anhinga 73

Family PHALACROCORACID^. Cormorants.

119 Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 70

120 Double-crested Cormorant " auritus auritus 71

I20ff Florida Cormorant " " floridanus.. . . 71

120/> White-crested Cormorant " " cincinatus. . . 71

120r Farallon Cormorant " " albociliatus. . 71

121 Mexican Cormorant vigua mexicanus ... 71

122 Brandt's Cormorant " penicillatus 72

123 Pelagic Cormorant pelagicus pelagicus . 72

123a Violet-green Cormorant " " robustus 72

123b Baird's Cormorant " " resplendens.. 72

124 Red-faced Cormorant urile 72

261

Systematic Table of North American Birds

Family PELECANID.E. Pelicans.

A.O.U.
No.

COMMON NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

Page

125 White Pelican

126 Brown Pelican

127 California Brown Pelican

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos 7:1

occidentalis 7?.

californicus 73

Family FREGATID.E. Man-o '-War Birds.

1 28 Man-o'-war-bird Fregata aquila 73

Order ANSERES. Lamellirostral Swimmers.

Family AXATID^E. Ducks, Geese, and Swans.

Mergus americanus

serrator

Lophodytes cucullatus

Mergellus albellus A.

Anas platyrhynchos

" rubripes

fulvigula fulvigula

maculosa

129 American Merganser

130 Red-breasted Merganser

131 Hooded Merganser

[131.1]Smew

L32 Mallard

133 Black Duck

134 Florida Duck

] 34a Mottled Duck

135 Gadwall Chaulelasmus .streperus

136 European Widgeon Mareca penelope

137 Baldpate

[138]European Teal

139 Green-winged Teal

140 Blue-winged Teal

141 Cinnamon Teal

[141.1]Ruddy Sheldrake

142 Shoveller

143 Pintail

144 Wood Duck

[145] Rufous-crested Duck

146 Redhead

Canvas-back

American Scaup Duck

Lesser Scaup Duck

Ring-necked Duck

American Golden-eye

Barrow's Golden-eye

147
148

1 1!'
150
151
152
153
15 1
1 55

americana

Nettion crecca A

" carolinense

Querquedula discors

" cyanoptera

Casarca ferruginea A

Spatula clypeata

Dafila acuta

Aix sponsa

Netta rufina A

Marila americana

" valisineria

marila

" affinis

" collaris

Clangula clangula americana

islandica

Charitonetta albeola

Buflle-head ,

Old-squaw Darelda hyemalis

Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus

262

Systematic Table of North American Birds

a.o.u.

No. COMMON NAME.

1 56 Labrador Duck

1 .",7 Stellar's Eider

L58 Spectacled Eider

1 59 Northern Eider

L60 American Eider

1 61 Pacific Eider

1 62 King Eider

163 American Scoter

[Ml] Velvet Scoter

1 65 White-winged Scoter

L66 Surf Scoter

L67 Ruddy Duck

[168]Masked Duck

169 Lesser Snow Goose

1 69a Greater Snow Goose

169.1 Blue Goose

170 Ross's Goose

[171] European White-fronted Goose.

171a White-fronted Goose

[171.1]Bean Goose

[171.2]Pink-footed Goose

172 Canada Goose

172a Hutchins's Goose

172o White-cheeked Goose

172c Cackling Goose

173a Brant

174 Black Brant

ri75]Barnacle Goose

176 Emperor Goose

177 Black-bellied Tree-duck

178 Fulvous Tree-duck

[179]Whooper Swan ,

180 Whistling Swan

181 Trumpeter Swan

SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

Camptorhynchus lahradorius 81

Polysticta .stelleri 8]

Arctonetta fischeri 82

Somateria mollissima borealis 82

dre.sseri 82

v-nigra 82

spectabilis 82

Oidemia americana 83

fusca A A'.

deglandi 83

perspicillata S3

Erismatura jamaicensis SO

Nomonyx dominicus 80

Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus 84

nivalis 84

" caerulescens 85

" rossi 84

Anser albifrons albifrons A.V.

" " gambeli 85

" fabalis A.V.

" brachyrhynchus A.V.

Branta canadensis canadensis 86

hutchinsi 86

" occidentalis. ... 86

" minima 86

bernicla glaucogastra 86

nigricans 86

leucopsis A.V.

Philacte canagica 85

Dendrocygna auturnnalis S3

bicolor 83

Olor cygnus A.V.

" columbianus 84

" buccinator 84

Order ODONTOGLOSS^. Lamellirostral Grallatores.

Family PHCENICOPTERID^]. Flamingoes.

182 Flamingo Phoenicoptems ruber 89-

263

Systematic Table of North American Birds

Order HERODIONES. Herons, Storks, Ibises, etc.

Family PLATALEID^. Spoonbills.

A.O.U

Xo.

COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page
183 Roseate Spoonbill Ajaia ajaja 89

Family IBIDID^E. Ibises.

184 White Ibis

[185] Scarlet Ibis

186 Glossy Ibis

187 White-faced Glossy Ibis

Family CICONDIID^E.

188 Wood Ibis '.

[189].Tabiru

Guara alba

" rubra

Plegadis autumnalis
guarauna . .

90
89
90
90

Storks and Wood Ibises.

Mycteria americana 90

Jabiru mycteria A.V.

Family ARDEIDtE. Herons, Bitterns, etc.

190 American Bittern

191 Least Bittern

191.1 Cory's Least Bittern

192 Great White Heron ,

194 Great Blue Heron

194a- Northwestern Coast Heron. . . ,

194& Ward's Heron ,

[195]European Heron

196 American Egret

197 Snowy Egret

197a Brewster's Egret

198 Reddish Egret

199 Louisiana Heron

200 Little Blue Heron . ,

201 Green Heron

201a Frazar's Green Heron

201& Anthony's Green Heron

202 Black-crowned Night Heron..

203 Yellow-crowned Night Heron.

Botaurus lentiginosus 91

Ixobrychus exilis 91

neoxenus 91

Ardea occidentalis 92

" herodias herodias 93

" " fannini 93

wardi 93

" cinerea A.V.

Herodias egretta 92

Egretta candidissima candidissima. 92
" brewsteri ...294

Dichromanassa rufescens 94

Hydranassa tricolor ruflcollis 94

Florida cserulea 94

Butorides virescens virescens 94

" " frazari 94

" " anthonyi 94

Nycticorax nycticorax nsevius 93

Nyctanassa violacea 93

Order PALUDICOL^. Cranes, Rails, etc.

Family GfKUIDM. Cranes.

204 Whooping Crane Grus americana 96

205 Little Brown Crane " canadensis 96

206 Sandhill Crane " mexicana 96

264

Systematic Table of North American Birds

A.O.U.

No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Pagu

Family ARAMIDiE. Courlans.

207 Limpkin Aramus vociferus 96

Family RALLIDiE. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots.

208 King Rail Rallus elegans 97

209 Belding's Rail " beldingi 97

210 California Clapper Rail " obsoletus 97

210.1 Light-footed Rail " levipes 294

211 Clapper Rail " crepitans crepitans 98

211a Louisiana Clapper Rail " saturatus 98

211?) Florida Clapper Rail " " scotti 98

211c Wayne's Clapper Rail waynei 98

211.2 Caribbean Clapper Rail " longirostris caribseus 98

212 Virginia Rail " virginianus 97

[213] Spotted Crake Porzana porzana A.V.

214 Sora " Carolina 98

215 Yellow Rail Coturnicops noveboracensis 97

216 Black Rail Creciscus jamaicensis 98

216.1 Farallon Rail " coturniculus 294

[217]Corn Crake Crex crex A.V.

218 Purple Gallinule Ionornis martinicus 99

219 Florida Gallinule Gallinula galeata 99

[220] European Coot Fulica atra A.V.

221 Coot " americana 99

Order LIMICOL^. Shore Birds

Family PHALAROPODID^E. Phalaropes.

222 Red Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius 102

223 Northern Phalarope Lobipes lobatus 102

224 Wilson's Phalarope Steganopus tricolor 102

Family RECURVIROSTRIDiE. Avocets and Stilts.

225 Avocet Recurvirostra americana 103

226 Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus 105

Family SCOLOPACID^. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc

[227] European Woodcock Scolopax rusticola A.V.

228 Woodcock Philohela minor 105

[229]European Snipe Gallinago gallinago A.V.

230 Wilson's Snipe .• . " delicata 105

265

Systematic Table of North American Birds

a.o.u.

No. COMMON" NAME.

IGreat Snipe

231

233
234

235

SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

" media A.V.

Dowitcher Macrorhamphus griseus griseus . . . 106

Long-billed Dowitcher " • scolopaceus. lut>

Stilt Sandpiper Micropalama himantopus 106

Knot Tringa canutus in.;

Purple Sandpiper Arquatella maritima maritima L07

235a Aleutian Sandpiper " " couesi 107

2356 Pribilof Sandpiper " " ptilocnemis 10S

238 Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Pisobia aurita L09

239 Pectoral Sandpiper " maculata LOS

240 White-rumped Sandpiper " fuscicollis 109

241 Baird's Sandpiper " bairdi L09

242 Least Sandpiper " minutilla L09

[2 12.1] Long-toed Stint " damacensis \ \\

[243]Dunlin ; Pelidna alpina alpina W.

243a Red-backed Sandpiper " " sakhalina LOS

244 Curlew Sandpiper Erolia ferruginea 106

[245] Spoon-bill Sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmseus VV.

246
247
248
249
250
251

Semipalmated Sandpiper

Western Sandpiper

Sanderling

Marbled Godwit

Pacific Godwit

Hudsonian Godwit

[252]Black-tailed Godwit

[253] Green-shank ,

[253.1] Red-shank

25 4 Greater Yellow-legs

255 Yellow-legs

Ereunetes pusillus 108

mauri ins

Calidris leucopha?a 108

Limosa fedoa 110

" lapponica baueri 110

haemastica 110

" limosa A.V.

Glottis nebularia A.V.

Totanus totanus \.Y.

" melanoleucus Ill

" flavipes Ill

256 Solitary Sandpiper Helodromas solitarius solitarius. . .107

256a Western Solitary Sandpiper " " cinnamomeus.107

[257]Green Sandpiper " ocrophus A.V.

258 Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semi-

palmatus Ill

258a Western Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inor-

natus

259 Wandering Tatler

[260]Ruff

201 Upland Plover . . .

Heteractitis incanus Ill

Machetes pugnax \.\\

Bartramia longicauda 105

262 Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis 105

263 Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularia 107

264 Long-billed Curlew Numenius americanus 103

266

Systematic Table of North American Birds

A.O.U.
Xo. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Pack

265 Hudsonian Curlew Xumenius hudsonicus 103

266 Eskimo Curlew " borealis 103

| 267] Whimbrel phaeopus A.V.

268 Bristle-thighed Curlew tahitiensis 295

Family (TIARADRll I >.K. Plovers.

[269]Lapwing Vanellus vanellu.s A.V.

[269.1] Dotterel Eudromias morinellus \.V.

270 Black-bellied Plover Squatarola squatarola L10

[271]European Golden Plover Charadrius apricarius \.Y.

272 Golden Plover dominions doniinicus. . .110

272'/ Pacific Golden Plover fulvus 110

273 Killdeer Oxyechus vociferus 112

274 Semipalmated Plover iEgialitis semipalmata 112

275 Ringed Plover hiaticula 112

[276]Little Ringed Plover " dubia A.V.

277 Piping Plover nieloda 112

278 Snowy Plover nivosa 112

[279] Mongolian Plover mongola A.V.

280 Wilson's Plover Ochthodromus wilsonius 112

281 Mountain Plover Podasocys montanus 105

Family APHRIZIDiE. Surf Birds and Turnstones

282 Surf-bird Apbriza virgata Ill

283 Turnstone Arenaria interpres interpres 102

283a Ruddy Turnstone " " morinella 102

284 Black Turnstone " melanocephala 107

Family H^EMATOPODIDyE. Oyster-Catchers.

[285]European Oyster-catcher .' Hasmatopus ostralegus A.V.

286 Oyster-catcher " palliatus 104

286.1 Frazar's Oyster-catcher frazari 104

287 Black Oyster-catcher " bachmani 104

Family JACANID^. Jacanas.

[288]Mexican Jacana Jacana spinosa 102

267

Systematic Table of North American Birds

Order GALLING. Gallinaceous Birds.

Family ( >T>< )XTOPHORID^E. Bob-whites. Quails, etc.

A.O.U.

No. COMMON XAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

289 Bob- white Colinus virginianus virginianus 115

289a Florida Bob-white " « floridanus 115

2896 Texas Bob-white " « texanus LIB

291 Masked Bob-white " ridgwayi 1 I ;,

292 Mountain Quail Oreortyx picta picta 116

292o Plumed Quail » « piumifera 116

292ft San Pedro Quail " " confinis '. . . 116

293 Scaled Quail Callipepla squamata squamata 116

I hestnut-bellied Scaled Quail " " castanogastris.116

294 California Quail Lophortyx californica californica . . 116

294a Valley Quail « « vallicola 116

295 Gambel's Quail " gambeli 116

296 Mearns's Quail Cyrtonyx montezumae mearn.si 115

Family TETRAONID^E. Grouse, Partridges, etc.

297 Dusky Grouse Dendragapus obscurus obscurus. . .117

297a Sooty Grouse « » fuliginosus..H7

2976 Richardson's Grouse " " richardsoni . 117

297c Sierra Grouse " « sierrae 295

298 Hudsonian Spruce Partridge Canachites canadensis canadensis.. 117

2986 Alaska Spruce Partridge " " osgoodi . . . 117

298c Canada Spruce Partridge " " canace ....117

299 Franklin's Grouse " franklini 117

300 Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus umbellus 118

300a Canada Ruffed Grouse " " togata 118

3006 Gray Ruffed Grouse " " umbelloides 118

300c Oregon Ruffed Grouse " " sabini 118

301 Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus lagopus 119

301fl Allen's Ptarmigan " " alleni 119

3016 Alexander's Ptarmigan " " alexandrse 295

301c Ungava Ptarmigan " " ungavus 295

302 Rock Ptarmigan " rupestris rupestris 119

302a Reinhardt's Ptarmigan " " reinhardi 119

'■\02b Nelson's Ptarmigan " " nelsoni 119

302c Turner's Ptarmigan " " atkhensis 120

302d Townsend's Ptarmigan " " townsendi 120

302 e Adak Ptarmigan " " chamberlaini ...296

302 f Dixon'.s Ptarmigan " " dixoni 296

302.1 Evermann's Ptarmigan " evermanni 120

303 Welch's Ptarmigan " welchi 120

Systematic Table of North American Birds

A.O.U.
No.

COMMON NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

Page

304 White-tailed Ptarmigan Lagopus leucurus leucurus 118

304a Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan... " peninsularis 118

305 Prairie Chicken Tympanuchus americanus americanus

121
305a Attwater's Prairie Chicken " attwateri.121

306 Heath Hen " cupido 121

307 Lesser Prairie Chicken " pallidicinctus 121

308 Sharp-tailed Grouse Pedicecetes phasianellus phasianel-

lus 121

308a Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse.. Pedicecetes phasianellus columbianus

121
308?> Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse " " campestris. .121

309 Sage Hen Centrocercus urophasianus 122

Family MELEAGEID^E. Turkeys.

310 Merriam's Turkey Meleagris gallopavo merriami 122

310a Wild Turkey " " silvestris 122

310& Florida Turkey " " osceola 122

310c Rio Grande Turkey " intermedia.. . .122

Family CRACID^.

311 Chachalaca

ClJRASSOWS AND GuANS.
Ortalis vetula mccalli 122

Order COLUMB^. Pigeons.

Family COLUMBID^E. Pigeons.

312 Band-tailed Pigeon

312a Viosca's Pigeon

313 Red-billed Pigeon

314 White-crowned Pigeon

[314.1] Scaled Pigeon

315 Passenger Pigeon

316 Mourning Dove

316i Western Mourning Dove

317 Zenaida Dove

318 White-fronted Dove

319 West Indian White-winged Dove.
319a White-winged Dove

320 Ground Dove

320a Mexican Ground Dove

320& Bermuda Ground Dove

Columba fasciata fasciata 124

" vioscse 124

" flavirostris 124

" leucocephala 124

squamosa A.V.

Ectopistes migratorius 125

Zenaidura macroura carolinensis. . .125
" margin ella . . .296

Zenaida zenaida 125

Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera. .125

Melopelia asiatica asiatica 126

" " trudeaui 296

Chasmepelia passerina terrestris 126

" " pallescens.. .126

" " bermudiana.126

269

Systematic Table of North American Birds

a.o.u.

No.

COMMON NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

321 Inca Dove Scardafella inca 126

[322] Key West Quail-dove Geotrygon chrysia 126

[322.1]Ruddy Quail-dove « niontana ...... .12Q

[323]Blue-headed Quail-dove Starnoenas cyanocephala 126

Order RAPTORES.

Family ( WTHAETI1XK

324
325
326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

334a

335

337

337a

3376

3370-

337 e

339

339a

3396

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347a

348

349

Birds of Prey.

American Vultures.

California Vulture Gymnogyps califomianus i 29

Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura septentrionalis . . . L29

Black Vulture Catharista urubu 129

Family BUTEONIILE. Hawks, Eagles, Kites, etc.

Swallow-tailed Kite . . . , Elanoides forficatus 130

White-tailed Kite Elanus leucurus 130

Mississippi Kite Ictinia mississippiensis 130

Everglade Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis 130

Marsh Hawk Circus hudsonius 130

Sharp-.shinned Hawk Accipiter velox 131

Cooper's Hawk << cooperi 131

Goshawk « atricapillus atricapillus . . . 131

Western Goshawk « « striatulus 131

Harris's Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi 132

Red-tailed Hawk Buteo borealis borealis 132

Krider's Hawk

Western Red-tail

Harlan's Hawk

Alaska Red-tail

Red-shouldered Hawk

Florida Red-shouldered Hawk.

Red-bellied Hawk

Zone-tailed Hawk

Sennett's White-tailed Hawk..

Swainson's Hawk

Broad-winged Hawk

Short-tailed Hawk

" krideri L32

calurus 132

" harlani 132

" alascensis 296

lineatus lineatus 133

" alleni 133

" elegans 133

abbreviatus 134

albicaudatus sennetti 135

swainsoni 133

platypterus 133

brachyurus 135

Mexican Black Hawk Urubitinga anthracina 134

Mexican Goshawk Asturina plagiata 131

Rough-legged Hawk Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis.135

Ferruginous Rough-leg " f errugineus 135

Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos 136

270

Systematic Table of North American Birds
a.o.u.

No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

[351]Gray Sea Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla A.V.

352 Bald Eagle " leucocephalus leucocephalus

136

352a Northern Bald Eagle alascanus. .136

Family FALCONDID^E. Falcons, Caracaras, etc.

353 White Gyrfalcon Falco islandus 136

354 Gray Gyrfalcon " rusticolus rusticolus 136

354a Gyrfalcon gyrfalco 136

354fr Black Gyrfalcon " " obsoletus 137

355 Prairie Falcon " niexicanus 135

[356] Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus peregrinus A.V.

356a Duck Hawk " anatum 137

356b Peale's Falcon " pealei 137

357 Pigeon Hawk Falco columbarius columbarius. . . .137

357a Black Pigeon Hawk " " suckleyi 137

358 Richardson's Pigeon Hawk " richardsoni ....137

[358.1] Merlin " aesalon A.V.

359 Aplomado Falcon " fusco-caerulescens 137

[359.1] Kestrel " tinnunculus A.V.

360 Sparrow Hawk " sparverius sparverius 137

360a Desert Sparrow Hawk " phalasna 138

360b San Lucas Sparrow Hawk " peninsularis 138

360c Little Sparrow Hawk " " paulus 296

[361]Cuban Sparrow Hawk " sparveroides A.V.

362 Audubon's Caracara Polyborus cheriway 134

363 Guadalupe Caracara " lutosus 134

Family PANDIONID^E. Ospreys.

364 Osprey Pandion haliaetus carolinensis 129

Family ALUCONDIDiE. Barn Owls.

365 Barn Owl Aluco pratincola 138

Family STRIGID^L Horned Owls, etc.

366 Long-eared Owl Asio wilsonianus 138

367 Short-eared Owl " flammeus 138

368 Barred Owl Strix varia varia 139

368a Florida Barred Owl " " alleni 139

368b Texas Barred Owl " " albogilva 139

271

Systematic Table of North American Birds

A.O.U.

No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

369 Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis occidentalis 139

369a Northern Spotted Owl " " caurina 139

370 Great Gray Owl Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa 139

[370a]Lapp Owl " " lapponica ...A.V.

371 Richardson's Owl Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni. . .139

372 Saw-whet Owl " acadica acadica 140

372a Northwestern Saw-whet Owl " " scotsea 140

373 Screech Owl Otus asio asio 141

373a Florida Screech Owl " " floridanus 141

373b Texas Screech Owl " " mccalli 141

373 c California Screech Owl " " bendirei 141

373d Kennicotfs Screech Owl " " kennicotti 141

373 e Rocky Mountain Screech Owl... " " maxwelliae 141

373 f Mexican Screech Owl " " cineraceus 142

373(7 Aiken's Screech Owl " " aikeni 142

373ft MacFarlane's Screech Owl " " macfarlanei 142

373 i Sahuaro Screech Owl " " gilmani 297

373.1 Spotted Screech Owl " trichopsis 142

373.2 Xantus's Screech Owl " xantusi 142

374 Flammulated Screech Owl " flammeolus flammeolus 142

374a Dwarf Screech Owl " " idahoensis 142

375 Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus virginianus 143

375a Western Horned Owl " " pallescens 143

375& Arctic Horned Owl " " subarcticus 143

375c Dusky Horned Owl " " saturatus 143

375d" Pacific Horned Owl " " pacificus 143

375e Dwarf Horned Owl " " elachistus 143

375 f Labrador Horned Owl " " heterocnemis 297

375a Saint Michael Horned Owl " " algistus 297

376 Snowy Owl Nyctea nyctea 143

[377]European Hawk Owl Surnia ulula ulula A.V.

377a Hawk Owl " " caparoch 143

378 Burrowing Owl Speotyto cunicularia hypogaja 138

378a Florida Burrowing Owl " floridana 138

370 Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl Glaucidium gnoma pinicola 140

379a California Pygmy Owl " " californicum .. .140

379.1 Hoskins's Pygmy Owl " hoskinsi 140

380 Ferruginous Pygmy Owl phalaenoidas 140

381 Elf Owl Micropallas whitneyi 140

272

Systematic Table of North American Bikds

Order PSITTACI. Parrots, Macaws, Paroquets, etc.
Family PSITTACIDiE. Parrots and Paroquets.

A.O.U.
No.

COMMON NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

Page

382 Carolina Paroquet Conuropsis carolinensis 145

382.1 Thick-billed Parrot Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha 145

Order COCCYGES. Cuckoos, etc.

Family CUC\JIXDM. Cuckoos, Anis, etc.

[383]Ani

384 Groove-billed Aui . . .

385 Road-runner

386 Mangrove Cuckoo . . .
[386a]Maynard's Cuckoo .

387 Yellow-billed Cuckoo
3S7« California Cuckoo . . .
38S Black-billed Cuckoo .
T388.1] Kamchatka Cuckoo

Crotophaga ani 146

sulcirostris 146

Geococcyx californianus 146

Coccyzus minor minor 146

maynardi 146

" americanus americanus. .146
offidentalis.146

erythrophthalmus 146

Cuculus canorus telephonus A.V.

Family TROGONID^E. Trogons.

3S9 Coppery-tailed Trogon Trogon ambiguus 147

Family ALCEDINID.^. Kingfishers.

390 Belted Kingfisher

390a Northwestern Belted Kingfisher.
[390.1]Ringed Kingfisher

39 1 Texas Kingfisher

Ceryle alcyon alcyon 147

" caurina 297

" torquata A.V.

" americana septentrionalis. .147

Order PICI. Woodpeckers, Wrynecks, etc.

Family PICIDtE. Woodpeckers.

392

393

393fl.

3936

393c

393(Z

393 e

393 f

393o

Ivory-billed Woodpecker

Hairy Woodpecker

Northern Hairy Woodpecker . .
Southern Hairy Woodpecker . .

Harris's Woodpecker

Cabanis's Woodpecker

Rocky Mt. Hairy Woodpecker.
Queen Charlotte Woodpecker.
Newfoundland Woodpecker . . .

Campephilus principalis 149

Dryobates villosus villosus 150

leucomela,s .... 150

auduboni 150

harrisi 150

hyloscopus . . . .150

monticola 150

picoideus 150

terrasnovse . . . .297

273

Systematic Table of North American Birds

a. or

Xo.

COMMON NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

Page

393* White-breasted Woodpecker

394 Southern Downy Woodpecker...

394a Cairdner's Woodpecker

3947> Batchelder's Woodpecker

394 c Downy Woodpecker

394<7 Nelson's Downy Woodpecker. . . .

394 c Willow Woodpecker

395 Red-cockaded Woodpecked

396 Cactus WToodpecker

396« San Lucas Woodpecker

3967* San Fernando Woodpecker

397 Nuttall's Woodpecker

398 Arizona Woodpecker

399 White-headed Woodpecker

400 Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker..

401 Amer. Three-toed Woodpecker...
401« Alaska Three-toed Woodpecker..

401 & Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker. .

402 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker

402a Red-naped Sapsucker

403 Red-breasted Sap.sucker

103a Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker

404 Williamson's Sapsucker

405 Pileated Woodpecker

405a Northern Pileated Woodpecker. .

406 Red-headed Woodpecker

407 Ant-eating Woodpecker

107a Californian Woodpecker

In7'< Narrow-fronted Woodpecker ....

408 Lewis's Woodpecker

409 Red-bellied Woodpecker

410 Golden-fronted Woodpecker

411 Gila Woodpecker

412 Southern Flicker

1 1 -a Northern Flicker

413 Red-shafted Flicker

1 1 3a Northwestern Flicker

414 Gilded Flicker

MP/ San Fernando Flicker

4146 Mearns's Gilded Flicker

415 Guadalupe Flicker

Oryobates villosus leucothorectis. . .L".i7
pnbescens pubescens ...150
gairdneri . . . .150

homorus 150

medianus . . . .150

nelsoni 150

turati 151

borealis 151

scalaris cactophilus ....151

lucasanus 151

eremicus 297

nuttalli 151

arizonse 141

Xenopicus albolarvatus 151

Picoides arcticus 149

" americanus americanus.149

" fasciatus . . .149

dorsalis .. . .149

Sphyrapicus varius varius 1">2

" " nuchalis 152

ruber ruber 152

" notkensis 152

thyroideus 152

Ceophlceus pileatus pileatus 149

abieticola . . . .149

Melanerpes erythrocephalus 1 5 :'.

" formicivorus formicivorus 153

" bairdi 1 ■<'■'■

angustifrons.153

Asyndesmus lewisi 152

Centurus carolinus 153

aurifrons L53

" uropygialis 15:!

Colaptes auratus auratus 1 5 1

" " luteus 1 5 1

" caf er collaris 154

" " saturatior 154

" chrysoides chrysoides .. . .154
brunnescens. . .154

mearnsi 298

" rufipileus 1 5 I

274

Systematic Table of North American Birds
a.o.u.

No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

Order MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc.

Family CAPRIMULGID.E. Goatsuckers, etc.

416 Chuck-will's-widow Antrostomus earolinensis 156

417 Whip-poor-will " vocif erus vociferus .... 156

417« Stephen's Whip-poor-will " " macromystax.156

418 Poor-will Phalaenoptilus nuttalli nuttali 156

418« Fro.sted Poor-will nitidus 156

41S/> Dusky Poor-will " calif ornicus. 156

419 Merrill's Parauque Nyetidromus albicollis merrilli 157

420 Nighthawk Chordeiles virginianus virginianus. . 157

420rt Western Nighthawk " henryi 157

420& Florida Nighthawk " " chapmani . . 1 57

420c Sennett's Nighthawk " " sennetti ....157

421 Texas Nighthawk " acutipennis texensis. . . .157

Family MICROPODID^E. Swifts.

422 Black Swift Cypseloides niger borealis 158

423 Chimney Swift Chsetura pelagica 158

424 Vaux's Swift " vauxi 15S

425 White-throated Swift Aeronautes melanoleucus 158

Family TROCHILIDiK. Hummingbirds.

426 Rivoli's Hummingbird Eugenes fulgens 159

427 Blue-throated Hummingbird .... Cyanolsemus clemenciae 160

428 Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris 160

429 Black-chinned Hummingbird alexandri 159

430 Costa's Hummingbird Calypte costse 159

431 Anna's Hummingbird " anna 161

432 Broad-tailed Hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus 161

433 Rufous Hummingbird " rufus 101

434 Allen's Hummingbird Selasphorus alleni 161

435 Morcom's Hummingbird AtthLs morcomi 161

436 Calliope Hummingbird Stellula calliope '. 161

437 Lucifer Hummingbird Calothorax lucifer 159

438 Rieffer's Hummingbird Amizilis tzacatl 169

439 Buff -bellied Hummingbird " cerviniventris chalconota.160

439.1 Salvin's Hummingbird Uranomitra salvini 298

440 Xantus's Hummingbird Basilinna xantusi 159

440.1 White-eared Hummingbird " leucotis 160

441 Broad-billed Hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris 160

215

18

Systematic Table of North American Birds
a.o.u.

No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

Order PASSERES. Perching Birds

Family COTINGID.E. Cotingas.

[441.1]Xantus's Beeard Platypsaris aglaias albiventris A.V.

Family TYRANNID^E. Tyrant Flycatchers.

[442] Fork-tailed Flycatcher Muscivora tyrannus A.V.

443 Scissor-tailed Flycatcher " forficata 177

444 Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus 247

445 Gray Kingbird " dominicensis 247

446 Couch's Kingbird " melancholicus couchi. ... 202

447 Arkansas Kingbird " verticalis 202

448 Cassin's Kingbird " vociferans 202

449 Derby Flycatcher Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus 202

451 Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher Myiodynastes luteiventris 203

452 Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus 203

453 Arizona Crested Flycatcher " magister magister 203

453a Mexican Crested Flycatcher .... " " nelsoni 203

454 Ash-throated Flycatcher .... " cinerascens cinerascens 203

454fr Lower California Flycatcher " "■ pertinax ...203

455a Olivaceous Flycatcher " lawrencei olivascens 203

456 Phoebe Sayornis phcebe 208

457 Say's Phcebe " sayus 205

458 Black Phcebe " nigricans 251

459 Olive-sided Flycatcher Nuttallornis borealis 208

460 Coues's Flycatcher Myiochanes pertinax pallidiventris. . 208

461 Wood Pewee virens 238

462 Western Wood Pewee richardsoni richardsoni . 208

462a Large-billed Wood Pewee Myiochanes richardsoni peninsula?. 208

463 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax flaviventris 211

464 Western Flycatcher " difficilis difficilis 210

464.1 San Lucas Flycatcher " cineritius 210

465 Acadian Flycatcher virescens 210

466 Traill's Flycatcher " trailli trailli 209

466a Alder Flycatcher " " alnorum 209

467 Least Flycatcher minimus 209

468 Hammond's Flycatcher " hammondi 209

469 Wright's Flycatcher " wrighti 209

469.1 Gray Flycatcher " griseus 209

470a Buff -breasted Flycatcher " fulvifrons pygmseus 215

471 Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus. . .177

472 Beardless Flycatcher Camptostoma imberbe 211

276

Systematic Table of North American Birds

a.o.u.

No.

COMMON NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

Page

Family ALAUDID^E. Larks.

[473]Skylark

474 Horned Lark

474a Pallid Horned Lark

4746 Prairie Horned Lark ....

474c Desert Horned Lark

474a" Texas Horned Lark

474 e California Horned Lark .

474 f Ruddy Horned Lark

474*/ Streaked Horned Lark . .
474/i Scorched Horned Lark . .

474 i Dusky Horned Lark

474; Sonora Horned Lark ....

474fc Hoyt's Horned Lark

474 I Montezuma Horned Lark
474/» Island Horned Lark

Alauda arvensis .
Otocoris alpestris

A.V.

alpestris 200

arcticola 200

praticola 200

leucolasma 201

giraudi 200

actia 20i

rubea 201

strigata 201

adusta 201

merrilli 201

pallida 201

hoyti 200

occidentalis . . . .201
insularis 201

Family CORVIDiE. Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc

475 Magpie Pica pica hudsonia 253

476 Yellow-billed Magpie " nuttalli 253

477 Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata cristata 181

477a Florida Blue Jay " " florincola 182

478 Steller's Jay " stelleri stelleri 185

478a Blue-fronted Jay " " frontalis 182

4786 Long-crested Jay " diademata 185

478 c Black-headed Jay " " annectens 1S5

478d Queen Charlotte Jay " " carlottae 185

478e Coast Jay " carbonacea 298

479 Florida Jay Aphelocoma cyanea 184

480 Woodhouse's Jay

480.1 Blue-eared Jay .

480.2 Texas Jay

481 California Jay . . .
481a Xantus's Jay . . .
4816 Belding's Jay . . .
481.1 Santa Cruz Jay .

482 Arizona Jay ....
4S2a Couch's Jay ....

woodhousei 184

cyanotis 184

texana 184

californica californica.184

" " hypoleuca . 184

" " obscura. . .184

" insularis 184

" sieberi arizonae 183

" " couchi 183

483 Green Jay Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens. . . .185

277

Systematic Table of North American Birds

a.o.u.

No.

COMMON NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

Page

484

484a

484/;

484c

485

485a

486

486a

487

488

488a

4886

489

490

[490

[490,

491

492

Canada Jay Perisoreus canadensis canadensis. 252

Rocky Mountain Jay

Alaska Jay

Labrador Jay

Oregon Jay

Gray Jay

American Raven
Northern Raven
White-necked Raven
American Crow

" capitalis 252

" " fumifrons 252

" " nigricapillus. ..252

obscurus obscurus 252

" " griseus 252

Corvus corax sinuatus 255

" " principalis 255

" cryptoleucus 255

" brachyrhynchos brachyrhyn-

' chos 255

" brachyrhnchos pascuus.. . .255

" " hesperis . .304

" caurinus 255

" ossifragus 255

" frugilegus A.V.

" cornix A.V.

Nucifraga columbiana 252

Pifion Jay Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus 183

Florida Crow

Western Crow
Northwestern Crow

Fish Crow

,l]Rook

2] Hooded Crow ...
Clarke's Crow ....

Family STURNID^E. Starlings.

[493] Starling Sturnus vulgaris . .

494

495

495a

496

496a

497

498

498a

498b

498 c

498a"

498 e

498f

498a

499

500

Family ICTERIDiE. Blackbirds, Orioles, etc

Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus 251

Cowbird Molothrus ater ater 253

Dwarf Cowbird " " obscurus 253

Red-eyed Cowbird Tangavius aeneus involucratus 253

Bronzed Cowbird " " aaneus 304

Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus ... 199

Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phceniceus phoeniceus. . .178

Sonora Red-wing .......

Bahama Red-wing

Florida Red-wing

Thick-billed Red-wing . ,
San Diego Red-wing . . .
Northwestern Red-wing
Vera Cruz Red-wing....
Bicolored Blackbird
Tricolored Blackbird .

sonoriensis. . . .178

bryanti 178

floridanus 178

fortis 178

neutralis 178

caurinus 178

richmondi . . . .298
gubernator californicus.. .179
tricolor 179

278

Systematic Table of North American Birds

A.O.U.
No.

COMMON NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

1'AGE

501 Meadowlark

501a Rio Grande Meadowlark
501c Southern Meadowlark . .
501.1 Western Meadowlark . . .

Sturnella magna magna 199

" hoopesi 199

" argutula 199

" neglecta 199

503 Audubon's Oriole Icterus melanocephalus auduboni. .180

504 Scott's Oriole

505 Sennett's Oriole

505a Arizona Hooded Oriole

parisorum 186

cucullatus sennetti 186

nelsoni 186

spurius 206

galbula 186

bullocki 186

506 Orchard Oriole

507 Baltimore Oriole

508 Bullock's Oriole

509 Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus 254

510 Brewer's Blackbird " cyanocephalus 254

511 Purple Grackle Quiscalus quiscula quiscula 254

511a Florida Grackle " " aglseus 254

511& Bronzed Grackle " " seneus 254

513 Boat-tailed Grackle Megaquiscalus major major 254

513a Great-tailed Grackle " " macrourus. . .254

Family FRINGILLID^E.

514 Evening Grosbeak

514a Western Evening Grosbeak.

515 Pine Grosbeak

515a Rocky Mt. Pine Grosbeak. . .
515& California Pine Grosbeak . . .

515c Alaska Pine Grosbeak

5150" Kadiak Pine Grosbeak

[516]Cassin's Bullfinch

517 Purple Finch

517a California Purple Finch

518 Cassin's Purple Finch

519 . House Finch

519& San Lucas House Finch

519c San Clemente House Finch..

520 Guadalupe House Finch

520.1 McGregor's House Finch . . .

521 American Crossbill

521a Mexican Crossbill

522 White-winged Crossbill

Finches, Sparrows, etc.

Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina

199
montana. . .199

Pinicola enucleator leucura 171

" montana 171

calif ornica ....171
" alascensis ....171

flammula 171

Pyrrhula cassini A.V.

Carpodacus purpureus purpureus. .171
" calif ornicus. . .171

" cassini 175

mexicanus frontalis. . .175

" ruberrimus.175

" " dementis.. .175

" amplus 175

mcgregori 175

Loxia curvirostra minor 173

stricklandi 173

" leucoptera 171

279

Systematic Table of North American Birds
a.o.u.

No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

523 Aleutian Rosy Finch Leucosticto griseonucha 179

524 Gray-crowned Rosy Finch " tephrocotis tephrocotis.179

524a Hepburn's Rosy Finch " " littoralis 179

525 Black Rosy Finch " atrata 179

526 Brown-capped Rosy Finch " australis 179

527. Greenland Redpoll AcanthLs hornemanni hornemanni.176

527a Hoary Redpoll •• » exilipes 176

528 Redpoll « linaria linaria 176

528a Holbcell's Redpoll " " holbcelli 176

528& Greater Redpoll " " rostrata 176

529 Goldfinch Astragalinus tristis tristis 192

529a Pale Goldfinch " " pallidus 192

529& Willow Goldfinch " " salicamans 192

530 Arkansas Goldfinch " psaltria psaltria 192

530a Green-backed Goldfinch " " hesperophilus 299

531 Lawrence's Goldfinch " lawrencei 189

[532]Black-headed Goldfinch Spinus notatus A.V.

533 Pine Siskin " pinus pinus 225

534 Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis 211

534a Pribilof Snow Bunting " " townsendi ..211

535 McKay's Snow Bunting " hyperboreus 211

536 Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus. . .219

536a Alaska Longspur " " alascensis ..219

537 Smith's Longspur " pictus 220

538 Chestnut-collared Longspur " ornatus 218

539 McCown's Longspur Rhynchophanes mccowni 218

540 Vesper Sparrow Pocecetes gramineus gramineus 221

540a Western Vesper Sparrow " " confinis 221

540& Oregon Vesper Sparrow " " affinis 221

541 Ipswich Sparrow Passerculus princeps 225

542 Aleutian Savannah Sparrow '* sandwichensis sandwichen-

sis 223

542a Savannah Sparrow " sandwichensis savanna. . .223

5426 Western Savannah Sparrow " " alaudinus. .223

542c Bryant's Sparrow " " bryanti 223

542<Z Nevada Savannah Sparrow " " nevadensis 300

543 Belding's Sparrow " beldingi 223

544 Large-billed Sparrow " rostratus rostratus 223

544a San Lucas Sparrow " " guttatus 223

544c San Benito Sparrow " " sanctorum 224

545 Baird's Sparrow Ammodramus bairdi 224

546 Grasshopper Sparrow " savannarum australis. 224

280

Systematic Table op North American Birds

a.o.u

No. COMMON NAME

546a Western Grasshopper Sparrow.

5406 Florida Grasshopper Sparrow...

547 Henslow'.s Sparrow

547a Western Henslow's Sparrow...

548 Leconte's Sparrow

549 Sharp-tailed Sparrow

549.1 Nelson's Sparrow

549.1«Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow.

550 Seaside Sparrow

550a Scott's Seaside Sparrow

550& Texas Seaside Sparrow

550 c Fisher's Seaside Sparrow

550«* Macgillivray's Seaside Sparrow.

551 Dusky Seaside Sparrow

552 Lark Sparrow

552a Western Lark Sparrow

553 Harris's Sparrow

554 White-crowned Sparrow

554a Gambel's Sparrow

554& Nuttall's Sparrow

557 Golden-crowned Sparrow

558 White-throated Sparrow

559 Tree Sparrow

559a Western Tree Sparrow

560 Chipping Sparrow

560a Western Chipping Sparrow

561 Clay-colored Sparrow

562 Brewer's Sparrow „

563 Field Sparrow

563a Western Field Sparrow

564 Worthen's Sparrow

565 Black-chinned Sparrow

566 White-winged Junco

567 Slate-Colored Junco

567a Oregon Junco

5676 Shufeldt's Junco

567 c Thurber's Junco

567(7 Point Pinos Junco

567 e Carolina Junco

567 f Montana Junco

281

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Page

Ammodramus savannarum bimacu-

culatus 224

" savannarum floridanus.224

Passerherbulus henslowi henslowi.224

occidentalis.224

lecontei 225

caudacutus 225

nelsoni nelsoni 225

subvirgatus.225

maritimus maritirnus.226

peninsulse. . .226

" sennetti 226

flsheri 226

macgillivraii.226

nigrescens 226

Chondestes grammacus grammacus 228
strigatus. . .228

Zonotrichia querula 229

leucophrys leucophrys.227

gambeli 227

nuttalli 227

coronata 227

albicollis 227

Spizella monticola monticola 222

ochracea 222

passerina passerina 222

arizonse 222

pallida 228

" breweri 228

" pusilla pusilla 222

" arenacea 222

" wortheni 228

" atrogularis 219

Junco aikeni 240

" hyemalis hyemalis 240

" " oreganus 241

" " connectens 241

" " thurberi 241

" pinosus 241

" carolinensis 240

" " montanus 240

Systematic Table of North American Birds

a.o.u.

No.

COMMON NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

Page

567# Pink-sided Junco

5677i Ridgway's Junco

567 i Townsend's Junco

570 Arizona Junco

570a Red-backed Junco

5706 Gray-headed Junco

571 Baird's Junco

572 Guadalupe Junco

573 Black-throated Sparrow

573a Desert Black-throated Sparrow.

574 Bell's Sparrow

574.1 Sage Sparrow

574.1oGray Sage Sparrow

574.1oCalifornia Sage Sparrow

575 Pine-woods Sparrow ,

575a Bachman's Sparrow

576 Botteri's Sparrow

578 Cassin's Sparrow

570 Rufous-winged Sparrow

580 Rufous-crowned Sparrow

580a Scott's Sparrow

5806 Rock Sparrow

580c Laguna Sparrow

581 Song Sparrow

581a Desert Song Sparrow

581& Mountain Song Sparrow

581c Heermann's Song Sparrow

581a" Samuel's Song Sparrow

581 e Rusty Song Sparrow

581 f Sooty Song Sparrow

581«7 Brown's Song Sparrow

581ft Santa Barbara Song Sparrow. .
581 i San Clemente Song Sparrow..

581/ Dakota Song Sparrow

581fc Merrill's Song Sparrow

581 1 Alameda Song Sparrow

581m San Diego Song Sparrow

581« Yakutat Song Sparrow

581o Kenai Song Sparrow

581p Mendocino Song Sparrow

581a Kadiak Song Sparrow

Junco hyemalis mearnsi 240

" annectens 303

" townsendi 240

" phaeonotus palliatus 241

" dorsalis 241

" caniceps 241

bairdi 240

" insularis 240

Amphispiza bilineata bilineata 249

deserticola. ..249

belli 228

nevadensis nevadensis.228

" " cinerea .. . .228

" canescens .300

Peucaea aestivalis aestivalis 221

" " bachmani 221

botterii 221

" cassini 221

Aimophila carpalis 220

" ruriceps ruficeps 220

scotti 220

" " eremoeca 220

" " sororia 220

Melospiza melodia melodia 229

fallax 229

" " montana 229

" " heermanni 229

" " samuelis 230

" " morphna 230

rufina 230

" " rivularis 229

" " graminea 230

" " clenientse 230

juddi 229

merrilli 229

pusillula 230

" " cooperi 230

" " caurina 230

" " kenaiensis 230

" " cleonensis 301

" " insignis 230

282

Systematic Table of Nokth American Birds

A.O.U.

No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

581r Aleutian Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia sanaka 230

581s Suisun Song Sparrow " " maxillaris 300

583 Lincoln's Sparrow lincolni lincolni 226

583a Forbush's Sparrow " striata 226

584 Swamp Sparrow georgiana 222

585 Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca iliaca 231

585a Shumagin Sparrow " unalaschcensis ...231

585& Thick-billed Sparrow " megarhyncha ....231

585c Slate-colored Sparrow " schistacea 231

585a" Stephens's Sparrow " stephensi 231

585 e Sooty Fox Sparrow " fuliginosa 301

585 f Kadiak Fox Sparrow insularis 301

586 Texas Sparrow Arremonops rufivirgatus 215

587 Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythroph-

thalmus 204

587a White-eyed Towhee " erythrophthalmus alleni 201

588 Arctic Towhee' " maculatus arcticus 204

588a Spurred Towhee

588& Oregon Towhee

588 c San Clemente Towhee
588a" San Diego Towhee . . .
588 e Large-billed Towhee .

montanus 204

oregonus 204

clementse 204

megalonyx 204

magnirostris . . . .204
589 Guadalupe Towhee " consobrinus 204

591 Canon Towhee " fuscus mesoleucus 205

591a San Lucas Towhee " " albigula 205

591.1 California Towhee " crissalis crissalis 205

591.1aAnthony's Towhee " " senicula 205

592 Abert's Towhee " aberti 205

592.1 Green-tailed Towhee Oreospiza chlorura 206

593 Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis 177

593a Arizona Cardinal " superbus 172

593& San Lucas Cardinal " " igneus 172

593 c Gray-tailed Cardinal " canicaudus ... 172

593a" Florida Cardinal " floridanus 172

594 Arizona Pyrrhuloxia Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata 172

594a Texas Parrhuloxia " " texana 172

5946 San Lucas Pyrrhuloxia " " peninsulse 172

595 Rose-breasted Grosbeak Zamelodia ludoviciana 174

596 Black-headed Grosbeak " melanocephala 207

597 Blue Grosbeak Guiraca caerulea cserulea 181

283

Systematic Table of North American Birds
a.o.u.

No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

597a Western Blue Grosbeak Guiraca caerulea lazula 181

598 Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea 181

599 Lazuli Bunting " amcena 180

600 Varied Bunting versicolor versicolor. .. .180

600a Beautiful Bunting " " pulchra 180

601 Painted Bunting " ciris 180

602 Sharpe's Seed-eater Sporophila morelleti sharpei 249

[603]Grassquit Tiaris bicolor A.V.

[603.1]Melodious Grassquit " canora A.V.

604 Dickcissel Spiza americana 198

605 Lark Bunting Calamospiza melanocorys 252

Family TANGARITLE. Tanagers.

607 Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana 171

608 Scarlet Tanager " erythromelas 171

609 Hepatic Tanager " hepatica 171

610 Summer Tanager " rubra rubra 171

610a Cooper's Tanager " " cooperi 171

Family HIRUNDINID^. Swallows.

611 Purple Martin Progne subis subis 250

611a Western Martin " " hesperia 250

611.1 Cuban Martin " cryptoleuca 250

611.2 Gray-breasted Martin " cbalybea 304

612 Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons. .250

612a Lesser Cliff Swallow " " tachina. ... 304

612& Mexican Cliff Swallow " " melanogastra 250

[612.1]Cuban Cliff Swallow " fulva A.V.

613 Barn Swallow Hirundo erythrogastra 250

[613.1] European Swallow " rustica A.V.

614 Tree Swallow Iridoprocne bicolor 250

615 Northern Violet-green Swallow.. Tachycineta thalassina lepida 250

615a San Lucas Swallow " " bracb.yptera.250

[615. l]Bahama Swallow Callichelidon cyaneoviridis A.V.

[615.2] European Martin Chelidonaria urbica A.V.

616 Bank Swallow Riparia riparia 211

617 Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis 211

Family BOMOCYILLID^E. Waxwings.

618 Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla garrula 198

619 Cedar Waxwing " cedrorum 198

284

Systematic Table op North American Birds

a.o.u.

No.

COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME.

Family PTILOGONATID^E. Silky Flycatchers.

Page

620 Phainopepla Phainopepla nitens

Family LANIID.E. Shrikes.

.253

621 Northern Shrike

622 Loggerhead Shrike . .
622a White-rumped Shrike

622& California Shrike

622c Island Shrike

622 e Migrant Shrike

Lanius borealis 248

ludovicianus ludovicianus. .248
excubitorides 248

gambeli 248

anthonyi 248

migrans 304

Family VIREONID^E. Vireos.

623 Black- whiskered Vireo Vireosylva calidris barbatula 212

624 Red-eyed Vireo

[625]Yellow-green Vireo

626 Philadelphia Vireo

627 Warbling Vireo

627a Western Warbling Vireo

628 Yellow-throated Vireo . . .

629 Blue-headed Vireo

629a Cassin's Vireo

629b Plumbeous Vireo

629 c Mountain Solitary Vireo .
6290" San Lucas Solitary Vireo.

630 Black-capped Vireo

631 White-eyed Vireo

631a Key West Vireo

631& Bermuda Vireo

631c Small White-eyed Vireo . .

632 Hutton's Vireo

632a Stephens's Vireo

632c Anthony's Vireo

632a Frazar's Vireo

633 Bell's Vireo

633a Least Vireo

6336 Texas Vireo

634 Gray Vireo

olivacea 212

flavoviridis 233

philadelphica 213

gilva gilva 213

" swainsoni 213

Lanivireo flavif rons 198

" solitarius solitarius 213

" cassini 213

" " plumbeus 213

alticola 213

" " lucasanus 213

Vireo atricapillus 245

" griseus griseus 213

" maynardi 213

" " bermudianus 213

" micrus 213

" huttoni huttoni 212

" " stephensi 212

" " obscurus 212

" " cognatus 299

" belli belli 214

" " pusillus 214

" medius 299

" vicinior 214

Family CCEREBIDiE. Honey Creepers.

[635] Bahama Honey Creeper Coereba bahamensis A.V.

285

Systematic Table of Nokth American Birds

A.O.U.

No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

Family MNIOTILTID^E. Wood Warblers.

636 Black and White Warbler Mniotilta varia 249

637 Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea 187

638 Swainson's Warbler Helinaia .swainsoni 215

639 Worm-eating Warbler Helmitberos vermivorus 215

640 Bachman's Warbler Vermivora bachmani 191

641 Blue-winged Warbler " pinus 191

642 Golden-winged Warbler " chrysoptera 189

643 Lucy's Warbler " lucia? 206

644 Virginia's Warbler " Virginia? 197

645 Nashville Warbler « rubricapilla rubricapilla 195

645a Calaveras Warbler " " gutturalis. . . .195

646 Orange-crowned Warbler " celata celata 219

646c Lute.scent Warbler " " lutescens 210

6466 Dusky Warbler " " sordida 212

647 Tennessee Warbler " peregrina 212

648 Parula Warbler Compsothlypis ame'ricana ameri-

cana 195

648a Northern Parula Warbler " americana usnese. . .195

649 Sennett's Warbler " pitiayumi nigrilora..l95

651 Olive Warbler Peucedramus olivaceus 187

650 Cape May Warbler Dendroica tigrina 196

652 Yellow Warbler " asstiva aestiva 196

652a Sonora Yellow Warbler Dendroica sestiva .sonorana 196

6526 Alaska Yellow Warbler " " rubiginosa 196

652c California Yellow Warbler " " brewsteri 299

653 Mangrove Warbler " bryanti castaneiceps. . . .196

654 Black-throated Blue Warbler " caerulescens caerulescens 180

654a Cairns's Warbler " " cairnsi .... 180

655 Myrtle Warbler " coronata 197

656 Audubon's Warbler " auduboni auduboni 190

656a Black-fronted Warbler " " nigrifrons 190

657 Magnolia Warbler " magnolia 190

658 Cerulean Warbler " cerulea 181

659 Chestnut-sided Warbler " pensylvania 198

660 Bay-breasted Warbler " castanea 206

661 Black-poll Warbler " striata 249

662 Blackburnian Warbler " fusca 187

663 Yellow-throated Warbler " dominica dominica 190

663a Sycamore Warbler " " albilora 190

286

Systematic Table of North American Birds

a.o.u.

No. COMMON NAME.

664 Grace's Warbler

665 Black-throated Gray Warbler..

666 Golden-cheeked Warbler

667 Black-throated Green Warbler.

668 Townsend's Warbler

669 Hermit Warbler

670 Kirtland's Warrbler

671 Pine Warbler

672 Palm Warbler

672a Yellow Palm Warbler

673 Prairie Warbler

674 Oven-bird

675 Water-Thrush

675a Grinnell's Water-Thrush

676 Louisiana Water-Thrush

677 Kentucky Warbler

678 Connecticut Warbler

679 Mourning Warbler

680 Macgillivray's Warbler

681 Maryland Yellow-throat

681a Western Yellow-throat

681& Florida Yellow-throat

681c Pacific Yellow-throat

681 e Salt Marsh Yellow-throat

682 Belding's Yellow-throat

682.1 Rio Grande Yellow-throat

683 Yellow-breasted Chat

683a Long-tailed Chat

684 Hooded Warbler

685 Wilson's Warbler

685a Pileolated Warbler

6856 Golden Pileolated Warbler

686 Canadian Warbler

687 American Redstart ,

688 Painted Redstart ,

690 Red-faced Warbler

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

Page

Dendroica graciae 190

nigrescens 249

chrysoparia 188

virens 188

townsendi 188

occidentalis 188

" kirtlandi 19l

" vigorsi vigorsi 191

palmarum palmarum 196

hypochrysea. .197

discolor 197

Seiurus aurocapillus 232

" noveboracensis noveboracen-

sis 232

noveboracensis notabilis.. .232

" motacilla 232

Oporornis f ormosus 193

agilis 189

Philadelphia 189

tolmiei 189

Geothlypis trichas trichas 193

" " occidentalis ...193

" " ignota 194

" " arizela 194

" " sinuosa 194

" beldingi 194

Chamsethlypis poliocephala 194

Icteria virens virens 198

" " longicauda 198

Wilsonia citrina 188

" pusilla pusilla 193

*.",.. " pileolata 193

chryseola 193

, " canadensis 191

Setophaga ruticilla 187

" picta 177

Cardellina rubrif rons 177

Systematic Table of North American Birds

a.o.u.

No.

COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME.

Ramily MOTACILLID^E. Wagtails and Pipits.

Page

[694]White Wagtail Motacilla alba A.V.

[695] Swinhoe Wagtail ocularis A.V.

696 Alaska Yellow Wagtail Budytes flavus alascensis 192

697 Pipit Anthus rubescens 232

[698] Meadow Pipit " pratensis A.V.

[699] Red-tbroated Pipit " cervinus A.V.

700 Sprague's Pipit " spraguei 232

Family CINCLID^E. Dippers.

701 Dipper Cinclus mexicanus unicolor . . .

Family MIMIDiE. Thrashers, Mockingbirds, etc.

.247

702

703

703a

704

705

706

707

707c

708

109

709a

710

711

711a

712

Sage Tbrasher Oreoscoptes montanus 233

Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos polyglottos 248

Western Mockingbird leucopterus 248

Catbird Dumetella carolinensis 247

Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum 233

Sennett's Thrasher . . .
Curve-billed Thrasher
Palmer's Thrasher . . .
Bendire's Thrasher . . .
San Lucas Thrasher . .
Mearns's Thrasher . .
California Thrasher . .
Leconte's Thrasher . . .

Desert Thrasher

Crissal Thrasher

longirostre sennetti 233

curvirostre curvirostre .216
palmeri . . . .216

bendirei 216

cinereum cinereum. . . .216

mearnsi . . . .216

redivivum redivivum. . .217

lecontei lecontei 217

arenicola 217

crissale 217

Family TROGLODYTIDyE. Wrens.

713 Cactus Wren Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi . 233

713a Bryant's Cactus Wren " " bryanti.233

7136 San Lucas Cactus Wren " " affinis . . 233

715 Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus 234

715a San Nicolas Rock Wren " " pulverius ....301

716 Guadalupe Rock Wren " guadeloupensis 234

717 White-throated Wren Catherpes mexicanus albifrons. . . .234

717a Canon Wren " " conspersus . . 234

7176 Dotted Canon Wren " " punctulatus.234

Systematic Table of North American Birds
a.o.u.

No. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

718 Carolina Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus

234

TIN,/ Florida Wren miamensis . 234

718ft Lomita Wren " lomitensis . 234

719 Bewick's Wren Thryomanes bewicki bewicki 235

719« Vigors's Wren " spilurus 235

719ft Baird's Wren " " bairdi 235

719 c Texas Bewick's Wren " cryptus 235

7 19d San Diego Bewick's Wren " " charienturus..235

719c Seattle Bewick's Wren " " calophonus. . .235

719.1 San Clemente Wren " leucophrys 235

720 Guadalupe Wren " brevicauda 235

721 House Wren Troglodytes aedon aedon 236

721« Western House Wren " " parkmani 236

722 Winter Wren Nannus hiemalis hiemalis 236

722a Western Winter Wren " pacificus 236

722/) Kadiak Winter Wren " " helleri 236

723 Alaska Wren " alascensis 236

723.1 Aleutian Wren " meliger — 236

724 Short-billed Marsh Wren Cistothorus stellaris 236

725 Long-billed Marsh Wren Telmatodytes palustris palustris. . .237

725 Tule Wren

725b Worthington's Marsh Wren.

725 c Western Tule Wren

725(7 Prairie Marsh Wren

725 c Marian's Marsh Wren

paludicola..237

griseus 237

plesius 237

iliacus . . . .301
marianse. . .237

Family CERTHIID.E. Creepers.

726 Brown Creeper Certhia familiaris americana 237

726o Mexican Creeper " albescens 237

726ft Rocky Mountain Creeper " " montana 237

726 c California Creeper " " occidentalis 237

726a" Sierra Creeper " zelotes 237

Family SITTID^E. Nuthatches.

727 White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis carolinensis 246

727a Slender-billed Nuthatch " aculeata 246

727ft Florida White-breasted Nuthatch " " atkinsi 246

727c Rocky Mountain Nuthatch " nelsoni 246

727(1 San Lucas Nuthatch " " lagunae 246

289

Systematic Table of North American Birds

A.O.U

Xo. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

Family SITTIM3. Nuthatches.

728 Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis 246

729 Brown-headed Nuthatch " pusilla 246

730 Pygmy Nuthatch " pygmaea pygmsea 246

730a White-naped Nuthatch " " leuconucha 247

Family PARID^E. Titmice.

731 Tufted Titmouse Baeolophus bicolor 243

732 Black-crested Titmouse " atricristatus atricristatus.242

732a Sennett's Titmouse " " sennetti 303

733 Plain Titmouse '• inornatus inornatus 242

733a Gray Titmouse " " griseus 242

7336 Ashy Titmouse " " cineraceus 242

734 Bridled Titmouse , " wollweberi 244

735 Chickadee Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus 245

7 :.".</ Long-tailed Chickadee
7358 Oregon Chickadee . . .

735 c Yukon Chickadee

736 Carolina Chickadee . . .

" septentrionalis 245
" occidentalis . . .245

turneri 303

" carolinensis carolinensis.245

736a Plumbeous Chickadee " " agilis 245

7366 Florida Chickadee " " impiger 303

T:;7 .Mexican Chickadee " sclateri 245

738 Mountain Chickadee " gambeli gambeli 244

73Sa Bailey's Mountain Chickadee " " baileyse 303

739 Alaska Chickadee " cinctus alascensis 244

740. Hudsonian Chickadee " hudsonicus hudsonicus. . .244

740a Acadian Chickadee " " littoralis 244

741 Chestnut-backed Chickadee " rufescens rufescens 244

741a California Chickadee " " neglectus 244

7416 Barlow's Chickadee " " barlowi 244

741c Valdez Chestnut-sided Chickadee " " vivax .303

743 Bush-Tit Psaltripams minimus minimus 242

743a California Bush-Tit " " californicus . . .242

7436 Grinda's Bush-Tit " " grindae 242

744 Lead-colored Bush-Tit " plumbeus 242

745 Lloyd's Bush-Tit •. . . " melanotis lloydi 242

746 Verdin Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps 195

7I»'.'/ Cape Yerdin " " lamprocephalus.195

290

Systematic Table of Nokth American Birds
Family CRAM.MLDM. Wren-Tits.

A.O.U.
No.

COMMON NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

Page

742 Wren-Tit

742a Pallid Wren-Tit
7426 Coast Wren-Tit
742 c Ruddy Wren-Tit

Chamiea fasciata i'asciata 215

" henshawi 215

phasa 300

rufula 300

Family SYLVIID^-E. Warblers, Kinglets, G-natcatchers.

747 Kennicott's Willow Warbler

748 Golden-crowned Kinglet

748a Western Golden-crowned Kinglet

749 Ruby-crowned Kinglet

7 t9a Sitkan Kinglet

750 Dusky Kinglet

751 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher

751a Western Gnatcatcher

752 Plumbeous Gnatcatcher

753 Black-tailed Gnatcatcher

Acanthopneuste borealis 212

Regulus satrapa satrapa 187

" olivaceus 187

calendula calendula 17C

grinnelli 176

obscurus 177

Polioptila cserulea caerulea 243

obscura 243

plumbea 243

calif ornica 243

Family TURNIDiE. Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats,
Bluebirds, etc.

754 Townsend's Solitaire

755 Wood Thrush

756 Veery

756a Willow Thrush

757 Gray-cheeked Thrush

757a Bicknell's Thrush

758 Russet-backed Thrush . . .
758a Olive-backed Thrush

759 Alaska Hermit Thrush
759a Audubon's Hermit Thrush

759fr Hermit Thrush

759 c Dwarf Hermit Thrush

759d Monterey Hermit Thrush. .
759 c Sierra Hermit Thrush
[760] Red-winged Thrush

761 Robin

761a Western Robin

7617* Southern Robin

762 San Lucas Robin

Myadestes townsendi 247

Hylocichla mustelina 233

fuscescens fuscescens. .238
salicicola. . .238

alicise alicise 239

bicknelli 239

ustulata ustulata 239

" swainsoni 239

guttata guttata 238

" auduboni 238

pallasi 238

nana 238

slevini 302

" sequoiensis . . . .302

Turdus musicus A.V.

Planesticus migratorius migratorius207

propinquus. .207

achrusterus.207

confinis 207

291

19

Systematic Table of Xortji American Birds

A.O.U.
Xo.

COMMON NAME.

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

Pagi

763 Varied Thrush

763a Northern Varied Thrash

[ 76 41 Siberian Red-spotted Bluethroat.
[ 7t,4.i]Greater Kamchatkan Night-
ingale

765 Wheatear

765a Greenland Wheatear

76G Bluebird

Azure Bluebird

767 Western Bluebird

767a Chestnut-backed Bluebird

7676 San Pedro Bluebird

768 Mountain Bluebird

Ixoreus naevius naevius 207

" meruloides 207

Cyanosylvia suecica robusta A.V.

Calliope calliope camtschatkensis.A.V.

Saxicola cenanthe o?nanthe 248

leucorhoa 24S

Sialia sialis sialis L82

fulva 182

" mexicana occidentalis 182

bairdi 182

anabelae 182

" currucoide.s 182

292

APPENDIX I

ADDITIONS, SUBTRACTIONS, AND EMENDATIONS.

Since the publication of the first edition of the 'Color Key' in 1903, the
American Ornithologists' Union has issued the Third Edition (1910) of its
'Check-List of North American Birds.' This includes all approved additions to
and changes in the preceding edition made since 1903 as well as rulings on a
number of cases which were in abeyance at the time the first edition of the
'Color Key' appeared.

Mere changes in nomenclature not affecting the .status of a species are
given without comment in the preceding Systematic Table, which has been fully
revised and brought up to date. To ascertain the correct, current name of any
species or subspecies of North American bird the student, after determining
its identity in the 'Color Key,' has only to refer to its number in the Syste-
matic Table to learn whether any change has been made in nomenclature. In
addition to actual changes in nomenclature due to the detection of errors in
earlier names, it should be noted that a third name or trinomial is now employed
for each race of a species, and also that an apostrophe is used in connection
with the names of birds named for individuals. Throughout the 'Color Key,'
therefore, alterations should be made when required by these two changes in
method.

All other changes than these simple ones of names are included, with ex-
planations, in this appendix, and the student is urged to make manuscript
cross-references on the pages where such changes occur to avoid their being
overlooked.

As far as possible the language of the original describer of the new sub-
species of birds is here quoted, while the Ranges are mainly from the A. O. U.
Check-List.

References to original sources of publication are given only with cases in-
cluded in the first supplement to the Third Edition (1910) of the 'Check List.'
In all other instances reference to the original place of description etc., is con-
tained in the 'Check-List.'

293

Additions, Subtractions, Emendations

Page 29, 127. The North American Kites, Hawks, Falcons, Eagles, etc., are
now placed in three families instead of one, as follows: BUTEONIDiE, contain-
ing the Kites, Hawks and Eagles (Nos. 327-352a) ; FALCONID^E, containing the
Falcons and Caracaras (Nos. 353-363), and PANDIONID^E, containing the
Osprey (No. 364).

Pages 39, 162, 16S. The subfamilies Troglodytinas and Miminae are now
elevated to full family rank. The Mockingbirds and Thrashers (Nos.702-712)
are therefore the North American members of the Family MIMIDiE; and the
Wrens (Nos. 713-725e) the North American members of the Family TROGLO-
DYTID^E.

Pages 39, 162, 169. The subfamilies Sittinse and Parinae are now elevated
to full family rank. The Nuthatches (Nos. 727 to 730a) are therefore the North
American members of the Family SITTIDJE; and the Titmice (Nos. 732 to 746a,
except Nos. 742 to 742c now placed in the Family CHAMJEIDyE, see beyond) the
North American members of the Family PARIDJE.

Page 63. Cancel No. 94, Puffinus fuliginosus, which proves to be the same

as No. 95, Puffin us griseus. The common name, however, is retained and the

species stands 95. Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus). Characters as given.

Range. — Oceans of Southern Hemisphere; occurs in summer on the Pacific-
coast from southern Alaska to Lower California, and on the Atlantic coast from
Gulf of St. Lawrence to South Carolina.

Page 77. But one form of the Black Duck is recognized by the A. O. U.
It stands os No. 133. Black Duck (Anas rubripes), which name, therefore,
includes both Nos. 133 and 133a.

Page 92. After No. 197 add: 197a. Brewster's Egret (Egretta candidissima
breicsteri). Similar to No. 197 "but larger, bill longer, tar.sus longer, and whole
leg nri/ much heavier or thicker." $. Tar. 4.36; B. 3.60. $. Tar. 4.00;
B. 3.42. (Thayer and Bangs)

Range. — "Southern Lower California" (A. O. XL).

Page 97. After No. 210 add: 210.1. Light-footed rail (Rallus Irvipes).

"Much smaller than either R. obsoletus or R. beldingi, bill much more slender,

tarsus and foot smaller than in either; superciliary white instead of rusty.

. . ." W. 5.70; T. 2.24; Tar. 1.81; B. 2.24. (Bangs).

Range.— "Marshes of southern California, from Santa Barbara south to San
Quintin Bay, Lower California; accidental in Arizona." (A. O. U.).

Page 98. After No. 216 add: 216.1. Farallon Rail (Creciscus coturniculus) .
"Smaller [than No. 216] with much slenderer bill; the plumbeous of the under
parts deeper, the chestnut-brown of the upper parts brighter and more extended,
forming a broader patch on the nape and tinging more or less strongly and gen-
erally much of the top of the head where there is often no pure unmixed
plumbeous or slaty save on the forehead." (Brewster). i

Range. — "Pacific coast of United States. Breeds in coast marshes of Cali-
fornia; casual in Washington, Oregon and Lower California" (A. O. U.).

294

Appendix I

Page 103. After 266 add: 268. Bristle-thighed Curlew (Numenius tahitien-
sis). Somewhat like N. hudsonicus, but thighs with long bristle-like leathers;
tail pale rusty, barred with black; markings of back and wings pale rusty.

Range.— "Alaska and Pacific Islands. Breeding range unknown; has been
taken in summer in western Alaska from Kowak River to Kenai Peninsula; also
on Laysan and Phoenix Islands; winters in inlands of the South Pacific from
Hawaii to New Caledonia" (A. O. U.). Classed with Accidental Visitants in first
edition of 'Color Key.'

Page 112. Cancel No. 277a, Belted Piping Plover, which proves to be the
same as No. 277, Piping Plover.

Page 117. After No. 297b add: 297c. Sierra Grouse (D. o. sierrce). Male
resembles male of No. 297, but back less black and more heavily vermiculated
with brown and gray; terminal tail-band narrower and more speckled with
blackish;, median tail-feathers more heavily marked with gray or brownish;
white neck-tufts practically absent; feathers of sides, flanks and under tail-
coverts with less white. Much paler and more heavily vermiculated above than
No. 297b.

Range. — Ft. Klamath, Oregon south through the Sierras to Mount Pinos in
South California.

Page 117. The ranges of the races of this bird (now known as Spruce
Partridge, rather than Spruce Grouse) are given in the A. O. U. 'Check-List' as
follows :

298. Hudsonian Spruce Partridge (Canachites canadensis canadensis).

Range.- — "Boreal forest region from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains
west of Edmonton, Alberta, east to Labrador Peninsula; also a disconnected area
in Alaska from Bristol Bay to Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound."

298b. Alaska Spruce Partridge (C. c. osgoodi).

Range. — "Mt. McKinley and the Yukon region east to Great Slave and Atha-
baska lakes."

298c. Canada Spruce Partridge {C. c. canace).

Range. — 'Manitoba, southern Ontario, and New Brunswick south to northern
parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, and New England."

Page 119. After No. 301a add: 301b. Alexander's Ptarmigan (L. I. alexan-
drm). Similar to L. I lagopus in corresponding plumage, "but coloration darker
throughout, especially dorsally; bill smaller and relatively much narrower."
(Grinnell).

Range. — Baranof and adjacent islands west to Shumagin Islands (A. O: U.).

Page 119. After No. 301b. add: 301c. Ungava Ptarmigan (L. I. ungavus).
Like No. 301 but with a heavier bill. Culmen, .82; depth of bill at base, 57
(Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1911, p. 233).

Range. — Ungava and probably the eastern shore of Hudson Bay.

Page 120. Remove the interrogation points from before Nos. 304 and 30-ia,
the distinctions between which there presented having been accepted by the

295

Additions, Subtractions, Emendations

A. O. U., and amend Range of No. 304a. to read: "Alpine summits from central
Alaska, northern Yukon, and northwestern Mackenzie south to Cook Inlet re
gion, Kenai Peninsula and southern Yukon" (A. O. l.i.

Page 120. After No. 302e. add: 302f. Dixon's Ptarmigan (L. r. dixoni).

Resembling L. r. nelson i in corresponding plumage, "but much darker; in
extreme blackness of coloration nearly like Lagopus evermanni, but feathers of
chest and back more or less finely vermiculated with hazel." (Grinnell).
Range. — Islands near Sitka.

Page 120. After No. 302d. add: 302e. Adak Ptarmigan (L. r. elunnherlaini).
Nearest L. r. towsendi but with finer vermiculations above, and with black bars
on neck and upper back reduced to very narrow bars or vermiculations. Grayest
of the Aleutian Ptarmigan. (Clark).

Range. — Island of Adak, Aleutian Chain.

Page 122. A change here in enumeration makes Merriam's Turkey No.
310, while the Wild Turkey (31. g. silresfris) becomes 310a.

Page 125. After No. 316 add: 316a. Western Mourning Dove (Z. m. murgi-
nella). Similar to Z. in. earolinensis but paler. (Mearns', Auk, 1911, p. 490).

Range. — "Pacific Coast and San Clemente Island east to Mississippi Valley"
(A. O. U. ). The range of No. 316 should be correspondingly restricted.

Page 126. After No. 319 add: 319a. White-winged Dove (M. a. tnuleaui).
Similar to M. a. asiatica but "slightly larger, with a much longer bill and much
paler coloration" (Mearns, Auk, 1911, p. 489).

Range. — "Lower California, southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and
southern Texas, south to Costa Rica. Casual in southeastern California and
Colorado; accidental in Washington" (A. O. U.).

Page 126. No. 319 becomes "West Indian White-winged Dove (Melopclia
asiatica asiatica). Its Range includes Cuba and Jamaica, and it is of casual
occurrence in the Bahamas and Florida.

Page 132. After No. 337d. add: 337e. Alaska Red-tail (B. b. alascensis).
Resembling B. b. calurus "but smaller throughout, and, keeping in consider-
ation the stage of plumage, dark areas blacker and more extended." $ W.
13.5; T. 7.67; ?W. 14.44; T. 8.69 (Grinnell).

Range. — "Southeastern Alaska from Yakutat Bay to Admiralty Island and the
Sitka Islands" (A. O. U.).

Page 138. After No. 360b. add: 360c. Little Sparrow Hawk (F. s. paulus).
Similar to No. 360 but smaller. $ W. 6.80; T. 4.12 $ W. 6.96; T. 4.00 (Howe).
Range. — Southern half of Florida.

Page 140. No. 379 proves to be separable into southern and northern races.
The former retains the name Olaucidium gnoma gnoma, while the race of north-
ern Mexico and western United States, heretofore known by that name, becomes

296

Appendix I

&. .'/. pinicola, the Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl. (Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc.

Wash., XXIII, I '.Mi), ]). 103).

Page 142. After No. 373h. add: 373i. Sahauro Screech Owl (0. a. gilmani).

Nearest No. 373f but smaller and paler and with black markings more restricted

(Swarth, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool., VII, 1910, p. 1).

Range.- "Lower Sonoran life zone of southeastern California, Arizona, and
probably New Mexico; and northwestern Mexico" (A. O. U.).

Page 143. After No. 375f. add: 375g. Saint Michael Horned Owl (B. r.

algistus). Similar to No. 375d. but larger; face less ochraceous, upper surface

paler ochraceous. W. 14.60 (Oherholser).

Range. — "Coast Region of northern Alaska from Bristol Bay and the Yukon
northward" (A. O. U.).

Page 143. After No. 275e add: 375f. Labrador Horned Owl (P>. v. heter-
oCnemis), Similar to No. 375c. "but bill larger; posterior lower parts paler; feet
lighter colored and less heavily .spotted; upper parts with usually less ochrace-
ous." (Oberholser).

Range. — "Northern Ungava and Labrador" (A. O. TJ.).

Page 147. After No. 390 add: 390a. Northwestern Belted Kingfisher (C. a.

caurina). Similar to No. 370 "but size greater, especially measurements of

flight-feathers." W. 6.54 (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., V. 1910, p. 388).

Range. — Northwestern America, south along the Pacific coast in winter.
Status of California breeding birds still undetermined. (Grinnell, Univ. Cal. Pub.
Zool., V, 1910, p. 389).

Page 150. After No. 393f. add: 393g. Newfoundland Woodpecker (D. v.
terrcenovoe) . Similar to D. v. villosus, "but slightly larger, the black areas of the
upperparts increased, the white areas reduced both in number and in size,
especially in the remiges and wing-coverts," (Batch elder).

Range. — Newfoundland.

Page 150. After No. 393e. add: 393h. White-breasted Woodpecker (D. v.
leucothorectis) . "Much like No. 393e. but decidedly smaller; wing-coverts prac-
tically always without white spots." W. 4.83; T. 3.07; B. 1.10 (Oberholser,
Proc. U. S. N. M. 40, 1908, p. 608).

Range. — "Canadian and Transition Zones, from southern Utah, northwestern
and central New Mexico and extreme southwestern Texas, south to the mountains
of western Zacatecas, Mexico" (A. O. U).

Page 151. After No. 396a. add: 396b. San Fernando Woodpecker (D. s.

cremievs). Similar to No. 396a, but larger; lower surface darker; upperparts

darker, the white bars on back averaging narrower and les.s regular, the neck

bars wider; black bars on posterior lower parts averaging somewhat wider."

$ W. 4.16; T. 2.67; B. 1.02 (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. N. M., 41, 1911, p. 151).

Range.- — Lower California, north of Ukai and Plaia Maria Bay, except extreme
northeastern portion" (A. O. U). The Range of No. 396a is thus restricted to the
southern half of Lower California.

Page 351. Dryobates scalar is bairdi proves to be restricted to Mexico; No.
396, its representative in the southwestern United States, has been named

297

Additions, Subtractions, Emendations

Cactus Woodpecker (D. s. cactopMlus) . (OberhoLser, Proc. V. S. X. M., 41, 1911,
p. 152).

Page 154. After No. 414a. add: 414b. Mearns's Gilded Flicker {C. I

mearnsi). Similar to C. c. chrysoides but decidedly larger and paler, with pileum

more strongly cinnamomeus, black bars on back, etc., narrower, spots on outer

web of primaries more conspicuous (primary coverts also sometimes spotted,

gra3r of throat, etc. lighter, and spots on underparts usually smaller. W. 5.74;

T. 3.77; B. 1.39 (Ridgway).

Range. — "Extreme southwestern California, northern Lower California and
southern Arizona south to southern Sonora" (A. O. U.). The Range of No. 414 is
now restricted to "southern Lower California," that of No. 414 to "middle Lower
California."

Page 160. After Xo. 439 add: 391.1 Salvin's Hummingbird (Vrmomitra
salvini). Ad. ^ . Head glittering blue; back dark shining green; tail dark glossy
green, outer pair of feathers broadly tipped with drab; below soiled white,
throat tinged with clayey white, sides of throat spotted with blue; sides of
breast greenish blue; sides of body brilliant green. W. 2.07; T. 1.27; B. 1.02
(Brewster). Yng. 9. Similar but duller, rump edged with rusty; sides of
body brownish gray (Bishop).

Range. — "Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, and eastern Sonora (only
two specimens known" (A. O. U.).

Pages 162 and 166. The Waxwings alone new compose the Family BOMBY-
GILLIDiE (formerly AMPELIDiE) while the Phainopepla is placed in the Fam-
ily PTILO'GOXATID^.

Pages 162 and 169. The subfamily Chamgeinaa is now elevated to full
family rank and stands as Family CHAMMIBJE, Wren-Tits. It contains solely
the Wren-Tits, (Nos. 742 to 742c) the only family of birds restricted to North
America.

Page 178. After No. 498f. add: 498g. Vera Cruz Red-wing (A. p. rich-

mondi). Similar to A. p. floridanus but slightly smaller; adult female much

lighter colored (resembling female of A. p. sonoriensis), about intermediate in

color between females of A. p. floridanus and A. p. brymti. <$ W. 4.40; T. 3.22;

B. .90; depth of B. at base, .44. 9 W. 3.61; T. 2.67; B. .77; depth of B. at

base, .39.

Range. — "Southern coast and Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas south
through eastern Mexico to Yucatan and eastern Guatemala; winters south to
eastern Nicaragua and Costa Rica." (A. O. U.).

Page 185. After No. 478d add: 478e. Coast Jay (G. s. carbonacea) . "Inter-
mediate in size and coloration between G. s. stellcri and C. stelleri frontalis. Dorsal
surface sooty black as in stelleri, but with blue on forehead nearly as extended
as in frontalis. Tint of blue of posterior lower parts paler than in stelleri, and
extending further forward into pectoral region as in frontalis" (Grinnell).

Range. — "Breeds in the humid Pacific coast strip from southern Oregon to the

298

Appendix I

Santa Lucia mountains, California and east to the mountains on the west side
of Napa Vall<y; in winter east to the Gatailan and Mt. Diablo ranges" (A. O. U.).

Page 192. Cancel No. 530b, United States specimens of which prove to be
merely adults of No. 530. Further west, however, black-backed birds are not
found, and this western bird has been described as new. Consequently after No.
530, add: 430a. Green-backed Goldfinch (A. p. hesperophilus) . Similar to A. p.
psaltria "but ear-coverts, sides of neck, with back, nape, and rump, in fully adult
plumage, olive-green instead of black" (Oberholser). Fig. 530 represents this
race.

Range.- — "Southwestern United States. Breeds from southern Oregon and
Utah to southern Lower California, Sonora and extreme southwestern New Mexico;
winters from central California to Cape San Lucas" (A. O. U.).

The Range of .1. p. psaltria is therefore restricted to "northern Colorado to
central northern Texas and south throughout Mexico, except in northwestern
and extreme southern portions; casual in Wyoming." (A. O. XL).

Page 194. Cancel No. 61Sd, Northern Yellow-throat, which proves to be the
same as No. 681, Maryland Yellow-throat.

Page 196. After No. 652b. add: 652c. California Yellow Warbler (D.a.

brewsteri) . Differs from D. w. wstiva "in similar size, paler (or less brightly

yellow) coloration and, in the male, narrower streaking on under surface."

Differs from D. <r. ruMginosa "in much smaller size and yellower coloration,"

and "from D. w. sonorana in smaller size and darker coloration." £ W. 2.45;

T. 1.96. 2 W. 2.33; T. 1.93 (Grinnell).

Range. — Pacific Coast, west of the Cascades, and the Sierra Nevada from
Washington to southern California. (The range of D. w. (estiva is correspondingly
restricted).

Page 210. Cancel No. 464.2, Santa Barbara Flycatcher, which proves to be
the same as No. 464, Western Flycatcher.

Page 211. Cancel No. 472a, Ridgway's Flycatcher, which proves to be the
same as No. 472, Beardless Flycatcher.

Page 212. After No. 632c. add: 632a. Frazar's Vireo (T. li. cogiiatus).

Similar to V. It. stephensi, but wing averaging decidedly shorter, tarsus longer,

and coloration paler. Wing, 2.48; Tar. .74 (Ridgway).

Range.— "Cape San Lucas district of Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna;
Victoria Mountains); resident" (Ridgway).

Page 214. After No. 633a. add: 633b. Texas Vireo (7. B. medius). "Similar
to V. 1). belli, but coloration paler and tail averaging longer; pileum and hind-
neck brownish gray instead of grayish brown; olive of back, etc. grayer; under-
pays whiter with olive-yellow of sides and flanks much paler; under tail-
coverts and axillars white, yellowish white, or very pale sulphur yellow"
(Ridgway).

Range. — "Southwestern Texas (Presidio, Brewster and Kinney Counties) south
to Coahuila and Guanajuato, central Mexico" (A. O. U.).

299

Additions, Subtractions, Emendations

Pages 215, 216. The Wren-Tits have been revised and their ranges more
correctly defined, and to the two forms given two more have been added.
The four races now recognized stands as follows: 742. Wren-Tit {ChamCBa
fasciata fasciata). Characters as described and figured.

Range. — "Uppi in zone on the eastern and sout! ires Of San

Francisco Bay and adjacent Santa Clara Valley" (A. O. U.).

742a. Pallid Wren-Tit (C. f. henshatui). Similar to C. f. fasciata, -but
decidedly paler, the back, scapulars, rump, etc. grayish brown (deep hair-brown),
the pileum and hind-neck brownish gray (nearly mouse-gray or deep smoke
gray), and general color of underparts varying from very pale grayish buff
to buffy ecru-drab, or pale vinaceous-buff, fading to nearly white on lower
abdomen" (Ridgway).

Range.— "Upper Sonoran Zone of foothills and valleys of interior and south-
ern California from Shasta County south to northern Lower California, and along
the coast from Monterey Bay southward" (.A. O. U.)

742b. Coast Wren-Tit (V. f. phcea) . Characters as stated on page 216.

Range.— "Humid Transition Zone of Pacific Coast of Oregon and northern
California (from Columbia River to Humboldt Bay)" (A. O. U.).

742c. Ruddy Wren-Tit (C. f. rufula). Intermediate in color between No.
742 and No. 742b. More richly colored than the former, but not so dark as the
latter.

Range. — "Humid Transition coast strip of California from southern Humboldt
County to Santa Cruz" (A. O. U.).

Page 217. Cancel No. 710a. Pasadena Thrasher, which proves to be the
same as No. 710 California Thrasher.

Page 223. After No. 542b, add: 542d. Nevada Savannah Sparrow (P. 8.
nevadensis). Resembles P. s. alaudinus "but much paler throughout in all plum-
ages; white replacing buff, black streaks thus more conspicuously contrasted,
there being a minimum amount of hazel marginings; size slightly less." Differs
from P. s. savanna "as above, but in greater degree" (Grinnell, Univ. Calif.
Pub. Zool. V, 1910, p. 312).

Range. — "Humboldt and Washoe Counties, Nevada, and probably throughout
Great Basin, south in winter to the Colorado Desert and Los Angeles Co., Califor-
nia" (A. O. U.).

Page 228, after No. 574b (which, as shown in the Systematic Table, now
becomes 574.1a) add: 574.1b. California Sage Sparrow {Amphispiza nevadensis
canescens). Similar to Amphispiza helli but size somewhat greater, and color-
ation throughout very much paler; resembles Amphispiza nevadensis nevadensis,
but size very much less, and coloration slightly darker. $ W. 2.79; T. 3.03.
$ W. 2.63; T. 2.87 (Grinnell).

Range. — "Upper Sonoran Zone in Owens Valley and adjacent areas in eastern
California and extreme western Nevada" (A. O. U.).

Page 229. After No. 581c. add: 581s. Suisun Song Sparrow (M. m. maxil-

300

Appendix I

laris). Size of M.m. heermanni; but black streakings everywhere broader, and
the general tone of coloration darker; larger than M. m. samuelis and with
brown more extended and deeper in tone (bay rather than hazel; unique in
having the base of the maxilla inflated or swollen with "lateral bulbosities"
(Grinnell).

Range. — Marshes bordering Suisun Bay, Solano Co., California.

Page 230. After No. 581d. add: 581p. Mendocino Song Sparrow (M. m.

cleonensis). Size of .1/. m. samuelis but lighter and more rusty; black markings

of back more restricted; spots of breast broadly edged with rusty; black on

side of head and neck almost entirely replaced by rusty or reddish brown"

(McGregor).

Range.- -"Coast strip of southern Oregon and northern California from
Taquina Bay, Oregon, to Tomales Bay, California" (A. O. U.).

Page 231. After No. 585d. add: 585e. Sooty Fox Sparrow (P. i. fuUginosa).

"Similar to P. i. toicnsendi but darker and less rufescent, the upperparts, sides of
head and neck and lateral underparts sepia or sooty brown, the upper tail-
coverts and tail slightly more castaneous; spots on underparts dark sooty
brown, larger and more confluent than in other forms'' (Ridgway).

Range. — "Northwest coast strip. Breeds on the coast of British Columbia,
Vancouver Island and northwestern Washington; winters south along the coast
to San Francisco, California" (A. O. U.).

No. 585f. Kadiak Fox Sparrow (P. i. insularis). "Similar to P. i. unalaschen-

sis but much browner and more uniform above (back warm sepia), spots on

chest, etc., larger and much deeper brown and under tail-coverts more strongly

tinged with buff" (Ridgway).

Range. — "Alaska coast strip. Breeds on Kadiak Island and on the coast from
Prince William Sound south to Cross Sound; winters along the coast to southern
California" (A. O. U.).

Page 234. After No. 715 add: 715a. San Nicolas Rock Wren {8. o.
pulverius). Similar to S. o. obsoletus "but entire plumage, especially the upper-
parts, suffused with ochraceous or dust color, almost identical with the tint
of the soil on San Nicholas Island" (Grinnell).

Range. — San Nicholas Island, California.

Page 236. Cancel No. 821b, Troglodytes aedon aztecus, which proves to be the
same as No. 721a, T. a. parkmani. The common name, Western House Wren,
however, is retained in place of the common name Parkman's Wren.

Page 237. After No. 725c add: 725d. Prairie Marsh Wren (T. p. iliacus).
"Similar to T. p. palustris, but slightly larger and with the coloration more
rufescent, the brown of the upperparts russet-brown to cinnamon-brown or
russet, the flanks conspicuously deep cinnamon-buff or cinnamon" (Ridgway).

Range. — Plains and prairies of central North America. Breeds from central
Alberta and southwestern Keewatin south to central Mississippi Valley and east to

301

Additions, Subtractions, Emendations

Indiana; winters southward into Mexico and along the Gulf coast to western
Florida (A. O. U.).

Page 238. After No. 759c add: 753d. Monterey Hermit Thrush (H. g.
slevini). General color extremely pale and ashy, nearly as much so as in H. g.
sequoicnsis; above hair-brown, slightly browner on top of head; upper tail-
coverts and tail isabella color; spots on breast sepia, small in size and few in
numbers. (Grinnell).

Range. — "Breeds in Transition Zone of the coast belt in California from
northern Trinity County to southern Monterey Countv; south in migration to
Lower California and Sonora" (A. O. U.).

759e. Sierra Hermit Thrush (H. g. sequoicnsis) . "Similar in coloration to
H. g slevini, but decidedly larger and slightly darker or browner; similar to
H. g. guttata, but larger, paler, and grayer; decidedly smaller." W. 3.65; T. 2.82.
(Ridgwayi.

Range. — -"Breeds in Boreal Zones from southern British Columbia to high
mountains in southern California; south in migration and in winter to Lower
California, western Texas, and northern Mexico" (A. O. 1

Page 239. Cancel 758b, Monterey Thrush, and No. 758c, Alma Thrush,
which are now considered to be the same as No. 758, Russet-backed Thrush.

Pages 240 and 241. The decisions of the A. O. U. Committee on numerous
proposed changes in the standing of our Juncos were not published until after
the first edition of the Color Key appeared. One new form (No. 567h) has
been added to those therein given, one (J. o. sJiufeldti) has been omitted and the
following changes have been made in nomenclature:

No. 56S. Junco mearnsi, becomes No. 567g, Junoo JiyemaUs meamsi, and the
Range of this form is now given as "Rocky Mountain region. Breeds from
southwestern Saskatchewan to southern Idaho and northern Wyoming and
Colorado to southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and northeastern Sonora"
(A. O. U.).

No. 567.1 Junco montanus becomes No. 567f. Junco hyemaUs montanus.

No. 571.1 Junco toicnsendi, becomes No. 567L Junco JiyemaUs toicnsendi.

No. 569 Junco riiiil'-cps, becomes No. 570b. Junco phwonotus eaniceps.

No. 570a. Junco dorsalis, becomes Junco phwonotus dorsalis.

No. 567a. Junto oreganus, becomes Junco JiyemaUs oreganus.

No. 567c. Junto oreganus thuroeri, becomes Junco JiyemaUs tJvurberi.

No. 567d. Junco oreganus pinosus, becomes Junco JiyemaUs pinosus.

The common name of all the preceding species remain unchanged.

No. 567b. Coues's Junco (Junco oreganus connectens) becomes Shufeldt's

Junco (Junco hyemalis connectens), and this form also includes J. o. sJiufeldti of

the 'Color Key,' which is therefore cancelled. The Range of 567b. thus stands

as follows:

"Rocky Mountain region. Breeds from the coast of southern British Columbia
east to west central Alberta and south to northern Oregon; winters over entire
Rocky Mountain tableland to eastern Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, western
Texas, Chihuahua, and Sonora; casual in northern Lower California" (A. O. U.).

302

Appendix I

The one new form added follows No. 568, after which insert 567h. Ridgway's
Junco (•/. h. annectens). Back with a reddish brown patch as in ./. p. caniceps,
but sides washed with pinkish brown, as in J. It. mearnsi.

Range. — "Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico" (A. O. U.).

Page 242. Cancel No. 744.1, Santa Rita Bush-Tit, which proves to be the
same as No. 745, Lloyd's Bush-Tit.

Page 243. Cancel No. 731a, Texan Tufted Titmouse, which proves to be the
same as No. 731, Tufted Titmouse.

Page 243. After No. 732 add: 732a. Sennett's Titmouse (B. a. sennetti).
"Similar to B. a. atricristatus, but decidedly larger; upper parts much clearer
gray, with little, if any olive tinge; adult female with crest feathers more often
and more extensively tipped with gray, and both sexes with the forehead more
often tinged with brown or rusty, sometimes deeply so" (Ridgway).

Range. — Central Texas, "from Tom Green and Concho Counties east to the
Brazos Paver, and from Young County south to Nueces and Bee Counties" (A.
O. U.).

Page 244. After No. 741b. add: 741c. Valdez Chestnut-sided Chickadee (P.
r. vivax). Like P. r. rufescens in coloration but larger, tail proportionately
longer and bill bulkier. W. 2.48; T. 2.32 (Grinnell).

Range. — Prince William Sound Region, Alaska.

Page 244. Cancel 740a, Kowak Chickadee, and No. 740b, Columbian
Chickadee, which prove to be the same as No. 740, Hudsonian Chickadee.
Parus h. Uttoralis becomes No. 740a, Acadian Chickadee.

Page 244. After No. 738 add: 738a. Bailey's Mountain Chickadee (P. g*
baileym). Similar to P. g. gambeli, "but coloration dorsally and laterally more
plumbeous, less brownish, and bill larger." B. 41 (Grinnell).

Range. — "Mountains of Great Basin region and northern Lower California.
Breeds in Canadian and Transition Zones from the Maury Mountains, Oregon,
south over Nevada and eastern California to the San Pedro Martir Mountains,
Lower California" (A. O. U.).

Page 245. After No. 736a add: 736b. Florida Chickadee (P. c. impiger).

Similar to P. c. carolinensis but darker and decidedly smaller (except bill).
W. 2.08; T. 1.81; B. .31 (Ridgway).

Range. — East central Florida.

Page 245. After No. 735b add: 735c. Yukon Chickadee (P. a. turneri).
"Similar to P. a. septentrioiialis but slightly smaller, coloration grayer above and
more extensively or purely white beneath, and white edgings of greater wing-
coverts, secondaries, and outermost rectrices broader, more purely white"
(Ridgway).

Range. — Alaska, north and west of Cook Inlet.

Page 248. After No. 622c. add the northeastern form of the Loggerhead
Shrike, which is intermediate between L. I. hidovicianus and L. I. excubitorides

303

Additions, Subtractions, Emendations

and has been separated as 622e. Migrant Shrike (L. /. migrans). Similar to
L. I. ludoviciantts but bill smaller and colors averaging paler. Not so pale as,
and lacking the whitish upper tail-coverts of L. I. excuMtorides.

Range. — "Eastern North America. Breeds chiefly in Transition and Upper
Austral Zones from northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario,
southern Quebec, Maine, and New Brunswick, south to eastern Kansas, southern
Illinois, Kentucky, western North Carolina and interior of Virginia (locally in the
east) ; winters from Middle States and southern New England to Texas, Louisiana,
and Mississippi" (A. O. U.).

The Range of the Loggerhead Shrike (No. 622) is therefore restricted to the
South Atlantic and Gulf States from southern North Carolina south through
Florida and west to Louisiana.

Page 250. After No. 612 add: 612a. Lesser Cliff Swallow (P. J. tachina).

Similar to P. 7. hmifrons but decidedly smaller, the forehead ochraceous instead

of cream color. W. 4.08; T. 1.77 (Oberholser).

Range. — "Texas and Mexico. Breeds in western Texas, the Rio Grande
"Valley, and through eastern Mexico to Vera Cruz" (A. O. U.).

Page 250. No. 612.2 Petrochelidon melanogastra, becomes No. 612b, Petro-
cheUdon tunifrons melanogastra.

Page 250. After No. 611.1 (which is now believed to be of only occasional
occurrence in southern Florida) add: 611.2. Gray-breasted Martin {I'ror/iw
chalybea). Male much like the female of P. subis but brighter, more uniformly
steel-blue above. Female like female of P. subis but brighter, more uniformly
gray, the belly whiter, without black shaft-streaks; the nape without sign of a
collar in either sex. W. 5.2.

Range. — Breeds from Lower Rio Grande in Texas south to southern Brazil.

Page 253. After No. 496 (which has become Tangavius teneus involucratus)

add: 436a. Bronzed Cowbird (T. w. ameus). Similar to T. w. involucratus but

plumage of the male smoother and more glossy; the female much grayer, more

like female of M. ater.

Range. — "San Antonio, Texas, south through eastern Mexico, Yucatan and
central America to Panama" (A. O. U.)

The Range of No. 496 is hence restricted to the region from northwestern
Mexico to southern Arizona.

Page 255. After No. 488a. add: 488b. Western Crow (C. b. hesixris).

Similar to No. 488 "but decidedly smaller, with bill relatively smaller and more

slender." <? W. 11.88; T. 6.72; B. 1.87; depth of B. at nostril .62 (Ridgway).

Range. — "Western North America, from east central British Columbia and
Montana south to southern California, Arizona, and western Texas" (A. O. U. ).

304

APPENDIX II.

FAUNAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

When one is engaged in a study of the birds of a certain region or locality
it is of the first importance to learn what has been published about them bj'
previous workers. Such information may appear in general works on the
bird-life of a large area, but more frequently it is found in 'local lists' of the
birds of a limited district. These lists constitute one of the most characteris-
tic and numerous types of ornithological publication. They are of value to
the student of distribution and migration, in the broader phases of these
subjects, and they are of especial interest and assistance to students living
in the region to which they relate.

The appended titles of works of this nature have been selected from a
card catalogue of faunal publications which the author began to prepare
some twenty years ago, in part with regard to their historic importance, but
mainly on the basis of their present working value.

Unfortunately many of these papers are now out of print or are hidden
in scientific publications of but limited circulation and are therefore corres-
pondingly inaccessible. When, however, other means to secure them fail,
the Librarian of the American Museum of Natural History, in New York
City, may be consulted with a view to securing, at cost, a type written copy
of any list desired.

305

Fatxal Bibliography
the world

1875-1895. SHARPE, B., and others. Catalogue of Birds in the British
Museum. 2, vols, with descriptions of the birds of the world, ills.— 1885. STEJ-
NEGER, L., and others. Riverside Natural History. Vol. IV, Birds, 4to, 558
pp., ills. (Houghton, Mifflin). Classification, structure, habits, distribution —
1893-1826. NEWTON, A., and others. A Dictionary of Birds. Pop. Ed., Svo, 10S8
pp., ills. (Macmillan).— 1894-95. LYDEKKER, R., and others. Royal Nat. Hist.,
Birds, 4to, Vols. Ill, 5S4 pp., and IV, 576 pp.. ills., General account.— 1899.
EVANS, A. H, Birds. Vol. IX, Cambridge Natural History (Macmillan). 8vo,
635 pp. ills. Classification, habits, distribution.— 1899-1209. SHARPE, B. A
Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds. Svo, 5 vols. Published by Brit-
ish Museum. Names and Ranges.— 1909. KNOWLTON, F. H., and others.
Birds of the World, sm. 4to, 873 pp., ills (Holt). Habits, distribution.

NORTH AMERICA

1804-14, WILSON, A. American Ornithology. 9 vols., 4to Many subse-
quent editions, the last, in one volume, by Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, is
crude, but at least places Wilson's text within reach of every one. — 1831-39. AU-
DUBON', J. J. Ornithological Biography. 5 vols., Svo of text to accompany the
4 elephant folios of plates (1827-38). Republished in 8 vols., Svo, 1840-44 and
later editions. The elephant folios with the 5 volumes of text sell for $2500-
$3000; the text can sometimes be purchased at $5 per volume; the first 8vo edi-
tion brings about $350.-1832-34. NUTTALL, T. Manual of the Ornithology of
the United States and Canada. 2 vols. Several later editions, the last revised
by Montague Chamberlain (Little, Brown & Co.), 1903, 2 vols, in one, 473 and
431 pp.— 1858. BAIRD, S. F., CASSIN, J., and LAWRENCE, G. N. Pacific R. R.
Reports. Vol. IX. Birds (of North America). 4to. pp. LVI+1005.— 1872. COUES,
E. Key to North American Birds. 1903, 5th and last ed., 2 vols., roy. Svo. 1152
pp. The introduction, of 233 pages, treats of general ornithologv and the ana-
tomy of birds.— 1874-1884. BAIRD, S. F., BREWER, T. M., and RIDGWAY, R.
History of North American Birds. Land birds, 3 vols.: water birds, 2 vols., 4to.
The volumes on land birds republished in Svo size but from same plates, 1905,
596, 590, 560 pp. (Little, Brown & Co). — 1886. American Ornithologists' Union
Check-List of North American Birds. New York, Rev. Ed. 1910, Svo, 430 pp.—
1887. RIDGWAY, R. A Manual of North American Birds. 2d Ed. 1896, 653 pp.
(Lippincott).— 1892-5. BENDIRE, C. Life Histories of North American Birds.
I, 414 pp., Gallinaceous birds, Pigeons, Hawks, and Owls; II, 1895, SOS pp.,
Parrots, Cuckoos, Trogons, Kingfishers, Woodpeckers, Goatsuckers, Swifts,
Hummingbirds, Cotingas, Flycatchers, Larks, Crows and Jays, Blackbirds and
Orioles. (Pub. by U. S. Nat. Mus).— 1893. NEHRLING, H. Our Native Birds
of Song and Beauty. Vol. I, 371 pp.; Vol. II, 1896, 452 pp. Biographical.— 1898.
DAVIE, O. Nests and Eggs of North American Birds. 5th Ed., Svo, 509 pp.
(Columbus, Ohio).— 1901-1911. RIDGWAY, R. The Birds of North and Middle
America. Bull. 50, U. S. Nat. Mus. Part I, 1901, Fringillidae; Part II, 1902, Tana-
gridae, Icteridae, Coerebidae, Mniotiltidae; Part III, 1904, Motacillidae, Hirundinidae,
Ampelidae, Ptilogonatidae, Dulidae, Vireonidae, Laniidae, Corvidas, Paridse,
Sittidae, Certhiidae, Troglodytidae, Cinclidae, Chameidae, Sylviidae; Part IV, 1907,
Turdidse, Zeledoniidae, Mimidae, Sturnidae, Ploceidae, Alaudidas, Oxyruncidae,
Tyrannidae, Piprida?, Cotingidae. Part V, 1912, Pteroptochidae, Formicariidae,
Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Trochilidae, Micropodidas, Trogonidae. Other vol-
umes to follow. The standard work.— 1903. CHAPMAN, F. M. Color Key to
North American Birds. 312 pp., upward 800 col. ills.— 1904. REED, C. S.
North American Birds' Eggs. 355 pp., many ills. — 1910. American Ornitholo-

306

Appendix II

gists' Union Abridged Check-List of North American Birds. Pocket Edition, 77
printed+77 blank pp. (New York).

EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
1872-1881. MAYNARD, C. J. Birds of Eastern North America; 1896, Rev.
Ed., 4to, 721 pp., ills. (West Newton, Mass.).— 1884. LANGILLE, J. H...Our
Birds in Their Haunts. 12mo, 624 pp. (Cassino).— 1889. MERRIAM, F. A.
Birds Through an Opera-glass. 12mo, 223 pp. (Houghton).— 1895. WRIGHT,
M. O. Birdcraft, 12mo, 317 pp., ills. (Macmillan).— 1895. CHAPMAN, F. M.
Handbook of the Birds of Eastern North America, 421 pp., ills.; 1912. Rev. Ed.
(Appletons).— 1897. CHAPMAN, F. M. Bird-Life. A Guide to the Study of our
Common Birds. 12mo. 269 pp. 75 plls.; 1901, Rev. Ed., with col. plls. (Apple-
ton's).— 1897. WRIGHT, M. O., and COUES, E. Citizen Bird, 12mo, 430 pp. ills.
(Macmillan).— 1898. BLANCHAN, N. Bird Neighbors, 234 pp., col. Plls.
(Doubleday).— 1898. MERRIAM, F. A. Birds of Village and Field. 12mo. 406
pp., ills. (Houghton).— 1898. SCOTT, W. E. D. Bird Studies, an Account of the
Land Birds of Eastern North America. 4to, 363 pp. Many half-tones (Put-
nam's).—1828. APGAR, A. C. Birds of the United States East of the Rockies.
12mo, 415 pp. ills. (Am. Book Co.).— 1899. CORY, C. B. The Birds of Eastern
North America. 8vo, 387 pp., ills. (Field Museum).— 1905-6. REED, C. A.
Bird-Guide. Oblong, 32mo, Part I, 254 pp.; Part II, 197 pp.; many ills. (Double-
day).

GREENLAND
1861. REINHARDT, J. List of Birds Hitherto Observed in Greenland;
Ibis, III, pp. 1-19, 118 species.— 1875. NEWTON, A. Notes on Birds Which
Have Been Found in Greenland, . . . London, 8vo pamphlet, pp. 94-115 (Au-
thor's extra from Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland). 63+62 species; bibliography. —
1889. HAGERUP, A. Some Account of the Birds of Southern Greenland, from
the MSS.. of A. Hagerup, edited by Montague Chamberlain. Auk, VI, pp. 211-218,
219-297, 39 species.— 1891. HAGERUP, A. T. The Birds of Greenland, translated
from the Danish by Fremann B. Arngrimson, edited by Montague Chamberlain,
Boston (Little, Brown & Co.), 8vo, 62 pp.; 139 species.— 1892. STONE, W. Birds
Collected by the West Greenland Expedition. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1892,
pp. 145-152; 147 species.— 1895. STONE, W. List of Birds Collected by the
Peary Expd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1895, pp. 502-505; 28 species.— 1835.
SCHALOW, H. VON. Ueber eine Voglesammlung aus Westgronland. Jour, fur
Orn., 1895, pp. 457-481; 35 species.— 1899. CHAPMAN, F. M. Report on Birds
Received Through the Peary Expeditions to Greenland. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., XII, pp. 219-244; 48 pages.— 1904. SCHALOW, H. Die Vogel der Arktis,
Band IV, Leiferung, I, pp. 81-288; Gustav Fischer, Jena. A detailed synopsis of
Arctic bird-life.

ALASKA
1869. DALL, W. H., and BANNISTER, H. M. List of the Birds of Alaska,
with Biographical Notes. Trans. Chic. Acad. Nat. Sci., I, pp. 267-310, pll.
XXVII-XXXIV; 212 species.— 1873. DALL, W. H. Notes on the Avifauna of the
Aleutian Islands, from Unalashka, eastward. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. V, pp. 25-35; 53
species.— 1874. DALL, W .H. Notes on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, es-
pecially those west of Unalashka. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. V, pp. 270-281; 45 species.
— 1875. COUES, E. A Report upon the Condition of Affairs in the Territory of
Alaska. By H. W. Elliot. 8vo. pp. 277. Chapter IX. Ornithology of the Prybilov
Islands, pp. 166-212; 39 species.— 1882. BEAN, T. H. Notes on Birds Collected
during the Summer of 1880 in Alaska and Siberia. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V,

307

20

Faunal Bibliogkaphy

pp. 144-173; 77 species.— 1885. MURDOCH, J. Bird Migration at Point Bar-
row, Arctic Alaska. Auk, II, p. 63; 50 species.— 1883. HARTLAUB, G. Bei-
trag zur Ornithologie von Alaska, nach deni Sammlungen und Noten von Dr.
Arthur Krause und Dr. Aurel Krause. Journ fur Orn. pp. 257-286; 83 species. —
1883. NELSON, E. W. Birds of Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean. Cruise of
the Revenue steamer Corwin in Alaska and the N. W. Arctic Ocean in 1881.
Washington. — 1885. MURDOCH, J. Report of the International Polar Expedi-
tion to Point Barrow, Alaska. Washington. Birds, pp. 104-12S; 54 species.
—1885. TURNER, L. M. Notes on the Birds of the Nearer Islands, Alaska.
Auk, II, pp. 154-159; 69 species.— 1887. TOWNSEND, C. H. List of the M id-
summer Birds of the Kowak River, Northern Alaska. Auk, IV, pp. 11-13; 52
species. — 1888. NELSON, E. W. Report upon Natural History Collections
made in Alaska Between the Years 1877 and 1881. Edited by Henry W. Hen-
shaw. 4to. pp. 337. Birds, pp. 19-230, pll. I-XII, colored; 260 species; impor-
tant.—1888. TURNER, L. M. Contributions to the Natural History of Alaska.
Results of Investigations made chiefly in the Yukon District and the Aleutian
Islands. 4to. pp. 226; birds, pp. 115-191, pll. I-X, colored; 16S species.— 1898.
GRINNELL, J. Summer Birds of Sitka, Alaska. Auk, XV, pp. 122-131; 66 spe-
cies.— 1899. PALMER, W. The Avifauna of the Pribilov Islands. The Fur
Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean, Part III, pp., 355-431; 68
species; bibliography. — 1900. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Kotzebue Sound Re-
gion, Alaska. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 1. Cooper Orn. Club, Los Angeles,
Calif. 80 pp. 1 map; 113 species.— 1900. STONE, W. Report on Birds and
Mammals obtained by the Mcllhennv Expedition to Pt. Barrow, Alaska, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, birds, pp. 4-33; 69 species.— 1901. OSGOOD, W. H. Na-
tural Historv of the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska. North American Fauna, No. i'1 ;
birds, pp. 72-81; 78 species.— 1802. McGREGOR, R. C. A List of Birds Col-
lected in Norton Sound, Alaska. The Condor, IV, pp. 135-144; 63 species.— 1904.
OSGOOD, W. H. A Biological Reconnaissance of the Base of the Alaska Pen-
insula. North American Fauna, No. 24; birds, pp. 51-81; 134 species. — 1306.
McGREGOR, R. C. Birds Observed in the Krenitzin Islands, Alaska. The Con-
dor, VIII, pp. 114-122; 44 species.— 1309. GRINNELL, J. Birds and Mammals
of the 1907 Alexander Expedition to Southeastern Alaska. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zopl.
V, 2 pp. 171-264; 99 species. — 1309. OSGOOD, W. H. Biological Investigations
in Alaska and Yukon Territory. North American Fauna, No. 30; 96 pp. 6 plls.
I. East Central Alaska, 76 species; II. Ogilvie Range, Yukon, 43 species; III.
The Macmillan River, Yukon, 55 species. — 1909. SHELDON, C. List of Birds
Observed on the Upper Toklat River near Mt. McKinley, Alaska, 1907-1908.
The Auk, XXVI, pp. 66-70; 63 species. — 1910. CLARK, A. H. The Birds Col-
lected and Observed in the North Pacific Ocean, and in Bering, Okhotsk, Japan,
and Eastern Seas, from April to December, 1906. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
1727, pp. 25-74; 175 species. — 1910. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the 1908 Alexan-
der Alaska Expedition, with a note on the Avifaunal Relationships of the Prince
William Sound District, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. V, 12, pp. 361-428; 2 plls; 89 spe-
cies— 1911. SWARTH, H. S. Birds and Mammals of the 1909 Alexander Alas-
ka Expedition. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. VII, 2, pp. 9-172; 6 plls. Birds, pp. 23-112;
137 species. — 1912. BENT, A. C. Notes on Birds Observed during a Brief
visit to the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea in 1911. Smiths. Miscell. Colls.
Vol. 56 No. 32; pp. 29; 60+22 species.

LOWER CALIFORNIA

1859, BAIRD, S. F. Notes on a collection of Birds made by Mr. John
Xantus, at Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XI,
pp. 299-306; 42 species.— 1876. RIDGWAY, R. Ornithology of Guadeloupe

308

Appendix II

Island based on notes and collections made by Dr. Edward Palmer. Bull. U. S.
Geol. Surv. Terr. Vol. II, pp. 183-195; 10 species.— 1877. STREETS, T. H., M. D.
Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Fanning Islands and
Lower California. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p 172; birds, pp. 9-33. — 1883.
BEL DING, L. Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made near the Southern Ex-
tremity of the Peninsula of Lower California. Edited by R. Ridgway. Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, pp. 532-550; 154 species (See also IMd., pp. 527-532; VI,
pp. 344-352).— 1888. BRYANT, W. E. Cerros Island. Forest and Stream, XXVII,
pp. 62-64; 27 species.— 1887. BRYANT, W. E. Additions to the Ornithology of
Guadeloupe Island. Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. II, 6, pp. 269-318; 35 species.— 1888.GOSS,
N. S. New and Rare Birds found Breeding on the San Pedro Martir Isle. Auk,
V, pp. 240-224; 5 species.— 1890. BRYANT, W. E. A catalogue of the Birds of
Lower California, Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser II, pp. 237-320, with
map; 320 species; bibliography. — 1890. TOWNSEND, C. H. Birds from the
Coasts of Western North America and adjacent Islands Collected in 1888-89,
with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp. 131-142.
Clarion Islands, 10 species: Socorro Island, 9 species; San Benedicte Island, 6
species; Lower California, 23 species; Mouth of Rio Colorado, Sonora, 3 species;
Cerros Island, 2 species; Guadeloupe Island, Lower California, 3 species; Santa
Barbara Island, California, 4 species; San Clemente Island, California, 9 spe-
cies: San Nicolas Island, California, 1 species; Santa Rosa Island, California, 5
species; Santa Cruz Island, California, 10 species. — 1895. ANTHONY, A. W.
Birds of San Fernando, Lower California. Auk, XII, pp. 134-143; 65 species. —
1898. ANTHONY, A. W. Avifauna of Revillagigedo Islands. The Auk, XV, pp.
311-318. San Benedicte Island, 11 species; Socorro Island, 24 species; Clarion
Island, 17 species.— 1902. BREWSTER, W. Birds of the Cape Region of Lower
California. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. No. 1, XLI, 241 pp., 1 map; 255 species; bib-
liography.—1903. GRINNELL, J. and DAGGETT, F. S. An Ornithological Vis-
it to Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. The Auk, XX, pp. 27-37; 22 spe-
cies; bibliography. — 1904. BRENINGER, G. F. San Clemente Island and its
Birds. The Auk, XXI, pp. 218-223.— 1905. KAEDING, H. B. Birds from the
West Coast of Lower California and Adjacent Islands. The Condor, VII, pp.
105-111; 168 species.— 1905. STONE, W. and RHOADS, S. N. On a Collection
of Birds and Mammals from the Colorado Delta, Lower California. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 676-690; 50 species.— 1907. THAYER, J. E. and BANGS, O.
Birds Collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on Cerros, San Benito and Natividad
Islands in the spring of 1906, with Notes on the Biota of the Islands. The Con-
dor, IX, pp. 77-81. Cerros, 29; Natividad, 9; San Benito, 7 species. — 1907.
THAYER, J. E., and BANGS, O. Catalogue of Birds Collected in Middle Lower
California. The Condor IX, pp. 135-140; 73 species.— 1908. THAYER, J. E. and
BANGS, O. The Present State of the Ornis of Guadeloupe Island. The Condor,
X, pp. 101-106; 20 species.— 1903. OSBORN, P. I. Notes on the Birds of Los
Coronados Islands, Lower California. The Condor XI, pp. 134-138; 34 species.

BRITISH POSSESSIONS

BERMUDA

1853. JONES, J. M., WEDDERBURN, J. W., and HURDIS, J. L.. The Na-
turalist in Bermuda. Birds, pp. 23-97.— 1884. REID, S. G. List of the Birds of
Bermuda. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 25., pp. 165-279; 186 species. (See also,
MERRIAM, C. H., Ihiil, 283, 284).— 1901. BANGS, O. and BRADLEE, T. S.
The Resident Land Birds of Bermuda. Auk, XVIII, pp. 249-257; 10 species.

309

Faunal Bibliography

CANADA

1831. SWAINSON, W., and RICHARDSON, J. Fauna Boreali-Americana.
Part Second, 4to, pp. lxvi-524, pll. 24-73, woodct. 41; 238 species; important.
—1863. BLAKISTON, T. On the Birds of the Interior of British America.
Ibis., V, pp. 39-87, 121-155; 250 species.— 1887. CHAMBERLAIN, M. A Cata-
logue of Canadian Birds with Notes on the Distribution of the Species. 8vo, pp.
143. St. John, N. B — 1898. RUSSELL, F. Explorations in the Far North, (Lake
Winnipeg, Crow Nest Pass, Alberta, Fort Chippewayan, Fort Rae, Herschel Is-
land.) Published by University of Iowa. Birds, pp. 253-270; 122 species. — 1909.
MACOUN, J. and J. M. Catalogue of Canadian Birds. Svo, XVIII-f761 pp.
Government Ptg. Bureau, Ottawa. Distribution and nesting; important.

ALBERTA

1832. RAINE, W. (See Saskatchewan.)— 1909. STANSELL, S. S. S.,
Birds of Central Alberta. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 391-400; 157 species.

BRITISH COLUMBIA
1868. BROWN, R. Synopsis of the Birds of Vancouver Island. Ibis, 2nd
Ser., IV, pp. 414-428; 153 species.— 1890. CHAPMAN, F. M. On a Collection of
Birds made by Mr. Clark P. Streator in British Columbia with Field Notes by
the Collector. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ill, pp. 123-158; 160 species, from West-
minister, Mt. Lehman, Ducks, and Ashcroft, B. C, Duncan's Station, Vancouver
Island, and Kalama, Washington.— 1891. FANNIN, J. Check-List of British Col-
umbia Birds. Svo. pp. XIV+49. Victoria, B. C; 307 species.— 1893. RHOADS,
S. X. The Birds observed in British Columbia and Washington during spring
and summer of 1892. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, pp. 21-65; 260 species.—
1901. OSGOOD, W. H. Natural History of the Queen Charlotte Islands, Brit-
ish Columbia. North American Fauna, No. 21, Birds, pp. 38-50; 98 species. —
1903. BROOKS, A. Notes on the Birds of the Cariboo District, British Colum-
bia. The Auk, XX, pp. 277-284; 94 species.— 1912. SWARTH, H. S. Report on
a Collection of Birds and Mammals from Vancouver Island, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool. X, 1, pp. 124; 111 species.

FRANKLIN

1879. KUMLIEN, L. Contributions to the Natural History of Arctic Am-
erica, made in Connection with the Howgate Polar Expedition, 1877-78. Bull. U.
S. Nat. Mus., No. 15. Birds, pp. 69-105; 84 species.— 1886. GREELEY, A. W.
Three years of Arctic Service. Roy Svo, 2 vols, Birds, Vol. II, App. VIII, pp.
372-385; 35+5 species.

KEEWATIN

1902. PREBLE, E. A. Birds of Keewatin, N. A. Fauna, No. 22, pp. 75-131;
260 species. — 1905. EIFRIG, C. W. G. Ornithological Results of the Canadian
Neptune Expedition to Hudson Bay and Northward, 1903-1904. Auk, pp. 233-
241; 51 species.

LABRADOR (INCLUDING UNGAVA)

1861. COUES, E. Notes on the Ornithology of Labrador. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., XIII, pp. 215-257; 82 species.— 1885. TURNER, L. M. List of the
Birds of Labrador, including Ungava, East Main, Moose, and Gulf Districts of
the Hudson Bay Company, together with the Island of Anticosti. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., VIII, pp. 233-254; 207 species. (See also PACKARD. A. S. The La-
brador Coast, 1891).— 1887. FRAZAR, M. A. An Ornithologist's Summer in
Labrador. Orn. and 061., XII, pp. 1-3, 17-20, 33-35; 62 species.— 1902. BIGE-
LOW, H. B. Birds of the Northwestern Coast of Labrador. Auk, XIX, 1902,
pp. 24-31; 85 species.— 1907. TOWNSEND, C. W., and ALLEN, G. M. Birds of

310

Appendix II

Labrador. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, pp. 277-428, map; 213 species.
(See also TOWNSEND. C. W., and BENT, A. C. The Auk, 1910, pp. 1-18; 93
species.)

MACKENZIE
1862. ROSS, B. R. List of Mammals, Birds, and Eggs, observed in the
Mackenzie's River District with notices. Canad. Nat. and Geol., VII, pp. 137-155.
Birds, pp. 142-155; 192 species. (See also Nat. Hist. Rev. 2nd Ser. II, pp. 269-
290).— 1891. MACFARLANE, R. Notes on and List of Birds and Eggs Collect-
ed in Arctic America, 1861-1866. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, pp. 413-446; 131
species. (See also Hist. & Sci. Soc. of Man., Trans. 39). — 1908. MAC FARLANE,
R. List of Birds and Eggs Observed and Collected in the North-West Terri-
tories of Canada, between 1880 and 1894. pp. 285-447 of Mair's "Through the
Mackenzie Basin," Toronto. William Briggs. 220 species. — 1908. PREBLE,
E. A. A Biological Investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie Region, N. A.
Fauna, No. 27, 574 pp. Birds, pp. 251-500; 296 species; bibliography; import-
ant.—1908. SETON, E. T. Bird Records from Great Slave Lake Region. The
Auk, XXV, pp. 68-74; 88 species.

MANITOBA
1886. SETON, E. T. The Birds of Western Manitoba. Auk, III, pp. 145-
156, 320-329, 453; 258 species.— 1891. SETON, E. T. The Birds of Manitoba.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, pp. 457-643, 1 pi.; 266 species. (See also 14 additions,
Auk, 1893, p. 49.)— 1909. SETON, E. T. Fauna of Manitoba. British Assc.
Handbook. Winnipeg, pp. 1-47; 273 species.

NEW BRUNSWICK
1857. BRYANT, H. A List of Birds Observed at Grand Menan and at Yar-
mouth, N. S., from June 16 to July 8. Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist, VI, pp. 114-123; 55
species.— 1873. HERRICK, H. A Partial Catalogue of the Birds of Grand Men-
an, N. B., Bull. Essex. Inst, V. pp. 28-41; 194 species.— 1879. PEARSALL, R. F.
Grand Menan Notes; Summers of 1877 and 1878. Forest and Stream, XIII, p.
524; 43 species.— 1882. BATCHELDER, C. F. Notes on the Summer Birds of
the Upper St. John. Bull. N. O. C, VII, pp. 106-111, 147-152; 105 species.— 1882.
CHAMBERLAIN, M. A Catalogue of the Birds of New Brunswick. Bull. Nat.
Hist. Soc. New Brunswick, No. I, pp. 23-68, 269 species.— 1912. TOWNSEND, C.
W. Notes on the Summer Birds of the St. John Valley, New Brunswick. The
Auk, XXIX, pp. 16-23; 81 species.

NEWFOUNDLAND
1869. REEKS, H. Notes on the Zoology of Newfoundland. Zoologist,
2nd ser., IV, pp. 1609-1614, 1698-1695, 1741-1759, 1849-1858; 212 species. See
also Canad. Nat. and Quart. Journ. Sci., V. 1870-71, pp. 38-47, 151-159, 289-304,
406-416; and HARVEY M. Forest and Stream, III, pp. 53, 196, 341.— 1900.
PORTER, L. H. Newfoundland Notes. Auk, XVII, pp. 71-73; 50 species sum-
mer birds. — 1912. ARNOLD, E. A Short Summer Outing in Newfoundland.
The Auk, XXTX, pp. 72-79 ; 68 species.

NOVA SCOTIA
1857. BRYANT, H. (See New Brunswick.)— 1858. BLAKISTON, R. A.,
BLAND, R. E., and WILLIS, J. R. List of Birds of Nova Scotia. Thirteenth
Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst., pp. 280-286; 206 species.— 1879. JONES, J. MATTHEW.
List of the Birds of Nova Scotia — Land Birds. Forest and Stream, XII, pp. 65,
66, 105, 106, 205, 245; 128 species.— 1887. D WIGHT, J., Jr. Summer Birds of

311

Fauxal Bibliogeaphy

the Bras d'Or Region of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Auk, IV, 1887, pp.
13-16; 59 species. (See also ALLEN, F. H., Ibid., 1S91.) — 1888. DOWNS, A.
Birds of Nova Scotia, edited bv Harry Piers, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Inst.
Nat. Sci., VII, ii, pp. 142-178; 240 species.

ONTARIO

1860. McIL WRAITH, T. List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Hamil-
ton. Canad. Journ., V. pp. 3S7-396. (See also Proc. Essex. Inst., V. 1866, pp.
79-96), 241 species.— 1882. 1IORDEX, J. A., and SAUNDERS, W. E. List of the
Birds of Western Ontario. Canad. Sportsm, and Nat. II, pp. 183-187, 192-194, al-
so III, pp. 218, 219, 243; 236 species.— 1891. FARLEY, W. L. A List of the
Birds of Elgin County, Ontario. The Oblogist, VIII, pp. 81-S7; 190 species. —
1891. Ottawa Field Nat. Club. The Birds of Ottawa. Ottawa Nat. V. pp. 31-47;
224 species.— 1894. McILWRAITH, T. The Birds of Ontario, 8vo. X+426 pp.
Wm. Briggs, Toronto; 317 species. — 1897-8. NASH, C. W. Birds of Ontario in
Relation to Agriculture. Rep. Farmers' Inst, of Ont. 8vo, 32 pp. — 1900. NASH,
C. W. Check List of the Birds of Ontario. Warwick Bros, and Rutter, Toronto.
8vo. 58 pp.; 302 species.— 1901. FLEMING, J. H. A list of the Birds of the
Districts of Parry Sound and Muskoka, Ont. Auk, XVIII, 1901, pp. 33-45; 196
species. (See also Ibid., XTX, p. 403.)— 1905. NASH, C. W. Check List of the
Birds of Ontario. L. K. Cameron, Printer, Toronto, Ont. 82 pp; 324 species. —
1906. SWALES, B. H., and TAVERNER, P. A. Remarks on the Summer Birds
of Lake Muskoka, Ont. Wilson Bull., XVIII, pp. 60-68; 59 species.— 1906-7.
FLEMING, J. H. Birds of Toronto, Ont. Auk, XXIII, pp. 437-453; XXIV, pp.
71-89; 290 species.— 1907. HUBEL, F. C. Preliminary List of the Summer
Birds of the Cobalt Mining Region, Nipissing District, Ont. Auk XXIV, pp. 48-52;
76 species.— 1907-8. TAVERNER, P. A. and SWALES, B. H. The Birds of
Point Pelee, Wilson Bull. XIX, pp. 37-53; 82-99, 133-153; XX, pp. 79-96, 107-129;
209 species. See also WOOD, N. A., Ibid., 1910, pp. 63-78.— 1910. EIFRIG, G. A.
Winter of Rare Birds at Ottawa. Auk, XXVII, pp. 53-59.

QUEBEC

1878. CORY, C. B. A Naturalist in the Magdalen Islands (Boston). Part II,
pp. 33-83, list of birds; 109 species.— 1882. WINTLE, E. D. Ornithology of the Is-
land of Montreal. Canad. Sportsm. and Nat., II, pp. 108-110, 116, 117; 168 species. —
1882-5. MERRIAM, C. H. List of Birds Ascertained to Occur within Ten Miles
of Point des Monts, Province of Quebec, Canada; based chiefly upon the notes
of Napoleon A. Comeau. Bull. N. O. C, VII, pp. 233-242, and Addenda, VIII, pp.
244, 245; Auk, I, 1884, p. 295; II, 1885, pp. 113, 315; 180 species.— 1884. BREW-
STER, W. Notes on the Birds Observed During a Summer Cruise on the Gulf
of St. Lawrence. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXII, pp. 364-412; 92 species. —
1889. BISHOP, L. B. Notes on the Birds of the Magdalen Islands. Auk, VI,
pp. 144-150; 66 species.— 1889. DIONNE, C. E. Catalogue des Oiseaux de la
Porvince de Quebec avec des Notes sur leur Distribution Geographique. . . .
Quebec des Presses a Vapeur de J. Dussault, Port Dauphin, 8vo, 119 pp.; 273
species. — 1891. PALMER, WILLIAM. Notes on the Birds Observed During
the Cruise of the United States Fish Commission Schooner Grampus in the Sum-
mer of 1887. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp 249-265; 78 species.— 1893.
DWIGHT, J., JR. Summer Birds of Prince Edward Island. Auk, X, 1893, pp.
1-15; 81 species.— 1896. WINTLE, E. D. The Birds of Montreal. W. Drysdale
& Co., Montreal. 8vo, xiv+181 pp.; 254 species.— 1908. MACS WAIN, J. A
Catalogue of the Birds of Prince Edward Island. Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia
Inst, of Science. XI, pp, 570-592; 220 species.

312

AlMM.NDIX II

SASKATCHEWAN
1892. RAINB, W. Bird-nesting in North-west Canada. Svo. pp. 197- ills.
Toronto.— 1907-8. BENT, A. C. Summer Birds of Southern Saskatchewan. The
Auk, XXIV, pp. 407-430; XXV, pp. 25-35; 153 species.— 1910. FERRY, J. F.
Birds Observed in Saskatchewan During the Summer of 1909. The Auk
XXVII, pp. 185-204; 118 species.

UNITED STATES
WESTERN UNITED STATES
1856. CASSIN, J. Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, Oregon,
British, and Russian America. Intended to Contain descriptions and figures of
all North American Birds not given by former American authors, and a General
Synopsis of North American Ornithology. 1 Vol. large Svo. pp. viii+298; pll. 50.
—1870. COOPER, J. G. Geological Survey of California. Ornithology. Volume

1. Land Birds. Edited by S. F. Baird. Published by authority of the Legisla-
ture. Vol. I large 8vo, pp. xi+591; ills.— 1872. ALLEN, J. A. Notes of an
Ornithological Reconnaissance of Portions of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and
Utah. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Ill, pp. 113-183. Annotated lists of birds observed
at Leavenworth, Topeka, Fort Hays and in Northwestern Kansas; between Colo-
rado City and Denver, at South Park near Mount Lincoln, Colorado; at Chey-
enne, Wyoming, and near Ogden, Utah. — 1874. COUES, E. Birds of the North-
west: A Handbook of the Ornithology of the Region drained by the Missouri
River and its Tributaries. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Territories. Miscellaneous
Publications, No. 3. Washington, 1 Vol. Svo, pp. xii+791; important. — 1874.
YARROW, H. C. and HENSHAW, H. W. Geog. and Geol. Explorations and
Surveys West of the one hundredth Meridian. Reports upon Ornithological
Specimens Collected in the years 1871, 1872, and 1873. 8vo, pp. 1-148. Observa-
tions made in Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona. — 1875. HEN-
SHAW, H. W. Report upon Geograph. and Geol. Explorations and Surveys West
of the One Hundredth Meridian. Vol. V, Zoology. Chap. Ill, Report upon the
Ornithological Collections made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, California,
Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, during the years 1871, 1872, 1873 and 1874.
4to pp. 134-508; pll. xv; 296 species.— 1878. COUES, E. Birds of the Colorado
Valley. A Repository of Scientific and Popular Information Concerning North
American Ornithology. Part First. Passeres to Laniidse. Bibliographical
Appendix. Seventy illustrations. — 1890. BELDING, L. Land Birds of the
Pacific District. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences,
II, Svo, pp. 1-274; 295 species.— 1902. BAILEY, F. M. Handbook of Birds of
Western United States. 12mo, pp. xc-512; many ills. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Important.

MISSISSIPPI VALLEY

1888. COOKE, W. W. Reports on Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley
in the year 1884 and 1885. Edited and revised by C. Hart Herriam. Bull. No.

2, Div. Economic Ornithology [= Biological Survey]. 313 pp., 1 map.

NEW ENGLAND

1877. MINOT, H. D. The Land and Game Birds of New England. Second
Ed., edited by Wm. Brewster, 1895, 492 pp. (Houghton).— 1881-3. STEARNS, W.
A. and COUES, E. New England Bird-Life, 2 vols., pp. 324-409.— 1904. HOFF-
MANN, R. A Guide to the Birds of New England and Eastern New York. 350
pp. (Houghton).— 1909. ALLEN, G. M. Birds of New England. Occ. Papers
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, VII, pp. 1-230; 402 species.

313

Fauxal Bibliogeaphy

ALABAMA
1878-9. BROWN, N. C. A List of Birds Observed at Coosada, Central Ala-
bama. Bull. N. O. C, III, pp. 168-174; IV, pp. 7-13; 119 species.— 1890-1. AVERY,
W. C. Birds Observed in Alabama. Am. Field, XXXIV, pp. 584, 607, 60S- XXXV,
1891, pp. 8, 32, 55; 184 species.— 1908. SAUNDERS, A. A. Some Birds of
Central Alabama. Auk, XXV, pp. 413-424; 129 species.

ARIZONA
1853. WOODHOUSE, S. W. Report of an Expedition down tbe Zuni and
Colorado Rivers, by Captain L. Sitgreaves. . . . Svo, pp. 198. Birds, pp. 58-105;
pli. i-vi; 219 species.— 1866. COUES, E. List of the Birds of Fort Whipple.
Arizona: with which are incorporated all the other species ascertained to in-
habit the Territory; with brief critical and field notes, descriptions of new
species, etc. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. XVIII, pp. 39-100; 245 species.— 1874.
YARROW, H. C, and HENSHAW, H. W. (see Utah).— 1875. HENSHAvV, 11
W. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1875. App. I 2, pp. 153-166.
Annotated list of the Birds of Arizona; 291 species.— 1882-3. BREWSTER. W.
On a Collection of Birds lately made by Mr. F. Stephens in Arizona. Bull
Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, pp. 65-86; 135-147; 193-212; VIII, pp. 21-36; 165 species
(see also The Auk, II, 1885, pp. 84, 85; 196-200).— 1886-8. SCOTT, W. E. D. On
the Avifauna of Pinal County with Remarks on Some Birds of Pima and Gila
Counties, Arizona. With annotations by J. A. Allen. Auk, III, 249-258; 383-3S9;
421-432; IV, pp. 16-24; 196-205; V, pp. 29-36; 159-168; 246 species.— 1887. MOR-
COM, G. (See California).— 1890. MEARNS, E. A. Observations on the Avi-
founa of Portions of Arizona. Auk, VII, pp. 45-55; 251-264; 100 species. — 1890.
MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Survey of the San Francisco Moun-
tain region and Desert of the Little Colorado in Arizona. North American Fauna,
No. 3. Part IV, Annotated List of Birds of the San Francisco Mountain Plateau
and Desert of the Little Colorado River, Arizona, pp. 85-101; 151 species. — 1892.
RHOADS, S. N. (See Texas).— 1893. FISHER, A. K. (See California).—
1903. OSGOOD, W. H. A List of Birds observed in Cochise County, Arizona.
The Condor, V, pp. 128-131; 149-151; 123 species.— 1904. SWARTH, H. S. Birds
of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 4. Cooper
Orn. Club, 8vo, pp. 70; 195 species.— 1905. SWARTH, H. S. Summer Birds of
the Papago Indian Reservation and of the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. The
Condor, VIJ pp. 22-28; 47-50; 77-81; 65+68; species.— 1908. SWARTH, H. S.
Some Fall Migration Notes from Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. The Condor,
X, pp. 107-116; 109 species.— 1910. VISHER, S. S. Notes of the Birds of Pima
County, Arizona. The Auk, XXVII, pp. 279-288; 127 species.

ARKANSAS

1911. HOWELL, A. H. Birds of Arkansas. Bull. No. 38, Biological Survey.
8vo, pp. 100, 1 map; 255 species.

CALIFORNIA*

1846-47. GAMBEL, W. Remarks on the Birds Observed in Upper California
with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ill, pp. 44-48;
110-114; 154-158; 200-204; 82 species (see also Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1847, pp. 25-56; 1849, pp. 215-229; 176 species).— 1853. HERRMANN, A. L.
Notes ou the Land Birds of California, observed during a residence of three

* See Grinnell, J. A Bibliography of California Ornithology. Pacific Coast
Avifauna, No. 5.

314

Appendix II

years in that country. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, pp. 259-272; 130 species.
—1857. NEWBERRY, J. S. Report on the Birds Observed in California and
Oregon. Pac. R. R. Rep. Vol. VI, Part VI, pp. 73-110; 174 species.— 1853. HERR-
MANN, A. L. Report on Birds Collected on the Survey. Pac. R. R. Rep. Vol.
X, No. 2, pp. 29-80; 180 species.— 1853. XANTUS, J. Catalogue of Birds Col-
lected in the vicinity of Fort Tejon, California, with a description of a new
species of Syrnium. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XI, pp. 189-193; 144 species. —
1866. COUES, E. (See Arizona).— 1870. COOPER, J. G. The Fauna of Cali-
fornia and its geographical Distribution. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 61-81. —
1875. COOPER, J. G. New Facts relating to California Ornithology. Proc.
Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI, 1875, pp. 189-202; 45 species.— 1875. NELSON, E. YV.
(See Utah).— 1876. HENSHAW, H. W. Report on the Ornithology of the Por-
tions of California visited during the Field Season of 1875; pp. 224-278. Annual
Report upon the Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian.
Notes from Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara, region about Mt. Whitney, Kern-
ville, and Walker's Basin; 204 species.— 1877. HENSHAW, H. W. (See Neva-
da).—1877. RIDGWAY, R. (See Nevada).— 1879. BELDING, L. Partial List
of the Birds of Central California. Edited by R. Ridgway. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
I, pp. 388-449; 220 species.— 1879. COOPER, J. G. On Migration and Nesting
Habits of West-Coast Birds. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. II, pp. 241-251.— 1880. HEN-
SHAW, H. W. (See Nevada).— 1886. EVERMANN, B. W. A List of the Birds
observed in Ventura County, California. Auk, III, pp. 86-94, 179-186; 200 species.
(See also Cooper, Ibid, IV, pp. 85-94.— 1886. STREATOR, C. P. List of Birds-
observed in the Vicinity of Santa Barbara, Cal., During the year 1885. Orn. and
Ool., XI, pp. 51, 52, 66, 67, 89, 90, 107; 187 species.— 1887. BLAKE, E. W. JR.
Summer Birds of Santa Cruz Island, California. Auk, IV, pp. 328-330; 28 species.
—1887. MORCOM, G. F. Notes on the birds of Southern California and South-
western Arizona. Bull. No. 2, Ridgw. Orn. Club, pp. 36-57; 139 species. — 1887.
STREATOR, C. P. The Water Birds of San Miguel Island. Proc. Santa Bar-
bara Soc. Nat. Hist. Bull. No. I, pp. 21-23; 10 species.— 1887. TAYLOR, H. R.
Trip to the Farallone Islands. Orn. and 061. XII, pp. 41-43; 12 species. — 1887.
TOWNSEND, C. H. Field-Notes on the Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles of
Northern California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. X, pp. 159-241; Birds, pp. 190-237 :.
261 species.— 1888.. .BRYANT, W. E. Birds and Eggs from the Farallon Islands.
Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser. I; 1887, pp. 25-50; 81 species.— 1888. STREATOR,
C. P. Notes on the Birds of the Santa Barbara Islands. Orn. and 061., XIII, pp.
52-54.— 1890. TOWNSEND, C. (See Lower California).— 1890-91. KEELER,
C. A. Geographical Distribution of Land Birds in California. Zoe, I, 1890, pp.
225-230; 257-260; 295-299; 337-343; 1891, 369-373.— 1893. FISHER, A. K. Report
on the Ornithology of the Death Valley Expedition N. A. Fauna, No. 7, pp. 7-158 ;
290 species. — 1895. LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds. No. 1— Monterey
and Vicinity from the Middle of June to the end of August. Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., Ser. 2, V. pp. 177-224; map; 44 sjtecies— 1896. LOOMIS, L. M. California
Water Birds, No. II. Vicinity of Monterey in Midwinter. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
Ser. 2, VI, pp. 1-30; 1 map; 43 species. Ill, South Farallon in July, Ibid., pp.
353-366; 2 maps; 10 species.— 1896. MERRIAM, F. A. A-birding on a Bronco
tin San Diego Co.] 16mo, pp. x+226; ills. Houghton, Miffllin & Co. — 1897.
BARLOW, C. The Story of the Farallones. Ob. 16mo, 32 pp. ills. H. R. Taylor,
Alameda. — 1897. GRINNELL, J. Report on Birds Recorded during a Visit to
the Islands of Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, and San Clemente in the spring of
1897; pp. 26.— 1898. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Los Angeles
County. Pub. No. II, Pasadena Acad. Sci., pp. 52; 300 species. — 1898. GRIN-
NELL, J. Land Birds Observed in Midwinter on Santa Catalina Island, Cali-
fornia. Auk, XV, pp. 233-236; 29 species.— 1899. KEELER, C. A. Bird Notes

315

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Afield. 12mo, pp. viii+353. D. P. Elder & Morgan Sheppard, San Francisco —
1899. MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Survey of Mount Shasta, Cali-
fornia. North American Fauna, No. 16, Birds, pp. 109-134; 136 species. — 1900.
LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds. No. IV. Vicinity of Monterey in Au-
tumn. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 3d Ser. II, pp. 277-322; 1 map: 42 species. V.
Vicinity of Monterey in May and Early June, Ibid., pp. 349-363; 36 species.— 1900.
MAILLARD, J. Land Birds of Marin County. Cal. The Condor, II, pp. 62-6S;
L37 species.— 19C0. SWARTH, H. S. Avifauna of a 100-acre Ranch [at Los
Angeles]. The Condor, II, pp. 14-16; 37-41: 175 species.— 1901. BARLOW, C.
A List of the Land Birds of the Placerville-Lake Tahoe Stage Road. The Con-
dor, III, pp. 151-184; L30 species.— 1901. MAILLARD, J. and J W. Birds Re-
corded at Paicines, San Benito Co., California. The Condor, III, pp. 120-127;
168 species.— 1901. McGREGOR, R. C. A List of the Land Birds of Santa
Cruz County, California. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 2. Cooper Orn. Club, pp.
22; 139 species.— 1 £02. FISHER, W. K. The Redwood Belt of Northwestern
California. The Condor, IV, Faunal Peculiarities, pp. 111-114; Land-Birds, 131-
135; 63 species.— 1902. FISHER, W. K. List of Birds of Santa Clara Valley
and Santa Cruz Mountains, exclusive of Water-Birds. Bailey's Handbook of
Birds of the Western United States, pp. li-lvi; 147 species. — 1902. GRINNELL,
J. Check-List of California Birds. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 3, Cooper Orn.
Club, 92 pp.; 2 maps; 491 species.— 1902. GRINNELL, J. List of Birds to be
looked for in the Vicinity of Pasadena. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the West-
ern United States, pp. lvi-lxiv; 191 species. — 1902. KOBBE, W. H List of
Water Birds of San Francisco Bay. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the Western
United States, pp. lviii-1; 91 species.— 1903. ANDERSON, M. P., and GRIN-
NELL, J. Birds of the Siskiyou Mountains, California: A Problem in Distri-
bution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 4-15; 43 species. — 1903. KAEDING, H.
B. Bird-Life on the Farallones. The Condor, V, pp. 121-127; 17 species. — 1903.
RAY, M. S. A List of Land Birds of Lake Valley, Central Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains, California. The Auk, pp. 180-193; 109 species.— 1903. STEPHENS, F.
Bird Notes from Eastern California and Western Arizona. The Condor, V, pp.
75-78; 100-105; 119 species.— 1904. EMERSON, W. O. The Farallones Revisit-
ed, 1887-1903. The Condor, VI, pp. 61-67.— 1904. RAY, M. S. A Fortnight on
the Farallones. The Auk, XXI, pp. 425-442; 14 species.— 1904. WHEELOCK, J.
G. Birds of California: An Introduction to more than Three Hundred Com-
mon Birds of the State and Adjacent Islands. 12mo. xxviii+578 pp.; ills. A. C.
McClurg & Co.— 1905. GRINNELL, J. Summer Birds of Mount Pinos, Cali-
fornia. The Auk, XXII, pp. 378-391; 73 species.— 1906. DIXON, J. Land Birds
of San Onofre, California. The Condor, VIII, pp. 91-98; 63 species.— 1906. RAY.
M. S. Summer Birds of San Francisco County, California. The Condor, VIII,
pp. 42-44; 44 species.— 1907. BEAL, F. E. L. Birds of California in Relation to
the Fruit Industry. Bull. No. 30, Biological Survey, pp. 100.— 1908. GOLDMAN,
E. A. Summer Birds of the Tulare Lake Region. The Condor, X, pp. 200-205;
83 species. — 1908. GRINNELL, J. The Biota of the San Bernardino Mountains.
Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool. V, I, 170 pp. xxiv plls. Birds, pp. 50-54; 139 species. —
1908. HOLLISTER, N. Birds of the Region about Needles, California. The
Auk, XXV, pp. 455-462; 66 species.— 1910. BECK, R. H. Water Birds of the
Vicinity of Point Pinos, California. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, III, pp. 57-72;
94 species.— 1908. LINTON, C. B. Notes from San Clemente Island. The Con-
dor, X, pp. 82-86; 58 species.— 1908. LINTON, C. B. Notes from Santa Cruz
Island. The Condor, X, pp. 124-129; 88 species. (See also Ibid, XIII, pp. 208-
210).— 1911. DAWSON, W. L. Another Fortnight on the Farallones. The Con-
dor, XIII, pp. 171-183; 43 species.— 1911. VAN ROSSEM, A. Winter Birds of
the Salton Sea Region. The Condor, XIII, pp. 129-137; 72 species.— 1912.

316

Appendix II

LAMB, C. Birds of Mohave Desert Oasis. The Condor, XIV, pp. 32-40; 133
species.— 1912. WILLETT, G. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern Calij
fornia, Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 7. Cooper Orn. Club, pp. 122; 377 species.—
1912. GRINNELL, J. A Systematic List of the Birds of California. Ibid., No.
S, pp. 23; 530 species.

COLORADO
1872. AIKEN, C. E., and HOLDEN, C. H. Jr. (See Wvoming).— 1873.
RIDGWAY, R. The Birds of Colorado. Bull. Essex Inst. V, pp. 174-195. Dis-
tribution tables and 243 species. Based on the Observations of C. E. Aiken. —
1874. YARROW, H. C, and HENSHAW, H. W. (See Utah).— 1881. DREW,
F. M. Field Notes on the Birds of San Juan Co. Colorado. Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, VI, pp 85-91; 138-143; 104 species.— 1883. ALLEN, J. A., and BREWSTER,
W. List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Colorado Springs, Colorado, Dur-
ing March, April, and May, 1882. Bull. N. O. C. VIII, pp. 151-161; 189-198; 134
species.— 1885. DREW, F. On the Vertical Range of Birds in Colorado. Auk,
II, pp. 11-18; 277 species. (See also 10 additions by H. Smith, Jr., and A. W.
Anthony, Ibid., Ill, 1886, pp. 284-286, and also 20 species by P. M. Thorne, Ibid.,
IV, 1887, pp. 264, 265).— 1885. HOFFMAN, W. J. (See Montana).— 1888-90.
MORRISON, C. F. A List of the Birds of Colorado. Orn. and Ool., XIII, pp. 145,
148, 165-168, 181-183; XIV, 1889, pp. 6-9 65-68, 145-150; XV, 1890, pp. 36-38. ("To
be continued.") 233 species to Junco, inclusive. — 1890. KELLOGG, V. L.
Summer Birds of Estes Park, Colorado, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. XII, pp. 80-90.
—1897. COOKE, W. W. The Birds of Colorado. Bull. 37, State Agricultural
College, Ft. Collins, pp. 144; 360 species; bibliography (See also 1898, Bull. 44,
first appendix, 1900, Bull No. 56, second appendix; and 1909. The Auk, pp.
400-422, third supplement, increasing total number of species to 397). — 1902.
KEYSER, L. S. Birds of the Rockies. With a Complete Check-List of Colora-
do Birds. 8vo, xii+355 pp; ills. McClurg, Chicago.— 1908. ROCKWELL, R. B.
An Annotated List of the Birds of Mesa County, Colorado. The Condor, X, pp.
152-180; 203 species.— 1908. WARREN, E. R. Northwestern Colorado Bird
Notes. The Condor, X, pp. 18-26; 93 species.— 1909. FELGER, A. H. Annotat-
ed List of the Water Birds of Weld, Morgan and Adams Counties, Colorado,
south to the first sectional line below the Fortieth Parallel. The Auk, XXVI, pp.
272-291; 3 maps; 107 species, (see also Hersey, L. J. and Rockwell, R. B. The
Condor, XI, 1909, pp. 110-122, and Rockwell, Ibid., XIV, pp. 117-131).— 1909.
HENDERSON, J. An Annotated List of the Birds of Boulder Co., Colorado.
Univ. Colo., Studies, VI, pp. 219-242.— 1910.— FELGER, A. H. Birds and Mam-
mals of Northwestern Colorado, Univ. Studies Colo. Mus., VII, 2, pp. 132-146;
133 species.— 1910. WARREN, E. R. Some Central Colorado Bird Notes. The
Condor, XII, pp. 23-39; 127 species.— 1911. WIDMANN, O. List of Birds Ob-
served in Estes Park, Colorado, from June 10, to July 18, 1910. The Auk,
XXVIII, pp. 304-319; 90 species.— 1912. COOKE, W. W. The Present Status of
the Colorado Check-List of Birds. The Condor, XIV, pp. 147-153. Admits 403
species.— 1912. SCLATER, W. L. A History of the Birds of Colorado. Wither-
by & Co., London, 8vo, pp. xxiv+576; plls. xvii; 392 species; important.

CONNECTICUT
1843. LINSLEY, J. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Connecticut. Am.
Journ. Sci. and Arts, XLIV, pp. 249-274, 302 species. See also Ibid., XL VI, 1844,
pp. 50, 51.— .1877. MERRIAM, C. H. A Review of the Birds of Connecticut,
with Remarks on their Habits. Trans, of the Conn. Acad., IV, pp. 1-165; 292
species.— 1887. PLATT, F. A List of the Birds of Meriden, Conn. Trans. Mer-
iden Scientific Assoc, II, 1885-86, pp. 30-53; III, p. 41; 116 species.— 1892.
AVERILL, C. K., JR., List of Birds Found in the Vicinity of Bridgeport, Con-
necticut. Bridgeport Scientific Society, 8vo, pp. 1-19, 246 species. — 1906. CHAP-

317

Fallal Bibliography

MAN, F. M. (See New York).— 1908. COMMITTEE. A List of the Birds
of the New Haven Region. Bull. No. 1, New Haven Bird Club, pp. 1-32; 217
species.

DAKOTA (NORTH and SOUTH)
1875. GRINNELL, G. B. Report of a Reconnaissance of the Black Hills of
Dakota, made in the summer of 1874. By William Ludlow. Chapter II. Birds,
pp. 85-102; 110 species.— 1875. HOFFMAN, W. J. List of Birds Observed at
Grand River Agency, Dakota Ter., from October 7th, 1872, to June 7th, 1873.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVIII, pp. 169-175; 79 species.— 1877. McCHESNEY,

C. E., M. D. Birds of the Coteau des Prairies of Eastern Dakota. Forest and
Stream, VIII, pp. 176, 177, 192, 224, 225, 241, 242, 261; 102 species.— 1901-2.
BENT, A. C. Nesting habits of the Anatidse in North Dakota. Auk, XVIII, pp;
328-336; XIX, pp. 11-12; 165-174; 16 species.— 1908. REAGAN, A. B. The Birds
of the Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota. The Auk, XXV, pp. 462-467;
108 species. — 1909. VISHER, S. S. A List of the Birds of western South Dakota.
The Auk, XXVI, pp. 144-153; 194 species.— 1911. VISHER, S. S. Annotated
List of the Birds of Harding County, Northwestern South Dakota. The Auk,
XXVIII, pp. 5-16; 154 species.

DELAWARE
1905. RHOADS, S. N., and PENNOCK, C. J. Birds of Delaware: A Pre-
liminary List. Auk, XXII, 1905, pp. 194-205; 211 species. (See also Auk, XXV,
1908, pp. 282-288.)— 1897-1908. STONE, W., Editor. Numerous Notes on Dela-
ware Birds. Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
1883. COUES, E. and PRENTISS, D. W. Avifauna Columbiana, Second
Edition. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. No. 26, 8vo, pp. 1-133, many woodcuts, 4 maps,
248 species. — 1888. RICHMOND, C. W. An Annotated List of Birds Breeding
in the District of Columbia. Auk, V, pp. 18-25; 100 species.— 1888. SMITH,
HUGH M., and PALMER, WILLIAM. Additions to the Avifauna of Washington,

D. C, and Vicinity. Auk, V, pp. 147, 148. Adds 12 species to Coues' and Pren
tiss' list of 1883.— 1898. MAYNARD, L. W. Birds of Washington and Vicinity,
with Introduction by Florence A. Merriam. 12mo. 204 pp. Washington, D. C.
291 species.

GEORGIA
1883. BAILEY, H. B. Memoranda of a Collection of Eggs from Georgia.
Bull. N. O. C, VIII, pp. 37-43; 104 species.— 1903. SMITH, R. S. Birds of Kirk-
wood, De Kalb Co., Ga. Wilson Bull., XV, pp. 49-59; 125 species.— 1909. HOW-
ELL, A. H. Notes on the Summer Birds of Northern Georgia. Auk, XXVI, pp.
129-137; 76 species.

FLORIDA

1871. ALLEN, J. A. On the Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., II, pp. 161-450, pll. ix-xiii; 181 species.— 1888. CHAP-
MAN, F. M. A List of Birds Observed at Gainesville, Florida. Auk, V, pp. 267-
277; 149 species. — 1888-90. SCOTT, W. E. D. A Summary of Observations on
the Birds of the Gulf Coast of Florida. Auk, V, pp. 373-379; VI, pp. 13-18, 152-
160, 245-252, 318-326; VII, pp. 14-22, 114-120; 262 species.— 1890. SCOTT, W. E.
D. On Birds Observed at the Dry Tortugas, Florida, during parts of March and
April, 1890. Auk, VII, pp. 301-314; 80 species.— 1891. BREWSTER, W., and
CHAPMAN, F. M. Notes on the Birds of the Lower Suwanee River. Auk, VIII,

318

Appendix II

pp. 125-138; 116 species. (See also Brewster, Ibid., pp. 149-157.)— 1892. SCOTT,
TV. E. D. Notes on the Birds of the Caloosahatchie Region of Florida. Auk,
IX, pp. 209-218, 259 species.— 1895. WAYNE, A. T. Notes on the Birds of the
Wacissa and Aucilla River Regions of Florida. Auk, XII, 1895, pp. 362-367; 161
species. — 1896. CORY, C. B. Hunting and Fishing in Florida with a Key to
the Water Birds of the State.— 1904. WILLIAMS, R. W., JR. A Preliminary
List of the Birds of Leon County, Florida. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 449-462; 156
species. (See also Ibid., XXIII, pp. 153-161; XXIV, pp. 158, 159.)— 1906. FOWL-
ER, K. W. Birds Observed in June in the Florida Keys. Auk, XXIII, pp. 396-
400; 33 species.

IDAHO
1891. MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Reconnaissance of Idaho,
south of latitude 45° and east of the thirty-eighth Meridian made during the
summer of 1890. N. A. Fauna, No. 5. Annotated List of Birds Observed in
Idaho during the Summer and Fall of 1890, with Notes on Species previously
Recorded from the State, pp. 90-108; 157 species.— 1897-8. MERRILL, J, C.
Notes on the Birds of Fort Sherman, Idaho. Auk, XIV, pp. 347-357, XV, pp.
14-22; 159 species.

ILLINOIS
1855. KENNICOTT, R. Catalogue of Animals Observed in Cook County.
Illinois. Trans. 111., State Agric. Soc. for 1853-54, I, Birds, pp. 580-589; 187 spe
cies— 1868. ALLEN. J. A. (See Iowa).— 1874. RIDGWAY, R. Catalogue of
the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illinois. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X, pp.
364-394; 311 species.— 1876. NELSON, E. W. Birds of Northeastern Illinois.
Bull. Essex Inst., VIII, pp. 90-155; 316 species.— 1877. NELSON, E. W. Notes
upon Birds Observed in Southern Illinois, between July 17 and September 4,
1S75. Bull. Essex. Inst., IX, pp. 32-65; 133 species.— 1881. RIDG-WAY, R. A
Revised Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illinois. Ills. State
Lab. Nat. Hist, Bull. No. 4, pp. 161-208; 352 species.— 1884. COOKE, W. W.
Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley, Southern Illinois. Forest and Stream,
XXIII, pp. 444, 445, 463, 464; 144 species based on Ridgway's list of 1881, and
observations of Cyrus W. Butler in the vicinity of Anna, Ills., during December,
1882, and January 1883.— 1887. RIDGWAY, R. List of the Birds Found Breeding
Within the Corporate Limits of Mt. Carmel, Illinois. Bull. No. 2, Ridgway Orn.
Club, pp. 26-35; 85 species.— 1890-1895. RIDGWAY, R. The Ornithology of Illinois.
Roy. 8vo, Vol. I, 1890, 520 pp., 32 plls. Land-birds to Gallinae; Vol. II, 1895, 282
pp., 33 plls. Gallinae and Water-birds; 363 species.— 1891. LOUCKS, W. E. List
of Birds Found Breeding in the Vicinity of Peoria, Illinois. The Oologist, VIII,
pp. 224-226; 80 species.— 1904. WALTER, H. E. and A. W. Wild Birds in City
Parks. Rev. Ed., Chicago. 16mo, 66 pp.; 145 species.— 1907. WOODRUFF, F.
M. The Birds of the Chicago Area. Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull. VI. Nat. Hist.
Surv., 221 pp., 12 plls.; 318 species.— 1909. CORY, C. B. Birds of Illinois and
Wisconsin. Field Museum, Zool. Ser. IX, 8vo. 764 pp. many ills.; 398 species. —
1910. HESS, I. E. One Hundred Breeding Birds of an Illinois Ten-Mile Radius.
Auk, XXVII, pp. 19-32.

INDIANA
1869. HAYMOND, R. Birds of Franklin County, Indiana. Cox's Geol.
Surv. Indiana, Rep. for 1869, pp. 209-235; 163 species.— 1886. BUTLER, A. W.
A List of the Birds Observed in Franklin Co., Ind. Bull. Brookville Soc. Nat.
Hist., No. 2, pp. 12-39. 253 species.— 1888-89. EVERMANN, B. W. Birds of
Carroll County, Indiana. Auk, V. pp. 344-351; VI, pp. 22-30; 203 species.— 1891.

319

Fauxal Bibliography

BUTLER, A. W. The Birds of Indiana, with Illustrations of Many of the Spe-
cies. Prepared for the Indiana Horticultural Society and Originally Published
in its Transactions for 1S90. 8vo, 135 pp.; 305 species.— 1898. BUTLER, A. W.
The Birds of Indiana, a descriptive Catalogue of the Birds that have been ob-
served within the State with an account of their Habits. Rep. of the State Geo-
logist, pp. 515-1187; 321 species; bibliography. Important. — 1905. McATEE, W.
L. Ecological Notes on the Birds Occurring within a Radius of Five Miies of
the Indiana University Campus. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., pp. 65-202, 32 ills.; 225
species.

IOWA
1868. ALLEN, J. A. Notes on Birds Observed in Western Iowa, in the
Months of July, August and September; also on Birds Observed in Northern
Illinois, in May and June, and at Richmond, Wayne Co., Indiana, between
June third and tenth. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, I. pt. IV, pp. 488-526. Ogle
County, Ills., 84 species; Cook County, Ills., 94 species; Richmond, Ind., 72 spe-
cies; Western Iowa, 108 species. — 1873. TRIPPE, F. M. Notes on the Birds of
Southern Iowa. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, pp. 229-242; 162 species.- -1888.
KEYES, CHARLES R. a-nd WILLIAMS, H. S. A Preliminary Annotated Cata-
logue of the Birds of Iowa. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., V, Svo, 49 pp.; 260
species. — 1890. COONE, JOHN V. Summer Residents of Buena Vista County,
Iowa. The Oologist, VII, pp. 45-47; 52 species.— 1895. JONES, LYNDS. Bird
Migration at Grinnell, Iowa. Auk, XII, 1895, pp. 117-134, 231-237.— 1897. ANDER-
SON, R. M. An Annotated List of the Birds of Winnebago and Hancock
Counties, Iowa. Pub. by Author, Forest City, Iowa. 16mo, 19 pp.; 218 species.
— -1906. WILSON, B. H. Birds of Scott Co., Iowa. Wilson Bull., XVIII, pp.
1-11; 166 species. — 1907. ANDERSON, R. M. The Birds of Iowa. Proc. Daven-
port Acad. Sci., XI, pp. 125-417; 355 species.

KANSAS

1875. SNOW, F. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. Contributed to
the Kansas Academy of Science. Svo, 14 pp. Third Edition. 295 species. —
1886. GOSS, N. S. A Revised Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, with Descrip-
tive Notes of the Nests and Eggs of the Birds Known to Breed in the State.
Topeka. 8vo, vi+76 pp.; 335 species. (See also review in Auk, III, 1886, p.
399/.— 1891. GOSS, N. S. History of the Birds of Kansas. Illustrating 529
Birds. Topeka, Kansas. Geo. W. Crane & Co., Royal Svo, 692 pp., 35 photograv-
ure plates; 343 species. — 1899. LANTZ, D. E. A Review of Kansas Ornitho-
logy. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 1896-7, pp. 224-276; 351 species.— 1903. SNOW,
F. II A Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. Fifth Edition. Trans. Kans. Acad.
Sciences, XVIII, 23 pp.; 342 species.— 1909. WETMORE, A. Fall Notes from
Eastern Kansas. The Condor, XI, pp. 154-164; 74 species.— 1912. ISELEY, D.
A List of the Birds of Sedgwick County, Kansas. The Auk.XXIX, pp. 25-43; 208
species.

KENTUCKY

1882. BECKHAM, C. W. A List of the Birds of Bardstown, Nelson County,
Kentucky. Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 136-147; 167 species.— 1885.
BECKHAM, C. W. List of the Birds of Nelson County. Kentucky Geol. Surv.,
John R. Proctor, Director. Author's Edition, 4to, pp. 1-58; 171 species. — 1887.
PIXDAR, L. O. List of the Birds of Fulton County, Kentucky. Orn. and 061.
XII, pp. 54, 55, 84, 85; 122 species.— 1889. PINDAR, L. O. List of the Birds of
Fulton County, Kentucky. Auk, VI, pp. 310-316; 183 species.— 1910. HOWELL.
A. H. Notes on the Summer Birds of Kentucky and Tennessee. Auk, XXVII
pp. 295-304. Kentucky, 80 species.

320

Appendix II

LOUISIANA
1900. BEYER, G. E. The Avifauna of Louisiana. Proc. La. Soc. Nat. 45
pp.; 323 species. — 1904. ALLISON, A. The Birds of West Baton Rouge Parish,
Louisiana. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 472-484; 130 species.— 1906. BEYER, G. E., AL-
LISON, A., KOPMAN, H. H. List of the Birds of Louisiana. Auk, XXIII, 1906,
pp. 1-15, 275-281, XXIV, 314-321; XXV, 173-180; 339-448. 128 species to Pici —
1908. HOWELL, A. H. Notes on the Winter Birds of Northern Louisiana.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 119-124 pp.; 70 species.

MAINE
1862. BOARDMAN, G. A. Catalogue of the Birds Found in the Vicinity
of Calais, Maine, and about the Islands of the Mouth of the Bay of Fundy.
Edited by A. E. Verrill. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, pp. 122-132; 236+4 spe-
cies. (For 12 additions see Verrill, Ibid., pp. 233, 234.)— 1862. VERRILL, A. E.
Catalogue of the Birds Found at Norway, Oxford Co., Maine. Proc. Essex.
Inst., Ill, pp. 136-160; 159 species.— 1872. MAYNARD, C. J. A Catalogue of
the Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Oxford Co., Maine. With notes by Win, Brews-
ter, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, XIV, 1871, pp. 356-385; 164 species.— 1882.
BROWN, N. C. A Catalogue of the Birds Known to Occur in Portland, Maine.
Proc Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., Dec. 14, 1882, pp, 1-37; 250 species. (See also Proc.
Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889, pp. 37-40).— 1900. HOWE, R. H., JR. Summer Birds
near Isleboro and the Fox Islands. Journ. Maine Orn. Soc. II, pp. 28-32, II T, pp.
14, 15; IV, p. 18; 100 species.— 1908. KNIGHT, O. W. The Birds of Maine, Pub-
by Author, Bangor 8vo, 693 pp., 30 ills.; 327 species.

MARYLAND

1825. KIRKWOOD, F. C. A List of the Birds of Maryland. Trans. Md.
Acad. Sci., 1895, pp. 241-382; 290 species.— 1900. MERRIAM, C. H., and
PREBLE, E. A. The Summer Birds of Western Maryland. Maryland Geol.
Surv, pp. 291-307; 100 species.— 1904. EIFRIG, G. Birds of Allegany and Gar-
rett Counties, Western Maryland. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 234-250; 180 species.

MASSACHUSETTS
1870. MAYNARD, C. J. Catalogue of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts.
The Naturalist's Guide, Part II, pp. 81-170; 299 species.— 1886. ALLEN, J. A.
A Revised List of the Birds of Massachusetts. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., i, pp.
221-271; 349 species.— 1887. CLARK, H. L. The Birds of Amherst and Vicinity,
Including Nearly the Whole of Hampshire County, Mass. 8vo. 55 pp.; 177 spe-
cies.—1888. BREWSTER, W. , Notes on the Birds of Winchendon, Worcester
Co. Auk, V, pp. 386-393; 82 species.— 1889. FAXON, W. On the Summer Birds
of Berkshire County, Mass. Auk, VI, pp. 39-46, 99-107. Southern Berkshire, 76
species; Graylock Mountain, 80 species.— 1889. INGALLS, C. E. Birds of Tem-
pleton and the Adjoining Towns. Gardner News, XX, June; 155 species. Not
seen; title from Howe and Allen.— 1891. COLBURN, W. W., and MORRIS, R. O.
The Birds of the Connecticut Vallev in Massachusetts. 16mo, 24 pp. Spring-
field Published by the Authors. 212 species.— 1891. WAKEFIELD, J. R. A
List of the Birds of Dedham. Dedham Hist. Reg., II, pp. 70-74; 181 species.
Not seen; title from Howe and Allen.— 1897. MORSE, A. P. Birds of Welles-
ley. Published by Author. Wellesley. 16mo, 56 pp.; 224 species. — 1900. FAX-
ON, W., and HOFFMANN, R. The Birds of Berkshire Co. Coll. Berkshire Hist,
and Sci. Soc, III, pp. 109-166; 200 species.— 1901. HOWE, R. H. JR., and AL-
LEN, G. M. The Birds of Massachusetts. Published by the Authors. 8vo, 154
pp.; 362 species.— 1901. MORRIS, R. O— The Birds of Springfield, Mass., and
Vicinity. H. R. Johnson, Springfield. Svo, 54 pp.; 255 species. — 1905. TOWN-

321

Fauxal Bibliogeaphy

SEND, C. W. The Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. Memoirs Xutt. Orn.
Club. 4to, 352 pp. Frontispiece and Map; 319 species.— 1906. BREWSTER,
W. The Birds of the Cambridge Region of Massachusetts. Memoirs Xutt. Orn.
Club, IV, 426 pp., plls. 7; 249 species.— 1909. WRIGHT, H. W. Birds of the
Boston Public Garden. (Houghton, Mifflin), 16mo, 238 pp.; 166 species. — 1912.
MORSE, A. P. A Pocket List of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts with es-
pecial reference to Essex County. Pp. 92. Peabody Academy Science, Salem.

MICHIGAX

1857. KXEELAXD, S. On the Birds of Keeweenan Point, Lake Superior,
Proc. Bost. Soc. Xat. Hist., VI, 231-241 pp.; 147 species.— 1875. BOIES, A. H.
Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Southern Michigan. 8vo, 12 pp.;
211 species. — 1876. COVERT, A. B. Birds of Lower Michigan. Forest and
Stream, VI, pp. 99, 132, 163, 214, 318, 354, 402; VII, pp. 147, 164, 276. (See also VI,
p. 197.) 213 species.— 1879. GIBBS, M. Annotated List of the Birds of Michi-
gan. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, V, 3 pp. 481-497 ;
310 species. — 1880. STEERE, J. B. A List of the Mammals and Birds of Ann
Arbor and Vicinity. Svo. Spp.; Ill species of birds. — 1884. ATKINS, H. A.
Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and Ool., IX, pp. 43-45; 80 species. —
1884. ATKIXS, H. A. Winter Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and 061., IX, pp.
31, 32; 31 species.— 1885. ATKIXS, H. A. Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan.
Orn and 061., X, p. 3; 82 species.— 1885. GIBBS, M. A Catalogue of the Birds
of Kalamazoo County, Michigan. Orn and Ool., X, pp. 6. 7. 3S, 39, 54, 55, 68-70,
86, 87, 118, 119, 133-135, 149-151, 166, 167, 189, 190; 230 species.— 1885-7. GIBBS,
M. The Birds of Michigan. Forest and Stream, XXIII, pp. 4S3, 484; XXIV, pp.
5, 6, 26, 27, 44, 45, 65, 84, 104, 105, 124, 125, 144, 145, 184,
224, 267, 268, 288, 289, 307, 347, 387, 388, 427; XXV, pp. 4, 5, 304, 305, 365, 366;

XXVI, pp. 305, 306; XXVII, pp. 123, 124, 223, 224; 68 species.— 1830.. WHITE, T. G.
Birds of Mackinac Island, Michigan. The Oologist, VII, pp 48, 49; 101 species. —
1893. COOK, A. J. Birds of Michigan. Bull. 94, State Agricultural College.
Svo, 148 pp.; 332 species.— 1893. WHITE, S. E. Birds Observed on Mackinac
Island, Michigan, During the Summers of 1889, 1890, and 1891. The Auk, X,
pp. 221-230; 143 species.— 1897. BOIES, A. H. Birds of Neebish Island, St.
Mary's River, Michigan. Bull. Mich. Orn. Club, I. pp. 17-20, 27-29; 149 species. —
1S03. SWALES, B. H. Notes on the Winter Birds of Wayne Co., Michigan.
Wilson Bull., XIV, pp. 20-24; XV, 1904, p. 82; 71 species.— 1903. SWALES, B. H.
A List of the Land Birds of Southeastern Michigan. Bull. Mich Orn. Club, IV,
}>]>. 14-17, 35-40; V, pp. 37-43; 165 species. (See also Wilson Bull. XVII, 1905, pp.
108-114); Auk, XXV, pp. 230-232).— 1905. WOOD, X. A., and FROTHINGHAM,
E. H. Xotes on the Birds of Au Sable Valley, Michigan. Auk, XXII, 1905, pp.
39-154; 103 species.— 1906. WOOD, N. A., PEET, M. M., McCREARY, O.
Annotated List of the Birds of Porcupine Mountains [89 species] and Isle Royale
[81 species], Mich. Rep. Geol. Surv. Mich., 1905, pp. 113-127. See also McCreary,
Ibid., pp. 56-57.— 1909. BLACKWELDER, E. Summer Birds of Iron County.
Auk, XXVI, pp. 3<j3-370; 80 species.— 1910. WOOD, J. CLAIRE. Some Winter
Birds of the Season 1908-9 in Wayne County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 36-41.— 1910.
WOOD, X. A., and TINKER, A. D. Notes on Some of the Rarer Birds of Wash-
tenaw County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 129-141; 34 species.— 1910. CHAXEY, R. YV.
Summer and Fall Birds of the Hamlin Lake Region, Mason County. Auk,

XXVII, pp. 271-279; 119 species.— 1911. WOOD, N. A. Expedition to Charity
Islands, Lake Huron. Wilson Bull., XXIII, pp. 78-112; 162 species.— 1912. BAR-
ROWS, W. B. Michigan Bird Life. Special Bull, of Mich., Agric. College. 8vo,
pp. xiv+822; many ills., bibliography; important.

322

Appendix II

MINNESOTA

1871. TRIPPE, T. M. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Proc. Essex Inst.,
VI, pp. 113-119; 138 species.— 1874. HATCH, P. L. Report on the Birds of
Minnesota. Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 43-68; 230 species.— 1876. ROB-
ERTS, T. S. A List of Some Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Minneapolis,
Minn., not Enumerated in Dr. Hatch's List. The Scientific Monthly (Toledo,
Ohio), I, 5, p. 231.-1880. ROBERTS, T. S., and BENNER, F. A Contribution
to the Ornithology of Minnesota. Bull. N. O. C, V, pp. 11-20; 86 species.— 1881.
HATCH, P. L. A List of the Birds of Minnesota. Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. and
Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., for 1880, 1881, pp. 361-372; 281 species.— 1881. ROB-
ERTS, T. S. The Winter Birds of Minnesota. 9th Ann. Rep. Geol. and N. H.
Surv. Minn., for 1880-1881, pp 373-383; 52 species.— 1883. BRACKETT, F. H.
Ornithological Notes from Minnesota. Quart. Journ. Bost Zool. Soc. II, pp. 47-
49: III, pp. 7-16: 134 species.— 1830. CANTWELL, G. C. A List of the Birds
of Minnesota. Orn. and 061., XV, p. 129-139. (See also p. 156 and XVI,
p. 157) ; 295 species.— 1892. HATCH, P. L. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota.
Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn. Svo, 487 pp.: 302 species.— 1904. CUR-
RIER, E. S. Summer Birds of the Leech Lake Region, Minn. Auk, XXI, pp.
29-44; 117 species.— 1207. ROBERTS, T. S. List of Birds of Becker Co., Minn.,
Pioneer Hist, of Becker Co. (Pioneer Press, St. Paul), pp. 159-190; 262 species.
— 1911. HONYWILL, A. W. JR. — Notes on some Summer and Fall Birds of the
Crooked Lake Region. Cass and Crow, Wing Counties, Minn. The Auk, XXVIII,
pp. 229-237; 86 species.

MISSISSIPPI
1S05. STOCKARD, C. R. Nesting Habits of Birds in Mississippi. Auk, XXII,
1905, pp. 146-158, 273-285; 83 species.— T206. ALLISON, A. Notes on the Win-
ter Birds of Hancock Co., Miss., Auk, XXIII, 1906, pp. 44-47; 51 species. Also
Ibid., p. 232.— 1207. ALLISON, A. Notes on the Spring Birds of Tishomingo
County, Miss. Auk, XXIV, pp. 12-25.

MISSOURI

1879. SCOTT, W. E. D. Notes on Birds Observed During the Spring Mi-
gration in Western Missouri. Bull. N. O. C, IV, pp. 139-147; 148 species. — 1884.
HURTER, J. List of Birds Collected in the Neighborhood of St. Louis, Mo.
Orn and 061., IX, pp. 85-87, 95-97. (see also p. 128): 265 species.— 1896. WID-
MANN, O. The Peninsula of Missouri as a Winter Home for Birds. Auk,
XIII, 1896, pp. 216-222— 12C7. WIDMANN, O. A Preliminary Catalogue of the
Birds of Missouri. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XVIII, pp. 1-288; 383 species. —
1908. WOODRUFF, E. S. Birds of Shannon and Carter Counties, Missouri,
Auk. XXV, PP. 191-213: 172 species.

MONTANA

1876. GRINNELL, G. B. Report of a Reconnaissance from Carroll Mon-
tana Territory on the Upper Missouri, to the Yellowstone National Park, and
Return, made in the summer of 1875 by William Ludlow. . . .Birds, pp. 72-92; 139
-species.— 1894. RICHMOND, C. W., and KNOWLTON, F. H. Auk, XI, pp. 298-
308; 111 species. — 1895. THORNE, P. M. List of Birds observed in the Vicini-
ty of Fort Keogh, Montana, from July 1888, to September 1892. The Auk, XII,
pp. 211-219; 139 species.— 1201. CARY, M. Birds of the Black Hills. The Auk,
XVIII, pp. 231-238; 91 species.— 1901. SILLOWAY, P. M. Summer Birds of
Flathead Lake. Bull, No. 3 Univ. Mont. Svo. 83 pp., 16 plls.: 123 species (see
also, Ibid. No. 6, pp. 289-308).— 1903. SILLOWAY, P. M. The Birds of Fergus
County. Montana. Bull. No. 1, Fergus Co. Free High School, Lewiston, Mont.

323

21

Fatjnal Bibliography

77 pp., 17 ppls.; 170 species.— 1907-8. CAMERON", E. S. The Birds of Custer
and Dawson Counties. Montana. The Auk. XXIV. pp. 241-270; 389-406; XXV,
pp. 34-56: 192 species.— 1911. SAUNDERS, A. A... A Preliminary List of
the Birds of Gallatin County. Montana. The Auk. XXVIII, pp. 26-49; 198 spe-
cies.— 1912. SAUNDERS. A. A. Some Birds of Southwestern Montana. The
Condor, XIV. pp. 22-32; 152 species.

NEBRASKA
1878. AUGHEY, S. Notes on the Nature of the Food of the Birds of Ne-
braska. First Ann. Rep. U. S. Ent. Com. for the year 1877. Appendix II, pp.
252 species. — 1883. HALL, A. Spring Birds of Nebraska. Forest and
Stream. XX, pp. 265, 266, 284; 114 species.— 1888. TAYLOR. VY. EDGAR. A
Catalogue of Nebraska Birds . . . Ann. Rep. Nebr. State Board of Agric, for
the year 1887, pp. 111-118: 314 species.— 1888-89. TAYLOR. E. \Y., and VAN
YLEET, A. H. Notes on Nebraska Birds. Orn and 061., XIII, pp. 49-51, 169-
172; XIV, pp. 163-165 ; 137 species.— 1896. BRUNER, L. Notes on Nebraska
Birds. Rep. Neb. State Hort. Soc, 1896, pp. 48-178; 415 species— 1901. BRU-
NER, L. Birds that Nest in Nebraska. Proc. Nebr. Orn. Union. 1901, pp. 48-
61; 312 species.— 1904. BRUNER. L.. WALCOTT, R. H.. and SWENK, M. H. A
Preliminary Review of the Birds of Nebraska, 1-1 16+5 p.; 4 0 6 species. Klopp
and Bartle'tt, Omaha, Nebr.— 1909. WALCOTT, R. H. An Analysis of Nebras-
ka's Bird Fauna. Proc. Neb. Orn. Union, IV, pp. 25-55.

NEVADA

1877. HENSHAW, 11. \Y. Annual Report upon the Survey West of the
One-Hundredth Meridian. Being Appendix N N of the Annual Report of En-
gineers for 1877. Report on the Ornithology of Portions of Nevada and Cali-
fornia, pp. 1303-1322.— 1877. RIDGWAY, R. Report of Geological Exploration
of the Fortieth Parallel. Clarence King, Geologist, in charge. Vol. IV, Part III,
Ornithology, 4to, pp. 303-670. Mainly limited to that portion of the Great Basin
included between the thirty-ninth and forty-second parallels and extending from
the Sierra Nevada to the Wasatch Mountains: 2*2 species. — 1880. HENSHAW.
H. W. Annual Report upon the Geog. Surv. of the Terr, west of the 100th
Meridian .... App. O. O. of the Ann. Rep. of the Chief of Engineers for 1879.
App. L. Ornithological Report from Observations and Collections made in por-
tions of California, Nevada, and Oregon: pp. 282-335; 184 species. — 1881. HOFF-
MAN, \Y. J. Annotated List of the Birds of Nevada. Bull. U. S. Geol. and
Geograph. Survey of the Territories, VI, 2, pp. 203-256; 250 species. — 1903.
MANFORD, F. S. The Summer Birds of Washoe Lake, Nevada. The Condor, V,

19-52; 18 species. — 1912. TAYLOR, W. P. Field Notes on Amphibians,
Reptiles and Birds of Northern Humboldt County, Nevada. Univ. Pub. Zool.
VII, 10, pp. 319-436; 103 species.

NEW HAMPSHIRE

1877. GOODHUE. C. F. The Birds of Webster and Adjoining Towns.
Forest and Stream, VIII, pp. 33, 4!'. 96, 113, 146; 151 species.— 1872. MAYNARD,
C. J. See Maine.— 1887. CHADBOURNE, A. P. A List of the Summer Birds of
the Presidential Range of the White Mountains, N. H. Auk. IV. pp. 100-108;
47 species. — 1888. FAXON, \\\. and ALLEN. .J. A. Notes on the Summer Birds
of Holderness [65 species], Bethlehem [50 species], and Franconia, N. H. [87
ies] Auk, V. pp. 149-1 .",:,.— 1889. ALLEN, F. H. Summer Birds at Bridge-
!-. X. H. Auk, VI. pp. 76-79.— 1882. KNOWLTON, F. H. A Revised List of
the Birds of Brandon. Vt. The Brandon I'nion, February 10, 1882; 149 species.
— 1899. DEARBORN. X. Preliminary List of the Birds of Belknap and Merri-

324

Appendix II

mat- Counties. X. H. New Hampshire College. Durham, mu, 34 pp.; 175 species.
—1900. BATCHELDER, F. W. and FOGG, E. H. Preliminary List of Birds . .
. . of .Manchester, N. H. Proc. Manchester Inst. Arts and Sci., I, pp. 123-138;
132 species. (See also Proc. for 1901, 1902.)— 1300 DEARBORN, N. The Birds
of Durham and Vicinity. Cont. Zool. Lab. X. H. College Agric. and Mech. Arts,
VI, 12] pp., map. — 1904. ALLEN. G. M. The Birds of New Hampshire. Proc.
.Manchester Inst. Arts and Sciences. IV, pp. 23-222; 283 species. — -1904. COMEY,
A. C. A Partial List of the Summer Birds of Holderness, N. H. Wilson Bull.,
XVI, 5-0 pp.; 04 species.

NEW JERSEY
1885. BARRELL. H. F. Birds of the Upper Passaic Valley, New Jersey.
Orn. and Ool., X, pp. 21-23, 42, 43; 149 species.— 1887. THURBER, E. A List
of Birds of Morris County, New Jersey. True Democratic Banner (newspaper),
Morristown, N. J., Nov. 10, 17, 24; 205 species.— 1894. STONE, W. The Birds
of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Svo. 185 pp. Del. Valley Orn. Club,
Phila.; 346 species.— 1894. STONE, W. Summer Birds of the Pine Barrens of
New Jersey. Auk, XI, 1894, pp. 138-140; 90 species.— 1897-1910. STONE, W.,
Editor. Numerous Notes on Birds of Chiefly Southern New Jersey. Proc. Del.
Valley Orn. Club, Phila.— 1301. BABSON, W. A. The Birds of Princeton, N. J.
Bull. Bird Club, Princeton Univ. I, pp. 7-28; ?30 species. — 1906. CHAPMAN,
F. M. (See New York.)— 1907. HOLMES, L. K. Birds Found within a Radius
of 12 Miles of Summit, N. J. Wilson Bull. XIX, pp. 21-27; 201 species. See also
list of Summer Birds, Ibid., XVII, pp. 8-12; and Hann, List of Summer Birds,
Ibid., pp. 117-122.— 1909. STONE, W. The Birds of New Jersey. Ann. Rep. N.
J. State Museum for 1908, pp. 11-347, 409-419; plls. 1-84.— 1909. BAILY, W. L.
Breeding Birds of Passaic and Sussex Counties. Cassinia, pp. 29-36; 94 species.

NEW MEXICO
1853. WOOUHOUSE, S. W. (See Arizona I.— 1853. HENRY, T. C. Cata-
logue of the Birds of New Mexico as compiled from Notes and Observations
made while in that Territory during a residence of Six Years. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., XL pp. 104-109; 198 species.— 1885-6. HEXSHAW, H. W. List of
Birds Observed in Summer and Fall on the L'pper Pecos River. New Mexico.
Auk, II. pp. 326-333; III, pp. 73-80; 80 species— 18?2. ANTHONY, A. W. Birds
of Southwestern New Mexico. Auk, IX, pp. 357-369; 129 species. — 1838.
MITCHELL, W. I. The Summer Birds of San Miguel County, New Mexico. The
Auk, XV, pp. 306-311; 85 species. (See also, Bailey, Ibid, XXI, 1904, pp 443-449).
— 1904. BAILEY, F. M. Additional Notes on the Birds of the Upper Pecos.
The Auk, XXI, pp. 349-363; 93 species.— 1-06. HUNN, J. T. S. Notes on Birds
of Silver City, New Mexico. The Auk, XXIII, pp. 418-425; 112 species. — 1308.
GILMAN, M. F. Birds on the Navajo Reservation in New Mexico. The Condor,
X, pp. 146-152; 108 species.— 1912. BERGTOLD, W. H. October Birds of the
Headwaters of the Gila River, New Mexico. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 327-336; 76
species.

NEW YORK
1844. GIRAUD, J. P., JR. The Birds of Long Island . . New York, vol. V,
mo, 397 pp.; 286 species.— 1844. DE KAY. JAMES E. Zoology of New York.
Part II, Birds. Albany. 1 vol., 4to, xii-f-380 pp., 141 col. plls.— 1876. FOWLER,
H. G. Birds of Central New York. Forest and Stream, VI, pp. ISO, 233, 284, 337,
402; VII, pp. 36. 52, 84, 230. Also Additions IUd., p. ISO; 170 species.— 1877.
ROOSEVELT, T., JR., and MINOT, H. D. The Summer Birds of the Adiron-
dacks in Franklin County, N. Y. Svo, 4 pp.; 97 species.— 1879. RATHBUN,
FRANK R. A Revised List of Birds of Central New York. (Cayuga, Onondaga,

325

Fauxal Bibliography

Seneca, Wavne, and Yates Counties, Auburn, X. Y. i It pp. See also Orn. and
061., YII, 1882, pp. 132, 133; 14 additions.— 1879-80. MEARXS, E. A. A List
of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands. Bull. Essex. Inst., X, pp. 166-179; XI, pp.
43-52, 154-168, 189-204; XII, pp. 11-25, 109-128; XIII, pp. 75-93. (See also Auk,
YII, 1890, pp. 55, 56); 214 species— 1880. GREGG, W. H. Revised Catalogue of
the Birds of Chemung County. New York, Elmira, X. Y., O. H Wheeler; 217
species. — 1881-84. MERRIAM, C. H. Preliminary List of Birds Ascertained to
Occur in the Adirondack Region, Xortheastern New York. Bull. X. O. C., VI, pp.
225-235; and Addenda VII, 1882, pp. 128, 256, 257. Auk, I, 1884, pp. 58, 59;
211 species.— 1882. BICKNELL, E. P. A Review of the Summer Birds of a part
of the Catskill Mountains, with prefatory remarks on the faunal and floral
features of the region. Trans, of the Linn. Soc. of New York, I, pp. 115-168; 90
species.— 1885.. .HOLLICK, A. Preliminary List of the Birds Known to Breed
on Staten Island. Proc. Xat. Sci. Assc. Staten Island. Extra No. 4, December.
67 species. — 1886.. .BARXUM, M. K. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Onon-
daga County, X. Y. Bull, of the Biol. Lab. of Syracuse. Svo, pp. 1-34; 204
species.— 1886. RALPH, W. L., and BAGG, E. An Annotated List of the
Birds of Oneida Countv, X. Y., and Its Immediate Vicinity. Trans. Oneida Hist.
Soc, III, pp. 101-147: 224 species. (See also Ibid., VII, 1890, pp. 2, 29-232.) Orn.
and Col. XIII, 18SS, pp. 58, 59. Auk, XI, 1894, pp. 162-164—1886. WOODRUFF,
L. B., and PAINE, A. G., JR. Birds of Central Park, Xew York City. A Pre-
liminary List. Forest and Stream, XXVI, pp. 386, 387, 487; 121 species.— 1883.
BERGTOLD, WT. H. A List of the Birds of Buffalo and Vicinity. Bull. Buffalo
Xat. Field Club, 1, 7, pp. 1-21; 237 species.— 1889. DAVISOX, J. L. Birds of
Xiagara Count}-, New York, Forest and Stream, XXXIII, pp. 164, 183, 303; 190
species. — 1892. CLUTE, W. X. The Avifauna of Broome Co., X. Y. WTilson
Quart., pp. 59-64; 106 species.— 1836. SHORT, E. H. Birds of Western Xew
York. F. H. Lattin, Albion, X. Y. 20 pp.; 229 species.— 1901. EATON, E. H.
Birds of Western Xew York. Proc. Roch. Acad. IV, 64 pp.; 299 species. — 1901.
EMBODY, G. O. Birds of Madison County, X. Y. Bull. Dep't. Geol. and Xat.
Hist., Colgate University, Hamilton, X. Y. Svo, 36 pp.; 191 species. (See also
Maxon, Auk, XX, p. 263.) — 1904. CHAPMAN, F. M. An Annonated List of the
Birds Known to Breed within 50 Miles of New York City. Guide Leaflet, No. 14,
Am. Mus. Xat. Hist., 31 pp., 13 ills.— 1906. CHAPMAX, F. M. The Birds of the
Vicinity of Xew York City. Am. Mus. Xat. Hist., Guide Leaflet, Xo. 22, Rev. Ed.,
96 pp. Xumerous ills.; 353 species.— 1907. BRAISLIX, W. C. A List of the
Birds of Long Island, X. Y. Abst. Proc. Linna?an Society, X. Y., 1907, pp. 31-123;
364 species. (See also Auk, 1909, pp. 314-316.)— 1910. REED, H. D., and
WRIGHT, A. H. Veterbrates of the Cayuga Lake Basin. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc,
XLVIII pp 370-459; 257 species— 1310. WRIGHT, A. H. and ALLEX, A. A.
The Increase of Austral Birds at Ithaca. Auk, XXVII, pp. 63-66.— 1910. EATOX,
E. H. Birds of Xew York. I, Water and Game Birds. 4to, pp. 1-501, col. plls.
[by Fuertes] 42. Important. — 1912. BAGG, E. Annotated List of the Birds of
Oneida County, X. Y., and of the West Canada Creek Valley. Trans. Oneida
Hist. Soc. XII, pp. 16-85; 257 species.

XORTH CAROLIXA
1871. COUES, E. Xotes on the Xatural History of Fort Macon, X. C. and
Vicinity Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. XXIII, Birds, pp. 18-47. Also Ibid., 1878,
pp 22-24- 133 species.— 1885. BRIMLEY, H. H. and C. S. Summer Birds of
Raleigh, X. C. Orn. and Ool., X. pp. 113, 144; 82 species.— 1885.— BRIMLEY, H.
H .and C. S. Wrinter Birds of Raleigh, X. C. Orn. and 061., X, p. 128; 72 species.
— 1886. BREWSTER, W. An Ornithological Reconnaissance in Western Xorth
Carolina. Auk, III, pp. 94-112, 173-179; 102 species— 1886. BATCHELDER, C. F.

326

Appendix II

The North Carolina Mountains in Winter. Auk, III, pp. 307-314; 40 species.
—1887. ATKINSON, G. F. Preliminary Catalogue of the Birds of North Caro-
lina, Journ. Elisha Mitchell Society, 1887, Part 2, pp. 44-87; 255 species. A
compilation with some errors. — 1887. CAIRNS, J. S. A List of Birds of Bun-
combe Co., North Carolina. Orn. and Ool., XII, pp. 3-6; 169 species. — 1887.
SENNETT, G. B. Observations in Western North Carolina Mountains in 1886.
Auk, IV, pp. 240-245; 29 species.— 1888. BRIMLEY, C. S. A List of Birds Known,
to Breed at Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Col., XIII, pp. 42, 43; 54 species. (See also
/hid., p. 187. Auk, XIV, p. 165.)— 1889. CAIRNS, J. S. The Summer Birds of
Buncombe County, North Carolina. Orn. and Ool., XIV, pp. 17-22; 123 species. —
1893. BRIMLEY, C. S. Some Additions to the Avifauna of North Carolina,
with Notes on Some Other Species. Auk, X, 1893, pp. 241-244; 48 species. —
8197. SMITH WICK, J. W. P. Ornithology of North Carolina. Bull. 144, N. C.
Agric. Exp. Sta. 193-228; 303 species.— 1899. PEARSON, T. G. Preliminary List
of Birds of Chapel Hill, N. C. Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc, XVI, pp. 33-51;
132 species.— 1-01. BISHOP, L. B. The Winter Birds of Pea Island, N. C. Auk,
XVIII, pp. 260-268; 42 species.— 1905. OBERHOLSER, H. C. Notes on the Mam-
mals and Summer Birds of Western North Carolina. Published by Biltmore
Forest School. Birds pp. U-24; 136 species.— 1310. PHILIPP, P. B. (see S. C.)

OHIO
1877.. .LANGDON, F. W. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Vicinity of Cin-
cinnati. Svo, 18 pp. Salem, Mass.; 279 species.— 1879. LANGDON, F. W. A
Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 4, pp. 167-193.
(See also Ibid., Ill, pp. 121-127; V, 1882, p. 186; VI, 1883, pp. 12-31; 256 species.)
—1882. WHEATON, J. M. Report on the Birds of Ohio, Report of the Geologi-
cal Survey of Ohio, IV, I, pp. 188-628; 298 species.— 1891. SMITH, R. W. A
List of the Birds of Warren County, Ohio. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, pp.
105-133; 189 species.— 1826. OBERHOLSER, H. C. A Primary List of the Birds
of Wayne Co. Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. I, 4, pp. 243-354; 183 species.— 1302.
HENINGER, W. F. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Middle Southern Ohio.
Wilson Bulletin, IX, pp. 77-93; 209 species. (See also Ibid, pp. 130-132; XII,
1905, pp. 89-93).— 1S02. JONES, L. Bird Studies in Lorain Co., Ohio. Wilson
Bull., IX, pp. 37-58; also pp. 94-100.— 1308. DAWSON, W. L. The Birds of Ohio,
4 to xlv+671 pp. Many illus. Columbus, Wheaton Pub. Co. — 1903. FIELD,
A. I. Birds of Lecking Co., Ohio. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., XV; 203 species.
—1903. JONES, L. The Birds of Ohio. A revised Catalogue, Ohio State Acad,
of Sci., Special Papers No. 6, 141 pp. 1 map; 318 species. — 1906. HENINGER,
W. F. A Preliminary List of Birds of Seneca Co., Ohio. Wilson Bull., XVIII.
pp. 47-60; 205 species.— 1903-10. JONES, L. The Birds of Cedar Point and
Vicinity. Wilson Bull., XXI, pp. 55-76, 115-131, 187-202; XXII, pp 25-41, 97-115,
172-182. Note. — Every issue of the Wilson Bulletin (Oberlin, Ohio) contains
matter of special interest to bird students in Ohio and the adjoining states.

OREGON
1833. TOWNSEND, J. K. Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Moun-
tains to the Columbia River .... Philadelphia: Henry Perkins, 134 Chestnut
Street. Boston: Perkins and Marvin. Svo, pp. viii, 352. Appendix: Catalogue
of Birds found in the Territory of the Oregon, pp. 331-352.— 1860. COOPER,
J. G. and SUCKLEY, G. Report upon the Birds Collected on the Survey. Pac. R.
R. Rep. Vol. XII, Book 11, pp. 140-291; 216 species observed in Oregon and
Washington.— 1877. BENDIRE, C. Notes on some of the Birds found in South-
eastern Oregon, particularly in the Vicinity of Camp Harney, from November,
1874 to January 1877. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, pp. 109-149; 191 species.

327

Faunal Bibliography

— 1879. MEARNS. E. A. Partial List of the Birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon.
Collected by Lieutenant Willis Wittieh, U. S. A., with Annotations and Additions
by the Collector. Bull. X. O. C, IV, pp. 161-166, 194-199; 111 species.— 1880.
HEXSHAW, H. \Y. I See Nevada.)— 1880. JOHNSON, O. B. List of the Birds
of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Am. Nat. XIV, pp. 485-491, 635-646; 140
species. — 1886. ANTHONY. A. \V. Field Notes on the Birds of Washington
County, Oregon. Auk, III. pp. 161-172; 120 species.— 1888. MERRILL. .1. C.
Notes on the Birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon. With remarks on certain
species by William Brewster. Auk, V, pp. 139-146, 251-262, 357-366; 168 species.
— 1902. ANTHONY, A. W. List of Birds in the Vicinity of Portland, Oregon.
Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the Western United States," pp. xliii-xlviii ; L45
species. — 1902. LORD. W. R. A First Book upon the Birds of Oregon and
Washington, 16mo. 304+iv pp. ills. J. K. Gill Co., Portland.— 1E04. MILLER.
L. H. The Birds of the John Day Region, Oregon. The Condor, VI, pp. 100-106;
71 species. — 1905. FINLEY, W. L. Among the Sea Birds off the Oregon Coast.
The Condor, VII, pp. L10-127; 161-169.— 1909. JEWETT, S. G. Some Birds of
Baker County, Oregon. The Auk, NXYl, pp. 5-9; 83 species. — 1911. Peck, M. E.
Summer Birds of Willow Creek Valley, Malheur County, Oregon. The Condor.
XIII. pp. 63-69; 74 species..

PENNSYLVANIA

1844. BAIRD. W. M. and S. F. List of Birds Found in the Vicinity of
Carlisle, Cumberland County. Pa. Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, XL VI, pp. 261 -27:1:
201 species. — 1845. BAIRD, S. F. Catalogue of Birds Found in the Neighbor-
hood of Carlisle. Cumberland County, Pa. Lit. Rec. and Journ. Linn. Assoc, of
Penna. College. I. pp. 249-257; 203 species.— 1861. BARNARD, Y. A. A Cata-
logue of the Birds of Chester County, Pa. Times of Arrival in Spring. Ann
Rep. Smiths. Inst., I860, pp. 434-438; 191 species.— 1863. TURNBULL, W. I'
The Birds of East Pennsylvania and New Jersey . . . l vol. roy. Svo, and also
4to, xii+62 pp.; 342 species.— 1880. WARREN, H. B. The Birds of Chester
County, Pa. Forest and Stream, XIII, pp. 1024, 1025; XIV, pp. 6, 25; 218 species.
—1886. PARKER, H. G. List of Birds near Philadelphia with the Dates Thar
Sets of Eggs Were Taken. Orn. and 061. XI. pp. 70, 71; 76 species. — 1887. PEN-
NOCK, C. J. Birds of Chester County, Pa. The Oologist. IY. pp. 1-10: 234
species— 1889. RESSEL, C. B. Birds of Chester Comity, Pa. Orn. and 061.,
XIY. 97-101, Pi). 112-116,129, 130; 1'.''.' species.— 1830. WARREN, B. H. Report
on the Birds of Pennsylvania. With Special Reference to the Food Habits.
Second Edition. Harrisburg. 8vo, xiv + 434 pp.; 100 col. plls— 1891. STONE.
W. The Summer Birds of Harvey's Lake, Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, with
Remarks on the Faunal Position of the Region. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1891, Pi'. 4:;i-4::-.; 54 species.— 18S2. DWIGHT, J., JR. Summer Birds of the
Crest of tlie Pennsylvania Alleiihanies. Auk, IX, pp. 129-141; 84 species. — 1893.
JACOBS, J. W. Summer Birds of Greene Co., Pa. Svo, 15 pages; 90 species.
Published by Author, Waynesburg, Pa.— 1893. TODD, W. E. C. Summer Birds
of Indiana [65 species] and Clearfield [55 species J Counties. I'a. Auk, X, 1893
pp. 35-46.— 1824. STONE. \Y. The Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania and New
Jerse\ 8vo, vii 185 pp. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila. 346 species. — 1895.
ROTZELL, W. E. Birds of Narbeth, Pa., and Vicinity. The Citizen, June 22
and 29, and reprinted im pamphlet, 8 pp.; IDS species. — 1836. BAII.Y, W. L.
Summer Birds of Northern Elk Co. Auk, XIII, pp. 289-197; 69 species. —
1896. YOUNG, R. T. Summer Birds of Anthracite Coal Regions of Pennsyl-
\ania. Auk, XIII. 1896, pp. 27^-2s:,; 59 species.— 1897. MONTGOMERY, T. II .

JR. A List of the Birds of the Vicinity of West Chester, Chester Co., Pa. Am.

Nat., 1897, pp. 622-628, 812-814, 907-911; 115 species.— 1897-1310. STONE, W

328

Appendix II

Editor. Numerous Notes on and Short Lists of Eastern Pennsylvania Birds.
Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila — 1899. RHOADBS, S. X. Xotes on Some of
the Rarer Birds of Western Pennsylvania. Auk, XVI, pp. 308-313; 65 species. —
1S01. BURNS, P. L. A Sectional Bird Census, at Berwyn, Pa. Wilson Bull.
Xo. 36, pp. 84-103; 62 species.— 1 £04. TODD, W. E. C. The Birds of Erie and
Presque Isle, Erie Co., Pa. Annals Carnegie Museum, II. pp. 841-596, 4 plates;
237 species— 1S04. TODD, W. E. C. The Mammal and Bird Fauna of Beaver
County. Pa. Bailsman's History of Beaver County, II, 1904, pp. 1195-1202;
ITS species.

RHODE ISLAXD
1839. HOWE, R. H., JR. and STURTEVAXT, E. The Birds of Rhode
Island. Published by Authors. Svo, 111 pp.; 291 species. — 1308. Commission-
ers of Birds. A Check-List of Rhode Island X'esting Birds, pp. 1-26; 104 species.

SOUTH CAROLIXA
1868. COLES. E. Synopsis of the Birds of South Carolina. Proc. Bost.
Soc. Xat. Hist.. XII, pp. 104-1 27: 294 species.— 1879. LOOM1S, L. M. A Partial
List of the Birds of Chester County. S. C. Bull. X. O. C, IV, pp. 209-218; 140
species. (See also additions and notes. Auk, II. 1885, pp. 188-193; VIII, 1891,
pp 49-59. 167-173; IX. 1892; pp. 28-39; XI, 1894. pp. 26-39, 94-117.)— 1885. HOXIL.
W. Xotes on the Birds of the Sea Islands. Orn. and 061., X, pp. 13-27. 2'.*, 44-46.
62, 63. (Also Corrections and Additions. Ibid., XI, 1886, pp. 33, 34.) 238 species.
-1890. LOOMIS, L. M. Observations on Some of the Summer Birds of the
Mountain Portions of Pickens County, Auk, VII, pp. 30-3,9, 124-130; 76 species.
—1891. LOOMIS, L. M. June Birds of Caesar's Head, S. C. Auk, VIII, pp. 323-
333; 52 species.— 1910. PHILIPP, P. B. List of Birds Observed [in the Caro-
linas]. Auk. XXVII, pp 312-322. (See also Wayne, Ibid., p. 464.1—1910.
WAYXE. A T. Bird? of South Carolina. Cont. from Charleston Museum, 1,
Svo. xxi-fPP. 2." 4: 337 species.

TEXXESSEE
1886. FOX. W. H. List of Birds Found in Roane County, Tennessee.
During April, 1884, and March and April, 1885. Auk, III, pp. 315-320; 114 species.
—1835. RHOADS, S. X. Cont. Zool. Tenn., Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci., Phila., 1895.
pp. 463-501. Also Auk, XIII. 1896, p. 181; 223 species.— 1910. HOWELL, A. H.
Xotes on the Birds of Kentucky and Tennessee. Auk. XXVII, pp. 295-304.
Tenn.: I til - ^_

TEXAS

1S65-6. DRESSER, H. E. Xotes on the Birds of Southern Texas. Ibis.,
2nd Ser. I, pp. 312-3 ". II. pp. 23-4C: 272 species.— 1878. MERRILL, J. C.

Xotes on the Ornithology of Southern Texas. Being a List of Birds Observed
in the Vicinity of Fort Brown, Texas, from February, 1876, to June, 1S7S. Proc.
U. S. Xat. Mus. I. pp. 11 S-l 7:: : 252 species —1878. SENNETT, G\ B. Xotes on
the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande. Texas, from Observations made
during the Season of 1S77. Edited, with Annotations, by Dr. Elliott Coues.
Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey, Vol. IV, pp. 1-66; 151 species. — 1873.
SEXXETT. G. B. Further Xotes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande
of Texas, from observations made during the spring of 1878. Edited, with
Annotations by Dr. Elliott Coues. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the
Territories, V, 3, pp. 371-4 40; 168 species.— 1882. BROWX, X. C. A Reconnais-
sance in Southwestern Texas. Bull, X. O. C. VII, pp. 33-42! 1044-6? species
observed near Boerne. Kendall County.— 1882. XEHRI.IXG, H. List of Birds

I

Fauxal Bibliography

Observed at Houston, Harris Co., Texas and vicinity, and in the Counties
Montgomery, Galveston, and Ford Bend. Bull Xutt. Orn. Club, VII, pp. 6-13,
166-175, 222-225; 209 species.— 1887. LLOYD, W. Birds of Tom Green and
Concho Counties, Texas. Auk, IV, pp. 181-193, 289-299; 253 species.— 1888.
BECKHAM, C. W. Observations on the Birds of southwestern Texas. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1S87, pp. 635-696; 283 species.— 1891. CHAPMAN, F. M.
On the Birds Observed near Corpus Christi, Texas, during parts of March and
April, 1S91. Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ill, pp. 315-328; 33+66 species.— 1832.
ATT WATER, H. P. List of Birds Observed in the vicinity of San Antonio,
Bexar County, Texas. Auk, IX, pp. 229-238: 337-345; 242 species.— 1892.
RHOADS, S. X. The Birds of Southeastern Texas and Southern Arizona, Ob-
served during May, June, and July, 1891. Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila., pp. 98-
126. Annotated lists of 100+8 species observed at Corpus Christi, and 124
+2 species observed in Southern Arizona. — 1:00. CARROLL, J. J. Xotes on
the Birds of Refugio County, Texas. The Auk. pp. 337-348.— 1305. MONT-
GOMERY, T. H. JR. Summer Resident Birds of Brewster County, Texas. The
Auk. XXII, pp. 12-15; 47 species.— 191 1. LACEY, H. The Birds of Kerrville,
Texas, and Vicinity. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 200-219; 202 species.

UTAH
1858. BAIRD, S. F. Birds found at Fort Bridger, Utah. Par. R. R. Rep.
IX. pp. 926-927; 104 species.— 1873. MERRIAM, C. H. Report on the Mammals
and Birds of the Expedition to Montana, Idaho. Wyoming, and Utah. Sixth Ann.
Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1S72, 1873. Birds, pp. 670-715. A list of 176
Utah birds.— 1873. RIDGWAY, R. Notes on the Bird-fauna of the Salt Lake
Valley and the adjacent portions of the Wahsatch Mountains. Bull. Essex Inst.,
V, pp. 168-173. Remarks on Allen's "List of Birds Collected in the Vicinity
of Ogden" and list of Birds found breeding near Salt Lake City. — 1874. HEN-
SHAW, H. W. An annotated list of the Birds of Utah. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., X.
Y.. XI, pp. 1-14; 214 species.— 1877. RIDGWAY, R. (See Nevada.)

VERMONT
1201. HOWELL, A. H. Preliminarv List of Summer Birds of Mount Mans-
field. Vt. Auk, XVIII, pp. 337-347; 86 species.— 1902. PERKINS, G. H. A Pre-
liminarv List of the Birds Found in Vermont. 21st Ann. Rep. Vt. State Bd.
Agric, pp. 85-118; 261 species. See also HOWE, R. H, JR., Cont. N. A. Orn. 11,
pp. 5-22.— 1903. DAVENPORT, E. B. Birds Observed on Mt. Mansfield and the
West End of Stowe Vallev at the Base of the Mountain, in the Summer of
1902. Wilson Bull., XV, pp. 77-86; 74 species.— 1307. DAVENPORT, E. B.
Birds of Windham and Bennington Counties. Bull. No. 2, Vermont Bird Club
(Burlington, Vt.), pp. 5-14; 17C species.— 1908. ALLEN, F. H. Summer Birds
of Southern Vermont, Auk, XXV, pp. 56-64; 86 species.

VIRGINIA

18S0. RIVES, WM. C, M. D. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Virginias.
Proc. Newport Nat. Hist. Soc, Document VII, Newport R. I. Svo. 100 pp.;
305 species. — 1902. DANIELS, J. W. Summer Birds of the Great Dismal
Swamp. Auk, XIX, 15-18 pp.; 41 species.— 1910. EMBODY, G. C. A List of
Birds Observed at Ashland, Va. Auk, XXVII, pp. 169-177; 114 species.— 1912.
BAILEY, H. B. Notes on Birds Breeding in the Mountains of Virginia. The
Auk, XXIX, pp. 79-84; 94 species.

WASHINGTON

1892. LAWRENCE, R. H. A Preliminary List of the Birds of the Gray's

330

Appendix II

Harbor Region, Washington. Auk, TX, pp. 39-47; 92 species. (See also pp.
352-357; and Palmer, Ibid., pp. 308-310L— 1893. RHOADS, S. N. (See. British
Columbia.)-^1897. DAWSON, W. L. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Okana-
gan County, Washington. The Auk, XIV, pp. L68-182; 143 species.— 1900.
KOBBfi, W. H. The Birds of Cape Disappointment, Washington. The Auk,
XVII, pp. 349-358; 63 species.— 1902. LOitD, W. R. (See Oregon.)— 1902.
RATHBUX, S. F. A List of the Land Birds of Seattle, Washington and Vicinity.
The Auk, XIX, pp. 131-141; 112 species.— 1903. SNODGRASS, R. E. A List of
Land Birds from Central Washington. The Auk, XX, pp. 202-209; 53 species —
1904. SNODGRASS, R. E. A List of Land Birds from Central and South-
eastern Washington. The Auk, XXI, pp. 223-233; 58 species.— 1906. BOWLES,
J. H. A List of Birds of Tacoma, Washington, and Vicinity. The Auk, XXIII,
pp. 138-148; 201 species.— 1206. JOHNSON, R. H. The Birds of Cheney, Wash-
ington. The Condor, VIII, pp. 25-2S; 113 species.— 1208. EDSON, J. M. Birds
of the Bellingham Bay Region. The Auk, XXV, pp. 425-439; 212 species.— 1208.
DAWSON, W. L. The Bird Colonies of the Olympiades. The Auk, XXV, pp.
153-166.

WEST VIRGINIA

1873. SCOTT, W. E. D. Partial List of the Summer Birds of Kanawha
County, West Virginia, with Annotations. Proc. Bost. Soc. Hist., XV, pp. 219-
227; 86 species.— 1875. BREWSTER, W. Some Observations on the Birds of
Ritchie County, West Virginia. Annals of the Lye. Nat. Hist., X. Y., XI, pp.
139-146: 100 species.— 1888. DOAN, W. D. Birds of West Virginia. Bull 3,
Agric. Exp. Sta., Morgantown; 200 species.— 1883. SURBER, T. Birds of Green-
briar County, West Va. The Hawkeye Orn. and 061. (E. B. Webster, Cresco,
Iowa), II, pp. 2-4 13-15, 29-32; 121 species.— 1890. RIVES, W. C. (See Virginia.)
— 18?8. RIVES, W. C. Summer Birds of the West Virginia Spruce Belt. Auk,
XV, pp. 131-137; 46 species.— 1209. BROOKS, E. A. West Virginia Birds in
State Board of Agriculture. Report WT. Va. State Board Agric, for 1908, pp. 3-<!2;
193 species.

WISCONSIN

1853. HOY, P. R. Notes on the Ornithology of Wisconsin. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., VI, pp. 304-313, 318-385, 423-429; 283 species. (Revised with
additions in the Trans. Wise. State Agric. Soc, 1852, II, pp. 341-364.)— 1854.
BARRY, A. C. On the Ornithological Fauna of Wisconsin. Proc. Bost. Soc
Nat. Hist., V, 1854, pp. 1-13; 218 species.— 1882. KING, F. H. Economic Rela-
tions of Wisconsin Birds. Wis. Geol. Survey, I, pp. 441-610; figs. 1$3-144; 295
species. — 1883. WILLARD, S. W. Migration and Distribution of North Amer-
ican Birds in Brown and Outgamie Counties. Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci. Arts, and
Letters, VI, pp. 177-196; 210 species.— 1894. GRUNDTVIG, F. L. The Birds of
Shiocton in Bovine, Outgamie Co., Wise Trans. Wise. Acad. Sciences, X, pp.
73-158; 183 species.— 1203. KUMLEIN, L., and HOLLISTER, N. The Birds of
Wisconsin. Bull. Wise. Nat. Hist. Soc, III (N. S.), pp. 1-143, 8 half-tones; 357
species.— 1209. CORY, C. B. (See Ills.)

WYOMING
1872. HOLDEN, C. H. JR. Notes on the Birds of Wyoming and Colorado
Territories, with additional memoranda by C. E. Aiken. Edited by T. M.
Brewer. Proc. Bost. Soc Nat. Hist, XV, pp. 193-210; 142 species.— 1873. MER-
RIAM, C. H. (See Utah.)— 1876. GRINNELL, G. B. (See Montana).— 1879.
WILLISTON, S. W. A List of Birds taken in Southern Yyoming, with supple-
mentary notes by George B. Grinnell; Forest and stream, XII, pp. 306-307, 325-
'326, 365; 109 species.— 1902. KNIGHT, W. C. The Birds of Wyoming. Univer-
sity of Wyoming. 8vo. 174 pp., 48 plls.; 288 species.— 1902. BOND, F. List
of Birds of Cheyenne and Vicinity. Bailey's 'Handbook of Birds of the Western
United States,' pp. Ixxiii; 184 species.— 1907. PALMER, T. S. Birds of Yellow-
stone Park. Ann. Rep. Supt. of Yellowstone Park for 1907, pp. 15-23; 70 species.

331

INDEX

Acanthis hornemannii 176

exilipes 176

linaria 176

holbcellii 176

" rostrata 176

Acm ipiter atricapillus 131

striatulus . . . .131

cooper ii 131

velox 131

Actitis macularia 107

Actodromas acuminata 109

bairdii 109

fuscicollis 109

maculata 109

maculata 109

minutilla 109

.Echmophorus occidentalis 44

.Egialitis hiaticula 112

meloda 112

circumcincta 112

nivosa 112

semipalmata 112

Aeronautes melanoieucus 158

.•Estrelata fisheri 260

hasitata 65

scalaris 260

A^elaius gubernator ealit'ornicus. . .179

phceniceus 178

bryanti . .178

eaurinus 178

floridanus 17s

fortis 178

neutralis 178

riehmondi 298

sonoriensis 178

tricolor 179

Airaopliila earpalis 220

ruficeps 220

erenineca 220

scottii 220

sororia 220

Aix sponsa 78

Ajaia ajaja 89

Alauda arvensis 275

Alaudidse 34,

Albatross, Black-footed

Laysan

Short-tailed 12.

Sooty

Yellow-nosed

Alca torda

Alcedinida? 32,

Alcida?

Alle alle

Amazilis cerviniventris chalconota.

tzacatl

Ammodramus caudacutus

henslowi

occidentalis

leconteii

maritimus

fisheri

macgillivraii

peninsul-*

sennetti

nelsoni

subvirgatus

nigrescens

Ampelida? 37,

Ampelis cedrorum

garrulus

Amphispiza belli

canescer.s

" cinerea

•' nevadensis

bilineata

deserticola

Anas boschas

fulvigula

" maculosa

obscura

rubripes

Anatidse 16

Anhinga 14

anhinga

Anhingid*

Ani

Groove-billed ....'.

163

62

62

62

62

62

48

147

10

46

160

160

22 E

224

221

225

226

221

226

22 •;

225

22.,

226

166

198

198

228

300

228

228

24V<

249

76

77

77

77

77

74

, 67
146

14fi

333

Index

Anous stolidus 60

Anser albifrons 262

gambeli 85

fabialis 262

Anseres 15, 74

Anthus pensilvanicus 232

spraguei 232

Antrostomus carolinensis 156

vociferus 156

macromystax 156

Aphelocoma californica 184

Aphelocoma californica hypoleuca. .184
obscura . . .184

cyanea 184

cyanotis 184

insularis 184

sieberii arizonae 183

couchii 183

texana 184

woodhouseii 184

Aphriza virgata Ill

Apbrizidae 24, 100

Aquila ehrysaetos 136

Aramida* 20, 95

Aram us giganteus 96

Archibuteo ferrugineus 135

lagopus sancti-jobannis 135

Arctonetta fischeri 82

Ardea herodias 93

fannini 93

wardi 93

occidentalis ■ 92

Ardeida? 19, 87

Ardetta exilis 91

neoxena 91

Arenaria interpres .. ■. 102

melanocephala 107

morinella 102

Arquatella couesi 107

maritima 107

jitilocnemis 108

Arremonops rufivirgatus 215

Asio accipitrinus 138

wilsonianus 138

Astragalinus lawrenci 189

psaltria 192

" hesperophilus 299

" mexicanus 299

tristis 192

pallidus 192

salicamans 192

Asturina plagiata 131

Asyndesmus torquatus 152

Atthis morcomi 161

Auk, Great 48

Razor-billed 9, 48

Auklet, Cassin 46

Crested 47

Least 47

Paroquet 47

Rhinoceros 45

Whiskered 47

Auriparus flaviceps 195

lamprocephalus 195

Avocet 22, 103

Aythya affinis 79

aniericana 79

collaris 79

Aythya marila 78

vallisneria 79

Bseolophus atricristatus 243

" sennetti 303

bicolor 243

" texensis 243, 303

inornatus 242

cineraceus 242

griseus 2 41'

wollweberi 244

Baldpate 77

Bartramia longicauda 105

Basilinna leucotis L60

xantusi 159

Becard, Xantus's 276

Bittern, American 91

Cory 91

Least 91

Blackbird, Bicolored 179

Brewer 254

Red-winged 178

Rusty 254

Tricolored 179

Yellow-headed 199

Bluebird 182

Azure 182

Chestnut-backed 182

Mountain 182

San Pedro 182

Western 182

Bobolink 251

Bob-white 26, 115

Florida 115

Masked 115

Texan 115

Bombycillidae 298

Bonasa umbellus 118

" sabini 118

togata 118

334

Index

Bonasa umbellus umbelloides 118

Booby 70

Blue-faced 70

Blue-footed 70

Brewster 70

Red-looted 70

Botaurus lentiginosus 91

Brachyramphus brevirostris 46

craveri 46

hypoleucus 46

marmoratus 46

Brant 86

Black 86

Branta bernicla glaucogastra 86

canadensis 86

hutchinsii S6

minima 86

occidentalis 86

leucopsis 262

Branta nigricans 86

Bubo virginianus 143

algistus 297

arcticus 143

elachistus 143

heterocnemis 297

pacificus 143

pallescens 143

saturatus 143

Bubonida? 30, 127

Budytes flavus leucostriatus 192

Buffle-head 80

Bullfinch, Cassin's 279

Bulweria bulweri 260

Bunting, Beautiful 180

Indigo 181

Lark 252

Lazuli 180

Painted 180

Varied 180

Bush-Tit 242

California 242

Grinda 242

Lead-colored 242

Lloyd 242

Santa Rita 242, 303

Buteo abbreviatus 134

albicaudatus sennetti 135

borealis 132

" alascensis 296

calurus 132

harlani 132

kriderii 132

brachyurus 134

lineatus 133

Buteo lineatus alleni 133

elegans 133

platypterus 133

swainsoni 133

Buteonids 294

Butorides virescens 94

anthonyi 94

frazari 94

Buzzard, Turkey 129

Calamospiza melanocorys 252

Calcarius lapponicus 219

alascensis . . .219

ornatus 218

pictus 220

Calidris arenaria 108

Callipepla squamata 116

castanogastris. . 116

Callothrus robustus 253

Calothorax lucifer 159

Calypte anna? 161

costae 159

Campephilus principalis 149

Camptolaimus labradorius 81

Canachites canadensis 117, 298

canace. .117, 298
osgoodi.117, 298

franklinii 117

Canvas-back 79

Caprimulgida? 33, 155

Caracara, Audubon 134

Guadalupe 134

Cardellina rubrifrons 177

Cardinal 36, 172

Arizona 172

Florida 172

Gray-tailed 172

St. Lucas 172

Texas 172

Cardinalis cardinalis 172

canicaudus 172

floridanus 172

igneus 172

superbus 172

Carduelis carduelis 177

Carpodacus amplus 175

cassini 175

mcgregori 175

mexicanus dementis 175

frontalis 175

ruberrimus 175

purpureus 174

californicus 174

Casarca casarca 262

335

Index

Catbird 247

Catharista urubu L29

< 'athartes aura 129

Cathartidae 28, 127

Catherpes mexicanus albit'rons 23 1

conspersus .. .234
punctulatus . . 234

f'entrocercus urophasianus 122

Centurus aurifrons L53

carolinus L53

uropygialis 153

Ceophloeus pileatus 149

abieticola 140

Cepphus columba 48

grylle 48

mandtii 48

Cerorhinca monoeerata 45

Certhia familiaris albescens 237

americana 2:;;

montana 237

occidentalis 237

zelotes 238

Certhiidae 39, it's

Ceryle ale yon 147

caurina 297

americana septentrionalis 147

torquata 271

Chaehalaca 27, 122

1 "haetura pelagica 158

vauxii 158

Chamaea fasciata 215, 300

nhaea 216, 300

•inula 300

Chamaeidae 294, 298

Charadriida? 24, 100

Charadrius dominicus 110

fulvus 110

(haritonetta albeola 80

fhat. Long-tailed 198

Yellow-breasted 38, 1 98

Chaulelasmus streperus 77

('hen casrulescens 85

hyperborea 84

nivalis 84

rossii 84

Chewink 204

Chickadee 39

Alaskan 244

Bailey's .Mountain 303

Barlow 24 1

Black-capped 245

Caliiorna 244

Canadian 244

Carolina 245

Chickadee, Chestnut-backed 244

Columbian 244

Florida 303

Hudsonian 244

Kowak 244

Long-tailed 245

Mexican 245

Mountain 244

Oregon 245

Plumbeous 245

Valdez Chestnut-sided 303

Yukon 303

Chondestes grammacus 218

strigatus . . .218
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis. . . .157

virginianus 157

chapmani 157

henryi 157

sennetti 157

Chuck-will's widow L56

Ciconiidae 18, 87

Cinclida? 38, 168

( !inclus mexicanus 247

Circus hudsonius 130

Cistothcrus stellaris 236

Clangula clangula americana 80

islandica 80

Coccyges 31, 144

Coccyzus americanus 146

occidentalis . .1 46

minor 146

maynardi L46

erythrophthalmus 146

Cceligena clemenciae L60

Colaptes auratus 154

luteus 15 4

cafer collaris 154

saturatior 154

chrysoides 154

brunnescens 154

m earn si 298

ruripileus 154

Col i mis ridgwayi 115

virginianus 115

floridanus 115

texanus 115

Columba fas< iata 121

viosca? 124

flavirostris 124

leucocephala 124

Columba? 27. 123

Columbid* 27. 123

Columbigallina passerina bermudiana

126

m

Index

Colunibigallina passerina pallescens 126
" terrestris 126

Colymbus auritus 43

dominicus brachypterus . . . .43, 257

holboellii 43

nigricollis californicus 43

Compsothypsis americana 195

usnea? . . 195
nigrilora 195

Condor 129

Contopus borealis 208

pertinax pallidiventris 208

richardsonii 208

peninsula? 208

virens 208

Conurus carolinensis 145

Coot, American 21, 99

European 265

Cormorant 71

Baird 72

Brandt 72

Double-crested 71

Farallon 71

Florida 71

.Mexican 71

Pelagic 72

Red-faced 72

Violet-green 14, 72

White-crested 71

Corrida? 35, 163

( "orvus americanus 255

pascuus 255

brachyrhynchos hesperis 304

caurinus 255

corax principalis 255

"• sinuatus 255

cryptoleucus 255

ossifragus 255

Coturniculus bairdii 224

savannarum passerinus 224

bimaculatus 224

" floridanus 224

Cowbird 253

Bronzed 304

Dwarf 253

Red-eyed 27, 253

Cracidae 27. 113

Crake, Corn 265

Spotted 265

Crane, Little Brown 96

Sandhill 9, 96

Whooping 96

Creciscus coturniculus 294

creeper, Brown 39, 237

Creeper, California - 7

.Mexican - "i

Rockv Mountain 237

Sierra 238

Crossbill, American 173

Mexican 173

White-winged 174

Crotophaga ani 146

sulcirostris 146

('row, American 255

Carrion 129

Fish 255

Florida 255

Northwest 255

Western 304

Crymophilus fulicarius 102

Cuckoo, Black-billed 146

California 146

Kamchatka 273

-Mangrove 146

Maynard 146

Yellow-billed 146

Cuculida? 31, 144

Curlew, Bristle-thighed 295

Eskimo 103

Hudsonian 23, 103

Long-billed 103

Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus 183

Cyanocitta cristata 183

florincola 183

stelleri 185

annectens 185

carbonacea 298

carlotta? 185

diademata

frontalis

Cyanopiza amoena 180

ciris 180

cyanea 181

versicolor 180

pulchra

Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus 47

Cypseloides niger borealis 158

Cyrtonyx montezuma? mearnsi ...

Dafila acuta 76

Daption capensis

Darters 67

Dendragapus obscurus 117

fuliginosus . .117
richardsonii. 117

sierra? 295

Dendrocygna autummalis

fulva 83

337

Index

Dendroica sestiva 196

" brewsteri 299

" rubiginosa 196

" aestiva sonorana.. .196

auduboni 190

nigrifrons 199

blackburniae 187

bryanti castaneiceps 196

csrulea 181

cserulescens 180

cairnsii 180

castanea 206

chrysoparia 188

coronata 197

discolor 197

dominica 190

albilora 190

gracia? 190

kirtlandii 191

maculosa 190

nigrescens 249

occidentalis 188

olivacea 187

palmarum 196

hypochrysea 197

pensylvanica 19S

striata 249

tigrina 196

townsendi 188

vigorsii 191

virens 188

Dichromanassa rufescens 94

Dickcissel 198

Diomedea albatrus 62

immutabilis 62

nigripes 62

Diomedeida? 12, 61

Dipper 38, 247

Dolichonyx oryzivorus 251

Dotterel 267

Dove, Bermuda Ground 126

Blue-headed 126

Ground 126

Inca 126

Key West Quail 126

Mexican Ground 126

Mourning 27, 12b

Ruddy Quail 126

Western Mourning 296

West Indian White-winged 296

White-fronted 125

White-winged 126

Zenaida 125

Dovekie 46

Dowitcher 106

Long-billed 106

Dryobates arizonaa 151

borealis 151

nuttallii 151

pubescens 150

gairdnerii 150

" homorus 150

" medianus 150

nelsoni 150

turati 151

scalaris bairdii 151, 297

cactophilus 297

eremicus 297

" lucasanus 150

villosus 150

" leucomelas 150

" leucothorectis 297

" auduboni 150

" harrisii 150

" hyloscopus 150

" monticola 150

" picoideus 150

terraenovae 297

Duck, Black 77

Black-bellied Tree 83

Florida 77

Fulvous Tree 83

Harlequin 81

Labrador 81

Lesser Scaup 79

Masked 80

Mottled 77

Red-legged Black 77

Ring-necked 79

Ruddy 80

Rufous-crested 262

Scaup 79

Wood 78

Dunlin 266

Eagle, Alaska Bald 136

Bald 136

Golden 136

Ectopistes migratorius 125

Egret American 92

Brewster's 294

Reddish 94

Egretta candidissima 92

" brewsteri ....294

Eider, American 82

Greenland 82

King 82

Pacific 82

a-w

Index

Eider, Spectacled 82

Steller 81

Elanoides forficatus 130

Elanus leucurus 130

Empidonax cineritius 210

difficilis 210

flaviventris 210

l'ulvifrons pygmaeus 215

griseus 209

hammoudi 209

insulicola 210

minimus 209

traillii 209

" alnorum 209

virescens 210

wrightii 209

Eniconetta stelleri 81

Ereunetes occidentalis 108

pusillus 108

Erismatura jamaicensis 80

Erolia ferruginea 106

Eugenes fulgens 159

Falco columbarius 137

" suckleyi 137

fusco-ccerulescens 137

islandus 136

mexicanus 135

peregrinus anatum 137

" pealei 137

richardsonii 137

rusticolus 136

gyrfalco 136

" obsoletus 136

sparverius 137

paulus 296

" peninsularis 138

" phaloena 138

Falcon, Aplomado 137

Peale 137

Prairie 135

Falconida? 29, 127, 294

Finch, California Purple 174

Cassin 175

Guadalupe House 175

House 175

Pine 225

Purple 174

San Benito House 175

San Clemente House 175

St. Lucas House 175

Flamingo 7, 89

Flicker, Brown 154

Gilded 154

Flicker, Guadalupe 154

Mearns's Gilded 298

Northern 154

Northwestern 154

Red-shafted 154

Southern 154

Florida caerulea 94

Flycatcher, Alder 209

Arizona Crested 203

Ash-throated 203

Beardless 211

Buff-breasted 215

Coues 208

Crested 203

Derby 202

Fork-tailed 274

Giraud 274

Gray 209

Green-crested 210

Hammond 209

Least 209

Lower California 203

Mexican Crested 203

Nutting 203

Olivaceous 203

Olive-sided 208

Ridgway 211, 299

Santa Barbara 210, 299

Scissor-tailed 177

St. Lucas 210

Sulphur-bellied 203

Traill 209

Vermillion 177

Western 210

Wright 209

Yellow-bellied 210

Fratercula arctica 45

" glacialis 45

" naumanni 258

corniculata 45

Fregata aquila 73

Fregatidae 15, 67

Fregetta grallaria 260

Frigate Bird 73

Fringillidae 36, 164

Fulica americana 99

Fulmar 12, 63

Giant 259

Pacific 63

Rodger's 63

Slender-billed 63

Fulmarus glacialis 63

" glupischa 63

rodgersii 63

339

22

Index

Gadwall 77

Galeoscoptes carolinensis 247

Gallinae 25, 113

Gallinago delicata 105

Gallinula galeata 99

Gallinule, Florida 99

Purple 99

Gannet 13, 69

Gavia adamsii 44

arctica 44

imber 44

lumme 44

pacifica 44

Gaviidse 10

Gelochelidon nilotica 58

Geococcyx californianus 146

Geothlypis agilis 189

beldingi 194

formosa 193

Philadelphia 189

poliocephala 194

tolmiei 189

trichas 193

arizela 194

" brachidactyla 194

ignota 194

occidentalis 193

" sinuosa 194

Geotrygon chrysia 126

montana 126

Glaucidium gnoma 140

californieus . . . .140

" pinicola 296

hoskinsii 140

phalsenoides 140

Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed 243

Blue-gray 243

Plumbeous 243

Western 243

Godwit, Black-tailed 266

Hudsonian 110

Marbled 110

Pacific 110

Golden-eye, American 80

Barrow 80

Goldfinch, American 192

A rkansas 192

California L92

European 177

Green-backed 299

Lawrence 189

Mexican 192

Western L92

Goose, Barnacle 262

Goose, Bean 262

Blue 85

Cackling S6

Canada 86

Emperor 85

European White-fronted 263

Greater Snow 84

Hutchins 86

Lesser Snow 84

Pink-footed 263

Ross Snow 84

White-cheeked 86

White-fronted 85, 262

Goshawk, American 131

Mexican 131

Western 131

Grackle, Beat-tailed 254

Bronzed 254

Florida 254

Great-tailed 254

Purple 35, 254

Grebe, Eared 43

Holbcell 43

Horned 43

Least 43

Mexican 257

Pied-billed 9, 43

Western 44

Green-shank 266

Grosbeak, Alaskan Pine 17.".

Black-headed 207

Blue 181

Evening 36, 199

Kadiak Pine 173

Pine 173

Rocky Mountain Pine 173

Rose-breasted 174

Western Blue 181

Western Evening 199

Grouse, Alaska Spruce 117

Canada 117

Canadian Ruffed 118

Columbian Sharp-tailed 121

Dusky 117

Franklin 117

Gray Ruffed 118

Hudsonian Spruce 117

Oregon Ruffed 118

Prairie Sharp-tailed 121

Richardson 117

Ruffed 26, 1 1 8

Sage 122

Sharp-tailed 121

Sierra 295

340

Index

Grouse, Sootv 117

Gruidse 20, 95

Grus amerieana 96

canadensis 96

mexicana 96

Guara alba 90

rubra 89

Guillemot, Black 48

Mandt 48

Pigeon 48

Guiraca cserulea 181

lazula 181

Gull, Bonaparte 56

Black-backed 54

California 55

Franklin 56

Glaucous 53

Glaucous-winged 53

Heermann 54

Herring 11, 55

Iceland 53

Ivory 52

Kittiwake 52

Kumlien 53

Laughing 56

Little 259

Mew 258

Nelson 53

Point Barrow 53

Ring-billed 52

Ross 56

Sabine 56

Siberian 258

Slaty-backed 54

Short-billed 52

Vega 55

Western 54

Gymnogyps californianus 129

Gvrfaleon 136

Black 136

Gray 136

White 136

Haematopodidse 25, 100

Hrematopus bachmani 104

frazari 104

palliatus 104

Haliaeetus leucocephalus 136

Halocyptena microsoma 65

Harelda hyemalis 81

Harrier 130

Hawk, American Rough-legged 135

Broad-winged 133

Cooper 131

Hawk, Desert Sparrow 138

Duck 137

Ferruginous Rough-legged ....135

Fish 129

Florida Red-shouldered 133

Harlan 132

Harris 132

Krider 132

Little Sparrow 296

Marsh 130

Mexican Black 134

Pigeon 137

Red-bellied 133

Red-shouldered 133

Red-tailed 29, 28, 132

Sennett White-tailed 135

Sharp-shinned 131

Short-tailed 134

Snail 130

Sparrow 137

St. Lucas Sparrow 138

Swainson 133

Western Red-tail 132

Zone-tailed 134

Heath Hen 121

Heleodytes brunneicapillus 233

affinis ..233
anthonyi 233
bryanti .233
couesi ..288

Helinaia swainscnii 215

Helminthophila bachmanii 191

celata 210

" lutescens 210

" sordida 210

chrysoptera 189

iawrencei 197

leucobronchialis 197

lucise 206

Helminthophila peregrina 212

pinus 191

rubricapilla 195

gutturalis 195

Virginia? 197

Helmitheros vermivorus 215

Helodromas solitarius 107

cinnamomeus . 107

Herodias egretta 92

Herodiones 17, 87

Heron, Anthony Green 94

Black-crowned Night 93

European 264

Frazar Green 94

Great Blue . 93

341

Index

Heron, Great White 92

Little Blue 94

Little Green 19, 94

Louisiana 94

Northwest Coast 93

Snowy 92

Ward 93

Yellow-crowned Night 93

Hesperiphona vespertina 199

montana ..199

Heteractitis incanus Ill

Himantopus mexicanus 104

Hirundinidse 36, 165

Hirundo erythrogastra 250

Histrionicus histrionicus 81

Hummingbird, Allen 161

Anna 161

Black-chinned 159

Blue-throated , 160

Blue-billed 160

Broad-tailed 161

Buff-bellied 160

Calliope 161

Costa 159

Lucifer 159

Morcom 161

Rieffer 160

Rivoli 159

Ruby-throated 33, 160

Rufous 161

Salvin 298

White-eared 160

Xantus 159

Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis 94

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. 60

Hylocichla alicise 239

" bicknelli 239

guttata 238

auduboni 238

" nana 238

pallasii 238

fuscescens 238

salicicola 238

mustelina 233

ustulata 239

almae 239

cedica 239

" swainsonii 239

Iache latirostris 160

Jbididae 18, 87

Ibis, Glossy 90

Scarlet 89

Wood 18, 90

Ibis, White 90

White-faced Glossy 18, 90

Icteria virens 198

" longicauda 198

Icteridse 35, 164

Icterus audubonii 186

bullocki 1S6

cucullatus nelsoni 186

" sennetti 186

galbula 186

parisorum 186

spurius 206

Ictinia mississippiensis 130

Ionornis martinica, 99

Iridoprocne bicolor 250

Ixoreus naevius 207

" meruloides 207

Jabiru 263

Jacana, Mexican 25, 102

spinosa 102

Jacanidae 25, 100

Jaeger, Long-tailed 51

Parastic 10, 51

Pomarine 51

Jay, Alaskan 252

Belding 184

Black-headed 185

Blue 35, 183

Blue-eared 184

Blue-fronted 185

California 184

Canada 252

Coast 298

Couch 183

Florida 184

Florida Blue 183

Gray 252

Green 185

Labrador 252

Long-crested 185

Oregon 252

Pinon 183

Queen Charlotte 185

Rocky Mountain 252

Santa Cruz 184

Steller 185

Texan 184

Woodhouse 184

Xantus 184

.Tunco aikeni 240

Arizona 241

Baird 240

bairdi 240

342

Index

Junco caniceps 241, 302

Carolina 240

Coues 241, 302

dorsalis 241, 302

Gray-headed 241

Guadalupe 240

hyemalis 240

" annectens 302

" carolinensis 240

" connectens 302

insularis 240

mearnsi 240, 302

Montana 240

montanus 240, 302

oreganus 241, 302

connectens 241, 302

pinosus 241, 302

shufeldti 241

thurberi 241, 302

Oregon 241

phseonotus dorsalis 241

" palliatus 241

Pink-sided 240

Point Pinos 241

Red-backed 241

Ridgway's 303

Shufeldt 241, 302

Slate-colored 240

Thurber 241

Townsend 240

townsendi 240

White-winged 240

Killdeer 24, 112

Kingbird 247

Arkansas 202

Cassin 202

Couch 202

Gray 247

Kingfisher, Belted 31, 147

Northwestern Belted 297

Ringed 271

Texas 147

Kinglet, Dusky 177

Golden-crowned 40, 1S7

Rubv-crowned 176, 215

Sitkan 176, 215

Western 187

Kite, Everglade 130

Mississippi 130

Swallow-tailed 130

White-tailed 130

Kittiwake 52

Pacific 52

Kittiwake Red-legged 52

Knot 1°6

Lagopus evermanni 120

lagopus 119

alexandra? 295

alleni H9

" ungavus 295

leucurus H8

peninsularis 118

rupestris H9

atkhensis 1201

" chamberlaini 296

dixoni 296

" nelsoni 119

" reinhardi 119

" townsendi 120

Laniidje 37, 166

Lanius borealis 248

ludovicianus 248-

migrans 304

anthonyi 248

" excubitorides 248

" gambeli 248

Lapwing 267

Laridse H. 50

Lark Bunting 252

California Horned 201

Desert Horned 201

Dusky Horned 201

Horned 34, 200

Hoyt Horned 200'

Island Horned 202

Montezuma Horned 202

Pallid Horned 200

Prairie Horned 200

Ruddy Horned 201

Scorched Horned 201

Sonoran Horned 202

Streaked Horned 200

Texan Horned 200

Larus afflnis 258

argentatus 55

atricilla 56

barrovianus 53

brachyrhynchus 52

californicus 55

canus 258

delawarensis 52

franklinii 56

glaucescens 53

glaucus 53

heermanni 54

kumlieni 53

343

Index

Larus leueopterus 53

marinus 54

niinutus 259

nelsoni 53

occidentalis 54

Philadelphia 56

schistisagus 54

vegae 55

Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera. . 125

Leucosticte, Aleutian 179

atrata 179

australis 179

Black 179

Brown-capped 179

Gray-crowned 179

griseonucha 179

Hepburn 179

tephrocotis 179

littoralis . 179

Limicolse 21, 100

Liniosa fedoa 110

haemastica 110

lapponica baueri 110

Limpkin 20, 96

Longipennes 10

Longspur, Alaskan 219

Chestnut-collared 218

Lapland 219

McCown 218

Smith 220

Loon 10, 44

Black-throated 44

Pacific 44

Red-throated 44

Yellow-billed 44

Lophodytes cucullatus 76

Lophortyx ealifornieus 116

vallicola .. . .116

gambelii 116

Loxia curvirostra minor 173

stricklandi 173

leucoptera 174

Lunda cirrhata 45

Macrochires 33, 154

Macrorhamphus griseus 106

scolopaceus 106

Magpie American 253

Yellow-billed 253

Mallard 6, 76

Man-o'-War Bird 73

Mareca americana 77

penelope 77

Marsh Hen 98

Martin Cuban 250

Gray-breasted 304

Purple 250

Western 250

Meadowlark 199

Florida 199

Texas 199

Western 199

Megalestris skua 51

Megaquiscalus major 254

major macrourus 254

Megascops asio 141

" aikeni 142

" * bendirei 1 4 1

" cineraceus 112

" flammeola 142

" floridanus 141

" idabcensis 142

" kennicottii Ill

" macfarlanei 142

" maxwelliae 141

" mccalli 141

" trichopsis 112

" xantusi 142

Melanerpes erythrocephalus L53

formiciviorus 1 53

angustifrons L53

bairdi 153

torquatus L52

Meleagris gallopavo intermedia.. .. 122

merriami 122

" osceola 122

" silvestris 122

Melopelia asiatica asiatica 296

trudeaui 296

leucoptera 126

Melospiza cinerea 230

caurina 230

elemental 230

cooperi 230

fallax 229

" graminea 230

" heeriuanni 229

insignis 230

" juddi 229

" kenaiensis 230

melodia 229

merrilli 229

montana 229

morphna 230

pusillula 230

rivularis 229

" . rufina 230

samuelis 230

344

Index

Melospiza georgiana 222

lincolnii 226

striata 226

melodia cleonensis 301

maxillaris 300

Merganser, American 76

americanus 76

Hooded 76

Red-breasted 15, 76

serrator 76

Mergus albellus 261

Merlin, Black 137

Richardson 137

Mrrula confinis 207

migratoria 207

migratoria achrustera 207

propinqua 207

Micropalama himantopus 106

Micropallas whitneyi 140

Mieropodidae 33, 155

Mimidaa 294

Mimus i)olyglottos 248

leucopterus 24S

Mniotilta varia 249

Mniotiltida? 38, 167

Mockingbird 248

Western 248

Molothrus ater 25::

" obscurus 25:;

Motacillid* 38, 167

Murre 48

Brunnich 48

California 48

Pallas 48

Murrelet, Ancient 47

Craveri 46

Kittlitz 46

Marbled 46

Xantus 46

Musch'ora forficata 177

tyrannus 276

Myadestes townsendii 247

Mycteria americana 263

Myiarchus cinerascens 203

nuttingi . . . .203
" pertinax .... 203

crinitus 203

lawrencei olivascens 203

mexicanus 203

magister 203

Myiodynastes luteiventris 203

Myiozetetes similis superciliosus. . .274

Netta rufina 262

Nettion carolinensis 78

crecca 261

Nighthawk 157

Florida 157

Sennett 157

Texan 157

Western 157

Noddy 60

Xomonyx dominicus 80

Nonpareil 180

Nucit'raga columbiana 252

Numenius borealis L03

hndsonicus 103

longirostris 103

tahitiensis 295

Nutcracker, Clarke 252

Nuthatch Brown-headed 246

Florida 24"',

Pygn.y 246

Red-breasted 39, 246

Rocky Mountain 246

Slender-billed 246

St. Lucas 246

White-breasted 246

White-naped 247

Nuttallornis borealis 208

Nyctala acadica 140

" scotaea 140

tengmalmi richardsoni 139

Nyctanassa violacea 93

Xyctea nyctea 143

Nycticorax nycticorax nsevius 93

Nfyctidromus albicollis merrilli 157

Oceanites oceanicus 66

Oceanodroma cryptoleucura 260

furcata 65

homochroa 65

kaedingi 65

leucorhoa 66

macrodactyla 66

melania 66

socorroensis 66

Ochthodromus wilsonius 112

Odontoglossie 16, 87

Oidemia americana 83

deglandi 83

fusca 262

perspicillata 83

Olbiorchilus alascensis 236

hiemalis 236

helleri 236

" pacificus 236

meligerus 236

345

Index

Old-squaw SI

Olor buccinator 84

columbianus 84

cygnus 263

Oreortyx pictus 116

" confinis 116

plumiferus 116

Oreospiza chlorura 206

Oriole, Arizona Hooded 186

Audubon 186

Baltimore 35, 186

Bullock 186

Hooded 186

Orchard 206

Scott 186

Sennett 279

Ornithion imberbe 211

ridgwayi 211

Oroscoptes montanus 233

Ortalis vetula maccalli 122

Osprey, American 129

Ossifraga gigantea 259

Otocoris alpestris 200

actia 201

adusta 201

arcticola 200

giraudi 200

hoyti 200

insularis 202

leucolaema 201

merrilli 201

occidentalis 202

pallida 202

praticola 200

rubea 201

strigata 201

Otus asio gilmani 297

Ouzel, Water 247

Oven-bird 232

Owl, Acadian 140

Aiken Screech 142

American Hawk 143

American Long-eared 138

Arctic Horned 143

Barn 29, 138

Barred 139

Burrowing 138

California Pygmy 140

California Screech 141

Dusky Horned 143

Dwarf Screech 142

Elf 140

Ferruginous Pygmy 140

Flammulated Screech 142

Owl, Florida Barred 139"

" Burrowing 138

" Screech 141

Great Gray 139

Great Horned 145

Hoskin 140

Kennicott Screech 141

Labrador Horned 297

Long-eared 138

MacFarlane Screech 142"

Mexican Screech 142

Monkey-faced 138

Northern Saw-whet 140

Northern Spotted 139

Pacific Horned 143"

Pygmy 140

Richardson 139

Rocky Mountain Screech 141

Sahauro Screech 297

Saint Michael Horned 297

Saw-whet 140

Screech 30, 141

Short-eared 138

Snowy 143

Spotted 139

Screech 142

Texas Barred 139

Texas Screech 141

Western Horned 143"

Xantus Screech 142

Oxyechus vociferus 112

Oyster-catcher, American 25, 104

Black 104

European 267

Frazar 104

Pagophila alba 52"

Paludicolae 19, 95

Pandion haliaetus carolinensis ^.29

Pandionidae 294

Parabuteo unicintus harrisi 132"

Parauque, Merrill 157

Paridae 39, 169

Paroquet, Carolina 30, 145-

Parrot, Thick-billed 145

Partridge 118

Alaska Spruce 295

California lift

Canada Spruce 295

Chestnut-bellied Scaled 116

Gambel ...: lie

Hudsonian Spruce 295

Mearns 11&

Mountain 116

846

Index

Partridge, Plumed 116

San Pedro 116

Scaled 116

Valley 116

Parus atricapillus 245

" occidentalis 245

septentrionalis ..245

carolinensis 245

" agilis 245

cinctus alascensis 244

gambeli 244

hudsonicus 244

columbianus 244

littoralis 244

stoneyi 244

rufescens 244

" barlowi 244

neglectus 244

sclateri 245

wollweberi 244

Passer domesticus 219

Passerculus beldingi 223

princeps 225

sandwichensis 223

alaudinus 223

bryanti 223

" nevadensis 300

" savanna 223

rostratus 223

guttatus 223

halophilus 224

" sanctorum 224

Passerella iliaca 231

" annectens 231

" fuliginosa 231, 301

" insularis 231, 301

" megarhyncba 231

" schistacea 231

" stepbensi 231

" townsendi 231

" unalaschensis 231

Passeres 34, 162

Passerina hyperboreus 251

nivalis 251

" townsendi 251

Pedioecetes phasianellus 121

campestris. .121
columbianus 121

Pelagodroma marina 260

Pelecanidae 15, 67

Pelecanus californicus 73

erythrorhynchus 73

occidentalis 73

Pelican, American White 73

Pelican, Brown 15, 73

California Brown 73

Pelidna alpina pacinca 108

Penthestes carolinensis impiger. . . .303

gambeli baileyae 303

rufescens vivax 303

Perisoreus canadensis 252

" capitalis .... 252

" fumifrons . . .252

nigricapillus 252

obscurus 252

griseus 252

Petrel, Ashy 65

Black 66

Black-capped 65

Bulwer's 260

Fisher's 260

Fork-tailed 65

Guadalupe 66

Hawaiian 260

Kaeding's 65

Leach's 12, 66

Least 65

Pintado 260

Scaled 260

Socorro 66

Stormy 66

White-bellied 260

White-faced 260

Wilson's 66

Petrochelidon lunifrons 250

tachina 304

melanogastra 250, 304

Peucaea aestivalis 221

bachmanii 221

botterii 221

cassini 221

Pewee, Western Wood 208

Large-billed Wood 20S

Wood 208

Phaethon americanus 69

aethereus 69

rubricaudus 260

Phaethontidae 13, 67

Phainopepla 253

nitens 253

Phalacrocoracidae 14, 67

Phalacrocorax dilophus 71

" albociliatus 71
" cincinatus. . 71
" floridanus. . 71

mexicanus 72

pelagicus 72

" resplendens 72.

347

Index

Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus.. 72

penicillatus 72

urile 72

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii 156

californicus.. 156

nitidus 156

Phalarope, Northern 21, 102

Red 102

Wilson 102

Fhalaropodidae 21, 100

Phalaropus lobatus 102

Fhasianids 27, 113

Phasianu? colchicus 113, L22

tcrquatus 113, 121

I heasant English 113, 122

Ring-necked 123, 122

Philacte canagica 85

Philohela minor 105

Phoebe ' 34, 208

Black 251

Say 205

Western Black 251

Phcebetria luliginosa 62

Phcenicopteridce 17, 87

Phoenicopterus ruber 89

Phyllopseustes borealis 212

Pica pica hudsonia 253

nuttalli ■::,:;

Pici 32, 148

Picidae 32, 14S

Picoides americanus 149

" dorsalis 149

fasciatus 1 4 :»

arcticus 149

Pigeon, Band-tailed 124

Passenger 12.".

Red-billed 124

Scaled 269

Viosca 124

White-crowned 124

Wild 125

Pincola enucleator alascensis 173

californica 173

flammula 173

leucura 173

montana 173

Pintail 76

Pipilo aberti 205

consobrinus 204

erythrophthalmus 204

alleni 204

fuscus albigula 205

crissalis 205

" mesoleucus 205

Pipilo fuscus senicula 205

maculatus arcticus 204

atratus 204

" clement* 204

" magnirostris 204

" megalonyx 204

" oregonus 204

Pipit 38, 232

Sprague 232

Piranga erythromelas 171

hepatica 171

ludovicianus 171

rubra 171

" cooperi 171

Pitangus derbianus 202

Plataleidse 18, 87

Platypsaris albiventris 274

Plegadis autumnalis 90

guarauna 90

Plover, Black-bellied 24, 110

European Golden 267

Golden 110

Little Ringed 267

Mongolian 267

Mountain 105

Pacific Golden 110

Piping 112

Ring 112

Semipalmated 112

Snowv 112

Wilson 112

Plautus impennis 48

Podasocys montana 105

Podicipida? 9

Podilymbus podiceps 43

Polioptila caerulea 243

obscura 243

californica 243

plumbea 2 13

Polyborus cheriway 134

lutosus 134

Pocecetes gramineus 221

affinis 22]

" confinis 221

Poor-will 156

California 156

Frosted 156

Porzana Carolina 98

coturniculus 294

jamaicensis 98

noveboracensis 97

Prairie Hen 121

An water 121

Lesser 121

::is

Index

Priocella glacialoides 63

Priofinus cinereus 260

Procellaria pelagica 66

Procellariidae 12, 61

Progne chalybea 304

cryptoleucus 250

subis 250

" hesperia 250

Protonotaria citrea 187

Psaltriparus lloydi 242

minimus 242

calif ornicus 242

grinds 242

plumbeus 242

santaritae 242

Psittaci 30, 144

Psiitacida? 30, 144

Ptarmigan 119

Adak 296

Alexander 295

Chamberlain 296

Allen 119

Dixon 296

Evermann 120

Kenai White-tailed 118

Nelson 119

Reinhardt 119

Rock 119

Townsend 120

Turner 120

Ungava 295

Welch 120

White-tailed 118

Willow 119

Ptilogonatida? 298

Ptychoramphus aleuticus 46

Puffin 45

Horned 45

Large-billed 45

Tufted 45

Puffinus assimilis 260

auricularis 64

borealis 64

bulleri 260

creatopus 64

cuneatus 63

gravis 64

griseus 63

Iherminieri 64

opisthomelas 64

puffinus 259

tenuirostris 64

Pygopodes 9

Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus. .177

Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona 172

sinuata 172

peninsula? 172

texana 172

St. Lucas 172

Quail 115

Querquedula cyanoptera 78

discors 78

Quiscalus quiscula 254

agla?us 254

a?neus 254

Rail, Belding 97

Black 9S

California Clapper 97

Caribean Clapper 98

Carolina 98

Clapper 20, 9S

F'arallon 265

King 97

Light-footed 294

Louisiana Clapper 98

Scott Clapper 98

Virginia 97

Wayne Clapper 98

Yellow 97

Rallida? 21, 95

Rallus beldingi 97

crepitans 9S

saturatus 98

scottii 98

waynei 98

elegans 97

levipes 294

longirostris caribaeus 98

obsoletus 97

virginianus 97

Raptores 2S, 127

Raven, American 255

Northern 255

White-necked 255

Recurvircstra americana 103

Recurvirostrida? 23, 100

Redhead 79

Redpoll 35, 176

Greater 176

Greenland 176

Hoarv 17G

Holbcell 176

Red-shank 266

Redstart, American 38, 187

Painted 177

Red-tail, Alaska 296

Red-wing, Bahaman 178

349

Index

Red-wing, Florida 178

Northwestern 178

San Diego 178

Sonoran 178

Thick-billed 178

Vera Cruz 298

Reedbird 251

Regulus calendula 176, 215

grinnelli 176, 215

obscurus 177

satrapa 187

olivaceus 187

Rhodostethia rosea 56

Rhynchophanes mccownii 218

Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha 145

Riparia riparia 211

Rissa brevirostris 52

tridactyla 52

pollicaris 52

Road-runner 146

Robin 34, 207

Southern 207

St. Lucas 207

Western 207

Rostrhamus sociabilis 130

Rough-leg, Ferruginous 135

Ruff 266

Rynchopidee 12, 52

Rynchops nigra 60

Salpinctes obsoletus 234

pulverius 301

guadeloupensis 234

Sanderling 108

Sandpiper Aleutian 107

Baird 109

Bartramian 105

Buff-breasted 105

Curlew 106

Green 266

Least 109

Pectoral loy

Prybilof 108

Purple 107

Red-backed 108

Semipalmated 23, 108

Sharp-tailed 109

Solitary 107

Spoonbill 266

Spotted 107

Stilt 106

Upland 105

Western 109

Western Solitary 107

Sandpiper White-rumped 109

Sapsucker, Northern Red-breasted. 152

Red-breasted 152

Red-naped 152

Williamson 152

Yellow-bellied 152

Saxicola cenanthe 248

" leucorhoa 248

Sayornis nigricans 251

" semiatra 251

phoebe 208

saya 205

Scardafella inca 126

Scolecophagus carolinus 254

cyanocephalus 254

Scolopacidae 23, 100

Scoter, American 83

Surf 83

Velvet 262

White-winged 83

Scotiaptex nebulosa 139

Seed-eater, Morellet 249

Seiurus aurocapillus 232

motacilla 232

noveboracensis 232

notabilis 232

Selasphorus alleni 161

platycercus 161

rufus 161

Setophaga picta 177

ruticilla 187

Shearwater Allied 260

Audubon 64, 260

Black-tailed 260

Black-vented 64

Buller 260

Cory 64

Dark-bodied 63

Greater 64

Manx 259

New Zealand 260

Pink-footed 64

Slender-billed 64

Sooty 63

Townsend 64

Wedge-tailed 63

Sheldrake 262

Ruddy 262

Shoveller 78

Shrike, California 248

Island 248

Loggerhead 248

Migrant 304

Northern 37, 248

350

Index

Shrike, White-rumped 248

Sialia arctica 182

mexicana anabelas 182

bairdi 182

" occidentalis 182

sialis 182

" azurea 182

Simorhynchus cristatellus 47

pusillus 47

pygmaeus 47

Siskin, Pine 225

Sitta canadensis . : 246

carolinensis 246

aculeata 246

atkinsl 246

lagunaa 246

nelsoni 246

pusilla 246

pygmaea 246

" leuconucha 247

Sittidae 294

Skimmer, Black 11, 60

Skua 51

Skylark 297

Smew 262

Snakebird 73

Snipe, European 265

Great 266

Wilson 105

Snowflake 251

McKay 251

Pribilof 251

Solitaire, Townsend 247

Somateria dresseri 82

molissima borealis 82

spectabilis 82

v-nigra 82

Sora 20, 98

Sparrow, Acadian Sharp-tailed 225

Bachman 221

Baird 224

Belding Marsh 223

Bell 228

Black-chinned 219

Black-throated 249

Botteri 221

Brewster 228

Brown Song 229

Bryant Marsh 223

California Sage 300

Cassin 221

Chipping 222

Clay-colored 228

Desert 249

Sparrow, Desert Song 229

Dusky Seaside 226

English 219

Field 222

Fisher Seaside 226

Florida Grasshopper 224

Forbush 226

Fox 231

Golden-crowned 227

Grasshopper 224

Gray Sage 228

Henslow 224

Harris 219

Heerman Song 229

Intermediate 227

Ipswich 225

Kadiak Fox 231, 301

Lagoon 224

Laguna 220

Large-billed 223

Lark 218

Leconte 225

Lincoln 226

Macgillivray Seaside 226

Mendocino Song 301

Merrill Song 226

Mountain Song 229

Nelson 225

Nevada Savannah 300

Nuttall 227

Pine Woods 22i

Vesper 221

Rock 220

Rufous-crowned 220

Rufous-winged 220

Rusty Song 230

Sage 228

Samuel Song 230

San Benito 224

San Clemente Song 230

San Diego Song 230

Sandwich 223

Savanna 223

Scott 220

Scott Seaside 226

Seaside 226

Sharp-tailed 225

Shumagin Fox 231

Slate-colored 231

Song 229

Sooty Fox 231, 301

Stephen 231

St. Lucas 223

Suisun Song 300

351

Index

Sparrow, Swamp 222

Texas 215

Texas Seaside 22G

Thick-billed 231

Tree 222

Townsend 231

Vesper 221

Western Chipping 222

Western Field 222

Western Grasshopper 224

Western Henslow 224

Western Lark 218

Western Savanna 223

Western Tree 222

Western Vesper 221

White-crowned 227

White-throated 227

Worthen 228

Yakutat Fox ' 231

Spatula elypeata 78

Speotyto hypogaea eunieularia 138

flcridana 138

Sphyrapieus ruber 152

" notkensis 152

thyroideus 152

varius 152

nuchalis 152

Spinus pinus 22.".

Spiza americana 198

Spizella atrogularis 219

breweri 228

monticola 222

ochracea 222

pallida 228

pusilla 222

arenacea 222

socialis 222

arizonae 222

wortheni 228

Spoonbill, Roseate 89

Sporophila morelleti 249

Squatarola squatarola 110

Starling 2."..:

Starnoenas cyanocephala 126

Steganopodes 13, 67

Steganopus tricolor '. 102

Stelgidopteryx serripennis 211

Stellula calliope 161

Stercorariidae 10, 49

Stercorarius longicaudus 51

parasticus 51

pomarinus 51

Sterna anaethetus 58

antillarum 58

Sterna aleutica 58

caspia 57

dougalli 59

elegans ",7

forsteri 59

fuliginosa 60

hirundo 59

maxima 57

paridisaea 59

sandvicensis acufiavida 57

tr\ideaui 259

Stilt, Black-necked 22, 104

Stint, Long-toed 266

Strigidae 127

Strix pratincola 138

Sturnella magna 199

argutula 199

hoopesi 199

" neglecta 199

Sturnida? 164

Sturnus vulgaris 253

Sula bassana 69

brewsteri 70

cyanops 70

nebouxii 70

piscator 70

sula 70

Sulida? 13, 67

Surf Bird 1 I i

Surnia ulula caparoch 143

Swallow, Bank 211

Barn 250

Cliff 250

Lesser Cliff 304

.Mexican Cliff 250

Northern Violet-green 250

Rough-winged 211

St. Lucas 251

Tree 36, 250

White-bellied 250

Swallow-tailed Kite 130

Swan, Trumpeter 84

Whistling 84

Whooping 263

Swift, Black 158

Chimney 3.",, L58

Vaux 158

White-throated 158

Sylviidae 40, 169

Symphemia semipalmata 111

" inornata . 1 1 1

Synthliboramphus antiquus 47

Syrnium occidentale 139

" caurinum L39

:;.-,2

Index

Syrnium varium 139

" alleni 139

" helveolum 139

Tachycineta thalassina lepida 250

" brachyptera 251

Tanager, Cooper 171

Hepatic 171

Louisiana 171

Scarlet 171

Summer 36, 171

Western 171

Tanagridre 36, 165

Tangavius seneus aeneus 304

" involucratus 304

Tantalus loculator 90

Tatler, Wandering Ill

Teal, Blue-winged 78

Cinnamon 78

Green-winged 7S

Telmatodytes marianae 237

palustris 237

" griseus 237

" iliacus 301

" ]>aIudicola 237

plesius 237

Tern, American Black 60

Aleutian 58

Arctic 59

Bridled 58

Cabot 57

Caspian 57

Common 11, 59

Elegant 57

Forster 59

Gull-billed 58

Least 58

Roseate 59

Royal 57

Sooty 60

Trudeau 259

White-winged Black 259

Tetraonidas 26, 113

Thalassogeron culminatus 62

Thrasher, Bendire 216

Brown 39, 233

Californian 217

Crissal 217

Curve-billed 216

Desert 217

Leconte 217

Mearns , 216

Palmer 216

Pasadena 217, 300

Thrasher, Sage 233

Sennett 233

St. Lucas 216

Thrush, Alaska Hermit 238

Alma 239, 302

Audubon Hermit 238

Bicknell 239

California Olive-backed.. . .239, 302

Dwarf Hermit 238

Gray-cheeked 239

Hermit 238

Monterey Hermit 302

Olive-backed 239

Pale Varied 207

Russet-backed 239

Sierra Hermit 302

Varied 207

Willow 238

Wilson 238

Wood 40, 233

Thryomanes bewickii 235

" calophonus . .235
" charienturus. 235

" cryptus 235

" leucogaster . .235

" spilurus 235

brevicauda 235

leucophrys 235

Thryothcrus ludovicianus .234

" lomitensis 234

miamensis 234

Titlark 232

Titmouse, Ashy 242

Black-crested 243

Bridled 244

Gray 242

Plain 242

Sennett 303

Texan Tufted 243, 302

Tufted 243

Totanus flavipes Ill

melanoleucus Ill

Towhee 204

Abert 205

Anthony 205

Arctic 204

Californian 205

Canon 205

Green-tailed 206

Guadalupe 204

Mountain 204

Oregon 204

San Clemente 204

San Diego 204

853

Index

Towhee, Spurred 204

St. Lucas 205

White-eyed 204

Toxostoma bendirei 216

cinereurn 216

" mearnsi 216

" crissalis 217

curvirostre 216

palmeri 216

lecontei 217

arenicola 217

longirostre sennetti 233

redivivum 217

pasadenense 217

ruf um 233

Tree Duck, Black-bellied 83

Fulvous 83

Tringa canutus 106

Trochilidfe 33, 155

Trochilus alexandri '. 159

colubris 160

Troglodytes aedon 236

parkmanii 236

" aztecus 236, 301

Troglodytidae 39, 168, 294

Trogon ambiguus 147

Coppery-tailed 31, 147

Trogonidae 31, 144

Tropic Bird 69

Red-billed 69

Red-tailed 260

Yellow-billed 13, 69

Tryngites subruficollis 105

Tubinares 12

Turdidse 40, 170

Turkey Florida 122

Merriam 122

Rio Grande 122

Water 73

Wild 27, 122

Turnstone 24, 102

Black 107

Ruddy 102

Tympanuchus americanus 121

" attwateri 121

pallidicinctus 121

Tyrannidse 34, 163

Tyrannus 202

domincensis 247

melancholicus couchi 202

tyrannus 247

verticalis 202

vocif erans 202

TTranomitra salvinl 298

I'ria loin via 48

" arra 4S

troile . . . .• 48

" californica 48

Urubitinga anthracina 134

Verdin 195

Baird 195

Vireo, Anthony 212

atricapillus 245

Bell 214

belli 214

" medius 299

Bermuda 213

Black-capped 245

Black-whiskered 212

Blue-headed 214

calidris barbatulus 212

Cassin 214

flavifrons 198

flavoviridis 213

Frazar 299

gilvus 213

" swainsonii 213

Gray 214

Hutton 212

huttoni 212

cognatus 299

obscurus 212

" stephensi 212

Key West 213

Least 214

Mountain Solitary 214

noveboracensis 213

bermudianus ...213

maynardi 213

" micrus 213

olivaceus 212

Philadelphia 213

philadelphicus 213

Plumbeous 214

pusillus 214

Red-eyed 37, 212

Small White-eyed 213

solitarius 214

" alticola 214

" cassinii 214

" lucasanus 214

" plumbeus 214

St. Lucas 214

Stephens 212

Texas 299

vicinior 214

354

Index

Vireo, Warbling 213

Western Warbling 213

White-eyed 213

Yellow-green 213

Yellow-throated 198

Vireonida? 37, 166

Vulture, Black 129

California 129

Turkey 28, 129

Wagtail, Siberian Yellow 192

Warbler, Alaskan Yellow 196

Audubon 190

Bachman 191

Bay-breasted 206

Black and White 249

Blackburnian 187

Black-fronted 190

Black-poll 249

Black-throated Blue 180

Black-throated Gray 249

Black-throated Green 188

Blue-winged 191

Brewster 197

Cairns 180

Calaveras 195

California Yellow 299

Canadian 191

Cape May 196

Cerulean 181

Chestnut-sided 198

Connecticut 1S9

Dusky 210

Golden-cheeked 188

Golden Pileated 193

Golden-winged 189

Grace 190

Hermit 188

Hooded 188

Kennicott Willow 212

Kentucky 193

Kirtland 191

Lawrence 197

Lucy 206

Lutescent 210

Macgillivray 189

Magnolia 190

Mangrove 196

Mourning 189

Mvrtle 197

Nashville 38, 195

Northern Parula 195

Olive 187

Orange-crowned 210

Warbler, Palm 196

Parula 195

Pileated 193

Pine 191

Prairie 197

Prothontary 187

Red-faced 177

Sennett 195

Sonora 196

Swainson 215

Sycamore 190

Tennessee .212

Townsend 188

Virginia 197

Wilson 193

Worm-eating 215

Yellow 38, 196

Yellow Palm 197

Yellow-throated 190

Water-Thrush 232

Grinnell 232

Louisiana 232

Waxwing, Bohemian 198

Cedar 37, 198

Wheatear 248

Greenland 248

Whimbrel 267

Whip-poor-will 33, 156

Stephen 156

Whiskey Jack 252

Widgeon, European 77

Willet Ill

Western Ill

Wilsonia canadensis 191

mitrata 188

pusilla 193

" chryseola 193

pileota 193

Wroodcock, American 23, 105

European 265

Woodpecker, Alaska Downy 150

Alaskan Three-toed 149

Alpine Three-toed 149

American Three-toed 32, 149

Arctic Three-toed 149

Arizona 151

Batchelder 150

Cabanis 150

Cactus 297

California 153

Dowrny 150

Gairdner 150

Gila 153

Golden-fronted 153

355

23

Index

Woodpecker, Hairy 150

Harris 150

Ivory-billed 149

Lewis 152

Narrow-fronted 153

Newfoundland 297

Northern Downy 150

NorthernHairy 150

Northern Pileated 32, 149

Nuttall 151

Pileated 149

Queen Charlotte 150

Red-bellied L53

Red-cockaded 151

Red-headed 153

Rocky Mountain Hairy 150

Saint Lucas 151

San Fernando 297

Southern Downy 150

Striped-breasted 153

Texan 151

White-breasted 297

White-headed 151

Willow 151

Wren, Alaskan 235

Aztec 236

Aleutian 236

Baird 235

Bewick 235

Bryant Cactus 233

Cactus 233

Canon 234

Carolina 234

Desert Cactus 233

Dotted Canon 234

Florida 234

Guadalupe 235

Guadelupe Rock 234

House 39, 236

Interior Tule 237

Kadiak Winter 236

Loniita 234

Long-billed Marsh 237

Marian Marsh 237

Northwest Bewick 235

Parkman 236

Prairie Marsh 301

Wren, Rock 234

San Clemente 235

San Nicolas 301

Short-billed Marsh 236

Southwest Bewick 235

St. Lucas Cactus 233

Texas Bewick 235

Texan Cactus ' 233

Tule 237

Vigors 235

Western House 236

Western Winter 236

White-throated 234

Winter 236

Worthington Marsh 237

Wren-Tit, Coast 216, 300

Pallid 215, 300

Ruddy 300

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus . . . 199
Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens. . . .185

Xema sabinii 56

Xenopirus albolarvatus 151

Yellowlegs Ill

Greater Ill

Yellow-throat, Belding 194

Florida 194

Maryland 193

Northern 194

Pacific 194

Rio Grande 194

Salt Marsh 194

Western 193

Zamelodia ludoviciana 174

melanocephala 207

Zenaida zenaida 125

Zenaidura macroura 125

marginella . . . .296

Zonotrichia albicollis 227

coronata 227

leucophrys 227

gambeli 227

nuttalli 227

querula 219

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AMNH LIBRARY

100103254