BRARY 


COLOR  KEY  TO 

^QRTH  AMERICAN  BIBDS.  : 


By  FRANK  M.  CHAPMAN 

Curator  of  Ornithology  in  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History 


HANDBOOK  OF  BIRDS  OF  EASTERN   NORTH  AMERICA 

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TOPOGRAPHY  OF  A  BIRD 
Bluebird  (natural  size) 


I   • 


COLOR  KEY  TO 
NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS 

With  Bibliographical  Appendix 


BY 


FRANK   M.    CHAPMAN 

CURATOR  OF  ORNITHOLOGY 
IN  THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 


Author  of  "  Handbook  of  Birds  of  Eastern  North  America," 
"Bird-Life,"  Etc. 


With    Upward  of  800  Drawings 


CHESTER  A.  REED,  B.  S. 


Revised  Edition 


APP 


NE\^ 

1S!et(P< 


OjmRY 


COPYRIGHT, 
DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  ct  CO. 

1903 

COPYRIGHT 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO., 

1912 


Published  November,  1912 


Printed  in  the  United  States 


PREFACE. 

CO  LEARN  to  call  a  bird  by  its  right  name  is  the  first  step  in  the 
study  of  ornithology.    We  may  propose  to  investigate  the  structure, 
food,  and  habits  of  the  birds  of  the  world,  or  desire  merely  a  super- 
ficial knowledge  of  the  species  found  in  our  garden,  but  in  either  case  we  are 
at  once  confronted  by  this  question  of  identification. 

From  the  scientific  point  of  view  there  is  but  one  satisfactory  way  to 
identify  a  bird.  A  specimen  of  it  should  be  in  hand  in  order  that  its  form, 
color,  and  size  may  be  accurately  determined,  when,  with  the  aid  of  analytical 
keys,  with  which  most  text -books  are  provided,  it  is  a  simple  matter  to  ascer- 
tain the  bird's  name. 

Wide  experience  has  shown  the  writer,  however,  that  where  one  dead  bird 
is  identified,  hundreds  of  attempts  are  made  to  name  the  living  bird  in  nature. 
This  is  to  be  expected.  It  is  the  natural  outcome  of  the  recent  remarkable 
interest  in  the  study  of  birds  which,  fostered  by  Audubon  Societies  and 
nature  study  teachers,  has  assumed  an  ethical  and  educational  importance  of 
the  first  magnitude. 

We  cannot  place  a  gun  in  the  hands  of  these  thousands  of  bird-lovers 
whom  we  are  yearly  developing ;  indeed  most  of  them  would  refuse  to  use  it. 
Specimens,  therefore,  are  rarely  available  to  them  and  we  should  make  some 
special  effort  to  meet  their  peculiar  wants.  The  present  volume  has  been' 
prepared  with  this  end  in  view.  Identification  of  the  bird  in  the  bush  is  its 
sole  end;  an  end,  however,  which  we  trust  will  prove  but  the  beginning 
of  a  new  and  potent  interest  in  nature. 

Frank  M.  Chapman 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
New  York  City,  1903. 


Vll 


PREFACE  TO  REVISED  EDITION. 

In  the  present  edition  of  the  Color  Key  the  body  of  the  book,  aside  from 
the  correction  of  typographical  errors,  remains  as  it  was  in  the  preceding 
edition.  The  Systematic  Table  has  been  reset  and  brought  up  to  July,  1912, 
the  date  of  the  publication  of  the  latest  supplement  to  the  third  edition  of 
the  American  Ornithologists'  Union's  'Check-List  of  North  American  Birds.' 
Two  Appendixes  are  added.  The  first  includes  all  the  changes  in  nomencla- 
ture and  descriptions  of  new  birds  which  have  been  accepted  by  the  A.  O.  U. 
Committee  on  Classification  and  Nomenclature  since  the  publication  of  the 
Color  Key  in  1 903 ;  the  second  contains  a  list  of  f aunal  ornithological  papers 
which  it  is  hoped  will  add  greatly  to  the  reference  value  of  the  book. 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  f.m.c. 

New  York  City,  October,  1912. 


vm 


CONTENTS. 

Introduction 1 

How  to  Learn  a  Bird's  Name « 1 

How  Birds  Are  Named 4 

Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families  of  North  American  Birds 9 

Color  Key  to  North  American  Birds 41 

Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 257 

Appendix  I.    Additions^  Subtractions,  Emendations 293 

Appendix  II.    Bibliography 305 

Index    333 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

The  illustrations  in  this  volume  are  designed  to  aid  the  student  in  identi- 
fying birds  in  their  haunts  by  giving,  in  color,  those  markings  which  most 
quickly  catch  the  eye.  They  do  not  pretend  to  be  perfect  reproductions  of 
every  shade  and  tint  of  the  plumage  of  the  species  they  figure,  but  aim  to 
present  a  bird's  characteristic  colors  as  they  appear  when  seen  at  a  distance. 
It  was  inpracticable  to  draw  all  the  birds  to  the  same  scale  but  all  those  on 
the  same  page  are  so  figured.  Reference  should  always  be  made,  however, 
to  the  measurements  given  at  the  beginning  of  each  description.  The  figures 
are  based  on  the  male  bird. 

LIST  OF  ABBREVIATIONS. 

$  .     The  sign  of  Mars,  signifying  male. 

9  .     The  sign  of  Venus,  signifying  female. 

Ad.     Adult,  a  bird  in  fully  mature  plumage. 

Yng.     Young,  a  fully  grown  bird  which  has  not  yet  acquired  the  plumage 

of  the  adult. 
L.     Length,  the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  bill  to  the  end  of  the  tail.    This 

measurement  is  made  from  dead  birds,  birds  in  life  appear  somewhat 

shorter. 
W.     Wing,  the  distance  from  the  'bend*  of  the  wing  to  the  end  of  the  longest 

feather. 
T.     Tail,  the  distance  from  the  insertion  of  the  tail-feathers  to  the  end  of  the 

longest  one. 
Tar.     Tarsus,  the  distance  from  the  heel  to  the  insertion  of  the  toes,  or  of 

the  so-called  leg.' 
B.  Bill,  the  distance  from  the  feathers  at  the  base  of  the  bill  above  to  its  tip. 
Note.  All  measurements  are  in  inches  and  tenths,  and  a  variation  of  about 
ten  per  cent,  from  the  figures  given  may  be  expected.  The  number  before 
the  name  of  each  species  is  that  of  the  American  Ornithologists*  Union's 
*Check-List  of  North  American  Birds.' 


INTRODUCTION 


HOW  TO  LEARN  A  BIRD'S  NAME 

"How  can  I  learn  to  know  the  birds  ?"  is  the  first  question  of  the  seeker 
after  bird-lore.  The  scientist's  reply,  "By  shooting  them  and  studying  their 
structure  and  markings  in  detail/'  may  do  for  the  few  who,  like  himself, 
desire  to  know  the  birds  scientifically;  but  it  is  emphatically  not  the  answer 
to  give  the  ninety  and  nine  who,  while  they  desire  to  secure  an  intimate, 
accurate  knowledge  of  birds,  will  not  gain  it  at  the  sacrifice  of  bird-life. 

In  the  present  volume,  therefore,  an  attempt  has  been  made  so  to  group, 
figure,  and  describe  our  birds  that  any  species  may  be  named  which  has  been 
definitely  seen.  The  birds  are  kept  in  their  systematic  Orders,  a  natural 
arrangement,  readily  comprehended,  but,  further  than  this,  accepted  classi- 
fications have  been  abandoned  and  the  birds  have  been  grouped  according  to 
color  and  markings. 

A  key  to  the  Orders  gives  the  more  prominent  characters  on  which  they 
are  based ;  telling  for  example,  the  external  differences  between  a  Duck  and 
a  Grebe.  In  comparatively  few  instances,  however,  will  the  beginner  have 
much  difficulty  in  deciding  to  what  Order  a  bird  belongs.  Probably  eight 
times,  out  of  ten  the  unknown  bird  will  belong  to  the  Order  Passeres,  or 
Perching  Birds,  when  one  has  only  fo  select  the  color  section  in  which  it 
should  be  placed,  choose  from  among  the  colored  figures  the  bird  whose 
identity  is  sought,  and  verify  one's  selection  by  reading  the  description  of  the 
bird's  characteristics  and  the  outline  of  its  range. 


How  TO  Learn  a  Bird's  Name 

In  the  case  of  closely  related  species,  and  particularly  subspecies,  the 
subjects  of  range  and  season  are  of  the  utmost  importance.  Most  subspecies 
resemble  their  nearest  allies  too  closely  to  be  identified  in  life  by  color  alone, 
and  in  such  cases  a  bird's  name  is  to  be  learned  by  its  color  in  connection  with 
its  distribution  and  the  season  in  which  it  is  seen. 

During  the  breeding  period,  unless  one  chance  to  be  in  a  region  where 
two  races  intergrade,  subspecific  names  may  be  applied  to  the  bird  in  nature 
with  some  certainty,  for  it  is  a  law  that  only  one  subspecies  of  a  species  can 
nest  in  the  same  area;  but  during  migrations  and  in  the  winter,  when  several 
subspecies  of  one  species  may  be  found  associated,  it  is  frequently  impossible 
to  name  them  with  accuracy. 

For  example,  during  the  summer  one  need  have  no  hesitancy  in  calling 
the  Robins  of  the  lowlands  of  South  Carolina  the  Southern  Robin  (Planes- 
ticus  migratorius  achrusterus)  but  later,  when  the  Northern  Robins  (Planes- 
ticus  migratorius  migratorius)  begin  to  appear,  it  would  be  difficult,  if  not 
impossible,  to  distinguish  them  in  life  from  the  resident  birds. 

If  it  were  possible  to  impress  the  student,  who  proposes  to  name  the  bird 
in  the  bush,  with  the  absolute  necessity  for  careful,  definite  observation  he 
would  be  saved  many  disappointing  and  discouraging  experiences. 

It  is  not  possible  to  examine  your  bird  too  thoroughly.  Never  be  satisfied 
with  a  superficial  view  and  a  general  impression.  Look  at  your  bird,  if  you 
can,  from  several  points  of  view ;  study  its  appearance  in  detail,  its  size,  bill, 
crown,  back,  tail,  wings,  throat,  breast,  etc.,  and  at  once  enter  what  you 
see  in  a  note-book  kept  for  that  purpose.  In  this  way,  and  this  way  alone, 
can  you  expect  to  compete  with  those  who  use  the  gun.    « 

It  does  not  follow,  however,  that  because  one  does  not  collect  specimens 
of  birds  one  cannot  study  them  scientifically.  While  the  student  may  not  be 
interested  in  the  classification  of  birds  purely  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
systematist,  he  is  strongly  urged  to  acquaint  himself  with  at  least  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  Orders  and  Families  of  our  birds  and  their  leading  structural 
characters. 

2 


How    TO    I.EARN    A    Bird's    NaME 

To  the  student  who  desires  to  prepare  himself  for  his  work  afield  such 
a  study  may  well  come  before  he  attempts  to  name  the  birds.  But  where  the 
chief  end  in  view  is  to  learn  a  bird's  name,  the  more  technical  side  of  the 
subject  may  be  deferred.  In  any  event,  it  should  not  be  neglected.  This 
orderly  arrangement  of  knowledge  will  not  only  be  practical  benefit  in  one's 
future  labors  but  it  will  bring  with  it  that  sense  of  satisfaction  which  accom- 
panies the  assurance  that  we  know  what  we  know. 

As  one  learns  to  recognize  bird  after  bird  it  is  an  admirable  plan  to 
classify  systematically  one's  list  of  bird  acquaintances  under  their  proper 
Orders  and  Families.  These  may  be  learned  at  once  from  the  systematic 
table  at  the  end  of  the  book,  where  the  numbers  which  precede  each  species 
are  arranged  serially,  and  hence  systematically. 

In  some  instances,  as  an  aid  to  identification  in  the  field,  descriptions  of 
birds'  notes  have  been  included.  It  is  not  supposed  that  these  descriptions 
will  convey  an  adequate  idea  of  a  bird's  song  to  a  person  who  has  never 
heard  it,  but  it  is  hoped  that  they  may  occasionally  lead  to  the  recognition  of 
calls  or  songs  when  they  are  heard. 

An  adequate  method  of  transcribing  bird's  notes  has  as  yet  to  be  devised" 
and  the  author  realizes  only  too  well  how  unsatisfactory  the  data  here 
presented  will  appear  to  the  student.  It  is  hoped,  however,  that  they  may 
sometimes  prove  of  assistance  in  naming  birds  in  life. 

As  has  been  said  before,  the  aim  of  this  volume  is  to  help  students  to 
learn  the  names  of  our  birds  in  their  haunts.  But  we  should  be  doing  scant 
justice  to  the  possibilities  of  bird  study  if,  even  by  silence,  we  should  imply 
that  they  ended  with  the  learning  to  know  the  bird.  This  is  only  the  begin- 
ning of  the  quest  which  may  bring  us  into  close  intimacy  with  the  secrets  of 
nature.  The  birds'  haunts  and  food,  their  seasons  and  times  of  coming  and 
going;  their  songs  and  habits  during  courtship,  their  nest-building,  egg- 
laying,  incubating  and  care  of  their  young,  these  and  a  hundred  other  sub- 
jects connected  with  their  lives  may  claim  our  attention  and  by  increasing  our 
knowledge  of  bird-life,  add  to  our  love  of  birds. 

3 


HOW  BIRDS  ARE  NAMED 

Birds  have  two  kinds  of  names.  One  is  a  common,  vernacular,  or  popular 
name ;  the  other  is  a  technical  or  scientific  name.  The  first  is  usually  given  to 
the  living  bird  by  the  people  of  the  country  it  inhabits.  The  second  is 
applied  to  specimens  of  birds  by  ornithologists  who  classify  them. 

Common  names  in  their  origin  and  use  know  no  law.  Technical  names 
are  bestowed  under  the  system  of  nomenclature  established  by  Linnaeus  and 
their  formation  and  application  are  governed  by  certain  definite,  generally 
accepted  rules.  The  Linnaean  system,  as  it  is  now  employed  by  most 
American  ornithologists,  provides  that  a  bird,  in  addition  to  being  grouped  in 
a  certain  Class,  Order,  Family,  etc.,  shall  have  a  generic  and  specific  name 
which,  together,  shall  not  be  applied  to  any  other  animal. 

Our  Robin,  therefore,  is  classified  and  named  as  follows : 


CLASS  AVES,BiKDS. 

ORDER  PASSERES,  Perching  Birds. 
Sub-order  Oscines,  Singing  Perching  Birds. 

Family  lurdidcB  Thrushes. 
Sub-family  Z^/r^zV/^  Thrushes. 
Genus,  Planesticus,  Thrushes. 
Species,  migratorius  American  Robin. 

The  Robin's  distinctive  scientific  name,  therefore,  which  it  alone  pos- 
sesses, is  Planesticus  migratorius.  There  are  numerous  other  members  of  the 
genus  Planesticus^  but  not  one  of  them  is  called  migratorius,  and  this  com- 
bination of  names,  therefore,  is  applied  to  only  one  bird. 


How  Birds  are  Named 

The  questions  Why  use  all  these  Latin  terms?  Why  not  call  the  bird 
'"Robin"  and  be  done  with  it?  are  easily  answered.  Widely  distributed 
birds  frequently  have  different  names  in  different  parts  of  their  range.  The 
Flicker  (Colaptes  auratus),  for  instance,  has  over  one  hundred  common  or 
vernacular  names.  Again,  the  same  name  is  often  applied  to  wholly  different 
birds.  Our  Robin  {Planesticus  migratorius)  is  not  even  a  member  of  the 
same  family  as  the  European  Robin  {Erithacus  rubecola.)  If,  therefore, 
we  should  write  of  birds  or  attempt  to  classify  them  only  by  their  common 
names,  we  should  be  dealing  with  such  unfixed  quantities  that  the  result 
would  be  inaccurate  and  misleading.  But  by  using  one  name  in  a  language 
known  to  educated  people  of  all  countries,  a  writer  may  indicate,  without 
danger  of  being  misunderstood,  the  particular  animal  to  which  he  refers. 
Among  people  speaking  the  same  tongue,  where  a  definite  list  of  vernacular 
names  of  animals  has  been  established,  they  can  of  course  be  used  instead  of 
the  scientific  names. 

Such  a  list  of  North  American  birds  has  been  prepared  by  the  American 
Ornithologists'  Union.  It  furnishes  a  common  as  well  as  scientific  name  for 
each  of  our  birds,  and  is  the  recognized  standard  of  nomenclature  among 
American  ornithologists.  The  names  and  numbers  of  birds  employed  in  this 
Color  Key  are  those  of  the  American  Ornithologists'  Union's  'Check-List  of 
North  American  Birds.' 

It  will  be  observed  that  in  this  'Check-List,'  and  consequently  in  the 
following  pages,  many  birds  have  three  scientific  names,  a  generic,  specific, 
and  sub-specific.  The  Western  Robin,  for  example,  appears  as  Planesticus 
migratorius  propinquus.  What  is  the  significance  of  this,  third  name  ? 

In  the  days  of  Linnaeus,  and  for  many  years  after,  it  was  supposed  that 
a  species  was  a  distinct  creation  whose  characters  never  varied.  But  in 
comparatively  recent  years,  as  specimens  have  been  gathered  from  through- 
out the  country  inhabited  by  a  species,  comparison  frequently  shows  that 
specimens  from  one  part  of  its  range  differ  from  those  taken  in  another 
part  of  its  range.  At  intervening  localities,  however,  intermediate  specimens 
will  be  found  connecting  the  extremes. 

6 


How  Birds  are  Named 

Generally,  these  geographical  variations,  as  they  are  called,  are  the 
result  of  climatic  conditions.  For  instance,  in  regions  of  heavy  rainfall 
a  bird's  colors  are  usually  much  darker  than  they  are  where  the  rainfall  is 
light.  Song  Sparrows,  for  example,  are  palest  in  the  desert  region  of 
Arizona,  where  the  annual  rainfall  may  not  reach  eight  inches,  and  darkest 
on  the  coast  of  British  Columbia  and  Alaska,  where  the  annual  rainfall  may 
be  over  one  hundred  inches.  In  going  from  one  region,  however,  to  the  other 
the  gradual  changes  in  climate  are  accompanied  by  gradual  changes  in  the 
colors  of  the  Song  Sparrows,  and  the  wide  differences  between  Arizona  and 
Alaska  Song  Sparrows  are  therefore  bridged  by  a  series  of  intermediates. 

Variations  of  this  kind  are  spoken  of  as  geographic,  racial,  or  sub- 
specific  and  the  birds  exhibiting  them  are  termed  subspecies.  In  naming 
them  a  third  name,  or  trinomial  is  employed,  and  the  possession  of  such  a 
name  indicates  at  once  that  a  bird  is  a  geographic  or  racial  representative 
of  a  species,  with  one  or  more  representatives  of  which  it  intergrades. 

Returning  now  to  the  Robin.  Our  eastern  Robins  always  have  the  outer 
pair  of  tail-feathers  tipped  with  white  and,  in  adults,  the  back  is  blotched 
with  black;  while  Robins  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward  have 
little  or  no  white  on  the  outer  tail-feathers,  and  the  back  is  dark  gray,  with- 
out black  blotches.  These  extremes  are  connected  by  intermediate  specimens 
sharing  the  characters;  of  both  eastern  and  western  birds.  We  do  not, 
therefore,  treat  the  latter  as  a  species,  but  as  a  subspecies,  and  consequently, 
apply  to  it  a  subspecific  name  or  trinomial,  Planesticus  migratorius  propin- 
quuSy  (propinquus,  meaning  nearly  related.) 

A  further  study  of  our  eastern  Robin  shows  that  in  the  southern  parts 
of  its  breeding  range  (the  Carolinas  and  Georgia),  it  varies  from  the 
northern  type  in  being  smaller  in  size  and  much  paler  and  duller  in  color; 
and  to  this  second  geographical  variety  is  applied  the  name  Planesticus 
migratorius  achrusterus ,    {achrusterus,  meaning  less  highly  colored). 

After  the  recognition  of  western  and  southern  races  of  the  Robin  under 
three  names  (trinomial)  it  would  obviously  be  inconsistent  to  apply  only  two 


How  Birds  are  Named 

names  (binomial)  to  our  eastern  bird,  the  former  being  no  more  subspecies 
of  the  latter  than  the  latter  is  of  the  former.  In  other  words,  to  continue  to 
apply  only  generic  and  specific  names  to  the  Eastern  Robin  would  imply 
that  it  was  a  full  species,  while  the  use  of  a  trinomial  for  the  Western  or  the 
Southern  Robin  shows  them  to  be  subspecies.  As  a  matter  of  fact  we  know 
that  there  is  but  one  species  of  true  Robin  in  the  United  States,  consequently 
in  accordance  with  the  logical  and  now  generally  accepted  method,  we  apply 
to  that  species  the  name  Planesticus  migratorius ,  and  this  is  equally  applica- 
ble to  Robins  from  east,  south  or  west.  When,  however,  we  learn  that  the 
Eastern  Robin  is  not  a  species  but  a  subspecies,  we  repeat  the  specific  name 
by  which  it  was  made  known  and  call  it  Planesticus  migratorius  migratorius^ 

It  may  be  asked.  Why  give  names  to  these  geographical  races?  Why 
not  call  Eastern,  Western  and  Southern  Robins  by  one  name,  Planesticus 
migratorius,  without  regard  to  their  climatic  variations? 

In  reply,  two  excellent  reasons  may  be  given  for  the  recognition  of  sub- 
species by  name;  first,  because  in  some  cases  they  differ  from  one  another 
far  more  than  do  many  species,  when  it  would  clearly  be  inadvisable  to  apply 
the  same  name  to  what  are  obviously  different  creatures.  For  example,  it 
has  lately  been  discovered  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Nelson  that  the  small,  black- 
throated,  brown-breasted.  Quails  or  Bob-whites  of  southern  Mexico,  through 
a  long  series  of  intermediates  inhabiting  the  intervening  region,  intergrade 
with  the  large,  white-throated,  black-and-white  breasted.  Bob-white  of  our 
northern  states.  It  would  be  absurd  to  call  such  wholly  unlike  birds  by 
the  same  name,  nor  could  we  give  a  full  specific  name  to  the  Mexican  Bob- 
white  since  at  no  place  can  we  draw  a  line  definitely  separating  it  from  the 
northern  Bob-white.  Furthermore,  the  use  of  only  two  names  would  conceal 
the  remarkable  fact  of  the  intergradation  of  two  such  strikingly  different 
birds;  a  fact  of  the  first  importance  to  students  of  the  evolution  of  species. 

For  much  the  same  reason  we  should  name  those  birds  which  show  less 
pronounced  variations,  such  as  are  exhibited  by  the  Robin.  Here  we  have 
a  species  in  the  making,  and  in  tracing  the  relation  between  cause  and  effect. 


How  Birds  are  Named 

we  learn  something  of  the  influences  which  create  species.  Thus,  climate 
has  been  definitely  proven  so  to  alter  a  species,  both  in  size  and  color  that, 
as  we  have  seen  in  the  case  of  the  Song  Sparrows,  marked  climate  changes 
are  accompanied  by  correspondingly  marked  changes  in  the  appearance  of 
certain  animals.  In  naming  these  animals  we  are,  in  effect,  giving  a  'handle 
to  the  fact'  of  their  evolution  by  environment. 

Since  it  is  evident  that  a  bird  may  vary  much  or  little,  according  to  the 
governing  conditions  and  its  tendency  to  respond  to  them,  no  fixed  rule  can 
be  laid  down  which  shall  decide  just  what  degree  of  difference  are  deserv- 
ing a  name.  It  follows,  therefore,  that  in  some  cases  ornithologists  do  not 
agree  upon  a  bird's  claim  to  subspecific  rank. 

In  North  America,  however,  questions  of  this  kind  are  referred  to  a 
committee  of  seven  experts  of  the  American  Ornithologists'  Union,  and 
their  decision  establishes  a  nomenclature,  which  is  accepted  as  the  standard 
by  other  American  ornithologists  and  which  has  been  adopted  in  this  volume. 

Foreign  birds  of  wholly  accidental  occurrence,  most  of  which  have  been 
found  in  North  America  but  once  or  twice,  are  included  in  the  systematic 
list  of  North  American  birds,  but  are  not  described  or  figured  in  the  body 
of  the  book,  where  their  presence  would  tend  to  convey  an  erroneous  im- 
pression of  their  North  American  status.  Furthermore,  records  of  the 
presence  of  birds  so  rare  as  these  can  be  properly  based  on  only  the  capture 
of  specimens. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  following  pages  both  author  and  artist  have 
had  full  access  to  the  collections  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  and  they  are  also  glad  to  acknowledge  their  indebtedness  to 
William  Brewster  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  to  Robert  Ridgway,  Curator 
of  Birds  in  the  United  States  National  Museum,  and  to  C.  Hart  Merriam, 
Chief  of  the  Biologic  Survey,  for  the  loan  of  specimens  for  description  and 
illustration. 


SYNOPSIS    OF    ORDERS    AND  FAMILIES 
AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


OF  NORTH 


The  figures  are  all  life-size,  except  as  stated. 

WATER  BIRDS. 

Order  I.     Grebes,  Loons,  and  Auks.     PYGOPODES. 

\3  families,  32  species,  3  subspecies.) 


Duck-like  birds  with  the  bill  usually  pointed,  never  wider  than  high, 
and  without  fiutings,  'gutters,'  or  serrations  on  its  side;  wings  short, 
never  with  a  bright  colored  patch  or  'speculum';  tail  rudimentary,  not 
noticeable;  toes  webbed  or  lobed.  Color  usually  blackish  above,  white 
below;  the  throat  often  dark.  The  Grebes  and  Loons,  when  pursued, 
dive  rather  than  fly;  the  Auks  usually  take  wing. 


PIED-BILLED  GREBE. 


Family  i.    GREBES.     PODICIPID^. 

Toes  four,  with  lobate  webs;  tipped  with  a  broad  nail;  tail  wanting. 


FOOT  OF  RAZOR- BILLED  AUK. 
9 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families- 


LOON. 
Family  2.    LOONS.    GAVIID.^. 

Toes  four,  webbed;  toe-nails  not  broad  and  flat;  tail  present. 
Family  3.    AUKS,  MURRES,  AND  PUFFINS.    ALCID.E. 
Toes  three,  webbed;  toe-nails  sharp;  tail  present. 


Ordkr  II.     Gulls,  Terns,  Jakgers,  Etc.     LONGIPENNES. 

■I     ,  ■**      (3  families,  42  species,  1  subspecies.) 

Birds  generally  seen  on  the  wing,  as  a  rule,  over  water.  Bill  strong, 
thick;  hooked  in  the  Gulls  and  Jaegers;  sharply  pointed  in  the 
Terns;  often  colored  in  part  yellow  or  red;  wings  very  long,  the  outer 
feathers  much  the  longest;  tail  usually  short  and  square  in  the  Gulls, 
long  and  forked  in  the  Terns;  toes  webbed.  Color  usually  pearly  gray 
above,  white  below  in  adult  Gull  and  Terns;  Jaegers  and  many  young 
Gulls  are  dark. 


PARASITIC  JAEGER. 


Family 4.    SKUAS  AND  JAEGERS.    STERCORARIID.^.  ■ 

Toesfour;threefrontones  webbed;  bill  with  swollen,  hooked  tip,   its  base  with  a 

scaly  shield. 

10 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


HERRING  GULL. 


COMMON  TERN. 

Family  5.    GULLS  AND  TERNS.    LARID/E. 

Toes  usually  four,  three  front  ones  webbed;  upper  mandible  curved  and  hooked;  tail 
usually  square  TGulls,  subfamily  Larince).  Bill  straight  and  pointed;  tail  often  forked 
CTerns,  subfamily  Stemince). 


BLACK  SKIMMER. 
11 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 

Family  6.    SKIMMERS.    RYNCHOPID^. 

Toes  four,  three  front  ones  webbed;  bill  thin  and  blade  like,  the  maxilla  longer  than 
the  mandible;  tail  slightly  forked. 

Order  III.    Albatrosses,   Shearwaters,   Petrels,  Etc.      TUBI- 

NARES. 

(2  families,  30  species,  1  subspecies.) 
Sea-birds  keeping,  as  a  rule,  well  off  shore,  and  flying  low,  near  the 
water,  often  skimming  over  the  waves.  Bill,  with  upper  mandible 
hooked;  nostrils  opening  through  tubes;  wings  long  and  pointed;  tail 
short;  feet  webbed;  hind-toe  rudimentary  or  absent.  Color  usually- 
gray  or  black  and  white;  no  bright  markings. 


BILL  OF  SHORT-TAILED  ALBATROSS. 


Family  7.     ALBATROSSES.     DIOMEDEID^. 

Nostrils  opening  through  tubes,  separated  and  on  either  side  of  the  bill. 


FULMAR. 


LEACH  PETREL. 


Family  8.    FULMARS,  PETRELS.  AND  SHEARWATERS.    PROCELLARIID^ 
Nostrils  joined  and  situated  on  top  of  the  bill. 

12 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


Order  IV.     Cormorants,  Pelicans,  Gannets,   Man-o'war  Birds, 
- — and  Tropic-Birds.     STEGANOPODES. 


(6  families,  19  species,  5  subspecies.) 

Large  birds,  two  feet  or  more  in  length,  varying  widely  in  appear- 
ance and  habits;  in  external  structure  agreeing  only  in  having  all  four 
toes  joined  by  webs. 


YELLOW-BILLED  TROPIC  BIRD. 


Family  9.    TROPIC  BIRDS.    PHAETHONTID^. 

Bill  pointed,  somewhat  tern-like;  central  tail  feathers  much  elongated;  chin  feathered. 


GANNET. 


Family  lo.    GANNETS.    SULID^. 

Bill  stout,  its  tip  not  hooked;  chin  and  eye  space  bare;  tail  pointed,   its  feathers   not 
'fluted.' 

13 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


ANHINGA. 


Family  ii.    ANHINGAS;  SNAKE-BIRDS.    ANHINGID/E. 

Bill  straight  and  slender;  chin  and  eye  space  bare;  tail  rounded;   its  middle  feathers 
fluted. 


VIOLET-GREEN  CORMORANT. 

Family  12.    CORMORANTS.    PHALACROCORACID/E. 

Bill  with  a  hooked  tip;  a  small  pouch  at  its  base;  plumage  usually  black  or  blackish. 


MAN-O'  WAR  BIRD. 
14 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


BROWN  PELICAN. 


Family  13.    PELICANS.    PelecANID^. 

Bill  hooked  at  tip,  with  a  large  pouch;  tail  short,  square;  eye  space  bare. 

Family  14.    MAN-O*  WAR  BIRDS.    Fregatid^. 

Bill  hooked;  pouch  small;  tail  long  and  forked;  eye  space  feathered. 


Ordkr  V.    Ducks,  Gkesk,  and  Swans.    ANSERES. 
-^(1  family,  49  species,  6  subspecies.) 


Birds  of  familiar  form;  bill,  except  in  Mergansers  or  Saw-billed  Ducks^ 
broad  and  with  rows  of  *  strainers'  or  *  gutters'  on  either  side;  wings 
short,  in  the  Ducks  usually  with  a  bright  colored  patch  or  speculum; 
tail  generally  short;  legs  short;  feet  webbed.  Most  species,  unlike 
the  Grebes,  take  wing  rather  than  dive  when  pursued. 


RED-BREASTED  MERGANSER. 

15 


/ 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


MALLARD. 


Family  15.    DUCKS,  GEESE,  AND  SWANS.    ANATID^. 

Bill  long,  narrow,  and  rounded  with  tooth-like  projections  along  its  sides.    (Mergan- 
sers.     Subfamily  Mergitue.) 

Bill  broad,  flattened,  typically  duck-like;  tarsus  or  leg  with  transverse  scales;  hind 
toe  without  a  lobe.    (River  Ducks.    Suhi amWy  ^natince.) 

Bill  and  tarsus  as  in  preceding,  but  hind  toe  with  a  broad  lobe  or  flap.    (Sea  and  Bay 
Ducks.     Subfamily  FuUguUnce.) 

Bill  proportionately  narrower  than  in  the  River  or  Bay  Ducks;  gutters  on  its  sides 
less  developed;  scales  on  front  of  tarsus  rounded.    (Geese.    Subfamily  Anserince.) 

Large,  usually  white  birds,  with  bare  eye  space.    (Swans.    Subfamily  Cygnime.') 


Ordkr  VI.     Flamingoes.     ODONTOGLOSS^. 

'     (1  family,  1  species.) 

Bright  red  or  pink  and  white  birds,  standing  four  feet  or  more  in 
height;  side  of  the  bill  with  gutters,  its  end  bent  downward;  wings 
rather  short;  legs  long;  feet  webbed. 


16 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


AMERICAN  FLAMINGO. 

Family  i6.    FLAMINGOES.     Phoenicopterid^. 
Characters  of  the  Family  similar  to  those  of  the  Order. 


Ordkr    VII.       Hkrons,     Bitterns,     Ibises,      and 

HERODIONES. 


Spoonbills. 


(4  families,  19  species,  3  subspecies.) 

Long-legged  wading  birds,  generally  found  along  shores  or  on 
muddy  flats;  bill  variable;  in  the  Herons  straight  and  sharply  pointed; 
in  the  Ibises,  slender,  rounded,  and  curved  downward;  in  the  Spoon- 
bill, flattened:  wings  rounded;  tail  short;  legs  long;  toes  all  on  same 
level,  long,  slender,  without  webs.  Herons  and  Bitterns  fly  with  a 
fold  in  the  neck,  the  head  being  drawn  in;  Ibises  and  Spoonbills  fly 
with  the  neck  straight,  the  head  being  extended. 

17 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


ROSEATE  SPOONBILL. 

Family  17.     SPOONBILLS.     PLATALEIDyE. 

Bill  flattened  and  much  broadened  at  the  end;  crown  and  face  bare  in  adults;  toes 
partly  webbed. 


WHITE-FACED  GLOSSY  IBIS. 


Family  18.    IBISES.    IBIDID/E. 

Bill  long  and  curved  down;  its  side  with  grooves;  toes  partly  webbed. 


WOOD  ibis. 


Family  19.    STORKS  AND  WOOD  IBISES.    ClCONIID^. 
Bill  stout,  without  grooves;  tarsus  reticulate. 


18 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


GREEN  HERON. 

Family  20.     HERONS,  EGRETS,  AND  BITTERNS.    ARDEID^. 

Bill  usually  straight  and  sharply  pointtd;  lores  naked;  head  feathered;  tarsus  with 
transverse  scales;  middle  toe-nail  pectinate  or  with  a  comblike  edge. 


Order  VIII.      Cranes,  Rails,    Coots,    GallinulKS,  Etc.     PALU- 
______  DICOL^. 

(3  families,  16  species,   3  subspecies) 

Birds  varying  greatly  in  size  and  appearance,  but  all  agreeing  (and 
differing  from  Herodiones)  in  having  the  hind-toe  elevated,  that  is,  leav- 
ing the  foot  at  a  higher  level  than  the  front  toes;  tail  short;  legs 
usually  long.  All  fly  with  the  neck  extended,  a  fact  by  which  Cranes 
in  flight  may  be  known  from  Herons.  Rails  are  short-winged  skulkers 
in  grassy  marshes;  Gallinules  frequent  reedy  shores;  Coots,  which  alone 
of  the  Order  have  webbed  (lobate)  toes,  are  as  aquatic  as  Ducks,  from, 
which  they  may  be  known  by  their  pointed,  white  bill,  nodding  motion 
of  the  head  when  swimming,  and  habit  of  pattering  over  the  water 
when  alarmed. 


SANDHILL  CRANE 

19 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 
Family  21.    CRANES.    GRUID/E. 
Large  birds  over  three  feet  in  length;  head  partly  bare  in  adults. 


LIMPKIN. 


Family  22.    COURLANS.    ARAMID^. 

Bill  long  and  slender;  head  wholly  feathered;  toes  not  webbed. 


SORA. 


CLAPPER  RAIL. 
20 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


AMERICAN  COOT. 

Family  23.    RAILS,  COOTS,  AND  GALLINULES.    RALLID.C. 
Bill  variable;  toes  always  long,  webbed  Clobedj  in  only  one  species;  wings  short  and 
rounded;  tail  short. 


Order     IX.       Snipks,     Sandpipers,     Curlews,     Pi/dvbrs,     Etc, 
LIMICOL^. 

(7  families,  55  species,  4  subspecies.) 

Generally  long-legged,  slender-billed  birds  of  shores  and  mud  flats, 
and  sometimes  fields.  Most  of  them  are  under  a  foot  in  length;  none 
are  so  large  as  the  Ibises;  wings  long  and  pointed;  tail  short;  toes  long 
and  slender,  usually  without  webs;  color  generally  brown  or  blackish 
above,  mottled  and  streaked  with  whitish  and  buff.  Many  species 
utter  characteristic  piping  whistles  as  they  fly  or  when  they  take  wing. 


NORTHERN  PHALAROPE. 

^amily24.     PHALAROPES.     PHALAROPODID^. 

Iront  toes  with  lobes  or  webs;  tarsus  flattened;  plumage  thick;  swimming  Snipe. 

21 


Synopsis  of  Ordisrs  and  Families. 


BLACK-NECKED  STILT. 
22 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 

Family  25.    AVOCETS  AND  STILTS.    ReCURVIROSTRID/E. 

Long  legged,  wading  Snipe;  in  Avocets  toes  four,  front  three  webbed;  bill  recurvedi 
in  Stilts  toes  three,  almost  unwebbed;  bill  straight 


HUDSONIAN  CURLEW. 


Family  26.    SNIPES,  SANDPIPERS,  CURLEWS,  ETC.   .SCOLOPACIDiB. 

Toes  usually  four;  tarsus  with  transverse  scales;  bill  generally  long,  slender,  andsoft» 
used  as  a  probe. 

23 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


BLACK-BELLIED  PLOVER. 

Family  27.    PLOVERS.    Charadriid^. 

Toes  usually  three,  or  when  four,  the  fourth  rudimentary;  tarsus  with  rounded  scales; 
bill,  as  compared  with  that  of  Snipe,  short  and  stout. 


TURNSTONE. 


Family  28.    SURF  BIRDS  AND  TURNSTONES.    APHRlZIDiE. 
Toes  four,  tarsus  with  transverse  scales;  bill  short,  rather  hard. 

24 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


AMERICAN  OYSTER-CATCHER. 


Family  29.     OYSTER-CATCHERS.     H^MATOPODID/E. 

Toes  three,  webbed  at  base;  tarsus   stout,  with   rounded  scales;   bill  heavy,  com- 
pressed, and  said  to  be  used  for  opening  shells. 


MEXICAN  JACANA. 

Family  30.     JACANAS.        JACANID^. 

Toes  four,  with  their  nails  greatly  elongated  to  support  the  bird  while  walking  on 
aquatic  vegetation;  wing,  with  a  sharp  spur;  bill  with  fleshy  lobes  at  base  and,  in  some 
species,  on  its  sides. 

LAND  BIRDS. 

Order  X.  Grouse,  Partridges,  Bob-Whites,  Etc.  GALLING. 
^  (3  families,  24  species,  25  subspecies.) 

Ground-inhabiting  birds  of  chicken-like  form;  bill  stout,  hen-like;  wings 
short  and  rounded;  tail  variable;  feet  strong;  hind-toe  elevated.  Color 
usually  mixed  brown,  black,  and  buff,  or  bluish  gray. 

25 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


BOB-WHITE. 


RUFFED  GROUSE. 

Family  31.    GROUSE,  PARTRIDGES,  ETC.    TetraONID/E. 
Characters   the  same  as  those  of  the  Order;  tarsus  naked    in     Partridges    and 
l^uails;  more  or  less  feathered  in  Grouse  and  Ptarmigan. 

26 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


TURKEY. 

Family  32.    TURKEYS,  PHEASANTS,  AND  CHICKENS.    PHASIANID/E. 

Tarsus  naked,  often  spurred;  tail  remarkably  variable  Cfor  example,  Turkey,   Pea- 
cock j;  head  often  with  a  comb,  wattles,  or  other  excrescences. 


CHACHALACA. 

Family  33.    CURASSOWS  AND  GUANS.    CRACID^. 

Large  tree-haunting,  pheasant-like  birds;  toes  four,  all  on  same  level. 

Ordkr  XI.     PiGKONS  AND  DovKS.     COLUMB^. 
»^,  — ■^-"^  family,  13  species,  3  subspecies.) 

Walking  birds,  feeding  both  on  the  ground  and  in  trees;  bill  slender, 
grooved,  nostrils  opening  in  a  fleshy  membrane;  tail  variable,  short  and 
square,  or  long  and  pointed;  feet  stout,  often  reddish.  Color  usually 
grayish  brown.     Call-notes  a  characteristic  cooing. 


MOURNING  DOVE. 

Family  34.    PIGEONS  AND  DOVES.    COLUMBID.^. 
Characters  those  of  the  Order. 

27 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 

Order  XII.     Vultures,  Hawks,  and  Owls.     RAPTORES. 
(4  families,  56  species,  33  subspecies.) 
Generally  large  birds  with  hooked  bill;  strong,  heavy  feet,  and  long, 
curved  nails  ;  wings  large;  tail  rather  long,  usually  square. 


TURKEY  VULTURE. 

Family  35.     AMERICAN  VULTURES.    CATHARTIDyE. 

Bill    not  strongly  hooked;  toe-nails  comparatively  weak;    nostrils  large,  piercing 
the  bill;  head  and  more  or  less  of  neck,  bare. 


RED-TAILED  HAWK. 

28 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


FOOT  OF  RED-TAILED  HAWK. 

Family  36.  FALCONS,  HAWKS,  EAGLES,  ETC. 
FALCONID/E. 

Nostrils  opening  in  a  cere  at  the  base  of  the  bill;  hook  of 
bill  and  claws  well  developed;  plumage  firm  and  close; 
tarsus  usually  largely  bare. 


^J\fat  Size, 

BARN  OWL. 


29 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 

Family  37.     BARN  OWLS.    StrigID/E. 

Eyes  black,  set  in  a  somewhat  triangular  facial  disc;  bill  more  or  less  concealed  by 
feathers-,  nostril  opening  at  the  edge  of  a  fleshy  cere;  inner  edge  of  middle  toe-nail 
serrate;  no  'ears';  tarsus  feathered. 


^  Mat  Size. 

SCREECH  OWL. 

Family  38.    HORNED  OWLS,  ETC,    BUBONID^. 

Eyes  yellow  or  black,  set  in  a  circular  facial  disc;  bill  more  or  less  concealed  by 
feathers;  nostrils  opening  at  the  edge  of  a  fleshy  cere;  tarsus  feathered. 


Paroquets  and  Parrots. 
(1  family,  2  species.) 


PSITTACI. 


Usually  bright  green  birds  with  a  heavy  hooked  bill,  broad  scoop- 
shaped  lower  mandible;  long,  pointed  wings;  tail,  in  Parrots,  generally 
square;  in  Paroquets,  pointed;  feet  heavy,  two  toes  in  front  and  two 
behind. 


CAROLINA  PAROQUET. 


Family  39.    PARROTS  AND  PAROQUETS. 
Characters  the  same  as  those  of  Order. 

30 


PSITTACID^. 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


Order  XIV.     Cuckoos,  Trogons,  Kingfishers,  Etc.     COCCYGES. 

—— — ' ^         (3  families,  8  species,  2  subspecies.) 

A  composite  Order  of  several  groups  of  birds  bearing  no  close  rela- 
tion to  each  other.  Cuckoos  have  slightly  curved  bills,  long  tails,  and 
two  toes  in  front  and  two  behind.  Trogons  have  short,  rather  broad, 
stout  bills,  and  soft,  loose  plumage,  often  green  above,  red  below;  moder- 
ately long  tails;  small  feet  with  two  toes  in  front,  two  behind.  King- 
fishers have  long,  rather  stout,  pointed  bills;  wings,  long;  tail,  medium; 
three  toes  in  front  and  one  behind;  middle  and  outer  toes  joined  for 
half  their  length. 


yellow-billed  cuckoo. 


Family  40.    CUCKOOS,  ANIS,  ETC.    CUCULID^. 

Toes  two  in  front,  two  behind;  bill,  usually,  more  or  less  decurved;  tail,  long  and 
rounded,  the  outer  feathers  being,  generally,  much  shorter  than  the  middle  pair. 


COPPERY-TAILED  TROGON. 

Family  41.    TROGONS.    Trogonid/e. 

Toes  two  in  front,  two  behind;  bill,  short;   upper  mandible  decurved  and  dentate; 
tail  square;  plumage,  soft,  loose,  and  generally  shining  green  above. 


BELTED  KINGFISHER. 
31 


>/ 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


Family  42.    KINGFISHERS.    ALCEDINID/E. 

Legs  short;  feet  small;  toes,  three  in  front,  one  behind;  third  and  fourth  toes  join- 
ed; bill,  stout  and  long. 

tpT^T^p  VAr..  Woodpeckers.  PICI. 
1  family,  24  species,  22  subspecies.) 
Climbing  birds  with  stout,  pointed  bills,  bristly  nostrils,  pointed, 
stiffened  tail  feathes,  strong  feet  and  nails;  two  toes  in  front  and  two 
behind,  except  in  Picoides,  which  has  two  in  front  and  one  behind. 
Prevailing  colors,  black  and  white,  the  males  usually  with  red  on  the 
crown. 


foot  of  three- toed 
woodpecker. 


PILEATED  WOODPECKER. 


Family  43.    WOODPECKERS.    PICID^. 
Characters  the  same  as  those  of  the  Order. 

32 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Famines. 


Order    XVI.       Goatsuckers,    Swifts,    and    Hummingbirds. 
^..— — ..«.,.__^  MACROCHIRES. 

(3  families,  27  species,  6  subspecies.) 
Bill,  in  the  Goatsuckers  and  Swifts,  small;  mouth  large;  in  the  Hum- 
mingbirds, bill  long,  slender,  needle-like;  wings  and  tail  variable;  feet, 
in  all  three  groups,  small  and  weak.  Color,  in  Goatsuckers,  mixed 
brown,  buff  and  black;  in  Swifts,  black  and  white;  in  Hummingbirds, 
usually  shining  green  above  with  resplendent  throat-patches  of  varied 
hues. 


whip-poor -'WILL. 


Family  44.     GOATSUCKERS,  ETC.     CAPRIMULGID/E. 

Feet  usually  small  and  weak;  toes,  three  in  front,  one  behind;  middle  toe-nail  pectin- 
ate or  combed;  bill  small;  mouth  very  large  and  usually  beset  by  long  bristles. 


CHIMNEY  SWIFT. 

Family  45-    SWIFTS.     MlCROPODID.^. 

Bill  small,  triangular  when  seen  from  above;  mouth  large,  no  bristles;  tail  variable, 
in  Chcetura  with  projecting  spines;  wings  long  and  narrow;  feet  small  and  toes  short; 
plumage  usually  dark. 


ruby-throated  hummingbird. 

Family  46.    HUMMINGBIRDS.     TROCHILID/E. 

Bill  long  and  slender;  feet  slender;  wings  large  and  pointed;  tail  exceedingly  variable, 
often  assuming  the  most  striking  shapes. 

33 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


Order  XVII.     Flycatchers,   Jays,   Blackbirds,    Finches,    Swal- 
■*— cO^S,  Warblers,  Thrushes,  and  Other  Perching  Birds.  PAS- 
SERES. 
(18  families,  about  325  species  and  226  subspecies.) 
Bill,  wings,  and  tail  variable;  feet  with  four  toes  not  connected,  the 
hind-toe  as  long  as  the  middle  one;    its  nail  generally  longer  than  that 
of   the  middle  toe.     This   Order   contains   more    species  than  the  re- 
maining sixteen  Orders  put  together.     In  it  will  be  found  over  80  per 
cent,  of  the  birds  commonly  seen  by  field  students.     It  is  difficult  of 
definition,   but  almost  pny  small  perching  bird  may,  with  more  or  less 
certainty,  be  referred  to  the  Passeres, 


PHOEBE. 


Family  48.    FLYCATCHERS.    TYRANNlDv^.  ^      ^ 

Bill  broad,  flat,  hooked  at  tip,  its  base  with  bristles;  wings  rather  pointed,  the  sec- 
ond to  fourth  primaries  longest;  tarsus  rounded  behind  as  well  as  in  front;  feathers  of 
crown  generally  somewhat  lengthened,  forming  when  erected,  a  small  crest;  pose,  when 
perching,  erect;  food  of  insects  usually  captured  on  the  wing;  voice  generally  unmusical. 


HORNED  LARK. 


Family  49.     LARKS.     ALAUDID^.  .  ^ ,.  ,..    ,  ,. 

Hind  toe-nail  much  lengthened;  bill  rounded,  straight;  tarsus  rounded  behind  as  well 
as  in  front;  our  species  with  a  tuft  of  feathers  on  either  side  of  the  head;  outer  primary 
short  or  rudimentary;  walking  birds,  singing  while  on  the  wing. 

34 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


BLUE  JAY. 


Family  50.    CROWS  AND  JAYS.    CORVIDyE. 

Large  perching  birds,  usually  twelve  inches  or  more  in  length;  bill  stout;  nos- 
trils covered  by  projecting  bristles;  feet  heavy;  outer  tail-feathers  usually  shortest; 
fourth  to  fifth  primary  longest,  first  about  half  as  long.    ^_, 


PURPLE  CRACKLE, 


BALTIMORE  ORIOLE. 


Family  52.    BLACKBIRDS,  ORIOLES,  ETC.    ICTERID^. 
Base  of  bill,  between  nostrils,  extending  back  and  dividing  feathers  on  forehead; 
nostrils  not  concealed  by  bristles;  first  three  primaries  of  equal  length. 


SONG  SPARROW. 


35 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


EVENING  GROSBEAK. 


CARDINAL 


Family  53.    FINCHES,  SPARROWS,  ETC.    FRINGILLID^. 

Bill  short,  stout,  conical;  third  or  fourth  primaries  longest;  first  about  half  an   inch 
sho»1:er;  the  majority  are  small  birds  and  but  few  are  over  eight  inches  in  length. 


SUMMER  TANAGER. 


Family  54.    TANAGERS.    TANAGRID.^. 

Bill  somewhat  finch-like  but  more  swollen  in  outline;  the  upper  mandible,  in  typical 
forms,  toothed  or  dentate. 


TREE  swallow. 


Family  55.     SWALLOWS.        HlRUNDINID.€. 

Bill  short,  broad  and  flat;  feet  small  and  weak;  wings  long  and  narrow;  tail  notched 
and  sometimes  forked;  birds  of  the  air,  feeding  while  on  the  wing. 

36 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


CEDAR  WAXWING. 


Family  56.    WAXWINGS.    AMPELID^. 

Bill  short,  stout,  and  rounded,  its  tip  notched;  wings  rather  long;  head  crested. 


NORTHERN  SHRIKE. 

Family  57.    SHRIKES.    LANIID^.    Bill  stout,  its  mandible  hooked  and  hawklike^ 
feet  truly  Passerine;  pose,  in  perching,  erect;  solitary  grayish  birds. 


RED-EYED  VIREO. 

Family  58.     VIREOS.     VlREONID^. 

Bill  small,  but  distinctly  hooked;  outer  primary  usually  very  small  and  sometimes 
apparently  wanting;  olive-green  gleaners  among  the  leaves. 


37 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families. 


NASHVILLE  WARBLER. 


YELLOW  WARBLER. 


AMERICAN  REDSTART. 


O 


Famfly6o.    WARBLERS.    MNIOTILTID^. 

Bill,  in  most  of  the  species,  slender,  sharply  pointed,  and  without  a  notch  or  hook  at 
the  tip;  in  the  genera  IVilsonia  and  Setophaga^  flat  and  flycatcher-like;  in  Icteria  stout; 
liack  of  tarsus  compressed  into  a  thin  ridge;  three  outer  primaries  of  nearly  equal 
lehgtii. 


AMERICAN  PIPIT. 

Family  6i.-  WAGTAILS.    MOTACILLID^. 

Hind  toe-nail  much  lengthened;  bill  slender,  nostril  not  covered  with  bristles,  as  in 
true  Larks;  back  of  tarsus  thin,  not  rounded;  terrestrial,  walking  with  a  wagging 
motion  of  the  tail. 


AMERICAN  DIPPER. 


Family  62.    DIPPERS.    ClNCLID^. 

Thick-set  birds  with  short  wings  and  tail;  plumage  thick  and  water-proof;  tarsus 
scaled;  semi-aquatic  in  habit,  haunting  mountain  streams. 

38 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Famines. 


BROWN  THRASHEPv 
Family  63.    WRENS,  THRASHERS,  ETC.    TROGLODYTlDiC. 

Tarsus  scaled;  tail  rounded,  the  outer  feathers  being  shortest;  third  to  fourth  primary 
longest,  the  outer  half  as  long;  bill  in  Thrashers  often  decurved,  its  base  with  bristlesi 
in  Wrens,  bill  without  bristles;  brown  or  grayish  inhabitants  of  lower  gro-vth. 


BROWN  CREEPER. 

Family  64.     CREEPERS.     CERTHIID^. 

Bill  slender  and  much  decurved;  tail  usually  pointed  and  stiffened. 


CHICKADEE. 


RED-BREASTED  NUTHATCH. 


Family  65.    NUTHATCHES  AND  TITS.    PARID^. 

Fourth  or  fifth  primary  longest;  first  an  inch  or  less  in  length.  Chickadees  (sub- 
family Paritm)  have  a  short,  stout  bill,  the  nostrils  covered  with  bristles;  the  tail  is 
rather  long  and  rounded.  Nuthatches  Csubfamily  Sitting)  have  a  long,  slender  bill. 
short,  square  tail,  and  large  feet. 

39 


Synopsis  of  Orders  and  Famines. 


GOLDEN-CROWNED  KINGLET. 

Family  66.    KINGLETS,  GNATCATCHERS,  ETC.    SYLVIID/E. 

Bill  slender  and  Warbler-like,  but  first  primary  only  one-third  as  long  as  the  fourth. 


WOOD  THRUSH. 

Family  67.    THRUSHES,  BLUEBIRDS,  ETC.    TURDID^. 

Tarsus  'booted*,  without  scales,  (see  foot  of  Robin  under  Synopsis  of  Order 
i^asssrss);  tail  square;  mandible  notched  and  slightly  hooked;  outer  primary  an  inch  or 
less  in  length;  second  to  fourth  of  about  equal  length. 


40 


COLOR  KEY  TO 

NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS 


Order  I.     DIVING  BIRDS. 

PYGOPODES.  ■       - 

Family  1.     GREBES.     Podicipid^.     6  species. 

Family  2.     LOONS.     Gaviid^.     5  species. 

Family  3.  AUKS,  MURRES,  and  PUFFINS.  Alcid^.  21  spe- 
cies, 3  subspecies. 

Grebes  are  at  home  in  reed-grown  ponds  or  sloughs  where  their  nests 
are  made  on  raffs  or  islets  of  water-soaked  vegetation.  Their  eggs 
number  from  four  to  eight,  are  dull  white  in  color,  and  are  usually 
covered  by  the  bird-  with  a  portion  of  the  nesting  material  when  it 
leaves  its  home.  Grebes  occasionally  rest  on  the  shore,  but  are  rarely 
found  far  from  the  water.  When  on  land  they  may  lie  flat  on  their 
breasts  or  sit  erect  on  their  tails  and  entire  foot,  or  tarsus.  Their 
progress  on  land,  as  a  rule,  is  awkward  and  they  may  use  their  wings 
as  fore  feet  to  assist  them.  In  diving.  Grebes  sometimes  spring  part- 
ly from  the  water  and  then  plunge  downward  head  first,  or  they  may 
quietly  sink  with  scarce  a  ripple  to  mark  the  place  of  their  disap- 
pearance. 

Loons  generally  pass  the  summer  on  some  large  lake,  and  in  the 
winter  many  of  them  live  at  sea.  They  nest,  as  a  rule,  on  the  shore, 
but  so  near  the  water  that  the  parent  bird  may  slide  off  its  two  dark 
brown,  mottled  eggs  into  its  favorite  element.  Like  the  Grebes,  Loons 
are  expert  divers,  and  birds  of  both  families  so  often  seek  safety  under 
the  water  rather  than  in  the  air  that  it  is  frequently  difficult  to  make 
them  fly.  The  young  of  both  Grebes  and  Loons  are  born  covered  with 
feathers  and  take  to  the  water  shortly  after  birth,  often  using  the  back 
of  the  parent  bird  as  an  ever  present  island  on  which  they  may  rest 
at  will. 

The  Auks,  Murres,  and  Puffins  are  sea  birds  which  nest  usually  in 
large  colonies  on  isolated  islets  or  rocky,  inaccessible  shores  of  the 
northern  part  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  They  lay  one  or  two  eggs, 
sometimes  in  an  exposed  position  among  the  rocks  with  no  attempt 
at  nest-building,  sometimes  at  the  end  of  a  burrow  excavated  by  the 
birds.  In  the  latter  case,  the  young  are  reared  in  the  nest;  in  the  for- 
mer, they  sometimes  enter  the  water  at  an  early  age. 

The  one  egg  laid  by  Murres  is  remarkable  both  in  color  and  in  shape. 
In  color  it  varies  from  bluish  green  to  buff,  and  is  usually  heavily 
scrawled  with  black.  In  outline  it  is  pyriform  or  pear-shaped.  When 
moved  it  does  not  roll  away  as  would  a  hen's  egg  but  revolves  about 
its  own  tip.  In  this  manner  it  retains  its  place  on  the  narrow 
ledges  often  chosen  by  Murres  for  nesting-sites. 

42 


Grebes  and  Loons 


2.  Holbcell  Grebe  (Colvmbus  holbcelli).  L.  19. 
/Ids.  Crown  and  hindneck  glossy  black;  back 
blackish;  throat,  cheeks,  and  underparts  white; 
foreneck  and  sides  rufous.  Winter.  Above  blackish 
brown;  throat  and  underparts  white;  foreneck  pale 
rufous.  Yng.  Similar  but  no  rufous.  Notes.  "An 
explosive  kup^^  and  "An  exceedingly  loud  harsh  voice 
not  unlike  that  of  an  angry  Crow,  but  of  much  greater 
volume.  The  calls  were  also  given  more  slowly  and 
indeed  with  singular  deliberation,  car,  car^  three  or 
four  times,  sometimes  lengthened  to  caar^  and  again, 
broken  and  quavering  like  ca-a-a-r  or  cora-a-a-r.'* 
(Brewster.; 

Range. — North  America,  eastern  Siberia,  and  Japan;  breeds  locally 
In  the  interior  from  about  Lat.  50°  northward;  winters  from  Maine  and 
British  Columbia  southward  to  South  Carolina,  Nebraska  and 
southern  California,  chiefly  on  the  coasts. 

3.  Horned  Grebe  (^Colymhus  auritus).  L.  13.5. 
Ads.,  summer.  Crown,  hindneck,  and  throat  glossy 
black;  plumes  behind  eye  deep  buff;  back  and  wings 
blackish;  foreneck,  breast,  sides,  and  lores  chestnut; 
abdomen  white.  Winter.  Above  grayish  black;  be- 
low white. 

Range.— Northern  Hemisphere:  breeds  largely  In  the  Interior  from 
eastern  Quebec,  northern  Illinois,  St.  Clair  Flats,  North  Dakota,  and 
British  Columbia  northward;  winters  from  Maine  and  British  Columbia 
south  to  Gulf  States  and  southern  California. 

4.  American  Eared  Grebe  {Colymbus  nigricollis 
californicus).  L.  13.  Ads.  Above,  neck  all 
around,  and  upper  breast  brownish  black;  cheek  tufts 
yellowish  brown;  flanks  chestnut;  belly  white. 
Winter.    Grayish  brown  above;  white  below. 

Range.— Western  North  America  east  to  Kansas;  breeds  locally 
from  Texas  and  middle  California  north  to  Manitoba  and  British  Col- 
umbia; winters  from  British  Columbia,  on  the  Pacific  coast, and  Texas 
southward. 

5.  Least  Grebe  {Colymbus  dominicus  bracbypterus). 
L.  10  Ads.  Throat  black;  cheeks  slaty,  above  blackish; 
below  grayish.  Winter.  Similar  but  no  black  or  slate 
on  throat  or  cheeks.    Smallest  of  our  Grebes. 

Range.— Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley  In  Texas  and  southern  Lower 
California  south  to  northern  South  America. 

6.  ?\tA-}a\\\e6  QiTehe  {Todilymbus podiceps).  L.  13.5. 
Ads.,  summer.  Above  brownish  black;  throat  and  band 
on  bill  black;  foreneck,  breast,  and  sides  brownish; 
belly  white.  Winter.  The  same,  but  throat  white, 
breast  more  rusty,  bill  without  black  band.  Notes.  A 
loud,  sonorous,  ^^cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow- 
uh,  cow-uh,  cow-uh,  cow-uh." 

Range.— Argentine  Republic;  north  through  Mexico  and  West  Indies 
to  Lat.  of  Hudson  Bay;  breeds  locally  throughout  its  range,  but  chiefly 
northward;  winters  from  New  Jersey,  Illinois,  and  southern  California 
southward. 

43 


Grebes  and  Loons 


L4  M^"^ 


I.  Western  Grebe;  Swan  Grebe  {y^chmophorus  oc 
cidentalis).  L.  26.  Ads.,  summer.  Crown  and  hind- 
neck  black;  back  grayish  brown;  sides  of  head  and  un- 
der parts  white.  Winter.  Crown  and  hindneck  like 
back.    Notes.    A  loud,  rattling,  grating  whistle. 

Range. — Western  North  America;  in  summer  eastward  to  Shoal 
Lake,  Manitoba;  northward  to  southern  Alaska;  breeds  locally  from 
northern  California  and  North  Dakota  northward;  winters  from  British 
Columbia  to  central  Mexico. 

7.  Loon  {Gavia  imher').  L.  32.  Ads.,  summer. 
Above,  including  whole  neck,  glossy  black;  throat  and 
neck  with  white  streaks;  back  and  wings  with  white 
spots  or  bars;  belly  white.  Winter  Above  blackish 
margined  with  grayish;  no  white  spots;  below  white. 
Notes.    A  loud,  maniacal  laugh. 

Range. — Northern  hemisphere;  in  North  America,  breeds  from 
Maine,  northern  Illinois,  Minnesota,  and  northern  California  north  to 
Greenland  and  Alaska;  winters  from  about  southern  limit  of  breeding 
range  south  to  Gulf  of  Mexico,  chiefly  on  coasts. 

8.  Yellow-billed    Loon    (Gavia  adamsit).      L.     36. 

Similar  to  No.  7,  but  larger  and  bill  yellowish  or  whitish. 
Notes.  Similar  to  those  of  No.  7,  but  harsher.  (Murdoch.) 

Range. — "Arctic  America  west  of  Hudson  Bay,  and  northern  Asia; 
asual  in  northern  Europe."     (A.  O.  U.) 

9.  Black-throated  Loon  {Gavia  arctica^.  L.  27; 
W.  12.  Ads.,  summer.  Foreneck  and  back  bluish 
black;  throat,  neck,  and  back  streaked  or  barred  with 
white;  crown  and  nape  grav\  belly  white.  Winter. 
Similar  to  No.  7,  but  smaller.  Notes.  A  dismal  'Hoo- 
too-e-e.'*  (Turner.) 

Range.— Northern  part  of  northern  hemisphere;  In  America  breeds 
from  Hudson  Bay  north  to  Arctic  coast;  winters  south  to  British  Col- 
umbia, the  Great  Lakes  and,  casually,  to  Long  Island. 

10.  ??LC\fio  Loon  (Ga-oiapacifica').  Similar  to  No. 
9,  but  foreneck  in  summer  reflecting  deep  blue  or  green; 
hindneck  paler;  smaller,  W.  1 1.  Notes.  A  harsh  ''kok, 
kok,  hok:'    (Murdoch.) 

Range. — Western  North  America;  breeds  at  Point  Barrow,  Alaska, 
and  eastward;  winters  south  along  Pacific  Coast  to  Mexico. 

II.  Red-throated  Loon  (Gat!/a/Mwm^).  L.  25.    Ads.^ 

summer.  Foreneck  chestnut,  head  and  neck  ashy. 
Winter.  Similar  to  No.  7,  in  winter,  but  back  spotted 
with  white.  Notes.  A  harsh  ^^gr-r  ga,  gr-r,  gr-r-ga, 
gr-r.''  (Nelson.) 

Range. — Northern  part  of  northern  hemisphere;  in  North  America 
breeds  from  New  Brunswick  to  Greenland  and  Hudson  Bay,  and 
northwest  to  Alaska;  winters  south  to  South  Carolina  and  southern 
California. 

44 


Auks,  Murres  and  Puffins 


12.  Tufted  Puffin  (Lundadrrhata),  L.  15.  y^ds., 
summer.  Cheeks  white;  a  pair  of  long  straw  color 
plumes  from  behind  eyes;  rest  of  plumage  sooty. 
IVinter.  Cheeks  sooty,  plumes  usually  absent.  Yng. 
Similar  to  winter  adult,  but  breast  and  belly  whitish. 


Range.— Northern  Pacific;    resident  locally   from    Santa  Barbara 
Islands  north  to  Alaska.    Accidental  In  Maine. 


1 3.     Puffin  [Fratercula  arctica),    L.  13;  W.  6;  B.  1.8. 

Ads.  Above,  and  foreneck  blackish;  cheeks  and  under 
parts  white;  bill  in  summer  touched  with  bright  red. 
Notes.    A  hoarse  croak. 


Range. —  North  Atlantic;  breeds  from  Bay  of  Fundy  north  to  Green- 
land; winters  south  to  Long  Island. 


1 3a.     Large-billed  Puffin  (F.  a.   glacialis).      W.   7; 
B.  2.  I.     Similar  to  No.  13,  but  larger. 

Range.— Arctic  Ocean  from  Spitzenbergen  to  northern  Greenland. 


1 4.  Horned  Puffin  (^Fratercula  corniculata).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  13,  but  in  summer  with  the  throat  blackish. 
Notes.    **A  hoarse  snuffling,  rattling  note"  (Nelson.) 


Range.    "Northern  Pacific  from  Kuril  Islands  to  British  Colum- 
bia." (A.O.  U.) 


15.    V\K\nOQWKi%hyxy\%\{Cerorhincanumourata^.   L. 

15.5.  Ads. ^summer.  A  horn  on  base  of  bill; /wo  pairs 
of  white  tufts;  above  blackish;  throat  and  breast  gray- 
ish; belly  white.  IVinter,  Similar,  but  no  horn.  Yng. 
Similar  to  winter  ad.  but  no  tufts. 

Range.— "North  Pacific:    breeding  south   (formerly)    to  the  Far- 
allones;  in  winter  south  to  Lower  California  and  Japan."      (A.  O.  U.) 

45 


Auks,  Murres  and  Puffins 


IB. 


1 6.  Cassin  Auklet.  (Ttjycoramphus  aleuticus).  L. 
9.  Ads.  A  white  spot  above  eye;  above  blackish; 
throat  and  breast  grayish;  belly  white.  Notes,  A 
shrill,  squealing  ^'Come  hear-r-r,  come  hear-r-r.'" 

Range. — "Pacific  Coast  of  North  America  from  Aleutian  Islands  to 
Lower  Califomia;breeding  south  to  San  Geronimo  Island  (Lat.  30°  )." 
(A.  O.  U.) 

23.  Marbled  Murrelet  {Brachyramphus  marmoratus), 
L.  9.7.  Ads.^  summer.  No  crest;  above  dark  brown, 
finely  mixed  with  rusty;  below  white,  all  feathers  edged 
with  brown.  Winter.  Wholly  different;  above  grayj 
head  dark;  below  white;  a  nearly  complete  white 
nuchal  collar.  Yng.  Similar  to  winter  ad.  but  blacker 
above;  sprinkled  with  blackish  below. 

Range. — North  Pacific;  breeds  from  Vancouver  north  to  Aleutian 
Islands;  winters  south  to  southern  California. 


!L>. 


24.  Kittlitz  Murrelet  (^Brachyramphus  hrevirostris). 
L.  9.5;  B.,  from  feathers  on  top,  .4.  Ads. ^  summer. 
23.  Above  gray,  mottled  with  buff;  breast  and  sides  mottled 
with  buff  and  black;  belly  white.  IVinter.  Sides  of  head, 
to  above  eye,  and  lower  parts  white;  above  gray;  outer 
tail-feathers  white. 

Range. — Northern  Japan.  Kamchatka  and  Aleutian  Islands,  east  to 
Unalaska.  (A.  O.  U.) 


ZS. 


25.  Xantus  Murrelei  {Brachyramphus  hypoleucus') . 
L.  10.  Bill  slender.  Ads.  Above  slaty  black;  under 
surface  of  wing  white;  inner  webs  of  outer  primaries 
white. 

Range.— Pacific  Coast  from  Monterey  south  to  Cape  St.  Lucas; 
breeding  as  far  north  as  Santa  Barbara  Island. 


26.  Craveri  Murrelet  (^Brachyramphus  craveri). 
L.  10.  Bill  slender.  Ads.  Above  slaty  or  brownish 
black;  sides  slaty;  under  surface  of  wings  dusky,  some- 
times mixed  with  white. 

Range. — Coasts  of  Lower  California,  from  Cape  St.  Lucas  north 
to  Espiritu  Santo  Island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  and  to  Natividad 
Island  (lat.  28  «)  on  the  Pacific  side.      (A.  O.  U.) 


34.  Dovekie  {Alle  alle).  L.  8.  Ads.,  summer. 
Above  blackish;  inner  wing  feathers  tipped  with  white; 
throat  and  breast  blackish  brown.  IVinter.  Similar, 
but  throat  and  breast  white  or  mixed  grayish. 

Range — North  Atlantic  and  East  Arctic;  in  America  breeds  from  Lat. 
68  °  northward;  winters  south  to  Long  Island,  rarely  to  Virginia.  Ac- 
cidental in  Michigan. 

46 


Auks,  Murres  and  Puffins 


17.  Paroquet  Auklet  (Cyclorrbynchus  psittaculus). 
L.  10.  Ads.,  summer,  //o  crest;  a  white  plume  from 
behind  eye;  above  blackish;  throat  grayer,  rest  of  un- 
der parts  white.  Winter.  Throat  white.  'Notes.  "A 
low,  sonorous,  vibrating  whistle."    (Nelson.) 

Ranee.  "North  Pacific,  from  Sitka  and  the  Kuril  Islands  north- 
ward. (A.  O.  U.)  Five  records  for  coast  off  San  Francisco  In  win- 
ter. 


1 8.  Crested  Auklet  {Simorhynchus  crtstatellus').  L. 
lo.  Ads.,  summer.  Bill  red;  a  crest  of  slender  re- 
curved feathers;  a  pair  of  white  tufts  from  behind  eye; 
above  sooty  black;  below  grayer.  Yng.  Similar  but 
bill  brown;  no  crest  or  tufts.  Notes,  "A  chirping 
note,"  (Nelson.) 

Range.— North  Pacific  from  Kadlak  and  Japan  northward."    (A.  O, 


19.  Whiskered  Auklet  {Simorhynchus  pygmaeus).  L. 
7.5.  Ads.,  summer.  White  feathers  at  base  of  sides  of 
bill  and,  much  lengthened,  from  above  and  below  eye; 
a  crest  of  lender  recurved  feathers;  above,  and  throat 
dark  slate  fading  into  white  belly.  Yng.  Similar  but 
no  crest;  little  or  no  white  on  head.  Notes.  "A  low 
chattering  note."    (Nelson.) 

Rangt— "North  Pacific,  from  Unalaska  through  the  Aleutian  chain 
to  Kamchatka."    (A.  O.  U.) 


20.  Least  Auklet  {Simorhynchus  pusillus).  L.  6.5. 
Ads.,  summer.  No  crest;  sides  of  head  with  white 
feathers;  above  blackish;  chin  sooty;  throat  white;  under 
parts  white,  marked  irregularly  with  sooty.  Winter. 
Little  or  no  sooty  on  breast.  Yng.  Similar  to  winter 
ad.,  but  no  white  plumes. 


Range.— "North  Pacific,  from  Sitka  and  Japan  north  to  Bering  /il^l^^^^    ,«»,..•• 
Strait.^'    (A.  O.  U.)  ^    -  " 


21.  Ancient  Murrelet  {Synthltboramphus  antiquus). 
L.  10. 5.  Ads. ,  summer.  No  crest;  head  and  throat  black; 
broad  white  stripes  behind  eye;  back  gray;  breast  and 
belly  white.    Winter,     Similar  but  throat  white;   no 


white  head  stripes. 
(Nelson.) 


Notes,    "A  low  plaintive  whistle." 


Range. — North  Pacific,  from  southern  Vancouver  Island  and  Japan 
northward;  south  in  winter  to  Monterey,  California;  accidental  in  Wis- 
consin. 

47 


Auks,  Murres  and  Puffins 


27.  Black  Guillemot  (0/»/))5'M5^r>'//^).  L.  13.    Ads., 

summer.  Black;  greater  wing-coverts  white,  black  at 
base;  under  surface  of  wings  white.  Winter.  Above 
gray  or  black  tipped  with  white;  below  white. 

Range. — Coasts  of  northern  Europe  and  North  Atlantic;  in  Ameri- 
ca breeds  from  Knox  Co.,  Maine  north  to  southern  Greenland;  win- 
ters south  to  Quebec  and  Massachusetts;  rarely  to  Toronto,  Con- 
necticut, and  Long  Island. 

28.  Mandt  Guillemot  {Cepphus  mandtii).  Similar 
to  No.  27,  but  bases  of  greater  wing-coverts  white. 

Ranee. — Arctic  regions;  breeds  from  Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay 
north  to  northern  Greenland  and  northern  Alaska;  in  winter  migrates 
but  little  southward;  no  satisfactory  United  States  record. 

29.  Pigeon  Guillemot  (^Cepphus  columha).  Similar 
to  No.  27,  but  inner  surface  of  wings  sooty  gray.  Notes. 
A  squealing,  vibrant  whistle. 

Range. — North  Pacific;  breeds  from  Santa  Catalina  Island  north  to 
Bering  Strait,  west  through  Aleutian  Islands  to  Kamchatka  and 
northern  Japan;  winters  In  same  region. 

30.  Murre  {Urtatrotle).  L.  16;  B.  1.7.  /^ds.,  sum- 
mer. Above  and  neck  sooty  brown;  under  parts  and 
tips  of  secondaries  white;  sides  with  blackish  streaks. 
Winter.  Similar,  but  throat  white  washed  with  sooty. 
Notes.    A  hoarse  murre  and  squawking  a-r-r-r-r-r-rh. 

Range.— North  Atlantic;  breeds  in  North  America  from  Bird  Rock, 
Magdalen  Islands,  north  to  southern  Greenland;  winters  south  to 
Maine  and, rarely,  Ontario. 

30a.  California  Murre  (i/.  t.  cali/ormca).  Similar 
to  No.  30  but  larger,  W.  8.  2;  B.  i.  9. 

Range.— North  Pacific;  breeds  from  Pribilof  Islands  south  to  Farall- 
ones;  winters  south  to  southern  California. 

31.  Brunnich  Murre  (Uria  lomvia).  Similar  to 
No.  30,  but  bill  shorter,  1.2.  In  summer, 
head  and  throat  browner,  lower  mandible  swollen  at 
sides  and  grayish  at  base. 

Range.— North  Atlantic  and  eastern  Arctic;  breeds  In  North  Amer- 
ica from  Bird  Rock,  Magdalen  Islands,  north  to  Greenland;  winters 
south  to  New  Jersey  and  along  St.  Lawrence  to  Lakes  Champlain  and 
Ontario,  rarely  to  Lake  Michigan. 

31a.  Pallas  Murre  (U.  I.  arra).  Similar  to  No. 
31,  but  larger;  W.  8.6;  B.  i.  5.  Notes.  "A  peculiar 
growling  or  hoarse  chattering  note."     (Nelson.) 

Range. — North  Pacific;  south  to  Kadiak  and  Kamchatka. 

32.  Razor-billed  Auk  {y^lca  torda).  L.  16.5. 
Ads.,  summer.  Above  sooty  black,  foreneck  browner; 
tips  of  secondaries,  line  from  bill  to  eye,  and  under 
parts,  white.  Winter.  Similar,  but  foreneck  white. 
Yng.  Similar  to  winter  ad.  but  without  eye  line.  Notes. 
A  hoarse  grunt  or  groan. 

Range. — North  Atlantic;  breeds  from  Bird  Rock,  Magdalen  Islands, 
north  to  Greenland;  winters  south  to  Long  Island  and,  rarely,  to  On- 
tario  and  North  Carolina. 

33.  Great  Auk  {Plautus  impennis).    L.  29;  W.  5.  7. 

Ads.  Above  blackish;  a  large  white  spot  before  the 
eye;  secondaries  tipped  with  white;  sides  of  neck  and 
the  throat  seal  brown;  belly,  white.  Resembling  No. 
32  in  general  appearance  but  body  much  larger;  wing, 
however,  shorter. 

Range. — Formerly,  the  coasts  and  islands  of  North  Atlantic,  south  on 
American  side  to  Florida  (in  winter?);  now  extinct. 

48 


Order  II.    LONG-WINGED  SWIMMERS. 

LONGIPENNES. 

Family  1.     SKUAS  and  JAEGERS.     Stercorariid.*:.     4  species. 
Family  2.    GULLS  and  TERNS.    Larid^.  37  species,  1  subspecies. 
Family  3.     SKIMMERS.     Rynchopid^.     1  species. 

Skuas  and  Jaegers  are  pirates  among  the  birds  of  the  high  seas. 
Bold  and  dashing,  they  pursue  the  swift  flying  Terns  or  much  larger 
Gulls  with  equal  success,  forcing  them  to  drop  the  fish  they  have  cap- 
tured and  catching  it  ere  it  reaches  the  water. 

Gulls  (Subfamily  Larince)  are  usually  considered  so  characteristic  of 
the  sea  that  'Sea  Gull'  is  the  name  popularly  applied  to  all  members  of 
the  subfamily  to  which  they  belong.  Several  species,  however,  are 
equally  at  home,  both  in  the  winter  and  when  nesting,  on  the  larger 
bodies  of  water  in  the  interior,  and  one  species  is  rarely  or  never  found 
on  our  sea  coasts. 

Gulls  nest  on  the  ground,  on  drifts  of  marsh-grass,  on  cliffs,  and 
one  species,  at  least,  among  American  Gulls  (the  Herring  Gull)  has  as 
a  result  of  persecution,  acquired  the  habit  of  nesting  in  trees. 

Gulls  feed  from  the  surface  of  the  water,  picking  up  their  food  with 
their  strongly  curved  bills  in  passing  or  while  hovering,  not  by  plung- 
ing into  the  water,  as  do  the  Terns.  They  are,  in  fact,  the  scavengers 
of  the  water,  and  perform  a  service  of  great  value  to  mankind  by  de- 
vouring the  bodies  of  various  forms  of  aquatic  animals  which,  in  dying, 
come  to  the  surface  and,  if  cast  ashore,  might,  in  decaying,  prove  a 
source  of  disease. 

For  this  reason  it  was  especially  unfortunate  that  the  plumage  of 
these  birds  became  fashionable  for  millinery  purposes,  with  the  result 
that  thousands  of  them  were  destroyed  for  their  wings  and  breasts.  In 
this  country,  however,  through  the  efforts  of  the  American  Ornitholo- 
gists' Union  and  the  Audubon  Societies,  laws  have  been  passed  pro- 
hibiting the  killing  of  these  beautiful  and  useful  birds,  and  wardens 
have  been  placed  on  their  nesting  grounds  to  protect  them. 

Gulls  often  rest  in  great  flocks  on  the  water,  sitting  high  up  and 
riding  the  waves  buoyantly,  but  the  Terns  (Subfamily  Sternince)^  after 
they  have  acquired  the  power  of  flight,  are  rarely  seen  on  the  water. 
They  are  lighter,  more  active  birds  than  the  Gulls,  with  longer  wings 
and  tails,  and  sharper,  more  pointed  bills.     They  feed  largely  on  small 

49 


Long-winged  Swimmers. 

fish  (the  species  called  silversides  beingf  a  favorite)  of  no  value  to  man, 
which  they  secure  by  darting  from  the  air  with  great  speed  and  direct- 
ness. When  looking  for  food,  Terns  usually  fly  with  the  bill  down- 
ward, a  habit  which  will  aid  in  distinguishing  them  them  from  the 
Gulls,  whose  bill  is  carried  in  a  line  with  the  body. 

Terns  usually  nest  in  large  colonies  on  the  beach  of  some  isolated 
islet  either  on  our  sea  coasts  or  in  the  interior.  The  nest  is  generally 
composed  of  a  few  wisps  of  sea-weed  or  grass,  or  the  two  or  three  eggs 
are  not  infrequently  laid  in  a  slight  hollow  in  the  sand  or  among  the 
shells  and  pebbles. 

Like  the  Gulls,  Terns  have  been  slaughtered  in  enormous  numbers 
for  millinery  purposes;  but  in  this  country,  at  least,  effective  efforts  are 
now  being  made  to  preserve  them. 

Skimmers  nest  in  numbers  on  our  Atlantic  Coast  from  Virginia 
southward,  laying  their  four  eggs  in  a  slight  depression  in  the  sand. 
In  feeding,  their  mouth  is  held  open  and  the  longer,  thin,  lower  mandi- 
ble is  dropped  beneath  the  surface  of  the  water,  when,  flying  rapidly, 
they  readily  pick  up  food. 

In  young  Skimmers,  however,  the  two  mandibles  are  of  equal  length 
and  the  lower  mandible  does  not  become  appreciably  longer  than  the 
upper  one  until  the  birds  begin  to  fly.  During  the  flightless  period  of 
the  bird's  life,  the  bill  may  be  used  to  pick  up  food  along  the  shore, 
but  when  the  power  of  flight  is  acquired  and  with  it  ability  to  feed  in 
the  characteristic  Skimmer  manner,  then  the  peculiar  bill  of  these  birds 
becomes  fully  developed- 

The  young  of  all  the  Gulls  and  Terns  are  born  covered  with  down 
and  can  leave  the  nest  a  few  hours  after  birth.  The  Noddy,  however, 
is  said  to  be  several  weeks  in  its  stick  nest,  which,  unlike  other  mem- 
bers of  its  group,  it  often  builds  in  bushes. 

The  young  are  colored  to  harmonize  with  their  usual  surroundings. 
Young  Skimmers  are  pale,  sandy  brown,  of  the  same  color  as  the  sand 
in  which  they  are  hatched.  Young  Terns  are  darker,  and  young  Laugh- 
ing Gulls  bom  in  nests  of  reeds  or  meadow  grasses,  are  the  darkest  of 
the  three. 

All  young  Gulls  and  Terns  have  the  habit  of  squatting  low  near  the 
ground  in  the  presence  of  danger  and  remaining  motionless  until  act- 
ually touched  when  they  seem  to  realize  that  they  have  been  seen  and 
trust  to  their  legs  for  safety. 

50 


Skua  and  Jaegers 


35.  Skua  {Megalestris  skua).  L.  22.  Ads,  Above 
dark,  dirty  brown;  below  paler.  Yng.  Similar,  but 
more  distinctly  streaked  with  yellowish,  especially  on 
head  and  neck. 


Range. — North  Atlantic,  chiefly  eastern;  breeds  from  Shetland 
Islands  northward;  winters  south  to  Gibraltar,  and  rarely  Long  Island. 
One  specimen  from  California  coast. 


36.  Pomarlne  Jaeger  (^Stercorarius  pomarmus). 
L.  2o;  B.  1.5.  Middle  tail  feathers  rounded.  Ads. 
light  phase.  Cap  black;  throat,  breast,  and  neck,  all 
around,  white  tinged  with  straw;  back,  lower  belly, 
upper  and  under  tail  coverts  brownish  slate.  Ads. 
dark  phase.  Dark  brown,  paler  below.  Yng.  Above 
blackish  brown  margined  with  rusty;  below  white 
margined  with  dusky  and  buffy.  Notes.  "A  low, 
hoarse,  chattering  cry."  (Nelson.) 

Range.-  Northern  hemisphere;  breeds  north  of  Lat.  70  O; 
winters,  mainly  at  sea,  south  to  South  America,  southern  Africa  and 
Australia. 


37.  Parasitic  Jaeger  (_Stercorarms  parasiticus').  L. 
17;  B.  i.i;  its  scaly  shield  longer  than  distance  from 
end  of  shield  to  tip  of  bill.  Ads.  Both  phases  simi- 
lar in  color  to  No.  36,  but  central  tail  feathers  pointed, 
8.6  long.  Yng.  Similar  in  color  to  No.  36  but  smaller, 
bill  shorter,  middle  tail  feathers  more  pointed.  Notes. 
*'Loud  wailing  cries,  interspersed  with  harsh  shrieks." 
(Nelson.) 

Range. — Northern  hemisphere;  breeds  In  Arctic  regions;  winters 
mainly  at  sea.  from  California,  Great  Lakes,  and  Massachusetts  south 
to  South  America. 


38.     Long-tailed  Jaeger  {Stercorarius   longicaudus). 

L.  21;  B.  I,  its  scaly  shield  shorter  than  the  distance  from 
its  end  to  the  tip  of  bill.  Ads.  In  both  phases  resemb- 
ling No.  36  but  central  tail  feathers  pointed  and  12  in. 
long.  Yng.  Like  No.  36  and  No.  37,  but  to  be  dis- 
tinguished by  differences  in  bill  measurements.  Notes. 
"A  hoarse  qua,  a  shrill  phM-phiH-pMil-pheo,  when 
flying;  or  a  rattling  kr-r-r-r-,  kr-r-r-r,  kr-r-r,  kre-kre-. 
kre-kre,  the  latter  syllables  shrill  and  querulous." 
(Nelson.) 


Ran^e. — Northern  hemisphere;  breeds  in  Arctic  regions;  winters 
mainly  at  sea,  south  to  Gibraltar  and  Gulf  of  Mexico;  one  California 
record. 

51 


GuUs 


-1 


-yO^' 


*^ 


;  ,' 


39.  \yory  GuW  (Pagophtla  alba).  L.  17.  ^ds.  Pure 
white;  bill  yellow;  feet  black.  Yng.  Similar,  but  wings 
and  tail  tipped  with  blackish;  throat  dusky. 

Range.— Breeds  in  Arctic  regions;  winters  south  to  Great  Lakes 
and  British  Columbia;  rarely  to  Massachusetts. 

40.  K\X\\}Nake  {Rtssa  trtdactyla),  L.  16."  Hind  toe 
a  knob.  Ads,  Head,  neck  all  around,  underparts, 
and  tail  white;  3  in.  or  less,  of  tips  of  primaries  black. 
Yng.  Tip  of  tail,  ear-coverts,  nape,  and  wing-coverts 
with  black;  bill  black;  inner  web  of  ^primaries  with 
white.  Notes.  A  rapidly  uttered  kit-a-wake,  kit-a- 
wake. 

Range. — North  Atlantic  and  eastern  Arctic  regions;  breeds  In  Amer- 
ica, from  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Greenland;  winters  south  to  Great 
Lakes,  Long  Island  and,  rarely,  Virginia. 

40a.  Pacific  Kittiwake  {Rissa  tridactyla  pollicaris). 
Similar  to  No.  40,  but  hind  toe  more  developed;  black 
tips  to  3  outer  primaries,  3  in.  or  nore  in  length.  Notes, 
"A  shrill,  harsh  cry  when  disturbed  and  a  low  whistle 
when  communicating  with  each  other."    (Nelson.) 

Range. — "North  Pacific  and  Bering  Sea;  south  in  winter,  casually 
to  southern  California."    (A.  O.  U.) 


41.    Red-legged  Kittiwake  (;?m^  ^rmro5/m).  Ads. 

Similar  to  Ad.  of  No.  40,  but  legs  red,  back  and  inner 

web  of  primaries  darker;  bill  shorter,  1.2.     Yng.  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  40,  but  no  black  on  tail  or  wings. 

Range. — Coasts  and  Islands  of  Bering  Sea."    (A.  O.  U.) 


54.  Ring-billed  Gull  {Larus  delawarensis).  L.  18. 
Ads. ,  summer.  Bill  greenish  yellow,  a  black  band  across 
tip;  ends  of  primaries  black,  a  white  spot  near  tip  of 
outer  one.  Ads.  Winter.  Similar,  but  head  and  neck 
streaked  with  grayish.  Yng.  Tail  grayish  with  a 
broad  black  band;  primaries  black;  back  brownish  gray 
and  whitish;  belly  white;  end  half  of  bill  black. 

Range. — North  America,  coast  and  Interior;  breeds  from  Newfound- 
land, southern  Minnesota,  and  British  Columbia  northward;  winters 
from  Nova  Scotia  and  British  Columbia  south  to  Cuba  and  Lower 
California. 


55.    %\\w\-\i\\\^^Qt\x\\  {Larus hracbyrhynchus).     L.  17; 

B.  1.50  Ads.,  summer.  Head,  neck,  tail,  and  underparts 
white.  Two  outer  primaries  tipped  with  black,  their 
white  spaces  followed  by  black;  remaining  primaries 
tipped  with  white.  Yng.  Grayish  brown;  basal  half 
of  tail  pearl.  Notes.  "A  sharp  querulous  ^w^w->^w^w," 
(Nelson.) 

Range. — North  Pacific;  breeds  in  Alaska  and  interior  of  northerr. 
British  Columbia;  winters  on  coast  from  British  Columbia  to  southern 
California. 

52 


^w^ 


f^ 


V^uf^  j^-<^  r-~] 


Gulls 


42.  Glaucous  Gull  [Larus  glaucus).  L.  28;  W.  17. 
i;  B.  2.35.  No  black  in  plumage.  Ads.  Primaries 
white  tinted  with  pearl;  bill  with  red  spot  at  end  of 
lower  mandible.  Yng.  Dirty  white  or  gray,  mottled 
with  dusky  and  buffy,  chiefly  above;  primaries  white; 
outer  webs  brownish. 

Range. — Northern  hemisphere;  breeds  In  America,  from  Labrador 
northward;  winters  south  to  middle  California,  Great  Lakes  and  Long 
Island. 


42.1.  Point  Barrow  Gull  {Larus  harrovtanus). 
Similar  to  No.  42,  but  bill  through  angle  not  so  deep, 
(.8  as  compared  with  .9  in  glaucus);  primaries  more 
distinctly  tipped  with  white.  Notes.  ^^M-ku-M,  M- 
M-kU,  kH-lee-oOy  kU-lee-dd,  kU-lee-do,  M-M-kU,  kU- 
M-M,  the  M-kU  hoarse,  the  rest  a  shrill  screaming." 
(Nelson.) 

Range. — "Bering  Sea  and  contiguous  waters;  northeast  to  Point 
Barrow,  southwest  to  Japan."    (A.  O.  U.) 


43.  Iceland  Gull  {Larus  leucopterus).  L.  2";;  W.  16; 
B.  1.75.  Similar  in  color  to  Nos.  42  and  42.1,  but 
smaller. 

Range. — Atlantic;  breeds  in  Greenland;  winters  south  in  America  to 
Great  Lakes,  and  rarely.  Long  Island. 


44.  Glaucous-winged  Gull  {Larus  glaucescens).  L. 
27.  Ads.,  summer.  Head,  tail,  and  underparts  white; 
back  pearl;  primaries  pearl,  tipped  with  white.  Ads.j 
winter.  Head  and  neck  streaked  with  brownish. 
Yng.  Brownish  gray,  more  or  less  mixed  with  white, 
including  wings  and  tail. 

Range. — North  Pacific;  breeds  from  British  Columbia  to  Bering 
Straits;  winters  south  to  southern  California. 


45.  Kumlien  Gull  {Larus  kumlieni).  W.  16.2; 
B.  I.  75.  Similarto  No.  43,  but  primaries  with  well  de- 
fined ashy  gray  spaces;  outer  primary  tipped  with  white, 
with  ashy  gray  on  outer  web  and  shaft  part  of  inner 
web;  second  primary  ashy  gray  on  only  shaft  part  of 
outer  web. 

Range. — "North  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America,  breeding  in  Cum- 
berland Gulf;  south  In  winter  to  the  coast  of  the  Middle  States."  (A. 
O.  U.) 


46.  Nelson  Gull  {Larus  nelsont).  "Wing  18.25, 
culmen  2.35.  Ads.  In  plumage  exactly  like  L.  kum- 
lieni; depth  of  bill  through  angle  .80;  tarsus  3.05; 
middle  toe  (without  claw)  2.40."    (Ridgv/ay.) 

Range.— "Coast  of  Norton  Sound,  Alaska. "     (A.  O.  U.) 

53 


Gulls 


47.  Great  Black-backed  Gull  {Larus  marinus).  L. 
29.  Ads. ,  summer.  Back  and  wings  slaty  black;  wing 
feathers  tipped  with  white.  Ads. ,  winter.  Similar,  but 
head  and  neck  streaked  with  dusky.  Yng.  Back 
grayish  brown  margined  with  buffy  white;  rump  whiter; 
primaries  black;  below  white  more  or  less  marked  with 
dusky.  I^otes.  ^^ khray'mg  ha-ha-ha,  a  deep  keow ,  keou\ 
a  short  barking  note,  and  a  long-drawn  groan,  very 
loud  and  decidedly  impressive."    (Brewster.) 


Range. — North    Atlantic  and  northern   Europe;    breeds    In    North 
America   from   Nova  Scotia  to  Greenland;   winters   south  to  Great 
^  '•       Lakes  and  South  Carolina. 


48..  Slaty-backed  Gull  {Larus  schtstisams),  L.  26. 
Ads. ,  summer.  General  appearance  of  No.  47;  back 
lighter;  primaries  as  figured.  Ads. ,  winter.  Head  and 
neck  streaked.  Yng.  Above  brown  margined  with 
buff  and  white;  primaries  brown;  tail  brown  with  little 
48.    or  no  mottling;  below  brown. 


Range.— " North  Pacific,  chiefly  on  the  Asiatic  side;  Herald   Island, 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  Alaskan  coast  of  Bering  Sea."     (A.  O.  U.) 


49.  Western  Gull  {Larus  ocddentalis).  L.  24.  Ads. , 
summer.  Head,  neck,  tail,  and  underparts  white;  back 
slaty  gray;  outer  primaries  black,  a  large  white  spot 
near  tip  of  first  one.  Ads. ,  winter.  Crown  and  hind 
neck  streaked  with  brownish.  Yng.  Grayish  brown 
mixed  with  white;  wings  and  tail  fuscous.  Notes, 
Ooeeky  ooeek,  ooeek;  ca-ca-ca,  and  other  calls. 


Range.— Pacific  coast;  breeds  and  winters  from  Lower  California  to 
British  Columbia. 


57.  Heermann  GuU  {Larus beermanui).  L.  17.  Ads., 
summer.  Bill  red;head  and  throat  white,  snading  into  slate 
above  and  below;  tail  blackish,  tipped  with  white; 
primaries  black.  Ads.,  winter.  Head  and  neck  streak- 
ed with  grayish  brown.  Yig.  Uniform  grayish 
brown. 


Range. — Pacific  coast  of  North  America;  breeds  from  Mazatlan, 
Mexico,  north  to  Lower  California;  occurs  regularly  north  to  Van- 
couver Island:  winters  south  to  Panama. 


54 


GuUs 


51.  Herring  GuW  {Larus  argentatus).  L.  24.  ^Js., 
summer.  White  spaces  at  end  of  outer  primaries 
sometimes  joined,  ^ds.,  winter.  Similar,  but  head 
and  neck,  streaked  with  grayish.  Yng.  Above  ashy 
brown,  margined  and  marked  with  buffy;  wings  brown- 
ish black;  tail  the  same;  sometimes  margined  with 
buffy;  below  ashy  brown,  sometimes  lightly  barred  or 
streaked  with  dusky.  Notes.  Cack-cack-cack;  hah,  hah, 
hah,  and  other  notes. 


Range.— Northern  hemisphere;  breeds  In  America  from  Maine, 
Great  Lakes,  Minnesota,  and  British  Columbia  northward;  winters 
south  to  Cuba  and  Lower  California. 


52.    y/ega  GuW  {Larus  veg^).    Similar  to  No.  51,  but 
back  said  to  be  darker;  feet  yellow. 


Range. — "Bering  Sea  and  adjacent  waters;  south  in  winter  to  Cal- 
ifornia and  Japan."     (A.  O.  U.) 


53.  California  Gull  {Larus  californicus).  L.  20. 
Ads.  Similar  to  No.  54  but  larger;  a  red  spot  near  tip 
of  lower  mandible;  white  spot  on  outer  primary,  larger 
and  nearer  end.  Yng.  Similar  to  No.  54  but  darker; 
tail  nearly  uniform  fuscous. 


Range. — Western  North  America;  breeds  chiefly  In  Interior,  1 
Utah  to  Lat.  68  °  ,  30';  winters  from  British  Columbia  to  Mexico. 


55 


GuUs 


58.  Laughing  GuW  (Larus  atrtcilla).      L.  i6.     /ids., 

summer.  Head  dark  slate;  tail  white;  bill  with  red- 
dish. Ads.  J  winter.  Similar,  but  head  and  throat 
white  with  grayish  on  nape  and  behind  eyes.  Yng, 
Tail  grayish  with  a  broad  black  band;  nape  and  back 
ashy  brown;  forehead  and  under  parts  white.  Notes. 
A  nasal  cow-owy  also  cuk-cuk-cuk,  and  a  high,  long- 
drawn  laugh. 

Rang^e.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Texas  and  Florida  to 
Maine  and  Nova  Scotia;  rare  in  interior;  winters  from  South  Carolina 
to  northern  South  America. 

59.  Franklin  Gull  {Larus frankUni).  L.  15.  Ads., 
summer.  Breast  with  a  rosy  tinge;  outer  primaries  with 
wide  black  spaces  near  ends,  bordered  at  base  and  tip 
with  white.  Ads..,  winter.  "Head  mainly  white,  with 
[its]  sides  and  back  grayish  dusky."  Yng.  "Top  and 
sides  of  head  and  back  grayish  brown;  quills  dusky, 
tipped  with  white;  tail  with  subterminal  band  of  dusky: 
rest  of  tail,  under  parts,  forehead,  and  eyelids  white.'* 
(Bailey.) 

Range,— Interior  of  North  America;  breeds  from  Iowa  and  Minneso- 
ta northward  to  Great  Bear  Lake;  winters  from  west  Gulf  States  to 
South  America. 

60.  Bonaparte  Gull  {Larus  Philadelphia).  L.  14. 
Ads..,  summer.  Outer  web  of  outer  primaries  and  tip 
black;  inner  web  and  shaft  white;  bill  black.  Ads..,  win- 
ter. Similar,  but  throat  and  head  white,  its  back 
grayish.  Yng,  Tail  white,  tipped  with  black;  outer 
primary  black,  inner  two-thirds  of  inner  web  and  space 
near  tip  white;  rest  of  plumage  much  as  in  young  of  No. 
58. 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  in  interior  from  Hudson  Bay  and 
Manitoba  west  to  the  Yukon;  winters  from  British  Columbia  and 
Maine  to  Lower  California  and  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

^1.  RO88  Gull  {Rhodostethia  rosea)  L.  13.5.  Bill 
small,  .7;  middle  tail  feathers  longest.  Ads.y  summer. 
White  areas  tinged  with  pink;  a  black  collar.  Ads., 
winter.  No  collar;  a  black  spot  before  eye.  Yng. 
Lesser  coverts  black,  margined  with  whitish;  tail 
white,  central  feathers  tipped  with  black;  back  pearl; 
ear  spot  and  space  about  eye  dusky;  crown  white, 
washed  with  pearl. 

Range.— "Arctic  regions;  south  in  autumn  and  winter  to  Kamchat. 
ka.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska  and  Disco  Bay,  Greenland."    (A.  O.  U.) 

62.  Sabine  Gull  (Xema  sahinii).  L.  14.  Tail 
slightly  forked.  Ads.,  summer.  Head  and  throat 
slaty  black,  margined  behind  with  black;  bill  black, 
tipped  with  yellow;  outer  primaries  black,  small  tip  and 
inner  half  of  inner  web  white.  Ads. ,  winter.  Similar, 
but  head  and  throat  white;  nape  region  dusky.  Yng. 
Tail  white,  tipped  with  black;  crown  and  back  ashy 
brown;  forehead  and  underparts  white.  Notes.  'A 
single  harsh  grating  note."  (Nelson.) 

Range  —Arctic  regions;  breeds  in  America  from  St.  Michaels, 
Alaska  and  Melville  Bay,  Greenland,  northward;  winters  south  on  At- 
lantic coast,  rarely  to  New  York;  casually  to  Texas,  and  on  Pacific 
coast  to  Peru. 

56 


Terns 


64.  Caspian  Tern  [Sterna  caspia).  L.  21.  T.  6., 
forked  1.5.  Largest  of  our  Terns.  Ads.,  breeding. 
Bill  red;  cap  black;  above  pearl;  below  "whMt^  primaries 
frosty  black.  After  breeding,  crown  streaked  black  and 
white;  bill  more  orange.  Yng.  Similar  to  last  but 
wings  and  tail  with  blackish.  Notes.  A  loud,  harsh 
^'ka_v-awk"  or  "kejy-rak." 


Range. — Cosmopolitan;  breeds  In  North  America,  locally  from 
Texas  to  Newfoundland  and  Great  Slave  Lake;  winters  mostly  south 
of  United  States;  three  California  winter  records. 


65.  Royal  Tern  (Sterna  maxima).  L.  19;  T.  7,  fork- 
ed 3.5;  B.  2.5.  Ads.,  summer.  Primaries  frosty  black, 
white  on  inner  two-thirds  of  inner  web  except  at  tip, 
where  frosty,  bill  orange  red;  crown  black;  above  pearl; 
below  white.  Ads. ,  winter.  The  same,  but  head 
white  with  black  streaks.  Yng,  Similar  to  winter  ad. 
but  wings  and  tail  with  grayish. 


Range. — Middle  America;  breeds  from  southern  Brazil  and  Peru  to 
Gulf  States,  Virginia,  and  California;  wanders  north  to  Great 
Lakes  and  Massachusetts;  winters  from  Gulf  States  and  California 
southward. 


66.  Elegant  Tern  {Sterna  elegans).  L.  16.5;  B.  2.7. 
Similar  to  No.  65,  but  smaller;  bill  longer  and  more 
slender.    Ads,    Tinged  with  shell  pink  below. 


Range.^"Paclficcoastof  America  from  California  to  Chill." 
O.  U.) 


(A. 


67.  Cabot  Tern  {Sterna  sandvicensis  acuflavida). 
L.  16;  T.  5.5,  forked  2.7.  Ads.,  breeding.  Bill  black, 
the  tip  yellow;  crown  black;  above  pearl;  below  white; 
primaries  much  as  in  No.  65.  After  breeding,  head 
white;  nape  with  black  streaks.  Yng.  Similar  to 
last  but  with  back  and  tail  with  blackish;  tip  of  bill 
less  yellow. 


Range.— Tropical  America;  breeds  on  east  side  of  Mexico  north 
along  Gulf  Coast  to  Florida,  and  Atlantic  coast  to  South  Carolina; 
wanders  to  Massachusetts;  winters  south  of  United  States  to  West 
Indies  and  Central  America. 


57 


Terns 


63.  Gull-billed  Tern  {Gelochelidon  nilotica).  L. 
14.5;  T.  5.5.  Ads.  ^  summer.  Bill  thick,  short,  black; 
tail  short,  forked  only  7.5;  crown  black;  above  pearl; 
below  white.  Ads.,  winter.  Head  white,  with  black 
patch  before  and  behind  eye.  Yng.  Similar,  but  above 
edged  with  buffy;  head  and  neck  streaked  with  gray- 
ish, f^otes.  A  high,  thin,  somewhat  reedy  tee-tee-tee^ 
sometimes  suggesting  a  weak-voiced  katydid. 


Range. — Cosmopolitan;  breeds  in  North  America  from  Mexico  to 
Florida  and  north  to  Virgiria;  wanders  north  rarely  to  New  Bruns- 
wick; winters  from  southern  Texas  southward. 


73.  Aleutian  Tern  {Sterna  aleuttca).  L.  14.  T. 
6.7,  forked  3.  Ads.,  summer.  Above  and  below  peaiTl 
gray,  browner  below;  throat  white;  crown  black;  fore- 
head white;  line  from  bill  to  eye  black.  Ads.,  winter, 
"Withrather  more  white  on  forehead."  (Cat.  B.  M.) 
Notes.    **  A  thin,  clear,  trilling  whistle."    (Nelson.) 


Range. — Alaska  from  Kadiak  to  Bering  Strait,  southwest  to  Japan. 


74.  Least  Tern  {Sterna  antillarum).  L.  9;  T.  3.5, 
forked  1.7.  Ads.,  summer.  Bill  yellow,  black  at  tip; 
forehead  white-,  a  black  line  from  bill  to  eye;  crown 
black;  above  pearl;  below  white.  Ads. ,  winter.  Crown 
white;  nape  black;  bill  dark;  tail  shorter.  Yng.  Sim- 
ilar to  last,  but  above  with  buffy  or  brownish.  Notes, 
*' A  sharp  squeak  much  like  the  cry  of  a  very  young 
pig  following  its  mother." 


Range. — Western  hemisphere;  breeds  locally  from  northern  South 
America  northward  to  Massachusetts,  Dakota,  and  southern  Cali- 
fornia: winters  south  of  United  Stites. 


76.     ^TXfWed  Tern  {Sterna  ancethetus).      L.  15.     Ads. 

Forehead  and  line  over  eye  white;  lores  and  crown 
black;  nape  whitish;  back  sooty  gray  or  sooty  brown; 
outer  tail  feathers  white,  except  at  tip;  inner  ones 
grayish  brown.     Notes.     A  soft  qua. 


Range. — Tropical  regions;  north  In  Atlantic  to  the  Bahamas;  casual 
In  Florida. 

58 


Terns 


69.  Forster  Tern  {Sterna  forstert).  L.  15;  T.  7, 
forked.  4.  Ads.,  summer.  Inner  web  of  outer  tail 
feather  dusky;  below  pure  white-,  bill  orange,  blackish 
at  end;  crown  black;  back  pearl.  Ads.,  winter. 
Crown  white  or  grayish;  a  large  black  spot  about  eyes\ 
bill  black.  Yng.  Similar  to  winter  ad.  but 
above  with  brownish.  hJotes.  A  long  drawn,  deep, 
reedy  cack  and  tweet-tweet-tweet-tweet. 


Range.— North  America;  breeds  locally  north  to  California,  and 
from  Texas  along  coast  to  Virginia  and  in  interior  to  Manitoba;  wan- 
ders to  Massachusetts;  winters  from  southern  California  and  Texas 
south  to  Brazil. 


70,    {jommon  Tern  {Sterna  hirundo).    L.  15;  T.  5.5, 

forked,  3.2  Ads.,  summer.  Outer  web  of  outer  tail 
feather  dusky;  below  white,  washed  with  dusky,  bill 
red,  blackish  at  end;  crown  black;  back  pearl.  Ads. , 
winter.  Forehead  and  underparts  white;  bill  black. 
Yng.  Similar  to  last,  but  above  with  brownish;  tail 
shorter.  Notes.  A  vibrant,  purring,  tearrr,  and  other 
calls. 


Range. — Northern  hemisphere;  in  America,  chiefly  east  of  Plains; 
breed-,  locally  on  coast  and  in  interior  from  Gulf  States  to  Barren 
Grounds  and  Greenland;  winters  south  of  United  States  to  Brazil. 


71.  Arctic  Tern  {Sterna par adiscea).  L.  15.5;  T. 
7. 2  forked  4.5.  Similar  to  No.  70,  but  summer  ad. 
with  bill  wholly  bright  red;  tail  longer;  tarsus  shorter, 
.6  instead  of  .7.  Holes.  Like  tearr  of  No.  70,  but 
shriller,  ending  in  rising  inflection,  lik(;  squeal  of  a 
pig.     (Brewster.) 

Range.— Northern  hemisphere;  breeds  from  Massachusetts  north 
to  Greenland  and  northwest  to  Aleutian  Islands  and  Alaska;  winters 
south  to  California  and  Virginia. 


72.  ^Q%e9Xe'X em  {Sterna  dougallt).  L.  15.5;  T.  7.5, 
forked,  5.2.  Ads.,  sumrmr.  Bill  black,  reddish  only  at 
the  base;  below  white  tinged  with  shell  pink;  tail  wholly 
white;  crown  black;  back  pearl.  Ads.,  winter.  Fore- 
head with  white;  no  pink  below.  Notes.  A  reedy 
cack. 


Range.— Temperate  and  tropical  regflons;  breeds  In  North  America 
on  east  ccast  only,  from  Florida  north  to  Nova  Scotia;  rare  north  of 
Virginia;  winters  south  of  United  States  to  Venezuela. 

59 


ri 


Terns  and  Skimmer 


75.  Sooty  Tern  (Sterna  fuligmosa).  L.  17.  y^ds., 
summer.  Above  blackish,  torehead  and  underparts 
white;  tail  black,  except  outer  feathers  which  are 
mostly  white.  Yng.  Sooty  slate;  linings  of  wings 
white;  scapulars,  upper  tail  coverts,  and  tail  feathers 
tipped  with  white.  Notes.  A  squeaky  quack,  a  nasal 
ker-wackywak,  and  other  calls. 

Range. — "Tropical  and  subtropical  coasts  of  the  globe.  In  Amer- 
ica from  Chili  to  western  Mexico  and  the  Carolinas,  and  casually  to 
New  England."     (A.  O.  U.) 


77.  Black  Tern  [Hydrochelidon  nigra  surinamensis) . 
L.  10.  Ads.,  summer.  Head  and  underparts  black; 
back,  wings,  and  tail  slate.  Ads.,  winter.  Forehead,, 
nape,  and  underparts  white-,  head  gray.  Yng.  Simi- 
lar to  last,  but  above  with  brownish  margin^.  Notes. 
A  sharp  peek. 


Range. — Temperate  and  tropical  America;  breeds  in  interior  from 
California,  Kansas,  and  Illinois  to  Alaska;  irregular  migrant  on  Atlan- 
tic coast  from  New  Brunswick  southward;  winters  south  of  United 
States  to  Chill. 


79.  Noddy  {Anous  stoUdus).  L.  15.  Ads.  Crown 
silvery  whi^e;  rest  of  plumage  sooty  brown.  Yng.  Sim- 
ilar, but  all  o'ooty  brown  except  white  line  from  bill  ta 
eye.  Notoz^  A  low  reedy  cock  increasing  to  a  hoarc^, 
guttural  k'T-r-r-r-r-r-r. 


Range.  — Trorical  and  subtropical  regions;  In  America  from   Brazil 
and  Chili  north  to  the  Gulf  and  South  Atlantic  States."     (A.  O.  U.) 


80.  Black  Skimmer  [Rynchops  nigra).  L.  18.  Ads. 
Lower  mandible  longer  than  upper;  forehead,  under- 
parts, pa-'t  of  secondaries,  and  tail  white;  rest  of  plum- 
age black.  Yng.  Plumage  widely  margined  with 
buffy.  Notes.  Varied,  nasal,  penny-trumpet-like; 
also  ca-jyou,  ca-you,  like  a  hound's  voice. 


Range.— North  America,  chiefly  eastern;  breeds  from  southern 
New  Jersey  southward;  wanders  rarely  to  Nova  Scotia;  winters  fron> 
Gulf  States  to  northern  South  America. 

60 


Order  III.    TUBE-NOSED  SWIMMERS. 

■  TUBINARES. 

Family  1.     ALBATROSSES.     Diomedeid^.     4  species. 

Family  2.  FULMARS,  SHEARWATERS,  and  PETRELS.  Pro- 
CELLARiiD^.     26  Species,  1  subspecies. 

The  Albatrosses,  of  which  about  ten  species  are  known,  are  birds  of 
far  southern  seas,  where  they  nest  on  isolated  islands.  After  the 
young  are  reared,  several  species  migrate  northward  and  are  found  off 
our  Pacific  coast.  The  largest  known  species,  the  Wandering  Alba- 
tross, which  has  been  made  famous  by  Coleridge's  **Rime  of  the  Anci- 
ent Mariner,"  measures  from  twelve  to  fourteen  feet  in  expanse  of 
wing,  and,  like  other  members  of  this  family,  is  a  tireless  ocean  wan- 
derer. 

In  the  museum  of  Brown  University,  there  is  a  mounted  Wandering 
Albatross,  killed  off  the  coast  of  Chili  by  Capt.  Hiram  Luther,  Decem- 
ber 20,  1847.  When  captured,  a  small  bottle  was  found  tied  around  the 
bird's  neck,  containing  a  slip  of  paper  from  which  it  was  learned  that 
the  bottle  had  been  attached  to  the  bird  December  12,  1847,  by  Capt. 
Edwards  of  the  New  Bedford  Whaler,  "Euphrates,"  when  about  800 
miles  off  the  coast  of  New  Zealand,  or  about  3,400  miles  from  the  point 
at  which,  eight  days  later,  the  bird  was  secured. 

The  Fulmars,  (genus  Fulmarus) ,  are  northern  birds  and  nest  in  im- 
mense numbers  on  isolated  islets,  somewhat  like  certain  Gulls. 

Comparatively  little  is  known  of  the  nesting  places  of  our  Shear- 
waters, but  it  is  believed  that  most  of  them  breed  on  the  islands  of  the 
South  Atlantic  and  South  Pacific,  and  pass  their  winter,  (our  summer) 
off  our  coasts. 

One  of  the  Petrels,  (Wilson  Petrel),  is  known  to  have  this  habit.  '  It 
has  been  found  nesting  on  Kerguelen  Island,  in  S.  Lat.  49°  54',  in 
February,  and   in  May  it  appears  off  our  coasts  for  the  summer. 

Petrels  nest  in  holes  in  the  ground,  laying  one  white  ^^^,  They  are 
never  seen  near  their  homes  during  the  day,  the  bird  then  on  the  nest 
waiting  until  night  to  feed,  when  the  one  which  has  been  at  sea  re- 
turns to  assume  its  share  of  the  task  of  incubation.  These  birds  are 
therefore  both  diurnal  and  nocturnal. 

61 


Albatrosses 


^\\\J&   N\^V««-0   f*«»A  AAOVC. 


8  I .  Black-footed  Albatross  [Diomedea  nigripes).  L. 
32.  Ads.  Sooty  brown,  lighter  below;  region  about 
base  of  bill  whitish;  upper  mandible  hroad  and  rounded 
at  its  base.  Notes.  A  whining  groan,  uttered  when 
contesting  for  food.    (Turner). 


Range.— North  Pacific;  north  to  Lat.  52°  ;  south  at  least  to  Lower 
California. 


82.  Shopt-talled  Albatross  {Diomedea  albatrus).  L. 
36.  Ads.  White;  the  head  straw;  tail  and  primaries 
gray  brown;  upper  mandible  broad  and  rounded  at 
base. 


Range.— North  Pacific,  north  to  Bering  Strait;  south,  at  least,  to 
Lower  California. 


82.1.  Laysan  Albatross  {Diomedea  immutabilis). 
L.  32.  Ads.  Head,  neck,  rump,  upper  tail  covens, 
and  whole  under  surface  white;  lores  next  to  the  eye 
sooty  black;  back,  wings,  and  end  of  the  tail  dark 
sooty  brown;  interscapular  region  paler;  base  of  the 
tail  whitish.    (Cat.  B.  M.) 


Range. — Laysan  Island.  Pacific  Ocean;    casual  off  the  coast   of 
Lower  California; 


83.    Yellow-nosed  Albatross  (Thalassogeron  culmin- 

atus).    L.  36.      Ads.  Above  slate  brown,  grayer  on 

head;     rump    white;  below    white;  neck  sometimes 
grayish;  tail  gray. 


Range — "Indian    and    southern    Pacific   Oceans;    casual  off  the 
coast  of  Oregon;  accidental  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence."     (A.  O.  U.) 


84.  Sooiy  MbaXross  {Pbcebetria  fuliginosa).  L.  35. 
Ads.  Sides  of  lower  mandible  conspicuously  grooved;  en- 
tire plumage  sooty  brown,  except  a  white  eye-ring. 


Range  — "Oceans  of  southern  hemisphere,  north  to  the  coast  of 
Oregon."     <.A.  O.  U.) 

62 


Fulmars  and  Shearwaters 


86.  F u\mar  {Fulma/ns  glacialis).  L.  19;  W.  13;  B. 
1.5.  y4ds.  Light  plir>'.e.  Headj  neck,  and  under  parts 
white;  back,  wings,  and  tail  slaty  gray.  T)ark  phase. 
Uniform  dark  slaty  ';ray.    Notes.    Silent. 

Range  -North  Atlantic,  breeds  from  Lat.  69°  northward;  winters 
south  to  Lat.  of  Massachusetts,  and  rarely  to  Virginia. 


86b.     Pacific  Fulmar  (F.  g.  glupischa).      Similar  to 
No.  86,  but  nasal  tubes  light. 


Range.— North   Pacific;  breeds  from    Ber'ng  Sea  north;    winters 

souih  to  Mexico. 


86.1.  Rodger  Fulmar  [Fulmarus  rodgersii).  Sim- 
ilar to  light  phase  of  No.  86,  but  back  with  white 
leathers;  no  dark  phase. 

Range.— "Bering  Sea  and  adjacent  parts  of  North  Pacific." 
<A.  O.  U.) 


87.    Slender-billed  Fulmar  (Pno^^//a^/a«a/m.i^s\  L. 

^8.5.    Ads.    Head  and  underparts  white;  back  ^nd  tail 
pearl;   primaries  black,  white  on  inner  web. 

Range.— Southern  Seas;  north  on  Pacific  coast  to  Washington. 


94.  Sooty  Shearwater  [Puffinus  Juliginosus).  L.  17. 
Ads.    Sooty  gray,  lighter  below. 

Range.— "Atlantic  Ocean,  breeding  in  the  southern  hemisphere;  a 
summer  visitor  off  our  coast,  from  South  Carolina  northward."  (A. 
O.  U.) 


95.    Dark-bodied  Shearwater  {P«^««5^m^5).     L. 

17.    Ads.    Above  dusky  black  or  brownish,  paler  be- 
low; under  wing  coverts  white  and  dusky;  bill  black. 

Range.— South  Pacific;  north  In  summer  on  the  American  coast  to 
California. 

96. 1 .  Wedge-tailed  Shearwater  {Puffinus  cuneatus). 
L.  17.  T.  5.4,  pointed.  Ads.  Above  brown;  below  white; 
sides  of  neck  mottled  v  ith  gray;  middle  tail  feathers 
nearly  2.  longer  than  lateral  ones.    (Cat.  B.  M.) 

Range.— "North  Pacific  Ocean,  from  the  Hawaiidn  Islands  north 
to  the  Benin  Group  and  Lo'/er  California.  '    (A.  O.  U.) 

63 


Shearwaters 


88.  Cory  Shearwater  {Puffinus  horealis).  L.  21. 
/fds.  Above  grayish  brown;  below,  including  under 
wing  coverts  and  under  tail  coverts,  white. 

Range. — North  Atlantic;  recorded  only  off  the  coast  from  Massa- 
chusetts to  Long  Island. 


89.  Greater  Shearwater  {Tuffinus  gravis).  L.  20. 
Ads.  Above  grayisli  brown  or  blackish;  tips  of  longer 
upper  tail  coverts  white;  below  white;  middle  of  belly 
and  under  tail  coverts  ashy  gray. 

Range. — "Atlantic  Ocean,  from  Cape  Horn  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
north  to  Arctic  Circle."     (A.  O.  U.) 


91.  Pink-footed  Shearwater (PM^«Ms^r^a/o/)Ms).  L. 
19.5.  Ads.  Above  dusky  gray  or  brown;  below  white; 
sides  and  lower  belly  with  grayish;  longer  under  tail 
coverts  dusky  brown;  feet,  flesh-color;  bill  yellowish. 

Range. — Pacific  Ocean  north  on  the  American  coast  in  summer  and 
fall  to  middle  California. 


92.  Audubon  Shearwater  {Puffinus  Iherminieri).  L. 
12.  Ads.  Above  black  or  brownish  black;  below 
white;  under  tail  coverts  sooty. 

Range. — Middle  Atlantic;  breeds  in  West  Indies  and  Bahamas; 
wanders  north  to  Long  Island. 

93.  Black-vented  Shearwater  {Puffinus  opistbomelas.). 
L.  15.  Ads.  Above  dusky  black;  below  white;  sides 
of  breast  grayish;  under  tail  coverts  dusky  brown; 
bill  black 


Range. — "Pacific  Ocean,  chiefly  southward;  coast  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia north  to  Santa  Cruz,  Cal."     (A.  O.  U.) 


93.1.  Townsend  Shearwater  {Puffinus  auricu- 
laris).  Similar  to  No.  93,  but  bill  and  feet  smaller, 
B.  1.2;  above  darker,  nearly  black;  black  of  head  ex- 
tending below  eye.    (Townsend.) 

Range.— Pacific  Ocean  (Clarion  Island,  Lower  California). 


96.  Slender-billed  Shearwater  [Puffinus  tenuirostris). 
L.  13.,  bill  slender  1.2  Ads.  "Above  dark  sooty  slate; 
beneath  deep  sooty  gray,  paler  on  throat  where  some- 
times inclining  to  whitish."    (Ridgw.) 

Range. — North  Pacific,  from  Japan  and  Kotzebue  Sound  south  on 
the  American  coast  to  middle  California. 

64 


Petrels 


93.  Black-capped  Petrel  [/Estrelata  hasitata).  L. 
16.  Ads.  Above  sooty  brown;  back  of  neck  and  up* 
per  tail  coverts  white-,  base  of  tail  white. 


Range.— Tropical  Atlantic;  irregular  in  United  States  (Florida,  Vir- 
ginia. New  York,  Kentucky,  Vermont,  and  Ontario.) 


1 03.     Least  Petrel  [Halocyptena  microsoma).     L.  5.  7. 
/4ds.    Sooty  blackish  brown,  lighter  below. 

Range.— "Coast  of  Lower  California  south  to  Panama."    (A.  O.  U) 


105.  Forked-tailed  Petrel  [Oceanodroma  Jurcata). 
L.  8.  7.  Ads.  Tail  forked;  bluish  gray,  wings 
darker;  a  blackish  space  about  eye. 


Range. — North  Pacific;  breeds  in  Aleutian  Islands;  recorded  north 
to  Bering  Strait;  winters  south  to  California. 


1 05. 1.  Kaeding  Petrel  [Oceanodroma  kaedingi), 
W.  6.  Ads.  Similar  to  O.  leucorrhoa,  but  much 
smaller  with  much  less  deeply  forked  tail.    (Anthony.) 

Range.— Pacific  Ocean;  (Socorro  Islands,  Lower  California.) 


I  08.  Ashy  Petrel  {Oceanodroma  h(mochroa\  L.  8.  5. 
Ads.  No  white  on  rump;  tail  forked;  sooty  black 
above,  browner  below;  wing  coverts  grayish. 


Range. — "Co'^^t  of  California;  breeds  on  ths  Santa  Barbara  and 
Farallone  islands."     (A.  O.  U.) 


65 


Petrels     L^ 


..9' 


V 


--Va 


104. 


1 04.    Stormy  Petrel ;  Mother  Carey's  ChlckeniTro- 

cellaria  pelagica).     L.  5.5.      Ads.     Sooty  black,  brown- 
er below;  upper  tail  coverts  white,  tipped  with  black. 

Range.— Nortl'  Atlantic;    winters  south  to  western  Africa  and  New 
Brunswick. 


106.  Leach  Petrel;  Stormy  Petrel  [Oceanodroma 
hucorhoa).  L.  8.,  W.  6.2.  Ads.  Tail  forked;  above 
sooty  brownish  black;  below  browner;  lesser  wing  cov- 
erts grayish  brown;  longer  upper  tail  coverts  not  tipped 
with  black.      Notes.     An  elfin-like  crow  of  eight  notes. 

Range. — North  Atlantic  and  North  Pacific;  breeds  from  Maine  to 
Greenland  and  from  Farallone  to  Aleutian  Islands;  winters  south  to 
Virginia  and  California. 


106.1. 


Petrel     {Oceanodroma   macro- 


Guadalupe 

dactyla).  L.  8.4;  W.  6.4;  T.  3.9,  fork  i  in.  deep.  Ads. 
Similar  to  O.  leucorhoa,  but  with  much  longer  and 
more  deeply  forked  tail,  larger  feet,  shorter  bill,  and 
very  broad  dusky  tips  to  the  upper  tail  coverts. 
CRidgw.  in  Cat.  B.  M.) 


Range. — Pacific  Ocean;  (Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California.) 


107.  Black  Petrel  (Oceanodroma  melania.)  L.  9. 
Ads.  Sooty  black,  paler  below;  wing-coverts  grayish, 
tail  forked. 

Range. — South  Pacific,  north  to  Santa  Barbara  Islands;  breeds  or 
Coronados  Islands,  southern  California. 


108.1  Socorro  Petrel  [Oceanodroma  socorroensis), 
W.  5.5.  Ads.  Similar  to  No.  108,  but  wings  longer: 
tail  shorter  and  less  deeply  forked;  sides  of  rump 
whitish]  no  white  on  under  surface  of  wing.    (Towns.) 

Range.— Pacific  Ocean;  (Socorro  Island,  southern  California.) 


109.  Wilson  Petrel;  Stormy  Petrel  [Oceanites 
oceanicus).  L.  7.  Ads.  Webs  of  feet  with  yellow 
patch:  tail  not  forked;  longer  upper  tail  coverts  not 
tipped  with  black.  Notes.  A  weak  weet,  weet,  and  a 
hoarse  cha^Xtnng patret-tu-cuk-cuk-tu-tu.    (Wilson.) 

'^^'  Range.    Atlantic  Ocean;  breeds  In   Southern  seas,   (Kerguelen  Is- 

land in  February),  and  migrates  north    to  Newfoundland,    spending 
«^mmer  off  coast  of  eastern  United  States. 

66 


Order  IV.    TOTIPALMATE  SWIMMERS, 


STEGANOPODES. 

Family  1.     TROPIC  BIRDS.     Pha'ethontid^.     2  species. 

Family  2.     GANNETS.     Sulid.^.     6  species. 

Family  3.     DARTERS.     Anhingid^.     1  species. 

Family  4.  CORMORANTS.  Phalacrocoracid^.  6  species,  5 
subspecies. 

Family  5.     PELICANS.     Pelecanid^.     3  species. 

Family  6.     MAN-O' -WAR-BIRDS.     Fregatid^.     1  Species. 

The  members  of  this  Order  agree  in  having  all  four  toes  connected 
by  webs,  but  in  other  respects  they  differ  widely  in  structure  and,  con- 
sequently, in  habit.  The  young  of  all  the  Steganopodes  are  born 
naked,  unlike  the  young  of  most  of  the  other  water  birds,  which,  as  a 
rule,  are  hatched  covered  with' feathers  and  can  swim  or  run  about  soon 
after  birth.  The  nests  of  the  Steganopodes  are,  of  necessity,  therefore, 
more  complex  structures  than  those  of  birds  whose  nests  are  merely 
incubators  and  not  cradles  as  well. 

Tropic  Birds  resemble  the  larger  Terns,  when  in  the  air,  but  their 
wing  strokes  are  more  rapid.  They  usually  nest  in  holes  in  the  face  of 
cliffs,  and  lay  one  whitish  egg,  marked  with  chocolate. 

Gannets  are  true  sea  birds,  but,  as  a  rule,  do  not  live  very  far  from 
the  land.  When  breeding,  Gannets  are  usually  associated  in  great 
numbers.  Their  nests,  as  a  rule,  are  placed  on  the  ground  or  on  cliffs, 
and  one  or  two  chalky  white  eggs  are  laid.  At  this  season  the  birds 
are  exceedingly  tame  and  in  localties  where  they  have  not  been  much 
molested,  one  may  walk  about  among  the  sitting  birds  without  their 
taking  flight.  Gannets  are  powerful  birds  on  the  wing.  Their  vigor- 
ous wing  strokes  are  interrupted  at  intervals  by  short  sails.  They  feed 
on  fish  which  they  capture  by  diving  from  the  air. 

The  Darters  or  Anhingas  number  four  species,  distributed  through- 
out the  tropical  parts  of  the  globe,  only  one  species  inhabiting  America. 
This  is  generally  called  the  Snakebird  or  Water  Turkey  in  Florida, 
where  it  is  a  common  species  on  the  more  isolated  rivers  and  lakes. 

67 


TOTIPALMATE  SwiMMKRS. 

The  name  Snakebird  is  derived  from  the  bird's  habit  of  swimming  with 
the  body  submerged,  when  the  long,  sinuous  neck,  appearing  above  the 
water,  readily  suggests  a  snake.  At  other  times  Snakebirds  mount  high 
in  the  air  and  sail  about,  like  Hawks,  in  wide  circles.  They  build  a 
large,  well-made  nest  in  a  bush  or  tree,  generally  over  the  water,  and 
lay  four  bluish  white,  chalky  eggs. 

Cormorants  nest  in  large  colonies,  generally  on  isolated  islets,  but 
sometimes  in  remote  swamps.  The  nests  are  placed  closely  together 
on  the  ground,  in  bushes,  and  less  frequently  in  trees,  according  to 
the  nature  of  the  bird's  haunts. 

Cormorants  feed  on  fish  which  they  catch  by  pursuing  them  under 
the  water.  They  dive  from  the  surface  of  the  water  like  Ducks,  or 
from  a  low  perch,  but  not  from  the  air,  as  do  the  Gannets. 

Pelicans  nest  in  colonies,  generally  on  some  small  island,  building 
their  nests  on  the  ground  or  in  bushes,  and  laying  two  or  three  large, 
white,  chalky  eggs. 

Brown  Pelicans  secure  their  food  by  plunging  on  it  from  the  air,  gen- 
erally from  about  twenty  feet  above  the  water.  The  sides  of  the  bill 
are  then  bowed  outward,  the  opening' widened,  forming,  with  the  pouch, 
an  effective  net  in  which  fish,  twelve  and  fourteen  inches  long,  are  cap- 
tured. 

White  Pelicans,  on  the  contrary,  feed  from  the  water,  scooping  up 
fishes  as  they  swim.  At  times  a  flock  of  these  birds  may  surround  a 
school  of  small  fish  in  shallow  water  and  drive  them  shoreward,  at  the 
same  time  actively  filling  their  pouches. 

Young  Pelicans  are  fed  on  fish  which  they  take  from  the  pouch  of 
the  parent  bird  by  thrusting  their  bills  and  heads  well  into  it  and  prod- 
ding actively  about  for  the  food  to  be  found  there.  Young  Cormorants 
secure  their  food  in  a  similar  manner. 

Frigate  Birds,  of  which  only  two  species  are  known,  have  a  greater 
expanse  of  wing  in  proportion  to  the  weight  of  their  body  than  any 
other  bird.  Their  power  of  flight  is  consequently  unexcelled  and  they 
may  spend  days  in  the  air  without  tiring.  Their  feet  are  as  weak  as 
their  wings  are  strong,  and  are  of  use  only  in  perching. 

The  food  of  Frigate  Birds  consists  chiefly  of  fish,  which  they  catch 
from  near  the  surface  of  the  water,  or  rob  from  Gulls  and  Terns  by . 
pursuing  them,  forcing  them  to  disgorge  their  prey,  and  catching  it  ere 
-t  reaches  the  water. 

68 


Tropic  Birds  and  Gannet 


1 1 2.  Yellow-billed  Tropic  Bird  {Thaetkon  american' 
«s).  L.  30;  T.  19.  Ads,  Bill  yellow;  no  bars  above; 
middle  tail  feathers  lengthened.  Yng,  Above  barred 
with  black;  middle  tail  feathers  not  lengthened. 

Range.— Tropical  coasts;  breeds  In  West  Indies,  Bahamas  and  Ber- 
mudas; casual  In  Florida;  accidental  In  western  New  York  and  Nova 
Scotia. 


113.  Red-billed  Tropic  Bird  [Thaethoncetbereus). 
L.  30;  T.  20.  Ads.  Bill  red;  above  barred  with 
black;  long  middle  tail  feathers  pure  white. 


Range.— Coasts  of  tropical  America,  north  on  the  Pacific  coast  to 
Cape  Coinett,  Lower  California;  accidental  on  the  Newfoundland 
Banks.  Breeds  on  San  Pedro  Martir  and  other  Islands  In  the  Gulf  of 
rallfornla."     (A.  O.  U.) 


117,  Gannet  C5«/aftassa«<i).  L.  35.  /^</s.  White; 
head  and  neck  tinged  with  straw;  primaries  blackish. 
Yng.  Grayish  brown  with  white  spots.  Notes,  A 
harsh  gor-r-r-rok,     - 


Range. — North  Atlantic;  breeds,  in  America,  only  on  Bird  Rock  and 
Banaventure  Islands,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence;  winters  off  the  coast, 
south  to  Florida. 


\mm*tuft. 


69 


Boobies 


115 


I  14.  Blue-faced  Booby  {Sula  cyanops).  L.  28.  Ads. 
Body  and  lesser  wing  coverts  white;  central  tail  feath- 
ers whitish,  others  dark  brown.  Yng.  Above  plain 
dark  grayish  brown  with  some  grayish  streaks;  below 
white;  flanks  streaked  with  grayish. 


Range. — Tropical  seas;  north  in  America  to  Lower  California  and 
Bahamas;  casual  in  soutliern  Florida, 


I  1 4. 1.  Blue-footed  Booby  [Sula  nehouxu).  L.  33. 
Ads.  Head,  neck,  and  underparts  white,  the  first  two 
streaked  with  grayish;  back  dusky  brownish,  tipped 
with  whitish;  legs  and  feet  bright  blue.    CGoss.^ 


Range: — Pacific  coast  of  America,  from  Gulf  of  California  to  Gal- 
apagos and  Chili.  (Cat.  B.  M.) 


I  1 5.  Booby  [Sula  sula).  L.  30.  Ads.  Breast  and 
belly  white;  bill  and  feet  yellow.  Yng.  Entirely 
brownish,  lighter  below;  bill  blackish;  feet  yellow. 
Notes.    A  harsh,  guttural  hork,  hork.    (Audubon). 


Range. — "Atlantic  coasts  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America,  north 
to  Georgia.  Also,  West  Pacific  and  Indian  Oceans."  (A.  O.  U.)  Ac- 
cidental on  Long  Island.      No  United  States  breeding  record. 


I  15.1.  Brewster  Booby  [Sula  hrewstert).  L. 
30.  Ads.  Similar  to  No.  115,  but  head  and  neck 
paler,  bill  blue,  feet  greenish. 


Range. — "Coasts  and  Islands  of  the  eastern  south  Pacific  Ocean, 
north  to  Lower  California;  breeding  as  far  north  as  Georges  Island  at 
the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  California.  '^    (A.  O.  U.) 


116.  Red-footed  Booby  [Sula  piscator).  L.  28. 
Feet  reddish.  Ads.  White;  head  and  nape  straw 
color;  primaries  boaiy  grayish  brown;  tail  white.  Yng. 
Above  sooty  brown;  head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  light 
smoky  gray.  (Ridgw.) 


Range. — Tropical  seas,  except  Pacific  coast  of  America  (Cat.   B. 
M.) ;  north  in  Atlantic  to  Bahamas  and,  rarely,  southern  Florida. 


70 


qUcI    O^'v^k^^'-*^^^ 


tt77M,/K/>«^- 


Cormorants 


119.  QtOvmov^nXi^hcilacrocoraxcarho'.  L.  36;  T. 
7.5,  of  14  feathers.  Ads.  Chin  and  sides  of  throat 
whitish;  back  glossy  brownish,  distinctly  margined 
with  black;  below  uniform  shining  black.  Breeding 
plumage.  Head  and  throat  with  white  plumes;  a  white 
patch  on  flanks.  Yng,  Belly  whiter  above  olive 
grayish  brown,  margined  with  black;  throat  whitish) 
neck  brownish. 

Range. — North    Atlantic;  breeds  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Greenland; 
winters  south  toCarolinas. 


120.  Double-crested  Cormorant  (Thalacrocorax 
dilophus).  L.  30;  W.  12.5;  T.  6.2,  of  12  feathers.  Ads. 
Back  brownish  with  distinct  black  margins;  below 
shining  black.  Breeding  plumage.  With  tufts  on 
either  side  of  head  black,  sometimes  mixed  with  white; 
throat  pouch  orange.  Yng.  Back  browner;  head, 
neck,  and  lower  belly  brown;  breast  whitish. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  locally  from  Bay  of  Fundy, 
Minnesota,  North  Dakota,  northward;  west  to  Asslniboia;  winters 
from  southern  Illinois  and  Virginia  southward. 


120a.    Florida  Cormorant  (P.  rf.yZon^awws).    Simi- 
lar to  No.  120,  but  blacker  and  smaller.    L.  25. 

Range. — South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States;  breeds  north  to  North 
Carolina  and  southern  Illinois. 


1 20b.  White-crested  Cormorant  [P.  d.  andnatus). 
Similar  to  No.  120,  but  larger,  L.  36;  nuptial  crests 
white. 

Range.— Pacific  coasts;  breeds  In  Alaska;  winters  south  to  Cal- 
ifornia. 


1 20c.     Farallone     Cormorant    (P.  d.  albociliatus). 
Similar  to  120b.,  but  smaller,  L.  28. 

Range. — Breeds  on  California  coast  and  In  interior,  south  to  Socorro 
Island.    (Ridgw.) 


121.  Mexican  Cormorant  (Phalacrocorax  mexican- 
us).  L.  25.  W.  10.  Ads.  Narrow  border  at  base  of 
pouch  white.  Breeding  plumage.  Neck  with  white 
plumes.  Yng.  Head  and  hindneck  brownish;  back 
grayish,  margined  with  black;  throat,  foreneck  and 
breast  brownish  white;  belly  black. 


Range.— Breeds  In  West  Indies  and  Central  America  to  west  Gulf      »,_a»„ 
States;  north  in  summer  rarely  to  Kansas  and  southern  Illinois.  wn»Tot 


71 


Cormorants 


122.  Brandt  Cormorant  ( Phalacrocorax  penicilla- 
tus).  L.  35;  T.  6.  Chin  and  sides  of  throat  huffy 
•white  or  brownish.  Ads,  Above  blue  h\2iC\i,  faintly 
margined  with  black;  below  green  black.  Breeding 
plumage.  With  white,  hairlike  plumes  from  back  and 
neck;  no  white  on  flanks;  throat  pouch  blue.  Yng. 
Above  dark  brown;  throat  and  belly  whitish;  breast 
and  sides  brown. 


Range, 
dent. 


-Pacific  coast  from  Cape  St.  Lucas  to  Washington;  resi- 


123.  Pelagic  Cormorant  (Phalacrocorax  pelagiais). 
L.  28;  W.  10;  T.  6.2.  Forehead  feathered;  back 
feathers  not  margined.  Ads.  Above  glossy  green  and 
purplish  black;  below  botlle  green.  Breeding  plumage. 
With  white  plumes  on  neck  and  rump  and  white 
patches  on  flanks;  nape  and  forehead,  crested.  Yng. 
Above  greenish  dusky  brown,  less  green  below. 


Range. — "Aleutian    and  Kuril  Islands,  and  Kamchatka,  south  to 
Jap-in."     (A.  O.  U.) 


123a.    Violet-green    Cormorant    (P.  p.    rohustus). 
Similar  to  No.  123,  but  larger;  bill  stouter,  W.  10.8. 


Range. — Coast  of  Alaska, from  Norton  Sound  south  to  Washington." 
(A.  O.  U.) 


1 23b.  Baird  Cormorant  (P.  p.  resplendens).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  123,  but  smaller;  bill  slenderer;  W.  9.5. 
l^otes.    A  croaking,  guttural  note. 

Range. — Pacific  coast  from  Washington  south  to  Mazatlan,  Mexl- 


124.  Red-faced  Cormorant  (Phalacrocorax  urile). 
L.  34.  Forehead  as  well  as  lores  bare.  Ads.  Above 
green  and  purple;  head  and  neck  blue  black;  belly 
green.  Breeding  plumage.  With  forehead  and  nape 
crests  and  white  patches  on  flanks.  Notes.  "A  low, 
droning  croak."    (Nelson.) 


Range. — "Prlbilcf,  Aleutian,  and  Kuril  Islands,  and  coast  of  Kam- 
chatka.   South  in  winter  to  northern  Japan."     (A.  O.  UO 


72 


Anhinga,  Pelicans,  and  Man-o'-War  Bird 


118.  Anhinga;  Snakebird;  Water  Turkey  (/^«- 
hinga  anhinga).  L.  36.  Ad.  (^.  Black;  grayish  head 
and  neck  plumes  which,  in  winter,  are  absent.  Ad. 
$.  Resembles  male  but  whole  head,  neck,  and 
breast  brownish.  Yng.  Similar  to  V  but  black 
parts  duller.  Notes.  A  rasping,  clattering  croak, 
uttered  when  fighting  or  in  coming  to  the  nest. 


Range. — Tropical  and  subtropical  America;  breeds  north  to  south- 
ern Illinois  and  South  Carolina;  winters  from  Gulf  States  southward. 


125.  American  White  Pelican  {Pelecanus  erythror- 
hynchos).  L.  60.  Ads.  White;  primaries  black;  bill 
in  breeding  season  with  a  knob.  Yng.  With  crown 
brownish. 

Ranker— North  America;  breeds  in  Interior  from  eastern  California. 
Utah,  Yellowstone  Park,  Minnesota  (?)  northward  to  Lat.  61°  ;  win- 
ters from  Gulf  States  and  southern  California,  south  to  Central  Amer- 
ica. 


126.  ^roviW  PeWczn  (Pelecanusocddentalis).  L.  50; 
W.  19.5.  Ads.  Pouch  greenish;  head  white,  rarely- 
yellowish;  neck  brown.  In  fall,  no  brown  on  neck. 
Yng.  Brownish  gray,  white  below.  Notes.  Adults  as 
a  rule  silent;  young  before  flying,  very  noisy. 

Range: — ^Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast  of  tropical  and  subtropical  Amer- 
ica; breeds  from  northern  South  America  to  South  Carolina;  has 
strayed  to  Illinois  and  Nova  Scotia;  winters  from  Gulf  States  south- 
ward. 


127.    California  Brown  Pelican  (Pelecanus  californ- 

L.   54;  W.  21; 


icus).    Similar  to  No.  126,  but  larger 
pouch  in  breeding  season,  red. 


Range. — Pacific  coast  from  Galapagos  north  to  British  Columbia; 
creeds  north  only  to  Los  Coronados  Islands. 


128. 

aquila). 
pouch 


Man-o'-War    Bird;    Frigate    Bird    (Fregata 
L.  40.       Ad.  (^.      Black,    glossy    above; 
orange."     Ad.     ?.      Browner; 


'scarlet    or 


head  and  neck  white, 
croaking  note. 


Notes.    Usually  silent;  rarely  a 


Range: — Tropical  and  subtropical  coasts;  In  America  north  to 
Florida,  Texas,  and  southern  California;  casually  to  Kansas,  Ohio 
and  Nova  Scotia;  winters  from  southern  Florida  and  Lower  Cal- 
fornla  southward. 

73 


Order  V.    DUCKS,  GEESE,  AND  SWANS. 

ANSERES. 

Family  1.  DUCKS,  GEESE,  and  SWANS.  Anatid^.  49 
species,  6  subspecies. 

The  Anatidae  of  North  America  are  placed  in  five  well-marked  sub- 
families, the  Mergansers  {Mergincs) ,  River  Ducks  {Anatince) ,  Sea  Ducks 
i^FuligulincB) ^  Geese  (Anserine^) ^  and  Swans  {Cygnince), 

The  Mergansers,  Saw-bills,  or  Shelldrakes  are  fish-eating  Ducks  and 
their  rounded  bills,  set  with  toothlike  projections  along  the  sides,  are 
of  evident  use  to  them  in  holding  their  prey. 

The  River  Ducks  include  such  well-known  species  as  the  Mallard, 
Black  Duck,  and  Widgeon.  They  differ  from  the  Bay  or  Sea  Ducks 
in  not  having  a  well-developed  web  or  flap  on  the  hind-toe.  As  a 
rule  they  feed  in  shallow  water  by  tipping,  standing  on  their  heads,  as 
it  were,  while  reaching  the  bottom  for  food. 

The  Bay  or  Sea  Ducks  have  the  hind-toe  webbed.  They  feed,  as  a 
rule,  in  deeper  water  than  the  River  Ducks,  sometimes  descending  to 
the  bottom  in  water  over  one  hundred  feet  deep.  During  the  winter 
they  gather  in  flocks  often  of  several  thousand  individuals,  and  fre- 
quent the  larger  bodies  of  water. 

With  both  the  River  and  Bay  Ducks  the  sides  of  the  broad,  fiat  bill 
are  set  with  gutters  which  serve  as  strainers,  retaining  the  mollusks, 
seeds  and  roots  of  aquatic  plants  on  which  these  Ducks  feed,  while  the 
mud  or  water  taken  in  with  the  food  is  forced  out  the  sides  of  the  bill 
as  it  closes. 

Geese  are  more  terrestrial  than  Ducks  and  often  visit  the  land  to  nip 
the  grass.  This  is  particularly  true  in  the  west  where  large  flocks  of 
Geese,  especially  Snow  Geese,  may  be  seen  feeding  on  the  prairies. 
On  the  water  they  feed  over  shallows  by  tipping  and  probing  the 
bottoms. 

Swans  also  feed  from  the  surface  of  the  water  either  by  simply  im- 
mersing the  head  and  neck  or  by  half  submerging  the  body,  when,  with 
the  tail  pointed  to  the  zenith,  the  length  of  their  reach  is  greatly  in- 
creased. 

In  spite  of  their  comparatively  short  wings  the  large  muscles  attach- 
ed to  them  give  to  the  Anatidae  great  power  of  flight.  Not  only  do 
they  make  extended  journeys,  when  migrating,  without  a  rest,  but  they 
attain  a  speed  which  is  surpassed  by  but  few  birds.  Some  of  the 
smaller  species,  when  alarmed,  doubtless  flying  at  the  rate  of  one 
hundred  miles  an  hour. 

In  common  with  other  diving  water  birds  the  Ducks,  when  molting, 
lose  most  of  their  wing  feathers  all  at  once,  and  for  a  time  are  there- 
fore unable  to  fly.  During  this  comparatively  helpless  period  the' 
brightly  colored  males  assume  in  part  the  plumage  of  the  females  and 

74 


Ducks,  Geese,  and  Swans. 

are  thereby  rendered  less  conspicuous.  With  the  return  of  the  power 
of  flight,  however,  they  regain  their  distinctive,  male  plumage,  v/hich 
is  usually  brighter  than  that  of  the  female.  With  our  Geese  and  Swans 
there  is  no  sexual  difference  in  color. 

Most  of  our  Ducks  and  Geese  breed  in  the  north,  some  within  the 
Arctic  Circle,  and  winter  from  the  southern  limit  of  frozen  water  south- 
ward. The  American  Merganser,  Hooded  Merganser,  Wood  Duck, 
Buffle-head,  Golden-Eyes,  Tree  Ducks,  and  possibly  Harlequin  Duck 
nest  in  hollow  trees,  at  times  some  distance  from  the  water.  The 
young  of  the  American  Golden-eye  and  of  the  Wood  Duck  have  been 
seen  to  reach  the  water  by  jumping  from  the  nest-hole  and  fluttering 
down  in  response  to  the  calls  of  the  parent  below.  It  is  said  that  they 
are  also  brought  down  in  the  bill  of  the  old  bird,  but  this  statement 
apparently  lacks  confirmation. 

The  remaining  species  of  our  Ducks,  Geese,  and  Swans,  nest  as  a 
rule,  on  the  ground  generally  near  water.  From  five  to  fifteen  and,  in 
the  case  of  the  Fulvous  Tree  Duck,  possibly  as  many  as  thirty  eg^^s  are 
laid.  In  color  they  vary  from  white  to  buify  and  p^le  olive  and  are  al- 
ways uniformly  colored.  Incubation  is  performed  by  the  female  alone. 
The  males  at  this  period  among  most  Ducks  deserting  their  male  to  un- 
dergo the  partial  molt  before  mentioned.  While  incubating  the  females 
surround  their  nest  with  soft  down  plucked  from  their  bodies  and  when 
leaving  the  nest  to  feed,  this  down  is  drawn  over  the  eggs  with  the 
double  object,  doubtless,  of  concealing  them  and  of  keeping  them 
warm. 

With  Eider  Ducks  this  down  constitutes  the  larger  part  of,  if  not 
the  entire  nest.  Saunders  states  that  in  Iceland  the  down  in  each  nest 
weighs  about  one-sixth  of  a  pound.  This  is  gathered  by  the  natives, 
who,  however,  are  careful  to  afford  the  sitting  bird  an  opportunity  to 
raise  her  brood  without  further  molestation. 

The  collection  of  Eider  down  thus  furnishes  an  admirable  illustra- 
tion of  proper  economic  relations  between  man  and  birds.  The  down 
is  an  important  source  of  income  to  the  natives  of  the  comparatively 
barren,  northern  countries  in  which  the  Eiders  nest.  So  long  as  man 
can  remember  it  has  been  gathered  annually.  Still  the  Ducks  con- 
tinue to  return  in  numbers  year  after  year  to  the  same  region,  per- 
haps the  exact  spot  in  which  they  nested  the  year  before. 

Less  intelligent  methods  would  perhaps  rob  the  bird  of  its  second,  as 
well  as  of  its  first  nest  and,  unable  to  reproduce  its  kind,  the  species 
would  become  extinct  within  a  comparatively  short  period. 

The  evils  which  would  follow  such  a  course  are,  however,  thorough- 
ly understood.  The  Ducks,  in  the  first  place,  are  encouraged  in  every 
way.  It  is  said  that  should  one  walk  into  a  peasant's  cabin  and  pre- 
empt his  cot  as  a  nesting-site,  the  peasant  would  gladly  give  up  his  bed 
to  so  valuable  a  visitor. 

75 


Ducks 


129.  American  Merganser  (Merganser  americanus). 
L.  25;  B.  from  nostril,  1.5;  nostril  midway  between 
eye  and  tip  of  bill.  /id.  J^.  No  band  of  streaks  on 
breast;  no  crest,  /id.  $ .  and  Yng.  Chin  white;  crown 
and  throat  reddish  brown;  rest  of  underparts  and  spec- 
ulum white;  above  and  tail  ashy. 

Range. — North  America;  breeds  from  New  Brunswick,  rarely 
mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  Minnesota,  and  mountains  of  Colorado 
and  California  northward;  winters  from  Maine  and  British  Columbia 
south  to  South  Carolina  and  southern  California. 

1 30.  Red-breasted  Merganser  {Merganser  serratot). 
L.  22;  B.  from  nostril,  1.8;  nostril  nearer  to  eye  than  to 
tip  of  bill.  y4d.  (J".  Breast  with  a  broad  cinnamon 
band  streaked  with  black;  head  feathers  lengthened. 
/id.  9  and  Yng.  Crown  grayish  brown,  washed  with 
rusty.  Chin  and  throat  paler;  rest  of  underparts  and 
speculum  white;  back  and  tail  ashy.  Notes.  When 
alarmed,  several  low,  guttural  croaks.    (Elliot.) 

Range. — Northern  hemisphere;  breeds,  in  America,  from  New  Bruns- 
wick and  northern  Illinois  north  to  Greenland  and  Alaska;  winters 
from  southern  breeding  limits,  south  to  Cuba  and  Lower  California. 

131.  Hooded  Merganser  {Lophodytes  cucullatus). 
L.  17.5.  Ad.  (^.  A  large,  circular  black  and  white 
crest.  Ad.  ?  Yng.  A  small  cinnamon  crest,  head, 
neck  and  breast  grayish  brown;  back,  blackish;  belly 
white.  Notes.  "A  hoarse  croak,  like  a  small  edition 
of  that  of  the  Red-breasted  Merganser. "     (Elliot. ) 

Range. — North  America  from  Cuba  and  Lower  California  north  to 
Labrador  and  Alaska;  breeds  locally  throughout  its  range,  chiefly  in 
Interior  of  British  America;  winters  from  British  Columbia,  Illinois, 
and  Massachusetts  southward. 

132.  Mallard  {Anas  hoschas).  L.  23.  Speculum 
(patch  in  wing  J  purple  bordered  by  black  and  white; 
under  surface  of  wing  pure  white.  Ad.  (^.  Head 
green;  breast  chestnut,  a  white  neck-ring.  Ad.  ?. 
Above  blackish  and  buffy,  below  rusty  buff  mottled 
with  dusky  grayish  brown.  Notes.  The  familiar 
quack  of  tlie  barnyard  Duck. 

Range. — Northern  hemisphere;  breeds,  in  America,  from  Labrador, 
Indiana,  Iowa,  and  California  north  to  Greenland  and  Alaska;  winters 
from  British  Columbia,  Kansas,  and  New  Jersey  to  Central  America 
and  West  Indies.  T^^XI/Ik   x«*-^^2v4/vv^  ,\u  -  ^^^^V1^WA^  »^ '*'CW- 

143.     P\n\ai\{Daftla  acuta).     L.  J^,  28;  ? ,  22.     Ad. 

Central  tail  feathers  black,  7.5  long,  pointed.    Ad. 

Tail  3.5,;  feathers  sharply  pointed;  brownish  black, 
wth  buff  bars;  under  wing-coverts  dusky  an  J  buff; 
back  blackish  with  internal  buff  loops.  Notes.  A  loud 
quack,  less  sonorous  than  that  of  the  Mallard;  a  low 
mellow  whistle,  and  a  harsh  rolling  note.    (Nelson.) 

Range.— Northern  hemisphere;  breeds,  in  America,  from  New  Bruns- 
wick, Iowa.  Illinois,  and  British  Columbia  northward;  winters  from 
British  Columbia,  Illinois,  and  Virginia,  south  to  Central  America  and 
West  Indies. 

76 


Ducks 


133.  Black  Duck  {Anas  ohscura).  L.  22.  Ads. 
Speculum  bluish  purple  tipped  with  black]  no  white  in 
wing;  lining  of  wing  white  and  dusky)  crown  without 
paler  margins;  throat,  usually,  without  markings;  legs 

olivaceous  brown"  bill  "greenish  black,  dusky  olive, 
or  olive-green."  Notes.  A  quack  resembling  that  of 
the  Mallard. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  chiefly  east  ^i  Mississippi;  breeds 
locally  from  New  Jersey  and  Illinois  north  to  Labrador  and  Hudson 
Bay;  winters  from  Maine  to  West  Indies. 

133a.  Red-legged  Black  Duck  {A.  o.  ruhripes). 
Similar  to  No.  133  but  larger;  crown  edged  with  buff 
or  gray;  throat  spotted;  legs  red;  bill  yellow. 

Range. — Summer  range  not  definitely  known,  but  breeding  speci- 
mens have  been  taken  in  northern  Labrador,  James  Bay.  and  west 
shore  of  Hudson  Bay;  in  winter  south  to  Virginia  and  Arkansas. 

1 34.  Florida  Duck  (Anasfulvigula).  L.  20.  Ads. 
Throat  and  front  of  neck  plain  buff,  usually  unmarked; 
speculum  sometimes  tipped  with  white;  belly  rusty 
buff;  broadly  streaked  with  black.  Notes.  A  quack  sim- 
ilar to  that  of  No.  133. 

Range. — Florida  to  coast  of  Louisiana;  resident. 

1 34a.  Mottled  Duck  (^./.  wa^M/o5a).  Similar  to 
No.  134,  but  underparts  woW/^i^  with  black  the  mark- 
ings being  rounder. 

Range. — Eastern  Texas;  breeds  (at  least)  from  Corpus  Christi 
noith  to  Kansas;  winters  on  west  Gulf  Coas  t. 

135.  Gadwall  {Cbaulelasmus  streperus)^  L.  19.5. 
Under  wing  coverts  and  axillars  pure  white.  Ad. 
J*.  Wing-coverts  chestnut;  breast  ringed  with 
white.  Ad.  ^.  Head  and  throat  as  in  cJ*,  back  fuscous 
and  buffy;  breast  and  sides  ochraceous  tnickly  spotted 
with  blackish;  speculum  ashy  gray  and  white.  Notes. 
A  quack  like  that  of  the  Mallard  but  shriller  and  more 
often  repeated. 

Range.  -Northern  hemisphere;  in  America,  breeds  in  the  interior 
from  Kansas  and  California  north  to  Manitoba  and  Assiniboia;  winters 
from  Maryland  to  Florida,  rare  in  northeastern  Atlantic  States. 

136.  W\6^eox\  {Mareca penelope).  L.  18.5.  Ad.  (^. 
Head  and  neck  reddish  brown;  crown  buff;  sides  with 
wavy  black  and  white  lines.  Ad.  9.  Head  and  throat 
rusty,  finely  streaked  and  barred  with  black;  breast  and 
sides  rusty;  speculum  blackish.  Notes.  Of  male,  a 
shrill,  whistling  whee-you\  of  female,  a  low,  purring 
growl.    (Saunders.) 

Range.— Northern  hemisphere;  breeds  in  America,  only  in  the 
Aleutian  Islands;  casual  in  migrations  and  in  winter  in  California  and 
on  Atlantic  coast  from  North  Carolina  to  Greenland. 

137.  Baldpate  {Mareca  americana).  L.  19.  No 
rusty  on  head.  Ad.  J*.  Under  tail-coverts  black; 
streak  from  eye  to  nape  glossy  green.  Ad.  ?.  Head 
and  throat  whitish  finely  marked  with  black;  breast  and 
sides  rusty  washed  with  grayish.  Notes.  "A  low, 
soft  whistle."   (Elliot.) 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  in  the  interior  from  Minnesota  andi 
British  Columbia  north  to  Alaska;  winters  from  British  Columbia  and  I 
Vireinia  south  to  South  America;  only  a  migrant  on  northeast  Atlantic 
coast  to  Labrador. 

77 


Ducks 


139.  Green-winged  Teal  (NetUon  carolinensis).  L. 
14.5.  Wing-ccverts  gray,  tipped  with  buff  or  white. 
Ad.  (^.     A  white  crescent  in  front  of  wing;  speculum 

wiiig-patch)  green  bordered  by  black  tipped  with 
white.  Ad.  $.  Wings  as  in  cl^;  throat  and  sides  of 
neck  white,  finely  spotted  with  black;  breast  and  sides 
washed  with  rusty,  marked  with  black.  Nofes.  A 
"oeculiar  chirping  almost  a  twittering"  as  they  fly. 
(Seton.) 

Range. — North  America;  breeds  from  New  Brunswick,  Minnesota, 
and  British  Columbia  north  to  Greenland  and  Alaska;  winters  from 
Virginia,  Kansas,  and  British  Columbia  south  to  Central  America  and 
West  Indies. 

140.  Blue-winged  Teal  (Ow^f^M^iM/a^w^fs).  Wing- 
coverts  blue.  Ad.  c^.  Cheek  patch  white.  Ad.  $ . 
Resembles  ?  of  No.  139,  but  wing-coverts  blue;  spec- 
ulum greenish  brown  not  distinctly  tipped  with  white. 
L.  16. 

Range.— North  America;  chiefly  east  of  Rockies;  breeds  from  New 
Brunswick,  Kansas,  southern  Illinois  and  northern  Ohio,  north  to 
Alaska,  mainly  in  Interior;  winters  from  Virginia  and  Lower  Mississippi 
Valley  to  northern  South  America,  California,  and  Lower  California. 

141  .  Cinnamon  Teal  (Qtierquedula  cyanoptera).  Ad. 
c^.  Head  and  neck,  breast  ond  sides  reddish  brown. 
tJd.  $.  Resembles  $  of  No.  140,  but  the  underparts, 
including  throat,  are  usually  suffused  with  rusty;  the 
throat  often  being  blackish  or  speckled  with  dusky. 
Notes.    A  rather  thin,  nasal  quack.    L.  16. 

Range.— Western  North  America  from  British  Columbia  south  to 
South  America,  east  to  Rockies  and  southern  Texas;  rarely  to  FKt- 
ida. 

142.  Shoveller  {Spatula  clypeata).  L.  20.  Bill 
much  broader  at  tip  than  at  base.  Ad.  J^.  Belly  chest- 
nut; breast  around  to  back  white.  Ad.  ?.  Wing- 
coverts  blue;  back  conspicuously  margined  with  buff. 
Notes.    "Occasionally  a  few  feeble  quacks."      (Elliot.) 

Range.— Northern  hemisphere;  In  America  chiefly  In  interior;  breeds 
locally  from  Texas,  and  regularly  from  Minnesota  and  British  Colum- 
bia north  to  Alaska  and  Barren  Grounds;  winters  from  British  Colum- 
bia, Illinois,  and  Maryland  south  to  northern  South  America. 

144.    Wood  Duck  (^/x  5/)o«s«).      L.  18.5.    Ad.   ^. 

Head  crested;  green,blue,  and  purple  with  white  stripes. 
Ad.  ? .  A  white  streak  through  and  behind  eye;  crown 
glossy  purplish  brown;  back  olive-brown  glossed  with 
greenish.    Notes.    A  frightened,  plaintive,  oo-eek. 

Range. — North  America;  breeds  locaiiy  from  Florida  to   Labrador 
and   British    Columbia,  winters  from   British    Columbia,    soi.thern 
Illinois,  and  southern  New  Jersey,  south  to   southern  California  and 
/4-4.      Cuba. 


78 


Ducks 


1 46.     Redhead  {j4j>thya  americand).     L.  19.     Ad.   J*. 

Head  and  upper  neck  entirely  bright  reddish  brown. 
Ad.  9-  Throat  white;  back  grayish  brown  without 
fine  bars;  speculum  gray.  Notes.  "A  hoarse  guttural 
rolling  sound."    (Elliot.) 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  chiefly  in  interior  from  Maine, 
Minnesota,  and  California  north  to  Labrador  and  British  Columbia; 
winters  from  British  Columbia  and  Maryland  south  to  Lower  Cali- 
fornia and  West  Indies. 


-  147.  Canyas-back  {Aythjya  valltsneria\  L.  21.  Ad. 
^.  Head  and  whole  neck  dull  reddish  brown.  Ad.  9. 
Head  and  neck  rusty  grayish  brown;  back  grayish 
brown,  finely  barred  with  black  and  white.  Notes.  "A 
harsh  guttural  croak."    (Elliot.) 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  only  in  Interior  from  Minnesota 
and  Orejgon  north  to  Alaska  and  the  Barren  Grounds;  winters  from 
British  Columbia  and  Maryland  south  to  southern  California,  Mexico 
and  West  Indies. 


1 48.  American  Scaup  Duck  {Aythya  marila).  L. 
(^,  18.5;  9,  17.5.  Ad.  ^.  Head  glossed  with  green- 
ish; sides  without  distinct  black  bars.  Ad.  9-  Feath- 
ers about  base  of  bill  white;  breast  and  back  rusty 
grayish  brown;  speculum  white.  Notes.  "Similar  to 
the  guttural  sound  made  by  the  Canvas-back,  Red- 
head and  other  diving  Ducks."    (Elliot.) 

Range.— Northern  parts  of  northern  hemisphere;  in  America,  breeds  in 
the  interior  rarely  from  Minnesota,  and  regularly  from  North  Dakota 
northward;  winters  from  Long  Island  to  northern  South  America. 


149.  Lesser  Scaup  Duck  {Aythya  affinis).  L.  J*  17; 
9,  16.5.  Ad.  (^.  Head  glossed  with  purplish;  sides 
with  distinct  black  bars.  Ad.  9-  Similar  to  9  of  No. 
148,  but  smaller. 

Range. — North  America;  breeds  only  in  interior  from  Iowa  rarely. 
North  Dakota  commonly,  and  British  Columbia,  north  to  Barren 
Grounds;  winters  from  British  Columbia  and  Virginia  south  to  Guat- 
emala and  West  Indies. 


150.  R\ng-necked  Duck  {Aythya  collaris).  L.  16.5. 
Ad.  (^.  A  chestnut  neck-ring;  chin  white;  back  black; 
speculum  gray.  Ad.  9  •  Feathers  about  sides  of  base 
of  bill  and  throat  white,  back  and  breast  rusty  grayish 
brown;  speculum  gray.  Resembles  9  of  No.  146,  but 
is  smaller  and  rustier. 

Range.— North  America;  breeding  only  in  the  interior  from  Minne- 
sota northward;  winters  from  Maryland  and  British  Columbia  south 
to  Guatemala  and  West  Indies:  rare  on  Atlantic  coast  north  of  Mary- 
land. 


79 


Ducks 


151.  American  Golden-eye  (Clangula  dangula 
americana),  L.  20.  Ad.  (^ .  Head  greenish;  white 
patch  at  base  of  bill  circular.  Ad.  ?.  Head  ar.J 
throat  brown;  breast  and  back  gray,  a  white  throat- 
ring;  belly  and  speculum  white.  'Notes.  Rarely  a  low 
croak;  a  high  whistling  sound  produced  by  win^s  in 
flight. 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  Maine,  northern  Minnesota, 
and  Alberta,  north  to  Arctic  Regions;  winters  from  southern  Alasl<a, 
the  Great  Lakes  and  Maine,  south  to  Mexico  and  Cuba. 


152.  Barrow  Golden-eye  [Clangula  islandica).  L. 
20.  Ad.  (^.  Head  purplish  blue;  white  patch  at  base 
of  bill  twice  as  high  as  wide.  Ad.  9 .  Resembles  9  of 
No.  151.  Notes.  A  high  whistling  made  by  wings  in 
flight,  probably  also  a  low  croaking  as  in  No.  151. 

Range. — Northern  North  America;  breeds  from  Gulf  of  St. Lawrence, 
and  mountains  of  Colorado  north  to  southern  Greenland;  winters  south 
to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  California. 


153.  Buffle-head  [Charitonetta  alheola).  L.  14.7. 
Ad.  (^.  Head  blue,  purple,  and  green;  a  white  band 
from  eye  to  eye  across  nape.  Ad.  9-  A  whitish  patch 
on  either  side  of  head;  throat  and  upper  parts  grayish 
brown;  belly  and  speculum  white.  Notes.  A  single 
guttural  note  like  a  small  edition  of  the  Canvas-back's 
roll.    (Elliot.) 

Range. — North  America;  breeds  from  Maine.  Iowa,  and  British 
Columbia  northward;  winters  from  southern  limit  of  breeding  range 
to  West  Indies  and  Mexico. 


167.  Ruddy  Duck  ( Erismatura  jamaicensis) .  L .  15. 
Tail-feathers  narrow  and  stiff;  Sill  short  (1.5)  and 
broad.  Ad.  J^.  Cheeks  white,  cap  black,  back  red- 
dish brown.  Ad.  9-  A  whitish  streak  through  dusky 
cheeks;  back  grayish  brown  with  fine  buffy  bars; 
belly  silvery  whitish.  Yng.  S"- 
all  white  or  whitish. 


Similar,  but  cheeks 


Range.— Western  hemisphere  from  northern  South  America  to 
Hudson  Bay;  breeds  locally  throughout  its  range,  but  chiefly  north- 
ward; winters  from  New  Jersey,  southern  Illinois  and  California 
southward. 


168.  Masked  Duck  {Nomonyx  dominicus).  L.  14. 
Tail-feathers  long,  (4.5)  narrow,  stiff  and  pointed. 
Ad.  (^.  Front  of  head  black;  behind  it  reddish  brown 
all  around;  white  in  wing.  Ad.  9-  A  brownish 
streak  through  eye:  buffy  streaks  above  and  below  it; 
back  blackish  regularly  barred  with  buff;  below  washed 
with  rusty- 
Range — Tropical  America  north  to  Lower  Rio  Grande;  accidental  In 
Wisconsin,  Lake  Champlain.  and  Massachusetts. 


80 


Ducks 


154.  0\d'SC[ua}N  [Harelda  hj'emalts).  L.  cJ^,  21;  9, 
i^;  r.  J^,  8;  9,2.5.  No  colored  speculum,  ^d.  (^. 
Cenlrai  tail-ft-ithers  much  lengthened;  in  winter, 
crown,  na'^e,  throat,  and  neck  all  around  white.  In 
summer,  black,  with  rusty  markings  on  back.  /id.  9- 
winter.  Cheeks,  neck  all  around,  and  underparts  white; 
breast  and  sides  of  neck  dusky.  In  summer,  crown, 
cheeks  and  nape  blackish,  throat  and  breast  dusky;  a 
whitish  patch  back  of  eye.  Notes.  In  spring,  a  rich, 
musical  a-leedle-a,  frequently  repeated  in  deep,  reed- 
like tones.  (Nelson.)  Also  ''^o-onc-o-onc-ough-egh- 
ough-egh. ' '     ( Mackay. ) 


Range. — Northern  hemisphere;  breeds  from  northern  Labrador  and 
Aleutian  Islands  north  to  Arctic  Ocean;  winters  south  to  Virginia, 
Upper  Mississippi  Valley,  and  California,  "rarely  to  Florida  and  Tex- 
as. 


155.  Ww\e{\\x\i\D[icW{Histriontcus  histrionicus'\.  L. 
17.  Ad.  cp.  Back  and  breast  slaty  blue;  head  darker. 
Ad.  9.  Front  half  of  cheeks  and  spot  over  ears 
whitish;  above  blackish  brown;  below  dusky  and 
whitish.  Notes.  "A  confusion  of  low  gabbling  and 
chattering  notes."    (Nelson.) 


Range.— "Northern  North  America,  breeding  from  Newfoundland, 
the  northern  Rocky  Mountains,  and  the  Sierra  Nevadas  (latitude 
38°  ).  northward;  south  in  winter  to  the  Middle  States  and  California; 
eastern  Asia.  Iceland."     (A.  O.  U.) 

156.  Labrador  Duck  [Camptolaimus  labradorius). 
L.  20.  Ad.  (^.  Primaries  blackish;  rest  of  wing 
white.  Ad.  9.  Ashy  gray:  speculum  white.  Yng. 
cf.  Like  9,  but  throat  and  ends  of  greater  wing- 
coverts  white. 


Range.— Formerly  North  Atlantic  coast;  bred  from  Labrador  north- 
ward; wintered  south  to  New  Jersey;  believed  to  be  extinct; 
last  records.  Grand  Menan,  New  Brunswick,  1871;  Long  Island,  1875. 


157.  Steller  Eider  [Eniconetta  stellert).  L.  18. 
Ad.  cf .  Throat  and  neck  black  nearly  divided  by  a 
white  ring;  top  and  sides  of  head  white,  forehead  and 
nape  greenish;  breast  chestnut.  Ad.  9.  Above  and 
below  black  and  rusty;  speculum  purple  bordered  with 
white;  tail  feathers  pointed. 

Range.— "Arctic  and  subarctic  coasts  of  the  northern  hemisphere, 
Aleutian  Islands,  east  to  Unalaska  and  Kadlak;  Kenai  Peninsula." 
(A.  \J.  U.J 


81 


Ducks 


158.    Spec\ac\e6  Eider  {A ramdtafisckeri).    L.  21' 

y^d.  cT.  Pront  of  head  plush-like,  cushiony  pads 
around  eyes;  above  largely  white;  breast  slaty  black;, 
belly  black. 


Range.— "Alaskan  coast  of  Bering  Sea  and  north  to  Point  Barrow." 
(A.  O.  U.) 


159.  Greenland  Eider  (Somaterta  mollissima  borealis), 
L.  23.  Feathers  on  sides  of  bill  reaching  to  nostrils, 
bare  spaces  on  either  side  of  feathers  on  culmen  pointed 
at  base  (posteriorly.)  Ad.  (J\  Crown  black  with  a 
white  wedge.  Ad.  $.  Brownish  black  above  mar- 
gined with  rusty  and  buff;  below  dusky  finely  mar- 
gined with  buff.  Yng.  cf .  Similar  to  9  but  more 
buffy.  Notes.  "A  sort  of  cooing  sound"  in  the 
breeding  season.  (Elliot.)  A  raucous,  moaning, 
'/&a  Ao, '^a /to;  female's  like  that  of  Mallard.  (Brunnich.) 


Range. — Northeastern  North  America;     breeds    from   Labrador   to 
Greenland;  winters  south  to  Massachusetts. 


160.     American  Eider  {Somateria  dresseri).      L.   23. 

Similar  in  color  to  No.  159,  but  bare  spaces  on  either 
side  of  feathers  of  culmen  rounded  at  the  base  (poster- 
iorly). 

Range. — Northeastern  North  America;  breeds  from   Isle  au  Haut, 
Maine,  to  Labrador;  winters  south  to  New  Jersey  and  Great  Lakces. 


161.  Pacific  Eider  (Somaterta  v-m'gra).  Similar 
to  No.  159,  but  Ad.  ^  with  a  black  V  on  throat;  sides  of 
bill  more  broadly  feathered,  distance  from  end  of 
feathers  to  base  of  bare  space  on  culmen  less  than 
distance  from  same  place  to  end  of  bill.  Notes.  "A 
low  guttural  note."     (Nelson.) 


Range. — North  Pacific  from  Aleutian  islands  north  to  Arctic   Ocean 
east  to  Great  Slave  Lake. 


162.  King  Eider  {Somaterta  spectahilis).  L.  23. 
Feathers  at  side  of  bill  not  reaching  nostril.  Ad.  cf. 
White  patch  on  either  side  of  rump;  crown  ashy  blue. 
Ad.  9  ani  Yng.  Resembling  same  plumages  of  No.  159 
and  No.  160. 

Range. — Northern  hemisphere;  breeds  from  Labrador  and  St 
Michaels,  Alaska  north  to  Greenland  and  Arctic  Ocean;  winters 
south  to  New  Jersey  (rarely  Ga.) ,  and  Great  Lakes;  one  California 
record. 

82 


Ducks 


163.     American  Scoier  (Oidemt'a  amertcana) .     L.  19. 

Feathers  at  base  of  bill  not  extending  forward  on  sides 
or  top.  y^d.  rf .  Wholly  black;  bill  black,  yellow  at 
base.  Ad.  $.  Brownish  above,  lighter  below;  no 
white  on  wing  or  on  sides  of  head.  Notes.  A  long 
musical  whistle.     (Elliot.) 

Range. — Northern  North  America;  breeds  from  Labrador  and  Alas- 
kan shores  of  Bering  Sea  northward;  winters  south  to  Virginia,  Great 
Lalies,  Colorado,  and  California. 


166.  Surf  Scoter  {Oidemia  perspidllata) .  L.  20. 
Feathers  extending  forward  on  top  of  bill.  Ad.  (^. 
Black,  nape  and  crown  white;  bill  orange,  yellow,  and 
white,  a  round  black  patch  on  its  sides.  Ad.  $. 
Above  black,  throat  and  breast  paler;  belly  whitish; 
a  whitish  patch  at  base  of  bill.  Yng.  Similar  but 
with  white  patches  on  ears. 

Range. — Northern  North  America;  breeds  from  Newfoundland 
northward;  winters  south  to  Virginia,  Florida,  Illinois,  and  Lower  Cal- 
ifornia. 


165.  White- winged  Scoter  (Oidemia  deglandi). 
L.  22.  A  white  patch  on  wing;  feathers  extending 
forward  along  sides  and  top  of  bill  nearly  to  nostrils. 
Ad.  (^.  Black,  a  white  spot  about  eye;  bill  orange, 
black  at  base.  Ad.  ?.  Dusky  brown  above;  lighter 
below.  Yng.  ^.  Similar  but  sides  and  front  of  head 
whitish. 

Range.— Northern  North  America;  breeds  from  Labrador  and  North 
Dakota  northward;  winters  south  to  Virginia,  southern  Illinois,  and 
Lower  California. 


177.  Black-bellied  Tree  Duck  {T>endrocygna  au- 
tumnalis).  L.  22.  Ads.  Belly  and  tail  coverts  hlack\ 
fo'eback  and  breast  gray;  greater  wing-coverts 
whitish.    Notes.    A  shrill  whistle.     (Elliot.) 

Range. — Tropical  America  north  to  southern  Texas. 


178.  Fulvous  Tree  Duck  (JDendrocygna  fulva). 
L.  22.  Ads.  Belly  uniform  rusty  brown;  upper  tail 
coverts  white;  a  black  streak  on  hindneck;  no  white  in 
wing.     Notes.     A  squealing  whistle. 

Range. — Tropical  America,  north  in  summer  to  Texas,  Louisiana, 
Nevada  and  central  California.  "Casual  In  North  Carolina  and 
Missouri."    (A.  O.  U.) 

83 


Geese  and  Swans 


Mj^'I'^^ 


169.  Lesser  Snow  Goose  {Chen  hyperborea).  L. 
23-28,  Ads.  White,  head  sometimes  rusty;  primaries 
black.     Yng.    Head,  neck,  and  above  grayish. 


Range.— "Pacific  coast  to  the  Mississippi  Vaiiey.  breeding  in  Alas- 
ka; south  in  winter  to  southern  Illinois  and  southern  California;  cas- 
ually to  New  England."     (A.  O.  U. ) 


I  69a.    Greater  Snow  Goose  (C.   /;.   nivalis).      Sim- 
lar  to  No.  169,  but  larger,  L.  30-38. 


Range. — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  in  Arctic  regions;  winters 
from  Qiespeake.  New  Jersey  (rarely)  south  to  Cuba;  rare  on  Atlantic 
coast  north  of  Maryland. 


170.  Ross  Snow  Goose  {Chen  rossit).  L.  21;  B. 
1.6.  Similar  in  color  to  No.  169,  but  much  smaller;  bill 
particularly  smaller. 


Range.— Arctic    America  in    summer;    Pacific   coast  to  southern 
California  and  east  to  Montana  in  winter. 


1 80.  Whistling  Swan  {Olor  columhianus) .  L.  ^5. 
Nostril  learer  to  tip  of  bill  than  to  eye.  Ads.  White, 
bill  and  .eet  black;  a  small  yellow  spot  before  the  eye. 
Yng.  Head  and  neck  brownish,  rest  of  plumage 
washed  with  grayish.  Notes,  ^whoogb,  ^whoogb.  very 
loud  and  shrill.    (Nuttall.) 


Range. — North  America;  breeds  within  Arctic  Circle;  winters 
from  British  Columbia  (?  )  Lower  Mississippi  Valley, Chesapeake  Bay. 
south  to  Gulf  of  Mexico;  rare  on  Atlantic  Coast  north  of  Virginia. 


181.  Trumpeter  Swan  (Olor  buccinator).  L.  65. 
Nostril  about  in  middle  of  bill.  Ads.  White,  bill  and 
feet  black;  «o  yellow  on  lores.  Yng.  Head  and  neck 
brownish;  rest  of  plumage  washed  with  grayish.  Notes. 
Loud  and  sonorous  in  tone  like  those  of  a  French  horn. 
(Elliot.) 


Range.  —"Chiefly  the  Interior  of  North  America,  from  the  Gulf  Coast 
to  the  Fur  Countries,  breeding  from  Iowa  and  the  Dakotas  north- 
ward; west  to  the  Pacific  Coast;  rare  or  casual  on  the  Atlantic."  (A. 
O.  U.) 


84 


Geese 


169.1.  B\ue  Goose  (Chen  c^rulescens).  L.  28.  ^ds. 
Head  and  neck  white;  below  brownish  gray;  foreback 
like  breast;  rump  gray.  Yng.  Similar  but  head  and 
neck  grayish  brown. 


Range.— North  America;  breeds  in  Hudson  Bay  region;  winters  on 
west  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  two  California  records;  said  to 
have  occurred  in  New  Jersey. 


I  7  la.  American  White-fronted  Goose  {Anser  albi- 
frons  gambelt).  L.  28.  Ads.  Forehead  and  rump 
white;  below  spotted  with  black.  Yng.  Similar  but 
no  white  on  head  no  black  below. 


Range.— North  America;  breeds  in  Arctic  region;  winters  on  Gulf 
Coast,  California  and  Mexico;  rare  on  Atlantic  coast. 


176.  Emperor  Goose  (Thilacte  canagica).  L.  26. 
Ads.  Foreneck  blackish;  rest  of  head  and  neck  white 
sometimes  tinged  with  rusty;  tail  mostly  white.  Yng. 
Body  less  distinctly  scaled;  head  and  hind-neck  spotted 
with  grayish.  Notes.  When  flying,  a  deep,  hoarse, 
strident  cla-ha,  cla-ha,cla-ha;  when  alarmed  and  about 
to  fly,  a  ringing  a-lilgh,  -iilugh.    (Nelson.) 


Range. — "Coast  and  islands  of  Alaska  north  of  the  Peninsula; 
chiefly  about  Norton  Sound  and  Valley  of  the  Lower  Yukon;  Com- 
mander Islands,  Kamchatka;  casually  south  to  Humboldt  Bay,  Cal- 
ifornia."   {A.O.  U.) 


85 


17  2.  Canada  Goose  {Branta  canadensis),  L.  38. 
Ads.  A  white  patch  on  cheeks  and  throat;  rest  of 
head  and  neck  black;  no  whitish  ring  at  base  of  black 
neck.  Yng.  Similar  but  with  blackish  on  white  of 
throat.     Notes.     A  sonorous  honk. 


Range.  North  America;  breeds  from  Labrador.  Minnesota  and 
British  Columbia,  north  chiefly  in  the  interior,  to  Alaska;  winters 
from  Long  Island,  Illinois  and  British  Columbia  south  to  Mexico  and 
southern  California. 


172a.    Hutchins    Goose    {B.  c  .  hutchinsif) .     Simi- 
lar to  No.  172,  but  smaller;  L.  30;  tail  feathers,  14-16. 


Rarge.— Western  North  America;  breeds  in  Arctic  regions;  winters 
from  British  Columbia  and  Kansas  south  to  Lower  California  and 
Mexico. 

172b.  White-cheeked  Goose  {B.  c.  occidentalism. 
Size  of  No.  172,  but  throat  blackish,  lower  neck  with 
white  collar. 


"2c.  Range. —  'Pacific  coast  region,  from  Sitka,  south  in  winter  to  Cal- 

ifornia."    (A.  O.  U.) 


I  72c.    Cackling  Goose  CB.  c.  minima).     Similar  to 
No.  172b,  but  smaller,  L.  24;  tail  feathers  14-16. 


Range, — Western  North  America;  breeds  in  Alaska;    winters  from 
British  Columbia  southward;  east  rarely  to  Wisconsin. 


173.  BranX  {Brantaberniclaglaucogastra).  L.  26. 
Ads,  Sides  of  neck  with  white  markings;  belly  whitish. 
Notes,    A  guttural  car-r-rup,  or  r-r-r-rouk.      (Elliot.) 


Range.— Northern  hemisphere;  breeds  in  Arctic  regions;  winters  tn 
America,  from  Mississippi  Valley  east,  and  from  Illinois  and  Massa- 
chusetts southward;  rare  in  interior. 


I  74.  Black  Brant  CBranta  nigricans).  L.  26.  Ads, 
Sides  and  front  of  neck  with  white  markings;  belly- 
nearly  as  dark  as  back.  Notes.  A  low  guttural  grr-r- 
r-r;  on  alarm  repeated  often  with  emphasis.     (Nelson.) 


Range.— Western  North  America;  breeds  in  northern  Alaska  and 
eastward;  winters  from  British  Columbia  to  Lower  California;  occas- 
ional on  Atlantic  Coast. 


86 


Order  VI.    FLAMINGOES. 

ODONTOGLOSS^. 

Family  1.     FLAMINGOES.     Phcknicoptkrid^.     1  species. 

Flamingoes  might  be  called  long-legged  Ducks.  Their  feet  are 
webbed,  and  their  bill  is  set  with  ridges,  which  serve  as  sieves  or 
strainers,  as  do  the  'gutters'  on  a  Duck's  bill.  They  are,  however, 
wading  birds  and  their  webbed  feet  are  of  use  in  supporting  them  on 
the  soft  mud  of  shallow  lagoons  or  bays  where  they  search  for  the  fav^ 
orite  food  of  small  mollusks.  In  feeding  the  flat  top  of  the  bill  is 
pressed  into  the  mud  when  its  tip  points  upward  toward  the  bird's 
body.  Flamingoes  fly  with  the  neck  and  legs  stretched  to  the  utmost 
presenting  on  the  wing  a  picturesque,  but  by  no  means  so  graceful  an 
appearance  as  do  the  Herons.  Their  voice  is  a  vibrant  honking  like 
that  of  a  Goose. 


Order  VII,    HERONS,  STORKS,  IBISES,  ETC. 

HERODIONES. 

Family  1.     SPOONBILLS.     Platalkid^.     1  species. 

Family  2.     IBISES.     Ibidid^.     3  species. 

Family  3.     STORKS   and  WOOD  IBISES.    Ciconiid^.  1  species. 

Family  4.  BITTERNS,  HERONS,  ETC.  Ardkid^.  14  species* 
3  subspecies. 

The  Roseate  Spoonbill  was  formerly  a  common  bird  in  Florida  and 
along  the  Gulf  coast,  but  so  many  have  been  killed  for  their  plumage 
that  in  the  United  States  the  species  is  now  exceedingly  rare  except  in 
the  most  remote  parts  of  southern  Florida. 

Spoonbills  build  a  rude  nest  of  sticks  in  mangrove  bushes  or  small 
trees  and  lay  three  to  five  whitish  eggs  speckled  with  shades  of  brown. 

Ibises  are  usually  found  in  flocks  along  the  shore  of  lagoons,  lakes, 
etc.,  or  in  marshy  places.  They  fly  with  the  neck  outstretched  and  are 
generally   silent.     Their  nests  of  reeds,  weed  stalks^  etc.,  are  some- 

87 


Herons,  Storks,  Ibises,  Etc. 

times  placed  in  low  bushes,  at  others  in  grassy  marshes.  The  eggs 
number  from  three  to  five.  They  are  plain  blue  in  the  Glossy  Ibis, 
greenish  white  with  chocolate  markings,  in  the  White  Ibis. 

The  Storks  are  largely  Old  World  birds,  only  three  of  the  some 
twenty  known  species  inhabiting  the  Western  Hemisphere.  But  one 
of  these  is  found  regularly  north  of  the  Rio  Grande,  the  so-called  Wood 
Ibis  which  is  abundant  in  southern  Florida.  It  lives  in  flocks  and 
builds  a  nest  of  sticks  usually  in  cypress  trees,  often  forty  feet  from 
the  ground,  laying  two  or  three  white  eggs.  When  flying  the  neck  is 
extended.  It  progresses  by  alternate  flapping  and  sailing  and  occa- 
sionally soars  high  overhead  in  circles,  like  a  Vulture. 

The  Bitterns  and  Herons  unlike  our  other  long-legged  wading  birds, 
fly  with  a  fold  in  the  neck.  They  belong  in  two  subfamilies,  the 
Botaurincg  and  ArdeincB,  respectively.  The  Bitterns  are  usually  soli- 
tary birds  inhabiting  grassy  or  reedy  marshes  where  their  colors  har- 
monize with  their  surroundings  and  render  them  difficult  to  see.  The 
American  Bittern  nests  on  the  ground  and  lays  three  to  five  pale 
brownish  eggs.  The  Least  Bittern  usually  weaves  a  platform  nest 
of  reeds  among  rushes  growing  in  the  water  and  lays  four  or  five  bluish 
white  eggs. 

Herons  feed  along  the  shore'  and  are  consequently  more  often 
seen  than  Bitterns.  With  the  exception  of  the  Green  Heron  and  the 
Yellow-crowned  Night  Heron,  which  usually  nest  in  isolated  pairs,  our 
species  gather  in  colonies  to  nest.  Several  hundred  pairs  occupying 
a  limited  area  in  s  ome  wooded  or  bushy  swamp  to  which,  when  undis- 
turbed, they  return  year  after  year. 

Herons  build  a  rude  platform  nest  of  sticks,  sometimes  placing  it  in 
bushes,  sometimes  in  the  tallest  trees,  and  at  others  on  the  ground  or 
beds  of  reeds  in  marshes.  The  eggs  are  greenish  blue  in  color  and 
usually  four  in  number.  It  is  among  those  Herons,  which  in  nesting 
time  are  adorned  with  delicate  plumes  or  aigrettes,  that  the  greatest 
ravages  of  the  millinery  hunter  have  been  made.  Attacking  these 
birds  when  they  have  gathered  on  the  nesting  ground,  they  are  not 
permitted  to  rear  their  young  and  the  species  is  thus  exterminated 
branch  and  root. 

The  voice  of  Herons  is  a  harsh  squawk  varying  in  depth  of  tone  with 
the  size  of  the  bird. 

88 


Flamingo,  Spoonbill  and  Ibis 


182.    Flamingo  (Phcemcopterus  ruber).    L.  45;  from 
toe  to  bill,  60.    y^ds.    Rosy  red,  lighter  on  back;  prim 
arias  and  secondaries  black.      Yng.     Smaller,  grayish 
brown;  lighter  below.     Notes.    A  bonk  resembling  that 
that  of  a  Canada  Goose. 


Range. — Atlantic  coasts  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America;  resi- 
dent (breeding?)  In  southwestern  Florida  (Monroe  county);  casual 
west  to  Texas,  north  to  South  Carolina. 


183.  Roseate  Spoonbill  (^jata  ajaja).  L.  32. 
Ads.  Head  and  throat  bare;  sides  of  breast  and  end 
of  tail  rusty  buff;  lesser  wing-coverts,  upper  and  under 
tail-coverts  carmine.  Yng.  Head  feathered,  buff  and 
carmine  replaced  by  pink. 


Range.— Tropical  and  subtropical  America;  north  to  Gulf  States. 


185.  Scarlet  Ibis  {Guara  rubra).  L.  24.  Ads. 
Scarlet:  tips  of  primaries  black.  Yng.  Grayish  brown, 
lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  white;  under- 
parts  dull  white. 


Range.  "Florida,  Louisiana  and  Texas,  southward  to  the  West 
Indies  and  northern  South  America.  No  record  of  Its  recent  occur- 
rence in  the  United  Sutes. ' '     (A.  O.  U.) 


89 


Ibises 


184.  White  Ibis  {Guara  alba).  L.  25.  Ads 
White,  tips  (.f  outer  primaries  black,  face  orange  red. 
Yng.  Grayisii  brown,  rump,  breast  and  belly  white. 
Notes.  When  near  nest,  crook,  croc,  croo\  when  dis- 
turbed, a  loud,  hoarse,  hunk,  hunk,  hunk.  (Audubon). 


Range,— Tropical  America;  breeds  north  to  Lower  California, 
souihern  Indiana,  southirn  Illinois  and  South  Carolina;  winters  from 
Gulf  southward;  accidental  in  South  Dakota,  Connecticut  and  Long 
Island; 


186.  Glossy  Ibis  {Plegadis  autumnalis).  L.  24. 
/tds.  Front  of  head  black  with  greenish  reflections. 
Yn^.  Head  and  neck  fuscous  brown  margined  with 
white,  rest  of  underparts  fuscous  brown;  back  with 
greenish  reflections. 


Range. — Tropical  and  subtropical  regions  in  America;  rare  or  local 
In  southeastern  United  States;  casual  north  to  Massachusetts  and 
Illinois 


187.  White-faced  Glossy  Ibis  (P/^^^ii5  guarauna). 
L.  24.  Ads.  Front  of  head  white.  Yng.  Resembles 
young  of  No.  186. 


Range.-  Tropical  and  subtropical  America;  north  to  California, 
(rarely  British  Columbia),  Texas,  Kansas,  east  rarely  to  Florida: 
winters  south  of  United  States. 


188.  V^oodlbh  (Tantalus  loculator).  L.  40.  Ads. 
Head  and  neck  bare;  white,  primaries,  secondaries  and 
tail  blackish.  Yng.  Resembles  ad.  but  head  and 
neck  feathered,  grayish  brown.  Note.  When  alarm- 
ed, a  rough,  guttural  croak.     (Audubon.) 


Range.— Tropical  and  subtropical  America;  breeds  In  Gulf  States. 
(Lower  California?),  and  later  may  stray  as  far  north  as  New  York, 
Wisconsin,  and  California. 


90 


Bitterns 


1 90.  American  Bittern  {Botaurus  lentiginosus) . 
L.  28.  Ads.  A  glossy  black  streak  on  either  side  of 
the  neck.  Yng.  Similar  to  ad.  but  colors  much  deep- 
er, more  rusty.  Notes.  Call,  quawk\  song,  pump-er- 
lunk. 


Range. — North  America  north  to  Labrador  and  British  Columbia, 
breeding  chiefly  north  of  latitude  35  ° ;  winters  from  about  latitude  35® 
southward. 


191.     Le^sX  ^\\\err\  {Ardetta  exilis).      L.    13.      /td. 

c^.  Hindneck  rufous,  foreneck,  underparts,  and  under 
tail-coverts  white  and  buff.  Ad.  9 .  Similar,  but  crown 
and  back  brown,  below  streaked  with  brownish. 
Notes.  Call,  an  explosive  quab;  song,  a  soft  coo  repeat- 
ed four  or  five  times. 


Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  Gulf  States  to  New  Bruns- 
wicl<  and  Manitoba;  winters  from  Gulf  States  southward.  "Less 
common  west  of  Rocky  Mountains;  on  the  Pacific  coast  north  to 
northern  California."     (A.  O   U.) 


1 9 1. 1.  Cory  Bittern  {Ardetta  neoxena).  L.  13. 
Ad  cf.  Hindneck  black,  foreneck  chestnut,  belly 
mixed  black  and  chestnut,  under  tail-coverts  black. 
Ad.  9.    Similar,  but  crown  and  back  duller. 


Range.  -  Eastern  North  America;  recorded  from  Florida,  Ontario, 
(breeding),  Massachusetts,  and  Michigan;  about  20  specimens 
known. 


91 


Herons 


192.  Great  \Nh\te  Heron  {.^rdeaocadentalis).  /Ids. 
White,  no  ''aigrette"  plumes.  A  white  Heron  about 
the  size  of  a  Great  Blue  Heron  What  is  supposed  to 
be  a  gray-blue  phase  of  this  bird  has  been  called  Ardea 
wuerdmanm,  a  bird  which  resembles  No.  194,  but  has 
the  head  and  neck  whitish. 


Range.  -  Southern  Florida,  Cuba  and  Jamaica 


\A\ 


r96.  American  Egret  {Herodias  egretta).  L.  41. 
Ads.  White,  about  50  straight  "aigrette"  plumes  grow 
from  the  back  between  the  wings;  legs  and  feet  black. 
Ads.  when  not  breeding  and  Yng.,  the  same,  but  no 
plumes. 


Range. — Tropical  and  temperate  America;  breeds  north  to  Virginia, 
southern  Illinois,  and  California;  later  strays  to  New  Brunswick, 
Minnesota,  and  Oregon;  winters  from  southern  California  and  Gulf 
States  southward. 


197,  Snowy  Heron  {Egretta  candidissima) .  L.  24. 
Ads.  White,  about  50  recurved  "aigrette"  plumes 
grow  from  back  between  the  wings;  legs  black, 
feet  yellow.  Ads  when  not  breeding  and  Yng.  The 
same,  but  no  plumes. 


Range.— Tropical  and  temperate  America;  bred  formerly  north  to 
Long  Island,  southern  Illinois  and  California;  now  very  rare  In  east- 
ern North  America;  winters  from  Gulf  States  and  southern  California 
southward. 


92 


Herons 


194.  Great  Blue  Heroi.  {Ardea  berodias).  L.  45; 
W.  18.5;  B.  5.5;  Tar.  7.  Ads.  Center  of  crown  white, 
head  crested;  legs  blackish.  Yng.  Similar,  but  no 
crest,  crown  wholly  black,  plumage  more  streaked. 

Range -.Northern  South  America  north  to  Arctic  regions;  breeds 
locally  throughout  most  of  North  America  range;  winters  from  about 
latitude  42  ^  southward. 


194a.  Northwest  Coast  Heron  {A.  h.  fannini). 
Similar  to  No.  194  but  much  darker;  upperparts  bluish 
slate  black;  tarsus  shorter,  5.3. 


Range.— Pacific  coast  from  Vancouver  to  Sitka. 


194b.  Ward  Heron  (v^.  h.wardi).  Similar  to  No. 
194  but  whiter  below,  neck  darker;  legs  olive;  larger, 
L.  52;  W.  20;  B.  6.5;  Tar.  8.  ..V 


Range.— Florida;  coast  of  Texas. 


202.  Black-crowned  Night  Heron  {Nycticorax  nyc- 
ttcorax  ncevtus.)  L.  24.  Ads.  Crown  and  back  green- 
ish black .  lower  back,  wings  and  tail  ashy;  head  with  two 
or  three  rounded  white  plumes,  except  just  after  breed- 
ing season.  Yng.  Grayish  brown  streaked  with 
white;  below  white  streaked  with  blackish;  outer  webs 
of  primaries,  pale  rufous.     Notes.     An  explosive  qUawk, 


Range.— Western  hemisphere;  breeds  in  North  America  north  to 
New  Brunswicl<,  Quebec,  Manitoba,  and  Oregon;  winters  from  Cal- 
ifornia and  Gulf  States  southward. 


203.  Yellow-crowned  Night  Heron  {Nydanassa 
violaceus).  L.  23.  Ads.  Blue-gray;  crown  and  ear- 
coverts  whitish,  rest  of  head  black;  scapulars  streaked 
with  black ;head  with  two  or  three  rounded,white  plumes, 
except  just  after  nesting  season.  Yng.  Crown  hlack, 
streaked  with  whitish;  primaries  bluish  slate,  no  rufous; 
back  brownish  streaked  with  white;  below  whitish 
streaked  with  blackish. 


Range.— Tropical  and  subtropical  America;  breeds  north  to  South 
Carolina,  southern  Illinois,  and  Lower  California;  strays  to  Massa- 
chusetts and  Colorado;  winters  from  Gulf  States  southward. 

93 


Herons 


198.  Reddish  Egret  {Dichromanassa  rufescens) .  L. 
29.  Two  color  phases  independent  of  age.  Ads. 
Dark  phase,  Head  and  neck  rufous;  b.ick  slate;  about 
30  "aigrette"  plumes.  IV kite  phase.  White,  including 
plumes;  tips  of  primaries  sometimes  speckled  with 
gray.  Yng.  Rufous  and  gray,  or  white,  without 
plumes. 

Range.— West  Indies  and  Central  America  north  to  coasts  of  Gulf 
States,  Illinois  [rarely),  and  Lower  Califoinia. 

199.  Louisiana  Heron  {Hydranassa  tricolor  ruficol- 
Us).  L.  26.  Ads.  "Aigrette"  plumes,  short,  dirty 
gray;  rump  and  belly  white;  legs  blackish.  Yng. 
Head  and  neck  brownish;  throat  and  line  down  fore- 
neck  white;  above  slaty  washed  with  brownish;  rump 
and  belly  white. 

Range. — West  Indies  and  Central  America  north  to  Gulf  States, 
casually  to  Long  Island  and  Indiana. 


200.  Little  Blue  Heron  {Florida  ccerulea).  L.  22. 
Ads.  Head  and  neck  marroon;  rest  of  plumage  slaty 
blue.  Yng.  White,  tips  of  primaries  bluish,  leg3 
greenish  j/ellow. 

Range.— Tropical  America  and  eastern  United  States;  breeds  norti) 
to  Virginia  and  Illinois,  later  may  stray  north  as  far  as  Nova  Scotia; 
winters  from  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  southward. 


201.     U\\\e  Q^reexx  Heron  {Butorides  virescens) .      L. 

17.'  Smallest  of  our  Herons.  Ads.  Crown,  glossy 
green-black;  throat  and  line  down  foreneck  buffy;  rest 
of  head  and  neck  purplish  chestnut;  back  green  wash- 
ed with  bluish  gray.  Yng.  Neck  and  below  streaked 
with  blackish;  back-feathers  not  lengthened;  duller. 
J^otes.  A  rattling  oc-oc-oc-oc-oc,  a  startling  scow,  and, 
more  rarely,  a  deep,  hollow  groan.  (Brewster.) 

iKange.— Tropical  and  temperate  North  America;  breeds  from  Gulf 
States  north  to  Nova  Scotia  and  Manitoba;  winters  from  Gulf  States 
southward  to  northern  South  America. 


201a.  Frazar  Green  Heron  {B.  v.  fra^ari).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  201,  but  rather  larger  and  darker,  neck 
more  purplish,  light  stripings  on  throat  and  foreneck 
more  restricted.     (Brewster.) 

Range.— Lower  Califorina. 


201b.  Anthony  Green  Heron  (B.  v.  anthonjyi). 
Similar  to  No.  201,  but  slightly  largei,  and  paler,  light 
markings  of  wings,  neck,  and  throat  less  restricted  and 
whiter.  (Mearns.) 

Range.— Arid  portions  of  southwestern  United  States,  south  Into 
Mexico. 

94 


Order  VIII.    CRANES,  RAILS,  ETC. 

PALUDICOL^. 

Family  1.     CRANES.     Gruid^.  3  species. 

Family  2.     COURLANS.     Aramid^.     1  species. 

Family  3.  RAILS,  GALLINULES,  and  COOTS.  Rai^lid^.  12 
species,  3  subspecies. 

Cranes  bear  a  general  resemblence  to  Herons  in  that  they  are  long- 
legged,  long-necked  birds,  but  when  on  the  wing,  they  carry  the  neck 
fully  extended,  a  habit  which  will  readily  distinguish  them  from  the 
curved  neck  Herons.  Cranes  are  less  aquatic  than  Herons  and  are 
often  found  feeding  on  the  prairies  or  pine-barrens  where  worms,  grass- 
hoppers, lizards,  roots,  etc.,  form  their  fare.  They  nest  on  the  ground 
laying  two  buffy  eggs  thickly  marked  with  brown.  The  young,  unlike 
the  nearly  naked,  helpless  young  of  Herons,  are  born  covered  with 
down  and  can  soon  follow  their  parents.  The  Cranes  have  loud  sonor- 
ous voices;  the  Herons  raucous  croaks. 

The  Limpkin  is  a  singular  inhabitant  of  the  more  retired  Florida 
swamps.  It  feeds  upon  the  ground  largely  upon  a  kind  of  land  shell, 
but  also  perches  in  trees.  Its  nest  of  twigs  is  placed  in  a  small  tree  or 
bush,  and  it  lays  from  four  to  seven  pale  buffy  eggs  stained  and 
speckled  with  cinnamon  brown. 

The  Rails  (Subfamily  RallincB)  are  inhabitants  of  grassy  marshes 
where,  trusting  to  their  long  legs,  they  more  often  escape  observation 
by  running  than  by  flying.  One  may  hear  their  characteristic  notes 
coming  from  the  dense  growth  only  a  few  yards  distant  and  still  be 
unable  to  catch  a  glimpse  of  their  maker. 

Rails  nest  on  the  ground  laying  six  to  twelve  or  fifteen  buffy  eggs 
spotted  with  reddish  brown.  The  young  of  all  our  species  are  born 
covered  with  a  shining  black  down. 

The  Gallinules  (Subfamily  Gallinulincs)  are  more  aquatic  than  the 
Rails  and  are  consequently  less  difficult  to  observe. 

The  Coots  (Subfamily  Fulicincs)  are  still  more  aquatic  than  the  Gall- 
inules, as  might  be  supposed  from  their  lobed  toes,  in  fact  are  as 
much  at  home  in  the  water  as  though  they  were  Ducks.  Both  Galli- 
nules and  Coots  lay  eight  to  sixteen  buffy,  thickly  speckled  eggs  in  a 
nest  of  reeds  often  built  on  a  pile  of  rushes  in  the  reeds. 

95 


Cranes  and  Limpkin 


204.  Whooping  Crane  {Grus  americana).  L.  50. 
Ads.  White;  skin  of  top  of  head  dull  red;  primaries 
black.  Yng.  Head  feathered,  plumage  more  or  less 
washed  with  rusty. 


Range.— Interior  of  North  America:  breeds  from  northern  Missiu- 
sippi  Valley  north  to  Arctic  regions-  winters  from  Gulf  States  south- 
ward. 


205.  Little  Brown  Crane  {Grus  canadensis) .  L.  35. 
W.  18;  B.  4.  Ads.  Skin  of  top  of  head  dull  red; 
plumage  brownish  gray.  Yng.  Head  feathered, 
plumage  with  more  or  less  rusty. 


Range.— "Northern  North  America  from  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska, 
migrating  south  through  western  United  States  east  of  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Mexico."      (Ridgway.) 


206.  Sandhill  Crane  [Grus  mexicana).  Similar  to 
No.  205,  but  larger.  L=  44:  W.  20;  B.  5.  7^0/^5.  A 
loud,  sonorous,  grating,  krrrow.  repeated  five  or  more 
times. 


Range.  — North  America;  breeds  locally  from  Texas,  Cuba,  Florida 
north  through  Mississippi  Valley  to  Manitoba,  British  Columbia,  and 
Oregon;  wintersfrom  northern  California  and  Gulf  States  southward. 


207.  Umpk'in  (Aramus  gtganteus).  L.  28.  Ads, 
Glossy  olive-brown,  striped  with  white;  wings  and 
tail  more  bronzy.  Notes.  A  loud  wah-ree-ow,  repeated 
and  the  last  note  prolonged  into  a  wail. 


Range.— Central  America  and  West  Indies  north  to  southern  Texas 
and  Rorida. 


96 


Rails 


208.  King  Rail  {Rallus  elegans).  L.  15.  Ads, 
Above  olive-brown,  black,  and  olive-gray;  wing-cov- 
erts reddish  brown;  neck  and  breast  cinnamon;  belly 
and  sides  blackish,  sharply  and  broadly  barred  with 
white.  Notes.  A  loud  tup,  bup,  bup,  repeated  and  end- 
ing in  a  roll. 


Range.— Eastern  United  States;  breeds  from  Florida  north  to  Con- 
necticut and  South  Dakota;  strays  to  Maine;  winters  from  Virgin- 
ia and  Lower  Mississippi  Valley  southto  Gulf  States. 


209.     Belding    Rail    {Rallus  beldingi) .      Similar  to 
No.  208,  but  paler;  flank-bars  narrower. 


Range.— Lower  California. 


210.  California  Clapper  Rail  {Rallus  obsoletus). 
L.  17.  Above  grayish  olive-brown  streaked  with 
blackish  brown;  breast  cinnamon;  flanks  dusky  brown 
narrowly  banded  with  white.  Margins  to  back 
feathers  much  broader  than  in  forms  of  crepitans. 


Range.— Salt  Marshes  of  Pacific  coast  north  to  Washington. 


212.  Virginia  Rail  {T^allus  virgintanus) .  L.  9.5; 
B.  1.5.  Ads.  Above  blackish  and  grayish  brown; 
wing-coverts  reddish  brown;  below  cinnamon,  flanks 
black  and  white.  Resembling  a  King  Rail  in  color,but 
much  smaller.  Notes.  Calls,  kep  or  kik\  song,  a 
grunting  sound  and  cut,  cutta-cutta-cHtta.  (Brewster.) 


Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  Pennsylvania,  Long  Island, 
northern  Illinois,  and  middle  California  north  to  Labrador,  Manitoba, 
and  British  Columbia;  winters  from  about  its  southern  breeding  lim- 
its south  to  Cuba  and  Guatemala. 


215.  Yellow  Rail.  {Porzana  novehoracensis) .  L.  7; 
B.  .5.  Ads.  Above  black  and  buffy  barred  with 
white;  breast  buffy;  sides  brownish  barred  with  white. 
Notes.  An  abrupt  cackling,  ^kr^k,  ^krek,  ^krek,  ^krek, 
kUk,  'k'k'k,     (Nuttall.) 


Range.— Eastern  North  America  north  to  New  Brunswick,  Quebec, 
and  Hudson  Bay,  west  to  Manitoba  and  rarely  California;  probably 
breeds  chiefly  north;  winters  In  southern  States. 


97 


Rails 


211.     Clapper  Rail,  Marsh  Hen    {Rallus  crepitans), 

L.  14.5;  W.  5;  B.  2.5.  Ads.  Above  pale  olive  bor- 
dered by  gray.,  wing-coverts  pale  grayish  brown; 
breast /)a/^  cinnamon;  flanks  barred  gra^y  and  white. 
Notes.  Gkak,  gkak,  gkak,  at  first  loud  and  rapid, 
ending  lower  and  slower. 

Range.— Salt  marshes  of  the  Atlantic  coast;  breeds  from  North 
Carolina  to  Connecticut;  winters  from  Long  Island  (rarely)  south- 
ward, north  casually  to  Massachusetts;  south  casually  to  Louisiana. 

2  Ma.  Louisiana  Clapper  Rail  {R.  c.  saturatus). 
Similar  to  No.  211,  but  above  rich  brown  edged  with 
olive;  breast  darker  cinnamon;  bill  more  slender,  2.3. 

Range. -Coast  of  Louisiana. 

21  lb.  Scott  Clapper  Rail  {T{.  c.  scotti).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  211,  but  much  darker;  sooty  brown  or  black 
above  edged  with  olive-brown  or  olive-gray;  breast 
and  neck  cinnamon,  washed  with  brownish;  flanks 
brown  and  white.     Darkest  bird  of  group. 

Range. — Gulf  coast  of  Florida. 

2Mc.  Wayne  Clapper  Rail  [R.  c.  waynet) .  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  211,  but  darker,  back  rich  olive-brown 
edged  with  gray;  breast  more  ashy. 

Range.— Atlantic  coast,  North  Carolina  to  eastern  Florida. 

21  1.2.  Caribbean  Clapper  Rail  {T{allus  longiros- 
tris  caribceus) .  L.  14;  W.  5.7;  B.  2.4.  Ads.  Above 
olive-brown  edged  with  olive-ashy;  breast  cinnamon; 
flanks  hrown  and  white. 

Range — West  Indies;  coast  of  southeastern  Texas  (and  north- 
eastern Mexico?),. 

-^''  2'I4.  (j2^ro\\r\2iR9\\{Por{ana Carolina).  L.  8.5;B.8. 
Ads.  Region  about  base  of  bill  black.  Yng.  Simi- 
lar, but  no  black  about  base  of  bill;  breast  more  cinna- 
mon. Notes.  Calls,  kuk  or  peep\  song,  ker-wee\  and  a 
high,  rolling  whinny. 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  Long  Island,  Illinois,  Kansas, 
and  southern  California,  north  to  Newfoundland,  Hudson  Bay  region, 
and  British  Columbia;  winters  from  South  Carolina,  southern  Illinois, 
and  northern  California  south  to  South  Anagrip.  /   t         j  i        y 

216.     L'ltWe  Black  RaW  (Porranajamaicensis).    L.  5; 

B.6.  Ads.  Head,  breast,  and  belly  slate;  back  blackish 
brown  barred  with  white;  nape  reddish  brown.  Notes, 
Probably,  kik-kik-kik,  queeah,  or  kik-ki-ki-ki,  ki,  queeah^ 
or  variants.     (Brewster.) 

Range.— "Temperate  North  America  north  to  Massachusetts,  north- 
em  Illinois,  and  Oregon:  south  to  West  Indies  and  Guatemala."  (A. 
O.  U.)  Probably  breeds  throughout  its  North  American  range  (Con- 
necticut, Illinois.  Kansas). 

98 


Gallinules  and  Coot 


218.  Purple  Gallinule  {lonorms  martinica).  L.  13. 
Ads.  Crown-plate  bluish,  bill  carmine  tipped  with 
greenish;  back  shining  green;  below  purplish  blue; 
under  tail-coverts  white.  Yne.  Above  browner; 
below  with  white;  no  red  on  bill. 


Range.— Tropical  and  subtropical  America;  breeds  only  in  eastern 
North  America  north  to  southern  Illinois  and  South  Carolina,  strays 
to  Maine  and  Wisconsin;  winters  from  southern  Florida  south  to 
South  America. 


219.  Florida  Gallinule  {GalUnula  galeata).  L. 
13.5.  Ad.  Crown-plate  red,  bill  red  tipped  with 
greenish;  legs  green  with  a  red  ring;  back  olive-brown; 
flanks  slate  streaked  with  white.  Yng.  Crown-plate 
smaller  with  bill  brownish;  no  red  on  legs;  below 
grayish.  'Notes.  An  explosive  chuck  and  many  loud 
and  varied  calls  suggesting  a  disturbed  brooding  hen, 
the  squawking  of  a  struggling  hen,  etc. 


Range. — Temperate  and  tropical  America;  breeds  locally  north  to 
Maine,  Montreal,  Minnesota,  and  northern  California;  winters  from 
Gulf  States  and  California  southward. 


221.  American  Coot  {Fulica  americana).  L.  15. 
Toes  with  scallops.  Ads.  Bill  whitish;  crown-plate 
and  two  spots  on  bill  brownish;  head  and  neck  black; 
rest  of  plumage  slate.  Yng.  Whiter  below,  browner 
above,  crown-plate  smaller.  Notes.  An  explosive 
cuck  and  noisy  cackling  notes. 


Range.  North  America;  breeds  in  the  Interior  (chiefly  northward) 
north  to  the  Mackenzie  and  on  Pacific  coast  to  British  Columbia; 
winters  from  British  Columbia  and  Gulf  States  south  to  Central 
America  and  West  Indies. 


99 


Order  IX.    SHORE  BIRDS. 

LIMICOL^. 

Family  1.     PHALAROPES.     Phalaropodid^.     3  species. 
Family  2.      AVOCETS   AND    STILTS.        Recurvirostrid^.      2 
species. 

Family  3,  SNIPES,  SANDPIPERS,  ETC.  Scolopacid^.  33 
species,  2  subspecies. 

Family  4.     PLOVERS.     Charadriid^.       9  species,  2  subspecies. 

Family  5.  SURF  BIRDS  AND  TURNSTONES.  Aphrizid^.  4 
species. 

Family  6.     OYSTER-CATCHERS.      H^matopodid^.      3   species. 
Family  7.     JACANAS.     Jacanid^.     1  species. 

The  Phalaropes  are  swimming:  Snipes.  The  Northern  and  Red 
Phalaropes,  both  of  which  have  well-developed  lobes  or  scalloped  webs 
on  their  toes,  except  when  nesting,  live  at  sea  a  hundred  miles  or  more 
off  shore,  where  they  find  an  abundance  of  food  in  small  forms  of  ma- 
rine life.  The  Wilson  Phalarope  is  a  bird  of  the  interior  and  conse- 
quently, is  far  less  aquatic  than  the  remaining  species  of  the  family; 
nevertheless  it  readily  takes  to  water,  swimming  buoyantly  and  grace- 
fully. 

Contrary  to  the  general  rule,  the  female  Phalarope  is  larger  and 
more  brightly  colored  than  the  male  and  this  difference  in  size  and 
plumage  is  accompanied  by  similarly  unusual  habits;  the  female  tak- 
ing the  place  of  the  male  in  the  Phalarope  household.  The  female  of 
necessity  lays  the  eggs,  but  they  are  hatched  by  the  male  alone,  who  it 
is  said,  cares  for  the  young,  also  without  the  assistance  of  his  mate. 

The  Avocets  and  Stilts  are  wading  Snipes.  The  Stilts  secure  their 
food  by  quick  thrusts  of  the  bill,  but  the  Avocets  use  their  singular,  up- 
turned member  in  a  more  interesting  manner.  When  in  water  two  or 
three  inches  deep,  the  bill  is  dropped  below  the  surface,  until  the 
curved  lower  mandible  evidently  touches  the  bottom;  then  walking 
rapidly,  or  even  running,  the  bill  is  swung  from  side  to  side  and  the 
bird  thus  explores  the  mud  in  its  search  for  food,  which,  when  it  is  felt, 
is  picked  up  in  the  usual  way. 

Many  of  the  members  of  the  family  Scolopacidae  are  probing  Snipe. 
The  Woodcock,  Wilson  Snipe,  and  Dowitcher  are  good  examples. 

100 


Shore  Birds. 

Their  bill  is  long  and  sensitive  and  they  can  curve  or  move  its  tip 
without  opening  it  at  the  base.  When  the  bill  is  thrust  into  the  mud 
the  tip  may  therefore  grasp  a  worm  and  it  thus  becomes  a  finger  as 
well  as  a  probe. 

Though  not  ranked  as  song  birds,  many  of  the  Snipes  and  Plovers  have 
pleasing  calls  and  whistles  and  in  the  breeding  season  they  become 
highly  musical  or  indulge  in  singular  vocal  performances. 

The  song  of  the  Bartramian  Sandpiper  would  attract  the  attention  of 
the  least  observant  and  the  singular  aerial  evolutions  of  the  Snipe  and 
Woodcock  lend  an  unusual  interest  to  the  study  of  these  birds  in  the 
spring.  The  Pectoral  Sandpiper  was  observed  by  Nelson  in  Alaska,  in 
May,  to  fill  its  oesophagus  with  air  dilating  the  skin  of  the  neck  and 
breast  and  forming  a  sack  as  large  as  the  body.  Then  in  the  air  or  on 
the  ground  the  bird  produced  a  series  of  hollow  booming  notes,  con- 
stituting its  love  song. 

The  Plovers  have  shorter,  harder  bills  than  the  true  Snipe  and  sev- 
eral of  our  species  frequent  the  uplands  rather  than  muddy  shore  or 
tidal  flats. 

The  Turnstones  are  true  shore  birds.  Their  home  with  us  is  on  the 
seacoast  where  they  feed  along  the  beach  turning  over  shells  and 
pebbles  in  their  search*  for  food. 

The  Oyster-catchers  are  also  strictly  maritime.  They  frequent  bars 
left  bare  by  the  tide  and,  it  is  said,  use  their  stout  bills  to  force  open 
mussels,  oysters,  or  other  bivalves  left  exposed  by  the  water.  This 
belief,  however,  does  not  appear  to  rest  on  careful,  definite  observation. 

The  Jacana  belongs  to  a  small  family  of  birds  with  representatives 
throughout  the  tropics.  All  its  members  are  remarkable  for  the  length 
of  their  toes,  the  wide  extent  of  which  enable  these  birds  to  walk  over 
aquatic  vegetation.  So,  for  instance,  I  have  seen  them  running  over 
small  lily  leaves  which,  sinking  slightly  beneath  the  surface,  made  the 
birds  appear  to  be  walking  on  the  water. 

The  Limicolae,  as  a  rule,  nest  on  the  ground.  The  Phalaropes, 
Snipes,  and  Plovers  lay  four  eggs,  the  Oyster-catcher  three,  the  Jacanas, 
it  is  said,  four  in  some  species  to  ten  in  others.  The  eggs  of  all  are 
proportionately  large  and  pointed  or  pear-shaped  and  are  usually  thick- 
ly marked  with  dark  spots.  The  young  are  born  covered  with  down 
and  leave  the  nest  just  after  hatching. 

101 


Shore  Birds 


222.  Red  Phalarope  {Crymophilus  fulicarius).  L. 
8.10;  B.  9.  Bill  heavy,  wider  tiian  deep.  Ad.  ?. 
Below  entirely  reddish  brown;  cap  black,  back  black 
and  buff.  Ad.  cf .  Similar,  but  smaller;  crown  and 
back  streaked  with  brown,  black,  and  buff.  Yng. 
Resemble  cJ*»  but  upper  tail-coverts  plumbeous,  un- 
derparts  white.  Winter.  Crown  and  underparts  white, 
hindneck  black,  back  gray.  Notes.  A  musical  clink, 
clink.     (Nelson.) 

Range. —"Northern  parts  of  northern  hemisphere,  breeding  in  the 
Arctic  regions  and  migrating  south  in  winter;  in  the  United  States 
south  to  the  Middle  Stales.  Ohio  Valley,  and  Cape  St.  Lucas;  chiefly 
maritime  "     (A.  O.  U) 

223.  Northern  Phalarope  [Thalaropus  lohatus). 
L.  7.7;  B.  .8.  Bill  short,  slender,  sharply  pointed. 
Ad.  9«  Breast  rufous;  above  slaty  gray  mixed  with 
ochraceous  on  back.  Ad.  c^.  Smaller,  less  rufous 
on  throat;  above  blackish  streaked  with  rusty.  Yng. 
Underparts  and  forehead  white;  crown  sooty;  back 
blackish  streaked  with  straw-color.  Winter.  Upper- 
parts  gray  mixed  with  white;  underparts  white. 
Notes.    A  low  chippering,  clicking  note. 

Range.— Northern  hemi>;phere;  breeds  from  Labrador  and  northern 
British  America  north  to  Greenland  and  Alaska;  winters  apparently 
south  of  United  States  where  it  is  known  as  a  migrant  chiefly  off  the 
coasts. 

224.  Wil8on  Phalarope  {Steganopus  tricolor). 
L.  9.5;  B.  1.3.  Bill  long.  Ad.  $.  Sides  of  neck 
black  and  chestnut;  crown  and  back  gray.  Ad.  J^. 
Smaller;  chestnut  and  black  much  less  and  duller; 
crown  and  back  blackish,  latter  sometimes  with  ru- 
fous. Yng.  Below  white;  crown  and  back  black 
margined  with  ochraceous;  nape  brownish  gray. 
Winter.  Above  gray,  upper  tail-coverts  white;  below 
white.     Notes.     A  soft,  trumpetingj^«a,>'«a. 

Range.— North  America,  chleflv  in  the  interior;  breeds  from  north- 
ern Illinois  (rarely') .Minnesota  and  Central  California,north  to  latitude 
55O  :  winters  south  of  United  States  to  southern  South  America. 

283.  Turnstone  {Arenaria  interpres).  Similar  to 
283.1  but  larger,  W.  6.,  and  upperparts  in  ad,  with 
black  prevailing.     Yng.    Blacker  than  young  of  283.1. 

Range.— Eastern  hemisphere,  in  America,  only  in  Greenland  and 
Alaska. 

283.1.  Ruddy  Turnstone  {Arenaria  morinella). 
L.  9.5;  W.  5.7.  Ads.  Reddish  brown  prevailing  in 
upper  surface.  Yng.  Above  and  breast  grayish 
brown  margined  with  buffy,  throat,  abdomen,  rump 
and  long  upper  tail-coverts  white  as  in  ad.;  shorter 
upper  tail-coverts  black.  Notes.  When  flying,  a  loud 
twittering  note.     (Nuttall.) 

Range. -Nearly  cosmopolitan;  breeds  In  Arctic  regions;  winters  in 
America  south  of  United  States  to  Patagonia. 

288.  Mexican  Jacana  {Jacana  spinosa).  L.  8. 
Toes  over  1.5.  Ads.  Chestnut  and  black;  wings 
mostly  greenish.  Yng.  Forehead,  line  over  eye,  and 
below  white.  Above  grayish  brown,  sometimes  \vith 
rump  chestnut,  nape  black.  Notes.  A  harsh,  rapidly 
repeated  eep,  eep,  eep. 

Range- Central  America  and  Mexico  north  to  Lower  RloGrande 
Valley,  Cuba  and  Haiti. 

J  02 


Shore  Birds 


225.  American  Avocet  {Recurvirostra  americana), 
L.  16.5;  B.  3.7.  Ads.  Head  and  neck  rufous;  belly 
white;  wings  black  and  white.  Yng.  and  Adsjnwinter. 
Similar,  but  head  and  neck  grayish  or  whitish. 
Notes.  A  rather  musical,  loud  plee-eek  hurriedly  repeat- 
ed. 


Range.— North  America  west  of  Mississippi;  breeds  from  northern 
States,  central  California  and  rarely  Texts,  north  in  the  interior  to 
latitude  54°  ;  winters  from  southern  California  and  western  Gulf 
States  to  Central  America  and  West  Indies;  casual  on  Atlantic  coast. 


264.  Long-billed  Curlew  {Numenius  longirostris) . 
L.  24;  B.  6.,  longest  among  our  Snipe.  Ads.  Above 
black  and  buffy;  tail  barred  buffy  and  black;  below 
buffy,  neck  and  breast  finely  streaked  with  dusky. 
Yng-    Similar,  but  buff  deeper. 


Range.— North  America;  breeds  on  Atlantic  coast  from  Florida  to 
North  Carolina;  in  interior  north  to  Manitoba  and  British  Columbia; 
later  strays  casually  to  Newfoundland  and  Ontario;  winters  from 
Gulf  States  and  southern  California  southward. 


265.  Hudsonian  Curlew  {Numenius  hudsonicus). 
L.  17;  B.  3.7.  Ads.  Less  buff  than  No.  264;  above 
dark  grayish  brown  and  brownish  gray;  tail  barred 
with  same;  below  white,  breast  streaked;  sides  barred 
with  blackish. 


Range.— North  America;  breeds  in  Arctic  region;  winters  south  of 
United  States  to  South  America. 


266.  Eskimo  Curlew  [Numenius  horealts)  L.  13.5; 
B.  2.  Ads.  Tail  barred  with  grayish  brown  and 
black;  above  blackish  and  buffy;  below  buffy ,the  breast 
thickly  streaked;  sides  barred  with  blackish. 


Range.-  Eastern  North  America;  breeds  In  Arctic  regions:  winters 
south  of  United  States  to  South  America;  migrates  chiefly  through 
Interior. 


103 


Shore  Birds 


226.  Black-necked  Stilt  {Himantopus  mexicanus). 
L.  15;  Tar  4.10.  Ad.  (^.  Forehead,  lower  back, 
and  underparts  white;  crown,  hindneck,  upper  back, 
and  wings  black.  Ad.  9.  Similar,  but  upper  back 
and  scapulars  grayish  brown.  Yng.  Similar  to  $, 
but  brown  and  black  feathers  lightly  margined  with 
buffy.  Notes.  A  sharp,  rapidly  uttered  ip-ip-ip  when 
flying;  a  hoarse  k-r-r-r-r-ing  note  when  on  the  ground. 


Range.— Temperate  and  tropical  America;  breeds  north  to  Gult 
States,  (locally  and  rarely  in  Mississippi  Valley  to  Minnesota)  and 
California;  winters  from  southern  California  and  West  Indies  to 
northern  South  America;  rare  east  of  Mississippi  except  in  Gulf 
States. 


286.  American  Oyster-catcher  {Hcematopus  pallia- 
tus).  L.  19.  Ads.  Base  of  tail  and  longer  upper 
tail-coverts  white,  shorter  coverts  and  all  back  black- 
ish brown;  white  in  wings  conspicuous  in  flight. 
Yng.  Similar  but  feathers  above  with  buffy  margins. 
Notes.     A  sharp  eep,  eep. 


Range. — Temperate  and  tropical  America;  breeds  on  sea  coasts 
only,  north  to  Virginia  and  western  Mexico;  winters  south  of  United 
States  to  South  America;  casual  north  to  Nova  Scotia. 


286.1.  Frazar  Oyster-catcher  {Hcematopus  fra- 
lari).  Similar  to  No.  286,  but  darker  above,  black 
breast  passing  into  white  belly  through  a  mottled 
black  and  white  band;  upper  tail  coverts  with  brown 
markings. 


Range.— "Lower  California  (both  coasts),  north  to  Los  Coronados 
Islands."     (A.  O.  U.) 


287,  Black  Oyster-catcher  {Hcematopus  bachmant) 
L.  17.  Ads.  Black.  Yn^.  Somewhat  browner 
Notes.    A  musical,  piping  whistle. 


Range.— "Pacific  coast  of  North  America  from  Aleutian   Islands  tic 
La  Paz,  Lower  California. " 


104 


Shore  Birds 


228.  American  Woodcock  {Pbilohela minor) .  L.  ii. 
Ads.  Below  ochraceous-rufous;  no  bars;  forehead 
slaty,  crown  black  with  rusty  bars;  back  mixed 
black,  rusty  and  slaty.  Notes.  A  nasal  peent  or  patp-., 
a  whistling  of  wings  and  a  twittering  whistle. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  locally  from  Florida  to 
Labrador  and  Manitoba,  but  chiefly  northward;  winters  from  southern 
New  Jersey  and  southern  Illinois  to  Gulf  States. 

230.  Wilson  Sn'ijpe  {Gallinago  delicata) .  L.  11.2. 
Ads.  Throat  and  belly  white  or  whitish;  breast  rusty 
buff  indistinctly  streaked;  sides  barred;  above  streaked 
black  and  cream-buff;  tail  black  and  rusty;  outer 
feathers  barred  black  and  white.  Notes.  When  tak- 
ing flight  several  sudden,  hoarse  scaipes\  a  tremulous, 
penetrating  bleating,  thought  to  be  produced  by  air 
rushing  through  the  birds  wings;  a  Mk-Mk-Mk. 
(Brewster.) 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  northern  New  England  (rare- 
ly Connecticut) ,  northern  Illinois  and  northern  California  north  to 
Labrador,  Hudson  Bay,  and  Alaska;  winters  from  California,  southern 
Illinois,  and  South  Carolina  to  northern  South  America. 


261.  Bartramian  Sandpiper  {Bartramia  longicauda). 
L.  1 1. 5.  Outer  primary  barred  black  and  white. 
Ads.  Above  black,  ochraceous,  and  brownish  gray; 
breast  and  sides  with  dusky  arrowheads;  throat  and 
belly  whitish.  Yng.  Similar,  but  more  buffy.  Notes. 
Call,  a  soft,  bubbling  whistle;  song,  a  prolonged, 
mournful,  mellow  whistle,  ^^chr-r-r-r-r-ee'e-e-e-e'e-oooo-O' 
00.-" 

Range.— North  America  chiefly  interior;  breeds  locally  from  Kansas 
and  Virginia  to  Alaska  and  Nova  Scotia;  winters  south  of  United 
States  to  South  America. 


262.  Buff-breasted  Sandpiper  {Tryngites subruficol- 
lis).  L.  8.5.  Inner  border  of  inner  web  of  primaries 
beautifully  speckled  with  black  and  white.  Ads. 
Above  black  widely  margined  with  grayish  brown; 
below  ochraceous-buff;  a  few  black  spots.  Yng. 
Above  blackish  brown,  finely  and  evenly  margined 
with  whitish;  below  much  as  in  adult. 

Range.  -"North  America  especially  In  the  Interior;  breeds  In  the 
Yukon  district  and  the  interior  of  British  America  north  to  the  Arctic 
coast;  south  in  winter  as  far  as  Uruguay  and  Peru."     (A.  O.  U.) 

281.     ^o\xi\\2i\x\?\oyer  {Podasocysmontana).     L.  9. 

No  black  on  breast.  Ads.  Lores  and  crown-band 
black;  above  grayish  brown  washed  with  pale  rusty. 
Yng.  Similar,  but  no  black,  rusty  wash  deeper.  IVin- 
ter.    Same  as  last  but  rusty  paler. 

Range.— Western  United  States;  breeds  from  Kansas  to  North 
Dakota;  winters  westward  to  California,  south  to  Lower  California 
and  Mexico;  accidental  In   Florida. 


105 


Shore  Birds 


231.  DowitcheP  {Macrorhamphus  griseus)  L.  10.5; 
B.  2.1,  pitted  at  tip.  Ads.  Rump,  tail,  under 
wing-coverts,  and  axillars  barred  blactc  and  white; 
above  black  margined  with  rusty;  rump,  white;  below 
reddish  brown,  spotted  and  barred  with  black.  Yng. 
Similar,  but  breast  gray  tinged  with  rusty;  belly  white. 
Winter.  Above  gray,  breast  gray  mixed  with  dusky, 
belly  white. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  chiefly  north  and  north- 
west of  Hudson  Bay;  winters  from  Florida  to  noithern  South  Amer- 
ica. 


232.  Long-billed  Dowitcher  {Macrorhamphus  scolo- 
paceus).  B.  2.1  to  2.9.  Similar  to  preceding  but 
larger,  bill  longer;  in  adult  spring  plumage  more  barred 
below.  Notes.  A  lisping,  energetic  musical,  peet'peet\ 
pee-ter-wee-too;  wee-too  repeated.   (Nelson.) 

Range.— "Western  North  America,  breeding  in  Alasi<a  to  the  Arctic 
coast,  migrating  south  in  winter  through  western  United  States  (in- 
cluding Mississippi  galley)  to  Mexico,  and  less  commonly  along  At- 


lantic coast."     (A.  O.  U.) 


233.  Stilt  Sandpiper  {Micropalama  himantopus). 
L.  8.2;  tarsus  long,  1.6.  Ads.  Entire  underparts  and 
upper  tail-coverts  white  barred  with  black;  tail  not 
barred.  Yng.  Resembles  ad.  but  below  white,  breast 
lightly  streaked;  rump  white  no  bars.  Winter.  Simi- 
lar to  yng.  but  back  gray. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  within  Arctic  Circle;  win- 
ters from  Florida  to  South  America. 


234.  Knot  {Tringa  canutus^.  L.  10.5;  B.  1.3. 
Upper  tail-coverts  with  black  bars  and  loops;  tail 
feathers  without  bars  narrowly  margined  with  white. 
Ads.  Mixed  black,  gray  and  reddish  brown  above, 
reddish  brown  below.  Yng.  Above  gray,  margined 
with  cream-white  and  black;  below  white;  breast 
lightly  streaked.     Winter.    Similar,  but  above  gray. 

Range.— Northern  hemisphere;  breeds  within  Arctic  circle;  winters 
from  Florida  to  South  America:  migrates  chiefly  along  the  coasts, 
rare  on  Pacific  coast  of  United  States. 


2  4+. 


244.  Curlew  Sandpiper  {Erolia  ferruginea).  L.  8; 
B.  1.5,  slightly  curved.  Ads.  Below  chestnut-rufous, 
above  rusty  and  black.  Yng.  Above  brownish  gray 
margined  with  whitish;  back  blacker  below  white. 
Winter.    Above  plain  brownish  gray;  below  white. 

Range.— "Old  World  in  general;  occasional  in  Eastern  North 
America  and  Alaska."     (A.  O.  U.) 


106 


Shore  Birds 


235.  Purple  Sandpiper  {y4rquatella  maritimai. 
L.  9.  Ads.  Above  black,  margined  with  rusty  and 
cream-bulf;  below  white,  breast  and  sides  heavily 
marked  with  black.  Winter.  Head,  neck,  and  breast, 
slaty;  back  blacker,  margined  with  slaty;  central  sec- 
ondaries largely  white. 

Range.— "Northern  portions  of  the  northern  hemisphere;  In  North 
America  chiefly  the  northeastern  portions,  breeding  in  the  high  north, 
migrating  in  winter  to  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States  (casually  to 
Florida) ,  the  Great  Lakes  and  Upper  Mississippi  Valley."    (A.  O.  U.) 

236.  Aleutian  Sandpiper  {Arquatella  couesi).  L.  8.5. 
Similar  to  No.  235,  but  ad.  and  yng.  with  more 
ochraceous;  in  winter  grayish  margins  to  back  lighter 
and  wider.  Notes,  When  flying,  a  low,  clear,  musi- 
cal tweo-tweo-tweo\  when  feeding,  clu-clu-clu.    (Nelson.) 

Range. — "Aleutian  Islands  and  coast  of  Alaska,  north  to  Kowak 
River,  west  to  Commander  Islands,  Kamchatka."    (A.  O.  U.) 

256.  Solitary  Sandpiper  {Helodromas  soUtarius). 
L.  8.4.  Under  wing-coverts,  axillars,  and  all  but 
middle  tail-feathers  barred  black  and  white.  Ads. 
Abovefuscous  with  a  faint  greenish  tinge;  head  and 
neck  streaked,  back  spotted  with  whitish;  below  white; 
throat  and  breast  distinctly  streaked  with  dusky.  Yng. 
Fewer  spots  and  streaks  above;  breast  markings  fused. 
IVinter,    Practically  no  white  markings  above. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Northern  States 
(rarely  and  sporadically)  northward;  little  known  of  breeding  habits; 
winters  south  of  United  States  to  South  America. 

256a.  Western  Solitary  Sandpiper  (H.  s.  cinnamom 
eus).    Similar  to  No.  256,  but  spots  above  buffy,  es- 
pecially in  fall;  inner  margin  of  outer  primary  speckled 
black  and  white. 

Range.— Western  North  America;  breeds  In  British  Columbia  (ex- 
act breeding  range  unKnown) ;  winters  south  of  United  States. 

263.  Spotted  Sandpiper  (Actitts  macularia).  L. 
7.5.  Ads.  Below  white  thickly  spotted  with  bl?ck; 
above  brownish  gray  with  a  faint  greenish  lustre, 
lightly  marked  with  black.  Yng.  Similar  above  but 
faintly  margined  with  dusky  and  buff;  below  white, 
breast  grayer;  no  black  marks.  IVinter.  Same  but  no 
margins  above.    Notes.    Teet-weet,  repeated. 

Range. -North  America,  north  to  Hudson  Bay;  breeds  throughout 
Its  North  American  range;  winters  from  southern  California  and  West 
Indies  to  South  America. 

284.  Black  Turnstone  (Arenaria  melanocephala) . 
L.  9.  No  rusty;  lower  back,  longer  upper  tail-coverts 
and  base  of  tail  white;  shorter  upper  tail-coverts  black. 
Ads.  Above  and  breast  brownish  black;  belly  white. 
Yng.  Browner  margined  with  whitish.  IVinter. 
Same  as  Yng,  but  no  margins.  Notes.  A  sharp,  weet^ 
weet,  too-weet.     (Nelson.) 

Range.— "Pacific  coast  of  North  America  from  Point  Barrow,  Alas- 
ka to  Santa  Margarita  Island.  Lower  California;  breeding  from  Alas- 
ka to  British  Columbia. "    (A.O.U.) 

107 


Shore  Birds 


237.  Pribllof  Sandpiper  {Arquatella  ptilocnemis). 
L.  10.  Ads.  Similar  to  No.  236  above  but  crowu 
much  lighter;  breast  with  a  blizck  patch.  Yng.  Re- 
semble adult  above  but  breast  grayish  indistinctly 
streaked  and  with  a  pale  buff  band;  belly  white. 
Winter,    Similar  to  yng.  but  slaty  gray  above. 

Range. — "Breeding  In  the   Pribilof  Islands,  Alaska,  and  migrat- 
ing to  coast  of  adjacent  mainland  south  of  Norton  Sound."     (A.O.U.) 


243a.  Red-backed  Sandpiper  (Telidna  alpina  pa- 
cifica).  L.  8;  B.  1.5;  slightly  curved.  Ads.  Belly 
black;  back  chiefly  rusty.  Yng.  Breast  buffy,  light- 
ly streaked  with  dusky;  belly  white  spotted  with  black; 
back  black,  rusty,  and  buff.  Winter.  Above  brown- 
ish gray;  below  white;  breast  grayish,  indistinctly 
streaked. 

Range. — North  America;  breeds  In  Arctic  regions  and  winters  from 
Gulf  States  and  California  to  South  America. 


246.  Semipalmated  Sandpiper  {Ereunetes  pusillus). 
L.  6.3;  B.  .6  to  .8.  Toes  webbed  at  base.  Ads. 
Above  brownish  gray  and  black;  little  or  no 
rusty;  below  white,  breast  indistinctlv  streaked.  Yng. 
Above  with  rusty  and  whitish  margins;  below  white, 
breast  grayish  no  streaks.  Winter.  Above  brownish 
gray  with  black  shaft  streaks;  below  white.  'Notes, 
weet-weet. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America:  breeds  in  Arctic  regions;  winters 
from  Gulf  States  to  South  America. 


247.  Western  Sandpiper  {Ereunetes  Occident alis). 
Similar  to  preceding  but  bill  longer  .8  to  1.2;  ads.  more 
rusty  above,  breast  streaks  more  distinct  and  more 
numerous.  Notes.  Call,  a  soft  ttw/-w^^^;  song,  uttered  on 
the  wing,  "a  rapid,  uniform  series  of  rather  musical 
trills."    (Nelson.) 

Range, — North  America,  chiefly  west  of  Mississippi  Valley;  breeds 
In  Arctic  regions;  winters  from  Gulf  States  to  South  America. 


248.  Sanderling  (Calidris  arenaria).  L.  8.  Three 
toes,  tarsus  scaled.  Ads.  Above  rusty,  black  and 
grayish;  below  white,  breast  spolted  with  black  and 
unasked  with  rusty.  Yng.  Nape  grayish,  back  blacky 
feathers  with  two  white  or  yellowish  white  terminal 
sp^ts;  below  silky  white.  Winter.  Above  brownish 
gray  with  dusky  shaft  streaks;  below  silky  white. 

Range. — "Nearly  cosmopolitan,  breeding  in  Arctic  and  Sub- 
Arctic  regions,  migrating,  in  America,  south  to  Chili  and  Patagonia." 
(A.  O.  U.) 

108 


Shore  Birds 


238.  Sharp-tailed  Sandpiper  {Actodromas  acumin- 
ata). L.  8.7.  Tail  feathers  pointed.  Ads.  A  white 
line  over  eye;  breast  buff  streaked  with  blackish. 
Yn^.  Crown  as  in  ad.,  back  black  and  rusty;  below 
while,  breast  buffy,  no  streaks.  Winter.  Back  gray- 
ish brown  streaked  with  blackish;  below  as  in  yng., 
but  breast  grayer  and  with  indistinct  streaks.  Notes. 
A  soft  metallic  pleep-pleep.     (Nelson.) 

Range. — "Eastern  Asia,  and  coast  of  Alaska,  migrating  south  to 
Java  and  Australia."     (A.  O.  U.) 


239.  Pectoral  Sandpiper  (Actodromas  maculata). 
L.  9.  Ads.  Middle  tail-feathers  longest,  pointed, 
blackish  margined  with  rusty;  above  black  and  rusty; 
below  white,  breast  thickly  streaked;  upper  tail-coverts 
black.  Yng.  and  in  winter  muchthtsamt.  Notes.  Call, 
a  grating  whistle;  song,  a  hollow,  resonant,  musical 
/JJ-«,  repeated  eight  times,  made  after  filling  oesopha- 
gus with  air  until  it  is  puffed  out  to  size  of  the  body. 
(Nelson.) 

Range. — North  America;  breeds  in  Arctic  regions;  winters  south  of 
United  States  to  South  America;  rare  on  Pacific  coast. 


240.  White-rumped  Sandpiper  {Actodromas fusci- 
collis).  L.  7.5.  Longer  upper  tail-coverts  w/j//^.  Ads. 
Breast  white,  distinctly  spotted  or  streaked.  Yng.  More 
rufous  above;  breast  less  distinctly  streiked.  Winter. 
Brownish  gray  above;  similar  to  yng.  below. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  in  the  interior  north  of 
Hudson  Bay;  winters  south  of  United  States  to  southern  South  Amer- 
ica; rare  on  Pacific  coast. 


241.  Baird  Sandpiper  (^Actodrotnas  bairdit). 
L.  7.5.  No  rusty  in  plumage.  Ads.  Longest  upper 
tail-coverts  blackish;  breast  buffy,  faintly  streaked. 
Yng.  Similar,  but  back  conspicuously  margined  with 
whitish.  Winter.  Above  "buffy  grayish  brown,"  no 
white  margins. 

Range. — Interior  of  North  America;  breeds  in  the  Arctic  regions  and 
winters  south  of  United  States  to  southern  South  America. 


242.  Least  Sandpiper  (Actodrotnas  minutilla).  L.  6. 
Smallest  of  our  Sandpipers.  Ads.  Above  black,  buff 
and  rufous;  below  white  breast  lightly  streaked.  Yng. 
Similar,  but  breast  less  distinctly  streaked.  Winter. 
Above  brownish  gray,  often  streaked  with  black,  be- 
low white.    Notes.    Peep-peep, 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  Sable  Island  and  Magdalens 
northward;  winters  from  Gulf  States  and  California  south  to  Soutt 
America. 


109 


Shore  Birds 


249.  Marbled  Godwit  {Limosa  fedoa).  L.  i8;  B.  4; 
slightly  recurved.  Tail  barred,  cinnamon  and  black; 
under  wing-coverts  cinnamjn  with  more  or  less  fine 
black  markings.  Ads.  Above  black  and  ochraceous; 
below  buffy  white  finely  and  uniformly  barred  with 
black.  Yng.  Similar,  but  with  no  or  with  but  few 
bars  below. 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  In  the  interior  from  western  Min- 
nesoti,  rarely  Iowa  and  Nebraska  northward;  winters  south  of  United 
States  to  Central  America  and  West  Indies. 

250.  PaciflcGodwit( Limosa lapponica  hauert) .  L . 1 6. 
—  B.  3.7,  slightly  recurved,  tail   barred  black  and  white; 

under  wing-coverts  black  and  white.  Ads.  "Head, 
neck  and  lower  parts,  plain  cinnamon  color."  (Ridgw.) 
Winter.  Above  black,  grayish  and  rusty,  former  pre- 
vailing; below  white;  throat  streaked,  elsewhere  with 
irregular,  black  bars.  Notes.  "A  loud  ringing  kU-wr^o, 
repeated." 

Range. — "Shores  and  Islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  from  New  Zea- 
land and  Australia  to  Kamchatka  and  Alaska.  On  the  American  coast 
recorded  south  of  Alaska  only  from  La  Paz,  Lower  California."  (A. 
O.  U.) 

251.  Hudsonian      Godwit      {Limosa      hcemastica). 

L.  15;  B.  3.2,  slightly  recurved.  Under  wing-coverts 
dusky;  upper  tail-coverts  black  and  white;  tail  black  at 
end,  white  at  base.  Ads.  Above  black,  rusty  and 
grayish,  below  chestnut-red  barred  with  blackish  and 
faintly  tipped  with  white.  Yng.  Similar,  but  below 
buffy  whitish,  breast  grayer.  Winter,  Similar  below 
but  above  brownish  gray. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America  chiefly  interior;  breeds  in  Arctic 
Regions;  winters  south  of  United  States  to  South  America. 

270.  Black-bellied  Plover  (^Squatarola  squatarola). 
L.  II.  Hind-toe  present,  small.  Ads.  Above  black 
and  white,  no  yellowish;  below  black.  Yng.  Above 
grayish  brown  spotted  with  white  and  some  yellowish; 
below  white.  Winter.  Similar  to  preceding  but  near- 
ly uniform  brownish  above. 

Rnnge. — Northern  Hemisphere;  breeds  in  Arctic  Regions,  winters  in 
America  from  Florida  to  Brazil. 

272.  American  Golden  Plover  {Charadrius  domini- 
cus).  L.  10.5;  W.  7.  No  hind-toe;  axillars  dusky. 
Ads.  Above  conspicuously  spotted  with  yellow;  be- 
low black,  sides  of  breast  white.  Yng.  Duller  above, 
below  grayish  white  with  dusky  marks  and  yellowish 
wash.  Winter.  Similar  but  no  yellow  below.  Notes. 
Call,  a  plaintive  too-lee-e]  song,  a  marvelously  har- 
monious succession  of  notes.      (Nelson.) 

Range. — Western  Hemisphere;  breeds  in  Arctic  Regions;  winters 
from  Florida  to  Patagonia,  rare  on  Pacific  coast. 

272a.  Pacific  Golden  Plover  fC.  ^./7//t?Ms).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  272  but  wing  shorter,  6.5;  yellow  richer. 

1'.  _         Range. —  "Breeding   from  northern    Asia   to    the  Pribilof    Islnnds 
'2.'     and  coast  of  Alaska,  south  in  winter  through  China  and   India  to 
Australia  and  Polynesia."     (A.  O.  U.) 

110 


Shore  Birds 


254.  Greater  Yellow-legs  {Totanus  mdanoleucus). 
L.  14;  B.  2.2.  No  rusty;  upper  tail-coverts  mostly 
white;  tail  barred  with  black  and  white  or  gray.  Ads. 
Above  black  margined  with  whitish;  below  white  and 
black.  Yng.  Above  grayish  margined  with  whitish; 
below  white,  breast  lightly  streaked.  Winter.  Simi- 
lar but  white  margins  less  conspicuous,  l^otes.  A 
whistled  wheu^  wheu-wheu-whcu-wheu-wheu-wheu,  wheu- 
wheu. 

Ringe.— North  America;  breeds  from  Minnesota,  rarely  northern 
Illinois,  and  Antlcosti  northward;  (Vinters  from  GulfStatesand  Cali- 
fornia to  southern  South  America. 

255.  Yellow-legs  {Totanus  flavipes).  L.  10.7; 
B.  1.4.  Similar  in  color  to  preceding  but  smaller  in 
size. 

Range. — North  America;  breeds  rarely  in  upper  Mississippi  Valley 
but  chiefly  north  of  latitude  S'=>°  \  winters  from  Gulf  States  to  southern 
South  America;  rare  on  Pacific  coast. 

258.  Willet  {Symphemia  semipalmata) .  L.  15; 
W.  8;B.  2. 1.  Primaries  black  with  a  broad  white 
band;  upper  tail-coverts  mostly  white.  Ads.  Above 
brownish  gray,  black,  and  a  little  buff;  below  white 
heavily  marked  with  black  and  slightly  washed  with 
buff.  Yng.  Above  brownish  gray  margined  with 
buffy;  below  white,  breast  lightly  streaked  with  dusky. 
IVinter.  Similar,  but  above  plain  brownish  gray. 
Notes.    Song,  pilljy-wtll-wtllet,  repeated. 

Range.  Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Florida  to  southern 
New  Jersey,  later  strays  casually  to  Maine;  winters  from  Gulf  States 
to  South  America. 

258a.  Western  Willet  (5.  5.  inomata).  Similar  to 
No.  258  but  slightly  larger.  W.  8.5;  B.  2.4.  In  sum- 
mer above  paler,  less  heavily  marked  with  black  both 
above  and  below.  Yng.  and  IVinter.  Indistinguish- 
able in  color  from  No.  258. 

Ringe  — Wrstern  United  States;  breeds  from  Texas  to  Manitoba; 
winters  from  southern  California  and  Gulf  States  southward.  A  rare 
migrant  on  Atlantic  coast  from  South  Carolina  to  Florida. 

259.  Wandering  Tatler  {Heteractitis  incanus).  L. 
II.  Tail-coverts  plain  slaty  gray.  Ads.  Above  plain 
slaty  gray;  below  white  barred  with  slaty  gray.  Yng. 
Above  slaty  gray  more  or  less  mnrgined  with  whitish; 
breast  and  sides  slaty  gray;  throat  and  belly  white. 
IVinter.    Similar,  but  no  white  margins  above. 

Range.— Pacific  coast;  breeds  from  British  Columbia  northward; 
winters  south  to  Hawaiian  Islands  and  Galapagos. 

282.  Surf  Bird  {Aphri^a  virgata).  L.  10;  B.  i. 
Upper  tail-coverts  and  base  of  tail-feathers  white. 
Ads.  Above  black,  slaty,  and  rusty.  Yng.  Above 
slaty  margined  with  whitish;  breast  barred  slaty  and 
whitish;  belly  white  spotted  with  slaty.  IVinter.  The 
same, but  no  whitish  margins. 

Range. — "Pacific  coast  of  America,  from  Alaska  to  Chili."     (A.  O. 

U.) 

Ill 


Shore  Birds 


273.  KlWdeer  {Oxvechus  vociferus).  L.  10.5.  Rump 
and  upper  tail-coverts  rusty.  ,^ds.  Above  grayish 
brown  and  rusty;  below  white  with  two  black  rings. 
Notes.     A  noisy  ktldee,  kildee. 

Rang-e.— North  America,  north  to  Newfoundland.  Manitoba  and 
British  Columbia;  (rare  on  North  Atlantic  coast);  breeds  locally 
throughout  its  range:  winters  from  Virginia,  Lower  Mississippi  Valley 
and  California  south  to  South  America. 

274.  Semipalmated  ?\o\er  {/Egialitis semipalmata). 
L.  6.7.  Web  between  bases  of  inner  and  middle  toes. 
Ads.  One  black  ring  around  neck;  a  white  ring  in 
front  of  it.  Yng.  Similar,  but  black  parts  brownish; 
back  margined  with  whitish.  Winter.  Same  as  la^t 
but  no  whitish  margins. 

Range.— Breeds  from  Labrador  northward;  winters  from  Gulf 
States  to  Brazil. 

275.  Ring  Plover  {y^gialitis  hiattcula).  L.  7.5. 
No  webs  between  toes.  Similar  to  274  but  larger,  bill 
yellow  at  base,  black  or  brown  bands  wider. 

Range.— '.'Northern  parts  of  Old  World  and  portions  of  Arctic  Amer- 
ica, breeding  on  the  west  shore  of  Cumberland  Gulf."     (A.  O.  U.) 

277.  Piping  Plover  (y^^m/i/w  meloda).  L.  7;  B. 
short,  .5.  Very  pale  above.  Ads.  Above  ashy, 
crown  and  sides  of  breast  black;  no  rusty.  Yng.  Sim- 
ilar, but  black  replaced  by  ashy  gray.  Notes.  A  short 
plaintive, /)/>m^  whistle,  repeated. 

Range.  Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Virgfinia  to  Newfound- 
land; winters  from  Florida  southward. 

277a.  Belted  Piping  Plover  {/E.  m.  circumcincta). 
Similar  to  No.  277  but  black  on  sides  of  breast  meeting 
to  form  a  breast  band. 

Range. — Mississippi  Valley;  breeds  from  northern  Illinois  and  Ne- 
braska north  to  Lake  Winnipeg,  east  to  Magdalen  and  Sable  Islands; 
winters  from  Gulf  southward;  casual  migrant  on  Atlantic  coast. 

278.  Snowy  Plover  {^gialitis  nivosa).  L.  6.5. 
No  complete  ring.  Ads.  Black  on  crown;  ear-coverts 
and  sides  of  breast  black.  Yng.  The  same,  but  no 
black;  above  margined  with  whitish.  Winter.  Same 
as  last  but  no  whitish  margins. 

Range. — Western  United  States  east  to  Texas  and  Kansas;  breeds 
from  Indian  Territory  and  southern  California  northward;  winters 
from  Texas  and  southern  California  southward. 

280.  Wilson  Plover  {Ochthodromus  wilsonius). 
L.  7.5;  B.  .8.  No  black  on  hind-neck.  Ad.  c^.  One 
black  breast  -and  crown-band;  some  rusty  about  head. 
Ad.  $.  Similar  but  black  areas  brownish  gray.  Yng. 
Same  as  last,  but  above  margined  with  whitish. 
Winter.     No  whitish  margins. 

Range. — Tropical  and  temperate  America;  breeds  north  to  Virginia, 
rasual  north  to  Nova  Scotia. 

112 


Order  X.    GROUSE,  PARTRIDGES,  BOB-WHITES,  ETC 

GALLINAE. 

Family  1.  GROUSE,  PARTRIDGES,  etc.  Tetraonid^.  21 
species,  22  subspecies. 

Family  2.  TURKEYS,  PHEASANTS,  etc.  Phasianid^.  1  species. 
3  subspecies. 

Family  3.     CURASSOWS  and  GUANS.     Cracid^.     1  species. 

The  members  of  the  family  Tetraonidae  are  usually  placed  in  three 
subfamilies  as  follows:  (1.)  Perdicinae,  containing  the  true  Quails 
and  Partridges  of  the  Old  World  and  with  no  species  in  America.  (2.) 
Odontophorinae,  including  the  Bob-whites  and  so-called  'Quails'  and 
'Partridges'  of  the  New  World,  and  with  no  species  in  the  eastern 
hemisphere.  (3.)  Tetraoninae,  the  Grouse,  with  representatives  in 
the  northern  parts  of  both  hemispheres.  All  the  members  of  the  first 
two  families  have  the  legs  bare,  while  the  Grouse  have  the  legs,  and 
often  even  the  toes,  more  or  less    feathered. 

The  application  of  different  names  to  the  members  of  this  family,  in 
various  parts  of  the  country,  often  make  it  uncertain  just  what  species 
is  referred  to  under  a  given  title.  Our  Bob-white,  for  example,  is  a 
'Quail'  at  the  north  and  a  'Partridge'  at  the  south.  As  a  matter  of  fact 
it  is,  strictly  speaking,  neither  a  true  Quail  nor  Partridge  but  a  member 
of  a  family  restricted  to  America. 

Again,  the  Ruffed  Grouse  is  a  'Partridge'  at  the  north  and  a 
'Pheasant'  at  the  south,  whereas  in  truth  it  is  neither  one  nor  the 
other.  So  far  as  the  application  of  these  local  names  goes,  it  is  to 
be  noted  that  where  the  Bob-white  is  called  'Quail'  the  Grouse  is 
called  'Partridge'  and  that  where  it  is  called  'Partridge'  the  Grouse  is 
known  as  'Pheasant'. 

All  the  Tetraonidae  are  ground-inhabiting  birds,  and  their  plumage 
of  blended  browns,  buffs  and  grays  brings  them  into  such  close  har- 
mony with  their  surroundings  that,  as  a  rule,  we  are  unaware  of  the 
presence  of  one  of  these  birds  until,  with  a  whirring  of  short,  stiff, 
rounded  wings  it  springs  from  the  ground  at  our  feet.  It  is  this  habit 
of  'lying  close,'  as  sportsmen  term  it,  in  connection  with  their  excellent 
flesh,  which  makes  the  members  of  this  family  the  favorites  of  the 
hunter  and  epicure  and  only  the  most  stringent  protective  measures 
will  prevent  their  extinction  as  their  haunts  become  settled. 

113 


Grouse,  Partridges,  Bob-whites,  etc. 

With  the  Ptarmigan  this  harmony  in  color  is  carried  to  a  remarkable 
extreme,  the  birds  being  white  in  winter  and  brown,  buff  and  black  in 
summer;  while  during  the  early  fall  they  assume  a  grayish,  neutral 
tinted  plumage  to  bridge  over  the  period  from  the  end  of  the  nesting 
season,  in  July,  to  the  coming  of  the  snow  in  September. 

The  Tetraonidae  all  nest  on  the  ground,  laying  usually  from  ten  to 
twenty  eggs.  The  young,  like  those  of  their  relative,  the  domestic 
fowl,  are  born  covered  with  downy  feathers  and  can  run  about  shortly 
after  birth. 

The  Turkey  is  the  only  wild  member  of  the  Phasianidae  in 
this  county,  but  the  family  is  well-represented  in  the  domesticated 
Chickens, Peacocks, and  Pheasants,  all  of  which  have  descended  from  Old 
World  ancestors.  Our  domesticated  Turkey  is  derived  from  the  Wild 
Turkey  of  Mexico,  which  was  introduced  into  Europe  shortly  after  the 
Conquest  and  was  thence  brought  to  eastern  Norch  America.  It  differs 
from  the  Wild  Turkey  of  the  eastern  United  States  chiefly  in  the  color  of 
the  tips  of  the  upper  tail-coverts.  These  are  whitish  in  the  domesticated 
Turkey,  as  they  are  in  the  Mexican  race  from  which  it  has  descended, 
and  rusty  brown  in  the  Eastern  Wild  Turkey. 

Besides  the  five  races  of  Wild  Turkey  described  beyond,  another 
species  of  Turkey  is  found  in  America.  This  is  the  Honduras  or  Yu- 
catan Turkey,  now  largely  confined  to  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan.  It  is 
not  so  large  as  our  bird,  but  is  even  more  beautifully  colored,  its  plum- 
age being  a  harmonious  combination  of  blue,   gray  and  copper. 

Ring-necked  and  'English'  Pheasants  have  been  introduced  into 
various  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  in  Oregon  and  Washington  and 
in  the  east,  on  various  private  game  preserves,  they  have  become 
naturalized.  The  true  English  Pheasant  {Phasianus  colchiciis)  is  be- 
lieved to  have  been  introduced  into  England  from  Asia  Minor  probably 
by  the  Romans.  Unlike  the  Ring-necked  Pheasant  {Phasianus  torguat- 
us)  it  has  no  white  collar.  The  last  named  species,  however,  has  also 
been  introduced  into  England  where  it  freely  interbreeds  with  the  ear- 
lier established  English  Pheasant  and  individuals  without  at  least  a 
trace  of  white  on  the  neck  are  now  comparatively  rare. 

The  Curassows  and  Guans  are  tropical  American  birds,  only  one 
species  reaching  the  southern  border  of  the  United  States.  They  are 
arboreal  in  habit  and  form  an  interesting  link  between  the  Partridges, 
etc.  and  the  Pigeons. 

114 


Bib-whites  and  Partridges 


>  289.  Bob-white;  'Quail;'  'Partridge'  {Colinus  vir- 
ginianus).  L.  lo.  Ad.  cJ*.  Throat,  forehead  and  line 
over  eye  white.  Ad.  $.  Throat,  forehead  and  line 
over  eye  buff.  J^otes  Song,  a  ringing,  whistled 
Bob-white  or  huck-wheat-ripe',  calls,  a  conversational 
quit-quit  and  a  whistled  where-are-you  and  Vm  here^ 
repeatedly  uttered  when  the  individuals  of  a  flock  are 
separated. 


Range.— Eastern  North  America,  resident  from  southern  Dakota, 
southern  Minnesota,  southern  Ontario,  southern  Vermont,  New 
Hampshire  and  Maine,  south  to  Georgia  and  western  Florida;  west  to 
South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Oklahoma,  and  eastern  Texas. 
"I  iToducfd  at  virious  points  in  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Utah,  Idaho, 
California  and  Washington."     (A.  O.  U.) 


289a.  Florida  BDb-white  (C.  t)./7.9nV/a;/7<s).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  28q,  but  smaller,  L.  8.5,  and  much  darker; 
black  bars  below  more  numerous. 


Range.— Florida:     typical    onlv    in   southern    half  of  peninsula, 
grading  into  No.  289  in  northern  and  western  parts  of  the  state. 


289b.  Texan  Bob-white  (C.  v.  texanus).  Similar 
to  No.  289,  but  brown  and  buff  areas  paler;  black  bars 
below  wider. 


Range. — Texas,  except  western   part,  rarely  to  western  Kansas, 
south  to  Nuevo  Leon  and  Tamaulipas,  Mexico. 


291.     Masked  Bob-white  (Co/««Ms  nV/^aW).      L.  9. 

Ad.  cf .  Throat  black;  breast  and  bellv reddish  brown. 
Ad.  9.  Resembles  9  of  No.  289b.  Notes.  Son^,  Bob- 
ivhite\  call,  when  the  birds  are  scattered,  koo-we. 
(H.  Brown.) 

Range. — Northern  Sonora,  Mexico,  north  to  Pima  County,  Arizona. 


296.  Mearns  Partridge  (Cvrtonyx  monte^umce 
mearnsi).  L.  9.  Ad.  c?.  Sides  with  num  nius, 
large,  crowded  white  spots.  Ad.  9  •  Pinkish  brown, 
above  5/r^a/fe^i  with  buff y  and  marked  with  chestnut 
and  black,  below  with  a  few  broken  black  bars.  Notes. 
A  low,  murmuring  whine;  a  clear  dsiup-chiur;  when 
alarmed,  chuk-chuk-chuk.     (Bendire.) 


Range. — Northern  Mexico    western  Te.xas,   southern    New  Mexico 
and  southern  Arizona. 


115 


Partridges 


^. 


292.  Mountain  Partridge  (Oreortvxpictus).  L.  ii. 
Ads.  Hindhead  and  nape  same  color  as  back;  inner 
margins  of  tertials  buff.  Notes.  Song,  an  explosive 
whistle  ending  in  a  throaty  tone;  call,  a  rapidly  re- 
peated cuh-cuh-ctih-cuh^  and  a  sharp  pit-pit. 

Range.— Pacific  coast  from  Santa  Barbara.California,  north  to  south- 
em  Washington. 

292a.  Plumed  Partridge  (0./)./)/M;m>rM5).  Hind- 
head,  nape,  and  foreback  same  color  as  breast;  inner 
margins  of  tertials  white. 

Range.— Sierra  Nevada  (both  slopes),  east  to  Panamint  Mountains, 
and  to  Mount  Magruder,  Nevada;  south  in  the  coast  ranges  from  San 
Francisco  Bay  to  Lower  California  (Campos).     (A.  O   U.) 

292b.  San  Pedro  Partridge  (O.  p.  confinis).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  292a,  but  upperparts  much  grayer,  the 
back,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  being  gray  very 
slightly  tinged  with  olive;  bill  stouter.    CRidgway.) 

Range. —San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains.  Lower  California 

293.  Scaled  Partridge  (Callipepla  squamata).  L. 
10.  Ads.  Belly  without  chestnut  patch;  breast  and 
foreback  grayish  blue  edged  with  black;  back  brown- 
ish gray.     Notes.     A  nasal pe-cos" pe-cos'     (Bailey.) 

Range.— "Tableland  of  Mexico,  from  the  Valley  of  Mexico,  north  to 
central  and  western  Texas,  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico  and  southern  Ari- 
zona."    (A.  O.  U.) 

293a.     Chestnut-bellied   Scaled   Partridge    (C.   s. 

castanogastris).  Similar  to  No.  293,  but  J*  with  chest- 
nut patch  on  belly;  9  with  belly  much  rustier  than  in 
?  of  No.  293. 

Range. — Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley,  northwest  to  Eagle  Pass,  Texas; 
south  into  northeastern  Mexico. 

^294.  California  Partridge  {Lophortjyx  californica). 
L.  10.  Ad.  (^.  Above  olive-brown;  belly  patch  chest- 
nut. Ad.  9.  Plumes  shorter;  throat  whitish  streak- 
ed with  dusky;  no  distinct  chestnut  patch  on  belly. 
Notes.  Song,  a  pheasant  like  crow  and  a  crowing,  em- 
phatic sit-right-downr  ,  sit-right-downf  ;  calls,  a  sharp 
pit-pit  pit,  and  a  note  like  that  of  a  young  Robin. 

Range. — "Coast  region  of  California  south  to  Monterey,  introduced 
In  Oregon,  Washington,  and  British  Columbia."     (A.  O.  U.) 

294a.  Valley  Partridge  (A.  c  vallicola).  Similar 
to  No.  294,  but  much  grayer  above;  sometimes  plain 
bluish  gray  without  brown  tinge. 

Range. — "From  western  and  southern  Oregon,  except  near  the 
coast,  south  through  western  Nevada  and  the  interior  of  California  to 
Cape  St.  Lucas."     (Bendire.) 

295.     Gambel      Partridge      {Lophortj^x    gambelii). 
L.  10.    Ad.   ^.      Throat,  forehead  and  belly   patch 
^'/a^/fe;  hindhead  chestnut.    Ad.  ?.    Similar,  but  throat 
grayish  buff;  forehead  gray;  no  black  on  belly;   hind, 
head  brownish;  crest  smaller.    Notes.    Song,  yuk-kae-ja' 

Range, — "Western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  southern  Utah, 
southern  Nevada,  southern  California  in  the  Colorado  Valley  and 
south  into  northwestern  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.) 

116 


Grouse 


297.  Dusky  Grouse  {Dendra^apus  ob scums).  L. 
(^,  20.  9.  18.  Ad.  (^.  Gray  tail-band  over  one  inch 
wide  on  middle  feather;  below  grayish  slate;  above 
blackish  with  fine  rusty  and  grayish  markings.  Ad. 
9.  With  more  white  below;  foreback  regularly  barred 
with  buffy;  middle  tail-feathers  irregularly  barred  with 
buff  or  grayish;  terminal  gray  band  finely  marked  with 
black.  Notes.  A  loud,  ventriloquial,  hooting  or  boom- 
ing. 

Range. — "Rocky  Mounta'ns,  from  central  Montana  and  southeastern 
Id^ho  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona;  east  to  the  Black  Hills,  South  Da- 
kota diid  west  to  East  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada."     ^.A.  O.  U.) 

297a.  Sooty  Grouse  (D.  o.  fuliginosus).  Similar 
to  No.  297,  but  slightly  darker,  gray  band  on  central 
tail  feather  less  than  one  inch  wide. 

Range— "Northwest  Coast  Mountains.from  California  to  Sitki.east 
to  Nevada,  western  Idaho  and  portions  of  British  Columbia."   (A.O.U.) 

\\^i\V  297b.  Richardson  Grouse  (D.  o.  richardsonii). 
Similar  to  No.  297a,  but  yio  tail  band,  or,  if  showing 
indistinctly  from  above,  not  visible  from  below. 

Range. — "Rocky  Mountains,  especially  on  the  eastern  slopes,  from 
central  Montana,  northern  Wyoming  and  SDUtheastern  Idaho,  into 
British  America  to  Liard  River."     (A.  O.  U.) 

298.  Hudsonian  Spruce  Grouse  (Canachites  cana- 
densis). L.  15.  Ad.  c^.  Tail-feathers  tipped  with 
brown;  foreback  margined  with  blmsh  gray.  Ad.  ?. 
Above,  bases  of  feathers  more  or  less  barred  with  rusty 
especially  on  foreback;  throat  and  breast  barred  with 
rusty  and  black;  belly  as  in  male.  Notes.  A  drumming 
sound  produced  by  the  beating  of  the  wings.  CBen- 
dire.) 

Range. — Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay  region. 

298b.  Alaska  Spruce  Grouse  (C.  c.  osgoodi).  Ad. 
(^.  Similar  to  Ad.  (^  of  No.  298c,  but  margins  to 
feathers  of  foreback  brownish  asliy.  Ad.  9 .  Similar 
to  Ad.  9  of  No.  298c,  but  paler,  barred  with  buff  in- 
stead of  rusty. 

Range. — Alaska . 

298c.  Canada  Grouse  (C  c  canace).  Ad.  J*. 
Similar  to  Ad.  (^  of  No.  298.  Ad.  9-  Similar  to  Ad. 
9  of  No.  298,  but  above  more  rusty,  rusty  bars  deep- 
er and  more  conspicuous,  showing  throughout  upper 
surface  and  on  flanks. 

Range.— Northern  New  England,  northern  New  York,  New  Bruns- 
wick. Nova  Scotia  and  Quebec  west  to  northern  Minnesota. 

299.  Franklin  Grouse  {Canachites  franklinii).  Re- 
sembles No.  298,  but  tail  without  brown  tips,  some- 
times tipped  with  white. 

Range. — "Northern  Rocky  Mountains, from  northwestern  Montana  to 
the  coast  ranges  of  Oregon  and  Washington,  and  northward  in  British 
America.reaching  the  Pacific  coast  of  southern  Alaska(latitude  60°  )." 
(A.  O.  U.) 

117 


Grouse  and  Ptarmigan 


300.  Ruffed  Grouse;  'Partridge;'  'Pheasant'  (Bon- 
asa  umhellus).  L.  17.  Ad.  ^.  Prevailing  color 
above  rusty  brown;  tail  rusty  or  gray.  Ad.  9»  Sim- 
ilar but  neck-tufts  smaller.  Notes.  The  male  pro- 
duces a  drumming  sound  by  rapidly  beating  its  wings; 
the  female  utters  a  cluck  and  when  defending  her  brood, 
a  singular  low  whining  sound. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States  from  Minnesota,  southern  Ontario, 
southern  New  Hampshire  and  southern  Vermont,  south  to  Virjfinia 
and  along  the  Alleghanies  to  Georgia;  west  to  northwestern  ArRansas. 


300.  300a.  Canadian  Ruffed  Grouse  (B.  u.  togata). 
Similar  to  No.  300,  but  slightly  grayer  above;  tail 
generally  gray;  bars  on  breast  and  belly  darker  and 
better  defined. 

Range. — Spruce  forests  of  New  Brunswicl<,  Nova  Scotia,  Maine 
northern  New  Hampshire,  northern  Vermont  and  south  to  higher 
mountains  of  Massachusetts  and  northern  New  York;  west  to  eastern 
slope  of  c6ast  ranges  of  Oregon,  Washington  and  British  Columbia: 
north  to  James  Bay. 


300b.  Gray  Ruffed  Grouse  (B.  u.  umhelloides). 
Similar  to  No.  300a,  but  grayer;  prevailing  color  of 
upper-parts,  including  crown,  gray;  tail  always   gray. 

Range.— Rocky  Mountains,  from  Colorado  north  to  latitude  65°  In 
Alaska,  east  to  Mackenzie  and  poplar  woods  of  western  Manitoba. 


300c.  Oregon  Ruffed  Grouse  (B.  u.  sahini)  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  300,  but  much  darker,  prevailing  color  of 
upper  parts  rusty  brown;  tail  always  rusty  brown. 

Range. — Pacific  coast  ranges  from  Cape  Mendocino,  California, 
north  to  British  Columbia. 


18 


Ptarmigan 


301.  Willow  Ptarmigan  {Lagopus  lagopus).  L.15. 
Bill  large,  more  than  .4  deep  at  base;  tail  black,  nar- 
rowly tipped  with  white.  Ad.  J*  Summer.  Throat  and 
upp^rr  breabt  rusty  brown.  Ad.  (^  FaU.  Rustier  and 
more  finely  marked  above.  Ad.  9  Summer.  Above 
black  barred  with  buff  and  tipped  with  white;  below 
buff  barred  with  black;  middle  of  belly  whitish.  Ad. 
$,  Fall.  Much  like  fall  male.  Ads.,  Winter.  White, 
tail  black  tipped  with  white;  no  blnck  before  eye. 
Notes.  Song,  ku-M-M-kU  while  ascending  five  or  ten 
yards  in  the  air;  a  hard  rolling  kr-r-r-r  when  descend- 
ing.  (Nelson.) 

Range.— Arctic  Regions;  in  America  breeding  south  to  Lat.  5<;  ° 
in  winter  migrating  south  to  Lat.  50°  ;  recorded  once  from  Pe- 
nobscot Co.,  Maine,  and  once  from  Mancliester,  Mass. 

301a.  Allen  Ptarmigan  {L.  I.  allent).  Similar  to 
No.  30 1, but  $  more  finely  marked;  shafts  o<' primaries, 
at  all  seasons,  strongly  black  spreading  to  the  web  of 
the  feather. 

Range. — Newfoundland. 

302.  Rock  Ptarmigan  {Lagopus  rupestris).  L.  14. 
Bill  less  than  .4  deep  at  base;  tail  black.  Always  to 
He  known  from  No.  301  by  its  smaller  bill.  Ad.  cf 
Summer.  Above  irregularly  barred  and  mol'"'ed  with 
gray  and  rusty  buff;  below  barred  black  and  white  and 
rusty  buff.  Ad.  rj'  Fall.  Above  minutely  speckled 
black,  gray  and  biiff,  the  prevailing  color  being  gray- 
ish brown.  Ad.  (^  Winter.  White,  lores  and  tail 
black.  Ad.  9  Summer.  Above  black  barred  with 
rusty  and  margined  with  whitish;  below  rusty  barred 
with  black  and  tipped  with  whitish.  Ad.  $  Fall. 
Like  fall  c^.  Ad.  ?  Winter.  Like  winter  ^  but  no 
black  before  eye. 

Range. — North  America  from  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  higher 
mountains  of  British  Columbia  north  to  Arctic  Regions  (except 
northern  Labrador)  west  through  Alaska  to  Aleutian  Islands. 

302a.  Reinhardt  Ptarmigan  (Z,.  r.  reinhardti). 
Ad.  ^  Summer.'  Similar  to  No.  302,  but  "less  regu- 
larly and  coarsely  barred  above"  (Ridgw.)  Ad.  9 
Summer.  Resembles  $  of  No.  302.  Ads.  Fall  Much 
grayer  than  No.  302  in  fall.  Ads.^  Winter.  Like  No. 
302  in  winter.  Notes.  When  courting  the  male  utters 
a  growling  kurr-kurr.     (Turner.) 

Range. — Northern  Labrador  north  to  Greenland. 

302b.  Nelson  Ptarmigan  (Z,.  r.  nelsoni).  Ad.  (^, 
Summer.  Ground  color  of  upperpa.ts  deep  umber- 
brown,  very  finely  and  densely  vermiculated;  chest 
barred  with  bright  tawny  brown  and  black.  Ad.  $. 
Summer.    Similar  to  9  of  No.  302.     (Ridgw.) 

Ran£:e. — Unalaska,  Aleutian  Islands. 

119 


Ptarmigan 


302c.  Turner  Ptarmigan  {L.  r.  atkhensis).  Light- 
er in  general  hue  than  302d  and  without  black  blotch- 
es on  upperparts.  (Elliot.)  Ad.  (^^  Summer.  "Ground 
color  of  upperparts  pale  raw-umber  brown,  mixed 
with  pale  grayish;  chest  and  neck  barred  with  pale 
brownish  ochre  and  black."  Ad.  ^^  Summer.  Ground 
color  of  upperparts  rusty,  mixed  with  pale  grayish 
buff,  narrowly  and  irregularly  barred  with  black;  chest 
and  neck  coarsely  barred  with  rusty  and  black. 
(Ridgw.) 

Range.— Atka,  Aleutian  Islands. 


302d.  Townsend  Ptarmigan  [L.  r.  towmendf).  Ad: 
(^,  Summer.  Above,  breast  and  flanks  raw  umber 
finely  vermiculated  with  black  on  back;  with  black 
blotches  on  head,neck  and  upperpart  of  back  and  wings. 
Ad.  9,  Summer.  Above  ochraceous,  bbtched  and 
barred  with  black;  lighter  below.     (Elliot. ) 

Range.— Kyska  and  Adak,  Aleutian  Islands. 

302.1.  Evermann  Ptarmigan  {Lagopus  evermanni). 
L.  13.9.  Ad.  J*,  Summer.  Above  and  breast  black 
slightly  marked  with  rusty.  Ad.  ^ ,  Summer.  Entire 
body  plumage,  ochraceous,  blotched  and  barred  with 
black  and  above  tipped  with  white  or  ochraceous;  be- 
low black  bars  wider  and  no  white  tips.     (Elliot.) 

Range. — ^Attu,  Aleutian  Islands. 

303.  Welch  Ptarmigan  (Z.a^o/)Ms  rt'^/^/i*)-  L.  about 
14.  Bill  and  tail  as  in  No.  302;  plumage  grayer  than 
in  No.  302.  Ad.  c^,  Summer.  Above  black _^«^/i'  and 
irregularly  marked  with  wavy  lines  of  buff  and  white. 
Ad.  9 ,  Summer.  Above  black  finely  and  irregularly 
barred  with  buffy,  grayish  and  white. 

Range. — Newfoundland 

304.?  White-tailed  Ptarmigan  (Lagopus  I eucurus). 
L.  13.  l-d\\  white.  Ad.  cf,  Summer.  Breast  *)arred, 
black  and  white.  Ad.  9,  Summer.  Above  black 
barred  with  rich  buff;  below  rich  buff  barred  with 
black.  Ads.,FMl.  Above  and  breast  rich  buff  fine- 
ly vermiculated  with  black.  Ads.,  IVinter.  Entirely 
white,  t^otes.  When  about  to  fly  and  at  the  begin- 
ing  of  flight  a  sharp  cackle  like  that  of  a  frightened 
hen.     (Grinnell.j 

Range.— "Alpine  summits  of  Rocky  Mountains;  south  to  New 
Mex.co;  north  into  British  America  (as  far  as  Fort  Halkett,  Llari 
River);  west  to  higher  ranges  of  Oregon,  Washinarton.  and  British 
Columbia."  (Bendire.) 

304a.?  Kenai  White-tailed  Ptarmigan  (L.  I.  penin- 
sularis).  Similar  to  No.  304,  but  in  summer  buff 
markings  much  paler;  in  fall,  colors  much  grayer. 

Range.— Kenai  Peninsula,  Alaska. 

120 


305.  Prairie  Hen  (Tvmparmchus  americanus).  L. 
1 8.  Underparts  with  distinct  brown  and  white  bars  of 
about  equal  width.  Ad  (^.  A  neck-tuft  of  ten  or 
more  rounded  feathers.  Ad.  ?.  Necl<-tufts  much 
smaller;  whole  tail  barred.  Notes.  Song,  a  loud 
"booming." 

Range.— "Prairies  of  Mississippi  Valley;  south  to  Louisiana  and 
Texas;  east  to  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Ohio,  Michigan  and  Onta*rio; 
west  through  eastern  portions  of  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Ne- 
braska. Kansas  and  Indian  Territory;  north  to  Manitoba;  general 
tendency  to  extension  of  range  westward  and  contraction  eastward; 
migration  north  and  south  in  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  Missouri."  (A. 
O.  U.) 

305a.  Attwater  Prairie  Hen  (T.  a.  attwateri). 
Similar  to  No.  305,  but  smaller  and  darker;  neck-tufts 
proportionately  wide;  tarsus  not  fully  feathered. 

Range. — Southwestern  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas. 

306.  Heath  Hen  (Tympanuchus  cupido) .  Similar  to 
No.  305,  but  smaller;  scapulars  more  broadly  tipped 
with  buff;  neck-tuft  of  less  than  ten  feathers;  obtusely 
pointed;  axillars  barred  with  dusky. 

Range. — Martha's  Vineyard,  Massachusetts. 

307.  Lesser  Prairie  Hen  {Tympanuchus  pallidicinc- 
tus).  Similar  to  No.  305,  but  smaller,  more  buffy 
above;  brown  bars  below  narrower  than  whitish 
spaces  between  them.  Notes,  Doubtless  the  same  as 
those  of  No.  305. 

Range.— Southwestern  parts  of  Kansas  and  western  Indian  Terri- 
tory, western  (and  southern?)  Texas.     (Bendlre.) 

308.  Sharp-tailed  Grouse  {Pedioecetes phasianellus) . 
L.  17.  Breast  feathers  with  internal  V  shaped  loops; 
no  neck-tufts.  Ads.  Prevailing  color  above  black; 
narrowly  barred  with  rusty  and  margined  with  paler. 

Range— Interior  of  British  America,  east  to  Rocky  Mountains, 
about  James  Bay  (Moose  Factory)  and  the  west  shore  of  Hudson 
Bay,  northern  Manitoba,  north  at  least  to  Fort  Simpson,  Mackenzie 
River,  northwest  territory.     (Bendire.) 

30da.    Columbian  Sharp-tailed  Gr«use    [P.   p.   co- 

lumbianus).    Similar  to  No.  308,   but  prevailing  color 
above  buffy. 

Range. —  "Northwest  United  States;   south  to   northeastern    Cali- 
fornia, northern  Nevada  and  Utah;  east  to  Montana  and   Wyoming, 
west  to  Oregon   and  Washington;    north,    chiefly  west  of   Rocky 
Mountains,  through  British  Columbiatocentral  Alaska  (Fort  Yukon) 
(Bendire.) 

308b.  Prairie  Sharp-tailed  Gr«use  (P.  p.  camp- 
estris).  Similar  to  No.  308J,  but  more  rusty.  Notes. 
Song,  a  bubbling  crow,  a  rattling  of  tail-feathers,  and 
stamping  of  feet.  Calls,  when  disturbed,  cack^  cack, 
cack;  a  soft  clear  whistle  and  a  grunt  of  alarm.  (Seton.) 
Call  of  mother  to  young  and  of  young  in  reply  a  gut- 
tur.il,  raucous  croak.     (Grinnell.) 

Range — "Plains  and  prairies  of  United  States,  north  to  Manitoba; 
east  to  Wisconsin  and  northern  Illinois;  west  to  eastern  Colorado; 
south  to  eastern  New  Mexico."    (Bendire.) 

121 


Prairie  Hens  and  Grouse 


^') 


Grouse,  Turkeys  and  Chachalaca 


f 


309.  Sage  Qrouse  {Centrocercus  urophastanus).  Ad. 
cf,  L.  29;  Ad.  9,  L.  22.  Similar  to  J*,  but  smaller, 
throat  whiter;  breast  barred  black  and  whitish.  Notes. 
When  courting,  low,  grunting,  guttural  sounds;  when 
alarmed,  a  sort  of  cackle,  kak,  kak.     (Bendire.) 

Range. — "Sage  regrions  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Plateau,  and  west 
chiefly  within  the  United  States,  but  north  to  Assiniboia  and  the  dry 
Interior  of  British  Columbia;  east  to  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota, 
Nebraska  and  Colorado;  south  to  northern  New  Mexico,  Utah  and  Ne- 
vada; west  in  California,  Oregon  and  Washington,  to  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada and  Cascade  Range."     (A.  O.  U.) 

Pheasant  (Pbastanus  torquatus  x  P.  colchicus).  An 
introduced  species,  see  remarks  on  page  114. 

310.  Wild  Turkey  {Meleagrts  gaUopavo  silvestris). 
^  Ad.  L.  nbout  48;upper  tail-coverts  and  tail  tipped  with 
rusty  chestnut;  white  bars  in  primaries  entire,crossing  the 
webs  of  the  feathers.  Notes.  Similar  to  those  of  the 
domesticated  Turkey. 

Range. — Eastern  United  States  from  Pennsylvania  south  to  central 
Florida;  west  to  Nebraska  and  northeastern  Texas. 


310a.  Merriam  Turkey  iM.  g.  merriami).  Similar 
to  No.  310,  but  tail  and  upper  tail-coveris  tipped  with 
whitish. 

Range — "Mountairs  of  southern  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Arizona 
and  western  Texas;  and  northern  Chihuahua  and  Sonora,  Mexico." 
(Bailey.) 


310b.  Florida  Wild  Turkey  [M.  g.  osceola).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  310,  but  smaller;  primaries  with  narrow 
broken  bars  not  reaching  across  feather. 

Range.— Southern  Florida. 


3  lOc.  Rio  Grande  Turkey  (M.  g.  intermedia).  Tips 
of  upper  tail-coverts  and  of  tail  rusty  buff  intermediate 
in  color  between  those  of  Nos.  310  and  310a. 

Range. — "Lowlands  of  southern  Texas  and  northeastern  Mexico." 
(A-O.U.) 


311.  Chachalaca  (Ortalis  vetula  maccallt).  L.  21. 
Ads.  Above  olive-brown;  tail  blacker,  all  but  miJiHe- 
feathers  bordered  with  whitish;  belly  brownish.  Notes. 
A  loud,  trumpeting  cha-cka-laca,  repeated  a  number  of 
times. 

Range.— Tropical  portions  of  eastern  Mexico,  from  Vera  Cruz  north 
to  Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley. 


122 


Order  XI.    PIGEONS  AND  DOVES. 

COLUMB^. 

Family  1.  PIGEONS  and  DOVES.  Columbid^.  13  species,  3 
subspecies. 

Pigeons  are  distributed  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  globe,  but 
their  center  of  abundance  appears  to  be  in  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
where  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  of  the  some  three  hundred 
known  species  are  found.  One  hundred  or  more  species  have  been 
described  from  the  New  World  but  only  twelve  of  these  inhabit  North 
America. 

The  various  races  of  domestic  Pigeons,  'Pouters,'  'Fantails,'  etc.  are 
descendants  of  the  Rock  Dove  of  Europe,  modified  in  form  and  habit 
through  the  selection  by  the  breeder  or  'fancier.' 

Pigeons  build  a  flimsy,  platform  nest  of  twigs  and  lay  two  white 
eggs.  Both  sexes  incubate,  one  relieving  the  other  at  certain  hours 
each  day.  The  young  are  born  naked  and  are  fed  by  regurgitation, 
on  'Pigeons'  milk,'  the  parent  thrusting  its  bill  into  the  mouth  of  its 
young  and  discharging  therein  food  which  has  been  softened  in  its  own 
crop. 

Some  species  of  Pigeons  nest  in  isolated  pairs,  others  in  large  colo- 
nies, but  it  is  the  habit  of  many  species  to  gather  in  large  flocks  after 
the  nesting  season. 

The  Wild  or  Passenger  Pigeon,  once  so  abundant  in  this  county,  was 
found  in  flocks  throughout  the  year.  Alexander  Wilson,  the  'father  of 
American  Ornithology'  writing  about  1808,  estimated  that  a  flock  of 
Wild  Pigeons  seen  by  him  near  Frankfort,  Kentucky,  contained  at 
least  2,230,272,000  individuals.  Audubon  writes  that  in  1805  he  saw 
schooners  at  the  wharves  in  New  York  city  loaded  in  bulk  with  Wild 
Pigeons  caught  up  the  Hudson  River,  which  were  sold  at  one  cent  each. 

As  late  as  1876  or  1877  there  was  a  colony  of  nesting  Wild  Pigeons 
in  Michigan,  which  was  twenty-eight  miles  long  and  averaged  three  or 
four  miles  in  width,  and  in  1881  the  birds  were  still  so  abundant  in 
parts  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  that  the  writer  saw  thousands  of  birds, 
trapped  in  that  region,  used  iii  a  Pigeon  match  near  New  York  City. 

Today,  however,  as  a  result  of  constant  persecution,  the  Wild  Pigeon 
is  so  rare  that  the  observation  of  a  single  individual  is  noteworthy. 

123 


Pigeons  and  Doves 


312.  Band-tailed  Pigeon  {Columha  fasciata).  L. 
15.  Ad.  (^.  Tail-band  ashy  above,  whiter  below; 
a  white  nape-band;  tail  square.  Ad.  ?.  Similar,  or 
in  some  specimens,  nape  band  absent;  pinkish  of  crown 
and  breast  dingy.  ^  Notes.  An  owl-like  hooting,  some- 
times a  calm  whoo-hoo-hoo,  wkoo-hoo-hoo,  at  others  a 
spirited  hoop-ah-whoo,  and  again   whoo-ugh.      (Bailey.) 


Range.— "Western  United  States  from  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
Pacific;  north  to  Washington  and  British  Columbia;  south  to  Mexico 
and  the  highlands  of  Guatemala;  distribution  irregular,  chiefly  in 
wooded  mountain  regions."    (A.  O.  U.) 


312a.  Viosca  Pigeon  (C./.zj«bsc^).  Similar  to  No. 
312,  but  paler,  more  clearly  bluish  slate  above^  pink  of 
crown  and  breast  with  a  grayish  bloom. 


Range. — Cape  Region  of  Lower  California. 


313.     KeA-bxWed  Pigeon  {Columha flavirostris) .      L. 

15.  Ads.  No  tail-band;  wings,  tail,  and  belly  slate; 
head  and  neck  purplish  pink;  no  iridescent  markings. 
Notes.     A  fine,  loud,  coo-whoo-er-whoo. 


Range. — Costa  Rica  migrating  north  to  southern  Texas,  New  Mex- 
ico and  Arizona. 


3  1 4.  White-crowned  Pigeon (Co/«w&a  leucocephala) . 
L.  13.5  Ad.  c^.  Crown  white;  body  slate;  lowvr 
hindneck  iridescent;  nape  maroon.  Ad.  $.  Much 
paler;  crown  ashy. 


Range, — Greater  Antilles  and  islands    about  Anejrac 
coast  of  Honduras,  Bahamas  and  certain  Florida  Keys. 


Channel; 


124 


Pigeons  and  Doves 


315.  Passenger  Pigeon,  Wild  Pigeon  {Ectopistr. 
migratarius) .  L.  16.  Outer  tail-feathers  chestnut  at 
base  uf  inner  web.  Ad.  (^.  Chin,  whole  head,  and 
lower  back  bluish  slate.  Ad.  V-  Browner  above, 
breast  brownish  ashy;  neck  feathers  less  iridescent. 
Notes.     An  explosive,  squeaky,  squawk. 


Range. — Formerly  eastern  North  America  north  to  Hudson  Bay; 
now  exceedingly  rare,  less  so  in  the  upper  Mississippi  valley  than 
elsewhere. 


316.  Mourning  Dove,  Carolina  Dove  {Zenaidura 
macroura).  L.  11.8.  Outer  tail-feathers  slate  color  at 
base  of  inner  web.  Ad.  cT.  Chin  whitish;  sides  of 
head  buffy;  a  black  ear  mark.  Ad.  9-  Similar  but 
paler,  breast  more  ashy  brown,  neck-feathers  less 
iridescent.      Notes.     Coo-o-o-ah,coo-o-o-coo-o-o-coo-o-o. 


Range. — North  America,  breeding  from  West  Indies  and  Mexico 
north  to  southern  Maine,  Quebei  ,  Ontario,  Manitoba  and  British 
Columbia;  winters  from  southern  New  York,  southern  Illinois,  Kansas 
and  southern  California  southward. 


317.  Zenaida  Dove  [Zenaida  ^enaida).  L.  10. 
Ad.  (^.  Tail  short,  without  white  markings;  all  but  cen- 
tral pair  of  feathers  tipped  with  ashy  blue;  secondaries 
tipped  with  white.  Ad.  9-  Similar  but  pinkish  of 
crown  and  underparts  brownish;  neck  feathers  less 
iridescent.  Notes.  Resemble  those  of  No.  316,  but 
are  louder  and  deeper. 


Range. — Greater  Antilles,  coast  of  Yucatan  and   Bahamas,  north  In 
April  to  Florida  Keys. 


318.  White-fronted  Dove  {Leptotila  fulviventrts 
brachjyptera) .  L.  12.  No  black  ear-mark;  under  wing- 
coverts  rusty  chestnut.  Ad.  (^.  Forehead  whitish; 
all  but  central  pair  of  tail-feathers  tipped  with  white. 
Ad.  $.  Forehead  dingier;  breast  brownish  ashy; 
neck  feathers  less  iridescent.  Notes.  A  short,  soft 
coo. 


Range. — Central  America  and  Mexico,  north  in  February  to  valley 
of  Lower  Rio  Grande. 


125 


Pigeons  and  Doves 


319.  White-winged     Dove    [Melopelia    leucoptera). 

L.  12.  Wing-coverts,  externally,  widely  margined 
with  white;  large  black  ear  marks.  Ads.  All  but  cen- 
tral pair  of  tail-feathers  bluish  slate  with  a  black  band 
and  whitish  tip.  Notes.  A  loud,  crowing  cookeree- 
cooker ee-coo-ree-coo,    crow-co-er-coo,  crow-co-er-coo. 

Range. — Southern  border  of  United  States  from  Texas  to  Arizona' 
south  to  Lower  California  and  Central  America,  Cuba  and  Jamaica, 
casual  at  Key  West,  Florida. 

320.  Ground  Dove;  Mourning  Dove  {Columhigal- 
lina  passerina  terrestris).  L.  6.7.  Smallest  of  our 
Doves.  Ad.  (^.  Forehead  and  underparts  deep  vina- 
ceous  pink;  hindhead  and  nape  ashy  blue  margined 
with  dusky;  base  of  bill  coral,  tip  black.  Ad.  $. 
Forehead  and  breast  brownish  gray;  breast  feathers 
with  dusky  centers  and  margins.  Notes.  A  soft, 
zrooning  coo. 

Range. — Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  north  to  northern  North  Carolina, 
west  to  eastern  Texas;  more  common  near  coast. 

320a.  Mexican  Ground  Dove  (C.  p.  pallescens). 
Similar  to  No.  320,  but  forehead  and  underparts  much 
paler;  back  grayer. 

Range. — Texas  to  southern  California  and  south  to  Central  America. 

320b.  Bermuda  Ground  Dove  (C.  p.  bermudiana). 
Similar  to  320a,  but  smaller  and  paler;  bill  wholly 
black.     (Bangs  and  Bradlee.) 

Range.— Bermuda. 

321.  Inca  Dove  [Scardafella  inca).  L.  8.  Ads. 
Tail  long,  outer  feathers  tipped  with  white;  plumage 
above  and  below  margined  with  dusky,  giving  a  scaled 
appearance. 

Range. — Southern  Texas  (San  Antonio),  southern  Mexico  and 
southern  Arizona  south  to  Lower  California  and  Central  America. 

322.  Key  West  Quail-Dove  {Geotrj'gon  chrj^sia). 
L.  12.  Ads.  A  white  line  below  eye;  belly  white; 
back  rich  rusty  with  beautiful,  metallic,  purplish,  green 
and  blue  reflections;  tail  rusty  with  no  white. 

Range.— Cuba,  Hayti, Bahamas  and,  rarely,  Florida  Keys. 

322.1.  Ruddy  Quail-Dove  {Geotrygon  montana). 
L.  II.  Ad.  (^.  No  white  line  below  eye;  breast  dull 
pinkish;  belly  deep  buff;  back  rich  rusty  with  purplish 
reflections,  tail  rusty  without  white.  Ad.  9.  Above 
olive-brown  with  greenish  reflections;  below  rusty 
buff. 

Range. — Mexico  south  to  Brazil;  West  Indies;  casual  at  Key  West 
Florida 

323.  Blue-headed  Quail  Dove  (Starncenas  c_yanocep- 
hala).  L.  12.  Ads.  Crown  and  sides  of  throat  dull 
blue;  middle  of  upper  breast  black  with  white  bars 
and  pinkish  tips;  belly  rusty  brown,  lower  back  as  in 
No.  316.  Notes.  A  hollow  sounding  hu-ut,  the  first 
syllable  long,  the  second  short.    (Gundlach.) 

Range. — Cuba,  and  rarely  Florida  Keys. 

126 


Order  XII.    VULTURES,  HAWKS,  AND  OWLS. 

RAPTORES. 

Family  1.     AMERICAN  VULTURES.      Cathartid^.     3   species. 

Family  2.  FALCONS,  HAWKS,  EAGLES,  etc.  Falconid^.  33 
species,  13  subspecies. 

Family  3.     BARN  OWLS.     Strigid^.     1  species. 

Family  4.  HORNED  OWLS.  Bubonid^.  19  species,  20  sub- 
species. 

In  the  Raptores  we  have  a  group  of  birds  of  great  value  to  man  but 
whose  services  for  the  most  part,  are  so  little  appreciated  that,  far  from 
protecting  these  birds,  we  have  actually  persecuted  them. 

The  Vultures,  it  is  true,  are  given  credit  for  their  good  work  as 
scavengers  and  ihey  are  protected  both  by  law  and  by  public  sentiment. 
Every  one  knows  that  a  living  Vulture  is  infinitely  more  useful  than  a 
dead  one.  As  a  result  throughout  countries  inhabited  by  these  birds 
they  are  usually  both  abundant  and  tame,  entering  the  cities  to  feed 
in  the  streets  with  an  assurance  born  of  years  of  immunity  from  harm. 

But  how  differently  their  kin  of  the  family  Falconidae  act  in  their 
relations  to  man!  'Wild  as  a  Hawk'  has  become  an  adage.  These 
birds  are  universally  condemned.  To  kill  one  is  a  commendable  act. 
Every  ones  hand  is  raised  against  them.  In  some  localities  a  price 
has  actually  been  set  upon  their  heads. 

A  fondness  for  chickens,  it  is  alleged,  is  the  chief  crime  of  Hawks, 
and  in  popular  parlance  all  Hawks  are  'Chicken  Hawks'  and  as  such 
are  to  be  killed  on  sight. 

Naturalists  have  long  been  aware  that  only  one  of  our  common 
Hawks  habitually  preys  upon  poultry  while  most  of  our  species,  by 
feeding  largely  on  meadow  mice,  are  actually  beneficial.  It  was  not, 
however,  until  this  matter  received  the  attention  of  the  Biological 
Survey  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  that  the 
economic  status  of  Hawks,  as  well  as  of  Owls,  was  placed  on  a  sound 
scientific  basis.  In  Dr.  A.  K.  Fisher's  report  on  the  food  of  Hawks 
and  Owls,  issued  by  the  Biologic  Survey  in  1893,  the  results  of 
the  examination  of  the  contents  of  several  thousands  stomachs  of  these 
birds  is  tabulated.  It  is  stated,  for  example,  that  only  three  out  of 
two  hundred  and  twenty  stomachs  of  the  so-called   'Chicken'    or   Red- 

127 


Vultures,  Hawks,  and  Owls. 

shouldered  Hawk  contained  the  remains  of  poultry,  while  mice  were 
found  in  no  less  than  one  hundred  and  two,  and  insects  in  ninety-two. 

That  the  Sparrow  Hawk  is  also  wrongly  named  is  clear  from  a  study 
of  its  food,  only  fifty-four  out  of  three  hundred  and  twenty  stomachs 
examined  containing  remains  of  birds,  while  insects  were  found  in  two 
hundred  and  fifteen. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  among  our  commoner  Hawks,  the  Cooper  and 
Sharp-shinned  are  the  only  ones  feeding  largely  on  birds  and  poultry, 
and  if  the  farmer  will  take  the  pains  to  ascertain  what  kind  of  Hawk  it 
is  that  pays  unwelcome  visits  to  his  barn-yard,  he  will  be  spared  the 
injustice  of  condemning  all  Hawks  for  the  sins  of  one  or  two. 

Feeding  after  sunset,  when  the  small  mammals  are  most  active, 
Owls  are  even  more  beneficial  than  Hawks.  The  Great  Horned  Owl, 
it  is  true,  has  an  undue  fondness  for  poultry,  but  the  bird  is  generally 
so  rare  near  thickly  populated  regions  that  on  the  whole  it  does  com- 
paratively little  harm. 

Fortunately,  it  is  those  Owls  which  are  most  common  in  settled 
regions  which  are  of  most  value  to  man.  Thus,  our  little  Screech  Owl 
feeds  chiefly  on  mice  and  insects.  Only  one  of  the  two  hundred  and 
fifty-five  stomachs  examined  by  Dr.  Fisher  contained  the  remains  of 
poultry  while  mice  were  found  in  ninety-one  and  insects  in  one  hundred. 
Of  the  Short-eared  or  Marsh  Owl,  seventy-seven  out  of  one  hundred 
and  one  stomachs  contained  mice  remains,  and  the  same  injurious 
little  rodents  were  found  in  eighty-four  out  of  one  hundred  and  seven 
stomachs  of  the  Long-eared  Owl. 

The  bones  and  hair  of  the  small  mammals  eaten  by  Owls  are  rolled 
into  oblong  pellets  in  the  stomach  and  are  ejected  at  the  mouth. 
These  pellets  may  often  be  found  in  large  numbers  beneath  the  roosts 
in  which  Owls  pass  the  day.  In  200  such  castings  of  the  Barn  Owl  Dr. 
Fisher  found  the  remains  of  454  small  mammals  of  which  no  less  than 
225  were  meadow  mice. 

Hawks  build  large  bulky  nests  of  sticks  placing  them  usually  well  up 
in  large  trees,  and  lay,  as  a  rule,  four  eggs  which  are  generally  whitish, 
blotched  with  brown.  The  Marsh  Hawk  is  an  exception.  Its  nest 
built  largely  of  grasses,  is  placed  on  the  ground  in  marshes  and  the 
eggs,  often  numbering  six  and  rarely  eight,  are  bluish  white  unmarked. 

The  Owls  nest  in  holes  in  trees  or  banks,  or,  in  some  instances,  an 
old  Hawk  or  Crow  nest  may  be  occupied.  The  eggs  usually  number 
three  to  five  and  are  always  pure  white. 

128 


Vultures  and  Osprey 


324.  California  Vulture  {Gymnog^ps  californianus) , 
L.  44-55;  Ex.  8  1-2  to  nearly  11  feet.  (Ridgvv.)  Ads. 
Head  and  neck  orange,  blue,  and  red,  unfeathered; 
feathers  around  neck  and  on  underparts  narrow  and 
stiffened;  greater  wing-coverts  tipped  with  white; 
under  wing-coverts  white. 


Range.— "Coast  ranges  of  southern  California  from  Monterey  Bay, 
south  to  Lower  California  and  east  to  Arizona"  (Bailey).  Recorded 
from  Burrard  Inlet,  British  Columbia  (Fannin). 


325.  Turkey  Vulture;  Turkey  Buzzard  {Cathartes 
aura).  L.  30;  T.  11.  Ads.  Head  and  neck  red  un- 
feathered; brownish  black;  no  white  in  plumage;  bill 
whitish.    Notes.    A  low  hissing  sound  when  disturbed. 


Range.— Western  Hemisphere  from  central  and  northeast  New 
Jersey,  central  Illinois,  northern  Minnesota,  the  Saskatchewan  region 
and  British  Columbia,  south  to  Patagonia;  winters  from  southern 
New  Jersey,  southern  Illinois  and  southern  California  southward. 


326.  Black  Vulture;  Carrion  Crow  {Catkarista 
urubu).  L.  24.  T.  8.  Ads.  Head  and  neck  unfeath- 
ered, black,  plumage  black;  under  surjace  of  wings  silvery. 
Notes.    A  low  grunting  sound  when  disturbed. 


Range. — Tropical  America,  north,  as  a  resident  to  North  Carolina, 
southern  Illinois  and  southern  Kansas;  west  to  the  Plains,  south  to 
northern  South  America,  strays  as  far  north  as  Maine  and  South  Da- 
kota. 


364.  American  Osprey;  Fish  Hawk  {Pandion  balia- 
etus  carolinensis) .  L.  23.  Nape  white;  feet  large;  no 
bars  on  primaries.  Ad.  (^.  Below  white  with  few  or 
no  spots  on  breast.  Ad.  $.  Similar,  but  breast  with 
numerous  grayish  brown  spots  and  streaks.  Notes. 
Loud,  plaintive,  whistles. 


Range. — ^America;  breeds  from  Florida,  Texas  and  Lower  California, 
north  to  Labrador,  Great  Slave  Lake  and  northern  Alaska;  winters 
from  South  Carolina  and  Lower  Mississippi  Valley  to  northern  South 
America. 


129 


<^ 


v^ 


Kites  and  Marsh  Hawk 


327.  S^NaWowi-iaWed  Kite  (Elanotdes  forjicatus) .  L. 
24.  j4ds.  Back  purplish  black,  wings  and  tail  blue- 
black.  Notes.  A  shrill,  keen,  e-e-e  or  we-we-we.  (Ben- 
dire.) 

Range. — Middle  America;  summers  north  to  Virginia,  central  Illi- 
nois, northern  Minnesota,  Manitoba  and  Dakota;  west  to  central  Kan- 
sas, rarely  to  Colorado;  winters  in  Central  and  South  America. 


328.  White-tailed  Kite  [Elanus  leucurus) .  L.  15.5. 
Ads.  Shoulders  black;  back  and  middle  tail-feathers 
ashy  gray;  rest  of  tail-feathers,  forehead  and  underparts 
white.  Yng.  Upperparts  with  rusty.  Notes.  A  plain- 
tive, musical  whistle.     (Barlow.) 

Range.— Middle  America  north  to  South  Carolina,  southern  Illinois, 
Indian  Territory,  western  Texis,  Arizona  and  central  California; 
south  to  Argentine  Republic;  rare  east  of  the  the  Mississippi. 


329.  Mississippi  Kite  Qcttnia  mississippiensis) .  L. 
14.  Ads.  Head,  ends  of  secondaries,  and  underparts 
bluish  gray;  back  bluish  slate;  tail  black  without  bars. 
Yng.  Head  streaked  black  and  white;  back  blackish, 
tipped  with  rusty;  tail  with  three  or  four  broken  white 
bars;  underparts  buffy,  streaked  with  rusty  and 
blackish. 

Range.— Middle  America;  breeds  north  to  South  Carolina,  southern 
Illinois  and  Kansas;  winters  in  tropics. 


330.  Everglade  Kite;  Snail  Hawk  {Rostrhamus  so- 
ciahilis).  L.  18.  Longer  upper  tail-coverts  and  base 
of  tail  white.  Ads.  Slaty  black;  end  of  tail  with 
brownish  and  whitish  bands.  Yng.  Above  blackish 
brown  tipped  with  rusty;  below  mottled  rusty,  black- 
ish and  buff. 

Range.  Tropical  America  north  to  southern  Florida  and  eastern 
Mexico;  south  to  Argentine  Republic. 


331.  Marsh  Hawk;  Harrier  {Circus  hudsonius). 
L.  c3^,  19;  $,  22.  Upper  tail-coverts  and  base  of  tail 
white.  Ad.  (J".  Above  gray  or  ashy;  underparts  with 
rusty  spots.  Ad.  $,  and  Yng.  Above  brownish 
black  with  more  or  less  rusty,  particularly  on  the  nape; 
below  brownish  rusty  with  black  streaks  on  breast. 
Notes.  A  peevish  scream  and  peculiar  clucking  or 
cackling.     (Preston.) 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  locally  north  to  about  latitude  60°  ; 
winters  from  southern  New  York,  northern  Illinois,  northern  Kansas, 
Colorado  and  British  Columbia  south  to  Central  America. 


130 


Hawks 


332.  Sharp-shinned  Hay^k  (/IcctptUfvelox) .  L.(^, 
II. 2;  9,  13.5;  T.  c^,  5-5;  9,  7.  Tail  square  at  end. 
^ds.  Above  slaty  gray;  crown  darker;  below  barred 
white  and  rusty  brown.  Yng.  Above  blackish  brown 
lightly  margined  with  rusty;  below  white  streaked 
with  brown.  Note  the  relatively  long  tail  in  this  and 
the  two  following  species.  Notes.  Cac-cac-cac. 
(Ralph.) 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  throughout  Its  range  but  chiefly 
northward;  winters  from  Massachusetts  and  Vancouver  Island  south- 
ward. 


333.  Cooper  Hawk  [Accipiter  cooperii).  L.  J*, 
15.5;  9,  19;  T.  (^,  J.J]  9,  9.  Similar  in  color  to  No. 
332,  but  tail  rounded]  adult  with  crown  blacker.  Notes, 
A  cackling  or  chattering.     (Bendire. ) 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  southern  Mexico  north  to 
British  America;  winters  from  Massachusetts.  Lower  Mississippi  Val- 
ley and  Oregon  southward. 

334.  American  Goshawk  {Accipiter  atricapillus) . 
L.  cJ*,  22;  9,  24;  T.  (^,  10;  9?  II-5-  y^ds.  Above 
bluish  slate;  crown  darker;  a  whitish  line  over  the  eye 
to  the  nape;  below  ^«^/j^  marked  with  gray  and  white. 
Yn^.  Above  blackish  brown,  rusty  and  buff;  below 
butfy  white  streaked  with  blackish. 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  chiefly  north  of  United  States; 
winters  south  to  New  Jersey,  rarely  Virginia,  Illinois,  Missouri  and 
Kansas;  west  to  Oregon. 


334a.  Western  Goshawlc  {A.  a.  striatulus).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  334,  but  Ad.  dark  plumbeous  above,  mark- 
ings on  lower  parts  heavier  and  darker.  Stripes  on 
lower  parts  of  y«^.  broader  and  blacker.  (Ridgw.) 
Notes.  A  shrill  scream  and  a  frequently  repeated 
keeab  or  kreeah.      (Bendirp  ) 

Range. — "Western  North  America;  north  to  Sitka,  Alaska;  south  to 
California:  east  to  Idaho.  Breeds  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  south  to 
latitude  38 o."    (A.  O.  U.) 


346.  Mexican  Goshawk  {Asturina  plagiata).  L. 
17.  Ads.  Above  slaty  gray;  below  barred  slaty-gray 
and  white.  Yng.  Above  blackish  brown  with  rusty 
markings,  particularly  on  wing-coverts;  longer  upper 
tail-coverts  white  with  black  spots  or  bars;  tail  brown- 
ish with  numerous  black  bars;  below  whitish  with 
large  elongate  spots.  Notes.  A  peculiar  piping  note 
uttered  while  hovering  in  the  air.     (Bendire.) 

Range.— Middle  America,  from  Panama  north,  in  March,  to  Mexican 
border  of  United  States. 


131 


,.jjJ^\^ 


Hawks 


335.  Harris  Hawk  {Tarahuteo  unicinctus  harrisi) 
L.  ^,  19;  9,  22.  Longer  upper  tail-coverts,  base  and 
tip  of  tail  white.  Ads.  Shoulders,  thighs  and  under 
wing-Coverts,  reddish  brown;  under  tail-coverts  white. 
Yng.  Similar  but  streaked  below  with  rusty,  buff  and 
black;  legs  barred  with  white.  Notes.  A  long,  harsh, 
Buteo-like  scream.     (V.  Bailey.) 

Ran8:e. — Middle  America  from  Panama  north  to  southern  Texas, 
rarely  Mississippi  and  southern  California. 


337.  Red-tailed  Hawk  (fiM^^o^'or^a/w).  L.  c5^,  20; 
$,23.  Four  outer  primaries  notched.  Ads.  Tali 
rusty  brown  with  a  black  band,  sometimes  broken, 
near  its  tip;  below  buffy  white,  a  band  of  spots  across 
the  belly;  legs  usually  without  bars.  Yng.  Tail  gray- 
ish brown  with  a  rusty  tinge  and  numerous  blackish 
bars;  upper  tail-coverts  barred  black  and  white;  below 
less  buffy  than  in  adult;  legs  more  often  barred.  Notes. 
A  shrill  whistle,  suggesting  the  sound  of  escaping 
steam. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Great  Plains,  north  to 
about  latitude  60°  ;  breeds  throughout  its  range;  winters  from  Mass- 
achusetts, Illinois  and  South  Dakota  southward. 


337a.  Krider  Hawk  {B.  h.  kriderii).  Similar  to 
No.  337,  but  nearly  or  wholly  white  below.  Ads» 
Usually  without  black  tail  band. 

Range.— "Great  Plains  of  United  States  from  Minnesota  to  Texas; 
east  irregularly  or  casually  to  Iowa  and  northern  Illinois."  (Bendire). 


337b.  Western  Red-tail  {B.  h.  calurus).  Very 
variable  in  color.  Ads.  Sometimes  sooty  brown 
above  and  below  with  more  or  less  rusty;  in  light  phase 
resembles  No.  337,  but  tail  averages  paler  and  some- 
times has  more  than  one  bar;  the  underparts  are  deeper 
and  legs  are  usually  harred  with  rusty.  Yng.  Similar 
to  Yng.  of  No.  337,  but  markings  below  heavier; 
flanks  more  barred. 

Range. — Western  North  America  from  Rocky  Mountains  to  Pacific; 
north  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  central  America;  generally  resi- 
dent 


337d.  Harlan  Hawk  (5.  I.  harlani).  Ads.  Above 
sooty  brown;  tail  closely  mottled  with  blackish,  rusty 
and  whitish;  below  varying  from  white,  more  or  less 
spotted  on  belly  to  sooty  brown.  Yng.  Similar,  but 
tail  barred  with  blackish,  gray,  rusty  or  whitish. 

Range. — "Gulf  States  and  Lower  Mississippi  Valley,  north  (cas- 
ually) to  Kansas.  Iowa,  Illinois  and  Pennsylvania;  east  to  Georgia 
and  Florida."     (Bendire). 


132 


Hawks 


339.  Red-shouldered  Hawk  [Buteo  lineatus).  L. 
cf,  18.3;  ?,20.3.  foz^r  outer  primaries  notched.  Ads. 
Lesser  wing-coverts  bright  reddish  brown.  Yng.  Be- 
low whitish  streaked  with  brownish;  lesser  wing-cov- 
erts less  reddish;  primaries  with  rusty  buff.  Notes.  A 
loud  screaming  kee-yer,  kee-yer. 


Range.— Eastern  United  States  to  Oklahoma,  eastern  Kansas, 
eastern  Nebraska  and  Minnesota,  north  to  Maine,  south  to  northern 
Florida;  generally  resident. 


339a.  Florida  Red-shouldered  Hawk  {B.  l.alleni). 
Smaller  than  No.  339-  (W.  cJ',  11.)  Ad.  Much 
grayer  above,  no  rusty  on  head,  much  paler  below. 


Range. — Florida  north  along  coast  to   South   Carolina;  west  along 
coast  to  eastern  Texas. 


339b.  Red-bellied  Hawk  {B.  I.  elegans).  Similar 
to  No.  339,  but  rusty  of  breast  usually  unbroken. 
Young  with  lower  parts  deep  brownish  or  dusky  pre- 
vailing; less  buff  on  primaries.     (Ridgw.) 


Range.— Pacific  coast  from    Lower    California    north    to   British 
Columbia;  east  rarely  to  Colorado  and  western  Texas. 


342.  Swainson  Hawk  [Buteo  swainsont) .  L.  J*,  20. 
Three  outer  primaries  notched.  Ad.  J^.  Breast  patch 
rusty  brown.  Ad.  9-  Breast-patch  grayish  brown. 
Dark  phase.  Brownish  black  more  or  less  varied  with 
rusty;  tail  obscurely  barred.  Yng.  Below  rich  rusty 
buff  with  elongate  black  spots.  Notes.  Pi-tick,  pi-tick, 
frequently  repeated.     (Bendire.) 


Range.— "Western  North  America  from  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Ar- 
kansas and  Texas  to  the  Pacific  coast;  north  to  Arctic  regions  and 
south  to  Argentine  Republic,  casual  east  to  Maine  and  Massachu- 
setts.    Breeds  nearly  throughout  its  North  American  range."     (A.  O. 


343.  Broad-winged  Hawk  (Buteo  platypterus).  L. 
J*,  15.8;  ?,  16.7.  7/?/-^^  outer  primaries  notched.  Ads. 
Tail  with  two  whitish  bands  and  a  brownish  tip;  be- 
low ^dirr^^  with  rusty  brown.  Yng.  No  buff  in  prim- 
aries; tail  brownish  with  several  black  bars;  below 
whitish,  streaked  with  blackish.  Notes.  A  high, 
sharp,  keen,  penetrating  whistle. 


Range.— Eastern  North  America,  breeds  west  to  Plains,  north  to 
New  Brunswick  and  Saskatchewan;  winters  from  southern  New 
Jersey  south  to  northern  South  America. 


133 


Hawks  and  Caracara 


340.  Zone-taWed  Hawk  {Buteo  abbrevtatus).  L.J*, 
19;  9,21.  ^ds.  Tail  with  little  if  any  white  tip; 
tnner  webs  of  all  but  rmddle  feathers  with  black  and 
w  hite  bars.  Yng.  Browner;  tail  grayish  brown;  white 
on  inner  webs,  with  numerous  blackish  bars.  Notes, 
Not  unlike  those  of  BuUo  borealis,     (Belding.) 


Range.— Tropical  America  north  to  southern  Texas,  southern 
zona  and  southern  California. 


Arl- 


344.  Short- tailed  Hawk  {Buteo  hracfyurus).  L. 
17;  T.  7.  Ads.  Above  slaty  gray,  tail  barred  with 
black  and  tipped  with  white;  sides  of  breast  rusty;  rest 
of  underparts  white.  Dark  phase.  Blackish,  forehead 
whitish;  tail  lighter  than  back,  barred  with  black. 
Yng.  Above  blackish  brown,  below  cream  buff, 
without  black  markings.  Notes.  Somewhat  resemb- 
ling the  scream  of  the  Red-shouldered  Hawk,  but  more 
prolonged.     (Pennock.) 

Range.— Tropical  America,  north  to  eastern  Mexico;  rare  in  Flori- 
da. 


345.  Mexican  Black  Hawk  {Uruhitinga  anthradna). 
L.  (j^,  19;  9,21.  Ads.  Tail  with  a  white  tip  and 
broad  white  band  across  all  the  feathers.  Yng.  Above 
brownish  black,  buff  and  rusty;  below  buffy  striped 
with  blackish;  tail  with  several  black  and  whitish  bars. 
Notes.  Piping  cries  like  the  spring  whistle  of  Numenius 
longirostris.     (Bendire.) 

Range.— "Tropical  America  in  general,  north  to  central  Arizona, 
and  the  Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas."  (Bendire). 


362.  Audubon  Caracara  [Polyhorus  cheriway). 
L.  22.  Tail  white  with  a  black  end  and  numerous 
black  bars.  Ads.  Breast  and  hindneck  barred;  belly 
black.  Yng.  Crown,  back,  and  belly  dark  brown; 
hindneck,  breast  and  belly  streaked  with  buffy.  Notes. 
GL-nerally  silent,  but  sometimes  utters  a  prolonged 
cackling  note.     (B.  F.  Goss.) 

Range.— Northern  South  America,  north  to  southern  Texas,  south- 
ern Arizona  and  Lower  California;  interior  of  southern  Florida;  resi- 
dent. 


363.  Guadalupe  Caracara  {Tolyborus  lutosus). 
Resembles  No.  362,  but  has  rump  and  upper  tail-cov- 
erts dull  brown. sh  buff  broadly  barred  with  dull  brown; 
tail  brownish  buff  with  broad  bars  of  grayish  brown 
bordered  by  narrower  zigzag  bars  or  lines  of  dusky; 
terminal  band  less  than  2.00  wide.     (Ridgway.) 

Range.— Guadalupe  Island,  west  of  Lower  California. 

134 


Hawks 


341.  Sennett  White-tailed  Hawk  {Buteo  albicauda- 
tus  sennetti) .  L.  cT,  21;  9»23.  Three  outer  primaries 
cut.  Ads.  Grayish  slate  above.  Yng.  Above 
brownish  black;  breast  usually  white,  throat  blackish, 
belly  heavily  marked  with  rusty  and  blackish;  some- 
times wholly  black  below;  tail  generally  suvery  gray, 
white  on  inner  webs  with  numerous  indistinct  blackish 
bars.  Notes.  A  cry  much  like  the  bleating  of  a  goat 
(Merrill.) 

Range.— From  southern  Texas  and    Arizona  south  to  Mexico." 
(Bailey.) 


347a.  American  Rough-legged  Hawk  {Archihuteo 
lagopus  sancti-johanms) .  B.  .7  deep,  smaller  than  in 
No.  348.  L.  cJ^,  21;  9,  23.  Legs  feathered  to  the 
toes.  Ads.  Basal  half  of  tail  white,  end  half  barred 
with  black;  belly  with  more  or  less  black.  Yng.  No 
black  bars  on  end  half  of  tail;  huffier  below,  more 
black  on  belly.  Black  phase.  Black  more  or  less 
varied  with  brown  and  rusty  as  it  approaches  light 
plumage  of  ad.  or  yng;  but  to  be  known  by  feathered 
legs. 

Range. — North  America;  breeds  north  of  United  States;  winters 
south  to  Virginia,  Missouri  and  central  California. 


348.  Ferruginous  Rough-Leg  [Archibuteo  ferrugi- 
neus).  B.  I.  deep,  larger  than  in  No.  347a;  L.  cJ^,  22; 
9,24.  Legs  feathered  to  t  >es.  Ads.  Above  rich 
rusty  streaked  with  black;  legs  rusty  barred  with 
black;  tail  grayi-^h  sometimes  washed  with  rusty. 
Yng.  Above  blackish  brown  margined  with  rusty; 
below  white;  breast  with  a  few  streaks;  legs  spotted; 
tail  with  inner  webs  and  base  white;  outer  webs  grayish. 
Dark  phase.  Sooty  brown  more  or  less  varied  with 
rusty;  tail  as  in  ad. 

Range.— Western  North  America  from  the  Plains  (east  North  Da- 
kota to  Texas) ,  west  to  the  Pacific  and  from  the  Saskatchewan  region 
south  into  Mexico;  casually  east  to  Illinois.  Breeds  from  Utah.  Colo- 
rado and  Kansas  north  to  the  Saskatchewan  Plains."  (A.  O.  U.) 


355.  Prairie  Falcon  {Falco  mexdcanus),  L.  J*, 
17;  9,20.  A  blackish  patch  on  the  sides.  Ad,  c^. 
Above  including  middle  tail  feathers,  grayish  brown; 
back  with  more  or  less  concealed  buffy  bars.  Ad.  9. 
No  buffy  bars  on  b  ck.  Yng.  Above  margined  with 
rusty  and  whitish;  ht-ad  much  as  in  ad.  Notes.  Kee, 
k/e,  kee  and  a  sort  of  cackle.     (Bend ire.) 

Range. — "Uni*ed  States  from  the  eastern  border  of  the  Plains  to  the 
Pacific  and  from  the  Dakotas  south  int  >  Mexico;  casual  east  to  Illi- 
nois.   Breeds  throughout  its  United  States  range."  (A.  O.  U.) 

135 


^55. 


Eagles  and  G3Tfalcons 


349. 


349.  Golden  Eagle  {AqmLa  chrvsaeios).  L.  ^,  30- 
35;  9,  35-40;  Ex.  cT'  7884;  ?,  84-90.  (Ridgw.)  Legs 
feathereJ  to  toes.  Ads.  Back  of  head  and  nape  paler 
than  body;  basal  two-thirds  of  tail  white.  Yng.  Base 
of  tail  with  broken  grayish  bars.  Notes.  A  shrill, 
kee-kee-kee,  and,  when  alarmed,  kiah-kiah  repeated  a 
number  of  times.     (Bendire.) 

Range  — Northern  parts  of  northern  hemisphere;  in  America  south 
Into  Mexico;  rare  east  of  Mississippi,  more  common  in  Roci<y  Mount- 
ains and  mountains  of  Pacific  coast. 

352.  Bald  Eagle  {Haliceetus  leucocephalus).  L.  J^, 
33;  9  J  35;  Ex.  c^,  84;  9,  89.  Le^s  not  feathered  to 
toes.  Ads.  Head,  neck  and  tail  white.  Yng.  Head 
and  body  blackish,  more  or  less  varied  with  white; 
tail  blackish  mottled  with  white.  Notes.  Of  the  male, 
a  loud,  clear  cac  cac-cac;  of  the  female  harsh  and  brok- 
en.    (Ralph.) 

Range. — North  America  breeding  locally  throughout  its  range,  more 
frequently  near  the  Atlantic  coast;  resident  in  United  States. 

352a.  Alaska  Bald  Eagle  (//.  /.  alascanus).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  35-2,  but  larger.  W.  d",  23.8;  9,  24.6;  T. 
c^,  11.5;  9,  12;  Tar.  3^,4.1;  9,3.7.     (Townsend.) 

Range. — ^Alaska. 

353.  White  Gyrfalcon  (Fa/t;o«/a«^Ms).     L.  J^,   22; 

9,24.  Tarsus  feathered  in  front  nearly  to  toes;  only 
outer  primary  notched.  Under  tail  coverts  ^/^;v  white. 
Ads.  Below  white  with  few  or  no  black  markings. 
Yng.  Dark  areas  above  larger,  below  with  elongate 
blackish  spots. 

Range. — ^Arctic  regions.  In  .America  south  in  winter  casually  to 
Maine. 

354.  Gray  Gyrfalcon  {Falco  rusticolus) .  L.  (^,  22; 
9,24.  Tarsus  feathered  in  front  nearly  to  toes;  only 
outer  primary  notched.  Under  tail  coverts  with  dusky 
margins.  Ads.  Crown  usually  more  white  than 
dusky;  above  barred  with  blackish  and  grayish ;  below 
white,  breast  streaked;  sides  and  legs  barred  with 
dusky.  Yng.  Above  dark  brown  brown  with  broken 
buffy  bars  and  margins;  tail  with  white  and  brown 
bars  of  nearly  equal  width ,  below  white  everywhere 
streaked  with  blackish. 

Range. — Arctic  regions;  south  in  winter  to  the  northern  border  of 
the  United  States;  casually  as  far  as  Kansas  and  Maine. 

354a.  Gyrfalcon  {F.  r.  gyrfalco).  Similar  to  No. 
354,  but  head  usually  with  more  dusky  than  white; 
back  in  ad.  indistinctly  barred  with  grayish.  Yn^. 
With  dark  stripes  of  lower  parts  usually  about  equal  in 
width  to  white  interspaces. 

Range. — "Northern  Europeand  Arctic  America,  from  northern  Labra- 
dor and  coasts  of  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska"  (Ridgw.);  south  in  winter 
casually,  to  northern  border  of  United  States  as  far  as  Long  Island. 

354b.  Black  Gyrfalcon  (F.  r.  ohsoletus).  Similar 
to  No.  354,  but  much  darker;  above  plain  dusky  with 
few  or  no  buffy  markings;  below  dusky  margined  with 
buffy,  the  former  prevailing.  Notes.  A  chattering 
ke-a,  ke-a,  ke-a,  blending  into  a  rattling  scream. 
(Turner.) 

Range.— Labrador;  south  In  winter  to  northern  New  England;  cas- 
ually to  Long  Island. 

136 


Hawks 


356.  Duck  Hawk  {Falco  peregrinm  anatum).  L. 
(^,  i6;  9,  19.  Sides  of  throat  black.  Ads.  Above 
bluish  slate;  below  buffy.  Yne.  Above  blackish 
margined  with  rusty;  tail  with  broken  rusty  bars  and 
whitish  tip;  below  deep  rusty  buff  streaked  with  black-, 
ish;  under  surface  of  wing  uniformly  barred.  Notes. 
Loud  screams  and  noisy  cacklings.     (Bendire.) 

Range. — Western  Hemisphere;  breeds  locally  from  Southern  States 
to  Arctic  regions;  winters  from  Northern  States  southward;  more 
common  west  of  Rocky  Mountains. 

356a.  Pea le  Falcon  (F. /).  pealei).  Ads.  Crown 
uniform  with  back;  chest  heavilyspotted  with  blackish; 
bars  of  remaining  underparts  very  broad.     (Ridgw.) 

Range. — "Pacific  coast  region  of  North  America  from  Oregon  to  the 
Aleutian  and  Commander  Islands,  breeding  throughout  its  range."' 
(A.  O.  U.) 

357.  Pigeon  Hawk  {Falco  columharius) .  L.  c^, 
10.5;  9,13.  Two  outer  primaries  notched.  Ad.  (^. 
Above  slaty  blue;  middle  tail  feather  with  not  more 
than /owr  black  bands.  Ad.  9  and  K«^.  Above  dark 
blackish  brown;  bars  in  middle  tail  feather  five  or  less; 
below  more  heavily  barred  than  in  J*. 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  chiefly  north  of  United  States  from 
Rocky  Mountains  and  westward;  breeds  from  Colorado  and  California 
north  to  Alaska;  winters  from  Gulf  States.  Colorado  and  California, 
south  to  northern  South  America. 

357a.  Black  Merlin  (F.  c.  suckleyi).  Similar  to  No. 
357,  but  much  darker  above  and  more  heavily  marked 
below;  bars  on  tail  and  under  side  of  wing  nearly  ob- 
solete. 

Range.— Pacific  coast  from  northern  California  to  Sitka;  east  to 
eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

358.  Richardson  Merlin  {Falco  richardsonti) .  Re- 
sembles No.  357,  but  is  paler  and  has  the  central  tail 
feather  crossed  by  six  light  bars,  counting  the  terminal 
one. 

Range. — Interior  of  North  America  from  eastern  border  of  Great 
Plains  west;  rare  west  of  Rockies;  north  to,  at  least,  latitude  53°; 
south  to  Mexico. 

359.  Aplomado  Falcon  {Falco  fusco-coerulescens) . 
L.  (^,  16;  9,  I7-5-  Middle  of  belly  black.  Ads. 
Above  slaty  gray;  breast  buff,  lower  belly  rusty.  Yng. 
Similar  but  grayish  brown  above,  belly  paler. 

Range.— South  and  Central  America  north  to  southern  border  of  the 
United  States. 

360.  Sparrow  Hawk  {Falco  sparverius).  L.  10; 
9,  II.  Ad.  (^.  Tail  with  one  black  bar;  below 
spotted.  Ad.  9-  Whole  bach  barred;  tail  with  num- 
erous black  bars;  below  streaked.  Notes.  A  rapidly  re- 
peated ktlly-killyktllyj  usually  uttered  while  on  the 
wing. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America  west  to  Rocky  Mountains;  breeds 
from  Gulf  States  to  Hudson  Bay;  winters  from  southern  Illinois  and  New 
Jersey  southward. 

137 


360. 


Hawks  and  Owls 


360a.  Desert  Sparrow  Hawk  {F.  s.  phalcena).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  360,  but  slightly  larger  and  appreciably 
paler;  9  with  black  bars  above  narrower;  streakings  of 
underparts  finer  and  more  rusty.  cr,L.  10.6;  W.  7-5; 
T.  5.3;  9,  L.  10.8;  W.  7-7-  T.  5.^.     (Mearns.) 

Range.— "Western  United  States,  north  to  astern  British  Columbia 
and  western  Montana  south,  to  Mazatlan  In  northwestern  Mexico." 
(A.  O.  U.) 

360b.  St.  Lucas  Sparrow  Hawk  (F.  s.  peninsularis) , 
Similar  to  No.  360a,  but  paler;  smaller  than  No.  360. 
d^,  W.  6.4;  T.  4.5;  9.  W.  7;  T.  4.7.     (Mearns.) 

Range — Lower  California  (Cape  Region  only?) 

365.  Barn  Owl;  Monkey-faced  Owl  {Strix  pratin- 
cola).  L.  18.  No  ear-tufts;  eyes  black.  Ads.  Above 
gray  and  yellowish  buff;  below  white  more  or  less 
washed  with  buff  and  spotted  with  black.  Yng.  More 
buffy  below.  Notes.  A  sudden,  harsh  scream  and  a 
screaming  cr-r-r-r-e-e,  repeated  several  times  generally 
when  flying. 

Range. — United  States  north  to  Long  Island,  (rarely  Massachusetts) , 
southern  Ontario,  Minnesota  and  Oregon;  migrates  slightly  south 
and  winters  south  to  Mexico. 

366.  American  Long-eared  Owl  [Asio  wilsonianus) . 
L.  14.8.  Ear-tufts  long;  eyes  yellow.  Ads.  Above 
varied  with  grav;  belly  barred.  Notes.  Usually  silent 
except  during  the  breeding  season  when  they  utter  a 
soft  toned,  slow  wu-hunk,  wu-hunk  and  a  low,  twittering, 
whistling  ^/■^^j',  dicky,  dicky.     (Bendire.) 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  Nova  Scot' a,  Manitoba,  and 
British  Columbia  south  into  Mexico. 

367.  %\\or\-e2iVeiSi  Ovi\  [Asio  accipitrinus) .  L.  15.5. 
Ear  tufts  short;  eyes  yellow.  Ads.  No  gray  above; 
belly  streaked.  Notes.  A  shrill  barking  call  like  the 
ki-yi  of  a  small  dog.     (Lawrence. ) 

Range. — "Nearly  cosmopolitan;"  in  America  breeds  locally  from 
Virginia,  northern  Mississippi  Valley,  and  Dakotas  northward;  winters 
from  northern  United  States  southward. 

378.  Burrowing  Owl  {Speotyto  mnicularia  hypogcea) . 
L.  10.  Tarsi  bare  behind.  Ads.  Spotted  above  with 
buffy;  belly  barred;  chin  and  breast-patch  white.  Yng. 
Less  distinctly  spotted  above;  belly  without  bars. 
Notes.  A  mellow,  sonorous  cooc-0-0;  a  chattering  note 
uttered  when  flying,  and  a  short,  shrill  alarm-note, 
t^ip-tpp.     (Bendire.) 

Range.— Western  North  America  from  humid  coast  region  east  to 
prairies  of  Mississippi  Valley  (western  Nebraska,  central  Kansas, 
western  Minnesota);  north  to  about  line  of  Canadian  Pacific  R.  R.; 
south  to  Central  America. 

378a.  Florida  Burrowing  Owl  (5.  c.  floridana). 
Similar  to  No.  378,  but  slightly  smaller  and  whiter 
throughout;  spots  above  white  with  little  if  any  buff; 
tarsi  nearly  bare. 

Range.— Interior  of  southern  Rorida. 

138 


Owls 


368.  Barred  Owl  {Syrnium  varium).  L.  20.  No 
ear-tufts;  eyes  black.  y4ds.  Head,  back  and  breast 
barred\  toes  feathered  nearly  if  not  quite  to  the  nails.  Notes, 
A  loud,  sonorous  wboo-whoo-whoo-too-whoo,  to-whoo-ah; 
a  long-drawn,  whoo-ah;  rarely  a  wild  scream;  and  when 
two  individuals  meet,  a  remarkable  medley  of  hoots 
and  ha-has. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America  except  Gulf  Coast;  north  to  Nova 
Scnia  and  Manitoba;  west  to  Colorado;  resident,  except  at  northern 
limit  of  range. 

368a.  Florida  Barred  Owl  {S.  v.  alleni).  Similar 
to  No.  368,  but  smaller,  darker;  black  bars  especially 
on  breast,  wider;  toes  nearly  if  not  quite  hare. 

Range.  Florida;  north  along  coast  to  South  Carolina;  west  along 
coast  to  Texas. 

368b.  Texas  Barred  Owl  (5.  v.  helveolum).  Sim- 
il  ir  to  No.  368  in  color,  but  with  the  toes  bare  as  in 
No.  368a. 

Range.— Southern  Texas. 

369.  Spotted  Owl  {Syrnium  occidentale) .  Resem- 
bles No.  368,  but  has  the  head  and  neck  spotted  with 
white;  primaries  with  broad,  whitish  tips.  Notes. 
Probably  similar  to  those  of  No.  368.     (Bendire.) 

Range. — Western  United  States  from  southern  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico,  west  to  California, south  to  Lower  California  and  Guanajuato, 
Mexico. 

369a.  Northern  Spotted  Owl  (5.  o.  caurinum). 
Similar  to  No.  369,  but  darker;  white  markings  small- 
er; white  spots  on  head  and  neck  reduced  to  minimum; 
white  tips  to  primaries  nearly  obsolete.      (Merriam.) 

Range.— Western  Washington  and  British  Columbia. 

370.  GiVe^i  QiVdiy  OytX  [Scotiapvex  nebulosa) .  L.  27. 
No  ear-tufts;  eyes  yellow.  Ads.  Above  black  finely 
and  irregularly  marked  with  white;  breast  streaked] 
feet  feathered  to  toe-nails.  Notes.  Said  to  be  a  trem- 
ulous, vibrating  sound.     (Fisher.) 

Range.-  North  America;  breeds  north  of  Lat.  55°  ;  winters  south  to 
northern  border  of  United  States  casually  as  far  as  New  Jersey,  Ill- 
inois, Minnesota,  Idaho,  and  northern  Calvornia. 

371.  Richardson  Owl  {Nyctala  tengmalmi  richard- 
soni).  L.  10.  Ads.  Above  ^f^mA  brown  with  num- 
erous white  spots,  particularly  on  head;  feet  feathered 
to  toes  and  usually  with  indistinct,  dusky  bars.  Notes. 
A  musical,  soft  w'hi-tle.  (Wheelright.)  A  peculiar 
grating  cry.     (Nelson.)     (See  next  page.) 

Range.— Northern  North  America;  breeds  from  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence 
and  Manitoba  northward;  winters  south  to  northern  border  of 
United  States,  casually  to  Massachusetts,  Iowa,  and  Colorado;  no 
Pacific  coast  record  (?). 

139 


Owls 


372.  Saw-whet  Owl;  Acadian  Owl  (Nyctalaacadtca). 
L.  8.  /ids.  Above  cinnamon  brown;  forehead  with 
many,  hindhead  with  few  streaks;  back  with  white 
spots;  feet  and  legs  less  heavily  feathered  than  in  No. 
371  and  w//;om/ dusky  bars.  Yng.  Breast  and  back 
cinnamon  brown  with  few  white  markings;  belly  rusty 
huff.unstreaked.  Notes.  A  frequently  repeated  whistle; 
sometimes  high,  sometimes  low;  generally  begins  slow 
and  ends  rapidly;  resembles  noise  of  saw-filing. 
(Ralph.) 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  mountains  of  Pennsylvania. 
Massachusetts  (rarelv)  ,  northern  New  York,  northern  Illinois;  and,  in 
Rocky  Mountains,  frrm  Mexico  northward;  winters  south  to  ViYginia, 
Kansas  and  central  California. 

372a.  Northwest  Saw-whet  Owl  (A^.  a.  scotcea). 
Similar  to  No.  372,  but  darker  both  above  and  below, 
dark  markings  everywhere  heavier;  flanks,  legs  and 
feet  more  rufescent.     (Osgood.) 

Range.— Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia. 

379.  Pygmy  Owl  {Glaucidium  gnoma).  L.  7. 
Top  of  head  spotted.  Ads.  Above  grayish  brown; 
spots  whitish.  Yng.  No  spots  on  head.  Notes.  A  soft 
cooing  coohuh,  coohuh,  repeated  a  number  of  times. 
(Bendire.) 

Range.  "Timbered  regions  of  western  North  America,  from  south- 
ern Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona."  west  to 
California,  Oregon,  and  Washington,  except  coast  belt,  south  into 
Mexico. 

379a.  California  Pygmy  Owl  (G.  g.  californicum) . 
Similar  to  No.  379j  but  darker;  spots  above  buff  or 
rusty. 

Range.— Humid  coast  region  from  Monterey,  California,  north  ta 
British  Columbia. 

379.1.  H oski n  Pyg my  Owl  ( Glaucidium  boskinsii) . 
Similar  to  No.  379a,  but  smaller  and  grayer,  the  fore- 
head and  facial  disc  with  more  white,  the  upperparts 
less  distinctly  spotted.     (Brewst.) 

Range. — Southern  Lower  California. 

380.  Ferruginous  Pygmy  Owl  [Glaucidium  phalce- 
noides).  L.  7.  Top  of  head  streaked.  Ads.  Above 
varying  from  grayish  brown  marked  with  whitish  to 
plain  reddish  brown  without  marks;  below  white 
streaked  with  grayish  brown  or  reddish  brown.  Yng. 
No  streaks  on  head.  Notes.  A  softly  whistled  coo  re- 
peated many  times  at  intervals  of  about  one  second. 

Range. — Tropical  America;  from  Brazil  north  to  Mexican  border  of 
United  States. 

381.  E\fOw\  {Micropa lias  whitneyi).  L.  6.  Small- 
est of  our  Owls.  Ads  Above  grayish  brown,  head 
spotted;  back  barred  with  rusty;  below  mixed  rusty,, 
white  and  grayish.  Notes.  A  tremulous  cha-cha,  cha- 
cha,  in  different  keys,  sometimes  low,  sometimes  dis- 
tinct.    (Bendire.) 

Range.— Tableland  of  Mexico  from  Puebla  north  to  Mexican  border 
of  United  States;  Lower  California,  and  (rarely)  California. 

140 


Owls 


--1  C?/(/3    a^o     K'^€y/u'» 

373.  Screech  Owl  {Megascops  asio).  L.  9.4;  W* 
6.4;  T.  3.  Two  color  piiases;  wiih  ear-tufts;  eyes 
yellow,  /id.  Gray  phase.  Above  buffy  gray  irreg- 
ularly marked  with  bl  ick;  below  gray,  white,  rusty 
and  black,  /id.  Red  phase.  Above  bright  rusty 
brown  with  a  few  black  streaks;  below  white  streaked 
with  black  and  barred  with  rusty  brown.  Yng.  Above 
gray  or  rusty  barred  with  black  and  white;  below 
white  thickly  barred  with  blackish.  Notes-  A  fre- 
quently repeated  tremulous,  wailing  whistle;  often 
followed  by  a  slower  refrain-like  call;  a  castanet-Iike 
snapping  of  the  mandibles. 

Ranpe.  Eistfrn  North  America  from  Florida  north  to  New  Bruns- 
wick, Ontario  and  AViiiiiesoia.  west  to  the  Great  Plains;  resident. 

373a.  Florida  Screech  Owl  (A/,  a.  floridanus). 
Smalkr  than  No.  37;,  \V.  6.0;  T.  2.8.  Two  color 
phases.  Similar  to  those  of  No.  373,  but  averaging 
darker  and  more  heavily  marked  below;  especially  in 
red  phase.  373 

Rnnpe.  Florida,  north  along  coast  to  South  Carolina;  west  along 
coat.t  to  Louisiana. 


373b.  Texas  Screech  Owl  (M.  a.  mccalli).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  373,  but  smaller,  W.  6.1;  underparts,  es- 
pecially sides  of  belly,  with  more  black  bars;  toes 
barer.     I  have  seen  only  a  gray  phase. 

Range.  "From  western  and  southern  Texas  across  east  border  of 
tablelands  of  Mexico."     (Bailey.) 

373c.  California  Screech  Owl  (M.  a.  hendirei). 
W.  6.6.  A  gray  color  phase  only.  Resembling  No. 
373,  but  somewhat  darker  above;  less  buff  about  the 
nape;  black  streakings  more  regularly  distributed;  un- 
derparts much  as  in  No.  373b. 

Range. — California  and  southern  Oregon. 

373d.  Kennicott  Screech  Owl  {M.  a.  kennicottii). 
L.  10;  W.  7.  2$.  Ads.  Sooty  brown  prevailing  above; 
blackish  markings  below  nearly  if  not  fully  as  wide  as 
white  ones;  darkest  of  our  Screech  Owls. 

Range.  -  Pacific  coast  from  Oregon  to  Sitka. 

37 3e.  Rocky  Mountain  Screech  Owl  (A/,  a.  max- 
wells). W.  7.  Similar  to  No.  373f  above  but  paler; 
pale  grayish  buff  predominating;  black  markings 
throughout  much  narrower  and  less  numerous  than  in 
No.  373g;  palest  of  our  Screech  Owls. 

Ranee.— "Foothills  and  adjacent  plains  of  the  east  Rocky  Moun- 
tains from  Colorado  north  to  Montana"     (Bendire). 

141 


373 


^U^J^^ 


Owls 


373f.  Mexican  Screech  Owl  (M.  a.  cineraceus). 
A  gray  color  phase  only.  Similar  to  No.  373b,  but 
much  grayer  above;  buff  markings  of  No.  373b  almost 
wholly  absent;  below  black  bars  more  numerous  and 
narrower  than  in  No.  373b. 

Range.— "New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Lower  California,  and  western 
Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.) 


373g.  Aiken  Screech  Owl  (A/,  a.  aikeni).  A  gray 
color  phase  only.  W.  6.5.  Similar  to  373f,  but  still 
grayer;  almost  no  buff  above;  black  markings  wider  on 
head,  back,  and  underparts. 

Range.— "Plains,  El  Paso  Countj',  Colorado,  south  probably  to 


centr..!  New  Mexico  and  northeastern  Arizona."     (A 


itn  pr 
0.0. 


373h.  MacFarlane  Screech  Owl  {M.a.macprlanei). 
A  gray  color  phase  only.  Ads.  Of  the  size  of  kenni- 
cottii,  but  with  color  and  markings  of  bendirei.  W.  7.2; 
T.  3.8.     (Brewst.) 

Range. — "Eastern  Washington  and  Oregon  to  western  Montana 
and  probably  intermediate  regions,  and  north  to  the  interior  of 
British  Columbia."     (Bailey.) 

373.1.  Spotted  Screech  Owl  {Megascops  tricJwpsis) . 
L.  7.7.  Ads.  Above  mixed  black,  grayish  brown  and 
buff;  black  prevailing  on  head;  feathers  of  foreback 
with  buffy  white  spots  on  either  side  near  the  end; 
below  much  as  in  No.  373f. 

Range.— Southern  Arizona  and  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

373.2.  Xantus  Screech  Owl  {Megascops  xantusi). 
W.  5.3.  Ad.  cf.  Above  drab,  back  tinged  with  pink- 
ish rusty  and  faintly  vermiculated  with  reddish  brown; 
breast  paler  ashy  faintly  suffused  with  pinkish  or 
rusty;  bell^  whitish;  underparts  finely  barred  with  red- 
dish brown  and  streaked  with  clove-brown.     (Brewst.) 

Range. — Cape  Region  of  Lower  California. 


374.  Flammulated  Screech  Owl  {Megascops  flam- 
meola).  L.  7.  Ads.  Ear-tufts  small;  eye  surrounded 
by  rusty,  then  by  gray;  crown,  nape  and  tips  of  scap- 
ulars largely  rusty;  neck  band  rusty. 

Range. — Mountains  of  Guatemala  north  to  Colorado  (ii  speci- 
mens, 7  from  Boulder  County,  Cook),  west  rarelv  to  California  (a 
specimens). 

374a.  Dwarf  Screech  Owl  (Af./.  ?^aAo^«s«).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  374,  but  slightly  smaller  and  paler,  es- 
pecially on  underparts  where  ground  color  is  white  and 
black  markings  are  restricted. 

Range. — Idaho,  eastern  Oregon  and  California  (San  Bernardino 
Mountains,  3  specimens,  Grinnell). 


142 


Owls 


375.  Great  Horned  Owl  {Bubo  virgimanus) .  ^, 
L.  22;  W.  15.  ^ds.  Ears  conspicuous;  the  feathers 
nearly  throughout  the  body  rusty  basally;  facial  disc 
rich  rusty.  Notes.  A  loud,  low,  deep-toned  whoo,  hoo- 
hoo-lioo,  whooo-whooo,  variable,  but  usually  on  the  same 
note;  rarely  a  hair-raising  scream. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  north  to  Labrador,  south  to  Central 
America;  resident. 

375a.  Western  Horned  Owl  {B.  v.  pallescens). 
Smaller  and  paler  than  No.  375,  W.  13.7;  facial  disc 
washed  with  rusty. 

Range.— Western  United  States,  except  Pacific  coast  region,  east 
to  Great  Plains;  casually  Wisconsin  and  Illinois  north  to  Manitoba 
and  British  Columbia;  south  to  Mexico. 

375b.  Arctic  Horned  Owl  (5.  v.  arcUcus).  Black 
and  white  prevailing  above;  bases  of  feathers  light 
yellowish  buff;  below  black  and  white  with 
little  or  no  buffy;  facial  disc  gray. 

Range.— Interior  of  Arctic  America,  from  Rocky  Mountains  east  to 
Hudson  Bay;  breeds  north  of  Lat.  51°;  in  winter  straggles  south- 
ward to  adjacent  border  of  United  States;  rarely  to  Wyoming  and 
Nebraska. 

375c.  Dusky  Horned  Owl  [B.  v.  saturatus).  Size 
of  No.  375b,  but  much  darker;  black  bars  below  equal- 
ling white  ones  in  width;  darkest  bird  of  group. 

Range. — "Pacific  coast  region  from  Monterey  Bav,  California, 
north  to  Alaska;  east  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Labrador."      (A.  O.  U.) 

375d.  ?2ic\f^c\\oTT\%iiO^\  {B.v.  pacificus).  Some- 
what smaller  than  No.  375b,  W.  13.5;  more  like  No. 
375  in  color  but  less  rusty. 

Range.— California,  except  humid  coast  region;  east  to  Arizona. 

375e.  Dwarf  Horned  Owl  CB.  tJ.  ^/a<:^/5^Ms).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  375c,  but  very  much  smaller.  W.  c3^,  12.8; 
9,  13.4.     (Brewster.) 

Range.— Lower  California. 

376.  Sxxo^y  Q^\  {Nyctea  nyctea) ,  L.  25.  Ad.  ^. 
White  more  or  less  barred  with  blackish.  Ad,  ?.  Sim- 
ilar, but  more  heavily  barred. 

Range.— Northern  parts  of  northern  hemisphere;  In  America  breeds 
from  Lat.  50°  northward;  winters  south  to  northern  United  States; 
straggles  as  far  as  Texas  and  California. 

377a.  American  Hawk  Owl  {Surma  ulula  caparoch) . 
L.  15;  T.  7.2  long  and  rounded.  Ads.  Above 
brownish  black,  crown  thickly  spotted,  scapulars  con- 
spicuously margined  with  white;  chin  blackish;  belly 
barred.  Notes.  A  shrill  cry  generally  uttered  while 
flying.     (Fisher.) 

Range.— Northern  North  America;  breeds  from  Newfoundland  and 
northern  Montana  northward;  winters  south  to  northern  United 
States,  rarely  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Illinois;  rare  on 
Pacific  coast. 

143 


xJjU^ 


Order  XIII.    PAROQUETS  AND  PARROTS. 

PSITTACI. 

Family  1.     PARROTS  and  PAROQUETS.  Psittacid^    2    species. 

Parrots  are  found  throughout  the  warmer  parts  of  the  earth.  About 
one  hundred  and  fifty  of  the  some  five  hundred  known  species  inhabit 
America.  The  Carolina  Paroquet,  practically  the  only  member 
of  this  family  found  in  the  United  States,  since  the  Thick-billed  Parrot 
barely  reaches  our  border  in  Arizona,  was  once  an  abundant  bird 
in  the  Southern  States,  but  it  is  now  restricted  to  a  few  localities  in 
Florida  and  possibly  Indian  Territory, 

Order XIV.    CUCKOOS,  TROGONS,  KINGFISHERS,  Etc. 

COCCYGES. 

Family  1.  CUCKOOS,  ANIS,  etc.  Cuculid^.  5  species  2  sub- 
species. 

Family  2.  TROGONS.      Trogonid^.     1  species. 

Family  3.  KINGFISHERS.     Alcedinid^.     2  species. 

The  Cuckoos  are  a  group  of  world-wide  distribution,  but  are  more 
numerous  in  the  eastern  than  in  the  western  hemisphere  where  only 
thirty-five  of  the  some  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  species  are  found. 
The  habit  of  the  European  Cuckoo  in  placing  its  eggs  in  the  nest  of 
other  birds  is  well  known.  The  American  species,  however,  build 
nests  of  their  own  though  it  is  true  they  are  far  from  well  made  struc- 
tures. With  the  Anis  one  nest  serves  for  several  females  who  may  de- 
posit as  many  as  thirty  eggs,  incubation  and  the  care  of  the  young 
being  subsequently  shared  by  the  members  of  this  singular  family. 

Trogons  are  found  in  the  tropics  of  both  the  Old  and  New  Worlds. 
They  are  quiet,  sedentary  birds  inhabiting  forests  and  feeding  largely 
on  fruit.     So  far  as  is  known  they  nest  in  hollow  trees. 

Only  eight  of  the  one  hundred  and  eighty  or  more  known  King- 
fishers are  found  in  America,  the  remaining  species  being  confined  to 
the  Old  World  where  they  are  most  numerous  in  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago. ^ 

144 


Parrots  and  Paroquets 


382.1.  Thick-billed  Parrot  {Rhynchopsitta  packy- 
rhvncha).  L.  16.5.  Ads.  Forehead,  loral  region, 
stripe  over  eye,  bend  of  wing  and  thighs  red;  greater 
under  wing-coverts  yellow;  rest  of  plumage  green. 

Range  -  Central  Mexico  north  rarely  to  southern  Arizona, 


382.  Carolina  Paroquet  (CowM^Ms  i:«ro/m^«5w).  L. 
12.5  Ads.  Forehead  and  cheeks  deep  orange,  rest  of 
head  yellow.  Yng.  Forehead  and  loral  region  orange; 
rest  of  head  green  like  back;  no  yellow  on  bend  of 
wing.     Notes.     A  sharp,  rolling  kr-r-r-r-r-r. 


Range. — Formerly  eastern  United  States,  north  to  Maryiand,  Great 
Lal<es,  and  Iowa;  west  to  Colorado,  Oklahoma  and  eastern  Texas; 
now  restricted  to  southern  Florida  and  parts  of  Indian  Territory. 


145 


Cuckoos 


SV 


383.  kn\  {Crotophaga  ant) .  Resembling  No.  384, 
but  upper  mandible  without  grooves.  Notes,  A  com- 
plaining, whistled  oo-eeek,  00-eeek. 

Range. — Eastern  South  America;  north  to  West  Indies  and  Ba- 
hamas: rarely  to  soutnern  Florida;  accidental  in  Louisiana  and  Penn- 
sylvania. 

384.  Groove-billed  AnI  (Crotopbaga  sulcirostris) . 
L.  12.5;  B.  .7  high\  the  upper  mandible  with  ridges 
and  furrows.  Ads.  Blue-black,  many  of  the  feathers 
with  iridescent  margins. 

Range. —Northwestern  South  America,  north  through  Mexico  to 
Lower  California  and  southeastern  Texas;  casually  Arizona,  Louisi- 
ana, and  Florida. 

385.  RoBd-runner  {Geococcjyx  californianus) .  L.  23. 
Toes  two  in  front,  two  behind.  Ads.  Above  glossy 
olive-brown  with  whitish  and  rusty  margins;  tail 
much  rounded,  outer  tail-feathers  tipped  with  white. 
Notes.  A  soft  cooing  and  a  low  chittenng  note  produc- 
ed by  striking  the  mandibles  together.  Bendire  men- 
tions a  note  like  that  of  a  hen  calling  her  brood. 

Range.— Central  Mexico  north  (rarely)  to  southwestern  Kansas, 
southern  Colorado,  and  Sacramento  Valley,  California,  rarely  to 
southern  Oregon. 

386.  Mangrove  Cuckoo  (Coi:^{wsw/«or).  L.  13. 
Ads.  Underparts  uniformly  rich  buff;  above  grayish 
brown,  crown  grayer;  ear-coverts  black;  tail  black, 
outer  feathers  broadly  tipped  with  white. 

Range. — Northern  South  America,  north  through  Central  America, 
Mexico  and  Greater  Antilles  (except  Porto  Rico?)  to  Florida  and 
Louisiana;  migrating  south  in  fall. 

386a.  Maynard  Cuckoo  (C.  m.  maynardi).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  386,  but  underparts  paler,  the  throat  and 
forebreast  more  or  less  ashy  white. 

Range.— Bahamas  and  (eastern?)  Florida  Keys. 

387.  Yellow-billed  Cuckoo  {Coccyius  americanus). 
L.  12.2.  Ads.  Below  white;  lower  mandible  largely 
yellow;  tail  black,  outer  feathers  widely  tipped  with 
white.  Notes.  Tuttut,  tut-tut,  tut-tut^  tut-tut,  cl-uck, 
cl-uck,  cl-uck,  cl-uck,  cl-uck,  cl-uck,  cow,  cow,  cow,  coit\ 
cow,  cow,  usually  given  in  part. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Florida  to  New 
Brunswick  and  Minnesota;  winters  in  Central  and  South  America. 

387a.  California  Cuckoo  (C.  a.  occidentalis) .  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  387,  but  somewhat  grayer  and  larger;  the 
bill  slightly  longer,  1.05. 

Range. — Western  North  America;  north  to  southern  British  Col- 
umbia; east  to  Western  Texas;  winters  south  into  Mexico. 

388.  Black-billed  Cuckoo  {Coccy^us  erythrophthal- 
mus).  L.  1 1.8.  Ads.  White  below;  bill  black;  tail, 
seen  from  below,  grayish  narrowly  tipped  with  white; 
above,  especially  on  crown,  browner  than  No.  387. 
Notes.  Similar  to  those  of  No.  387,  but  softer,  the  cow 
notes  connected. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  west  to  Rocky  Mountains;  breeds 
north  to  Labrador  and  Manitoba;  winters  south  of  United  States  to 
Brazil. 

146 


Trogon  and  Kingfishers 


389.  Coppery-tailed  Trogon  {Trogon  ambt'guus). 
L.  12.  y^d.  c?.  Wing-coverts  finely  vermiculated;  tail 
coppery  tipped  with  black;  outer  web  and  end  of  outer 
feathers  white,  mottled  with  black,  ^d.  $ .  Ear-cov- 
erts gray;  back  grayish  brown;  middle  tail-feathers 
rusty  brown  tipped  with  black;  breast  brownish;  upper 
befly  grayish;  ventral  region  pink.  Notes.  Resemble 
those  of  a  hen  Turkey.     (Fisher.) 

Range.— Southern  Mexico  north  to  Lower  Rio  Grande  and  Arizona. 


390.  Belted  Kingfisher  (Ceryle  alcyon).  L.  13. 
Ad.  cJ.  Breast-band  and  sides  like  back.  Ad.  9. 
Breast-band  and  sides  rusty.  Notes.  A  loud,  harsh 
rattle. 


Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  Florida,  Texas,  and  California 
north  to  Arctic  regions;  winters  from  Virginia,  Kansas,  and  southern 
California  south  to  northern  South  America. 


391.  Texas  Kingfisher  [Ceryle  americana  septen- 
trionalis).  L.  8.7.  Ad.  (^.  Breast  rusty  brown;  back 
greenish;  a  white  collar.  Ad.  9-  Throat  and  breast 
white,  sometimes  tinged  with  buffy;  a  breast  and  belly 
band  of  greenish  spots.  Notes.  When  flying,  a  sharp, 
rattling  twitter;  when  perching,  a  rapid,  excited  ticking. 

Range,— Tropical  America,  from  Panama  north  to  southern   Texas. 


147 


Order  XV.    WOODPECKERS. 

PICI. 

Family  1.  WOODPECKERS.  PiciD^.  24  species,  22  sub- 
species. 

The  some  three  hundred  and  fifty  known  species  of  Woodpeckers  are 
distributed  throughout  the  wooded  parts  of  the  world,  except  in  Aus- 
tralia and  Madagascar,  nearly  one  half  of  this  number  being  found  in 
the  New  World.  Feeding  largely  upon  the  eggs  and  larvas  of  insects, 
which  they  can  obtain  at  all  seasons,  most  of  the  North  American 
species  are  not  highly  migratory  but  are  represented  in  the  more  north- 
ern parts  of  their  range  at  all  times  of  the  year. 

Woodpeckers  nest  in  holes  in  trees  generally  excavated  by  them- 
selves. The  eggs,  four  to  eight  or  nine  in  number,  like  those  of  mo"§t 
birds  that  lay  in  covered  situations,  are  pure  white.  The  young  are 
born  naked  and  are  reared  in  the  nest. 

In  few  birds  is  the  close  relation  between  structure  and  habit  more 
strikingly  illustrated  than  in  the  Woodpeckers.  Their  lengthened  toes 
placed  two  before  and  two  behind  (except  in  one  genus)  and  armed 
with  strong  nails  enable  them  readily  to  grasp  the  bark  of  trees  up 
which  they  climb.  Their  stiffened,  pointed  tail-feathers  are  also  of 
assistance  to  them  in  retaining  their  position  on  tree  trunks,  serving  as 
a  prop  on  which  they  may  rest  while  chiseling  out  their  homes  or  lay- 
ing bare  the  tunnels  of  the  grubs  of  wood  boring  beetles.  For  this 
purpose  they  use  their  bill,  a  marvellously  effective  tool  with  which 
some  of  the  large  Woodpeckers  perform  astonishing  feats.  I  have 
seen  an  opening  made  by  a  Pileated  Woodpecker  in  a  white  pine  tree, 
twelve  inches  long,  four  inches  wide,  and  eight  inches  deep,  though 
perfectly  sound  wood  to  reach  the  larvae  at  work  in  the  heart  of  the 
tree.  The  bill  is  also  used  as  a  musical  instrument,  the  'song'  of 
Woodpeckers  being  a  rolling  tattoo  produced  by  rapid  tappings  on 
some  resonant  limb. 

As  might  be  supposed  the  Woodpeckers  are  great  of  economic  value. 
Professor  Beal  states  that  at  least  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  of  the 
food  of  our  common  Downy  and  Hairy  Woodpeckers  consists  chiefly 
of  noxious  insects. 

148 


vy- 


Woodpeckers 


392.  Ivopy-billed  Woodpecker  {Campephilus  princi- 
palis). L.  20;  B.  2.7,  ivory  white.  Ad.  (^.  Crest 
scarlet.  Ad.  $.  Similar  to  the  J*,  but  crest  black. 
hiotes.    A  sharp,  penny  trumpet-like  j'a/)-^a/». 

Range.— Florida  west  to  eastern  Texas;  north  to  southern  Miss- 
ouri and  Ol<lahoma;  formerly  north  to  North  Carolina,  Illinois,  and 
Indiana. 

400.  Arctic  Three-toed  Woodpecker  [Picoides  arc- 
ticus).  L.  9.5.  Back  shining  black  without  white;  toes 
two  in  front,  one  behind  Ad.^.  Crown  yellow.  Ad.  9- 
Crown  black.  Notes.  A  sharp,  shrill,  chirk,  chirk. 
(Hardy.) 

Range. — "Northern  North  America,  from  the  Arctic  regions  south  to 
northern  United  States.  (New  England,  New  Yorlc,  Michigan.  Minne- 
sota and  Idaho) ,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevadas  to  Lake  Tahoe.'" 
U.) 


(A.  O. 


401.  American  Three-toed  Woodpecker  {Picoides 
americanus).  L.  8.7.  Back  with  white;  toes  two  in 
front,  one  behind.  Ad.  (^.  Crownyellow;  white  bars 
on  back  broken,  detached  not  confluent.  Notes.  A 
prolonged  squealing,  rarely  uttered.     (Turner.) 

Range.— Northern  North  America;  west  to  Roci<y  Mountains; 
breeds  from  Maine,  mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  northern  New 
York,  and  northern  Minnesota  nonhward;  south  in  winter,  rarely  to 
Massachusetts,  central  New  York,  and  northern  Illinois. 

401a.    Alaskan    Three-toed    Woodpecker    (P.   a. 

fasciatus).  Similar  to  No.  401,  but  white  bars  on  back 
confluent  forming  a  more  or  less  continuous  white 
patch. 

Range.— "Alaska  Territory;  casually?  south  through  western 
British  Columbia  to  northwestern  Washington  (vicinity  of  Mt. 
Baker);  east  irregularly  to  Great  Bear  Lake  and  the  Mackenzie 
River  Valley,  Northwest  Territory."     (Bendire.) 

40 1  b.  Alpine  Three-toed  Woodpecker  (P.  a.  dorsa- 
lis).  Similar  to  No.  431a,  but  larger.  W.  5;  bill 
narrower.  Notes.  A  harsh,  nasal  cry;  a  sudden, 
sharp  whip,  whip,  whip,     (Mearns.) 

.  Range. — "Rocky  Mountain    region    from   British   Columbia    and 

If    ^  Idaho  south  into  New  Mexico."     (A.  O.  U.) 

^^'^OS.  Pileated  Woodpecker  {Ceophlceus  pileatus). 
L.  ij.  W.  8.9.  Ad.  (f.  Crown,  crest,  and  streaks 
on  Shies  of  throat  red;  sides  of  neck  and  patch  on  wing 
white.  Ad.  9 .  Forehead  brownish,  no  red  on  sides  of 
throat.  Notes.  A  sonorous  cow-cow-cow,  repeated  slow- 
ly many  times  and  a  wichew  call  when  two  birds  meet; 
both  suggesting  calls  of  the  Flicker. 

Range.— Southern  United  States  north  to  South  Carolina. 

^^  405a.    Northern  Pileated  Woodpecker  (C.  p.  abie- 
ticola).    Similar  to  No.  405,  but  slightly  larger,  W.  9i^\ 

Range.— Locally  distributed  throughout  more  heavily  wooded  / 
regions  of  North  America,  except  in  southern  United  States,  north  to  / 
Lat.  63O.  y 


149 


400. 


nC/l 


Woodpeckers 


393.  Hairy  Woodpecker  [Dryohates  villosus).  L. 
9;  W.  4.7  Outer  tail-feathers  white  mtbout  terminal 
black  marks.  Ad.  (^.  Wing-coverts  spotted,  under- 
parts  white;  nape  with  a  red  band.  Ad.  9-  Similar 
but  nape  band  white.  Notes.  A  sharp  peek  and  a  King- 
fisher-like rattle. 

Range. — Eastern  United  States  from  North  Carolina  to  Canada. 

393a.  Nopthern  Hairy  Woodpecker  (D.  v.  leucome- 
las).    Similar  to  No.  393,  but  larger;  L.  10;  W.  5.2. 

Range.— British  America  north  to  Alaska. 

393b.    Southern   Hairy  Woodpecker  (D.   v.  atuiu- 

honii).    Similar  to  No.  393,  but  smaller;  L.  8;   W.   4.2. 

Range.— South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  north  to   South  Carolina. 

393c.  Harris  Woodpecker  (D.  v.  barrisi).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  393,  but  wing-coverts  usually  without  white 
spots;  underparts  dirty,  dusky,  brownish. 

Range. — Pacific  coast  from  northern  California  to  British  Colum- 
bia. 

393d.  Cabanis  Woodpecker  (D.  v.  byloscopus). 
Similar  to  No.  393c,  but  whiter  below. 

Range.— California,  east  to  Arizona. 

393e.    Rocky  Mountain  Hairy  Woodpecker    (D.   v. 

nionlicola).    Similar  to  No.  393c,  but  pure  white  below; 
larger,  size  of  No.  393a. 

Range.— Rocky  Mountain  region  from  northern  New  Mexico  north 
to  British  Columbia. 

393f.  Queen  Charlotte  Woodpecker  (D.  v  picoideus) 
Similar  to  No.  393c,  but  middle  of  back  barred  and 
spotted  with  black;  flanks  streaked  with  black. 
(OsgoodO 

Range.— Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Columbia. 

394.  Southern  Downy  Woodpecker  {Dryobates 
puhescens).  L.  6;  W.  3.5.  Outer  tail-feathers  white 
with  terminal  black  marks.  Ad.  ^.  Nape-band  red; 
smallest  of  group,  underparts  dingier  than  in  No.  394c; 
white  of  less  extent;  wing-coverts  spotted.  Ad.  9 . 
Similar  but  nape-band  white.  Notes.  A  sharp  peek 
and  a  rattle  similar  to  that  of  No.  393,  but  not  so  loud. 

Range.— South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Gulf  States  to  Texas. 

394a.  Gairdner  Woodpecker  {D.  p.  gairdnerii). 
Similar  to  No.  394b,  but  underparts  sooty  gray;  the 
darkest  below  of  any  form  in  the  group. 

Range.— Pacific  coast  from  northern  California  north  to  British 
Columbia. 

394b.  Batchelder  Woodpecker  (D.  p.  bomorus). 
Similar  to  No.  394c,  but  wing-coverts  with  few  or  no 
white  spots,  under  tail-coverts  without  dusky  streaks. 

Range.— "Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the   United  States."      (A.   O. 

394c.  Northern  Downy  Woodpecker  (D.  p.  median- 
us).  L.  6.5;  W.  3-7-  Similar  to  No.  394,  but  larger; 
whiter  below;  white  markings  of  greater  extent. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America  south  to  South  Carolina. 

394d.  Alaskan  Downy  Woodpecker  (D.  p.  nelsoni). 
W.  4-  Similar  to  No.  394c,  but  still  larger  and  whiter; 
largest  of  the  group. 

Range.— Alaska. 

150 


Woodpeckers 


394e.    Willow  Woodpecker   (D.  p.   turati).    Simi 
lar  to  No.  394a,  but  smaller,  W.  3.8.  superciliary  patch 
and   underparts  whiter;  tertials  always  more  or  less 
spotted  with  white.     (W.  K.  Fisher.) 

Ranes. — "California,  except:  desert  rang^es  and  eastern  slope  of 
Sierra  Nevada,  coast  region  nortli  of  Marin  Co.,  and  region  north  of 
upper  end  of  Sacramento  Valley."     (W.  K.  Fisher.) 

395.  Red-cockaded  Woodpecker  {Dryohates  bore- 
alts).  L.  8.4.  Sides  of  head  and  neck  white  bordered 
by  black  below.  Ad.  (^.  A  nearly  concealed  red  tuft 
on  either  side  of  the  hindhead.  Ad.  9-  Similar,  but 
no  red  on  head.     Notes.     A  loud,  hoMSt,  j?ank,_yank. 

Range.  Southern  United  States;  west  to  eastern  Texas;  north  to 
Virginia  and  Arkansas. 

396.  Texan  Woodpecker  {Dryobates  scalaris  bairdi). 
L.  7.5.  Outer  tail-feathers  barred  to  their  base;  nasal 
tufts  brownish.  Ad.  cf.  All  crown  feathers  tipped 
with  red;  back  barred;  below  brownish  white,  spotted 
and  streaked  with  black.  Ad.  ?.  Similar  but  top  of  head 
wholly  black. 

Range.  Northern  Mexico,  north  to  Texas  boundary,  New  Mexico, 
southern  Colorado,  southern  Nevada,  southwestern  Utah,  and  south- 
e.istern  California. 

396a.  Saint  Lucas  Woodpecker  (T).  5.  lucasanus). 
Similar  to  No.  396,  but  outer  tail-feather  barred  with 
black  only  on  terminal  half  or  less,  except  sometimes 
on  inner  web.     (Ridgw.) 

Range.— Lower  California,  north,  rarely  to  Colorado  Desert,  Cali- 
fornia. 

397.  Nuttall  Woodpecker  (Dryobates  nuttallii). 
L.  7.5.  Below  white  only  slightly  soiled;  outer  tail- 
feather  barred  only  on  end  half.  Ad.  r?.  Crown 
black  streaked  with  white;  nape  red.  Ad.  9.  Similar 
but  top  of  head  entirely  black,  usually  with  a  few 
white  spots.  Yng.  Top  of  head  dull  red.  Notes.  A 
sharp  quee-quee-quee-queep;  a  diminutive  chittah.  (Bail- 
ley.)     Loud  rattling  notes.     (Henshaw.) 

Range.— Northern  Lower  California,  north  locally,  to  southern 
Oregon. 

398.  Arizona  Woodpecker  (Dryobates  ari^on^). 
L.  8.2.  Above  brown,  below  spotted.  Ad.  (^.  A  red 
nape  band.  Ad.  9.  Similar  but  no  red  on  nape, 
brown  of  crown  continuous  with  that  of  back.  Yng. 
Whole  crown  red. 

Range —Northwestern  Mexico  north  to  southern  Arizona  and 
southwestern  New  Mexico. 

399.  White-headed  Woodpecker  {Xenopicus  alba- 
larvatus),  L.  9.  Whole  head  and  part  of  wings 
white.  Ad.  cf.  Nape  red.  Ad.  ?.  Nape  white. 
Notes.  A  sharp,  clear  witt-witt;  a  rather  silent  bird. 
(Bendire.) 

Range — .Mountains  of  western  United  States  from  southern  Cali- 
fornia north  to  southern  British  Columbia;  east  to  western  Idaho  and 
western  Nevada. 

151 


Woodpeckers 


402.  Yellow-bellied  Sapsucker  (Sp/nraptmsvanus^. 
L.  8.5;  W.  4.8.  y^d.  S".  Crown  and  throat  red;  a 
whitish  band  from  eye  to  eye  across  nape;  belly  wa^^hed 
with  yellow;  breast  patch  black  Ad.  ?.  Similar,  but 
throat  white;  crown  rarely  black.  Yng.  Breast  gray- 
ish with  internal  dark  rings  or  bars;  crown  dirty  yel- 
lowish margined  with  dusky;  red  feathers  soon  appear 
on  throat  and  crown.  Notes.  A  clear  ringing  cleur  re- 
peated; a  low  snarling  cry  resembling  mew  of  Catbird. 
(Brewster.) 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Massachusetts  and 
northern  Illinois  north  to  about  Lat.  63°  30';  sout*i  in  Alleghanies 
to  northwest  Georgia;  winters  from  southern  Illinois  and  southern 
Virginia  to  Central  America. 

402a.  Red-naped  Sapsucker  (5.  v.  nuchalis).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  402,  but  slightly  larger.  W.  5;  the  nape 
band  red;  red  of  throat  encroaching  on  black  bordering 
streaks;  female  the  same  but  chin  white. 

Range.— Rocky  Mountain  region;  br'»eds  from  Colorado  and  north- 
eastern California  (?),  north  to  British  Columbia;  winters  from  south- 
ern California  soulh  to  northwestern  Mexico. 

403.  Red-breasted  Sapsucker  {Sphyrapicus  ruber). 
L.  9.  Ads.  Crown,  whole  throat  and  breast  dull  red; 
in  other  respects  resembling  No.  402.  Notes.  Jay  or 
chae,  peeyey  pinck,  and peurr.     ( Bendire. ) 

Range.— Breeds  in  mountains  from  northern  Lower  California  north 
to  southern  Oregon. 

403a.      Northern   Red-breasted   Sapsucker    (5.    r. 

notkensis') .     Similar  to  No.  403,  but   colors   deeper,    red 
brighter;  belly  yellower. 

Range.— Pacific  coast  region  from  Santa  Cruz  Mountains,  Cali- 
fornia, north  to  southern  Alaska. 

404.  Williamson  Sapsucker  {Spkyrapicus  thyroi- 
deus).  L.  9.  Belly  bright  yellow;  rump  white.  Ad.  (^. 
Above  black;  a  red  stripe  on  throat;  lesser  wing-cov- 
erts white.  Ad.  9.  Crown  and  throat  brownish; 
back  and  lesser  wing-coverts  barred  black  and  whitish. 
Yng.  Similar  to  $ ,  but  breast  barred  like  sides.  Notes. 
A  shrill  i&M/Y-Zjm/ uttered  when  flying.  (Bendire.)  The 
roll  of  this  Woodpecker  is  not  continuous,  but  is  brok- 
en or  interrupted. 

Range. — Higher  mountain  ranges  of  western  United  States;  breeds 
from  northern  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  southeastern  California 
north  to  Wyoming  and  southern  British  Columbia;  winters  from 
southern  California  and  western  Texas  into  Mexico. 

408.  Lewis  Woodpecker  {Asyndesmus  torquatus). 
L.  II.  Ads.  Breast  and  a  collar  around  the  neck 
gray;  region  about  base  of  bill  dark  red;  belly  pinkish 
red;  above  shining  green  black.  Yng.  No  gray 
collar;  crown  suffused  with  red.  Notes.  A  weak, 
peeping  twitter.  (Lawrence).  Generally  a  silent 
bird. 

Range.— Western  United  States:  breeds  from  New  Mexico,  Arizo- 
na, and  southern  California  north  to  southern  Alberta  and  British 
Columbia;  winters  from  southern  Oregon  aud  Colorado  south  t© 
western  Texas  and  southern  California. 

152 


Woodpeckers 


406.  Red-headed  Woodpecker  {Melanerpes  erythro- 
cepbalus).  L.  9.7.  y4ds.  Whole  head  and  breast  red; 
end  half  of  secondaries  white.  Yng.  Whole  head  and 
breast  grayish  streaked  with  blackish;  back  black 
margined  with  grayish;  end  half  of  secondaries  white 
with  black  bars.  Notes.  A  tree-toad-like  ker-r-ruck, 
ker-r-ruck. 


Ran|:e.— Eastern  United  States  west  to  Rocky 
from  Florida  and  Texas  north  to  New  York  and 


Mountains;  breeds 

Manitoba;    local  and 

winters  from   Virginia,  and  oc- 


Irregular  in  northern  parts  of  range 
casionally  from  New  York,  southward. 

407.  Striped-breasted  Woodpecker  {Melanerpes 
formicivorus) .  L,  9.5.  ^xtSiSt  hand  streaked  with  white-., 
rump  white.  Ad.  ^.  Forehead,  white,  crown,  nape, 
and  breast-spot  red.  Ad,  9.  Center  of  crown  with  a 
black  band  of  same  width  as  white  band  on  forehead. 
Notes.     A  loud  tchurr,  tchurr. 

Range.— Mexico  north  to  southwest  Texas  and  Arizona. 

407a.  Californian  Woodpecker  (M.  /.  hairdi). 
Similar  to  No.  407,  but  black  breast-band  with  white 
only  on  its  posterior  margin. 

Range.— Pacific  coast  region  from  northern  California  to  southern 
Oregon. 

407b.  Narrow-fronted  Woodpecker  [M.  f.  angust- 
ifrons).  Ad.  (^.  Similar  to  No.  407,  but  smaller,  W. 
5.2;  the  throat  brighter  yellow.  Ad.  9.  With  black 
crown-band  wider  than  white  forehead  band. 

Range.  — Cape  Region  of  Lower  California. 

409.  Red-bellied  Woodpecker  (^Centurus carolinus) . 
L.  9.5.  Center  of  belly  reddish.  Ad.  c^.  Top  of 
head  and  nape  entirely  red.  Ad.  9.  Nape  red,  crown 
grayish,  forehead  tinged  with  red.  Notes.  A  hoarse, 
cbuh-chub. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
Florida  and  Texas  to  Maryland,  Ontario,  and  South  Dakota;  winters 
from  Virginia  and  southern  Ohio  southward;  casually  north  as  far  as 
Massachusetts. 

410.  Golden-fronted   Woodpecker   (Ceniurus  aurt- 
frons).    L,  10.5;  center  of  belly  yellow.    Ad.  ^.    Fore 
head  yellow,  crown-patch  red,  nape  orange.    Ad.  9 
Forehead  and  nape    yellow,    crown     entirely    gray 
Notes.    Loud  and  penetrating.     (Bailey.) 

Range. — Mexico,  north  to  central  Texas. 

411.  Qi\\2L  \N oof\^ec}^er  {Centurus  uropygialis).      L. 

10.  Center  of  belly  yellow.  Ad.  (^.  Top  of  head 
and  nape  sootjy  gray;  a  red-crown  patch.  Ad.  9*  Top 
of  head  and  nape  entirely  sooty  gray.  Notes.  Dcburr, 
dcburr;  when  flying,  a  shrill  hm't  like  call-note  of 
Phainopepla.     (Bendire.) 

Range.— Northwestern  Mexico,  north  to  southwestern  New  Mexico, 
and  Lower  California. 

153 


Woodpeckers 


4r2.  Southern  Flicker  (Colaptes  auratus).  Small- 
er than  No.  412a,  W.  5.6. 

Range.— Southeastern  United  States  north  to  South  Carolina. 

412a.  Northern  Flicker  (C.  a.  luteus).  L.  13;-  W. 
6.4.  Crown  bluish  gray;  throat  pinkish  brown;  a 
scarlet  nape-band;  lining  of  wings  and  tail  yellow.  Ad. 
cf .  With  black  patches  on  the  sides  of  the  throat. 
Ad.  ?.  Without  black  throat  patches.  Notes.  Aloud, 
emphatic  kee-yer;  a  low  chuckle  when  taking  flight;  a 
vceechew  repeated  and  used  only  when  two  or  more  birds 
are  together;  and  a  mellow  cuh-cuh-cuh-cilh,  repeated, 
doubtless  a  song. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America  west  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
Alasi<a;  rare  on  the  Pacific  coast;  apparently  hybridizing  with  No.  413 
at  the  western  border  of  its  range. 

413.  Red-shafted  Flicker  (Co/a^/^5  cafer  collaris). 
L.  13.  No  red  nape  band;  crown  brownish;  throat 
bluish  gray;  lining  of  wings  and  tail  reddish.  Ad.  ^. 
Patches  at  side  of  throat  red.  Ad.  9 .  No  red  throat 
patches.     Notes.     Resemble  those  of  No.  412. 

Range.— Western  United  States,  except  northwest  coast  region; 
east  to  the  Rocky  Mountain  region;  apparently  hybridizing  with  No. 
412  at  the  eastern  border  of  its  range. 


413a.  Northwestern  Flicker  (C.  c  satiiratior) . 
Similar  to  No.  413,  but  much  darker  throughout,  back 
vinous-brown. 

Range.— Pacific  coast  region;  breeds  from  Oregon  north  to  south- 
ern Alaska;  winters  south  to  northwest  California. 


414.  (iMeA  VWoWer  {Colaptes  chrj;sotdes).  L.  12; 
W.  5.7.  Crown  cinnamon;  under  surface  of  wings 
and  tail  yellow.  Ad.  c^.  No  red  band  on  nape-  throat 
bluish  gray,  its  sides  with  a  red  patch.  Ad.  ? .  No 
red  on  sides  of  throat.  Notes.  Resemble  those  of  No. 
412.     (Bendire.) 

Range. — "Central  and  southern  Arizona  from  Lat.  ^4°  to  southern 
Sonora,  and  Lower  California  south  of  Lat.  30°  ."     (A.  O.  U.) 

414a.  Brown  Flicker  (C.  c.  hrunnescens) .  Simi- 
lar to  No.  414,  but  slightly  smaller;  upperparts  darker. 
(Anthony). 

Range.— Lower  California  north  of  Lat.  30°  . 

415.  Guadalupe  Flicker  (Co/a/>/^5  rM^/)z7^5).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  413,  but  bill  1.6  or  more,  more  slender, 
wing  averaging  less  than  6.2;  crown  cinnamon-brown; 
rump  vinaceous-white.     ( Ridgw. ) 

Range.— Guadalupe  Island.  Lower  California. 


154 


Order  XVI.    GOA'tsUCKERS,  SWIFTS,  AND  HUMMING- 
BIRDS. 

MACROCHIRES. 

Family  1.  GOATSUCKERS.  Caprimulgid^.  6  species,  6  sub- 
species. 

Family  2.  SWIFTS.     Micropodid^,  4  species. 

Family  3.  HUMMINGBIRDS.     Trochilid^.     17  species. 

The  Goatsuckers  are  birds  of  the  dusk  and  early  morning.  They 
live  chiefly  on  insects  which  they  capture  on  the  wing,  their  enormous 
mouths  being  especially  well  adapted  to  this  kind  of  hunting.  Our 
species  build  no  nest  but  lay  their  two  mottled  eggs  on  the  bare  ground 
or  leaves.  The  young  are  hatched  covered  with  down  and  can  follow 
their  parents  about  long  before  they  acquire  the  power  of  flight.  Goat- 
suckers are  noted  for  their  singular  calls,  most  of  the  species  uttering 
loud,  characteristic  notes  which,  heard  at  night,  are  especially  effective. 

Swifts  are  birds  of  world-wide  distribution;  about  half  the  seventy- 
five  known  species  being  found  in  America.  They  are  pre-eminently 
birds  of  the  air  with  wings  so  well  developed  that  few  birds  can  sur- 
pass them  in  power  of  flight,  but  with  feet  so  weak  and  small  that 
many  species  cannot  perch  as  do  most  birds,  but,  when  resting,  cling  to 
a  vertical  surface  and  use  their  tail  to  aid  their  feet  in  supporting 
themselves.  Their  nests  are  often  marvels  of  architectural  skill  and 
constructive  ability.     The  eggs,  four  to  six  in  number,  are  white. 

Hummingbirds  are  found  only  in  America  where  they  range  from 
.Patagonia  to  Alaska,  but  the  larger  part  of  the  some  five  hundred 
known  species  are  found  in  the  Andean  region  of  Columbia  and  Ecua- 
dor. Only  one  species  is  found  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  nine 
of  our  sixteen  western  species  advance  but  little  beyond  our  Mexican 
border. 

Hummingbirds  nests  are  the  most  exquisite  of  birds'  homes. 
Their  eggs,  so  far  as  is  known,  number  two,  and  are  pure  white.  The 
young  are  born  naked  and,  in  the  case  of  our  Ruby-throat,  at  least, 
spend  about  three  weeks  in  the  nest. 

The  notes  of  some  tropical  Hummingbirds  are  sufficiently  varied  to 
be  classed  as  songs  but  our  species  utter  only  sharp  squeaks  and  ex- 
cited chipperings. 

155 


ID 


Goatsuckers 


416.  Chuck-wiU's-widow  {Antrostomus  caroUnensis). 
L.  12.  Mouth  bristles  with  fine,  hair-like  branches" 
near  their  base.  Ad.  (^.  End  half  of  outer  tail- 
feathers  white,  rusty,  and  black  on  outer  wehs\  c\\\n  ch'xt^y 
rustj/]  throat-patch  buffy.  Ad.  ?.  No  white  in  tail. 
Notes.  A  loudly  whistled  cbuck-will' s-wtdow,  repeated 
many  times. 

Range. — South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States;  breeds  north  to  Virginia 
and  Illinois;  west  to  Kansas  and  central  Texas;  winters  from  southern 
Florida  southward. 

417.  Whip-poor-will  (Antrostomus  vociferus').  L. 
9.7.  Mouth  bristles  without  branches.  Ad.  (^.  Three 
outer  tail-feathers  ^roa^/j^  tipped  with  white;  white  on 
inner  vane  of  outer  feather  1.4  or  more  wide;  throat 
patch  white;  chin  chiefly  black.  Ad.  9-  Three  outer 
tail-feathers  narrowly  tipped  with  rusty  buff;  throat 
patch  rusty  buff.  Notes.  A  rapid,  vigorous,  whistled 
whip-poor-will,  repeated  many  times. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
Gulf  States  north  to  New  Brunswick  and  Manitoba;  winters  from 
Gulf  States  southward. 

417a.  Stephens  Whip-poor-will  {A.  v.  macromy- 
stax).  Similar  to  No.  417,  but  slightly  larger,  W.  6.5; 
mouth  bristles  much  longer;  male  with  throat-patch 
rusty;  white  on  inner  web  of  outer  feather  less  than  1.3 
wide. 

Range.— "Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  southwestern  Texas,  south 
over  mountains  bordering  tablelands  of  Mexico  to  Guatemala." 
(Bailey.) 

418.  Poor-will  {Phalcenoptilus  nuttallii).  L.  7.7. 
Primaries  rusty  barred  with  black.  Ad.  ^.  Three 
outer  tail-feathers  evenly  tipped  with  white;  a  large 
white  throat  patch;  plumage  above  suggesting  in  color 
the  wings  of  certain  moths.  Ad.  $.  Similar,  but  tail- 
tips  buffy.  Notes.  Variously  rendered  poor-will,  cow- 
day,  pearl-rob-it,  puir-whee-er. 

Range.— Western  United  States;  breeds  from  Kansas,  Nebraska, 
and  Dakota  west  to  eastern  slope  of  Sierra  Nevadas:  north  to  Mon- 
tana and  British  Columbia;  winters  from  Mexican   border  southward. 

418a.  Frosted  Poor-will  (T.  n.  nitidus).  Similar 
to  No.  418,  but  paler,  the  upperparts  especially  whiter, 
more /ros/>'. 

Range. — "Texas  to  Arizona  and  from  western  Kansas  soutn  to 
northern  Mexico,"  (Bailey.)     Lower  California. 


{T.    n.    calif ornicus) . 


418b.      California     Poorwill 

Similar  to  No.  418,  but  darker. 

Range.— Breeds  on  coast  of  California,   north   to   Butte  Cour-ty; 
winters  from  southern  California  southward. 


156 


Goatsuckers 


419.  fAerr'iW  Parauque  {Nil tidromus  alhicolHs  mer- 
rilli).  L.  12;  T.  6.2.  Outer  tail-feather  without 
white.  Two  color  phases,  one  gray,  one  rusty.  Ad. 
(^.  Outer  tail-feather  black  with  sometimes  a  little 
rusty,  next  feather  white  on  inner  web,  third  feather 
white  except  at  base.  Ad.  9-  Outer  tail-feathers 
brownish  witl^  broken  rusty  bars;  next  two  with  white 
at  tip.  Notes.  A  vigorous  ker-whee-you  repeated  and 
sometimes  running  into   a  whit-wliit-whit,   ker-whee-you. 

Range.— Mexico  north  to  southern  Texas;  winters  chiefly  south  of 
Rio  Grande. 

420.  Nighthawk  {Chordeiles  lirginianus) .  L.  10, 
W.  7.8.  Primaries  blackish  with  a  white  bar  and  no 
rusty  spots;  darkest  of  our  Nighthawks.  Ad.  (^. 
Above  black  with  white  and  buff  markings;  throat  and 
band  near  end  of  tail  white.  Ad.  9-  Throat  rusty,  no 
white  band  in  tail.  Notes.  A  nasal  peent;  and  in  the 
breeding  season,  a  booming  sound  produced  by  diving 
from  a  height  earthward. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States,  chiefly,  breeds  from  Florida  to 
Labrador,  west  and  northwest  to  northern  California,  British  Colum- 
bia, and  Alaska;  winters  south  of  United  States. 

420a.  Western  Nighthawk  (C.  v.  henryt).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  420,  but  markings  above  rusty  and  more 
numerous;  belly  washed  with  rusty. 

Range.— Western  United  States,  east  to  the  Plains,  wintering  south 
of  United  States;  exact  distribution  unknown. 

420b.  Florida  Nighthawk  (C.  v.  chapmani).  Sim.i- 
!ar  to  No.  420,  but  smaller  (L.  8.6;  W.  7.1;)  and 
paler;  white  and  buff  markings  above  larger  and  more 
numerous. 

Range.  Florida,  west  along  Gulf  Coast  to  eastern  Texas;  south  in 
winter  to  South  America. 

420c.  Sennett  Nighthawk  {C.v.  sennetti).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  420b,  but  still  paler,  white  and  buff  prevail- 
ing on  back  and  scapulars;  palest  of  our   Nighthawks. 

Range.— Great  Plains  north  to  Saskatchewan;  winters  south  of  the 
iJnited  States. 

421.  Texan  Nighthawk  {Chordeiles  acutipennis  tex- 
ensis).  Wing  quills  with  rusty  spots;  outer  primary 
shorter  than  one  next  to  it;  belly  conspicuously  washed 
with  rusty  buff.  Ad.  (^.  Throat-patch  and  band  near 
end  of  tail  white.  Ad.  ?.  No  white  band  in  tail. 
Notes.  A  mewing  call  and  a  tapping  accompanied  by  a 
hamming  sound.     (Merrill.) 

Range.— Central  America;  breeding  north  to  southern  Texas,  south- 
ern New  Mexico,  southern  Utah,  southern  Nevada,  and  Lat.  38°  in 
California;  winters  south  of  United  States. 

157 


Swifts 


422.  Black  Swift  (Cr^s^/o?,:/^„  iger  horeatis).  L.  7; 
W.  6.5.  Tail  without  spines,  slightly  forked.  Ads. 
Sooty  black,  paler  below;  a  black  spot  before  the  eye; 
forehead  whitish.  Notes.  Generally  silent.  (Ben- 
dire.) 


Range. — Breeds  from  Central  America  north,  in  mountains  of 
western  United  btates,  to  Britisii  Columbia;  east  to  Colorado;  winters 
soutli  of  United  States;  more  common  in  Pacific  coast  states. 


423.     C\\'\mr\eySmi\  {Chcetura  pelagica).  L.    5.4; 

W.  4.9.     Tail  with  protruding  spines.      Ads.  Above 

sooty,   rump   and   underparts  paler;   throat  whitish. 
Notes.     A  rolling  twitter. 


Rangfe. — Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
Florida  to  Labrador  and  Manitoba;  winters  south  of  United  States,  to 
Central  America. 


424.  Vaux  Swift  {Choeturavauxii).  L.  4.5;  W.4.4. 
Ads.  Similar  to  No.  423,  but  smaller  and  somewhat 
browner.  Notes.  Resemble  those  of  No.  423,  but  are 
less  frequently  uttered.     (Bendire.) 


Range.— Western  United  States;  breeds  on  Pacific  coast,  locally. 
north  to  British  Columbia;  east  casually  to  Montana  and  Arizona: 
winters  south  of  United  States  to  Central  America. 


425.  White-throated  Swift  (Aeronautes  melanoleu- 
cus).  L.  6.5.  Tail  forked,  without  spines.  Ads. 
Above  sooty  brownish  black;  breast,  middle  of  belly 
and  flank  patches  white.  Notes.  A  sharp,  metallic 
twitter. 


Range.— Western  United  States;  east  to  western  Nebraska  and 
Black  Hills;  breeds  in  Rocky  Mountains  north  to  Montana;  on  Pa- 
cific coast  north  to  Lat.  38°  ;  winters  south  of  United  States  to  Cen- 
tral America. 


158 


cJr 


^ 


^U/W^. 


Hummingbirds 


426.  Rivoli  Hummingbird  {Eugenes  fulgens).  L. 
5.1.  A  small  white  spot  behind  eye.  /td.  ^.  Crown 
purple,  throat  bright  green,  back  bronzy  green;  tail 
somewhat  more  bronzy.  Ad.  $.  Above  bronzy  green, 
all  but  central  tail-feathers  with  blackish  ends  and 
narrow  grayish  tips;  below  grayish,  all  but  throat 
feathers  green  centrally.  Yng.  5*.  Throat  with  more  or 
less  green,  belly  and  above  more  bronzy  than  in  ?. 

Range.— NIcaraugua,  north  in  mountains  to  mountains  of  southeast- 
ern Arizona,and  southwest  New  Mexico;  winters  south  of  United 
States. 


429.  Blaclc-chinned  Hummingbird  {Trochilus  alex- 
andri).  L.  3.5;  W.  1.7.  Ad.  ^.  Chin  and  upper 
throat  black,  lower  throat  amethyst;  tail  forked, 
feathers  pointed.  Ad.  9-  Throat  grayish  white; 
chin  buffy\  tail  feathers  more  rounded,  three  outer  ones 
tipped  with  white.  Yng.  (^.  Similar  to  ?,  but  throat 
with  du;>ky  spots. 

Ranee.— Western  United  States;  breeds  from  San  Antonio,  Texas, 
New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  California  north  to  Montana  and  British 
Columbia;  rare  on  Pacific  coast  north  of  southern  California;  winters 
south  of  United  States. 


430.  Costa  Hummingbird  {Calj^te  costce).  L.  3.1. 
No  rusty  in  plumage.  Ad.  (^.  Crown,  throat  and 
lengthened  neck-feathers  amethyst,  back  dull  green. 
Ad.  9.  Below  grayish  white;  above  grayish  green; 
outer  tail-feathers  gray  at  base,  then  black  and  at  tip 
white.  Yng.  (^.  Similar  to  9,  but  throat  usually  with 
some  amethyst  spots;  tip  of  outer  tail-feather  grayish. 

Range.— Northwestern  Mexico;  breeds  north  throughout  Lower 
California,  to  southern  California,  northern  Nevada,  southwestern 
Utah,  and  southwestern  New  Mexico;  winters  from  Mexican  border 
southward. 


437.  Lucifer  Hummingbird  (Calotborax  lucifer.) 
L.  3.6;  B.  .8.  Ad.  (S".  Throat  purplish  pink,  feathers 
at  its  side  much  lengthened;  tail  feathers  very  narrow, 
the  outer  ones  less  than  .05  in.  wide  on  end  half. 
Ad.  9-  Below  nearly  i.riform  rusty  buff,  above  bronzy 
green;  tail-feathers  white-tipped. 

Range.— "From  western  Texas  and  southern  Arizona  south  to  ih% 
city  of  Mexico  and  Puebla."     (Bailey.) 


440.  Xantus  Hummingbird  {Bastlinna  xantust)- 
L.  3.6.  A  white  streak  behind  eye.  Ad.  ^.  Chin, 
forehead  and  cheeks  black-,  throat  green;  tail  rusty 
brown.  Ad.  9-  Below  uniform  rusty,  above  green; 
outer  tail-feathers  rusty  brown. 

Range. — Lower  California,  nonh  to  Lat.   29°  ;    most  common  In 
Ret 


Cape    ._ 

^,  ^  ^  /  <^ft 


^^«^j^^^-/m 


jrvx. 


(rri-.'-'t-A..^^ 


d. 


Hummingbirds 


42  7,  Blue-throated  Hummmgbipd  (Cceligena  clem- 
encice).  L.  5.2.  A  white  s^n>^  behind,  and  a  smaller 
one  before  eye.  Ad.  ^.  Throat  blue;  belly  g;rayish; 
back  green;  tail  blue-black,  outer  feathers  broadly 
white  tipped.    Ad.  9.  Similar  but  throat  dusky  gray. 

Range.- Southern  Mexico  north,  in  mountains  to  mountains  of 
southwestern  New  Mexico  and  southern  Arizona;  winters  south  of 
United  States. 

438.  Reiffer  Hummingbird  {Ama^ilis  t^acatl).  L. 
4.1.  Ads.  Above,  throat  and  breast  shining  green; 
belly  ^r^j7'5ib;  tail  square,  rusty  brown,  narrowly  mar- 
gined with  coppery.  Yng.  Similar  but  more  rusty 
above. 

Range.— Northern  South  America;  north,  rarely,  to  Lower  Rio 
Grande  Valley,  Texas. 

439.  BufT-bellied  Hummingbird  {Ama^ilis  cer-cini- 
ventris  chalconota).  Similar  to  No.  438,  but  belly  rusty 
gray,  tail  forked  and  broadly  margined  with  coppery 
green. 

Range.— Central  America,  north.  In  spring,  to  Lower  Rio  Grande 
Valley,  Texas. 


440.1.  White-eared  Hummingbird  {Basilinna  leu- 
cotis).  L.  3.7.  A  white  line  behind  eye.  Ad.  (^. 
Chin,  forehead  and  cheeks  blue,  throat  and  breast 
green,  tail  blackish  bronzy  green.  Ad.  9-  Crown 
rusty,  back  bronzy  green,  below  gray  spotted  with 

§reen;  outer  tail-feathers  tipped  with  gray.      Yng.  J^. 
imilar. 

Range.— Nicaraugua  north,  In  spring,  through  mountains  to  south- 
em  Arizona. 


441.  Broad-billed  Hummingbird  {lache  latirostris). 
L.  4.  Ad.  c^.  Above  green;  below  darker;  throat 
purplish  blue;  tail  darker.  Ad.  9.  Below  gray;  outer 
tail-feathers  green  at  base, then  bluish  black  tipped 
with  gray.  Yng.  <^.  Similar  to  Ad.  9 ,  but  tail  blue 
black  with  faint  gray  tips;  throat  with  metallic  green 
feathers. 

Range. — Southern  Mexico;  breeds  north  through  mountains  to 
southern  Arizona  and  southwestern  New  Mexico. 


428.  Ruby-throated  Hummingbird  {Trochilus  col- 
uhris).  L.  3.5;  W.  1.5.  Ad.  cf .  Throat  ruby,  chin 
blackish;  tail  forked,  the  feathers  pointed.  Ad.  9- 
Throat  grayish,  tail-feathers  rounded,  three  outer  ones 
tipped  with  white.  Yng.  J".  Like  9  but  throat  with 
dusky  spots.   (See  next  page.) 

Range.  -  Eastern  North  America,  west  to  about  Long.  too°  ;  breeds 
from  Florida  and  eastern  Mexico,  north  to  Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay 
region;  winters  from  southern  Florida  to  Central  America.  . 


Hummingbirds 


43  1.  Anna  Hummingbird  (C^li pic!  aniuT).  L.  3.6. 
y4d.  (^.  Crown  and  throat  glittering  purplish  pink; 
feathers  at  sides  of  throat  much  lengthened.  Ad.  $. 
Above  green;  below  grayish  washed  with  green;  throat 
usually  with  pink  feathers;  tail  with  a  narrow  white 
tip.     Yng,    Similar  but  browner  above. 

Range. — Western  United  States,  from  northern  Lower  California 
north  to  northern  California;  east  to  southern  Arizona;  south  in  winter 
to  Mexico;  recorded  from  Guadalupe  Island. 

432.  Broad-tailed  Hummingbird  {Selaspborus platy- 
cercus).  L.  4.  Ad.(^.  Outer  primary  very  narrow, 
end  sharp;  crown  green,  ihxont pink]  tail  green  above, 
purplish  below  without  white  tips.  Ad.  9 .  Outer 
tail-feathers  rusty  at  base,  then  black  with  a  broad 
white  tip;  middle  feathers  entirely  green;  above  bronzy 
green;  throat  feathers  with  dusky  centers;  sides  rusty. 

Range.— Rocky  Mountains:  west,  rarely  to  eastern  California; 
north  to  southern  Wyoming  and  Idaho;  winters  south  of  United  States. 

433.  Rufou9  Hummingbird  {Selasphorus  rufus), 
L.  3.6.  Ad.  ^.  Next  to  middle  pair  of  tail-feathers 
notched  near  tip  of  inner  web;  back  reddish  brown  some- 
times washed  with  green.  Ad.  9.  Sides  rws^j',  back 
green,  throat  spotted  with  green  and  sometimes  ruby, 
outer  tail-feathers  rusty  at  base,  then  black  and  a 
white  tip,  the  feather  wor^  than  .12  wide;  middle  tail- 
feathers  green  at  base,  end  black.  Yng.  J*.  Similar  to 
9  but  all  tail-feathers  rusty  at  base. 

Range.— Western  United  States;  breeds  from  the  higher  mountains 
of  southern  California  and  Arizona,  north  to  Lat.  61°  in  Alaska;  dur- 
ing migrations  east  to  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  New  Mexico, 
and  western  Texas;  winters  In  southern  Mexico. 

434.  kW^n  Humm'xngb'wd  {Selasphorus  alleni) ,  L. 
3.6.  Ad.  (^.  Crown  and  back  green,  and  tail  rusty 
tipped  with  dusky,  no  notch  in  tail-feathers;  in  other 
respects  like  No.  433.  Ad.  $  and  Yng.  (^.  Like  the 
same  of  No.  433,  but  outer  tail-feather  less  than  .12  in. 
wide. 

Range.  Pacific  coast,  from  Monterey,  California,  north  to  British 
Columbia;  migrates  south  through  Arizona,  and  southern  California 
to  Mexico. 

435.  Morcom  Hummingbird  {Atthis  morcomi). 
L.  2.9.  Ad.  9.  Above  bronzy  green;  middle  tail- 
feathers  bronzy  green  tinged  with  rusty  on  basal  half; 
rest  of  tail-feathers  rusty  brown,  then  green,  then  black 
and  tipped  with  white;  below  white,  sides  rusty, 
throat  spotted  with  bronze-green.  (Ridgw.)  Male 
unknown. 

Range.  -  Huachuca  Mountains,  southern  Arizona,  (known  from  one 
specimen.) 

436.  Calliope  Hummingbird  {Stellula  calliope). 
L.  3.  Ad.(^.  Throat  purplish  pink,  white  at  base 
showing  through',  abovt  gxttn.  Ad.  $•  Sides  rusty, 
throat  with  green  spots,  above  green,  outer  tail-feathers 
gray  at  base,  then  black,  then  white  in  nearly  equal 
amounts.     Yng.^.  Similar  to  $. 

Range.— Mountains  of  western  United  States;  breeds  north  to 
Montana.  Idaho,  and  British  Columbia;  west  to  eastern  Oregon  and 
eastern  California;  winters  south  of  United  States;  rare  on  Pacific 
coast  of  United  States. 

161 


Order  XVII.    PERCHING  BIRDS. 

PASSERES. 

Family  1.  FLYCATCHERS.  Tyrannid^.  32  species,  7  sub- 
species. 

Family  2.     LARKS.     Alaudid^.     1  species,  13  subspecies. 

Family  3.  CROWS  AND  JAYS.  Corvid^.  21  species,  14  sub- 
species. 

Family  4.  BLACKBIRDS,  ORIOLES,  ETC.  Icterid^.  18 
species,  14  subspecies. 

Family  5.  FINCHES,  SPARROWS,  ETC.  Fringillid^.  87 
species,  92  subspecies. 

Family  6.     TANAGERS.     Tanagrid^.     4  species,  1  subspecies. 

Family  7.     SWALLOWS.     Hirundinid^.    9  species,   2  subspecies. 

Family  8.     WAXWINGS.     Ampewd^.     3  species. 

Family  9.     SHRIKES.     Laniid^.     2  species,  3  subspecies. 

Family  10.  VIREOS.     Vireonid^.     13  species,  10  subspecies. 

Family  11.  WARBLERS.     Mniotiltid^.  55  species,  18  subspecies. 

Family  12.  WAGTAILS.     Motacillid^.     3  species. 

Family  13.  DIPPERS.     Cinclid^.     1  species. 

Family  14.  WRENS,  THRASHERS,  ETC.  Troglodytid^.  26 
species,  24  subspecies. 

Family  15.  CREEPERS.     Certhiid^.    1  species,  4  subspecies. 

Family  16.  NUTHATCHES  AND  TITS.  Parid^.  21  species, 
20  subspecies. 

Family  17.  KINGLETS,  GNATCATCHERS,  ETC.  Sylviid.^i:. 
7  species,  3  subspecies. 

Family  18.  THRUSHES,  BLUEBIRDS,  ETC.  Turdid^.  13 
species,  14  subspecies. 

The  North  American  members  of  the  Order  PASSERES  are  placed 
in  two  Suborders,  the  ClamatoreSy  or  so-called  Songless  Perching  Birds, 
which  includes  all  the  Flycatchers,  and  the  Suborder  Oscines^  or  Sing- 
ing Perching  Birds ,  which  includes  all  our  remaining  Perching  Birds. 
While  the  Flycatchers  are  therefore  technically  classed  as  songless 
birds,  it  does  not  follow  that  they  have  no  songs.  Sing  they  do,  but 
because  of  the  less  developed  condition  of  their  voice-producing  organ, 
they  cannot  give  utterance  to  the  longer  and  more  musical  songs  of 
the  Oscines,  which  are  supplied  with  a  better  musical  instrument. 

162  ^ 


Perching  Birds. 

The  Flycatchers,  (Family  Tyran7iidcr)  number  somewhat  over 
three  hundred  and  fifty  species,  and  are  found  only  in  America,  where 
they  are  most  abundant  in  the  tropics.  Feeding  almost  exclusively  on 
insects,  those  species  which  visit  the  United  States  are  of  necessity 
migratory,  not  more  than  half  a  dozen  of  the  thirty  species  which  nest 
with  us,  remaining  in  the  United  States  during  the  winter,  and  these 
are  found  only  on  our  southern  borders. 

Flycatchers  as  a  rule,  capture  their  prey  on  the  wing.  When  perch- 
ing, their  pose  is  usually  erect  and  hawk-like.  They  often  raise  their 
crown  feathers,  which  in  many  species  are  somewhat  lengthened,  a 
habit  giving  them  a  certain  big-headed  appearance. 

Flycatchers  are  most  useful  birds.  The  food  of  the  Kingbird,  for 
example,  a  species  which  is  erroneously  believed  to  destroy  honey  bees, 
has  been  found  to  consist  of  90  per  cent,  insects,  mostly  injurious  spe- 
cies, while  only  fourteen  out  of  two  hundred  and  eighty-one  stomachs 
contained  the  remains  of  honey  bees;  forty  of  the  fifty  bees  found  be- 
ing drones. 

The  true  Larks,  (Family  A laudid^)  are  chiefly  Old  World  birds,  the 
Skylark  being  the  best  known  member  of  the  Family.  In  America  we 
have  only  the  Horned  or.  Shore  Larks,  one  species  of  which  shows  so 
much  climatic  variation  in  color  throughout  its  wide  range,  that  no  less 
than  thirteen  subspecies  or  geographical  races  of  it  are  recognized  in 
the  United  States. 

The  Horned  Lark  is  a  bird  of  the  plains  and  prairies  and  is  less 
common  in  the  Atlantic  States  than  westward.  Like  the  Skylark  it 
sings  in  the  air,  but  its  vocal  powers  are  limited  and  not  to  be  com- 
pared with  those  of  its  famous  relative. 

The  Crows  and  Jays,  (Family  Corvidce)  number  about  two  hundred 
species  of  which  some  twenty-five  inhabit  the  western  hemisphere. 
To  this  family  belong  the  Raven,  Rook,  Magpie  and  Jackdaw,  all  birds 
of  marked  intelligence;  and  our  Crows  and  Jays  are  fully  worthy  of 
being  classed  with  these  widely  known  and  distinguished  members  of 
their  family. 

The  Crows  and  Jays,  by  varying  their  food  with  the  season,  are  rare- 
ly at  loss  for  supplies  of  one  kind  or  another  and  most  species  are  repre- 
sented throughout  their  ranges  at  all  times  of  the  year.  In  the  more 
northern   parts  of   their   homes,   however,    some   of   these   birds  are 

163 


Perching  Birds. 

migratory,  and  Crows,  as  is  well  known,  gather  in  great  flocks  during 
the  winter,  returning  each  night  to  a  roost  frequented,  in  some 
instances,  by  two  or  three  hundred  thousand  Crows. 

While  the  Crows  and  Jays  are  technically  'Song  Birds'  their  voices 
are  far  from  musical.  Nevertheless  they  possess  much  range  of 
expression  and  several  species  learn  to  enunciate  words  with  more 
or  less  ease. 

The  Starlings,  (Family  Sturnidce)  are  Old  World  birds  represented 
in  America  only  by  the  European  Starling  which  was  introduced  into 
Central  Park,  New  York  City,  in  1890  and  is  now  common  in  the  sur- 
rounding country. 

The  Blackbirds,  Orioles,  and  Meadowlarks,  ( Family  Zr/^r?'^^)  number 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty  species  and  are  found  only  in  the  New 
World.  The  Blackbirds  are  most  numerous  in  North  America,  where, 
migrating  in  vast  armies  and  often  living  in  large  colonies,  they  be- 
come among  the  most  characteristic  and  conspicuous  of  our  birds. 

The  Orioles  are  most  numerous  in  the  tropics,  where  some  thirty 
species  are  known.  Apparently  all  of  them  are  remarkable  as  nest 
builders,  the  large  Cassiques,  nearly  related,  great  yellow  and  black 
birds,  weaving  pouches  three  and  four  feet  long,  several  dozen  of 
which,  all  occupied,  may  be  seen  swinging  from  the  branches  of  a 
single  tree. 

The  Finches,  Sparrows,  Grosbeaks,  etc., (Family /^re^z^eV//^^) number 
nearly  six  hundred  species,  a  greater  number  than  is  contained  in  any 
other  family  of  birds.  They  are  distributed  throughout  the  world, 
except  in  the  Australian  region,  some  ninety  odd  species  inhabiting 
North  America. 

Varying  widely  in  color,  the  Fringillidse  all  agree  in  possessing 
stout,  conical  bills,  which  are  of  service  to  them  in  crushing  the  seeds 
on  which  they  feed  so  largely. 

The  streaked,  brownish  Sparrows,  often  so  difficult  of  identification, 
are  usually  inhabitants  of  plains,  fields,  or  marshes,  where  they  are 
rendered  inconspicuous  by  their  dull  colors.  The  more  gayly  attired 
Grosbeaks,  Buntings,  Cardinals,  etc.,  frequent  trees  or  bushy  growths, 
where  their  plumage  either  harmonizes  with  their  surroundings  or 
where  they  have  the  protection  afforded  by  the  vegetation. 

Most  of  the  members  of  this  family  are  good  singers,  some  of  them 

164 


Perching  Birds. 

indeed  being  noted  for  their  powers  of  song.  They  are  less  migratory 
than  insect-eating  birds  and  some  species  a^-e  with  us  at  all  seasons. 
Their  abundance,  musical  gifts,  and  constant  presence  render  them, 
from  the  field  student's  point  of  view,  highly  important  members  of 
the  great  class  Aves. 

From  an  economic  standpoint  the  Fringillidae  are  no  less  deserving 
of  our  esteem.  Some  species  are  of  incalcuable  value  as  destroyers 
of  the  seeds  of  noxious  weeds.  Fifte'en  hundred  seeds  have  been 
found  in  the  stomach  of  one  Snowfiake  or  Snowbunting,  and  it  has 
been  estimated  by  Professor  Beal,  of  the  Biological  Survey  of  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  that  during  the  winter 
season,  iu  the  single  State  of  Iowa,  where  his  studies  were  made, 
Tree  Sparrows  devour  no  less  than  875  tons  of  weed  seeds,  chiefly 
of  the  ragweed. 

The  Tanagers,  (Family  Tanagridce)  are  found  only  in  the  New 
World,  where  they  are  most  numerously  represented  in  the  tropics. 
As  a  family  they  are  remarkable  for  the  brilliancy  of  their  colors;  the 
common,  but  mistaken  idea  that  most  tropical  birds  are  brightly  clad 
being  in  no  small  part  due  to  the  abundance  of  Tanagers  and  beauty  of 
their  plumage. 

Only  five  of  the  some  three  hundred  and  fifty  known  species  reach 
the  United  States  and  these  are  migratory,  coming  to  us  in  the  spring 
and  returning  to  the  tropics  in  the  fall.  Tanagers,  as  a  rule,  are  not 
possessed  of  much  vocal  ability,  our  species  ranking  high  in  their  fam- 
ily as  songsters,  the  notes  of  many  species  being  far  less  musical. 

Like  most  gaily  costumed  birds  the  plumages  of  many  Tanagers  un- 
dergo striking  changes  in  color  with  age  and  season.  The  male  of  our 
Scarlet  Tanager,  for  example,  is  olive-green  with  black  wing-coverts 
during  his  first  winter,  the  scarlet  plumage  not  being  acquired  until  the 
following  spring.  It  is  worn,  however,  only  during  the  nesting  season 
after  which  the  less  conspicuous  olive-green  dress  is  again  acquired, 
the  wings  and  tail,  however,  remaining  black. 

Swallows,  (Family  HiruyidinidcB)  are  of  world-wide  distribution,  and 
as  might  be  expected  in  birds  possessing  such  remarkable  powers  of 
flight,  many  of  the  species  have  unusually  extended  ranges.  Our  Barn 
Swallow,  for  example,  is  found  throughout  North  America  in  summer, 
and  in  the  winter  it  migrates  as  far  south  as  southern  Brazil. 

Birds  of  the  air,  the  aerial  habits  of  Swallows  are  reflected  in  their 

165 


Perching  Birds. 

long  wings  and  small,  weak  feet;  while  their  small  bills  and  broad, 
widely  opening  mouths  indicate  their  manner  of  feeding. 

In  spite  of  their  poor  equipment  of  tools,  Swallows  take  high  rank 
as  nest  builders,  and  it  is  interesting  to  observe  that  although  the  birds 
are  structurally  much  alike,  their  nests  often  differ  widely  in  character. 
Compare  for  instance,  the  mud-made  dwellings  of  the  Barn  and  Cliff 
Swallows  with  the  tunneled  hole  of  the  Bank  Swallow  and  one  realises 
how  little  the  character  of  a  bird's  home  may  depend  on  the  structure 
of  it's  builder. 

The  food  of  Swallows,  remarks  Professor  Beal,  ''consists  of  many 
small  species  of  beetles  which  are  much  on  the  wing,  many  species  of 
diptera  (mosquitoes  and  their  allies),  with  large  quantities  of  flying 
ants  and  a  few  insects  of  similar  kinds.  Most  of  them  are  either  inju- 
rious or  annoying,  and  the  numbers  destroyed  by  Swallows  are  not 
only  beyond  calculation,  but  almost  beyond  imagination." 

The  true  Waxwings,  (¥ oxnily  Ampelidce)  number  only  three  species 
with  representatives  in  the  northern  parts  of  both  hemispheres.  Their 
notes,  as  a  rule  are  limited  to  a  few  unmusical  calls,  which,  with  our 
Cedar  Waxwing,  are  usually  uttered  when  the  bird  is  about  to  fly. 

Waxwings  are  found  in  small  flocks  during  the  greater  part  of  the 
year  and  roam  about  the  country  as  though  they  were  quite  as  much  at 
home  in  one  place  as  in  another,  provided  food  be  plenty.  Small  fruits, 
chiefly  wild  ones,  constitute  their  usual  fare,  but  they  also  feed  on 
insects,  the  injurious  elm  beetle  being  among  their  victims. 

The  Shrikes,  (Family  LaniidcB)  are  represented  in  America  by  only 
*wo  species,  the  remaining  two  hundred  or  more  members  of  this  family 
being  found  in  the  Old  World.  Shrikes  are  noted  for  their  singular  habit 
of  impaling  their  prey  on  thorns  or  similarly  sharp-pointed  growths, 
or  occasionally  they  may  hang  it  in  the  crotch  of  a  limb.  This  proceed- 
ing enables  them  to  tear  it  to  pieces  more  readily,  for  it  will  be  observ- 
ed that  while  Shrikes  have  a  hawk-like  bill,  their  feet  are  comparatively 
weak  and  sparrow-like  and  evidently  of  no  assistance  to  them  in  dis- 
secting their  food. 

Our  Northern  Shrike,  or  Butcherbird,  feeds  chiefly  on  small  birds 
and  mice,  while  the  southern  species,  or  Loggerhead,  is  a  great  de- 
stroyer of  grasshoppers  and  he  also  eats  lizards  and  small  snakes. 

The  Vireos,  {.YdsaSXy  VireonidcE)  number  fifty  species,  all  American. 

166 


Perching  Birds. 

They  search  the  foliage  carefully  for  leaf-eating  insects  and  their 
eggs,  and  examine  the  crevices  in  the  bark  for  eggs  of  the  injurious 
wood-boring   insects.     They  are  therefore  unusually  beneficial  birds. 

Bearing  a  general  resemblance  in  size  and  color  to  many  of  the 
Warblers,  Vireos  are  sometimes  confused  with  members  of  that  family. 
They  are,  however,  as  a  rule,  more  deliberate  in  their  motions  and  not 
such  active  flutterers  as  are  many  of  the  Warblers.  They  are  also 
more  musical,  all  the  Vireos  having  characteristic  songs,  which  if  not 
always  highly  musical,  are  generally  noticeable,  pronounced  and  unmis- 
takable. 

The  nests  of  all  our  Vireos  are  pendant,  deeply  cup-shaped  struct- 
ures usually  hung  between  the  forks  of  a  crotch,  to  the  arms  of  which 
they  are  most  skilfully  woven. 

The  Warblers,  (Family  MnioHltidos)  like  the  Vireos  are  distinctly 
American  birds,  indeed  they  may  be  called  characteristic  North  Amer- 
ican birds  since  most  of  the  one  hundred  odd  species  are  found  north  of 
Mexico.  Between  thirty  and  forty  species  of  these  active,  beautiful 
little  creatures  may  be  found  in  the  course  of  a  year  at  a  single  local- 
ity in  the  Eastern  States  and  they  therefore  constitute  an  exceedingly 
important  element  in  our  bird-life.  Most  of  them  come  in  May  at  the 
height  of  the  spring  migration,  when  the  woods  often  swarm  with  them 
as  they  flit  from  limb  to  limb  in  pursuit  of  their  insect  food.  The  larg- 
er number  of  them  pass  onward  to  their  northern  homes  and  in  Sep- 
tember they  return  to  us  in  increased  numbers. 

The  beauty  of  their  plumage,  the  briefness  but  regularity  of  their 
visits,  the  rarity  of  certain  species,  combine  to  make  the  Warblers  es- 
pecially attractive  to  the  field  student  and  their  charms  are  heightened 
by  the  difficulty  with  which  many  of  them  are  identified.  Study  them 
as  we  may  there  are  still  species  which  have  escaped  us. 

By  far  the  larger  number  of  Warblers  may  be  described  as  flutterers 
that  feed  agilely  about  the  terminal  branches,  (genera  Dendroica  and 
Helminthophila) ]  others  are  true  flycatchers,  so  far  as  feeding  habit  is 
concerned,  (genera  Setophaga  and  Wtlsom'a,)  while  others  still  feed  in 
the  undergrowth  or  on  the  ground,  (genera  Geothlypis  and  Seiurus). 
Insects  constitute  almost  their  entire  fare  and  they  are  among  our 
most  beneficial  birds. 

Most  of  the  Wagtails  (Family  ^^/a^27/2^^),    are   inhabitants    of   the 

167 


Perching  Birds. 

Old  World,  only  three  of  the  sixty  odd  species  being  found  in  this 
country.  Our  Pipit  or  Titlark  is  our  best  known,  most  widely  distrib- 
uted species. 

Like  other  members  of  its  family  it  has  the  habit  of  wagging  or  tip- 
ping its  tail  both  when  walking  (for  it  should  be  noted  that  these  birds 
are  ground-inhabiting  and  walkers)  and  at  rest. 

The  Dippers  (Family  Chiclida:)  though  numbering  only  twelve 
species  are  distributed  throughout  the  larger  part  of  the  world  from 
the  Andes  of  South  America  to  the  mountains  of  Alaska,  Europe,  Asia 
and  Africa. 

Everywhere  they  are  haunters  of  streams,  usually  dashing  mountain 
torrents,  over  and  under  which  they  seem  equally  at  home.  Darting 
into  the  rushing  waters  they  fly  beneath  the  surface  or  feed  on  the 
bottom  with  perfect  ease,  their  thick,  dense  plumage  evidently  forming 
a  waterproof  covering.  Their  nests  are  great  balls  of  moss  often 
placed  so  near  some  boiling  cascade  as  to  receive  frequent  showers  of 
spray.  The  opening,  however,  is  at  the  side,  and  the  eggs  and  young 
are  well  protected  by  an  effective  roof. 

The  Wrens,  Thrashers,  and  Mockingbirds,  (Family  Troglody tides) 
form  two  well  defined  subfamilies.  The  Wrens,  (Subfamily  Troglody- 
tina:)  number  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  species  all  but  a  dozen  of 
which  are  confined  to  America.  The  Thrashers  and  Mockingbirds, 
(Subfamily  Mimince)  number  some  fifty  species,  all  of  which  are  con- 
fined to  America. 

As  their  dull,  neutral  colors  would  lead  us  to  suppose,  both  Wrens 
and  Thrashers  are  inhabitants  of  the  lower  growth  rather  than  of  the 
tree-tops,  and  while  they  may  seek  an  elevated  perch  whence  to  deliver 
their  song,  their  food  is  secured  and  their  time  consequently  largely 
passed  near  or  on  the  ground. 

Few  families  of  birds  contain  so  many  noted  musicians,  nearly  every 
member  of  this  ^family  being  a  singer  of  more  than  usual  ability. 

The  Creepers,  (Family  Certhiidce)  number  twelve  species,  only 
one  of  which  is  found  in  America.  This,  however  has  a  wide  range 
and,  presenting  more  or  less  climatic  variation  in  color,  is  recognized 
under  several  subspecific  names.  Its  habits,  nevertheless,  are  much 
the  same  everywhere.  It  climbs  the  trees  of  the  mountains  of  Mexico 
or  of  California  with  the  same  ceaseless  energy  it  shows  in  Maine. 

The  sharply-pointed,  stiffened  tail-feathers  of  the  Creeper  are  of 
evident  use  to  it  as  it  ascends  trees  and  pauses  here  and  there  to  pick 

168  ^ 


Perching  Birds. 

out  an  insect's  eggf  from  the  bark.  The  same  type  of  tail  feather  is 
shown  by  Woodpeckers,  an  excellent  illustration  of  similar  structure 
accompanying  similar  habits  in  birds  not  at  all  closely  related. 

The  Nuthatches  and  Titmice,  (Family  Paridce)^  like  the  Wrens  and 
Thrashers,  belong  in  two  well  marked  Subfamilies;  The  Nuthatches, 
(Subfamily  5zV/z>2^)  number  about  twenty  species,  only  four  of  which 
inhabit  America;  the  Titmice,  (Subfamily  Parince)  number  some  seven- 
ty-five species,  of  which  thirteen  are  American. 

Nuthatches  are  tree-creepers,  but  climbing  up  or  down  with  equal 
ease,  their  tail  is  not  employed  as  a  prop,  and  consequently  shows  no 
special  development  of  pointed  or  stiffened  feathers.  Their  toes, 
however,  are  long,  and  their  nails  large  and  strong,  evidently  giving 
them  a  firm  grip  on  the  bark  of  trees. 

The  Chickadees  are  generally  resident  birds  and,  as  a  rule,  whatever 
species  we  find  in  a  given  locality  are  apt  to  be  there  throughout  the 
year.  We  therefore  become  better  acquainted  with  some  of  these 
birds  than  with  others  which  are  with  us  only  a  short  season.  This  is 
especially  true  of  our  eastern  Black-capped  Chickadee,  which  comes 
familiarly  about  our  homes  in  winter  to  partake  of  the  feast  of  nuts  and 
suet  which  we  spread  for  him  at  that  season. 

Feeding  largely  on  the  eggs  or  larvae  of  insects  particularly  injurious 
to  trees,  the  Nuthatches  and  Titmice  are  of  great  value  to  man. 

The  Kinglets,  Gnatcatchers,  and  Old  World  Warblers,  (Family  Syl- 
viidce)  number  about  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  species,  which  are 
divided  among  the  following  well-defined  subfamilies:  The  Kinglets, 
(Subfamily  Regulince)  seven  species,  three  of  which  are  American;  the 
Gnatcatchers,  (Subfamily /*^/2>/////;/^)  some  fifteen  species,  all  Amer- 
can;  the  Old  World  Warblers,  (Subfamily  Sylviince)  about  one  hundred 
species,  all  Old  World  except  one  which  inhabits  the  Bering  Sea  coast 
of  Alaska. 

The  Kinglets  are  small,  olive  green  birds  which  may  be  mistaken  for 
Warblers  but,  aside  from  structural  differences  not  evident  in  the  field, 
they  may  be  known  by  their  smaller  size,  greater  tameness,  and  habit 
of  nervously  flitting  their  wings  at  frequent  intervals.  One  of  our 
species,  the  Ruby -crown,  possesses  a  remarkably  loud,  clear,  and  musi- 
cal Gong,  a  surprising  performance  for  so  tiny  a  songster.  Kinglets 
build  large    nests  of  moss  and  feathers  and  lay  as  many  as  ten  eggs. 

The  Gnatcatchers  are  small,  slender,  grayish  birds  which  once  well 
seen  will  not  be  confused  with  other  species.  The  Gnatcatchers,  like 
the  Kinglets,  are  architects  of  more  than  u§ual  ability,  building  a  nest 
beautifully  covered  with  lichens. 

169 


JPerching  Birds. 

The  Thrushes,  (Family  Turdidce)  are  variously  classified  by  different 
ornithologists,  but  under  the  ruling  of  the  American  Ornithologists' 
Union  they  are  grouped  in  the  same  family  with  the  Bluebird,  Solitaires, 
and  Stonechats.  This  family  numbers  about  three  hundred  species, 
of  which  about  one-half  are  true  Thrushes  (Subfamily  Turdi?i£s),  The 
members  of  this  subfamily  are,  as  a  rule,  fine  singers,  many  of  them 
being  among  the  best  known  song  birds,  and  from  a  musical  point  of 
view  the  group,  as  a  whole,  is  usually  given  the  first  place  among  birds. 
If,  however,  all  the  fifteen  known  species  of  Solitaires  sing  as  well 
as  the  four  species  it  has  been  my  privilege  to  hear,  I  am  assured  that 
no  one  would  dispute  their  claim  to  the  highest  rank  which  can  be 
awarded  singing  birds. 

In  the  succeeding  pages,  the  five  hundred  and  fifty  odd  species  and 
subspecies  included  in  the  preceeding  families  of  the  Order  Passeres 
are  grouped  according  to  some  obvious  color  character  in  order  to 
facilitate  their  identification  in  life.  A  satisfactory  arrangement  of  this 
kind  is  out  of  the  question.  Lines  sharply  separating  the  groups  pro- 
posed do  not  exist  and  some  species  appear  to  fit  in  one  section  as  well 
as  in  another.  Nevertheless,  it  is  hoped  that  in  most  instances,  the 
system  will  be  found  to  serve  the  purpose  intended.  Under  its  ruling 
our  Perching  Birds  are  grouped  as  follows: 

1.  With  red  markings. 

2.  With  blue  markings. 

3.  With  orange  or  yellow  markings. 

4.  With  reddish  brown  or  chestnut  markings,  chiefly  in  the  form  of 

patches  or  uniformly  colored  areas. 

5.  Brownish,  generally  streaked  birds. 

6.  Dull,  inconspicuously  colored  birds,  without  prominent  markings. 

7.  Gray,  black,  or  black  and  white  birds. 

While  the  first  object  of  the  bird  student  is  to  learn  to  name  birds  I 
would  again  urge  him  to  acquaint  himself  with  at  least  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  Orders  and  Families  of  our  birds  and  their  leading  struct- 
ural characters,     (see  page  2.) 

Having  identified  a  bird,  its  family  may  always  be  determined  by  re- 
ferring to  its  number  in  the  systematic  list  of  birds  at  the  end  of  the 
book;  and  the  more  important  characters  of  its  Order  and  Family  will 
be  found  in  the  synopsis  of  Orders  and  Families  beginning  on  page  9. 

170 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Red 


^ 


fy 


607.  Louisana  Tanager  {Tiranga  ludoviciana).  L. 
7.5.  Ad.  ^.  Yellow;  back,  wings,  and  tail  black,  head 
more  or  less  red.  Ad.  ?.  Above  olive-green,  head 
rarely  red-tinged;  below  dusky  greenish  yellow;  wings 
and  tail  brownish  edged  with  greenish,  two  yellowish 
white  wing-bars.  Yng.  ^.  Like  $,  but  head  and 
rump  greener,  underparts  yellower.  Notes.  Call,  clit- 
tuck;  song,  resembles  that  of  No.  608. 

Range. — Western  United  States  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific; 
breeds  from  Arizona  to  British  Columbia;  winters  in  Mexico  and  Cen- 
tral America. 


608.  Scarlet  Tanager  {Piranga  erythromelas).  L. 
7.4.  Ad.  ^.  Scarlet;  wings  and  tail  black.  Ad.  9- 
Olive-green,  yellower  below,  wings  and  tail  blackish 
brown,  no  wing-bars.  Vw^.  (^.  Like  $,but  brighter, 
wing-coverts  black.  Ad.  (J,  Winter.  Like  Yng.  <?,  but 
wings  and  tail  black.  'Notes.  Call,  chip-ckurr\  song,  a 
rather  forced  whistle,  suggesting  a  Robin's  song,  but 
less  musical.  Look-up^  way-up,  look-at-me,  tree-top;  re- 
peated with  pauses. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
Virginia  and  southern  Illinois  north  to  New  Brunswick  and  Manitoba; 
winters  in  Central  and  South  America. 


609.  Hepatic  Tanager  (Piranga  hepatica).  L.  7.8. 
Bill  large.  Ad.  ^.  Vermilion,  back  grayish;tail  dull  red. 
Ad.  9 .  No  zving-hars;  above  grajyish  olive;  crown  and 
tail  greener;  below  dusky  yellow.  Yng.  ^.  Like  9 
and  variously  intermediate  between  it  and  ad.  o*- 
Notes.  Call,  clut-tuck\  song,  like  that  of  No.  608,  but 
somewhat  more  robin-like. 

Range.— From  Guatemala  north  in  spring  to  New  Mexico  and  Ari- 
zona; winters  in  Mexico  and  Central  America. 


610.  Summer  Tanager  (7'/rd'«^a  rubra)  L.  7.5; 
W.3-8.  Ad.  ^.  Rosy  red.  Ad.  9.  Olive-yellow 
above,  dusky  saffron  below.  Yng.  cf .  Variously  in- 
termediate between  Ad.  J*  and  9-  Notes.  Call, 
chicky-tucky-tuck\  song,  resembles  in  form  that  of  No. 
608  but  is  more  musicahand  less  forced. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
Florida  and  western  Texas  north  to  southern  New  Jersey,  southern 
Illinois,  and  Kansas;  winters  in  Central  and  South  America. 


610a.  Cooper  Tanager  {P.  r.  cooperi).  Similar 
to  No.  610,  but  larger;  W.  4;  bill  more  swollen,  colors 
paler. 

Range.— "Breeds  from  southwestern  Texas  to  the  Colorado  Valley, 
California,  and  from  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  to  northwestern  Mexico; 
south  In  winter  to  western  Mexico;  casually  to  Colorado." 

171 


11 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Red 


0  ' 
0^' 


'  fj. 


593,  Cardinal  {Cardinalis  cardinalis).  L.  9;  W. 
3.7;  T.  4.1.  Ad.  cJ*.  Forehead  with  a  well-defined 
black  band;  feathers  of  back  (except  in  worn  plumage) 
tipped  with  olive-brown  or  olive-gray.  Ad.  9*  Above 
olive-brown;  crest,  wings  and  tail  dull  red  edged  with 
olive-brown;  throat  and  region  at  base  of  bill  gray; 
breast  buffy,  sometimes  tinged  with  red;  belly  whiter. 
Notes.  Call,  a  sharp,  insignificant  tsip\  song,  a  rich, 
sympathetic  whistle,  ijohe-e-e-you^  whe-e-e,  hurry-hurry- 
hurry,   quick-quick-quick,    and   other   notes. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States;  resident  from  northern  Florida  and 
eastern  Texas  north  to  southern  New  York  and  Iowa. 

593a.  Arizona  Cardinal  (C.  c.  superhus).  Largest 
of  our  Cardinals,  L.  9.5;  W.  4;  T.  4.9.  Ad.  (^. 
Paler,  more  rosy,  than  No.  593;  margins  to  back 
feathers  usually  gray;  black  on  forehead  usually  sep- 
arated by  base  of  culmen.  Ad.  ?.  Gray  above  like 
No.  593c,  but  breast  richer,  much  as  in  No.  593d;  gray 
of  throat  more  restricted  and  often  confined  to  the 
chin. 

Range. — Southern  Arizona  and  northern  Sonora.  Mexico. 

593b.  Saint  Lucas  Cardinal  (C.  c.  igneus).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  593a,  but  smaller;  W.  3-6;  T.  4;  ^  with 
even  less,  sometimes  almost  no  black  on  forehead;  9 
paler;  gray  on  chin  and  about  base  of  bill  less  defined. 

Range. — Southern  Lower  California. 

593c.  Gray-tailed  Cardinal  (C.  c.  canicaudus).  W. 
3.7.  Ad.  (^.  Red  bright  as  in  No.  593d,  but  black  on 
forehead  narrower,  usually  separated  by  base  of  cul- 
men. Ad.  $.  Grayer  than  $  of  No.  593,  the  edgings 
of  wings  and  tail  usually  gray  without  an   olive  tinge. 

Range. — Texas,  except  western  and  northeastern  parts,  and  north- 
eastern Mexico. 

593d.  Florida  Cardinal  (C.  cfloridanus).  Smaller 
than  No.  593,  W.  3.4;  J*  averaging  deeper  red;  9 
darker  and  richer  in  color,  particularly  on  breast. 

Range. — Southern  half  of  Florida. 

594.  Arizona  Pyrrhuloxia  {Tyrrhuloxia  sinuata). 
L.  9;  W.  3.6;  T.  4.1.  Ad.  <^.  Gray;  in  fresh  plumage 
washed  with  brownish;  crest,  wings  and  tail  externally 
dull  red;  under  wing-coverts,  center  of  breast  and  of 
belly,  throat,  and  region  about  base  of  bill,  rosy  red. 
Ad.  $ .  Usually  little  or  no  red  about  bill  or  on  under- 
parts.  Notes.  Call,  several  flat,  thin  notes;  song, 
a  clear,  straight  whistle.     (Bailey.) 

Range.— Northwestern  Mexico,  north  to  western  Texas,  southwest- 
ern New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

594a.  Texas  Pyrrhuloxia  {P.  s.  texaua).  Similar 
to  No.  594,  but  bill  larger;  underparts  averaging 
slightly  grayer;  red  before  eyes  averaging  duskier. 

594b.  Saint  Lucas  Pyrrhuloxia  (P.  s.  peninsulce). 
Similar  in  color  to  No.  594,  but  decidedly  smaller,  with 
the  bill  larger;  W.  3.4;  T.  3.7.     (Ridgw.) 

Range. -Cape  Region  of  Lower  California. 

172 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Red 


5  I  5.  Pine  Grosbeak  [Pinicola  enudeator  leucura). 
L.  8.5;  W.  4.6.  yid.  cf.  Rosy  red  in  varying  amounts; 
belly  gray;  wings,  tail  and  center  of  back  feathers 
blackish  brown;  two  white  wing-bars.  y^d.  $.  Gray, 
head  and  rump  greenish;  breast  tinged  with  greenish. 
Yng.  (^.  Like  9,  but  with  head  and  rump  reddish. 
Notes.  Song,  sweet;  in  winter  strong  and  cheery;  in 
spring  tender  and  plaintive.     (Chamberlain.) 

Range.— Northeastern  North  America;  breeds  from  New  Brunswick 
and  northern  New  England  northward;  winters  south,  irregularly,  to 
southern  New  England,  Ohio,  and  Manitoba,  and  casually  to  District 
of  Columbia  and  Kansas. 

5  I  5a.  Rocky  Mountain  Pine  Grosbeak  (P.  e.  mon- 
tana).  Similar  to  No.  515b,  but  decidedly  larger,  W. 
4.8,  and  coloration  slightly  darker;  the  adult  male  with 
the  red  of  a  darker,  more  carmine  hue.    (Ridgw. ) 

Range.— "Rocky  Mountains  of  United  States,  from  Montana  and 
Idaho  to  New  Mexico."     (Ridgway.) 

515b.  California  Pine  Grosbeak  (P.  e.  califomica). 
Similar  to  No.  515,  but  cf  with  red  much  brighter; 
feathers  of  back  plain  ashy  gray  without  darker 
centers;  9  with  little  if  any  greenish  on  rump. 

Range.— Higher  parts  of  "Central  Sierra  Nevada,  north  to  Placer 
County  and  south  to  Fresno  County,  California  "     (Grinnell.) 

5 1 5c.  Alaskan  Pine  Grosbeak  (P.  e.  alascensis). 
Similar  to  No.  515,  but  decidedly  larger  with  smaller  or 
shorter  bill  and  paler  coloration,  both  sexes  having  the 
gray  parts  of  the  plumage  distinctly  lighter,  more  ashy. 
(Ridgw.) 

Range.  "Northwestern  North  America  except  Pacific  coast,  breed- 
ing in  interior  of  Alaska;  south,  in  winter,  to  eastern  British  Colum- 
bia, Montana  (Bitterroot  Valley),  etc."     (Ridgway.) 

5l5d.  Kadiak  Pine  Grosbeak  (P.  e.  flammula). 
Similar  to  No.  515,  but  with  much  larger,  relatively 
longer  and  more  strongly  hooked  bill;  wings  and  tail 
grayish  brown  instead  of  dull  blackish. 

Range.— "Kadiak  Island  and  south  on  the  coast  to  Sitka,  Alaska.' 
(Ridgway.) 

521.  American  Crossbill  CZ,ox«d!  curvirostra  minor). 
L.6.t;W.  3.4;  B.  .66.  Tips  of  mandibles  crossed. 
Ad.  (^.  Red,  more  or  less  suffused  with  greenish  or 
yellow.  Ad.  $.  Olive-green,  rump  and  underparts 
yellower.  Yng.  Resemble  Ad.  ?.  Notes.  Calls, 
when  feeding,  a  conversational  twittering;  louder  and 
more  pronounced  when  flying;  song,  sweet,  varied  and 
musical,  but  of  small  volume. 

Range.— Northern  North  America,  chiefly  eastward;  breeds  from 
northern  New  England  (in  Alleghenles  from  Georgia)  north  and  west 
to  Alaska;  winters  south  Irregularly  to  Virginia  and  Nevada;  casually 
to  South  Carolina  and  Louisiana. 

521a  Mexican  Crossbill  {L.  c.  stricklandi).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  521,  but  larger;  W.  4;  B.  .78. 

Range. — "Mountains  of  Wyoming  and  Colorado,  west  to  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  south  through  New  Mexico,  Arizona  and  the  tablelands 
of  Mexico  to  Guatemala.^'     (A.  O.  U.) 

173 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Red 


522.    White-winged     Crossbill     {Loxix  leiicopUra) . 

L.  6.  Tips  of  mandibles  crossed.  Ad.  cf .  Rose- 
pink;  middle  of  back  black;  wings  with  two  white  bars. 
Ad.  9.  Olive-green  and  dusky;  rump  and  under- 
parts  yellower;  wings  with  two  white  bars.  Yng.  Like 
Ad.  9'    ^otes.     Resemble  those  of  No.  521. 

Range. — Northern  North  America;  breeds  from  northern  New 
England,  northern  New  York  and  northern  Michigan  northward; 
winters  south  irregularly  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  British  Columbia,  and 
Nevada. 


Ar 


sn. 


595.  Rose-breasted  Grosbeak  iZamelodia  ludovida- 
na).  L.  8.  Ad.  cf.  Black;  rump,  belly,  tips  of 
inner  vanes  of  outer  tail-feathers  and  patch  in  wing 
white;  under  wing-coverts  and  breast  rose.  Ad,  9. 
Under  wing-coverts  saffron;  above  streaked  brown  and 
black;  below  whitish  streaked  with  blackish;  a  white 
line  over  eye\  two  white  wing-bars.  Yng.  <^.  Resem- 
bles 9 ,  but  under  wing-coverts  rose\  breast  more  or 
less  rose-tinged.  Notes.  Call,  a  sharp,  sX.tt\y  peek; 
song,  a  rich,  fluent,  joyous  carol. 

Range. — Eastern  United  States,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
northern  New  Jersey,  northern  Ohio,  and  northern  Indiana  (and 
south  in  AUeghanies  to  North  Carolina) ,  north  to  Nova  Scotia  and 
Manitoba;  winters  in  Central  and  South  America. 


5  I  7.  Purple  Finch  {Carpodacus purpureus) .  L.  6.2; 
W.  3.2.  Bill  swollen  and  rounded;  nostrils  large, 
partially  covered  by  projecting,  grayish,  bristly  feath- 
ers; tail  slightly  forked.  Ad.  ^.  Dull  rose,  head  and 
rump  brightest;  back  brownish;  lower  belly  white. 
Ad.  9-  Above  grayish  brown,  slightly  edged  with 
whitish  and  brownish  ashy;  below  white  streaked  with 
dark  brownish;  a  more  or  less  distinct  whitish  stripe 
over  the  eye.  Yng.  Resemble  Ad.  9-  Notes.  Call, 
creak,  creak,  and  a  querulous  whistle;  song,  a  sweet, 
rapidly  flowing  warble.    (See  page  175. ) 


Range.- Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
northern  New  Jersey,  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  and  northern 
Illinois  northward;  winters  from  the  northern  States  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 


517a.  California  Purple  Finch  (C. />.  californicus') . 
Similar  to  No.  517,  but  (^  duller  and  darker;  9  decided- 
ly olive  greenish  above.     (See  page  175.) 


Range.— Pacific  coast  region;  breeds  in  the  mountains  of  Califor 
nia;  west  of  the  Sierra  north  to  British  Columbia;  winters  from  cen- 
tral Oregon  to  southern  Arizona. 


174 


5  18.     Cass'in  Purple  Finch  {CarpoJacus  casstnt).    L.    Z- 

6.5.  ^d.  c^.  Similar  to  Ad.  J*  of  No.  517  and  No.  ^ 
517a,  but  back  much  blacker,  streaks  more  sharply 
defined;  crown  as  bright  but  appearing  like  a  cap;  be- 
low much  paler,  ^d.  9.  Similar  to  Ad  $  of  No. 
517a,  but  larger  and  more  sharply  streaked  with  black, 
both  above  and  below.  Notes,  Resemble  those  of 
No.  517. 

Range.— Western  United  States,  east  to  the  eastern  base  of  the 
Rockies,  west  to  the  Pacific;  breeds  In  the  mountains  from  New 
Mexico  north  to  British  Columbia. 

519.  Hou8e  Finch  {Carpodacus  mexicanus  frontalis) . 
L.  6.1;  W.  3.1.  y4d.  (^.  Throat,  breast,  forehead,  line 
over  eye,  and  rump,  bright  rose-red;  back  grayish 
brown  tinged  with  red;  belly  white,  streaked  with 
brownish.  Ad.  ?.  Above  brownish  gray  obscurel> 
streaked  with  brownish,  no  olive  tint;  below  white 
streaked  with  brownish.  Ad.  J'  in  Winter.  Red 
areas  dull  purplish  pink  tipped  with  grayish.  Yng. 
Resemble  Ad.  $.  Notes.  Call,  nasal,  in  chorus, 
chattering;  song,  a  musical  cheery,  varied  warble,  re- 
minding one  of  that  of  No.  517,  but  recognizably  diff- 
erent. 

Range.— Western  United  States,  east  to  the  Plains,  west  to  the 
Pacific,  and  from  northern  Mexico  north  to  southern  Wyoming  and 
Oregon . 

519b.    St.  Lucas  House  Finch    (C.   m.  ruberrimus). 

Similar  to  No.  519,  but  smaller,  W.  2.8;  red  more  ex- 
tended, always  showing  in  males  on  under  tail-coverts. 

Range. — Southern  Lower  California. 


5l9c.  San  Clemente  House  Finch  (C.  m.  dementis) 
Similar  to  No.  519,  but  wing  and  tail  averaging  short- 
er, the  bill  decidedly,  and  feet  slightly  larger;  colora 
tion  somewhat  darker.     W.  3;  B.  .48.     (Ridgw.) 

Range.— Santa  Barbara  Island,  California;  Todos  Santos  Island, 
Lower  California. 


520.  Guadalupe  House  Finch  {Carpodacus  amplus). 
Similar  to  No.  519,  but  red  deeper;  back  dark  brown 
without  red  suffusion. 

Range.— Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 

520.1  San  Benito  House  Finch  {Carpodacus  mc 
gregori).  Similar  to  No.  519,  but  much  larger  with 
relatively  shorter  wings  and  tail;  above  much  grayer 
and  more  distinctly  streaked;  red  areas  paler,  more 
flesh-colored,  often  dull  vellnw!  W.  ^  o-  t     o  c    r     e 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Red 


flesh-colored,  often  dull  yellow;  W.  3.2: 
(Ridgw.) 

Range.— San  Benito  Island,  Lower  California. 


2.5;   B.  .5. 


175 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Red 


527.  Greenland  Redpoll  {Acanthis  hornemannii). 
L.  6.1;  W.  3-3-  A  red  crown-patch.  Ad.  (^.  Rump, 
lower  breast,  sides  and  belly  white,  generally  unstreaked\ 
breast  and  rump  sometimes  faintly  tinged  with  pink. 
In  winter.  Throat,  breast,  and  above  washed  with 
buff.  Ad.  9.  Similar  to  (j^,  but  no  pink  on  breast  or 
rump,  sides  sometimes  lightly  streaked. 

Range.— Breeds  in  Greenland;  winters  south  to  Labrador. 

527a.  Hoary  Redpoll  {A.  h.  exilipes).  Similar  to 
No.  527,  but  smaller  and  darker;  rump  still  white,  but 
with  sides  more  apt  to  be  streaked;  L.  5;  W.  3;  T.  2.3; 
B.  .3. 

Range.— Breeds  in  Arctic  regions;  in  America,  winters  south  irreg- 
ularly to  Massachusetts,  Ontario,  northern  Illinois,  and  Michigan. 

528.  Redpoll  {Acanthis  linaria).  L.  5.3;  W.  2.8; 
T.  2.3.  B.  .36.  Crown-cap  red.  Ad.  (^.  Above 
blackish  brown  edged  with  yellowish  brown  and  some 
whitish;  rump  heavily  streaked  with  blackish  edged 
with  whitish  and  tinged  with  rose;  breast  rose;  sides 
heavily  streaked.  Ad.  ?.  Similar,  but  no  pink  on 
rump  or  breast.  Yng.  cf .  Like  female.  Notes.  Call 
like  that  of  Goldfinch  or  Siskin  and  chit\  song  like 
that  of  American  Goldfinch  but  distinct.     (Minot.) 

Range.— Breeds  in  northern  parts  of  northern  hemisphere;  In  Amer- 
ica, winters  south  to  northern  United  States,  irregularly  to  Virginia, 
Alabama,  Kansas,  Colorado,  and  northern  California. 

528a.  HolbcBll  Redpoll  (A.  I.  holhcellii).  Similar 
to  No.  528,  but  larger,  the  bill  longer;  W.  3.2;  T.  2.3; 
B.  .38. 

Range.— Breeds  in  northern  parts  of  northern  hemisphere;  in  Amer- 
ica, winters  south,  casually  to  northern  United  States,  [Quebec,  On- 
tario, and  Massachusetts.) 

528b.  Greater  Redpoll  (^. /.  ros/ra^a).  Similar  to 
No.  528,  but  larger,  above  darker;  L.  5.5;  W.  3.2;  T. 
2.5;  B.  .35;  depth  at  base,  .28. 

Range.— "Southern  Greenland  In  summer,  migrating  south  in 
winter,  through  Labrador  to  (sparingly)  the  northern  border  of  the 
United  States,  (New  England,  lower  Hudson  Valley,  northern  Illinois, 
etc.) ,  and  west  to  Manitoba."     (Ridgway.) 

749.  Ruby-crowned  Kinglet  {Regulus  calendula). 
L.  4.4.  A  conspicuous  whitish  eye-ring.  Ad.  (J^.  A 
more  or  less  concealed  vermilion  crown-patch;  back 
olive-green;  underparts  soiled  whitish  more  or  less 
tinged  with  buffy;  two  white  wing-bars.  Ad.  $  and 
Yng.  Similar,  but  no  crown-patch.  Notes.  Call,  a 
wren-like  ^ack;  song,  a  surprisingly  loud,  rich,  musical, 
varied,  flute-like  whistle. 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  the  northern  border  of  the 
United  States  northward  and  south  in  the  Rocl<y  Mountains  to  Arizo- 
na and  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California;  winters  from  South  Car- 
olina and  Oregon  southward  to  Central  America. 

749a.  Sitkan  Kinglet  {R.  c.  grinnelli) .  Similar  to 
No.  749,  but  more  olive-green  above,  more  buffy  below. 

Range. — Pacific  coast;  breeds  in  southern  Alaska;  winters  south- 
ward to  California. 

176 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Red 


750.  Dusky  Kinglet  (Regulus  obscurus).  Similar  to 
No.  749,  but  above  sooty  olive.  y4d.  J*.  With  crown- 
,;atch  pinkish  or  purplish  vermilion-red.  (Ridgw.) 
(See  page  176.) 

Range. — Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 

— European  Goldfinch  {Carduelis  carduelis) .  L.  5.50. 
Feathers  at  base  of  bill  red;  crown  and  neck-stripe 
black;  back  brownish;  wings  with  a  yellow  band; 
inner  webs  of  tail-feathers  tipped  with  white;  below 
white  tinged  with  brownish.  Notes.  Call,  twit\  song, 
'sweet  and  varied."     (See  page  176.) 

Range.— Introduced  in  this  country  near  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  in  1878; 
now  not  uncommon  near  New  Yorl<  City. 


443.     Scissor-tailed  Flycatcher   (Musctvora  forfica- 

ta).    L.  14.5.     y^d.  c^.      Above  gray,    back  washed 

with  red  or  yellow;  crown-patch  red.    Ad.  ^,    Similar, 

but  tail  shorter,  red  less  bright,  back  grayer.      Notes. 

Loud,  harsh,  chattering  notes  uttered  on  the  wing. 

Range. — Central  America  and  Mexico;  breeds  through  Texas  north 
to  southern  Kansas  and  western  Louisiana,  and  winters  south  to  Cen- 
tral America;  accidental  in  Florida  and  as  far  north  as  Conaecticut 
and  Hudson  Bay.  ^  ^,  |^^       (BtJ.    lA  )S"  .   JiU^  oM^ 


47  1.  Vermilion  Flycatcher  {Pjyrocephalus  ruhineus 
mexicanus).  L.  6.  Ad.  (^.  Crown  and  underparts 
red;  back  grayish  brown.  Ad.  9.  Above  brownish, 
below  white,  breast  streaked  with  dusky,  belly  red  or 
yellow.  Yng.  (^.  Similar  to  ?  but  spotted  with  red 
below  and  on  crown.  Notes.  A  shrill  ^t-bree,  ^t-bree, 
uttered  while  the  bird  hovers  twenty  or  thirty  feet  up 
in  the  air.     (Bendire.) 

Range.— Central  America  and  Mexico,  breeding  north  to  southern 
Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  southwestern  Utah  (rarely); "winter  vis- 
itant to  southern  California."     (Grinnell.) 

688.  Painted  Redstart  {Setophaga  picta).  L.  5.4. 
Ads.  Black;  center  of  breast  and  belly  deep  red,  patch 
in  wings  and  outer  tail-feathers  white. 

Range— Mexicat.  1  lateau  north  to  southwest  New  Mexico  and  Arizona , 


690.  Red-faced  Warbler  (Cardellina  rubrifrons). 
L.  5.2.  Ads.  Forehead,  face,  throat  and  sides  of  neck 
red,  crown  and  ear-coverts  black,  nape  band  and  rump 
whitish;  back  gray;  no  white  in  wings  or  tail.  Notes. 
A  prolonged,  very  clear,  whistled  song.     (Scott.) 

Range.— From  Guatemala  north  over  the  Mexican  Plateau  to  south- 
ern Arizona  and  western  New  Mexico. 


177 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Red 


498.  Red-winged  Blackbird  {Agelaius  phoeniceus). 
L.  d^,  9.5;  W.  4.7;  B.  .88;  depth  at  base,  .5.  Ad.  S". 
Black,  in  winter  more  or  less  tipped  with  rusty;  lesser 
wing-coverts  scarlet;  median  wing-coverts  buff,  tips  in 
summer  whitish.  Ad.  9.  Above  brownish  black, 
widely  margined  with  buffy  and  rusty;  below  whitish 
heavily  streaked  with  black;  throat  tinged  with  orange 
or  yellow;  lesser  wing-coverts  tinged  with  red.  Yng. 
cf .  Similar  to  Ad.  J^,  but  heavily  margined  with  rusty 
above  and  less  so  below;  lesser  wing-coverts  duller  and 
narrowly  edged  with  black.  Notes.  Call,  chut,  chuck, 
a  reedy  cack\  song,  a  chorus  song,  a  liquid  hong-quer-ree\ 
alarm  note  a  shrill  chee-e-e-e-e.  The  notes  of  this  species 
are  subject  to  much  variation  with  locality,  but  I  find 
it  impossible  to  express  on  paper  differences  perfectly 
apparent  when  heard. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Gulf  of  Mexico  north 
to  New  Brunswick  and  Manitoba;  winters  from  Virginia  and  southern 
Illinois  southward. 

498a.  Sonoran  Red-wing  (y^.  ^.  so«om«5«).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  498,  but  larger,  bill  more  slender;  9  paler, 
streaking  below  browner.  W.  ?,  4-8;  B  .95;  depth  at 
base  .5. 

Range.— Lower  Colorado  Valley  In  California  and  Arizona,  southern 
Arizona  and  south  over  coast  plain  of    Sonora;    Cape  St.  Lucas. 

498b.  Bahaman  Red-wing  {A.  p.  hryanti).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  498,  but  bill  slightly  longer,  the  female 
streaked  below  with  brownish  instead  of  black. 

Range.— Bahamas  and  southern  Florida. 

498c.  Florida  Red-wing  {A.  p.  flortdanus).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  498,  but  smaller,  the  bill  longer  and  more 
slender;  J^,  W.  42;  B.  .9;  depth  at  base  .4. 

Range.— Florida,  except  extreme  southern  portion;  west  along 
Gulf  coast  to  Texas. 

498d.  Thick-billed  Red-wing  (y^./»./or/is).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  498,  but  larger,  bill  shorter  and  proportion- 
ately thicker.    W.  5;  B.  .8;  depth  at  base  .5. 

Range.— Breeds  on  Mackenzie  River,  Athabasca,  and  other  Interior 
districts  of  British  America;  during  migrations  Great  Plains,  from 
Rockies  to  Minnesota,  Iowa,  western  Illinois,  northern  Kentucky,  and 
southwest  to  western  Texas  and  Arizona.     (Ridgway.) 

498e.  San  Diego  Red-wing  {A.  p.  neutralis).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  498a,  but  slightly  smaller,  the  9  with, 
streaks  below  wider.    W.  4-7;  B.  .95;  depth  at  base  .5. 

Range.— Great  Basin  region  from  southern  British  Columbia  south 
to  Mexico,  western  Texas,  to  southern  California  and  northern  Lower 
California;  in  winter  as  far  east  as  Brownsville,  Texas.  (Ridgway.) 

498f.  Northwestern  Red-wing  (A.  p.  caurmum). 
Similar  to  No.  498,  but  slightly  larger,  bill  somewhat 
longer  and  more  slender,  the  (^  with  median  wing- 
coverts  deeper  buff,  the  ^  much  darker,  streaks  be- 
low wider,  darkest  9  of  group.  W.  4-8;  B.  .9;  depth 
at  base  .45. 

Range.— Pacific  coast  from  northern  California  to  British  Columbia; 
south  in  winter  to  southern  California. 

178 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Red 


499.  Bicolored  Blackbird  (Agelaius  guhernator 
caltfornicus).  Ad.  cf.  Similar  to  No.  498,  but  median 
wing-coverts  darker  and  broadly  tipped  with  black, 
CDncealing  as  a  rule,  their  brownish  bases.  Ad.  9. 
Very  different  from  9  of  No.  498;  above  and  below 
blackish  slightly  edged  with  rusty.  Notes.  Similar  in 
character  lo  those  of  No.  498,  but  with  easily  recogniz- 
able differences.      (See  page  178.) 

Ran gfe. -Pacific  coast;  breeds  from  northern  Lower  California 
northward,  west  of  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade  ranges,  to  Washing- 
ton; migratory  at  north  part  of  range. 

500.  Tricolored  Blackbird  {Agelaius  tricolor). 
Ad.  (^.  Similar  to  No.  498,  but  glossier,  lesser  wing- 
coverts  darker,  median  wing-coverts  white;  in  winter 
black  more  or  less  edged  with  grayish  brown;  median 
wing-coverts  dingy.  Ad.  9-  No  rusty;  above  black- 
ish edged  with  grayish;  below  black  bordered  with 
whitish.  Notes.  "Said  to  be  quite  different"  from 
those  of  No.  498.  (Bendire.)     (See  page  178.) 

Range.— Northern  Lower  California  north  to  southern  Oregon?  local 
in  valleys  of  interior. 

523.  Aleutian  Leucosticte  {Leucosticte  griseonticha). 
Like  No.  524a,  but  much  darker,  breast  chestnut- 
chocolate;  larger,  W.  4-4. 

Range.— Islands  of  Bering  Sea  (resident);  in  winter,  Shumagln 
Islands,  lower  portion  of  Alaska  Peninsula  and  Kadiak  Island. 

524.  Gray- crowned  Leucosticte  {Leucosticte  tephro- 
cotis).  L.  6.7;  W.  4.1.  Ad.  (^.  Reddish  brown 
more  or  less  tipped  with  grayish;  rump,  upper  tail- 
coverts,  lesser  wing-coverts,  outer  edges  of  primaries, 
and  lower  belly  tipped  with  pink;  forecrown  black; 
hindhead  gray;  cheeks  down  to  blackish  throat  brown. 
Ad.  9.  Similar  but  duller.  Yng.  Nearly  uniform 
brownish;  margins  of  primaries  showing  some 
pink.    Notes.  A  quick  alarm  note,  qui,  qui.  (Silloway.) 

Range. — Western  United  States;  breeds  in  higher  parts  of  Sierra 
Nevada  of  California,  from  Mt.  Shasta  south  to  Mt.  Whitney,  and  on 
White  Mountains  (Grinnell);  north  in  Rocky  Mountains  to  British 
Columbia;  in  winter  east  to  Manitoba,  Colorado,  and  Nebraska. 

524a.  Hepburn  Leucosticte  (L.  t.  littoralis).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  524,  but  cheeks  gray  like  hindhead;  throat 
often  grayish. 

Range.— Higher  mountains  of  Washington  and  British  Columbia; 
nortti  to  Alaska;  winters  south  to  Colorado  and,  on  Pacific  Coast,  as 
far  north  as  Kadiak  Island. 

525.  Black  Leucosticte  {Leucosticte  atrata).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  524,  but  brown  replaced  by  brownish  black 
in  Ad.  c?*,  or  dusky  slate  brownish  in  Ad.  9   and    Yng. 

Range. — Breeds  on  higher  mountains  of  Idaho  and  Wyoming; 
winters  south  to  Colorado  and  Utah. 

526.  Brown-capped  Leucosticte  {Leucosticte  aus- 
tralis).  Resembles  No.  524,  but  little  or  no  gray  on 
hindhead,  the  black  of  forehead  passing  gradually  into 
b-ou'n  of  nape  and  back. 

Ranre  — Breeds  in  mountains  of  Colorado  at  about  12000  feet  alti- 
tude, winters  at  lower  altitudes  and  south  to  New  Mexico. 

179 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Blue 


599.  LazuW  BunWng  {Cvanospi^a  amcena).  L.  5.5. 
y4d.  (^.  Two  white  wing-bars;  breast  cinnamon, 
throat  and  upperparts  light  blue;  back  blacker.  In 
winter  more  or  less  tipped  w'th  rusty.  Ad.  9-  Middle 
wing-coverts  tipped  w\th  whitish',  above  grayish  brown 
with  generally  a  blue  tinge,  strongest  on  rump  and 
le-^ser  wing-coverts;  below  whitish,  breast  buff.  Yng. 
Like  9 ,  but  browner,  no  blue.  Notes.  Suggest  those 
of  the  Indigo  Bunting. 

Range. — Western  United  States,  east  to  western  Kansas;  breeds 
north  to  Montana  and  British  Columbia;  winters  in  Mexico. 

600.  Varied  Bunting  {Cyanospi^a  versicolor),  L. 
5.5.  Ad.  (^.  Reddish  purple,  crown  and  rump  blue, 
nape  red.  Ad.  9«  Above  brownish  gray;  below 
whitish  washed  with  buff;  a  slight  tinge  of  blue  on 
rump,  wings  and  tail.  Much  like  $  of  No.  598,  but 
less  brown  above  and  no  streaks  below.  Yng,  Re- 
semble 9. 

Range. — Mexico;  breeding  north  to  southern  Texas  and  southern 
Arizona;    winters  south  of  United  States. 

600a.  Beautiful  Bunting  (C.  v.  pulchra).  Similar  to 
No.  600,  but  slightly  smaller,  rump  more  purple, 
throat  with  less  red. 

Range. — Southern  Lower  California. 

601.  Painted  Bunting;  Nonpareil  {Cyanospi^a 
ciris).  L.  5.4.  Ad.  (^.  Below  red,  rump  duller, 
back  green,  head  dark  blue.  Ad.  ?.  Bright,  shining 
olive-green  above;  greenish  yellow  below.  Yng.  J^. 
Like  9 ;  second  year  variously  intermediate  between 
Ad.  (^  and  $.  Notes.  Resemble  those  of  the  Indigo 
Bunting  but  possess  less  volume. 

Range. — Southern  United  States;  breeds  north  to  North  Carolina, 
southern  Illinois,  and  Kansas,  and  west  to  southern  Arizona;  win- 
ters in  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

654.  Black-throated  Blue  Warbler  {Dendroica 
ccerulescens).  L.  5.2.  A  white  patch  or  spot  at  base  of 
primaries.  Ad.  (^.  Throat  and  sides  black;  belly 
white;  above  dark  grayish  blue;  outer  tail-feathers 
with  white.  Ad.  ?.  Grayish  olive-green;  below 
yellowish  white;  a  narrow  white  line  over  eye;  white 
wing-patch  small,  sometimes  barely  showing  above 
coverts;  tail  with  a  bluish  tinge.  Yng.  (^.  Like  Ad.  cf*, 
but  greenish  above;  black  areas  smaller  and  tipped 
with  whitish.  Notes.  Call,  a  sharp,  characteristic 
chip]  song,  usually,  pDee-^wee-^wee  in  an  ascending 
scale. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  northern  Connecticut, 
mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  southern  Michigan,  and  northern  Min- 
nesota, north  to  Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay  region;  winters  in  Central 
and  South  America. 

654a.  Cairns  Warbler  (Z).  c.  cairnsi).  Similar  to 
No.  654,  but  cJ*  darker,  the  back  with  more  or  less 
black;  $  darker  and  duller. 

Range. — Breeds  in  higher  portions  of  southern  Alleghenies;  winters 
south  of  United  States, 

180 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Blue 


65 «.  Cerulean  Wtrbler  {Deudroica  cerulea).  L.  5- 
y4d.  (^.  A  gray-blue  breast  band;  above  bright  gray- 
blue  streaked  with  black;  wing-bars  and  spots  in  tail 
white.  Ad.  9  and  Yng,  c?.  Above  blue-gray  washed 
with  greenish,  below  yellowish  white;  a  whitish  line 
over  eye.  Notes.  Call,  a  warbler /«^  and  ^^Ar^  of  the 
Myrtle  Warbler;  song  resembling  that  of  Parula 
Warbler.     (Brewster.)    (See  page  i8o.) 

Range. — Mississippi  Valley,  breeding  north  to  Minnesota  and   east 
New  Yorl<,  Maryland,  and  West  Virginia;  gener- 


to  Cayuga  County 
ally  rare  east  of 
winters  in  Central  and 


ally  rare  east  of  Aileghanies;    migrates  south  through   Texas  and 
I  South  America. 


597.  ^XuQQ^ro^hezW  {Guiraca  ccerulea).  L.  7;  W. 
3.4.  Ad.  (^.  Deep,  dark  blue,  back  blacker  and 
sometimes  with  brownish  edgings;  lesser  wing-coverts 
broadly,  greater  win2:-coverts  narrowly  tipped  with 
chestnut.  In  winter  more  or  less  tipped  with  brown- 
ish above  and  below.  Ad.  ?.  Above  grayish  brown, 
deepest  on  head;  belcv/  grayish  white  washed  with 
buffy;  wing-bars  buff.  Some  specimens  show  more  or 
less  blue,  particularly  about  head.  Yng.  S"-  Like  9, 
but  browner.  Notes.  Call,  a  strong,  harsh,  ptchtck; 
song,  a  beautiful  but  feeble  warble,  somewhat  like 
that  of  Purple  Finch  and  with  a  slight  resemblance  to 
that  of  Rose-breasted  Grosbeak.     (Ridgw.) 

Range. — Eastern  United  States;  breeds  from  the  Gulf  north  to 
Maryland  and  southern  Illinois;  winters  south  of  United  States  into 
Mexico  and  Central  America;  casually  north  as  far  as  Maine  and 
Quebec. 

597a.  Western  Blue  Grosbeak  (G.  c.  lunula).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  597,  but  larger,  W.  3.6;  male  brighter  blue; 
back  blacker;  tips  of  wing-coverts  paler,  those  of  greater 
coverts  usually  decidedly  paler  than  those  of  lesser 
coverts  and  averaging  wider  than  those  of  No.  597. 
Female  averaging  paler,  less  brown. 

Range. — Western  United  States;  breeds  from  Mexico  north  to 
Kansas,  southern  Nebraska,  Colorado,  and  northern  California; 
winters  in  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

598.  \nd\go  BunWng  {Cyanospi^a  cyanea) .      L.    5.4. 

No  white  wing-bars.  Ad.  J^.  Deep  blue,  darkest 
on  head.  In  winter  brown,  paler  below,  more  or  less 
mixed  with  blue.  Ad.  9'  Above  brown;  below 
whitish  washed  with  brown  with  a  suggestion  ofstreaks\ 
lesser  wing-coverts  and  margins  of  tail-feathers  usually 
tinged  with  blue.  Yng.  Similar  to  9  but  below  more 
streaked;  browner,  and  generally  without  blue  tinge. 
Notes.  Call,  a  sharp  ptt\  song,  a  tinkling,  unsympa- 
thetic, rapid  warble,  July^  July,  summer-summer^ s  here; 
mornings  noontide^  evenings  list  to  me. 

Range. — Eastern  United  States,  west  to  the  Plains,  casually  to  Col- 
orado; breeds  north  to  Nova  Scotia  and  Manitoba;  winters  in  Central 
America. 

181 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Blue 


A  766.  Bluebird  (Stalmsialts).  L.J.  ^d.(^.  Above, 
including  wings  andtail,  bright  blue;  throat  and  breast 
rusty  brown,  belly  whitish,  y^d,  9.  Above  grayer, 
below  paler.  In  winter  specimens  of  both  sexes  have 
upperparts  tipped  with  rusty.  Notes.  Call,  tur-wee, 
tur-wee;  song,  a  rich  and  sweet  but  short  warble. 


Range.— Eastern  United  States;  breeds  from  the  Gulf  States  to 
Nova  Scotia  and  Manitoba;  winters  from  southern  New  England  and 
southern  Illinois  southward 


766a.  Azure  Bluebird  (5.  5.  a^urea).  Similar  to 
No.  766,  but  breast  paler,  upperparts  less  deep,  more 
cerulean. 

Range.— Mountains  of  eastern  Mexico  north  to  southern  Arizona. 

^  -■ 

767.  Western  Bluebird  {Sialiamexicanaoccidentalis). 
L.  7.  Ad.  cT-  Above  bright  blue,forebackwith  more  or 
less  rust-brown,  but  rarely  wholly  chestnut;  throat 
&/«^,  breast  rust-brown,  belly  bluish  gray.  Ad.  9. 
Above  grayish  blue;  rust  on  foreback  faintly  indicated; 
throat  bluish  gray,  breast  paler  than  in  S"-  Notes. 
Call,  suggests  that  of  No.  766,  but  is  louder  and 
wilder. 

Range. — Pacific  ccfast  region  from  northern  Lower  California  north 
to  British  Columbia,  east  to  western  Nevada  and  casually,  during  mi- 
grations, to  New  Mexico.     (Ridgway.) 


767a.  Chestnut-backed  Bluebird  (5.  m.  bairdi). 
Similar  to  No.  767,  but  foreback  wholly  rust-brown. 

Range.— Rocky  Mountain  region  from  Wyoming  south  into  Mexico. 

767b.  San  Pedro  Bluebird  (5.  m.  anahelce). 
Rust-brown  of  back  and  breast  greatly  reduced  in  ex- 
tent, usually  wholly  wanting  or  barely  indicated  on 
back,  and  divided  into  two  patches  on  breast  by  back- 
ward extension  of  blue  of  throat;  W.  4.2.     (Ridgw.) 

Range. — San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  California. 

^15^^^^®-  768.  Mountain  Bluebird  {Sialia  arctica).  L.  7.5. 
Ad.  (^.  Above  beautiful  cerulean  blue-,  throat  and 
breast  paler,  belly  whitish.  Winter  specimens  are 
more  or  less  tipped  with  brownish.  Ad.  9.  Above 
brownish  gray,  rump  blue,  throat  and  breast  gray- 
ish buff;  belly  whitish.  Notes.  Call,  suggests  thai 
of  No.  766,  but  in  fall  is  merely  a  feeble  chirp. 
(Ridgw.) 

Range.— Western  United  States,  except  Pacific  coast;  breeds  from 
the  Sierra  Nevada  east  to  the  Plains  and  from  New  Mexico  north  to 
the  Great  Slave  Lake  region;  winters  from  the  Mexico  boundary 
states  south  into  Mexico, 

182 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Blue 


eW 


477.     Blue  3ay  {Cvanocttta  crtstata).     L.  11.7.     /^^5.  Ccr^wv^     ^  ^/n^ ^-'^  'V'^'^^T^  *^ 

Above  gray-blue,  breast  and  sides  washed  with  grayish]  iU/^^'^""^      .,  .^^    r  ^^'-^•0^*<-<. 

white  tip  to  outer  tail-feather  rarely  less  than  one  inch  J^.  / 

long.  Notes.  Varied;  commonly  a  loud  harsh  ja^  jay\ 
often  whistling  calls  and  imitations  of  the  notes  of 
ether  birds,  particularly  of  common  Hawks. 


Range.— Eiistern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
Georgia  and  northern  Texas  north  to  Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay 
region;  resident,  except  at  northern  part  of  range. 


477a.  Florida  Blue  Jay  (C.  c.  florincola).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  477,  but  smaller,  L.  10;  blue  above  with  a 
purplish  tinge;  greater  wing-coverts  more  narrowly 
barred  with  black  and  tipped  with  white. 

Range.— Florida  and  Gulf  Coast  to  southeastern  Texas. 


482.  Arizona  Aay  (/ipbelocomasuhern  ari^ome).  L. 
13;  W.  6.3;  T.  5.8.  ^ds  Above  grayish  blue,  head, 
wings  and  tail  brighter  than  back;  below  unstreaked, 
gray  breast  tinged  with  bluish;  belly  whiter.  Notes. 
Noisy,  harsh,  and  far-reaching.     (Bendire.) 


Range.— Northern   Mexico,    north  to  southern  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona. 


482a.  Couch  Jay  (y4.  s.  coucht).  Similar  to  No* 
482,  but  smaller;  W.  5.8;  T.  5.3;  bluer  above,  throat 
whiter. 


Range. — "Eastern  Mexico,  extending  to  western  Texas  In  theChlsos 
Mountains."     (Bailey.) 


492.  P'lnon  iay  {Cyanocephalus  cyanocephalus).  L. 
11;  T.  4.8.  y4ds.  Above  nearly  uniform  grayish  blue, 
head  slightly  darker;  below  slightly  paler,  throat  streak- 
ed with  white.  Notes.  Variable,  some  as  harsh  as 
those  of  No.  491,  others  like  gabble  of  Magpie;  others 
like  Jays'  common  call  a  shrill,  querulous,  peek,  peek; 
when  on  ground  maintain  a  constant  chatter.  (Ben- 
dire.) 


Range.— Western  North  America,  from  New  Mexico  and  Lower 
CiUfornla  north  to  southern  British  Columbia;  east  to  Rockies,  west 
to  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade  Ranges. 

183 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Blue 


479.  Florida  Jay    {Aphelocoma  cyanea).      L.    11.5. 

Ads.  Foreback  clay-color  or  pale  brownish  gray;  head, 
nape,  wings,  tail,  sides  of  throat  and  faint  breast- 
streaks  blue;  a  grayish  line  over  eye;  throat  gray; 
belly  dingier;  forehead  usually  hoary,  ^otes.  Harsh 
and  unmusical  calls. 

Range. — Florida;  confined  mostly  to  coast  of  the  middle  portions  of 
the  peninsula. 

480.  ^N oo6\\OU%Q  ^zy  [Aphelocoma  woodhousei).  L. 
12;  W.  5.  Ads.  BsLck  graytsk  or  brownish  blue,  usual- 
ly not  sharply  defined  from  nape;  crown,  nape,  wings 
and  tail  blue;  throat  gray;  belly  dingier;  breast  streaked 
with  blue;  under  tail- coverts  blue;  a  narrow  white  line 
over  eye.  Resembles  No.  479,  but  is  larger,  back 
bluer,  forehead  not  hoary;  line  over  eye  sharper. 

Range. — Western  United  States  (chiefly  Great  Basin  region) ,  from 
northern  Mexico  north  to  southeastern  Oregon  and  southern  Wyoming; 
east  to  western  Texas  and  Colorado;  west  to  California,  east  of  the 
Sierras. 

480.1.  B\ue-eare6  iay  {Aphelocoma  cvanotis) .  Re- 
sembling No.  480,  but  larger;  W.  5.  5;  under  tail-cov- 
erts white;  back  slaty-gray  tinged  with  blue;  white  line 
over  eye  less  evident. 

Range. — "Mexican  tableland  north  casually  to  Sutton  County. 
Texas."     (Bailey.) 

480.2.  Texan  Jay  [Aphelocoma  texana).  Similar  to 
No.  480.1,  but  white  line  over  eye  more  distinct,  below 
paler  and  browner  gray,  lower  throat  and  chest  with 
obsolete  grayish  streaks  instead  of  blue  streaks. 
Differs  from  No.  480  in  having  pure  white  under  tail 
coverts  and  in  other  respects.    (Ridgw.) 

Range.— "Southeastern  Texas,  from  Concho  and  Kerr  Counties 
west  to  the  Davis  Mountains."    (Bailey.) 

~"'  481.  CaWforn'ia  ^ay  [Aphelocoma  californica) .  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  480,  but  back  brown;  usually  sharply  de- 
fined from  nape;  blue  areas  brighter,  throat  and  bellv 
whiter;  breast  less  streaked  with  blue.  Notes.  Varied, 
usual  call  a  harsh,  metallic  squawking. 

Range.— Pacific  coast  from  northern  Lower  California,  north  to 
southern  Wa-.hington,  east,  in  California,  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

48  i  a.  Xantus  Jay  {A.  c.  hvpoleuca).  Similar  to  No. 
481,  but  blue  areas  somewhat  lighter,  underparts  de- 
cidedly whiter. 

Range. — Lower  California,  north  to  Lat.  28°  . 

481b.     Belding  Jay  [A.  c.  obscura). 
481,  but  darker  and  with  smaller  feet;  W.  4.7' 
thony.) 

Range. — San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  California. 

48  I.I.  Santa  Cruz  Jay  [Aphelocoma  insularis). 
Similar  to  No.  481,  but  larger;  W.  5-6;  blue  areas 
much  deeper,  back  much,  'darker,  grayish  sooty 
tinged  with  blue. 

Range. — Santa  Cruz  Island,  California. 

184 


Similar  to  No. 
(An- 


478.  Steller  Jay  {Cyanocitta  stelleri).  L.  13.  y4ds. 
Crest,  back  and  upper  breast  sooty  brown;  rump  and 
belly  dark,  (Antwerp)  blue;  forehead  more  or  less 
streaked  with  blue.  Notes.  Varied,  usual  call  a  loud, 
harsh  squawking;  the  bird  is  a  mim'c  and  also  a 
whistler. 


Range. — Pacific  coast  from  Monterey,  California,    north  to  near 
Cook  Iniet,  Alasl<a,  including  Vancouver  Island. 


478a.  Blue-fronted  Jay  (C.  s.  frontalis).  Similar 
to  No.  478,  but  back  paler,  grayer,  rump  and  belly 
turquoise,  forehead  with  more  blue  which  sometimes 
extends  to  the  crest. 


Range. — "Southern  coast  ranges  and  Sierra  Nevada  of  California 
and  western  Nevada,  from  Fort  Crooic  south  to  northern  Lower  Cal- 
ifornia."    (A.  O.  U.) 


478b.  Long-crested  Jay  (C.  s.  diademata).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  478,  but  paler,  grayer  above,  blue  turquoise, 
as  in  No.  478a;  :rest  longer,  the  forehead  with  pale, 
bluish  white  streaks;  a  white  spot  over  the  eye. 

Range.— "Southern  Rocky  Mountains;  north  to  southern  Wyoming; 
west  to  Uintah  Mountains,  in  eastern  Utah,  and  the  higher  ranges  of 
northwestern  Arizona;  south  to  New  Mexico."     (Bendire.) 


478c.  Black-headed  Jay  (C.  s.  annectens).  Be- 
tween No.  478  and  No.  478b.  Forehead  streaks,  and 
spot  over  eye  much  as  in  latter;  color  of  body  dark  as 
in  former. 


Range.— Northern  Rocky  Mountain  region  from  northern  Utah  and 
southern  Wyoming  north  to  Alberta  and  British  Columbia. 


478d.    Queen  Charlotte  Jay  (C.  s.  carlottce).     Sim- 
ilar to  No.  478,  but  darker,sooty  slate  above,blue  deeper. 

Ranee.— Queen  Charlotte  Islands.  British  Columbia. 


483.  Green  Jay  {Xanthoura  luxuosa  glaucescens) .  '^83 
L.  II.  Ads.  Crown  and  patches  at  side  of  throat 
blue;  oack,  wings,  and  central  tail-feathers  green; 
outer  tail-feathers  yellow;  throat  black,  breast  and 
belly  greenish  yellow.  Notes.  Noisy  and  harsh  often 
suggesting  certain  of  the  Blik  Jay's  calls. 

Range. — Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley,  Texas,  and  south  Into  north- 
eastern Mexico. 

185 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Blue        /4  /*" 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  YeUow  or  Orange 


503.  Audubon  Or\o\e  {Icterus  audubonu).      L.    9.5. 

j4ds.  Head,  breast,  wings  and  tail  black;  belly  yellow; 
back  greenish  yellow.  Yng.  Greenish  yellow  below; 
olive-green  above.    Notes.    See  No.  507. 

Range.— Mexico  north  to  the  Lower  Rio  Grande;  casually  as  far  as 

San  Antonio,  Texas;  resident. 

504.  Scott  Oriole  {Icterus parisorum) .  L.  8;  B.  .95; 
Act.  (^.  Lesser  wing-coverts,  base  of  tail,  rump  and 
belly  yellow;  rest  of  plumage  black.  Ad.  ^.  Yellow- 
ish below,  olive-green  above,  two  white  wing-bars. 
Yng.  (^.  Like  female,  but  throat  black.  Notes.  See 
No.  507. 

Range— Mexican  tableland,  migrating  north  to  western  Texas, 
northern  New  Mexico,  southern  Nevada  and  southeastern  California: 
winters  in  Mexico. 

505.  Hooded  Oriole  {Icterus  cucullatus  sennetti), 
L.  8;  B.  .75.  Ad.  ^.  Orange;  forehead,  face,  throat, 
foreback,  wings  and  tail  black;  lesser  wing-coverts  and 
tips  to  greater  ones  white.  Ad.  2 .  Yellowish  below, 
brownish  olive-green  above,  two  white  wing-bars. 
Yng.  ^,    Like  9 ,  but  throat  black.    Notes,    See   No, 

507. 

Range. — Mexico;  migrating  north  to  the  Lower  Rio  Grande;  winters 
in  Mexico. 

505a.  Arizona  Hooded  Oriole  (/.  c.  nelsoni).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  505,  but  head,  rump,  etc.  yellow  instead  of 
orange. 

Range. — Northwestern  Mexico  and  Lower  California,  migrating 
north  to  southwestern  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  southern  California, 
west  of  Sierra  Nevada;  winters  in  Mexico. 

507.  Baltimore  Oriole  (/^/^f«s  ^^/^»m/^).  L.  7.5. 
Ad.  (^.  Throat,  whole  head,  foreback,  wings  and 
middle  tail-feathers  black;  breast,  belly,  rump,  lesser 
wing-coverts  and  ends  of  outer  tail-feathers  orange; 
wing-coverts  and  tertials  margined  with  white.  Ad.  ?. 
Head  and  foreback  olive-yellow  spotted  with  black; 
rump  and  tail  brownish  yellow;  below  dull  yellow, 
throat  generally  blackish.  Notes.  The  notes  of  all 
the  orange  and  black  Orioles  known  to  me  are  mellow, 
musical,  querulous  whistles  generally  given  in  detach- 
ed fragments,  all  much  alike  in  character  but  dis- 
tinguishable when  one  becomes  familiar  with  them. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America  west  to  the  Rocl<y  Mountains; 
breeds  from  Florida  and  eastern  Texas  north  to  New  Brunswiclc  and 
the  Saskatchewan;  winters  in  Central  and  South  America. 

508.  Bullock  Oriole  {Icterus  bullocki).  L.  7.5. 
Ad.  (^.  Cheeks,  most  of  underparts,  forehead  and  line 
over  eye  orange;  rump  and  outer  tail-feathers  yellower; 
center  of  throat,  crown,  foreback  and  middle  tail-feath- 
ers black;  a  large  white  wing-patch.  Ad.  ^.  Above 
olive  grayish  brown;  below  yellowish,  belly 
whiter;  tail  olive-yellow;  wings  blackish,  median  cov- 
erts tipped,  greater  coverts  externally  margined  with 
white;  chin  sometimes  blackish.  Yng.  cf.  Like  9, 
but  center  of  throat  and  lores  black.  Notes.  See  No. 
507. 

Range. — Western  North  America,  from  Mexico  north  to  Assiniboia 
and  British  Columbia;  east  to  western  Texas;  west  to  the  Pacific; 
winters  in  Mexico. 

186 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


637.  Prothonotary  Warbier  [Protonotaria  citrea), 
L.  5.5.  Tail-feathers  with  large  white  areas.  Ad.  c?» 
\Vhole  head  and  underparts  orange-yellow;  back 
greenish  yellow;  rump  gray.  Ad.  9  •  Crown  green- 
ish like  back;  yellow  paler;  belly  whitish;  less  white  in 
tail,  f^otes.  Call,  a  sharp,  metallic  chink\  song,  a 
"high  pitched,  penetrating  and  startling"  ^^peetj  tsweet, 
isweet,  tsweet^  tsweet,  tsweet.''^     (Jones.) 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  the  Gulf  States  north 
to  Virginia,  Ohio,  and  southern   Minnesota;    winters  In  the  tropics. 

65  1.  0\\\Q^2kVh\er  {Dendroica  oUvacea).  L.  5.2. 
Ad.  (^.  Head  and  breast  orange  brown,  a  black  band 
through  the  eye;  back  olive-gray;  belly  grayish;  wing- 
bars  white;  outer  tail-feathers  largely  white.  Ad.  9. 
Above  olive-gray,  head  yellower;  eye- band  dusky; 
breast  yellow;  belly  white.  Notes.  Song,  a  liquid  quirt 
quirt,  quirt,    in  a  descending  scale.      (Price.) 

Range.— Highlands  of  Guatemala  and  Mexico  north  to  mountains  of 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

662.  Blackburnian  Warbler  {Dendroica  Uackbur- 
nice).  L.  5.2.  Ad.  (^.  Throat,  line  over  eye,  center 
of  crown,  and  sides  of  neck  bright  orange;  back  black 
with  a  few  whitish  streaks;  wing-bars  broadly  white; 
tail-spots  white.  Ad.  ?.  Yellow  areas  paler;  above 
grayish  streaked  with  blackish.  Yng.  and  Ad.  in  Win- 
ter. Similar  to  Ad.  $,  but  throat  paler,  back  browner; 
wing  with  two  distinct  bars.  Notes.  Song,  wee-see-wee- 
see,  tsee-tseey  tsee,  tsee-tsee,  tsee,  tsee,  in  an  ascending 
scale,  the  last  shrill  and  fine. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  northern  New  Eng- 
land (and  In  Berl<shire  and  Worcester  counties,  Massachusetts), 
and  northern  Minnesota,  north  to  Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay  region, 
(and  south  in  Aiieghanies  to  South  Carolina) ;  winters  In  tropics. 

687.  HedsXarX  {Setophaga  ruticilla) .  L.  5.4.  Ad. 
cf .  Black;  sides  of  breast,  band  in  wings  and  in  tail  rich 
salmon.  Ad.  ?.  Sides  of  breast,  band  in  wings  and 
in  tail  dull  yellow;  back  olive-brown,  crown  gray;  be- 
below  whitish.  Yng.  (^.  Intermediate  between  adults. 
Notes.  Song,  ching,   ching,  chee;  ser-wee,  swee,  swe-e-e. 

Range. — North  America;  rare  on  the  Pacific  coast;  breeds  from 
North  Carolina,  and  Kansas  north  to  Labrador  and  Alaska;  winters 
In  the  West  Indies,  Central  and  South  America. 

748-    Golden-crowned  Kinglet    {T{egulus  satrapa). 

L.  4. 1.  Ad.  (^.  Crown  orange  and  yellow  bordered 
by  black;  a  whitish  line  over  eye:  back  grayish  olive- 
green;  below  soiled  whitish.  A  blackish  band  in  wing 
bordered  basally  by  yellowish  white.  Ad.  9-  No 
orange  in  crown,  its  whole  center  yellow.  Notes. 
Call,  a  fine,  high  ti-ti;  song,  five  or  six  fine,  shrill 
high-pitched  notes  ending  in  a  short,  rapid,  rather  ex- 
plosive warble,  ^^tzee,  t^ee,  t^ee,  t{ee,  ti,  ti,  ter,  ti-ti-ti.^' 
Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  northern  United  States  north- 
ward, and  southward  along  the  Rockies  into  Mexico  and  in  the  Aiie- 
ghenies  to  North  Carolina;  winters  from  about  its  southern  breeding 
limit  to  the  Gulf  States  and  Mexico. 

748a.    Western    Golden-crowned    Kinglet     (R.  s. 

oliyaceus) .    Similar  to  No.  748,  but  upperparts  brighter 
olive-green;  underparts  with  a  brownish  tinge. 

Range. — Pacific  coast  region;  breeds  from  the  higher  Sierra  Ne- 
vsda  of  California  north  to  southern  Alaska.  T  Q7 


12 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


666.  Golden-cheeked  Warbler  {Dendroica  chryso- 
paria).  L.  5.  Ad.  0^.  Throat,  crown  and  back 
black;  cheeks  and  spot  in  forehead  yellow;  a  narrow 
black  line  through  eye;  wing-bars  and  tail-patches 
white.  Ad.  9-  Above  olive  green  with  W^c/^  streaks; 
cheeks  duller  than  in  J^,  eye-streak  dusky;  throat 
yellow,  breast  blackish;  belly  white.  Notes.  Song, 
tser,  weasv-weasy,  twea,  resembling  song  of  No.  667. 
(Nehrling'.) 

Range.  —Western  central  and  southern  Texas  and  south  through 
eastern  Mexico  to  highlands  of  Guatemala.     (Ridgway.) 

667.  Black-throated  Green  Warbler  {Dendroica 
virens).  L.  5.  Ad.  ^.  Throat  and  breast  black; 
cheeks  greenish  yellow;  back  olive-green-  wing-bars 
and  tail  patches  white.  Ad.  9  and  Yng.  (f.  Similar, 
but  throat  yellowish;  black  breast  tipped  with  yellow- 
ish; belly  tmged  withjyellow\  back  without  black  streaks. 
Yng.  9 .  Throat  and  breast  yellowish  white,  little  or 
no  black.    Notes.    Song,  a  droning  ^ee,  ^ee,  ^e-ei,  ^ee. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Connecticut  and 
northern  Illinois  north  to  Nova  Scotia  and  Hudson  Bay,  and  south  in 
AUeghanies  to  South  Carolina;  winters  in  Central  America. 

668.  Townsend  Warbler  {Dendroica  t&wnsendi). 
L.  5.1.  Ad.  (^.  A  black  eye-patch  bordered  by  yel- 
low stripes;  crown  and  throat  black;  back  olive-green 
spotted  with  black;  wing-bars  and  tail-patches  white. 
Ad.  9-  Eye-patch  olive;  throat  yellow,  indistinctly 
blackish;  crown  and  back  olive-green,  with  few  black 
streaks.  Yng.  Similar,but  yellower.  Notes.  Song,  de-de^ 
de-deyde,   like  that  of  No.  667.     (Merrill.) 

Range.  -Western  North  America;  breeds  from  mountains  of  south- 
ern California  north  to  Alaska,  east  to  western  Colorado;  in  migra- 
tions to  western  Texas;  winters  in  Mexico. 

669.  Hermit  Warbler  [Dendroica  occidentalis).  L. 
5.1.  Underparts  without  streaks.  Ad.  ^,  Crown 
and  cheeks  yellow;  throat  black;  back  gray  spotted 
with  black;  wing-bars  and  tail-patches  white.  Ad.  9. 
Crown  less  yellow;  throat  yellowish;  back  olive-gray, 
usually  without  spots.  Yng.  9-  Similar,  but  yellow- 
er. Yng.  (^.  Throat  dusky;  forehead  and  cheeks 
yellow;  Dack  olive-green  with  concealed  black  spots. 
Much  like  Yng  of  No.  667,  but  forehead  yellower,  no 
streaks  below.  Notes.  Song,  ^eegle-^eegle-^eegle-:^eek. 
(Barlow,  j 

Range.— Western  United  States;  breeds  In  high  mountains 
from  British  Columbia  to  California,  and  from  Pacific  Coast 
disf  ict  of  United  States  to  Rocl<y  Mountains;  migrates  to  Low- 
er California.  Mexico,  and  Guatemala.    (Bailey.) 

684.  Hooded  Warbler  {IVilsonia  mitrata).  L.  5.7. 
Outer  tail-feither  with  white  patches.  Ad.  (f .  Fore- 
head and  cheeks  yellow;  hindhead  extending  to  breast 
and  throat  black;  belly  yellow,  back  olive-green. 
Ad.  9  •  Throat  yellow,  hindhead  olive-green  usually 
with  black.  ^  Notes.  Call,  a  sharp  cheep;  song,  a 
gracefully  whistled >'o?/  must  come  to  the  woods,  orjyou 
wont  see  me. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States;  breeds  north  to  southern  Connecti- 
cut, central  western  New  York,  and  southern  Michigan;  winters  ii> 
Central  America. 

188 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


531.  Lawrence  Goldflnch  (/^s/rap^a/mMs  lawrencei). 
L.  4.7.  Ad.  (^.  Crown,  throat  and  front  of  cheeks 
black;  body  gray;  breast,  rump,  wings  and,  to  a  less  de- 
gree, back  with  yellow;  outer  tail  feathers  with  large 
white  spots  near  the  end.  Ad.  $.  Similar,  but  no 
black,  back  browner  and  without  yellow.  l^otes. 
Suggesting  those  of  the  Goldfinch,  but  weaker. 

Range— California,  west  of  the  Sierra;  breeds  from  northern  Lower 
California  north  to  Chico,  California;  winters  to  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico. 

642.  Golden-winged  Warbler  [Helminthophila  chry- 
soptera),  L.  5.  Ad.  d^.  Crown  yellow,  wing-bars 
broadly  yellow;  above  bluish  gray;  below  grayish 
white;  throat-patch  and  eye-stripe  black.  Ad.  9. 
Crown  duller;  throat-patch  and  eye-stripe  gray.  Notes. 
Song,  a  lazy  ^ee-'^ee-{ee-^ee  all  on  same  note. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States;  breeds  from  northern  New  Jersey 
and  northern  Indiana  north  to  Vermont,  southern  Ontario,  and  Mich- 
igan, and  south  along  Alleghanies  to  South  Carolina;  winters  In  Cen- 
tral America. 

678.  (jOr\r\BC\\cu\\^2irh\er  {Geothlypis  agilis).      L. 

5.5.  Eye-ring  white;  no  white  in  wings  or  tail.  Ad. 
(^.  Crown  and  cheeks  bluish  slate;  throat  and  breast 
paler,  the  latter  with  no  black;  above  olive-green;  be- 
low yellow,  sides  greenish.  Ad.  9  and  Yng.  Throat 
and  breast  olive  brown;  belly  yellow;  back  brownish 
olive-green;  crown  browner.  Notes.  Call,  a  sharp 
peek;  song,  suggesting  that  of  Maryland  Yellowthroat 
and  also  that  of  Ovenbirdj  free-chapiple,  free- chappie, free- 
chapple,  whoit.     (Seton.) 

Range.— Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Maine  and  Manitoba; 
known  to  breed  only  in  Manitoba;  winters  In  northern  South  America. 

679.  Mourning  Warbler  {Geothlypts  Philadelphia). 
L.  5.4.  No  white  in  wings  or  tail.  Ad.  J^.  No  white 
eye-ring;  crown  and  cheeks  bluish  slate;  throat  black- 
ish; breast  black  more  or  less  veiled  by  slaty;  belly 
yellow;  back  olive-green.  Ad.  9.  Head  slaty;  throat 
and  breast  grayish;  an  inconspicuous  white  eye-ring. 
Yng.  Similar,  but  browner  above;  throat  more  yellow. 
Notes.  Song,  clear  and  whistled,  tee  te-o  te-o  te-o  we-se, 
the  last  couplet  accented  and  much  higher  pitched. 
(Jones.) 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  northern  New  Eng- 
land, northern  New  York  and  eastern  Nebraska  north  to  Nova  Scotia 
and  Manitoba,  and  south  along  the  Alleghanies  to  West  Virginia; 
winters  in  Central  and  South  America. 

680.  Macgillivray  Warbler  (Geothhpis  tolmiei), 
L.  5.4.  Ads.  Similar  to  No.  679,  but  with  an  incom. 
plete  white  eye-ring  showing  above  and  below  eye, 

Range.— Western  North  America  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
Pacific;  breeds  from  western  Texas  and  mountains  of  southern  Cal- 
ifornia north  to  British  Columbia;  in  migrations  ranges  east  to  Ne- 
braska and  middle  Texas;  winters  in  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

189 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


656.  Audubon  Warbler  {Dendroica  auduboni).  L. 
5.6.  Crown,  sides  of  breast,  rump,  and  throat  usually 
with  yellow.  Ad.  (^.  Throat  bright  yellow;  breast 
black;  back  blue-gray  streaked  with  black;  wing-bars 
broadly  white;  outer  tail-feathers  with  white.  5  Ad.  ? . 
Similar  to  male,  but  breast  grayish;  yellow  less  bright; 
less  white  in  wings.  c5^,  Winter.  Like  same  plumage 
of  No.  655,  but  throat  yellowish;  more  white  in  tail. 
$,  Winter,  Similar,  but  less  yellow,  throat  sometimes 
without  yellow,  when  like  No.  655,  but  white  on  four 
or  five  outer  tail-feathers  instead  of  on  two  or  three. 

Range. — Western  United  States;  breeding  in  higher  mountains 
from  southern  California  and  New  Mexico  north  to  British  Columbia; 
winters  south  into  Mexico. 

656a.  Black-fronted  Warbler  (D.  a.  nigrifrons). 
Similar  to  No.  656,  but  Ad.  ^  with  forehead,  sides  of 
crown,  and  ears  black;  back  black,  narrowly  margined 
with  bluish  gray.  In  winter.  Bluish  gray,  not  brown- 
ish above.  Ad.  $  darker,  more  heavily  streaked  with 
black  above.     (Ridgw.) 

Range. — Mountains  of  northern  Mexico  north  to  southern  Arizona. 

657.  \^2L^r\Q\\2i\42Lr\i\^v  {Dendroica  maculosa).  L. 
5.1.  Rump  yellow;  seen  from  below  a  white  band 
across  middle  of  tail.  Ad.  c^.  Crown  ashy,  back 
black;  wing-coverts  broadly  white;  below  yellow 
streaked  with  black.  Ad.  $  •  Duller;  fewer  black 
stripes  below;  wing-bars  separated,  narrow.  Yng.  and 
Ad  in  winter.  Crown  and  sides  of  head  brownish  ashy, 
back  olive-green;  below  yellow,  sides  occasionally 
streaked,  liotes.  Song,  a  loud,  clear  whistle,  chee-to, 
chee-to,  chee-tee-ee^  uttered  rapidly  and  with  a  falling  in- 
flection.   CLangille. ) 

Range.  Eastern  North  America,  west  in  migrations,  to  the  Rock- 
ies; breeds  from  northern  New  England,  northern  Michigan  (and 
south  along  the  Alleghanies  to  Pennsylvania),  north  to  Quebec  and 
Hudson  Bay  region;  winters  in  Central  America. 

663.  Yellow-throated  Warbler  {'Dendroica  domini- 
ca).  L.  5.2.  Ads.  1  hroat  and /m^  from  hill  to  eye 
yellow;  cheeks  and  forehead  black;  back  bluish  gray; 
two  broad  white  wing-bars;  tail-patches  white.  Notes. 
Song,  loud,  ringing  and  ventriloquial;  suggesting  that 
of  Indigo  Bunting  but  shorter. 

Range.— Southeastern  United  States;  breeds  from  Florida  north  to 
Virginia  and  winters  from  Florida  south  into  West  Indies. 

663a.  Sycamore  Warbler  {D.  d.  alhilora).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  663,  but  bill  smaller,  line  from  eye  to  bill  white 
or  with  but  traces  of  yellow. 

Range.— Mississippi  Valley;  breeds  from  Texas  north  to  Kanas, 
southern  Indiana,  southern  Illinois,  and  West  Virginia;  winters  in 
Mexico  and  Central  America. 

664.  Grace  Warbler  (JDendroica  gracice).  L.  5. 
Ad.  (^.  Throat  and  line  over  eye  yellow;  cheeks  gray; 
above  gray,  crown  and  back  with  black  streaks;  wing- 
bars  and  tail-patches  white.  Ad.  9.  Similar,  but 
duller,  back  sometimes  brownish. 

Range. — Northwestern  Mexico,  north  to  New  Mexico,  southwestern 
Colorado,  and  Arizona. 

190 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


686.  Caiiadian  Warbler  {IVilsonia  canadensis"), 
L.  5.6.  No  white  in  wings  or  tail.  Ad.(^,  A  neck- 
lace of  black  spots  on  breast;  back  gray;  belly  yellow; 
forehead  black.  Ad.  9  and  Yng.  (^.  Black  areas 
smaller.  Yng.  '^ .  Slightly  yellowish  above;  necklace 
slightly  indicated  by  dusky  spots.  Notes.  Song,  tu-tUy 
tszve,  tu,  tu,  longer  or  shorter  and  suggesting  in  style  of 
utterance  both  ,'ie  Yellow  Warbler  and  Goldfinch. 
(Jones.)      (Seepage  190.) 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Massachusetts,  cen- 
tral ^s'ew  York,  and  northern  Michigan  north  to  Labrador  and  Manito- 
ba, and  south  along  the  Alleghanies  to  North  Carolina;  winters  in 
Central  and  South  America. 

640.  Bach  man  Warbler  (Helmmthophila  bachmann) . 
L.  4.2.  Outer  tail-feathers  usually  with  a  white  patch 
more  or  less  distinct.  Ad.  cf.  Breast-patch  and 
crown-band  black;  forehead,  chin  and  belly  yellow; 
back  olive-green,  hindhead  grayish.  Ad.  ?.  Above 
grayish  olive-green,  head  grayer;  below  dingy  grayish 
with  a  yellow  tinge.  Notes.  Song,  when  migrating, re- 
sembles that  of  Parula  Warbler,  (Brewster);  when 
breeding,  that  of  Worm-eating  Warbler,  Junco  or 
Chippy.     (Widmann). 

Range.— Southeastern  United  States,  west  to  Louisiana,  north  to 
Virginia  and  southern  Indiana;  rare  on  Atlantic  coast;  known  to  breed 
onlvin  Missouri;  winters  south  of  United  States. 

641.  Blue-winged  Warbler  {Helminthophila  pinus). 
L.  4.8.  Ad.  (^.  Crown  and  underparts  yellow;  back 
olive-green;  a  black  stripe  through  eye;  two  whitish 
wing-bars;  outer  tail-feathers  with  white  patches.  Ad. 
$.  Similar,  less  yellow  on  head,  duller  below.  Notes. 
Song,  a  wheezy,  swee-chee,  the  first  inhaled,  the  second 
exhaled;  also,  later,  wee,  chi-chi-chi-chi,  chur,  chee-chur. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States;  breeds  north  to  southern  Connecti- 
cut and  Minnesota,  occasionally  wanders  to  Massachusetts;  winters 
south  of  United  States. 

670.  Kirtland  Warbler  {Dendroica  kirttandt).  L. 
^.7.  Ad,  <^,  Above  bluish  gray  streaked  with  black; 
below  pale  yellow,  sides  streaked  with  black;  wing- 
bars  grayish;  tail-patches  white.  Ad.  9.  Similar, 
but  browner.  Notes.  Song,  said  to  resemble  that  of 
Maryland  Yellow-throat  and  also  that  of  Yellow-throat- 
ed Warbler. 

Range. — Eastern  United  States;  has  been  found  from  April  to  Oc- 
tober In  United  States  as  follows:  in  Florida,  South  Carolina,  Virgin- 
ia, Missouri,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio,  Minnesota,  Michigan,  and  On- 
tario, In  all  some  twenty  odd  specimens;  found  breeding  in  summer 
of  1903  In  Oscoda  County,  Michigan;  winters  in  Bahamas  where 
some  fifty  specimens  have  been  taken. 

671.  Pine  Warbler  {Dendroica  vigorsii).  L.  5.5. 
Ad.  (^.  Throat  and  breast  greenish  yellow;  above 
bright  yellowish  green;  wing-bars  and  tail-patches 
white.  Ad,  9.  Similar,  but  breast  duller,  back 
browner.  Yng.  J*.  Similar  to  Ad.  c?,  but  browner. 
Yng.  $.  Below  buffy  white,  breast  slightly  or  not  all 
yellowish;  back  olive-brown.  Notes.  Song,  sug- 
gesting a  Chipping  Sparrow's  but   more  musical. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Gulf  States  north  to 
New  Brunswick,  Minnesota,  and  Alanltoba;  winters  from  Virginia  and 


southern  Illinois  to  Gul^  States. 


191 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


.yx 


r# 


696.  Siberian  Yellow  Wagtail  {Budytes  flavus  leu- 
costriatus).  L.  6.5.  Ad.  cf.  Crown  bluish  slate,  a 
white  line  over  eye;  back  olive-green;  below  yellow; 
wing-bars  yellowish;  outer  tail-feathers  largely  white. 
Ad.  9.  Similar,  but  duller,  head  and  wing-bars 
browner.  }^otes.  Call,  a  sharp,  pU-ple-ple-^  song,  a 
low,  clear,  medley  of  jingling  notes  uttered  on  the 
wing.     (Nelson.)     (Seepage  191.) 

Range.—China,  Eastern  Siberia,  and  Bering  Sea  portion  of  eastern 
Alaska. 

529.  American  Goldfinch  {Astragalinus  tristis). 
L.  5.1;  W.  2.8.  Ad.  (^.  Yellow,  cap,  wings  and  tail 
black;  wing-coverts,  secondaries  and  inner  margins  of 
tail-feathers  tipped  with  white.  Ad.  $ ,  Above  gray- 
ish olive-brown;  below  buffy  whitish;  throat  yellowish; 
wings  and  tail  duller  than  in  male;  white  tips  to 
tail  not  distinct.  Yng.  (^  and  Ad.  (^  in  winter.  Simi- 
lar to  $  but  wings  and  tail  black;  white  markings 
grayer  than  in  summer.  Notes.  Calls,  when  perch- 
ing, hear  me,  hear  me,  dearie,  soft  and  sweet,  when  fly- 
ing, per-chic-o-ree;  per-chic-o-ree\  song,  sweet,  rapid, 
varied  and  canary-like. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America  west  to  the  Rocl<ies;  breeds  from 
Virginia  and  Missouri  north  to  Labrador  and  Manitoba;  winters  from 
northern  United  States  to  the  Gulf  States. 

529a.  Western  Goldfinch  (^. /./)a//^^M5).  Similar 
to  No.  529,  but  larger,  W.  3-o5-  ^d.  J*,  in  summer^ 
similar  in  color  to  No.  529.  ?  and  ^,  in  winter. 
Much  paler,  the  white  areas  greater  in  extent. 

Range. — Rocky  Mountain  region  from  northern  Mexico  north  to 
British  Columbia. 

529b.  California  Goldfinch  {A.  t.  salicamans). 
Similar  to  No.  529,  but  wings  and  tail  shorter  and 
color  darker.  Ad.  (^  in  summer.  With  back  always 
(?)  tinged  with  pale  olive-green;  in  winter  darker  than 
No.  529,  but  with  white  areas  as  large  as  in  529a. 
(Ridgw.) 

Range. — California,  west  of  the  Sierra,  south  to  Lower  California, 
north  to  Washington. 

530.  Arkansas  Goldfinch  {Astragalinus  psaltria). 
L.  4.1.  Ad.  (^.  Cap,  wings,  and  tail  black,  most  of 
primaries  and  tail  white  basally;  back  and  cheeks  olive- 
green,  often  marked  with  black;  below  yellow  Ad.  ?. 
No  black  cap;  above  olive-green;  below  dull  yellowish; 
wings  and  tail  brownish  black,  former  with  white 
much  reduced,  latter  with  little  or  no  white.  Yng.  Re- 
semble female.  Notes.  Call,  se-e-e-ep;  song,  sweet, 
varied  and  musical 

Range.— Western  United  States,  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific; 
breeds  from  northern  Lower  California  and  western  Texas,  north  to 
Colorado,  southern  Idaho,  and  Oregon;  winters  from  the  southern 
part  of  its  breeding  range  southward. 

530b.  Mexican  Goldfinch  {A.  p.  mexicanus).  Re- 
sembles No.  530,  but  cbeAs  and  entire  upperparts  black; 
$  as  in  No.  530. 

Range. — Mexico,  north  to  southern  Texas. 

192 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


685.  Wilson  Warbler  {IVilsonia  pusilla).  L.  5. 
No  white  in  plumage.  Ad.  ^.  Crown  shining  blick; 
foreiiead,  ciieeks  and  underparts  yellow;  back  olive- 
green.  Ad.  9.  Similar,  but  crown-patch  often 
smaller,  sometimes  absent.  Yng.  $.  Crown-patch 
absent.  Notes.  Song,  ' tsh-' tsh-' tsh-'' tsbea.  (Nuttall  ) 
Suggests  that  of  Redstart  or  Yellow  Warbler.  (Minot.) 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Nova  Scotia,  north- 
eastern Maine,  and  Ontario  north  to  Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay  re- 
gion; winters  in  Mexico  and  Central  America;  "occasional  during  mi- 
gration in  Colorado  ...  and  other  parts  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  dis- 
trict "     (Ridgvv  )     (See  pige  192.) 

685a.  Pileolated  Warbler  (^./)./)i7^o/^^^).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  685,  but  yellow  deeper,  olive  brighter. 

Range. — Western  North  America;  breeding  throughout  the  Rocky 
Mountain  district  from  western  Texas  in  higher  mountains,  north- 
ward to  .Alaska,  coast  and  interior;  westward  to  eastern  Oregon  and 
Queen  Charlotte  Islands;  in  migrations  over  all  of  western  North  Amer- 
ica and  east  to  Minnesota;  in  winter  south  to  Central  America. 
(Ridgw.)     (See  page  102.) 

685b.  Golden  Pileolated  Warbler  {IV.  p.  chryseo- 
la).  Similar  to  No.  685a,  but  still  brighter,  richer 
yellow;  forehead  nearly  orange;    back  brighter  green. 

Range.— Pacific  coast;  breeds  from  southern  California  north  to 
British  Columbia;  In  migration  east  to  eastern  Oregon;  south  to 
Chihuahua  and  Lower  California.      (Ridgw.)      (See  page  192.) 

677.  Kentucky  Warbler  KGeothlypis  formosa),  L. 
5.6.  No  white  in  plumage.  Ad.  <^.  Cheeks  and 
crown  black  the  latter  tipped  with  ashy;  back  olive- 
green;  a  yellow  line  over  eye;  below  bright  yellow. 
Ad.  9-  Similar,  but  less  black  in  crown  and  on  cheeks; 
yellow  duller.  Notes.  Song,  a  loud  musical  whistle, 
turdle,  turdle,  turdle,  suggesting  notes  of  Carolina 
Wren. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States;  breeds  from  Gulf  States  north  to 
lower  Hudson  Valley,  southern  Michigan  and  eastern  Nebraska; 
winters  in  Central  and  northern  South  America. 

681.  Maryland  Yellow-throat  {Geothlypis  trichas). 
L.  5.2;  W.  2.1.  Ad.  cf.  Forehead  and  cheeks  black, 
bordered  behind  by  ashy;  back  olive-green;  throat  and 
breast  yellow,  belly  whitish  washed  with  yellow,  sides 
brownish.  Ad.  9-  No  black  mask;  above  dull  olive- 
green,  forehead  brownish;  throat  and  breast  more  or 
less  washed  with  yellow,  belly  whitish,  sides  brown- 
ish. Yng.  S"'  Similar  to  Ad.  9,  but  browner;  breast 
yellow;  cheeks  and  forehead  with  more  or  less  half- 
concealed  black.  Notes.  Calls,  pit,  chit^  or  cback\ 
song,  variable,  often  wicbity,  wichity,wicbity. 

Range.— "Atlantic  Coast  district  of  United  States;  breeding  In  Vir- 
ginia, District  of  Columbia,  Maryland  and  southern  Pennsylvania 
(Carlisle),  probably  also  In  Delaware  and  southern  New  Jersey  and 
In  upland  portions  of  Carolinas  and  Georgia;  ....  south  in  winter  to 
Bahamas  .  .  .  .  "     (Ridgw.) 

68 la.  Western  Yellow-throat  {G.  t.  occidentalism. 
Similar  to  No.  68id,  but  yellow  below  richer,  border  of 
mask  whiter  and  broader. 

Range. — Arid  western  United  States;  east  to  western  portions  of 
Great  Plains,  north  to  Montana  and  eastern  Washington  (?) ;  west  to 
southern  California;  breeding  southward  to  northern  Chihuahua  and 
northern  Lower  California;  southward  in  winter  to  western  Mexico  and 
Cape  St.  Lucas.    (Ridgw.) 

193 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


68  lb.  Florida  Yellow-throat  (G.  ^  /^«o^a).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  68id,  but  yellow  below  more  extended  and 
deeper,  sides  browner;  black  mask  wider;  upperparts, 
especially  hindhead,  browner. 

Range.— South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coast  districts  of  United  States 
fiom  southeastern  Virginia  to  Florida  and  westward  along  Gulf  low- 
lands to  eastern  Texas;  winters  from  at  least  coast  of  South  Carolina 
southward;  also  in  Cuba.     TRidgw.) 


68  I  c.  Pacific  Yellow-throat  (G.  t.  art\ela).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  68ia,  but  bill  smaller,  wings  and  tail  shorter, 
color  duller,  whitish  margin  of  mask  narrower,  yellow 
usually  less  orange;  W.  2.2;  T.  2.1.     (Ridgw.) 

Range. — "Pacific  Coast  district,  from  British  Columbia  southward; 
breeding  southward  to  Los  Angeles  County,  California,  and  eastward 
to  Fort  Klamath,  Oregon;  during  migration  to  Cape  St.  Lucas." 
(Ridgw.) 


68  I  d.  Northern  Yellow-throat  (G.  t.  hrachidactyla) . 
Similar  to  No.  681,  but  averaging  larger;  W.  2.2. 
Ad.  (^,  More  yellow  below,  more  olive-green  above. 
Ad.  ?•  Usually  with  yellow  below  brighter  and 
more  extended.     (Ridgw.) 

Range. — Northeastern  United  States  from  northern  New  Jersey  to 
Newfoundland;  west  to  northern  Ontario  and  eastern  Dal<ota.  and 
south  through  Mississsippi  Valley  to  upland  districts  of  the  Gulf 
States  and  east  central  Texas;  in  winter  Bahamas.  Mexico,  and  Cen- 
tral  America.     (Ridgw.) 


68 1  e.  Salt  Marsh  Yellow-throat  (G.  /.  sinuosa). 
Similar  to  No.  68ic,  but  much  smaller  and  slightly 
darker,  especially  on  sides  and  flanks;  W.  2.1. 
(Ridgw.) 

Range.— Salt  Marshes  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  California. 


682.  Belding  Yellow-throat  {Geothlypis  heldingt). 
L.  5.7.  Ad.  cT.  Black  mask  crossing  head  diagonally 
bordered  behind  by  yellow;  rest  of  plumage  much  as  in 
No.  68ia.  Ad.  ?.  Similar  to  $  of  No.  681,  but 
larger. 

Range. — Lower  California. 


682.  r.  Rio  Grande  Yellow-throat  {Geothlvp-'s  pol- 
iocephala).  L.  5.7.  Ads.  Lores  and  forehead  black, 
crown  gray,  back  olive-green;  underparts  yellow. 

Range. — Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas  and  southward  into 
Mexico. 


194 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


645.  Nashville  Warbler  {Helminthopbilaruhricapilla) . 
L.  4.8.  No  wing-bars;  no  white  in  tail.  Ad.  (f.  A 
chocolate  crown-patch;  rest  of  head  and  cheeks  bluish 
gray;  a  white  eye-ring;  back  olive-green;  below  bright 
yellow.  Ad.  $ .  Similar,  but  little  or  no  chocolate  in 
crown;  yellow  duller.  Yng.  Head  brownish;  under- 
parts  washed  with  brownish,  particularly  on  throat 
and  flanks.  Notes.  Song,  ke-tsee-ke-tsee-ke-tsee-chip-ee, 
chip-ee-chip-ee-chip,  first  half  like  Black  and  White 
Warbler's,  second  half  like  Chipping  Sparrow's. 
(Langille.) 

Range,— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  southern  New  York, 
Connecticut,  and  northern  Illinois,  north  to  Labrador  and  Hudson 
Bay  region;  winters  south  of  United  States. 

645a.  Calaveras  Warbler  (//.  r.  gutturalis).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  645,  but  rump  brighter;  underparts  richer 
yellow. 

Range.— Western  United  States;  breeds  on  high  mountains,  from 
the  Sierra  Nevada  to  British  Columbia,  east  to  eastern  Oregon, 
northern  Idaho;  south  in  migration  to  Lower  California  and  Mexico; 
southeast  to  Texas.     (Rldgw.) 

648.  Parula  Warbler  [Compsothlypis  americana). 
L.  4.5;  W.  2.3.  Ad.  (^.  Above  grayish  blue,  a 
yellowish  patch  in  the  back',  breast  yellow  washed  with 
chestnut  and  with  an  indistinct  blackish  band;  belly, 
wing-bars,  spot  near  tip  of  outer  tail-feathers  white. 
Ad.  $.  Paler,  breast  without  black,  sometimes  no 
chestnut.  Notes.  A  short,  little,  guttural,  lisping 
trill. 

Range.— Breeds  in  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  east  of  Texas 
north  near  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  District  of  Columbia  and  Mount 
Carmel,  Illinois  (Brewst  );  winters  from  Gulf  States  southward. 

648a.  Northern  Parula  Warbler  (C.  a.  usnece). 
Similar  to  No.  648,  but  bill  averaging  slightly  smaller, 
the  wing  longer,  2.4;  black  breast-band  averaging 
wider;  the  chestnut  wash  stronger. 

Range. — Breeds  in  New  England,  New  York  and  west  along  the 
northern  tier  of  states,  north  into  Maritime  Provinces  and  Canada; 
winters  from  Gulf  stales  southward. 

649.  Senneft  Warbler  {Compsothlypis  nigrilora). 
L.  4.5.  Similar  to  No.  648,  but  yellow  below  reaching 
to  belly;  breast  without  black  and  with  only  a  slight 
brownish  wash;  lores  and  ear-coverts  black.  Notes. 
Song  probably  resembles  that  of  No.  648. 

Range.— Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley  south  into  eastern  Mexico. 

746.  Verdin  {Auriparus flaviceps) .  L.  4.2;  W.  2.2; 
T.  1.9.  Ad.  (^.  Head  and  throat  yellow;  forehead 
usually  with  some  concealed  orange-brown;  lesser 
wing-coverts  reddish  chestnut;  back  brownish  gray; 
belly  whitish.    Ad.^,    Similar,  but  less  yellow. 

Range.— Southern  border  of  the  United  States  and  northern  Mexico 
from  southern.Texas  to  southern  California;  north  to  southwestern  Utah 
and  southern  Nevada. 

746a.  Baird  Verdin  {A.f.  lamprocephalus).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  746,  but  tail  shorter;  wing  somewhat  short- 
er; yellow  of  head  brighter;  W.  2.0;  T.  1.6.  (Ober- 
holser. 

Range. — Lower  California. 

195 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


650.  Cape  May  Warbler  {Dendroica  tigrina),  L. 
5.1.  Ad.  (^.  Ear-coverts  and  wash  on  throat  chest- 
nut; crown  blackish;  back  oHve-green  with  black  spots; 
below  yellow  streaked  with  black;  wing-coverts  broad- 
ly white;  outer  tail-feathers  with  white.  Ad.  $  and 
Yng.  J"'.  Duller;  crown  like  back;  no  chestnut.  Yng. 
$.  Above  olive-gray;  below  whitish  faintly  tinged 
with  yellow;  wing-bars  narrow.  Notes.  Song,  a  wiry 
*^a-wtt,  a  wit,  a-wit,   a-wtt,  repeated.     (Butler.) 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  northern  New  Eng- 
land, rarely,  and  Manitoba  north  to  Hudson  Bay  region;  winters  south 
of  United  States. 

652.  \e\\0}NV/arb\er  (^Dendrot'ca  estiva).      L.    5.1. 

Inner  vanes  of  tail-feathers  yellow.  Ad.  ^.  Crown 
^yellow,  back  bright  yellowish  green:  below  yellow 
thickly  streaked  with  reddish  brown.  Ad.  ?  and  Yng. 
(^.  Duller  above,  crown  like  back;  below  much  paler, 
few  or  no  streaks.  Yng.  $.  Similar  to  last  but  still 
duller.  Notes.  Song,  a  rather  loud  wee-chee,  chee,  chee^ 
cher-weey  variable  in  form  but  recognizable  in  tone. 

Range. — North  America,  except  Alaska,  Pacific  coast  from  Van- 
couver north,  and  southwestern  United  States,  (western  Texas  to 
Arizona.  (Ridgw.);  breeds  throughout  most  of  its  range,  and  win- 
ters in  Central  and  South  America. 

652a.  Sonora  Yellow  Warbler  {D.  ce.  sonorana). 
Similar  to  No.  652,  but  (^  much  yellower,  less  green 
above,  the  crown  and  rump  bright  yellow;  below 
brighter  yellow,  reddish  brown  streaks  narrower,  fewer 
sometimes  almost  wanting.  Ad.  ?.  Similar  to  Ad. 
$  of  No.  652,  but    grayer  above  and  whiter  below. 

Range. — Northern  Mexico;  breeding  north  to  western  Texas  and 
southern  Arizona;  winters  south  of  United  States. 

652b.  Alaskan  Yellow  Warbler  {D.  ce.  rubiginosoL). 
Similar  to  No.  652,  but  cJ*  darker  above,  the  crown  of 
about  the  same  color  as  back;  ?  duller. 

Range.— Breeds  on  Pacific  coast  from  Vancouver  northward  and  in 
Alaska;  winters  south  of  United  States. 

653.  Mangrove  Warbler  {Dendroica  hryanti  castan- 
etceps).  L.  5.  Inner  vanes  of  tail-feathers  yellow. 
Ad.  c^.  Whole  head  reddish  chestnut;  back  olive- 
green;  below  yellow  lightly  streaked  with  reddish 
brown.    Ad.  $.    Olive-green  above;  yellow  below. 

Range.— Cape  Region  of  Lower  California  and  Pacific  coast  of  Cen- 
tral America  and  Mexico. 

672.  ?2i\m\^2^vb\Br  {Dendroica palmarum).  L.  5.2. 
No  white  wing-bars;  tail  patches  white.  Ads.  Crown 
dark  chestnut;  line  over  eye,  throat,  and  breast  yellow; 
breast  and  sides  with  reddish  brown  streaks;  belly 
much  paler,  often  grayish  washed  with  yellow;  back 
olive-brown;  rump  brighter.  Ad.  in  Winter  and  Yng, 
No  crown-patch;  above  grayish  olive-brown  indis- 
tinctly streaked;  rump  yellowish;  below  grayish  white 
washed  with  yellow  and  streaked  with  brownish; 
under  tail-coverts  bright  yellow.  Notes.  Call,  a  recog- 
nizable chip\  song,  a  short,  simple  trill. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breedsin  interior  of  British  Amer- 
ica west  of  Hudson  Bay;  migrates  south  through  Mississippi  Valley 
and  rarely  north  Atlantic  States;  winters  in  Florida  and  West  Indies. 

196 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


672a.  Yellow  Palm  Warbler  (D.  p.  hjypochrysea) . 
Similar  to  No.  672,  but  underparts  entirely  bright  yel- 
low; upperparts  yellower.  Winter  specimens  are 
whiter  below  but  are  still  conspicuously  yellow. 

Range.  Eastern  United  States;  breeds  from  Nova  Scotia  north- 
ward, east  of  Hudson  Bay;  migrates  through  Atlantic  States  and 
winters  in  Florida  and  west  to  Louisiana, 

673.  ?r2^r\e\^wb\%r  {Dendroica  discolor),  L.  4.7. 
Wing-bars  yellowish;  tail-patches  white.  Ad.  (^. 
Above  bright  olive-green  with  reddish  chestnut  spots 
in  the  back;  below  yellow,  sides  with  black  streaks. 
Ad.  9'  Similar,  but  usually  duller;  chestnut  spots 
smaller,  sometimes  absent.  Yng.  Similar  to  9  Ad., 
but  browner.  Notes.  Song,  a  high,  thin  ^ee,  ^ee,  ^ee, 
{ee,  ^ee-e,  7ee,  the  next  to  last  highest.    (See  page  196.) 

Range.— Eastern  United  States;  breeds  from  Florida  to  Massachu- 
setts, southern  Ontario,  and  southern  Michigan;  winters  from  south- 
ern Florida  into  the  West  Indies. 

Lawrence  Warbler  {Helminthophila  lawrencei).  Re- 
sembles No.  641,  but  has  a  black  breast  patch  and 
a  broad  black  stripe  through  the  eye  as  in  No.  642. 
It  is  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  the  two.  Some 
15  specimens  are  known.  Its  notes  are  said  to  re- 
semble those  of  both  No.  642  and  No.  641. 

Brewster  Warbler  {Helminthophila  leucobronchialis) . 
Resembles  No.  642  above,  but  is  white  usually 
tinged  with  yellow  below,  this  type  being  connected 
with  No.  641,  by  specimens  showing  more  green  above 
and  yellow  below.  Hybridism  and  dichromatism  are 
believed  to  account  for  these  birds  of  which  somewhat 
over  a  hundred  specimens  are  known,  chiefly  from  the 
lower  Hudson  and  Connecticut  Valleys.  Some  songs 
resemble  those  of  No.  642,  others  those  of  641. 

644.  Virginia  Warbler  {Helminthophila  virginice). 
L.  4.5.  No  white  in  wings  or  tail.  Ad.  J*.  Above 
gray,  crown-patch  chocolate;  upper  tail-coverts  yel- 
lowish; below  whitish,  breast-patch  and  under  tail- 
coverts  yellow.  Ad.  ? .  Similar,  but  less  (sometimes 
no)  chocolate  in  crown  and  yellow  on  tail-coverts; 
duller  below.  Yng.  No  crown  patch;  below  washed 
with  buff,  little  or  no  yellow  on  breast.  Notes.  Very 
musical,  with  a  song  of  remarkable  fullness  for  so 
small  a  bird.     (Aitken.) 

Range. — Rocky  Mountain  region  from  Nevada  and  Colorado  (rarely 
Wyoming)  south  Into  Mexico. 

655.  ^yr\\e\N^rh\Qr  {Dendroicacoronata).  L.  5.6. 
Crown,  sides  of  breast  and  rump  yellow.  Ad.  cJ. 
Above  blue-gray  streaked  with  black;  throat  white, 
breast  largely  black;  two  white  wing-bars;  outer  tail- 
feathers  with  white.  Ad.  9«  Browner  above,  less  black 
on  breast.  (^  in  winter.  Above  brown,  back  indis- 
tinctly streaked  with  black;  below  whitish,  breast  and 
sides  streaked  with  black.  Yng.  $.  Similar,  but  less 
yellow  on  crown  and  sides.  Notes.  Call,  a  character- 
istic tchip',  song,  a  trill. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America,  west  in  migrations,  to  the  Rockies; 
breeds  from  northern  New  England  and  northern  Minnesota  north  to 
Labrador  and  Alaska;  winters  from  Massachusetts  and  Kansas  south 
Into  West  Indies  and  Central  America. 

197 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


o^ 


659.  Chestnut-sided  Warbler  {Dendroica  pensyl- 
vanica).  L.  5.  y^d.  (^.  Sides  chestnut,  crown  yel- 
low; back  streaked  black  and  greenish  yellow;  cheek- 
patch  and  sides  of  throat  black.  j4d.  $.  Crown  dull- 
er; chestnut  and  black  reduced.  Yng.  Above  bright 
yellow-green,  back  with  or  without  black  spots;  be- 
low grayish  white,  sides  sometimes  with  traces  of 
chestnut;  wing-bars  yellowish  white.  Notes,  Song, 
resembles  that  of  Yellow  Warbler.     (See  page  197.) 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  northern  New  Jersey 
and  Central  Illinois  norch  to  Newfoundland  and  Manitoba  (and  south 
In  the  AUeghenies  to  South  Carolina);  winters  in  Central  America. 

604.  Dickcissel  (Spi^a  americana),  L.  6.2.  Ad. 
(^.  Breast,  bend  of  wing,  xine  over  eye  and  at  side  of 
throat  yellow;  throat-patch  black;  lesser  wing-coverts 
reddish  chestnut;  no  white  in  tail.  Ad.  9.  Less 
yellow  and  chestnut,  no  black  on  throat.  Notes. 
Song,  an  earnest,  but  unmusical  dick,  dick,che-che-che, 
che. 

Range.— Middle  United  States  east  of  the  Rockies,  west  of  Alle- 
ghenies,  breeds  from  Alabama  and  Texas  to  Minnesota;  casual  In 
Atlantic  States;  winters  in  Central  and  northern  South  America. 

618.  Bohemian  \N2t\W\n^{ A mpelts  earrulus).  L. 
8.  Crested.  Ads.  Brownish  gray;  under  tail-coverts, 
fore-crown  and  sides  of  throat  chestnut-rufous;  throat 
and  eye-stripe  black;  wing-quills  and  primary  coverts 
tipped  with  white  or  yellow;  secondaries  usually  with 
red  tips;  tail  tipped  with  yellow. 

Range. — Northern  parts  of  northern  hemisphere;  breeds  In  far 
north;  winters  south  irregularly  to  northern  United  States,  casually 
to  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Kansas,  and  northern  California 

619.  Cedar  Waxwing  {Ampelis  cedrorum).  L.  7. 
Crested.  Ads.  Grayish  brown;  belly  j;ellowish\  un- 
der tail-coverts  white;  no  white  tips  on  wing-quills; 
secondaries  with  red  tips;  tail  tipped  with  yellow  and 
rarely  with  red  tips.  Notes.  A  fine,  lisping  note;  a 
string  of  notes  usually  uttered  when  taking  flight. 

Range. — North  America;  breeds  from  Virginia  and  the  highlands  of 
South  Carolina,  Kansas,  and  Oregon,  north  to  Labrador  and  southern 
Alaska  (?);  winters  from  northern  United  States  to  Central  America. 

628.  Yellow-throated  Vireo  (K?V^oy7at»?/ro«5).  L. 
5.5.  Ads.  Throat  and  breast  bright  yellow,  belly 
white;  above  bright  olive-green,  rump  gray;  two  white 
wing-bars.  Notes.  Call,  a  scolding  cack\  song  like 
Red-eye's  but  richer,  more  deliberate,  see  me;  I'm  here; 
where  areyou?  in  varying  forms;  also  a  mellow  trill. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States;  breeds  from  Florida  and  Texas  to 
Newfoundland  and  Manitoba;  winters  in  tropics. 

683.    Yellow-breasted  Chat  (/^/mat?/r^«5).    L.  7.5; 

T.  3.07.  Ads.  Throat  and  breast  bright  yellow;  low- 
er belly  white;  above  olive-green;  line  over  eye  ^nd  at 
side  of  throat  white.  Notes.  Call,  a  gasping,  mew- 
ing kee-yuck  and  chut,  chut;  song,  of  whistles,  caws  and 
chucks,  sometimes  uttered  in  flight. 

Range. — Eastern  United  States;  breeds  from  northeastern  Mexico 
(but  not  in  Florida?)  north  to  South  Dakota,  southern  Minnesota,  and 
Massachusetts  (locally) ;  winters  in  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

683a.  Long-tailed  Chat  (/.  t>.  longicauda).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  683,  but  grayer  above;  tail  slightly  longer. 

Range.— Western  United  States,  east  to  Plains; breeds  from  Mexico 
north  to  North  Dakota  and  British  Columbia;  winters  in  Mexico. 

198 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


497.  Yellow-headed  Blackbird  (Xanthocephalus 
xantliocephalus),  L.  lo.  Ad.  ^f.  Black;  head  and 
breast  orange  yellow;  outer  wing-coverts  white, 
black  tipped.  Ad,  9.  Brownish,  line  over  eye,  throat 
and  breast  dull  yellow,  lower  breast  streaked  with 
white;  ear-coverts  rusty.  Notes.  Call,  a  hoarse  chuck\ 
song,  a  variety  of  hoarse  grunting,  guttural  whistles; 
usually  uttered  with  apparent  great  effort  and  bodily 
contortion.    The  young  utter  a  rolling,  whistling  call. 

Range.— Western  North  America,  east  to  Kansas,  northern  Illinois, 
and  northwestern  Indiana;  west  to  the  Pacific  coast  ranges;  breeds 
locally  from  Texas  (?) ,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Southern  Californ- 
ia north  to  the  Hudson  Bay  region,  and  southern  British  Columbia; 
winters  from  southwestern  Louisiana,  and  California  southward. 

501.     fAez6ovi\?LrV.  {Sturnella  magna) .      L.  10.7;  W. 

4.8.  Ads.  Above  black  varied  with  chestnut  and  buff; 
below  yellow,  a  black  breast-crescent;  bars  on  middle 
tail-feathers  fused  along  shaft,  yellow  of  throat  not 
spreading  on  to  its  sides.  Notes.  Calls,  a  nasal  note 
and  a  rolling  twitter;  song,  a  high  fife  like  whistle  of 
rarely  more  than  eight  or  ten  notes;  without  gurgles  or 
grace  notes. 

Range.—  Eastern  North  America  west  to  about  Long,  loo®  ,  north  to 
New  Brunswick  and  Minnesota;  winters  from  Massachusetts  and  Illinois 
southward. 

501a.  Texas  Meadowlark  (5.  m.  hoopesi).  Similar 
to  No.  501b,  but  yellow  not  spreading  on  to  sides  of 
the  throat.  Notes,  Resemble  in  character  those  of 
No.  501. 

Range.— Not  well  determined;  known  from  Corpus  Christi,  Texas, 
west  along  Mexican  boundary  to  southern  Arizona  and  northern  Son- 
ora,  Mexico. 

501b.  Western  Meadowlark  (5.  m.  negleaa).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  501,  but  bars  on  middle  tail-feathers  usually 
distinct,  not  confluent  along  shaft;  yellow  of  throat 
spreading  on  to  its  sides;  general  color  paler.  Notes. 
Calls,  a  liquid  cbitcJi  and  a  wooden,  rolling  b-r-r-r-r-r-r-r; 
song,  rich,  musical,  flute-like  with  intricate  gurgles 
and  grace  notes;  wholly  unlike  that  of  No.  501. 

501c.  Florida  Meadowlark  (5.  m.  argutula).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  591,  but  smaller  and  darker;  W.  4.4. 

Range. — Florida  and  Gulf  coast  to  Louisiana. 

5  14.  Evening  Grosbeak  {Hesperiphona  vespertina). 
L.  8.  Ad.  cf.  Brownish  yellow;  wings,  tail,  and 
crown  black;  exposed  part  of  tertials  white.  Ad.  $. 
Dingy  brownish  gray,  more  or  less  tinged  with  yel- 
lowish; throat  and  belly  whitish;  tail-coverts  and  tail- 
feathers,  on  inner  web,  tipped  with  white.  Notes. 
Call,  lou'^;  song,  short,  but  melodious,  resembling  that 
of  Robin  or  Black-headed  Grosbeak.     (Cooper.) 

Range.— Rocky  Mountain  region  of  British  America,  south,  in  win- 
ter, to  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley,  rarely  to  Ohio  and  casually 
through  New  York  to  New  England. 

5  i  4a.  Western  Evening  Grosbeak  (H.  v.  montana). 
(^  not  distinguishable  from  (^  of  No.  514;  9  more  buffy, 
especially  below. 

Range.— Mountains  of  western  United  States  from  New  Mexico 
north  to  British  Columbia. 

199 


^te 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


EASTERN  HORNED  LARKS. 
474*.  Horned  Lark  (Otocoris  alpestris).  L.  7.7,  W. 
rT,  4-3;  ?j4-i-  Hind  toe-nail  much  the  longest.  y4d. 
cPj  winter.  Throat  and  line  over  eye  distinctly  jyellow; 
black  feathers  over  eye  lengthened,  forming  when  raised 
little  tufts;  breast-patch,  sides  of  throat,  line  over  eye 
and  forecrown  black,  more  or  less  tipped,  especially  on 
head,  with  yellowish  or  brownish;  back  brownish  in- 
distinctly streaked  with  blackish;  nape,  wing  and  tail- 
coverts  pinkish  brown;  belly  white,  lower  breast  dusky, 
sides  pinkish  brown;  tail  mostly  black,  outer  margin  of 
outer  feathers  white.  ^,  summer.  Yellow  areas  whit- 
er; black  areas  more  distinct;  back  pinker,  yid.  9, 
winter.  Similar  to  J^,  but  throat  and  line  over  eye  less 
yellow;  black  areas  smaller;  back  more  distinctly 
streaked.  $ ,  summer.  More  distinctly  streaked  above. 
Notes.  Call,  a  tseep,  tseep;  song,  an  unmusical,  twit- 
tering warble  sung  during  soaring  flight. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  in  Labrador  and  region  east 
of  Hudson  Bay;  winters  south  to  South  Carolina  (chiefly  on  coast) 
and  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Illinois. 

47^b.     Prairie  Horned  Lark  {O.  a.  praticola).      W. 

cf  4;  9,3.8.  Line  over  eye  white.  Similar  to  No. 
474»  but  smaller,  line  over  eye  and  forehead  generally 
whfte,  the  throat  often  white  and  never  so  yellow  as 
in  winter  specimens  of  No.  474. 

Range.— Breeds  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  south  to  southern  Illinois 
and  Missouri  west  to  eastern  Nebraska  and  Assiniboia;  east  through 
northwestern  Pennsylvania  and  central  New  York  to  western  and 
northern  New  England;  north  to  Quebec  and  Ontario;  winters  south 
to  South  Carolina,  Kentucky,  and  Texas. 

474d.  Texan  Horned  Lark  (O.  a.  giraudi).  W.  cp 
3.9;  9,  3-6.  Similar  to  No.  474t>,  but  somewhat 
smaller  and  paler;  throat,  forehead  and  line  over  eye 
yellow;  breast,  in  males,  generally  tinged  with  jyellow. 

Range.— Coast  of  Texas  from  Galveston  to  the  Rio  Grande. 

NORTHERN  HORNED  LARKS. 
474a.     Pallid  Horned  Lark  (O.  a.   arcticola).      W. 
c^,  4.4;  9,  4.2.     Largest  of  our  Horned  Larks;   no  yel- 
low in  plumage;  throat,  forehead  and  line  over  eye 
white;  back  brown  with  grayish  edgings. 

Range. — "In  summer,  Alaska  (chiefly  in  the  interior')  with  the  Val- 
ley of  the  Upper  Yukon  River;  in  winter  south  to  Oregon,  Utah,  and 
Montana."     (Oberholser.) 

474k.  Hoyt  Horned  Lark  (O.  a.  hoyti).  W.  J*, 
4.4;  9)4-2.  Throat  tinged  with  yellow;  line  over  eye 
white;  back  darker,  pink  areas  richer  than  in  474a. 
An  intermediate  form  between  Nos.  474  and  474a 

Range. — "In  summer,  British  America  from  the  west  shore  of  Hud- 
son Bay  to  the  Valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River,  north  to  the  Arctic 
Coast,  south  to  Lake  Athabasca;  in  winter,  southward  to  Nevada, 
Utah,  Kansas,  and  Michigan,  casually  to  Ohio  and  New  York  (Long 
Island) . ' '    (Oberholser. ) 

*  Fourteen  subspecies  of  this  wide-ranging,  variable  form  are  now 
recognized  in  America,  north  of  Mexico.  Many  of  them  are  too 
closely  related  to  be  distinguished  even  by  detailed  descriptions.  When 
breeding,  they  may  be  Identified,  in  life,  by  a  knowledge  of  the  area 
which  each  form  alone  Inhabits  at  this  season.  But  during  their  mi- 
grations, and  in  winter,  when  several  forms  may  be  associated.  It  Is 
usually  not  possible  to  identify  them  in  the  field-  The  reader  is  re- 
ferred to  adftiirable  monographs  of  this  group  by  J.  Dwight,  Jr.  (The 
Auk,  VII,  1890,  pp.  138-150),  and  H.  C.  Oberholser  (Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  XXIV,  1902,  pp.  801-884). 

200 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


WESTERN  HORNED  LARKS. 
474c.  Desert  Horned  Lark  (O.  a.  Uucolcema).  W. 
(5^,4. i;  9,  3-8.  Forehead  and  line  over  eye  very 
slightly,  often  not  at  all,  tinged  with  yellow;  throat 
yellow;  back  brown  edged  with  pinkish  gray;  resem- 
bles No.  474b,  but  is  paler  and  less  distinctly  streaked 
above. 

Range. — "In  summer,  western  United  States  from  central  Dakota, 
western  Kansas  and  western  Nebraska  to  Idaho  and  Nevada,  north  on 
the  eastern  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Alberta;  in  winter,  south 
to  Texas,  Chihuahua.  Sonora,  and  southeastern  California."  (Ober- 
hoiser.) 

474e.  California  Horned  Lark  (O.  a.  actio).  W. 
cJ^j  3'9;  9>  3-6.  d^,  summer.  Back  of  head  and  nape, 
spreading  on  to  sides  of  breast,  pinkish  cinnamon;  back 
distinctly  streaked  with  brownish  black;  throat  always, 
forehead  and  line  over  eye  usually  tinged  with  yellow,  c^, 
■winter.  Less  distinctly  streaked  above;  cinnamon  areas 
paier  and  with  grayish  tips;  black  areas  more  or  less 
tipped  with  yellowish.  $ ,  summer.  Crown  and  back 
uniformly  streaked  with  blackish  margined  with  pink- 
ish gray.  ? ,  winter.  Less  distinctly  streaked;  black 
areas  tipped  with  whitish. 

Range. —Northern  Lower  California  north,  west  of  the  Sierra, 
to  Marin  and  San  Joaquin  Counties,  California. 

474f.  Ruddy  Horned  Lark  (O.  a.  T-w&^a).  Similar 
to  No.  472e,  but  nape  region,  sides  of  breast,  etc., 
much  deeper  in  color,  deeper  than  in  any  other  of  our 
Horned  Larks;  back  less  distinctly  streaked  with 
blackish  and  more  ruddy  in  tone,  not  sharply  defined 
from  nape;  yellow  areas  richer  in  color. 

Range.— Sacramento  County,  California. 

474g.  Streaked  Horned  Lark  (O.  a,  strieatd). 
Cinnamon  areas  less  extensive  but  nearly  as  deeply 
colored  as  in  No.  474f;  back  distinctly  and  widely  streak- 
ed with  blackish;  forehead,  line  over  eye,  throat  and 
breast  washed  with  yellow. 

Range— "In  summer,  the  states  of  Oregon  and  Washington  west 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  In  winter,  to  eastern  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington, south  to  northern  California."    (Oberholser.) 

474li.  Scorched  Horned  Lark  (O.  a.  adusta).  W. 
cf.  4;  9>  3-8.  Nearest  to  No.  474I,  but  the  niale 
differs  in  being  nearly  uniform  pinkish  brown  above, 
back  with  only  a  few  indistinct  brownish  streaks; 
color  deeper,  browner,  more  ruddy. 

Range.— "In  summer,  the  central  part  of  extreme  southern  Arizona; 
In  winter,  northern  Sonora  and  Chihuahua.  Mexico."      (Oberholser.) 

474i.  Dusky  Horned  Lark  (O.  a.  merrilli).  W.  J*, 
4;  9 ,  3.8,  Similar  to  No.  474b,  but  somewhat  darker 
above,  the  line  over  the  eye  usually  tinged  with  yel- 
low. 

Range.— "In  summer,  northwestern  United  States,  and  southern 
British  Columbia,  from  northeastern  California  and  northwestern 
Nevada,  northward  through  Oregon  and  Washington  east  of  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains  to  British  Columbia  and  extreme  northern  Idaho;  In 
winter,  south  to  central  California."    (Oberholser.) 

201 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


474j.  Sonoran  Horned  Lark  {O.  a. pallida).  W. 
d^»  3-8;  9,3.6.  Nape  very  pale  pinkish;  back  pale 
grayish  brown  edged  with  grayish;  forehead,  line  over 
eye,  and  throat  tinged  with  yellowish.  Resembles  No. 
474I,  but  is  still  paler. 

Range. — "Region  immediately  adjacent  to  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of 
California,  Mexico."     (Oberholser.) 

4741.  Montezuma  Horned  Lark  (O.  a.  ocddentalis) . 
W.  6^,  4;  9 ,  3.8.  No  distinct  blackish  streaks  above; 
back  pale  brownish  edged  with  pinkish  gray;  throat 
yellow,  forehead  and  line  over  eye  tinged  with  yellow. 
Similar  to  No.  474h,  but  paler,  less  ruddy  above;  differs 
from  No.  474c  in  being  browner  and  less  streaked 
above. 

Range.— In  summer,  central  New  Mexico,  west  to  central  Arizona; 
In  winter,  south  to  northern  Sonora  and  Chihuahua,  Mexico  and 
southeast  Texas."     (Oberholser.) 

474m.  Island  Horned  Lark  (O.  a.  imularis).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  474g,  but  slightly  darker  above,  breast 
usually  without  2i  yellow  tinge. 

Range. — Santa  Barbara  Islands,  California. 

446.  Couch  Kingbird  {Tj^rannus  melancholicus 
couchii).  L.9.5.  Ads.  Throat  w/«/^,  breast  and  belly 
yellow,  tail  dark  brown;  crown  gray  with  an  orange 
patch,  back  grayish  green;  Yng.  Similar,  but  no 
crown-patch. 

Range.— Guatemala,  north  in  spring  as  far  as  Lower  Rio  Grande, 
Texas. 

447.  Arkansas  Kingbird  {Tj>r annus  verticalis) ,      L. 

9.  Ads.  Throat  light  gray  spreading  over  breast  to 
yellow  belly;  tail  black,  outer  margin  of  outer  feather 
wholly  white;  above  resembling  No.  446.  Yng.  With 
no  crown-patch.  Notes.  Squeaky,  rattling,  rolling 
notes;  a  noisy  bird. 

Range. — Western  United  States;  breeds  east  to  about  Long.  ioo°  , 
north  to  Assiniboia,  southern  Alberta  southern  British  Columbia,  west 
to  the  Pacific;  winters  south  of  United  States,  to  Central  America. 

448.  Cassin  Kingbird  {Tyrannus  vociferans).  L. 
9.  Ads.  Throat  and  breast  dark  gray,  belly  yellow; 
tail  black,  outer  web  of  outer  feather  not  wholly  white; 
above  as  in  No.  447.  Yng.  With  no  crown-patch. 
Notes.    Less  noisy  than  No.  447.     (Bendire.j 

Range.— Western  United  States,  northwestern  Mexico  and  north 
through  Rockies,  from  western  Texas,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  to 
southern  Wyoming;  in  California  north  to  San  Benito  County;  win- 
ters south  of  United  States  to  Central  America. 

449.  Derby  Flycatclier  {Pitangus  derbianus).  L. 
II.  Ads.  Back  brown,  wings  and  t^il  externally 
rusty;  a  yellow  crown-patch;  forehead,  line  over  eye 
and  across  nape  white;  throat  white,  below  yellow. 
Notes.     Kiskadee,  repeated.     (Richmond.) 

Range.— Northern  South  America;  breeds  north  as  far  as  Lower 
Rio  Grande,  Texas.      / 

202 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Yellow  or  Orange 


451.  Sulphur-bellied  Flycatcher  {Mnodynastes  lu- 
teiventris).  L.  8.  Below  sulphur  streaked  with 
black;  tail  largely  rusty  brown;  a  yellow  crown-patch; 
inner  wing  feathers  widely  margined  with  whitish; 
back  grayish  brown  streaked  with  dusky.  Yng.  With 
no  crown-patch.  Notes.  A  screech,  like  squeaking 
of  a  wagon  wheel,  and  a  single  note.     (Poling.) 

Range.— Central  America;  breeds  north  as  far  as  southern  Arizona. 

452.  Crested  Flycatcher  (Mmf^^Msmm/Ms).      L. 

9.  Inner  webs  of  all  but  middle  tail-feathers  rust- 
brown.  Ads.  Throat  and  breast  gray,  belly  bright 
sulphur;  back  grayish  olive-green-,  greenest  above  and 
yellowest  below  of  our  larger  Myiarchi.  Notes.  Loud, 
chuckling,  grating  whistles. 

Range  —Eastern  North  America;  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
Florida  and  Texas  north  to  New  Brunswick  and  Manitoba;  winters 
from  southern  Florida  south  to  northern  South  America. 

453.  Mexican  Crested  Flycatcher  [Myiarchus  mex- 
icanus).  L.  9.2;W.  4-  Inner  webs  of  all  but  middle 
tail-feathers  rust  brown.  Ads.  Throat  and  breast 
gray,  belly  sulphur,  both  paler  than  in  No.  452;  back 
grayish  brown,  with  little  or  no  green  tinge.  Notes. 
Resemble  those  of  No.  452.     (Merrill.) 

Range.— Central  America;  breeds  north  as  far  as  Lower  Rio  Grande, 
Texas. 

453a.  Arizona  Crested  Flycatcher  {M.  m.  magis- 
ter).  Similar  to  No.  453,  but  larger,  L.  9.4,  W.  4.2, 
and  averaging  slightly  paler. 

Range.— "Western  Mexico;  north  to  southern  Arizona  and  south- 
west New  Mexico;  south  in  winter  to  Tehuantepec,  Mexico," 

454.  Ash-throated  Flycatcher  {Myiarchus  cineras- 
cens).  L.  8.;  W.  4-  Inner  webs  of  all  but  middle 
tail-feathers  rust-brown,  outer  pair  dusky  at  tip  of 
inner  web.  Ads.  Throat  and  breast  pale  grayish 
white,  belly  white  tinged  with  yellow,  above  grayish 
brown,  outer  web  of  outer  tail-feather  whitish.  Palest 
below  of  our  Mj^'iarchi.  Notes.  A  rather  resonant  but 
wooden  clmck-pr-r-r-r. 

Range. — Western  United  States:  breeds  from  western  Texas  and 
Lower  California  north  to  Colorado  and  Oregon;  winters  in  southern 
Mexico  and  Central  America. 

454a.  Nutting  Flycatcher  (M.  c  nuttingi).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  454,  but  smaller,  W.  3.6,  outer  margin  of 
outer  tail-feather  not  whitish,  tip  of  its  inner  web 
rusty,  not  dusky. 

Range.— Breeds  In  southern  Arizona  and  western  Mexico;  winters 
n  Central  America. 

454b.  Lower  California  Flycatcher  ( Af.  c.  pertinax). 
Similar  to  No.  454a,  but  bill  larger  and  stouter;  above 
grayer;  below  less  yellow.     (Brewster.) 

Range. — Lower  California. 

455a.  Olivaceous  Flycatcher  {Myiarchus  lawrencei 
olivascens).  L.  7.  Ads.  Inner  webs  of  tail-feathers 
like  outer  webs;  tail-feathers  margined  with  rusty; 
breast  and  belly  as  in  No.  452;  crown  brownish,  back 
grayish  olive-green.    Notes.    A  short  mournful  peeur. 

Range.— Breeds  from  western  Mexico  north  to  southern  Aiirona; 
winters  south  to  southern  Mexico;  casual  in  Colorado. 

203 


13 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Chestnut  or  Reddish  Brown 


587.  Towhee;  Chewink  {Ttpilo  erythrophthalmus^. 
L.  8.  Three  outer  tail-feathers  with  white;  iris  red. 
Ad.  (^.  Above  and  breast  black;  sides  reddish  chest- 
nut; belly  white.  Ad.  ? .  Above  and  breast  brown. 
Call,  chewink  or  towhee;  song,  a  loud,  not  over 
musical  sweet  bird  sin-n-ng,  and  a  tremulous  refrain  /'//  try. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
Georgia  and  Louisiana  north  to  Maine,  Ontario,  and  Manitoba;  win- 
ters from  Virginia  and  southern  Illinois  to  Florida  and  eastern   Texas. 

587a.  White-eyed  Towhee  (T.  e.  alleni).  Similar 
to  No.  587,  but  iris  whitish;  only  two  outer  tail-feath* 
ers  with  white  tips,  or  if  on  third,  a  mere  spot.  Notes. 
Call,  towhee,  much  sharper  thanj:hat  of  No.  587. 

Range. — Florida,  north  along  coast  to  South  Carolina. 

588.  Arc'cic  Towhee  {Pipilomaculatus  arcticus).  L. 
8.7.  Ad.(^.  White  tip  of  outer  tail-feather  more  than  I.J 
long;  scapulars  and  back  marked  with  white;  back 
black  more  or  less  tipped  with  brownish.  Ad.  ?, 
Breast  and  back  grayish  brown;  fewer  white  markings 
than  in  ^.  Notes.  Call,  a  Catbird-like  mew,  song, 
suggesting  that  of  No.  587,  but  shorter,  more  wooden, 
less  musical. 

Range.-  Great  Plains;  breeding  from  southern  Montana  and  west- 
ern North  Dakota,  north  to  Saskatchewan;  winters  south  and  west  to 
Colorado,  Utah,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas;  east  to  eastern  Kansas. 

588a.  Spurred  Towhee  (P.  m.  megalonyx).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  588,  but  blacker  above,  no  brownish  edgings 
on  front  of  back;  white  markings  on  back  less  num- 
erous; white  tip  to  outer  tail-feather  less  than  1.3  long. 

Range. — Rocky  Mountain  region  and  west  to  the  Pacific;  breeds 
from  Mexico  to  British  Columbia;  migratory  in  the  northern  part  of 
range. 

588b.  Oregon  Towhee  {P.  w,  oregonus).  Similar 
to  No.  588a,  but  darker;  practically  no  brownish  edg- 
ings on  back  of  male;  sides  much  deeper;  white  mark- 
ings much  reduced,  the  white  tip  to  outer  tail-feather 
less  than  i .  long;  sides  much  deeper. 

Range.— F'acific  coast  from  San  Francisco  to  British  Columbia; 
winters  south  to  southern  California. 

588c.  San  Clemente  Towhee  (P.  m.  clementce'). 
Similar  to  No.  588a,  but  adult  male  with  black  duller  or 
grayer;  female  lighter  brown.    (Ridgw.) 

Range.  "San  Clemente,  Sania  Cruz,  Santa  Rosa,  and  Santa  Cat- 
alina  Islands,"  southern  California.     (.Grinnell.) 

288d.  San  Diego  Towhee  {P.  m.  atratus).  Similar 
to  No.  588a,  but  decidedly  darker,  with  white  markings 
of  wings,  tail,  etc.,  more  restricted;  rump  deep  black. 

Range.— The  southern  coast  district  of  southern  California,  south 
Into  Lower  California.     (RiJgw.) 

588e.  Mountain  Towhee  (P.  m.  magnirostris).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  588,  but  bill  much  larger,  rufous  below  pal- 
er, above  browner  and  tinged  with  olive.     (Brewster.) 

Range.  -  Cape  Region  of  Lower  California. 

589.  Guadalupe  Towhee  (Pz>7o  co«so^>rmMs).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  588b  in  restriction  of  white  markings,  but 
wings  and  tail  much  shorter,  W.  3-i;  T.  3.2,  hind  claw 
much  larger;  Ad.  (^  sooty  rather  than  black    (Ridgw.) 

Range.— Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 

204 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Chestnut  or  Reddish  Brown 


457.    Say  Phoebe  [Sayornis  soya),      L.   7.5.    Ads.      -^ 
Breast  rusty  gray  changing  to   rusty  on  belly;   above      / 
gray  with  a  brown  tinge;  tail  black.    Notes.  A  plaintive 
phee-eur;  a  short,  plaintive,  twittering  warble.  (Bendire.) 

Range. — Western  North  America,  east  to  about  Long.  100°  :  breeds 
from  southwestern  Texas,  southern  California,  north  to  the  Yukon, 
Alaska;  winters  in  Mexico;  accidental  in  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and 
Massachusetts. 


591.  Canon  Towhee  {Pipilo  fusais  mesoleucus),  L. 
9.;  W.  3.  7.  Ads.  Crown  cinnamon-brown;  back 
brownish  gray;  throat  buffy  bordered  by  blackish 
spots;  lower  belly  and  under  tail-coverts  cinnamon. 
Notes.  Calls,  a  loud,  metallic  chip  repeated  four  times; 
in  flight  a  robin-like  screep-eep-eep. 

Range. — Northern  Mexico  north  to  western  Texas,  Arkansas  Valley, 
Colorado,  and  Arizona;  resident. 


591a.  St.  Lucas  Towhee  {P.  f.  albigula).  W.  3.  3. 
Similar  to  No.  591,  but  smaller;  abdomen  whiter,  with- 
out cinnamon. 

Range. — Southern  Lower  California. 

591b.  California  Towhee  {P.  f.  crissah's)  W.  3.  9. 
Similar  to  No.  591,  but  much  browner  above;  throat 
and  under  tail-coverts  rusty  brown;  breast  brownish 
gray;  scarcely  lighter  on  the  belly. 

Range. — California,  west  of  the  Sierra. 


59  Ic.  Anthony  Towhee  {P.f.  semcula).  W.  3.  7. 
Similar  to  No.  591b,  but  smaller  and  grayer,  the  abdomen 
whiter. 

Range.— Northern  Lower  California  north  to  southern  California. 


592.  Abert  Towhee  {Ptptlo  ahertt).  L.  9.  Ads. 
No  crown-cap;  lores  and  chin  blackish;  below  pinkish 
cinnamon;  above  grayish  brown.  Notes.  Call,  aloud, 
clear,  sharp  chirp.  Song,  resembling  that  of  the  Spurr- 
ed Towhee  group.     (B.  B.  and  R.) 

Range.— Southern  California,  Arizona,  and  northwestern  New 
Mexico,  north  to  southern  Nevada  and  southwestern  Utah. 


205 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Chestnut  or  Reddish  Brown 


b' 


506.  Orchard  Oridle  {Icterus  spurius)  L.  7.  3.  Ad. 
(^.  Black;  breast,  belly,  rump,  and  lesser  wing-cov- 
erts chestnut.  Ad.  $.  Above  olive-green,  below 
greenish-yellow;  two  white  wing-bars.  Yng.  Male. 
First  fall  like  9;  first  spring  like  9,  but  throat  black. 
Notes.  Song  much  richer  and  more  finished  than  that 
of  the  orange  and  black  Orioles;  the  difference  is  inde- 
scribable but  easily  recognizable. 


Range.— Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
Florida  and  Texas  north  to  Massachusetts,  Ontario,  Michigan,  and 
North  Dakota;  winters  in  Central  America  and  northern  South  Amer- 
ica. 


592.1.  Green-tailed  Towhee  {Oreospt^a  chlorura) . 
L.  7.  Ads.  Center  and  sides  of  breast  grayish, 
middle  of  throat  and  abdomen  white;  above  olive-green 
more  or  less  washed  with  grayish;  crown  reddish 
chestnut.  Notes.  Call,  a  high,  thin  kitten-like  mew; 
song,  musical,  suggesting  that  of  the  Thick-billed 
Sparrow. 


Range. — Mountains  of  western  United  States,  from  more  eastern 
Rockies  to  Coast  Range  in  California;  north  to  central  Montana, 
Idaho,  and  eastern  Washington;  south,  at  least  in  winter.  Into  Mex- 
ico.   (Ridgw.) 


643.  Lucy  VJarb\er  {Helminthopbila  luct'ce).  L.  4.2. 
Ad.  cJ*.  Above  gray;  crown-patch  and  upper  tail-cov- 
erts chocolate;  below  whitish.  Ad.  9.  Chocolate 
areas  smaller.  Yng.  No  chocolate  in  crown;  upper 
tail-coverts  cinnamon. 


Range.— Northwestern  Mexico; 
southwestern  Utah. 


breeding    north  to  Arizona  and 


660.  Bay-breasted  Warbler  (Dendrotca  castama). 
L.  5.6.  Ad.  (^.  Throat,  sides  and  crown  rich  chest- 
nut; cheeks  black;  sides  of  neck  buff;  back  black  and 
gray;  wing-bars  and  tail-spots  white.  Ad.  9-  Less 
chestnut;  cheeks  grayish.  Yng.  and  Ad.  in  Winter. 
Above  olive-green  streaked  with  black;  below  luffy 
white,  the  flanks  usually  with  a  trace  of  chestnut. 
Notes.  Song,  a  very  soft  warble,  tse-chee,  repeated  five 
times,  too  liquid  to  admit  of  exact  spelling.     (Langille.) 


Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  northern  New  Eng- 
land and  northern  Michigan  north  to  Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay  re- 
gion; winters  In  Central  and  northern  South  America. 


206 


Perching  Birds  Marked  With  Chestnut  or  Reddish  Brown 


596.  Black-headed  Grosbeak  {Zamelodia  melano- 
cephala).  L.  8.1.  Ad.  (S".  Black;  neck-ring,  rump, 
back-streaks  and  underparts  bright  cinnamon;  center 
of  belly  and  under  wing-coverts  yellow;  patch  in  wing, 
wing-bars  and  tips  of  inner  vanes  of  outer  tail-feathers 
white.  In  winter  tipped  with  brown  above  and  on 
breast  below  with  black  spots.  Ad.  9.  Under  wing- 
coverts  yellow  as  in  c5^;  above  as  in  No.  595;  below 
less  streaked,  breast  buff.  Yng.  (^.  Like  9  but 
breast  deeper  buff;  few  streaks  below;  sides  of  crown 
blacker.  Notes.  Call  and  song  like  those  of  the  Rose- 
breasted    Grosbeak,  but  the  latter  more  fluent. 

Rang:e.— Western  United  States,  east  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
Mexico  north  to  Dakota  and  British  Columbia;  winters  south  of 
United  States  into  Mexico. 

761.  kvc\&r\Q2kr\  Kobin  {Merula  migratoria).     L.  10; 

W.  4.9;  T.  3.8.  Outer  tail-feathers  with  white  tips. 
Ad,  (^.  Breast  and  belly  rich  rust-brown;  above  dark 
slaty,  head  and  spots  in  back  black.  Ad.  $.  Similar 
but  paler  below,  little  or  no  black  above.  Winter. 
Underparts  margined  with  whitish;  black  above  more 
or  less  concealed  by  ashy.  Notes,  Calls,  varied  and 
characteristic;  song,  a  loud,  hearty,  cheer-up  cheerily^ 
cheerily,  cheerily,  repeated  and  varied. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Rockies,  northwest  to 
Alaska;  breeding  south  to  Virginia  and,  In  the  mountains,  Georgia; 
winters  from  northern  States  southward. 

761a.  Western  Robin  {M.  m.  propinqua).  Similar 
to  No.  761,  but  no  white  tips  to  tail-feathers.  Ad.  ^, 
Without  black  spots  in  back. 

Range. — Western  United  States,  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  west  to  the  Pacific;  breeds  from  the  southern  end  of  the 
Mexican  tableland  north  to  British  Columbia;  winters  from  Oregon 
and  southern  Colorado  southward. 

761b.  Southern  Robin  (M.  m.  achrustera).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  761,  but  smaller  and  in  general  much  lighter 
and  duller;  W.  4-7''  T.  3.5.     (Batchelder.) 

Range. — Carolinas    and    Georg 
lowlands  of  Virginia. 

762.  St.  Lucas  Robin  (Af^rM^^^ow^ms).  Resemb- 
ling No.  761  in  plan  of  coloration  but  everywhere 
much  paler;  breast  and  belly  buff;  no  black  in  head. 

Range.— Cape  Region  of  Lower  California, 

763.  \ar'iefi  Thrush  {Ixoreus  n^vius).      L.    10;  W. 

4.7.  Ad.  (^.  Below  rust-brown,  belly  whiter,  a 
broad  black  breast-band;  above  slaty,  line  behind  eye 
and  bars  in  wing  rusty;  outer  tail-feathers  with  white 
tips.  In  winter  washed  with  brownish  above;  breast 
band  with  rusty.  Ad.  9  •  Paler  below,  breast-band 
faintly  indicated;  above  washed  with  brownish.  Notes, 
Song,  a  weird  vibrant,  long-drawn  whistle  repeated 
on  different  notes. 

Range.— Pacific  coast  from  higher  mountains  of  northern  California 
north  to  Alaska;  south  in  winter  along  the  coast. 

763a.  Pale  Varied  Thrush  (/.  n.  meruloides) .  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  763,  but  wing  longer,  5.1;  9  paler  and 
grayer.     (Grinnell.) 

Range.— Interior  of  British  Columbia  north  to  north  Alaska;  south 
in  winter,  through  interior,  to  southern  California. 

207 


rgia     except   mountainous  districts. 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Dull  Colored 


yy^t 


ff 


456.  Phoebe  {Sayornis  phxhe).  L.  7.  Ads. 
Above  grayish  olive,  crown  blackish;  outer  web  of 
outer  tail-feather  whitish;  below  white  tinged  with  yel- 
low, sides  of  breast  grayish;  bill  black.  Yng.  Green- 
er above,  yellower  below.  Notes.  Pewit-phoebe,  pewit- 
phcebe;  call,  pee,  pee,  rarely  a  flight  song. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Rockies;  breeds  from 
South  Carolina  and  western  Texas  north  to  Newfoundland  and  Man- 
itoba; winters  from  North  Carolina  and  northern  Texas  south  to  Cuba 
and  Mexico. 

459.  Olive-sided  Flycatcher  {Nuttalornis  borealis), 
L.  7.4.  Ads.  Throat  and  middle  of  belly  white  with  a 
yellow  tinge;  sides  and  most  of  breast  grayish;  above 
brownish  gray  with  an  olive-tinge,  crown  darker,  the 
feathers  lengthened.  Notes.  Hip-hip  or  quilp-quilp, 
less  often  a  loud,  emphatic  whip-pew-hip.    (Head.) 

Range. — North  America;  breeds  from  Massachusetts  (rarely), 
northern  New  York,  and  Minnesota,  northward  to  Alaska,  south 
through  the  Rockies  and  Coast  Range  to  Mexico;  winters  in  Central 
and  South  America. 

460.  Coues  Flycatcher  [Contopus  pertinax  pallidi- 
ventris).  L.  7.7.  Ads.  Below  nearly  uniform  gray, 
belly  paler;  above  gray,  crown  slightly  darker,  the 
feathers  lengthened.  Notes.  A  plaintive  musical  four 
or  five  noted  whistle  with  regular  intervals  and  a 
singularly  human-like  quality. 

Range.— Western  Mexico,  north  to  central  Arizona; 
of  United  States. 


winters  south 


461.  }N ood  Pewee  (Contopus  virens).  L.  6.5;  W. 
3.3.  Ads.  Above  dark  olive,  crown  blacker;  below 
dusky  grayish,  throat  whitish,  belly  yellowish;  lower 
mandible  yellowish.  Yng.  Greener  above,  yellower 
below.  Notes.  Pee-a-wee,  peer  and  pee;  all  plaintive 
and  musical. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America,  west  to  about  Long.  100°  ;  breeds 
from  Florida  and  Texas  north  to  New  Brunswick  and  Manitoba;  win- 
ters in  Central  America. 

462.  Western  Wood  Pewee  {Contopus  richardsonit) . 
Similar  to  No.  461,  but  above  with  usually  no  green- 
ish tinge;  below  less  yellow;  under  mandible  brownish. 
Notes.    A  nasal,  rather  emphatic /><?<?-a. 

Range.— Western  United  States,  east  to  about  Long.  100°;  breeds 
from  western  Texas  and  Lower  California  north  to  Manitoba.  Alberta, 
and  British  Columbia;  winters  in  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

462a.  Large-billed  Wood  Pewee  (C.  r.  peninsulce). 
Similar  to  No.  462,  but  smaller,  W.  3-3;  the  bill  larger, 
length  from  nostril  .42,  width  at  nostril,  .31;  upper- 
parts  grayer.    (Brewster.) 

Range.— Cape  Region  of  Lower  California. 

208 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Dull  Colored 


466.  Tra'iW  Flycatcher  (Emptdonaxtratlln).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  466a,  but  upperparts  browner  with  little  if 
any  real  greenish  tinge;  bill  averaging  narrower, 

Range.— Western  United  States;  breeds  from  western  Texas  and 
southern  California  north  to  Alaska  and  Great  Slave  Lake,  east  to 
Kansas,  Missouri  and  Illinois;  winters  in  the  tropics. 

466a.  Alder  Flycatcher  {E.  t.  alnorum).  L.  6.1; 
W.  2.8.  Ads.  Lower  mandible  horn  color;  below 
white,  breast  grayish;  breast  and  sides  faintly  washed 
with  yellow;  above  brownish  olive-green;  wing-bars 
usually  buffy.  Like  No.  467,  but  larger.  Notes. 
Pep  of  alarm,  and  an  explosive  ee-^ee-e-up  with  stress 
on  the  rasping  ^ee.     (Dwight.) 

Range.— Eastern  United  States,  west  to  Michigan;  breeds  from 
northern  New  Jersey  (locally)  north  to  New  Brunswick;  winters  in  the 
tropics. 


466 


467.  Least  Flycatcher  {Empidonax  minimus).  L. 
5.4;  W.  2.5.  Ads.  Similar  in  color  to  No.  466a,  but 
smaller,  tail  slightly  forked.  Yng.  Wing-bars  more 
buffy.  Notes,  a  vigorous  chehec^  chehec;  rarely  a  flight 
songy  ^^chebec,tooral-ooraL'' 

Range. — Eastern  North  America,  west  to  western  Texas  and  east- 
ern Colorado;  breeds  from  Pennsylvania  (North  Carolina,  In  the  Alle- 
ghaniest  north  to  New  Brunswick  and  Great  Slave  Lake;  winters  in 
Central  America. 


467 


468.  Hammond  Flycatcher  {Empidonax  hammondi). 
L.  5.5.  Ads.  Bill  smallest  of  our  Empidonaces,  lower 
mandible  brown;  throat  and  breast  grayish,  breast  and 
belly  slightly  washed  with  sulphur;  above  grayish  with 
a  slight  olive  tint.  Like  No.  467,  but  bill  smaller, 
lower  mandible  browner,  throat  grayer. 

Range. -Western  North  America;  breeds  from  the  mountains  of 
New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  southern  Athabasca,  east  to  Colorado; 
winters  in  Mexico. 


468 


469.  Wright  Flycatcher  {Empidonax  wrightit). 
Similar  to  No.  468,  but  underparts  whiter;  bill  much 
longer,  longest  and  narrowest  of  our  Empidonaces; 
lower  mandible  whitish  at  base,  brownish  at  tip;  outer 
web  of  outer  tail-feather  white. 

Range.— Western  United  States,  east  to  eastern  slope  ol  Rockies; 
breeds  from  mountains  of  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  southern  Cal- 
ifornia north  to  Montana  and  southern  Oregon;  winters  in  Mexico. 


469.1.  Gray  Flycatcher  (Empidonax  griseus).  L. 
6.  Ads.  Above  gray  with  a  slight  brownish  tinge; 
below  grayish  white  with  little  or  no  yellow.  Grayest 
of  our  Empidonaces. 

Range.— Western  Mexico  and  Lower  California  north  to  southern 
California  and  Arizona,  (Fort  Verde.) 

209 


469.1 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Dull  Colored 


463.  Yellow-bellied  Flycatcher  {Empidonax  flavi- 
ventris).  L.  5  6.  Ads.  Below  distinctly  greenish 
yellow,  belly  brighter;  above  bright  olive-^reen.  Yng. 
Brighter,  wing-bars  buffy.  Notes.  Pse-ek  in  one  harsh 
explosive  syllable;  a  plaintive  chu-e-e-p.     fDwight.) 

Range.  Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
northern  New  England  (south  in  Alleghanies  to  Pennsylvania), 
northern  Ntw  York,  and  Minnesota,  north  to  Labrador  and  Northwest 
Territories;  winters  in  Central  America. 

464.  Western  Flycatcher  {Empidonax  difficilis). 
Similar  to  No.  463,  but  brighter  yellow  below,  breast 
washed  with  brownish  instead  of  greenish;  above 
yellower.  Notes.  A  soft  low  note,  and  a  wailing  6^^-^m. 
(C.  A.  Allen.) 

Range. — Western  North  America;  east  to  about  Long.  100°  ;  breeds 
from  Mexican  border  north  to  southern  Alaska;  winters  in  Mexico  and 
Central  America. 

464. 1 .  St.  Lucas  Flycatcher  {Empidonax  dneritius). 
Most  like  No.  464,  but  much  duller;  scarcely  a  tinge  of 
green  above;  no  decided  yellow  below  except  on  throat 
and  abdomen.     (Brewster.) 

Range.— Lower  California,  from  Cape  Region  north,  rarely,  to 
southern  California. 

464.2.  Santa  Barbara  Flycatcher  {Empidonax  insul- 
icola).  Similar  to  No.  464,  but  above  darker  and 
browner;  below  paler.     (Oberholser.) 

Range. — Santa  Barbara  Islands,  California. 

465.  Green-crested  Flycatcher  {Empidonax  vires- 
cens).  L.  5.7.  Ads.  Throat  and  belly  white,  breast 
grayish;  sides,  breast  and  sometimes  belly,  washed 
with  sulphur;  back  olive-green,  a  tint  lighter  than  in 
No.  463;   lower  mandible  whitish',    wing-bars    buffy. 

Notes.     Spee  or  peet  and  pee-e-yuk. 

Range.— festern  United  States,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from  the 
Gulf  States  to  southern  Connecticut  and  Manitoba;  winters  in  Central 
America. 

646.  Orange-crowned  Warbler  {Helminthophila  ce- 
lata).  L.  5.  No  white  in  wings  or  tail.  Ad.  J*. 
Above  olive-green  more  or  less  washed  with  grayish; 
a  concealed,  reddish  orange  crown-patch;  below  dusky 
yellowish  green.  Ad.  9.  Similar,  but  grayer,  crown- 
patch  smaller  or  wanting.  Yng.  Like  9 ,  but  no 
crown-patch.  Notes.  Song  full  and  strong,  not  very 
high  pitched  and  ending  abruptly  on  a  rising  scale, 
chee,  cheej  chee,  chw\  chw\     (Jones.) 

Range.— Interior  of  North  America,  breeding  from  Manitoba  and 
mountains  of  New  Mexico  to  Alaska;  winters  in  Gulf  States  and 
southward;  rare  in  Atlantic  states  north  of  South  Carolina. 

646a.  Lutescent  Warbler  C//.  c.  lutescens).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  646,  but  greener  above,  yellower  below;  un- 
derparts  distinctly  yellow  with  a  dusky  wash. 

Range. — Pacific  coast;  breeding  in  mountains  from  southern  Cal- 
ifornia to  Kenal  Peninsula.  Alaska;  winters  from  California  south 
into  Mexico;  east  to  Colorado  In  migrations. 

646b.  Dusky  Warbler  {H.  c.  sordida).  Similar  to 
No.  646a,  but  decidedly  darker,  bill  and  feet  larger, 
wing  shorter  and  tail  longer.     (Ridgw. ) 

Range.— Breeds  in  Santa  Barbara  Islands,  California;  later  occurs 
on  adjoining  mainland. 

210 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Dull  Colored 


472.  Beardless  Flycatcher  [Ornithion  imherhe). 
L.  4.5;  W.  2.10.  Ads.  Bill  small,  narrow,  upper 
mandible  decidedly  curved;  above  gray  tinged  with 
olive,  below  grayish  white  with  a  yellow  tinge. 


Range. 
Texas. 


Central  America;  north  In  spring  to  Lower  Rio  Grande 


472a.  RIdgway  Flycatcher  (O.  i.  ridgwavi).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  472,  but  larger,  W.  2.2;  grayer,  little  if  any- 
sulphur  tinge  on  underparts.  (Ridgw.)  Notes.  Call, 
a  shrill /)zVr  repeated;  song,  from  the  tree-tops,  yoop, 
yoop,  yoopeedeedledee.     (Stephens. ) 


Range.— Southern  border  of  Mexican  tableland  north  in  spring  to 
southern  Arizona. 


616.  ^^v\V.Svl2^\oy^  {Ripariariparia).  L.  $.2.  Ads. 
Below  white,  a  broad  grayish  brown  band  across  the 
breast;  above  grayish  brown.  Yng.  Similar,  but 
brown  areas  more  or  less  tipped  with  rusty. 


Range.— Northern  hemisphere:  in  America,  breeds  from  northern 
New  Jersey,  Kansas,  and  southern  California,  north  to  Labrador,  and 
Alaska;  winters  south  to  Brazil. 


617.  Rough-winged  Swallow  {Stelgidopteryx  serri- 
pennis).  L.  5.5.  Ads.  Above  grayish  brown;  below 
grayish  white,  whiter  on  belly;  barbs  on  outer  vane  of 
outer  primary  recurved.  Yng.  Plumage  more  or  less 
tipped  with  rusty. 


Range.— United  States;  breeds  from  Mexico  north  to  Massachusetts, 
Manitoba,  and  British  Columbia;  winters  in  Central  America. 


211 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Dull  Colored 


623.  Black- whiskered  Vireo  (l^ireo  calidris  barha- 
tulus).  L.  6.  Ads.  A  dusky  streak  on  either  side  of  the 
throat,  crown  slate  without  a  black  border;  back  olive- 
green;  below  white,  lowei  belly,  under  tail-  and  under 
wing-coverts  yellowish;  no  wing-bars.  Notes.  Re- 
semble those  of  No.  624  but  song  more  emphatic  and 
hesitating. 

Range.— Breeds  in  Cuba,  Bahamas  and  southern  Florida;  winters 
In  Central  America. 

624.  Red-eyed  Vireo  {Vireo  olivaceus).  L.  6.2. 
Ads.  Crown  slate,  on  either  side  a  narrow  black 
border;  a  white  line  over  eye;  above  olive-green;  below 
white;  under  wing-coverts  sulphur;  no  wing-bars; 
no  dusky  streaks  on  throat.  Notes.  Call,  a  petulant, 
complaining  whanp  song,  a  broken,  rambling  recitative 
"you  see  it — you  know  it — do  vou  hear  me? — do  you 
believe  it?" 

Range.— Eastern  United  States,  west  to  the  Rockies  and  British 
Columbia,  east  of  Cascades;  breeds  from  thfe  Gulf  States  to  Labrador, 
Manitoba,  and  British  Columbia;  winters  in  Central  and  South  Amer- 
ica. 

632.  WwWonYwQO  {Vireo  huttoni).  L.  4.8.  Ads. 
Underparts  dusky  grayish  white  with  a  faint  yellow 
tinge;  above  dusky  olive-green;  lores  and  eye-ring 
grayish,  not  conspicuous;  two  white  wing-bars.  Notes. 
A  piping  whistle  like  the  call  of  a  ^oung  ^bird,  pee-yer^ 

tee-ver\  and  a  hoarse  whistle  oh-my,  oh-my^  oh-my. 
Range.— California,  west  of  Sierra;  resident. 

632a.  Stephen  Vireo  {V.  h.  stephensi).  Similar  to 
No.  622,  but  grayer  above,  whiter  below,  wing-bars 
broader. 

Range.— Mexican  boundary  from  western  Texas  to  southeastern 
California.  .  ^        ,> 

632c.  Kx\\\\or\y\\rBO  {V.  h.  ohscurus).  Similar  to 
No.  632,  but  darker,  and  averaging  slightly  smaller. 

Range. — "Pacific  coast,  from  Oregon  to  southern  British  Columbia; 
south  in  winter  to  California."    (A.  O.  U.) 

647.  Tennessee  Warbler  {Helminthophilaperegrina) . 
L.  5.  No  wing-bars;  little  or  no  white  in  tail.  Ad.  cJ*. 
Head  bluish  gray;  a  whitish  line  over  eye;  back  olive- 
green;  below  grayish  white.  Ad.  9.  Gray  of  head 
with  more  or  less  olive-green;  stripe  over  eye  and  un- 
derparts yellower.  Yng,  Similar  to  ?,  but  entirely 
bright  olive-green  above;  yellower  below.  Notes. 
Song  scarcely  distinguishable  from  that  of  the  Chip- 
ping Sparrow,  but  first  two  syllables /w?j{>  instead  of 
chit.    (Jones.) 

^nge.— Eastern  North  America,  west  In  migrations  to  the  Rocky 
Mounteins;  breeds  from  New  Brunswick,  northern  New  England, 
northern  New  York,  and  Minnesota,  north  to  Quebec  and  Alaska; 
winters  in  Central  and  northern  South  America. 

747.  Kennicott  Willow  Warbler  ( Phyllopseustes 
horeali's).  L.  5.  ^ds.  Above  olive-green;  below 
white  tinged  with  yellowish,  sides  greenish;  a  whitish 
line  over  eye;  a  narrow  whitish  wing-bar;  no  white  in 
tail.  Notes.  Call,  a  monotonous  diit\  song,  resembles 
trill*  of  Redpoll.     (Seebohm.) 

Range.— Asia,  east  to  western  Alaska. 

212 


1 


OT 


.!«? 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Dull  Colored 


625.  Yellow-green  Vireo  (yiuo  flavoviridis) .  L. 
6.4.  Resembling  No.  624,  but  greener  above,  the 
sides  heavily  washed  with  greenish  yellow. 

Range. — Northern  South  America,  north  to  the  Lower  Rio  Grande. 

626.  ?\\\\^i\e\^\\\AY\reo  {Vireo  philadelphicus).     L. 

4.8.  Ads.  No  distinct  crown-cap;  above  olive-green; 
below  yellowish;  a  whitish  line  over  eye;  no  wing-bars. 
Notes,  Resemble  those  of  the  Red-eyed  Vireo  but  gen- 
erally higher  pitched;  also  a  very  abrupt,  double-syll- 
abled utterance  with  a  rising  inflection  which  comes  in 
with  the  song  at  irregular  intervals.     (Brewster.) 

Range, — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Maine,  New  Ham- 
shire  and  Manitoba  northward;  winters  In  the  tropics. 

627.  VI iirbWnq  Yireo  (^Vireo  gilvus).  L.  5.4;  W. 
2.8.  Ads.  Above  grayish  olive-green,  crown  slightly 
grayer  but  without  distinct  cap  as  in  No.  624;  a  whit- 
ish line  over  eye  but  no  black  line  above  it;  below 
white,  the  sides  washed  with  yellowish;  no  wing-bars. 
Notes.  Call,  resembles  that  of  the  Red-eyed  Vireo; 
song;  a  rich,  firm,  unbroken  warble  with  an  alto  un- 
dertone. 

Range. — Eastern  United  States,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
Gulf  States  north  to  Hudson  Bay  region;  winters  in  Mexico. 

627a.  Western  Warbling  Vireo  (V.  g.  swainsoni). 
Similar  to  No.  627,  but  averaging  smaller,  W.  2.6,  the 
bill  more  slender;  upperparts,  particularly  crown, 
grayer. 

Range.— Western  United  States,  east  to  the  Rockies;  breeds  from 
Mexico  to  BritlshColumbia;  winters  In  Mexico. 

631.  W h ite-eyed  Vi  reo  ( Vireo  novehoracensis ) .  L . 
5;  W.  2.4.;  B.  .4.  Ads.  Eye-ring  and  lores  yellow; 
iris  white;  above  olive-green  more  or  less  washed  with 
grayish;  below  white,  sides  yellowish;  two  whitish 
wing-bars.  Notes.  Calls,  varied,  often  harsh  and 
scolding;  song,  an  emphatic  whistle  who  are  you,  eh?  or 
-whafs  that  you  say?,  and  a  low  medley  often  including 
imitations  of  the  notes  of  other  birds. 

Range, — Eastern  United  States;  breeds  from  Florida  and  Texas 
north  to  New  Hampshire  and  Minnesota;  winters  from  Florida  to  Cen- 
tral America. 

631a.  Key  West  Vireo  {V.  n.  maynardi) .  Similar 
to  No.  631,  but  bill  heavier,  sides  averaging  less  yel- 
low. 

Range. — Southern  Florida;  resident. 

621b.  Bermuda  White-eyed  Vireo  CK  n.  hermud- 
ianus).  Similar  to  No.  631,  but  wing  shorter,  2.30;  no 
yellow  on  sides.    (Bangs  and  Bradlee.) 

Range. — Resident  In  Bermudas. 

6310.  Small  White-eyed  Vireo  {V.  n.  micrus). 
Smaller  than  No.  631,  W.  2.2;  averaging  grayer  above; 
sides  with  less  yellow. 

Range.— Northeastern  Mexico,  north  to  southeastern  Texas. 

213 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Dull  Colored 


629.  Blue-headed  Wreo  (yireo  solttarms).  L.  5.5; 
W,  2.9;  B.  .4.  y^ds.  Lores  and  eye-ring  white; crown 
and  cheeks  bluish  slate-color;  back  olive-greeh^  below 
white,  sides  washed  with  greenish  yellow;  two  whitish 
wing-bars.  Notes.  Resembling  in  form  those  of  Red- 
eyed  or  Yellow-throated  Vireos  but  more  varied,  some- 
times acontinuous  warble;  a  musical  chatter,  like  that  of 
the  Yellow-throated  and  a  trilled  whistle.    (Torrey. ) 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Connecticut  (and 
soutii  along  Alleghanies)  north  to  New  Brunswick  and  Manitoba; 
winters  from  Florida  to  Central  America. 

629a.  Cassin  Vireo  (K.  s.  cassini).  Like  No.  629, 
but  back  washed  with  the  color  of  the  head;  white  on 
breast  and  throat  less  pure. 

Range.— "Breeds  from  British  Columbia  and  Idaho  south  along  Pa- 
cific coast  region  and  Nevada  to  Lower  California;  migrates  to  Arizona, 
New  Mexico;  and  northern  Mexico."     (Bailey.) 

629b.  Plumbeous  Vireo  (K.  s.  plumheus).  Above 
wholly  plumbeous-gray  with  scarcely,  if  any,  olive 
tinge,  below  white,  the  sides  gray  faintly  tinged  with 
greenish  yellow;  size  of  No.  629c. 

Range. — Rocky  Mountain  region;  breeds  from  northern  Mexico 
north  to  southwestern  Dakota  and  Wyoming;  winters  south  to  south- 
ern Mexico. 

629o.  Mountain  Solitary  Vireo  (K  5.  alticola). 
Larger  than  No.  629,  W.  3.15,  B.  .46;  head  darker,  its 
color  extending  over  most  of  the  back. 

Range. — Breeds  in  Alleghanies  from  North  Carolina  to  Georgia; 
winters  in  Florida. 

629d.  St.  Lucas  Solitary  Vireo  {V.  s.  lucasanus). 
Smaller  than  No.  629a,  but  bill  longer  and  stouter, 
sides  and  flanks  much  yellower;  young  without 
brownish    below,  and   resembling  young  of  No.  629. 

Range. — Cape  Region  of  Lower  California. 

633.  BeWWveo  {Vireo  helUi).  L.  5.  Above  olive- 
green,  crown  grayer;  lores  and  eye-ring  white;  two  in- 
conspicuous whitish  wing-bars;  below  white,  sides 
tinged  with  yellowish.  Most  like  No.  627,  but  back 
greener,  no  white  line  hack  of  eye.  Notes.  Resemble 
those  of  the  White-eyed  Vireo,  but  less  harsh,  song 
less  emphatic.     (Goss.) 

Range.— Interior  states  from  Illinois  west  to  Plains;  breeds  from 
Texas  to  Minnesota;  winters  in  Mexico. 

633.1.  Lea^X  Yxreo  {Vireo  pusillus\.  L.  4.8.  Ads. 
Above  gray,  slightly  tinged  with  greenish  toward  rump; 
below  white,  sides  with  little  if  any  greenish  tinge; 
one  inconspicuous  whitish  wing-bar;  lores  and  eye- 
ring  inconspicuously  grayish. 

Range. — Northwestern  Mexico  and  northern  Lower  California; 
breeds  north  to  Arizona  and  middle  California. 

634.  Gray  yireo  {Vireo  vicinior).  L.  5.5.  Above 
slaty  gray;  below  white  tinged  with  grayish;  one  in- 
conspicuous wing-bar;  lores  and  eye-ring  gray;  bill 
short.  Notes.  Song  may  be  compared  with  the  finest 
efforts  of  the  Blue-headed  Vireo  with  the  added  charm 
and  mellowness  of  the  song  of  the  Yellow-throated 
Vireo.     (Henshaw.) 

Range.— Northern  Mexico,  north  to  western  Texas,  southeastera 
California,  and  southern  Nevada;  winters  in  Mexico. 

214 


i 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Dull  Colored 


749.  Ruby-crowned  Kinglet  {Regulus  calendula). 
L.  4.4.  A  conspicuous  whitish  eye-ring.  Ad.  c^.  A 
more  or  less  concealed  crown-patch;  back  olive-green; 
underparts  soiled  whitish  more  or  less  tinged  with 
buffy;  two  white  wing-bars.  Ad.  9  and  Yng.  (Here 
figured.)    Similar,  but  no  crown-patch. 

Range. — North  America;  breeds  from  the  northern  border  of  the 
United  States  northward,  and  south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Arizo- 
na, and  In  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California;  winters  from  south  Caro- 
lina and  Oregon  southward  to  Central  America. 

749a.  SWkan  K\ng\e\  (R.  c.  grinndlt) .  Similar  to 
No.  749,  but  more  olive-green  above;  more  buffy  below. 

Range. — Pacific  coast;  breeds  in  southern  Alaska;  winters  south- 
ward to  California. 

470a.  Buff-breasted  Flycatcher  {Emptdonax  fulvt- 
frons  pygmceus).  L.  4.7.  Ads.  Below  rusty  buff; 
above  grayish  brown. 

Range. — Western  Mexico;  north  in  spring  to  southwestern  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona. 

586.  Texas  Sparrow  (Arremonops  rufivtrgata).  L. 
6.5.  Ads.  Above  olive-green,  sides  of  crown  brown- 
ish, its  center  grayish;  below  whitish;  bend  of  wing 
yellow.  Notes.  Song  resembles  that  of  the  Chipping 
Sparrow  but  with  somewhat  of  the  sweetness  and 
modulation  of  that  of  the  Yellow  Warbler. 

Range.— Eastern  Mexico,  north  to  southeastern  Texas;  casually  to 
Louisiana. 

638.  S}Na\nson  \Narb\er  QHelmataswat'nsonn).  L.  5. 
Bill  large;  no  white  in  wings  or  tail.  Ads.  Crown 
brown,  back,  wings  and  tail  olive-brown;  a  whitish 
line  over  eye;  below  whitish  tinged  with  yellow. 
Notes.  Song,  "a  series  of  clear,  ringing  whistles,  the 
first  four  uttered  rather  slowly  and  in  the  same  key, 
the  remaining  five  or  six  given  more  rapidly  and  in  an 
evenly  descending  scale."  (Brewster.) 

Range. — Southeastern  United  States;  breeds  from  Gulf  States 
north  to  southeastern  Virginia,  southern  Indiana  and  southern  Mis- 
souri. 

639.  Worm-eating  Warbler  {Helmitheros  vermi- 
vorus).  L.  5.5.  Bill  large;  no  white  in  wings  or  tail 
Ads.  Crown  black  with  three  buff  stripes;  back, 
wings  and  tail  olive-green;  below  buffy  white  deeper  on 
breast.  Yng.  Buff  everywhere  richer.  Notes.  Call, 
a  sharp  chip\  song,  resembles  that  of  Chipping  Spar- 
row but  is  somewhat  weaker. 

Range. — Eastern  United  States;  breeds  north  to  southern  Connect- 
icut, southern  Illinois  and  southern  Wisconsin;  winters  south  of 
United  States, 

742.  Pallid  Wren-tit  {Chamcea  fasciata),  L.  6.7; 
T.  3.4.  Outer  tail-feathers  shortest.  Ads.  Above 
brownish  gray;  below  buffy  obscurely  streaked  with 
gray.  Notes.  Song  wooden  and  unmusical,  beginning 
deliberately  and  ending  in  a  roll,  chick:  chick;  chick, 
chick-chick-chick-chick-chick-chick. 

Range.— t'Interior  of  California,  Including  the  western  slope  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  from  the  head  of  the  Sacramento  Valley  south  to 
northern  Lower  California."    (A.  O.  U.) 

215 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Dull  Colored 


742a.  Coast  Wren-tit  (C././)/^^^).  SimilartoNo. 
742,  but  much  browner  above  and  deeper  more  pink 
below;  sides  as  dark  as  b^ck. 

Range.— Pacific  Coast  from  Monterey  County,  California,  north  to 
southern  Oregon. 


707.  Curve-billed  Thrasher  ( Toxostoma  curvtrostre). 
L.  1 1.2.  j^ds.  Above  brownish  gray;  below  mottled 
with  brownish  gray;  lower  belly  buffy;  four  outer  pairs 
of  tail-feathers  tipped  with  white;  two  narrow  white 
wing-bars.  Notes.  Call,  a  sharp,  whit-whit;  one  of  the 
most  silent  of  song  Thrushes.  (Merrill.)  Song,  re- 
markably melodious  and  attractive.     (Couch.; 

Range. — Mexican  boundary  region  of  Texas  and  New  Mexico  south 
over  the  Mexico  tableland  to  Oaxaca. 


707a.  Palmer  Thrasher  (T.  c  palmeri).  Similar  to 
No.  707,  but  wing-bars  less  evident;  outer  tail-feathers 
without  white  tips. 

Range. — "Southern  Arizona,  from  about  fifty  miles  northwest  of 
Phoenix,  south  to  Guaymas,  Sonora."     (A.  O.  U.) 


708.  Bendire  Thrasher  (^Toxostoma  lendiret).  L. 
10.2.  Ads.  Above  brownish  ashy;  below  soiled 
whitish  washed  with  buffy  and  lightly  spotted  with 
dusky,  chiefly  on  breast;  outer  tail-feathers  narrowly 
tipped  with  whitish.  "Notes.  Call,  tirup^  tirup^  tirup. 
CBrown.) 

Range.— Desert  regions  of  southern  Arizona  south  into  Sonora, 
Mexico;  west  rarely  to  southeastern  California;  resident  except  at 
extreme  northern  limit  of  its  range. 


709.  St.  Lucas  Thrasher  {Toxostoma  cinereum). 
L.  10.  Ads.  Above  grayish  brown;  below  white  with 
numerous  wedge-shaped  spots;  outer  tail-feathers 
tipped  with  white. 

Range.— Southern  Lower  California. 

709a.  Mearns  Thrasher  {J.  c.  mearnst).  Differs 
from  No.  709  in  much  darker  upperparts,  more  rusty 
flanks  and  crissum,  much  larger  and  more  intensely 
black  spots  on  lower  parts  and  less  curved  bill.  (An- 
thony.) 

Range. — Northern  Lower  California,  south  to  about  Lat.  30°    30 '. 

216 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Dull  Colored 


710.  Californian  Thrasher  {Toxostoma  redivivum). 
L.  12.  Ads.  Above  grayish  brown;  belly  distinctly 
tuff;  breast  grayish,  throat  whitish,  washed  with  buff; 
no  white  in  wings  or  tail.  Notes.  Song  suggesting 
both  that  of  the  Brown  Thrasher  and  the  Mockingbird. 


Range, — California  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  north  of  about  Lat. 
35°  ;  south  into  Lower  California. 


7  I  Da.  Pasadena  Thrasher  (7.  r.pasadenense).  Sim 
ilarto  No.  710,  but  grayer  above;  belly  paler,  throa 
whiter. 


7/0 


whiter 

Range.— Southern  California. 


711.  Leconte  Thrasher  {Toxostoma  lecontei).  L. 
10.5.  Ads.  Above  brownish  ashy,  below  creamy 
white,  under  tail-coverts  buff.  Notes.  Call,  a  sharply 
reiterated  xvhit  or  quit]  song,  remarkable  for  its  loud 
rich  tone;  can  be  heard  distinctly  for  more  than  a  niile. 
(Mearns.)  Call,  low  and  musical,  huee-ey  whistled 
through  the  teeth.     (Stephens.) 


Range.— "Desert  region  of  southern  California,  Nevada,  and  ex- 
treme southwestern  Utah,  from  Benton,  Cal.  (Lat.  38°  ),  southeast- 
ward through  Arizona  to  Sonora  (Lat.  30°  ).  Local  In  San  Joaquin 
Valley."    (A.O.U.) 


7  Ma.  Desert  Thrasher  (7.  /.  arenicola).  Differ- 
ing from  No.  711  in  having  upperparts  darker  and 
grayer,  tail  blacker,  and  breast  gray.     (Anthony.) 

Range. — Northern  Lower  California.    (Rosalia  Bay.) 


712.  Crissal  Thrasher  {Toxostoma  crissalis).  L. 
12.  Ads.  Under  tail-coverts  reddish  chestnut;  upper- 
parts  brownish  gray;  underparts  ashy,  chin  white. 
Notes.  No  loud  call  note;  song  of  remarkable  scope 
and  sweetness.     (Mearns.) 


Range. — "Southwestern  United  States,  from  western  Texas  to  the 
Colorado  Desert,  California,  and  northern  Lower  California;  north  to 
Charleston  Mountains,  Nevada,  and  St.  George,  Utah."      (A.  O.  U.) 


217 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


538.  Chestnut-collared  Longspur  {Calcarius  orna" 
tus).  L.  6.2.  Hind  toe-nail  as  long  as  toe;  all  but 
middle  pair  of  tail-feathers  (and  sometimes  these)  with 
white,  two  outer  pairs  white  to  the  tip.  Ad.  (^.  Throat 
and  cheeks  buff;  breast  and  belly  black;  crown  black, 
nape  chestnut;  lesser  wing-coverts  black  tipped  with 
white.  Ad.  $ .  Above  grayish  browfl  streaked  with 
black;  below  pale  buff.  S"  in  winhr.  Like  summer  (^ 
but  black  and  chestnut  areas  more  or  less  tipped  with 
grayish  brown.  I^otes.  Song,  short,  shrill,  but  very 
sweet,  often  uttered  on  the  wing,     f  Allen.  J 

Range. — Great  Plains:  breeds  from  central  Kaijsas  and  eastern 
Colorado  north  to  the  Saskatchewan;  winters  from  eastern  Colorado 
and  Nebraska  south  into  Mexico. 


539.  McCown  Longspur  [Rhynchophanes  mccpwnn) . 
L.  6.  Hind  toe-nail  as  long  as  toe;  all  but  middle  pair 
of  tail-feathers  with  white,  the  outer  one  white  to  the 
tip^  the  others  tipped  with  black;  lesser  wing-coverts 
chestnut.  Ad.  ^f .  Throat  and  belly  white,  breast  and 
crown  black;  back  grayish  brown  streaked  with 
black.  Ad.  9.  Below  white  washed  with  brownish; 
above  grayish  brown  streaked  with  black.  (^  in  winter. 
Like  9.  but  a  partly  concealed  black  breast  patch;  tail 
with  more  white.  Notes.  Call,  a  cjnp  at  each  stroke 
of  the  wing;  song,  of  soft,  twittering,  pleasing  notes. 
(Goss.)  "A  twittering,  hurried  chant,  suggestive  of 
the  Horned  Lark's  performance,  but  terminating  in  de- 
creasing power."     (Silloway.) 

Range. — Great  Plains;  breeds  from  northwestern  Kansas  to  Mon- 
tana and  the  Saskatchewan;  winters  from  eastern  Colorado  and  Kan- 
sas south  into  Mexico. 


552.  Lark  Sparrow  {Chondestes  grammacus).  L. 
6.2;  Ads.  Sides  of  the  crown  and  ear-coverts  chest- 
nut; all  but  middle  tail-feathers  tipped  with  white;  back 
broadly  streaked  with  black;  sides  of  throat  and  spot 
on  breast  black.  Notes.  Song,  loud  and  musical  sug- 
gesting both  a  Song  Sparrow's  and  a  Canary's. 

Range.— Interior  of  North  America  from  the  Plains  east  to  Illinois; 
casually  east  of  the  Alleghanies;  breeds  from  Texas  to  Manitoba; 
winters  south  into  Mexico. 


552a.  Western  Lark  Sparrow  (C  g,  strigatus). 
Similar  to  No.  552,  but  streaks  on  upperparts  generally 
narrower. 

Range. — Western  United  States  from  the  Plains  to  Pacific;  breeds 
from  Mexico  to  Manitoba  and  British  Columbia;  winters  south  to 
Central  America. 

218 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


536.     Lapland  Longspur  {Calcartus  lappomcus) .     L. 

6.2  Hind  toe-nail  as  long  as  or  longer  than  toe;  two 
outer  tail-feathers  with  white  at  thg  end.  Ad.  (^,  sum- 
mer. Nape  chestnut;  crown,  cheeks,  throat  and  upper- 
breast  black;  back  black  margined  with  rusty  brown. 
Ad.  9 ,  summer.  Crown  and  back  black  margined 
with  rusty;  nape  brighter;  below  whitish;  breast  feath- 
ers dusky  at  base;  sides  streaked  with  blackish.  IVin- 
ter^  (^.  Black  areas  and  nape  veiled  with  whitish  or 
buffytips;  $,like  9  in  summer. 

Range.— Breeds  In  northern  Europe  and  northeast  North  America 
south  to  northern  Labrador;  In  America,  winters  south,  irregularly,  to 
South  Carolina,  Kentucky,  Kansas,  Texas;  west  to  Manitoba. 
(Ridgw.) 

536a.  Alaskan  Longspun  (C. /.  alascenst's).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  536,  but  margins  to  back  feathers  much 
paler,  brownish  gray  or  buffy;  nape  in  winter  more 
buffy.  Notes.  Song,  uttered  on  wing  as  bird  with  up- 
stretched  wings  floats  downward,  sweet,  liquid,  tink- 
ling, of  same  general  character  as  that  of  Bobolink, 
but  shorter,  less  powerful.    ( Nelson. ) 

Range. — Breeds  in  Alaska,  Aleutian  and  Pribilof  Islands  east  to  Fort 
Simpson;  winters  south  to  eastern  Oregon,  Colorado,  and  western 
Kansas,     (Ridgw.) 

s»  553.  Harris  Sparrow  {Zonotrichia  querula).  L. 
7.5.  Ad.  summer.  Throat  and  crown  black;  nape 
chestnut,  cheeks  brownish;  two  white  wing-bars. 
Ads.  winter.  Throat  mottled  with  white,  crown  tipped 
with  grayish.  Notes.  A  queer,  chuckling  note;  song 
of  pleasing,  plaintive  whistling  notes  in  musical  tone 
like  those  of  No.  558,  but  delivered  in  a  different  song. 
(Cooke.) 

Range.— Interior  of  North  America;  from  Illinois  west  to  the  Dako- 
tas;  in  summer,  the  region  west  of  Hudson  Bay  (exact  breeding  range 
unknown) ;  south  in  winter  to  Texas  (and  Mexico?) ;  accidental  in 
British  Columbia,  Oregon  and  California. 

565.  Black-chinned  Sparrow  [Spi^lla  atrogularis) . 
L.  5.7.  Below  slaty  gray.  Ad.  (f.  Throat  and 
front  of  face  &/a^>&;  rest  of  head  and  underparts  slaty 
gray,  the  belly  whitish;  back  reddish  brown  narrowly 
streaked  with  black.  Ad.  9 ,  Throat  with  little  or 
no  black;  crown  washed  with  brownish.  Yng.  Simi- 
lar to  Ad.  $ ,  but  never  with  black  on  throat;  crown 
more  heavily  washed  with  brownish.  Notes.  Song 
said  to  resemble  that  of  No.  563.     (Bailey.) 

Range.— Mexico  and  southwestern  United  States;  breeds  from 
southern  New  Mexico  and  southern  California  southward;  winters 
south  into  Mexico  and  southern  Lower  California. 

—English  Sparrow  (Passer  domesticus).  L.  6.3. 
Ad.(^.  Throat  and  upper  breast  black;  crown  slate; 
band  behind  eye  and  on  nape  chestnut.  Ad.  9. 
Below  dirty  white;  crown  and  rump  dingy  grayish 
brown;  back  streaked  with  black  and  rusty  brown;  a 
buffy  stripe  behind  eye.  Yng.  (^.  Similar  to  Ad. 
but  throat  and  head  tipped  with  brownish  gray.  Notes. 
Harsh  and  discordant. 

Range. -Introduced  into  America  from  Europe  In  1851  and  later 
dates;  now  distributed  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  United 
States. 

219 


14 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


537.  Smith  Longspur  {Calcarius pidus) .  L.  6.6. 
Hind  toe-nail  as  long  as  toe;  two  outer  tail-feathers 
mostly  white.  Ad.  (J.  Throat,  breast  and  belly  buff; 
nape  buff;  crown  and  cheeks  black;  ear-coverts  and 
line  over  eye  white;  lesser  wing-coverts  black  margined 
with  white.  Ad.  9'  Above  brownish  black  mar- 
gined with  buff  and  rusty  brown;  below  pale  buff, 
sides  of  breast  and  flanks  streaked  with  brown.  (^  in 
winter.  Like  ?  but  lesser  wing-coverts  black  and 
white.  Notes.  Call  constantly  chirrup  as  they  fly. 
(Goss.) 

Range.— Middle  western  United  States;  breeds  in  northern  British 
America;  winters  soutli  over  the  plains  and  prairies  to  Texas;  east  t» 
Illinois. 

579.  Rufous-winged  Sparrow  (Aimophila  carpalis). 
L.  5.7.  Outer  tail-feathers  shortest.  Ads.  Lesser 
wing-coverts  bright  reddish  brown;  crown  reddish 
brown  or  chestnut  margined  with  gray;  back  streaked 
with  black  and  margined  with  grayish  brown;  below 
whitish;  two  black  streaks  from  either  side  of  the  base 
of  the  lower  mandible.  Notes,  Call,  pb,  ^ib,  pb. 
(Bendire.) 

Range. — Southern  Arizona,  north  to  Tucson  and  Camp  Lowell  and 
south  through  Sonora  to  northern  S.naloa.     (Ridgw.) 

580.  Rufous-crowned  Sparrow  {Aimophila  ruficeps) . 
L.  4;  T.  2.6.  No  yellow  at  bend  of  wing;  outer  tail- 
feathers  shortest.  Ads.  Above  reddish  brown  marg- 
ined with  buify  gray  (no  black  streaks);  below,  in- 
cluding middle  of  belly,  brownish;  sides  of  throat  with 
black  lines.  Notes.  Song,  very  sweet,  resembling 
that  of  Lazuli  Bunting,  but  distinguishable.  (C.  A. 
Allen.) 

Range.— Northern  Lower  California  north  to  Marin  County  and 
Sacramento  Valley,  California;  local. 

580a.  Scott  Sparrow  {A.  r.  scottii).  Similar  to  No. 
580,  but  above  brighter  reddish  brown,  the  margins  to 
the  feathers  grayer,  the  underparts  much  paler,  the 
breast  grayish,  the  throat  and  middle  of  the  belly 
whitish. 

Range. -Northwestern  portion  of  Mexican  plateau  and  adjacent 
portions  of  Arizona,  New  Mexico  and  western  Texas  (El  Paso  Co.) 
(Ridgw.) 

580b.  Roolc  Sparrovf  {A.  r.  eremmca).  L.  6. 
Ads.  Crown  reddish  chestnut,  back  olive-brown 
margined  with  gray.  Similar  to  No.  580a,  but  back  of 
a  different  color  from  crown,  the  grayish  margins 
wider. 

Range.— Limestone  Hill  districts  of  middle  Texas,  from  Kinney  and 
Maverick  counties  on  the  Rio  Grande,  northeastward  to  Cook  County 
and  westward  at  least  to  Tom  Grren  County;  south  in  winter  to  Mex- 
ico.    (Ridgw.) 

580c.  Laguna  Sparrow  [A.  r.  sororia).  Similar 
to  No.  580a,  but  bill  somewhat  stouter,  reddish  brown 
above  averaging  brighter  and  wider. 

Range. — Southern  Lower  California. 

220 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


540.  Vesper  Sparrow  [Tocecetes  gramineus).  L. 
6.1.  Outer  tail-feather  mostly  white;  hind  toe-nail 
not  longer  than  toe;  lesser  wing-coverts  reddish  brown. 
Ads,  Above  grayish  brown  streaked  with  black  and 
chestnut;  below  whitish,  breast  and  sides  streaked  with 
black  and  chestnut.  Notes.  Call,  chip.  Song,  loud 
and  musical  Look-loohy  see-see^  me-me-me-me-me-me-singj 
followed  by  a  confusion  of  notes. 

Range.  Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Virginia,  Illinois  and 
Missouri  north  to  New  Brunswick  and  Manitoba;  winters  from  Vir- 
ginia and  southern  Illinois  to  theGulf  of  Mexico. 

540a.  Western  Vesper  Sparrow  (P.  g.  confinis). 
Similar  to  No.  540,  but  paler,  less  black  above;  bill 
somewhat  more  slender. 

Range.— Western  United  States  from  the  Plains  to  the  Sierra; 
breeds  from  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  north  to  the  Saskatchewan  and 
British  Columbia;  winters  south  into  Mexico. 

540b.  Oregon  Vesper  Sparrow  {P.  g.  affinis). 
Similar  to  No.  540a,  but  smaller,  W.  3;  bill  still  more 
slender;  plumage  browner,  more  buffy;  browner  even 
than  No.  540,  the  underparts,  including  belly,  suffused 
with  buff. 

Range.— Pacific  coast;  breeds  In  western  Oregon  (and  north?) ; 
winters  southwest  of  the  Sierra  to  San  Diego,  California. 

57  5.  Pine-woods  Sparrow  (P^tt^^^  cestivalis).  L. 
5.8;  T.  2.5.  Bend  of  the  wing  yellow;  outer  tail- 
feathers  much  shorter  than  the  middle  pair.  Ads. 
Above  reddish  chestnut,  head  and  back  streaked  with 
black  and  margined  with  gray;  below  whitish,  breast 
faintly  tinged  with  buff.  Notes.  Song,  exceedingly  sweet 
and  plaintive. 

Range.— Florida  and  southern  Georgia;  winters  in  southern  Florida^ 

575a.  Bachman  Sparrow  {T.  ce.  bachmann).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  575,  but  above  brighter  reddish  chestnut, 
black  streaks  fewer  and  usually  confined  to  back; 
breast  and  sides  deeper  buff. 

Range.— Lower  Mississippi  Valley,  west  to  southern  Indiana  and 
southern  Illinois,  east  to  Georgia,  South  Carolina,  North  Carolina, 
and  Virginia  (rarely);  west  to  Concho  County,  Texas;  winters  south  in 
Atlantic  States,  to  southern  Florida. 

576.  Botteri  Sparrow  {Peuccea  hottert).  L.  6;  T. 
2.8.  Bend  of  wing  yellow;  outer  tail-feathers  shortest. 
Ads.  Above  bright  rusty  brown  (about  the  color  of  a 
Field  Sparrow),  head  and  back  streaked  with  black 
and  margined  with  gray;  below  buffy,  the  center  of  the 
belly  whitish.  Notes.  Song,  begins  with  a  faint  trill 
followed  by  a  succession  of  disjointed  syllables,  chuj 
cheewee^  wee,  wee,  wee,  wir.     (Henshaw.) 

Range.-  Entire  plateau  of  Mexico  north  to  Lower  Rio  Grande  Val- 
ley in  Texas  and  southern  Arizona.     (Ridgw.) 

578.  Cassin  Sparrow  (T'^wc:^^  cassini).  L.  6;  T. 
2.8.  Bend  of  wing  yellow;  outer  tail-feathers  shortest, 
their  ends  with  distinct  grayish  patches.    Ads.    Above 

fray  streaked  with  dull  reddish  brown  and  spotted  or 
arred  with  black;  below  grayish  white.    Notes.    Song, 
lengthened    and    pleasing,    usually    sung  on  wing. 

Range.— Texas  and  southern  Kansas  west  to  southern  Nevada  and 
Arizona  south  into  Mexico. 

221 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


559.  Tree  Sparrow  (^Spt^ella  monticola).  L.  6.3. 
A  black  spot  in  the  center  of  the  breast.  Ads.  Cap 
reddish  brown,  no  black  on  head;  two  white  wing-bars; 
back  streaked  black,  reddish  brown  and  buff;  below 
whitish;  upper  mandible  black,  lower  yellowish. 
Notes,  Call,  a  musical,  tinkling,  too-lay-tt,  song,  **a 
loud,  clear  and  powerful  chant." 

Range.— Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  in 
Labrador  and  region  west  of  Hudson  Bay;  winters  south  to  South 
Carolina,  Tennessee  and  Indian  Territory. 

559a.  Western  Tree  Sparrow  (5.  m.  ochracea). 
Similar  to  No.  559,  but  back  with  much  less  reddish 
brown,  largely  brownish  buff  streaked    with  black. 

Range.— Western  North  America  east  to  the  Plains;  breeds  In 
Alaska;  winters  south  to  Mexican  border. 

560.  Chipping  Sparrow  (5^z^^//dJ5oc?<j/«).    L.   5.3. 

,Ads.  Crown  reddish  chestnut,  forehead  blackish]  a 
black  line  from  eye  to  nape;  back  streaked  with  black, 
reddish  brown  and  grayish  brown;  wing-bars  not  con- 
spicuous; below  grayish  white;  bill  largely  black.  Yng. 
Crown  like  back;  cheeks  brownish.  Notes.  Call, 
chip;  song,  an  unmusical  chippy^  chippy,  chippy,  repeated. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
Gulf  States  to  Newfoundland  and  Great  Slave  Lake;  winters  in  the 
Gulf  States  and  Mexico. 

560a.  Western  Chipping  Sparrow  (5.  s.  ari^once). 
Similar  to  No.  560,  but  much  grayer  above;  back  with 
little  or  no  reddish  brown. 

Range.— Western  North  America;  breeds  from  Mexican  border 
states  to  Alaska;  winters  from  California  and  Mexican  border  states 
to  southern  Mexico. 

563.  Field  Sparrow  {Spi^ella pusilla) .  L.  5.6;  T. 
2.5.  Bill  entirely  pinkish  brown.  Ads.  Crown  red- 
dish brown,  a  gray  line  over  the  eye,  a  reddish  brown 
stripe  from  behind  it  to  nape;  back  reddish  brown 
streaked  with  black;  below  whitish,  no  streaks,  breast 
washed  with  buffy;  two  white  wing-bars.  Notes.  Call, 
chip\  song,  a  musical  whistle,  cher-wee,  cher-wee-cher-wee, 
chee-o,  dee-e-e-e-e\  with  many  variations  but  usually  end- 
ing in  a  trill. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  South  Carolina, 
Alabama  and  central  Texas  north  to  Quebec  and  Manitoba;  winters 
from  Virginia  and  Illinois  to  Gulf  States. 

563a.  Western  Field  Sparrow  (5.  p.  arenaced). 
Similar  to  No.  563,  but  much  paler  above;  crown  large- 
ly grayish;  back  with  but  little  reddish  brown,  breast 
with  little  or  no  buff;  tail  longer,  2.7. 

Range. — Great  Plains  of  interior;  breeds  from  Nebraska  and  South 
Dakota  to  eastern  Montana;  winters  south  to  northeastern  Mexico; 
casually  to  Louisiana.     (Ridgw.) 

584.  Swamp  Sparrow  {Melospi^a  georgiana),  L. 
5.8.  Ads.  Forehead  black  with  a  gray  median  line; 
crown  bright  chestnut;  below  grayish  white;  sides 
brownish,  nape  gray;  back  grayish,  black,  and  buff. 
Yng.  Crown  streaked  chestnut  and  black;  gray  line 
over  the  eye  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow;  other  parts 
deeper  in  color.  Notes.  Call,  a  sharp  cheep;  song,  a 
simple  tweet-tweet-tweet,  etc.,  all  on  one  note. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  northern  Illinois,  north  to  Labrador 
and  Manitoba;  winters  from  Kansas,  southern  Illinois,  and  Massa- 
chusetts to  Gulf  States. 

222 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


542.  Sandwich  S\i2krrov4  {Passer cuius  sandwichensis). 
L.  5.7;  W.  2.9  A  yellow  line  from  the  bill  passing 
over  the  eye;  bend  of  wing  usually  tinged  with  yellow. 
Ads.  Above  streaked  with  black,  chestnut  and  brown- 
ish'gray;  below  white,  (buffy  in  fall  and  winter), 
breast  and  sides  streaked  with  black,  the  streaks  nar- 
rowly margined  with  chestnut.  Notes.  Doubtless  re- 
semble those  of  No.  542a. 

Range.— Northwest  coast;  breeds  in  western  Alaska;  winters  south 
to  northern  California. 

542a.  Savanna  Sparrow  (P.  5.  savanna).  Similar 
to  No.  542,  but  smaller,  W.  2.7;  yellow  line  over  eye 
shorter  and  less  pronounced;  bill  smaller.  Notes.  Call 
a  sharp  tsip,  frequently  uttered;  song,  a  weak,  musical 
little  trill  following  a  grasshopperlike  introduction, 
tsip,  tstp,  tstp,  se-e-e-s' r-r-r .     (Dwight.) 

Range. — Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
northern  New  Jersey  (rarely),  eastern  Long  Island,  and  Missouri 
north  to  Labrador  and  western  Hudson  Bay;  winters  from  Virginia 
and  southern  Illinois  to  Cuba  and  Mexico. 

542b.  Western  Savanna  Sparrow  (P.  5.  alaudinus). 
Similar  to  No.  542a,  but  bill  more  slender,  color  aver- 
aging paler,  the  yellow  line  not  passing  over  the  eye, 
less  evident  before  it  and  often  wholly  wanting. 

Range.— Western  North  America  from  the  Plains  west  to  the  Si- 
erra; breeds  from  Mexico  City  north  to  Alaska;  winters  from  south- 
ern California  southward. 

542c.  Bryant  Marsh  Sparrow  {P.  s.  hryanti). 
Similar  to  No.  542b,  but  smaller,  W.  2.6;  colors  much 
darker,  streaks  belovv  heavier;  yellow  over  eye  more 
pronounced.  A  darker  bird  even  than  No.  542a,  but 
with  the  bill  slender  as  in  No.  542b. 

Range.— Resident  in  salt  marshes  about  San  Francisco  and  Mont- 
erey Bay;  winters  south  to  San  Pedro  ^Grinnell);  casually  to  Mexico 
City.     (Ridgw.) 

543.  Belding  Sparrow  {Passerculus  heldingi).  L.  5; 
W.  2.5.  Ads.  Similar  to  No.  542c,  but  somewhat 
smaller,  above  darker  and  with  a  slight  olive  caste;  un- 
derparts  more  heavily  streaked. 

.Range.— Pacific  Coast;  salt  marshes  from  Todos  Santos  Island, 
Lower  California,  north  to  Santa  Barbara. 

544.  Large-billed  Sparrow  (Passerculus  rostratus). 
L.  5.5;  W.  2.6.  Bill  stout,  upper  mandible  curved;  no 
yellow  before  eye  or  on  bend  of  wing.  Ads.  Above 
grayish  brown  marked  with  brown  and  blackish  but 
•without  well-defined  streaks;  below  white,  breast  and 
sides  streaked  with  grayish  brown,  the  streaked 
feathers  centrally  blackish. 

Range. — Coast  of  southern  California  north  to  Santa  Barbara;  win- 
ters south  to  Cape  St.  Lucas  and  northwe'^tern  Mexico. 

544a.  St.  Lucas  Sparrow  (P.  r.  ^uttatus).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  544,  but  .smaller,  W.  2.5;  b;ll  more  slender; 
upperparts  brownish  j^ray  with  an  olive  tint  and  streak- 
ed with  darker;  similar  to  No.  544c,  but  smaller,  upper- 
parts  more  olive  and  more  widely,  but  less  sharply 
streaked. 

Range. — Cape  Region  of  Lower  California  In  winter;  breeding 
range  unknown. 

223 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


544b.  Lagoon  Sparrow  (P.  r.  halophilus).  Similar 
to  No.  5443*  but  larger,  W.  2.7,  and  darker;  streaks  on 
chest  with  little  if  any  brown  edging;  differing  from  No. 
543,  in  more  uniform  coloration  of  upperparts,  in  less 
narrow  and  decidedly  blackish  streaks  on  chest,  etc. 

Range.— Salt  marshes,  Abreojos  Point,  Lower  California. 

5440.  San  Benito  Sparrow  {P.  r.  sanctorum).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  544,  but  bill  more  slender;  above  grayer 
(brownish  gray)  distinctly  streaked  with  blackish,  the 
streaks  margined  with  brown;  below  streaked  with 
black,  the  streaks  narrowly  margined  with  brownish. 

Range.— Breeds  on  San  Benito  Island,  Lower  California;  in  winter 
to  Cape  Region  of  Lower  California. 

545.  Ba I rd  Sparrow  (Co/«rmVM/M5&a«>JM).  L.  5.7. 
Tail-feathers  pointed,  middle  ones  shortest,  Ads. 
Crown  yellowish  brown,  streaked  with  black;  back 
black  margined  with  chestnut  and  grayish;  below 
whitish,  breast  and  sides  streaked  with  black.  In 
fall  and  winter,  colors  richer.  Notes.  Song,  ''trick-e- 
trik-eeeee-chiky-le-roit^  with  a  peculiar  tinkling  utter- 
ance." 

Range. — Great  Plains;  breeds  from  western  Minnesota,  North 
Dal<ota,  eastern  Montana,  north  to  Manitoba  and  Assiniboia;  winters 
south  to  Texas,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.     (Ridgw.) 

546.  Grasshopper  Sparrow  {Cotumiculus  savanna- 
rum  passerinus).  L.  5.3.  Line  before  eye  orange;  bend  of 
wing  yellow;  tail-feathers  pointed.  Ads.  Crown  black 
with. a  buffy  central  stripe;  nape  chestnut  and  gray, 
back  black,  chestnut  buff  and  gray;  below  buffy,  un- 
streaked,  belly  whiter,  l^otes.  Call,  a  sharp  chip; 
song,  a  weak,  insect-like  ^//-/m^>^,  ^ee-e-e-e-e-e-e. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
the  Gulf  States  to  Massachusetts,  Vermont,  and  Minnesota;  winters 
from  North  Carolina  to  Cuba  and  Mexico. 

546a.    Western  Grasshopper   Sparrow    (C.   s.   bi- 

maculatus).    Similar  to  No.  546,  but  paler  below  and 
with  less  black  and  more  chestnut  above. 

Range.— Western  United  States  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific; 
breeds  from  Mexican  border  states  north  to  Montana  and  British  Col- 
umbia; winters  south  into  Mexico. 

546b.  Florida  Grasshopper  Sparrow  (C.  s.  florid- 
anus).  Similar  to  No.  546,  but  smaller,  W.  3;  darker 
above,  paler  below;  sides  of  crown  almost  solid 
black;    chestnut    above    largely  replaced    by  black. 

Range. — Kissimmee  Prairies,  Florida. 

547.  Henslow  Sparrow  (Ammodramus  henslowii). 
L.  5.  Bend  of  wing  yellow;  tail-feathers  pointed,  the 
outer  ones  much  the  shortest.  Ads.  Crown  and 
nape  pale  olive-green  streaked  with  blackish;  back 
bright  reddish  brown  streaked  with  black  and  gray; 
below  white;  breast  and  sides  washed  with  buff  and 
streaked  with  black.  Notes.  Call,  tee-wick;  song,  sis- 
r  r-rit-srit-srit.     (  J ou y. ) 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  locally,  from  Virginia  and 
Missouri,  north  to  New  Hampshire,  southern  Ontario  and  Minnesota; 
winters  from  Virginia  and  Missouri  south  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

547a.  Western  Henslow  Sparrow  [A.  h.  ocddenta- 
lis).  Similar  to  No.  547,  but  paler,  in  summer  little  or 
no  buff  below. 

Range.— Central  western  states;  breeding,  so  far  as  known,  in  South 
Dakota;  in  winter  south  to  Texas. 

224 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


548.  Leconte  Sparrow  {Ammodramus  lecontet), 
L.  5.  No  yellow  on  wing;  tail-feathers  pointed,  outer 
ones  much  the  shortest.  Ads.  Broad  line  over  eye, 
throat,  breast  and  sides  rich  buff;  nape  chestnut  and 
gray;  back  black  narrowly  margined  with  chestnut  and, 
at  the  sides,  broadly  with  buff;  sides  streaked;  breast 
rarely  with  a  few  streaks,  hlotes.  Call,  a  thin,  sharp, 
tweet,  and  a  long-drawn  hi{{]  song,  a  tiny,  husky, 
reese,  reese.    (Seton.) 

Range.— Great  Plains  and  more  western  prairies;  breeding  from 
Datcota,  Minnesota,  etc.,  to  Manitoba,  migrating  south  and  east,  in 
winter,  througli  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  etc.,  to  Soutii  Carolina  and 
Gulf  States  from  Florida  to  Texas."     (Ridgw.) 

533.  Pine  Finch  {Spinuspinus).  L.  5.  Bill  sharp- 
ly pointed;  a  tuft  of  bristly  feathers  over  the  nostril; 
tail  slightly  forked.  Ads.  Base  of  tail,  of  inner  wing- 
feathers  and  outer  edges  of  primaries  yellow;  above 
brownish;  below  whitish  streaked  with  black.  'Notes. 
Call,  a  metallic  note;  song,  tinkling  and  musical  often 
sung  on  the  wing  as  with  No.  529,  the  song  of  which 
it  resembles. 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  northern  boundary  states  to 
Alaska;  in  the  Alleghanies  south  to  North  Carolina;  and  In  the  Rock- 
ies and  Sierra  south  to  Mexico;  winters  .from  the  northern  states  to 
Gulf  states  and  Lower  California. 

541.  Ipswich  Sparrow  {Passerculus  princeps) .  L. 
6.2.  Ads.  Above  pale  brownish  gray  streaked  with 
brown;  below  white,  breast  and  sides  streaked  with 
brownish;  spot  above  eye  and  bend  of  wing  often  pale 
sulphur  yellow.    Notes.    Resemble  those  of  No.   542a. 

Range. — Breeds  on  Sable  Island,  Nova  Scotia,  winters  south  along 
coast,  regularly  to  Virginia,  rarely  to  Georgia. 

549.  Sharp-tailed  Sparrow  {Ammodramus  caudacu- 
tus).  L.  5.8.  Tail-feathers  sharply  pointed,  outer 
ones  shortest.  Ads.  Below  white,  breast  and  sides 
washed  with  buff  and  distinctly  streaked  with  black] 
nape  olive-green;  cheeks  orange-buff;  ear-coverts  gray; 
crown  olive-chocolate  with  a  blue-gray  central  line; 
back  olive,  buff,  black  and  gray.  Notes.  Call,  chip\ 
song,  an  unmusical,  short,  '"husky,"  "gasping"  effort, 
uttered  from  a  perch  or  on  fluttering  wings  above  the 
reeds. 

Range.— Atlantic  coast;  breeds  from  South  Carolina  to  New  Hamp- 
shire; winters  from  North  Carolina  to  Florida. 

549.1.  Nelson  Sparrow  {Ammodramus  nelsoni). 
L.  5.5.  Tail-feathers  pointed,  outer  ones  shortest. 
Ads.  Similar  to  No.  549,  but  breast  and  sides  much 
deeper  buff,  the  former  with  few  or  no  streaks;  upper- 
parts  more  richly  colored.  Notes.  Resemble  those  of 
No.  549. 

Range. — Breeds  in  interior  from  northern  Illinois  to  Manitoba  and 
South  Dakota;  migrates  east  to  New  York  and  winters  south  to  South 
Carolina  and  Texas;  accidental  in  California. 

549. la.  Acadian  Sharp-tailed  Sparrow  {A.  n.  sub- 
virgatns).  Similar  to  No.  549- 1)  but  breast  and  sides 
paler,  the  former  lightly  but  distinctly  streaked  with 
grayish;  upperparts  less  richly  colored. 

Range. — Atlantic  coast;  breeds  in  marshes  of  eastern  Maine, 
southern  New  Brunswick,  and  Prince  Edward  Island;  winters  south  to 
South  Carolina. 

225 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


550.  Seaside  Sparrow  {Ammodramus  maritimus), 
L.  6:  W.  2.5.  Tail-feathers  pointed,  the  outer  ones 
shortest;  spot  before  eye  and  bend  of  wing  yellow. 
Ads.  Above  olive-green  and  gray  (no  black);  below 
white,  breast  and  sides  grayish  and,  in  first  plumage, 
streaked  with  buff.  I^otes.  Similar  in  character  to 
those  of  No.  549. 

Range. — ^Atlantic  coast;  breeds  in  salt  marshes  from  North  Carolina 
to  southern  Massachusetts;  winters  from  Virginia  to  Georgia. 

550a.  Scott  Seaside  Sparrow  {A.  m.  peninsula). 
Similar  to  No.  550,  but  smaller,  W.  2.3;  above  black 
margined  by  olive-brown  and  olive-green;  below  whit- 
ish, breast  and  sides  heavily  streaked  with   blackish. 

Range. — Atlantic  coast  from  northeastern  Florida  to  South  Caro- 
lina; Gulf  Coast  of  Florida. 

550b.  Texas  Seaside  Sparrow  {A.  m.  sennetti). 
Similar  to  No.  550,  but  greener  above;  the  feathers  of 
head  and  back  usually,  those  of  nape  always,  with 
black  centres. 

Range. — Coast  of  Texas. 

550c.  Fisher  Seaside  Sparrow  {A.  m.  fishert). 
Similar  to  No.  550a,  but  darker  above,  the  breast  and 
sides  heavily  washed  with  rusty  buff  and  streaked 
with  black. 

Range. — Coast  of  Louisiana,  south  in  winter,  at  least  as  far  as 
Corpus  Christi,  Texas;  casual  on  Gulf  coast  of  Florida. 

550d.  Macgillivray  Seaside  Sparrow  {A.  m.  mac- 
gillwraii).  Similar  to  No.  550c,  but  above  grayer, 
less  black,  breast  and  flanks  but  faintly  washed 
with  buff  and  streaked  with  dusky  grayish.  Grayer 
above  than  No.  550a,  and  less  heavily  streaked  below. 

Range. — Local  on  coast  of  South  Carolina. 

55  I.  Dusky  Seaside  Sparrow  {Ammodramus  nigres- 
cens).  L.  5.9.  At>ove  'black  iig'nfly  margined  with 
gray;  below  white  heavily  streaked  with  black;  spot 
before  eye  and  bend  of  wing  yellow.  Notes.  Similar 
in  character  to  those  of  No.  550. 

Range. — Marshes  at  head  of  Indian  River,  Florida,  from  Banana 
River  to  Haulover  Canal. 

583.  Lincoln  Sparrow  {Melospi^alincolnit) .  L.  5.7. 
Ads.  A  broad  huff  band  across  the  breast\  center  of 
crown  with  a  gray  stripe,  its  sides  striped  chestnut  and 
black;  back  grayish  brown  streaked  with  black  and 
chestnut,  below  streaked  with  black  except  on  middle 
of  white  belly.  Notes.  Call,  a  sharp  chirp;  song, 
suggests  bubbling,  guttural  notes  of  House  Wren  com- 
bined with  rippling  music  of  the  Purple  Finch. 
(Dwight.)     (See,  also,  Brewster,  Bird-Lore  II,  P,  in.) 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  northern  New  York,  northern 
Illinois  and  higher  parts  of  Rockies  and  Sierra  north  to  Alaska; 
winters  from  southern  Illinois  and  southirn  California  into  Mexico; 
rare  east  of  Alleghanies. 

583a.  Forbush  Sparrow  {M.l.  striata).  Similar 
to  No.  583,  but  browner  above,  crown-stripe  and  line 
over  eye  more  brown  than  gray, 

ange. — Pacific  coast  from  British  Co 


Range 
Ing  range  unknown 

226 


lumbia  to  California;  ^jreed- 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


554.  White-crowned  Sparrow  {Zonotrichia  leu- 
cophrys).  L.  6.9.  No  yellow  before  eye.  Ads. 
White  stripe  over  eye  not  reaching  to  bill;  lores  black; 
breast  gray,  throat  but  little  paler;  back  gray  streaked 
with  brown,  rump  browner,  Yng,  Black  crown- 
stripes  replaced  by  chestnut,  the  white  ones  by  buff; 
back  much  browner,  no  gray.  'Notes.  Call,  a  sharp 
chip\  song,  a  plaintive,  musical  whistle  usually  of  five 
or  six  notes,  the  first  two  longest. 

Range.— North  America; ^breeds  from  northern  New  England  and 
(in  the  higher  Rockies  and  Sierra)  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Cal- 
ifornia north  to  Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay  region;  winters  from 
southern  United  States  into  Mexico. 


554a.  Intermediate  Sparrow  (Z.  /.  gamheli).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  544,  but  the  lores  wholly  gray  or  whitish, 
the  white  line  over  the  eye  reaching  the  bill. 

Range.— Western  North  America;  breeds  from  Montana  and  eastern 
Oregon  northeast  of  Coast  Mountains,  to  lower  Mackenzie  and  north- 
ern Alaska;  winters  from  southern  United  States  into  Mexico;  casual 
In  migrations  east  to  Mississippi  River  States. 


554b.  Nuttall  Sparrow  (Z.  /.  nuttalU),  Similar  to 
No.  554a,  but  smaller,  L.  6.5,  margins  to  feathers  of 
back  browner,  underparts  browner,  bend  of  wing 
yellow. 

Range. — "Pacific  coast  district,  breeding  from  Monterey,  Californ- 
ia, to  Mt.  Simpson,  British  Columbia,  south  in  winter  to  San  Pedro 
Martir  Mountains,  Lower  California."    (Ridgw.) 


557.  Golden-crowned  Sparrow  {Zonotrichia  coron- 
ata).  L.  7.2.  Ad.  c^.  Center  of  crown  yellow,  its 
sides  black;  below  grayish  white,  sides  brownish; 
back  brown  streaked  with  black;  two  white  wing-bars; 
bend  of  wing  yellow.  Ad.  ?.  Crown  like  back;  its 
front  tinged  with  yellow;  breast  washed  with  brownish. 

Range. — Pacific  coast;  breeds  in  Alaska;  winters  from  Oregon 
south  to  northern  Lower  California. 


558.  White-throated  Sparrow  {Zonotrichia  albicol- 
lis),  L.  6.7.  A  yellow  mark  before  the  eye  and  on 
bend  of  wing.  Ads.  Crown  black,  a  narrow  white 
stripe  through  its  center  and  bounded  by  white  behind 
the  eye;  throat  white  sharply  defined  from  gray  breast; 
back  reddish  brown  streaked  with  black.  Yng.  Less 
yellow  before  eye,  crown  browner,  its  stripe  gray; 
throat  grayer,  sometimes  like  breast.  Notes.  Call,  a 
low  tseep,  and  sharp  chink\  song,  a  musical,  clearly 
-wXnsWt^ii  sow-wheat  peverly ,  peverly y  peverly ;  or  peabody, 
peabody,  peabody. 

Range.—  Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Plains,  casually  to  the 
Pacific;  breeds  from  Massachusetts  (locally) ,  northern  New  York, 
northern  Michigan,  and  eastern  Montana,  north  to  Labrador  and  West 
Hudson  Bay  region;  winters  from  Massachusetts  (rarely)  and  Illinois 
south  to  the  Gulf. 

227 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


561.  Clay-colored  Sparrow  (Spt^ella  pallida). 
L.  5.4.  No  reddish  brown,  /ids.  Above  grayish 
brown  streaked  with  black;  sides  of  crown  largely 
black,  a  grayish  line  through  its  center;  sides  of  head 
brownish;  below  white.  Notes.  Song,  three  notes, 
and  a  slight  trill.     (Coues.) 

Range.— Interior  of  North  America,  from  Illinois  to  the  Rockies; 
breeds  from  eastern  Colorado,  and  northwestern  Illinois  north  to  Sas- 
katchewan; winters  from  southern  Texas  into  Mexico. 


562.  Brewer  Sparrow  (5/)/7^//a  breweri).  L.  5.4. 
No  reddish  brown.  Ads.  Back  and  crown  brownish 
gray,  uniformly  and  narrowly  streaked  with  black; 
sides  of  head  grayish;  below  white.  Grayer  than  No. 
561,  the  sides  of  the  crown  «o^  largely  black.  Notes. 
Call,  chip;  song,  a  reedy  warble  resembling  in  tone 
that  of  a  Long-billed  Marsh  Wren. 

Range.— Western  United  States,  from  the  Rockies  to  central  Cal- 
ifornia; breeds  from  Mexican  border  States  north  to  British  Colum- 
bia; winters  from  southern  California  south  into  Mexico. 


574.  BeW  S\izrroyi  {Amphispi7a  belli) .  L.  6.1;  W. 
2.7.  Ads.  Sides  of  throat  with  olack  streaks;  center 
of  breast  with  black  spots;  above  grayish  brown,  usual- 
ly without  distinct  streaks,  no  white  in  tail. 

Range.— Pacific  coast,  from  northern  Lower  California  northwest  of 
Sierras,  to  Warren  county,  California;  resident. 


574a.  Sage  Sparrow  {A.  b.  nevadensis).  Similar 
to  No.  574,  but  larger,  W.  3.1;  back  brownish  gray, 
usually  finely  but  distinctly  streaked  with  black;  less 
black  at  sides  of  throat,  usually  a  white  stripe  over  the 
eye.  Notes.  Call,  a  chipping  twitter;  song,  feeble, 
but  sweet  and  sad.     (B.  B.  &  R.) 

Range. — Great  Basin  region;  breeds  from  New  Mexico,  Arizona, 
and  southeastern  California  north  to  Idaho  and  eastern  Oregon;  win- 
ters south  to  western  Texas  and  southern  California. 


574b.  Gray  Sage  Sparrow  {A.  h.  cinerea).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  574,  but  paler  above,  throat-stripes  narrower, 
more  interrupted,  breast-spot  smaller,  both  stripes  and 
spot  dull  grayish  instead  of  blackish.     (Ridgw.) 

Range.— Lower  California. 


564.  Worthen  Sparrow  {Spi^ella  wortheni).  Re- 
sembles No.  563a,  but  sides  of  head  plain  gray,  no 
brownish  streak  behind  eye;  tail  shorter,  2.5. 

Range. — Southern  New  Mexico  (Silver  City) ,  southward  over  east- 
ern border  of  Mexican  plateau  to  southern  Puebia;  breeding  from 
Tamaulipas  northward.     (Ridgw.) 

228 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


EASTERN  SONG  SPARROW  GROUP. 
581.  Song  Sparrow  {Melospi^a  cinerea  melodia) .  L. 
6.2.  Ads.  Above  reddish  brown  and  gray  with  black 
streaks;  tail  with  a  decided  rufous  tinge;  black  streaks 
below  conspicuously  margined  with  reddish  brown, 
those  of  center  of  breast  forming  a  patch.  Notes. 
Call,  a  characteristic  chimp  or  trink\  song,  too  variable 
in  form  to  admit  of  brief  description  but  unmistakable 
in  tone  throughout  the  whole  group. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
Virginia  and  northern  Illinois  north  to  Quebec  and  Manitoba;  winters 
from  southern  Illinois  and  Massachusetts  to  Gulf  States. 

581b.  Mountain  Song  Sparrow  (A/,  c.  montana). 
Similar  to  No.  581,  but  grayer;  reddish  brown  not  so 
bright;  bill  smaller. 

Range.— Rocky  Mountain  district  of  United  States  west  to,  and  In- 
cluding Sierra  Nevada  in  California;  north  to  eastern  Oregon,  south- 
ern Idaho,  and  southern  Montana;  south  in  winter  to  western  Texas 
and  northern  Mexico.    (Ridgw.) 

58 1  k.  Merrill  Song  Sparrow  {M.  c.  merrillt).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  581b,  but  slightly  darker  and  more  uniform 
above,  with  grayish  edgings  to  interscapulars  and 
scapulars  less  strongly  contrasted  with  the  darker 
mesial  streaks,  the  latter  usually  with  more  bfown 
than  black.     (Rid^w.) 

Range. — Breeds  from  northern  California  (Shasta  County)  in 
mountains  and  through  Oregon  and  Washington  east  of  Cascade 
Mountains,  to  northwestern  Idaho;  .winters  south  Into  Mexico. 
(Ridgw.) 

58  I  j.  Dakota  Song  Sparrow  (Af.  <:.>^^0>  Simi- 
lar to  No.  581,  but  above  paler,  especially  line  over 
eye  and  sides  of  neck;  white  below  clearer;  interscap- 
ulars with  black  center  broader,  reddish  brown  por- 
tions narrower;  dark  markings  on  breast  restricted  and 
more  sharply  defined.     (Bishop.) 

Range.— "Turtle  Mountains  and  vicinity.  North  Dakota."      (A.  O. 

DESERT  SONG  SPARROWS. 
581a.     Desert    Song    Sparrow    {Melospi^a    cinerea 
fallax).    W.  2.5.      Above  reddish  brown  and  gray; 
below  white  with  reddish  brown  streaks;   usually  no 
black  in  plumage. 

Range.— Lower  S)noran  district  of  southwest  Arizona,  southern  Ne- 
vada, southeast  California  and  northwest  Lower  California  and  Son- 
era.    (Ridgw.) 

58 1 g.  Brown  Song  Sparrow  (A/,  c.  rivularis).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  581a,  but  larger,  W.  2.7,  with  longer,  more 
slender  and  more  compressed  bill;  still  less  strongly 
contrasted  markings,  and  duller,  less  rufescent  colors. 
(Ridgw.) 

Range. — Mountain  districts  of  southern  Lower  California.  (Ridgw.) 

CALIFORNIA  SONG  SPARROWS. 
58 1  c.  Heermann  Song  Sparrow  {Me lospi^a  cinerea 
heermanni).  L.  6.5;  W.  2.5.  Ads.  Above  chestnut 
olive-gray  with  usually  distinct  black  streaks;  tail 
without  a  decided  rufous  tinge;  black  streaks  below  not 
conspicuously  bordered  by  rufous. 

Range. — Central  valleys  of  California  Including  lower  levels  of 
Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  basins.    (Ridgw.) 

229 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


CALIFORNIA  SONG  SPARROWS. 
581m.    San  Diego  Sparrow  (M.   c.cooperi).      Simi- 
lar to  No.  581c,   but  slightly  smaller,   W.  2.4,  much 
lighter  and  grayer. 

Rartge. — Southern  coast  district  of  California  north  to  Monterey 
Bay,  east  to  Ft.  Tejon,  San  Bernardino,  etc.,  and  north  Pacific  coast 
district  of  Lower  California  south  to  San  Quentin  Bay.     (Ridgw.) 

58  Id.  Samuels  Song  Sparrow  (M.  c.  samuelis). 
Similar  to  No.  581c,  but  smaller,  W.  2.4,  bill  more 
slender. 

Range — Coast  slope  of  central  California  (except  salt  marshes  of 
San  Francisco  Bay),  from  Santa  Cruz  County  to  Humboldt  County, 
north,  at  least  in  winter,  to  Humbolt  Bay.     (Ridgw.) 

581  I.  Alameda  Song  Sparrow  (M.  c  pusilluld). 
Similar  to  No.  581a,  but  smaller,  W.  2.3,  less  rusty, 
underparts  more  heavily  streaked,  usually  more  or  less 
suffused  v^'xih  yellowish. 

Range. — Salt  marshes  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  California.    (Ridgw.) 

5811.  San  Clemente  Song  Sparrow  (Af.  c.  cle- 
mentcv).    Similar  to  No.  581m,   but  larger  and  grayer. 

Range. — San  Clemente,  San  Miguel,  and  Santa  Rosa  Islands, 
Santa  Barbara  Group,  California;  Coronados  Islands,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia.    (Ridgw.) 

58  I  h.  Santa  Barbara  Song  Sparrow  [M.  c.  gram- 
inea).    Similar  to  No.  58ii,  but  much  smaller,  W.   2.4. 

Range.— Santa  Barbara  Islands,  California  mainland  in  winter. 

NORTHWEST  COAST  SONG  SPARROWS. 
58  le.     Rusty  Song   %^zrr 0V4  {M.  c.  morphna).      W. 
2.7.    Ads.    Above  without  clear  gray  and  not  distinct- 
ly streaked;  prevailing  color   dark  reddish  brown;  be- 
low heavily  streaked  with  same. 

Range.  -  Northwest  coast  region,  Oregon  to  British  Columbia; 
south  in  winter  to  southern  California. 

58  If.  Sooty  Song  Sparrow  (M.  i:.  rufina).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  58ie,  but  larger,  W.  2.9,  more  sooty  above 
and  below,  underparts  more  heavily  streaked. 

Range. — Pacific  coast  region  from  British  Columbia  north  to  south- 
ern Alaska. 

58  In.  Yukutat  Song  Sparrow  (Af.  c  caurina). 
Similar  to  No.  58if,  bill  longer  and  more  slender,  color 
grayer. 

Range. — Coast  of  Mt.  St.  Ellas  district  of  Alaska,  from  Yakutat 
Bay  to  Lituya  Bay. 

58 1  o.  Kenai  Song  Sparrow  {M.  c.  kenaiensis). 
Similar  to  No.  582,  but  smaller,  W.  3,  plumage  darker, 
more  sooty,  less  rufous. 

Range.-  Coast  of  Kenai  Peninsula,  Alaska,  from  east  side  of  Cook 
Inlet  to  Prince  William  Sound.     (Ridgw.) 

581.1.  Kadiak  Island  Song  Sparrow  (Af.  c.  insignis). 
Similar  to  No  5810,  but  larger,  W.  3.2,  bill  longer, 
color  grayer. 

Range.— Kadiak  Island  and  opposite  coast  of  Alaska.     (Ridgw.) 

582.  Aleutian  Song  Sparrow  {Melospi^a  dnerea). 
Similar  to  No.  581.  i,  but  larger  and  grayer;  largest  and 
grayest  bird  of  group;  L.  8;  W.  3-4' 

Range.— "Western  portion  of  Alaska  Peninsula  (Stepovak  Bay, 
opposite  Shumagin  Islands),  Shumagfn  Islands,  and  Aleutian  Islands, 
from  Unalaska  to  Atka,  Adak,  and  Attu. "    (Ridgw.) 

230 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


585.  Fox  Sparrow  {Passerella  iliaca),  L.  7.2. 
Back  streaked,  gray  and  reddish  brown;  tail  and  spots 
below  bright  reddish  brown.  Notes.  Call,  a  weak 
tseep;  song,  loud,  sweet,  varied,  ringing  and  joyous. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Magdalen  Islands  and 
Manitoba,  northwest  to  Alaska;  winters  from  Virginia  to  the  Gulf 
States. 

585a.    Shumagin  Fox  Sparrow  (P.   i.   unalaschen- 
sis).    Back  not  distinctly  streaked,   much   paler  than 
No.  585 ;  spots  below  grayish  brown;  palest  of  present 
group. 

Range.— Alaska,  Shumagin  Islands,  and  Alaskan  Peninsula  to  Cook 
Inlet. 

— Kadiak  Fox  Sparrow  {P,  i.  insularis).  Similar 
to  No.  585a,  but  browner  above  and  below;  tail  nearly 
same  as  back;  breast  spots  larger. 

Range. —  'Kadiak  Island,  Alaska,  In  summer;  in  winter  south  along 
the  coast  slope  to  southern  California."    (Ridgw.) 

—Sooty  Fox  Sparrow  {P.  i.  fuUginosa).  Ads, 
Above,  including  wings  and  tail,  uniform  brownish 
umber,   unstreaked\  below  heavily  spotted  with  same. 

Range.— Coast  of  British  Columbia  and  northwest  Washington; 
south  in  winter  to  San  Francisco,  California.     (RIdgw.) 

—Townsend  Fox  Sparrow  {P.  i.  townsendi).  Sim- 
ilar to  fuligmosa  but  more  rufous. 

Range.  Southern  Alaska  north  to  Cross  Sound;  south  In  winter  to 
northern  California.    (Ridgw.) 

— Yakutat  Fox  Sparrow  (P.  i.  annectens).  Similar 
to  townsendi  but  less  rufous;  very  near  fuliginosa,  but 
not  quite  so  deeply  colored. 

Range. — Coast  of  Alaska,  from  Cross  Sound  to  Prince  William 
Sound  (to  Cook  Inlet?);  in  winter,  south  to  California.    (Ridgw.) 

585b.  Thick-billed  Sparrow  (P.  i,  megarhynda). 
L.  7- 31  W.  3 '3;  depth  of  B.  at  base,  .4.  Ads.  Above 
and  spots  below  gray\  wings  and  tail  light  brown; 
bill  large.  Notes.  Song,  resembles  that  of  No.  585, 
but  is  recognizably  different. 

Range.— Breeding  In  the  Sierra  Nevada  (both  slopes)  from  Mt. 
Shasta  southward;  In  winter  beyond  Sierras  as  far  as  Los  Angeles 
County,  California.     (Ridgw.) 

585c.  Slate-colored  Sparrow  (P.  i.  schistacea). 
Similar  to  No.  585b,  but  smaller,  bill  smaller;  W.  3.2; 
depth  of  B.  at  base,  .35. 

Range.— Rocky  Mountain  district  of  United  States  and  British  Co- 
lumbia; breeds  from  more  eastern  ranges  of  Colorado  west  to  White 
Mountains  in  southeastern  Colorado,  mountains  of  northeastern  Cal- 
ifornia and  eastern  Oregon;  north  to  interior  of  British  Columbia;  In 
migrations.  New  Mexico.  Arizona,  western  slopes  of  Sierra  Nevada, 
western  Kansas.     (Ridgw.) 

585d.  Stephens  Sparrow  {P.  i.  stephensi).  Similar 
in  coloration  to  No.  585b,  but  larger,  the  bill  conspicu- 
ously so;  W.  3.4;  depth  of  B.  at  base  .6.     (Ridgw.) 

Range. — Breeding  on  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  Mountains; 
Bouthern  California.    (Ridgw.) 

231 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


674.  Oven-bird  {Seiurus  durocapillus),  L.  6. r. 
Ads.  No  Wing-bars;  no  white  in  tail;  above  brownish 
olive-green;  crown  orange-brown  bordered  by  black; 
below  white  streaked  with  black.  Notes.  Call,  a 
weak  cheep]  song,  a  crescendo  teacher  repeated  about 
five  times;  also  a  wild,  ecstatic  flight  song. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Rockies;  breeds  from 
Virginia  and  Kansas  north  to  Labrador  and  northwest  to  Alaska;  win- 
ters from  Florida  south  to  West  Indies  and  Central  America.  (Said  to 
breed  in  Bahamas.) 

675.  Water-Thrush  (Seiurus  novehoracensis).  L. 
6;  W.  3.  A  whitish  line  over  eye;  above  olive;  below 
pale  sulphur  jyellow  heavily  streaked  with  blackish; 
throat  spotted;  no  wing-bars  or  tail-patches.  Notes. 
Call,  a  sharp  chink;  song,  a  high-pitched,  liquid 
whistle,  5tr^^/,  sw^^/,  sweet,  cbu-chu-wee  chu.  (Jones.) 
Also  a  flight  song. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  northern  New  Eng- 
land and  northern  Illinois,  north  to  Newfoundland  and  Hudson  Bay, 
andsouthalongtheAlleghanies  to  West  Virginia;  winters  from  Flor- 
ida to  northern  South  America. 

§7 5a.  Grinnell  Water-Thrush  (5.  «.  notahilis). 
Similar  to  No.  675,  but  larger,  W.  3.1;  upperparts 
darker,  less  olive;  underparts  less  yellow. 

Range.— Western  North  America;  breeds  from  Minnesota,  western 
Nebraska,  and  probably  more  northern  Rocky  Mountain  district  of 
United  States,  north  to  Alaska;  winters  from  southern  United 
States  southward;  in  migration  east  to  Mississippi  valley,  rarely  to 
Atlantic  States  from  New  Jersey  southward. 

676.  Louisiana  Water-Thrush  {Seiurus  motacilla). 
L.  6.2.  Ads.  A  white  line  over  eye;  above  grayish 
olive;  below  buffjy  white;  breast  and  sides  streaked;  no 
spots  on  throat;  no  wing-bars  or  tail-patches.  Notes. 
Call,  a  sharp,  metallic  chink;  song,  a  sudden  outburst 
of  loud  wild,  ringing  notes;  also  a  flight  song. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States;  breeds  from  Gulf  States  to 
Connecticut,  lower  Hudson  Valley,  and  Minnesota;  winters  In  tropics. 

697,  American  Pipit:  Titlaric  {Anthuspensilvanicus), 
L.6.4.  Hind  toe-nail  much  the  longest.  Ads.  Outer 
tail-feather  largely  white;  next  one  only  tipped  with 
white;  upperparts  grayish  brown  indistinctly  streaked; 
underparts  rich  buff,  breast  and  sides  streaked  with 
blackish.  Yng.  and  Ads.  in  Winter.  Less  gray  above, 
paler  below.  Notes.  Call,  a  soft  dee-dee  usually  utter- 
ed in  flight;  a  flight  song. 

Range. — North  America  breeding  In  Arctic  regions  and  in  the  high- 
er parts  of  the  Rockies  from  Colorado  northward  (4IS0  on  Mt. 
Shasta?) ;  winters  from  southern  California,  Nevada  and  Gulf  States 
south  through  Mexico  to  Central  America. 

700.  Sprague  Pipit  {Anthus  spraguei),  L.  6.2. 
Hind  toe-nail  much  lengthened;  two  outer  tail-feathers 
largely  white.  Ads.  Above  streaked  with  buff  and 
blackish  brown;  below  white  tinged  with  buff;  breast 
streaked.  In  winter,  similar,  but  less  brown  above, 
less  buff  below.  Notes.  Song,  uttered  on  the  wing 
when  several  hundred  feet  above  the  earth,  sweet  and 
far  reaching,  resembling  at  beginning  song  of  Skylark. 

Range.— "Interior  plains  of  North  America,  breeding  from  plains  of 
the  Yellowstone  northward  to  Saskatchewan  district  and  from  the  Red 
River  westward  (probably  to  the  Rocky  Mountains);  south  In  winter 
on  the  tablelands  of  Mexico  to  Puebla;  accidental  in  South  Carolina." 

232 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


V 


702,  Sage  Thrasher  {Oroscoptes  montanus).  L. 
8.7.  Ads.  Above  brownish  gray;  below  whitish 
heavily  streaked  with  blackish;  outer  tail-feathers 
/<>/>^ J  with  white.  Notes.  Call,  a  low  chuck;  song, 
deficient  in  power  but  possessing  sweetness,  vivacity 
and  variety;  resembling  song  of  Ruby-crowned  King- 
let.   (Ridgway.) 

Range.— Western  United  States  from  western  South  Dakota,  west- 
ern Nebraska  and  eastern  Colorado,  north  to  Montana,  west  to  the 
Cascades  and  Sierra  Nevada,  south  into  northern  Mexico  and  Lower 
California.     (A.  O.  U.) 

705.  Brown  Thrasher  (Toxos^owa  fM/ww).  L.  11.5; 
W.  4.i;B.  .95.  Ads.  Above,  wings  and  tail  rufous 
or  rusty  brown;  below  white  heavily  streaked  with 
blackish;  two  white  wing-bars.  Notes.  Calls,  a  sharp 
kissing  note  and  a  clearly  whistled  wheeu;  song,  loud, 
musical,  varied,  finished  and  rich  in  tone. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  the  Gulf  States  north 
to  Maine  and  Manitoba;  winters  from  Virginia  and  the  lower  Mississ- 
ippi Valley  southward. 

706.  Sen nett  Thrasher  {Toxostoma  longirostre  sen- 
netti).  L.  11.5;  W.  4;  B.  I.I.  Ads.  Similar  to  No. 
705,  but  wing  shorter,  bill  longer,  upperparts  less 
bright,  streaks  below  blacker.  Notes.  Resemble  those 
of  No.  705,  but  song  even  finer. 

Range.— Southeastern  Texas  from  Corpus  Christl  south  into  north- 
eastern Mexico. 

713?  Texan  Cactus  Wren  [Heleodytes  hrunnetca- 
pilliis  couesi) .  L.  8.5.  Largest  of  our  Wrens.  Ads. 
Above  brown,  head  darker,  back  streaked  with  white; 
below,  including  chin,  heavily  marked  with  black. 
Notes.     A  loud,  harsh  cack-cack-cack-cack. 

Range. — "Rio  Grande  region  of  Texas  and  adjoining  Mexican 
states,  west  to  the  eastern  Desert  Tract,  south  over  the  Mexican 
tableland."     (Mearns.) 

7  13a.  Bryant  Cactus  Wren  {H.  b.  hryanti).  Dif- 
fers from  No.  713b,  in  heavier  spotting  below,  and  in 
perfectly  barred  tail  and  slight  wash  of  rufous  on  belly 
and  flanks.     (Anthony.) 

Range. — "Northern  Lower  California  and  southern  California,  west 
of  the  Coast  Range."     (Mearns.) 

7  I  3b.  St.  Lucas  Cactus  Wren  {H.  h.  affinis).  Re- 
sembling No.  713c,  but  all  the  tail-feathers,  except 
middle  pair,  barred  with  white  for  their  whole  length; 
flanks  white  or  very  pale  buff,  with  large  rounded  or 
tear-shaped  spots.     (Ridgw.) 

Range.— Southern  Lower  California. 

7  1 3c?  Desert  Cactus  Wren  {H.  b.  anthonyi).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  713,  but  paler  above;  chin  without  spots. 

Range.— Interior  deserts  of  the  southwestern  United  States,  south 
into  Mexico  and  northeastern  Lower  California.     (Mearns.) 

755.  Wood  Thrush  (Hyhcichla  mustelina).  L. 
8.2.  Ads.  Above  bright  cinnamon,  brightest  on  head; 
below  white  with  large,  rounded  black  spots.  Notes. 
Calls,  a  sh3iX\>  pit-pit ,  a  liquid  quirt,  and  a  soft  tuttut- 
tut\  song,  both  flute-like  and  bell-like;  sung  with  fre- 
quent pauses  and  low  notes. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States;  breeds  from  Virginia  and  Kansas 
to  Vermont,  Quebec,  and  Minnesota;  winters  in  Central  America. 

233 


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702. 


705. 


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755. 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


^Ts: 


715.  Rock  Wren  [Salpindes  ohsoletus).  L.  5.7. 
Ads.  Rump  rusty;  tail  tipped  and  outer  feathers 
barred  witli  pale  rusty;  above  grayish  brown  lightly 
speckled  with  blackish;  below,  including  belly,  whitish; 
breast  obscurely  streaked  with  brownish,  l^otes. 
Calls,  Wren-like;song,  sweet,  varied  and  Mockingbird- 
like. 

Range. — "Western  United  States,  from  the  western  border  of  the 
Plains  to  the  Pacific,  north  to  Dakota,  Montana,  and  British  Colum- 
bia; south  on  the  tablelands  of  Mexico  and  Guatemala  to  Salvador; 
breeds  throughout  its  range,  and  is  resident  from  about  the  southern 
border  of  the  United  States  southward."     (A.  O.  U.) 

716.  Guadalupe  Rock  Wren  {Salpinctes  guadelou- 
pensis).  Resembling  No.  715,  but  darker  and  browner, 
with  chest,  etc.,  more  distinctly  speckled;  wings  and 
tail  shorter;  bill  and  tarsi  longer;  W.  2.6;  T.  2.2, 
(Ridgw.) 

Range.— Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 

7  I  7.  White-throated  Wren  {Catherpes  mexicanus 
alhifrons).  L.  6;  W.  2.7.  Ads.  Belly,  rump,  and  all 
tail-feathers  rusty;  tail  barred  with  black;  throat  white; 
back  rusty  brown. 

Range. — Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas  and  southward  Into 
northeastern  Mexico. 

717a.  Canon  Wren  (C.  m.  conspersus).  Similar  to 
No.  717,  but  smaller,  W.  2.3;  tail-bars  narrower. 
J^otes.  Call,  a  "ringing  dink;''''  song,  a  series  of  about 
seven,  loud,  ringing  whistles  uttered  in  a  regularly  de- 
scending scale. 

Range.— "Great  Basin  and  Rocky  Mountain  region,  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada  and  Cascades  eastward  to  southern  Idaho,  Wyoming,  Color- 
ado and  western  Texas:  south  on  the  tableland  of  Mexico  to  Aguas 
Calientes;  breeds  nearly  throughout  its  range;  resident  in  southern 
parts  of  its  United  States  distribution."     (A.  O.  U.) 

717b.  Dotted  Canon  Wren  (C.  m.  punctulatus) , 
Similar  to  No.  717a,  but  darker;  more  nearly  resemb- 
ling No.  717  in  colors,  but  smaller  in  size. 

Range. — Pacific  coast  from  Lower  California  north  to  Oregon;  resi- 
dent. 

718.  Carolina  Wren  {Thryothorus  ludovidanus). 
L.  5.5;  W.  2.3;  B.  .6.  Ads.  Above  bright  rust-brown; 
below  washed  with  same,  throat  and  line  over  eye 
white,  f^otes.  Calls,  Wren-like;  song,  a  great  variety 
of  loud,  musical  whistles,  whee-udel,  wbee-udel,  whee-udel 
Or  tea-kettle,  tea-kettle^  tea-kettle,  etc. 

Range  —Eastern  United  States;  breeds  from  the  Gulf  States  north 
to  the  lower  Hudson  Valley  (and  casually  Massachusetts),  northern 
Illinois,  and  southern  Iowa;  resident. 

718a.  Florida  Wren  (T.  /.  miamensis).  Similar  to 
No.  718,  but  darker  above,  more  deeply  colored  below; 
larger,  W.  2.4;  B.  .7. 

Range.— Florida,  from  Pasco  and  Brevard  counties  southward. 

718b.  Lomita  Wren  {T,  I.  lomttensts).  Similar  to 
No.  718,  but  browner,  less  rufous  above,  rump  with 
more  white  spots;  below  paler,  the  flanks  usually 
barred. 

Range.-  Southeastern  Texas. 

234 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


719.  Bewick  Wren  {Tbrvomanes  bewickii),  L.  5; 
W.  2.2,  T.  2. 1.  Ads.  Above  rich,  dark  cinnamon- 
brown,  tail  grayer;  below  grayish  white;  all  but  middle 
pair  of  tail-feathers  black,  outer  ones  barred,  others 
tipped  with  grayish.  Notes.  Call,  "a  soft,  low, /»/?/;" 
song,  strongly  suggesting  that  of  Song  Sparrow. 

Range.— Mississippi  Valley  west  to  the  Plains,  north  to  Lat.  40°  , 
east  to  Alleghanies  and  locally  to  Atlantic  States  from  southern  New 
Jersey  to  Georgia. 

7  I  9a.  Vigors  Wren  ( T.  h.  spilurus) .  Similar  to  No. 
719,  but  smaller,  W.  2;  upperparts  less  cinnamon  or 
reddish. 

Range. — California,  west  of  Sierra  Nevada  and  south  to  Santa 
Cruz  Island.     (Bailey.) 

719b.  ^dArdVlren  {T.b.  leucogaster).  Similar  to 
No.  719c,  but  upperparts  grayer. 

Range.— "Western  Texas  to  southeastern  California,  and  from 
southern  Nevada.  Utah,  and  Colorado  south  over  tablelands  of  Mex- 
ico to  Zacatecas."     (Bailey.) 

7I9c.  Texas  Bewiolc  Wren  (T.  b.  cryptus).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  719,  but  graver,  brown  of  upperparts  not  so 
rich;  slightly  larger,  W.  2.3. 

Range. — "Texas,  except  the  extreme  western  comer,  states  of  Nuevo 
Leon  and  Tamaulipas,  in  Mexico,  with  probably  Kansas,  Indian  Ter- 
ritory and  Oklahoma;  migratory  north  of  Texas."      (Oberholser.) 

7  I  9d.  Southwest  Bewicic  Wren  (7.  b.  charienturus). 
Similar  to  No.  719b  but  flanks  and  upper  surface  dark- 
er, eye-stripe  rather  broader,  under  tail-coverts  more 
heavily  barred,  wing  shorter,  2.    (Oberholser.) 

Range. — Coast  region  of  southern  California,  north  to  about  Pasa- 
dena, south  to  Lat.  28°,  Lower  California,  Santa  Catalina  Island; 
resident.     (Oberholser.) 

729e.  Northwest  Bewicic  Wren  (7.  b.  calophonus). 
Similar  to  No.  719a,  but  bill  larger,  upper  surface 
usually  rather  deeper  and  richer  brown,  flanks  some- 
what more  rufescent;  W.  2.1;  B..6.     (Oberholser.) 

Range.— Pacific  slope  from  Oregon  north  to  southern  Vancouver 
Island,  valley  of  the  Fraser  River,  and  slightly  farther  along  the 
mainland  coast;  probably  resident.     (Oberholser.) 

719.1.  San  Clemente  Wren  ( Tkryomanes  leucophrj;s) 
Similar  to  No.  7i9d,  but  flanks  and  upperparts  rather 
grayer  and  paler,  bill  longer,  under  tail-coverts  less 
heavily  barred.     (Oberholser.) 

Range.— San  Clemente  Island,  California. 

720.  Guadalupe  Wren  {Thryomanes  brevicauda  ). 
L.  4.5;  W.  1.9-  ^ds.  Resembling  No.  719a,  but 
rump  with  few  or  no  concealed  white  spots;  tail  dull 
grayish  brown,  narrowly  and  indistinctly  barred  with 
dusky,  two  or  three  outer  feathers  with  brownish  gray 
tips.    (Ridgw.) 

Range.— Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 

235 


15 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


721.  House  Wren  {Troglodytes  aedon) .  L.  4.7;  T. 
1.7.  Ads.  Above  cinnamon  brown,  sometimes  ob- 
scurely barred;  tail  the  same,  all  the  feathers  barred; 
below  grayish  with  a  brownish  wash,  lower  belly  and 
flanks  usually  more  or  less  barred.  I^otes.  Call,  a 
scolding  krrring\  song,  a  bubbling,  rippling,  irrepress- 
ible little  melody. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  north  to  Maine,  Montreal, 
and  Manitoba;  winters  from  South  Carolina  and  the  Lower  Missis- 
sippi Valley  southward  into  Mexico. 

721a.  Parkman  Wren  {T.  a.  parkmanii).  Similar 
to  No.  721,  but  less  cinnamon  above;  intermediate  in 
color  between  No.  721  and  No.  721b. 

Range.— Pacific  coast;  breeds  from  southern  California  north  to 
British  Columbia;  winters  from  southern  California  southward. 

721b.  Western  House  Wren  {T,  a.  a^tecus).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  721,  but  much  grayer  above  and  paler  be- 
low; back  more  frequently  barred. 

Range.— Western  United  States  from  the  Sierra  Nevada  east  to  the 
Mississippi  Valley;  winters  south  into  Lower  California  and  Mexico. 

722.  Winter  Wren  {Olhiorchilus  hiemalts).  L.  4; 
T.  1.2.  Ads.  Above  cinnamon,  much  brighter  than 
in  No.  721;  below  pale  cinnamon,  sides  and  belly 
heavily  barred  with  blackish.  Notes.  Call,  c/iimp- 
chimp,  resembling  call  of  Song  Sparrow;  song,  tink- 
ling, rippling,  full  of  trills,  runs  and  grace  notes. 
(Bailey.) 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  northern  New  Lng- 
land  and  northern  New  York  northward,  and  southward  along  the  A'- 
ieghanies  to  North  Carolina;  winters  from  Massachusetts  and  Illinois 
to  Florida. 

722a.  Western  Winter  Wren  (O.  h.  pacifims) 
Similar  to  No.  722,  but  much  deeper  colored  both 
above  and  below,  and  more  heavily  barred. 

Range.— Breeds  on  the  Pacific  coast  from  southern  California  north 
to  Alaska;  east  to  Idaho;  winters  south  into  Mexico. 

722b.  Kadiak  Winter  Wren  (O.  h.  helleri).  Slight- 
ly larger  and  paler  than  No.  722a.     (Osgood.) 

Range. — Kadiak  Island,  Alaska, 

723.  Alaskan  Wren  {Olhiorchilus  alascensis).  Re- 
sembling No.  722a,  but  paler  and  larger,  W.  2.1,  B.  .6 

Range— Breeds  on  Kadiak  Island,  Alaska;  winter  range  unknown, 

723.1.  Aleutian  Wren  {Olhiorchilus  meligerus) .  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  723,  but  darker,  less  reddish;  rump  and  up- 
per tail-coverts  more  evidently  barred;  bars  on  belly 
heavier.     (Oberholser.) 

Range.— "Westernmost  partof  the  Aleutian  group,  Alaska.  (Ober- 
holser. 

724.  Short-billed  Marsh  Wren  {Cistothorus  stel- 
laris).  L.  4;  T.  1.4;  B.  .4.  Ads.  Crown  and  back 
streaked  with  whitish;  breast-band,  sides  and  under 
tail-coverts  rusty;  wing-coverts  tipped  with  whitish. 
Notes.  Call,  like  sound  produced  by  striking  two 
pebbles  together;  song,  chap — chap  -chap-chap,  chap-chap- 
chapp-p-rrr.     (Seton.)    (See  next  page.)       „  ^  ^     , 

Range.— Eastern  North  America,  ranging  west  to  Utah;  breeds 
from  the  Gulf  States  north  to  Massachusetts  and  Manitoba;  winters 
from  the  Gulf  States  southward. 

236 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


725.  Long-billed  Marsh  Wren  {Telmatodytes  palus- 
iris).  L.  5.2;  T.  1.6;  B.  .5.  /ids.  Crown  and  fore- 
back  largely  black,  the  latter  with  white  streaks;  a 
white  stripe  over  eye;  rump  cinnamon;  below  white, 
sides  washed  with  cinnamon;  outer  tail-feathers  blacky 
broadly  barred  with  pale  cinnamon.  Notes.  Call, 
scolding,  a  characteristic  Wren-like  cachings  song,  a 
reedy,  guttural,  bubbling  trill  often  sung  in  flight. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America  west  to  the  Rocky  Mountains; 
breeds  from  the  Gulf  States  north  to  Massachusetts  and  Manitoba; 
winters  locally  from  Massachusetts,  south  into  Mexico. 

725a.  Tule  Wren  (T.  p.  paludicola).  Similar  to 
No.  725,  but  upper  tail-coverts  barred,  middle  tail- 
feathers  more  distinctly  and  broadly  barred;  underparts 
usually  browner. 

Range.— Pacific  coast;  breeds  from  southern  California  to  British 
Columbia:  winters  from  Washington  to  Guatemala. 

725b.  Worthington  Marsh  Wren  (T.  p.  griseus). 
Similar  to  No.  725,  but  with  less  black  above;  upperparts, 
sides  and  flanks  pale  grayish;  dark  markings  of  under 
tail-coverts,  flanks,  sides  and  breast,  faint,  confused 
and  inconspicuous,  sometimes  practically  wanting. 
(Brewster.) 

Range.— Coast  of  South  Carolfna'and  Georgia. 

725c.  Interior  Tule  Wren  (7.  p.  plesius).  Similar 
to  No.  725a,  but  paler. 

Range.— "Western  United  States,  except  the  Pacific  coast;  north  to 
British  Columbia  and  Alberta,  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Tex- 
as, south  into  Mexico."     (Oberholser.) 

725. 1 .  Marian  Marsh  Wren  {Telmatodytesmariance) . 
Similar  to  No.  725,  but  upperparts  darker;  sides  and 
flanks  of  about  same  color  as  rump;  under  tail-coverts 
and  sometimes  breast  barred  or  spotted  with  black. 

Range.— Gulf  coast  of  Florida. 

726.  Brown  Creeper  ( Certhia  famtltarts  americana) . 
L.  5.6;  B.  .63.  Tail-feathers  stiffened  and  pointed. 
Ads.  Rump  rusty]  a  huffy  white  band  in  the  wing; 
back  and  crown  streaked  with  whitish,  black  and 
rusty;  below  white.  Notes.  Call,  a  faint,  high,  thin 
tseep\  song,  "an  exquisitely  pure,  tender  song  of  four 
notes."    (Brewster.) 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Maine  and  Minnesota 
(casually  Missouri)  northward;  winters  from  about  the  southern 
breeding  limits  to  the  Gulf  States. 

726a.  Mexican  Creeper  (C./.  a/&^s£:^«s).  Similar 
to  No.  726,  but  rump  rich  rusty  brown,  back  black, 
crown  black  streaked  with  white,  band  in   wing  white. 

Range.— Mexican  plateau  region  north  to  southern  Arizona. 

726b.  Rocky  Mountain  Creeper  (C.  /.  montana). 
Similar  to  No.  726,  but  bill  longer,  .7;  band  in  wing 
averaging  whiter. 

Range.— Rocky  Mountains  from  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  north- 
ward to  Alaska. 

726c.  Californian  Creeper  (C.  /.  ocddentalis) , 
Similar  to  No.  726,  but  much  rustier;  prevailing  color 
of  upperparts  yellowish  rusty. 

Range.— Pacific  coast;  breeds  from  Santa  Cruz  Mountains,  Cal- 
ifornia, northward  to  Alaska. 

237 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


726d.  Sierra  Creeper  (C  /.  ^elotes).  Similar  to 
No.  726c,  but  colors  more  dusky  and  less  rufescent; 
similar  to  No.  726b,  but  much  darker;  light  centers  of 
feathers  on  head  and  back  much  reduced.      ^Osgood.) 

Range. — "Southern  Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon  and  Sierra 
Nevada  of  California."    (Osgood.) 


756.  Wilson  Thrush;  Veery  {Hylocichla  fuscescens), 
L.  7.5.  Ads.  Above,  wings  and  tail,  uniform  cinna- 
mon brown;  below  white,  sides  grayish,  breast  and 
throat  buff  rather  faintly  marked  with  triangular  spots 
the  color  of  the  back.  Notes.  Call,  a  clearly  whistled 
•whee-you  and  a  softer  too-whee;  song,  a  weird,  spiral  of 
blended  alto  and  soprano  tones  largely  on  one  note. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  northern  New  Jersey, 
the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  and  northern  Illinois  north  to  New- 
foundland and  Manitoba;  winters  in  Central  America. 


756a.  WxWovi  Thrush  H.f.  salicicola).  Similar  to 
No.  756,  but  more  olive  above. 

Range.— Rockv  Mountains  north  to  British  Columbia,  east  to 
Dakota;  In  migration,  casually  to  Illinois  and  South  Carolina:  winters 
as  far  south  as  southern  Brazil. 


759.  Alaskan  Hermit  Thrush  (Hyloctchla  guttata). 
L.  6.5.  W.  3.5;  tail  rufous,  much  brighter  than  back. 
Ads.  Eye-ring  whitish,  not  deep  buff;  back  olive- 
brown;  breast  tinged  with  buff  and  heavily  spotted 
with  large,  wedge-shaped  marks. 

Range.— Breeds  In  northwest  coast  region  from  British  Columbia 
to  Alaska;  In  winter  south  to  Mexico. 

759a.  Audubon  Hermit  Thrush  (//.  g.  auduhoni). 
Similar  to  No.  759,  but  larger,  W.  4;  back  grayer,  tail 
paler,  flanks  less  heavily  washed  with  gray. 

Range. — Rocky  Mountain  region  of  United  States  south  to  Guat- 
emala. 

759b.  Hermit  Thrush  (//.  g.  pallasii).  Similar  to 
No.  759,  but  back  and  sides  browner.  Notes.  Call,  a 
low  chuck;  song,  highly  musical  and  probably  exceed- 
ing in  spiritual  quality  that  of  any  of  our  birds. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Michigan,  Alleghan- 
les  in  Pennsylvania,  Catskiils,  higher  mountains  of  Massachusetts 
(rarely  at  sea  level),  north  to  Labrador;  winters  from  New  Jersey  to 
Gulf  States. 

759c.  Dwarf  Hermit  Thrush  (//.  ^.  «a«a).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  759,  but  smaller,  W.  3.2,  back  slightly 
browner. 

Range.— Pacific  coast;  breeds  from  Washington  south  through 
Sierra  Nevadas;  east,  in  migrations,  to  Nevada  and  Arizona;  south  to 
Lower  California  and  western  Mexico.     (A.  O.  U.) 

238 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Brown  or  Streaked 


757.  Gray-cheeked  Thrush  {Hvlocich la  altcice).  L. 
7.5;  W.  4.  ^ds.  Tail  and  back  the  same  color,  olive 
without  brownish  tinge;  eye-ring  and  lores  whitish^ 
cheeks  and  breast  only  slightly  tinged  with  buff,  breast 
with  wedge-shaped  spots,  hlotes.  Doubtless  like 
those  of  No.  757a. 

Range.— Breeds  In  Labrador  and  west  to  Alaska;  migrates  through 
eastern  North  America  and  winters  in  Central  America. 


757a.  Bicknell  Thrush  (H.  a.  hicknelli).  Similar 
to  No.  757,  but  smaller,  L.  7;  W.  3.5.  Notes.  Calls, 
pbeu  like  that  of  Veery;  a  low  cluck  like  that  of  Hermit 
Thrush,  and  rarely,  a  pip  or /)^^«^  like  that  of  Olive- 
backed  Thrush;  song,  like  that  of  Veery  but  more  in- 
terrupted.   (Brewster.) 

Range.—Bree^ds  In  the  high  parts  of  the  Catsklllls  and  north  to 
White  Mountains  and  Nova  Scotia;  winters  in  tropics. 


758.  Russet-backed  Thrush  {Hylodchla  ustulata'), 
L.  7.2;  W.  4.  Tail  not  decidedly  more  rufous  than 
back.  Ads.  Eye-ring,  cheeks,  sides  of  neck  and 
breast  distinctly  huffy\  breast  with  wedge-shaped  spots; 
back  and  flanks  olive-broMin;  tail  slightly  browner. 
The  most  deeply  colored  bird  of  the  ustulata  group. 

Range. — Pacific  coast;  breeds  from  Oregon  to  Alaska;  winters 
south  to  Guatemala. 


758a.  Olive-backed  Thrush  {H.  u.  swainsonii). 
Similar  to  No.  758,  but  back,  tail,  and  flanks  without 
brownish  or  rufescent  tinge.  Notes.  Call,  a  liquid 
puit\  song,  suggesting  both  that  of  Hermit  Thrush  and 
the  Veery. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  breeds  In  Alleghanies  from  Penn- 
sylvania and  the  Catskills.  north  to  New  Brunswick  and  Manitoba; 
winters  In  Central  and    South  America. 


758b. 

oedica ) . 


California     Olive-backed     Thrush     (//.  u. 
Differs  from  758  and  758a,  in   more  rufescent 


coloration   on  the    flanks;  sides  and    upper    surface 
usually  paler  than  No.  758.    (Oberholser.) 

Range.— California,  except  north  coast;  north  In  Interior  to  southern 
Oregon;  south,  in  winter  to  Arizona  and  southern  Mexico.  (Ober- 
holser.) 


758c.  Alma  Thrush  (H.  u.  almce).  Similar  to  No. 
758a,  but  back  and  flanks  grayer.  The  palest  bird  of 
the  ustulata  group. 

Range.— Alaska,  except  Yukon  Basin,  south  in  Rocky  Mountain 
region,  and  west  to  Utah  and  eastern  Nev*"*"      '  *.  O.  U.) 


239 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


GRAY-HEADED  JUNCOS. 
566.  White-winged  Junco  {Jimco  aikeni) .  L.  6.5; 
W.  3.30  Ads.  Resembling  No.  567,  but  larger, 
paler,  wings  generally  with  two  white  bars;  three  outer 
tail-feathers  mostly  or  entirely  white;  fourth  partly 
white. 

Range  —Breeds  in  Wyoming  ...d  western  North  DaI<ota;  winters  in 
Coiorado,  western  Kansas,  casually  to  Indiana  and  Wisconsin. 
(Ridgw.) 

I    567.    Slate-colored  Junco  (/M«f:o/y/^ma/zs).    L.  6.2. 

,fj.ii..  W.  3.  Ad.  cJ^,  summer.  Head  and  back  gray,  the 
-—J*  crown  sometimes  slightly  darker,  the  feathers  usually 
more  or  less  tipped  with  brownish;  breast  and  sides 
^roy;  belly  white;  third  outer  tail-feather  with  white. 
Ad.  ^^  summer.  Similar,  but  brown  wash  stronger. 
Ads.,  winter.  Brown  tips  to  feathers  longer,  sides 
sometimes  broNvnish.  notes.  Calls,  a  sharp,  kissing 
note  and  a  rapid  chew- chew- chew\  song,  a  simple,  twit- 
tering trill. 

Range.-  Eastern  North  America,  breeds  from  northern  New  Eng- 
land, northern  New  York,  and  northern  Minnesota  north  to  Labrador 
and  northwest  to  Alaska;  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies  to 
Pennsylvania;  winters  south  to  the  Gulf  States. 

567e.  Carolina  Junco  (/.  h.  caroUnensis) .  Similar 
to  No.  567,  but  slightly  larger,  W.  3.2,  the  upperparts 
and  breast  uniform  slate-gray  without  a  brownish  wash 
the  bill  horn  color. 

Range. — Alleghanies  from  Virginia  to  Georgia. 

568.  Pink-sided  Junco  {Junco  mearnsi).  L.  6.2. 
Ad.  (^,  summer.  Sides  broadly  brownish  pink,  center 
of  belly  white;  breast  pale  slate-gray,  crown  darker, 
back  washed  with  brownish.  Ad.  ?  in  summer.  Sim- 
ilar to  the  c^,  but  with  less  pink  on  sides,  the  crown 
washed  with  gray.  Ads.  winter.  Similar  to  summer 
Ads.,  but  with  more  brownish. 

Range.— Breeds  in  southern  Idaho  and  south-central  Montana; 
winters  south  through  Wyoming  and  Colorado  to  northern  Mexico. 

567,1.  lAonXzm  }\xx\co  (Junco  montanus) .  Similar 
to  No.  568,  but  with  less  pink  on  the  sides,  the  throat 
and  breast  darker  slate. 

Range.  -  Breeding  from  northwestern  Montana  and  norfhern  Idaho 
north  to  northwest  Territory  and  Alberta;  in  winter  south  to  VIexico, 
east  more  or  less  irregularly  to  the  Mississippi,  Massachusetts,  and 
Maryland.     (Ridgw.) 

571.  ^^\ri\  Aunco  {Junco  hair di) .  Back  and  sides 
rusty  cinnamon,  head  gray,  throat  and  breast  grayish 
white,  belly  white. 

Range. — Cape  Region  of  Lower  California. 

572.  Guadalupe  Junco  {Junco  insularis).  Similar 
to  w^ar«5/ but  smaller,  W.  2.7,  bill  longer,  head  and 
breast  darker. 

Range. — Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 

571.1.  JoYin^enA  Sur\co{Juncotownsendi).  Similar 
to  No.  567.1,  but  with  the  back  grayer,  the  brownish 
wash  much  reduced. 

Range.— San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  northern   Lower  California. 

240 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


GRAY-HEADED,  BROWN-BACKED  JUNCOS. 

569.  Qray-headed  3unco  ijutico  cantc^ps).  L.  6.5; 
W.  3.2;  T.  2.9.  y4ds.  Head,  breast  and  sides  gray; 
back  reddish  brown;  no  reddish  brown  on  wings;  three 
outer  tail-feathers  with  white;  upper  and  lower  mandi- 
bles pinkish. 

Range.— Breeds  in  mountains  of  southern  Wyoming,  Colorado, 
Utah,  Nevada,  and  northern  New  Mexico.     (Ridgw.) 

570.  Arizona  Junco  {Junco  phceonotus  palliatus). 
L.  6.5;  W.  3.2;  T.  2.9.  Ads.  Head  gray;  underparts 
grayish  white;  back,  and  to  a  greater  or  less  extent, 
wing-coverts  and  tertials,  reddish  brown;  three  outer 
tail-feathers  with  white;  iris  yellow;  upper  mandible 
blackish,  lower  yellowish.  Notes.  Calls,  resemble 
those  of  No.  567;  song  suggests  that  of  Song  Sparrow. 

Range.— Breeds  in  mountains  of  southern  Arizona  and  southward. 

570a.  Red-backed  Junco  (Junco  dorsalis)  L.  6.7; 
W.  3.3;  T.  3.  Ads.  Head  gray;  underparts  grayish 
white;  back  reddish  brown;  no  reddish  brown  on  wings; 
three  outer  tail-feathers  with  white;  upper  mindible 
blackish,  lower  flesh-color \  iris  "brown." 

Range, — Breeds  on  high  mountains  of  New  Mexico  and  central 
Arizona;    winters    south    to    northern  Mexico  and  western  Texas. 

BLACK-HEADED  JUNCOS. 
567a.  Oregon  Junco  (Junco  oreganus).  L.  6.2; 
W.  3.  Ad.  (S^y  summer.  Head,  neck,  throat  and 
breast  black  sharply  defined  from  the  mahogany  brown 
back,  third  outer  tail-feather  with  little  or  no  white; 
sides  washed  with  pinkish  brown.  Ad.  9,  summer. 
Head  and  breast  grayer,  back  paler.  Ads.  winter. 
Back  deeper ,the  head  and  neck  more  or  less  tipped  with 
brown,  the  breast  with  gray,  these  areas  less  sharply 
defined  from  the  back  and  belly. 

Range.— Pacific  coast;  breeds  from  northern  British  Columbia  to 
Alasl<a;  winters  south  to  Caiifornia. 

—Shufeldt  Junco  (/.  o.  shufeldti).  Similar  to  No. 
567a,  but  larger,  W.  ^.\,  brown   of  back  less  intense. 

Range.— Pacific  coast;  breeds  from  Oregon  north  to  British  Colum- 
bia (and  eastward  in  humid  regions  to  Montana?);  winters  south  to 
northern  Mexico. 

567b.  Coues  Junco  (J.  o.  connectem).  Similar  to 
shufeldti,  but  back  paler,  brownish  gray,  breast  grayer, 
sides  with  less  pinkish  brown,  head  and  breast  still 
sharply  defined  from  adjacent  areas. 

Range.— Breeds  in  the  interior  of  British  Columbia  and  probably  In 
arid  districts  southward  (breeding areas  not  definitely  known);  winters 
southward  doubtless  to  Mexican  boundary. 

567c.  Thurber  Junco  (J.  o.  thurheri).  Similar  to 
No.  567,  but  back  much  paler,  a  bright  pinkish  brown; 
head  and  breast  black  as  in  No.  567. 

Range.— Breeds  in  mountains  from  southern  Oregon  south  to 
southern  California;  east  to  western  Nevada. 

567d.  Point  Pinos  Junco  {J.  0.  pinosus).  Similar 
to  No.  567c,  but  throat  and  breast  slate-color. 

Range.— Santa  Cruz  district  of  California;  breeds  from  King 
Mountain,  south  at  least  to  Point  Sur,  County;  wanders  eastward 
In  winter  into  Santa  Clara  and  San   Benito  Valleys.     (Grinnell.) 

241 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


733.  Plain  Titmouse  [Bceolophus  inomatus).  L. 
5.5.  ^^ds.  Head  crested;  above  grayish  hrowtr.  below 
grayish  white,  belly  white,  sides  often  buffy.  mtes, 
Similartothoseof  the  Tufted  Titmouse,  but  weaker 
and  less  varied.    (Ridgw.) 

Range.— California,  west  of  the  Sierra;  north  to  Oregon. 

733a.  Gray  Titmouse  (fi. /.  ^m^M5).  Similar  to 
No.  733,  but  above  gray\  below  whitish  gray,  no  buff 
on  sides. 

Range.— Southwestern  United  States:  from  southeastern  California 
and  Nevada  to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

733b.    Ashy  Titmouse  [B.   i.   cimraceus).      Similar 
to  No.  733a,  but  underparts  grayish  white,  not  whitish 
gray. 
Range.— Cape  Region  of  Lower  California. 

743.  Bush-Tit  {Psaltriparus  minimus).  L,  4.2;  T. 
2.1.  Ads,  Crown  soo/>' brown;  back  grayish  brown; 
below  brownish  white,  sides  darker. 

Range.— Pacific  coast  from  northern  California  to  Washington. 

743a.  California  ^\xs\\-T\\{p.  m.  calijornicus).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  743,  but  crown  much  lighter,  brighter  brown, 
quite  different  from  the  brownish  gray  back;  under- 
parts paler.  Notes.  When  feeding,  a  faint  tsit,  tsit, 
tsit,  tsit,  when  moving  about,  tsit,  tsit,  tsit,  sre-e-e-e;  tsit, 
sre-e-e-e;  when  a  bird  is  separated  from  its  companions, 
same  as  last  but  uttered  more  hurriedly;  alarm  note,  a 
greatly  intensified  tsit ;  tsit ;  tsit ;  tsit":  in  presence  of 
Hawk  or  Owl  a  shrill,  quavering  trill,  sre-e-e-e-e-e. 
(Grinnell.) 

Range.— California,  except  the  north  coast  region. 

743b.  Grinda  Bush-Tit  {P.  m.  grindce).  Similar 
to  No.  743,  but  back  bluish  ash-gray.     (Ridgw.) 

Range. — Cape  Region  of  Lower  California. 

744.  Lead-colored  Bush-Tit  {Psaltriparus plumheus) . 
L.  4.5.  Ads.  Crow«  and  back  bluish  gray,  sides  of 
head  brownish;  below  dingy  white  with  a  buffy  tint  on 
belly. 

Range.— Western  United  States  from  eastern  Oregon  and  eastern 
California  east  to  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  western  Texas. 

744. 1 .    Santa  Rita  ^\x%Yk'J\\lPsaltriparus  santaritce) . 
Similar  to  No.  744,  but  smaller,  sides   of  head  paler, 
male  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  blackish  line  along 
sides  of  head  as  in  female  of  No.  745.     (Ridgw.) 
(Now  considered  the  same  as  745.) 

Range.— Santa  Rita  Mountains,  southern  Arizona. 

745.  Lloyd  Bush-Tit  {Tsaltriparus  lloydi).  L.  4.2. 
Ad.  cJ*.  Sides  of  head  shining  black,  crown  blue-gray, 
back  browner;  chin  blackish,  underparts  whitish,  the 
belly  and  sides  buffy.  Ad.  ?.  Sides  of  head  brown- 
ish, ear-coverts  bordered  above  by  a  narrow  black  line; 
no  black  on  chin.  Yng.  Similar  to  9>  but  no  black 
in  head. 

Range.— "Mountains  of  western  Texas,  between  the  Pecos  and  Rio 
Grande  Rivers"  (Sennett),  south  into  Mexico. 

242 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


731.  Tufted  Titmouse  [ticeolophus  hicolor) .  L.  6. 
/4ds.  Head  crested;  forehead  hlack\  above  gray;  below 
whitish,  sides  rusty.  J^otes.  A  clearly  whistled  pHo^ 
petOy  and  a  hoarse  de-de-de. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States;  resident  fiomthe  Gulf  States  north 
to  northern  New  Jersey  and  southern  Iowa;  straying  somewhat 
further  north  in  summer  after  breeding. 

731a.  Texan  Tufted  Titmouse  {B.  b.  texensis). 
Similar  to  No.  731,  but  forehead  rusty,  upperparts 
paler. 

Range.— Southeastern  Texas. 

732.  Black-crested  Titmouse  {Bceolophus  atricrist- 
atus).  L.  6.1.  /ids.  Head  with  a  black  crest;  fore- 
head white  or  tinged  with  rusty;  back  gray;  below 
whitish,  sides  rusty.  NoUs.  An  abbreviation  of  the 
call  of  No.  731,  pet:-tete-pete-pete.     (Bailey.) 

Range.— "From  southeastern  Texas  west  to  El  Paso,  south  to  east- 
em  Mexico."    (Bailey.) 

751.  Blue-gray  Gnatcatcher  {PoliopUla  ccerulea). 
L.  4.5;  T.  2.  Outer  tail-feathers  with  white,  white 
tip  of  next  to  outer  one  at  least  i.oo  long.  Ad.  c^. 
Above  bluish  gray,  forehead  narrowly  black;  below 
grayish  white.  Ad.  9.  Similar,  but  lighter  gray;  no 
black  on  forehead.  Notes.  Call,  a  twanging  tt'ng; 
song,  sweet  and  varied  but  of  small  volume. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States,  west  to  Colorado;  breeds  from  the 
Gulf  States  north  to  southern  New  Jersey,  and  Ontario;  wanders  cas- 
ually as  far  north  as  Maine  and  Minnesota;  winters  from  the  Gulf 
States  southward. 

751a.  Western  Gnatcatcher  (P.  <:.  o^5^ra).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  751,  but  slightly  grayer  above;  white  tip  to 
next  to  outer  tail-feather  less  than  i.oo  long. 

Range.— Western  United  States  from  western  Texas  west  to  Cal- 
ifornia and  Lower  California. 

752.  Plumbeous  Gnatcatcher  {PoliopUla  plumbea). 
L.  4.4.  Outer  web  of  outer  tail-feather  wAo//;^  white, 
inner  web  black  except  at  tip.  Ad.  (^.  Crown  shin- 
ing black,  back  blue-gray;  underparts  grayish  white. 
Ad.  9  and  Yng.  cf .  Similar,  but  no  black  on  head. 
Yng.  9.  Back  and  sides  with  a  brownish  wash. 
Notes.  Call,  a  faint  mew;  song,  "a  harsh  ditty  of  five 
notes,  something  like  a  Wren's  song  vvith  notes  like 
those  of  a  Swallow.    (Cooper.) 

Range.— Mexican  boundary  region,  from  western  Texas  to  south- 
eastern California  and  Lower  California. 

753.  Black-tailed  Gnatcatcher  {Poltoptila  calijorn- 
tca).  L.  4.5;  T.  2.1.  Similar  to  No.  752,  but  outer 
vane  of  outer  tail-feather  black  margined  with  white; 
back  darker,  underparts  much  grayer,  flanks  brownish. 

Range.— Pacific  coast  region  of  southern  California  and  northern 
Lower  California. 

243 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


734.  Bridled  Titmouse  {Bceolophus  wollweheri) . 
L.  5.2.  Ads,  Head  crested,  black  and  gray;  throat 
black;  hind  neck  with  a  white  band  bounded  by  black; 
back  olive-gray;  below  whitish.  Notes.  Chickadee- 
like but  fainter.     (Henshaw.) 

Range. — Tableland  of  Mexico  north  \o  western  Texas  and  southern 
Arizona. 

738.  Mountain  Chickadee  (Parw5^^w&^//).  L.  5.5. 
Ads.  A  white  line  over  the  eye  and  a  black  through 
it-  back  gray;  belly  whitish.  Notes.  A  hoarse,  dee-dee- 
dee,  a  two  or  three-noted  phe-be  whistle  exactly  like 
that  of  the  Chickadee  and  an  exceedingly  sweet  three- 
noted  whistle  of  regular  intervals,  d,  c,  a. 

Range —"Mountainous  portions  of  the  western  United  States  from 
the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  north 
to  British  Columbia,  Idaho,  etc..  and  south  to  northern  Lower  Cal- 
ifornia."    (A,  O.  U.) 

740.  Hudsonian  Chickadee  {Parus  hudsonicus) . 
L  5.2;  W.  2.6.  Ads.  Crown  hair-brown,  back  a 
more  yellow  brown;  sides  of  head  and  neck  grayish 
white;  throat  black,  belly  white,  sides  rusty.  Notes. 
rscha-dee-dee-dee-dee\  the  dee-dee  notes  repeated  with 
almost  incessant  volubility.     (Brewer.) 

Range.— British  America,  from  the  west  side  of  Hudson  Bay  north- 
westward to  the  Lower  Yukon. 

740a.  Kowak  Chickadee  {P.  h.  stoneyi).  Similar 
to  No.  740,  but  larger,  W.  2.7,  above  grayer,  crown 
much  paler.  ^     , 

Range.— Kowak  River  region,  Alaska. 

740b.  Columbian  Chickadee  {P.  h.  columhianus) . 
Similar  to  No.  740,  but  grayer  above,  crown  slaty-drab. 

Range.- Rocky  Mountains  from  Montana  northward;  Kenai  Pen- 
insula, Alaska. 

— Canadian  Chickadee  (P.  h.  littoralis).  Similar  to 
No.  740,  but  smaller,  W.  2.5,  crown  duller  brown. 

Range.— British  America  east  and  south  of  Hudson  Bay;  northern 
New  York,  northern  New  England,  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia. 

739.  Alaskan  Chickadee  {Parus  dnctus  alascensis) . 
L.  5.2.  Ads.  Crown  brown,  back  brighter;  sides  of 
head  and  neck /)wr^  Wib//^;  throat  blackish;  belly  whit- 
ish, sides  buffy. 

Range.— "Northern  Alaska  and  eastern  Siberia."    (A.  O.  U) 

74 1 .  Chestnut-backed  Chickadee  (Parus  rufescens). 
L.  4.6.  Ads.  Back  and  sides  rusty  chestnut,  crown  sooty 
brown,  throat  black.  Notes.  A  lisping  the-the-the-te-te. 
(Kobbe.) 

Range.— Pacific  coast  from  Oregon  to  southern  Alaska. 

741a.  California  Chickadee  (P.  r.  neglectus).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  741,  but  with  only  a  tinge  of  rusty  on 
flanks. 

Range.— "Coast  of  California  from  Monterey  County  northward." 
(A.  O.  U.) 

741b.  Barlow  Chickadee  {P.  r.barlawi).  Similar 
to  No.  741a,  but  with  no  rusty  on  flanks. 

Range.— Vicinity  of  Monterey,  California. 

244 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


735.  Black-capped  Chickadee  (Parus  atricapillns). 
L.  5.2;  T.  2.5.  Ads.  Cap  and  throat  black;  back 
gray  with  a  brownish  tinge;  outer  margins  of  wing- 
coverts  gravisb  whtte;  flanks,  cream  buff.  Notes.  Chick- 
adee-dee, liquid  gurgles  and  chuckling  notes  and  a 
sweet,  clearly  whistled,  pbe-be  or  phe-be-e. 

Range.- Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  southern  Illinois  and 
Pennsylvania  north  to  Labrador,  and  south  along  Alleghanies  to 
North  Carolina;  migrates  a  short  distance  below  Its  southern  breed- 
ing limits. 

735a.  Long-tailed  Chickadee  {P.  a.  septentrionalis) . 
Similar  to  No.  735,  but  tail  longer,  2.7,  flanks  paler, 
white  edgings  broader. 

Range. — Rocky  Mountain  region  north  to  British  Columbia;  east  to 
Manitoba  and  the  Plains. 

735b.  OreqonCWxckdiAeB  {P.  a.  occidentalis).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  735,  but  much  darker;  flanks  grayish. 

Range.— Pacific  coast  from  northern  California  to  Sitka. 


736.  Carolina  Chickadee  (Parws  ^^ro/m^«5/s).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  735,  but  smaller,  L.  4.6;  T.  2.,  the  greater 
wing-coverts  not  margined  with  whitish.  Notes. 
Whistle  ''Hswee-dee,  twsee-dee.''^ 

Range.— Southeastern  United  States  north  to  middle  New  Jersey, 
and  southern  Illinois;  resident  from  southern  New  Jersey  southward. 


736.a  Plumbeous  Chickadee  {P.  c.  agilis).    Similar 
to  No.  736,  but  paler  above,  whiter  below. 

Range. — "Eastern  and  central  Texas   (Bee,  Victoria,  Cook,  and 
Concho  Counties,  etc.")    (A.  O.  U.) 


737.  Mexican  Chickadee  {Parus  sclateri).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  735,  but  sides  broadly  gray  like  back,  black 
more  extended..  Notes.  A  rapid,  vigorous  double- 
noted  whistle  repeated  three  times,  wholly  unlike  that 
of  the  Chickadee. 

Range. — Mountainous  portions  of  the  Mexican  tableland  north  to 
southern  Arizona. 


630.  Black-capped  VIreo  {yireo  atricapillus') .  L. 
4.5.  Ad.  (^.  Crown  and  cheeks  shining  black;  lores 
and  eye-ring  white;  back  olive-green;  below  white, 
sides  tinged  with  greenish  yellow;  two  whitish  wing- 
bars.  Ad.  9.  Similar,  but  black  of  head  duller. 
Yng.  "Top  and  sides  of  head  dull  grayish  brown; 
lores,  orbital  ring  and  lower  parts  dull  buify  white  or 
palebuffy."  (Ridgw.)  Notes.  "Of  the  general  char- 
acter of  the  White-eye  or  belltt  typt.''^     (Bailey.) 

Range.— Breeds  In  central  and  western  Texas;  north  to  southern 
Kansas;  winters  in  southern  Mexico. 

245 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


727.  White-breasted  Nuthatch  [Sitta  carolinensis) . 
L.  6.  .Ad.  cf.  Crown  and  foreback  bluish  black; 
sides  of  head  and  neck  grayish  white;  tertials  with 
distinct  black  marks  rounded  at  end.  Ad.  9.  Similar 
but  black  of  head  and  shoulders  washed  with  gray. 
Notes.  Call,  a  nasal  yank-yank  and  conversational 
notes;  song,  a  tenor,  ba-ba-ba-ba-ba-ha,  all  on  the  same 
note. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America  west  to  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
breeds  from  the  Gulf  States  to  Minnesota  and  New  Brunswick;  resi- 
dent. 

727a.  Slender-billed  Nuthatch  (5.  c.  aculeata). 
Similar  to  No.  727,  but  head  usually  greenish  black; 
black  of  tertials  less  deep  and  on  next  to  inner  one 
usually  pointed  at  end. 

Range.— Western  North  America  west  of  the  Rockies:  breeds  from 
Lower  California  north  to  British  Coiumbi.-  ;  resident. 

727b.      Florida   White-breasled    Nuthatch    (5.  c. 

atkinsi).  Similar  to  No.  727,  but  somewhat  smaller, 
wing-coverts  and  tertials  not  tipped  with  grayish;  9 
with  head  black  as  in  cf*. 

Range.— Florida  and  north  along  the  coast  to  South  Carolina. 

727c.  Rocky  Mountain  Nuthatch  (5.  c.  nelsoni). 
Similar  to  No.  727a,  but  larger,  W.  3.7,  with  some- 
what more  white  in  tail  and  more  rusty  on  flanks  and 
lower  belly. 

Range. — Wooded  mountains  of  northern  Chihuahua  and  Sonera. 
Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  and  northward.    (Meams.) 

727d.  St.  Lucas  Nuthatch  (5.  c  lasunce).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  727a,  but  with  the  wings  and  tail  shorter, 
the  black  tips  of  the  outer  tail-feathers  more  restricted; 
W.  3.2;  T.  1.7.     (Brewster.) 

Range. — Higher  mountains  south  of  La  Paz,  Lower  California. 
(Brewster.) 

728.  Red-breasted  Nuthatch  {Sitta  canadensis). 
L.  4.6.  Ad.  cJ*.  A  stripe  through  the  eye  and  crown 
black;  line  over  eye  white;  underparts  rusty.  Ad.  9  • 
Similar,  but  crown  gray  like  back,  line  through  the 
eye  blackish,  paler  below.  Notes.  A  fine,  thin,  nasal, 
penny-trumpet  like,  drawled yna-yna. 

Range.— North  America,  breeding  from  the  northern  portions  of  the 
northern  tier  of  States  northward,  and  southward  In  the  Alleghanies 
to  Virginia,  In  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado,  and  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  In  California;  winters  irregularly  southward  to  the  Gulf 
States  and  Arizona. 

729.  Brown-headed  Nuthatch  (Sitta  pusilla.)  L. 
4.3.  Ads,  Crown  brown;  a  white  patch  on  nape; 
back  bluish  gray;  below  grayish  white,  sometimes 
tinged  with  buff.  Yn^.  Crown  whitish.  Notes.  A 
conversational,  twittering  tnee-tnee. 

Range.— South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  north  toDelawire.  accident- 
ally to  New  York  and  casually  to  Missouri. 

730.  Pygmy  Nuthatch  {Sitta  pygmcea).  L.  4.3. 
Ads.  Crown  grayish  olive;  a  whitish  patch  on  nape; 
a  dark  brown  line  through  eye;  below  white  tinged 
with  buff.  Yng.  Crown  gray  like  back.  Notes.  A 
metallic,  clinking  clittick,  clittick, 

Range.— WesternNorth  America,  eas  to  the  Rocky  Mountains; 
breeds  from  Mexico  to  British  Columbia. 

246 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


730a.  White-naped  Nuthatch  (S.  p.  leuconucha). 
Similar  to  No.  730,  but  bill  larger,  crown  grayer,  back 
less  bluish  gray,  nape  patch  more  conspicuous,  under- 
parts  white  with  scarcely  more  than  a  trace  of  buffy. 
(Ridgw.) 

Range. — Lower  California. 

444.  Kingbird  (Tyrannus  tyr annus).  L.  8.5.  Tail 
tipped  with  white,  y^ds.  Above  slaty,  crown  blacker 
with  an  orange  patch.  Yng.  Similar,  but  no  crown- 
patch.  Notes.  An  unmusical,  steely  chatter.  "A 
soft  and  very  pleasing  song,"  heard  only  in  the  early 
morning     (O.  T.  Miller.) 

Range.— North  America,  breeds  from  Florida  north  to  New  Bruns- 
wick and  Manitoba,  and  from  eastern  Texas  northwest  to  Utah,  Ne- 
vada, northeast  California  and  western  British  Columbia;  winters 
south  of  United  States,  to  Central  and  South  America. 

445.  Gray  Kingbird  (Tyr annus  dominicensis.)  L. 
9.  Ads.  No  white  tip  on  tail;  an  orange  crown-patch; 
under  wing-coverts  sulphur;  ear-coverts  black;  above 
gray;  below  white.  Notes.  A  loud,  chattering, 
pittrri,pttirri. 

Range. — West  Indies,  breeding  north  through  Florida  along  the 
coast  to  South  Carolina;  winters  in  Lesser  Antilles,  Mexico,  and  Cen- 
tral America. 

70 1.  American  Dipper;  Water  Ouzel  {Cinclus  mexi- 
canus).  L.  8.  Ads.  Slaty  gray,  head  and  neck 
browner.  In  winter  more  or  less  tipped  with  whitish. 
Notes.  Song,  remarkably  sweet  and  lively,  in  modula- 
tion resembling  somewhat  that  of  Brown  Thrasher, 
but  less  powerful  though  sweeter  in  effect.  (Ridg- 
way.)     Call,  a  sharp,  pebbly  cack-cack-cack. 

Range. — "The  mountainous  parts  of  central  and  western  North 
America,  from  the  Yukon  Valley  and  Unalaska  to  Guatemala;  east  in 
the  United  States,  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  mountains. 
Apparently  resident  throughout  Its  range."     (A.  O.  U.) 

704.  Oatbird  {Galeoscoptes  caroUnensis) .  L.  8.9. 
Ads.  Slaty  gray,  cap  and  tail  black,  under  tail-coverts 
reddish  chestnut.  Notes.  Call,  a  whining,  nasal  tchay'^ 
song,  rich,  musical,  and  varied. 

Range.— North  Americ? ;  west  to  British  Columbia  and  rarely  Pa- 
cific coast  states;  breeds  from  the  Gulf  States  north  to  New  Bruns- 
wick and  the  Saskatchewan;  winters  from  Gulf  States  southward. 

754.  To^r\%er\6So\\\^irB  {Myadestestownsendit).  L. 
8.5.  Ads.  Brownish  gray;  eye-ring,  tips  of  outer 
tail-feathers,  a  narrow  wing-bar  white;  wing  with  a 
buff  band  showing  in  flight.  Notes.  Song,  a  rich, 
flowing,  Grosbeak-like  warbling,  sung  with  great 
vigor  and  freedom  and  often  for  comparatively  long 
periods. 

Range.— "Western  United  States,  from  the  Plains  westward  to  the 
Pacific  coast,  north  to  British  Columbia  and  south  in  winter  to  the 
southern  border  of  Arizona  and  noithern  Lower  California;  breeds 
from  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico,  southern  Arizona,  and  central 
California  northward."    * 

247 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


62  I .  Northern  Shrike  {Lanhis  horeaUs).  L.  lo  2. 
Lores  grayish.  Ads.  Above  bluish  gray;  tail 
black,  outer  featers  tipped  with  white;  below  white, 
usually  with  wavy  bars.  Yng.  Above  washed  with 
brown;  below  more  distinctly  and  more  heavily  barred 
I^otes.  Song,  not  unlike  that  of  the  Brown  Thrasher 
but  more  disconnected,  less  loud. 

Range.— North  America;  breeds  from  Labrador  to  Alaska;  winters 
south,  irregularly,  to  Virginia,  Kansas,  Arizona,  and  California. 

^     622.    Loggerhead    Shrike     {Laniiis    ludovicianus). 

"g.  Lores  black.  Ads.  Underparts  white  w/^/^oz/^  bars; 
above  bluish  gray;  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  little  if 
any  paler;  tail  black,  outer  feathers  tipped  with  white. 
Yng.  Underparts,  head,  and  rump  more  or  less  nar- 
rowly barred.  Notes.  Call,  harsh  and  discordant; 
song,  a  series  of  guttural   gurgles,   squeaky  whistles. 

Range.— Eastern  United  States;  breeds  from  Florida  to  Virginia; 
In  Mississippi  Valley,  northeast  to  western  Pennsylvania,  central  and 
northern  New  York,  Massachusetts,  western  New  Hampshire,  Maine, 
and  British  Columbia;  migrates  down  Atlantic  States,  as  well  as  Mis- 
sissippi Valley,  and  winters  in  southern  States. 

622a.  White-rumped  Shrike  {L.  I.  excuhitorides) . 
Similar  to  No.  622,  but  paler  above,  rump  and  upper 
tail-coverts  whiter;  bill  less  deep. 

Range.— "Western  North  America,  from  eastern  border  of  the  Plains 
to  the  Pacific,  except  coast  of  California,  and  from  Manitoba  and  the 
Plains  of  the  Saskatchewan  south  over  tablelands  of  Mexico." 

622b.  California  Shrike  (Z..  /.  gamheli).  Similar 
.to  No.  622,  but  rump  paler,  breast  usually  with  indis- 
tinct wavy  bars  and  tinged  with  brownish. 

Range. — Pacific  coast,  from  Lower  California  to  British  Columbia. 

622c.     Island  Shrike  {L.l.   anthonyi).     Similar  to 
_No:  622b,  but  darker  and  smaller,  W.  3.7. 

Range. — Santa  Barbara  Islands,  California. 

703.  Mockingbird  {Mimus  polyglottos),  L.  10.5. 
Ads.  Above  ashy  gray;  below  soiled  whitish;  outer 
tail-feathers  with  white;  wing-coverts  narrowly  tipped 
with  white;  primaries  white  basally.  Notes.  Call,  a 
harsh,  kissing  note;   song  indescribable. 

Range. — Southeastern  United  States  and  Bahamas,  west  to  north- 
eastern Texas;  breeds  north  to  southern  New  Jersey  (rarely 
Massachusetts),  and  southern  Illinois;  winters  from  Virginia  and 
lower  Mississippi  Valley  southward. 

^  703a.  Western  Mockingbird  (M.  p.  leucopterus) . 
Similar  to  No.  703,  but  with  a  very  slight  brownish 
tinge  below  and  white  areas  in  wing  averaging  larger. 

^-    Range. — Southwestern   United  States  and  northern  Mexico  from 
r  Indian  Territory  and  eastern  Texas  west  to  California. 

765.  yN\\Q2Aear  {Saxicola  mianthe) .  L.  6;  W.  3.7. 
Ad.  cT.  Back  gray,  upper  tail-coverts  and  base  of 
tail  white;  below  white  more  or  less  washed  with  buff. 
Ad.  $•  Browner  above  and  below,  no  black  through 
eye.  Ads.  in  winter  and  Yng.  Similar  to  9>  but  ;.inna- 
mon  brown  above,  cinnamon  below. 

Range. — Asia;  migrating  in  summer  to  Alaska. 

765a.  Greenland  Wheatear  (5.  (». /^M^or/^oa).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  765,  but  larger,  W.  4. 

Range. — Western  Europe;  breeds  in  Greenland  and  on  adjoining 
mainland;  rarely  south  to  St.   Lawrence;    casually  to  Louisiana. 

248 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


573.  Black-throated  Sparrow  {Amphispi^a  hiline- 
ata).  L.  5.3.  Ads.  Throat,  upper  breast,  and  front 
of  face  black;  a  white  stripe  over  eye  and  another  at 
the  side  of  the  throat;  above  grayish  brown  unstreaked; 
outer  web  of  outer  tail-feather  white,  except  at  tip;  at 
least  half  an  inch  of  tip  of  inner  web  white.  Notes. 
Song,  simple  but  sweet,  three  ascending  and  three 
descending  notes. 

Range. — Middle  and  eastern  Texas  (except  along  coast?),  north  to 
Oklahoma  and  western  Kansas;  winters  from  central  Texas  south  into 
northeastern  Mexico. 

573a.  Desert  Sparrow  {A.  h.  deserticola).  Similar 
to  No.  573,  but  above  grayer,  the  white  tip  to  outer 
tail-feather  less  than  half  an  inch  long. 

Range.— Western  United  States  and  northern  Mexico,  from  western 
Texas  to  southeastern  California;  breeds  north  to  southern  Colorado, 
and  western  Nevada;  winters  south  into  Mexico. 

602.  Morellet  Seed-eater  {Sporophila  morelleti), 
L.  4.6.  Ad.  (J".  Entire  upperparts,  cheeks,  tail, 
wings  and  breast-band  black;  bases  of  wing-feathers, 
tips  to  coverts  and  underparts,  except  breast-band, 
whitish.  Ad.  $.  Above  grayish  brown,  below  uni- 
form buffy.  Yng.  (^.  Variously  intermediate  be- 
tween Ad.  (5*  and  Ad.  (^.  At  least  two  years  evident- 
ly required  to  reach  mature  plumage. 

Range.— Eastern  Mexico,  north  to  southeastern  Texas. 

636.  Black  and  White  Warbler  {Mniotilta  varid). 
L.  5.3.  Ad.  <^.  Above  streaked  black  and  white; 
throat  black  or  white;  belly  white;  sides  streaked 
black  and  white.  Ad.  ?.  Less  black;  whiter  below; 
throat  always  white.  Notes,  Song,  a  thin,  wiry, 
see-see-see-see. 

Range.— Eastern  North  America;  breeds  from  Virginia,  Louisiana, 
and  northern  Texas,  north  to  Hudson  Bay  region;  winters  from  Gulf 
States  south  to  northern  South  America;  accidental  in  California. 

661.  Black-poll  Warbler  {Dendroica  striata).  L. 
5.6.  Ad.  (J".  Crown  black,  cheeks  white;  back  Streaked, 
gray  and  black;  below  white  streaked  with  black; 
wing-bars  and  tail-spots  white.  Ad.  ?.  No  black 
cap;  above  olive-green  streaked  with  black.  Yng.  and 
Ad.  in  winter.  Above  olive-green  lightly  streaked  with 
black;  ht\ov^ yellowish  white;  breast  obscurely  streaked. 
hlotes.  Song,  a  slender,  wiry  tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree- 
tree-tree,  rapidly  uttered.      (Lnngille.) 

Range.— Eastern  North  America,  west  to  the  Rockies;  breeds  from 
northern  New  England,  northern  New  York,  northern  Michigan,  and 
Colorado,  north  to  Labrador  and  Alaska;  winters  in  Wcst  Indies  and 
northern  South  America. 

665.  Black-throated  Gray  Warbler  {Dendroica  nig- 
rescens).  L.  5.  Ad.  (^.  Crown,  cheeks  and  throat 
black,  a  white  stripe  at  sides  of  throat,  a  yellow  line 
before  eye;  back  gray  streaked  with  black;  wing-bars 
and  tail-patches  white.  Ad.  ?.  Similar,  but  crown 
not  always  wholly  black.  Yng.  Above  washed  with 
brownish,  black  areas  tippeaf  with  white.  Notes. 
Song,  lee-ee-iee-ee^  ^e,  ^e,  ^e,  with  the  quality  of  the 
song  of  Dendroica  virens  or  D.  ccerulescens. 

Range.— Western  United  States;  breeds  in  mountains  from  Arizona 
and  northern  Lower  California,  north  to  Colorado  and  Vancouver 
Island;  winters  in  Mexico. 

249 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


611.  Purp]e  fAari'm  {Progne  subts).  L.  7.8.  y4d. 
(^.  Shining  blue-black,  all  feathers  with  dusky 
bases.  Ad.  ?.  Above  dull  blue-black;  breast  gray- 
ish edged  with  white;  belly  whitish.  Yng,  ^.  Var- 
iously intermediate  between    9   and  Ad.  cf . 

Range. — North  America,  except  Pacific  coast;  breeds  north  to  New- 
foundland and  the  Sasi<atchewan;  winters  in  tropics. 

6 Ma.  Western  Martin  (P.  s.  hesperia).  (^  similar 
to  cf  of  No.  611;    ?    belly  whiter;  forehead  grayish. 

Range. — Pacific  coast  from  northern  Lower  California  to  Washing- 
ton (and  British  Columbia?);  winters  In  tropics. 

61  I.I.  Cuban  Martin  {Progne  cryptoleuca).  W.  5.50. 
Ad,  (^.  With  feathers  of  ventral  region  basally  mark- 
ed with  white.  Ad,  9  and  Yng,  cf .  With  breast 
and  flanks  sooty  grayish  brown,  htWy  pure  white. 

Range. — Cuba,  north  in  spring  to  southern  Florida. 

612.  Cliff  Swallow  {Petrochelidon  hmifrons).  L. 
5.5.  Ads.  Throat  chestnut,  forehead  and  rump  cin- 
namon-buff; nape  gray;  crown  and  back  glossy  blue- 
black,  the  back  streaked  with  white.  Yng.  Throat 
dusky,  often  mixed  with  chestnut;  back  blackish 
brown;  rump  cinnamon-buff,  forehead  usually  with 
same.  ^ 

Range. — "North  America,  north  to  the  limit  of  trees,  breeding 
southto  the  valleys  of  the  Potomac  and  Ohio,  southern  Texas, 
southern  Arizona,  and  California;  Central  and  South  America  in  win- 
ter; not  recorded  from  Florida  or  West  Indies.''    (A.  O.  U.) 

612.2.  Mexican  Cliff  Swallow  {Petrochelidon  me- 
lanogastra).  Similar  to  No.  612,  but  smaller,  W.  4.1, 
forehead  deeper,  usually  chestnut,  like  throat,  rump 
darker,  more  rusty. 

Range.— Mexico,  north  to  southern  Arizona. 

613.  Barn  Swallow  {Hirundo  erythrogastra) .  L. 
(^,7.5;  ?,6.5.  Tail  deeply  forked.  Ad.  (f.  Above 
glossy  blue-black,  forehead  chestnut:  throat  and  upper 
breast  chestnut,  belly  paler.  Ad.  $.  Forehead,  and 
underparts  paler;  tail  less  deeply  forked.  Notes.  Song, 
a  sweet,  twittering,  warbling  song.  (The  notes  of  all 
our  Swallows,  while  simple,  are  dignostic  but  difficult 
of  description.) 

Range. — North  America,  north  to  Greenland  and  Alaska;  breeds 
through  most  of  range;  winters  south  to  southern  Brazil. 

614.  Tree  Swallow  {Iridoprocne  hicolor).  L.  6. 
Ads.  Above  steel-blue  or  steel-green;  below  white. 
Ypg.-    Sooty  gray  above;  white  below. 

Range. — North  America;  breeds  locally  from  Lat.  41°  on  Atlantic 
coast  and  Lat.  38°  on  Pacific  coast  north  to  Labrador  and  Alasica; 
winters  from  South  Carolina  and  southern  California  to  the  tropics. 

615.  Northern  Violet-Green  Swallow  {Tachycineta 
thalassina  lepida) .  L.  5.2;  W.  4.5.  Ad.  (^.  Above 
bronze-green;  upper  tail-coverts  greener;  an  indistinct 
nape- ring;  mark  above  eye,  cheeks  and  underparts 
white;  flank-patches  white,  often  showing  from  above. 
Ad.  $.  Much  duller,  the  head  browner,  Yng. 
Above  brownish  sooty  with  a  greenish  tinge;  a  whit- 
ish mark'above  and  behind  eye;  below  white. 

Range. — Western  United  States,  from  eastern  base  of  Rockies  to 
Pacific;  breeds  from  Mexico  north  to  British  Columbia;  winters  in 
Mexico  and  Central  America. 

250 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  Whitei^,)^ 


6 1 5a.  St.  Lucas  Swallow  (7.  /.  hrachyptera). 
Similar  to  No.  615,  but  wing  shorter,  ^,  4.1,  9.  4. 
(Brewster.) 

Range. — Lower  California. 

458.  Black  Phoebe  {Sayornis  nigricans).  L.  7.2. 
Ads.  Breast  and  head  black,  back  grayer;  outer  web 
of  outer  tail-feather  white;  belly  black,  under  tail-cov- 
erts white  streaked  with  dusky.  Notes.  A  liquid  hip,  a 
rising  kee-ree,  and  a  falling  kee-wray.     (Bailey.) 

Range.— Mexico,  except  Yucatan  and  Pacific  coast  from  Colima 
northward,  north  into  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  southeastern  Arizona. 

458a.  Western  Black  Phoebe  (5.  n.  semiatra). 
Similar  to  No.  458,  but  under  tail-coverts  white  with- 
out dusky  streaks. 

1        Range  —Pacific  coast  of  Mexico  and  United  States,  from  Colima  to 
I    Oregon,  Including  most  of  Arizona.     (Nelson.) 

H''^494.     Bobolink;    Reedbird  {Dolichonyx  ory^ivorus). 
^Ad.   cT,   summer.       Black;     nape  buffy,   lower  back, 
•1  scapulars  and  upper    tail-coverts    white.       Ad.     9. 
^bove  yellowish  brown  streaked  with  buff,  and  black; 
^  oelow  yellowish  white,    sides  streaked    with  black. 
^  IVinter  plumage  J  Ads  and  Yng.     Like   9    but   yellower. 
Notes.     Song,  an   irrepressible  bubbling  outburst  of 
"mad  music'^  often  given  on  the  wing;  calls,  a  black- 
bird-like chuck  and  a  metallic,  far   carrying,    chink. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America,  west  to  Utah;  breeds  from  north- 
ern New  Jersey,  Illinois  and  Kansas,  north  to  Nova  Scotia,  Manitoba, 
and  Montana;  migrates  south  through  Florida  and  West  Indies,  and 
winters  south  oj  Amazon. 

534,  Snovif^akQ  {Passerina  nivalis) .  L.  6.9.  Hind 
toe-nail  twice  as  long  as  shortest  toe-nail.  Ad.  J^, 
summer.  Head,  rump,  secondaries,  outer  tail-feathers 
and  below  white;  rest  of  plumage  largely  black.  Ad. 
^,  summer.  Similar,  but  crown  blackish,  back  edged 
with  rusty  or  grayish.  Winter.  Above  rusty  and 
black,  below  white,  breast  tinged  with  rusty.  Notes. 
Calls,  a  clearly  piped  whistle,  and  a  peculiar  chirr, 
often  uttered  when  taking  wing;  song,  short,  simple, 
but  rather  sweet.    (Mi not.) 

Range. — Breeds  In  northern  parts  of  northern  hemisphere;  in  winter 
south  to  northern  states;  irregularly  to  Georgia,  southern  Indiana, 
Kansas,  Colorado,  and  eastern  Oregon. 

534a.  Pribilof  Snowflake  (P.  «.  townsendi).  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  534,  but  larger,  with  relatively  longer  bill; 
c^,W.  4.7;  B..5.     (Ridgw.). 

Range. — ^Aleutian  and  Commander  Islands,  Pribilof  Islands,  Shuma- 
e\n  Islands.    (Rldgw.). 

535.  McKay    Snowflake     (Passerina     hvperhorea). 

L.  7.5;  W.  4.6;  B  .4.  Similar  to  No.  534,  but  with 
more  white.  Ad.  c^,  summer.  Back  and  scapulars 
entirely  white.  Ad.  $,  summer.  Crown  and  hind- 
neck  white.  Yng.  Not  certainly  distinguishable  from 
Yng.  of  No.  534.     (Ridgw.) 

Range.— Breeds  on  Hall  and  St.  Mathews  Islands,  Bering  Sea;  In 
winter  west  coast  of  Alaska. 

251 


16 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


491 


605.  Lark  BunWng  {Calamospt'^a  mdanocorvs).  L. 
7.2.  Ad.  (S".  Black,  patch  in  wing  white,  outer  tail- 
feathers  tipped,  tertials  margined  with  white.  Ad.  9. 
Above  grayish  brown  streatced  with  blackish;  below 
white  conspicuously  streaked  with  black;  all  but  cen- 
tral tail-feathers  with  white  tips;  broad  wing-bars  buff. 
y^S'  cT-  Variously  intermediate  between  Ad.  cJ^and  $. 
(See  page  251). 

Range. — Western  United  States,  chiefly  east  of  Rockies;  breeds 
from  western  Kansas  and  eastern  Colorado,  north  to  western  Minne- 
sota and  Assiniboia;  wintersin  Mexico;  irregular  west  in  migrations 
to  Idaho  and  southern  California. 

484.  Canada  Jay;  Whiskey  Jack  {Perisoreus  cana- 
densis). L.  1 1.5.  Ads.  Black  of  hindhead  reaching 
to  back  of  eye;  back,  wings,  and  tail  gray,  belly  lighter, 
throat  white;  forehead  buffy  white.  Notes,  ca-ca-ca 
and  a  number  of  peculiar  sounds  impossible  to  repro- 
duce on  paper.     (Bendire.) 

Range. — Eastern  North  America;  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick, 
northern  New  England,  northern  New  York,  northern  Michigan; 
northern  Minnesota,  north  to  Newfoundland  and  Hudson  Bay  region, 
west  to  the  Rockies  in  Alberta. 

484a.  Rocky  Mountain  Jay  {P.  c.  capitalist.  Sim- 
ilar to  No.  484,  but  head  white,  black  of  hindhead 
grayer  and  not  reaching  to  eye. 

Range. -Rocky  Mountain  region  from  New  Mexico  and  Arizona 
north  to  Montana  and  Idaho. 

484b.  Alaskan  Jay  {P.  c.  fumifrons) .  Very  near  to 
No.  484,  but  forehead  averaging  more  yellowish. 

Range.  Alaska;  interior  and  west  to  Cook  Inlet,  north  of  southern 
coast  region. 

484c.  Labrador  Jay  (P.  c.  nigricapillus) .  Similar 
to  No.  484,  but  black  of  hindhead  deeper  and  reaching 
forward  as  a  well  defined  ring  around  the  eye;  below 
browner. 

Range. — Labrador. 

485.  Oregon  Jay  {Perisoreus  ohscurus).  Similar  to 
No.  484,  but  back  feathers  with  light  shaft  streaks,  fore- 
head less  white,  underparts  nearly  uniform  white. 

Range. — Pacific  coast  from  northern  California  to  southern  British 

Columbia. 

485a.  Gray  Jay  {P.  0.  griseus).  Similar  to  No. 
485,  but  larger  and  grayer;  back,  etc.,  deep  mouse 
gray,  instead  of  brown;  below  grayish  white  instead  of 
brownish  white.     (Ridgw.) 

Range. — British  Columbia,  Washington,  Oregon,  and  northern 
California,  east  of  Coast  and  Cascade  Ranges.     (Ridgw.) 

491.  Clarke  Nutcracker  {Nucifraga  columbiana) . 
L.  12.  Ads.  Gray;  wings  and  middle  tail-feathers 
black,  tips  of  secondaries  and  outer  tail-feathers  white. 
Notes.     A  loud,  harsh,  car-r-car-r. 

Range.-  Mountains  of  western  North  America,  from  northern  Low- 
er California,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  north  to  northern  Alaska; 
casually  east  to  Mississippi  Valley. 

252 


Perching  Birds  Chieily  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


r 


475.  American  Magpie  (Pica  pica  hudsonia). 
20.  Ads.  Bill  black\  scapulars,  belly  and  most 
inner  margins  of  primaries  white;  wings  glossy  blue 
black,  tail  externally  greenish;  back  and  breast  vel- 
vety black.  Notes.  Cack^  cack,  also  garrulous  gabble 
intermixed  with  whistling  notes.     (Bendire.) 

Rangfc— Western  North  America,  east  to  the  Plains,  west  to  Cas- 
cade and  Sierra  Ranges;  breeds  from  northern  New  Mexico  and 
northern  Arizona  north  to  Alaskastrays  farther  east  in  winter. 

476.  Yellow-billed  Magpie  (A(;a  wM«a///).  Similar 
to  No.  475,  but  bill  and  eye-space  jyellow;  smaller,  L. 
18.  Notes.  A  harsh,  rasping,  cac-cac-cac\  and  a  low, 
rich  whistle,  audible  only  at  a  short  distance. 

Range.  California,  west  of  Sierra  Nevada,  "north  to  Red  Bluff 
and  south  to  Santa  Paula."     (Grlnnell.) 

493.  Starling  {Sturnus vulgaris) .  L.  8.5;  T.  2.5. 
Ad.  summer,  Metallic  green  and  purple  spotted  above 
with  buffy;  bill  yellow.  Ad.  winter.  Similar,  but 
above  heavily  spotted  with  brownish  buff;  below 
heavily  spotted  with  white;  bill  blackish.  Notes.  A 
.long-drawn,  two-noted  whistle,  the  second  lower;  and 
a  chattering,  metallic  call  when  in  flocks. 

Range.— Europe  and  northern  Asia;  accidental  in  Greenland;  In- 
troduced into  New  York  City  In  1890;  now  common,  extending  east 
to  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  north, to  Ossining,  New  York,  south  to 
Staten  Island  and"*Plainfield,  New  Jersey. 

495.  OoYibxrA  {Molothrus  ater).  L.  7.9;  W.  4.2. 
Ad.  (^.  Head  and  neck  coffee-brown,  body  greenish 
black.  Ad.  '^.  Brownish  gray,  throat  lighter.  Yng. 
Like  9.  Notes.  A  metallic  twitter,  and  by  the  male, 
a  long-drawn,  glassy  kluck-tse-e-e\  and  watery  gurg- 
ling notes  uttered  with  spread  wings  and  tail. 

Range.— United  States:  rare  west  of  Rockies;  breeds  from  Florida 
and  Texas  north  to  New  Brunswick  and  Little  Slave  Lake;  west  to 
eastern  Oregon,  Nevada,  and  southeastern  California;  winters  from 
southern  New  Jersey,  southern  Illinois,  Indian  Territory,  northern 
Texas,  and  southeastern  California,  southward. 

495a.  Dwarf  Cowbird  (M.  a.  obscurus).  Similar  to 
No.  495,  but  smaller,  L.  7.5;  W.  4- 

Range.— Southwestern  United  States;  from  Gulf  Coast  of  Texas 
west  along  Mexican  boundary  to  Arizona  and  Lower  California;  win- 
ters south  of  United  States. 

496.  Red-eyed  Cowbird  [Callothrus  robustus). 
L.  9.  Ad.  (^.  Velvety  bronze-black;  wings  and  tail 
shining  blue-black.  Ad.  9.  Dull  black,  wings  and 
tail  with  slight  greenish  reflections. 

Range. — Southern  and  eastern  Mexico  north,  In  spring,  to  Lower 
Rio  Grande,  Texas. 

620.  Phainopepla  [Pbainopepla  nitens).  L.  7.5. 
Crested.  Ad.  J^.  Shining  black;  inner  vanes  of 
primaries  largely  white,  showing  in  flight.  Ad.  $. 
Dark  gray,  tail  blacker,  wing-coverts  and  quills  nar- 
rowly margined  with  whitish.  Yng.  Like  $ .  Notes. 
Calls,  commonest,  like  call  of  young  Robin;  male 
has  also  a  scold,  a  Meadowlark-like  note  and  a 
harsh  ca-rack  or  ca-racack;  song,  a  jumble  of  flute- 
like tones  and  weak,  squeaky  notes.     (Bailey.) 

Range. — Mexico  north  to  western  Texas,  southern  Utah  and  south- 
em  California;  winters  from  Mexican  border  southward. 

253 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


509.  Rusty  Blackbird  {Scolecophagus  carolinus). 
L.  9.5.  Ad.  cT.  Nearly  uniform  greenish  black, 
sometimes  with  rusty  edgings.  Ad.  $.  Slaty  gray, 
generally  with  some  rusty  edgings.  Winter  plumage 
of  both  sexes  similar  to  summer  but  widely  tipped  with 
rusty  above  and  yellowish  rusty  below.  hJotes.  More 
musical  than  those  of  other  Blackbirds;  calls,  tchack  or 
turalee  repeated  several  times.     (Bendire.) 

Range.— Eastern  North  America  west  to  the  Plains;  breeds  from 
New  Brunswici<,  northern  New  England,  northern  New  Yori<,  and 
Manitoba,  north  to  Labrador  and  Alaska;  winters  from  Virginia, 
southern  Illinois,  and  Kansas,  southward. 

5  1 0.  Brewer  Blackbird  {Scolecophagus  cyanocepha- 
lus).  L.  10.  Ad.  (J".  Whole  head  violet-purple,  rest 
of  plumage  bright  greenish  black.  Ad.  9  •  Grayish 
brown,  throat  paler,  wings  and  tail  greenish  black;  no 
rusty.  Winter  plumage  with  light  grayish  brown 
edgings  to  the  feathers  of  the  anterior  part  of  the  body. 
Notes.     Chack  and  a  loud,  shrill  whistle.      (Bailey.) 

Range.— Western  North  America  from  the  Plains  to  the  Pacific; 
breeds  from  Texas  and  northern  Lower  California  north  to  the  Sas- 
katchewan and  British  Columbia;  winters  in  the  southern  parts  of  its 
range;  casually  east  to  Mississippi  River  states. 

511.  ?urp\e  Q^r^GVAe  {Quiscalus  qtiiscula).  L.  J^, 
12.  Ad.  (^.  Head,  purple,  steel-green  or  steel  blue; 
back  purple,  brassy  green  or  greenish;  the  feathers 
always  with  iridescent  bars.  Notes.  Tchak  and  a  short 
unmusical  call  uttered  with  spread  wings  and  tail. 

Range. — Eastern  United  States;  breeds  in  lower  Mississippi  Valley 
and  east  of  Alleghanies,  from  Georgia  to  Massachusetts;  winters 
from  Virginia  southward  through  its  breeding  range. 

5  II  a.  Florida  Grackle  (p.  ^.  aglceus).  Similar  to 
511,  but  slightly  smaller,  head  always  violet  purple; 
back  always  bottle-green,  with  iridescent  bars. 

Range.— Florida,  north  on  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Virginia,  west  on  the 
Guif  Coast  to  Texas. 

5  I  I  b.  Bronzed  Grackie  [Q.  q.  ceneus).  Head  as  in 
No.  511,  back  and  belly  bronze,  the  feathers  wholly 
without  iridescent  bars. 

Range. — Eastern  United  States  west  to  the  Rockies;  breeds  from 
southern  Texas  to  Great  Slave  Lake,  east  to  Alleghanies,  and,  in 
New  York,  east  and  northeast  to  Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  and 
Labrador;  winters  chiefly  in  lower  Mississippi  valley;  migrates  in  part 
east  of  the  Alleghanies. 

5  I  3.  Boat-tailed  Grackie  {Megaquiscalus  major^.  L. 
(^,  16;  W.  7.5;  T.  7.  Ad.  (^.  Head  and  neck  glossy 
purple;  back  and  belly  glossy  greenish  blue.  Ad.  ?. 
Much  smaller,  T.  5.2;  above  blackish  brown;  below 
soiled  rusty  buff.  Notes.  Tchack,  a  variety  of  hoarse, 
rather  forced  whistles  and  a  gurgling  roll  as  of  a  Coot 
pattering  over  the  water. 

Range.— Florida,  north  along  the  coast  to  Virginia;  west  along 
coast  to  Texas. 

5  1 3a.  Great-tailed  Grackie  (M.  m.  macrourus).  Simi- 
lar to  No.  513,  but  larger,  J^,  L.  18;  i.  9.  horeDack 
and  breast,  as  well  as  head  and  neck,  purple,  only 
rump  and  lower  belly  greenish  blue;  $  blacker  both 
above  and  below  than  9  of  513.  Notes.  Tchack,  and 
a  greater  variety  of  squeaky  calls  and  hoarse  whistles 
than  are  uttered  by  No.  513. 

Range.— Eastern  Texas  and  south  into  Mexico. 

254 


Perching  Birds  Chiefly  Gray,  Black,  or  Black  and  White 


486.  f^mencan  Ray/en  {Corvus  corax  sinuatus) .  L. 
24;W.  i6;  B.  2.7.  .4ds.  Resembling  No.  488,  in 
color  but  glossier  below  and  with  the  feathers  of  throat 
narrow  and  lengthened;  nape  feathers  gray  at  base. 
Notes.  A  hoarse,  croaking,  craack-craack,  sometimes  a 
deep,  grunting  koeer-koeer\  a  clucking,  and  a  metallic 
klunk.     (Bendire.) 

Range. — Western  North  America,  from  Guatemala  north  to  British 
Columbia;  east  to  the  Rocl<ies,  west  to  Pacific. 

486a.  Northern  Raven  (C.  c.  principalis).  Similar 
to  No.  486,  but  larger,  L.  25;  W.  17;  B.  3. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America,  from  mountains  of  northern 
Georgia  and  coast  of  Maine,  north  to  Greenland;  west  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

487.  White-necked  Raven  (Corvus  crjyptoleucus) .  L. 
18.5.  Ads.  Blue-black;  feathers  of  throat  narrow 
and  lengthened  and  with  feathers  of  neck  all  around, 
white  at  the  base.  Notes.  Kwank-kwank^  less  loud  and 
penetrating  than  those  of  No.  486.    (Bendire.) 

Range.— Northern  Mexico,  north  to  western  Kansas,  eastern  Color- 
ido  (rarely) ,  and  southern  California;  east  to  western  Texas. 

488.  ^m%r\can(jro>N  (Corvus  americanus).  L.  19.3; 
W.  12. 1 ;  B.  2.00.  Black  with  steel-blue  or  deep, 
purplish  reflections;  below  duller,  neck  feathers  not 
lengthened.  Notes.  Caw,  caw,  with  many  variations; 
song,  car-r-r-uck,  oo-oo-oo-oo-ah. 

Range. — North  America,  nonh  to  Arctic  Circle;  winters  from  north- 
em  United  States  southward;  local  in  west. 

488a.  Florida  Crow  (C.  a.  pascuus).  Similar  to 
No.  488,  but  wings  and  tail  somewhat  shorter,  bill  and 
feet  slightly  larger,  W.  12;  T.  7.3;  B.  2.1. 

Range.— Florida. 

489.  Northwest  Crow  {Corvus  caurinus).  Similar 
to  No.  488  in  color  but  smaller;   L.    16;   W.  11;  B.  1.7. 

Range.— Northwest  coast,  from  Oregon  to  Kadiak  Island,  Alaska. 

490.  Fish  Crow  (Cor^Ms  ossifragus).  L.  16;  W. 
11;  B.  1.5.  Ads.  Resemble  No.  488,  in  color,  but  back 
feathers  are  uniform  blue-black  without  dull  margins; 
underparts  are  nearly  as  bright  as  upperparts.  Notes. 
A  hoarse,  nasal,  reedy  car  resembling  the  call  of  the 
young  of  No.  488. 

Range.— Atlantic  coast  north  to  Connecticut,  (casually  Massachu- 
setts) .west  along  Gulf  coast  to  Louisiana;  resident,  except  at  northern 
limit  of  range. 

255 


SYSTEMATIC  TABLE 

Of  the  Birds  of  America  north  of  Mexico,  arranged  according 

to  the  American  Ornithologists'  Union's  *  Check-List 

of  North  American  Birds',  Third  Edition, 

1910,  and  Supplement*,  July,  1912. 

{The  presence  of  brackets,  [  ].  indicates  that  the  species  is  an  accidental  visitant.) 

Order  PYGOPODES.    Diving  Birds 

Family  COLYMBID^.     Gkebes. 

A.O.U. 
No.  COMMON  NAME  SCIENTIFIC  NAME         Page 

1  Western    Grebe ^chmophorus    occidentalis 44 

2  HoIbcBll's    Grebe Colymbus  holboelli   43 

3  Horned  Grebe "  auritus 43 

4  Eared  Grebe  > "  nigricollis  calif ornicus . .  43 

5  Mexican    Grebe "  dominicua  brachypterus .  43 

6  Pied-billed    Grebe Podilymbus  podiceps  43 

Family  GAVIID^.     Loons. 

7  Loon    Gavia  immer   44 

8  Yellow-billed  Loon  "      adamsi    44 

9  Black-throated  Loon "      arctica    44 

10  Pacific  Loon "      pacifica   44 

11  Red-throated  Loon  "      stellata  44 

*  The  Auk,  xxix,  1912,  pp.  380-387. 

t  Note  that  trinomials  are  now  employed  for  all  the  races  of  a  species 
including  the  first  one  described.  Hence  in  place  of  No.  13,  Puffin,  Fratercula 
arctica,  we  now  have  No.  13,  Puffin,  Fratercula  arctica  arctica.  (See  pages  6  and 
7  for  an  explanation  of  this  method.) 

§  Note  also  that  in  accordance  with  a  ruling  of  the  A.  O.  U.,  the  apostrophe 
is  used  with  the  names  of  birds  named  after  individuals.  Thus  in  place  of  No. 
16,  Cassin  Auklet,  we  have  No.  16,  Cassin's  Auklet.  These  changes  affect  all 
similar  cases  throughout  the  Color  Key.  After  identifying  a  species,  therefore, 
the  student  should  turn  to  its  number  in  the  Systematic  Table  to  learn  whether 
any  change  has  been  made  in  its  name.  All  alterations  other  than  those  of 
mere  nomenclature  are  given  beyond  in  Appendix  I. 

257 


Systematic  Table  of  Nokth  American  Birds 


Family  ALCID^.     Auks,  Murres,  and  Puffins. 


A.O.U. 
No.  COMMON  NAME. 

12  Tufted  Puffin 

13  Puffin    

13a  Large-billed  Puffin    

14  Horned  Puffin 

Rhinoceros  Auklet   

Cassin's  Auklet§    

Paroquet  Auklet   

Crested  Auklet    

Whiskered  Auklet , 

Least  Auklet 

Ancient  Murrelet , 

Marbled    Murrelet    

Kittlitz's   Murrelet   , 

Xantus's  Murrelet , 

Craveri's  Murrelet   


15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME.  Page 

Lunda   cirrhata    45 

Pratercula  arctica  arcticaf 45 

"  "       naumanni    45 

"  corniculata   45 

Cerorhinca  monocerata  45 

Ptychoramphus  aleuticus   46 

Phaleris    psittacula    47 

^thia  cristatella 47 

pygmsea   47 

pusilla    47 

Synthliboramphus  antiquus 47 

Brachyramphus  marmoratus  46 

"  brevirostris  46 

"  hypoleucus    46 

"  craverii    46 


Black  Guillemot Cepphus   grylle 


48 


Mandt's  Guillemot 
Pigeon   Guillemot 

Murre    

30a  California  Murre  . 

31  Brunnich's  Murre   , 
31a  Pallas's   Murre    . . , 

32  Razor-billed  Auk  . , 

33  Great  Auk  

34  Dovekie    


"         mandti    48 

"        columba    48 

Uria  troile  troile 48 

"        "      californica   48 

"    lomvia  lomvia   48 

arra   48 

Alca  torda  48 

Plautus  impennis   48 

Alle  alle 46 


Order  LONGIPENNES.    Long-winged  Swimmers 

Family  STERCORARIIDiE.     Skuas  and  Jaegers 

35  Skua    Megalestris  skua 51 

36  Pomarine  Jaeger  Stercorarius  pomarinus 51 

37  Parasitic  Jaeger   "  parasiticus     51 

38  Long-tailed  Jaeger  "  longicaudus   51 

Family  LARII^.  Gulls  and  Terns. 

39  Ivory  Gull   Pagophila  alba  52 

40  Kittiwake    Rissa  tridactyla  tridactyla 52 

40a  Pacific  Kittiwake   "  "  poUicaris    52 


258 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 


A.O.U. 
No. 


COMMON  NAME. 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME. 


Page 


41  Red-legged  Kittiwake   . . 

42  Glaucous  Gull 

43  Iceland  Gull   

44  Glaucous-winged  Gull   . . 

45  Kumlien's  Gull 

46  Nelson's  Gull    

47  Great  Black-backed  Gull 

4-8     Slaty-backed  Gull    

49     Western  Gull   

[50]   Siberian  Gull   

51     Herring  Gull 

[52]  Vega  Gull    

53  California  Gull 

54  Ring-billed  Gull  

55  Short-billed  Gull   

[56]   Mew  Gull  

57  Heermann's  Gull 

58  Laughing  Gull    

59  Franklin's   Gull    

60  Bonaparte's  Gull   

[60.1]Little  Gull    

61  Ross'.s  Gull    

62  Sabine's  Gull 

63 
64 
65 
66 
67 

[68] 

69 

70 

71 

72 
.73 

74 

75 
[76] 

77 
[78] 

79 


Rissa  brevirostris 52 

....      Larus  hyperboreus  53 

....  "      leucopterus    53 

"      glaucescens   53 

"       kumlieni  53 

....  "       nelsoni    53 

....  "       marinus    54 

"       schistisagus   54 

....  "       occidentalis   54 

"       affinis A.V. 

"      argentatus   55 

....  "      vegae A.V. 

"       californicus    55 

....  "       delawarensis   52 

"       brachyrhynchus   52 

....  "       canus   A.V. 

....  "       heermanni    54 

"       atricilla   56 

franklini   56 

Philadelphia    56 

minutus    A.V. 

Rhodostethia  rosea 56 

Xema  sabini   56 

Gull-billed  Tern Gelochelidon  nilotica  58 

Caspian  Tern  Sterna  caspia  57 


maxima     57 

elegans    57 

sandvicensis    acuflavida . . . .  57 

trudeaui    A.V. 

forsteri    59 

hirundo     59 

paradisaea    59 

dougalli    59 

aleutica    58 

antillarum    58 

fuscata    60 

anaetheta    58 

Black    Tern    Hydrochelidon  nigra  surinamensis.  60 

White-winged  Black  Tern "  leucoptera   A.V. 

Noddy   Anou.s  stolidus  60 


Royal  Tern   . . . . 
Elegant  Tern    . , 
Cabot'.s   Tern    . , 
Trudeau's  Tern 
Forster's  Tern 
Common  Tern 
Arctic   Tern    . , 
Roseate  Tern   . 
Aleutian  Tern 
Least  Tern   . . . 
Sooty  Tern   . . . 
Bridled   Tern    . 


259 


17 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 

A.O.U. 

No.                COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.                Page 

Family  RYNCHOPID^.     Skimmers. 

80  Black  Skimmer   Rynchops   nigra    60 

Order  TUBINARES.    Tubed-nosed  Swimmers. 

Family  DIOMEDEID^.    Albatrosses. 

81  Black-footed  Albatross   Diomedea  nigripes   62 

82  Short-tailed  Albatross  "  albatrus 62 

82.1  Laysan  Albatross   "  immutabilis   62 

[83]  Yellow-nosed  Albatross    Thalassogeron  culminatus  62 

[84]  Sooty  Albatross    Phoebetria  palpebrata   62 

Family  PROCELLARIID^.  Fulmars,  Shearwaters,  and 

Petrels. 

[85]  Giant  Fulmar  Macronectes  giganteus   A.V. 

86  Fulmar    F^ilmarus  glacialis  glacialis 63 

86&  Pacific   Fulmar    "  "        glupischa    63 

86.1  Rodger's  Fulmar   "  rodgersi    63 

87  Slender-billed  Fulmar   Priocella   glacialcides    63 

[102]Pintado  Petrel   Daption   capense A.V. 

88  Cory's   Shearwater    PufRnus  borealis   64 

89  Greater  Shearwater  "         gravi.s    64 

[90]  Manx    Shearwater    "         puffinus     A.V. 

91  Pink-footed   Shearwater    "         creatopus    64 

92  Audubon's   Shearwater    Puffinus  Iherminieri 64 

[92.1]Allied  Shearwater   "       assimilis     A.V. 

93  Black-vented  Shearwater   "       opisthomelas    64 

93.1  Townsend's  Shearwater    "       auricularis     64 

95  Sooty  Shearwater  "       griseus    63 

96  Slender-billed  Shearwater    "       tenuirostris    64 

96.1  Wedge-tailed  Shearwater  "       cuneatus   63 

[96.2]New  Zealand  Shearwater "       bulleri   A.V. 

[97]  Black-tailed  Shearwater  Priofinus  cinereus A.V. 

[98]  Black-capped  Petrel  ^strelata   hasitata    65 

[99]   Scaled  Petrel   "  scalaris  A.V. 

100     Fisher's   Petrel    "  fisheri A.V. 

[101]Bulwer's    Petrel    Bulweria  bulweri    A.V. 

103  Least   Petrel    Halocyptena  microsoma  65 

104  Stormy  Petrel    Thalassidroma  pelagica   66 

105  Forked-tailed    Petrel    Oceanodroma  furcata 65 

260 


Systematic  Table  of  Nokth  American  Birds 
A.o.u. 

No.  COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.  Page 

105.2  Kaeding's    Petrel    Oceanodroma  kaedingi 65 

106  Leach's  Petrel  "  leucorhoa    66 

106.1  Guadalupe  Petrel    "  macrodactyla    66 

[106.2] Hawaiian   Petrel    "  castro    A.V. 

107  Black   Petrel    "  melania    66 

108  Ashy  Petrel   "  homochroa    65 

108.1  Socorro  Petrel   "  socorroensis    65 

109  Wilson's  Petrel   Oceanites  oceanicus  06 

[110] White-bellied  Petrel Fregetta  grallaria  A.V. 

[Ill] White-faced  Petrel  Pelagodroma  marina   A.V. 

Order  STEGANOPODES.    Totipalmate  Swimmers. 

Family  PHAETHONTID^.     Tropic  Birds. 

112  Yellow-billed  Tropic-bird    Phaethon  americanus    69 

113  Red-billed  Tropic-bird   "  aethereus    . . , 69 

[113.1]  Red-tailed  Tropic  bird  "  rubricaudus A.V. 

Family  SULID^.     Gannets. 

[114]  Blue-faced   Booby   Sula  cyanops 70 


114.1  Blue-footed  Booby 

115     Booby    

115.1  Brewster's  Booby 
[116]  Red-footed  Booby 
117     Gannet    ; 


nebouxi    70 

leucogastra    70 

brewsteri    70 

pi.scator    70 

bassana    69 


Family  ANHINGID^..     Darters. 

118  Water-Turkey  Anhinga  anhinga 73 

Family  PHALACROCOEACID^.     Cormorants. 

119  Cormorant    Phalacrocorax  carbo 70 

120  Double-crested  Cormorant   ......  "  auritus  auritus 71 

120a  Florida  Cormorant   "  "         floridanus.. . .   71 

120&  White-crested  Cormorant   "  "         cincinatus. . .  71 

120'C  Farallon  Cormorant   "  "         albociliatus . .   71 

121  Mexican  Cormorant  "  vigua  mexicanus   ...  71 

122  Brandt's  Cormorant  "  penicillatus    72 

123  Pelagic  Cormorant   "  pelagicus    pelagicus.  72 

123a  Violet-green  Cormorant "  "         robustus 72 

123ft  Baird's  Cormorant "  "         resplendens . .  72 

124  Red-faced  Cormorant "  urile     72 

261 


Systematic  Table  of  Nokth  American  Birds 


Family  PELECANID.E.     Pelicans. 


A.O.U. 
No. 


COMMON  NAME. 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME. 


Page 


125  White  Pelican    Pelecanus  erythrorhynchos   73 

126  Brown  Pelican  "  occidentalis   73 

127  California  Brown  Pelican    "  californicus   73 


Family  FREGATID^.    Man-o'-War  Birds. 

128     Man-o'-war-bird    Fregata  aquila  

Order  ANSERES.    Lamellirostral  Swimmers. 

Family  ANATID^.     Ducks,  Geese,  and  Swans. 


73 


129  American  Merganser  . . . 

130  Red-breasted  Merganser 

131  Hooded    Merganser    . . . . 
[131.1]Smew   

132  Mallard     

133  Black  Duck  

134  Florida  Duck 

134a  Mottled  Duck 


Mergus  americanus    76 

"  serrator   76 

Lophodyte.s  cucuUatus 76 

Mergellus  albellus  A.V. 

Anas  platyrhynchos   76 

"      rubripes     77 

fulvigula  fulvigula   77 

"  "  maculosa    77 


135     Gadwall    Chaulelasmus  .streperus 


77 


136  European  Widgeon 

137  Baldpate     

[138]European   Teal    ... 
139     Green-winged  Teal 


Mareca  penelope   77 

"      americana    77 

Nettion  crecca   A.V. 

"         carolinense 78 


140    Blue-winged  Teal    Querquedula  discors 78 


141  Cinnamon  Teal 

[141.1]Ruddy  Sheldrake   .... 

142  Shoveller    , 

143  Pintail     

144  Wood    Duck    

[145]  Rufous-crested  Duck   . 

146  Redhead   

147  Canvas-back    

148  American  Scaup  Duck 

149  Lesser  Scaup  Duck... 

150  Ring-necked  Duck  .... 

151  American  Golden-eye  . 

152  Barrow's   Golden-eye    . 

153  Buffle-head     

154  Old-squaw    

155  Harlequin  Duck 


cyanoptera 78 

Casarca  ferruginea  A.V. 

Spatula  clypeata  78 

Dafila  acuta    76 

Aix  .sponsa    78 

Netta  rufina    A.V. 

Marila  americana  79 

valisineria    79 

marila   79 

affinis    79 

collaris    79 

Clangula  clangula  americana 80 

islandica    80 

Charitonetta  albeola •. . .  80 

Harelda  hyemalis   81 

Histrionicus  histrionicus    81 


262 


Systematic  Table  of  Nokth  American  Birds 


A.O.U. 
No.  COMMON  NAME. 

156  Labrador  Duck    

157  Stellar's    Eider    

158  Spectacled  Eider  

159  Northern  Eider   

160  American  Eider  

161  Pacific   Eider    

162  King  Eider 

163  American  Scoter  

[164]Velvet  Scoter  

165  White-winged  Scoter  

166  Surf  Scoter  

167  Ruddy  Duck   

[168]Masked  Duck  

169  Lesser  Snow  Goose 

169a  Greater  Snow  Goo.se 

169.1  Blue  Goose   

170  Ross's   Goose    

[171] European  White-fronted  Goose. 

171a  White-fronted  Goose   

[171.1]  Bean  Goose  

[171.2]  Pink-footed  Goose   

172     Canada  Goose 

172a  Hutchins's  Goose   

172&  White-cheeked  Goose 

172c  Cackling  Goose    

173a  Brant  , 

174     Black  Brant    

[175]Barnacle  Goose   

176  Emperor  Goose    

177  Black-bellied  Tree-duck 

178  Fulvous  Tree-duck   

[179]Whooper  Swan    , 

180  Whistling  Swan 

181  Trumpeter   Swan    , 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME.  Page 

Camptorhynchus  labradorius 81 

Polysticta  .stelleri  81 

Arctonetta  fischeri   82 

Somateria  mollissima  borealis 82 

"         drasseri    82 

"         v-nigra    82 

spectabilis    82 

Oidemia  americana 83 

fusca    A.V. 

deglandi   83 

"        perspicillata    83 

Brismatura  jamaicensis    80 

Nomonyx  dominicus 80 

Chen  hyperboreus  hyperboreus 84 

nivalis   84 

"     caerulescens    85 

"     rossi    84 

Anser  albifrons  albifrons A.V. 

gambeli     85 

fabalis  A.V. 

"      brachyrhynchus   A.V. 

Branta  canadensis  canadensis 86 

hutchinsi 86 

"  "  occidentalis . . . .  86 

"  "  minima   86 

"      bernicla  glaucogastra   86 

"      nigricans    86 

"      leucopsis    A.V. 

Philacte  canagica   85 

Dendrocygna  autumnalis    83 

bicolor   83 

Olor  cygnus    A.V. 

"     columbianus    84 

"    buccinator   84 


Order  ODONTOGLOSS^.    Lamellirostral  Grallatores. 

Family  PHCENICOPTERID^.     Flamingoes. 

182    Flamingo    Phcenicopteras  ruber 89 


263 


Systematic  Table  of  Noeth  Americajst  Bieds 


Order  HERODIONES.    Herons,  Storks,  Ibises,  etc. 

Family  PLATALEID^.    Spoonbills. 


A.O.U 
No. 


COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME. 

183  Roseate    Spoonbill    Ajaia  ajaja 

Family  IBIDID^.     Ibises. 

184  White   Ibis    Guara  alba 

[185]  Scarlet  Ibis    "      rubra    

186  Glo.ssy  Ibis Plegadis  autumnalis 

187  White-faced  Glossy  Ibis "         guarauna   


Page 

..   89 


90 
89 
90 
90 


Family  CICONDIID^.     Storks  and  Wood  Ibises. 

188     Wood  Ibis   Mycteria  americana 90 

[189] Jabiru   Jabiru  mycteria  A.V. 


Family  ARDEID^. 

190  American  Bittern   

191  Least  Bittern  

191.1  Cory's  Least  Bittern 

192  Great  White  Heron 

194     Great  Blue  Heron    

194a  Northwestern  Coast  Heron 

1945  Ward's   Heron    

[195]European  Heron  

196  American  Egret 

197  Snowy  Egret 

197a  Brewster's  Egret 

198  Reddish  Egret  

199  Louisiana  Heron  

200  Little  Blue  Heron  . , 

201  Green  Heron    

201a  Ftazar's  Green  Heron 

201&  Anthony's  Green  Heron 

202  Black-crowned  Night  Heron 

203  Yellow-crowned  Night  Heron... 


Herons,  Bitterns,  etc. 

Botaurus  lentiginosus   91 

Ixobrychus  exilis    91 

"            neoxenus 91 

Ardea  occidentalis  92 

"      herodias  herodias   93 

fannini 93 

wardi 93 

"      cinerea    A.V. 

Herodias  egretta  92 

Egretta  candidissima  candidissima.  92 
brewsteri   ...294 

Dichromanassa  ruf escens 94 

Hydranassa  tricolor  ruficollis 94 

Florida  caerulea  94 

Butorides  virescens  virescens 94 

frazari    94 

"               "           anthonyi    94 

Nycticorax  nycticorax  ngevius 93 

Nyctanassa  violacea 93 


Order  PALUDICOL.^.    Cranes,  Rails,  etc. 

Family  GRUID^.     Cranes. 


204  Whooping  Crane  . . 

205  Little  Brown  Crane 

206  Sandhill   Crane    . . . 


Grus  americana 96 

"    canadensis    96 

"    mexicana   96 


264 


Systematic  Table  of  Nokth  American  Birds 

A.O.U. 
No.  COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.  Page 

Family  ARAMID^.     Courlans. 

207  Limpkin Aramus  vociferus   96 

Family  EALLID^.     Rails,  Gallinules,  and  Coots. 

208  King  Rail ^ Rallus  elegans  97 

209  Belding's  Rail "      beldingi    97 

210  California  Clapper  Rail "      obsoletus    97 

210.1  Light-footed   Rail    "       levipes    294 

211  Clapper  Rail  "      crepitans  crepitans 98 

211a  Louisiana   Clapper  Rail "  "  saturatus    98 

211&  Florida  Clapper  Rail   "  "  scotti 98 

211c'  Wayne's  Clapper  Rail   "  "  waynei    98 

211.2  Caribbean  Clapper  Rail   "      longirostris  caribaeus 98 

212  Virginia  Rail "      virginianus    97 

[213]  Spotted  Crake   Porzana  porzana   A.V. 

214  Sora "        Carolina    98 

215  Yellow   Rail    Coturnicops    noveboracensis 97 

216  Black  Rail  Creciscus  jamaicensis   98 

216.1  Farallon  Rail   "  coturniculus    294 

[217]Corn  Crake  Crex  crex    A.V. 

218  Purple  Gallinule   lonornis  martinicus   99 

219  Florida  Gallinule Gallinula  galeata . .  99 

[220]European  Coot Fulica  atra   A.V. 

221  Coot "      americana    99 

Order  LIMICOL^.    Shore  Birds 

Family  PHALAROPODIDJS.     Phalaropes. 

222  Red  Phalarope  Phalaropus  f ulicarius 102 

223  Northern  Phalarope Lobipes  lobatus 102 

224  Wilson'.s  Phalarope Steganopus  tricolor   102 

Family  RECURVIROSTRIDiE.     Avocets  and  Stilts. 

225  Avocet    Recurvirostra  americana   103 

226  Black-necked  Stilt Himantopus  mexicanus 105 

Family  SCOLOPACID^.  Snipes,  Sandpipers,  etc. 

[227] European  Woodcock Scolopax  rusticola    A.V. 

228     Woodcock    Philohela  minor    105 

[229]European  Snipe Gallinago  gallinago A.V. 

230    Wilson's  Snipe "         delicata   105 

265 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 

A.O.U. 

No.                COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.                Page 

[230.1]Great  Snipe  "        media    A.V. 

231  Dowitcher    Macrorhamphus  griseus  griseus . . .  106 

232  Long-billed  Dowitcher "                   "       seolopaceus.106 

233  Stilt   Sandpiper    Micropalama  himantopus   106 

234  Knot    Tringa  canutus 106 

235  Purple  Sandpiper Arquatella  maritima  maritima 107 

235cr  Aleutian  Sandpiper "  "  couesi 107 

235&  Pribilof  Sandpiper "  "  ptilocnemis lOS 

238  Sharp-tailed  Sandpiper   Pisobia  aurita   109 

239  Pectoral  Sandpiper "      maculata 109 

240  White-rumped  Sandpiper   "      fuscicollis    109 

241  Baird's  Sandpiper  "       bairdi    109 

242  Least  Sandpiper   "       minutilla    109 

[242.1] Long-toed  Stint "       damacensis    A.V. 

[243] Dunlin     Pelidna  alpina  alpina A.V. 

243a  Red-backed  Sandpiper "  "      sakhalina   108 

244     Curlew  Sandpiper  Erolia  f erruginea    106 

[245]  Spoon-bill  Sandpiper   Eurynorhynchus  pygmaBus A.V. 

246  Semipalmated  Sandpiper   Ereunetes  pusillus 108 

247  Western  Sandpiper "         mauri   108 

248  Sanderling , Calidris  leucophsea  108 

249  Marbled  Godwit Limosa  fedoa  110 

250  Pacific  Godwit  "      lapponica  baueri  110 

251  Hudsonian  Godwit "      haemastica   110 

[252] Black-tailed  Godwit   "       limosa   A.V. 

[253] Green-shank    Glotti.s  nebularia  A.V. 

[253.1]  Red-shank   Totanus  tetanus A.V. 

254  Greater  Yellow-legs   "        melanoleucus    Ill 

255  Yellow-legs    "        flavipes   Ill 

256  Solitary  Sandpiper Helodromas  solitarius  solitarius . . .  107 

256a  We.stern  Solitary  Sandpiper "                    "       cinnamomeus.107 

[257]Green  Sandpiper  "  ocrophus    A.V. 

258  Willet   Catoptrophorus  semipalmatus  semi- 

palmatus    Ill 

258a  Western  Willet  Catoptrophorus  semipalmatas  inor- 

natus  

259  Wandering  Tatler Heteractitis  incanus Ill 

[260]Ruff   Machetes  pugnax   A.V. 

261  Upland  Plover  Bartramia  longicauda   105 

262  Buff-breasted  Sandpiper  Tryngites  subruficollis    105 

263  Spotted   Sandpiper   Actitis  macularia   107 

264  Long-billed  Curlew  Numenius  americanus 103 

266 


Systematic  Table  of  Nokth  American  Birds  ^'  \ 

A.O.U. 
No,  COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.  Page 

265  Hudsonian  Curlew   Numenius  hudsonicus   103 

266  Eskimo   Curlew    "  borealis     103 

[267]  Whimbrel "  phaeopus  A.V. 

268     Brlstle-thighed   Curlew   "  tahitiensis    295 

Family  CHAEADEIID.E.      Plovers. 

[269]Lapwing  Vanellus  vanellas   A.V. 

[269.1]Dotterel  Eudromias  morinellus   A.V. 

270     Black-bellied  Plover Squatarola  squatarola  110 

[271]  European  Golden  Plover Charadrius  apricarius   A.V. 

272  Golden  Plover   "  dominicus  dominicus. .  .110 

272a  Pacific  Golden  Plover  "  "  fulvus   110- 

273  Killdeer    • Oxyechus  vociferus    112 

274  Semipalmated  Plover    ^gialitis  semipalmata    112 

275  Ringed  Plover "  hiaticula  112 

[276]Little  Ringed  Plover  "  dubia    A.V. 

277  Piping  Plover "  meloda    112 

278  Snowy  Plover "  nivosa   112 

[279] Mongolian  Plover  "  mongola   A.V. 

280  Wilson'.s  Plover Ochthodromus  wilsonius  112 

281  Mountain  Plover Podasocys  montanus   105 

Family  APHRIZID^.     Surf  Birds  and  Turnstones. 

282  Surf-bird   Aphrlza  virgata  Ill 

283  Turnstone    Arenaria  interpres  interpres 102 

283a  Ruddy  Turnstone   "  "        morinella   102 

284  Black  Turnstone  "  melanocephala   107 

Family  H^MATOPODID^.    Oyster- Catchers. 

[285]European  Oyster-catcher Haematopus  ostralegus A.V. 

286  Oyster-catcher    "  palliatus   104 

286.1  PYazar's  Oyster-catcher    "  frazari 104 

287  Black  Oyster-catcher  "  bachmani  104 

Family  JACANID^.    Jaoanas. 

[288]Mexican  Jacana Jacana  spinosa 102 

267 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 


Order  GALLING.    Gallinaceous  Birds. 


Family  ODONTOPHOEIDJE 

A.O.U. 
No.  COMMON  NAME. 

289     Bob-white 

289a  Florida  Bob-white  

2896  Texas  Bob-white   

291  Masked  Bob-white   

292  Mountain  Quail   

292a  Plumed  Quail  

292&  San  Pedro  Quail 

293  Scaled  Quail  

293a  Chestnut-bellied  Scaled  Quail 

294  California  Quail 

294a  Valley  Quail  

295  Gambel's  Quail    

296  Mearns's  Quail 


.     Bob-whites,  Quails,  etc. 

SCIENTIFIC  NAME.  Page 

Colinus  virginianus  virginianus 115 

floridanus   115 

"  "  texanus 115 

"      ridgwayi  115 

Oreortyx  picta  picta 116 

"      plumifera    116 

"  "      confinis    116 

Callipepla  squamata  squamata 116 

"  "  castanogastris.116 

Lophortyx  californica  californica.  .116 

vallicola 116 

gambeli 116 

Cyrtonyx  montezumge  mearasi 115 


Grouse,  Partridges,  etc 


297 

297a 

297& 

297c 

298 

2986 

298c 

299 

300 

300a 

3006 

300c 

301 

301a 

3016 

301c 

302 

302a 

3026 

302c 

Z02d 

302  e 

302  f 

302.1 

303 


Family  TETRAONID^. 

Dusky  Grouse  Dendragapus  obscurus  obscurus. .  .117 

Sooty  Grouse   "                    "         f uliginosus .  .117 

Richard-son's  Grouse "                   "         richardsoni.117 

Sierra  Grouse '•  "         sierras   295 

Hudsonian  Spruce  Partridge Canachites  canadensis  canadensis..  117 

Alaska  Spruce  Partridge "                    "         osgoodi    ...117 

Canada  Spruce  Partridge "                   "         canace    ....117 

Franklin's  Grouse "  franklini 117 

Ruffed  Grouse   Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus 118 


Canada  Ruffed  Grouse 
Gray  Ruffed  Grouse  . . 
Oregon  Ruffed  Grouse 


togata   118 

umbelloides  118 

sabini    118 


Willow  Ptarmigan   Lagopus  lagopus  lagopus 119 


Allen's  Ptarmigan    . . . . 
Alexander's  Ptarmigan 

Ungava  Ptarmigan  

Rock  Ptarmigan 

Reinhardt's  Ptarmigan 
Nelson's  Ptarmigan  . . . 
Turner's  Ptarmigan  . . . 
Townsend's  Ptarmigan 

Adak  Ptarmigan  

Dixon's  Ptarmigan 

Evermann's  Ptarmigan 
Welch's  Ptarmigan  . . . . 


alleni 119 

"  alexandrae    295 

"  ungavus    295 

rupestris  rupestris   119 

reinhardi    119 

nelsoni    119 

atkhensis   120 

"  townsendi 120 

chamberlain!  ..  .296 

dixoni    296 

evermanni   120 

welchi  120 


268 


Systematic  Table  of  Noeth  Amekican  Birds 


A.O.U. 
No.  COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.  Page 

304  White-tailed  Ptarmigan Lagopus  leucurus  leucurus 118 

304a  Kenai  White-tailed  Ptarmigan. . .  "  "  peninsularis 118 

305  Prairie  Chicken Tympanuchus  americanus  americanus 

121 
305a  Attwater's  Prairie  Chicken "  "         attwateri.l2l 

306  Heath  Hen    "  cupido   121 

307  Lesser  Prairie  Chicken "  pallidicinctus    121 

308  Sharp-tailed  Grouse  Pedioecetes  phasianellus  phasianel- 

lus    121 

308a  Columbian  Sharp-tailed  Grouse..      Pedioecetes  phasianellus  columbianus 

121 

3 08  &  Prairie  Sharp-tailed  Grouse "  "  campestris . .  121 

309  Sage  Hen Centrocercus  urophasianus 122 

Family  MELEAGEID^.     Turkeys. 

310  Merriam's  Turkey Meleagris  gallopavo  merriami 122 

310a  Wild  Turkey "  "  silvestris   122 

310&  Florida  Turkey "  "  osceola 122 

310c  Rio  Grande  Turkey "  "  intermedia 122 

CURASSOWS  AND  GuANS. 
Ortalis  vetula  mccalli  122 


Family  CRACID^. 

311     Chachalaca    


Order  COLUMB^.    Pigeons. 

Family  COLUMBID^.     Pigeons. 


312  Band-tailed  Pigeon 

312a  Viosca's  Pigeon 

313  Red-hilled  Pigeon 

314  White-crowned  Pigeon 

[314.1]Scaled  Pigeon  

315  Passenger  Pigeon 

316  Mourning  Dove 

316i  Western  Mourning  Dove 

317  Zenaida  Dove 

318  White-fronted  Dove  

319  West  Indian  White-winged  Dove. 
319a  White-winged  Dove 

320  Ground  Dove 

320a  Mexican  Ground  Dove 

320&  Bermuda  Ground  Dove 


Columba  f asciata  f asciata 124 

"  "        vioscaB 124 

*'      flavirostris  124 

"      leucocephala  124 

"      squamosa  A.V. 

Ectopistes  migratorius 125 

Zenaidura  macroura  carolinensis . . .  125 
marginella  ...296 

Zenaida  zenaida   125 

Leptotila  fulviventris  brachyptera.  .125 

Melopelia  asiatica  asiatica 126 

trudeaui   296 

Chaemepelia  passerina  terrestris 126 

"         pallescens...l26 
"  "         bermudiana.126 


Systematic  Table  of  North  Ameeican  Bieds 


A.O.U. 
No. 


COMMON  NAME. 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME. 


Page 


321     Inca  Dove   Scardafella  inca 126 

[322]  Key   West   Quail-dove Geotrygon  chrysia 126 

C322.1]Ruddy  Quail-dove *  "  montana  126 

[323] Blue-headed  Quail-dove Starnoenas  cyanocephala 126 


Order  RAPTORES. 

Family  CATHAETID^. 


324  California  Vulture 

325  Turkey  Vulture   . . 

326  Black  Vulture 


Birds  of  Prey. 

Ameeican  Vultuees. 

Gymnogyps  calif ornianus   129 

Cathartes  aura  septentrionalis 129 

Catharista  urubu  129 


Family  BUTEONID^.     Hawks,  Eagles,  Kites,  etc. 


327 
328 
329 
330 
331 
332 


Swallow-tailed  Kite 
White-tailed  Kite  . . , 
Mississippi  Kite  . . . , 

Everglade  Kite 

Marsh  Hawk    


Elanoides  forficatus  130 

Elanus  leucurus 130 

Ictinia  mississippiensis 130 

Rostrhamus  sociabilis   130 

Circus  hudsonius 130 

Sharp-.shinned  Hawk  Accipiter  velox 131 

333  Cooper's  Hawk "        cooperi    131 

334  Goshawk    "        atricapillas  atricapillus . . .  131 

334a  Western  Goshawk "  "  striatulus 131 

335  Harris's  Hawk Parabuteo  unicinctus  harrisi 132 

337     Red-tailed  Hawk  Buteo  borealis  borealis 132 


337a  Krider's  Hawk , 

3376  Western  Red-tail , 

ZZld  Harlan's  Hawk   

337e  Alaska  Red-tail   

339  Red-shouldered  Hawk  

339a  Florida  Red-shouldered  Hawk.. 
3396  Red-bellied  Hawk  

340  Zone-tailed  Hawk  

Bennett's  White-tailed  Hawk. . . 

Swainson's  Hawk  

Broad-winged  Hawk 

Short-tailed  Hawk 


341 
342 
343 
344 
345 
346 


krideri     132 

calurus    132 

harlani    132 

"        alascensis  296 

lineatus  lineatus   133 

alleni   133 

"        elegans   133 

abbreviatus   134 

albicaudatus  sennetti 135 

swainsoni  133 

platypteru.s    133 

brachyurus    135 


Mexican  Black  Hawk  Urubitinga  anthracina 134 

Mexican  Goshawk Asturina  plagiata   131 

347a  Rough-legged  Hawk Archibuteo  lagopus  sancti-johannis .  135 

348  Ferruginous  Rough-leg "  f errugineus  135 

349  Golden  Eagle  Aquila  chrysaetos  13^ 


270 


Systematic  Table  of  Nobth  American  Birds 

A.O.U. 

No.               COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.                Paob 

[351]Gray  Sea  Eagle  Haliaeetus  albicilla A.V. 

352  Bald  Eagle "        leucocephalus  leucocephalus 

136 

352a  Northern  Bald  Eagle "                "                alascanus . .  136 

Family  FALCONDID^.  Falcons,  Caracaras,  etc. 

353  White  Gyrfalcon  Falco  Islandus   136 

354  Gray  Gyrfalcon   "      rusticolus  rusticolus 136 

354tt  Gyrfalcon "  "  gyrfalco    136 

3 54 ?>  Black  Gyrfalcon "  "  obsoletus    137 

355  Prairie  Falcon  "      mexicanus    136 

[356]  Peregrine  Falcon Falco  peregrinus  peregrinus A.V. 

356a  Duck  Hawk "  "  anatum   137 

356&  Peale's  Falcon   "  "  pealei 137 

357  Pigeon  Hawk  Falco  columbarius  columbarius 137 

357a  Black  Pigeon  Hawk "  "  suckleyi  137 

358  Richardson's  Pigeon  Hawk "  "  richardsoni 137 

[358.1]Merlin    : "      aesalon A.V. 

359  Aplomado  Falcon   "      fusco-cssrulescens    137 

[359.1]Kestrel  "       tinnunculas    A.V. 

360  Sparrow  Hawk "      sparverius  sparverius 137 

360a  Desert  Sparrow  Hawk "  "  phalaena    138 

3606  San  Lucas  Sparrow  Hawk "  "  peninsularis  138 

360c  Little  Sparrow  Hawk "  "  paulus  296 

[361] Cuban  Sparrow  Hawk "      sparveroides    A.V. 

362  Audubon's  Caracara Polyborus  cheriway  134 

363  Guadalupa  Caracara "  lutosus  134 

Family  PANDIONID^.    Ospreys. 

364  Osprey    Pandion  haliaetus  carolinensis 129 

Family  ALUCONDIDiE.     Barn  Owls. 

365  Barn  Owl Aluco  pratincola   138 

Family  STRIGID^.  Horned  Owls,  etc. 

366  Long-eared  Owl  Asio  wilsonianas  138 

367  Short-eared  Owl "     flammeus    138 

368  Barred  Owl  Strix  varia  varia 139 

368a  Florida  Barred  Owl "        "       alleni    139 

3686  Texas  Barred  Owl "        "       albogilva   139 

271 


Systematic  Table  of  Nokth  American  Bieds 


A.O.U. 
No. 


COMMON  NAME. 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME. 


Page 


369  Spotted  Owl  Strix  occidentalis  occidentalis 139 

369a  Northern  Spotted  Owl "  "  caurina 139 

370  Great  Gray  Owl Scotiaptex  nebulosa  nebulosa. 139 

[370o]Lapp  Owl "                    "        lapponica   . .  .A.V. 

371  Richardson's  Owl   Cryptoglaux  funerea  richard^oni. .  .139 


372  Saw-whet  Owl   

372a  Northwestern  Saw- whet  Owl 

373  Screech  Owl 

373a  Florida  Screech  Owl  

3736  Texas  Screech  Owl 

373  c  California  Screech  Owl 

ZlZd  Kennicott's  Screech  Owl 

373 e  Rocky  Mountain  Screech  Owl.. 

373  f  Mexican  Screech  Owl  

373fir  Aiken's  Screech  Owl 

373ft  MacFarlane's  Screech  Owl 

373  i  Sahuaro  Screech  Owl 

373.1  Spotted  Screech  Owl 

373.2  Xantus's  Screech  Owl 

374  Flammulated  Screech  Owl 

374a  Dwarf  Screech  Owl 


"  acadica  acadica 140 

scotsea   140 

Otus  asio  asio  141 

"        "     floridanus   141 

"     mccalli    141 

"        "    bendirei    141 

"     kennicotti  141 

"     maxwelliae   141 

"        "     cineraceus   142 

"     aikeni    142 

"        "     macf arlanei  142 

"     gilmani   297 

"    trichopsis  142 

"    xantusi 142 

"    flammeolus  flammeolus  142 

"  "  idahoensis   142 

375     Great  Horned  Owl Bubo  virginianus  virginianus   143 


375a  Western  Horned  Owl 

3756  Arctic  Horned  Owl 

375c  Dusky  Horned  Owl 

375d  Pacific  Horned  Owl 

375e  Dwarf  Horned  Owl 

375  f  Labrador  Horned  Owl 

375^7  Saint  Michael  Horned  Owl. 

376  Snowy  Owl   

[377] European  Hawk  Owl 

377a  Hawk  Owl 


pallescens    143 

subarcticus    143 

saturatus    143 

pacificus    143 

elachistus    143 

heterocnemis  .....297 

algistus   297 

Nyctea  nyctea   143 

Surnia  ulula  ulula  A.V. 

"    caparoch 143 

378     Burrowing  Owl   Speotyto  cunicularia  hypogaea 138 

378a  Florida  Burrowing  Owl "  "  fioridana 138 

370     Rocky  Mountain  Pygmy  Owl Glaucidium  gnoma  pinicola 140 

379a  California  Pygmy  Owl "  "         californicum   ...140 

379.1  Hoskins's  Pygmy  Owl "  hoskinsi    140 

380  Ferruginous  Pygmy  Owl "  phalsenoide.s    140 

381  Elf  Owl Micropallas  whitneyi  140 


272 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 
Order  PSITTACI.    Parrots,  Macaws,  Paroquets,  etc. 

Family  PSITTACIDiE.     Parrots  and  Paroquets. 

A.O.U. 
No.  COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.  Page 

382     Carolina  Paroquet   Conuropsis  carolinensis   145 

382.1  Thick-billed  Parrot Rhynchopsitta  pachyrhyncha   145 

Order  COCCYGES.    Cuckoos,  etc. 

Family  CUCULID^.     Cuckoos,  Anis,  etc. 

[383] Ani Crotophaga  ani    — .^146 

384  Groove-billed  Ani   "  sulcirostris    146 

385  Road-runner    Geococcyx  californianus  146 

386  Mangrove  Cuckoo  Coccyzus  minor  minor 146 

[386a]Maynard's  Cuckoo   "  "      maynardi    146 

387  Yellow-billed  Cuckoo   "      americanus    americanus.  .146 

387a  California  Cuckoo "                "              occidentalis .  146 

388  Black-billed  Cuckoo   "      erythrophthalmus    146 

[388.1] Kamchatka  Cuckoo  Cuculus  canorus  telephonus A.V. 

Family  TROGONID^.     Trogons. 

389  Coppery-tailed  Trogon Trogon  ambiguus   147 

Family  ALCEDINID^.     Kingfishers. 

390  Belted  Kingfisher   Ceryle  alcyon  alcyon 147 

390a  Northwestern  Belted  Kingfisher.  "  "      caurina   297 

[390.1]Ringed  Kingfisher  "      torquata    A.V. 

391  Texas  Kingfisher "      americana   septentrionalis. .  147 

Order  PICI.    Woodpeckers,  Wrynecks,  etc. 

Family  PICID^.      Woodpeckers. 

392  Ivory-billed   Woodpecker    Campephilus  principalis   149 

393  Hairy  Woodpecker  Dryobates  villosus  villosus 150 


393a  Northern  Hairy  Woodpecker  .... 
3936  Southern  Hairy  Woodpecker  .... 

393  c  Harris's  Woodpecker 

393<i  Cabanis's  Woodpecker    

393 e  Rocky  Mt.  Hairy  Woodpecker... 
393  f  Queen  Charlotte  Woodpecker... 
393(7  Newfoundland  Woodpecker 


leucomela.3  ....  150 

auduboni 150 

harrisi 150 

hyloscopus  . . .  .150 

monticola 150 

picoideus    150 

terraenovae    297 


273 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 

A.O.TT. 

No.                COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.                Page 

393//  White-breasted   Woodpecker Dryobates  villosus  leucothorectis..  .297 

394     Southern  Downy  Woodpecker...  "        pubescens  pubescens   ...150 

394a  Gairdner's   Woodpecker    "              "            gairdneri    ....150 

394&  Batchelder's  Woodpecker "  "  homorus    150 

394  c  Downy  Woodpecker  "              "            medianus    ....  150 

394(?  Nelson's  Downy  Woodpecker "  "  nelsoni    150 

394  e  Willow  Woodpecker "  "  turati 151 

395  Red-cockaded  Woodpecked    "        borealis    151 

396  Cactus  Woodpecker  "        scalaris  cactophilus   151 

396o  San  Lucas  Woodpecker "  "         lucasanus    151 

396&  San  Fernando  Woodpecker "  "         eremicus    297 

397  Nuttall's  Woodpecker   "        nuttalli    151 

398  Arizona  Woodpecker   "        arizonse    141 

399  White-headed  Woodpecker Xenopicus  albolarvatus 151 

400  Arctic   Three-toed   Woodpecker. .       Picoides  arcticus  149 

401  Amer.  Three-toed  Woodpecker.. .  "  americanus  americanus.149 
401fl  Alaska  Three-toed  Woodpecker..  "  "  fasciatus  ...149 
401&  Alpine  Three-toed  Woodpecker..                "                  "             dorsalis   149 

402  Yellow-bellied  Sapsucker   Sphyrapicus  varius  varius   152 

402a  Red-naped   Sapsucker    "  "         nuchalis    152 

403  Red-breasted  Sap.sucker   "  ruber  ruber  152 

403a  Northern  Red-breasted  Sapsucker  "  "      notkensis    152 

404  Williamson's  Sapsucker   "  thyroideus    152 

405  Pileated  Woodpecker Ceophloeus  pileatus  pileatus 149 

405a  Northern  Pileated  Woodpecker..  «'  "  abieticola  149 

406  Red-headed   Woodpecker    Melanerpes  erythrocephalus   153 

407  Ant-eating  Woodpecker "      formicivorus  formicivorus  153 

407a  Californian  Woodpecker "  »  bairdi   153 

407&  Narrow-fronted  Woodpecker "                "             angustifrons.153 

408  Lewis's  Woodpecker   Asyndesmus  lewisi  152 

409  Red-bellied  Woodpecker  Centurus  carolinus  153 

410  Golden-fronted  Woodpecker "         aurifrons    153 

411  Gila  Woodpecker "         uropygialis    153 

412  Southern  Flicker Colaptes  auratus  auratus 154 

412a  Northern  Flicker "  "        luteus    154 

413  Red-shafted  Flicker   "        caf er  collaris 154 

413a  Northwestern  Flicker   ^  "  "      saturatior   154 

414  Gilded  Flicker   "        chrysoides  chrysoides  ....  154 

414a  San  Fernando  Flicker  "                "           brunnescens. .  .154 

414&  Mearns's  Gilded  Flicker  "  "  mearnsi 298 

415  Guadalupe  Flicker "        rufipileus    154 

274 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 

A.O.U. 

No.               COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.               Page 

Order  MACROCHIRES.  Goatsuckers,  Swifts,  etc. 

Family  CAPRIMULGID^.     Goatsuckers,  etc. 

416  Chuck-will's-widow    Antrostomus  carolinensis    156 

417  Whip-poor-will    "  vociferus  vocif erus 156 

417rt  Stephen's  Whip-poor-will   "                    "        macromystax.156 

418  Poor-will Phalaenoptilus  nuttalli  nuttali 156 

418«  Fro.sted  Poor-will    "  "  nitidus 156 

41Sb  Dusky  Poor-will  '*                    "           californicas .  156 

419  Merrill's  Parauque   Nyctidromus  albicollis  merrilli 157 

420  Nighthawk Chordeiles  virginianus  virginianus. .  157 

420a  Western  Nighthawk "  "  henryi    157 

420h  Florida  Nighthawk "                  "             chapmani    .  .  157 

420  c  Sennett's  Nighthawk "  "  sennetti  157 

421  Texas  Nighthawk  "         acutipennis  texensis 157 

Family  MICROPODID^.      Swifts. 

422  Black  Swift  Cypseloides  niger  borealis 158 

423  Chimney  Swift Chastura  pelagica   158 

424  Vaux's  Swift "         vauxi    158 

425  White-throated  Swift Aeronautes  melanoleucus  158 

Family  TROCHILID^.     Hummingbirds. 

426  Rivoli's  Hummingbird  Eugenes  fulgeas 159 

427  Blue-throated  Hummingbird   Cyanolaemus  clemenciae   160 

428  Ruby-throated  Hummingbird Archilochus  colubris    160 

429  Black-chinned  Hummingbird "  alexandri    159 

430  Costa's  Hummingbird   Calypte  costse 159 

431  Anna's  Hummingbird "      anna    161 

432  Broad-tailed  Hummingbird  ......      Selasphorus  platycercus  161 

433  Rufous  Hummingbird "  ruf us    161 

434  Allen's  Hummingbird Selasphorus  alleni   161 

435  Morcom's  Hummingbird Atthis  morcomi   161 

436  Calliope  Hummingbird Stellula  calliope 161 

437  Lucifer  Hummingbird  Calothorax  lucif er 159 

438  Rieffer's  Hummingbird   Amizilis  tzacatl  169 

439  Buff-bellied  Hummingbird   "        cerviniventris  chalconota.160 

439.1  Salvin's  Hummingbird    Uranomitra  salvini 298 

440  Xantus's  Hummingbird Basilinna  xantusi   159 

440.1  White-eared  Hummingbird "  leucotis    160 

441  Broad-billed  Hummingbird Cynanthus  latirostris 160 

m 


18 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 


A.O.U. 
No. 


COMMON  NAME. 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME. 


Order  PASSERES.    Perching  Birds 

Family  COTINGID^.     Cotingas. 

[441.1]Xantus's  Becard Platypsaris  aglaiae  albiventris. 


Page 


A.V. 


Family  TYKANNID^.     Tyrant  Flycatchers. 

[442] Fork-tailed  Flycatcher Muscivora  tyrannus A.V. 

443  Scissor-tailed  Flycatcher "  f orficata   177 

444  Kingbird  Tyrannus  tyrannus  247 

445  Gray  Kingbird   * "  dominicensis   247 

446  Couch's  Kingbird "  melancholicus  couchi 202 

447  Arkansas    Kingbird    "  verticalis    202 

448  Cassin's  Kingbird  "  vociferans    202 

449  Derby  Flycatcher   Pitangus  sulphuratus  derbianus ....  202 

451     Sulphur-bellied  Flycatcher Myiodynastes  luteiventris    203 

Crested  Flycatcher Myiarchus  crinitus  203 

"  magister  magister   203 


452 

453  Arizona  Crested  Flycatcher. . 
453a  Mexican  Crested  Flycatcher 

454  Ash-throated  Flycatcher 

454&  Lower  California  Flycatcher. 

455a  Olivaceous  Flycatcher 

456     Phoebe    

Say's  Phoebe 

Black  Phoebe   


457 
458 
459 
460 
461 
462 


nelsoni     203 

"  cinerascens  cinerascens  203 

"  "  pertinax    ...203 

"  lawrencei  olivascens 203 

Sayornis  phoebe  208 

"         sayus    205 

nigricans  251 


Olive-sided  Flycatcher Nuttallornis  borealis   208 

Coues's  Flycatcher  Myiochanes  pertinax  pallidiventris.  .208 

Wood  Pewee "  virens    298 

Western  Wood  Pewee "             richardsoni  richardsoni.208 

462a  Large-billed  Wood  Pewee Myiochanes  richardsoni  peninEulae. 208 

463     Yellow-bellied  Flycatcher Empidonax  flaviventris 211 


464  Western  Flycatcher 

464.1  San  Lucas  Flycatcher  . . 

465  Acadian  Flycatcher   ... . 

466  Traill's  Flycatcher  . . . . . 
466a  Alder  Flycatcher  ....... 

467  Least  Flycatcher  ... 

468  Hammond's  Flycatcher  . 

469  Wright's  Flycatcher 

469.1  Gray  Flycatcher . . . . 

470a  Bufl-breasted  Flycatcher 
471  Vermilion  Flycatcher  . . . 
472' 


difficilis  difflcilis    210 

'     "       '         "         cineritius    210 

"  virescens 210 

""  "'■       trailli  trailli   ...209 

'  "  "  "       alno;rum   209 

""'""*   minimus 209 

hammbndi    209 

'     «"         wrighti .209 

*  ' "  '       griseus .....  209 

""'<"    '  f ulvif rons   pygmseus ..'... 215 
PyVocephalus  rubinus  jnexicanus . .  .177 


Beardless  Flycatcher Camptostoma  imberbe 211 

m 


Systematic  Table  of  Nokth  American  Birds 


A.O.U. 
No. 


COMMON  NAME. 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME. 


Page 


Family  ALAUDID^.     Larks. 


[473] Skylark Alauda  arvensis  . 

474     Horned  Lark Otocoris  alpestris 

474a  Pallid  Horned  Lark " 

4746  Prairie  Horned  Lark  "  " 

474c  Desert  Horned  Lark "  " 

474c?  Texas  Horned  Lark "  " 

474  e  California  Horned  Lark "  " 

474  f  Ruddy  Horned  Lark 

474fir  Streaked  Horned  Lark  

4747?.  Scorched  Horned  Lark " 

474  i  Dusky  Horned  Lark " 

474/  Sonora  Horned  Lark "  " 

474fc  Hoyt's  Horned  Lark 

474  I  Montezuma  Horned  Lark "  " 

4747/1  Island  Horned  Lark  " 


A.V. 

alpestris 200 

arcticola  200 

praticola   200 

leucolsema   201 

giraudi    200 

actia    201 

rubea 201 

strigata   201 

adusta  201 

merrilli  201 

pallida 201 

hoyti    20O 

occidentalis  ....201 
insularis   201 


Family  CORVID^.      Crows,  Jays,  Magpies,  etc. 

475  Magpie Pica  pica  hudsonia  253 

476  Yellow-billed  Magpie  '•     nuttalli    253 

477  Blue  Jay Cyanocitta  cristata  cristata  181 

477a  Florida  Blue  Jay "  "        florincola    182 

478  Steller's  Jay   "  stelleri  stelleri  185 

478a  Blue-fronted  Jay  c .  > «   ,  . 

478&  Long-crested  Jay -  «  ^  -    . 

478  c  Black-headed  Jay « 

478d  Queen  Charlotte  Jay .  „ 

478e  Coast   Jay    « . «.  .  .    - 


frontalis  182 

diademata 185 

annectens 185 

carlottae 185 

carbonacea   . 29^ 


479     Florida  Jay A1Jh6locoma  cyanea 


184 


480  Woodhouse's  Jay 

480.1  Blue-eared   Jay    . 

480.2  Texas  Jay 

481  California  Jay  . . . 
481a  Xantus's  Jay  . . . 
4815  Belding's  Jay  . . . 
481.1  Santa  Cruz  Jay  . 

482  Arizona  Jay    

482a  Couch's  Jay    .... 

483  Green  Jay   


"■  woodhousei    .. ... ....  .184 

•*  cyanotis 184 

"•'  texana    184 

**'*  californica  califprnica.184 

•"*  '    '  "           hypoleuca.184 

'**     '  .          "           dbscura.i.,_.184 

'  "■  '  insularly    ... ... .  .184 

' "      ' '    sieberi  arizpnae 188 

"  "      couchi,..^ 183 

Xanthoui-a  luxuosa  glaucescens. . .  .185 


277 


Systematic  Table  op  Nokth  American  Birds 


A.O.U. 
No. 


COMMON  NAME. 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME. 


Page 


484     Canada  Jay Perisoreus  canadensis   canadensis .  252 


484a  Rocky  Mountain  Jay 

484^  Alaska  Jay 

484c'  Labrador  Jay   

485  Oregon  Jay  

485a  Gray  Jay   

486  American  Raven 

486a  Northern  Raven    . . . . 

487  White-necked  Raven 

488  American  Crow   


488a  Florida  Crow   

488&  Western    Crow    . . . 

489  Northwestern  Crow 

490  Fish  Crow  

[490.1]Rook     

[490.2]Hooded  Crow    . . . 


capitalis 252 

fumifrons 252 

"  nigricapillus.  ..252 

obscurus    obscurius 252 

"  griseus 252 

Corvus   corax  sinuatus 255 

"  "       principalis    255 

cryptoleucus    255 

"      brachyrhynchos  brachyrhyn- 

chos     255 

"      brachyrhnchos   pascuus. . . . 255 
"  "  hesperis    ..304 

"       caurinus   255 

"       ossifragus    255 

"      frugilegus    A.V. 

"       comix    A.V. 

491  Clarke's   Crow   Nucifraga  columbiana   252 

492  Pinon  Jay   Cyanocephalus    cyanocephalus 183 


£493]  Starling 


Family  STUENID^.     Starlings. 

Sturnus  vulgaris  . . 


253 


Family  ICTERIDJE.     Blackbirds,  Orioles,  etc. 


494 

495 

495a 

496 

496a 

497 

498 

498a 

4986 

498  c 

498<? 

498  e 

498  f 

498(7 

499 

500 


Bobolink  Dolichonyx  oryzivorus    251 

Cowbird    Molothrus  ater  ater  253 

Dwarf  Cowbird   "  "        obscurus 253 

Red-eyed  Cowbird Tangavius  asneus  involucratujs 253 

Bronzed  Cowbird    "  "       aeneus  304 

Yellow-headed  Blackbird   Xanthocephalus    xanthocephalus. .  .199 

Red-winged  Blackbird  Agelaius   phoeniceus  phoeniceus . . .  178 


Sonora   Red-wing    , 

Bahama  Red-wing 

Florida  Red-wing   

Thick-billed  Red-wing  . 
San  Diego  Red-wing  . . 
Northwestern  Red-wing 

Vera   Cruz  Red-wing 

Bicolored  Blackbird  ... 
Tricolored    Blackbird    . 


"  sonoriensis 178 

bryanti 178 

floridanus 178 

fortis    178 

neutralis    178 

"  caurinus    178 

richmondi   298 

gubernator  californicus..  .179 
tricolor   179 


278 


Systematic  Table  of  Nokth  Amekican  Birds 

A.O.U. 

No.               COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.                Page 

501     Meadowlark    Sturnella  magna  magna 199 

501a  Rio  Grande  Meadowlark "  "      hoopesi   199 

501r  Southern  Meadowlark   "  "      argutula   199 

501.1  Western  Meadowlark "        neglecta    199 

503  Audubon's   Oriole    Icterus  melanocephalus  auduboni ..  180 

504  Scott's  Oriole  "       parisorum  186 

505  Sennett's   Oriole    "      cucullatus  sennetti  186 

505a  Arizona  Hooded  Oriole "  "  nelsoni  186 

506  Orchard  Oriole    "      spurius    206 

507  Baltimore  Oriole  "      galbula    186 

508  Bullock's  Oriole "      bullocki  186 

509  Rusty  Blackbird   Euphagus  carolinus   254 

510  Brewer's   Blackbird    "  cyanocephalus    254 

511  Purple  Grackle    Quiscalus  quiscula  quiscula 254 

511a  Florida  Grackle "  "  aglseus 254 

511&  Bronzed  Grackle  "  "  seneus 254 

513  Boat-tailed   Grackle    Megaquiscalus  major  major 254 

513a  Great-tailed  Grackle "                "              macrourus ...  254 

Family  FRINGILLID^.  Finches,  Sparrows,  etc. 

514  Evening  Grosbeak Hesperiphona  vespertina  vespertina 

199 

514a  Western  Evening  Grosbeak "                       "          montana. .  .199 

515  Pine  Grosbeak  Pinicola  enucleator  leucura 171 

515a  Rocky  Mt.  Pine  Grosbeak "  "  montana   171 

5156  California  Pine  Grosbeak "  "  californica   171 

515c  Alaska  Pine  Grosbeak "  "  alascensis    171 

515cZ  Kadiak  Pine  Grosbeak "  "  flammula    171 

[516]Cassin's   Bullfinch    Pyrrhula  cassini A.V. 

517  Purple  Finch    Carpodacus  purpureus  purpureus . .  171 

517a  California  Purple  Finch  "                     "      calif ornicus ...  171 

518  Cassin's  Purple  Finch "  cassini    175 

519  House  Finch "             mexicanus  frontalis . . .  175 

519&  San  Lucas  House  Finch "                       "         ruberrimus.175 

519c  San  Clemente  House  Finch "                       "         dementis. ..  175 

520  Guadalupe  House  Finch "  amplus    175 

520.1  McGregor's  House  Finch "  mcgregori    175 

521  American   Crossbill    Loxia  curvirostra  minor 173 

521a  Mexican  Crossbill "  "  Strickland!    17a 

522  White-winged  Crossbill "      leucoptera   171 

279 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 

A.O.U. 

No.               COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.               Page 

523  Aleutian  Rosy  Finch Leucosticto  griseonucha 179 

524  Gray-crowned  Rosy  Finch   "          tephrocotis  tephrocotis .  179 

524(1  Hepburn's  Rosy  Finch "  "  littoralis 179 

525  Black  Rosy  Finch "  atrata    179 

526  Brown-capped  Rosy  Finch "  australis   179 

527  Greenland  Redpoll   Acanthis  hornemanni  hornemanni.  176 

527a  Hoary  Redpoll  "  "  exilipes 176 

528  Redpoll  "       linaria  linaria 176 

528a  Holboell's  Redpoll "  "      holboelli    176 

528&  Greater  Redpoll "  "      rostrata    176 

529  Goldfinch    Astragalinus  tristis  tristis 192 

529a  Pale   Goldfinch    "  "      pallidus   192 

529&  Willow  Goldfinch    "  "      salicamans   192 

530  Arkansas  Goldfinch   "  psaltria  psaltria 192 

530a  Green-backed  Goldfinch "                  "        hesperophilus  299 

531  Lawrence's  Goldfinch   "  lawrencei  189 

[532] Black-headed  Goldfinch Spinus  notatus  A.V. 

533  Pine    Siskin    "      pinus  pinus  225 

534  Snow  Bunting   Plectrophenax  nivalis  nivalis 211 

534a  Pribilof  Snow  Bunting "                 "         townsendi   . .  211 

535  McKay's  Snow  Bunting "  hyperboreu^    211 

536  Lapland  Longspur   Calcarius  lapponicus  lapponicus . .  .219 

536a  Alaska  Longspur "                "              alascensis    ..219 

537  Smith's  Longspur  "  pictus    220 

538  Chestnut-collared  Longspur "  ornatus  218 

539  McCown's  Longspur Rhynchophanes  mccowni  218 

540  Vesper  Sparrow Pocecetes  gramineus  gramineus   221 

540a  Western  Vesper  Sparrow   "  "  confinis   221 

540&  Oregon  Vesper  Sparrow "  "  aflBnis    221 

541  Ipswich  Sparrow * . . . .      Passerculus  princeps  225 

542  Aleutian  Savannah  Sparrow "        sandwichensis  sandwich  en- 

sis    223 

542a  Savannah  Sparrow "        sandwichensis  savanna ...  223 

5426  Western  Savannah  Sparrow "                   "              alaudinus. .  223 

542c  Bryant's  Sparrow   "                   "              bryanti ....  223 

542(i  Nevada  Savannah  Sparrow "                   "              nevadensis  300 

543  Belding's  Sparrow    "  beldingi    223 

544  Large-billed   Sparrow    "  rostratus  rostratus 223 

544a  San  Lucas  Sparrow  "  "  guttatus 223 

544c  San  Benito  Sparrow "  "  sanctorum 224 

545  Baird's  Sparrow Ammodramus  bairdi 224 

546  Grasshopper  Sparrow   "           savannarum  australis. 224 

280 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 


A.O.U 

No.  COMMON  NAME 

546a  Western  Grasshopper  Sparrow. 

5466  Florida  Grasshopper  Sparrow... 

547  Henslow's  Sparrow 

547(1  Western  Henslow's   Sparrow... 

548  Leconte's  Sparrow 

549  Sharp-tailed    Sparrow    

549.1  Nelson's  Sparrow   

549.1aAcadian   Sharp-tailed   Sparrow. 

550  Seaside  Sparrow  

550tt  Scott's  Seaside  Sparrow 

550&  Texas  Seaside  Sparrow 

550  c  Fisher's  Seaside  Sparrow 

550cZ  Macgillivray's  Seaside  Sparrow. 

551  Dusky  Seaside  Sparrow 

552  Lark  Sparrow    

552a  Western  Lark  Sparrow 

553  Harris's   Sparrow    

554  White-crowned  Sparrow  

554a  Gambel's   Sparrow    

554&  Nuttall's  Sparrow  

557  Golden-crowned  Sparrow   

558  White- throated  Sparrow  

559  Tree  Sparrow 

559a  Western  Tree  Sparrow 

560  Chipping   Sparrow    

560a  Western  Chipping  Sparrow 

561  Clay-colored  Sparrow    

562  Brewer's  Sparrow  

563  Field  Sparrow   

563a  Western  Field  Sparrow  

564  Worthen's  Sparrow   

565  Black-chinned  Sparrow 

566  White-winged  Junco 

567  Slate-Colored  Junco  

567a  Oregon  Junco    

567&  Shufeldt's  Junco   

567  c  Thurber's  Junco   

567(?  Point  Pinos  Junco  

567  e  Carolina  Junco 

567  f  Montana  Junco  , . . . 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME 


Page 


Ammodramus  savannarum  bimacu- 

culatus    224 

"        savannarum  floridanus .  224 

Passerherbulus  henslowi  henslowi.224 

"  "      occidentalis.224 

"  lecontei    225 

caudacutus    225 

"  nelsoni    nelsoni 225 

"  "       subvirgatus .  225 

"  maritimus  maritimus.226 

peninsulae..  .226 

sennetti 226 

fisheri 226 

macgillivraii .  226 

nigrescens   226 

Chondestes  grammacus  grammacus  228 
strigatus...228 

Zonotrichia  querula   229 

"  leucophrys  leucophrys .  227 

gambeli 227 

nuttalli 227 

"  coronata   227 

albicollis    227 

Spizella  monticola  monticola 222 

"  ochracea 222 

passerina  paaserina 222 

"  arizonae    222 

pallida    228 

breweri    : 228 

pusilla  pusilla 222 

"      arenacea  222 

wortheni  228 

atrogularis  219 

Junco  aikeni  240 

"     hyemalis  hyemalis 240 

"  "        oreganus    241 

"  "        connectens    241 

**  "        thurberi    241 

pinosus  241 

carolinensis    240 

"  "        montanus   240 


281 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 


A.O.U. 
No. 


COMMON  NAME. 


567^  Pink-sided  Junco , 

567^  Ridgway's  Junco  , 

567  i  Townsend's  Junco   

570  Arizona  Junco   

570a  Red-backed  Junco , 

5706  Gray-headed  Junco   

571  Baird's  Junco   

572  Guadalupe  Junco 

573  Black-throated  Sparrow   

573a  Desert  Black-throated  Sparrow. 

574  Bell's  Sparrow   

574.1  Sage   Sparrow    

574.1aGray  Sage  Sparrow 

574.1&California  Sage  Sparrow 

575  Pine-woods  Sparrow 

575a  Bachman's  Sparrow  

576  Botteri's  Sparrow   

578     Cassin's  Sparrow 

570     Rufous-winged  Sparrow   

580  Rufous-crowned  Sparrow   

580a  Scott's   Sparrow    

5806  Rock  Sparrow    

580c  Laguna  Sparrow   

581  Song   Sparrow    

581a  Desert  Song  Sparrow   

5816  Mountain  Song  Sparrow 

581c  Heermann's  Song  Sparrow 

581(?  Samuel's  Song  Sparrow  

581  e  Rusty  Song  Sparrow 

581  f  Sooty  Song  Sparrow   

581fir  Brown's  Song  Sparrow  

bSlh  Santa  Barbara  Song  Sparrow... 
581  i  San  Clemente  Song  Sparrow.., 

581/  Dakota  Song  Sparrow 

581fc  Merrill's  Song  Sparrow   

581 1  Alameda  Song  Sparrow 

581m  San  Diego  Song  Sparrow 

581w  Yakutat  Song  Sparrow 

581o  Kenai  Song  Sparrow 

581p  Mendocino  Song  Sparrow 

581g  Kadiak  Song  Sparrow 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME.  Page 

Junco  hyemalis  mearnsi 240 

"  "         annectens 303 

"  "         townsendi  240 

"     phaeonotus  palliatus 241 

dorsalis     241 

"  "  caniceps   241 

"      bairdi    240 

"      insularis   240 

Amphispiza  bilineata  bilineata 249 

deserticola.  ..249 

belli   228 

"  nevadensis   nevadensis.228 

cinerea  228 

"  "  canescens    .300 

Peucaea  aestivalis  aestivalis 221 

bachmani   221 

botterii    221 

"      cassini    221 

Aimophila  carpalis  220 

ruficeps  ruficeps    220 

scotti     220 

eremoeca    220 

"  "        sororia    220 

Melospiza  melodia  melodia 229 

fallax    229 

"  "        montana   229 

"  "        heermanni   229 

"  "        samuelis  230 

"  "        morphna   230 

rufina 230 

"  "        rivularis    229 

"  "        graminea    230 

clementse   230 

juddi    229 

merrilli    229 

pusillula  230 

"  "        cooperi    230 

"  "        caurina  230 

"  "        kenaiensis   230 

"  *'*        cleonensis    301 

"  "        insignis   230 


282 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 

A.O.U. 

No.               COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.               Page 

581r  Aleutian   Song  Sparrow Melospiza  melodia  sanaka 230 

581s  Suisun  Song  Sparrow "  "        maxillaris  300 

583  Lincoln's   Sparrow    "  lincolni  lincolni 226 

583(1  Forbush's  Sparrow  "  "      striata    226 

584  Swamp   Sparrow    "  georgiana     222 

585  Fox  Sparrow  Passerella  iliaca  iliaca 231 

585rt  Shumagin  Sparrow "              "      unalaschcensis   ...231 

585&  Thick-billed  Sparrow  "  "      megarhyncha    231 

585  c  Slate-colored  Sparrow  "  "      schistacea    231 

585(Z  Stephens's  Sparrow   "  "      stephensi    231 

585  e  Sooty  Fox  Sparrow  "     "         "      fuliginosa 301 

585  f  Kadiak  Fox  Sparrow "  "      insularis    . 301 

586  Texas  Sparrow Arremonops  rufivirgatus 215 

587  Towhee   Pipilo  erythrophthalmus  erythroph- 

thalmus  204 

587a  White-eyed  Towhee  "      erythrophthalmus  alleni 204 

588  Arctic  Towhee "      maculatus  arcticus   204 

588a  Spurred  Towhee  "  "  montanus  204 

588&  Oregon  Towhee  "  "  oregonus    204 

588  c  San  Clemente  Towhee "  "  clementse   204 

bSSd  San  Diego  Towhee "  "  megalonyx   204- 

588  e  Large-billed  Towhee   "  "  magnirostris   204 

589  Guadalupe  Towhee "      consobrinus   204 

591  Canon  Towhee "      fuscus  mesoleucus 205 

591a  San  Lucas  Towhee "  "        albigula    205 

591.1  California  Towhee   "      crissalis  crissalis 205 

591. laAnthony's  Towhee "  "        senicula    205 

592  Abert's  Towhee  "      aberti    205 

592.1  Green-tailed  Towhee   Oreospiza  chlorura  206 

593  Cardinal  Cardinalis  cardinalis  cardinalis 177 

593a  Arizona  Cardinal "  "  superbus   172 

5936  San  Lucas  Cardinal  "  "  igneus   172 

593  c  Gray-tailed  Cardinal "               "            canicaudus  ...  172 

593d!  Florida  Cardinal  "                "            floridanus  ....  172 

594  Arizona  Pyrrhuloxia    Pyrrhuloxia  sinuata  sinuata 172 

594a  Texas  Parrhuloxia  "  "        texana 172 

5946  San  Lucas  Pyrrhuloxia "                 "        peninsulae  . . . .  172 

595  Rose-breasted  Grosbeak  Zamelodia  ludoviciana 174 

596  Black-headed  Grosbeak "  melanocephala    207 

597  Blue  Grosbeak Guiraca  caerulea  cserulea 181 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 


A.O.U. 
No. 


COMMON  NAME. 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME. 


Page 


597a  Western  Blue  Grosbeak 

598  Indigo  Bunting 

599  Lazuli  Bunting 

600  Varied  Bunting   

600a  Beautiful  Bunting 

601  Painted  Bunting   


Guiraca  caerulea  lazula 181 

Passerina  cyanea 181 

"  amoena 180 

....  "          versicolor    versicolor. ..  .180 

"  "  pulchra    180 

....  "  ciris    180 

602     Sharpe's  Seed-eater   Sporophila  morelleti  sharpei 249 

[603]Grassquit   Tiaris  bicolor  A.V. 

[603.1] Melodious  Grassquit "      eanora   A.V. 

604  Dickcissel    Spiza  americana   198 

605  Lark  Bunting Calamospiza  melanocorys 252 

Family  TANGARID^.    Tanagers. 


607  Western  Tanager 

608  Scarlet  Tanager  . , 

609  Hepatic  Tanager  , 

610  Summer  Tanager 
610a  Cooper's  Tanager 


Piranga  ludoviciana 171 

"      erythromelas  171 

"      hepatica   ; 171 

"      rubra  rubra  171 

"  "      cooperi    171 


Family  HIRUNDINID^.     Swallows. 


611  Purple  Martin    

611o  Western  Martin   

611.1  Cuban  Martin 

611.2  Gray-breasted  Martin    

612  Cliff  Swallow   

612a  Lesser  Cliff  Swallow  

612&  Mexican  Cliff  Swallow 

[612.1]  Cuban  Cliff  Swallow 

613  Barn  Swallow  

[613.1] European  Swallow 

614  Tree  Swallow 

615  Northern  Violet-green  Swallow.. 

615a  San  Lucajs  Swallow  

[615.1]Babama  Swallow  

[615.2]  European  Martin  

616  Bank  Swallow   

617  Rough-winged  Swallow  


Progne  subis  subis 250 

"  "      hesperia   250 

"        cryptoleuca    250 

chalybea 304 

Petrochelidon  lunifrons  lunifrons . .  250 

tachina....304 

"  "      melanogastra  250 

fulva    A.V. 

Hirundo  erythrogastra 250 

rustica    A.V. 

Iridoprocne  bicolor 250 

Tachycineta  thalassina  lepida 250 

brachyptera.250 

Callichelidon  cyaneoviridis A.V. 

Chelidonaria  urbica  A.V. 

Riparia  riparia 211 

Stelgidopteryx  serripennis 211 


Family  BOMOCYILLrD^.    Waxwings. 

618  Bohemian  Waxwing Bombycilla  garrula 198 

619  Cedar  Waxwing "  cedrorum   198 


284 


Systematic  Table  of  North  Ameeican  Birds 


A.O.U. 
No. 


COMMON  NAME. 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME. 


Page 


Family  PTILOGONATID^.     Silky  Flycatchers. 


€20    Phainopepla Phainopepla  nitens 

Family  LANIID^E.    Shrikes. 


25a 


621  Northern  Shrike   

622  Loggerhead  Shrike  . . 
622a  White-rumped  Shrike 

622&  California  Shrike 

622c  Island  Shrike   

622  e  Migrant  Shrike   


Lanius  horealis   248 


ludovicianus 


ludovicianus . .  248 
excubitorides  248 

gambeli ...248 

anthonyi 248 

migrans   304 


Family  VIREONID^.    Vireos. 


623    Black- whiskered  Vireo Vireosylva  calidris  barbatula 212 


624     Red-eyed  Vireo 

[625]  Yellow-green  Vireo 

626  Philadelphia  Vireo  

627  Warbling  Vireo  

627a  Western  Warbling  Vireo 

628  Yellow-throated  Vireo  . . . 

629  Blue-headed  Vireo 

629a  Cassin's  Vireo   

629&  Plumbeous  Vireo 

629  c  Mountain  Solitary  Vireo  . 
629(f  San  Lucas  Solitary  Vireo. 

630  Black-capped  Vireo    

631  White-eyed  Vireo   

631a  Key  West  Vireo  

631&  Bermuda  Vireo   

631c  Small  White-eyed  Vireo  . , 

632  Hutton's   Vireo    

632a  Stephens's  Vireo , 

632c  Anthony's  Vireo , 

632(?  Frazar's  Vireo   , 

633  Bell's  Vireo  

633a  Least  Vireo   

633&  Texas  Vireo   , 

634  Gray  Vireo   , 


"  olivacea    212 

flavoviridis    233 

philadelphica    213 

gilva  gilva 213 

"  "    swainsoni    213 

Lanivireo  flavifrons  198 

"  solitarius  solitarius  213 

cassini    213 

"  "  plumbeus   213 

alticola   213 

"  "  lucasanus 213 

Vireo  atricapillus   245 

"      griseus  griseus 213 

"  "      maynardi    213 

"  "      bermudianus   213 

"  "      micrus  213 

*•      huttoni  huttoni   212 

stephensi   212 

"  "  obscurus    212 

cognatus 299 

"      belli  belli 214 

"    pusillus   214 

"  "    medius    299 

"      vicinior  214 


Family  CCEREBID-^.     Honey  Creepers. 

[635]    Bahama  Honey  Creeper Coereba  bahamensis A.V. 

285 


Systematic  Table  of  Nokth  American  Birds 


A.O.U. 
No. 


COMMON  NAME. 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME. 


Page 


Family  MNIOTILTID^.     Wood  Warblers. 


€36 
637 
638 
639 
640 
641 
642 
643 
644 
645 


Black  and  White  Warbler Mnlotilta  varia 249 

Prothonotary  Warbler Protonotaria  citrea  187 

Swainson's  Warbler Helinaia  .swainsoni  215 

Worm-eating  Warbler   Helmitheros  vermivorus 215 

Bachman's  Warbler   Vermivora  bachmani  191 


pinus   191 

"  chrysoptera   189 

luciae    206 

"  virginise    197 

...  "  rubricapilla  rubricapilla  195 

"  "  gutturalis 195 

celata  celata 219 

lutescens    210 

sordida   212 

"  peregrina   212 

648  Parula  Warbler  CompsotMypis     americana     ameri- 

cana 195 

648a  Northern  Parula  Warbler "  americana   usneae . . .  195 

649  Sennett's  Warbler    "  pitiayumi   nigrilora. .  195 

651  Olive  Warbler Peucedramus  olivaceus 187 

650  Cape  May  Warbler Dendroica  tigrina  196 

652  Yellow  Warbler "  aestiva  aestiva 196 

652a  Sonora  Yellow  Warbler Dendroica  ssstiva  .sonorana 196 


Blue-winged  Warbler 

Golden-winged  Warbler  . . 

Lucy's  Warbler   

Virginia's  Warbler   

Nashville  Warbler    

645a  Calaveras  Warbler 

646  Orange-crowned  Warbler 

646a  Lute.scent  Warbler 

646&  Dusky  Warbler    

647  Tennessee  Warbler   


6526  Ala,ska  Yellow  Warbler 

652c  California  Yellow  Warbler... 

653  Mangrove  Warbler 

654  Black-throated  Blue  Warbler. 
654a  Cairn.s's  Warbler 

655  Myrtle  Warbler  

656  Audubon's  Warbler 

e56a  Black-fronted  Warbler   

657  Magnolia  Warbler   

658  Cerulean  Warbler    

659  Chestnut-sided  Warbler   

660  Bay-breasted  Warbler 

661  Black-poll  Warbler  

662  Blackburnian  Warbler    

663  Yellow-throated  Warbler   ... 
663a  Sycamore  Warbler  


"        rubiginosa    196 

"      brewsteri    299 

bryanti  castaneiceps 196 

caerulescens  caerulescens  180 

"  cairnsi    180 

coronata    197 

auduboni  auduboni 190 

"         nigrifrons    190 

magnolia    190 

cerulea    181 

pensylvania   198 

castanea   206 

striata  249 

fusca   187 

dominica  dominica 190 

albilora    190 


Systematic  Table  of  Noeth  American  Birds 


A.O.U. 
No.  COMMON  NAME. 

664  Grace's  Warbler   

665  Black-throated    Gray   Warbler. . 

666  Golden-cheeked   Warbler    

667  Black-throated   Green   Warbler. 

668  Townsend'3  Warbler   

669  Hermit  Warbler 

670  Kirtland's  Warrbler 

671  Pine  Warbler  

672  Palm  Warbler   

672(j  Yellow  Palm  Warbler 

673  Prairie  Warbler 

674  Oven-bird  

675  Water-Thrush   

675a  Grinnell's  Water-Thrush    

676  Louisiana  Water-Thrush 

677  Kentucky  Warbler   

678  Connecticut  Warbler 

679  Mourning  Warbler  

680  Macgillivray's  Warbler 

681  Maryland  Yellow-throat   

681a  Western  Yellow-throat  ........ 

681&  Florida    Yellow-throat 

681  c  Pacific  Yellow-throat  

681  e  Salt  Marsh  Yellow-throat 

682  Belding's  Yellow-throat    

682.1  Rio  Grande  Yellow-throat 

683  Yellow-breasted   Chat    

683a  Long-tailed  Chat 

684  Hooded  Warbler   , 

685  Wilson's  Warbler 

685a  Pileolated  Warbler  , 

685&  Golden  Pileolated  Warbler 

686  Canadian  Warbler   

687  American  Redstart 

688  Painted  Redstart    , 

690    Red-faced  Warbler  , 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME.  Pagb 

Dendroica  graciae .' .  190 

"  nigrescent    249 

"  chrysoparia   188 

"  virens    188 

"  townsendi    188 

"  occidentalis   188 

"  kirtlandi  19i 

"  vigorsi  vigors!   191 

"  palmarum  palmarum. . .  .196 

"  "         hypochrysea..l97 

discolor  197 

Seiurus  aurocapillus 232 

'•        noveboracensis  noveboracen- 

sis    232 

*'        noveboracensis  notabilis. . .  232 

"        motacilla    232 

Oporornis  formosus  193 

agilis    189 

"  Philadelphia    189 

tolmiei    189 

Geothlypis  trichas  trichas 193 

"  "        occidentalis  ...  193 

ignota   194 

arizela  194 

"  "        sinuosa   194 

beldingi    194 

Chamsethlypi^s  poliocephala 194 

Icteria  virens  virens  198 

"      longicauda 198 

Wilsonia  citrina 188 

"        pusilla  pusilla 193 

""   "  "      pileolata   198 

"  "      chryseola   198 

"        canadensis  191 

Setophaga  ruticilla  187 

picta    177 

Cardellina  rubrifrons 177 


287 


Systematic  Table  of  Nokth  American  Birds 


A.O.U. 
No. 


COMMON  NAME. 


SCIENTIFIC  NAME. 


Page 


Eamily  MOTACILLID^.    Wagtails  and  Pipits. 


[694]Wliite  Wagtail Motacilla  alba   A.V. 

[695]Swinhoe  Wagtail "  ocularis  A.V. 

696  Alaska  Yellow  Wagtail   Budytes  flavus  alascensis 192 

697  Pipit    Anthus   rubescens    232 

[698]  Meadow  Pipit * "        pratensis    A.V. 

[699]  Red-throated  Pipit   ."        cervinus    A.V. 

700  Sprague's  Pipit   •. .  "        spraguei   232 

Family  CINCLID^.     Dippers. 

701  Dipper  Cinclus  mexicanus  unicolor 247 

Family  MIMID^.     Thrashers,  Mockingbirds,  etc. 

Sage  Thrasher  Oreoscoptes  montanus 233 

Mockingbird    Mimus  polyglottos  polyglottos 248 

Western  Mockingbird  "  "  leucopterus    248 

Catbird   Dumetella  carolinensis  247 

Brown  Thrasher   Toxostoma  rufum 233 


702 

703 

703a 

704 

705 

706 

707 

707a 

708 

109 

709a 

710 

711 

711a 

712 


Sennett's  Thrasher  . . . 
Curve-billed  Thrasher 
Palmer's  Thrasher  . . . 
Bendire's  Thrasher  . . . 
San  Lucas  Thrasher  . . 
Mearns's  Thrasher  . . 
California  Thrasher  .. 
Leconte's  Thrasher  . . . 

Desert  Thrasher   

Crissal  Thrasher 


longirostre  sennetti 233 

curvirostre   curvirostre.216 
"  palmeri  . . .  .216 

bendirei 216 

cinereum    cinereum 216 

"  mearnsi    ....216 

redivivum  redivivum. .  .217 

lecontei   lecontei ...217 

arenicola    ...  ..217 
crissale  217 


Family  TEOGLODYTID^.    Wrens. 


713    Cactus  Wren Heleodytes  brunneicapillus  cduesi. 233 

713a  Bryant's  Cactus  Wren >       «                       '«                bryanti.233 

713&  San  Lucas  Cactus  Wren  .... «.«....  «  afflnis . . 233 

715  Rock  Wren  Salpinetes  obsoletus  obsoletus 234 

715a  San  Nicolas  Rock  Wren .  .     ".                  "        pulverius    . . .  .301 

716  Guadalupe  Rock  Wren  .\ . . .  .V. .  "  guadeloupensis   .v . . . 234 

717  White-throated  Wren    Catherpes  mexicanas  albifrons 234 

717a  Canon  Wren  "                    "            conspersus . .  234 

717&  Dotted  Canon  Wren "                   "            punctulatus .  234 


2S8 


Systematic  Table  of  Nokth  American  Birds 

A.O.U. 

No.               COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.               Page 

718  Carolina  Wren  Thryothorus  ludovicianus  ludovicianus 

234 

718(1  Florida  Wren  "                   "            miamensis.234 

718Z>  Lomita  Wren   "                    "             lomitensis.234 

719  Bewick's  Wren    Thryomanes  bewicki  bewicki 235 

719a  Vigors's  Wren   "  "        spilurus 235 

719&  Baird's  Wren   "  "       bairdi 235 

719  G  Texas  Bewick's  Wren  "  "       cryptus 235 

719(Z  San  Diego  Bewick's  Wren "                   "        charienturus..235 

719 e  Seattle  Bewick's  Wren "                   "       calophonus. .  .235 

719.1  San  Clemente  Wren "  leucophrys  235 

720  Guadalupe  Wren  "  brevicauda   235 

721  House  Wren  Troglodytes  aedon  aedon 236 

721aWestern  House  Wren  "  "      parkmani   236 

722  Winter  Wren   Nannus  hiemalis  hiemalis   236 

722(1  Western  Winter  Wren  "  "        pacificus    236 

722ft  Kadiak  Winter  Wren   "  "        helleri   236 

723  Alaska  Wren    "      alascensis  236 

723.1  Aleutian   Wren    "       meliger   236 

724  Short-billed  Marsh  Wren Cistothorus  stellaris 236 

725  Long-billed  Marsh  Wren Telmatodytes  palustris  palustris. .  .237 

725     Tule  Wren ''                       "         paludicola..237 

725ft  Worthington's  Marsh  Wren -  «  «<        griseus 237 

725  G  Western  Tule  Wren «  »         plesius 23T 

725(Z  Prairie  Marsh  Wren "  "        iliacus  301 

725 e  Marian's  Marsh  Wren "                       "        marianae. .  .237 


Family  CERTHIID^.      Greepers. 

726    Brown  Creeper j Certhia  familiaris  americana 237 

726(1  Mexican  Creeper  -. ,  , " "        albescens   237 

726ft  Rocky  Mountain  Creeper. .- , , ,  . " "        montana 237 

726  c  California  Creeper   i -   '^  "        occidentalis  237 

726(i  Sierra   Creeper ,  ,  .   " ,   ".      .zelotes  ........ .237 

Family  SITTID^. ;  Nuthatches. 

727  White-breasted    Nuthatch. Sltt-a  carolinensis  carolinensis 246 

727a  Slender-billed  Nuthatch   . . .' •   ** •  •'-    -       aculeata    .......  246 

727ft  Florida  White-breasted  Nuthatch      -  ** '  •  ** atkinsi    ....  246 

727c  Rocky  Mountain  Nuthatch.: **  "  nelsohi    .246 

121d  San  Lucas  Nuthatch  "  "  lagunse    246 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 

A.O.U 

No.               COMMON  NAME  SCIENTIFIC  NAME              Page 

Family  SITTID^.     Nuthatches. 

728  Red-breasted  Nuthatch  Sitta  canadensis   246 

729  Brown-headed  Nuthatch "    pusilla   246 

730  Pygmy  Nuthatch "    pygmaea  pygmaea 246 

730a  White-naped  Nuthatch "        "  leuconucha   247 

Family  PAEID^.     Titmice. 

731  Tufted  Titmouse Baeolophus  bicolor 243 

732  Black-crested  Titmouse "      atricristatujs  atricristatus .  242 

732a  Sennett's   Titmoase    "  "  sennetti   303 

733  Plain  Titmouse   "     inornatus  inornatus 242 

733a  Gray  Titmouse "  "         griseus    242 

7336  Ashy  Titmouse    "  "        cineraceus   242 

734  Bridled  Titmouse "     wollweberi    244 

735  Chickadee    Penthestes  atricapillus  atricapillu^  245 

735a  Long-tailed  Chickadee "                "        septentrionalis  245 

735&  Oregon   Chickadee    "                "         occidentalis  ...245 

735  c  Yukon  Chickadee   "  "        turner!    303 

736  Carolina  Chickadee "      carolinensis    carolinensis.245 

736a  Plumbeous  Chickadee   "  "  agilis    245 

736&  Florida   Chickadee    "  "  impiger    303 

737  Mexican  Chickadee    "      sclateri   245 

738  Mountain  Chickadee "      gambeli  gambeli   244 

738a  Bailey's  Mountain  Chickadee "  "        baileyae 303 

739  Alaska  Chickadee ,  "      cinctus  alascensis 244 

740  Hudsonian  Chickadee  "      hudsonicus  hudsonicus. .  .244 

740a  Acadian  Chickadee "  "  littoralis    244 

741  Chestnut-backed  Chickadee *'      rufescens  rufescens   244 

741a  California  Chickadee *'  *'        neglectus    244 

741&  Barlow's  Chickadee   "  "        barlowi   244 

741c  Valdez  Chestnut-sided  Chickadee  •'  "         vivax    303 

743  Bush-Tit  Psaltriparus  minimus  minimus 242 

743a  California  Bush-Tit "                 "         californicus . .  .242 

7436  Grinda's  Bush-Tit "  "         grindae 242 

744  Lead-colored  Buah-Tit "  plumbeus    242 

745  Lloyd's  Bush-Tit "  melanotis    lloydi 242 

746  Verdin Auripanis  flaviceps  flaviceps 195 

746a  Cape  Verdin  "                 "       lamprocephalus.  195 

290 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 
Family  CHAM^IDJE.     Wren-Tits. 

A.O.U. 
No.  COMMON  NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.  Page 

742     Wren-Tit    Chamaea  fasciata  fasciata  215 

742a  Pallid  Wren-Tit "  "        henshawi    215 

742?>  Coast  Wren-Tit   "  "         ph«a    300 

742  c  Ruddy  Wren-Tit "  "        rufula    300 

Family  SYLVIID^.      Warblers,  Kinglets,  Gnatcatchers. 

747  Kennicott's  Willow  Warbler Acanthopneuste  borealis 212 

748  Golden-crowned  Kinglet   Regulus  satrapa  satrapa  187 

748rt  Western  Golden-crowned  Kinglet  "  "        olivaceus    187 

749  Ruby-crowned  Kinglet "      calendula  calendula   176 

749ff  Sitkan  Kinglet  "  "  grinnelli    176 

750  Dusky  Kinglet   "  "  obscurus    177 

751  Blue-gray  Gnatcatcher Polioptila  cserulea  cserulea   243 

751a  W^estern  Gnatcatcher "  "        obscura    243 

752  Plumbeous  Gnatcatcher   "  plumbea   243 

753  Black-tailed  Gnatcatcher "  calif ornica    243 

Family  TUENIDiE.     Thrushes,  Solitaires,  Stonechats, 

Bluebirds,  etc. 

754  Townsend's  Solitaire Myadestes  townsendi 247 

755  Wood  Thrush  Hylocichla  mustelina  233 

756  Veery    "  f uscescens  f uscescens . .  238 

756a  Willow  Thrush "  "  salicicola. .  .238 

757  Gray-cheeked  Thrush *'  alicise  alicise 239 

757a  Bicknell's  Thru-sh   "  "         bicknelli   239 

758  Russet-backed   Thrush    "  ustulata  ustulata 239 

758a  Olive-backed  Thrush  "  "        swainsoni   239 

759  Alaska  Hermit  Thrush "  guttata  guttata 238 

759a  Audubon's  Hermit  Thrush "  "        auduboni    238 

7596  Hermit  Thrush "  "         pallasi 238 

759  c  Dwarf  Hermit  Thrush "  "         nana    238 

759(Z  Monterey  Hermit  Thrush "  "        slevini  302 

759 e  Sierra  Hermit  Thrush "  "         sequoiensis    ....302 

[760]  Red-winged  Thrush Turdus  musicus  A.V. 

761  Robin    Planesticus  migratorius  migratorius  207 

761a  Western  Robin "  "  propinquus . .  207 

7616  Southern  Robin  "  "  achrusterus.207 

762  San  Lucas  Robin "  confinis    207 

291 


19 


Systematic  Table  of  North  American  Birds 


A.O.U. 
No. 


COMMON  NAME. 


763    Varied  Thrush  

763a  Northern  Varied  Thrash 

[764]  Siberian  Red-.3potted  Bluethroat, 
[764.1]  Greater  Kamchatkan  Night- 
ingale     

765  Wheatear , 

765a  Greenland  Wheatear   

766  Bluebird   

766a  Azure  Bluebird    

767  Western  Bluebird   

767a  Chestnut-backed  Bluebird 

767&  San  Pedro  Bluebird  

768  Mountain  Bluebird   


SCIENTIFIC  NAME. 
Ixoreus  naevius  nsevius  . . 


Page 


207 

"  "       meruloides    207 

Cyanosylvia  suecica  robusta A.V. 

Calliope  calliope  camtschatkensis.A.V. 

Saxicola  oenanthe  oenanthe 24S 

leucorhoa   248 

Sialia  sialis  sialis   182 

"       fulva    182 

"      mexicana  occidentalis   182 

bairdi    182 

"  "  anabelse    182 

"      currucoides    182 


J292 


APPENDIX  I 

ADDITIONS,  SUBTRACTIONS,  AND  EMENDATIONS. 

Since  the  publication  of  the  first  edition  of  the  'Color  Key'  in  1903,  the 
American  Ornithologists'  Union  has  issued  the  Third  Edition  (1910)  of  its 
'Check-List  of  North  American  Birds.'  This  includes  all  approved  additions  to 
and  changes  in  the  preceding  edition  made  since  1903  as  well  as  rulings  on  a 
number  of  cases  which  were  in  abeyance  at  the  time  the  first  edition  of  the 
'Color  Key'  appeared. 

Mere  changes  in  nomenclature  not  affecting  the  .status  of  a  species  are 
given  without  comment  in  the  preceding  Systematic  Table,  which  has  been  fully 
revised  and  brought  up  to  date.  To  ascertain  the  correct,  current  name  of  any 
species  or  subspecies  of  North  American  bird  the  student,  after  determining 
its  identity  in  the  'Color  Key,'  has  only  to  refer  to  its  number  in  the  Syste- 
matic Table  to  learn  whether  any  change  has  been  made  in  nomenclature.  In 
addition  to  actual  changes  in  nomenclature  due  to  the  detection  of  errors  in 
earlier  names,  it  should  be  noted  that  a  third  name. or  trinomial  is  now  employed 
for  each  race  of  a  species,  and  also  that  an  apostrophe  is  used  in  connection 
with  the  names  of  birds  named  for  individuals.  Throughout  the  'Color  Key,' 
therefore,  alterations  should  be  made  when  required  by  these  two  changes  in 
method. 

All  other  changes  than  these  simple  ones  of  names  are  included,  with  ex- 
planations, in  this  appendix,  and  the  student  is  urged  to  make  manuscript 
cross-references  on  the  pages  where  such  changes  occur  to  avoid  their  being 
overlooked. 

As  far  as  possible  the  language  of  the  original  describer  of  the  new  sub- 
species of  birds  is  here  quoted,  while  the  Ranges  are  mainly  from  the  A.  O.  U. 
Check-List. 

References  to  original  sources  of  publication  are  given  only  with  cases  in- 
cluded in  the  first  supplement  to  the  Third  Edition  (1910)  of  the  'Check  List' 
In  all  other  instances  reference  to  the  original  place  of  description  etc.,  is  con- 
tained in  the  'Check-List.' 

293 


Additions,  Subtractions,  Emendations 

Page  29,  127.  The  North  American  Kites,  Hawks,  Falcons,  Eagles,  etc.,  are 
now  placed  in  three  families  instead  of  one,  as  follows:  BUTEONID^,  contain- 
ing the  Kites,  Hawks  and  Eagles  (Nos.  327-352a) ;  FALCONID^,  containing  the 
Falcons  and  Caracaras  (Nos.  353-363),  and  PANDIONID^,  containing  the 
Osprey  (No.  364). 

Pages  39,  162,  168.  The  subfamilies  Troglodytinae  and  Miminse  are  now 
elevated  to  full  family  rank.  The  Mockingbirds  and  Thrashers  (Nos. 702-712) 
are  therefore  the  North  American  members  of  the  Family  MIMID^;  and  the 
Wrens  (Nos.  713-725e)  the  North  American  members  of  the  Family  TROGLO- 
DYTID^. 

Pages  39,  162,  169.  The  subfamilies  Sittinae  and  Parinae  are  now  elevated 
to  full  family  rank.  The  Nuthatches  (Nos.  727  to  730a)  are  therefore  the  North 
American  members  of  the  Family  SITTID^;  and  the  Titmice  (Nos.  732  to  746a, 
except  Nos.  742  to  742c  now  placed  in  the  Family  CHAM^ID^,  see  beyond)  the 
North  American  members  of  the  Family  PARID^. 

Page  63.     Cancel  No.  94,  Pufftnns  fulifjinosus,  which  proves  to  be  the  same 

as  No.  95,  Puffimis  griseus.     The  common  name,  however,  is  retained  and  the 

species  stands  95.     Sooty  Shearwater  (Pufjiniis  griseus).     Characters  as  given. 

Range. — Oceans  of  Southern  Hemisphere;  occurs  in  summer  on  the  Pacific 
coast  from  southern  Alaska  to  Lower  California,  and  on  the  Atlantic  coast  from 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  South  Carolina. 

Page  77.  But  one  form  of  the  Black  Duck  is  recognized  by  the  A.  O.  U. 
It  stands  os  No.  133.  Black  Duck  (Ajias  ruhripes),  which  name,  therefore, 
includes  both  Nos.  133  and  133a. 

Page  92.  After  No.  197  add:  197a.  Brewster's  Egret  (Egretta  candidissima 
hrewsteri).  Similar  to  No.  197  "but  larger,  bill  longer,  tar.sus  longer,  and  whole 
leg  very  much  heavier  or  thicker."  ^.  Tar,  4.36;  B.  3.60.  9.  Tar.  4.00; 
B.  3.42.     (Thayer  and  Bangs) 

Range. — "Southern  Lower  California"   (A.  O.  TL). 

Page  97.     After  No.   210  add:      210.1.     Light-footed    rail    {Rallus    levipes). 

"Much  smaller  than  either  R.  ohsoletiis  or  R.  heldingi,  bill  much  more  slender, 

tarsus  and  foot  smaller  than  in  either;    superciliary  white   instead  of  rusty. 

.     .     ."    W.  5.70;  T.  2.24;  Tar.  1.81;  B.  2.24.    (Bangs). 

Range. — "Marshes  of  southern  California,  from  Santa  Barbara  south  to  San 
Quintin  Bay,  Lower  California;  accidental  in  Arizona."    (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  98.  After  No.  216  add:  216.1.  Farallon  Rail  {Creciscus  coturniculus). 
"Smaller  [than  No.  216]  with  much  slenderer  bill;  the  plumbeous  of  the  under 
parts  deeper,  the  chestnut-brown  of  the  upper  parts  brighter  and  more  extended, 
forming  a  broader  patch  on  the  nape  and  tinging  more  or  less  strongly  and  gen- 
erally much  of  the  top  of  the  head  where  there  is  often  no  pure  unmixed 
plumbeous  or  slaty  save  on  the  forehead."  (Brewster).  i 

Range. — "Pacific  coast  of  United  States.  Breeds  in  coast  marshes  of  Cali- 
fornia; casual  in  Washington.  Oregon  and  Lower  California"   (A.  O.  U.). 

294 


Appendix  I 

Page  103.  After  266  add:  268.  Bristle-thlghed  Curlew  (Numenius  tahitien- 
sis).  Somewhat  like  A',  hiidsonicus,  but  thighs  with  long  bristle-like  feathers; 
tail  pale  rusty,  barred  with  black;  markings  of  back  and  wings  pale  rusty. 

Range. — "Alaska  and  Pacific  Islands.  Breeding  range  unknown;  has  been 
taken  in  summer  in  western  Alaska  from  Kowak  River  to  Kenai  Peninsula;  also 
on  Laysan  and  Phoenix  Islands;  winters  in  inlands  of  the  South  Pacific  from 
Hawaii  to  New  Caledonia"  (A.  O.  U.).  Classed  with  Accidental  Visitants  in  first 
edition  of  'Color  Key.' 

Page  112.  Cancel  No.  277a,  Belted  Piping  Plover,  which  proves  to  be  the 
same  as  No.  277,  Piping  Plover. 

Page  117.  After  No.  297b  add:  297c.  Sierra  Grouse  (D.  o.  sierrw).  Male 
resembles  male  of  No.  297,  but  back  less  black  and  more  heavily  vermiculated 
with  brown  and  gray;  terminal  tail-band  narrower  and  more  speckled  with 
blackish;  median  tail-feathers  more  heavily  marked  with  gray  or  brownish; 
white  neck-tufts  practically  absent;  feathers  of  sides,  flanks  and  under  tail- 
coverts  with  less  white.  Much  paler  and  more  heavily  vermiculated  above  than 
No.  297b. 

Range. — Ft.  Klamath,  Oregon  south  through  the  Sierras  to  Mount  Pinos  in 
South  California. 

Page  117.  The  ranges  of  the  races  of  this  bird  (now  known  as  Spruce 
Partridge,  rather  than  Spruce  Grouse)  are  given  in  the  A.  O.  U.  'Check-List'  as- 
follows: 

298.     Hudsonian  Spruce  Partridge  {Ganachites  canadensis  canadensis). 

Range. — "Boreal  forest  region  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains- 
west  of  Edmonton,  Alberta,  east  to  Labrador  Peninsula;  also  a  disconnected  area 
in  Alaska  from  Bristol  Bay  to  Cook  Inlet  and  Prince  William  Sound." 

298b.     Alaska  Spruce  Partridge  (0.  c.  osfjoodi). 

Range. — "Mt.  McKinley  and  the  Yukon  region  east  to  Great  Slave  and  Atha- 
baska   lakes." 

298c.     Canada  Spruce  Partridge  (O.  c.  canace). 

Range. — 'Manitoba,  sout'hern  Ontario,  and  New  Brunswick  south  to  northern 
parts  of  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Michigan,  New  York,  and  New  England." 

Page  119.  After  No.  301a  add:  301b.  Alexander's  Ptarmigan  (L.  I.  alexan- 
drce).  Similar  to  L.  I  lagopus  in  corresponding  plumage,  "but  coloration  darker 
throughout,  especially  dorsally;  bill  smaller  and  relatively  much  narrower.*' 
(Grinnell). 

Range. — Baranof  and  adjacent  islands  west  to  Shumagin  Islands  (A.  O,  U.). 

Page  119.  After  No.  301b.  add:  301c.  Ungava  Ptarmigan  (L.  I.  ungams). 
Like  No.  301  but  with  a  heavier  bill.  Culmen,  .82;  depth  of  bill  at  base,  57 
(Riley,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  XXIV,  1911,  p.  233). 

Range. — Ungava  and  probably  the  eastern  shore  of  Hudson  Bay. 

Page  120.  Remove  the  interrogation  points  from  before  Nos.  304  and  304a, 
the  distinctions  between  which  there  presented  having  been  accepted  by  the 

295 


Additions,  Subtractions,  Emendations 

A.  O.  U.,  and  amend  Range  of  No.  304a.  to  read:  "Alpine  summits  from  central 
Alaska,  northern  Yukon,  and  northwestern  Mackenzie  south  to  Cook  Inlet  re 
gion,  Kenai  Peninsula  and  southern  Yukon"    (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  120.  After  No.  302e.  add:  302f.  Dixon's  Ptarmigan  (L.  r.  dixoni). 
Resembling  L.  r.  nelsoni  in  corresponding  plumage,  "but  much  darker;  in 
extreme  blackness  of  coloration  nearly  like  Lagopus  evermanni,  but  feathers  of 
chest  and  back  more  or  less  finely  vermiculated  with  hazel."     (Grinnell). 

Range. — Islands  near  Sitka. 

Page  120.  After  No.  302d.  add:  302e.  Adak  Ptarmigan  i,L.  r.  chamherlaini) . 
Nearest  L.  r.  towsendi  but  with  finer  vermiculations  above,  and  with  black  bars 
on  neck  and  upper  back  reduced  to  very  narrow  bars  or  vermiculations.  Grayest 
of  the  Aleutian  Ptarmigan.     (Clark). 

Range. — Island     of  Adak,  Aleutian  Chain. 

Page  122.  A  change  here  in  enumeration  makes  Merriam's  Turkey  No. 
310,  while  the  Wild  Turkey  (M.  g.  silvestris)  becomes  310a. 

Page  125.    After  No.  316  add:    316a.    Western  Mourning  Dove  (Z.  m.  margi- 

nella).    Similar  to  Z.  m.  caroUnensis  but    paler.     (Mearns',  Auk,  1911,  p.  490). 

Range. — "Pacific  Coast  and  San  Clemente  Island  east  to  Mississippi  Valley" 
(A.  O.  U.).     The  range  of  No.  316  should  be  correspondingly  restricted. 

Page  126.  After  No.  319  add:  319a.  White-winged  Dove  (M.  a.  trudeaui). 
Similar  to  M.  a.  asiatica  but  "slightly  larger,  with  a  much  longer  bill  and  much 
paler  coloration"  (Mearns,  Auk,  1911,  p.  489). 

Range. — "Lower  California,  southern  Arizona,  southwestern  New  Mexico  and 
southern  Texas,  south  to  Costa  Rica.  Casual  In  southeastern  California  and 
Colorado;  accidental  in  "Washington"   (A.  O.  U.), 

Page  126.  No.  319  becomes  West  Indian  White-winged  Dove  {Melopelia 
asiatica  asiatica).  Its  Range  includes  Cuba  and  Jamaica,  and  it  is  of  casual 
occurrence  in  the  Bahamas  and  Florida. 

Page  132.  After  No.  337d.  add:  337e.  Alaska  Red-tail  (B.  6.  alascensis). 
Resembling  B.  6.  calurus  "but  smaller  throughout,  and,  keeping  in  consider- 
ation the  stage  of  plumage,  dark  areas  blacker  and  more  extended."  $  W. 
13.5;  T.  7.67;    5W.  14.44;  T.  8.69  (Grinnell). 

Range. — "Southeastern  Alaska  from  Yakutat  Bay  to  Admiralty  Island  and  the 
Sitka  Islands"  (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  138.    After  No.  360b.  add:    360c.    Little  Sparrow  Hawk  (F.  s.  paulus). 
Similar  to  No.  360  but  smaller.     ^  W.  6.80;  T.  4.12     2  W.  6.96;  T.  4.00  (Howe). 
Range. — Southern  half  of  Florida. 

Page  140.  No.  379  proves  to  be  separable  into  southern  and  northern  races. 
The  former  retains  the  name  Olau€idiurH  gnoma  gnoma,  while  the  race  of  north- 
ern Mexico  and  western  United  States,  heretofore  known  by  that  name,  becomes 

296 


Appendix  I 

G.   g.   pinicola,   the   Rocky   Mountain   Pygmy   Owl.      (Nelson,   Proc.    Biol.    Soc, 
Wash.,  XXIII,  1910,  p.  103). 

Page  142.    After  No.  373h.  add:    373i.    Sahauro  Screech  Owl  (0.  a.  gilmani). 

Nearest  No.  373f  but  smaller  and  paler  and  with  black  markings  more  restricted 

(Swarth,  Univ.  Cal.  Pub.  Zool.,  VII,  1910,  p.  1). 

Range. — "Lower  Sonoran  life  zone  of  southeastern  California,  Arizona,  and 
probably  New  Mexico;  and  northwestern  Mexico"   (A.  O.  U,). 

Page  143.     After  No.  375f.  add:    375g.    Saint   Michael   Horned   Owl    (5.  v. 

algistiis).    Similar  to  No.  375d.  but  larger;  face  less  ochraceous,  upper  surface 

paler  ochraceous.    W.  14.60  (Oberholser). 

Range. — "Coast  Region  of  northern  Alaska  from  Bristol  Bay  and  the  Yukon 
northward"   (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  143.  After  No.  275e  add:  375f.  Labrador  Horned  Owl  {B.  v.  lieter- 
ocnemis).  Similar  to  No.  375c.  "but  bill  larger;  posterior  lower  parts  paler;  feet 
lighter  colored  and  less  heavily  .spotted;  upper  parts  with  usually  less  ochrace- 
ous."    (Oberholser). 

Range. — "Northern  Ungava  and  Labrador"   (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  147.    After  No.  390  add:    390a.    Northwestern  Belted  Kingfisher  (G.  a. 

caurina).     Similar  to  No.   370   "but   size  greater,   especially  measurements   of 

flight-feathers."    W.  6.54  (Grinnell,  Univ.  Calif.  Pub.  Zool.,  V.  1910,  p.  388). 

Range. — Northwestern  America,  south  along  the  Pacific  coast  in  winter. 
Status  of  California  breeding  birds  still  undetermined.  (Grinnell,  Univ.  Cal.  Pub. 
Zool.,  V,  1910,  p.  389). 

Page  150.  After  No.  393f.  add:  393g.  Newfoundland  Woodpecker  (Z).  v. 
terrwnovw).  Similar  to  D.  v.  villosus,  "but  slightly  larger,  the  black  areas  of  the 
upperparts  increased,  the  white  areas  reduced  both  in  number  and  in  size, 
especially  in  the  remiges  and  wing-coverts,"  (Batchelder) . 

Range. — Newfoundland. 

Page  150.  After  No.  393e.  add:  393h.  White-breasted  Woodpecker  (/).  v. 
leucothorectis) .  "Much  like  No.  393e.  but  decidedly  smaller;  wing-coverts  prac- 
tically always  without  white  spots."  W.  4.83;  T.  3.07;  B.  1.10  (Oberholser, 
Proc.  U.  S.  N.  M.  40,  1908,  p.  608). 

Range. — "Canadian  and  Transition  Zones,  from  southern  Utah,  northwestern 
and  central  New  Mexico  and  extreme  southwestern  Texas,  south  to  the  mountains 
of  western  Zacatecas,  Mexico"   (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  151.    After  No.  396a.  add:    396b.    San   Fernando  Woodpecker   (D.  8. 

eremicus).     Similar  to  No.  396a,  but  larger;   lower  surface  darker;   upperparts 

darker,  the  white  bars  on  back  averaging  narrower  and  less  regular,  the  neck 

bars  wider;   black  bars  on  posterior  lower  parts  averaging  somewhat  wider." 

$   W.  4.16;  T.  2.67;  B.  1.02  (Oberholser,  Proc.  U.  S.  N.  M.,  41,  1911,  p.  151). 

Range. — Lower  California,  north  of  Ukai  and  Plaia  Maria  Bay,  except  extreme 
northeastern  portion"  (A.  O.  U).  The  Range  of  No.  396a  is  thus  restricted  to  the 
southern  half  of  Lower  California. 

Page  351.  Dryodates  scalaris  lairdi  proves  to  be  restricted  to  Mexico;  No. 
396,   its  representative  in  the   southwestern  United  States,  has   been  named 

'297 


Additions,  Subte actions,  Emendations 

Cactus  Woodpecker  (D.  s.  cactophihis).     (Oberholser,  Proc.  U.  S.  N.  M.,  41,  1911, 
p.  152). 

Page  154.  After  No.  414a.  add:  414b.  Mearns's  Gilded  Flicker  (0.  c 
mearnsi).  Similar  to  C.  c.  chrysoides  but  decidedly  larger  and  paler,  with  pileum 
more  strongly  cinnamomeus,  black  bars  on  back,  etc.,  narrower,  spots  on  outer 
web  of  primaries  more  conspicuous  (primary  coverts  also  sometimes  spotted, 
gray  of  throat,  etc.  lighter,  and  spots  on  underparts  usually  smaller.  W.  5.74; 
T.  3.77;  B.  1.39  (Ridgway). 

Range. — "Extreme  southwestern  California,  northern  Lower  California  and 
southern  Arizona  south  to  southern  Sonora"  (A.  O.  U.).  The  Range  of  No.  414  is 
now  restricted  to  "southern  Lower  California,"  that  of  No.  414  to  "middle  Lower 
California." 

Page  160.  After  No.  439  add:  391.1  Salvin's  Hummingbird  (Uranomitra 
salvini).  Ad.  $  .  Head  glittering  blue;  back  dark  shining  green;  tail  dark  glossy 
green,  outer  pair  of  feathers  broadly  tipped  with  drab;  below  soiled  white, 
throat  tinged  with  clayey  white,  sides  of  throat  spotted  with  blue;  sides  of 
breast  greenish  blue;  sides  of  body  brilliant  green.  W.  2.07;  T.  1.27;  B.  1.02 
(Brewster).  Yng.  9.  Similar  but  duller,  rump  edged  with  rusty;  sides  of 
body  brownish  gray  (Bishop). 

Range. — "Huachuca  Mountains,  southern  Arizona,  and  eastern  Sonora  (onlv 
two  specimens  known"  (A.  O.  U.). 

Pages  162  and  166.  The  Waxwings  alone  new  compose  the  Family  BOMBY- 
OILLID^  (formerly  AMPELID.^)  while  the  Phainopepla  is  placed  in  the  Fam- 
ily PTILOGONATID^. 

Pages  162  and  169.  The  subfamily  ChamseinaB  is  now  elevated  to  full 
family  rank  and  stands  as  Family  CHAM.^EID^,  Wren-Tits.  It  contains  solely 
the  Wren-Tits,  (Nos.  742  to  742c)  the  only  family  of  birds  restricted  to  North 
America. 

Page  178.  After  No.  498f.  add:  498g.  Vera  Cruz  Red-wing  (A.  p.  rich- 
mondi).  Similar  to  A.  p.  floridanus  but  slightly  smaller;  adult  female  much 
lighter  colored  (resembling  female  of  A.  p.  sonoriensis) ,  about  intermediate  in 
color  between  females  of  A.  p.  floridanus  and  A.  p.  'bryanti.  ^  W.  4.40;  T.  3.22; 
B.  .90;  depth  of  B.  at  base,  .44.  $  W.  3.61;  T.  2.67;  B.  .77;  depth  of  B.  at 
base,  .39. 

Range. — "Southern  coast  and  Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley  of  Texas  south 
through  eastern  Mexico  to  Yucatan  and  eastern  Guatemala;  winters  south  to 
eastern  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica."  (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  185.  After  No.  478d  add:  478e.  Coast  Jay  ((7.  s.  carhonacea).  "Inter- 
mediate in  size  and  coloration  between  G.  s.  stelleri  and  C.  stelleri  frontalis.  Dorsal 
surface  sooty  black  as  in  stelleri,  but  with  blue  on  forehead  nearly  as  extended 
as  in  frontalis.  Tint  of  blue  of  posterior  lower  parts  paler  than  in  stelleri,  and 
extending  further  forward  into  pectoral  region  as  in  frontalis''  (Grinnell). 

Range. — "Breeds  in  the  humid  Pacific  coast  strip  from  southern  Oregon  to  the 

298 


Appendix  I 

Santa   Lucia  mountains,   California  and   east   to   tiie  mountains   on   the  west   side 
of  Napa  Valley;   in  winter  east  to  tlie  Gabilan  and  Mt.  Diablo  ranges"   (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  192.     Cancel  No.  530b,  United  States  specimens  of  which  prove  to  be 

merely  adults  of  No.  530.     Further  west,  however,  black-backed  birds  are  not 

found,  and  this  western  bird  has  been  described  as  new.    Consequently  after  No. 

530,  add:    430a.     Green-backed  Goldfinch  (A.  p.  hesperophilus) .     Similar  to  A.  p. 

psaltria  "but  ear-coverts,  sides  of  neck,  with  back,  nape,  and  rump,  in  fully  adult 

plumage,  olive-green  instead  of  black"   (Oberholser).     Fig.  530  represents  this 

race. 

Range. — "Southwestern  United  States.  Breeds  from  southern  Oregon  and 
Utah  to  southern  Lower  California,  Sonora  and  extreme  southwestern  New  Mexico; 
winters  from  central  California  to  Cape  San  Lucas"   (A.  O.  U.). 

The  Range  of  A.  p.  psaltria  is  therefore  restricted  to  "northern  Colorado  to 
central  northern  Texas  and  south  throughout  Mexico,  except  in  northwestern 
and  extreme  southern  portions;  casual  in  Wyoming."  (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  194.  Cancel  No.  618d,  Northern  Yellow-throat,  which  proves  to  be  the 
same  as  No.  681,  Maryland  Yellow-throat. 

Page  196.    After  No.  652b.  add:     652c.     California  Yellow  Warbler   (D.cp. 

brewsteri).     Differs  from  D.  ce.  wstiva  "in  similar  size,  paler   (or  less  brightly 

yellow)   coloration   and,   in  the  male,  narrower  streaking  on  under   surface." 

Differs  from  D.  w.  ruMginosa  "in  much  smaller  size  and  yellower  coloration," 

and  "from  D.  w.  sonorana  in  smaller  size  and  darker  coloration."     ^  W.  2.45; 

T.  1.96.   $  W.  2.33;  T.  1.93  (Grinnell). 

Range. — Pacific  Coast,  west  of  the  Cascades,  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  from 
Washington  to  southern  California.  (The  range  of  D.  w.  wstiva  is  correspondingly- 
restricted). 

Page  210.  Cancel  No.  464.2,  Santa  Barbara  Flycatcher,  which  proves  to  be 
the  same  as  No.  464,  Western  Flycatcher. 

Page  211.  Cancel  No.  472a,  Ridgway's  Flycatcher,  which  proves  to  be  the 
same  as  No.  472,  Beardless  Flycatcher. 

Page   212.    After   No.   632c.   add:     632a.     Frazar's   Vireo    (F.   Ji.   cognatus). 

Similar  to  V.  h.  stephensi,  but  wing  averaging  decidedly  shorter,  tarsus  longer, 

and  coloration  paler.    Wing,  2.48;  Tar.  .74  (Ridgway). 

Range. — "Cape  San  Lucas  district  of  Lower  California  (Sierra  de  la  Laguna; 
Victoria  Mountains);  resident"    (Ridgway). 

Page  214.  After  No.  633a.  add:  63ab.  Texas  Vireo  (F.  &.  medius).  "Similar 
to  V.  h.  belli,  but  coloration  paler  and  tail  averaging  longer;  pileum  and  hind- 
neck  brownish  gray  instead  of  grayish  brown;  olive  of  back,  etc.  grayer;  under- 
parts  whiter  with  olive-yellow  of  sides  and  flanks  much  paler;  under  tail- 
coverts  and  axillars  white,  yellowish  white,  or  very  pale  sulphur  yellow" 
(Ridgway). 

Range. — "Southwestern  Texas  (Presidio,  Brewster  and  Kinney  Counties)  south 
to  Coahuila  and  Guanajuato,  central  Mexico"  (A.  O.  U.). 

299 


Additions,  Subtractions,  Emendations 

Pages  215,  216.  The  Wren-Tits  have  been  revised  and  their  ranges  more 
correctly  defined,  and  to  the  two  forms  given  two  more  have  been  added. 
The  four  races  now  recognized  stands  as  follows:  742.  Wren-Tit  (Ghamwa 
fasciata  fasciata).    Characters  as  described  and  figured. 

Range.— "Upper  Sonoran  zone  on  the  eastern  and  southern  shores  of  San 
Francisco  Bay  and  adjacent  Santa  Clara  Valley"  (A.  O.  U.). 

742a.  Pallid  Wren-Tit  (C.  f.  henshatoi).  Similar  to  C.  f.  fasciata,  "but 
decidedly  paler,  the  back,  scapulars,  rump,  etc.  grayish  brown  (deep  hair-brown), 
the  pileum  and  hind-neck  brownish  gray  (nearly  mouse-gray  or  deep  smoke 
gray),  and  general  color  of  underparts  varying  from  very  pale  grayish  bufC 
to  buffy  ecru-drab,  or  pale  vinaceous-buff,  fading  to  nearly  white  on  lower 
abdomen"  (Ridgway). 

Range. — 'Upper  Sonoran  Zone  of  foothills  and  valleys  of  Interior  and  south- 
ern California  from  Shasta  County  south  to  northern  Lower  California,  and  along 
the  coast  from  Monterey  Bay  southward"   (A.  O.  U). 

742b.    Coast  Wren-Tit  (0.  f.  phoBa).    Characters  as  stated  on  page  216. 

Range. — "Humid  Transition  Zone  of  Pacific  Coast  of  Oregon  and  northern 
California  (from  Columbia  River  to  Humboldt  Bay)"   (A.  O.  U.). 

742c.  Ruddy  Wren-Tit  (C.  f.  rufula).  Intermediate  in  color  between  No. 
742  and  No.  742b.  More  richly  colored  than  the  former,  but  not  so  dark  as  the 
latter. 

Range. — "Humid  Transition  coast  strip  of  California  from  southern  Humboldt 
County  to  Santa  Cruz"  (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  217.  Cancel  No.  710a.  Pasadena  Thrasher,  which  proves  to  be  the 
same  as  No.  710  California  Thrasher. 

Page  223.  After  No.  542b,  add:  542d.  Nevada  Savannah  Sparrow  (P.  8. 
nevadetisis).  Resembles  P.  s.  alaudinus  "but  much  paler  throughout  in  all  plum- 
ages; white  replacing  buff,  black  streaks  thus  more  conspicuously  contrasted, 
there  being  a  minimum  amount  of  hazel  marginings;  size  slightly  less."  Differs 
from  P.  s.  savanna  "as  above,  but  in  greater  degree"  (Grinnell,  Univ.  Calif. 
Pub.  Zool.  V,  1910,  p.  312). 

Range. — "Humboldt  and  Washoe  Counties,  Nevada,  and  probably  throughout 
Great  Basin,  south  in  winter  to  the  Colorado  Desert  and  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Califor- 
nia"  (A.  O.  U). 

Page  228,  after  No.  574b  (which,  as  shown  in  the  Systematic  Table,  now 
becomes  574.1a)  add:  574.1b.  California  Sage  Sparrow  {AmpMspiza  nevadensis 
canescens).  Similar  to  AmpMspiza  lelli  but  size  somewhat  greater,  and  color- 
ation throughout  very  much  paler;  resembles  AmpMspiza  nevadensis  nevadetisis, 
but  size  very  much  less,  and  coloration  slightly  darker,  c?  W.  2.79;  T.  3.03, 
2  W.  2.63;  T.  2.87  (Grinnell). 

Range. — "Upper  Sonoran  Zone  in  Owens  Valley  and  adjacent  areas  in  eastern 
California  and  extreme  western  Nevada"   (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  229.    After  No.  581c.  add:    581s.    Sulsun  Song  Sparrow  (M.  m.  maxil- 

300 


Appendix  I 

laris).  Size  of  M.m.  heermanni;  but  black  streakings  everywhere  broader,  and 
the  general  tone  of  coloration  darker;  larger  than  M.  m.  samuelis  and  with 
brown  more  extended  and  deeper  in  tone  (bay  rather  than  hazel;  unique  in 
having  the  base  of  the  maxilla  inflated  or  swollen  with  "lateral  bulbosities" 
(Grinnell). 

Range. — Marshes  bordering  Suisun  B^,y,  Solano  Co.,  California. 

Page  230.    After  No.  581d.  add:    581p.     Mendocino  Song  Sparrow   (M.  m. 

cleonensis).    Size  of  M.  m.  samuelis  but  lighter  and  more  rusty;  black  markings 

of  back  more  restricted;   spots  of  breast  broadly  edged  with  rusty;   black  on 

side  of  head  and  neck  almost  entirely  replaced  by  rusty  or  reddish  brown" 

(McGregor). 

Range. — "Coast  strip  of  southern  Oregon  and  northern  California  frona 
Yaquina  Bay,  Oregon,  to  Tomales  Bay,  California"  (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  231.  After  No.  585d.  add:  585e.  Sooty  Fox  Sparrow  (P.  t.  fuliginosa). 
^'Similar  to  P.  i.  townsendi  but  darker  and  less  rufescent,  the  upperparts,  sides  of 
head  and  neck  and  lateral  underparts  sepia  or  sooty  brown,  the  upper  tail- 
coverts  and  tail  slightly  more  castaneous;  spots  on  underparts  dark  sooty 
brown,  larger  and  more  confluent  than  in  other  forms"  (Ridgway). 

Range. — "Northwest  coast  strip.  Breeds  on  the  coast  of  British  Columbia, 
Vancouver  Island  and  northwestern  Washington;  winters  south  along  the  coast 
to  San  Francisco,  California"  (A.  O.  U.). 

No.  585f.     Kadiak  Fox  Sparrow  (P.  i.  insularis).  "Similar  to  P.  i.  unalaschen- 

sis  but  much  browner  and  more  uniform  above  (back  warm  sepia),  spots  on 

chest,  etc.,  larger  and  much  deeper  brown  and  under  tail-coverts  more  strongly 

tinged  with  buff"  (Ridgway). 

Range. — "Alaska  coast  strip.  Breeds  on  Kadiak  Island  and  on  the  coast  from 
Prince  William  Sound  south  to  Cross  Sound;  winters  along  the  coast  to  southern 
California"  (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  234.  After  No.  715  add:  715a.  San  Nicolas  Rock  Wren  {S.  o. 
pulverius).  Similar  to  S.  o.  oUoletus  "but  entire  plumage,  especially  the  upper- 
parts,  suffused  with  ochraceous  or  dust  color,  almost  identical  with  the  tint 
of  the  soil  on  San  Nicholas  Island"  (Grinnell). 

Range. — San  Nicholas  Island,  California. 

Page  236.  Cancel  No.  821b,  Troglodytes  a'edon  aztecus,  which  proves  to  be  the 
same  as  No.  721a,  T.  o.  parkmani.  The  common  name.  Western  House  Wren, 
however,  is  retained  in  place  of  the  common  name  Parkman's  Wren. 

Page  237.    After  No.  725c  add:     725d.     Prairie  Marsh  Wren  (T.  p.  iliacus). 

"Similar  to  T.  p.  palustris,  but  slightly  larger  and  with  the  coloration  more 

rufescent,   the  brown  of  the  upperparts  russet-brown  to  cinnamon-brown  or 

russet,  the  flanks  conspicuously  deep  cinnamon-buff  or  cinnamon"  (Ridgway). 

Range. — ^Plains  and  prairies  of  central  North  America.  Breeds  from  central 
Alberta  and  southwestern  Keewatin  south  to  central  Mississippi  Valley  and  east  to 

301 


Additions,  Subtractions,  Emendations 

Indiana;    winters   southward    into   Mexico   and   along    the    Gulf    coast   to    western 
Florida   (A,  O.  U.). 

Page  238.  After  No.  759c  add:  753d.  Monterey  Hermit  Thrush  (H.  g. 
9levmi).  General  color  extremely  pale  and  ashy,  nearly  as  much  so  as  in  H.  g. 
sequoiensis;  above  hair-brown,  slightly  browner  on  top  of  head;  upper  tail- 
coverts  and  tail  Isabella  color;  spots  on  breast  sepia,  small  in  size  and  few  in 
numbers.  (Grinnell). 

Range. — "Breeds  in  Transition  Zone  of  the  coast  belt  in  California  from 
northern  Trinity  County  to  southern  Monterey  County;  south  in  migration  to 
Lower  California  and  Sonora"   (A.  O.  U.). 

759e.  Sierra  Hermit  Thrush  (H.  g.  sequoiensis) .  "Similar  in  coloration  to 
H.  g  slevini,  but  decidedly  larger  and  slightly  darker  or  browner;  similar  to 
H.  g.  guttata,  but  larger,  paler,  and  grayer;  decidedly  smaller."  W.  3.65;  T.  2.82. 
(Ridgway). 

Range. — "Breeds  in  Boreal  Zones  from  southern  British  Columbia  to  high 
mountains  in  southern  California;  south  in  migration  and  in  winter  to  Lower 
California,  western  Texas,  and  northern  Mexico"   (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  239.  Cancel  758b,  Monterey  Thrush,  and  No.  758c,  Alma  Thrush, 
which  are  now  considered  to  be  the  same  as  No.  758,  Russet-backed  Thrush. 

Pages  240  and  241.  The  decisions  of  the  A.  O.  U.  Committee  on  numerous 
proposed  changes  in  the  standing  of  our  Juncos  were  not  published  until  after 
the  first  edition  of  the  Color  Key  appeared.  One  new  form  (No.  567h)  has 
been  added  to  those  therein  given,  one  {J.  o.  shiifeldti)  has  been  omitted  and  the 
following  changes  have  been  made  in  nomenclature: 

No.  568.  Junco  mearnsi,  becomes  No.  567g,  Junco  hyemalis  mearnsi,  and  the 
Range  of  this  form  is  now  given  as  "Rocky  Mountain  region.  Breeds  from 
southwestern  Saskatchewan  to  southern  Idaho  and  northern  Wyoming  and 
Colorado  to  southern  Arizona,  southern  New  Mexico,  and  northeastern  Sonora" 
(A.  O.  U.). 

No.  567.1  Junco  montanus  becomes  No.  567f.  Junco  hyemalis  montanus. 

No.  571.1  Junco  townsendi,  becomes  No.  567i.  Junco  hyemalis  townsendL 

No.  569  Junco  caniceps,  becomes  No.  570b.  Junco  phwonotus  caniceps. 

No.  570a.  Junco   dorsalis,    becomes  Junco  phwonotus  dorsalis. 

No.  567a.  Junco  oreganus,   becomes  Ju7ico  hyemalis  oreganus. 

No.  567c.  Junco   oreganus  thurheri,  becomes  Junco  hyemalis  thurberi. 

No.  567d.  Junco  oreganus  pinosus,  becomes  Junco  hyemalis  pinosus. 

The  common  name  of  all  the  preceding  species  remain  unchanged. 

No.   567b.     Coues's   Junco   (Junco  oreganus  connectens)    becomes   Shufeldt's 

Junco  (Junco  hyemalis  connectens),  and  this  form  also  includes  /.  o.  shufeldti  of 

the  'Color  Key,'  which  is  therefore  cancelled.    The  Range  of  567b.  thus  stands 

as  follows: 

"Rocky  Mountain  region.  Breeds  from  the  coast  of  southern  British  Columbia 
east  to  west  central  Alberta  and  south  to  northern  Oregon;  winters  over  entire 
Rocky  Mountain  tableland  to  eastern  Colorado,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  western 
Texas,  Chihuahua,  and  Sonora;  casual  in  northern  Lower  California"  (A.  O.  U.). 

802 


Appendix  I 

The  one  new  form  added  follows  No.  568,  after  which  insert  567h.  Ridgway's 
Junco  (J.  h.  anncctens).  Back  with  a  reddish  brown  patch  as  in  J.  p.  caniceps^ 
but  sides  washed  with  pinkish  brown,  as  in  /.  fi.  mearnsi. 

Range. — "Wyoming,  Colorado,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico"   (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  242.  Cancel  No.  744.1,  Santa  Rita  Bush-Tit,  which  proves  to  be  the 
same  as  No.  745,  Lloyd's  Bush-Tit. 

Page  243.  Cancel  No.  731a,  Texan  Tufted  Titmouse,  which  proves  to  be  the 
same  as  No.  731,  Tufted  Titmouse. 

Page  243.    After  No.  732  add:    732a.     Sennett's  Titmouse  {B.  a.  sennetti), 

"Similar  to  B.  a.  atricristatus,  but  decidedly  larger;   upper  parts  much  clearer 

gray,  with  little,  if  any  olive  tinge;  adult  female  with  crest  feathers  more  often 

and  more  extensively  tipped  with  gray,  and  both  sexes  with  the  forehead  more 

often  tinged  with  brown  or  rusty,  sometimes  deeply  so"  (Ridgway). 

Range. — Central  Texas,  "from  Tom  Green  and  Concho  Counties  east  to  the 
Brazos  River,  and  from  Young  County  soutli  to  Nueces  and  Bee  Counties"  (A. 
O.  U.). 

Page  244.  After  No.  741b.  add:  741c.  Valdez  Chestnut-sided  Chickadee  (P. 
r.  vivax).  Like  P.  r.  rufescens  in  coloration  but  larger,  tail  proportionately 
longer  and  bill  bulkier.    W.  2.48;  T.  2.32  (Grinnell). 

Range. — Prince  William  Sound  Region,  Alaska. 

Page  244.  Cancel  740a,  Kowak  Chickadee,  and  No.  740b,  Columbian 
Chickadee,  which  prove  to  be  the  same  as  No.  740,  Hudsonian  Chickadee. 
Parus  h.  littoralis  becomes  No.  74iOa,  Acadian  Chickadee. 

Page  244.  After  No.  738  add:  738a.  Bailey's  Mountain  Cliickadee  (P.  g. 
haileyw).  Similar  to  P.  g.  gamheli,  "but  coloration  dorsally  and  laterally  more 
plumbeous,  less  brownish,  and  bill  larger."  B.  41  (Grinnell). 

Range. — "Mountains  of  Great  Basin  region  and  nortiiern  Lower  California. 
Breeds  in  Canadian  and  Transition  Zones  from  the  Maury  Mountains,  Oregon, 
south  over  Nevada  and  eastern  California  to  the  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains, 
Lower  California"   (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  245.    After  No.  736a  add:     736b.     Florida  Chickadee   (P.  c.  impiger). 

Similar  to  P.  c.  carolinensis  but  darker  and  decidedly  smaller  (except  bill). 
W.  2.08;  T.  L81;  B.  .31  (Ridgway). 

Range. — East  central  Florida. 

Page  245.  After  No.  735b  add:  735c.  Yukon  Cliickadee  (P.  a.  turneri). 
"Similar  to  P.  a.  septentrionalis  but  slightly  smaller,  coloration  grayer  above  and 
more  extensively  or  purely  white  beneath,  and  white  edgings  of  greater  wing- 
coverts,  secondaries,  and  outermost  rectrices  broader,  more  purely  white" 
(Ridgway). 

Range. — Alaska,  north  and  west  of  Cook  Inlet. 

Page  248.  After  No.  622c.  add  the  northeastern  form  of  the  Loggerhead 
Shrike,  which  is  intermediate  between  L.  I.  ludovicianus  and  L.  I.  excuUtoride9 

303 


Additions,  Subteactions,  Emendations 

and  has  been  separated  as  622e.     Migrant  Shrike  (L.  I.  migrans).     Similar  to 

L.  I.  ludovicianns  but  bill  smaller  and  colors  averaging  paler.     Not  so  pale  as, 

and  lacking  the  whitish  upper  tail-coverts  of  L.  I.  excubitorides. 

Range. — "Eastern  North  America.  Breeds  chiefly  in  Transition  and  Upper 
Austral  Zones  from  northern  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Michigan,  southern  Ontario, 
southern  Quebec,  Maine,  and  New  Brunswick,  south  to  eastern  Kansas,  southern 
Illinois,  Kentucky,  western  North  Carolina  and  interior  of  Virginia  (locally  in  the 
east) ;  winters  from  Middle  States  and  southern  New  England  to  Texas,  Louisiana, 
and  Mississippi"   (A.  O.  U.). 

The  Range  of  the  Loggerhead  Shrike  (No.  622)  is  therefore  restricted  to  the 
South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  from  southern  North  Carolina  south  through 
Florida  and  west  to  Louisiana. 

Page  250.    After  No.  612  add:    612a.     Lesser  Cliff  Swallow  (P.  I.  tacUna). 

Similar  to  P.  I.  lunifrom  but  decidedly  smaller,  the  forehead  ochraceous  instead 

of  cream  color.    W.  4.08;  T.  1.77  (Oberholser). 

Range. — "Texas  and  Mexico.  Breeds  in  western  Texas,  the  Rio  Grande 
Valley,  and  through  eastern  Mexico  to  Vera  Cruz"   (A.  O.  U.). 

Page  250.  No.  612.2  Petrochelidon  melanogastra,  becomes  No,  612b,  Petro- 
chelidon  lunifrons  melanogastra. 

Page  250.  After  No.  611.1  (which  is  now  believed  to  be  of  only  occasional 
occurrence  in  southern  Florida)  add:  611.2.  Gray-breasted  Martin  {Progne 
chalyhea).  Male  much  like  the  female  of  P.  suUs  but  brighter,  more  uniformly 
steel-blue  above.  Female  like  female  of  P.  subis  but  brighter,  more  uniformly 
gray,  the  belly  whiter,  without  black  shaft-streaks;  the  nape  without  sign  of  a 
collar  in  either  sex.  W.  5.2. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas  south  to  southern  Brazil. 

Page  253.     After  No.  496  (which  has  become  Tangavius  wneiis  involucratus) 

add:    496a.     Bronzed  Cowbird   (T.  a\  wneus).    Similar  to  T.  ce.  involucratus  but 

plumage  of  the  male  smoother  and  more  glossy;  the  female  much  grayer,  more 

like  female  of  M.  ater. 

Range. — "San  Antonio,  Texas,  south  through  eastern  Mexico,  Yucatan  and 
central  America  to  Panama"  (A.  O.  U.) 

The  Range  of  No.  496  is  hence  restricted  to  the  region  from  northwestern 
Mexico  to  southern  Arizona. 

Page  255.  After  No.  488a.  add:  488b.  Western  Crow  {C.  b.  hesperis). 
Similar  to  No.  488  "but  decidedly  smaller,  with  bill  relatively  smaller  and  more 
slender."    (^  W.  11.88;  T.  6.72;  B.  1.87;  depth  of  B.  at  nostril  .62  (Ridgway). 

Range. — "Western  North  America,  from  east  central  British  Columbia  and 
Montana  south  to  southern  California,  Arizona,  and  western  Texas"   (A.  O.  U.). 


304 


APPENDIX  11. 

FAUNAL  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

When  one  is  engaged  in  a  study  of  the  birds  of  a  certain  region  or  locality 
it  is  of  the  first  importance  to  learn  what  has  been  published  about  them  by 
previous  workers.  Such  information  may  appear  in  general  works  on  the 
bird-life  of  a  large  area,  but  more  frequently  it  is  found  in  'local  lists'  of  the 
birds  of  a  limited  district.  These  lists  constitute  one  of  the  most  characteris- 
tic and  numerous  types  of  ornithological  publication.  They  are  of  value  to 
the  student  of  distribution  and  migration,  in  the  broader  phases  of  these 
subjects,  and  they  are  of  especial  interest  and  assistance  to  students  living 
in  the  region  to  which  they  relate. 

The  appended  titles  of  works  of  this  nature  have  been  selected  from  a 
card  catalogue  of  faunal  publications  which  the  author  began  to  prepare 
some  twenty  years  ago,  in  part  with  regard  to  their  historic  importance,  but 
mainly  on  the  basis  of  their  present  working  value. 

Unfortunately  many  of  these  papers  are  now  out  of  print  or  are  hidden 
in  scientific  publications  of  but  limited  circulation  and  are  therefore  corres- 
pondingly inaccessible.  When,  however,  other  means  to  secure  them  fail, 
the  Librarian  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  in  New  York 
City,  may  be  consulted  with  a  view  to  securing,  at  cost,  a  type  written  copy 
of  any  list  desired. 


305 


Faunal  Bibliography 

THE    WORLD 

1875-1895.  SHARPE,  B.,  and  others.  Catalogue  of  Birds  in  the  British 
Museum.  27  vols,  with  descriptions  of  the  birds  of  the  world,  ills. — 1885.  STEJ- 
NEGER,  L.,  and  others.  Riverside  Natural  History.  Vol.  IV,  Birds,  4to,  558 
pp.,  ills.  (Houghton,  Mifflin).  Classification,  structure,  habits,  distribution.— 
1893-1826.  NEWTON,  A.,  and  others.  A  Dictionary  of  Birds.  Pop.  Ed.,  8vo,  1088 
pp.,  ills.  (Macmillan).— 1894-95.  LYDEKKER,  R.,  and  others.  Royal  Nat.  Hist, 
Birds,  4to,  Vols.  Ill,  584  pp.,  and  IV,  576  pp.,  ills..  General  account.— 1899. 
EVANS,  A.  H.,  Birds.  Vol.  IX,  Cambridge  Natural  History  (Macmillan).  Svo, 
635  pp.  ills.  Classification,  habits,  distribution.— 1899-1309.  SHARPE,  B.  A 
Hand-List  of  the  Genera  and  Species  of  Birds.  8vo,  5  vols.  Published  by  Brit- 
ish Museum.  Names  and  Ranges. — 1309.  KNOWLTON,  F.  H.,  and  others. 
Birds  of  the  World,  sm.  4to,  873  pp.,  ills  (Holt).     Habits,  distribution. 

NORTH  AMERICA 

1804-14,  WILSON,  A.  American  Ornithology.  9  vols.,  4to  Many  subse- 
quent editions,  the  last,  in  one  volume,  by  Porter  &  Coates,  Philadelphia,  is 
crude,  but  at  least  places  Wilson's  text  within  reach  of  every  one. — 1831-39.  AU- 
DUBON, J.  J.  Ornithological  Biography.  5  vols.,  Svo  of  text  to  accompany  the 
4  elephant  folios  of  plates  (1827-38).  Republished  in  8  vols.,  8vo,  1840-44  and 
later  editions.  The  elephant  folios  with  the  5  volumes  of  text  sell  for  $2500- 
$3000;  the  text  can  sometimes  be  purchased  at  $5  per  volume;  the  first  8vo  edi- 
tion brings  about  $350.-1832-34.  NUTTALL,  T.  Manual  of  the  Ornithology  of 
the  United  States  and  Canada.  2  vols.  Several  later  editions,  the  last  revised 
by  Montague  Chamberlain  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.),  1903,  2  vols,  in  one,  473  and 
431  pp.— 1858.  BAIRD,  S.  F.,  CASSIN,  J.,  and  LAWRENCE,  G.  N.  Pacific  R.  R. 
Reports.  Vol.  IX.  Birds  (of  North  America).  4to.  pp.  LVI-f  1005.— 1872.  COUES, 
E.  Key  to  North  American  Birds.  1903,  5th  and  last  ed.,  2  vols.,  roy.  8vo.  1152 
pp.  The  introduction,  of  233  pages,  treats  of  general  ornithology  and  the  ana- 
tomy of  birds.— 1874-1884.  BAIRD,  S.  F.,  BREWER,  T.  M.,  and  RIDGWAY,  R. 
History  of  North  American  Birds.  Land  birds,  3  vols.:  water  birds,  2  vols.,  4to. 
The  volumes  on  land  birds  republished  in  Svo  size  but  from  same  plates,  1905, 
596,  590,  560  pp.  (Little,  Brown  &  Co). — 1886.  American  Ornithologists'  Union 
Check-List  of  North  American  Birds.  New  York,  Rev.  Ed.  1910,  Svo,  430  pp. — 
1887.  RIDGWAY,  R.  A  Manual  of  North  American  Birds.  2d  Ed.  1896,  653  pp. 
(Lippincott). — 1892-5.  BENDIRE,  C.  Life  Histories  of  North  American  Birds. 
I,  414  pp..  Gallinaceous  birds.  Pigeons,  Hawks,  and  Owls;  II,  1895,  508  pp., 
Parrots,  Cuckoos,  Trogons,  Kingfishers,  Woodpeckers,  Goatsuckers,  Swifts, 
Hummingbirds,  Cotingas,  Flycatchers,  Larks,  Crows  and  Jays,  Blackbirds  and 
Orioles.  (Pub.  by  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus).— 1893.  NEHRLING,  H.  Our  Native  Birds 
of  Song  and  Beauty.  Vol.  I,  371  pp.;  Vol.  II,  1896,  452  pp.  Biographical.— 1898. 
DAVIE,  O.  Nests  and  Eggs  of  North  American  Birds.  5th  Ed.,  Svo,  509  pp. 
(Columbus,  Ohio).— 1801-1911.  RIDGWAY,  R.  The  Birds  of  North  and  Middle 
America.  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Part  I,  1901,  Fringillidae;  Part  II,  1902,  Tana- 
gridae,  Icteridae,  Ccerebidse,  Mniotiltidae;  Part  III,  1904,  Motacillidae,  Hirundinidae, 
Ampelidae,  Ptilogonatidae,  Dulidae,  Vireonidae,  Laniidae,  Corvidae,  Paridae, 
Sittidae,  Certhiidae,  Troglodytidae,  Cinclidae,  Chameidae,  Sylviidse;  Part  IV,  1907, 
Turdidae,  Zeledoniidae,  Mimidae,  Sturnidae,  Ploceidae,  Alaudidae,  Oxyruncidse, 
Tyrannidae,  Pipridae,  Cotingidae.  Part  V,  1912,  Pteroptochidae,  Formicariidae, 
Furnariidae,  Dendrocolaptidae,  Trochilidae,  Micropodidae,  Trogonidae.  Other  vol- 
umes to  follow.  The  standard  work. — 1903.  CHAPMAN,  F.  M.  Color  Key  to 
North  American  Birds.  312  pp.,  upward  800  col.  ills. — 1904.  REED,  C.  S. 
North  American  Birds'  Eggs.     355  pp.,  many  ills. — 1910.     American  Ornitholo- 

306 


Appendix  II 

gists'  Union  Abridged  Check-List  of  North  American  Birds.    Pocket  Edition,  77 
printed+77  blank  pp.    (New  York). 

EASTERN  NORTH  AMERICA. 
1872-1881.  MAYNARD,  C.  J.  Birds  of  Eastern  North  America;  1896,  Rev. 
Ed.,  4to,  721  pp.,  ills.  (West  Newton,  Mass.).— 1884.  LANGILLE,  J.  H...Our 
Birds  in  Their  Haunts.  12mo,  624  pp.  (Cassino). — 1889.  MERRIAM,  F.  A. 
Birds  Through  an  Opera-glass.  12mo,  223  pp.  (Houghton).— 1895.  WRIGHT, 
M.  O.  Birdcraft,  12mo,  317  pp.,  ills. (Macmillan).— 1895.  CHAPMAN,  F.  M. 
Handbook  of  the  Birds  of  Eastern  North  America,  421  pp.,  ills.;  1912.  Rev.  Ed. 
(Appleton's).— 1897.  CHAPMAN,  F.  M.  Bird-Life.  A  Guide  to  the  Study  of  our 
Common  Birds.  12mo.  269  pp.  75  plls.;  1901,  Rev.  Ed.,  with  col.  plls.  (Apple- 
ton's).— 1897,  WRIGHT,  M.  O.,  and  COUES,  E.  Citizen  Bird,  12mo,  430  pp.  ills. 
(Macmillan).— 1898.  BLANCHAN,  N.  Bird  Neighbors,  234  pp.,  col.  Plls. 
(Doubleday).— 1898.  MERRIAM,  F.  A.  Birds  of  Village  and  Field.  12mo.  406 
pp.,  ills.  (Houghton). — 1898.  SCOTT,  W.  E.  D.  Bird  Studies,  an  Account  of  the 
Land  Birds  of  Eastern  North  America.  4to,  363  pp.  Many  half-tones  (Put- 
nam's).—1838.  APGAR,  A.  C.  Birds  of  the  United  States  East  of  the  Rockies. 
12mo,  415  pp.  ills.  (Am.  Book  Co.).— 1899.  CORY,  C.  B.  The  Birds  of  Eastern 
North  America.  8vo,  387  pp.,  ills.  (Field  Museum).— 1905-6.  REED,  C.  A. 
Bird-Guide.  Oblong,  32mo,  Part  I,  254  pp.;  Part  II,  197  pp.;  many  ills.  (Double- 
day). 

GREENLAND 
1861.  REINHARDT,  J.  List  of  Birds  Hitherto  Observed  in  Greenland; 
Ibis,  III,  pp.  1-19,  118  species.— 1875.  NEWTON,  A.  Notes  on  Birds  Which 
Have  Been  Found  in  Greenland,  .  .  .  London,  8vo  pamphlet,  pp.  94-115  (Au- 
thor's extra  from  Man.  Nat.  Hist.  Greenland).  63+62  species;  bibliography. — 
1889.  HAGERUP,  A.  Some  Account  of  the  Birds  of  Southern  Greenland,  from 
the  MSS..  of  A.  Hagerup,  edited  by  Montague  Chamberlain.  Auk,  VI,  pp. 211-218, 
219-297,  39  species.— 1891.  HAGERUP,  A.  T.  The  Birds  of  Greenland,  translated 
from  the  Danish  by  Fremann  B.  Arngrimson,  edited  by  Montague  Chamberlain, 
Boston  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.),  8vo,  62  pp.;  139  species.— 1892.  STONE,  W.  Birds 
Collected  by  the  West  Greenland  Expedition.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1892, 
pp.  145-152;  147  species.— 1895.  STONE,  W.  List  of  Birds  Collected  by  the 
Peary  Expd.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1895,  pp.  502-505;  28  species.— 1835. 
SCHALOW,  H.  VON.  Ueber  eine  Voglesammlung  aus  Westgronland.  Jour,  fiir 
Orn.,  1895,  pp.  457-481;  35  species.— 1899.  CHAPMAN,  F.  M.  Report  on  Birds 
Received  Through  the  Peary  Expeditions  to  Greenland.  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  XII,  pp.  219-244;  48  pages.— 1904.  SCHALOW,  H.  Die  Vogel  der  Arktis, 
Band  IV,  Leiferung,  I,  pp.  81-288;  Gustav  Fischer,  Jena.  A  detailed  synopsis  of 
Arctic  bird-life. 

ALASKA 
1869.  DALL,  W.  H.,  and  BANNISTER,  H.  M.  List  of  the  Birds  of  Alaska, 
with  Biographical  Notes.  Trans.  Chic.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  I,  pp.  267-310,  pll. 
XXVII-XXXIV;  212  species.— 1873.  DALL,  W.  H.  Notes  on  the  Avifauna  of  the 
Aleutian  Islands,  from  Unalashka,  eastward.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  V,  pp.  25-35;  53 
species. — 1874.  DALL,  W  .H.  Notes  on  the  Avifauna  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  es- 
pecially those  west  of  Unalashka.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  V,  pp.  270-281;  45  species. 
— 1875.  COUES,  E.  A  Report  upon  the  Condition  of  Affairs  in  the  Territory  of 
Alaska.  By  H.  W.  Elliot.  8vo.  pp.  277.  Chapter  IX.  Ornithology  of  the  Prybilov 
Islands,  pp.  166-212;  39  species.— 1882.  BEAN,  T.  H.  Notes  on  Birds  Collected 
during  the  Summer  of  1880  in  Alaska  and  Siberia.     Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  V, 

m7 


20 


Faunal  Bibliogbaphy 

pp.  144-173;  77  species.— 1885.  MURDOCH,  J.  Bird  Migration  at  Point  Bar- 
row, Arctic  Alaska.  Auk,  II,  p.  63;  50  species. — 1883.  HARTLAUB,  G.  Bei- 
trag  zur  Ornithologie  von  Alaska,  nach  dem  Sammlungen  und  Noten  von  Dr. 
Arthur  Krause  und  Dr.  Aurel  Krause.  Journ  fiir  Orn.  pp.  257-286;  83  species. — 
1883.  NELSON,  E.  W.  Birds  of  Bering  Sea  and  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Cruise  of 
the  Revenue  steamer  Corwin  in  Alaska  and  the  N.  W.  Arctic  Ocean  in  1881. 
Washington.— 1885.  MURDOCH,  J.  Report  of  the  International  Polar  Expedi- 
tion to  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  Washington.  Birds,  pp.  104-128;  54  species. 
—1885.  TURNER,  L.  M.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  the  Nearer  Islands,  Alaska. 
Auk,  II,  pp.  154-159;  69  species.— 1887.  TOWNSEND,  C.  H.  List  of  the  Mid- 
summer Birds  of  the  Kowak  River,  Northern  Alaska.  Auk,  IV,  pp.  11-13;  52 
species. — 1888.  NELSON,  E.  W.  Report  upon  Natural  History  Collections 
made  in  Alaska  Between  the  Years  1877  and  1881.  Edited  by  Henry  W.  Hen- 
shaw.  4to.  pp.  337.  Birds,  pp.  19-230,  pll.  I-XII,  colored;  260  species;  impor- 
tant.— 1888.  TURNER,  L.  M.  Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  Alaska. 
Results  of  Investigations  made  chiefly  in  the  Yukon  District  and  the  Aleutian 
Islands.  4to,  pp.  226;  birds,  pp.  115-191,  pll.  I-X,  colored;  168  species.— 1838. 
GRINNELL,  J.  Summer  Birds  of  Sitka,  Alaska.  Auk,  XV,  pp.  122-131;  66  spe- 
cies.—1839.  PALMER,  W.  The  Avifauna  of  the  Pribilov  Islands.  The  Fur 
Seals  and  Fur  Seal  Islands  of  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  Part  III,  pp.,  355-431;  68 
species;  bibliography. — ^1900.  GRINNELL,  J.  Birds  of  the  Kotzebue  Sound  Re- 
gion, Alaska.  Pacific  Coast  Avifauna  No.  1.  Cooper  Orn.  Club,  Los  Angeles, 
Calif.  80  pp.  1  map;  113  species.— 1900.  STONE,  W.  Report  on  Birds  and 
Mammals  obtained  by  the  Mcllhenny  Expedition  to  Pt.  Barrow,  Alaska,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila,  birds,  pp.  4-33;  69  species.— 1901.  OSGOOD,  W.  H.  Na- 
tural History  of  the  Cook  Inlet  Region,  Alaska.  North  American  Fauna,  No.  21 ; 
birds,  pp.  72-81;  78  species.— 1902.  McGREGOR,  R.  C.  A  List  of  Birds  Col- 
lected in  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  The  Condor,  IV,  pp.  135-144;  63  species. — 1904. 
OSGOOD,  W.  H.  A  Biological  Reconnaissance  of  the  Base  of  the  Alaska  Pen- 
insula. North  American  Fauna,  No.  24;  birds,  pp.  51-81;  134  species. — 1306. 
McGregor,  R.  C.  Birds  Observed  in  the  Krenitzin  Islands,  Alaska.  The  Con- 
dor, VIII,  pp.  114-122;  44  species.— 1909.  GRINNELL,  J.  Birds  and  Mammals 
of  the  1907  Alexander  Expedition  to  Southeastern  Alaska.  Univ.  Cal.  Pub.  Zool. 
V,  2  pp.  171-264;  99  species.— 1903.  OSGOOD,  W.  H.  Biological  Investigations 
in  Alaska  and  Yukon  Territory.  North  American  Fauna,  No.  30;  96  pp.  6  plls. 
I.  East  Central  Alaska,  76  species;  II.  Ogilvie  Range,  Yukon,  43  species;  III. 
The  Macmillan  River,  Yukon,  55  species.— 1903.  SHELDON,  C.  List  of  Birds 
Observed  on  the  Upper  Toklat  River  near  Mt.  McKinley,  Alaska,  1907-1908. 
The  Auk,  XXVI,  pp.  66-70;  63  species.— 1910.  CLARK,  A.  H.  The  Birds  Col- 
lected and  Observed  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  and  in  Bering,  Okhotsk,  Japan, 
and  Eastern  Seas,  from  April  to  December,  1906.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No. 
1727,  pp.  25-74;  175  species.— 1910.  GRINNELL,  J.  Birds  of  the  1908  Alexan- 
der Alaska  Expedition,  with  a  note  on  the  Avifaunal  Relationships  of  the  Prince 
William  Sound  District,  Univ.  Cal.  Pub.  Zool.  V,  12,  pp.  361-428;  2  plls;  89  spe- 
cies.— 1911.  SWARTH,  H.  S.  Birds  and  Mammals  of  the  1909  Alexander  Alas- 
ka Expedition.  Univ.  Cal.  Pub.  Zool.  VII,  2,  pp.  9-172;  6  plls.  Birds,  pp.  23-112; 
137  species. — 1912.  BENT,  A.  C.  Notes  on  Birds  Observed  during  a  Brief 
visit  to  the  Aleutian  Islands  and  Bering  Sea  in  1911.  Smiths.  Miscell.  Colls. 
Vol.  56  No.  32;  pp.  29;  60+22  species. 

LOWER   CALIFORNIA 

1859,  BAIRD,  S.  F.  Notes  on  a  collection  of  Birds  made  by  Mr.  John 
Xantus,  at  Cape  San  Lucas,  Lower  California.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  XI, 
pp.   299-306;    42    species.— 1876.     RIDGWAY,    R.     Ornithology     of     Guadeloupe 

308 


Appendix  II 

Island  based  on  notes  and  collections  made  by  Dr.  Edward  Palmer.  Bull.  U.  S. 
Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  Vol.  II,  pp.  183-195;  10  species.— 1877.  STREETS,  T.  H.,  M..  D. 
Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  the  Hawaiian  and  Fanning  Islands  ahd 
Lower  California.  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  No.  7,  p  172;  birds,  pp.  9-33.— 1883. 
BELDING,  L.  Catalogue  of  a  Collection  of  Birds  made  near  the  Southern  Ex- 
tremity of  the  Peninsula  of  Lower  California.  Edited  by  R.  Ridgway.  Proc.  U. 
S.  Nat.  Mus.  V.  1882,  pp.  532-550;  154  species  (See  also  Ilnd.,  pp.  527-532;  VI, 
pp.  344-352).— 1888.  BRYANT,  W.  E.  Cerros  Island.  Forest  and  Stream,  XXVII, 
pp.  62-64;  27  species.— 1887.  BRYANT,  W.  E.  Additions  to  the  Ornithology  of 
Guadeloupe  Island.  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  II,  6,  pp.  269-318;  35^pecies.— 1888.GOSS, 
N.  S.  New  and  Rare  Birds  found  Breeding  on  the  San  Pedro  Martir  Isle.  Auk, 
V,  pp.  240-224;  5  species.— 1830.  BRYANT,  W.  E.  A  catalogue  of  the  Birds  of 
Lower  California,  Mexico.  Proc.  Cal,  Acad,  Sci,,  2nd  Ser  II,  pp.  237-320,  with 
map;  320  species;  bibliography.— 1890.  TOWNSEND,  C.  H,  Birds  from  the 
Coasts  of  Western  North  America  and  adjacent  Islands  Collected  in  1888-89, 
with  Descriptions  of  New  Species.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus,,  XIII,  1890,  pp.  131-142. 
Clarion  Islands,  10  species;  Socorro  Island,  9  species;  San  Benedicte  Island,  6 
species;  Lower  California,  23  species;  Mouth  of  Rio  Colorado,  Sonora,  3  species; 
Cerros  Island,  2  species;  Guadeloupe  Island,  Lower  California,  3  species;  Santa 
Barbara  Island,  California,  4  species;  San  Clemente  Island,  California,  9  spe- 
cies; San  Nicolas  Island,  California,  1  species;  Santa  Rosa  Island,  California,  5 
species;  Santa  Cruz  Island,  California,  10  species. — 1835.  ANTHONY,  A.  W.. 
Birds  of  San  Fernando,  Lower  California.  Auk,  XII,  pp.  134-143;  65  species. — 
1898.  ANTHONY,  A.  W.  Avifauna  of  Revillagigedo  Islands.  The  Auk,  XV,  pp. 
311-318.  San  Benedicte  Island,  11  species;  Socorro  Island,  24  species;  Clarion 
Island,  17  species.— 1902.  BREWSTER,  W.  Birds  of  the  Cape  Region  of  Lower 
California.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp,  Zool.  No.  1,  XLI,  241  pp.,  1  map;  255  species;  bib- 
liography.—1903.  GRINNELL,  J.  and  DAGGETT,  F.  S.  An  Ornithological  Vis- 
it to  Los  Coronados  Islands,  Lower  California.  The  Auk,  XX,  pp.  27-37;  22  spe- 
cies; bibliography.— 1904.  BRENINGER,  G.  F.  San  Clemente  Island  and  its 
Birds.  The  Auk,  XXI,  pp.  218-223.— 1905.  KAEDING,  H.  B.  Birds  from  the 
West  Coast  of  Lower  California  and  Adjacent  Islands.  The  Condor,  VII,  pp. 
105-111;  168  species.— 1905.  STONE,  W.  and  RHOADS,  S.  N.  On  a  Collection 
of  Birds  and  Mammals  from  the  Colorado  Delta,  Lower  California.  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  pp.  676-690;  50  species.— 1907.  THAYER,  J.  E.  and  BANGS,  O. 
Birds  Collected  by  W.  W.  Brown,  Jr.,  on  Cerros,  San  Benito  and  Natividad 
Islands  in  the  spring  of  1906,  with  Notes  on  the  Biota  of  the  Islands.  The  Con- 
dor, IX,  pp.  77-81.  Cerros,  29;  Natividad,  9;  San  Benito,  7  species. — 1907. 
THAYER,  J.  E,,  and  BANGS,  O,  Catalogue  of  Birds  Collected  in  Middle  Lower 
California.  The  Condor  IX,  pp.  135-140;  73  species,— 1908.  THAYER,  J.  E.  and 
BANGS,  O,  The  Present  State  of  the  Ornis  of  Guadeloupe  Island.  The  Condor, 
X,  pp.  101-106;  20  species, — 1909.  OSBORN,  P.  I.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Los 
Coronados  Islands,  Lower  California.     The  Condor  XI,  pp.  134-138;   34  species. 

BRITISH  POSSESSIONS 

BERMUDA 

1859.  JONES,  J,  M„  WEDDERBURN,  J.  W.,  and  HURDIS,  J.  L,.  The  Na- 
turalist in  Bermuda.  Birds,  pp.  23-97.-1884.  REID,  S.  G.  List  of  the  Birds  of 
Bermuda,  Bull.  U.  S,  Nat,  Mus,,  No.  25.,  pp.  165-279;  186  species.  (See  also, 
MERRIAM,  C.  H.,  IMd.,  283,  284).— 1901.  BANGS,  O.  and  BRADLEE,  T.  S. 
The  Resident  Land  Birds  of  Bermuda.    Auk,  XVIII,  pp.  249-257;   10  species. 

309 


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CANADA 
1831.  SWAINSON,  W.,  and  RICHARDSON,  J.  Fauna  Boreali-Americana. 
Part  Second,  4to,  pp.  lxvi-524,  pll.  24-73,  woodct.  41;  238  species;  important. 
—1863.  BLAKISTON,  T.  On  the  Birds  of  the  Interior  of  British  America. 
Ibis.,  V,  pp.  39-87,  121-155;  250  species.— 1887.  CHAMBERLAIN,  M.  A  Cata- 
logue of  Canadian  Birds  with  Notes  on  the  Distribution  of  the  Species.  Svo,  pp. 
143.  St.  John,  N.  B.— 1898.  RUSSELL,  F.  Explorations  in  the  Far  North,  (Lake 
Winnipeg,  Crow  Nest  Pass,  Alberta,  Fort  Chippewayan,  Fort  Rae,  Herschel  Is- 
land.) Published  by  University  of  Iowa.  Birds,  pp.  253-270;  122  species. — 1909. 
MACOUN,  J.  and  J.  M.  Catalogue  of  Canadian  Birds.  Svo,  XVIII+761  pp. 
Government  Ptg.  Bureau,  Ottawa.     Distribution  and  nesting;  important. 

ALBERTA 
1892.     RAINE,  W.     (See   Saskatchewan.)— 1903.     STANSELL,     S.     S.     S., 
Birds  of  Central  Alberta.     The  Auk,  XXVI,  pp.  391-400;  157  species. 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA 
1868.  BROWN,  R.  Synopsis  of  the  Birds  of  Vancouver  Island.  Ibis,  2nd 
Ser.,  IV,  pp.  414-428;  153  species.— 1890.  CHAPMAN,  F.  M.  On  a  Collection  of 
Birds  made  by  Mr.  Clark  P.  Streator  in  British  Columbia  with  Field  Notes  by 
the  Collector.  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Ill,  pp.  123-158;  160  species,  from  West- 
minister, Mt.  Lehman,  Ducks,  and  Ashcroft,  B.  C,  Duncan's  Station,  Vancouver 
Island,  and  Kalama,  Washington. — 1891.  FANNIN,  J.  Check-List  of  British  Col- 
umbia Birds.  Svo.  pp.  XIV+49.  Victoria,  B.  C;  307  species.— 1893.  RHOADS, 
S.  N.  The  Birds  observed  in  British  Columbia  and  Washington  during  spring 
and  summer  of  1892.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1893,  pp.  21-65;  260  species. — 
1901.  OSGOOD,  W.  H.  Natural  History  of  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  Brit- 
ish Columbia.  North  American  Fauna,  No.  21,  Birds,  pp.  38-50;  98  species. — 
1903.  BROOKS,  A.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  the  Cariboo  District,  British  Colum- 
bia. The  Auk,  XX,  pp.  277-284;  94  species.— 1912.  SWARTH,  H.  S.  Report  on 
a  Collection  of  Birds  and  Mammals  from  Vancouver  Island,  Univ.  Calif.  Pub. 
Zool.  X,  1,  pp.  124;  111  species. 

FRANKLIN 
1879.  KUMLIEN,  L.  Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  Arctic  Am- 
erica, made  in  Connection  with  the  Howgate  Polar  Expedition,  1877-78.  Bull.  U. 
S.  Nat.  Mus.,  No.  15.  Birds,  pp.  69-105;  84  species.— 1886.  GREELEY,  A.  W. 
Three  years  of  Arctic  Service.  Roy  Svo,  2  vols,  Birds,  Vol.  II,  App.  VIII,  pp. 
372-385;  35+5  species. 

KEEWATIN 

1902.  PREBLE,  E.  A.  Birds  of  Keewatin,  N.  A.  Fauna,  No.  22,  pp.  75-131; 
260  species. — 1905.  EIFRIG,  C.  W.  G.  Ornithological  Results  of  the  Canadian 
Neptune  Expedition  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Northward,  1903-1904.  Auk,  pp.  233- 
241;  51  species. 

LABRADOR    (INCLUDING    UNGAVA) 

1861.  COUES,  E.  Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  Labrador.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.,  XIII,  pp.  215-257;  82  species.— 1885.  TURNER,  L.  M.  List  of  the 
Birds  of  Labrador,  including  Ungava,  East  Main,  Moose,  and  Gulf  Districts  of 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  together  with  the  Island  of  Anticosti.  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  VIII,  pp.  233-254;  207  species.  (See  also  PACKARD.  A.  S.  The  La- 
brador Coast,  1891). — 1887.  FRAZAR,  M.  A.  An  Ornithologist's  Summer  in 
Labrador.  Orn.  and  061.,  XII,  pp.  1-3,  17-20,  33-35;  62  species.— 1902.  BIGE- 
LOW,  H.  B.  Birds  of  the  Northwestern  Coast  of  Labrador.  Auk,  XIX,  1902, 
pp.  24-31;  85  species.— 1S07.     TOWNSEND,  C.  W.,  and  ALLEN,  G.  M.     Birds  of 

aio 


Appendix  II 

Labrador.  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  XXXIII,  pp.  277-428,  map;  213  species. 
(See  also  TOWNSEND.  C.  W.,  and  BENT,  A.  C.  The  Auk,  1910,  pp.  1-18;  93 
species.) 

MACKENZIE 
1862.  ROSS,  B.  R.  List  of  Mammals,  Birds,  and  Eggs,  observed  in  the 
Mackenzie's  River  District  with  notices.  Canad.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  VII,  pp.  137-155. 
Birds,  pp.  142-155;  192  species.  (See  also  Nat.  Hist.  Rev.  2nd  Ser.  II,  pp.  269- 
290).— 1891.  MACFARLANE,  R.  Notes  on  and  List  of  Birds  and  Eggs  Collect- 
ed in  Arctic  America,  1861-1866.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  XIV,  pp.  413-446;  131 
species.  (See  also  Hist.  &  Sci.  Soc.  of  Man.,  Trans.  39). — 1908.  MAC  FARLANE,. 
R.  List  of  Birds  and  Eggs  Observed  and  Collected  in  the  North-West  Terri- 
tories of  Canada,  between  1880  and  1894.  pp.  285-447  of  Mair's  "Through  the 
Mackenzie  Basin,"  Toronto.  William  Briggs.  220  species. — 1908.  PREBLE, 
E.  A.  A  Biological  Investigation  of  the  Athabaska-Mackenzie  Region,  N.  A. 
Fauna,  No.  27,  574  pp.  Birds,  pp.  251-500;  296  species;  bibliography;  import- 
ant.—1908.  SETON,  E.  T.  Bird  Records  from  Great  Slave  Lake  Region.  The 
Auk,  XXV,  pp.  68-74;  88  species. 

MANITOBA 
1886.  SETON,  E.  T.  The  Birds  of  Western  Manitoba.  Auk,  III,  pp.  145- 
156,  320-329,  453;  258  species.— 1891.  SETON,  E.  T.  The  Birds  of  Manitoba. 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  XIII,  pp.  457-643,  1  pi.;  266  species.  (See  also  14  additions,. 
Auk,  1893,  p.  49.)— 1909.  SETON,  E.  T.  Fauna  of  Manitoba.  British  Assc. 
Handbook.     Winnipeg,  pp.  1-47;  273  species. 

NEW  BRUNSWICK 
1857.  BRYANT,  H.  A  List  of  Birds  Observed  at  Grand  Menan  and  at  Yar- 
mouth, N.  S.,  from  June  16  to  July  8.  Proc.  Bost.  Nat.  Hist.,  VI,  pp.  114-123 ;  55 
species.— 1873.  HERRICK,  H.  A  Partial  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Grand  Men- 
an, N.  B.,  Bull.  Essex.  Inst.,  V.  pp.  28-41;  194  species.— 1879.  PEARSALL,  R.  F. 
Grand  Menan  Notes;  Summers  of  1877  and  1878.  Forest  and  Stream,  XIII,  p. 
524;  43  species.— 1882.  BATCHELDER,  C.  F.  Notes  on  the  Summer  Birds  of 
the  Upper  St.  John.  Bull.  N.  O.  C,  VII,  pp.  106-111,  147-152;  105  species.— 1882. 
CHAMBERLAIN,  M.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  New  Brunswick.  Bull.  Nat. 
Hist.  Soc.  New  Brunswick,  No.  I,  pp.  23-68,  269  species.— 1912.  TOWNSEND,  C. 
W.  Notes  on  the  Summer  Birds  of  the  St.  John  Valley,  New  Brunswick.  The 
Auk,  XXIX,  pp.  16-23;  81  species. 

NEWFOUNDLAND 
1869.  REEKS,  H.  Notes  on  the  Zoology  of  Newfoundland.  Zoologist, 
2nd  ser.,  IV,  pp.  1609-1614,  1698-1695,  1741-1759,  1849-1858;  212  species.  See 
also  Canad.  Nat.  and  Quart.  Journ.  Sci.,  V.  1870-71,  pp.  38-47,  151-159,  289-304, 
406-416;  and  HARVEY  M.  Forest  and  Stream,  III,  pp.  53,  196,  341.— 1900. 
PORTER,  L.  H.  Newfoundland  Notes.  Auk,  XVII,  pp.  71-73;  50  species  sum- 
mer birds. — 1912.  ARNOLD,  E.  A  Short  Summer  Outing  in  Newfoundland. 
The  Auk,  XXIX,  pp.  72-79;  68  species. 

NOVA  SCOTIA 
1857.  BRYANT,  H.  (See  New  Brunswick.)— 1858.  BLAKISTON,  R.  A., 
BLAND,  R.  E.,  and  WILLIS,  J.  R.  List  of  Birds  of  Nova  Scotia.  Thirteenth 
Ann.  Rep.  Smiths.  Inst.,  pp.  280-286;  206  species.— 1879.  JONES,  J.  MATTHEW. 
List  of  the  Birds  of  Nova  Scotia — Land  Birds.  Forest  and  Stream,  XII,  pp.  65, 
66,  105,  106,  205,  245;   128  species.— 1887.    DWIGHT,  J.,  Jr.    Summer  Birds  ol 

311 


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the  Bras  d'Or  Region  of  Cape  Breton  Island,  Nova  Scotia.  Auk,  IV,  1887,  pp. 
13-16;  59  species.  (See  also  ALLEN,  F.  H.,  Ibid.,  1891.)-^1888.  DOWNS,  A. 
Birds  of  Nova  Scotia,  edited  by  Harry  Piers,  Proc.  and  Trans.  Nova  Scotia  Inst. 
Nat.  Sci.,  VII,  ii,  pp.  142-178;  240  species. 

ONTARIO 

1860.  McILWRAITH,  T.  List  of  Birds  Observed  in  the  Vicinity  of  Hamil- 
ton. Canad.  Journ.,  V.  pp.  387-396.  (See  also  Proc.  Essex.  Inst,  V.  1866,  pp. 
79-96),  241  species.— 1882.  MORDEN,  J.  A.,  and  SAUNDERS,  W.  E.  List  of  the 
Birds  of  Western  Ontario.  Canad.  Sportsm,  and  Nat.  II,  pp.  183-187,  192-194,  al- 
so III,  pp.  218,  219,  243;  236  species.— 1891.  FARLEY,  W.  L.  A  List  of  the 
Birds  of  Elgin  County,  Ontario.  The  Oologist,  VIII,  pp.  81-87;  190  species. — 
1891.  Ottawa  Field  Nat.  Club.  The  Birds  of  Ottawa.  Ottawa  Nat.  V.  pp.  31-47; 
224  species.— 1894.  McILWRAITH,  T.  The  Birds  of  Ontario,  8vo.  X4-426  pp. 
Wm.  Briggs,  Toronto;  317  species.— 1897-8.  NASH,  C.  W.  Birds  of  Ontario  in 
Relation  to  Agriculture.  Rep.  Farmers'  Inst,  of  Ont.  8vo,  32  pp. — 1900.  NASH, 
C.  W.  Check  List  of  the  Birds  of  Ontario.  Warwick  Bros,  and  Rutter,  Toronto. 
8vo.  58  pp.;  302  species.— 1901.  FLEMING,  J.  H.  A  list  of  the  Birds  of  the 
Districts  of  Parry  Sound  and  Muskoka,  Ont.  Auk,  XVIII,  1901,  pp.  33-45;  196 
species.  (See  also  Ibid.,  XIX,  p.  403.)— 1905.  NASH,  C.  W.  Check  List  of  the 
Birds  of  Ontario.  L.  K.  Cameron,  Printer,  Toronto,  Ont.  82  pp;  324  species. — 
1906.  SWALES,  B.  H.,  and  TAVERNER,  P.  A.  Remarks  on  the  Summer  Birds 
of  Lake  Muskoka,  Ont.  Wilson  Bull.,  XVIII,  pp.  60-68;  59  species.— 1906-7. 
FLEMING,  J.  H.  Birds  of  Toronto,  Ont.  Auk,  XXIII,  pp.  437-453;  XXIV,  pp. 
71-89;  290  species. — 1907.  HUBEL,  F.  C.  Preliminary  List  of  the  Summer 
Birds  of  the  Cobalt  Mining  Region,  Nipissing  District,  Ont.  Auk  XXIV,  pp.  48-52; 
76  species.— 1907-8.  TAVERNER,  P.  A.  and  SWALES,  B.  H.  The  Birds  of 
Point  Pelee,  Wilson  Bull.  XIX,  pp.  37-53;  82-99,  133-153;  XX,  pp.  79-96,  107-129; 
209  species.  See  also  WOOD,  N.  A.,  IMd.,  1910,  pp.  63-78.— 1910.  EIFRIG,  G.  A. 
Winter  of  Rare  Birds  at  Ottawa.   Auk,  XXVII,  pp.  53-59. 

QUEBEC 

1878.  CORY,  C.  B.  A  Naturalist  in  the  Magdalen  Islands  (Boston).  Part  II, 
pp.  33-83,  list  of  birds;  109  species.— 1882.  WINTLE,  E.  D.  Ornithology  of  the  Is- 
land of  Montreal.  Canad.  Sportsm.  and  Nat.,  II,  pp.  108-110, 116, 117;  168  species.— 
1882-5.  MERRIAM,  C.  H.  List  of  Birds  Ascertained  to  Occur  within  Ten  Miles 
of  Point  des  Monts,  Province  of  Quebec,  Canada;  based  chiefly  upon  the  notes 
of  Napoleon  A.  Comeau.  Bull.  N.  O.  C,  VII,  pp.  233-242,  and  Addenda,  VIII,  pp. 
244,  245;  Auk,  I,  1884,  p.  295;  II,  1885,  pp.  113,  315;  180  species.— 1884.  BREW- 
STER, W.  Notes  on  the  Birds  Observed  During  a  Summer  Cruise  on  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence.  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  XXII,  pp.  364-412;  92  species. — 
1889.  BISHOP,  L.  B.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  the  Magdalen  Islands.  Auk,  VI, 
pp.  144-150;  66  species. — .1889.  DIONNE,  C.  E.  Catalogue  des  Oiseaux  de  la 
Porvince  de  Quebec  avec  des  Notes  sur  leur  Distribution  Geographique.  .  .  . 
Quebec  des  Presses  a  Vapeur  de  J.  Dussault,  Port  Dauphin,  8vo,  119  pp.;  273 
species.— 1891.  PALMER,  WILLIAM.  Notes  on  the  Birds  Observed  During 
the  Cruise  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commission  Schooner  Grampus  in  the  Sum- 
mer of  1887.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  XIII,  1890,  pp  249-265;  78  species.— 1893. 
DWIGHT,  J.,  JR.  Summer  Birds  of  Prince  Edward  Island.  Auk,  X,  1893,  pp. 
1-15;  81  species.— 1896.  WINTLE,  E.  D.  The  Birds  of  Montreal.  W.  Drysdale 
&  Co.,  Montreal.  8vo,  xiv+181  pp.;  254  species.— 1908.  MACS  WAIN,  J.  A 
Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Prince  Edward  Island.  Proc.  and  Trans.  Nova  Scotia 
Inst,  of  Science.   XI,  pp,  570-592;  220  species. 

312 


Appendix  II 

SASKATCHEWAN 
1892.  RAINE,  W.  Bird-nesting  in  North-west  Canada.  8vo.  pp.  197;  ills. 
Toronto.— 1907-8.  BENT,  A.  C.  Summer  Birds  of  Southern  Saskatchewan.  The 
Aulc,  XXTV,  pp.  407-430;  XXV,  pp.  25-35;  153  species.— 1910.  FERRY,  J.  F. 
Birds  Observed  in  Saskatchewan  During  the  Summer  of  1909.  The  Auk, 
XXVII,  pp.  185-204;  118  species. 

UNITED  STATES 
WESTERN  UNITED  STATES 
1856.  CASSIN,  J.  Illustrations  of  the  Birds  of  California,  Texas,  Oregon, 
British,  and  Russian  America.  Intended  to  Contain  descriptions  and  figures  of 
all  North  American  Birds  not  given  by  former  American  authors,  and  a  General 
Synopsis  of  North  American  Ornithology.  1  Vol.  large  8vo.  pp.  viii+298;  pll.  50. 
— 1870.     COOPER,  J.  G.     Geological  Survey  of  California.   Ornithology.  Volume 

1.  Land  Birds.  Edited  by  S.  F.  Baird.  Published  by  authority  of  the  Legisla- 
ture. Vol.  I  large  8vo,  pp.  xi+591;  ills.— 1872.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  Notes  of  an 
Ornithological  Reconnaissance  of  Portions  of  Kansas,  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and 
Utah.  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  Ill,  pp.  113-183.  Annotated  lists  of  birds  observed 
at  Leavenworth,  Topeka,  Fort  Hays  and  in  Northwestern  Kansas;  between  Colo- 
rado City  and  Denver,  at  South  Park  near  Mount  Lincoln,  Colorado;  at  Chey- 
enne, Wyoming,  and  near  Ogden,  Utah. — 1874.  COUiES,  E.  Birds  of  the  North- 
west: A  Handbook  of  the  Ornithology  of  the  Region  drained  by  the  Missouri 
River  and  its  Tributaries.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  of  the  Territories.  Miscellaneous 
Publications,  No.  3.  Washington,  1  Vol.  8vo,  pp.  xii+791;  important. — 1874. 
YARROW,  H.  C.  and  HENSHAW,  H.  W.  Geog.  and  Geol.  Explorations  and 
Surveys  West  of  the  one  hundredth  Meridian.  Reports  upon  Ornithological 
Specimens  Collected  in  the  years  1871,  1872,  and  1873.  Svo,  pp.  1-148.  Observa- 
tions made  in  Utah,  Nevada,  Colorado,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. — 1875.  HEN- 
SHAW, H.  W.  Report  upon  Geograph.  and  Geol.  Explorations  and  Surveys  West 
of  the  One  Hundredth  Meridian.  Vol.  V,  Zoology.  Chap.  Ill,  Report  upon  the 
Ornithological  Collections  made  in  Portions  of  Nevada,  Utah,  California, 
Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona,  during  the  years  1871,  1872,  1873  and  1874. 
4to  pp.  134-508;  pll.  xv;  296  species.— 1878.  COUES,  E.  Birds  of  the  Colorado 
Valley.  A  Repository  of  Scientific  and  Popular  Information  Concerning  North 
American  Ornithology.  Part  First.  Passeres  to  Laniidae.  Bibliographical 
Appendix.  Seventy  illustrations. — 1890.  BELDING,  L.  Land  Birds  of  the 
Pacific  District.  Occasional  Papers  of  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences, 
II,  8vo,  pp.  1-274;  295  species.— 1902.  BAILEY,  F.  M.  Handbook  of  Birds  of 
Western  United  States.  12mo,  pp.  xc-512;  many  ills.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 
Important. 

MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY 

1888.  COOKIE,  W.  W.  Reports  on  Bird  Migration  in  the  Mississippi  Valley 
in  the  year  1884  and  1885.    Edited  and  revised  by  C.  Hart  Herriam.    Bull.  No. 

2,  Div.  Economic  Ornithology  [=  Biological  Survey].  313  pp.,  1  map. 

NEW  ENGLAND 

1877.  MINOT,  H.  D.  The  Land  and  Game  Birds  of  New  England.  Second 
Ed.,  edited  by  Wm.  Brewster,  1895,  492  pp.  (Houghton).— 1881-3.  STEARNS,  W. 
A.  and  COUES,  E.  New  England  Bird-Life,  2  vols.,  pp.  324-409.— 1904.  HOFF- 
MANN, R.  A  Guide  to  the  Birds  of  New  England  and  Eastern  New  York.  350 
pp.  (Houghton).— 1909.  ALLEN,  G.  M.  Birds  of  New  England.  Occ.  Papers 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  VII,  pp.  1-230;  402  species. 

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ALABAMA 
1878-9.  BROWN,  N.  C.  A  List  of  Birds  Observed  at  Coosada,  Central  Ala- 
bama. Bull.  N.  O.  C,  III,  pp.  168-174;  IV,  pp.  7-13;  119  species.— 1890-1.  AVERY, 
W.  C.  Birds  Observed  in  Alabama.  Am.  Field,  XXXIV,  pp.  584,  607,  608;  XXXV, 
1891,  pp.  8,  32,  55;  184  species.— 1908.  SAUNDERS,  A.  A.  Some  Birds  of 
Central  Alabama.   Auk,  XXV,  pp.  413-424;  129  species. 

ARIZONA 
1853.  WOODHOUSE,  S.  W.  Report  of  an  Expedition  down  the  Zuni  and 
Colorado  Rivers,  by  Captain  L.  Sitgreaves.  .  .  .  8vo,  pp.  198.  Birds,  pp.  58-105; 
pil.  i-vi;  219  species.— 1866.  COUES,  E.  List  of  the  Birds  of  Fort  Whipple. 
Arizona:  with  which  are  incorporated  all  the  other  species  ascertained  to  in- 
habit the  Territory;  with  brief  critical  and  field  notes,  descriptions  of  new 
species,  etc.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  XVIII,  pp.  39-100;  245  species.— 1874. 
YARROW,  H.  C,  and  HENSHAW,  H.  W.  (see  Utah).— 1875.  HENSHAvV,  H. 
W.  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers  for  1875.  App.  I  2,  pp.  153-166. 
Annotated  list  of  the  Birds  of  Arizona;  291  species.— 1882-3.  BREV/STBR.  W. 
On  a  Collection  of  Birds  lately  made  by  Mr.  F.  Stephens  in  Arizona.  Ball 
Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VII,  pp.  65-86;  135-147;  193-212;  VIII,  pp.  21-36;  165  species 
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the  Avifauna  of  Pinal  County  with  Remarks  on  Some  Birds  of  Pima  and  Gila 
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421-432;  IV,  pp.  16-24;  196-205;  V,  pp.  29-36;  159-168;  246  species.— 1887.  MOR- 
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founa  of  Portions  of  Arizona.  Auk,  VII,  pp.  45-55;  251-264;  100  species. — 1890. 
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RHOADS,  S.  N.  (See  Texas).— 1893.  FISHER,  A.  K.  (See  California).— 
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Orn.  Club,  8vo,  pp.  70;  195  species.— 1905.  SWARTH,  H.  S.  Summer  Birds  of 
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ARKANSAS 

1911.  HOWELL,  A.  H.  Birds  of  Arkansas.  Bull.  No.  38,  Biological  Survey. 
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CALIFORNIA* 

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*  See  Grinnell,  J.  A  Bibliography  of  California  Ornithology.  Pacific  Coast 
Avifauna,  No.  5. 

314 


Appendix  II 

years  in  that  country.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  II,  pp.  259-272;  130  species. 
—1857.  NEWBERRY,  J.  S.  Report  on  the  Birds  Observed  in  California  and 
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MANN, A.  L.  Report  on  Birds  Collected  on  the  Survey.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  Vol. 
X,  No.  2,  pp.  29-80;  180  species.— 1859.  XANTUS,  J.  Catalogue  of  Birds  Col- 
lected in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Tejon,  California,  with  a  description  of  a  new 
species  of  tiyrnium.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  XI,  pp.  189-193;  144  species. — 
1866.  COUES,  E.  (See  Arizona).— 1870.  COOPER,  J.  G.  The  Fauna  of  Cali- 
fornia and  its  geographical  Distribution.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  IV,  pp.  61-81. — 
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ville,  and  Walker's  Basin;  204  species.— 1877.  HENSHAW,  H.  W.  (See  Neva- 
da).—1877.  RIDGWAY,  R.  (See  Nevada).— 1879.  BELDING,  L.  Partial  List 
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SHAW, H.  W.  (See  Nevada).— 1886.  EVERMANN,  B.  W.  A  List  of  the  Birds 
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061.,  XI,  pp.  51,  52,  66,  67,  89,  90,  107;  187  species.— 1887.  BLAKE,  E.  W.  JR. 
Summer  Birds  of  Santa  Cruz  Island,  California.  Auk,  IV,  pp.  328-330;  28  species. 
—1887.  MORCOM,  G.  F.  Notes  on  the  birds  of  Southern  California  and  South- 
western Arizona.  Bull.  No.  2,  Ridgw.  Orn.  Club,  pp.  36-57;  139  species.— 1887. 
STREATOR,  C.  P.  The  Water  Birds  of  San  Miguel  Island.  Proc.  Santa  Bar- 
bara Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  Bull.  No.  I,  pp.  21-23;  10  species.— 1887.  TAYLOR,  H.  R. 
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TOWNSEND,  C.  H.  Field-Notes  on  the  Mammals,  Birds,  and  Reptiles  of 
Northern  California.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  X,  pp.  159-241;  Birds,  pp.  190-237; 
261  species.— 1888..  .BRYANT,  W.  E.  Birds  and  Eggs  from  the  Farallon  Islands. 
Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  2nd  Ser.  I;  1887,  pp.  25-50;  81  species.— 1888.  STREATOR, 
C.  P.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands.  Orn.  and  Ool.,  XIII,  pp. 
52-54.— 1890.  TOWNSEND,  C.  (See  Lower  California).— 1890-91.  KEELER, 
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on  the  Ornithology  of  the  Death  Valley  Expedition  N.  A.  Fauna,  No.  7,  pp.  7-158; 
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dor, XIII,  pp.  171-183;  43  species.— 1911.  VAN  ROSSEM,  A.  Winter  Birds  of 
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LAMB,  C.  Birds  of  Mohave  Desert  Oasis.  The  Condor,  XIV,  pp.  32-40;  133 
species.— 1912.  WILLETT,  G.  Birds  of  the  Pacific  Slope  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia, Pacific  Coast  Avifauna  No.  7.  Cooper  Orn.  Club,  pp.  122;  377  species. — 
1912.  GRINNELL,  J.  A  Systematic  List  of  the  Birds  of  California.  Ihid.,  No. 
8,  pp.  23;  530  species. 

COLORADO 
1872.  AIKEN,  C.  E.,  and  HOLDEN,  C.  H.  Jr.  (See  Wyoming).— 1873. 
RIDGWAY,  R.  The  Birds  of  Colorado.  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  V,  pp.  174-195.  Dis- 
tribution tables  and  243  species.  Based  on  the  Observations  of  C.  E.  Aiken. — 
1874.  YARROW,  H.  C,  and  HENSHAW,  H.  W.  (See  Utah).— 1881.  DREW, 
F.  M.  Field  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  San  Juan  Co.  Colorado.  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn. 
Club,  VI,  pp  85-91;  138-143;  104  species.— 1883.  ALLEN,  J.  A.,  and  BREWSTER, 
W.  List  of  Birds  Observed  in  the  Vicinity  of  Colorado  Springs,  Colorado,  Dur- 
ing March,  April,  and  May,  1882.  Bull.  N.  O.  C.  VIII,  pp.  151-161;  189-198;  134 
species.— 1885.  DREW,  F.  On  the  Vertical  Range  of  Birds  in  Colorado.  Auk, 
II,  pp.  11-18;  277  species.  (See  also  10  additions  by  H.  Smith,  Jr.,  and  A.  W. 
Anthony,  Ibid.,  Ill,  1886,  pp.  284-286,  and  also  20  species  by  P.  M.  Thome,  Ibid., 
IV,  1887,  pp.  264,  265).— 1885.  HOFFMAN,  W.  J.  (See  Montana).— 1888-90. 
MORRISON,  C.  F.  A  List  of  the  Birds  of  Colorado.  Orn.  and  Ool.,  XIII,  pp.  145, 
148,  165-168,  181-183;  XIV,  1889,  pp.  6-9  65-68,  145-150;  XV,  1890,  pp.  36-38.  ("To 
be  continued.")  233  species  to  Junco,  inclusive. — 1890.  KELLOGG,  V.  L. 
Summer  Birds  of  Estes  Park,  Colorado,  Trans.  Kans.  Acad.  Sci.  XII,  pp.  80-90. 
— 1897.  COOKE,  W.  W.  The  Birds  of  Colorado.  Bull.  37,  State  Agricultural 
College,  Ft.  Collins,  pp.  144;  360  species;  bibliography  (See  also  1898,  Bull.  44, 
first  appendix,  1900,  Bull  No.  56,  second  appendix;  and  1909.  The  Auk,  pp. 
400-422,  third  supplement,  increasing  total  number  of  species  to  397). — 1902. 
KEYSER,  L.  S.  Birds  of  the  Rockies.  With  a  Complete  Check-List  of  Colora- 
do Birds.  8vo,  xii+355  pp;  ills.  McClurg,  Chicago.— 1908.  ROCKWELL,  R.  B. 
An  Annotated  List  of  the  Birds  of  Mesa  County,  Colorado.  The  Condor,  X,  pp. 
152-180;  203  species.— 1908.  WARREN,  E.  R.  Northwestern  Colorado  Bird 
Notes.  The  Condor,  X,  pp.  18-26;  93  species.— 1909.  FELGER,  A.  H.  Annotat- 
ed List  of  the  Water  Birds  of  Weld,  Morgan  and  Adams  Counties,  Colorado, 
south  to  the  first  sectional  line  below  the  Fortieth  Parallel.  The  Auk,  XXVI,  pp. 
272-291;  3  maps;  107  species,  (see  also  Hersey,  L.  J.  and  Rockwell,  R.  B.  The 
Condor,  XI,  1909,  pp.  110-122,  and  Rockwell,  Ibid.,  XIV,  pp.  117-131).— 1909. 
HENDERSON,  J.  An  Annotated  List  of  the  Birds  of  Boulder  Co.,  Colorado. 
Univ.  Colo.,  Studies,  VI,  pp.  219-242.— 1910.— FELGER,  A.  H.  Birds  and  Mam- 
mals of  Northwestern  Colorado,  Univ.  Studies  Colo.  Mus.,  VII,  2,  pp.  132-146; 
133  species.— 1910.  WARREN,  E.  R.  Some  Central  Colorado  Bird  Notes.  The 
Condor,  XII,  pp.  23-39;  127  species.— 1911.  WIDMANN,  O.  List  of  Birds  Ob- 
served in  Estes  Park,  Colorado,  from  June  10,  to  July  18,  1910.  The  Auk, 
XXVIII,  pp.  304-319;  90  species.— 1912.  COOKE,  W.  W.  The  Present  Status  of 
the  Colorado  Check-List  of  Birds.  The  Condor,  XTV,  pp.  147-153.  Admits  403 
species.— 1912.  SCLATER,  W.  L.  A  History  of  the  Birds  of  Colorado.  Wither- 
by  &  Co.,  London,  8vo,  pp.  xxiv+576;  plls.  xvii;  392  species;  important. 

CONNECTICUT 
1843.  LINSLEY,  J.  H.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Connecticut.  Am. 
Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts,  XLIV,  pp.  249-274,  302  species.  See  also  Ibid.,  XL VI,  1844, 
pp.  50,  51.— -1877.  MERRIAM,  C.  H.  A  Review  of  the  Birds  of  Connecticut, 
with  Remarks  on  their  Habits.  Trans,  of  the  Conn.  Acad.,  IV,  pp.  1-165;  292 
species.— 1887.  PLATT,  F.  A  List  of  the  Birds  of  Meriden,  Conn.  Trans.  Mer- 
iden  Scientific  Assoc,  II,  1885-86,  pp.  30-53;  III,  p.  41;  116  species.— 1892. 
AVERILL,  C.  K.,  JR.,  List  of  Birds  Found  in  the  Vicinity  of  Bridgeport,  Con- 
necticut.   Bridgeport  Scientific  Society,  8vo,  pp.  1-19,  246  species. — 1906.    CHAP- 

317 


Faunal  Bibliogeaphy 

MAN,  F.  M.  (See  New  York).— 1908.  COMMITTEE.  A  List  of  the  Birds 
of  the  New  Haven  Region.  Bull.  No.  1,  New  Haven  Bird  Club,  pp.  1-32;  -217 
species. 

DAKOTA  (NORTH  and  SOUTH) 
1875.  GRINNELL,  G.  B.  Report  of  a  Reconnaissance  of  the  Black  Hills  of 
Dakota,  made  in  the  summer  of  1874.  By  William  Ludlow.  Chapter  II.  Birds, 
pp.  85-102;  110  species.— 1875.  HOFFMAN,  W.  J.  List  of  Birds  Observed  at 
Grand  River  Agency,  Dakota  Ter.,  from  October  7th,  1872,  to  June  7th,  1878. 
Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  XVIII,  pp.  169-175;  79  species.— 1877.     McCHESNEY, 

C.  E.,  M.  D.  Birds  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies  of  Eastern  Dakota.  Forest  and 
Stream,  VIII,  pp.  176,  177,  192,  224,  225,  241,  242,  261;  102  species.— 1901-2. 
BENT,  A.  0.  Nesting  habits  of  the  Anatidae  in  North  Dakota.  Auk,  XVIII,  pp; 
328-336;  XIX,  pp.  11-12;  165-174;  16  species.— 1908.  REAGAN,  A.  B.  The  Birds 
of  the  Rosebud  Indian  Reservation,  South  Dakota.  The  Auk,  XXV,  pp.  462-467; 
108  species.— 1909.  VISHER,  S.  S.  A  List  of  the  Birds  of  western  South  Dakota. 
The  Auk,  XXVI,  pp.  144-153;  194  species.— 1911.  VISHER,  S.  S.  Annotated 
List  of  the  Birds  of  Harding  County,  Northwestern  South  Dakota.  The  Auk, 
XXVIII,  pp.  5-16;.  154  species. 

DELAWARE 
1905.     RHOADS,  S.  N.,  and  PENNOCK,  C.  J.     Birds  of  Delaware:   A  Pre- 
liminary List.    Auk,  XXII,  1905,  pp.  194-205;  211  species.     (See  also  Auk,  XXV^ 
1908,  pp.  282-288.)— 1897-1908.     STONE,  W.,     Editor.     Numerous  Notes  on  Dela- 
ware Birds.     Proc.  Del.  Valley  Orn.  Club,  Phila. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA 
1883.  COUES,  E.  and  PRENTISS,  D.  W.  Avifauna  Columbiana,  Second 
Edition.  Bull.  U.  S.  Natl.  Mus.  No.  26,  8vo,  pp.  1-133,  many  woodcuts,  4  maps, 
248  species.— 1888.  RICHMOND,  C.  W.  An  Annotated  List  of  Birds  Breeding 
in  the  District  of  Columbia.  Auk,  V,  pp.  18-25;  100  species.— 1888.  SMITH,. 
HUGH  M.,  and  PALMER,  WILLIAM.    Additions  to  the  Avifauna  of  Washington, 

D.  C,  and  Vicinity.  Auk,  V,  pp.  147,  148.  Adds  12  species  to  Coues'  and  Pren- 
tiss' list  of  1883.— 1898.  MAYNARD,  L.  W.  Birds  of  Washington  and  Vicinity, 
with  Introduction  by  Florence  A.  Merriam.  12mo.  204  pp.  Washington,  D.  C^ 
291  species. 

GEORGIA 
1883.  BAILEY,  H.  B.  Memoranda  of  a  Collection  of  Eggs  from  Georgia. 
Bull.  N.  O.  C,  VIII,  pp.  37-43;  104  species.— 1903.  SMITH,  R.  S.  Birds  of  Kirk- 
wood,  De  Kalb  Co.,  Ga.  Wilson  Bull.,  XV,  pp.  49-59;  125  species.— 1909.  HOW> 
ELL,  A.  H.  Notes  on  the  Summer  Birds  of  Northern  Georgia.  Auk,  XXVI,  pp. 
129-137;  76  species. 

FLORIDA 

1871.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  On  the  Mammals  and  Winter  Birds  of  East  Florida. 
Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  II,  pp.  161-450,  pll.  ix-xiii;  181  species.— 1888.  CHAP- 
MAN, F.  M.  A  List  of  Birds  Observed  at  Gainesville,  Florida.  Auk,  V,  pp.  267- 
277;  149  species. — 1888-90.  SCOTT,  W.  E.  D.  A  Summary  of  Observations  on 
the  Birds  of  the  Gulf  Coast  of  Florida.  Auk,  V,  pp.  373-379;  VI,  pp.  13-18,  152- 
160,  245-252,  318-326;  VII,  pp.  14-22,  114-120;  262  species.— 1890.  SCOTT,  W.  B. 
D.  On  Birds  Observed  at  the  Dry  Tortugas,  Florida,  during  parts  of  March  and 
April,  1890.  Auk,  VII,  pp.  301-314;  80  species.— 1891.  BREWSTER,  W.,  and 
CHAPMAN,  F.  M.    Notes  on  the  Birds  of  the  Lower  Suwanee  River.    Auk,  VIII,. 

318 


Appendix  II 

pp.  125-138;  116  species.  (See  also  Brewster,  Ibid.,  pp.  149-157.)— 1892.  SCOTT, 
W.  E.  D.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  the  Caloosahatchie  Region  of  Florida.  Auk, 
IX,  pp.  209-218,  259  species.— 1895.  WAYNE,  A.  T.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  the 
Wacissa  and  Aucilla  River  Regions  of  Florida.  Auk,  XII,  1895,  pp.  362-367;  161 
species. — 1896.  CORY,  C.  B.  Hunting  and  Fishing  in  Florida  with  a  Key  to 
the  Water  Birds  of  the  State.— 1904.  WILLIAMS,  R.  W.,  JR.  A  Preliminary 
List  of  the  Birds  of  Leon  County,  Florida.  Auk,  XXI,  1904,  pp.  449-462;  356 
species.  (See  also  Ibid.,  XXIII,  pp.  153-161;  XXIV,  pp.  158,  159.)— 1906.  FOWL- 
BR,  H.  W.  Birds  Observed  in  June  in  the  Florida  Keys.  Auk,  XXIII,  pp.  396- 
400;  33  species. 

IDAHO 
1891.  MERRIAM,  C.  H.  Results  of  a  Biological  Reconnaissance  of  Idaho, 
south  of  latitude  45°  and  east  of  the  thirty-eighth  Meridian  made  during  the 
summer  of  1890.  N.  A.  Fauna,  No.  5.  Annotated  List  of  Birds  Observed  in 
Idaho  during  the  Summer  and  Fall  of  1890,  with  Notes  on  Species  previously 
Recorded  from  the  State,  pp.  90-108;  157  species.— 1897-8.  MERRILL,  J.  C. 
Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Fort  Sherman,  Idaho.  Auk,  XIV,  pp.  347-357,  XV,  pp. 
14-22;  159  species. 

ILLINOIS 
1855.  KENNICOTT,  R.  Catalogue  of  Animals  Observed  in  Cook  County. 
Illinois.  Trans.  111.,  State  Agric.  Soc.  for  1853-54,  I,  Birds,  pp.  580-589;  187  spe- 
cies.—1868.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  (See  Iowa).— 1874.  RIDGWAY,  R.  Catalogue  of 
the  Birds  Ascertained  to  Occur  in  Illinois.  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  X,  pp. 
364-394;  311  species.— 1876.  NELSON,  E.  W.  Birds  of  Northeastern  Illinois. 
Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  VIII,  pp.  90-155;  316  species.— 1877.  NELSON,  E.  W.  Notes 
upon  Birds  Observed  in  Southern  Illinois,  between  July  17  and  September  4, 
1S75.  Bull.  Essex.  Inst.,  IX,  pp.  32-65;  133  species.— 1881.  RIDGWAY,  R.  A 
Revised  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  Ascertained  to  Occur  in  Illinois.  Ills.  State 
Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.  No.  4,  pp.  161-208;  352  species.— 1884.  COOKE,  W.  W. 
Bird  Migration  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  Southern  Illinois.  Forest  and  Stream, 
XXIII,  pp.  444,  445,  463,  464;  144  species  based  on  Ridgway's  list  of  1881,  and 
observations  of  Cyrus  W.  Butler  in  the  vicinity  of  Anna,  Ills.,  during  December, 
1882,  and  January  1883.-1887.  RIDGWAY,  R.  List  of  the  Birds  Found  Breeding 
Within  the  Corporate  Limits  of  Mt.  Carmel,  Illinois.  Bull.  No.  2,  Ridgway  Orn. 
Club,  pp.  26-35 ;  85  species.— 1890-1895.  RIDGWAY,  R.  The  Ornithology  of  Illinois. 
Roy.  8vo,  Vol.  I,  1890,  520  pp.,  32  plls.  Land-birds  to  Gallinse;  Vol.  II,  1895,  282 
pp.,  33  plls.  Gallinae  and  Water-birds;  363  species.— 1891.  LOUCKS,  W.  E.  List 
of  Birds  Found  Breeding  in  the  Vicinity  of  Peoria,  Illinois.  The  Oologist,  VIII, 
pp.  224-226;  80  species.— 1904.  WALTER,  H.  E.  and  A.  W.  Wild  Birds  in  City 
Parks.  Rev.  Ed.,  Chicago.  16mo,  66  pp.;  145  species.— 1907.  WOODRUFF,  F. 
M.  The  Birds  of  the  Chicago  Area.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.  Bull.  VI.  Nat.  Hist. 
Surv.,  221  pp.,  12  plls.;  318  species.— 1909.  CORY,  C.  B.  Birds  of  Illinois  and 
Wisconsin.  Field  Museum,  Zool.  Ser.  IX,  8vo.  764  pp.  many  ills.;  398  species. — 
1910.  HESS,  I.  E.  One  Hundred  Breeding  Birds  of  an  Illinois  Ten-Mile  Radius. 
Auk,  XXVII,  pp.  19^32. 

INDIANA 
1869.  RAYMOND,  R.  Birds  of  Franklin  County,  Indiana.  Cox's  Geol. 
Surv.  Indiana,  Rep.  for  1869,  pp.  209-235;  163  species.— 1886.  BUTLER,  A.  W. 
A  List  of  the  Birds  Observed  in  Franklin  Co.,  Ind.  Bull.  Brookville  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  No.  2,  pp.  12-39.  253  species.— 1888-89.  EVERMANN,  B.  W.  Birds  of 
Carroll  County,  Indiana.    Auk,  V.  pp.  344-351;  VI,  pp.  22-30;  203  species.— 1891. 

319 


Faunal  Bibliography 

BUTLER,  A.  W.  The  Birds  of  Indiana,  with  Illustrations  of  Many  of  the  Spe- 
cies. Prepared  for  the  Indiana  Horticultural  Society  and  Originally  Published 
in  its  Transactions  for  1890.  8vo,  135  pp.;  305  species.— 1898.  BUTLER,  A.  W. 
The  Birds  of  Indiana,  a  descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  that  have  been  ob- 
served within  the  State  with  an  account  of  their  Habits.  Rep.  of  the  State  Geo- 
logist, pp.  515-1187;  321.  species;  bibliography.  Important.— 1905.  McATEE,  W. 
L.  Ecological  Notes  on  the  Birds  Occurring  within  a  Radius  of  Five  Miies  of 
the  Indiana  University  Campus.  Proc.  Ind.  Acad.  Sci.,  pp.  65-202,  32  ills.,  225 
species. 

IOWA 
1868.  ALLEN,  J.  A.  Notes  on  Birds  Observed  in  Western  Iowa,  in  the 
Months  of  July,  August  and  September;  also  on  Birds  Observed  in  Northern 
Illinois,  in  May  and  June,  and  at  Richmond,  Wayne  Co.,  Indiana,  between 
June  third  and  tenth.  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  I.  pt.  IV,  pp.  488-526.  Ogle 
County,  Ills.,  84  species;  Cook  County,  Ills.,  94  species;  Richmond,  Ind.,  72  spe- 
cies; Western  Iowa,  108  species. — 1873.  TRIPPE,  F.  M.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of 
Southern  Iowa.  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  XV,  pp.  229-242;  162  species.- -1888. 
KEYES,  CHARLES  R.  and  WILLIAMS,  H.  S.  A  Preliminary  Annotated  Cata- 
logue of  the  Birds  of  Iowa.  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  V,  8vo,  49  pp.;  260 
species. — 1890.  COONE,  JOHN  V.  Summer  Residents  of  Buena  Vista  County, 
Iowa.  The  Oologist,  VII,  pp.  45-47;  52  species.— 1895.  JONES,  LYNDS.  Bird 
Migration  at  Grinnell,  Iowa.  Auk,  XII,  1895,  pp.  117-134,  231-237.— 1897.  ANDER- 
SON, R.  M.  An  Annotated  List  of  the  Birds  of  Winnebago  and  Hancock 
Counties,  Iowa.  Pub.  by  Author,  Forest  City,  Iowa.  16mo,  19  pp.;  218  species. 
—1906.  WILSON,  B.  H.  Birds  of  Scott  Co.,  Iowa.  Wilson  Bull.,  XVIII,  pp. 
1-11;  166  species.— 1907.  ANDERSON,  R.  M.  The  Birds  of  Iowa.  Proc.  Daven- 
port Acad.  Sci.,  XI,  pp.  125-417;  355  species. 

KANSAS 

1875.  SNOW,  F.  H.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Kansas.  Contributed  to 
the  Kansas  Academy  of  Science.  8vo,  14  pp.  Third  Edition.  295  species. — 
1886.  GOSS,  N.  S.  A  Revised  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Kansas,  with  Descrip- 
tive Notes  of  the  Nests  and  Eggs  of  the  Birds  Known  to  Breed  in  the  State. 
Topeka.  8vo,  vi+76  pp.;  335  species.  (See  also  review  in  Auk,  III,  1886,  p. 
S99.)— 1891.  GOSS,  N.  S.  History  of  the  Birds  of  Kansas.  Illustrating  529 
Birds.  Topeka,  Kansas.  Geo.  W.  Crane  &  Co.,  Royal  8vo,  692  pp.,  35  photograv- 
ure plates;  343  species. — 1899.  LANTZ,  D.  E.  A  Review  of  Kansas  Ornitho- 
logy. Trans.  Kans.  Acad.  Sci.,  1896-7,  pp.  224-276;  351  species.— 1903.  SNOW, 
F.  H  A  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Kansas.  Fifth  Edition.  Trans.  Kans.  Acad. 
Sciences,  XVIII,  23  pp.;  342  species.— 1909.  WETMORE,  A.  Fall  Notes  from 
Eastern  Kansas.  The  Condor,  XI,  pp.  154-164;  74  species.— 1912.  ISELEY.  D. 
A  List  of  the  Birds  of  Sedgwick  County,  Kansas.  The  Auk,XXIX,  pp.  25-43 ;  208 
species. 

KENTUCKY 

1882.  BECKHAM,  C.  W.  A  List  of  the  Birds  of  Bardstown,  Nelson  County, 
Kentucky.  Journ.  Cine.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  VI,  pp.  136-147;  167  species. — 1885. 
BECKHAM,  C.  W.  List  of  the  Birds  of  Nelson  County.  Kentucky  Geol.  Surv., 
John  R.  Proctor,  Director.  Author's  Edition,  4to,  pp.  1-58;  171  species. — 1887. 
PINDAR,  L.  O.  List  of  the  Birds  of  Fulton  County,  Kentucky.  Orn.  and  Ool. 
XII,  pp.  54,  55,  84,  85;  122  species.— 1889.  PINDAR,  L.  O.  List  of  the  Birds  of 
Fulton  County,  Kentucky.  Auk,  VI,  pp.  310-316;  183  species.— 1910.  HOWELL. 
A.  H.  Notes  on  the  Summer  Birds  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  Auk,  XXVII 
pp.  295-304.    Kentucky,  80  species. 

320 


Appendix  II 

LOUISIANA 
1900.  BEYER,  G.  E.  The  Avifauna  of  Louisiana.  Proc.  La.  Soc.  Nat.  45 
pp.;  323  species.— 1904.  ALLISON,  A.  The  Birds  of  West  Baton  Rouge  Parish, 
Louisiana.  Auk,  XXI,  1904,  pp.  472-484;  130  species.— 1906.  BEYER,  G.  E.,  AL- 
LISON, A.,  KOPMAN,  H.  H.  List  of  the  Birds  of  Louisiana.  Auk,  XXIII,  190t>, 
pp.  1-15,  275-281,  XXIV,  314-321;  XXV,  173-180;  339-448.  128  species  to  Pici.— 
1908.  HOWELL,  A.  H.  Notes  on  the  Winter  Birds  of  Northern  Louisiana. 
Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  XXI,  119-124  pp.;  70  species. 

MAINE 
1862.  BOARDMAN,  G.  A.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  Found  in  the  Vicinity 
of  Calais,  Maine,  and  about  the  Islands  of  the  Mouth  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 
Edited  by  A.  E.  Verrill.  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  IX,  pp.  122-132;  236+4  spe- 
cies. (For  12  additions  see  Verrill,  Ibid.,  pp.  233,  234.)— 1862.  VERRILL,  A.  E. 
Catalogue  of  the  Birds  Found  at  Norway,  Oxford  Co.,  Maine.  Proc.  Essex. 
Inst.,  Ill,  pp.  136-160;  159  species.— 1872.  MAYNARD,  C.  J.  A  Catalogue  of 
the  Birds  of  Coos  Co.,  N.  H.,  and  Oxford  Co.,  Maine.  With  notes  by  Wm.  Brews- 
ter, Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  XIV,  1871,  pp.  356-385;  164  species.— 1882. 
BROWN,  N.  C.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  Known  to  Occur  in  Portland,  Maine. 
Proc  Portl.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Dec.  14,  1882,  pp,  1-37;  250  species.  (See  also  Proc. 
Portl.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  1889,  pp.  37-40).— 1900.  HOWE,  R.  H.,  JR.  Summer  Birds 
near  Isleboro  and  the  Fox  Islands.  Journ.  Maine  Orn.  Soc.  II,  pp.  28-32,  111,  pp. 
14,  15;  IV,  p.  18;  100  species.— 1908.  KNIGHT,  O.  W.  The  Birds  of  Maine,  Pub- 
by  Author,  Bangor      8vo,  693  pp.,  30  ills.;  327  species. 

MARYLAND 

18S5.  KIRKWOOD,  F.  C.  A  List  of  the  Birds  of  Maryland.  Trans.  Md. 
Acad.  Sci.,  1895,  pp.  241-382;  290  species.— 1 900.  MERRIAM,  C.  H.,  and 
PREBLE,  E.  A.  The  Summer  Birds  of  Western  Maryland.  Maryland  (ieol. 
Surv,  pp.  291-307;  100  species.— 1904.  EIFRIG,  G.  Birds  of  Allegany  and  Gar- 
rett Counties,  Western  Maryland.    Auk,  XXI,  1904,  pp.  234-250;  180  species. 

MASSACHUSETTS 
1870.  MAYNARD,  C.  J.  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  Eastern  Massachusetts. 
The  Naturalist's  Guide,  Part  II,  pp.  81-170;  299  species.— 1886.  ALLEN,  J.  A. 
A  Revised  List  of  the  Birds  of  Massachusetts.  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  [,  ])p. 
221-271;  349  species.— 1887.  CLARK,  H.  L.  The  Birds  of  Amherst  and  Vicinity, 
Including  Nearly  the  Whole  of  Hampshire  County,  Mass.  8vo.  55  pp.;  177  spe- 
cies.—1888.  BREWSTER,  W.  .  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Winchendon,  Worcester 
Co.  Auk,  V,  pp.  386-393;  82  species.— 1889.  FAXON,  W.  On  the  Summer  Birds 
of  Berkshire  County,  Mass.  Auk,  VI,  pp.  39-46,  99-107.  Southern  Berkshire,  76 
species;  Graylock  Mountain,  80  species.— 1889.  INGALLS,  C.  E.  Birds  of  Tem- 
pleton  and  the  Adjoining  Towns.  Gardner  News,  XX,  June;  155  species.  Not 
seen;  title  from  Howe  and  Allen.— 1891.  COLBURN,  W.  W.,  and  MORRIS,  R.  O. 
The  Birds  of  the  Connecticut  Vallev  in  Massachusetts.  16mo,  24  pp.  Spring- 
field Published  by  the  Authors.  212  species.— 1891.  WAKEFIELD,  J.  R.  A 
List  of  the  Birds  of  Dedham.  Dedham  Hist.  Reg.,  II,  pp.  70-74;  181  species. 
Not  seen;  title  from  Howe  and  Allen.— 1897.  MORSE,  A.  P.  Birds  of  Welles- 
le:^  Published  by  Author.  Wellesley.  16mo,  56  pp.;  224  species. — 1900.  FAX- 
ON, W.,  and  HOFFMANN,  R.  The  Birds  of  Berkshire  Co.  Coll.  Berkshire  Hist, 
and  Sci.  Soc,  III,  pp.  109-166;  200  species.— 1901.  HOWE,  R.  H.  JR.,  and  AL- 
LEN, G.  M.  The  Birds  of  Massachusetts.  Published  by  the  Authors.  8vo,  154 
pp.;  362  species.— 1901.  MORRIS,  R.  O.— The  Birds  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  and 
Vicinity.     H.  R.  Johnson,  Springfield.     8vo,  54  pp.;  255  species.— 1905.     TOWN- 

321 


Faunal  Bibliogeaphy 

SEND,  C.  W.  The  Birds  of  Essex  County,  Massachusetts.  Memoirs  Nutt.  Orn. 
Club.  4to,  352  pp.  Frontispiece  and  Map;  319  species. — 1906.  BREWSTER, 
W.  The  Birds  of  the  Cambridge  Region  of  Massachusetts.  Memoirs  Nutt.  Orn. 
Club,  IV,  426  pp.,  plls.  7;  249  species.— 1909.  WRIGHT,  H.  W.  Birds  of  the 
l5oston  Public  Garden.  (Houghton,  Mifflin),  16mo,  238  pp.;  166  species.— 1912. 
MORSE,  A.  P.  A  Pocket  List  of  the  Birds  of  Eastern  Massachusetts  with  es- 
pecial reference  to  Essex  County.     Pp.  92.     Peabody  Academy  Science,  Salem. 

MICHIGAN 

1857.  KNEELAND,  S.  On  the  Birds  of  Keeweenan  Point,  Lake  Superior, 
Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  VI,  231-241  pp.;  147  .species.— 1875.  BOIES,  A.  H. 
Catalogue  of  the  Birds  Ascertained  to  Occur  in  Southern  Michigan.  8vo,  12  pp.; 
211  species.— 1876.  COVERT,  A.  B.  Birds  of  Lower  Michigan.  Forest  and 
Stream,  VI,  pp.  99,  132,  163,  214,  318,  354,  402;  VII,  pp.  147,  164,  276.  (See  also  VI, 
p.  197.)  213  species.— 1879.  GIBBS,  M.  Annotated  List  of  the  Birds  of  Michi- 
gan. Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geograph.  Survey  of  the  Territories,  V,  3  pp.  481-497; 
310  species.— 1880.  STEERE,  J.  B.  A  List  of  the  Mammals  and  Birds  of  Ann 
Arbor  and  Vicinity.  8vo.  8pp.;  Ill  species  of  birds. — 1884.  ATKINS,  H.  A. 
Summer  Birds  of  Locke,  Michigan.  Orn  and  Ool.,  IX,  pp.  43-45;  80  species. — 
1884.  ATKINS,  H.  A.  Winter  Birds  of  Locke,  Michigan.  Orn  and  Ool.,  IX,  pp. 
31,  32;  31  species.— 1885.  ATKINS,  H.  A.  Summer  Birds  of  Locke,  Michigan. 
Orn  and  Ool.,  X,  p.  3;  82  species.— 1885.  GIBBS,  M.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Birds 
of  Kalamazoo  County,  Michigan.  Orn  and  061.,  X,  pp.  6.  7.  38,  39,  54,  55,  68-70, 
86,  87,  118,  119,  133-135,  149-151,  166,  167,  189,  190;  230  species.— 1885-7.  GIBBS, 
M.  The  Birds  of  Michigan.  Forest  and  Stream,  XXIII,  pp.  483,  484;  XXIV,  pp. 
5,  6,  26,  27,  44,  45,  65,  84,  104,  105,  124,  125,  144,  145,  184, 
224,  267,  268,  288,  289,  307,  347,  387,  388,  427;  XXV,  pp.  4,  5,  304,  305,  365,  366; 

XXVI,  pp.  305,  306;  XXVII,  pp.  123,  124,  223,  224;  68  species.— 1890..  WHITE,  T.  G. 
Birds  of  Mackinac  Island,  Michigan.  The  Oologist,  VII,  pp  48,  49;  101  species. — 
1893.  COOK,  A.  J.  Birds  of  Michigan.  Bull.  94,  State  Agricultural  College. 
8vo,  148  pp.;  332  species.— 1893.  WHITE,  S.  E.  Birds  Observed  on  Mackinac 
Island,  Michigan,  During  the  Summers  of  1889,  1890,  and  1891.  The  Auk,  X, 
pp.  221-230;  143  species.— 1897.  BOIES,  A.  H.  Birds  of  Neebish  Island,  St. 
Mary's  River,  Michigan.  Bull.  Mich.  Orn.  Club,  I.  pp.  17-20,  27-29;  149  species. — 
1903.  SWALES,  B.  H.  Notes  on  the  Winter  Birds  of  Wayne  Co.,  Michigan. 
Wilson  Bull.,  XIV,  pp.  20-24;  XV,  1904,  p.  82;  71  species.— 1903.  SWALES,  B.  H. 
A  List  of  the  Land  Birds  of  Southeastern  Michigan.  Bull.  Mich  Orn.  Club,  IV, 
pp.  14-17,  35-40;  V,  pp.  37-43;  165  species.  (See  also  Wilson  Bull.  XVII,  1905,  pp. 
108-114);  Auk,  XXV,  pp.  230-232).— 1905.  WOOD,  N.  A.,  and  FROTHINGHAM, 
E.  H.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Au  Sable  Valley,  Michigan.  Auk,  XXII,  1905,  pp. 
39-154;  103  species.— 1906.  WOOD,  N.  A.,  PEET,  M.  M.,  McCREARY,  O. 
Annotated  List  of  the  Birds  of  Porcupine  Mountains  [89  species]  and  Isle  Royale 
[81  species],  Mich.  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Mich.,  1905,  pp.  113-127.  See  also  McCreary, 
Ibid.,  pp.  56-57.-1909.  BLACKWELDER,  E.  Summer  Birds  of  Iron  County. 
Auk,  XXVI,  pp.  363-370;  80  species.— 1910.  WOOD,  J.  CLAIRE.  Some  Winter 
Birds  of  the  Season  1908-9  in  Wayne  County.  Auk,  XXVII,  pp.  36-41.-1910. 
WOOD,  N.  A.,  and  TINKER,  A.  D.  Notes  on  Some  of  the  Rarer  Birds  of  Wash- 
tenaw County.  Auk,  XXVII,  pp.  129-141;  34  species.— 1910.  CHANEY,  R.  W. 
Summer  and   Fall  Birds   of   the   Hamlin   Lake   Region,    Mason   County.     Auk, 

XXVII,  pp.  271-279;  119  species.-^1»11.  WOOD,  N.  A.  Expedition  to  Charity 
Islands,  Lake  Huron.  Wilson  Bull.,  XXIII,  pp.  78-112;  162  species.— 1912.  BAR- 
ROWS, W.  B.  Michigan  Bird  Life.  Special  Bull,  of  Mich.,  Agric.  College.  8vo, 
pp.  xiv+822;  many  ills.,  bibliography;     important. 

322 


Appendix  II 

MINNESOTA 
1871.     TRIPPE,  T.  M.     Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Minnesota.     Proc.  Essex  Inst 
VI,   pp.    113-119;    138   species.— 1874.     HATCH,   P.  L.     Report  on  the   Birds   ol' 
Minnesota.     Bull.   Minn.  Acad.    Nat.   Sci.,  pp.   43-68;    230   species.— 1876.     ROB 
ERTS,  T.  S.     A  List  of  Some  Birds  Observed  in  the  Vicinity  of  Minneapolis 
Minn.,  not  Enumerated  in  Dr.  Hatch's  List,     The  Scientific  Monthly   (Toledo 
■Ohio),  I,  5,  p.  231.— 1880.     ROBERTS,  T.  S.,  and  BENNER,  F.     A  Contribution 
to  the  Ornithology  of  Minnesota.     Bull.  N.  O.  C,  V,  pp.  11-20;  86  species. — 1881 
HATCH,  P.  L.     A  List  of  the  Birds  of  Minnesota.     Ninth  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  and 
Nat.   Hist.   Surv.  Minn.,  for  1880,   1881,  pp.   361-372;    281   species.— 1881.     ROB 
ERTS,  T.  S.     The  Winter  Birds  of  Minnesota.  9th  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  and  N.  H 
•Surv.  Minn.,  for  1880-1881,  pp  373-383;    52  species.— 1883.     BRACKETT,   F.  H 
Ornithological  Notes  from  Minnesota.     Quart.  Journ.  Bost  Zool.  Soc.  II,  pp.  47 
49;   III,  pp.  7-16;    134  species.— 1830.     CANT  WELL,  G.  C.     A  List  of  the  Birds 
of    Minnesota.      Orn.    and    Ool.,    XV,   p.    129-139.      (See   also   p.    156    and   XVI 
p.  157) ;   295  species. — 1892.     HATCH,  P.  L.     Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Minnesota 
•Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Survey  of  Minn.     8vo,  487  pp.;    302  species.— 1904.     CUR- 
RIER, E.  S.     Summer  Birds  of  the  Leech  Lake  Region,  Minn.     Auk,  XXI,  pp 
29^44;  117  species.— 1207.     ROBERTS,  T.  S.    List  of  Birds  of  Becker  Co.,  Minn. 
Pioneer  Hist,  of  Becker  Co.    (Pioneer  Press,  St.  Paul),   pp.  159-190;  262  species 
—1911.     HONYWILL,  A.  W.  JR.— Notes  on  some  Summer  and  Fall  Birds  of  the 
Crooked  Lake  Region.   Cass  and  Crow,  Wing  Counties,  Minn.    The  Auk,  XXVIII, 
pp.  229-237;  86  species. 

MISSISSIPPI 
1S05.  STOCKARD,  C.  R.  Nesting  Habits  of  Birds  in  Mississippi.  Auk,  XXII, 
1905,  pp.  146-158,  273-285;  83  species.— 1906.  ALLISON,  A.  Notes  on  the  Win- 
ter Birds  of  Hancock  Co.,  Miss.,  Auk,  XXIII,  1906,  pp.  44-47;  51  species.  Also 
Ibid.,  p.  232.-1907.  ALLISON,  A.  Notes  on  the  Spring  Birds  of  Tishomingo 
County,  Miss.     Auk,  XXIV,  pp.  12-25. 

MISSOURI 

1879.  SCOTT,  W.  E.  D.  Notes  on  Birds  Observed  During  the  Spring  Mi- 
•gration  in  Western  Missouri.  Bull.  N.  O.  C,  IV,  pp.  139-147;  148  species.— 1884. 
HURTER,  J.  List  of  Birds  Collected  in  the  Neighborhood  of  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Orn  and  Ool.,  IX,  pp.  85-87,  95-97.  (see  also  p.  128);  265  species.— 1896.  WID- 
MANN,  O.  The  Peninsula  of  Missouri  as  a  Winter  Home  for  Birds.  Auk, 
XIII,  1896,  pp.  216-222.— 13C7.  WIDMANN,  O.  A  Preliminary  Catalogue  of  the 
Birds  of  Missouri.  Trans.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis,  XVIII,  pp.  1-288;  383  species. — 
1908.  WOODRUFF,  E.  S.  Birds  of  Shannon  and  Carter  Counties,  Missouri, 
Auk,  XXV,  pp.  191-213;  172  species. 

MONTANA 

1876.  GRINNELL,  G.  B.  Report  of  a  Reconnaissance  from  Carroll  Mon- 
tana Territory  on  the  Upper  Missouri,  to  the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  and 
Return,  made'in  the  summer  of  1875  by  William  Ludlow.  .  .  .Birds,  pp.  72-92;  139 
species.— 1834.  RICHMOND,  C.  W.,  and  KNOWLTON,  F.  H.  Auk,  XI,  pp.  298- 
508;  111  species. — 1825.  THORNE,  P.  M.  List  of  Birds  observed  in  the  Vicini- 
ty of  Fort  Keogh,  Montana,  from  July  1888,  to  September  1892.  The  Auk,  XII, 
pp.  211-219;  139  species.— 1901.  CARY,  M.  Birds  of  the  Black  Hills.  The  Auk, 
XVIII,  pp.  231-238;  91  species.— 1901.  SILLOWAY,  P.  M.  Summer  Birds  of 
Flathead  Lake.  Bull,  No.  3  Univ.  Mont.  8vo.  83  pp.,  16  plls.;  123  species  (see 
also.  Ibid,  No.  6,  pp.  289-308).— 1303.  SILLOWAY,  P.  M.  The  Birds  of  Fergus 
County,  Montana.     Bull.  No.  1,  Fergus  Co.  Free  High  School,  Lewiston,  Mont. 

323 

21 


Fauxal  Bibliography 

77  pp.,  17  ppls.;  179  species.— 1907-8.  CAMERON,  E.  S.  The  Birds  of  Custer 
and  Dawson  Counties,  Montana.  The  Auk,  XXIV,  pp.  241-270;  389-406;  XXV, 
pp.  34-56;  192  species.— 1911.  SAUNDERS,  A.  A...  A  Preliminary  List  of 
the  Birds  of  Gallatin  County,  Montana.  The  Auk,  XXVIII,  pp.  ^6-49;  198  spe- 
cies.—1912.  SAUNDERS,  A.  A.  Some  Birds  of  Southwestern  Montana.  The^ 
Condor,  XIV,  pp.  22-32;  152  species. 

NEBRASKA 
1878.  AUGHEY,  S.  Notes  on  the  Nature  of  the  Food  of  the  Birds  of  Ne- 
braska. First  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Ent.  Com.  for  the  year  1877.  Appendix  II,  pp. 
13-62;  252  species. — 1883.  HALL,  A.  Spring  Birds  of  Nebraska.  Forest  and- 
Stream,  XX,  pp.  265,  266,  284;  114  species.— 1888.  TAYLOR,  W.  EDGAR.  A 
Catalogue  of  Nebraska  Birds  .  .  .  Ann.  Rep.  Nebr.  State  Board  of  Agric,  for 
the  year  1887,  pp.  111-118;  314  species.— 1888-89.  TAYLOR,  E.  W.,  and  VAN 
VLEET,  A.  H.  Notes  on  Nebraska  Birds.  Orn  and  051.,  XIII,  pp.  49-51,  169- 
172;  XIV,  pp.  163-165;  137  species.— 1886.  BRUNER,  L.  Notes  on  Nebraska 
Birds.  Rep.  Neb.  State  Hort.  Soc,  1896,  pp.  48-178;  415  species.— 1901.  BRU- 
NER, L.  Birds  that  Nest  in  Nebraska.  Proc.  Nebr.  Orn.  Union,  1901,  pp.  48- 
61;  212  species.— 1904.  BRUNER,  L.,  WALCOTT,  R.  H.,  and  SWENK,  M.  H.  A 
Preliminary  Review  of  the  Birds  of  Nebraska,  1-116+5  p.;  406  species.  Klopp 
and  Bartlett,  Omaha,  Nebr.— 1909.  WALCOTT,  R.  H.  An  Analysis  of  Nebras- 
ka's Bird  Fauna.     Proc.  Neb.  Orn.  Union,  IV,  pp.  25-55. 

NEVADA 
1877.  HENSHAW,  H.  W.  Annual  Report  upon  the  Survey  West  of  the 
One-Hundredth  Meridian.  Being  Appendix  N  N  of  the  Annual  Report  of  En- 
gineers for  1877.  Report  on  the  Ornithology  of  Portions  of  Nevada  and  Cali- 
fornia, pp.  1303-1322.— 1877.  RIDGWAY,  R.  Report  of  Geological  Exploration 
of  the  Fortieth  Parallel.  Clarence  King,  Geologist,  in  charge.  Vol.  IV,  Part  III, 
Ornithology,  4to,  pp.  303-670.  Mainly  limited  to  that  portion  of  the  Great  Basin 
included  between  the  thirty-ninth  and  forty-second  parallels  and  extending  from 
the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  Wasatch  Mountains;  262  species. — ^1880.  HENSHAW, 
H.  W.  Annual  Report  upon  the  Geog.  Surv.  of  the  Terr,  west  of  the  100th 
Meridian  ....  App.  O.  O.  of  the  Ann.  Rep.  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers  for  1879. 
App.  L.  Ornithological  Report  from  Observations  and  Collections  made  in  por- 
tions of  California,  Nevada,  and  Oregon;  pp.  282-335;  184  species.— 1881.  HOFF- 
MAN, W.  J.  Annotated  List  of  the  Birds  of  Nevada.  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and- 
Geograph.  Survey  of  the  Territories,  VI,  2,  pp.  203-256;  250  species.— 1903. 
HANFORD,  F.  S.  The  Summer  Birds  of  Washoe  Lake,  Nevada.  The  Condor,  V, 
pp.  49-52;  48  species. — 1912.  TAYLOR,  W.  P.  Field  Notes  on  Amphibians, 
Reptiles  and  Birds  of  Northern  Humboldt  County,  Nevada.  Univ.  Pub.  Zool. 
VII,  10,  pp.  319-436;  103  species. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 

1877.  GOODHUE.  C.  F.  The  Birds  of  Webster  and  Adjoining  Towns. 
Forest  and  Stream,  VIII,  pp.  33,  49,  96,  113,  146;  151  species.— 1872.  MAYNARD, 
C.  J.  See  Maine.— 1887.  CHADBOURNE,  A.  P.  A  List  of  the  Summer  Birds  of 
the  Presidential  Range  of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H.  Auk,  IV,  pp.  100-108; 
47  species. — 1888.  FAXON,  W.,  and  ALLEN,  J.  A.  Notes  on  the  Summer  Birds 
of  Holderness  [65  species],  Bethlehem  [50  species],  and  Franconia,  N.  H.  [87 
species].  Auk,  V.  pp.  149-155.-1889.  ALLEN,  F.  H.  Summer  Birds  at  Bridge- 
water,  N.  H.  Auk,  VI,  pp.  76-79.-1882.  KNOWLTON,  F.  H.  A  Revised  List  of 
the  Birds  of  Brandon,  Vt.  The  Brandon  Union,  February  10,  1882;  149  species. 
— 1899.     DEARBORN,  N.     Preliminary  List  of  the  Birds  of  Belknap  and  Merri- 

324 


Appendix  II 

mac  Counties,  N.  H.  New  Hampshire  College,  Durham,  8vo,  34  pp.;  175  species. 
—1900.  BATCHELDER,  F.  W.  and  FOGG,  E.  H.  Preliminary  List  of  Birds  .  . 
.  .  of  Manchester,  N.  H.  Proc.  Manchester  Inst.  Arts  and  Sci.,  I,  pp.  123-138; 
132  species.  (See  also  Proc.  for  1901,  1902.)— 1900  DEARBORN,  N.  The  Birds 
of  Durham  and  Vicinity.  Cont.  Zool.  Lab.  N.  H.  College  Agric.  and  Mech.  Arts, 
VI,  121  pp.,  map. — 1904.  ALLEN,  G.  M.  The  Birds  of  New  Hampshire.  Proc. 
Manchester  Inst.  Arts  and  Sciences,  IV,  pp.  23-222;  283  species. — 1904.  COMEY^ 
A.  C.  A  Partial  List  of  the  Summer  Birds  of  Holderness,  N.  H.  Wilson  Bull., 
XVI,  5-9  pp.;  94  species. 

NEW  JERSEY 
1885.  BARRELL,  H.  F.  Birds  of  the  Upper  Passaic  Valley,  New  Jersey. 
Orn.  and  051.,  X,  pp.  21-23,  42,  43;  149  species.— 1887.  THURBER,  E.  A  List 
of  Birds  of  Morris  County,  New  Jersey.  True  Democratic  Banner  (newspaper), 
Morristown,  N.  J.,  Nov.  10,  17,  24;  205  species.— T894.  STONE,  W.  The  Birds 
of  Eastern  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey.  8vo,  185  pp.  Del.  Valley  Orn.  Club, 
Phila.;  346  species.— 1894.  STONE,  W.  Summer  Birds  of  the  Pine  Barrens  of 
New  Jersey.  Auk,  XI,  1894,  pp.  138-140;  90  species.— 1'897-1 910.  STONE,  W., 
Editor.  Numerous  Notes  on  Birds  of  Chiefly  Southern  New  Jersey.  Proc.  Del. 
Valley  Orn.  Club,  Phila.— -1901.  BABSON,  W.  A.  The  Birds  of  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Bull.  Bird  Club,  Princeton  Univ.  I,  pp.  7-28;  ?30  species.— 1906.  CHAPMAN, 
F.  M.  (See  New  York.)— 1907.  HOLMES,  L.  K.  Birds  Found  within  a  Radius 
of  12  Miles  of  Summit,  N.  J.  Wilson  Bull.  XIX,  pp.  21-27;  201  species.  See  also 
list  of  Summer  Birds,  Ibid.,  XVII,  pp.  8-12;  and  Hann,  List  of  Summer  Birds, 
Ibid.,  pp.  117-122.-1909.  STONE,  W.  The  Birds  of  New  Jersey.  Ann.  Rep.  N. 
J.  State  Museum  for  1908,  pp.  11-347,  409-419;  plls.  1-84.-1909.  BAILY,  W.  L. 
Breeding  Birds  of  Passaic  and  Sussex  Counties.    Cassinia,  pp.  29-36;  94  species. 

NEW  MEXICO 
1853.  WOODHOUSE,  S.  W.  (See  Arizona).— 1859.  HENRY,  T.  C.  Cata- 
logue of  the  Birds  of  New  Mexico  as  compiled  from  Notes  and  Observations 
made  while  in  that  Territory  during  a  residence  of  Six  Years.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.,  XI,  pp.  104-109;  198  species.— 1885-6.  HENSHAW,  H.  W.  List  of 
Birds  Observed  in  Summer  and  Fall  on  the  Upper  Pecos  River,  New  Mexico. 
Auk,  II,  pp.  326-333;  III,  pp.  73-80;  80  species.— 1832.  ANTHONY,  A.  W.  Birds 
of  Southwestern  New  Mexico.  Auk,  IX,  pp.  357-369;  129  species. — 1898. 
MITCHELL,  W.  I.  The  Summer  Birds  of  San  Miguel  County,  New  Mexico.  The 
Auk,  XV,  pp.  306-311;  85  species.  (See  also,  Bailey,  Ibid,  XXI,  1904,  pp  443-449). 
— 1904.  BAILEY,  F.  M.  Additional  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  the  Upper  Pecos. 
The  Auk,  XXI,  pp.  349-363;  93  species.— 1^06.  HUNN,  J.  T.  S,  Notes  on  Birds 
of  Silver  City,  New  Mexico.  The  Auk,  XXIII,  pp.  418-425;  112  species. — 1908. 
OILMAN,  M.  F.  Birds  on  the  Navajo  Reservation  in  New  Mexico.  The  Condor, 
X,  pp.  146-152;  108  species.— 1912.  BERGTOLD,  W.  H.  October  Birds  of  the 
Headwaters  of  the  Gila  River,  New  Mexico.  The  Auk,  XXIX,  pp.  327-336;  76 
species. 

NEW  YORK 
1844.  GIRAUD,  J.  P.,  JR.  The  Birds  of  Long  Island  .  .  New  York,  vol.  V, 
8vo,  397  pp.;  286  species.— 1844.  DE  KAY,  JAMES  E.  Zoology  of  New  York. 
Part  II,  Birds.  Albany.  1  vol.,  4to,  xii+380  pp.,  141  col.  plls.— 1876.  FOWLER, 
H.  G.  Birds  of  Central  New  York.  Forest  and  Stream,  VI,  pp.  180,  233,  284,  337^ 
402;  VII,  pp.  36,  52,  84,  230.  Also  Additions  Ibid.,  p.  180;  170  species.— 1877. 
ROOSEVELT,  T.,  JR.,  and  MINOT,  H.  D.  The  Summer  Birds  of  the  Adiron- 
dacks  in  Franklin  County,  N.  Y.  8vo,  4  pp.;  97  species.— 1879.  RATHBUN, 
FRANK  R.    A  Revised  List  of  Birds  of  Central  New  York.    (Cayuga,  Onondaga, 

325 


Fau^^al  Bibliogkaphy 

Seneca,  Wayne,  and  Yates  Counties.  Auburn,  N.  Y.)  44  pp.  See  also  Orn.  and 
Ool.,  VII,  1882,  pp.  132,  133;  14  additions.— 1879-80.  MEARNS,  E.  A.  A  List 
of  the  Birds  of  the  Hudson  Highlands.  Bull.  Essex.  Inst.,  X,  pp.  166-179 ;  XI,  pp. 
43-52,  154-168,  189-204;  XII,  pp.  11-25,  109-128;  XIII,  pp.  75-93.  (See  also  Auk, 
VII,  1890,  pp.  55,  56) ;  214  species.— 1880.  GREGG,  W.  H.  Revised  Catalogue  of 
the  Birds  of  Chemung  County,  New  York,  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  O.  H.  Wheeler;  217 
species. — 1881-84.  MERRIAM,  C.  H.  Preliminary  List  of  Birds  Ascertained  to 
Occur  in  the  Adirondack  Region,  Northeastern  New  York.  Bull.  N.  O.  C,  VI,  pp. 
225-235;  and  Addenda  VII,  1882,  pp.  128,  256,  257.  Auk,  I,  1884,  pp.  58,  59; 
211  species.— 1882.  BICKNELL,  E.  P.  A  Review  of  the  Summer  Birds  of  a  part 
of  the  Catskill  Mountains,  with  prefatory  remarks  on  the  faunal  and  floral 
features  of  the  region.  Trans,  of  the  Linn.  Soc.  of  New  York,  I,  pp.  115-168;  90 
species. — 1885..  .HOLLICK,  A.  Preliminary  List  of  the  Birds  Known  to  Breed 
on  Staten  Island.  Proc.  Nat.  Sci.  Assc.  Staten  Island.  Extra  No.  4,  December. 
67  species.— 1886..  .BARNUM,  M.  K.  A  Preliminary  List  of  the  Birds  of  Onon- 
daga County,  N.  Y.  Bull,  of  the  Biol.  Lab.  of  Syracuse.  8vo,  pp.  1-34;  204 
species.— 1886.  RALPH,  W.  L.,  and  BAGG,  E.  An  Annotated  List  of  the 
Birds  of  Oneida  Count}*,  N.  Y.,  and  Its  Immediate  Vicinity.  Trans.  Oneida  Hist. 
Soc,  III,  pp.  101-147;  224  species.  (See  also  Ihid.,  VII,  1890,  pp.  2,  29-232.)  Orn. 
and  Col.  XIII,  1888,  pp.  58,  59.  Auk,  XI,  1894,  pp.  162-164.-1886.  WOODRUFF, 
L.  B.,  and  PAINE,  A.  G.,  JR.  Birds  of  Central  Park,  New  York  City.  A  Pre- 
liminary List.  Forest  and  Stream,  XXVI,  pp.  386,  387,  487;  121  species.— 1883. 
BERGTOLD,  W.  H.  A  List  of  the  Birds  of  Buffalo  and  Vicinity.  Bull.  Buffalo 
Nat.  Field  Club,  1,  7,  pp.  1-21;  237  species.— 188Sf.  DAVISON,  J.  L.  Birds  of 
Niagara  County,  New  York,  Forest  and  Stream,  XXXIIl,  pp.  164,  183,  303;  190 
species.— 1892.  CLUTE,  W.  N.  The  Avifauna  of  Broome  Co.,  N.  Y.  Wilson 
Quart.,  pp.  59-64;  106  species.— 1896.  SHORT,  E.  H.  Birds  of  Western  New 
York.  F.  H.  Lattin,  Albion,  N.  Y.  20  pp.;  229  species.— 1901.  EATON,  E.  H. 
Birds  of  Western  New  York.  Proc.  Roch.  Acad.  IV,  64  pp.;  299  species. — 1901. 
EMBODY,  G.  O.  Birds  of  Madison  County,  N.  Y.  Bull.  Dep't.  Geol.  and  Nat. 
Hist.,  Colgate  University,  Hamilton,  N.  Y.  8vo,  36  pp.;  191  species.  (See  also 
Maxon,  Auk,  XX,  p.  263.)— 1804.  CHAPMAN,  F.  M.  An  Annonated  List  of  the 
Birds  Known  to  Breed  within  50  Miles  of  New  York  City.  Guide  Leaflet,  No.  14, 
Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  31  pp.,  13  ills.— 1906.  CHAPMAN,  F.  M.  The  Birds  of  the 
Vicinity  of  New  York  City.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Guide  Leaflet,  No.  22,  Rev.  Ed., 
■96  pp.  Numerous  ills.;  353  species. — 1307.  BRAISLIN,  W.  C.  A  List  of  the 
Birds  of  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  Abst.  Proc.  Linnaean  Society,  N.  Y.,  1907,  pp.  31-123; 
364  species.  (See  also  Auk,  1909,  pp.  314-316.)— ^1910.  REED,  H.  D.,  and 
WRIGHT,  A.  H.  Veterbrates  of  the  Cayuga  Lake  Basin.  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc, 
XLVIII,  pp.  370-459;  257  species.— 1910.  WRIGHT,  A.  H.  and  ALLEN,  A.  A. 
The  Increase  of  Austral  Birds  at  Ithaca.  Auk,  XXVII,  pp.  63-66.— 1910.  EATON, 
E.  H.  Birds  of  New  York.  I,  Water  and  Game  Birds.  4to,  pp.  1-501,  col.  plls. 
tby  Fuertes]  42.  Important.— 1912.  BAGG,  E.  Annotated  List  of  the  Birds  of 
Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  and  of  the  West  Canada  Creek  Valley.  Trans.  Oneida 
Hist.  Soc  XII,  pp.  16-85;  257  species. 

NORTH  CAROLINA 
1871.  COUES,  E.  Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of  Fort  Macon,  N.  C.  and 
Vicinity.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  XXIII,  Birds,  pp.  18-47.  Also  Ibid.,  1878, 
pp.  22-24;  133  species.— 1885.  BRIMLEY,  H.  H.  and  C.  S.  Summer  Birds  of 
Raleigh,  N.  C.  Orn.  and  Ool.,  X.  pp.  143,  144;  82  species.— 1885.— BRIMLEY,  H. 
H  .and  C.  S.  Winter  Birds  of  Raleigh,  N.  C.  Orn.  and  Ool.,  X,  p.  128;  72  species. 
— 1886.  BREWSTER,  W.  An  Ornithological  Reconnaissance  in  Western  North 
Carolina.   Auk,  III,  pp.  94-112,  173-179;  102  species.— 1886.    BATCHELDER,  C.  F. 

326 


Appendix  II     . 

The  North  Carolina  Mountains  in  Winter.  Auk,  III,  pp.  307-314;  40  species, 
—1887.  ATKINSON,  G.  F.  Preliminary  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  North  Caro- 
lina, Journ.  Elisha  Mitchell  Society,  1887,  Part  2,  pp.  44-87;  255  species.  A 
compilation  with  some  errors. — 1887.  CAIRNS,  J.  S.  A  List  of  Birds  of  Bun- 
combe Co.,  North  Carolina. .  Orn.  and  061.,  XII,  pp.  3-6;  169  species. — •1887. 
SENNETT,  G.  B.  Observations  in  Western  North  Carolina -jMountains  in  1886. 
Auk,  IV,  pp.  240-245;  29  species.— 1888.  BRIMDEY,  C.  S.  A  List  of  Birds  Known 
to  Breed  at  Raleigh,  N.  C.  Orn.  and  Ccl.,  XIII,  pp.  42,  43;  54  species.  (See  also 
IMd.,  p.  187.  Auk,  XIV,  p.  165.)— 1889.  CAIRNS,  J.  S.  The  Summer  Birds  of 
Buncombe  County,  North  Carolina.  Orn.  and  Ool.,  XIV,  pp.  17-22;  123  species. — 
1893.  BRIMLEY,  C.  S.  Some  Additions  to  the  Avifauna  of  North  Carolina, 
with  Notes  on  Some  Other  Species.  Auk,  X,  1893,  pp.  241-244;  48  species. — 
8197.  SMITHWICK,  J.  W.  P.  Ornithology  of  North  Carolina.  Bull.  144,  N.  C. 
Agric.  Exp.  Sta.  193-228;  303  species.— 1899.  PEARSON,  T.  G.  Preliminary  List 
of  Birds  of  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C.  Journ.  Elisha  Mitchell  Sci.  Soc,  XVI,  pp.  33-51; 
132  species.— 1' 01.  BISHOP,  L.  B.  The  Winter  Birds  of  Pea  Island,  N.  C.  Auk,, 
XVIII,  pp.  260-268;  42  species.— 1905.  OBERHOLSBR,  H.  C.  Notes  on  the  Mam- 
mals  and  Summer  Birds  of  Western  North  Carolina.  Published  by  Biltmore 
Forest  School.    Birds  pp.  11-24;  136  species.— 1910.     PHILIPP,  P.  B.  (see  S.  C.) 

OHIO 
1877..  .LANGDON,  F.  W.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  the  Vicinity  of  Cin- 
cinnati. 8vo,  18  pp.  Salem,  Mass.;  279  species. — 1879.  LANGDON,  F.  W.  A 
Revised  List  of  Cincinnati  Birds.  Journ.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  I,  4,  pp.  167-193, 
(See  also  Ihid.,  Ill,  pp.  121-127;  V,  1882,  p.  186;  VI,  1883,  pp.  12-31;  256  species.) 
—1882.  WHEATON,  J.  M.  Report  on  the  Birds  of  Ohio,  Report  of  the  Geologi- 
cal Survey  of  Ohio,  IV,  I,  pp.  188-628;  298  species.— 1891.  SMITH,  R.  W.  A 
List  of  the  Birds  of  Warren  County,  Ohio.  Journ.  Cin,  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  XIV,  pp. 
105-133;  189  species.— 1896.  OBERHOLSER,  H.  C.  A  Primary  List  of  the  Birds 
of  Wayne  Co.  Bull.  Ohio  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.  I,  4,  pp.  243-354;  183  species.— 1902. 
HENINGER,  W.  F.  A  Preliminary  List  of  the  Birds  of  Middle  Southern  Ohio, 
Wilson  Bulletin,  IX,  pp.  77-93;  209  species.  (See  also  Ibid.,  pp.  130-132;  XII, 
1905,  pp.  89-93).— 1902.  JONES,  L.  Bird  Studies  in  Lorain  Co.,  Ohio.  Wilson 
Bull.,  IX,  pp.  37-58;  also  pp.  94-100.— 1908.  DAWSON,  W.  L.  The  Birds  of  Ohio,. 
4  to  xlv+671  pp.  Many  illus.  Columbus,  Wheaton  Pub.  Co.— 1903.  FIELD, 
A.  I.  Birds  of  Lecking  Co.,  Ohio.  Bull.  Sci.  Lab,  Denison  Univ.,  XV;  203  species, 
—1903.  JONES,  L.  The  Birds  of  Ohio.  A  revised  Catalogue,  Ohio  State  Acad, 
of  Sci.,  Special  Papers  No.  6,  141  pp.  1  map;  318  species. — 1906.  HENINGER,. 
W.  F.  A  Preliminary  List  of  Birds  of  Seneca  Co.,  Ohio.  Wilson  Bull.,  XVIII, 
pp.  47-60;  205  species.— 1909-10.  JONES,  L.  The  Birds  of  Cedar  Point  and 
Vicinity.  Wilson  Bull.,  XXI,  pp.  55-76,  115-131,  187-202;  XXII,  pp  25-41,  97-115, 
172-182.  Note. — Every  issue  of  the  Wilson  Bulletin  (Oberlin,  Ohio)  contains 
matter  of  special  interest  to  bird  students  in  Ohio  and  the  adjoining  states. 

OREGON 
1839.  TOWNSEND,  J.  K.  Narrative  of  a  Journey  across  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  the  Columbia  River  ....  Philadelphia:  Henry  Perkins,  134  Chestnut 
Street.  Boston:  Perkins  and  Marvin.  8vo,  pp.  viii,  352.  Appendix:  Catalogue 
of  Birds  found  in  the  Territory  of  the  Oregon,  pp.  331-352.-1860.  COOPER, 
J.  G.  and  SUCKLEY,  G.  Report  upon  the  Birds  Collected  on  the  Survey.  Pac.  R. 
R.  Rep.  Vol.  XII,  Book  11,  pp.  140-291;  216  species  observed  in  Oregon  and 
Washington. — 1877.  BENDIRE,  C.  Notes  on  some  of  the  Birds  found  in  South- 
eastern Oregon,  particularly  in  the  Vicinity  of  Camp  Harney,  from  November, 
1874  to  January  1877.    Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nal  Hist.,  XIX,  pp.  109-149;  191  species, 

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—1879.  MEARNS,  E.  A.  Partial  List  of  the  Birds  of  Fort  Klamath,  Oregon, 
Collected  by  Lieutenant  Willis  Wittich,  U.  S.  A.,  with  Annotations  and  Additions 
by  the  Collector.  Bull.  N.  O.  C,  IV,  pp.  161-166,  194-199;  111  species.— 1880. 
HENSHAW,  H.  W.  (See  Nevada.)— 1880.  JOHNSON,  O.  B.  List  of  the  Birds 
of  the  Willamette  Valley,  Oregon.  Am.  Nat.  XIV,  pp.  485-491,  635-646;  140 
species.— 1886.  ANTHONY,  A.  W.  Field  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Washington 
County,  Oregon.  Auk,  III,  pp.  161-172;  120  species.— 1888.  MERRILL,  J.  C. 
Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Fort  Klamath,  Oregon.  With  remarks  on  certain 
species  by  William  Brewster.  Auk,  V,  pp.  139-146,  251-262,  357-366;  168  species. 
—1902.  ANTHONY,  A.  W.  List  of  Birds  in  the  Vicinity  of  Portland,  Oregon. 
Bailey's  'Handbook  of  Birds  of  the  Western  United  States,'  pp.  xliii-xlviii;  145 
species. — 1902.  LORD,  W,  R.  A  First  Book  upon  the  Birds  of  Oregon  and 
Washington,  16mo,  304+iv  pp.  ills.  J.  K.  Gill  Co.,  Portland.— 1904.  MILLER, 
L.  H.  The  Birds  of  the  John  Day  Region,  Oregon.  The  Condor,  VI,  pp.  100-106; 
71  species. — 1905.  FINLEY,  W.  L.  Among  the  Sea  Birds  off  the  Oregon  Coast. 
The  Condor,  VII,  pp.  110-127;  161-169.— 1S09.  JEVVETT,  S.  G.  Some  Birds  of 
Baker  County,  Oregon.  The  Auk,  XXVI,  pp.  5-9;  83  species.— 1911.  Peck,  M.  E. 
Summer  Birds  of  Willow  Creek  Valley,  Malheur  County,  Oregon.     The  Condor, 

XIII,  pp.  63-69;  74  species. 

PENNSYLVANIA 

1844.  BAIRD,  W.  M.  and  S.  F.  List  of  Birds  Found  in  the  Vicinity  of 
Carlisle,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts,  XL VI,  pp.  261-273; 
201  species. — 1845.  BAIRD,  S.  F.  Catalogue  of  Birds  Found  in  the  Neighbor- 
hood of  Carlisle,  Cumberland  County,  Pa.  Lit.  Rec.  and  Journ.  Linn.  Assoc,  of 
Penna.  College,  I,  pp.  249-257;  203  species.— 1861.  BARNARD,  V.  A.  A  Cata- 
logue of  the  Birds  of  Chester  County,  Pa.  Times  of  Arrival  in  Spring.  Ann. 
Rep.  Smiths.  Inst.,  1860,  pp.  434-438;  191  species.— 1869.  TURNBULL,  W.  P. 
The  Birds  of  East  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  ...  1  vol.  roy.  8vo,  and  also 
4to,  xii+62  pp.;  342  species.— 1880.  WARREN,  H.  B.  The  Birds  of  Chester 
County,  Pa.  Forest  and  Stream,  XIII,  pp.  1024,  1025;  XIV,  pp.  6,  25;  218  species. 
—1886.  PARKER,  H.  G.  List  of  Birds  near  Philadelphia  with  the  Dates  That 
Sets  of  Eggs  Were  Taken.  Orn.  and  051.  XI,  pp.  70,  71;  76  species.— 1887.  PEN- 
NOCK,  C.  J.  Birds  of  Chester  County,  Pa.  The  Oologist.  IV,  pp.  1-10;  234 
species. — 1889.     RESSEL,  C.  B.     Birds  of  Chester  County,  Pa.    Orn.  and  061., 

XIV,  97-101,  pp.  112-116,129,  130;  199  species.— 1890.  WARREN,  B.  H.  Report 
on  the  Birds  of  Pennsylvania.  With  Special  Reference  to  the  Food  Habits. 
Second  Edition.  Harrisburg,  8vo,  xiv4-434  pp.;  100  col.  plls.— 1891.  STONE, 
W.  The  Summer  Birds  of  Harvey's  Lake,  Luzerne  Co.,  Pennsylvania,  with 
Remarks  on  the  Faunal  Position  of  the  Region.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 
1891,  pp.  431-438;  54  species.— 1892.  DWIGHT,  J.,  JR.  Summer  Birds  of  the 
Crest  of  the  Pennsylvania  Alleghanies.  Auk,  IX,  pp.  129-141;  84  species. — 1893. 
JACOBS,  J.  W.  Summer  Birds  of  Greene  Co.,  Pa.  8vo,  15  pages;  90  species. 
Published  by  Author,  Waynesburg,  Pa.— 1893.  TODD,  W.  E.  C.  Summer  Birds 
of  Indiana  [65  species]  and  Clearfield  [55  species]  Counties,  Pa.  Auk,  X,  1893, 
pp.  35-46. — 1894.  STONE,  W.  The  Birds  of  Eastern  Pennsylvania  and  New 
Jersey.  8vo,  vii+185  pp.  Del.  Valley  Orn.  Club,  Phila.  346  species. — 1895. 
ROTZELL,  W.  E.  Birds  of  Narbeth,  Pa.,  and  Vicinity.  The  Citizen,  June  22 
and  29,  and  reprinted  im  pamphlet,  8  pp.;  108  species. — 1896.  BAILY,  W.  L. 
Summer  Birds  of  Northern  Elk  Co.  Auk,  XIII,  pp.  289-197;  69  species. — 
1896.  YOUNG,  R.  T.  Summer  Birds  of  Anthracite  Coal  Regions  of  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Auk,  XIII,  1896,  pp.  278-285;   59  species.— 1897.     MONTGOMERY,  T.  H., 

JR.    A  List  of  the  Birds  of  the  Vicinity  of  West  Chester,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.    Am. 
Nat.,   1897,   pp.   622-628,    812-814,   907-911;    145   species.— 1897-1910.     STONE,    W. 

:,328 


Appendix  II 

Editor.  Numerous  Notes  on  and  Short  Lists  of  Eastern  Pennsylvania  Birds. 
Proc.  Del.  Valley  Orn.  Club,  Phila.— 1899.  RHOADES,  S.  N.  Notes  on  Some  of 
the  Rarer  Birds  of  Western  Pennsylvania.  Auk,  XVI,  pp.  308-313;  65  species. — 
1901.  BURNS,  F.  L.  A  Sectional  Bird  Census,  at  Berwyn,  Pa.  Wilson  Bull. 
No.  36,  pp.  84-103;  62  species.— 1904.  TODD,  W.  E.  C.  The  Birds  of  Erie  and 
Presque  Isle,  Erie  Co.,  Pa.  Annals  Carnegie  Museum,  II.  pp.  841-596,  4  plates; 
237  species.— 1904.  TODD,  W.  E.  C.  The  Mammal  and  Bird  Fauna  of  Beaver 
County,  Pa.  Bausman's  History  of  Beaver  County,  II,  1904,  pp.  1195-1202; 
178  species. 

RHODE  ISLAND 
1899.     HOWE,   R.    H.,   JR.    and   STURTEVANT,   E.     The   Birds   of   Rhode 
Island.     Published  by  Authors.    8vo,  111  pp.;   291  species. — 1908.     Commission- 
ers of  Birds.    A  Check-List  of  Rhode  Island  Nesting  Birds,  pp.  1-26;  104  species. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA 
1868.  COUES,  E.  Synopsis  of  the  Birds  of  South  Carolina.  Proc.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  XII,  pp.  104-127;  294  species.— 1879.  LOOMIS,  L.  M.  A  Partial 
List  of  the  Birds  of  Chester  County,  S.  C.  Bull.  N.  O.  C,  IV,  pp.  209-218;  140 
species.  (See  also  additions  and  notes.  Auk,  II,  1885,  pp.  188-193;  VIII,  1891, 
pp  49-59,  167-173;  IX,  1892;  pp.  28-39;  XI,  1894,  pp.  26-39,  94-117.)— 1885.  HOXIE, 
W.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  the  Sea  Islands.  Orn.  and  051.,  X,  pp.  13-27,  29,  44-46, 
62,  63.  (Also  Corrections  and  Additions.  Ibid.,  XI,  1886,  pp.  33,  34.)  238  species. 
— 1890.  LOOMIS,  L.  M.  Observations  on  Some  of  the  Summer  Birds  of  the 
Mountain  Portions  of  Pickens  County,  Auk,  VII,  pp.  30-39,  124-130;  76  species. 
—1891.  LOOMIS,  L.  M.  June  Birds  of  Caesar's  Head,  S.  C.  Auk,  VIII,  pp.  323- 
333;  52  species.— 1910.  PHILIPP,  P.  B.  List  of  Birds  Observed  [in  the  Caro- 
linas].  Auk,  XXVII,  pp.  312-322.  (See  also  Wayne,  Ibid.,  p.  464.)— 1910. 
WAYNE,  A.  T.  Birds  of  South  Carolina.  Cont.  from  Charleston  Museum,  I, 
8vo,  xxi+PP.  254;  337  species. 

TENNESSEE 
1886.  FOX,  W.  H.  List  of  Birds  Found  in  Roane  County,  Tennessee, 
During  April,  1884,  and  March  and  April,  1885.  Auk,  III,  pp.  315-320;  114  species. 
—1895.  RHOADS,  S.  N.  Cont.  Zool.  Tenn.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1895. 
pp.  463-501.  Also  Auk,  XIII,  1896,  p.  181;  223  species.— 1910.  HOWELL,  A.  H. 
Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  Auk,  XXVII,  pp.  295-304. 
Tenn.;  161  species. 

TEXAS 

1865-6.  DRESSER,  H.  E.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Southern  Texas.  Ibis., 
2nd  Ser.  I,  pp.  312-330,  466-495,  II,  pp.  23-46;  272  species.— 1878.  MERRILL,  J.  U. 
Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  Southern  Texas.  Being  a  List  of  Birds  Observed 
in  the  Vicinity  of  Fort  Brown,  Texas,  from  February,  1876,  to  June,  1878.  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  I,  pp.  118-173;  252  species.— 1878.  SENNBTT,  G.  B.  Notes  on 
the  Ornithology  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande,  Texas,  from  Observations  made 
during  the  Season  of  1877.  Edited,  with  Annotations,  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues. 
Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geograph.  Survey,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  1-66;  151  species.— 1879. 
SENNETT,  G.  B.  Further  Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  the  Lower  Rio  Grande 
of  Texas,  from  observations  made  during  the  spring  of  1878.  Edited,  with 
Annotations  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues.  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geograph.  Survey  of  the 
Territories,  V,  3,  pp.  371-440;  168  species.— 1882.  BROWN,  N.  C.  A  Reconnais- 
sance in  Southwestern  Texas.  Bull,  N.  O.  C,  VII,  pp.  33-42!  104 -f-6?  species 
observed  near  Boerne,  Kendall  County.— 1882.     NEHRLING,  H.     List  of  Birds 

329 


Faunal.  Bibliogkaphy 

Observed  at  Houston,  Harris  Co.,  Texas  and  vicinity,  and  in  the  Countiesi 
Montgomery,  Galveston,  and  Ford  Bend.  Bull  Nutt.  Orn.  Club,  VII,  pp.  6-1^3,. 
166-175,  222-225;  209  species.— 1887.  LLOYD,  W.  Birds  of  Tom  Green  and 
Concho  Counties,  Texas.  Auk,  IV,  pp.  181-193,  289-299;  253  species.— 1888, 
BECKHAM,  C.  W.  Observations  on  the  Birds  of  southwestern  Texas.  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  M'us.,  X,  1887,  pp.  635-696;  283  ^species.— 1891.  CHAPMAN,  F.  M. 
On  the  Birds  Observed  near  Corpus  Christi.  Texas,  during  parts  of  March  and 
April,  1891.  Bull  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Ill,  pp.  315-328;  33+66  species.— 1892.. 
ATTWATER,  H.  P.  List  of  Birds  Observed  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Antonio, 
Bexar  County,  Texas.  Auk,  IX,  pp.  229-238;  337-345;  242  species.— 1892. 
RHOADS,  S.  N.  The  Birds  of  Southeastern  Texas  and  Southern  Arizona,  Ob- 
served  during  May,  June,  and  July,  1891.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  pp.  98- 
126.  Annotated  lists  of  100+8  species  observed  at  Corpus  Christi,  and  124 
+2  species  observed  in  Southern  Arizona. — 1900.  CARROLL,  J.  J.  Notes  on. 
the  Birds  of  Refugio  County,  Texas.  The  Auk,  pp.  337-348.— 1305.  MONT- 
GOMERY, T.  H.  JR.  Summer  Resident  Birds  of  Brewster  County,  Texas.  The 
Auk,  XXII,  pp.  12-15;  47  species.— 1911.  LACEY,  H.  The  Birds  of  Kerrville,. 
Texas,  and  Vicinity.    The  Auk,  XXVIII,  pp.  200-219;  202  species. 

UTAH 
1858.  BAIRD,  S.  F.  Birds  found  at  Fort  Bridger,  Utah.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep. 
IX,  pp.  926-927;  104  species.— 1873.  MERRIAM,  C.  H.  Report  on  the  Mammals 
and  Birds  of  the  Expedition  to  Montana,  Idaho,  Wyoming,  and  Utah.  Sixth  Ann. 
Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1872,  1873.  Birds,  pp.  670-715.  A  list  of  176 
Utah  birds.— 1873.  RTDGWAY,  R.  Notes  on  the  Bird-fauna  of  the  Salt  Lake- 
Valley  and  the  adjacent  portions  of  the  Wahsatch  Mountains.  Bull.  Essex  Inst., 
V,  pp.  168-173.  Remarks  on  Allen's  "List  of  Birds  Collected  in  the  Vicinity 
of  Ogden"  and  list  of  Birds  found  breeding  near  Salt  Lake  City. — 1874.  HEN- 
SHAW,  H.  W.  An  annotated  list  of  the  Birds  of  Utah.  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  N. 
Y.,  XI,  pp.  1-14;  214  species.— 1877.     RIDGWAY,  R.     (See  Nevada.) 

VERMONT 
1S01.  HOWELL,  A.  H.  Preliminary  List  of  Summer  Birds  of  Mount  Mans- 
field, Vt.  Auk,  XVIII,  pp.  337-347;  86  species.— 1902.  PERKINS,  G.  H.  A  Pre- 
liminary List  of  the  Birds  Found  in  Vermont.  21st  Ann.  Rep.  Vt.  State  Bd. 
Agric,  pp.  85-118;  261  species.  See  also  HOWE,  R.  H.,  JR.,  Cont.  N.  A.  Orn.  II, 
pp.  5-22.-1903.  DAVENPORT,  E.  B.  Birds  Observed  on  Mt.  Mansfield  and  the- 
West  End  of  Stowe  Valley  at  the  Base  of  the  Mountain,  in  the  Summer  of 
1902.  Wilson  Bull.,  XV,  pp.  77-86;  74  species.— 1907.  DAVENPORT,  E.  B. 
Birds  of  Windham  and  Bennington  Counties.  Bull,  No.  2,  Vermont  Bird  Club 
(Burlington,  Vt.),  pp.  5-14;  176  species.— 1908.  ALLEN,  F.  H.  Summer  Birds, 
of  Southern  Vermont,  Auk,  XXV,  pp.  56-64;  86  species. 

VIRGINIA 

1890.  RIVES,  WM.  C,  M.  D.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Birds  of  the  Virginias, 
Proc.  Newport  Nat.  Hist.  Soc,  Document  VII,  Newport  R.  I.  8vo.  100  pp.; 
305  species.— 1902.  DANIELS,  J.  W.  Summer  Birds  of  the  Great  Dismal 
Swamp.  Auk,  XIX,  15-18  pp.;  41  species.— 1910.  EMBODY,  G.  C.  A  List  of 
Birds  Observed  at  Ashland,  Va.  Auk,  XXVII,  pp.  169-177;  114  species.— 1912. 
BAILEY,  H.  B.  Notes  on  Birds  Breeding  in  the  Mountains  of  Virginia.  The 
Auk,  XXIX,  pp.  79-84;  94  species. 

WASHINGTON 

1892.    LAWRENCE,  R.  H.    A  Preliminary  List  of  the  Birds  of  the  Gray's 

330 


Appendix  II 

Harbor  Region,  Washington.  Auk,  TX,  pp.  39-47;  92  species.  (See  also  pp. 
352-357;  and  Palmer,  IMd.,  pp.  308-310).— 1893.  RHOADS,  S.  N.  (See  British 
Columbia.)-^1897.  DAWSON,  W.  L.  A  Preliminary  List  of  the  Birds  of  Okana- 
gan  County,  Washington.  The  Auk,  XIV,  pp.  168-182;  143  species.— 1900. 
KOBBfi,  W.  H.  The  Birds  of  Cape  Disar-pointment,  Washington.  The  Auk, 
XVII,  pp.  349-358;  63  species.— 1902.  LOKD,  W.  R.  (See  Oregon.)— 1902. 
RATHBUN,  S.  F.  A  List  of  the  Land  Birds  of  Seattle,  Washington  and  Vicinity. 
The  Auk,  XIX,  pp.  131-141;  112  species.— 1903.  .=5NODGRASS,  R.  E.  A  List  of 
Land  Birds  from  Central  WasiTington.  The  Auk,  XX,  pp.  202-209;  53  species. — 
1904.  SNODGRASS,  R.  E.  A  List  of  Land  Birds  from  Central  and  South- 
eastern Washington.  The  Auk,  XXI,  pp.  223-233;  58  species. — 1906.  BOWLES, 
J.  H.  A  List  of  Birds  of  Tacoma,  Washington,  and  Vicinity.  The  Auk,  XXIII, 
pp.  138-148;  201  species.— 1206.  JOHNSON,  R.  H.  The  Birds  of  Cheney,  Wash- 
ington. The  Condor,  VIII,  pp.  25-28;  113  species.— 1908.  EDSON,  J.  M.  Birds 
of  the  Bellingham  Bay  Region.  The  Auk,  XXV,  pp.  425-439;  212  species.— 1208. 
DAWSON,  W.  L.  The  Bird  Colonies  of  the  Olympiades.  The  Auk,  XXV,  pp. 
153-166. 

WEST  VIKGINIA 

1873.  SCOTT,  W.  E.  D.  Partial  List  of  the  Summer  Birds  of  Kanawha 
County,  West  Virginia,  with  Annotations.  I'roc.  Bost.  Soc.  Hist.,  XV,  pp.  219- 
227;  86  species.— 1875.  BREWSTER,  W.  Some  Observations  on  the  Birds  of 
Ritchie  County,  West  Virginia.  Annals  of  the  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  XI,  pp. 
139-146;  100  species.— 1888.  DOAN,  W.  D.  Birds  of  West  Virginia.  Bull  3, 
Agric.  Exp.  Sta.,  Morgantown;  200  species. — 1883.  SURBER,  T.  Birds  of  Green- 
briar  County,  West  Va.  The  Hawkeye  Orn.  and  061.  (E.  B.  Webster,  Cresco, 
Iowa),  II,  pp.  2-4  13-15,  29-32;  121  species.— 1890.  RIVES,  W.  C.  (See  Virginia.) 
—18^8.  RIVES,  W.  C.  Summer  Birds  of  the  West  Virginia  Spruce  Belt.  Auk, 
XV,  pp.  131-137;  46  species.— 1909.  BROOKS,  E.  A.  West  Virginia  Birds  in 
State  Board  of  Agriculture.  Report  W.  Va.  State  Board  Agric,  for  1908,  pp.  3-62; 
193  species. 

WISCONSIN 

1853.  HOY,  P.  R.  Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  Wisconsin.  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  VI,  pp.  304-313,  318-385,  423-429;  283  species.  (Revised  with 
additions  in  the  Trans.  Wise.  State  Agric.  Soc,  1852,  II,  pp.  341-364.)— 1854. 
BARRY,  A.  C.  On  the  Ornithological  Fauna  of  Wisconsin.  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  V,  1854,  pp.  1-13;  218  species.— 1882.  KING,  F.  H.  Economic  Rela- 
tions of  Wisconsin  Birds.  Wis.  Geol.  Survey,  I,  pp.  441-610;  figs.  1$3-144;  295 
species. — ^1883.  WILLARD,  S.  W.  Migration  and  Distribution  of  North  Amer- 
ican Birds  in  Brown  and  Outgamie  Counties.  Trans.  Wise  Acad.  Sci.  Arts,  and 
Letters,  VI,  pp.  177-196;  210  species.— 1894.  GRUNDTVIG,  F.  L.  The  Birds  of 
Shiocton  in  Bovine,  Outgamie  Co.,  Wise  Trans.  Wise  Acad.  Sciences,  X,  pp. 
73-158;  183  species.— 1903.  KUMLEIN,  L.,  and  HOLLISTER,  N.  The  Birds  of 
Wisconsin.  Bull.  Wise  Nat.  Hist.  Soc,  III  (N.  S.),  pp.  1-143,  8  half-tones;  357 
species.— 1S09.     CORY,  C.  B.     (See  Ills.) 

WYOMING 
1872.  HOLDEN,  C.  H.  JR.  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Wyoming  and  Colorado 
Territories,  with  additional  memoranda  by  C.  E.  Aiken.  Edited  by  T.  M. 
Brewer.  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  XV,  pp.  193-210;  142  species.— 1873.  MER- 
RIAM,  C.  H.  (See  Utah.)— 1876.  GRINNELL,  G.  B.  (See  Montana).— 1879. 
WILLISTON,  S.  W.  A  List  of  Birds  taken  in  Southern  Yyoming,  with  supple- 
mentary notes  by  George  B.  Grinnell;  Forest  and  stream,  XII,  pp.  306-307,  325- 
326,  365;  109  species.— 1902.  KNIGHT,  W.  C.  The  Birds  of  Wyoming.  Univer- 
sity of  Wyoming.  8vo.  174  pp.,  48  plls.;  288  species.— 1902.  BOND,  F.  List 
of  Birds  of  Cheyenne  and  Vicinity.  Bailey's  'Handbook  of  Birds  of  the  Western 
United  States,'  pp.  Ixxiii;  184  species.— 1907.  PALMER,  T.  S.  Birds  of  Yellow- 
stone Park.    Ann.  Rep.  Supt.  of  Yellowstone  Park  for  1907,  pp.  15-23;  70  species.. 

331 


INDEX 


Acanthis  hornemannii 176 

exilipes 176 

linaria  176 

"      holboellii   176 

rostrata  176 

Accipiter  atricapillus  131 

"  striatulus   ....  131 

cooperii 131 

velox   131 

Actitis  macularia    107 

Actodromas  acuminata   109 

bairdii  109 

f  uscicollis 109 

maculata    109 

maculata 109 

minutilla    109 

^chmophorus  occidentalis    44 

JEgiSLlitis  hiaticula  112 

meloda    112 

circumcincta  112 

nivosa   112 

semipalmata    112 

Aeronautes  melanoleucus 158 

^strelata  fisheri 260 

hasitata    65 

scalaris  260 

Agelaius  gubernator  californicus . . .  179 

phoeniceus    178 

bryanti 178 

"         caurinus    178 

"         floridanus    178 

fortis  178 

neutralis    178 

richmondi    298 

sonoriensis   178 

tricolor    179 

Aimophila  carpalis 220 

ruficeps   220 

"       eremoeca  220 

"      scottii    220 

sororia    220 

Aix  sponsa 78 

Ajaia  ajaja 89 

Alauda  arvensis 275 


Alaudidae  34,  163 

Albatross,  Black-footed  62 

Laysan    62 

Short-tailed    12,   62 

Sooty  62 

Yellow-nosed     62 

Alca  torda 48 

Alcedinidae 32,  147 

Alcidae 10 

Alle  alle  46 

Amazilis  cerviniventris  chalconota .  160 

tzacatl  160 

Ammodramus  caudacutus 225 

henslowi   224 

occidentalis    224 

leconteii   225 

maritimus    226 

fisheri 226 

"         macgillivraii 226 

"  peninsulas    226 

sennetti   226 

nelsoni    225 

subvirgatus    225 

nigrescens    226 

Ampelidae   37,   166 

Ampelis  cedrorum 198 

garrulus    198 

Amphispiza  belli   228 

"    canescens  300 

"     cinerea    228 

"     nevadensis 228 

bilineata  249 

deserticola 249 

Anas  boschas 76 

fulvigula   77 

"        maculosa    77 

obscura  77 

"      rubripes    77 

Anatidae  16,  74 

Anhinga  14,  73 

anhinga  73 

Anhingidae 14,  67 

Ani 146 

Groove-billed , 146 


Index 


Anous  stolidus  60 

Anser  albifrons   262 

gambeli   85 

fabialis    262 

Anseres    15,    74 

Anthus  pensilvanicus 232 

spraguei   232 

Antrostomus  carolinensis  156 

vociferus  156 

macromystax   156 

Aphelocoma  californica 184 

Aphelocoma  californica  hypoleuca..l84 
obscura    . . . 184 

cyanea  184 

cyanotis    184 

insularis   184 

sieberii  arizonse  ^. 183 

"       couchii    183 

texana  184 

woodhouseii    184 

Aphriza  virgata   Ill 

Aphrizidae    24,  100 

Aquila  chrysaetos   136 

Aramidse    20,  95 

Aramus  giganteus  96 

Archibuteo  f errugineus   135 

lagopus  sancti-johannis 135 

Arctonetta  fiscberi   82 

Ardea  herodias    93 

fannini    93 

wardi   93 

occidentalis   92 

ArdeidaB  19,  87 

Ardetta  exilis  9l 

neoxena 91 

Arenaria  interpres 102 

melanocephala    107 

morinella    102 

Arquatella  couesi 107 

maritima    107 

ptilocnemis    108 

^remonops  rufivirgatus 215 

Asio  accipitrinus  138 

:■      wilsonianus   138 

Astragalinus  lawrenci  189 

psaltria 192 

"       hesperophilus    299 

"      mexicanus    299 

tristis    192 

"      pallidus    192 

"      salicamans    192 

Asturina  plagiata 131 

Asyndesmus  torquatus 152 

Atthis  morcomi 161 


Auk,  Great 48 

Razor-billed    9,  48 

Auklet,  Cassin  46 

Crested  47 

Least   47 

Paroquet  47 

Rhinoceros  45 

Whiskered   47 

Auriparus  flaviceps 195 

"      lamprocephalus   195 

Avocet   22,  103 

Aythya  affinis  79 

americana 79 

collaris    79 

Aythya  marila   78 

vallisneria    79 

Baeolophus  atricristatus 243 

sennetti 303 

bicolor   243 

"      texensis 243,  303 

inornatus    242 

"  cineraceus   242 

'•  griseus    242 

wollweberi    244 

Baldpate    77 

Bartramia  longicauda   105 

Basilinna  leucotis 160 

xantusi    159 

Becard,  Xantus's  276 

Bittern,  American  91 

Cory   91 

Least  91 

Blackbird,  Bicolored  179 

Brewer    254 

Red-winged    178 

Rusty ....254 

Tricolored    179 

Yellow-headed 199 

Bluebird   182 

Azure 182 

Chestnut-backed  182 

Mountain    182 

San  Pedro   182 

Western    182 

Bobolink 251 

Bob-white   26,  115 

Florida    115 

Masked   115 

Texan    115 

Bombycillidae    298 

Bonasa  umbellus  118 

"      sabini    118 

"      togata    118 


334 


Index 


Bonasa  umbellus  umbelloides 118 

Booby    70 

Blue-faced    70 

Blue-footed    70 

Brewster 70 

Red-footed    70 

Botaurus  lentiginosus   91 

Brachyramphus  brevirostrls 46 

craveri    46 

hypoleucus   46 

marmoratus   46 

Brant  86 

Black   86 

Branta  bernicla  glaucogastra 86 

canadensis  86 

hutchinsii  86 

"  minima   86 

"  occidentalis   86 

leucopsis  262 

Branta  nigricans  86 

Bubo  virginianus  143 

algistus 297 

"  arcticus  143 

"  elachistus   143 

"  beterocnemis  297 

"  pacificus    143 

"  pallescens    143 

saturatus    143 

Bubonidae 30,  127 

Budytes  flavus  leucostriatus 192 

Buffle-head  80 

Bullfinch,  Cassin's 279 

Bulweria  bulweri 260 

Bunting,   Beautiful   180 

Indigo    • 181 

Lark 252 

Lazuli    180 

Painted   180 

Varied   180 

Bush-Tit   242 

California     242 

Grinda   242 

Lead-colored    242 

Lloyd    242 

Santa  Rita   242,  303 

Buteo  abbreviatus  134 

albicaudatus  sennetti 135 

borealis    132 

alascensis    296 

calurus    132 

"      harlani    132 

"      kriderii   132 

brachyurus 134 

lineatus  133 


Buteo  lineatus  alleni 133 

elegans   133 

platypterus    133 

swainsoni   133 

Buteonidae    294 

Butorides  virescens   94 

anthonyi   94 

"        frazari   94 

Buzzard,  Turkey 129 

Calamospiza  melanocorys 252 

Calcarius  lapponicus 219 

alascensis    ...219 

ornatus 218 

pictus    220 

Calidris  arenaria  108 

Callipepla  squamata 116 

castanogastris. .  116 

Callothrus  robustus 253 

Calothorax  lucif er 159 

Calypte  annae   161 

costae  159 

Campephilus  principalis 149 

Camptolaimus  labradorius  81 

Canachites  canadensis 117,  298 

canace..ll7,   298 
osgoodi.117,  298 

f ranklinii    117 

Canvas-back    79 

Caprimulgidae  33,  155 

Caracara,  Audubon 134 

Guadalupe    134 

Cardellina  rubrifrons 177 

Cardinal    36,   172 

Arizona   172 

Florida    172 

Gray-tailed   172 

St.  Lucas   172 

Texas    172 

Cardinalis  cardinalis   172 

canicaudus 172 

floridanus 172 

igneus    172 

superbus   172 

Carduelis  carduelis  177 

Carpodacus  amplus 175 

cassini     175 

mcgregori    175 

mexicanus  dementis   175 

frontalis   175 

"  ruberrimus  175 

purpureus  174 

"         californicus 174 

Casarca  casarca 262 


335 


Index 


Catbird   ....247 

Catharista  urubu  129 

Cathartes  aura  129 

Cathartidae   28,  127 

Catherpes  mexicanus  albifrons 234 

conspersus   ...234 
"  punctulatus    ..234 

Centrocercus  urophasianus 122 

Centurus  aurifrons  153 

carolinus    153 

uropygialis   153 

Ceophloeus  pileatus 149 

abieticola  149 

Cepphus  columba 48 

grylle  48 

mandtii  48 

Cerorhinca  monocerata 45 

Certhia  familiaris  albescens 237 

americana    237 

"        montana  237 

occidentalis    237 

zelotes   238 

Certhiidae 39,  168 

Ceryle  alcyon  147 

caurina   297 

americana  septentrionalis 147 

torquata    .  .• 271 

Chachalaca   27,  122 

Chastura  pelagica 158 

vauxii    158 

Chamaea  fasciata 215,  300 

phaea 216,  300 

rufula    300 

Chamaeidae 294,  298 

Charadriidae   24,  100 

Cbaradrius  dominicus  110 

fulvus    110 

Charitonetta  albeola 80 

Chat,  Long-tailed 198 

Yellow-breasted 38,  198 

Chaulelasmus  streperus 77 

Chen  caerulescens   85 

hyperborea    84 

"        nivalis  84 

rossii   84 

Chewink    204 

Chickadee 39 

Alaskan    244 

Bailey's  Mountain  303 

Barlow 244 

Black-capped   245 

Californa    244 

Canadian    244 

Carolina   245 


Chickadee,    Chestnut-backed 244 

Columbian   244 

Florida    303 

Hudsonian   244 

Kowak 244 

Long-tailed 245 

Mexican    245 

Mountain    244 

Oregon    245 

Plumbeous  245 

Valdez  Chestnut-sided 303 

Yukon   303 

Chondestes  grammacus 218 

"  strigatus  . .  .218 

Chordeiles  acutipennis  texensis 157 

virginianus  157 

"         chapmani  157 

henryi  157 

"         sennetti   157 

Chuck-will's  widow  156 

Ciconiidae 18,  87 

Cinclidae 38,  168 

Cinclus  mexicanus 247 

Circus  hudsonius 130 

Cistothorus  stellaris 236 

Clangula  clangula  americana 80 

islandica 80 

Coccyges   31,  144 

Coccyzus  americanus  146 

"        occidentalis   .  .146 

minor 146 

maynardi 146 

erythrophthalmus    146 

Coeligena  clemenciae   160 

Colaptes  auratus  154 

"       luteus    154 

cafer  collaris 154 

saturatior    154 

chrysoides   154 

"  brunnescens    154 

"  mearnsi  298 

rufipileus    154 

Colinus  ridgwayi  115 

virginianus    115 

"  floridanus    115 

"  texanus    115 

Columba  fasciata 124 

"       vioscae   124 

flavirostris   124 

leucocephala   124 

Columbae  27,  123 

Columbidae    27,   123 

Columbigallina  passerina  bermudiana 

126 


896 


Index 


Columbigallina  passerina  pallescens  126 
"        terrestris     126 

Colymbus  auritus 43 

dominicus  brachypterus 43,  257 

holboellii   43 

nigricollis  californicus 43 

Compsothypsis  americana 195 

"  usneae  ,.195 
nigrilora  195 

Condor    129 

Contopus  borealis   208 

pertinax  pallidiventris 208 

richardsonii   208 

peninsulae 208 

virens    208 

Conurus  carolinensis  145 

Coot,  American  21,  99 

European   265 

Cormorant   71 

Baird   72 

Brandt 72 

Double-crested    71 

Farallon    71 

Florida    71 

Mexican    71 

Pelagic    72 

Red-faced    72 

Violet-green   14,  72 

White-crested   71 

Corvidae  35,  163 

Corvus  americanus 255 

"  pascuus   255 

brachyrhynchos   hesperis 304 

caurinus   255 

corax  principalis  255 

"     sinuatus    255 

cryptoleucus    255 

ossifragus  255 

Coturniculus  bairdii  224 

savannarum  passerinus 224 

bimaculatus    224 

"  floridanus    224 

Cowbird    253 

Bronzed    304 

Dwarf    253 

Red-eyed    27,  253 

Cracidae  27,  113 

Crake,  Corn 265 

Spotted    265 

Crane,  Little  Brown 96 

Sandhill 9,  96 

Whooping 96 

Creciscus  coturniculus 294 

Creeper,  Brown 39,  237 


Creeper,  California 237 

Mexican    237 

Rocky  Mountain 237 

Sierra    23& 

Crossbill,  American  173 

Mexican    173 

White-winged   174 

Crotophaga  ani 146 

sulcirostris    146 

Crow,  American 255 

Carrion  12» 

Fish   255 

Florida 255 

Northwest    255 

Western    304 

Crymophilus  fulicarius 102 

Cuckoo,  Black-billed 146 

California 146 

Kamchatka    273 

Mangrove 14& 

Maynard   146 

Yellow-billed   146 

Cuculidae   31,  144 

Curfew,  Bristle-thighed  295 

Eskimo   103 

Hudsonian 23,  103 

Long-billed  103 

Cyanocephalus  cyanocephalus 183 

Cyanocitta  cristata 183 

florincola    183 

stelleri    185 

annectens   185 

carbonacea  298 

"      carlottae    185 

"       diademata    185 

"      frontalis   185 

Cyanopiza  amcena  180 

ciris   180 

cyanea  181 

versicolor  180 

pulchra   180 

Cyclorrhynchus  psittaculus 47 

Cypseloides  niger  borealis 158 

Cyrtonyx  montezumae  mearnsi 115 

Dafila  acuta 76 

Daption  capensis  260 

Darters   67 

Dendragapus  obscurus 117 

fuliginosus  .  .117 
richardsonii.    117 

"        sierrae    295 

Dendrocygna  autummalis 83 

fulva    8a 


387 


Index 


Dendroica  aestiva 196 

"       brewsteri    299 

rubiginosa    196 

aestiva  sonorana..  .196 

auduboni  190 

"      nigrifrons   199 

blackburnias     187 

bryanti  castaneiceps   196 

caerulea    181 

C3erulescens  180 

cairnsii   180 

castanea  206 

chrysoparia   188 

coronata 197 

discolor   197 

dominica  190 

albilora  190 

graciae  190 

Mrtlandii    191 

maculosa    190 

nigrescens    249 

occidentalis   188 

olivacea    187 

palmarum  196 

hypochrysea    197 

pensylvanica   19S 

striata  249 

tlgrlna  196 

townsendi    188 

vigorsii   191 

virens    188 

Dichromanassa  rufescens 94 

Dickcissel    198 

Dlomedea  albatrus   62 

immutabilis   62 

nigripes  62 

Diomedeidae   12,   61 

Dipper    38,   247 

Dolichonyx  oryzivorus 251 

Dotterel    267 

Dove,  Bermuda  Ground 126 

Blue-headed   126 

Ground    126 

Inca   126 

Key  West  Quail 126 

Mexican  Ground  ^. 126 

Mourning 27,  12b 

Ruddy  Quail  126 

Western  Mourning 296 

West  Indian  White-winged 296 

White-fronted    125 

White-winged    126 

Zenaida   125 

Dovekie 46 


Dowitcher    106 

Long-billed  106 

Dryobates  arizonae 151 

borealis  151 

nuttallii 151 

pubescens  150 

gairdnerii   150 

"        homorus    150 

"        medianus   150 

"        nelsoni    150 

turati 151 

scalaris  bairdii  151,  297 

cactophilus    297 

"         eremicus     297 

"        lucasanus    150 

villosus 150 

"       leucomelas   150 

"      leucothorectis  297 

"      auduboni    150 

"       harrisii    150 

"      hyloscopus    150 

"       monticola    150 

"      picoideus    150 

"      terraenovae    297 

Duck,  Black 77 

Black-bellied  Tree 83 

Florida    77 

Fulvous  Tree   83 

Harlequin  81 

Labrador    81 

Lesser  Scaup 79 

Masked 80 

Mottled  77 

Red-legged  Black 77 

Ring-necked    79 

Ruddy   80 

Rufous-crested    262 

Scaup    79 

Wood   78 

Dunlin 266 

Eagle,  Alaska  Bald 136 

Bald  136 

Golden  136 

Ectopistes  migratorius 125 

Egret  American 92 

Brewster's    294 

Reddish    94 

Egretta  candidissima 92 

"  brewsteri    294 

Eider,  American 82 

Greenland    82 

King 82 

Pacific   82 


Index 


Eider,  Spectacled    82 

Steller  81 

Elanoides  forflcatus  130 

Elanus  leucurus 130 

Empidonax  cineritius 210 

difficilis   210 

flaviventris    210 

fulvifrons  pygmaeus 215 

griseus    209 

hammondi    209 

insulicola   210 

minimus   209 

traillii   209 

alnorum    209 

virescens    210 

wrightii  209 

Eniconetta  stelleri 81 

Ereunetes  occidentalis 108 

pusillus    108 

Erismatura  jamaicensis   80 

Erolia  ferruginea 106 

Eugenes  fulgens 159 

Ealco  columbarius 137 

suckleyi    137 

fusco-coerulescens    137 

islandus    136 

mexicanus    135 

peregrinus  anatum  137 

pealei    137 

richardsonii 137 

rusticolus  136 

gyrfalco    136 

"        obsoletus    136 

sparverius    137 

paulus   296 

"        peninsularis  138 

phaloena    138 

Falcon,  Aplomado  137 

Peale  137 

Prairie    135 

Falconidae  29,  127,  294 

Einch,  California  Purple 174 

Cassin  175 

Guadalupe  House   175 

House    175 

Pine  225 

Purple  174 

San  Benito  House 175 

San  Clemente  House 175 

St.  Lucas  House 175 

Flamingo    7,    89 

Flicker,  Brown 154 

Gilded   154 


Flicker,  Guadalupe  154 

Mearns's  Gilded 298 

Northern 154 

Northwestern   154 

Red-shafted   154 

Southern 154 

Florida  caerulea  94 

Flycatcher,  Alder 209 

Arizona  Crested 203 

Ash-throated   203 

Beardless   211 

Buff-breasted  215 

Coues    208 

Crested  203 

Derby 202 

Fork-tailed   274 

Giraud 274 

Gray  209 

Green-crested    210 

Hammond    209 

Least  209 

Lower  California 203 

Mexican  Crested  203 

Nutting    203 

Olivaceous  203 

Olive-sided 208 

Ridgway    211,   299 

Santa  Barbara 210,  299 

Scissor-tailed    177 

St.  Lucas  210 

Sulphur-bellied  203 

Traill 209 

Vermillion   177 

Western   210 

Wright    209 

Yellow-bellied  210 

Fratercula  arctica 45 

"     glacialis    45 

"     naumanni   258 

corniculata    45 

Fregata  aquila  73 

Fregatidae   15,  67 

Fregetta  grallaria 260 

Frigate  Bird 73 

Fringillidae   36,  164 

Fulica  americana 99 

Fulmar 12,  63 

Giant   259 

Pacific  63 

Rodger's  63 

Slender-billed    63 

Fulmarus  glacialis   63 

"     glupischa  63 

rodgersii  63 


Index 


Gadwall    77 

Galeoscoptes  carolinensis 247 

Gallinae 25,  113 

Gallinago  delicata 105 

Gallinula  galeata 99 

Gallinule,  Florida 99 

Purple  99 

Gannet  13,  69 

Gavia  adamsii 44 

arctica    44 

imber  44 

lumme 44 

pacifica  44 

Gaviidae  10 

Gelochelidon  nilotica  58 

Geococcyx  californianus   146 

Geothlypis  agilis   189 

beldingi  194 

formosa    193 

Philadelphia  189 

poliocephala 194 

tolmiei 189 

trichas 193 

arizela    194 

"       brachidactyla   194 

ignota   194 

"       occidentalis    193 

"       sinuosa  194 

Geotrygon  chrysia 126 

montana  126 

Glaucidium  gnoma 140 

"      californicus   140 

*'      pinicola 296 

hoskinsii  140 

phalaenoides  140 

Gnatcatcher,  Black-tailed   243 

Blue-gray 243 

Plumbeous  243 

Western   243 

Godwit,  Black-tailed  266 

Hudsonian  110 

Marbled    110 

Pacific   110 

Golden-eye,  American   80 

Barrow 80 

Goldfinch,  American 192 

Arkansas    192 

California   , 192 

European    '. 177 

Green-backed    299 

Lawrence  189 

Mexican 192 

Western    192 

Goose,  Barnacle 262 


Goose,  Bean 262: 

Blue  85- 

Cackling   86 

Canada   86- 

Emperor  85 

European  White-fronted 263 

Greater  Snow  84 

Hutchins  86 

Lesser  Snow  84 

Pink-footed    263 

Ross  Snow .84 

White-cheeked    8fr 

White-fronted 85,  262 

Goshawk,  American  131 

Mexican    131 

Western    131 

Grackle,  Boat-tailed   254 

Bronzed    254 

Florida    254 

Great-tailed     254 

Purple 35,  254 

Grebe,  Eared   43^ 

Holboell    43 

Horned     43 

Least V 43 

Mexican 257 

Pied-billed    9,   43- 

Western    44 

Green-shank    266 

Grosbeak,  Alaskan  Pine 173 

Black-headed 207 

Blue  181 

Evening  36,  199 

Kadiak  Pine   173 

Pine  173 

Rocky  Mountain  Pine 17? 

Rose-breasted    174 

Western  Blue   181 

Western  Evening 199 

Grouse,  Alaska  Spruce 117 

Canada    117 

Canadian  Ruffed   118 

Columbian  Sharp-tailed 121 

Dusky    117 

Ftanklin   117 

Gray  Ruffed 118 

Hudsonian  Spruce 117 

Oregon  Ruffed 118 

Prairie  Sharp-tailed   121 

Richardson    117 

Ruffed  26,  118 

Sage  122 

Sharp-tailed    121 

Sierra    295 


340 


Index 


Grouse,  Sooty 117 

Gruidae  20,  95 

Grus  americana 96 

canadensis 96 

mexicana    96 

Guara  alba 90 

rubra  89 

Guillemot,  Black  48 

Mandt    48 

Pigeon 48 

Guiraca  caerulea  181 

lazula    181 

Gull,  Bonaparte 56 

Black-backed   54 

California 55 

Franklin  56 

Glaucous  53 

Glaucous-winged    53 

Heermann    54 

Herring  11,  55 

Iceland    53 

Ivory    52 

Kittiwake  52 

Kumlien    53 

Laughing    56 

Little  259 

Mew   258 

Nelson  53 

Point  Barrow 53 

Ring-billed  52 

Ross  56 

Sabine 56 

Siberian    258 

Slaty-backed   54 

Short-billed    52 

Vega    55 

Western    54 

Gymnogyps  californianus  129 

Gyrfalcon   136 

Black 136 

Gray  136 

White    136 

Haematopodidae 25,  100 

Haematopus  bachmani   104 

frazari 104 

palliatus   104 

Haliseetus  leucocephalus • 136 

Halocyptena  microsoma   65 

Harelda  hyemalis ^1 

Harrier   130 

Hawk,  American  Rough-legged 135 

Broad-winged    133 

Cooper    131 


Hawk,  Desert  Sparrow  138- 

Duck    137 

Ferruginous  Rough-legged 135 

Fish   129 

Florida  Red-shouldered 133 

Harlan    132. 

Harris   132 

Krider  132 

Little  Sparrow  296 

Marsh    130- 

Mexican  Black 134 

Pigeon  137 

Red-bellied  133 

Red-shouldered  13a 

Red-tailed  29,  28,  132 

Sennett  White-tailed   135 

Sharp-shinned 131 

Short-tailed    134 

Snail    13(V 

Sparrow    137 

St.  Lucas  Sparrow 138 

Swainson   133 

Western  Red-tail 132 

Zone-tailed 134 

Heath  Hen 121 

Heleodytes  brunneicapillus 233 

affinis  ..233 
anthonyi  233 
bryanti  .233 
couesi    ..288 

Helinaia  swainsonii   215 

Helminthophila  bachmanii 191 

celata 210 

"  lutescens  210 

"  sordida  210 

chrysoptera   189 

lawrencei   197 

leucobronchialis 197 

luciae    , 206^ 

Helminthophila  peregrina 212 

pinus   191 

rubrieapilla    , 195 

gutturalis    19& 

virginiae    197 

^^-'-Oiitheros  vermivorus  21& 

I      b:jromas  solitarius  107 

c-  "       cinnamomeus.107 

F     ca.as  egretta  92 

TI     Mones  17,  87 

He  *N.  Anthony  Green  94 

Black-crowned  Night  93 

European    264 

P'razar  Green   94 

Great  Blue 95 


341 


Index 


Heron,  Great  White 92 

Little  Blue 94 

Little  Green 19,  94 

Louisiana  94 

Northwest  Coast  93 

Snowy    92 

Ward  93 

Yellow-crowned  Night 93 

Hesperiphona  vespertina   199 

"         montana  ..199 

Heteractitis  incanus Ill 

Himantopus  mexicanus 104 

Hirundinidae  36,  165 

Hirundo  erythrogastra 250 

Histrionicus  histrionicus 81 

Hummingbird,  Allen 161 

Anna   161 

Black-chinned    159 

Blue-throated    160 

Blue-billed    160 

Broad-tailed  161 

Buff-bellied    160 

Calliope    161 

Costa  159 

Lucifer    159 

Morcom 161 

Rieffer  160 

Rivoli    159 

Ruby-throated   33,  160 

Rufous    161 

Salvin    298 

White-eared   160 

Xantus    159 

Hydranassa  tricolor  ruficollis 94 

Hydrochelidon  nigra  surinamensis.   60 

Hylocichla  aliciae 239 

"     bicknelli   239 

guttata    238 

auduboni 238 

nana    238 

"      pallasii    238 

fuscescens    238 

salicicola    238 

mustelina    ,  .  233 

ustulata    ■  '^ ;  ?r 

almae    : .  y  '^d 

cedica   ' ' ' .} 

swainsonii    ' '    "  39  . 

lache  latirostris ' . .  160 

Ibididae 18,  87 

Ibis,  Glossy  90 

Scarlet    89 

Wood   18,  90 


Ibis,  White    90 

White-faced  Glossy   18,  90 

Icteria  virens   198 

•'     longicauda   198 

Icteridae  35,  164 

Icterus  audubonii 186 

bullocki  186 

cucullatus  nelsoni 186 

sennetti 186 

galbula    186 

parisorum  186 

spurius    206 

Ictinia  mississippiensis 130 

lonornis  martinica,  99 

Iridoprocne  bicolor  250 

Ixoreus  naevius  207 

meruloides   207 

Jabiru    263 

Jacana,  Mexican 25,  102 

spinosa   102 

Jacanidae   25,  100 

Jaeger,   Long-tailed    51 

Parastic    10,   51 

Pomarine   51 

Jay,  Alaskan  252 

Belding  184 

Black-headed    185 

Blue    35,  183 

Blue-eared    184 

Blue-fronted    185 

California   184 

Canada   252 

Coast   298 

Couch    183 

Florida    184 

Florida  Blue   183 

Gray  252 

Green    185 

Labrador    252 

Long-crested   185 

Oregon    252 

Pinon  183 

Queen  Charlotte 185 

Rocky  Mountain   252 

Santa  Cruz 184 

Steller  185 

Texan    184 

Woodhouse    184 

Xantus    184 

Junco  aikeni  240 

Arizona   241 

Baird   240 

bairdi    240 


342 


Index 


Junco  caniceps 241,  302 

Carolina    240 

Coues   241,  302 

dorsalis    241,  302 

Gray-headed    241 

Guadalupe    240 

hyemalis    240 

annectens  302 

carolinensis   240 

"      connectens    302 

insularis   240 

mearnsi   240,  302 

Montana  240 

montanus    240,  302 

oreganus   241,  302 

connectens 241,  302 

pinosus   241,  302 

shufeldti    241 

thurberi   241,   302 

Oregon    241 

phaeonotus  dorsalis 241 

palliatus   241 

Pink-sided    240 

Point  Pinos  241 

Red-backed    241 

Ridgway's    303 

Shufeldt 241,  302 

Slate-colored    240 

Thurber    •. .  241 

Townsend    240 

townsendi    240 

White-winged   240 

Killdeer  24,  112 

Kingbird   247 

Arkansas    202 

Cassin  202 

Couch    202 

Gray  247 

Kingfisher,  Belted   31,  147 

Northwestern  Belted   297 

Ringed    271 

Texas    147 

Kinglet,  Dusky 177 

Golden-crowned 40,  187 

Ruby-crowned    176,  215 

Sitkan   176,  215 

Western    187 

Kite,  Everglade  130 

Mississippi  130 

Swallow-tailed    130 

White-tailed    130 

Kittiwake   52 

Pacific  52 


Kittiwake  Red-legged    52 

Knot    106 

Lagopus  evermanni   120 

lagopus   11& 

alexandrse    295 

"      alleni  11» 

ungavus    295 

leucurus   11& 

peninsularis    118 

rupestris   119 

atkhensis   120 

chamberlaini   296 

dixoni    29& 

nelsoni    119 

"        reinhardi    119 

"        townsendi    120 

Laniidae  37,  166 

Lanius  borealis   248 

ludovicianus    248 

migrans     304 

anthonyi  248 

excubitorides    248 

"      gambeli 248 

Lapwing   267 

Laridae   11,  50 

Lark  Bunting  252 

California  Horned 201 

Desert  Horned  201 

Dusky  Horned   201 

Horned 34,  200 

Hoyt  Horned    200 

Island  Horned   202 

Montezuma  Horned   202 

Pallid  Horned 200 

Prairie  Horned 200 

Ruddy  Horned   201 

Scorched  Horned 201 

Sonoran  Horned 202 

Streaked  Horned 200 

Texan  Horned   200 

Larus  affinis 258 

argentatus 55 

atricilla    56 

barrovianus 53 

brachyrhynchus 52 

californicus   55 

canus  258 

delawarensis     52 

franklinii    56 

glaucescens    5? 

glaucus   53 

heermanni   54 

kumlieni    53 


343 


Index 


Xarus  leucopterus 53 

marinus    54 

minutus    259 

nelsoni    53 

occidentalis    54 

Philadelphia    56 

schistisagus  54 

vegae   55 

Xeptotila  fulviventris  brachyptera..l25 

Xeucosticte,  Aleutian  179 

atrata    179 

australis    179 

Black   179 

Brown-capped   179 

Gray-crowned    179 

griseonucha   179 

Hepburn    179 

tephrocotis  179 

littoralis   179 

Ximicolae   21,  100 

Limosa  f edoa 110 

^       haemastica    110 

|1  ">        lapponica  baueri   110 

Ximpkin    20,   96 

Xongipennes    10 

Longspur,  Alaskan   2iy 

Chestnut-collared     218 

Lapland    219 

McCown    218 

Smith    220 

Loon    10,    44 

Black-throated    44 

Pacific   44 

Red-throated    44 

Yellow-billed 44 

Lophodytes  cucullatus 76 

Lophortyx  californicus 116 

"  vallicola    .. .  .116 

gambelii   116 

Loxia  curvirostra  minor 173 

stricklandi   173 

leucoptera    174 

Xiunda  cirrhata 45 

Macrochires   33,  154 

Macrorhamphus  griseus   106 

scolopaceus 106 

TMagpie  American   253 

Yellow-billed  253 

Mallard    6,  76 

Man-o'-War  Bird   73 

Mareca  americana 77 

penelope 77 

Marsh  Hen ■. 98 


Martin  Cuban 250 

Gray-breasted   304 

Purple    250 

Western 250 

Meadowlark    199 

Florida    199 

Texas    199 

Western    199 

Megalestris  skua  51 

Megaquiscalus  major 254 

major  macrourus  254 

Megascops  asio 141 

"     aikeni    142 

"     bendirei    141 

"     cineraceus    142 

"     flammeola    142 

"     floridanus 141 

"     idahoensis  142 

"     kennicottii    141 

"     macfarlanei    142 

"     maxwelliae    141 

"     mccalli    141 

"     trichopsis   142 

"     xantusi    142 

Melanerpes  erythrocephalus 153 

formiciviorus    153 

"  angustifrons    153 

"  bairdi    153 

torquatus    152 

Meleagris  gallopavo  intermedia.. .  .122 

merriami    122 

osceola    122 

silvestris    122 

Melopelia  asiatica  asiatica 296 

"       trudeaui    296 

leucoptera    126 

Melospiza  cinerea  230 

"       caurina .230 

"       clementae    230 

cooperi    230 

"       fallax   229 

"       graminea    230 

"       heermanni    229 

insignis   230 

"       juddi    229 

"      kenaiensis    230 

"       melodia     229 

merrilli   229 

montana   229 

morphna 230 

pusillula   230 

"       rivularis    229 

'*      rufina 230 

samuelis  230 


a44 


Index 


3Ielospiza  georgiana 222 

lincolnii    226 

striata   226 

melodia  cleonensis   301 

maxillaris  300 

3Ierganser,  American 76 

americanus    '. .  76 

Hooded   76 

Red-breasted    15,  76 

serrator 76 

3Iergus  albellus  261 

Herlin,  Black   137 

Richardson    137 

3Ierula  confinis 207 

migratoria    207 

migratoria  achrustera 207 

propinqua   207 

3Iicropalama  himantopus   106 

Micropallas  whitneyi  140 

Micropodidae 33,  155 

Mimidae   294 

Mimus  polyglottos 248 

leucopterus    248 

Mniotilta  varia  249 

Mniotiltidse  38,  167 

Mockingbird    248 

Western    248 

Molothrus  ater 253 

"  obscurus  253 

Motacillidae  38,  167 

Murre    48 

Brunnich  ' 48 

California 48 

Pallas    48 

Murrelet,  Ancient   47 

Craveri   46 

Kittlitz    46 

Marbled    46 

Xantus    46 

Muscivora  forficata 177 

tyrannus  276 

Myadestes  townsendii   247 

Mycteria  americana  263 

Myiarchus  cinerascens 203 

nuttingi   203 

pertinax 203 

crinitus    203 

lawrencei  olivascens    203 

mexicanus    203 

"  magister    203 

Myiodynastes  luteiventris 203 

Myiozetetes  similis  superciliosus . .  .274 

Ketta  rufina 262 


Nettion  carolinensis 78 

crecca    261 

Nighthawk   157 

Florida    157 

Sennett   157 

Texan    157 

Western   157 

Noddy   60 

Nomonyx  dominicus 80 

Nonpareil    180 

Nucifraga  columbiana  252 

Numenius  borealis   103 

hiidsonicus 103 

longirostris    103 

tahitiensis    295 

Nutcracker,  Clarke  252 

Nuthatch  Brown-headed   246 

Florida    246 

Pygmy  246 

Red-breasted    39,   246 

Rocky  Mountain   246 

Slender-billed    246 

St.  Lucas .246 

White-breasted     246 

White-naped    247 

Nuttallornis  borealis    208 

Nyctala  acadica 140 

scotsea    140 

tengmalmi  richardsoni 139 

Nyctanassa  violacea 93 

Nyctea  nyctea 143 

Nycticorax  nycticorax  naevius 93 

Nyctidromus  albicollis  merrilli 157 

Oceanites  oceanicus 66 

Oceanodroma  cryptoleucura 260 

furcata    65 

homochroa 65 

kaedingi    65 

leucorhoa   66 

macrodactyla 66 

melania 66 

socorroensis    66 

Ochthodromus  wilsonius 112 

Odontoglossye  16,  87 

Oidemia  americana 83 

deglandi    83 

fusca    262 

perspicillata 83 

Olbiorchilus  alascensis .236 

hiemalis 236 

helleri  236 

"       paciflcus 236  - 

meligerus 236 


345 


Index 


Old-squaw    81 

Olor  buccinator  84 

columbianus    84 

cygnus    263 

Oreortyx  pictus  116 

confinis 116 

plumiferus   116 

Oreospiza  chlorura 206 

Oriole,  Arizona  Hooded 186 

Audubon 186 

Baltimore    35,  186 

Bullock   186 

Hooded   186 

Orchard    206 

Scott    186 

Sennett   279 

Ornithion  imberbe   211 

"     ridgwayi    211 

Oroscoptes   montanus    233 

Ortalis  vetula  maccalli  122 

Osprey,  American  129 

Ossifraga  gigantea   259 

Otocoris  alpestris   200 

actia    201 

adusta .201 

"        arcticola  200 

giraudi    200 

hoyti    200 

"         insularis   202 

"        leucolaema    201 

merrilli  201 

occidentalis 202 

pallida   202 

"        praticola 200 

"        rubea    201 

strigata   201 

Otus  asio  gilmani 297 

Ouzel,  Water 247 

Oven-bird  232 

Owl,  Acadian   140 

Aiken  Screech   142 

American  Hawk 143 

American  Long-eared    138 

Arctic  Horned   143 

Barn  29,  138 

Barred  139 

Burrowing   138 

California  Pygmy   140 

California  Screech 141 

Dusky  Horned   143 

Dwarf  Screech 142 

Elf    140 

Ferruginous  Pygmy   140 

Flammulated  Screech 142 


Owl,  Florida  Barred 139> 

"       Burrowing   138 

Screech 141 

Great  Gray    139 

Great  Horned  143^ 

Hoskin    140 

Kennicott  Screech    141 

Labrador  Horned    297 

Long-eared     138 

MacFarlane  Screech 142" 

Mexican    Screech    142 

Monkey-faced    138 

Northern   Saw-whet    140 

Northern  Spotted   139 

Pacific  Horned 143^ 

Pygmy  140 

Richardson    139 

Rocky  Mountain  Screech 141 

Sahauro  Screech  297 

Saint  Michael  Horned  . . .' 297 

Saw- whet    140 

Screech   30,  141 

Short-eared    138 

Snowy  14? 

Spotted    130 

Screech   142 

Texas  Barred  130 

Texas  Screech   141 

Western  Horned   143* 

Xantus  Screech   142 

Oxyechus  vociferus 112* 

Oyster-catcher,  American 25,  104 

Black   104^ 

European   267 

Frazar 104 

Pagophila  alba  52" 

Paludicolae    19,  95 

Pandion  haliaetus  carolinensis ^Z9 

Pandionidse    294 

Parabuteo  unicintus  harrisi 132" 

Parauque,  Merrill  157 

Paridae   39,  160 

Paroquet,  Carolina 30,  145- 

Parrot,  Thick-billed   145 

Partridge   118^ 

Alaska  Spruce   , . .  205 

California 116^ 

Canada  Spruce 295 

Chestnut-bellied   Scaled    llff 

Gambel   llff 

Hudsonian  Spruce   295 

Mearns   115 

Mountain   IIC 


346 


Index 


Partridge,  Plumed 116 

San  Pedro 116 

Scaled  116 

Valley    116 

Parus  atricapillus  245 

occidentalis   245 

"        septentrionalis   ..245 

carolinensis 245 

"  agilis   245 

cinctus  alascensis 244 

gambeli   244 

hudsonlcus  244 

"  columbianus    244 

littoralis   244 

"  stoneyi    244 

ruf escens  244 

barlowi  244 

"         neglectus 244 

sclateri     245 

wollweberl  244 

Passer  domesticus    219 

Passerculus  beldingi 223 

princeps    225 

sandwlchensis  223 

"  alaudinus   223 

bryanti    223 

"     nevadensis 300 

"     savanna  223 

rostratus 223 

guttatus    223 

halophilus    224 

"         sanctorum    224 

Passerella  iliaca    231 

"     annectens    231 

"     fuliginosa   231,  301 

"     insularis    231,   301 

"     megarhyncha    231 

"     schistacea    231 

"     Stephens!    231 

"     townsendi    231 

"     unalaschensis  231 

Passeres   34,  162 

Passerina  hyperboreus   251 

nivalis   251 

"     townsendi   251 

Pedioecetes  phasianellus  121 

"  campestris.  .121 

"  columbianus  121 

Pelagodroma  marina   260 

Pelecanidae   15,  67 

Pelecanus  californicus 73 

erythrorhynchus    73 

occidentalis   73 

Pelican,  American  White 73 


Pelican,  Brown   15,  73 

California  Brown 73 

Pelidna  alpina  pacifica 108 

Penthestes  carolinensis  impiger. . . .  303 

gambeli  baileyae  303 

rufescens  vivax  303 

Perisoreus  canadensis 252 

"  capitalis    ....252 

fumifrons   . .  .  252 

"  nigricapillus    252 

obscurus   252 

"        griseus    252 

Petrel,  Ashy  65 

Black 66 

Black-capped   65 

Bulwer's   260 

Fisher's    260 

Fork-tailed   65 

Guadalupe    66 

Hawaiian   260 

Kseding's    65 

Leach's 12,  66 

Least  65 

Pintado  260 

Scaled    260 

Socorro  66 

Stormy    66 

.   White-bellied    260 

White-faced  260 

Wilson's   66 

Petrochelidon  lunifrons 250 

tachina    304 

melanogastra  250,  304 

Peucaea  aestivalis  221 

bachmanii    221 

botterii    .  .* 221 

cassini  221 

Pewee,  Western  Wood 208 

Large-billed  Wood 208 

Wood   208 

Phaethon  americanus 69 

aethereus   69 

rubricaudus  260 

PhaethontidaB  13,  67 

Phainopepla 253 

nitens    253 

Phalacrocoracidae   14,  67 

Phalacrocorax   dilophus    71 

"  albociliatus  71 
"  cincinatus..  71 
"        floridanus. .  71 

mexicanus    72 

pelagicus    72 

"        resplendens  72. 


347 


Index 


Phalacrocorax  pelagicus  robustus . .  72 

penicillatus    72 

urile  72 

Phalaenoptilus  nuttallii   156 

"      californicus..  156 

"      nitidus   156 

Phalarope,  Northern  21,  102 

Red    102 

Wilson 102 

Phalaropodidae 21,  100 

Phalaropus  lobatus 102 

Phasianidae    27,    113 

Phaslanus  colchicus 113,  122 

torquatus 113,  121 

Pheasant  English  113,  122 

Ring-necked   123,  122 

Philacte  canagica   85 

Philohela  minor 105 

Phoebe    34,  208 

Black  251 

Say  205 

Western  Black 251 

Phcebetria  fuliginosa   62 

Phoenicopteridoe    17,   87 

PhcEnicopterus  ruber 89 

Phyllopseustes  borealis 212 

Pica  pica  hudsonia 253 

nuttalli   253 

Pici  32,  148 

Picidse 32,  148 

Picoides  americanus 149 

"        dorsalis  149 

"        fasciatus   149 

arcticus  149 

Pigeon,  Band-tailed 124 

Passenger    125 

Red-billed  124 

Scaled   269 

Viosca  124 

W^hite-crowned  124 

Wild  125 

Pincola  enucleator  alascensis 173 

"  californica   173 

"  flammula    173 

leucura    173 

"  montana  173 

Pintail 76 

Pipilo  aberti   205 

consobrinus  204 

erythrophthalmus    204 

alleni 204 

fuscus  albigula 205 

"       crissalis    205 

"       mesoleucus    205 


Pipilo  fuscus  senicula 205- 

maculatus  arcticus  204 

atratus    204 

"        clementae    204 

"        magnirostris    204 

"         megalonyx   204 

"         oregonus  204 

Pipit   38,  232 

Sprague    232 

Piranga  erythromelas   171 

hepatica   171 

ludovicianus    171 

rubra  171 

"     cooperi    171 

Pitangus  derbianus  202 

Plataleidae  18,  87 

Platypsaris  albiventris 274 

Plegadis  autumnalis 90 

guarauna    90 

Plover,  Black-bellied  24,  110 

European  Golden 267 

Golden  110 

Little  Ringed   267 

Mongolian    267 

Mountain    105 

Pacific  Golden   110 

Piping  112 

Ring  112 

Semipalmated 112 

Snowy  112 

Wilson 112 

Plautus  impennis    48 

Podasocys  montana   105 

Podicipidae  •.     9 

Podilymbus  podiceps   43 

Polioptila  cserulea 243 

obscura   243 

californica   243 

plumbea    243 

Polyborus  cheriway  134 

lutosus    134 

Pocecetes  gramineus  221 

affinis    221 

confinis 221 

Poor-will   156 

California 156 

Frosted  156 

Porzana  Carolina 98 

coturniculus    ^ . . . .  * .  294 

jamaicensis   98 

noveboracensis   97 

Prairie  Hen 121 

Attwater 1^1 

Lesser  121 


348 


Index 


Priocella  glacialoides 63 

Priofinus  cinereus 260 

Procellaria  pelagica   66 

Procellariidae   12,  61 

Progne  chalybea 304 

cryptoleucus    250 

subis    250 

"     hesperia   250 

Protonotaria  citrea 187 

Psaltriparus  lloydi   242 

minimus   242 

californicus   242 

grindae   242 

plumbeus    242 

santaritae    242 

Psittaci   30,  144 

Psittacidae 30,  144 

Ptarmigan    119 

Adak    296 

Alexander    295 

Chamberlain    296 

Allen    119 

Dixon  296 

Evermann    120 

Kenai  White-tailed  118 

Nelson  119 

Reinhardt 119 

Rock    119 

Townsend    120 

Turner    120 

Ungava  295 

Welch    120 

White-tailed    118 

Willow    119 

Ptilogonatidae    298 

Ptychoramphus  aleuticus   46 

Puffin  45 

Horned 45 

Large-billed  45 

Tufted 45 

Puffinus  assimilis 260 

auricularis   64 

borealis / . . .   64 

bulleri 260 

creatopus   64 

cuneatus   63 

gravis    64 

griseus    63 

Iherminieri    64 

opisthomelas  64 

puffinus   259 

tenuirostris   64 

Pygopodes   9 

Pyrocephalus  rubineus  mexicanus.  .177 


Pyrrhuloxia,  Arizona  172 

sinuata   172 

peninsulae   172 

texana  172 

St.  Lucas  172 

Quail   115 

Querquedula  cyanoptera 78 

discors    78 

Quiscalus  quiscula 254 

aglaeus 254 

aeneus    254 

Rail,  Belding  97 

Black 98 

California  Clapper 97 

Caribean  Clapper   98 

Carolina   98 

Clapper   20,  98 

Farallon   265 

King    97 

Light-footed    294 

Louisiana  Clapper 98 

Scott    Clapper    98 

Virginia    97 

Wayne  *Clapper 98 

Yellow  97 

Rallidas 21,  95 

Rallus  beldingi 97 

crepitans    98 

saturatus    98 

"     ~^^cottii    98 

waynei    98 

elegans   97 

levipes    294 

longirostris  caribaeus  98 

obsoletus 97 

virginianus    97 

Raptores    28,  127 

Raven,  American 255 

Northern    255 

White-necked    255 

Recurvirostra  americana 103 

Recurvirostridae    23,   100 

Redhead   ".   79 

Redpoll    35,   176 

Greater 176 

Greenland    176 

Hoary    176 

Holboell  176 

Red-shank 266 

Redstart,  American 38,  187 

Painted   177 

Red-tail,  Alaska 296 

Red-wing,  Bahaman .178 


349 


Index 


Red-wing,  Florida  178 

Northwestern   178 

San  Diego   178 

Sonoran    178 

Thick-billed  178 

Vera  Cruz 298 

Reedbird    251 

Regulus  calendula  176,  215 

grinnelli 176,  215 

obscurus  177 

satrapa   187 

olivaceus  187 

Rhodostethia  rosea 56 

Rhynchophanes  mccownii   218 

Rhynchopsitta  pachyrhyncha   145 

Riparia  riparia 211 

Rissa  brevirostris  52 

tridactyla     52 

"        pollicaris    52 

Road-runner    146 

Robin   34,  207 

Southern    207 

St.  Lucas  207 

Western 207 

Rostrhamus  sociabilis  130 

Rough-leg,  Ferruginous 135 

Ruff   266 

Rynchopidae   12,  52 

Rynchops  nigra  60 

Salpinctes  obsoletus 234 

"         pulverius  301 

guadeloupensis   234 

Sanderling  108 

Sandpiper  Aleutian 107 

Baird  109 

Bartramian    105 

Buff -breasted 105 

Curlew    106 

Green    266 

Least  109 

Pectoral    109 

Prybilof    108 

Purple   107 

Red-backed    108 

Semipalmated   23,  108 

Sharp-tailed 109 

Solitary    107 

Spoonbill    266 

Spotted  107 

Stilt  106 

Upland    105 

Western    109 

Western  Solitary 107 


Sandpiper  White-rumped 109 

Sapsucker,  Northern  Red-breasted .  152 

Red-breasted  152 

Red-naped    152 

Williamson    152 

Yellow-bellied  152 

Saxicola  cenanthe 248 

leucorhoa 248 

Sayornis  nigricans   251 

semiatra 251 

phcebe    208 

saya    205 

Scardaf ella  inca 126 

Scolecophagus  carolinus 254 

cyanocephalus    254 

Scolopacidae   23,  100 

Scoter,  American 83 

Surf   83 

Velvet   262 

White-winged    83 

Scotiaptex  nebulosa 139 

Seed-eater,  Morellet  249 

Seiurus  aurocapillus 232 

motacilla    232 

noveboracensis   232 

"  notabilis    232 

Selasphorus  alleni 161 

platycercus    161 

rufus    161 

Setophaga  picta  177 

niticilla    187 

Shearwater  Allied 260 

Audubon    64,  260 

Black-tailed   260 

Black-vented   64 

Buller    260 

Cory   64 

Dark-bodied   63 

Greater  64 

Manx  259 

New  Zealand 260 

Pink-footed    64 

Slender-billed    64 

Sooty 63 

Townsend    64 

Wedge-tailed   63 

Sheldrake 262 

Ruddy    262 

Shoveller    78 

Shrike.  California   248 

Island    248 

Loggerhead 248 

Migrant 304 

Northern  37,  248 


350 


Index 


Shrike,  White-rumped  248 

Sialia  arctica   182 

mexicana  anabelae 182 

bairdi    182 

"        occidentalis  182 

sialis    182 

"     azurea  182 

Simorhynchus  cristatellus 47 

pusillus  47 

pygmaeus    47 

Siskin,  Pine 225 

Sitta  canadensis   . : 246 

carolinensis   246 

aculeata    246 

atkinsi :...246 

lagunae 246 

nelsoni    246 

pusilla  246 

pygmaea  246 

leuconucha  247 

Sittidse 294 

Skimmer,  Black   11,  60 

Skua    51 

Skylark  297 

Smew    262 

Snakebird    73 

Snipe,  European 265 

Great  266 

Wilson    105 

Snowflake    251 

McKay    251 

Pribilof 251 

Solitaire,  Townsend  247 

Somateria  dresseri 82 

molissima  borealis   82 

spectabilis   82 

v-nigra 82 

Sora    ! 20,  98 

Sparrow,  Acadian  Sharp-tailed 225 

Bachman    221 

Baird  224 

Belding  Marsh 223 

Bell 228 

Black-chinned  219 

Black-throated    249 

Botteri    221 

Brewster 228 

Brown  Song   229 

Bryant  Marsh : 223 

California  Sage   300 

Cassin    221 

Chipping 222 

Clay-colored 228 

Desert  249 


Sparrow,  Desert  Song 229 

Dusky  Seaside   226 

English    219 

Field    222 

Fisher  Seaside  226 

Florida  Grasshopper 224 

Forbush    226 

Fox    : 231- 

Golden-crowned    227 

Grasshopper    224 

Gray  Sage  228 

Henslow   224 

Harris   219 

Heerman  Song 229 

Intermediate  227 

Ipswich    .. 225 

Kadiak  Fox   231,  301 

Lagoon    224 

Laguna   220 

Large-billed 223 

Lark  218 

Leconte 225 

Lincoln   226 

Macgillivray  Seaside  226 

Mendocino  Song 301 

Merrill  Song 226 

Mountain  Song 229 

Nelson  225 

Nevada  Savannah ,.  .300 

Nuttall    227 

Pine  Woods 22l 

Vesper  221 

Rock    220 

Rufous-crowned   220 

Rufous-winged    220 

Rusty  Song  230 

Sage 228 

Samuel  Song 230 

San  Benito 224 

San  Clemente  Song 230 

San  Diego  Song 230 

Sandwich   223 

Savanna   223 

Scott    220 

Scott  Seaside  226 

Seaside    226 

Sharp-tailed   225 

Shumagin  Fox   231 

Slate-colored  231 

Song    229 

Sooty  Fox  231,  301 

Stephen    231 

St.  Lucas 223 

Suisun  Song 300 


351 


Index 


Sparrow,  Swamp   222 

Texas    215 

Texas  Seaside 226 

Thick-billed     231 

Tree  222 

Townsend  231 

Vesper 221 

Western  Chipping 222 

Western  Field    222 

Western  Grasshopper 224 

Western  Henslow  224 

Western  Lark 218 

Western  Savanna 223 

Western  Tree  222 

Western  Vesper ., 221 

White-crowned   227 

White-throated   227 

Worthen    228 

Yakutat  Fox   231 

Spatula  clypeata  78 

Speotyto  hypogaea  cunicularia 138 

floridana   138 

Sphyrapicus  ruber   152 

"     notkensis   152 

thyroideus   ^ 152 

varius    152 

"     nuchalis    152 

Spinus  pinus 225 

Spiza  americana    198 

Spizella  atrogularis 219 

breweri    228 

monticola  222 

ochracea   222 

pallida   228 

pusilla  222 

"      arenacea   222 

socialis    222 

arizonse    222 

worth eni   228 

Spoonbill,   Roseate    89 

Sporophila  morelleti 249 

Squatarola  squatarola   110 

Starling    253 

Starnoenas  cyanocephala 126 

Steganopodes  13,  67 

Steganopus  tricolor 102 

Stelgidopteryx  serripennis  211 

Stellula  calliope 161 

Stercorariidae   10,  49 

Stercorarius  longicaudus    51 

parasticus    51 

pomarinus    51 

Sterna  anaethetus 58 

antillarum    58 


Sterna  aleutica    58 

caspia    57 

dougalli  59 

elegans   57 

forsteri   59 

fuliginosa  60 

hirundo 59 

maxima  57 

paridissea    59- 

sandvicensis  acuflavida 57 

trudeaui    25& 

Stilt,  Black-necked    22,  104 

Stint,  Long-toed 26& 

Strigidae    127 

Strix  pratincola  138 

Sturnella  magna    19& 

argutula    199 

hoopesi   199 

neglecta    199 

Sturnidse  164 

Sturnus  vulgaris   253 

Sula  bassana    69 

brewsteri    70 

cyanops    70 

nebouxii    70 

piscator    70 

sula    70 

Sulidse   13,   67 

Surf  Bird   Ill 

Surnia  ulula  caparoch  143 

Swallow,  Bank   211 

Barn  250 

Cliff    250 

Lesser  Cliff  304 

Mexican  Cliff   250 

Northern  Violet-green  250 

Rough-w^inged  211 

St.  Lucas  251 

Tree   36,  250 

White-bellied    250 

Swallow-tailed  Kite    130 

Swan,  Trumpeter 84 

Whistling 84 

Whooping    263 

Swift,  Black    158 

Chimney   ". 33,  158 

Vaux    158 

White-throated  158 

Sylviidae 40,  169 

Symphemia  semipalmata Ill 

"  inornata   .111 

Synthliboramphus  antiquus 47 

Syrnium  occidentale 139 

"        caurinum   139 


352 


Index 


Syrnium  varium 139 

*'     alleni    139 

"     helveolum  139 

Tachycineta  thalassina  lepida 250 

"         brachyptera  251 

Tanager,  Cooper   171 

Hepatic   171 

Louisiana   171 

Scarlet    171 

Summer    36,    171 

Western   171 

Tanagridae    36,    165 

Tangavius  seneus  seneus 304 

"     involucratus    304 

Tantalus  loculator 90 

Tatler,  Wandering    Ill 

Teal,  Blue-winged   78 

Cinnamon     78 

Green-winged    78 

Telmatodytes  marianse   237 

palustris  237 

"         griseus    237 

iliacus   301 

"         paludicola    237 

plesius     237 

Tern,  American  Black 60 

Aleutian   58 

Arctic    59 

Bridled    58 

Cabot  57 

Caspian  57 

Common    11,  59 

Elegant   57 

Forster   59 

Gull-billed    58 

Least  58 

Roseate  59 

Royal     57 

Sooty  60 

Trudeau    259 

White-winged  Black 259 

TetraonidaB  26,  113 

Thalassogeron  culminatus   62 

Thrasher,  Bendire 216 

Brown 39,  233 

Californian    217 

Crissal 217 

Curve-billed   216 

Desert    217 

Leconte    217 

Mearns   216 

Palmer    216 

Pasadena    217,   300 


Thrasher,  Sage    233 

Sennett     233 

St.  Lucas  216 

Thrush,  Alaska  Hermit 238 

Alma 239,  302 

Audubon  Hermit 238 

Bicknell    239 

California  Olive-backed.. .  .239,  302 

Dwarf  Hermit 238 

Gray-cheeked    239 

Hermit    238 

Monterey  Hermit   302 

Olive-backed   239 

Pale  Varied 207 

Russet-backed 239 

Sierra   Hermit   302 

Varied   207 

Willow    238 

Wilson 238 

Wood   40,  233 

Thryomanes  bewickii ,235 

calophonus  . .  235 
"       charienturus.  235 

"        cryptus  235 

"       leucogaster  .  ,235 

spilurus   235 

brevicauda   235 

leucophrys   235 

Thryothorus  ludovicianus 234 

"  lomitensis  234 

"  miamensis  234 

Titlark    232 

Titmouse,  Ashy  242 

Black-crested    243 

Bridled    244 

Gray    242 

Plain    242 

Sennett  303 

Texan  Tufted 243,  302 

Tufted   243 

Totanus  flavipes Ill 

melanoleucus    Ill 

Towhee  204 

Abert 205 

Anthony  205 

Arctic    204 

Californian 205 

Canon    205 

Green-tailed 206 

Guadalupe    204 

Mountain    204 

Oregon    204 

San  Clemente  204 

San  Diego   204 


353 


Index 


Towhee,  Spurred 204 

St.  Lucas  205 

White-eyed 204 

Toxostoma  bendirei  216 

cinereum    216 

"        mearnsi 216 

"        crissalis    217 

curvirostre  216 

palmeri 216 

lecontei   217 

arenicola    217 

longirostre  sennetti   233 

redivivum  217 

pasadenense    217 

rufum    233 

Tree  Duck,  Black-bellied 83 

Fulvous  83 

Tringa  canutus 106 

Trochilidae 33,  155 

Trochilus  alexandri 159 

colubris  160 

Troglodytes  aedon 236 

"     parkmanii   236 

"     aztecus  236,  301 

Troglodytidae 39,  168,  294 

Trogon  arabiguus    147 

Coppery-tailed   31,  147 

Trogonidae  31,  144 

Tropic  Bird  69 

Red-billed  69 

Red-tailed  260 

Yellow-billed    13,   69 

Tryngites  subruficollis 105 

Tubinares  12 

Turdidae    40,    170 

Turkey  Florida 122 

Merriam    122 

Rio  Grande   122 

Water    73 

Wild   27,  122 

Turnstone  24,  102 

Black  107 

Ruddy   102 

Tympanuchus  americanus   121 

"  attwateri  121 

pallidicinctus    121 

Tyrannidae 34,  163 

Tyrannus    202 

domincensis    247 

melancholicus  couchi 202 

tyrannus   247 

verticalis    202 

vocif erans    202 

TJranomitra  salvini 298 


Uria  lomvia 48 

arra   48 

troile   48 

"     californica 48 

TJrubitinga  anthracina 134 

Verdin   195 

Baird  195 

Vireo,  Anthony 212 

atricapillus    245 

Bell    214 

belli   214 

"  medius 299 

Bermuda 213 

Black-capped   245 

Black-whiskered  212 

Blue-headed   214 

calidris  barbatulus  212 

Cassin  214 

flavifrons    198 

flavoviridis  213 

Frazar   299 

gilvus    213 

"     swainsonii   213 

Gray 214 

Hutton    212 

huttoni    212 

cognatus   299 

"       obscurus 212 

"       stephensi    212 

Key  West 213 

Least 214 

Mountain  Solitary 214 

noveboracensis   213 

"  bermudianus    ...213 

"  maynardi   213 

micrus   213 

olivaceus    212 

Philadelphia    213 

philadelphicus 213 

Plumbeous  214 

pusillus  214 

Red-eyed   37,  212 

Small  White-eyed   213 

solitarius    214 

alticola   214 

cassinii   214 

"        lucasanus  214 

"        plumbeus   214 

St.  Lucas  214 

Stephens    212 

Texas 299 

vicinior  214 


354 


Index 


Vireo,  Warbling 213 

Western  Warbling  213 

White-eyed  213 

Yellow-green  213 

Yellow-throated    198 

Vireonidse   37,  166 

Vulture,  Black   129 

California 129 

Turkey  28,  129 

Wagtail,  Siberian  Yellow 192 

Warbler,  Alaskan  Yellow  196 

Audubon   190 

Bachman    191 

Bay-breasted  206 

Black  and  White 249 

Blackburnian    187 

Black-fronted    190 

Black-poll  249 

Black-throated  Blue  180 

Black-throated  Gray 249 

Black-throated  Green 188 

Blue-winged 191 

Brewster    197 

Cairns  180 

Calaveras  195 

California  Yellow 299 

Canadian    191 

Cape  May 196 

Cerulean  181 

Chestnut-sided    198 

Connecticut  189 

Dusky   210 

Golden-cheeked    188 

Golden  Pileated 193 

Golden-winged    189 

■Grace 190 

Hermit    188 

Hooded   188 

Kennicott  Willow  212 

Kentucky  193 

Kirtland   191 

Lawrence  197 

Lucy    206 

Lutescent    210 

Macgillivray    189 

Magnolia    190 

Mangrove 196 

Mourning   189 

Myrtle    197 

Nashville    38,   195 

Northern  Parula  195 

Olive   187 

Orange-crowned 210 


Warbler,  Palm  196 

Parula  195 

Pileated    193 

Pine   191 

Prairie    197 

Prothontary  187 

Red-faced    177 

Sennett 195 

Sonora 196 

Swainson    215 

Sycamore   190 

Tennessee    212 

Townsend    188 

Virginia    197 

Wilson 193 

Worm-eating  215 

Yellow   38,  196 

Yellow  Palm  197 

Yellow-throated    190 

Water-Thrush  232 

Grinnell 232 

Louisiana  232 

Waxwing,  Bohemian 198 

Cedar  37,  198 

Wheatear  248 

Greenland    248 

Whimbrel  267 

Whip-poor-will 33,  156 

Stephen 156 

Whiskey  Jack 252 

Widgeon,  European   77 

Willet    Ill 

Western    Ill 

Wilsonia  canadensis 191 

mitrata   188 

pusilla  193 

chryseola   193 

"      pileota 193 

Woodcock,  American 23,  105 

European   265 

Woodpecker,  Alaska  Downy 150 

Alaskan  Three-toed   149 

Alpine  Three-toed 149 

American  Three-toed 32,  149 

Arctic  Three-toed   149 

Arizona    151 

Batchelder   150 

Cabanis  150 

Cactus   297 

California 153 

Downy 150 

Gairdner  150 

Gila    153 

Golden-fronted    153 


355 


23 


Index 


Woodpecker,  Hairy .150 

Harris  150 

Ivory-billed 149 

,   Lewis    152 

Narrow-fronted  153 

Newfoundland 297 

Northern  Downy 150 

North ernHairy   150 

Northern  Pileated   32,  149 

Nuttall    151 

Pileated    149 

Queen  Charlotte   150 

Red-bellied  153 

Red-cockaded    151 

Red-headed    153 

Rocky  Mountain  Hairy 150 

Saint  Lucas 151 

San  Fernando 297 

Southern  Downy 150 

Striped-breasted  153 

Texan    151 

White-breasted   297 

White-headed   151 

Willow    151 

Wren,   Alaskan    235 

Aztec  236 

Aleutian   236 

Baird  235 

Bewick    235 

Bryant  Cactus    233 

Cactus  233 

Canon    234 

Carolina   234 

Desert  Cactus 233 

Dotted  Canon  234 

Florida    234 

Guadalupe    235 

Guadelupe  Rock 234 

House    39,    236 

Interior  Tule 237 

Kadiak  Winter 236 

Lomita    234 

Long-billed  Marsh 237 

Marian  Marsh    237 

Northwest  Bewick 235 

Parkman 236 

Prairie  Marsh 301 


Wren,  Rock 234 

San  Clemente 235 

San  Nicolas 301 

Short-billed  Marsh   236 

Southwest  Bewick 235 

St.  Lucas  Cactus 233 

Texas  Bewick 235 

Texan  Cactus  233 

Tule   237 

Vigors  235 

Western  House 236 

Western  Winter   236 

White-throated  234 

Winter 236 

Worthington  Marsh   237 

W>en-Tit,  Coast  216,  300 

Pallid   215,  300 

Ruddy   300 

Xanthocephalus  xanthocephalus  ...  199 

Xanthoura  luxuosa  glaucescens 185 

Xema  sabinii 56 

Xenopicus  albolarvatus  151 

Yellowlegs  HI 

Greater  HI 

Yellow-throat,  Belding 194 

Florida    194 

Maryland    193 

Northern    194 

Pacific 194 

Rio  Grande   194 

Salt  Marsh   194 

Western   193 

Zamelodia  ludoviciana 174 

melanocephala    207 

Zenaida  zenaida 125 

Zenaidura  macroura 125 

marginella 296 

Zonotrichia  albicollis 227 

coronata  227 

leucophrys   227 

gambeli 227 

nuttalli    227 

querula   21^ 


356 


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AUGlslSslfllC'll 


LIBRARY,  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  DAVIS 

D4613   (12/76) 


QL*  Chapmanf     Frank   Michlert     1864- 

681  Color   key    to    North    American    Birds    : 

C45  with    bibliograhical    appendix    /   by 

1912  Frank    U.    Chapman     ;    with   upwards    of    8  00 

drawings    by    Chester    A»     Reed   —    Rev* 
ed«     —    New    York    :     D.    Apple  tony     1912. 
Xf    356   p*     :    ill»     ;    23    cm« 

Includes    index* 
Bibliography:     p«     305-331. 


BC 
1230321 


1«     Birds — North    America.        !•     Reedy 
Chester   Albert,    1876-    II.    Title. 


781119 
OL681.C47     1912 


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