HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF sae ute ZOOLOGY 2 GIFT OF Onbrber 24, 1921. \ ee ee ’ PP VALOIS ee a fess . COLOURED FIGURES OF THE BIRDS OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS, ISSUED BY BORD ELEPony > F.Z8.;. ETc., PRESIDENT OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION. VOLUME III. LONDON: R. H. PORTER, 7 PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W. » 1885—1897. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. CONTENTS OF VOLUME TITLEPAGE ConTENTS Co.uaTION or Epirions . List or Piates PLATES TExtT . Li, Oor wd . NIGHTINGALE . ArcTico BLUE-THROAT .. . WaITE-SPOTTED BLuUB- . WHINCHAT . WHEATEAR . ISABELLINE WHEATEAR . . BLACK - THROATED COLLATION OF EDITIONS. Tuis Work was . ALPINE ACCENTOR . HupGE-SPaRROW AGB ENS bah oysto ce: seus ste s 2 THROAT. qualeye araiel ey: « © By OP eel e Swe se «, 8) am 0) (6).die 0 © WHEATEAR. . DEseRT WHEATHAR.... . Rurous WARBLER .... . IcrBRINE WARBLER.... . Great Reep-WaRBLer. . Reep-W ARBLER . MarsH-WARBLER . SEDGH-WARBLER . Aquatic WARBLER .... . GRASSHOPPER WARBLER. . Savi’s WARBLER . DARTFORD WARBLER .. . WHITETHROAT . Lesspr WHITETHROAT . . GARDEN WARBLER .... § BEAROKOMP Eni pile. irc oe . ORPHDBAN WARBLER . BarREpD WARBLER .... . Woop-WARBLER...... we ws eg issued in two Editions : Ist Edition. PART Wile Ves XXII. 1D. De ”? if ” ul: ” i XXXII. Sept. 1888. June 1887. Dec. 1892. Dec. 1888. May 1886. ” Oct. 1885. May 1886. Oct. 1885. Nov. 1896. Oct. 1885. May 1886. Sept. 1889. Aug. 1886. May 1886. Aug. 1886. May 1886. Dec. 1888. May 1886. Jan. 1887. Oct. 1885. May 1886. ” Oct. 1885. July 1890, Aug. 1886. the First commenced October 1885, and the Second April 1891, both Editions ending simultaneously ; the Plates in Volume III. appeared as follows :— 2nd Edition. PART VII. July 1891. Wi June 1891. XVIII. - Dec. 1892. IX. Oct. 1891. Il. Apr. 1891. 1G ” Il. Fe I. » XXXIII. Nov. 1896. JE Apr. 1891. p. 3 XI. Feb. 1892. Ei) «Apr. 1891. I. ” III. + i Fa Pxsoe- Oct, 189. 108 Apr. 1891. LY: re nie 5 i: 5s I, ¥ XXI. May 1893. Apr. 1891. vl . Pauwas’s . Tawny Preir COLLATION OF EDITIONS. . WILLOW-WARBLER.... . GREENISH WILLow- WARBLER. . (OHTEROHAER =. haces . YELLOW -BROWED WARBLER. WILLow- WARBLER. ee . Misrieron-THRUSH.... . Sone-THRUSH . REDWING . FIELDFARE 4, BLACK-THROATED THRUSH . SIBERIAN GROUND- ee vl ewe cd @ ee Sean s THRUSH. . BLACK-BELLIED DIPPER . . Pimp or Common Wac- TATL. . Grey-BAcKED WAGTAIL. . GREY WaGTAIL 7. GrEy-HEADED YELLOW WAGTAIL. . YELLOW WAGTAIL .. . TrEE-PIPIT Ce ss Ba . RED-THROATED Prrrr .. . ALPINE Pirir 3. Rocx-Piprr ee ee reese an ” ie SOR ee, eS 1st Edition. PART V. XXXV. Vix XXXII. VI. XVII. IX. XI. XVIII. mV; XVIII. June 1887. Noy. 1897. June 1887. ” Noy. 1897. Jan. 1887. June 1887. Aug. 1886. Oct. 1885. ” ” May 1886. Apr. 1896. Sept. 1888. Oct. 1885. Dec. 1888. Sept. 1889. Noy. 1888. Apr. 1888. ” Noy. 1896. Apr. 1888. Feb. 1891. Dee. 1888. Sept. 1889. Apr. 1891. July 1890. Apr. 189L. Mar. 1889. 2nd Edition. PART Vs June 1891. XXXV. Nov. 1897. Vi: June 1891. XXXV. Nov. 1897. PVE Apr. 1891. Vi June 1891. INDE Apr. 1891. I. ” iii i XXXII. Apr. 1896. VII. July 1891. 16 Apr. 1891. iD Oct. 1891. ox Feb. 1892. ” ” VIII. Aug. 1891. VI June 1891. XXXIII. Nov. 1896. ‘Val: June 1891. XXII. June 1893. JEG Oct. 1891. pa Feb. 1892. XIX. Feb. 1893. XXI. May 1893. XIX. Feb. 1893. o.€ Dec. 1891. Pook GE PLATES IN VOLUME III. To face page 1. Anpine Accentor. Accentor collaris (Scop.) . 2 2. Hepee-Sparrow. Accentor modularis (Linn.). 4 3. Rosin. LErithacus rubecula (Linn.) . 6 4. Nicutineate. Daulias luscinia (Linn.) . 8 5. Arctic Buure-tHrRoat. Cyanecula suecica (Linn.). 10 6. Wuirs-srotrep Buiue-tHRoat. Cyanecula leuco- cyanea, Brehm eee 12 7. Repstart. Ruticilla phoenicurus, Macg. 14 8. Brack Repstart. Ruticilla titys (Scop.) 16 9. Stonecuat. Pratincola rubicola (Liun.) 18 10. Wurnenat. Pratincola rubetra (Linn.) 20 11. Waeatear. Sazxicola wnanthe (Linn.) . 22 12, IsapeLttine WuHeEateaR. Sazicola isabellina, Riip- SE SS Se ae ee ee: | 13, Brack-tHRoatep WueEatEsR. Sazicola stapazina, Vieillot Breese. iy a 26 14. Desert Wueatear. Sazicola deserti, Temm. 28 15. Rurous WarsiEr. ae! Ret Ake, ad ~ aaa eure ‘ors nS ok pe -* tA Ne ie Per ah etsi? me setae srs a rr 3 a: 1) ey WHITE-SPOTTED BLUETHROAT. CYANECULA LEUCOCYANA, Brehm. Cyanecula leuco-cyana, Brehm, Handbuch der Naturgeschichte aller Vogel Deutschlands, p. 353. Pheenicura suecica, Yarr. ed. 3, i. p. 264 (nec Linneus). Ruticilla leucocyana, Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 324. Cyanecula wolfi, Dresser, ii. p. 311 (nec Brehm). Fauvette gorge-bleue, French; Blaukehlchen, Germaa ; Gargantazul, Spanish. 25 {LY oOolo.dy ) j4eyUue yl, Chen te aoe. oy 2: : % A ‘ THE REDSTART. (RUTICILLA PHCNICURUS, Macg.) Sylvia phonicurus, Naum. ii. p. 510. Ruticilla pheenicurus, Macg. 11. p. 305; Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 329 ; Dresser, ii. p. 277. Rouge-queue, Bec-fin des murailles, French ; Gartenrothling, Rothschwanz, German. A summer migrant to Great Britain. Rare in Ireland. 14 ‘Gove ‘snamotmeoyd eTIOWNyy ay aS Ce rel ““OpuoT-OUlpleg ‘oAeIn "YQ "OUgIT THE BLACK REDSTART. (RUTICILLA TITYS, Newton.) Sylvia tithys, Naum. i. p. 525. Ruticilla tithys, Macg. ii. p. 311. Pheenicura tithys, Hewitson, i. p. 105. Ruticilla titys, Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 333; Dresser, ii. p. 293. Rouge-queue Tithys, French; Hausrothschwanz, Hausrith- ling, German ; Colirajo, Spanish. An irregular autumnal visitor to England. Breeds in Central and Southern Europe. ‘uojman ‘shpy VTTONNY Astle Wiel canes Diao: Wankel ‘uopuoy-ulpiog ‘aAory "MA “O4IT ein : We as ; i? ud Rd an ae rw cn A Sy ae es. oe on. ee oe VT - " a ‘ 4 : 4 THE STONECHAT. PRATINCOLA RUBICOLA (Linn.). Motacilla Rubicola, Linn. 8S. N. i. p. 332. Saxicola rubicola, Naum. iii. p. 884; Hewitson, i. p. 107; Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 339. Fruticicola rubicola, Macg. i. p. 279. Pratincola rubicola, Dresser, 1. p. 263. Tarier rubicole, Traquet patre, French; Schwarzkehliger Steinschmdtzer, German ; Caganchina, Spanish. A locally common and resident species in Great Britain and Ireland. 13 (wT) vpOoIqna BpOoUTRAg LY AOANO.LS VOPNOJ-Ulplag “9aetyg “AX “OUIIT WHINCHAT. PRATINCOLA RUBETRA (Linn.). Motacilla Rubetra, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 832 (1776). Saxicola rubetra, Naum. iii. p. 903; Hewitson, i. p. 108; Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 344. Fruticicola rubetra, Macg. ii. p. 2738. Pratincola rubetra, Dresser, ii. p. 255. A common and regular summer migrant to most parts of Great Britain. Comparatively scarce in Ireland. 5 F (‘uwT) Btjoqna vpooulyerg wb WOH ONT BM “MOPUOT-WUPLOg ‘OAR "AA “OUI y td aT har ad ‘4 THE WHEATEAR. (SAXICOLA GENANTHE, Naum.) Saxicola cenanthe, Naum. ili. p. 863; Macg. i. p. 289; Hewitson, i. p. 1103; Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 347; Dresser, i. p. 187. Traquet, French; der Steinschmdtzer, German ; Culiblanco, Spanish. A common summer visitor, breeding locally through- out the three kingdoms. 10 Litho, W. Greve, Berlin-London. WHE 'A TE AR, Saxicola oenanthe, Naum. ISABELLINE WHEATEAR. SAXICOLA ISABELLINA, Cretzschm. Saxicola isabellina, Cretzschmar in Riippell’s Atlas, Vég. p. 52; Riipp. Neue Wirb., Vog. p. 80; Dresser, ii. p- 199; Saunders, Man. Br. B. p. 21. One occurrence. A solitary individual was shot by Mr. Thomas Mann on a ploughed field at Allonby, in Cumberland, on 11th November, 1887, and the specimen, a female, was determined by Mr. Saunders and Rev. H. A. Macpherson to be an Isabelline Wheatear. The usual range of this species extends over South- eastern Russia, Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt, and North-east Africa; it also includes Persia, Central and Eastern Asia, as well as Baluchistan and North-western India. The Isabelline Wheatear may be distinguished from the female of the Common Wheatear, which it closely resembles, by the smaller amount of white at the base of the outer rectrices, and by the axillaries and under wing-coverts being pure white without dark centres. [O. $.] s r “UTMIOg ‘SARIN “AA ‘OUITT ‘yoddny ‘eulyjeqest elooIxES “AWALWAHM ANITIAEWSI THE BLACK-THROATED WHEATEAR. (SAXICOLA STAPAZINA, Vieillot.) Saxicola stapazina, Naum. iii. p. 879; Yarr. ed. 4, iii. p. viii Saxicola rufa, Dresser, 1. p. 207; Mitchell, Birds of Lancs. pL0: Traquet Stapazin, Cul-blanc roux, Motteuxr a gorge noire, French; der Schwarzkehlige Steinschmatzer, German ; Culiblanco, Spanish. A common summer migrant to Southern Europe: has been recorded as haying occurred in Lancashire. /¢ “LOpuoy-Ulfieg “OAMIH "WM “OUWT ‘yopparg ‘euuizedeqys vpooIXrg aVALVHYHM GCHLVOYHL MOV Ta Rg cich ert wee Mere THE DESERT-WHEATEAR. SAXICOLA DESERTI, Temm. Saxicola deserti, Temm. Pl. Col. 359. fig. 2; Dalgleish, Proc. R. P. Soc. Edin. vi. p. 64; Dresser, 1. p. 215; Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. vill; Clarke, Zoologist, 1885, p. 479. An African species, recorded by Dalgleish (wt supra) as having occurred in Scotland. Another specimen has recently been obtained on the Yorkshire coast, and the occurrence recorded by Mr. Eagle Clarke. = “UMMAy, ‘Ylasep vO Soa Dy aM Lat a Sond ag ‘OAOTD “AL “OUI RUFOUS WARBLER. AEDON GALACTODES (Temm.). Sylvia galactodes, Temm. Man. d’Orn. i. p. 182 (1820); Naum. xiii. pp. 62, 398. Aedon galactodes, Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 855; Dresser, ii. p. 547. Agrobate rubiyineux, Bec-fin rubigineux, French; der rost- farbige Singer, German; Alzacola, Rubita, Vihadera, Spanish. As far as I am able to discover, only two occurrences of this beautiful Warbler have been recorded in our country—one not far from Brighton m September 1854, and another in the same month of 1859 near the Start in S. Devon. My own acquaintance with the present species is entirely confined to Greece and Spain; it is by no means uncommon in Andalucia, haunting gardens and vineyards, and though somewhat shy of observation, sufficiently conspicuous from its well-known habit of spreading and lifting the tail on alighting, thus showing the remarkable white markings with which that append- age is adorned. ‘he Rufous Warbler seems to find some special attraction about the plants of prickly pear which are so abundant in Andalucia; the nest is generally easy to discover, seldom at any considerable height from the ground, and generally ornamented by a piece of serpent’s or lizard’s skin either inside or on its outside edge. The bird is very active in pursuit of its insect-food, and combines certain characteristics of the Redbreast and Redstart with those of the smaller Shrikes. ‘The song is very peculiar and not to be mistaken for that of any other European Warbler. hememamns delet btn Seine RUFOUS WARBLER. Aedon galactodes (Iemm) ICTERINE WARBLER, HYPOLAIS ICTERINA (Vieillot). Sylvia icterina, Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xi. p. 194 (1817). Sylvia hypolais, Naum. iii. p. 540. Sylvia hippolais, Hewitson, i. p. 141. Hypolais icterina, Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 360; Dresser, ii. p. 521. Bec-fin & poitrine jaune, French; Gelber Spottvogel, Garten- Laubvogel, German. Common summer visitor to many parts of the conti- nent of Europe. Recorded as having occurred in a few instances in the British Islands. Hanhart Chromo lith ICTERINE WARBLER Hypolais ane (Niecllot) GREAT REED-WARBLER. ACROCEPHALUS TURDOIDES (Meyer). Sylvia turdoides, Meyer, Vog. Liv- u. Esthl. p. 116; Naum. ii. p. 597. Salicaria arundinacea, Hewitson, 1. p. 122. Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 364; Dresser, is Pod os Rousserolle, French; Drossel-Rohrsdnger, Rohrdrossel, German ; Carrisalero, Spanish. A rare and accidental visitor to England. 20 ~ ig * “SS Tae i\ ad REED-WARBLER. ACROCEPHALUS STREPERUS (Vieillot). Sylvia strepera, Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xi. p. 182 (1817). Sylvia arundinacea, Naum. ii. p. 614. Calamoherpe arundinacea, Macg. ii. p. 395. Salicaria strepera, Hewitson, 1. p. 119. Acrocephalus streperus, Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 869; Dresser, ii. p- 967. Rousserolle effarvatte, French; Teich-Rohrsdnger, Teich- sdnger, German. A locally common summer visitor to England; rare in Scotland and Ireland. Hanhart Chromo-lith REED-WARBLER . Acrocephalus streperus (hezllot ). >a rs bo) MARSH-WARBLER. ACROCEPHALUS PALUSTRIS (Bechst.). Sylvia palustris, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. p. 186 (1802). Sylvia palustris, Nawm. 111. p. 630. Acrocephalus palustris, Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 373; Dresser, i. p- 573. Rousserolle verderolle, French ; Sumpf-Rohrsdnger, Ger- man. This species, which very closely resembles the Reed- Warbler, is recorded as having occurred and nested occasionally during the summer in the south of England. Hanhart Chromo-htt MARSH-WARBLER. Acrocephalus palustris (Bechsé 4 5 SEDGE-WARBLER. ACROCEPHALUS PHRAGMITIS (Becihst.). Sylvia phragmitis, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. p. 186; Naum. li. p. 648. Calamoherpe phragmitis, Macg. i. p. 390. Salicaria phragmitis, Hewitson, 1. p. 117. Acrocephalus schceenobenus, Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 376; Dresser, li. p. 597. Bec-fin phragmite, French; Schilf-Rohrsinger, German. A summer visitor to Great Britain and Ireland. Exceedingly abundant in suitable localities. SEDGE WARBLER. Acrocephalus phragmitis (Bechst 4 5 © eS a? eee A ~ AQUATIC WARBLER, ACROCEPHALUS AQUATICUS (Gmel.). Motacilla aquatica, Gmelin, 8. N.i. p. 953 (1788). Sylvia cariceti, Naum. iii. p. 668. Sylvia aquatica, Naum. iii. p. 686. Acrocephalus aquaticus, Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 380; Dresser, ii. p. 591. Bec-fin aquatique, French; Seggen-Rohrsdinger, German ; Arandillo, Spanish. This bird, which is a common summer visitor to many of the marshy districts of the continent of Europe, has only been hitherto recorded to have been obtained thrice in England. The only British specimen that I have seen is that recorded by Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun. (‘ Zoologist,’ 1871), as having been shot near Dover by Mr. Charles Gordon, the Curator of the museum of that town; as I notice that the Editor of the 4th edition of Yarrell’s ‘ British Birds’ mentions (vol. 1. p. 381) that the date of this occurrence was lost, I may say that Mr. Gordon showed me the bird in the summer of 1853, and my strong impression is that it had been very recently added to the collection. In general habits this bird appears to resemble the well-known Sedge-Warbler; but, from my very limited acquaintance with it, I am inclined to consider it as more especially a seed haunter than that species. AQUATIC WARBLER Acrocephalus aquat icus ((mel.). ie st ff 7 re GRASSHOPPER WARBLER. LOCUSTELLA NAVIA (Boda.). Locustella naevia, Bodd. Table des Pl. Enl. p. 35, no. 581 (1783). Sylvia locustella, Nawm. iii. p. 701. Sibilatrix locustella, Macg. ii. p. 399. Salicaria locustella, Hewitson, 1. p. 112. Acrocephalus neevius, Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 384. Locustella nevia, Dresser, ii. p. 611. Bec-fin locustelle, French; Busch-Rohrsdnger, German. This bird, though tolerably common as a spring visitor to most parts of England and Wales, as well as to Ireland and some parts of the south of Scotland, is, from its peculiarly skulking habits, seldom seen, unless specially sought for; but its very remarkable note may be heard at daybreak from the time of its arrival in early April till the middle of June in most of our fenlands, rough sedgy pastures, and heathy and furze- grown commons. ‘This note, from which the bird has acquired its common English designation, is, in my opinion, much more accurately indicated by the name of ‘Reeler,” or Reel-bird, often applied to this species in our eastern counties. The nest of this Warbler is exceedingly difficult to discover, being generally built on the ground in very thick covert, and the birds approach it by means of an occasionally long “creep” or run through the surrounding vegetation. ans del. et lith Mintern Bros, imp GRASSHOPPER WARBLER. Locustella naevia (Bedd). SAVIS WARBLER. ACROCEPHALUS LUSCINIOIDES (Savi). Sylvia luscinioides, Savi, Nuovo Giornale de’ Letterati, vii. p- 341; Naum. xii. pp. 87 & 474. Salicaria luscinoides, Hewitson, i. p. 115. Acrocephalus luscinioides, Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 389. Locustella luscinioides, Dresser, 11. p. 627. Fawvette des Saules, French; Nachtigall - Rohrsinger, Weidenrohrsinger, German. A rare summer visitor to England, in which country, however, it has been known to breed. 21 SAVI’S WARBLER Acrocephalus luscimoides (Savz, 4. ° Hanhart Chroy DARTFORD WARBLER. MELIZOPHILUS PROVINCIALIS (Gmel.). Motacilla provincialis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 958 (1788). Melizophilus provincialis, Macg. ii. p. 383; Hewitson, 1. p. 143. Motacilla undata, Boddaert, Tabl. d. Pl. Enl. p. 40 (1783). Melizophilus undatus, Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 898; Dresser, u. p. 441. Pitchou Provencal, French; Colorin, Caganchina, Spanish. The Dartford Warbler’s habitat in England appears to be confined to the furze-clad districts of the southern counties, in some of which it is tolerably common and resident throughout the year. Pad DARTFORD WARBLER. Melizophilus provincialis (Gel. ) i epee ae ts THE COMMON WHITETHROAT. (SYLVIA CINEREA, Bechst.) Sylvia cimerea, Naum. i. p. 464; Macg. ii. p. 350; Hewitson, i, p. 130: Sylvia rufa, Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 406; Dresser, ii. p. 377. Fauvette grise, French; Dorn-Grasmiicke, Weisskehichen, German. A very common summer visitor to the British Islands. “masyoag “eateuld etaTsg LW Ord HL GCA MN ‘uopuoy-ulplag ‘eAaD “MQ “OURLT ' t , ’ THE LESSER WHITETHROAT. SYLVIA CURRUCA (Linn.). Motacilla Curruca, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 829. Sylvia curruca, Naum. ii. p. 451; Hewitson, i. p. 182; Yarr. ed. 4,1. p. 410; Dresser, ii. p. 383. Sylvia garrula, Macg. i. p. 357. Bec-fin babillard, French ; Zaun-Grasmiicke, Klapper-Gras- miicke, German. A summer visitor to Great Britain ; locally common. % (& | al d4 Litho. W. Greve, Berlin-London, LESSER WHITETHROAT. Sylvia curruca ( Linn.) 4 5 GARDEN WARBLER. SYLVIA HORTENSIS, Bechst. Sylvia hortensis, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. p. 169; Naum. ii. p- 478; Macg. 11. p. 345 ; Hewitson, 1. p. 128. Sylvia salicaria, Yarr. ed. 4,1. p. 414; Dresser, ii. p. 429. Fauvette des Jardins, French; Garten-Grasmiicke, German. A locally common summer visitor to Great Britain ; rarer in Ireland. Har JEN WARBLER Sylvia hortensis, Beches/ ND BAS FA ASSERT GI i OE RS ce aE “— : - : en ee . 7 AL =i¢ sien r a. iy on) THE BLACKCAP. (SYLVIA ATRICAPILLA, Naum.) Sylvia atricapilla, Naum. ii. p. 492; Macg. u. p. 339; Hewit- son, i. p. 126; Yarr. ed. 4,1. p. 418; Dresser, ii. p. 421. Fauvette & téte noire, French; Monch, Schwarzkopf, Schwarzkappe, German. A locally common summer migrant to Great Britain. 18 ‘uno “eqpideoiaye vtAThg cde stot ey led “uopuoy-urpiog ‘8AGTD “AA “OUITT Litho. W. Greve, Berlin. ORPHEAN WARBLER. Sylvia orphea, Temm. ORPHEAN WARBLER. SYLVIA ORPHEA, Temm. Sylvia orphea, Temminck, Man. d’Orn. p. 107 (1815) ; Naum. ii. p. 445; Hewitson, i. p. 133; Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 423; Dresser, ii. p. 411. Bec-fin orphée, French; Orpheus-Grasmiicke, German ; Canaria, Alamero, Spanish. There do not appear to be more than two well- authenticated instances on record of the occurrence of this species in England, although more than one nest containing eggs, attributed to the Orphean Warbler, have been met with in this country. My own acquaint- ance with this bird has chiefly been cultivated in Spain ; I found it exceedingly common in the neighbourhood of Madrid and Aranjuez. In these localities I generally met with it frequenting the avenues of elm and deci- duous bushes in the gardens and open country, as a rule avoiding thickly wooded districts ; in Andalucia, on the other hand, our bird appeared especially to frequent the pine-woods, and the willows that grow thickly along certain portions of the course of the Guadalquivir. The nests that we found were placed at various heights, from 5 to 20 feet from the ground, often resting on the young growers from the main trunks of the elms, and perhaps as often in the forks of willows, tamarisks, and olive-trees. ‘The nest is very much more substantially built than that of the other Warblers of this family ; the eggs much resemble those of the Lesser Whitethroat. The song of this bird, though more powerful than that of our Blackcap, cannot, in my opinion, be compared with it for melody or sweetness, in fact, I have always been puzzled to know why the name of Orpheus should have been bestowed on this species. BARRED WARBLER. SYLVIA NISORIA (Bechst.). Motacilla nisoria, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 580 (1795). Sylvia nisoria, Naum. ii. p. 430; Yarr. ed. 4, ili. p. ix; Dresser, ii. p. 435. Fauvette éperviére, French; Sperber-Grasmiicke, German. As I have no acquaintance whatever with this species in a wild state, I will merely note here that four well- authenticated occurrences in Great Britain are recorded by Mr. Howard Saunders in his ‘Manual of British Birds.’ The Barred Warbler is a summer visitor to Central and South-eastern Europe, but is certainly rare to the west of the Rhine and Rhone. I have three of this species caged at this time of writing; in attitude, song, and general demeanour they very much resemble our Lesser Whitethroat, but are the least restless of any Warblers that I have ever kept in captivity. Litho. W, Greye, Berlin. BARRED WARBLER, Sylvia nisoria (Bechst.). WOOD-WARBLER. PHYLLOSCOPUS SIBILATRIX (Bechst.). Motacilla sibilatrix, Bechstein, Naturforsch. xxvu. p. 47 (1793). Sylvia sibilatrix, Naum. ii. p. 556. Phyllopneuste sylvicola, Macg. u. p. 364. Sylvia sibillatrix, Hewitson, i. p. 135. Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 427; Dresser, ii. p. 497. Bec-fin siffleur, French; Wald-Laubvogel, German. A summer migrant to Great Britain : locally common. Hanhbart Chromo-hth WOOD-WARBLER. Phylloscopus sibilatrix ( Bechst. ) t WILLOW-WARBLER. PHYLLOSCOPUS TROCHILUS (Linn.). Motacilla trochilus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 338 (1766). Sylvia trochilus, Nawm. ii. p. 568; Hewitson, i. p. 137. Phyllopneuste trochilus, Macg. i. p. 371. Phylloscopus trochilus, Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 482; Dresser, 11. p. 491. Pouillot-fitis, French ; Fitis-Laubvogel, German ; Mosqui- tero, Mosquilla, Spanish. A common summer visitor to the British Islands. EMANS OEL" & LITH JUDD AC? LIMITED IMP WILLOW-WARBLER, Phylloscopus trochilus (Lz) GREENISH WILLOW-WARBLER. PHYLLOSCOPUS VIRIDANUS, Blyth. Phylloscopus viridanus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p- 967; Dresser, Suppl. p. 87; Caton Haigh, Zool. 1896, p. 436. One occurrence. Mr. G. H. Caton Haigh, of Grainsby Hall, Lincolnshire, reports that during the afternoon of September 5th, 1896, he shot a female of Phylloscopus viridanus in a hedge near the sea-bank at North Cotes, on the Lincolnshire coast. This Willow-Warbler, according to Mr. Dresser, occurs in Russia in the country bordering the Ural Mountains, and in Central Asia, whence it migrates and passes the winter in Northern India. [O. S.] Mintern Bros. imp GREENISH WILLOW-WARBLER Phylloscopus viridanus, Blyth. CHIFFCHAFF, PHYLLOSCOPUS MINOR (Forst.). Trochilus minor, Forst. Synopt. Cat. Brit. Birds, pp. 14, 54. Sylvia rufa, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 188 (1802) ; Naum. iii. p. 581; Hewitson, i. p. 139. Phyllopneuste hippolais, Macg. ii. p. 379. Phylloscopus collybita, Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 437; Dresser, ii. p. 485. Bec-fin véloce, French; Weiden-Laubvogel, German ; Almen- drita, Pichi, Musquereta, Spanish. A common summer visitor to the British Islands. J © KEVLEMANS DEL’ &LITH JUDD SC* LIMITED IMP CHIFFCHAFF, Phylloscopus minor (/rs¢.) : a Bard a ' i a 4 ree | F et“ A , ‘My ors n , Ay ie om ie, ay ‘ee rom : Let Ai? nw oy A . “~ ‘is ae at ne “ ge 1a a \ TPR Oe We bet Dip keel ie ip i r Aha \ "TAP say" - t ¥ wa Pa “ . ‘ . 4” ‘ 4 rate, . ae ae LF oath 4 ‘ YELLOW-BROWED WARBLER. PHYLLOSCOPUS SUPERCILIOSUS (J. F. Gmelin). Motacilla superciliosa, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 975 (1788). Regulus modestus, Naum. xiii. pl. 378 ; Gould, apud Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist. 11. p. 310. Phylloscopus superciliosus, Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 443; Dresser, il. p. 469. An Asiatic species, rarely and accidentally visiting Europe. Has occurred certainly twice in England. YELLOW-BROWED WARBLER. Phylloscopus superciliosus (F. F. Gmelin) PALLAS'S WILLOW-WARBLER. PHYLLOSCOPUS PROREGULUS (Pail.). Motacilla proregulus, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-As. i. p. 499. Phylloscopus proregulus, Dresser, Suppl. p. 73; Southwell, Zool. 1896, p. 467. One occurrence. Mr. Thomas Southwell records that a bird of this species was sent him for determination by Mr. Pashley, of Cley-next-the-Sea, on the coast of Norfolk. It had been shot on 3lst October, 1896, and was in perfect condition and apparently an adult bird. According to Mr. Dresser, Pallas’s Willow-Warbler appears regularly on migration within the limits of the Western Palearctic Region. Its range extends also from the Ural Mountains to Eastern Siberia, where it breeds, and probably passes the winter in Southern China and India. It has once occurred on the island of Heligoland. [O. 8.] Mintern Bros. imp PALLASS WILLOW-WARBLER Phylloscopus proregulus (Pallas | GOLDCREST. REGULUS CRISTATUS (Linn.). Motacilla Regulus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 338 (1766). Regulus cristatus, Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. i. p. 199. Regulus flavicapillus, Nawm. i. p. 968. Regulus auricapillus, Macg. il. p. 408; Hewitson, i. p. 148. Regulus cristatus, Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 449; Dresser, ii. p. 453. Roitelet ordinaire, French; Gelbképfige Goldhihnchen, German. Common and resident in many parts of the British Islands, its numbers much increased by irregular autumnal immigrations from the continent of Europe. GOLDCREST. Regulus cristatus (Linn.) athe i 4 FIRE-CREST. REGULUS IGNICAPILLUS (C. L. Brehm). Sylvia ignicapilla, Temminck, ea C. L. Brehm, Man. d’Orn. i. p-. 231 (1820). Regulus ignicapillus, Naum. 11. p. 983; Macg. ii. p. 416; Hewitson, i. p. 148; Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 456; Dresser, 11. p. 459. Roitelet a triple bandeau, French ; Feuerkopfiges Goldhahn- chen, German; Reyezuelo, Reyete, Spanish. An irregular and not very common visitor to England. — Abundant and resident in many parts of South and South-western Europe, especially frequenting evergreen forests and thickets. uan FIRE-CREST, Regulus ignicapillus, C. Z. Brehm. Jubb ace LIMITED WHITE'S THRUSH. TURDUS VARIUS, Pail. Turdus varius, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 449 (1811) ; Macg. ii. p. 146; Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 251; Dresser, ii. Devils An Asiatic species, rarely visiting the British Islands. 5 x4 T yy ‘SntteA SnpInT . i HSOAALD $.adLIn M nopuo7q-ulpieg ‘9AeH “MM “ONL i eae uo, L a. eee at ; AA Oe Pe eet pb des! THE MISTLETOE-THRUSH, (TURDUS VISCIVORUS, Linn.) Turdus viscivorus, Naum. ii. p. 248; Macg. ii. p. 114; Hewitson, i. p. 79; Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 258; Dresser, ii. p. 3. Grive Draine, French; Misteldrossel, German; Charla, Spanish. More or less common and resident throughout Great Britain: has extended its range greatly since the time of Bewick. Resident, but not abundant, in Ireland. Litho. W. Greve, Berlin-Lunadon, Miso tLe TFOER-THRUS H. Turdus viscivorus, Linn. _ eS ee po? ae eet THE SONG-THRUSH. (TURDUS MUSICUS, Linn.) Turdus musicus, Naum. ii. p. 262; Macg. ii. p. 127; Hewit- son, 1. p. 81; Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 264; Dresser, i. p. 19. Grive des Vignes, French; Singdrossel, German; Zorzal, Spanish. Breeds throughout the British Islands. In common with all the European species of the genus Zurdus, our Song-Thrush migrates southwards in autumn, but seldom entirely leaves the country. i 2 SONG-THRUSH. Turdus musicus, Linn. Litho. W. Greve, Berlin-Lonidon, THE REDWING. (TURDUS ILIACUS, Linn.) Turdus iliacus, Naum. ii. p. 276; Macg. ii. p. 141; Hewitson, i. p. 87; Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 268; Dresser, ii. p. 35. Grive mauvis, French; Rothdrossel, German; Malviz, Spanish. A very common autumnal visitor to the British Islands. Breeds in Northern Europe and Asia. ‘murTy ‘Snow, SNpany, ONIMGAHSA “HOpuoy-nipog AMD "MA ‘OUILT ~ La cull a. * we , « & = se ‘> » Ate f raphe _t ae THE FIELDFARE, (TURDUS PILARIS, Linn.) Turdus pilaris, Nawm. ui. p.296; Macg. ii. p. 105; Hewitson, i. p. 84; Yarr. ed. 4,1. p. 272; Dresser, ii. p. 41. Grive Iitorne, French; Wachholder-Drossel, German. A common winter visitor to the British Islands. Breeds in Northern Europe and Asia. umy ‘stared supany, eG rs iors a a SG 8 ‘Opuoy-ulpieg ‘aAeIg “MQ “OUITT « “*(neg) BOLIGIS B[yoD0a5) - Tea ce Agate we ‘HSNAHL-ANNOHYO NYWIdagiIs “UNO ‘OACIH “AX ‘ONINT * a5 é Dy D om were ees «4 wf. a ‘ SIBERIAN THRUSH. TURDUS SIBIRICUS, Pall. Turdus sibiricus, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. App. p. 694 (1776) ; Naum. xiii. p. 348; Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 279, note ; Dresser, ii, p. 87. Sibirische Drossel, German. The only capture of this bird, as yet recorded in Great Britain, is said to have taken place in the winter of 1860-61, between Guildford and Godalming; the specimen in question was sent to Mr. F. Bond by a dealer as a variety of the Redwing. Mr. H. Saunders (‘ Manual of British Birds,’ p. 12) does not consider the evidence sufficient to warrant the introduction of this species into the British list, but mentions that he believed that another specimen was picked up at Bonchurch in the winter of 1874. Without any wish to enter into the much debated question as to what constitutes the claim of this or of any other bird to a place in the British fauna, I think that, granting the fact in the present instance, that a bird of this species was killed in England, the probability is strongly in favour of its having been a bona fide traveller, and not an “escaped” bird. At all events, I do not anticipate that my subscribers will object to the accompanying plate. The breeding-home of this species, according to Seebohm * (the only English writer who, so far as I am aware, treats of it in detail as a British bird), is in the valleys of the great rivers Yenesay and Lena in Siberia, between lat. 67° and 68°, and it also breeds in Japan. It winters in China, Burma, Sumatra, and Java, and has once occurred in the Andaman Islands. In the work from which I quote the above localities will be found an account of the writer’s personal acquaintance with this species, which is too long to transcribe iz evtenso. It amounts to his having occasionally met with this Thrush in Siberia, near the village of Koorayika, on the Arctic Circle, haunting birch-plantations ; it seems that it is an exceedingly wary bird, and Seebohm only succeeded in shooting one specimen, a fine male in adult plumage. It was, however, well known to the inhabitants as the Black Thrush, or, I should rather say, by two Russian words with that signification. These natives informed the author that the bird was by no means uncommon during the breeding-season at Toorokansk. It is said to be possessed of a not very loud but sweet song, and is a favourite cage-bird in Japan. Seebohm concludes his description of the habits of the species with the words ‘‘ Nothing whatever is known of its eggs or nest.” The volume from which I am quoting is dated 1883, and I am not aware of any information on the latter particulars having been recorded since that time. This Thrush is a very rare straggler into Europe, but has been met with in various localities in Northern Germany, in the Hartz Mountains, the island of Riigen, France, Belgium, Italy, and Turkey. * ‘British Birds,’ vol. i. pp. 204, 205. BLACKBIRD, TURDUS MERULA, Linn. Turdus merula, Linn. S. N. 1. p. 295 (1766); Naum. ii. p- 826; Macg. ii. p. 81; Hewitson, 1. p. 91; Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 280; Dresser, ii. p. 91. Merle noir, French; Schwarzdrossel, German; Mirlo, Merla, Spanish. Abundant and resident in almost all parts of the British Islands, its numbers greatly augmented by autumnal migrations from the continent. This species is found in most of the countries of Europe, either as a resident or a winter visitor, and breeds to my knowledge in Algeria. As is the case with most birds of its family, the Blackbird is a local migrant in the countries in which it breeds, but differs from its congeners by seldom, if ever, travelling in flocks. 1 believe that in favourable circumstances this species often produces three broods of young in the year. Enormous numbers of Blackbirds are annually shot, snared, and netted for the table, in autumn, in many parts of Southern Europe, notably in the island of Corsica. {uur7) Pjndett supa] Gduld@MoOvV Id ‘ eG ne eM 1d > *, ee | THE RING-OUZEL. (TURDUS TORQUATUS, Linn.) Turdus torquatus, Naum. ii. p. 318; Macg. ii. p. 100; Hewit- son, i. p. 93; Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 287; Dresser, ui. p. 113. Merle « plastron, French ; Ringamsel, Schneeamsel, Ger- man; Chirlo, Spanish. A summer migrant to the British Islands, breeding in mountainous and moorland localities throughout the three kingdoms. \ AW) en 1 end 2 “ a Litho. W. Greve, Berlin-London, mol GK we eZ EG. Turdus torquatus, Linn. THE PIED ROCK-THRUSH. (MONTICOLA SAXATILIS, Newton.) Turdus saxatilis, Naum. ii. p. 348. Petrocincla saxatilis, Hewitson, i. p.95; Yarr. ed. 4,1. p. 292. Monticola saxatilis, Dresser, ii. p. 129. Merle de Roche, French; Steinmerle, German; Mirlo de pena, Spanish. A summer migrant to Southern and South-central Europe; the recorded occurrence in England is in all probability that of a bird escaped from captivity. ‘NOjJMAN ‘SITLYEXVS vLOOTIMOT ELS Ee sto Oa ee Td “MOpUOT-Ujpleg ‘aaetg “A “OUsTT GOLDEN ORIOLE. ORIOLUS GALBULA, Linn. Oriolus galbula, Linn. S. N. i. p. 160 (1760); Naum. ii. p-171; Macg. 1. p. 73; Hewitson, i. p.94; Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 283; Dresser, iii. p. 365. Loriot, French; Kirsch-Pirol, German; Oropendola, Spanish. ' This beautiful species is one of the many summer visitors to the continent of Europe, which, as I am firmly persuaded, only requires protection and encouragement to become tolerably common with us. At present it is an annual visitor, in small numbers, to our eastern and southern counties, and has been known to breed in England on several occasions ; but most of the records of its appearance in our islands are accompanied by the statement that the specimen is in the hands of some “taxidermist,” these artists being, with few exceptions, always ready to give a good price, and demand a much better one, for an Oriole, or, mdeed, any unfortunate and uncommon straggler to our shores. I have met with the Golden Oriole in many parts of Europe and im Algeria, but nowhere in such abundance as in the immediate neighbourhood of Madrid; it frequents woods and groves, but in my experience avoids thick forests ; it is rather a shy bird, and much more frequently heard than seen. Its favourite food is fruit of many kinds, especially figs, cherries, and mulberries ; but it is, to my knowledge, also a great destroyer of caterpillars. i Kewemans delet lith 1 Mintex Sros. Imp GOLDEN ORIOLE. Oriolus égalbula. Lina. J G Keulemans del et tn DIPPER. Cinclus aquat icus. Beehst. Minterr Bro DIPPER. CINCLUS AQUATICUS, Bechst. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 206 (1802) ; Naum. iii. p. 925 ; Hewitson, 1. p. 77; Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 241; Dresser, 11. p. 167. Cinclus europzeus, Macg. ii. p. 50. Aquassiére, French ; Wasseramsel, Wasserschwétzer, Ger- man; Pordo de Agua, Pechiblanco, Spanish. This delightful little bird is probably well known to those of my readers who are addicted to salmon- and trout-fishing, as the favourite haunts of the Salmonidie are the favourite resorts of the Dipper; in fact, the bird is accused of devouring the spawn of these fishes, and has, I grieve to say, been almost exterminated in certain places on that account. I do not pretend to pronounce judgment on this subject, but am very strongly inclined to consider that the damage done by the Dipper has been grossly exaggerated; and can only say that if I were the fortunate possessor of a salmon- or trout-river this merry little bird should be as welcome to take his share of their produce, as the Herons and Kingfishers are to theirs of the coarse fishes of our Northampton- shire Nene. The Dipper, except for his aquatic habits, much resembles the Common Wren in character, always im a hurry, diving into the most rapid streams or boiling pools below a fall, and on emerging flying to a stone, often in mid-stream, whence he pours out a very pleasant song with continual bobbings and bowings of the body and jerks of the short tail; one eminently attractive point about this bird is that his cheery song is continued throughout the winter months. The Water-Ousel, as our bird is frequently called, lays six or seven white eggs early in the year, in a large shapeless nest of green moss and dry leaves, with an aperture on one side of it; this structure is usually placed among stones on a ledge of rock in the close neighbourhood of running water, sometimes in an old stone wall, and not uncommonly actually under, or, as I should perhaps say, behind, a waterfall. BLACK-BELLIED DIPPER. CINCLUS MELANOGASTER, C. L. Brehm. Cinclus melanogaster, C. L. Brehm, Lehr. eur. Vog. 1. p. 289 (1823); Naum. xiii. p. 188; Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 244; Dresser, ui. p. 177. Sturnus cinclus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 290 (1766). This, the common Scandinavian race of Dipper, has occasionally occurred in the east of England, and is reported to have been found in the Pyrenees. I pre- sume that its habits are in all respects similar to those of our indigenous British race, but I have no personal acquaintance with it, and am not in any way disposed to look upon it as a distinct species. omg WUsLa FU A WYyal Ty ’T) “Td 1S P50u byour snypoUur’) “Yaddid GAaqITIad-yOV1E b UIT 7 Tp TT are - Tom 2 i) a hh Rat 4G pike = Oe PIED on COMMON WAGTAIL, MOTACILLA LUGUBRIS, Temm. Motacilla lugubris, Temm. Man. d’Orn. i. p. 253 (1820). Motacilla yarrelli, Naum. xiii. p. 114; Macg. ii. p. 225. Motacilla yarrellii, Hewitson, 1. p. 163. Motacilla lugubris, Yarr. ed. 4,1. p. 538; Dresser, iii. p. 239. Lavandiére, French; Schwarze Bachstelze, German ; Neve- rilla, Spanish. This well-known and charming bird I can only con- sider as a local race of Motacilla alba; its range appears to be virtually limited to our islands and the extreme west of the continent of Europe. In common with most, if not all, of our purely insec- tivorous birds, it is a local migrant; but, as far as I am aware, has not hitherto been met with south of the Mediterranean. vi Vonlerr COMMON WAGTAII OR PIED Motacilla luéubris.lenm. GREY WAGTAIL. MOTACILLA SULPHUREA, Bechst. Motacilla Melanope, Pall. Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 696 (1776) ; Dresser, iii. p. 251. Motacilla sulphurea, Bechst. Gemeinn. Naturg.Vég. Deutsch. i. p. 459 (1807); Naum. iii. p. 824; Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 552. Motacilla boarula, Macg. ii. p. 235; Hewitson, i. p. 167. Bergeronnette jaune, French; Graue Bachstelze, German ; Agua nieves amarilla, Pepita, Spanish. This species, for which ‘“ Long-tailed” would be a much more appropriate designation than that by which it is commonly known, breeds in many parts of England and Scotland, and during the summer is generally to be found in hilly districts, frequenting the banks of clear and rapid streams. In the autumn and winter this bird may be met with in most parts of the country, chiefly haunting the vicinity of water. In Ireland, according to Thompson, it is extensively, though not universally, distributed, J G Keolenans del. et lith Mintern Bros. imp: GREY WAGTAIL, dad & jay. summer, Motacilla sulphurea,, Bechst . bay J.G Keulemans del. et. ith Mintern Bros. imp GREY WAGTAIL.&. %. winter. Motacilla sulphurea , Becht BLUE-HEADED WAGTAIL. MOTACILLA FLAVA, Linn. Motacilla flava, Linn. S. N. i. p. 831 (1766) ; Naum. iii. p- 889; Hewitson, 1. p. 168; Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 558; Dresser, iii. p. 261. Budytes flava, Macg. ii. p. 208. Bergeronnette de printemps, French; Gelbe Bachstelze, German ; Nevatilla, Martinica, Spanish. A very abundant summer visitor to most parts of the continent of Europe; frequently met with, but probably more frequently overlooked, in our islands. ‘The nest of this bird has been met with more than once in England. In its habits this bird exactly resembles the common English race, Motacilla rait. Mintern Br » seers te) el bu BLUE-HEADED WAGTAIL. Motacilla flava, Linn 5 GREY-HEADED YELLOW WAGTAIL, MOTACILLA BOREALIS, Sundev. Motacilla flava borealis, Sundevall, Ofv. K. Vet.-Ak. Hand. 1840, p. 53. Motacilla viridis, Gray et auct.; Dresser, iii. p. 269. This is a form of Yellow Wagtail found in Scan- dinavia, North Russia, and Siberia, extending its winter migration to South Africa, the plains of India, Burmah, and the Malay Peninsula. Two specimens have been reported from Penzance. In general appearance it is very like IM. flava, but has no white superciliary stripe. [O. S.] *ymaapung ‘sijea10q kB] [IOBJOW 4JIWLDYWM MOTIAA GAAACWAH-AdqYO “UTLIAH “OAAID AL “OND YELLOW WAGTAIL. MOTACILLA RAII (Bonap.). Budytes Rayi, Bonap. Comp. List B. Kur. & N. Am. p. 18 (1838) ; Macg. i. p. 212. Motacilla rayi, Hewitson, i. p. 170. Motacilla raii, Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 564; Dresser, iii. p. 277. Bergeronnette a téte jaune, French; Pepita real, Spanish. This species or race is, in Europe, the western repre- sentative of JZ. flava, from which it only differs in the colour of the head. The present bird is a common summer visitor to most parts of England, rare in the extreme north of Scotland, and stated by several authors to have been only found dreeding in Ireland on the shores of Lough Neagh; to this statement, however, I demur, as I met with a nest containing eggs on the western shore of Lough Corrib in the summer of 1853, on which occasion | clearly identified both of the parent birds. 2c % uxt soag Usequty, doug “TEL BT[LIBI OO] “TIVIDVM MOTTHA a +} a4 82 werralt ao ‘ TREE-PIPIT. Anthus arboreus (@melin). Litho. W. Greve, Berlin. TREE-PIPIT. ANTHUS ARBOREUS (Gmelin). Alauda arborea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 793; Macg. ii. p- 174; Hewitson, i. p. 179. Anthus arboreus, Naum. ii. p. 758. Anthus trivialis, Yarr. ed. 4,1. p. 569; Dresser, i. p. 309. Pipit des arbres, French ; Baum-Pieper, German ; Cinceta, Pispita, Spanish. This well-known bird is a common spring visitor to most of our English counties, as well as to certain parts of Scotland, but is scarce in the north of the latter kingdom, and, according to Mr. H. Saunders, had not been obtained in Ireland at the time of the publication of his ‘Manual’ in 1889. With us, in Northamptonshire, this bird is exceedingly common, and amongst our country-folk often does duty as the “Wood-Lark,” though perhaps it is more generally known by the name of “'litlark,” the common desig- nation of the Meadow-Pipit. I may mention that the genuine Wood-Lark is a very rare bird in our neigh- bourhood ; and as we have no common-lands or heaths, the Meadow-Pipit is not abundant. The present species arrives in the first or second week of April, and frequents for the most part well- timbered pasture-lands. The nest is placed on the ground, and is a neat structure of moss and dry bents, lined with hair. The eggs vary greatly in colour, but those of the same pair of birds as a rule closely re- semble each other ; as, however, they are well known, I do not attempt to describe them. The Tree-Pipit is remarkable amongst its congeners from its constant habit of perching on trees and singing from its perch, after a while launching itself off with outspread wings, hovering, still singing, in the air, and finally returning to its perch or slowly descending to the ground. The song, though somewhat wanting in sweetness, is by no means unpleasant, and has a certain faint resemblance to that of the Sky-Lark. Altogether this is a very lively and attractive bird, that would be very much missed in our country as one of the many pleasant associations of pleasant summer-time. The nest of the Tree-Pipit is one of those most frequently selected by Cuckoos for the intrusion of their eggs. MEADOW-PIPIT. ANTHUS PRATENSIS (Linn.). Alauda pratensis, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 287 (1766). Anthus pratensis, Naum. iii. p. 774; Macg. ii. p. 181; Hewitson, i. p. 173; Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 575; Dresser, iii. p. 285. Pipi des Prés, French; Wiesen-Pieper, German ; Alfarfera, Pasita, Titerella, Spanish. This little bird is a permanent resident throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and, under the name of Titlark, is probably as well known as any British bird. In the summer it frequents uncultivated land of any kind from the highest heather-clad mountains of the Scottish Highlands to the pastures and meadows of our southern counties; but, in common with all other insectivorous birds, shifts its quarters according to the season, and may, in winter, be occasionally found in great numbers on our coasts. The nest of the Meadow-Pipit, which is almost invariably situated on the ground, is one of those most frequently selected by the Cuckoo as a laying-place ; and these Pipits certainly show more inimical attention to this vagrant usurper than is usual with any other species of my acquaintance. Odd Usa puUyy, ‘(um7T) stsu9) ead snyyuy “Tidid-MOdCVGIW Pp sueupyosy « RED-THROATED PIPIT. ANTHUS CERVINUS (Pail.). Motacilla cervina, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 511 (1811). Anthus cervinus, Naum. xiii. p. 97; Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 579; Dresser, ii. p. 299. Der rothkehlige Pieper, German. This bird, whose breeding-haunts in Europe appear to be confined to the extreme north and north-east of that continent, has been recorded to have occurred thrice in our islands, but is very possibly more common on migration therein than is generally supposed. My acquaintance with it is confined to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, on many parts of which it passes the winter and early spring. As far as I have had opportunities for observation, its habits resemble very closely those of our well-known Meadow-Pipit (Anthus pratensis). ctr soig misapxay “(Pd ) snutAdes snyquy “Lidld GQHYIVOUHL— dau WaT y? Tsp suBemseTey >) a fy (up eyejodids smpuy ‘LIdId ANIATV vaypaeg ‘@A07D “MA “OUT ? a <2. ) a tt = at e4 ALPINE PIPIT. ANTHUS SPIPOLETTA (Linn.). Alauda spinoletta, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 288 (1766). Anthus aquaticus, Naum. iii. p. 789, xiii. pp. 104, 110. Anthus spipoletta, Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 581. Anthus spinoletta, Dresser, iii. p. 335. Pipi spioncelle, Farlouse spioncelle, Pipi spipolette, French ; Alpen-Pieper, German; Tordino, Alfarfero, Spanish. I have adopted the above designation for this species in preference to that of Mater-Pipit, for the simple reason that all the European species of the genus Anthus frequent the sea-shores and alluvial flats in autumn and winter, and are, with very few exceptions, at all seasons fond of the neighbourhood of water, whilst the present bird, during the breeding-season, is seldom, if ever, to be met with, except amongst moun- tains of a considerable elevation. Four instances only of the occurrence of this bird in England have hitherto been recorded, all in the county of Sussex, but it is more than probable that other such occurrences have passed unnoticed. My personal acquaintance with the Alpine Pipit is confined to having seen a few in various 1 ROCK-PIPIT, ANTHUS OBSCURUS (Lath.). Alauda obscura, Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 494 (1790). Anthus aquaticus, Macg. ii. p. 1914; Hewitson, i. p. 174. Anthus obscurus, Yarr. ed. 4, i. p.586; Dresser, iii. p. 343. Pipi obscur, French; Strand-Pieper, German. This species is a common resident on all the rocky portions of our coasts, and, indeed, in the winter is to be found almost anywhere in the neighbourhood of salt water. ‘The nest is generally placed in a crevice of rock or amongst the grasses or other low vegetation within a short distance of the sea. I found a nest built among the marram-grass on a sand-cliff at Bournemouth, within 5 or 6 feet of a constantly frequented path, and in a locality not sufficiently steep to secure it from the intru- sion of any passing dog or cat. I have, however, good reason to believe that the old bird took off her brood in safety. “(yjT) snindsqo snyyy wuungs ‘TITATd MWOOUw ‘urpteg (OACTD "M ‘OUT nasil — , ’ Sacer, | (eT) snanosqo snyluy ‘LIdId-ADOU “UNTO” '2AeTH “Ay “OUITT Co|~3 TAWNY PIPIT. Anthus campestris (Linn.). fi | y) \ aa rennet ets ie ar ninoanenets en Litho. W. Greve, Berlin. TAWNY PIPIT. ANTHUS CAMPESTRIS (Linn.). Alauda campestris, Linn. S. N. i. p. 288 (1766). Anthus campestris, Naum. iii. p. 745; Yarr. ed. 4, 1. p. 592; Dresser, iii. p. 317. Pipit rousseline, French; Brach-Pieper, German ; Calan- drina, Spanish. This bird, although reported to be an annual summer visitor to the north of France, and to Holland, can only be considered as an uncommon straggler to our country. I find that Mr. H. Saunders records the occurrence of some sixteen or seventeen specimens, of which number all but two were obtained in autumn in the neighbour- hood of Brighton. My own principal acquaintance with this Pipit was formed in Central and Northern Spain, where it is by no means uncommon on sandy wastes ; I never met with it on cultivated ground. In compari- son with the other species of the genus Axthus, this is a shy and retiring bird, chiefly remarkable for its loud single alarm-note. I never met with it in great abund- ance, but in certain districts could always make sure of finding three or four pairs in a day’s ramble. I observe that Mr. Saunders credits this bird with ‘a poor and monotonous song,” but I never heard any notes uttered by a Tawny Pipit that would merit even this desig- nation. On the ground this bird is very nimble, and will run for long distances before a pursuer, always taking good care to keep out of gunshot-range. In spite of diligent search, I only found one nest that I could with certainty attribute to this species; it was placed between two large clods of sandy earth near a horse-track, was composed of dry root-fibres, lined with goat’s-hair, and contained four eggs of a dull creamy white profusely blotched and streaked with ash-grey markings. RICHARD’S PIPIT. ANTHUS RICHARDI, Vieill. Anthus richardi, Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 491 (1818) ; Macg. ii. p. 199; Hewitson, i. p. 175; Yarr. ed. 4, i. p. 598; Dresser, iii. p. 325. Pipit Richard, French; Stelzenpieper, Spornpieper, Ger- man. An uncommon autumnal visitor to this country, in which most, though by no means all, of its recorded captures have occurred near the sea. According to various authors, Richard’s Pipit has a wide range over Asia and Europe, and breeds almost throughout the central districts of the first-named con- tinent. ‘yA STpareYyoLr snuypuy i ard i: Puy “LidId S.,QUVHOIM diut * soug Uurepugy