\ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/commercialfeedinOOhaywrich , <1 April 2, 1908. U. S. -DEPARTMENT 6f AGRlCyLTURE, BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY BULLETIN No. 108. II. W. WILEY. Chl( COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS OF TILE UNITED STATES: THEIR CHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION. J. K. HAYWOOD, ( li\(j\ Miscellaneous Laboratory, AM) II. J. WARNER, Assisfdiit Chemist, Miscellaneous Labtfrator% WITH THE ''(M.I.AHOKATLON OF B. J. HOWARD, ( 'h it t\ Microcht )n ical Laboratory. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING oEFICE, 1908. Issii.m] April 2, 1008. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY- BULLETIN No. 108. II. W. WILEY, ChteXol Bureau. COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS OF THE UNITED STATES: THEIR CHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION. J. K. HAYWOOD, Chief, Miscellaneous Laboratory, AM) II. J.WARNER, Assistant ( 1kemist, Miscellaneous Laboratory, WITH THE COLLABORATION OF B. J. HOWARD, Chief, Microchemical Laboratory. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1908. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, Washington, D. (\, August 27, 1907. Sir: I have the honor to submit for your approval a report giving the results obtained in an investigation, of the composition of com- mercial feeding stuffs sold on the American market, which has been made in the miscellaneous laboratory of this Bureau, according to law. The investigation was undertaken in order that we might efficiently answer the many inquiries received at the Bureau for information regarding this class of goods. As the results are of general interest, T recommend that the report be published as Bulletin 108 of the Bureau of Chemistry. Respectfully, W. D. Bigelow, Acting Chief of Bureau. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. 2 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 7 ( Ihemical examination 7 Collection of samples 7 Methods of analysis * 8 I Determination of pentosans 8 Purification of phloroglucol 8 Determination 8 Determination of reducing sugars and sucrose 9 Reducing sugars as dextrose 9 Sucrose 9 Mel hods of manufacture of stock foods 9 Cottonseed meal 10 Linseed meal 10 Gluten, gluten meal, gluten feed 10 Hominy feed II Distillers' dried grains 11 Brewers' dried grains and malt sprouts 11 "Wheat feeds 11 Oat feeds 12 Corn and oat feeds 12 Dried beet pulp 13 Molasses grains 13 Proprietary feeds 13 Animal meals 13 Poultry foods '..'_ 13 Food values of the principal constituents L9 Discussion of results of analysis 14 Cottonseed meals : 20 Linseed meals : 24 Corn products 28 Brewery and distillery products : 32 Wheat feeds 35 Oat feeds , 38 Corn and oat feeds 40 Mixed feed a. » 45 Sugar and molasses feeds 48 Miscellaneous feeds ". - 48 Proprietary stock feeds 51 Animal meals 54 Poultry foods 56 Comparison of commercial and home-grown feeds 60 4 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. Chemical examination — Continued. Page. Correspondence with manufacturers 61 J. W. Barwell 01 The J. W. Biles' Company 62 Bosworth & Wood 63 Brook's Elevator Company 63 Buffalo Cereal Company 63 W. F. Chamberlain 64 Chapin & Co t . . . . 64 ( ypher's Incubator Company 65 Dayton Milling Company 65 D. A. de Lima & Co 66 Empire Mills 66 Fall Creek Milling Company i . 66 George L. Harding 66 Albert A. Keene • 67 Lawrenceburg Roller Mill 67 The Mann Brothers Company 07 Midland Linseed Company 67 Miner-Hillard Milling Company , 67 Henry Neff OS Oneonta Milling Company 08 R. C. Rathborne 68 Ross Brothers Company 09 W. H. Small & Co ,.., 60 J. E. Soper & Co : 69 Sparks Milling Company 09 David Stott 0& Swift & Co 70 Thornton & Chester Milling Company 70 Union Linseed Company 70 The United States Frumentum Company 70 A. Walker & Co ; 70 E. S. Woodworth & Co 71 Microscopical examination 72 ( General remarks 7l' Apparat us, reagents, and methods 72 List of materials that may be present in cattle foods 73 ( Vreal products 73 Secondary or by-products 74 Weed seeds 74 Medicinal or condimental materials 7( Of vegetable origi n 7( Of mineral origin 7( Histological features o! some cattle-food constituents 7€ \\'he;it Slid rye 7$ Cottonseed 77 Linseed iflax) 77 Caroi> bean 78 Animal meal 78 Bone meal 78 Oyster and dam shells 7J 1 fried blood O&uiock, wild mustard 7JS CONTENTS. 5 Microscopical examination — Continued. page. Histological features of some cattle-food constituents Continued. Common pigweed 7!) Rough pigweed 79 Bindweed, smart weed 80 Wild bergamot so Cow herb so Jimson weed 81 Plantain 81 Bracfed plantain 81 Rib grass , 82 Common plantain 82 Rugel's plantain 82 Corn ( ockle 83 Bouncing Bet 83 Night-flowering catchfly 83 Curled dock 83 Sorrel 84 Foxtail • 84 Index to plates . 85 Alphabetical index to samples 87 ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate T. Fig. 1 . — Seed coat of charlock. Fig. 2. — Cross cells of seed coat of rye. Fig. 3. — Cross cells of seed coat of wheat. Fig. 4. — Aleuron layer of wheat. Fig. 5. — Epidermal layer of seed coat of common pig- weed., Fig. 6. — Epidermal layer of seed coat of rough pigweed. II. Fig. 1. — Epidermal layer of seed coat of cottonseed. Fig. 2. — Pali- sade layer of seed coat of cottonseed. Fig. 3. — Perisperm layer of seed coat of cottonseed. Fig. 4. — Seed coat of wild bergamot. Fig. 5. — Sclerenchymatous cells from seed coat of flaxseed. Fig. 6. — Pigment cells of flaxseed III. Fig. 1. — Epidermal layer of sorrel seed. Fig. 2. — Epidermal layer of glume of yellow foxtail. Fig. 3. — Hemin crystals. Fig. 4.— - Fragment of bone showing lacunae IV. Fig. 1. — Epidermal layer of seed coat of cow herb. Fig. 2. — Beaded cells near hilum of seed of cow herb. Fig. 3. — Epidermal cells of corn cockle. Fig. 4. — Epidermal cells of Jimson weed seed. Fig. 5. — Epidermal cells of seeds of Bouncing Bet. Fig. 6. — Epidermal cells of seed of night-blooming catchfly V. Transverse sections of seeds of species of genus Plantagoa VI. Fig. 1 — Slime cells fromt seed of Plantago aristata Michx. Fig.^2.— Endosperm cells of seed of P. aristata Michx. Fig. 3. — Epider- mal layer of seed of P. major L. Fig. 4. — Epidermal layer of seed of P. rugelii Decaisne.a Fig. 5. — Epidermal layer of seed coat of smartweed. Fig. 6.- Seed coat of curled dock Page. «0n Plates V and VI the name Decaisne is by mistake printed " Ducaisne." G COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS OF THE UNITED STATES: THEIR CHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION. INTRODUCTION. Extensive investigations on commercial feeding stuffs have been conducted by a number of experiment stations, in connection with the enforcement of the feeding-stuff laws in the various States. These laws, however, usually require a guaranty as to fat and protein only, and consequently the examinations by the stations have been in most cases limited to these two constituents. In a few cases determinations have also been made by the stations of ash, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract by difference, but practically I d attempt has been made to determine any of the various carbohydrates that constitute the so-called nitrogen-free extract. From a scientific as well as practical point of view a more complete analvsis seemed desirable, as such data would / wmple*. Serial No. 1 173 1171 117:. 1 176 1177 I JTs 117-1 1480 1IS1 1 IS2 1483 11M 1485 11N7 1488 1 189 1492 1493 1491 1497. 1 196 L497 1 I9S 1499 1500 1501 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 , 1525 1526 Name of product. Name of manufacturer. Mixed toed Dandy corn and oat toed . Corn and oat chop Qreal Western dairy toed. Boss corn and oat toed . Blue Qraea mixed toed Flint gluten feed Oil meal, O. P Dried beet pulp Corn moal and oat feed . . . Royal mixed feed Common feed Molasses feed I >e-Fi corn and oat feed . . I'uritan ground feed Merchants' dairy feed ('.round corn and oats Prime cottonseed meal . . . Vim oat feed Hominy chop Arrow corn and oat teed. Mixed feed Oil meal, O. P X oat feed Ground feed Tri-Me mixed feed Empire State dairy feed Excelsior corn and oat teed. Royal oat feed Blomo feed Vermont mixed feed Ground corn and oats Stott's honest mixed feed.. . Corn and oat provender Ground corn and oats Linseed oil meal, O. P Oil meal, O. P Ground feed Thornton & Chester Milling Co. Commercial Milling Co E. L. Potter Great Western Cereal Co do A. Walker A Co Flint Mill Co The Mann Bros. Co Alma sugar Co Mack & Kennedy Brooks Elevator Co l.apham & Parks E. P. Mueller Elsworth & Co Paine Bros. Co Merchants' Distilling Co Barber & Bennett American Cotton < ) i 1 Co American Cereal Co :.. W. II. Payne & Sons Oneonta Milling Co.. Rex Mill Co American Linseed Co. American Cereal Co . . W. L. Travis Sparks Milling Co Clark Bros. & Co Great Western Cereal Co. do Blomo Manufacturing Co . Flint Mill Co Ogden & Clark David Stott Oneonta Milling Co Browne Bros Hanenstein & Co Hunter Bros H. D. McCord& Son Export brand linseed oil meal, ! O. P. Corn and oat chop Warner's gluten feed Cream oat feed Green Diamond cottonseed meal. Corn meal and chop feed i Puritan chick food I Oil cottonseed meal , Creamery feed Malt sprouts j Mixed feed Ground corn and oats ! Chapin & Co Knickerbocker Mill & Grain Co. Warner Sugar Refining Co. Great Western Cereal Co. . Chapin & Co George Roberts Puritan Poultry Farms. F. M. Brodie&Co Buffalo Cereal Co Oneonta Milling Co The Gardner Mill Shaw and Truesdale Co. 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1539 1540 1541 1543 1544 1545 1547 1548 1549 Dixie cottonseed meal. . Star feed H-0 Co.'s poultry food. Brewer's dried grain... Hominy feed American poultry food. Buffalo gluten feed Malt sprouts Hominy feed Ground feed Ground linseed cake, O. Pioneer barley feed Molasses grains Creamery feed Tri-Me mixed feed Ground corn and oats . Ground feed Pekin gluten feed Ground corn and oats.. Humphreys, Godwin A: Co. The Toledo Elevator Co. . . H-OCo E. P. Mueller (jobber) American Hominy Co American Cereal Co Glucose Sugar Refining Co. E. P. Mueller Toledo Elevator Co Fulton Grain and Mill Co.. .do. A. L. Clements & Co The Pioneer Cereal Co E. P.Mueller Buffalo Cereal Co Sparks Milling Co Washburne Supply Co J. H. Brett Illinois Sugar Refining Co. S. W. Boone W. II. Paine & Son. 1550 Lenox stock food . 1551 . Common feed Strong Lefferi 'bC Glens Falls Co... Address of nianufaet urer. Buffalo, N. Y. Detroit, Mi. h. Fort Edward, N. Y. Chicago, 111. Do. Henderson, Ky. Milwaukee, Wis. Buffalo, N. Y. Alma, Mich. (ileus Falls, N. Y. Minneapolis, Minn. (J lens Falls, N. Y. Milwaukee, Wis. Buffalo, N. Y. Milwaukee, Wis. Terre Haute, Ind. Albany, N. Y. New York City. Chicago, 111. 231 E. One hundred and twenty-ninth street, New York City. Oneonta, N. Y. Kansas City, Mo. New York City. Chicago, 111. 4 South street, New York City. Alton, 111. Peoria, 111. Chicago, 111. Do. New York City. Milwaukee, Wis. Utica, N. Y. Detroit, Mich. Albany, N. Y. Flushing, N. Y. Buffalo, N. Y. St. Louis, Mo. 92-94 Broad street, New York City. Buffalo, N. Y. Albany, N. Y. Chicago, 111. • Do. Buffalo, N. Y. Glens Falls, N. Y. Stamford, Conn. Memphis, Tenn. Buffalo, N. Y. Albany, N. Y. Hastings, Minn. Second street and Gorwand . Canal, Brooklyn, N. Y. Memphis, Tenn. Toledo, Ohio. Buffalo, N. Y. Milwaukee, Wis. Indianapolis, Ind. Chicago, 111. Do. Milwaukee, Wis. Toledo, Ohio. Pacific street, Brooklyn, N. Y. New York City. Akron, Ohio. Milwaukee, Wis. Buffalo, N. Y. Alton, 111. Pleasantville, N. Y. Mount Vernon. N. Y. Chicago, 111. Smith Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 231 East One hundred and twenty-ninth street, New York City. New York City. Glens Falls, N. Y. 16 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. Table 1. — Description of samples — Continued. Serial No. 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1565 1566 1568 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1596 1597 1598 1599 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1H17 1618 1619 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1680 1631 1693 1694 lfl&K LOOT 1698 1888 Name of product. Prime cottonseed meal — Ground linseed cake Howard's hominy meal . . . Ground feed Egg builder ration Animal meal Victor corn and oat feed . . Hominy chop Oilmeal,0. P Anchor corn and oat feed . Brewer's dried grain Ground corn and oats Globe gluten feed . . .' Ground feed ...do ....do Monarch horse feed Dairy feed Schumacker's stock food Blatchford's sugar and flax- seed. C. & W. mixed feed Monarch chop feed Cottonseed meal Cypher's laying food Poultry feed Horse feed *. Mixed feed Oil meal, O. P Cow oil meal Niagara corn and oat feed Green oval linseed oil meal Fourex distillery dried grains . . Blatchford's calf meal Mixed feed (wheat bran, mid- dlings, and flour). Star cottonseed meal Snow Flake mixed feed Corn and oat chop Excelsior corn and oat feed Malt sprouts Mixed feed - — Capitol corn and oat feed "O. O." yellow feed Mixed feed Blue Ribbon distiller's corn grains. Monarch ground wheat feed . . . Ground corn, oats, and rye Molasses feed Boston feed Green oval linseed oil meal Model feed Ajax Flakes Empire feed Horse Shoe cottonseed meal. . Buckeye wheat feed Jndian prime cottonseed meal Stott's pure winter wheat mixed feed. Southern Beauty cottonseed meal. Provender Queen gluten feed Mixed feed Monarch chop feed 3X corn and oat feed Prime cottonseed meal Meal and shorts Germnline Erie mixed feed Cottonseed meal Ground oats Scratching food Monogram mixed food Knurex XXXX distiller's dried grains. Blood meal Niagara chop Barley meal Ground corn and oats Name of manufacturer. George B. Robinson, jr. (jobber) Milwaukee Linseed Oil Works Buffalo Cereal Co N. Lawrence & Co Geo. L. Harding Bowker Fertilizer Co American Cereal Co Suffern, Hunt & Co Kellogg & Miller Illinois Cereal Co E. P.Mueller Thos. Morgan N. Y. Glucose Co Brooklyn Elevator and Mill Co. J. & L. Adikes Close Bros. Oneonta Milling Co. Buffalo Cereal Co. . . American Cereal Co. J. W. Barwell Crow & Williams Husted Mill and Elevator Co. . H. E. Bridges & Co Cypher's Incubator Co Buffalo Cereal Co do G. A. Bagley Metzger Seed and Oil Co Union Linseed Co Niagara Mill and Elevator Co . Flint Mill Co The J. W. Biles Co J. W. Barwell Henry Russell Sledge & Wells Co Lawrenceburg Roller Mills Buffalo Cereal Co Great Western Cereal Co Henry Rang & Sons Kehlor Bros Albany City Mills Diamond Elevator and Mill Co Ogdensburg Roller Mills Chas. A. Krause Grain Co F. W. Stock & Son Tierney & Dalton M. G. Rankin&Co Imperial Mill Co Flint Mill Co J. F. Meyer & Son ! Chapin & Co Empire Mills , Hugh Pettit & Co American Cereal Co National Cottonseed Product Co. David Stott J. G. Falls & Co. Dixon & Warren National Starch Co Webster Mill Co Husted Mill and Elevator Co. Buffalo Cereal Co Hayley & Hoskins Clark & Mercer Pratt Cereal Oil Co Chapin & Co. (jobbers) Hunter Bros W.G.Gage&Co Cypher's Incubator Co II. G. Fertig. P. linseed oil meal.. Corn and oat chop Niagara corn and oat chop Unexcelled baby chick food Ground corn and oats Gluten feed I >el;i \v,i re feed Sunshine mixed feed Prime cottonseed meal Southern Beauty cottonseed meal. . Globe gluten feed Boston mixed feed Export linseed oil meal, O. P.. Schumacker's stock food Gold Mine mixed feed Hominy feed Blatchford's sugar and flax- seed. Malt sprouts Molasses grains Lackawanna special horse and cattle feed. Corn and oat feed Armour's pure blood meal Rye mixed feed Buffalo gluten feed Malt sprouts Granulated poultry bone Blatchford's poultry meats Chick food Niagara corn and oat feed XXX corn and oat feed King feed Bowker 's animal meal Cottonseed meal Green oval O. P. linseed oil meal. Coarse poultry bone Old Process oil meal Golden chop . Empire feed Blatchford's calf meal Mixed feed Green Diamond hominy Frumentum hominy feed Forcing food Chop feed Hominy feed Victor corn and oat feed Common feed H-O horse feed Biles rye (R) grains Germaline Warner's gluten feed Blood meal Winter wheat mixed feed O. P. oil meal H-0 poultry feed Corn and oat chop No. 2 Mixed feed ....do Arrow corn and oat feed O. P. linseed meal Merchant's high grade dairy feed. Hominy feed Chop feed Superior mixed feed Prime cottonseed meal Ajax flakes 12228— Bull. 108—08 2 Name of lnMinif.icturer. The Toledo Elevator Co Dayton Milling Co S. T. Hoyt American Cereal Co Oneonta Milling Co Great Western Cereal Co Humphreys, Godwin & Co Chapin & Co Hodgman Milling Co Niagara Mill and Elevator Co George L. Harding The Fall Creek Milling Co Peel Bros. Starch Co Morris Bros Hunter Bros Independent Cotton Oil Co J. G. Falls & Co New York Glucose Co Imperial Milling Co Chapin & Co American Cereal Co The Sheffield Milling Co Suffern, Hunt & Co J.W. Barwell Kane Malting Co E.P.Mueller Lackawanna Mill and Elevator Co. T. R. Peck & Son Armour & Co Oneonta Milling Co Glucose Sugar Refining Co Unknown Armour & Co J. W. Barwell Cypher's Incubator Co Niagara Mill and Elevator Co. . Buffalo Cereal Co R. P. Moore Milling Co Bowker Fertilizer Co R. W. Biggs & Co Flint Mill Co Armour & Co Spencer Kellog Victor Mills.... Empire Mills J.W. Barwell Bernett, Craft & Kauffman Mill Co. Chapin & Co U. S. Frumentum Co Cypher's Incubator Co Ellicottville Milling Co Hunter Bros American Cereal Co Nicholas Hotton The H-0 Company The J. W. Biles Co Pratt Cereal Oil Co Warner Sugar Refining Co Swift &Co Commercial Milling Co Metzger Seed & Oil Co The H-0 Company Chase Hibbard Milling Co Thornton & Chester Milling Co. Blish Milling Co Oneonta Milling Co Warrenstein & Co Merchant Distilling Co Toledo Elevator Co George Olivir Washburne Crosby Co The Hunter Bros. Mill Co Chapin & Co Address of manufacturer. Toledo, Ohio. Tonawanda, N. Y. Corning, N. Y. Chicago, 111. Oneonta, N. Y. Chicago, IU. Memphis, Term. Buffalo, N. Y. Painted Post, N. Y. Buffalo, N. Y. Binghamton, N. Y. Ithaca, N. Y. Indianapolis, Ind. Oneonta, N. Y. St. Louis, Mo. Memphis, Tenn. Edgewater, N. J. Duiuth, Minn. Buffalo, N. Y. Chicago, 111. Faribault, Minn. Decatur, 111. Waukegan, III. Buffalo, N. Y. Milwaukee, Wis. Buffalo, N. Y. Horsehead, N. Y. Chicago, 111. Oneonta, N. Y. Chicago, 111. Do. Waukegan, 111. Buffalo, N. Y. Do. Do. Princeton, Ind. New York City. Memphis, Tenn. Milwaukee, Wis. Chicago, 111. Buffalo, N. Y. Springville, N. Y. Olean, N. Y. Waukegan, 111. St. Louis, Mo. Buffalo, N. Y. Detroit, Mich. Buffalo, N. Y. Ellicottville, N. Y. St. Louis, Mo. Chicago, 111. Portville, N. Y. Buffalo, N. Y. Cincinnati, Ohio. Decatur, 111. Waukegan, 111. Chicago, 111. Detroit, Mich. Toledo, Ohio. Buffalo, N. Y. Elmira, N. Y. Buffalo, N. Y. Sevmour, Ind. Oneonta, N. Y. Buffalo, N. Y. Terre Haute, Ind. Toledo, Ohio. Olean, N. Y. Minneapolis, Minn. St. Louis, Mo. Buffalo, N. Y. 18 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS, Table 1. — Description of samples — Continued. Serial No. 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1814 1815 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1846 1847 1848 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1867 1887 1890 1891 1892 UH 1894 1895 1896 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 Name of product. Linseed oil meal Ground linseed cake, O. P Hominy feed Vermont mixed feed Standard Peep O'Day chick food. Cypher's laying food O. P. linseed meal Export linseed oil meal, O. 1'.. Nursery chick food, No. 1 Growing chick food, No. 2 Boss corn and oat feed Provender Union grains— Biles ready ra- tion. Chick meal Malt sprouts Marsh's pure bone meal Richmond's horse feed Mascot mixed feed Chick feed Crosby's fancy mixed feed Prime cottonseed meal Dried molasses beet pulp Cerealine Haskell's stock food Felker's blended grain Red Dog. "G" Standard middlings Owl brand pure cottonseed meal. Shredded wheat Schumacker's oat feed Prime cottonseed meal Old Gold brand pure cotton- seed meal. Fancy middlings Canary brand cottonseed meal. Ajax flakes Brarr<§> O. K. poultry meal Red Dog ^H> Buffalo gluten feed Gold Mine mixed feed Kidder's hominy feed Blue Ribbon hominy chop Cottonseed meal Cypher's clover meal Occident mixed feed Green Oval Brand O. P. lin- seed oil meal. Mixed feed Oat middlings O. P. oil meal Niagara white meal. Chicken feed Hominy feed Cypher's laying food Middlings Flour middlings Prime cottonseed meal Old Gold brand cottonseed meal. Old Process oil meal Bone meal for cattle II A II prime cottonseed meal. Hominy feed Poultry feed Prune cottonseed meal No. 4 egg and feather produc- ing food. Puritan laying stock food Prime cottonseed meal Cream gluten meal Sunflower brand prime cotton< seed meal. XXX Cornet Red Dog Name of manufacturer. The Mann Bros Midland Linseed Co Buffalo Cereal Co Flint Mill Co The Cornell Incubator Mfg. Co. Cypher's Incubator Co American Linseed Co Chapin & Co The Midland Poultry Food Co , do The Great Western Cereal Co . C. D. Holbrook The J. W. Biles Co Spratt's Patent Ltd. . E. P. Mueller The Geo. E. Marsh Co. M. C. Richmond Altman Ropes Bros E. Crosby & Co American Cotton Oil Co. Alma Sugar Co Oneonta Milling Co W. H. Haskell & Co C. H. Felker&Co Bay State Milling Co Washburne-Crosby Co . . F. W. Brode&Co Thos. W. Emerson Co. American Cereal Co. . . Oliver Refining Co T. H. Burch George Fileston Milling Co. R. W. Biggs & Co Chapin & Co O. B. Burnham. . . C. H. Felker&Co. Moses Dorr Glucose Sugar Refining Co. Sheffield King Milling Co. . F. L. Kidder & Co.... J. E. Soper & Co Chapin & Co Cypher's Incubator Co Russel-Miller Milling Co. . . Flint Mill Co Straton & Co Wm. S. Hill & Co. The Mann Bros. Co. Chapin & Co Albert Dickinson... Unknown Cypher's Incubator Co. MV5 Washburne-Crosby Co. rstic Milling Co. Norton Chapman. T. H. Burch. American Linseed Co Bowker Fertilizer Co ll:iyley & lloskins Toledo Elevator Co Poultry Cereal Co American Cotton Oil Co. The Midland Poult r\ Co. Puritan Poultry Farms and Mfg. Co. I diver KefiningCo Illinois Sugar KefiningCo American Cereal Co Northwestern Milling Co. Consolidated Address of manufacture Buffalo, N.'Y. Minneapolis, Minn. Buffalo, N. Y. Milwaukee, Wis. Ithaca, N. Y. Buffalo, N. Y. New York City. Buffalo, N. Y. Kansas Ci ry, Mo. Do. Chicago, 111. Palmer, Mass. Cincinnati, Ohio. Newark, N. J. Milwaukee, Wis. Lynn, Mass. Adams, Mass. Kempton street, New Bed- ford, Mass. Salem, Mass. Pine Bluff, Ark. Alma, Mich. Oneonta, N. Y. Toledo, Ohio. Brockton, Mass. Winona, Minn. Minneapolis, Minn. Memphis, Tenn. Boston, Mass. Akron, Ohio. Portsmouth, Va. Little Rock, Ark. St. Cloud, Minn. Memphis, Tenn. Buffalo, N. Y. Beverly, Mass. Brockton, Mass. Boston, Mass. Chicago, 111. Minneapolis, Minn. Paris, 111. Boston, Mass. St. Louis, Mo. Buffalo, N. Y. Minneapolis, Minn. Milwaukee, Wis. Concord, N. H. 109 Chamber of Commerce, Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Boston, Mass. Chicago, 111. Buffalo, N. Y , Iowa. Minneapolis, Minn. Boston, Mass. Little Rock, Ark. New York City. Boston, Mass. Memphis. Tenn. Toledo, Ohio. Buffalo, N.Y. Hrinkley, Ark. Kansas City, Mo. ' Stamford, Conn. Portsmouth, Va. Chicago, 111. Do. Minneapolis, Mini: DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLES. 19 Table 1. — Description of samples Continued. Name of product. Corn bran, course Buffalo gluten f * m»« l Steain-OOOked hominy feed O. F. oat feed Perfect chick food Adrian Rod Dog Cottonseed meal Golden Bull mixed feed Wyandotte chicken food Phoenix brand prime cotton- seed meal. XX X corn and oat ftvd Scratching feed Malt sprouts Blue ribbon distiller's corn grains. High grade mixed feed Linseed oil meal Schumacker's stock food Warner's gluten feed Harding's unexcelled baby chick food. Cut green bone Ground linseed cake "00" yellow feed Oat feed Poultry hash High grade scratching feed .... Standard middlings Flmt gluten feed Choice chicken feed Oat feed (F) ►... Blatchford's sugar and flax- seed. Webster's scratching feed Amsterdam linseed ground cake. O. K. poultry food Bran Horse feed Duchess mixed feed Magnolia brand of prime cottonseed meal. Prime cottonseed meal "00" white feed Boston mixed feed . Chicken wheat Ogilvie's bran Vim oat feed Bran (Holliday) Armour's pure blood meal Cottonseed meal, ABC brand.. Gees ground oil cake com- pound. Creamery feed Vermont mixed feed Cream gluten meal Provender De-Fi corn and oat feed Equality mixed feed Bran (L) (K) Blue Ribbon distiller's corn grains. H-0 pigeon feed Prime cottonseed meal Horse feed Stott's honest mixed feed Fourex grains Name of manufacturer. Glen Mills C(>real Co ciucose Sugar Refining Co. Miner Hillard Milling Co.. Wholesaler unknown W. F. Chamherhiin Washburne-Crosby Co J. E. Soper & Co Lawrenceburg Roller Mills. Ross Bros D. S. Marshall & Co Buffalo Cereal Co Bosworth & Wood American Malting Co Chas. A. Krause Grain Co. Albans Grain Co American Linseed Oil Co. American Cereal Co George L. Harding. Whitman Rendering Co A. L. Clements & Co Diamond Elevator Milling Co. Albert A. Keenc Ropes Bros H. K. Webster&Co New Prague Flouring Mill Co. Flint Mill Co Moses H. Rolfe W. Wheatley (agent) J. W. Barwell H. K. Webster&Co.. W.N. Potter & Sons. Chicopee Rendering Co. . Blue Earth City Mill Co. Buffalo Cereal Co F. F. Woodward &Co.. Chas. M. Cox Co Hunter Bros. Milling Co Diamond Elevator and Milling Co. Imperial Milling Co W.H.Small G. B. Pope & Co American Cereal Co Moses Dorr Armour & Co Augusta Brokerage Co G. E. Grain Co Address of manufacturer. Rowlev, Mass. Chicago, 111. Miners Mills, Pa. Kirkwood, Mo. Minneapolis, Minn. Boston, Muss. Law renceburg, Ind. Worcester, Mass. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Leominster, Mass. Syracuse, N. Y. Milwaukee, Wis. St. Albans, Vt. Chicago, 111. Do. Waukegan, 111. Binghamton, N. Y. Dracut, Mass. New York City. Minneapolis, Minn. Chamber of Commerce, Bos- ton, Mass. Salem, Mass. Lawrence, Mass. New Prague, Minn. Milwaukee, Wis. Newburyport, Mass. Manchester, N. H. Waukegan, 111. Lawrence, Mass. Greenfield, Mass. Springfield, Mass. Blue Earth City, Minn. Buffalo, N. Y. Ayer, Mass. Boston, Mass. St. Louis, Mo. Minneapolis, Minn. Duluth, Minn. Evansville, Ind. Waltham, Mass. Chicago, 111. Boston, Mass. Chicago, 111. Augusta, Ga. Minneapolis, Minn. Buffalo, N. Y. Milwaukee, Wis. Chicago, 111. Wellesley, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. New Prague, Minn. Buffalo Cereal Co Flint Mill Co I llinois Sugar Refining Co F. Diehl& Son Ellsworth &Co New Prague Flouring Mill Co.. Wholesaler unknown Chas. A. Krause Grain Co Milwaukee, Wis Buffalo, N. Y. Memphis, Term. Buffalo, N. Y. Detroit, Mich. The H-0 Co American Cotton Oil Co. . . The II-OCo David Stott The J. W. Biles Co ' Cincinnati, Ohio. 20 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. COTTONSEED MEALS. The average, maximum, and minimum protein and fat content of various samples of cottonseed meal examined, respectively, in Penn- sylvania, New England, and New York are given in the following table:0 Table 2. — Percentage of protein and fat in cottonseed meals. [Compiled.] Source of samples. Pennsylvania, 1900-1901 New England, 1898-99.. New York, 1898-99 Number | ofanaly-J Maxj. **• ! mum. Protein. 46.09 52.60 50.69 Mini- mum. 42.50 40.30 41.68 Average. 44.40 45.40 45.64 Fat. Maxi- mum. 12.25 17.00 13.16 Mini- Average. 8.77 6.50 7.56 10.10 11.20 10.82 The average percentage composition of cottonseed meals reported by Jenkins and Winton b is as follows : Number of analyses 35 Moisture 8. 2 Ash : 7.2 Protein 42. 3 Crude fiber 5.6 Fat '. 13.1 Nitrogen-free extract 23. (5 Taken as a whole, the samples of cottonseed meal examined (Table 3) have a satisfactory protein content. Although most of the sam- ples do not come up to the average found in Pennsylvania, New York, and New England, they approximate the average reported by Jenkins and Winton. Only two" samples show such a low protein content as to render them liable to suspicion — namely, Nos. 1745 and 1907. No. 1745 shows a protein content of only about half what it should be. From the large amount of crude fiber and pentosans in the sample, the low fat figure, and the results of the microscopical examination it is evident that an excessive amount of hulls is present in this meal. Sample No. 1907 contains an amount of protein con- siderably below the average. The other figures for this sample, however, are not especially suspicious, and, since another sample of the same goods has an average protein content, it is probable that it is not adulterated in any way. The figures for crude fiber arc suspiciously large in only four cases — namely, Nos. 1552, 1630, 1788, 1745. Since in sample 1552 the deter- minations other than crude fiber compare fairly well with the aver- age, it is probable that this rather high crude fiber has no significance. o Report of the Pennsylvania State College for 1900-1901, under report of chemist. &U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations, Bui. No. 11, A Compilation of Analyses of American Feeding Stuffs. COTTONSEED MEALS. 21 In samples Nos. 1630 and 1788 Nnot only do the crude fiber figures show a slight tendency to be above the average, but this is also true of the pentosan figures. At the same time the protein and fat figures for these samples, without being markedly low, show a tendency to be below normal. In No. 1788 an excess of cotton fiber was found microscopically. It would, therefore, appear that these two samples contained a somewhat larger amount than normal of hulls or cot- ton fiber. It is only fair to add that a third sample of the same goods as samples Nos. 1630 and 1788 had a good average composition. Sample No. 1745 was discussed in the preceding paragraph. The figures for pentosans are suspiciously large in only three cases, Which have already been discussed. Most of the samples examined show the presence of a very small amount of starch. It is probable, however, that no starch was really present, the small amount reported being due to inherent errors in the method of analysis. For the sake of uniformity of expression the non-reducing sugars are reported as sucrose. They are probably present, however, almost entirely in the form of raffinose, as shown by Scheibler and Mittel- meiers,a Berthelot,& Withers and Fraps,c and others. None varies so much from the general average as to appear suspicious, except in the case of sample No. 1745, which has already been discussed. Most of the samples contained no reducing sugars, while a few con- tained a very small amount. As a whole, the figures for crude fat are below the various averages shown by the compiled data. It would appear from this that the fat is now more completely removed from the seeds than in the past. Only two fats are so low as to appear suspicious — namely, Nos. 1788 and 1745. A discussion of both of these samples has already been given. aBer. d. chem. Ges., 1889, 22: 3118. &Compt. rend., 1886, 108: 533. c North Carolina Agr. Exper. Stat., Bui. No. 179. 22 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. Raw materials identified by mi- croscopical ex- amination. Cottonseed meal. Do. Do. Do. © 6 6 © Oft 6 6 6 6 6 © 6 ft Q Do. Cottonseed meal; considerable cot- ton fiber. .2 "33 03 & 1 1 B I 4 o ■o 1 1 Q •pan uu -laiopuxi 10.57 18.33 12.53 12.98 CO © to co d to t-» esco si CO 11.00 10.30 12.12 11.33 11.99 11.98 12.36 to ■* a 8g -4 CO -xa jaqjg 11.16 9.84 10.80 9.14 ■*< 1 CH © © os 38 OS 00 ■* 1 00 oo 10.76 10.30 8.80 10.95 10.95 11.18 12.02 s dd 7 2g ©r^ •sjv3ns Suionpan to (NOOO d S| " 8 CO© © 1 tO©©t- CO CNr-KN-H CM § © © ©o c o© •aeojons 4.93 6.54 6.55 6.19 d | © t- to oo g2 too CM || ©COCO"* CM to t^i>-o6t- cm d tod dd t» -«J< OS © CM d t^ I- ■v© ©»o tod •qoji^g t0©0© d ^1 8 8 CM CM 1 * * .21 .89 1.97 .69 .97 .26 © Jo s fS© ■^" © ©d Q ©>* •uuso^uaj 8.68 9.09 9.03 10.34 Sl OS 8.21 8.04 8.52 9.09 00 T©t^CM © od ©oo oo os i>^ 7.89 9.46 10.66 11.08 jaqgapiuO 9.44 6.08 6.39 8.43 7.58 5.42 5.45 «-itO CM -^©©CM OS CO t- to r^ t— OS d ps'sN ■* © © iO t^ © d ©»o doo I- 2^J' ^o ■uia^ -oad apnio 46.09 42.89 46.34 44.95 45.07 49.07 49.08 8£ t^td — -"Hi 47.34 43.56 46.61 48.56 45.80 49.47 CM t- 1^ CO iO od -r 8 42.77 43.46 •qsy 8.35 7.22 8.36 7.30 t-i t- »Q oo t- c<5 fr- t~ t-i §2 t>:o6 00 lONtdh t-i 5 £ 06 t>^ ScS t^oo 7.17 6.99 o3 | O o* .2 '55 © i 3 •paunn -jaiapun 9.78 16.97 11.72 11.89 S§ £3 2 o to © © © || is COTTONSEED MEALS. 23 f 1 Do. Cottonseed meal; large amount of seed coats. Cottonseed meal. 6 6 6 6 ft ft 6 6 6 ftftft o 6 Oft s 6 ft H R o-* ^ OS O © <, i V la s 58 OI 1- coS3 28 I 8 2 re coco r^ \M Z CO CO e6 H CO Is »o »-l rH e>i 2 01 %8 8 UJN 55 1? 9 8 8 Or"* r» t^ i-( 2SS 7 9 — - oo o oiod d OS o OS / OOS OS oo d OS o O oo o 1- b o o o o ooo oo o o — r-co «5 as 8 Is ss 5 9 sss 8? « 9 - ©eo d t^oi od jo o o o .:' -z -d oo «J d rc S3 o u a SS o o o OON oo o o s s||ag $ !S5 § O OS 8 CO MON 8S; cl eo 00 o rig t-: os to oo OS 0 6 00 oo t^ooo I-l OS OS os OS s |SS 8 coio t>-OS ^ : a §5?2 ss 5 MJ OS 1 ON OS OO) oo o t-: -1 t^ »ot>- r- t^t^ o t^ •^ * »h eo TT O CO "3 33 9 £ £ •V QCOO >C t^ 00 o«o -V 8 -f co o^ o5 *4 — — '1 OS-**" t~- ££ '~r ssllss 9 SS 8 M o "0 iO Jo 8 MNN iO OS t^ se 8 ■d r» t^«o oo 1 t^o r^ t-« r- ti 00 oooTt- t^oo t^ i^. ;; 1- CO^H CO ooo t- So? t^ •^ O OS CO T1 3 c^-^oo rt CO -^ 00 »o 1 t- n -r 01 — c* © e-i-fl! CO ■- d ©CO "5 O00 t^ >o »o »o iO ico'o iO»C «5 »o = ?, *?* o ©S3 t^ 8 o 2 II o 00; all c^ S28 ss 9 8 X- os t^co o oo >c r- o<5 oo -1 r>i OOiOO odos oo oo 1 - r^ cose CO 88 !-: § S "3 7 r^- t^S ^s § 8 '- 06 Hg oo oos t^ "5 o o o ^oo oo o* o O CN OC? $ 88 S OS i-l sll o o oo -"r ocr-co CJO) •>»< M p s |3||9& CO 9& si CO - t^C ao o coo? © O^f COCO 53 8 88 8 II o CO-Ht^ t^coco S5S a o t^ o t^^ oo o o o o t^ t>. : t~~ t^ g s~ 9 S8 s iC o ■"J" CO §8 8 ggg co»o 7i o t~ i- «0C os oo os t^ 00 ^ 21 OOO t^ OOS oo oo l "3 © I; i ■■ 3 if i O P3 a s p, ; : a J . :aat :i >. < '. © s . o i» $g ©_ £* SO - 1 i © 1 b£ - s ilil 1 s do Aver; Cottonseed Cottonseed © : > £o o i |° ° : ^ 1 > CO . M B a 1 «j - — — — - o q o o o2" oo S 8 in . a) C o3 C C= O +J o ** O C O o o 9 i - 1 - | II S 9 00 X 53 111 00 -H o§ 1 1 1-1 24 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. LINSEED MEALS. The average, maximum, and minimum protein and fat content of various samples of linseed meal examined in Pennsylvania, New England, and New York are given in the following table : a Table 4. — Percentage of protein and fat in linseed meals. [Compiled.] Number of analy- ses. Protein. Fat. Source of sample. Maxi- mum. Mini- mum. Average. Maxi- 1 Mini- mum, mum. Average. " Old process" meal: Pennsylania, 1900-1901 .• New England, 1898-99 24 25 14 3 31 5 37.81 38.90 38.19 34.63 42.20 37.56 29.69 31.80 28.69 34.00 39.60 35.19 34.10 35.70 35.74 34.25 38.20 36.14 8.88 9.60 8.86 2.92 3.50 4.79 3.54 2.70 5.72 2.19 1.80 2.91 6.04 7.20 New York, 1898-99 7.19 14 New process" meal: Pennsylvania, 1900-1901 2.63 New England, 1898-99 2.40 New York, 1898-99 3.57 The average composition of linseed meals reported by Jenkins and Winton b is as follows : Table 5. — Average percentage composition of linseed meals. [Compiled.] Kind of meal. Number of analy- ses. Moisture. Ash. Protein. Crude fiber. Nitro- gen-free extract. Fat. 21 14 9.20 10.10 5.7 5.8 32.9 33.2 8.9 9.5 35.4 38.4 7.9 3.0 Taken as a whole the crude protein content of the samples of lin- seed meal examined is satisfactory (Table 6). A considerable num- ber of the samples do not come up to any of the above averages, but they are, in the majority of cases, not sufficiently below the general average to excite any suspicion of adulteration. The only samples sold under the name of linseed meal that excite any suspicion at all (because of their low protein content) are Nos. 1537, 1868, and 1791. Sample No. 1537 not only contains a slightly low amount of protein, but shows an amount of crude fiber several per cent higher than the average and a larger amount of reducing sugars than other sam- ples. The microscopical examination explains this matter by show- ing the presence of a wheat product mixed with the linseed meal. The composition of another sample of this product is satis- factory, although a small amount of some leguminous plant is shown to be present. Sample No. 1868 contains a slightly low o Report of Pennsylvania State College for 1900-1901, report of chemist. & U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations, Bui. No. 11, A Compilation of Analyses of American Feeding Stuffs. LINSEED MEALS. 25 amount of protein, but this has no significance when it is noted that other samples of the same product have a satisfactory compo- sition. Sample No. 1791 also has a somewhat low protein content ; since, however, all other determinations on this sample are above suspicion, no significance is to be attached to the low protein content. Because of the name and microscopical examination, sample No. 1971 was classed under linseed meals, although its low 'protein and high starch content show that it is not straight linseed meal. The microscopic examination shows the presence of a wheat product. A considerable number of the samples examined contain a smaller percentage of fat than is given in any of the, compiled averages, but they are not so much below the averages as to excite suspicion, except in two cases, namely, Nos. 1927 and 1797. Sample No. 1927 would appear from t]ae fat figures to be made according to the new process. No. 1797 contains considerably less fat than the average linseed meal. Since, however, three other samples of the same goods contain a satisfactory amount of fat, it is probable that the low fat content in this single sample has no significance. The microscopical examination of this group of samples shows that the majority of them contain weed seeds in greater or less abundance. Small amounts of the various weed seeds are to be expected, and it is only when they are of a poisonous variety or in excessive quantities that their presence is reprehensible. 26 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. If o -• " *- 5 •g o o 'Eg "8 s>J ss.2 a .s 1 1 1 1 li 8 S3 S geq = = gcq oo .. s .8-? ssi ;«i p^ it e,^ cogt-igisSSpSs 8 -S-5P | *e< ajci |*j fl •OO u o » •«!? '• • "3 -3 § • a .a- g 1-giis .g *.S W)^ .§■& 11 8 a®| 8 ^2 e« a so 1 ! a S o a e3 O •pamui -ja?dpun M a 8 S3 t-1 f. OS 05<5 c 8 c» oi i-i 2 g S cl CO 2 s d OS© © oo oo© to oo O 00 OS oo c-it^ 5C 00 2 o ft S3 CO »0 3 sJ«Sns SuionpoH = oo o o o o o oo r o o •1 ffl o 6 O •asojong 8 823 5 s CO CO ? s ION CJ o OS N !J 38 1 t^ oo ■- i - 8 CM cm cm cm N - 8 d o oo 7. tO oo d 1 •uBso^aaj 3 88 00 o> oo $ CO oO'-i 3 8 g »o S B ?, CM •f 1 CM CO CM 21 - c>» jH (N e4»4" CO N a s| Cl ^H rj ~ i aaqy apruj ©■ 58 oi 00 00 8 oi Oi oioo oi os s OS §1 oi co d 5 d <» •inai £3 So1 2 s s s "5 co SS8 cs s 8 >o 1 CO tO to CO IH •- g 1 -oad aptuj $ 88 £ eo OS co o i« SiO M >o o o tO o •- tO •pauiui co r-co 9 8 OS a co £^ c oo r-H 8 tO 1 o S S8 e 00 "S ! 3. 1 -laiopun -xa Jaq^a «© 3£ to -C0. m 00 OS re s WN 1 2 8 8| tO OS ■* co Q ■* ^. •c N •^< t^ »o •V O0 "« o OS *" © •v .- 00 •uwso^uaj s 3 a s OS o •*»• t^ 2§" ° 82 ^jo 1^ f: ci 8 d © 8 ^ d il co d ■J.M|l|,.l)tU.) a ss 8 3 8 B ^5 £g - g 8 !o| 8 S 3 ft oo oo o r- 00 oo 00 oo XN o oo oo 00 | CM OS i-i d oo •uiai to l* S8 ?3 s co :3 ■r-5 s §8 8 B «5 O 4 cl -oad aptup si to-*' coco £ s If S s j?8 it co 8 8| CM CO ij 8 •qsy B 83 a 00 00 8 $8' K 8 sl 8 n n 9 rr -r -r 4 •* •v Ifl ■*< to «o >- >o 50 trf ■«r to >~. : to •.utnsiow t- 00 06 oo»-« 7 8 00 8 oo 1 d ft OS j-JQO oo 8 CO op eo r^ oo "6 1 s 1 03 1 N o : : So : : i j a ad o SO 3 o ; —"3 ■ . 03 Sv 4-> aj o> c t 33 d o E T3 CD CD . ' cch : -d : TJ . • o : j 1 1 6 ^ la; oo • go 3 •oN- ivuos 1 II ! g 1 ll 1 | 1 § i 1 LINSEED MEALS. 27 ; Linseed meal, smart- weed. Linseed meal, rough pigweed seed. Linseed meal, charlock, smartweed, pigweed. Linseed meal. Linseed meal. Linseed meal. Linseed meal, pigweed, Brassica(sp.), smart - weed, trace of cereal grain. Linseed meal. Linseed meal, cha dock , pigweed and other weed seeds. Linseed meal. Linseed meal, charlock, pigweed, smartweed. Linseed meal, pigweed (smpoth and rough i, smartweed. Linseed meal, pigw 1. Linseed meal.W. P. No. 3, pigweed, smooth and rough, charlock, smart w cod. Is 8 S3 $ |?3 2 8 2 2 8 3 83 8 9 8S2 8 2 8 82 28 222';$ 8 S «o >ri co' o 8 ||J§ 28 12 S S g S S S O N cox os»o ■*« t>* os CO irf o ~ ©ooo oooo oo ooo o © ?i a ri 8 S S2 S co cm cm cm 8 oo 3°. g Jo S 5g s 3 s fi N cicN CM CO fi N « " CO* "5 ■*« t^io'co CO 00 ri g CM S S P- c} f4 *j ej 2JS S3 8 3 C S 8 53 9 4 » 9 3 8 S 2 od © © © 8|« ££ 8 3 9 3 S3 $ So os | oo osos oooo oooo'os 06 0 s Is co 1 co' CO CO TT lO Q0 co' £ S3 J8 S3' Cv C3 Cj C3 S |S 8S3 3 8 3 £ 2 2 K cccococo COCC COCOCO CO f-^ cm 2 §3 S3 S 8 »0 CO t- t-1 CM I CO co t^-oo ■* os t- *a« o co o CM -^"OO CO -* O CO CO c o iO"5»o iC"5 irfioirf «0 ifj CO t- c -r g £ % 8 os t-1 © t>^ 1-1 i-H CM 1"H CO I t- 00 t- -h^« oo "* "0 «o Tr co kj ■^< t-r^ •* CD >0 ■* t- CM S5 oo oooo cd o co t^ ■* *A t^ ^h t-,*-, -^ CM i-i i-i »H CM i-i 00 © CO CO irf irf U3 »C 5] «3 -h IO0Q 00 t- X O "5 t^ CO t^ COCM CO CM OS t- CM CO O co «o'o6 oo >o cm cd oo «o ui o O o o o o 0 o oo o o ooo o o 4 cm H ri oo oc "0 «o Vi -4 cm cm CO CO OO O OS t»i CO t» CM OS •o co>o ->r O CO CM -* CO t^ CM CM Ol C-ICO CMCMCM CM CM 8 5 S § 3 $ co o ■* CO* 8 CO CO t^CM «o "3 t- 00 "0 CM oc 35 ON CM«0 -*t-o CO Os ■^CO'CD id-fl' CO-*o • -. '- mS mS cd* «5 - h ""^ •* "• "• ■* ^ ^ * X. 5. 8 S S 3 N « » H cnIIco'^os •*•* iOi-i-«< r- £j -H00t--f ^CN t-^t— CO O os oo od t^ oooo t- oo od ej co do Average Linseed oil meal, Green Oval. do do do Average Unseed oil meal, 0. P. do Ground linseed cake. Linseed oil meal, 0. P. Linseed oil meal, Cow. Linseed oil meal, 0. P. do do Linseed ground cake, Amster- dam. Gee'a ground oil c»ko compound. I - §8 2 S g 2 2S? SS 8 S3 § 3 r. «C «o t- oo «o>o«o 3555 t- t- t- os • os 28 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS, CORN PRODUCTS. The average composition of the two types of corn, dent and flint, and of Indian corn-meal and gluten-meal, as given by Jenkins and Winton,a is as follows: Table 7. — Average percentage composition of corn, corn-meal, and gluten-meal. [Compiled.] Material. Number i vr^o of I Mois" analyses. ! ture' Ash. Protein. Crude fiber. Nitro- gen-free extract. Fat. Whole corn, dent 86 68 77 32 10.6 11.3 15.0 9.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 .7 10.3 10.5 9.2 29.4 2.2 1.7 70.4 7(\ 1 5 0 Whole corn, flint 5 0 Corn-meal 1.9 68.7 1.6 «a 4 3. 8 6. 3 The average, maximum, and minimum protein and fat content of gluten feeds examined in Pennsylvania, New York, and New Eng- land a from 1898 to 1901 is as follows: Table 8. — Percentage of protein and fat in gluten feeds. [Compiled.] Number of analyses. Protein. Fat. Description of sample. Max- imum. Min- imum. Average. Max- imum. Min- imum. Average. Pennsylvania, 1900-1901: All analyses 11 7 34 30 6 27.00 26.75 29.60 30.10 27.63 20.56 24 00 24.00 25.30 20.30 21.31 20.00 25.71 25.58 27.50 23.60 26.10 20.28 2a 75 25.90 25.30 3.55 i53 4 70 400 4 67 5.21 2.19 2 19 2.30 2.00 a38 a40 2.64 Glucose Sugar Refining Co.'s brands 2.81 New England, 1898-99: Buffalo gluten-feed a -r i "3 o •painin -jajapun R 8 d co>oco 5 t^ 7.49 9.51 7.85 10.75 8 d I^CN CO i-H CN 9.48 8.10 7.71 dd •O d -xa iz\\v& S CO -icod 3 d CO ^ CO © dddd d 82 dm Ol ■Q d >o«o»o d^rH " r. d 3upn p o }£ o O o ©«oco d 5 iO lOCN t^ tN oco r. CO t^oo oo R 8 •asojons o 8 © — to s *«500 s g§ ?! 8oo oo • »o •qaiins s 8 8 — COCCCN 2 cOfCOOl ,© CO CM CO CO CO CO CO d CO COO? «»© cod co 2? CO So 88 CO co * o co •uBso^uaj 9 d 7 i - 8S2 282 HNHN fHNO d d d co 3 S8 dd X S2K i— i co — d 3 8 Maqy apiuo So 8 d co si cot^o* co co os 7 coco^oo t^t^cot^ 8 8?. dd s moo dd CO CM ff •ina* -ojd apiuo •o a s ?! 8 93888 co t^ d CN o -00> ^H dd 'd 8 d S3 7. §5SS d-4 ' Sfe S8 ~ o 3 I o o 00 I o - - 1 u •paunn -ja^apua S .-H co d CO-*©> ©•*© codi-^ ■OOiOlO OS t~- CO t^ ooot-oi Ol d lOt^ »OCN do o-o- 35 com OONN dd d 8 -xa aaqia B e s t^OCN CO d t- t^ t^ IO O— I-H0C CO »o d i-5d d-H-H $8 X d •siuSns Suionpan o o _ oco ©>oo d « ^cocoo ■^COCVil- ^d co O S - *oo Be 8 8 •asoaang o "5 CN d 2 ©So 3 eoiooo 8 ■<»r^d S d jd 839 66 5 x 1^ O 8 uaqu apai j 8 9 d 8 £83 t-Icoco 5 8SS dt^ o SS28 Ncin — -r OCO d-H s CO o 'uia^ -ojd apru j •>* o> si 8 CN 1- 839 CNCNCN 7 CO'CCM'T CN I ■*£ nI CNMtN S S3 5S 8 d •qsy 8 o 8 7'>~ •^r SS88 dd *rH 8 d ss e ^HOt^- d-H 29 Q S •■unisjOH oo co d i ■f e» io l~ © -H r^cod a ■i. CM "3 O t>. co 58 1- t>. OS t>- 8 d CORN PRODUCTS. 31 i -J J) • 03 tn 2 12" 2 19 2 i \ ■ a> to EEC O g o3 w S » '^ ms d 3 ?*c S.S ^.sSsdd So i F^d d odd --' d odd d d : EE E o o o 'to o 60 o •- °° Q QQQ Q ft QOQ QQ ^ uo o O [: 8 CM M -HO N N a S3 H §8 CO 8 0Q CO>OI- i - So cogo o5o d ro oow t^t- >c U5 - t^ o w •v ■^ cooo N f *J s S^ •"t as 8 §8 S8 jj S§ S88 Ql S3 Sg£ 12 $ •J - J —1'* •- ©w d o i~ •- r- i-ooo d N 00«CO OO 5 S3 a 33 s s©- s 5J S a o 88S3 8 S 888 8851 - - - n ^ i- — / s s§8 5 £n s 8 8 5 8 gr:2 8 P SJo§ '55 W w ■* U5 «0«C«O tftij 5 3 23 9 S3 9 co s 9 2 gas 8 ?S "5oS .-^ d M _i ooo -r -HO ^i 2 ,-4 •M O O-ho CO -HO 1-1 "" 1-1 " " -H PH 1-1 Q S8 8 ss 8 8& S n 00 8 b ssa § 8 8C8 8 a ~ Tf -r "»"■: co «■<"■* N co »oco ^ coco § a 8$ 9 gK a s o s a ££g IS N UJ 00 ^< O C^o co-h oi p4fH — i tA C» w »H HNN rH (N N-H OlOl 8 8 3 -HO 7 ss? ss S o >* ^ S? S-S?5 12 S SSE w 3 < 9 4 ncm ■«»« w 5 s$ 4 S 5S s 00 0-H(N S8 S3 !?§!? 8S3 a s y f-H CM O 8 8S & 8 o s o 8JSS 8 5 S32S $8 pj oo — ^H o _! M N (N00 00 ooo !"• s ~ ^ "^ ^ '""' s ■^< X gS N R$ MJ e 8 3 ■>»< N*CO »C iC 00 t~ 00 N O O N ■* S3 5! •* f -T "flM -C •oo O ■* •** -r CO CO CO CO o cm weoco coco >0 © *> $8 8 o o O s § 5 O CO -h ■* O -H00O o © -«"e-»co 8£ oooo r. o o d o ooo 00 © OOO OO -H ^ -H-H -H ^H t a 8 88 © £S ^ o r. •* MOW eo Hj«-Hr- •<* 28 Sgc? ss •** co — ■v w o Ne^ c^ (N -HON ?5 CONN n 2 sss wo d oo X 00 CM ad 00 -H - oo 00 r -H ONOO oo O NO-H ©o 1 E i 03 © 1 - 1 2 ! i •73 a 1 — ZL co -- c d ■o 1 M 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 i: II . . © o do •< i d < .5^.E.£c-s.S=.= ^.Sc5 E=gS«oscc£e-q£ ■-35-5 BES§ r ii . . O otf oo °B o 3 C C C . CC O OU C : 3* W : : w w www K W :W _ _ s o n. ii 3 gl 1 E 3 §S?t2 N MS 1 - s sis CM CO Ko " "-1 ' i-i -H r- ^ M -H -H 32 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. BREWERY AND DISTILLERY PRODUCTS. The average composition of seven samples of Ajax flakes, which are no more than distillers' dried grains, examined by the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station during 1904 and 1905,a together with the average analysis of six samples of malt sprouts from the same source and forty-two samples of brewers' dried grains examined by the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station,6 are given in the following table: Table 11. — Average percentage analyses of brewery and distillery products. [Compiled.] Description of sample. Number of analyses. Ajax Hakes Malt sprouts Brewers' dried grains Mois- ture. 7.19 9.94 8.9 Ash. 2.10 5.83 3.70 Protein. 31.49 25.15 23.90 Crude fiber. 12.55 11.40 13.20 Nitro- gen-free extract. 32.94 45.98 43.30 Fat. 13.74 1.71 7.00 An inspection of the samples of the distillers' grains examined in the Bureau of Chemistry (Table 12) shows that their protein content, except in one case, agrees well with the average. Although the fat content is low, there is nothing to indicate adulteration. Sample No. 1768 has a very low protein content as compared with the others. The samples of brewers' dried grains are well up to the standard and evidently unadulterated. It is evident from the microscopical examination that No. 1819, while corresponding very closely in pro- tein and fat content to brewers' dried grains, consists of a mixture of several different feeding materials. All samples of malt sprouts examined agree well with the standard and show no indications of adulteration. The sucrose and reducing- sugar figures vary considerably, but this is to be expected from the nature of the goods. <* Report of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station for 1904, Part V, 1905, Part III. & Twenty-second Annual Report of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. BREWERY PRODUCTS. 33 °o t5 If "3.2.2 ill te 2 K> Distillers' grains (com, rye, and bar- ley). Do. Do. Distillers' grains (com and barley), smartweed. Distillers' grains (corn and barley). Do. Distillers' grains (corn, barley, and possibly some rye). Do. Distillers' grains (corn, barley, and trace of rye). Distillers' grains(bar- ley and rye) . Brewers' grains (bar- ley tissues). CO '5 1 l a CO O a 4 O •u 2 £ a 5 c8 •pouiui -aojopu^i 9.37 9.00 8.47 OS 00 1.09 5.06 4.98 CO 8.65 11.91 10.80 2 o d d S 2 d oi s oi -xe Jaq*a 9.73 12.08 5.93 d 12.77 8.35 8.36 d 12.40 9.44 9.68 S CN O cd 55 £ it CO 3 CO •sjbSus Supnp aj£ o oo 8 o o o o o oo 3 2 s •asojons o oo 8 o o o o o oo •]• o o o •qaiB^s 8.81 2.98 7.11 sl CO* 16.03 13.54 13.38 3 6.97 4.06 6.76 slls d || co JJ $ 5S c? CN •UBso^uaj 19.06 19.79 20.60 S3 — 19.99 18.39 19.67 d 22.21 21.94 19.33 CN S 15 5! CN CN uaqu apmo 13.86 19.20 20.17 15.40 1413 15.28 15.59 15.17 13.24 fells 3 2 CN CN m' co 8 2 •uiai o c?8 32.71 37.92 36.20 3 32.35 35.28 37.69 3||£ 8 £ o •qsy 2.10 2.60 1.82 2.17 2.01 2.61 2.13 ?n cn CN 1.83 2.19 2.50 r^ II co CN CN co o? CO CO 8 «o • ft s o3 09 8 o o CD "5 O 1 i o aJ 0 •pauiui -jo^apufi 8 82 8.44 7.73 «1 od 1.03 4.57 4.46 CO 8.26 11.02 9.98 m 11 oo d 00 8 ° oo oo a 9 y od 8 -xa jaqia 9.16 11.35 5.42 "* 1 CO 00 | 12.11 7.55 7.49 8 Tf CO CO oo t^o \ *4 ocod sflg •sjBSns Saxon pan o oo sl o o o o o oo °.l~ •asojons o oo 8 o o o o o oo o © o o o CO 8.29 2.79 6.50 5.86 15.20 12.24 11.99 co 6.65 3.76 6.26 s||@ lO CN S oo o d 8 d •uBso^uaj 17.94 18.56 18.81 18.44 18.95 16.64 17.62 21.20 20.30 17.83 00 II -* 2' co CO ^H 8 8 s S3 •jaqg apaio 13.04 18.01 18.42 16. 49' 14.61 12.75 13.68 3 CO 14.88 14.03 12.25 els ci cn 3 id •u\n -ojd aptuo 34.88 32.19 32. 75 33.27 31.00' 34.30 32.42 25 30.88 32.63 34.90 S II ^ 00 i-i s||2 s s ■*' cp CN CN s ^5 •qsy 1.98 2.44 1.67 sl cn 1.91 2.36 1.91 8 CN 1.75 2.03 2.31 8 I! S « h irf co "4 •ainjsioiv 5.89 6.22 8.70 t< 1 Oi co- 5.19 9.59 10.43 06 4.54 7.50 7.51 0! II £3 co r^ 2 S CO •♦' S3 •6 c 2 1 Distillers' dried grains, Fourex. do do Average Distillers1 corn grains, Blue Ribbon. ....do do Average Ajax flakes do do Average Biles rye grains. . Brewers' dried grains. do Average •ON I*uaS 1 II 1 I 1 3 i§ s c So* © * m 8-1 "3 "3 o weed seed, alt sprouts, char- lock. alt sprouts, smart- weed seed. Do. Q CQ SS S a •paunn c<« r, as 2 S oo -jo^apun 00 ©* a •uusoiuaj ^ O0C r-^ t^oo £ t>^ oc 1 ! rt ~~ l-lr i-i i-i 8 SS l§ ss •jaqu apna j tp d 3 r^^H | rt 1-1 i-H •uta^ § CJO 1 CO § S 8 . -ojdapnjj 8 88 18 88 S; S^ c^ •qsy i« SS |S8 MM o 8 2 od oo o OO o o r^ •pauixn 5 S3 CM 32 s S8 S -ja^apun ^ OO o t^O ^ t^ o '%DV1% oo / ss a i-i Oi oo CO UJ r>. oo -xa aaqia d •J - •sjT?2ns 8 $s s 3£ s 8 2 oo Suionp a h cs' C0C5 ^j cor^* • o iJ d C •asojong ■« SoS r. 00"* CA co r^. o o 2 1 ^ -h(N o* e«»-< M ■»P (N •qoatng R S8 oo ec ?! - t^od 9 g t^ CO g fc£ '/ 88 IS S S o I •UBso^uai 2 d d ■■-:' at* oo »o d e* 88 G 28 CO 8 S3 ! •jaqy epiU3 oS coin -i c4V co ei co -"^ ■^ 1-1 -H •Ufa* 13 3S s 5S2 s 2 o -ojdapriio H %$ N S^ ^ ^ ?; •qgy tt S$ I oo t^ 8 8 3 1^ ««5 id «o«o o "3 O •.utusiojv s 88 deo 38 o«5 Jo 8 OS -j •s 1 1 so' C 1 5 i i 5 | £ : t 2 : ; ct bo So -< «o <5 d d | o c "3 ! 3 : •o •e -o v 0 9 : a : os T^J»S 1 02 ii g 1 1 WHEAT FEEDS. 35 WHEAT FEEDS. The average composition of wheat flour, middlings, shorts, and bran as given by Jenkins and Win ton a is as follows : Table 13. — Average percentage composition of wheat flour, middlings, shorts, and bran. [Compiled.] Number Description of sample. of analyses. Mois- ture. Ash. Crude fiber. Crude protein. Crude fat. Nitro- gen-free extract. Flour | 20 Middlings 32 12.4 12.1 11.8 11.9 0.5 3.3 4.6 5.8 0.2 4.6 7.4 9.0 10.8 15.6 14.9 15.4 1.1 4.0 4.5 4.0 75.00 60.40 Shorts 12 Bran 88 60, M 53.90 The average composition of middlings and bran from winter and spring wheat sold in Connecticut6 in 1905 is as follows: Table 14. — Average percentage composition of middlings and bran. [Compiled.] Description of sample. Number of analyses. Mois- ture. Ash. Crude fiber. Crude protein. Crude fat. Nitro- gen-free extract. 9 16 4 16 10.45 10.90 10.97 11.34 6.73 6.31 4.28 4.67 8.77 10.54 5.60 6.03 15.19 14.06 16.44 16.78 4.56 4.70 4.52 4.84 m n 53.49 58. 19 66. M The samples of Red Dog examined (Table 15) are evidently true to name, and, as we would expect in a low grade of flour, contain a larger amount of protein than would appear in a high-grade flour. All of the samples except No. 1847 contain about the quantity of crude fiber that would be expected. In No. 1847 the fiber is high, but the high starch content, together with the microscopic examination, shows that this is not due to an excess of hulls. The samples of middlings examined all contain a quantity of pro- tein agreeing well with the average. The tendency to high contents of ash, crude fiber, and pentosans, and to a low content of starch in samples Nos. 1834 and 1937 would indicate that the}r more closely resembled bran than middlings as regards a number of their con- stituents. All samples of bran examined appear to be unadulterated and to correspond quite closely to the average composition for bran as given in Table 13. aLoc. cit. b Report of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1905, Part III. 36 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. It would appear from the analyses of bran and middlings, given in Table 14, that sufficient distinction is not made in the trade between these two products. What one manufacturer calls bran, another calls middlings, so that there is not the clear-cut difference there should be in the average composition of these two classes of goods sold on the American market. Samples Nos. 1617 and 1703 are two samples of the same goods purchased at different places. The analyses, both chemical and microscopical, show that they are very different substances. WHEAT FEEDS. 37 cods 111 ill ■ c •1 tffj 1 9 ■ 1 1 e 8 11 . 1,2, and ockle. shredded mil. Raw materia tified by scopical ex tion. rfl w . oJCM ^h _; £- « ^h" 5 8.. 5 *■§« p* ** * ►5 B 6 6 6 o . * . o o o ~ ^ go 6 6 5e fc . p.HJUU © © c» T CM CM CM ©© OSCO f CN iO •* 8 to S 8 S g2 8 II co - 8 -J.'l-'pu.i © ^ "5 r^.^ od'Ci-H ' os od © © © / ©© i^ od "5 •10TU1 8 3 § sb c^o?8S 53 $ S S3 pi 8 338 2 II 9 8 8 -xo aoq^a •J cm © W5CO UO^H-'PCO -^ •* co CO CO vi o 'TCO * n1 eo os •sj«8ns 8 So 8 SS ■*CsCO"i< «3 Q 8 8 8 S 5 853 8 If! t- 8 & I 2u ion pan CM CM cm cm cn w cm ci r^ t-< Jp p] •osoions So §8 2 88 os to to to 00 »o © © §8 s 3 88 R|8 to © S B ei m3 ^ «*<*• ""f* »« t^ c-4 r- S 15 5! g a $ ©t^ alls CM 9 •uBso^uaj; C"i •* CM CM / 8 -HCO r^ II -J 3 CM ^H^-l-HC^ CM 2N OS to CM CM S^S2 ^ B uj to to «c oo r-5 8 8 S © ^H 8 od 5S? odio 95 II •* OS t^ © od a •mo* § S3 8 88 (nS?§ t- ■* oc 8 5J ^ ^3 s . as 5- lis co 8 -ojd apruo 8 »c «j gmoo o os_»-h oo oo oc © t^ h- © <£ t^CO jo od !>• CM •qsy 8 co cm 88 mo":* h co t-» «C •n" OS «0 O © So © 5 a §?s g 1 co 00 © eo i-i -v ■v to •«r eo »c »c to oo t>- © © iO © ©i od lO- ** *"* ■* 'lour* § 2 8 £$o "* — rf^; CO CM eo ■* s? © *C •V © HNlOH - © © t^ © © oo t^»o © r^ t- * •uun s 5 S3 co §8 22SS a 2 co CM ? So 5! •* s t^oo 8 lis » 8 -oad opnao / CO OS OS to »o irf * t^ ^ «rfCM -15 © «o ^ " ■""' rH 1-1 "" 1 """^ ^ lr ** " CM 00 t- 1-H t- iooo toco 00 3S»0»0 © h» CM © © CM t^ © 8 S 5. 8 1:3 8 lis ■* S co t-l CO co ia tMfiO iO t- © © >o •4 © »ricM *• ||irf ^< H •ain^sioyi •* iO eo cm oo S^ ©•* CM S © © co 8 8 r^ oo lts« ©00 8 8 »-j CM —i *0-H ©T3 S — — — '/. IllI I i CO 3b > o IS 1 a W PQ QO-g+J OH PS t 1 ill ?* CO •ok l«uas l oo os OS 00 •* c 00 oc ■ ON ^ ? 1 ?a 1 1 t^g 1 © ^1 i . p. 38 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. OAT FEEDS. The average composition of ground whole oats, oat hulls, and oat straw, as given by Winton and Jenkins,a is as follows : Table 16. — Average percentage composition of ground whole oats, oat hulls, and oat straw. [Compiled.] Description of sample. Number of analyses. Mois- ture. Ash. Crude fiber. Crude protein. Fat. Nitro- gen-free extract. W hole oats , 30 6 12 11.0 7.3 9.2 3.0 6.7 5.1 9.5 31.6 37.0 11.8 2.9 4.0 5.0 1.1 2.3 59.7 Oat hulls 50.4 Oat straw 42.4 Considering the samples of oat feeds reported in Table 17 as a whole it is at once evident that most of them are composed largely of oat hulls, and consequently have a low feeding value. Samples Nos. 1494, 1962, 1505, 1705, 1499, 1518, 1914, 1934, and 1941, from their high ash content (with the exception of No. 1518), their low protein, starch, and fat content, the very high crude fiber and pentosan content, and the microscopical examination, show that they are composed very largely of hulls, while sample No. 1631, labeled as "ground oats," evidently contains hulls in considerable excess. Sample No. 1838 is labeled " oat feed," and in chemical composition corresponds quite closely to ground whole oats, but a microscopical examination shows it to be a mixture of oats and corn with a small amount of some other cereal, probably barley. Sample No. 1888, both from its chemical composition and the microscopical examination, would appear to be composed of ground oats. «Loc. cit. OAT FEEDS. 39 3 A, ill cS,b H hi Cracked and ground oats, hulls, possi- bly in excess of nor- mal. Largely oat hulls, yellow dock seed. i X 0> §It5 ■(-> 4) 2 o a Ground oats, with possible excess of nulls; charlock, smartweed, foxtail, curled dock, lin- see« meal. Ground oats, with possible excess of hulls. Ground oats largely composed of oat hulls. Ground oats, corn, some other cereal, probably barley. Ground oats, low in amount of hulls. Mostly oat hulls. Mostly oat hulls, CO if? H a 00 i i 3 X O a 03 S I i © •paarai -ja^apu^ 8 oo So d 7 6.52 9.17 o0 I! 00 8 d 8 S SJS3 d d o6s a -xa aeq^a £ 1.74 2.00 So||S J || co 8 8 3 s ss e«5 |<2 *4*J a ■sjBSns 3utonpoH 3 © co 3 1.41 .15 ^1* S ? 1.52 1.19 1.10 .27 .14 •asoaong 8 d 5< • o 3 slls ■«»< CO 28 SS S25S S2 oo oo eo » oo •qojB^s 8 3 8 «S So d -^ »o t>I 53 S £ 44 24 40.11 21.08 19.64 19.20 uBsojuaj 8 3 5 eo 8 S CO CO sis co ! §5 eo d 16.54 8.88 28.89 29.35 29.81 jaqn apaiQ § ri 3 26.33 29.23 sis t^ d CM » Jo si 14 65 8.08 26.59 26.71 26.91 iaqg apruo S3 24 63 27.15 8 d ex 6 CM 8 9 00 10.07 5.79 23.59 25.26 24 76 -oad opiuo 8 od a co r. 5.94 5.81 g d 8 10.10 7.74 6.55 5.85 5.68 •qsy 5 d 8 <£ ri »o o> t^ d X |d "3 co Os ^h eo co O^ eo ■v «rf >rf ^ •aanisioyi d 8 7 d 1 ^ 2 d t>: |d 8 d d 11.42 8.99 7.98 8.95 9.70 T3 § I IS s 1 o • ei j I > Oat feed, Royal... do . Average Oat feed, X 1 3 o ■ i o 1 Oat feed, Schu- mackers. Oat middlings Oat feed, O. F Oat. f ped £ i o ON l^l-ias 3 i | 1 1 00 3 i 1838 1888 1914 1934 S 40 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. CORN AND OAT FEEDS. Under this heading have been classified not only the products labeled "corn and oat feed" but also chop feed, provender, feeds bearing names that would indicate that they were composed of corn and oats, and feeds which a microscopical examination has shown to be composed chiefly of corn and oats. The average composition of corn and oats, and of ground corn and oat feeds, as they appear on the market, is given in the following table :a Table 18. — Average percentage composition of corn and oat feeds. [Compiled.] Constituents. Number of analyses. Mois- ture. Ash. Crude fiber. Crude protein. Crude fat. Nitro- gen-free extract. 15 20 38 15.4 11.4 11.9 1.3 3.1 2.2 1.5 9.9 4.0 9.1 11.3 9.7 4.1 4.8 4.5 68.6 Oats 59.5 Ground corn and oats 67.7 On the whole it may be said that a large number of the corn and oat feeds and the samples labeled ground corn and oats reported in Table 19 are unsatisfactory in their composition, adulteration with hulls being indicated in many cases by the high ash, crude fiber, and pentosan content and the small amount of starch present. Even when no adulteration with hulls is indicated a number of the samples show by their low protein and fat content that they are made up of inferior grades of corn and oats. In some cases a wheat product, such as bran, middlings, or red-dog flour, has been added, probably for the purpose of raising the protein content. It is unnecessary to mention all the individual cases of apparent adulteration in Table 19. A comparison of the analyses with the average given in Table 18 and an inspection of the microscopical examination show at once what samples are to be rejected. The "chop feeds" and "provenders" are open to the same criti- cism as the "corn and oat feeds," but perhaps to a somewhat less extent. Some evidently contain an excess of hulls, while others are made from cereals of poor quality. Only a very few of them are entirely above suspicion. From the amount of weed seed found in some of these samples it is evident that screenings were used in their preparation or that they were made from very inferior grains. Samples Nos. 1604, 1933, and 1958 have just about the composi- tion that would be expected in a mixture of corn and oats without an excess of hulls. a New Jersey Agr. Exper. Stat., Twenty-second Annual Report, 1901. 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OS OS © y oo 00 OS © ©|o6 oo od od t>: © t* ' s g i S3 8 ^ 6 8 w\ 8 © 8118 S sip 8 53 8 i •qsy © © ad CO ^ "1 co co J co co eo cn eo eo CN 8 r. 7T 5? So s Ei T CN s sb t © t^ 5 5 a 'ajn^Bioyi t^ ri ai ** ^ at o ex 2 oo © t^ oo oo cd a* ob* r^ od d •d" : -o : ; -a : •o : :g : •• 8 • ; c * : 8 : •• 8 '• Si '. '. • 2 B % f 8 >• "O . ; >• •d ► •3 § 1 •3 bo _ SOO-S© -CD0*- 5 0) Sgo < §£=,- -< ay < Slo -< 85 d -< §}d d -< c k"o &£"& c*"0 *° o" o*^ o^^ 1 P o"0. gi* %<*■■ o o : o (3 o . o : : 'ON I«JJ9S i - 7 2 s 1 1 •* j i 1 1 | 2 9 42 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. o o •gg " £-2+2 oj o °3 e3 ■3 •'d'O o** o o »- - •_ u. O CO - tit . a a) o *: 8 (i;,2 5 * Eg S «* §£ s oo 5 "O os esc 2*2 o o -3 O th O og2 g •3 « "3 tf "-"3 c .c as e c 3 g> 3 g 5 3 c >> o c -^ O C M C CO C, M £-3 C « C ^S oa a3 co o5 P> °3 o3 - o3 ° O « O S C © q * J 83 .. . o3 5,3 o © ©. o •3 ^-373-5-3 c c C C c c 3=3 3 3 5 3 c S c o o •3"3 C S 111 2gS oo +-> 03 0> .3 • ©£ 2:3 -3* *iaf8 e3 83 o §"£• 2*g8 55 TT ON §5 36 OI OJ W •patnui -jaiapufi as; 8 so 5 d Nd eo IT? od oo n -xa aaq+a •sauSris Supnpan 3 Si? •4 -Jco S oo o io 8 31 9 3 a>oi Old (MO 28 98 S8 oi doi d ^oi 8 S; o» CO ifl est- oo •asoions 8 S N -H ■»»« 00 ^< CO ^< I 00 OS «o il)N o »o < lianng N » S g ti £ O "3 55 00N 04 OS Oi t- s$5 s ^ s •UBsojuaj & 2! 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C C-S-3 . co o3 e3 'S C w P8323 •ON 1«u»S 2§ SSI88 8S82SS3S CORN AND OAT FEEDS. 43 - § £ ?J3 5S«SK "5 -£°S2* "° 2 3*8*8$ 4° * O oi 1^ $ 2 * -2 £ Sp-2 s|s§s||tf|s oko2oCoS2o c as c.c fc; w c fxc c o o o o o J si- ll II 5||| •s 2 o o O s|l § a o4 3 '■© 3 ? . £p*Q-3 o s8 9 ■ r o4 00 a O.C a S c a 3.C 3 3 2*22 a 00 £"5 £2 04 00 o o 4f 8 a S 8 s i P 2* o oj 3 "3 "3 04 0/=g§P E|^eg §?|§: goo ;*ct: •nS "o F § fcShje §8 1 8 |§s§ gpCp a 00 o o .at; . w 04 WO CESS, o 03 o 5 Illill go-go fc Slllll o 00 snr - >c ~ T xj ""eT TT snr J8 1 «o "L^T -: I 5 "TO O co d 0 00 t>. t^ t^r^ >o II CO t^ '- — 1 cot^ 00 d d OJ^h B 8 5 9 Eg 1 ex ~w ~s$~ s'ijs r4 r, ~8" 1- 3 Sex i: 1- B W CS < cx«o ^ ro c>» r g 93 >o 5? 5J lo 15 §5 § 9 5JI 41 9 s?s? i Qj d c^S? co to 9 - 9 OJ S3 8 s $ 3§ * 2 g s 3 S8 t £ (3 $3 ■H CO 0 CO jrf co OJ gj t»i- Sjj8 d X d 28 1- 00 g 82 s § SB CO s «o 8 53 SS 2 I'S -- R 9 cSE2 tt 8 5 88 0 a «o co cs 0 «ri 0 O-H ^3 co ex N* co d 0 5 C5 CX CO CO 0 8 coco oj 11 e 0 0 12 s SS Sc1 ^ s S» GO O 0 CJ l^ 0 OJ t^ t>- CJ * * 00 l^ t^ t^o t^ od t^ de» -r -r t^ 8 OJ 00 5 9 COf SIS ex 3 8 IC CO CI N p 8 S9 cm ex ex co c-» CO c>* es ex co e4 Kl co -c co coco CC co d co ex co 0 --. 3 s CO s 00 OJ s s »o 3 ££ 1 1 "T §3 00 O OJ d 00 (« OJ 8 00 1^ OJ t* OJ id 00 OJX Cl d 00 1 - y. •3 IS it *^ e8 . x-1 £ O O C5?: o 03 ' 00 o o : 2 o «p -3 . o i"2 • • . = ~ . i05^ : - - - - "3 uTJ 2^o2 PhO Ah 5 g P 10 Si co 44 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. £ o 00 1 T3 oS O ° O © It 11 si « oS 1*8 « fl 5 fl 8 1 teriaU opical O oS * oS lie ee «a8 §8 'O'S'O X3X5 ■sti §l§ §i S3 o > o o o U > »H »-< (H C 00 H o a oo o •pauim So § §s IT $ -XQ%Q^Ufl od od d t>^ ^ OJ •JOBH 3 R £g 1 3 ■ 'So -xa aaq^a CM* ■* d^* iO 4 •sJwSns 8 2 &3 03 ?5 3uionpaH © r-5 CM -J cm •J 58 8 28 ffi co •asojong © J -5 * 8 8 SoS !• ?o 1 o8 •qanns tf $ $S3 § >o 3 S 82 S g O i 'UBSo^uajj d 1-^ ^© d d •urai 2 S "3 00 8 ) -ojd apaiQ O OS NH — ^5 38 re t>- •qsy CO W COCO cs eo •pauim ■8 S3 328 s 8 -ja^apun 00 00 «5© ■c d •■}VB1% S3 S3 88 1- CM f i a I o -xa latua -H ^ d-*' 4 •4 •sjtfims - 3 S 28 g C* 8u?onpaa O •* ■^ •* •* 3 8 XS !: •asoions d J 9 §8 S3 5 % o 00 I •qoJB^s 41 g 33 * 4 © © b- PH 88 5 4 •UBSo^uaj c ■» o - - •paurm 1 "■"■"J"*"*™ a 9 113 8 CM -H 7 a s re OS n »ooo OS COCM OS -ja^apufi 00 »o t- d *" eo oo CO CO *" os oo 00 ososeo o HV t^ •10VI% Eg co 5! $ 00 !5 £ CO s re s s ►» 1 5. CO OS CO 3 Se^ 8 4 1 -xa aa^a »o »c »o CM »o iO •* eo ■** >e -»< •«*< tj5 -r -*f-* •* TMO »C •siuims £ CO - £ "5 S eo s f=, 5 §5 Sg O 1 7" -HOOt^ S ctre R g 1 3 OS Sn ion pan - CM - ^ ~ CM CO e<5 re "* CM wi oi ■*** --"-"-, -* thCM CM •asojong 8 8 re ft 8 s s 8 8 s S3 8 SI s r- — -r 8 "5CM ^" HH O «o ■^ '" cm ■«»< lO ■*• co — •* CO ■* eo| ■* COT^H eo «0«0 W5 S § 8 53 a 5 s 3 S $ Jo S 551 a — i- i- Os OS X r^ S8c8 S 03 O I •qoiing 8 CM a s CN S cQ £ »j el CN CO s| i- &k4 S 538 2 S 2 p s g s s i« x i- os s s Sl ?. SS!S iO ooc io •uBso^uaj 8 8 d CM 11 00 rj rH CM os a s CM 2 s| ^ Scm2 ?, cm8 §5 e 5 s s s t>. CO OS OS oo OS is S3 S cm| it 2c?K £ ■*»>C0 ^H O0t- o "3 0 •jaqnapruo os OS - d oo t* t^ t^ t>: d oo oo oo 2 oomco 00 00t^ OS •ma* -ojdapnjo s & s s s s s 8 ti s) si § F^ 6 S8§^ = ■*Os cO ■j oo at d oo OS OS OS £ y co CO 2 s_ CO OS CO oo i^oo oo OS s 5 6 @ s s g re S SI f- 8§cQ 8 qSV »o CO CO eo cd il «6 cd •o •o >o »c "j CO cOcOiO CO CO «S" JO •paunn -ja^apuxi 5. CN to 1 - ^ § ^ T s CO "* S 6 t^.eo oo re sa § t^ «o CO s os | eo »>^ »o >e t-» 00 t^ ►i OOXCM CO ©eo t^ •IWBll S a 8 B El t^ rt ro O OS CM 5 1 9 s SI 2 CM "3 CM ei ■ e 8S 9 -xa aaq^a »o ■^ •* CN •* »0 eo eo "^ -r ■«" eo "1 ■*« Tj-Tf -<■ ' CO i s5 e TT 1 ■ OS iO CM - sy?; i- 5i^ H •.UtllSlu^- f 00 / / OS 00 OS si d - oo eo ^ r 00 00 OS oo OS00 ^ 1-1 •6 ! 1 i • e o a • j a : : o : o : ; en KB , 2 2 1 I III i B i i J g, : ? « CO g o i •si 1 1 1 1 ! I Hi 11 1 1 "8 "S •« ■d "S "S-J-d I 1f5 o — ■s-s "g J : .a 1 1 : «8 : a 3 3 9 a : w ss : 33 3 •on 1«|J96 j fl 6 1 I 1 1 i i 1 il i 1 is H MIXED FEED. 47 | 8 s" «? — -.£:• •326^ 8||sd ** |* ***** © o S o 00 --oo S3 oo oo s co OS CO T?ro5? t^odoo 9 OS o '6 oo ^2 t^oo 8 3 00 00 ss 5§2 dd 8 d 53 ft d oo 8 oo X 8 00 co-^^h C3iOC ■ t^ SB oo 8 8 25 - id 1- s "5 i-it-co «5 ■ S? S3 OCO ft CO 88 8 d fi c4 Soo i»d co d "5 "5 d d g dt>-'co M B OS OCO 00 no B oo 00 t^ 5oS §8 o — •* co 2S5S ■^co^ 00 re COM cooi S 4 8 co s d s d d^5 CO d -h d 9 d d VI -• o6»o»c s 3 ?i ss? 3 tt 8 c4 8S d o o> OJ S?8 «5 d OS .-1 d £38 tee 8 d 8 S d d §8 si •*< ^8§ e6 1 co 5 S2 »cco 5§ CO o d S d S « S8 dd 8 d U 1 oo hi co d r. oi 1 1 o> B rc 5*^ coos oo it (N ! ■4 d ■*t>i d 8 I 3 : 1 J I * "S-o a? » a) S £ ;>.2 6.2 « 1 II d< 2 ■ef H CJ f 5 BM* l6 "fesifcs o oj o ai 0 t- 6^ oo ft o ft «« ft •paunu L^ r» a coS t» .2 "35 -i^apun ooi ~ HCi o S3 *|5 cceo dd ■ OJ •M«2ns KB "V CD Sg o i Supnpea © ' ' d dd d gss r-l OS 8 I 3 ** CO 'asoaons ££ ^ d CN ^^ d SSJ n li o d t- Sfc 8 1 S3 •qojt?is irf t>^ d Ui dd II '"H ss « IIS 88 So — - •xrB80^n9(j CNtN S1 d ^d ^ •3 1 i ^H^H •* 38 -? ] 12 8£ £ uaqggpaiO SS2 J5 £ HH d •UI91 S3S f- ir ss to 36 S8 -aid gpruo p S88 b "3 •jgqggpaio «5c4 uj L; do d 1 F4«H rH || ,-1 •upi -OJd 9ptUQ 85 a6oi 00 || 38 *||tf eoos 8^ s 28 S||S S3 s •qsy d t4 d d d t-i d v' - ^S S •ajrustoyj ofio? d r-i -Jr-i d •d d, • ! . • : w 8 •3 3 ; 1 rr ft : m> g « : I * :l § 35 . oj x . so a •3.2 "^ 2 •3 03 O •3 1 'E • o • o % ft : a :a •on Wias || 1 CClC § 12228— Bull. 108—07- 50 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. a I § 2 B -j ! lifl If I ■sr5 8«.3^.s0 °* rf -h d MuS & Si U5 TTW a t^ ^ CD ©S Oi is — i- •pautui -jaiapun -xa Jai^a 3 38 •XIOJBJg § 5! Si ft 4 ss* •uBsojuaa OS OS' ss a as -id d -Sci S S3 93 ^ d irf d 15 8S5 § 2 jaqg apruo o« t^ej d«i •nia* -ojd epruo c4c4 r4 dd d S^ 2 2 8S 4d *•» ^ -^d •qsy e4co «d co-« e*oo o<5 o(5 d d cj ci co otf o<5 dr» ■ainisjopi OS ©O d CSN H 1 i CO B L B* . od"S S|IJB •o S F ** S^5 « a SB a s^^sl «-6i!?^a 1 eiia & lJ2ja-5& a oh i1 •on i^jjag i §§ »S wi §§ g 8 88 I PROPRIETARY FEEDS. 51 PROPRIETARY STOCK FEEDS. Under this heading have been classified those feeds bearing trade names that are not descriptive in any way of the materials used. Like the miscellaneous feeds they may contain any mixture of stock food materials, and can not be compared with standards of average composition. The microscopic examination, however, shows plainly Of what constituents these proprietary feeds are made. It will be noted that samples Nos. 1528 and 1700 contain corncob meal, and that several other samples contain considerable quantities of hulls. Samples Nos. 15*75, 1726, and 1942, named sugar and flaxseed, are mis- branded since the analyses and microscopical examination show other substances present than the ones mentioned in the name. 52 \ COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. a 11 13 if 2 o OS M Ground oats, W. P. No. 1, com meal. Ground oats, corn meal, W. P. No. 1, foxtail seed, smartweed seed. Ground oats, com meal, W. P. No. 2, charlock. Linseed meal, cottonseed meal, some leguminous seeds, W. P. No. 3, carob bean and fenugrec. Linseed meal, cottonseed meal, W. P. No. 3, leguminous seeds, pigweed seed, carob bean and fenugrec. 6 Ph" fee of 08 0 •3 C <3 B 0 0 >-. 0 •3 a £ 0 O) .3 g to •3 1 "bo ^A 5 . 0 P 8| O „ |1 §S £S 0 0 00 Ground corn and oats. Ground corn and oats, with possibly- small excess of oat hulls, rough pigweed. .2 "53 o3 & I I 3 i '3 S 03 O ' ■f* •3 1 •pauiUI 06 s ON 00 00 06 oi 00 00 >0 b» "* -xa iaqaa § 9 $ ic -a' •*" 4.78 4.79 SS3 CO-* 8 2 CN 5?5 *- «^ ^ ^1 •sj-bSos Saionpan 2.34 3.26 2.63 1- >o t^. - ©5 * 0 0 °|S8S g§||85o S| * II | t- CO h •a8oaons| 2 3 3 ri -i 8 S to to C2— 1 2.26 1.05 .52 00 | •qoiB^s 30.53 34.39 35.20 »2 N 31.88 34.81 0 OON — — ^ 3 co ■* g| ION 46.65 63.69 58.10 81 S •nusoiuaj 19.04 16.93 17.21 — 7.74 7.54 s 1- §8 tO"! 58 1 12 S §8 8 S 5| CM 55 in 15.23 12.06 10.90 *l •laqgapmo 12.62 10.83 11.68 t^ 5.35 4.68 0 d 28 dd 00 d S8 § CO '"l' ^r 1 5^ 006 9.28 7.56 9.94 tO 1 06 •ma* -oadapruo 12.27 13.12 12.66 25.19 24.91 •qsy 4.79 4.91 4.75 V 4.80 4.48 CO CO- SI co s s S3 II 3 S3 2.54 2.12 1.87 !l •aan^sjopi CM ® t^ 1- t- © s t 6 t^ 06 9 CO (M 7 ?5 k oS 0606 Name and brand. Schumacker's stock food. do do Average Blatchford's calf meal. do Average H-0 horse feed do Average Merchant's dairy feed. do Average Star feed do Average Empire feed do Average •( >N l*M*8 1574 1723 1928 i * II 1 s 11 PROPRIETARY FEEDS. 55 5s £ o « if p^ 2 * 3 p 2 5? 8 ** • •ci'S-g fro | g o tc*^ be be be o e"^8e| e s e I e ^ gH eo •f «5©' IO *c4t<: t~ t^ t^ S3 s © § ?! 5 5 §C^ ©- § eo §8S 28© © 8 885 s eo S S 8 s eo 8 * ti r-<© CO CM 5Si S © 8?? SS? S £ J§82 2 eo 2* H § •■- £ r^ © a ©CO 55 S s 8© i*^ ©• * 85;^ 9 f2 CM 5 r~ Ij; tj i_- © -x. 8 cs T|j 28 ?5?3 ^ 8 ©CM 00 t^ o<5 06 8 © ?4 a © 8 8 gfc ?3 S? t^ SS S8 S 8 C^Se>l eo CM 8 - * 2 ed d eo CM ^s © CO « eo© ©00 rf oo iCt^t^ © © ©■ 5 5 5. © R § 9 8S 8 8 88 5!8 8 u 8S3^ 9 8 8 CC cm ri © Ed 8 8 eooo co s' r-00 00 b- oo oo o»g 8 8 8 1 - s S £ S § -i s§ a § 8 2£ 88 8 S3 8SS ES 8 S id eo id ^ ^ .iO © 2 2" 8 8 M £ -r oo * ^8 S5 S So Sft ©?5 © 8 cOoocm s 8 •v CO ^ ■d "3 co -r CO-H C4 © co-* Tf^ oi ^ CO"*© © © © 8 So •-= B A 8 re re ©O s s 8 8K ?3S3 So S §!§§ E »o s *■* cm CM H ** - ^^ es 'H'H ■^ "■< i-h 'c5 5 eo * ti I- £ 5- 2S 28 © §8J? ©S ^u5 s © dl SS2 «o ©• So © 7. © ri 8 A a •f CM 5 SoS S ?5 ^5 &5 Jo8 8 8 eO?2 8 8 8 ri 8 - * 8 8 E; SS § 2 i^ 38 28 4 CM 832 d ri d ~ i- s i - e^S? S 8 8 c^S &CO »-i 3 283 8 b S3 ■cj Mj id © 2 t^ © 8?S 2 8 CO ^8 ^eji CM oo Ste^ © t^ t* P. 5 3 © I- §8 oo CI SS 5 S s 8S g© CO f~ ■* 8 S§88 3 ^ 8 © O o EJ © £ 3 28 »o es eo e>ioo 00 r» o5 oo •^>©© d) iO «5 8 s 4 s 8 7 38 35 8 5 88 8J2 CM 8 382 H 3 s cm S - X of 2 X (N00 ^ §5 ^ t^ © ©«o I-l»-l © t~ ©00 t- c^ « s 9 . CM j 8 3 a s?S g 33 S ©:. * © f-00 ©00 2* oo eo©t^ t- 2" © o u >s s ® •as jl a"s P30 Oh 2-d s 5 "r -ScS **© . "In * s © 8 9 .^4 54 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. ANIMAL MEALS. Under this head are included meat, meat and bone, bone, and blood meals. All the samples examined were of satisfactory com- position. Their high protein content makes them valuable in rem- edying the deficiency of this essential constituent in the so-called "carbohydrate feeds." Bowker's animal meal contains consider- able cottonseed meal, as shown by both the microscopical and chemical examination. ANIMAL MEALS. 55 i 1 1 6 ffS •o . « Is 1 O © ©a S 2= ••a !l • 1 *& II "3-3 o s >on'a 6 6 6 ii° i r§? ° ° ° •pauiui 5? «o BUB fc*SSS a 5 2 Si* ^I9^apun co r- "i»o co oi co ei c*i - j -; - |j ci •lotui 8 R siis sssssp i 2 3 IIS GO 1 I 3 1 O 1 6 3 -X9 Jaq^a © «5 * Ir '¥,J,J ' • v.r 3ujonpaa o o HI ill i ! ill; •osojong fe s *1 !! ! ! UN •qoa^s o o HI Mil i i illi •uTOO^uaj 1-5 co g Ml • i ill i uaqpepruo 3 8 g Ml i illi 'VL19% m oo OS i-H ©113 SSgtSSII? Q "0 II CO -oadaptuo S 3 51 1 55 s2#g8||g ir "5 W Ol Oi OS 00 00 88 112 SSSSSIIS S 9 IIS •qsy § g co- «o t>-r- © to ■* co i* •peuroi T" § Sp 53K8SS U 8 S3| "5 © -i&VJpun eo t^ «o «o co ci co oi oi L-h •h c4 '%OVJ% So s ©lit: c* '* t» «o *• || eN co c^a II oo P. a I o o CO *S 1 ,2 o I 3 -X9 191(13 OS 00 O) H •<*r- 8 £||5 © 06 N jaqijapnao 8 S $3 g .0 ^ •tna* -oadapruo © 8 "5 »d 3 2 •xjsv s 8 3 e •aan^siopi in? 00 «5 fr -2 3 i* a ft t 1 8 -° s « ft |l •on leuas S ft 2? g 58 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. II =1 •8 8 ■3 1 '? ft o -31 ^ afII« B"S»ag © 08 fc - - ^ « e8J»S'-; i ;ii; ■3 * C 03 x M o a- ■ . • I* = 8 ♦? T3 C"K^ = 1H ! j§g|g IP P B . -g „so-0 fi ft* ill |1I 3 O (0 <» ■g-S-g ^8 3 © IPI1 11 * ■ sfli 1 £ «—- 'Ml J its ta'S 0) g £ a £ . C © £©£ c - • 08 OB -jaiapuQ T i — r •^oujl -xa ja^a S3 8 CO CN Suianpaii ^ 3 2 C* ,-) —< •asojong 3 S •qaiwis •uBso^uaj 8 3 S jaqgapnio 3 8 d d •uiai -ojdapruo 8 £ 85 S* •qsy SIS s s «0 T^ « — £■ ^ d OS b- •pauiui -ja^apun -xa jaq^a 3 9 d c* *sjvSns Supnpatf •asojong •qajBjg §118 3 2 8 8 5 g£ ui!soui.»,{ SI2 2 = co o jaqyapnjQ nHtf J CO •uia^ oidapnjo SHS 2 Si 2 £ •qsy So s ■n W 8 « d d S 5 d d •ajn^sjo}^ ? 12 rt CM 6 6 § 8 ■S 1 1 "2 8 I | | g I S S •ON 1*M»S S 2 POULTRY FOODS. 59 £&£ ^«£^! =3 _j T3 OS ° i ill in J3 u * g g 2 II rail 9 » - M • j|!3 go Li •2° 2^-1 O >■ O r** a to 1! -O5 si 'f^S — 03 03 .SPT3 fix: s *•?*-<«. •m -2 _;*5 .c o^x :-3§ -ogo« °-g |o|8S Cc g fe.^x 8 a s 3 s ^ to FT d d So So £ S 8 S3 : «- 6 -d i JKS I 1 J!l 3 O 60*3 3 «w 5 Ph W Ch fi* © <5 I 6C . eoS d to to -i J Tt5 d •4 » 8 ^ OS CN t^ id •3 to CO to CO CO to tN TT CO CN 8 IB So S 2 to 9 ss 9 s 8 s fi8 2 =! oo ?. pd •g at o to 2 * CO 82 8 fc $ d to 8 ■o »o CO 28 158 co ec CC i- to £1 to CO to cN t>» CN COIN s ■ § >o ►» S § $ d 9 Q CNt^ -' od V ■* od »* <4 ' to oo od od to^* g 3 ■ -- R § ■^< s? CO 8 % to 5>cN « •J M H -* •J (N ^ • co J ti CN CON 8 5C s O S 3 So s 8 8 e CN S ~ i -1 ^ CN •■f SS 8 to P b- g s 8 oo 8 g t CO i-H - fH oi J d (M '- a « « § § So S § 2 s F^ t^ u3 8 i CC ?5 El co < JJ co £l s $ s H «o 8 ?! eo _ co s o o S i d CO r^ M 2 i -»5 to to c4 to t- to to 3 to t. S; 8 8 CO ss 8 K So $ 8 « ^ o iO to to to to t^ 3 d CO jj S2 CO !-H to r» S3 i1 8 8 to 8 S3 So 9 S 8K 3 ■i CO to to §! to (N >c ^ H » o ^ t^co o g cS oi o d to C^ ^2 N co CN r^co M c & JJ 60 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. COMPARISON OF COMMERCIAL AND HOME-GROWN FEEDS. A study of commercial feeding stuffs would not be complete with- out some mention of the relative feeding value and economy of such feeds as compared with those that can be grown on the farm. It is of course at times desirable or even necessary to use some of the more concentrated commercial feeds in the case of growing animals, in milk production, etc., but in the great majority of eases the cost of mixing such standard concentrated feeds as dried blood, cotton-seed pineal, linseed meal, and brewery and distillery wastes with the products from the farm is much less when this work is performed by the farmer himself, rather than when it is performed by the manufacturer. In the bulletin of Jenkins and Winton, previously quoted, it is shown that some of the more common farm crops used for feeding purposes have the average composition given in Table 27. Table 27. — Average percentage composition of home-grown feeds. Fodders. Fresh, or air-dry, basis. Mois- ture. Ash. Pro- tein. Crude Nitro- gen-free extract. Fat. Calculated to dry basis. Ash. Pro- tein. Crude fiber. Nitro- gen-free extract. Fat. Corn fodder— field cured Corn stover — field cured Red top hay Timothy hay Red clover hay. . . Alsike clover hay . White clover hay . Alfalfa hay Corn— Dent Corn— Flint Oats Barley Rye Cowpeas 42.2 40.1 8.9 13.2 15.3 9.7 9.7 8.4 10.6 11.3 11.0 10.9 11.6 14.8 2.7 3.4 5.2 4.4 6.2 8.3 8.3 7.4 1.5 1.4 3.0 2.4 1.9 3.2 4.5 3.8 7.9 5.9 12.3 12.8 15.7 14.3 10.3 10.5 11.8 12.4 10.6 20.8 14.3 19.7 28.6 29.0 24.8 25.6 24.1 25.0 2.2 1.7 9.5 2.7 1.7 4.1 34.7 31.9 47.4 46.0 38.1 40.7 39.3 42.7 70.4 70.1 59.7 69.8 72.5 55.7 1.1 1.9 2.5 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 1.8 1.7 1.4 4.7 5.7 5.7 5.1 7.3 9.3 9.2 8.1 1.7 1.7 3.4 2.7 2.1 as 7.8 6.4 8.7 6.8 14.5 14.2 17.4 15.6 11.5 11.8 13.2 13.9 12.0 24.4 24.7 33.0 31.4 33.5 29.1 28.4 26.7 27.3 2.6 1.9 10.8 3.0 1.9 4.8 53.2 52.1 51.7 45.2 44.9 43.5 46.6 78.6 79.0 67.0 78.4 82.2 65.5 1.; ■2. I 2.1 :u 3. J a. j 2.4 5.f L'.( These home-grown feeds could be better compared with the com- mercial feeds if the digestible nutrients in all of the latter were known, but since this is not the case, only a comparison of feeding values, base/1 on the total nutrients present, can be made. It is not neces- sary to make this comparison in each individual case, but the general conclusion resulting from such a study would be that in a large num- ber of cases the home-grown feeds are superior to the commercial feeds, especially in the case of those commercial feeding stuffs bearing a fancy name, which entirely masks the ingredients used. Further- more, in many cases the commercial mixtures that do really have a higher nutritive value than the ordinary home-grown feeds could be much more economically prepared on the farm by buying the stand- ard concentrated feeds, such as blood meal, cotton-seed and linseed meal, etc., and mixing them with home-grown crops. CORRESPONDENCE WITH MANUFACTURERS. 61 CORRESPONDENCE WITH MANUFACTURERS. In order that all manufacturers whose cattle foods were examined mi^ht have a chance to inspect the analyses before their publication and offer such explanations as they thought best of discrepancies between the guaranteed analysis and the analysis as found, also that they might explain any adulteration if such existed, the following circular letter was sent to every manufacturer whose goods were examined: Dear Sir: The miscellaneous laboratory of this Bureau, during the past two years, has been making chemical and microscopical analyses of the various commercial feed- ing stuffs sold on the American market, and will shortly publish the results of this work. The examination of has given the following results: Per cent. Moisture Ash Either extract (fat) Proteids Crude fiber » Pentosans Starch Reducing sugars % Sucrose Undetermined Total MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION. We are sending to each manufacturer a copy of the analysis of his feeding stuff before publishing the results, that he may, if he so desires, explain any differences existing between the composition as determined by us and as claimed by him. If the analyses do differ materially, any legitimate explanation which the manufacturer makes will be carefully considered and published with the analysis of the feeding stuff. If the manufacturer makes no claims in regard to the composition of his goods, the above remarks do not apply to him, and the data are sent only for his personal informa- tion. You, of course, understand that these results are not to be used for advertising purposes. A prompt reply will be appreciated. Respectfully, (Signed) H. W. Wiley, Chief of Bureau. Following are such excerpts from the replies received as throw any light on the subject, together with the comments thereon made by the chemists who performed the work. J. W. BAR WELL. (Nos. 1590, 1754, 1738, 1575, 1726, 1942.) I am duly in receipt of your tabulated results of the examination of Blatchford's cult meal, Blatchford's poultry meats, and Blatchford's sugar and flaxseed. I am inclined to think that some of these samples were taken some time ago, and do not represent the goods as now turned out, or as they have been turned out for the last eighteen months. The cause of the change was the necessary introduction of a 62 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. specially prepared soluble blood flour into Blatchford's calf meal (Nos. 1590, 1754) in order to bring up the percentage of protein, as the more exhaustive machinery now used in the manufacture of some of the ingredients has reduced the amount of fat and protein in those ingredients. In the results of your microscopical examination of Blatchford's calf meal, it states that middlings or shorts and pigweed are found, and I would say that I am prepared to go into any court of law and to put up any bond * * * that there are no wheat middlings or shorts or pigweed [used]. The pigweed, I take it, must have been some trifling weed seed that got into one of the ingredients * * * . In the results of the microscopical examination of Blatchford's sugar and flaxseed (Nos. 1575, 1726, 1942), the results might possibly lead people to suppose that there were only those articles or ingredients in our product that are mentioned by the inicros- copist, but this is not so. For instance, there are nine different ingredients in Blatch- ford's calf meal, but there are only three or four mentioned by the microscopist. There is considerable carob-bean meal used in both the calf meal and sugar and flax- seed, but this is not mentioned at all. There is considerable sunflower seed used in the manufacture of Blatchford's poultry meats, but this is not mentioned. * * * Comment by authors. — The microscopical examination on all of Mr. Barwell's goods was repeated, and the manufacturer was informed that the samples were taken more than eighteen months ago. In Blatchford's calf meal the microscopical finding of middlings was changed to flour. Several ingredients mentioned by the manu- facturer were found and are given in the analysis as repeated. It was impossible, however, to find one or two condimental materials claimed by the manufacturer. In Blatchford's sugar and flaxseed, carob-bean meal was found, as well as very small quantities of several other ingredients mentioned by the manufacturer. One or two condimental materials mentioned by the manufacturer could not be found. In Blatchford's poultry meats sunflower seeds were found and several other ingredients that were present in very small quantities. It was impossible to find one or two condimental materials claimed by the manufacturer. (No. 1819.) * . * * We beg to state, however, that your sample showed a rather unusually high per cent of water. * * * Protein and fat are each about one point lower than average, and the per cent of fiber is a little too high. * * * As to your micro- scopical analysis, we regret to say that it is essentially wrong and misleading, and this we must request you to change before your report is published. * * * Union grains are made of — (1) Fourex, which iH a distiller's dried grain produced from the slop of spirits and grain alcohol distilleries. (2) Choice cottonseed meal. (3) Old process linseed meal. (4) White wheat middlings. (5) Wheat bran. (6) Hominy meal. CORRESPONDENCE WITH MANUFACTURERS. 63 (7) Barley malt sprouts, which contain some harley hulls and most always some weed seeds, though never in greater than entirely negligible quantities. (8) Fine table salt, 1.5 per cent of the whole ( omment by authors. — This sample was examined chemically a sec- ond time and the same results obtained as on the first examination. It was again examined by the microscopist and the results as given in the table were obtained. (Nos. 1768, 1589, 1695, 1990.) i We have received your reports of 1768, rye distillers' dried grains, and 1589, 1695, and 1990, on the samples of Biles fourex distillers' dried grains. * * * There are a very large number of analyses of fourex and other distillers' dried grains on record in the six New England States and the State of New York, and if you will have these looked over you will find but very few analyses which show less than 11 per cent fat — the average is over 12 per cent. * * * We do not recollect having ever seen a report which showed less than 10 per ceitf fat. * * * The microscopical analysis should show traces of oats, because all distillers use some oats, we think, but few use rye. Comment by authors.— -The results on fat were repeated and the same results obtained as previously. The microscopical analyses were repeated, and rye was again found, but no oats. BOSWORTH & WOOD. (No. 1923.) We are not makers of these goods now. BROOK'S ELEVATOR COMPANY. (No. 1483.) We have your report covering examination of our Royal mixed feed — No. 1483. Under head of microscopical examination we note you say it is composed of wheat product No. 1, corn cockle, and charlock. We are unable to account for this, owing to the fact we purchase the feed — composed of bran, middlings, and flour — direct from our large mills here in bulk, * * * and we aim to use only absolutely pure offal. * * * Corrcment by authors. — A second examination was made and the same results obtained as at the first examination. BUFFALO CEREAL COMPANY. (Nos. 1583, 1954, 1573, 1523, 1541, 1972, 1582, 1625, 1741, 1922, 1598, 1792, 1554.) We have the reports of your miscellaneous laboratory giving the analyses of feeds and by-products sold by our company, numbered 1583, 1954, 1573, 1523, 1541, 1972, 1582, 1625, 1741, 1922, 1598, 1792, 1554, and as we note that these results are to be published, we beg to take exception to the figures given, and in support of our excep- tion we are inclosing a table. * * * In regard to the horse feed, the average of nine analyses, as given by the different States, shows that our feed was fully up to the guarantee given, * * * and in no case did the fat show as low as 3.30 or 4.11, as given by your Department. , 64 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. In the case of dairy feed, * * * you will notice that the figures are considerably higher than yours. In the case of creamery feed, 10 analyses show 19.95 per cent protein against 20 per cent guaranteed and 4.56 per cent fat against 5 per ceDt guaranteed, and in no case were there any samples that showed a figure as low as given in your 1972. In regard to the poultry feed, the average of our three analyses is fairly close to the guarantee, but the fat as given under your 1582 is much too high. * * * In regard to stock feed, we are also unable to find any analysis giving as low fat as those reported by you under your numbers 1741 and 1922. In regard to hominy feed, you will also notice that ki 12 analyses taken from the different bulletins we have no record of any fat determination running as low as your 1792. Comment by authors. — All fat and protein determinations were repeated on the above samples. The figures for protein on Buffalo horse feed remained the same as before, while one fat figure on pro- longed extraction rose above the guaranty. The figures for both protein and fat in Buffalo creamery feed were slightly raised on repeating these determinations in sample No. 1972. In the other two samples of these feeds the figures remained unchanged. The figures for both protein and fat remained the same in poultry feed (No. 1582) when these determinations were repeated. The figures for protein on Buffalo XXX stock food (Nos. 1741, 1922) remained unchanged on a second examination, while the figures for fat were increased on a prolonged extraction, but not sufficiently to raise their samples above the guarantee of 4.50 per cent fat. The figures for protein and fat on Buffalo hominy feed (No. 1792) were repeated and the same results obtained. W. F. CHAMBERLAIN. (No. 1915.) * * * The analysis of our Perfect chick feed must have been made from an old lot, as we have not been using oyster shell for some time in our mixture. Our Perfect chick feed as we now put it up contains charcoal. Comment by authors. — The sample collected in 1904 was again examined and oyster shells again found, but no charcoal. chapin & CO. (Nos. 1614, 1789, 1843, 1515, 1708, 1722, 1797.) Referring to your samples 1614, -1789, 1843, Ajax flakes, this brand of feed is now put out by the Ajax Milling and Feed Company, Buffalo, N. Y., and has been for the past year. Referring to your samples 1515, 1708, 1722, 1797 (linseed-oil meal, O. P.) * * * as to the microscopical examination, the presence of weed seeds is accounted' for only by the fact that in most oil mills the flaxseed screening!, consisting of light flax and various seeds, are screened before pressing the seed and these screenings are subse- quently run into their meal in the case of many mills. CORRESPONDENT!: WITH MANUFACTURES. 65 cypher's jncubator COMPANY. % (Nos. 1854, 1739, 1759, 1693, 1581, 1795, 1893.) * * * In looking over these reports we can only come to the conclusion thai thete has been Borne radical mistake made in your reports or that yon have gotten hold of products doI of our manufacture, although possibly disguised under our name,. We will take them up one at a lime. Cypher's clover meal (1854): We discontinued manufacturing clover meal early in i lie spring of 1904. Cypher's chick food (1739): You state that you find it to contain mostly wheat screenings, als<> that you find foxtail, charlock, smartweed, chess, and rough pigweed in ii, also rock. We beg t" state that we positively have never put out a pound of chick food that contained an ounce of wheat screenings or wild seed of any kind. * * * It is possible that a year or more ago samples of our chick food may have been picked up that contained three pounds of chick grit in each 100 pounds of food. This was put in as a necessary element, but this year we omit it and caution the buyer thai the grit must be supplied separately. Cypher's forcing food (1759): * * * There is absolutely no weed seed and no wheat screenings. Cypher'/- cratching food (1093): You report that you find it contains wheat product No. 2. W* * We beg to state that Cyphers scratching food is now and always has been made up of whole grains. Cypher's laying food 0581, 1795, 1893): You have three reports of this product. In two of them you give wheat product No. 1, corn meal, and some animal meal as being the products which it is found to contain. You have overlooked altogether the product which is the base of our laying food and several others highly important lor < gg pr< tduction that appear prominently in the other reports of laying food.* * * * It contains no wheat screenings or seeds of smartweed, foxtail, or charlock. Comment by authors. — Cypher's chick food (1739): The micros- copist made a second examination of this product and found no reason to change his original findings. Cypher's forcing food (1759): The microscopist made a second examination of this product and found no reason to change his find- ings, except in so far as to say that wheat screenings were not present in large quantities. Cypher's scratching food (1693): The microscopist made a second examination and found more of the outside coats of grains than should be present in whole grains. Cypher's laying food (1581, 1795, 1893): The microscopist made a second examination and was unable to find any products except those given in the table. There was no reason to change the findings in regard to weed seed. DAYTON MILLING COMPANY. (No. 1701.) I Referring to the analysis you have just sent us of No. 1701 (chop feed), in regard to the microscopical examination we are unable to tell' what quality of our feed you analyzed. We make several qualities. One quality contains no whole oats and the 12228— Bull. 108—07 5 66 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. other contains no oat hulls. * * * Any cockle or smartweed * * * came in with the oats and any buckwheat hulls are the product of the whole grain. This comes in either with the oats, which we buy locally, or is a slight mixture of the grain in going through the elevators. D. A. DE LIMA & CO. (No. 1521.) * * * The microscopical examination, as you have it, is not correct, also the percentage <>f protein we guarantee is 12.5 per cent; fat 7.5 per cent * * * The fault we have to find with the fnicroscopical examination of our Puritan chick food (1521) is that to the very best of our knowledge our food contains no oats. Comment by authors. — The protein and fat determinations were repeated and the same results obtained. Oats were found only in traces, probably as a slight unintentional contamination. EMPIRE MILLS. (Nos. 1615, 1753.) We can not understand how the ether extract is so low in cither case of Empire feed (Nos. 1615, 1753). Would say our feed does not contain any pigweed or foul stuff of any kind. It is made from corn, hominy, and light oataand a very little barley * * * can not understand why there is so much difference in the moisture in these two cases. The analyses we have from different small stations have always given our feed as about f) per cent protein and 3.5 to 4 per cent fat. Our guaranty is 7.63 per cent protein and 3.97 per cent fat. Comment by authors. — The protein and fat determinations were repeated and the same results obtained. The microscopical examina- tion was also repeated and the same results obtained. No barley could be found and pigweed was present in small quantities. FALL CREEK MILLING COMPANY. (No. 1713.) Your analysis of No. 1713 ground corn and oats received. We grind corn and oat feed, sound grain, with no adulteration or filler. * * * Comment by authors. — The microscopist repeated his work and obtained the same results as at the first examination. GEORGE L. II AKIMNG. (Nos. 1711, 1930, 1556.) I have your analysis of Harding's unexcelled baby chick food (1711, 1930) and eg! building ration (1556). It is only fair to me that the analysis you make for publication be made on the mixture that I am placing on the market at the present time. Last year my mixture contained a certain percent of ground gri t . but this year that has been limited. * * * No. 1907, baby cblck food mixture contains nothing but dried milk cracked to chick size, wheat, corn. Kafir com, ami seeds, DO screenings, no el coal, no grit . or bone. The egg builder contains meat, bone, wheat, buckwheat. kalir corn, millet, sunflower seed, beet seed, and corn. CORRESPONDENCE WITH MANUFACTURERS. 67 Comment by authors. — The microscopist made a second examina- tion of our sample of these goods and the substances reported in the table were found. ALBERT A. KKKNE. (No. l!>:u.) Referring to your copy oi analysis of'oat teed (1934), would say I have not put out any of tliis oat food for six months or more and do Dot expect to do so in tho future I.AWUKNCEBURG ROLLER MILL. (Nos. 1597, 1019.) Wears in receipt of the analyses of our Snowflake and Golden Hull mixed feeds, Nos. 1")!)7 and 1919. * * * Referring to Snowflake mixed feed * * * the words • middlings or shorts " [are used] and referring to Golden Bull the word " bran." Snow- tlako mixed feed is milled from soft winter wheat and Golden Bull mixed i^'d from hard spring wheat. Inasmuch as they both are the full run of offals, only the flour having been extracted, we do not understand these notations. Comment by authors. — The microscopist made a second examina- tion and obtained the same results as at his first examination, which would be expected, and with the manufacturer's explanation only goes to show how confused is the nomenclature of the by-products of flour manufacture. THE MANN BROTHERS COMPANY. (Nos. 1480, 1790, 1889.) There is an error so far as relates to smartweed seed [in our linseed meal I iso. 1790, 1889]. Our seed before crushing is cleaned as close as the most approved machinery can do it. * Contment by authors- Another examination was made by the microscopist and smartweed seeds were found in small quantities. MIDLAND LINSEED COMPANY. , (No. 1791.) * * * The results of your analysis [of our ground oil cake 1791] are much poorer than reports of analyses of our oil cake by the various State experimental farms and we therefore believe that your report does not refer to samples of our oil cake or else you have not obtained fair samples. Comment by authors. — The protein and fat determinations were repeated, and by prolonged extraction the fat was raised a slight amount. MINER-HILLARD MILLING COMPANY. ' (No. 1913.) Referring to your analysis of hominy feed No. 1913, supposed to have been manu- factured by us, will say that our mill was destroyed by fire early in the spring of !!•<»! . consequently the sample you analyzed was not the product of our mill. While our 68 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. plant was being rebuilt we purchased hominy feed from various western mills to fill our contracts, but always with the guaranty that it was to be up to our regular grades. * * * . * Comment by authors. — The protein and fat determinations were repeated and the fat was raised by a prolonged extraction, but the protein remained the same. HENRY NEFF. (No. 1699.) In regard to examination of feed sample No. 1699 * * * I intend to mix one bushel of oats to a bushel of corn. The only way I can account for the excess of hulls and the low per cent of fat and proteids, same must have been taken when the bin was nearly empty * * *. Comment by authors. — The fat and proteid determinations were repeated and the same results obtained. ONEONTA MILLING COMPANY. (Nos. 1496, 1510, 1704, 1572.) We have your report No. 1510 * * * relating to analysis of our corn and oat provender. We note that microscopical examination shows rye, a trace of buckwheat hulls, etc. This we believe is not a fair sample of our corn and oat provender. We grind buckwheat at our mill, also rye, but neither of these products are intentionally included in our corn and oat provender. Our mill is equipped with spiral conveyors, and through the same conveyors we convey buckwheat, rye, corn, and oats, and also our provender. It seems very probable to us that there has been unintentionally a mixture of the feed from which the sample was taken which you analyzed. Comment by authors. — The microscopical examination was re- peated and buckwheat and rye were found in small amounts. * * * One sample, 1496 (arrow corn and oat feed), you report shows a trace of buckwheat^hulls * * *. The trace of buckwheat in the feed is doubtless accounted for by buckwheat accumulating in our spiral conveyors * * *. We also note your report No. 1704, reporting analysis of provender,' which we note BhowB a trace of rough .pigweed. * * * We can not account for its presence in tin- oat feed, which is used in mixing up this product * * *. Sample 1572, * * * Monarch horse feed, * * * we discontinued making some time ago. Comment by authors. — The microscopical examinations were re- peated and the same results obtained. B. C. RATIIBORNE. (No. 1820.) * * * Your analysis L820 (of chick rm-nl) agrees very closely with <>ur own. * * * You appear to have taken your sample lor analysis from food sent out of this CORRESPONDENT K WITH MANUFACTURERS. 69 lactory over a year ago, or over two yeatB ago, * * * for we have not mixed sheila with ii for many months. * * * The !'<><>i;i;ksh>\I)KNck WITH MANUFACTURERS. 71 B. S. WOODWORTII & CO. (No.-. Kioi, i!).;:;, and L9&8.) We are in receipt of your analyses of "00" yellow and "(H)" white feed T1G04, 1933, and 1958), manufactured by the Diamond Klevator and Milling Company. * * * We beg to call your attention to the fact that the Diamond Elevator and Milling Company aa a corporation no Longer exists. We own and operate the Diamond Mill and Klevator, and all feeds will now go out under our name and brands. It is not likely that we will manufacture anymore of the "00" feeds. If we do, however, we will take pains to have them entirely up to our guaranteed analyses. * * * MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION. By B. J. Howard, Chief, Microchemical Laboratory. GENERAL REMARKS. The microscopical examination of the stock foods offers more com- plicated features than that of human foods because of the contamina- tions which are commonly present. These are due to one or more of three causes: (1) The use of screenings and other by-products; (2) the use of low-grade grains containing more or less weed seed; and (3) the willful addition of foreign matter as a makeweight. The results obtained in the investigation indicate that the last named is the least common form of adulteration. The wide diversity of materials which are used in stock foods and which are susceptible of microscopic detection, as well as the vast array of weed seeds which may be present to greater or less extent, offers for the microscopist a wide field if he is to treat the subject com- prehensively. ' The literature upon the microscopic examination of human food3 and drugs covers part of the field; but there is no publication upon this subject alone, either original or compiled data, in convenient form for the average worker. To cover the field fully would be impracticable in a report of this nature, but it seems important to give some attention to the structure of the principal ingredients and the most important of the weed seeds which have been observed. Most of the weed seeds may in small quantities be considered harmless to stock, but a few are sufficiently poisonous when present in consid- erable amounts to produce serious results. To this last class belong seeds of fhe jimson weed {Datura stramonium L.), corn cockle (Agro- stemma giihago L.), and darnel (Lolium temulentum L.). APPARATUS, REAGENTS, AND METHODS. The methods used 'in performing this work are for the most part simple in their technique. The apparatus consists first of a suitable microscope giving a magnification of from 75 or 90 for the low power up to a combination giving &1 l<4ast 200. It was rarely found necessary to exceed this, though some workers prefer somewhat higher power. A supply of microscope slides of 72 MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION. 73 regulation size, namely, 25 mm x 75 mm, and cover glasses are re- quired. The round form covers of 18 mm diameter (/-inch) and 0.17 mm to 0.25 mm in I bickness were preferred, because they are less easily broken in cleaning than the square ones. Scalpels, tearing needles, and a small alcohol lamp or a gas microburner are also needed. The most important reagents used are as follows: Distilled water, alcohol, dilute glycerin (glycerin water 1:1), iodin in potassium iodid solution, dilute hydrochloric acid (strong acid and water 1 : 2), and chloral hydrate solution (chloral hydrate crystals 8 parts, water 5 parts). As a clearing agent chloral hydrate was used almost exclusively, and for all except the very densest brown or black seed coats it is perfectly satisfactory, while even with the darkest colored seeds it can be used with fairly good results if the heating is sufficiently pro- longed. To make use of the reagent a portion of the sample is placed 'on a slide with a few drops of the chloral hydrate solution and heated to boiling for a few moments. This dissolves the starch and has a general clearing action so that the structure can be more clearly Been. If the solution boils away befqre the clearing is completed more should be added, as the specimen should not be allowed to become dry during the process. With very refractory specimens a small amount of nitric acid is sometimes added, but this reagent must be used with care since it attacks the tissues so vigorously. Some workers recommend caustic alkali, but this requires some little time to act, and Javelle water (chlorinated potash) is open to the same objection. LIST OF MATERIALS THAT MAY BE PRESENT IN CATTLE FOODS. It is not intended at this time to go extensively into the histologi- cal features of the constituents of stock foods. In the following list are given the materials which have been reported in stock foods, more or less frequently, by various observers." CEREAL PRODUCTS. The most important constituents in the list are the cereal grains, such as wheat, barley, rye, corn, oats, rice, and their by-products from milling processes. a Street, Report of New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, 1905; Bui. No. 117, Inland Revenue Department, Ottawa, Canada; Winton, Microscopy of Vegetable Foods; Maryland Agricultural College Quarterly, May, 1907; Tirsch and Oesterle, Anatomischer Atlas der Pharmakognosie und Nahrungsmittelkunde, 1893-1900; Conn. Exper. Stat, bulletins, especially No. 132. 74 ! COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. Of the wheat products there are three, designated in Table 2 as W. P. No. 1, W. P. No. 2, and W. P. No. 3. These abbreviations have the following significance : Wheat product No. 1 : Composed mostly of the outer seed coats (pericarp) of the wheat kernel. In addition there are small amounts of the other seed coats, aleuron layer, endosperm (starchy portions), and germ. Wheat product No.# 2 : Composed of relatively less of the pericarp and of a greater portion of the inner coats, aleuron layer, germ, and a considerably larger amount of the endosperm in more or less broken condition. The portions of epicarp present are usually of smaller size than those of wheat product No. 1. Wheat product No. 3 : Composed mostly of the inner seed coats, aleuron layer, and starchy portions with a small amount of the epicarp, and sometimes small amounts of germ. The most important difference between this and product No. 2 is that there is a larger amount of endospermous material. SECONDARY OR BY-PRODUCTS. After the cereal products should be mentioned the following. Linseed and linseed meal. Cottonseed meal. Millet. Kaffir corn, Guinea corn, sorghum, broom corn, durra (Andropogon sorghum var). Corncobs, with or without the corn. Malt sprouts. Brewers' grains (barley, oats, corn, etc., residues). Distillers' grains (corn, rye, barley, oat, etc., residues). Glucose by-products (commonly composed of changed corn starch and germ). Sunflower seed. Clover-seed chaff. Dried sugar-beet pulp. Buckwheat hulls. Peanut hulls. Peaa and pea bulls. Animal meal (muscle tissue, tankage, etc.). Armenian bote (red day ol Armenia). Bono meal. Cocoa hulls. Dried blood. (iround rock. Ground shells (oyster, clam, etc.). San< I. WEED SEEDS. The following are I he most important of the weed seeds found in stock food : Corn cockle | Agrotiemma gtihago L.; Lychnis gitfiago Scop.). Black bindweed, wild buckwheat (Po&ygowum convofotdui I Smartweed (Polygonum kydrapiper L.). MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION. 75. Lady's thumb, snuiri weed (Pofygonum penicaria L.». Curled dock seed \liniin.i arisput L.). Sorrel (Rinih.i antosclla L.). Cow coclde, cow-herb ( Facazria vaccaria (L.) Britten; Faccarta vulgaris Sort; Saponaria vaccaria L.). Soapwort, Bouncing Bet (Saponaria ojjicinalis L.). Charlock, wild mustard. Dakota mustard (Brassu-a ariwmis (L.) B. S. IV; Hraxxica wnapistrum Boiss; simipis arvensis L.), and other species. Darnel, lares (Lo&utn t( mnl< ntitm. L.). Jimson weed, Jamestown weed, thorn apple (Datum ftramofiitcm I..). Pigweed [ ( 'hi liojxxliiilil Up.). Rough pigweedv(.4mamn2frtw sp.). Green foxtail (Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scrilm.; Setaria viridis Beauv.). Yellow foxtail ( Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Seribn.; Setaria glauca Beauv.). Bracted plantain (Plantago aristata Michx.), erroneously called Imekhorn. Rib grass (P. lanceolata L. ). Etugel's plantain (P. rugelii Decaisne). ChesB (BromiLs secalinus L.). Rose seed (Posa sp.). Pepper grass (Lepidium virginiaum L.). Hare's-ear (Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort). Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiscfolia L.). Night-flowering catchfly (Silene noctijlora L.). Wild bergainot, horse mint ( Monarda fistulosa L.). The materials entering into stock foods are of such character that the presence of weed seeds to a greater or less extent is almost univer- sal in certain kinds — for example, in oats. As every one is aware who is familiar with this grain there is often present quite a large amount of pigweed as well as other seeds. In preparing stock feed there is commonly little or no attempt made to remove such foreign material and so it will usually appear in the final product. In this report there are mentioned^ by name, as far as possible, all those cases where weed seeds have been found, but in most cases such presence should not cause the product to be condemned, since the microscopic method will often detect and identify them when the quantity present would not in the least affect the value of the product. In the case of poison- ous seeds, however, the amount should of course be kept at a minimum, for if present to any extent the product becomes positively injurious. As an illustration of this might be mentioned a case of the poison- ing of poultry by corn cockle which recently came to the writer's attention. Although this seed is rarely considered poisonous, yet in sufficient amounts it is very harmful. Corn cockle a< is a frequent weed contamination in wheat and is usually present in such small amounts that no notice is taken of it, but in the case referred to a large number of chickens had been killed. The owners attributed the trouble to the wheat middlings which they were feeding. An examination for metallic poisons was first made, but none was found. A microscopic examination of the food, however, showed that there a Chesnut, U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bulletin No. 8(i. 76 . COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. was a large amount of corn cockle present— a much larger amount than was found in any samples here reported. Other seeds which are more or less poisonous are the jimson weed {Datura stramonium L.) and the darnel (Lolium temulentum L.) . Fortunately the corn cockle and jimson weed have very characteristic structures, by which they can be readily identified, even though well ground. Special acknowledgments are due to Mr. F. H. Hillman and Dr. C. F. Wheeler, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, who furnished a standard collection of weed seeds of known identity for use in making this study. MEDICINAL OR CONDIMENTAL MATERIALS. Substances of medicinal or condiment al character which are some- times found are as follows : OP VEGETABLE ORIGIN. Anise. Ginger. Asafetida. Hemp. Bayberry bark. Juniper berries. Black pepper. Licorice root. Blood root. Lobelia. Carob bean (St. John's bread). Mandrake. Capsicum. Oak bark. Coriander seed. Poplar bark. Elecampane. Senna. Fennel. Turmeric. Fenugrec. Valerian. Gentian root. Walnut bark. OP MINERAL ORIGIN. Alum. Potassium nitrate ( Antimony. Rosin. Arsenic. Salt, common. Calcium carbonate. Salts, Glauber's. Calcium phosphate. Salts, Epsom. Charcoal. Sodium carbonate. Coperas. Sulphur. Iron oxid. iltpeter) HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SOME CATTLE-FOOD CONSTITUENTS. A description of the histological features of some of the most common ingredients of cattle foods, and also of some of the more important of our common weed seeds, is given in the following dis- cussion. Many others, such as corn, barley, oats, etc., are not dis- cussed, as they are amply treated in the literature of the subject. WHEAT AND RYE. In products containing seed coats of these grains the histological features of the cross cells are sufficient to identify them. These cells MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION, 77 are found near the inner portion of the pericarp, and for the most irt are rectangular in outline and usually from three to six times long as they are wide. In the wheal these cells have pronounced pits, giving the cells a Strongly headed appearance. (Plate 1 , fig. 3.) 'Hie pits occur promi- nently at intervals around the ends of the cells. Intercellular spaces are rarely seen between the ends of adjoining cells. The aleuron layer, showing the protein granules, is pictured in Plate I, fig. 4. In the rye the cells do not have as strongly pitted walls and the ends of the cells usually appear entire, being without pits and some- what thickened. (Plate I, fig. 2.) Intercellular spaces are common, due to the more rounded shape of the ends of adjacent cells. COTTONSEED. Four features of the cottonseed deserve attention. The first three of these are found in the seed coverings. The outer layer of the-seed coat consists of very irregular but usually somewhat elongated cells, which are very characteristic of cottonseed. (Plate II, fig. 1.) They are of light to rather deep brown color. The second coat, occasionally found, is the layer of palisade cells. (Plate II, fig. 2). In the surface view they have an irregular honey- combed appearance, and commonly crossing each cell are to be found a few lines more or less parallel. The third layer of note is the delicate . membrane (perisperm) enwrapping the embryo, and this looks like a network, with some- what indefinite outlines. (Plate II, fig. 3.) If none of the foregoing structures was present it might be difficult to identify cottonseed meal, though in the embryo there occur numerous small rosette crystals of calcium oxalate, which are strongly indicative of cottonseed. They will be found embedded in fragments of the embryo, which, after clearing, have a bright light-yellow color and which, with the small crystals, are not likely to be confused with other structures that may be present in this class of cattle foods. LINSEED (FLAX). There are two structures of the linseed that are characteristic. The first of these is a layer composed of long sclerenchymatous cells of straw color. The pits in the walls give them a faint beaded appear- ance. (Plate II, fig. 5.) The second layer of importance, from a diagnostic point of view, are the quadratic pigment cells. (Plate II, fig. 6.) These cells are commonly nearly square or polygonal, with nearly clear walls, but containing brown-colored contents. In the walls are numerous fine pits. 78 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. CAROB BEAN. The pods of this fruit are sometimes used in cattle foods, and when so used in a ground condition can be most easily identified by the appearance and reactions of the tannin cells. While in a growing condition the contents of these cells are fluid and give a strong tannin reaction with iron chlorid solution. When ripe, however, the con- tents become solid and of a dark amber color, and though slow in giving the tannin reaction finally produce a pronounced black color. Winton recommends the use of dilute alkali, which, in the cold, colors the bodies green, changing to blue-gray, while heating produces a violet color. ANIMAL MEAL. The presence of this substance can be easily established by the presence of striated muscle fibers, which are easily identified after clearing the material with chloral hydrate and stopping down the microscope substage diaphragm. BONE MEAL. This substance is identified by the characteristic lacunae and canaliculi, which occur abundantly in bone tissue and which are readily visible in material that has been cleared. (Plate III, fig. 4.) OYSTER AND CLAM SHELLS. To the naked eye fragments of these have a bright, shiny appear- ance. Under the microscope they show no lacunae or canaliculi, and with dilute hydrochloric acid give a more vigorous effervescence than bone meal. DRIED BLOOD. This material has the appearance of a black powder or meal. The best way to establish the identity of this substance is by the hema- tin test. The method used has been to mount some of the material to be tested on a slide with a few drops of water to which has been added one or two tiny crystals of sodium chlorid. It is allowed to stand until nearly dry, and then, after covering, a few drops of glacial acetic acid are added and heated on a steam bath or hot radiator or over the micro-burner for two to five minutes, adding more acid from time to time if required. Finally the slide is removed and allowed to slow lv cool. If the test has been properly conducted the presence of blood will be shown by the presence of small plate crystals. (Plate III, fig. 3.) In order to obtain crystals of good size, the final cooling must be conducted slowly. MICROSCOPICAL i:\AMINATION. 79 CHARLOCK, WILD MUSTARD. Brassica arvemtuf (L.) J * . 8. I * . This weed is a frequent contamination of grains, and to a casual observer the entire seed looks like black mustard seed, though a comparison will show the charlock to be slightly larger, plumper, and usually of darker color. When ground, the sved coats show the characteristic palisade cells common to the Brassica family. (Plate I, fig. 1.) A distinguishing test , however, has been observed in its reaction toward chloral hydrate solution. When boiled with this reagent, as is done in clearing for microscopical examination, a deep crimson color is developed, which has not been noted for other species of this genus. COMMON PIGWEED. Chenopodium sj>. The seeds of the two common species are much alike in size and shape, the C. album L. being possibly a little the smaller. To the akene, as commonly found, more or less of the dried floral envelope is attached. The seeds are nearly in the form of biconvex lenses and have a diameter of § to 1 J mm. Those of C. album L. have a some- what glossy surface while those of C. murale L. have a dull surface. In color and resistance to clearing, the seed coats of this species resemble strongly those of rough 'pigweed. A microscopic exami- nation reveals a surface composed of cells more or less rectangular or rounded in outline and of about 30 /* to 75 ^ in longest diameter, with somewhat rounded corners. (Plate I, fig. 5.) The surfaces of the cells are covered with papilla-like projections, giving a dotted or punctate appearance. BOUGH PIGWEED. Amaranthus sp. The seeds of A. blitoides S. Wats., A. hybridus L., A. retro- flexus L., and A. albus L. are flattened seeds with a very glossy black surface (brown in seeds not perfectly ripe). In size the A. blitoides is the largest, being about 1 to 1J mm in diameter; A. albus is the smallest, about J mm. The seeds of A. hybridus vary in size from § to 1 mm, and are slightly elongated into ovate form. The same may be said of A. retrojlexus, though in size the seeds are intermediate between A. hybridus and A. albus. The coats of this seed are dark brown in color and when cleared sufficiently are found to present in surface view a mosaic work. of polygonal cells of approximately six sides. The cells are of about 17 // to 35 m in diameter. (Plate I, fig. 6.) The limits of the cells are defined by a sharp, fine line. The surface of the cells are covered thickly by fine dots, giving almost a punctate appearance. 80 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. BINDWEED, SMARTWEED. Polygonum sp. The seeds of P. convolvulus L. have the form of Buckwheat grains, being about 3 to 3.5 mm _long, and of a dull, coal-black color. P. pennsylvanicum L. has flat seeds 3 to 3.5 mm long, of shiny brown color. The seeds of P. persicaria L. are about 1 to 1.25 mm long, generally flat, though occasionally buckwheat-shaped specimens are found, and of a shiny deep brown or black color. P. hydropiper L. seeds are of buckwheat shape, like P. convolvulus, but of smaller size (2.5 to 3 mm) and of dull light to dark brown color. The seed coats of the members of the genus Polygonum persicaria are commonly so deep brown in color that considerable boiling is frequently required to clear them sufficiently for examination. When satisfactory clearing has been accomplished the surface of P. persi- caria is found to have a dotted appearance, the dots being arranged somewhat in rows. If the specimen is sufficiently cleared the pits can usually be seen as fine lines radiating' through the clearer portion of the walls between the dots or holes, which in reality are holes in the epidermal cells. (Plate VI, fig. 5.) WILD BERGAMOT. Monarda fistulosa L. t These seeds are pale to dark drab in color, 1.5 to 1.75 mm in length by about 1 mm wide ; one side is curved, while the other is compressed into a, ridge near the base, which is more or less common in the mint family. The seed coats are characteristic. The epidermal cells have thick walls of very strongly convoluted outline. (Plate II, fig. 4.) The inner part of the coat is lined with a layer of thin-walled rectangular cells, the walls of which have a beading which is more pronounced near the " j hilum of the seed. The perisperm is a layer of delicate cells covering ' the endosperm and having quite strongly beaded walls. Embedded near the middle of the seed coats, at fairly regular intervals, are small black dots of spherical form, which appear plainly in either the surface or inner view of well-cleared fragments of the seed coats and also in cross sections. By continued boiling with chloral hydrate they may be bleached so as to be almost invisible. Examination of other plants of the mint family indicates that these dots occur in other genera also, for example, in Hedeoma pulegioides Pers. row BKRB, Vaccaria vacearia (£.) Britton. The seeds of this weed are blue black in color, nearly spherical in shape, and about 2 mm in diameter. To the naked eye the surface has a slightly dull appearance. Microscopically the seed coats are MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION. 81 very characteristic. The epidermal cells arc polygonal in shape, and the walls have saw-tooth outlines, the teeth having a length equal to about one-third of the cell diameter. (Plate IV, fig. 1.) They resem- ble the cells of the Saponaria officinalis L., but are more regular in outline and not so large, though the thickness of the walls is some- what greater. The middle lamella in well-cleaned material often appears as a dark line in the middle of the cell walls. The second layer of importance is one consisting of rectangular cells with nearly blear walls, but brown contents. (Plate IV, fig. 2.) They are found on the inner side of the seed coats near the hilum and extend for a short distance over the radicle. They recall in appearance (mite strongly the pigment cells of flaxseed, but are not so regular and are smaller, though with thicker walls and coarser pits. J1MSON WEED. Datura stramonium L. The seeds of jimson weed are like the lima bean in shape, 3 to 3.75 mm in length, and of a dark brown or black color. The surface is covered with small depressions, giving a rough appearance to the seed. These examinations lead to the conclusion that fortunately this poisonous seed is not often found in cattle foods. Its identification is a simple matter, for the seed coats have very characteristic mark- ings. The coats consist of cells of very sinuous outlines, the indenta- tions often extending nearly to the center of the cells. (Plate IV, fig. 4.) The walls are highly refractive to light, and though quite easily cleared are difficult to represent very satisfactorily in a photograph. PLANTAIN. The structure of the various species of plantains fs much alike, though it is possible to identify them. The seeds in general resem- ble miniature canoes, although in the case of Plantago major L. both rides of the seed are somewhat convex. One interesting difference between the species is in the position of the cotyledons in the seed. In some of them the cotyledons are placed ventrally and dorsally, while in others they occupy a right- and-left position. The leading characteristics of the four species which are quite frequently found in stock foods are as follows : BRACTED PLANTAIN. Plantago aristata Michx. The seeds of this species are from 2 to 3 mm in length and about half as wide, of a medium brown color, and have a dull surface. At the middle there crosses the seed transversely a slight depression readily seen with a hand lens. 12228— Bull. 108—07 6 82 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. The surface of the seeds is covered with mucilage cells which swell in water or aqueous solutions, and take on a characteristic hour-glass form. (Plate VI, fig. 1.) The endosperm cells are thick walled and have no pits in them. (Plate VI, fig. 2.) The position of the cotyledons is of the right-and-left type. (Plate V, fig. 4.) RIB GRASS. Plantago lanceolate L. These seeds are of about the same size as those of P. aristataMichx., but have a bright brown to black color and no transverse depression. The surface of the seeds of this species is smooth, and has very little of the mucilage layer found in P. major L. and P. rugelii Decaisne. After being mounted in water or chloral hydrate the endosperm cells swell and show prominent pits in their walls. The cotyledons have the right-and-left position in the seed. (Plate V, fig. 3.) COMMON .PLANTAIN. Plantago major L. Seeds vary from 1 to 1.5 mm in length, and are about two-thirds as wide; they are brown to black in color. These seeds are convex on both sides, not having the canoe shape which is characteristic of the other species studied. (Plate V, fig. 1.) The surface is cov- ered with an outer very uneven layer of thin-walled cells. They are rather long, rectangular in form, and with quite uniformly wavy walls. (Plate VI, fig. 3.) They are arranged in rows with the long sides of the cells adjacent and at the ends where adjacent rows abut there is usually produced a ridge which, until well cleared, appears as a dark band. The endosperm cells show no beading in their walls. The cotyledons have a dorsal and ventral position in the seed. Plantago rugelii Decaisne. These seeds vary in size from 1.25 to 2 mm and are of a deep- brown or black color. In some respects they resemble more clearly P. major than any of the others which we have studied. The cotyledons have the ven- tral and dorsal position in the seed (Plate V, fig. 2). The epidermal layer (Plate VI, fig. 4) consists of rectangular cells shorter than those of P. major, and, though they commonly are arranged in rows, they are rarely found to be continuous for more than eight or ten cells together, and the rows are not regularly parallel as in P. major. MICROSCOPICAL. EXAMINATION. 83 CORN COCKLE. Agro8tcmma githago L. These seeds are crudely tetragonal in form and about 2.5 mm in diameter, of a dull deep-brown or black color, and are covered with a prominent papilla-like surface. The papillae are seen under the microscope to be provided with a projection from each of the epidermal cells. (Plate TV, fig. 3.) The cells are very characteristic, have sinuous outlines, and interlock with adjacent cells. Beside the large papillae there are on the surface of the cells fine warty processes, readily seen under a magnification of 100. BOUNCING BET. Saponaria officinalis L. These seeds are disk shaped somewhat like the lima bean, a dull, deep black color, and are about 2 mm in diameter. With a hand lens they are seen to have a papilla-like surface. The seed coats resemble, in some respects, Silene noctiflora L. in the shape of the epidermal cells, but without the papilla-like projec- tions or fine warty points (Plate IV, fig. 5), and the outlines of the cells are not as prominent. NIGHT-FLOWERING CATCHFLY., Silene noctiflora L. These seeds are somewhat like tiny peas or shortened beans of about 1 mm diameter and of a dull gray color. The seed coats of this species are highly characteristic (Plate IV, fig. 6), each cell having a saw-toothed outline interlocking with its neighbor. The middle lamella, constituting the bounding area, is highly refractive toward light. In the center of each cell is a dark portion produced by a protuberance forming a papilla-like roughness on the surface of the seed; between these large points are fine warty points, which, under the microscope, give it a slightly roughened appearance. CURLED DOCK. Rumex crispus L. These seeds are the shape of buckwheat seeds, having three faces and pointed at both ends, though more obtusely at the base. In length they vary from 1.5 to 2 mm and are of a shiny brown color. In the coats of this seed the cells have strongly sinuous outlines. (Plate VI, fig. 6.) The indentations are frequently half as great as the small diameter of the cells. Difficulty is sometimes experienced in sufficiently clearing these seed coats to enable one to see the mark- ings well. 84 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. SORREL. Rumex acetosella L. These seeds in general shape are like those of R. crisjms L. (p. 83) but are 1.25 to 1.50 mm in length, of a dull brown color, and have a somewhat roughened surface. The sorrel seed coats are readily split into two ovate-shaped halves. Cleared and examined "under the microscope, the surface will be found to be covered with strongly convoluted ridges, which are more or less parallel from end to end. (Plate III, fig. 1.) FOXTAIL. Chaetochloa sp. The seeds of C. glauca (L.) Scribn. are about 3 mm by 2 mm, strongly flattened on the palet side, and of a dull greenish yellow color. The seeds of green foxtail C. viridis (L.) Scribn. are the shape of C. glauca but with a more convex palet and about one-half to two-thirds the dimensions. In color they vary from pale green to brown. The principal structures for identification of the foxtails are the glumes and palets, and in a ground condition it seems rather difficult to differentiate Chaetochloa glauca from Chaetochloa viridis. The ridges on C glauca usually can be seen in material which has been partially cleared in chloral hydrate, while in C. viridis (Plate III, fig. 2) most of the epidermal cells form projections which in the case of the palet are especially characteristic, and a careful examination of these two features will usually enable the worker to identify the two species. INDEX TO PLATES. PLATE I. Iki. 1. Surface view of seed coat of charlock (Brassica arvensis (L.) B. 8. P.)- X150. 2. Surface view of cross cells of seed coat of rye. X 150. 3. Surface view of cross cells of seed coat of wheat. X150. 4. Surface view of aleuron layer of wheat. X 150. 5. Surface view of epidermal layer of seed coat of common pigweed ( Chenopodium sp.). X150. 6. Surface view of epidermal layer of seed coat of rough pigweed (Amaranthus sp.). X150. PLATE II. Fig. 1. Surface view of seed of cottonseed — epidermal layer. X75. 2. Surface view of seed coat of cottonseed — layer of palisade cells. X75. 3. Surface view of seed coat of cottonseed — perisperm layer. X150. 4. Surface view of seed coat of wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa L.). X150. 5. Sclerenchymatous cells from seed coat of flaxseed. X150. 6. Pigment cells of flaxseed. X150. PLATE III. Fig. 1. Epidermal layer of sorrel seed (Rumex acetosella L.). X150. 2. Epidermal layer of glume of yellow foxtail (Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn.). X150. 3. Hemin crystals. X600. 4. Fragment of bone showing lacunae. X125. PLATE IV. Fig. 1. Epidermal layer of seed of cow herb ( Vaccaria vaccaria L.). X150. 2. Beaded cells near hilum, seed of cow-herb. X300. 3. Surface view of epidermal cellsof corn cockle (Agrostemma githagoli.). X75. 4. Surface view of epidermal cells of jimson weed seed (Datura stramonium L.). X75. 5. Cells of epidermal layer of seeds of Bouncing Bet (Saponaria officinalis L.). X150. 6. Cells of epidermal layer of seed of night-blooming catchfly (Silene noctifiora L.). X150. PLATE V. Transverse sections of seeds of species of genus Plantago. X50. Fig. 1. Plantago major L. 2. P. rugelii Decaisne. 3. P. lanceolata L. «. 4. P. aristata Michx. 85 86 COMMEBCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. PLATE VI. Fig. 1. Slime cells from seed of Plantago aristata Michx. X75. 2. Endosperm cells of seed of P. aristata Michx. (The slime cells are out of focus and appear as hazy areas.) X150. 3. Epidermal layer from P. major L. X 150. 4. Epidermal layer of P. rugelii Decaisne. X150. 5. Surface view of epidermal layer of seed coat of smartweed {Polygonum persi- cariaL.). X150. 6. Surface view of seed coat of curled dock (Rumex crispus L.). X150. Bui. 108, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Plate I. Fig. 1.— Seed Coat of Charlock. (X 150.) Fig. 2.— Cross Cells of Seed Coat of Rye. (X 150.) Fig. 3.— Cross Cells of Seed Coat of Wheat. (X 150.) Fig. 4.— Aleuron Layer of Wheat. (X 150.) Fig. 5. —Epidermal Layer of Seed Coat of Common Pigweed. (X 150.) Fig. 6. — Epidermal Layer of Seed Coat of Rough Pigweed. (X 150.) Bui. 108, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Plate II. "^sy^'V Fkj. 1.— Epidermal Layer of Seed Coat of Cotton Seed. (X 75.) Fig. 2.— Palisade Layer of Seed Coat of Cotton Seed. (X 75.) Fkj. 3. — Perisperm Layer of Seed Coat of Cotton Seed. (X 150.) Fig. 4.— Seed Coat of Wild Bergamot. (X 150.) Fig. 5. — Sclerenchymatous Cells from Seed Coat of Flaxseed. (X 150.) Fig. 6.— Pigment Cells of Flaxseed. (X 150.) . . ' . , Bui. 108, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Plate III. 0® nmw Fig. 1.— Epidermal Layer of Sorrel Seed (X 150.) Fig. 2.— Epidermal Layer of Glume of Yellow Foxtail. (X 150.) Fig. 3.— Hemin Crystals. (X 600.) 5^fj>->'. Fig. 4.— Fragment of Bone Showing Lacun/e. Bui. 108, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Plate IV. Fig. 1.— Epidermal Layer of Seed Coat of Cow Herb. (X 150.) Fig. 2.— Beaded Cells near Hilum of Seed of Cow Herb. (X 300.) , Fig. 3.— Epidermal Cells of Corn Cockle. (X 75.) Fig. 4.— Epidermal Cells of Jimson Weed Seed. (X 75.) 1 Fig. 5.— Epidermal Cells of Seeds of Bouncing Bet. (X 150.) Fig. 6.— Epidermal Cells of Seed of Night- blooming Catchfly. (X 150.) Bui. 108, Bureau of Chemistry. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Plate V. Fig. 1. — Plantago Major L. FtQ. 2.— Plantaoo Ruoelii Ducaisne. Fig. 3.— Plantago Lanceolata L. Fig. 4.— Plantago Aristata Michx. TRANSVERSE SECTIONS OF SEEDS OF SPECIES OF GENUS PLANTAGO. (X 60.) Bui. 108, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Plate VI, & 1 -■'■ v of Fig. 1.— Slime Cells from Seed of Plantaoo Fio. 2.— Endosperm Cells of Seed of Plantaqo Aristata Michx. (X 75.) Aristata Michx. (X 150.) Fig. 3.— Epidermal Layer of Seed of Plantago Major L. (X 150.) Fig. 4.— Epidermal Layer of Seed of Plantago rugelii ducaisne. (x 150.) ■ *v Fig. 5.— Epidermal Layer of Seed Coat of Smartweed. (X 150.) *m» Fig, 6.— Seed Coat of Curled Dock. (X 150.) ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO SAMPLES. A. Page. Adrian Red Dog (1917) 37 Ajax flakes (1614, 1789, 1843) , • 33 American poultry food (1532) 57 Amsterdam linseed ground cake (1945) 27 Anchor corn and oat feed (1561) 42 Animal meal (1557, 1744) 55 Armour's pure blood meal (1732, 1965) 55 Arrow corn and oat feed (1496, 1781) 41 B. Barley feed, " Pioneer" (1539) 50 Barley meal (1698) 50 Biles rye (R) grains (1768) 33 Blatchford's calf meal (1590, 1754) 52 Blatchford's poultry meats (1738) 58 Blatchford's sugar and flaxseed (1575, 1726, 1942) 53 Blomo feed (1506) 53 Blood meal (1696)— The Cudahy Packing Co 55 (1773)— Swift & Co 55. Blue Ribbon distiller's corn grains (1606, 1925, 1985) 33 Blue grass mixed feed. See Mixed feed. Blue Ribbon hominy chop. See Hominy chop. Bone meal for cattle (1900) 55 Boss corn and oat feed. See Corn and oat feed. Boston feed (1611) 53 Boston mixed feed. See Mixed feed. Bran (1953)— Blue Earth City Mill Co 37 <§> (1844)— O. B. Burnham 37 (HoUiday) (1964)— Moses Dorr 37 (L) (K) (1982)— Unknown 37 Ogilvie's (1961)— G. B. Pope & Co 37 Brewer's dried grain (1530, 1565) 33 Buckeye wheat feed (1617, 1703) 37 Buffalo creamery feed (1523, 1541, 1972) 53 Buffalo dairy feed. See Dairy feed. Buffalo gluten feed. See Gluten feed. Buffalo horse feed. See Horse feed. C. Canary brand C. S. meal. See Cottonseed meal. Capital corn and oat feed (1603). See Corn and oat feed. Cerealine (1830) 31 87 88 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS.^ Page. Chick feed (1826)— Ropes Bros 58 Perfect (1915)— W. F. Chamberlain 59 Puritan (1521) — Puritan Poultry Farms 57 (1739)— Cypher's Incubator Co 58 Standard Peep o' Day (1794)— The Cornell Incubator Mfg. Co 58 Chicken feed (1891) 59 Choice (1940) 59 Wyandotte (1920)— Ross Bros 59 Chicken wheat (1960) 59 Chick meal (1820) 58 Choice chicken feed. See Chicken feed. Chop feed (1760)— Ellicottville Milling Co 43 (1786)— George Olivir 43 Monarch (1577, 1624)— Husted. Mill and Elevator Co 43 Niagara (1697)— C. E. Allen..- 43 Choice corn and oat provender (1704) 43 Coarse poultry bone (1748) 55 Common feed (1484) — Lapham & Parks 50 (1551)— Glens Falls Co .' 50 (1765)— Nicholas Hotton 44 Corn bran, coarse (1911) 30 Corn and oat chop (1475)— E. L. Potter 43 (1516)— Knickerbocker Mill and Grain Co 43 (1598)— Buffalo Cereal Co 42 (1702)— S. T. Hoyt 43 (1709)— Hodgman Milling Co 43 Corn and oat chop, No. 2 (1701)— Dayton Milling Co 43 (1777)— Chase Hibbard Milling Co 43 Corn and oat feed (1731)— T. R. Peck & Son 43 Boss (1477, 1817)— Great Western Cereal Co 41 Capital (1603)— Albany City Mills 42 Dandy (1474) — Commercial Milling Co 42 De-Fi(1487, 1977)— Elsworth & Co 41 Excelsior (1504, 1599)— -Great Western Cereal Co 41 Niagara (1587, 1710, 1740)— Niagara Mill and Elevator Co. . . 41 XXX (1625, 1741, 1922)— Buffalo Cereal Co 42 Victor (1558, 1762)— American Cereal Co 41 Corn and oat provender (1510) - 43 Corn meal and chop feed (1520) 42 Corn meal and oat feed (1482) 42 Cottonseed meal (1580)— H. E. Bridges & Co 22 (1745)— R. W. Biggs & Co 23 (1853)— Chapin & Co 23 (1918)— J. E. Soper & Co 23 ABC brand (1968)— Augusta Brokerage Co 23 Canary brand (1842)— R. W. Biggs & Co 23 Dixie (1527, 1706)— Humphreys, Godwin & Co, 22 Green Diamond (1519)— Chapin & Co 22 Horse Shoe (1616)— Hugh Pettit & Co 22 Oil (1522)— F. M. Brodie&Co 22 Old Gold brand pure (1840, 1898)— T. C. Burch 23 Owl brand (1835)— F. W. Brodfl & Co 23 Southern Beauty (1620, 1719) — J. G. Falls & Co 22 Star (1596)— Sledge & Wells Co 22 See also Prime cottonseed meal. INDEX, 89 Page. ( \ m oil meal (1586) 27 ( nam gluten meal (1908, 1975) 30 Cream oat feed (1518) 39 Crosby's fancy mixed feed. S& Mixed feed. Out i^reen bone (1931) 55 C. and W. mixed feed. See Mixed feed. Cypher 's clover meal (1854) 50 Cypher's laying food (1581, 1795, 1893) \\ 57 D. Dairy feed, Buffalo (1573)— Buffalo Cereal Co 53 Empire State (1503)— Clark Bros. & Co 53 Great Western (1476) — Great Western Cereal Co 53 Merchants' (1489, 1784)— Merchants' Distilling Co 52 Dandy corn and oat feed (1474). See Corn and oat feed. De-Fi corn and oat feed. See Corn and oat feed. Delaware feed (1716) 53 Dixie cottonseed meal. See Cottonseed meal. Dried beet pulp (1481, 1829) 49 Duchess mixed feed. See Mixed feed. E. Egg Builder ration (1556) '. 57 Egg and feather producing food, No. 4 (1905) 59 Empire feed (1615, 1753) 52 Empire State dairy feed. See Dairy feed. Equality mixed feed. See Mixed feed. Erie mixed feed. See Mixed feed. Excelsior corn and oat feed. See Corn and oat feed. Export brand linseed oil meal, O. P.. See Linseed oil meal, O. P. F. Fancy middlings (1841) .. 37 Felker's blended grain (1832) 50 Flint gluten feed. See Gluten feed. Flour middlings (1895) 37 Forcing food (1759) 58 Fourex distiller's dried grains (1589, 1695, 1990) 33 Frumentum hominy feed. See Hominy feed. G. Gee's ground oil cake compound (1971) 27 Bermaline (1628, 1770) ! 31 Globe gluten feed. See Gluten feed. Bluten feed (1714)— Peel Bros. Starch Co 30 Buffalo (1533, 1734, 1848, 1912)— Glucose Sugar Refining Co 30 Flint (1479, 1938)— Flint Mill Co 30 Globe (1568, 1720)— N. Y. Glucose Co 30 Pekin (1547)— Illinois Sugar Refining Co 30 Queen (1622)— National Starch Co 30 Warner's (1517, 1771, 1929)— Warner Sugar Refining Oo 30 Golden Bull mixed feed. See Mixed feed. Golden Chop (1752) 43 Gold Mine mixed feed. See Mixed feed. 90 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. Page. Granulated poultry bone (1737) bl Great Western dairy feed. See Dairy feed. Green Diamond cottonseed meal. See Cottonseed meal. Green Diamond hominy (1757) 3] Green Oval linseed oil meal. See Linseed oil meal. Ground corn and oats (1492) — Barber & Bennett (1508)— Ogden & Clark (1511) — Browne Bros .> (1526)— Shaw & Truesdale Co (1544)— Washburne Supply Co (1548)— S. W. Boone (1549)— W. H. Payne & Son (1566)— Thos. Morgan (1699)— Henry Neff " (1713)— The Fall Creek Milling Co Ground corn, oats, and rye (1609) Ground feed (1500)— W. L. Travis (1514)— H. D. McCord & Son (1536)— Fulton Grain and Mill Co (1545)— J. H. Brett (1555) — N. Lawrence & Co (1569)— Brooklyn Elevator and Mill Co (1570)— J. &L. Adikes (1571)— Close Bros Puritan (1488)— Paine Bros. Co Ground linseed cake (1553) — Milwaukee Linseed Oil Works Ground linseed cake, O. P. (1537, 1932)— A. L. Clement & Co (1791)— Midland Linseed Co Ground oats (1631) Growing chick food, No. 2 (1815) .' H. Haskell's stock food (1831) High Grade mixed feed. See Mixed feed. High Grade scratching feed. See Scratching feed. Hominy chop (1495) — W. H. Payne & Son (1559, 1725)— Suffern, Hunt & Co... Blue Ribbon (1852)— J. E. Soper & Co Hominy feed (1531) — American Hominy Co (1535, 1785, 1902)— Toledo Elevator Co (1792)— Buffalo Cereal Co.. ' Frumentum (1758) — U. S. Frumentum Co (1761)— Hunter Bros 31 (1892)— Unknown 31 Kidder's (1851)— F. L. Kidder & Co 31 Steam cooked (1913)— Miner Hillard Milling Co .•. . 31 Horse feed, Buffalo (1583, 1954)— Buffalo Cereal Co 53 H-0 (1767, 1988)— The H-0 Company 52 Monarch (1572)— Onoonta Milling Co 50 Richmond's (1824)— M. C. Richmond 53 H-0 horse feed. See Horse feed. INDEX. 91 Pftg& H-0 pigeon feed (1986) 59 H-0 Co.'s poultry food. See Poultry feed. Horse Shoe cottonseed meal. See Cottonseed meal. Howard's hominy meal (1554) 31 I. Indian prime cottonseed meal. See Prime cottonseed meal. K. Kidder's hominy feed. See Hominy feed. King feed (1743) 53 L. Lenox stock food (1550) 53 Lackawanna special horse and cattle feed (1729) 53 Linseed oil meal (1927) — American Linseed Oil Co 26 Green Oval (1588, 1612, 1746, 1868)— Flint MU1 Co 27 Linseed oil meal, O. P. (1512) — Hanenstein & Co 27 Export brand (1515, 1708, 1722, 1797) 26 M. Magnolia brand of Prime C. S. meal. See Prime cottonseed meal. Malt sprouts (1534, 1821)— E. P. Mueller 34 (1524)— Oneonta Milling Co 34 (1601)— Henry Rang & Sons 34 (1727)— Kane Malting Co 34 (1735)— Unknown 34 (1924)— American Malting Co 34 Marsh's pure bone meal (1822) 55 Mascot mixed feed. See Mixed feed. . Meal and shorts (1627) 50 Merchants' dairy feed. See Dairy feed. Middlings (1894) 37 Mixed feed (1497)— Rex Milling Co 46 (1473, 1779)— Thornton & Chester Milling Co 46 (1525)— The Gardner Mill 46 (1584)— G. A. Bagley 47 (1602)— Kehlor Bros 46 (1605)— Ogdensburg Roller Mills 46 (1623)— Webster Mill Co 46 (1755)— Bernett, Craft & Kauffman Mill Co 47 (1780)— Blish Milling Co 47 Blue Grass (1478)— A. Waller & Co 46 Boston (1721, 1959)— Imperial Milling Co 47 Crosby's Fancy (1827)— E. Crosby & Co 47 C. and W. (1576)— Crow & Williams 47 Duchess (1955)— F. W. Woodward & Co 47 Equality (1980)— New Prague Flouring Mill Co 47 Erie (1629)— Chapin & Bros, (jobbers) 46 Golden Bull (1919)— Lawrenceburg Roller Mills 47 Gold Mine (1724)— The Sheffield Milling Co 47 92 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. Page. Mixed feed, Gold Mine (1850)— Sheffield King Milling Co .• 47 High Grade (1926)— Albans Grain Co 47 Mascot (1825)— Altman 47 Monogram (1694)— H. G. Fertig & Co... 46 Occident (1867)— Russel-Miller Milling Co 46 Royal (1483)— Brooks Elevator Co... 46 Rye (1733)— Oneonta Milling Co 50 Snow Flake (1597) — Lawrenceburg Roller Mills 46 Stott's Honest (1509, 1989)— David Stott 46 Stott's pure winter wheat (1619)— David Stott 37 (1887)— Straton & Co 47 Sunshine (1717)— Hunter Bros 47 Superior (1787) — Washburne-Crosby Co 47 Tri-Me (1501, 1543)— Sparks Milling Co 47 Wheat bran, middlings, and flour (1591) — Henry Russell 37 Winter wheat (1774) — Commercial Milling Co 37 Vermont (1507, 1793, 1973)— Flint Mill Co 46 Model feed (1613) 53 Molasses feed (1485)— E. P. Mueller..." 49 (1610)— M. G. Rankin&Co 49 Molasses grains (1540, 1728) 49 Monarch chop feed. See Chop feed. Monarch ground wheat feed (1607) 37 Monarch horse feed. See Horse feed. Monogram mixed feed. See Mixed feed. N. Niagara chop feed. See Chop feed. , Niagara corn and oat feed. See Corn and oat feed. Nursery chick food, No. 1 (1814) 58 O. Oat feed (1934)— Albert A. Keene 39 (F) (1941)— W. Wheatley (agent) 39 O. F. (1914)— Unknown 39 Royal (1505, 1705)— Great Western Cereal Co 39 Vim (1494, 1962)— American Cereal Co 39 Schumacker's (1838) — American Cereal Co. 39 X (1499)— American Cereal Co 39 Oat middlings (1888) 39 Occident mixed feed. See Mixed feed. Oil cottonseed meal. See Cottonseed meal. Oil meal O. P. (1480, 1790, 1889)— The Mann Bros. Co 26 (1498, 1796, 1899)— American Linseed Co 26 (1513) Hunter Bros 27 (1560)— Kellogg & Miller 27 (1585, 1775)— Metzger Seed and Oil Co 26-27 (1750)— Spencer Kellog 27 O. K. poultry food. See Poultry feed. O. K. poult-y meal (1846) 58 Old Gold brand pure C. S. meal. See Cottonseed meal. O. P. linseed meal (1782) 27 Owl brand pure cottonseed meal. See Cottonseed meal. iNDix 93 Pckin gluten food. See Gluten feed. Perfect chick food. See Chick feed. Phoenix brand prime C. S. meal. See Prime cottonseed meal. Poultry feed (1903)— Poultry Cereal Co 58 (1582)— Buffalo Cereal Co 57 H-OCo.'s(1529, 1776) 57 O. K. (1946)— Chicopee Rendering Co 59 Poultry hash (1935) 59 Prime cottonseed meal (1552) — George B. Robinson, jr. (jobber) 22 (1493, 1828, 1904, 1987)— American Cotton Oil Co 22 (1626, 1901)— Hayley & Hoskins 22 (1630, 1788, 1957)— Hunter Bros. Milling Co 22-23 (1718)— Independent Cotton Oil Co 23 (1839, 1907)— Oliver Refining Co 23 (1896)— Norton Chapman 23 Indian (1618) — National Cottonseed Product Co 22 Magnolia brand (1956)— Chas. M. Cox Co 23 Phoenix brand (1921)— D. S. Marshall & Co 23 Sunflower brand (1909) — American Cereal Co 23 Provender (1621) — Dixon & Warren 43 (1818)— C. D. Holbrook 43 (1976)— F. Diehl & Son ! 43 Puritan chick feed. See Chick feed. Puritan ground feed. See Ground feed. Puritan laying stock food (1906) 59 Q. / Queen gluten feed. See Gluten feed. R. Red Dog <§> (1833)— Bay State Milling Co : 37 (1847)— Moses Dorr 37 Richmond horse feed. See Horse feed. Royal mixed feed. See Mixed feed. Royal oat feed. See Oat feed. Rye mixed feed. See Mixed feed. S. Schumacker's oat feed. See Oat feed. Schumacker's stock food (1574, 1723, 1928) 52 Scratching feed (1923) 59 Shredded wheat (1836) 37 Snow Flake mixed feed. See Mixed feed. Southern Beauty cottonseed meal. See Cottonseed meal. Scratching food (1693)— Cypher 's Incubator Co 57 Webster's (1944)— H. K. Webster & Co 59 High grade (1936)— H. K. Webster & Co 59 Standard middlings <1834)— Washburne-Crosby Co 37 (1937)— New Prague Flouring Mill Co 37 Standard Peep O'Day chick food. See Chick food. Star cottonseed meal. See Cottonseed meal. 94 COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. Page. Star feed (1528, 1700) '.. 52 Steam-cooked hominy feed. See Hominy feed. Stott's honest mixed feed. See Mixed feed. Stott's pure winter wheat mixed feed. See Mixed feed. Sunflower brand prime C. S. meal. See Prime cottonseed meal. Sunshine mixed feed. See Mixed feed. Superior mixed feed. See Mixed feed. T. Unexcelled baby chick feed (1711, 1930) 57-58 XXX Corn and oat feed. See Corn and oat feed. XXX Cornet red dog (1910) 37 U. Union Grains — Biles ready ration (1819) 34 V. Vermont mixed feed. See Mixed feed. Victor corn and oat feed. See Oat feed. Vim oat feed. See Oat feed. W. Warner's gluten feed. See Gluten feed. White feed " 00 " (1958) 44 Niagara white meal (1890) 31 Winter wheat mixed feed. See Mixed feed. Webster's scratching feed. See Scratching food. Wyandotte chicken food. See Chicken feed. X. X oat feed. See Oat feed. Y. Yellow feed "O. O." (1604, 1933) 44 O rURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT ■m^ 202 Main Library \N PERIOD 1 HOME USE 2 3 5 6 ALL BOOKS AAAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 1 -month loans may be renewed by calling 642-3405 onth loans may be recharged by bringing books to Circulation Desk Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date DUE AS STAMPED BELOW m FEB 06 1996 fccC&lVED OCT 3 1 1996 DEC 8 NOVj )V 3 0 1981 * CULATiONucKl. f0 DEC 2 1981 1111982 B.0IR. 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