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Vol. 15, No.10 ee OCTOBER 1953

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE
United States Department of the Interior
W ashington, D.C.

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
DOUGLAS McKAY, SECRETARY JOHN L. FARLEY, DIRECTOR

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries

prepared in the BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

fa
tuna

A. W. Anderson, Editor F. F. Johnson, Associate Editor
J. Prleggi and J. J. O'Brien, Assistant Editors

Mailed free to members of the fishery and allied industries. Address ~%correspond-
ence and requests to the: Director, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the
Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Service is not an endorsement.
The Service is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained
in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of this publication have not been copyrighted and may be re-
printed freely, reference to the source will be appreciated.

The printing of this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau
of the Budget, November 5, 1952.

CONTENTS

COVER: A NET LOAD OF FISH CAUGHT BY THE U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE
SERVICE'S EXPLORATORY FISHING VESSEL JOHN Ne. COBB DURING A SIX-
WEEK DEEP=WATER TRAWL EXPLORATION OFF THE WASHINGTON AND OREGON
COASTS. (SEE PAGE 5 OF THIS ISSUE.)

PAGE
TUNA FISHING AT TAHITI, BY WILVAN Go VAN CAMPEN .cccsesceeccccscecsccccoce seeccrerorscores 1
DEEP-WATER TRAWLING SURVEY OFF THE OREGON AND WASHINGTON COASTS (AUGUST 25-OCTOBER 3,

1952) BY DAVAOND Ma ALVERSONI os ere lololeieiclelevelcletclolalsicleisielclolereteieleleferelelelererelafolcleleierevielelerolatclcteists/efetetetamaa>
*- * &¢ * & *
PAGE PAGE
RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES: ........ 16 |TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (CONTD.):

PROGRESS ON PROJECTS, SEPTEMBER 1953 ... 16 NEW YORK:

PROGRESS ON FISHERY TECHNOLOGICAL RE- HUDSON RIVER SHAD CATCH DECLINED IN
SEARCH PROJECTS, FISCAL YEAR 1953 ..e.. 19 TOSS) ose sates cuiseciecincle Sak ceee eee ee ESO

PROGRAM FOR FISHERY TECHNOLOGICAL RE- NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERY | NVESTIGATIONS:
SEARCH, FISCAL YEAR 1954 .ecocecsececes 25 EFFECT OF COD-END COVER UPON HADDOCK

REPORTS PUBLISHED DURING FISCAL YEAR ESCAPEMENT TESTED BY ALBATROSS III
1953 ON SPECIFIC PHASES OF FISHERY (CRUISERS?) ee reg anes
TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH .esccsscccsceecs 28 OCEAN PERCH DISTRIBUTION STUDIED BY

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: ..sccovcvececcsess 30 AUBATROSS! ht (CRUISE 53) 27 ee ee eee sz

ADDITIONS TO THE U. S. FLEET OF FISHING ZERO-AGE HADDOCK DISTRI BUTION STUDIED
VESSBUSL iis aroearein ale orcleteino lod ee eleteee sO BY ALBATROSS J1{ (CRUISE 54) ....00.. 38

CANS--SHIPMENTS FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS, NORTH PACIFIC EXPLORATORY FISHERY
J MNWAR OMI? OSS) GogocspoocdbouSoGoacG. sO PROGRAM:

CALIFORNIAt SALMON RESOURCES ADJACENT TO ALEUTIAN
NONSARDIINES! Ob (COASi cieleiclleicteiiersaiccies all ISLANDS INVESTIGATED BY JOHN N. COBB
OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA AS RELATED TO (CRUISE 16)0 2 Soe es Noa eee

PACIFIC SARDINE COLLECTED BY YELLOWFIN OH10'S LAKE ERIE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
(GAUSS SERVER)! Gooebauosnogoduuenogen. a FREDMCIICGN, VEZ scododobdocnsaeescbo. 6S)
TUNA TAGGED OFF BAJA CALIFORNIA BY M/V PACIFIC OCEANIC FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS:
VIRGINIA R. (CRUISE G-2-53) ...c.oc0+. 31 UNEXPLOITED TUNA RESOURCE CLOSE TO
TUNA TAGGED BY M/V DEFIANCE (CRUISE HAWA|| FOUND BY JOHN R. MANNING
C=B=53) ie cis wravelclomino senna coe lemon ois eae (CRUISEAIG) ee sicex gcc cle we eaisio le Geen
FISH AND GAME COMMISSION ACTIONS .ecoee 32 CHARLES H. GILBERT SCOUTS FOR TUNA IN

FEDERAL PURCHASES OF FISHERY PRODUCTS .. 33 HAWAIIAN WATERS (CRUISE 11) .wesoceses 41

FLORIDA: ,, a SKIPJACK TUNA CONCENTRATIONS DISCOV-
ANOTMER® PRED THIDE= us vite aise cieloieisiomareeeloe oo ERED OFF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS BY CHARLES
INDONESIANS TO STUDY MODERN FISHERY DE- HeIGIUBERT (CRUISE, 15)> oc. ee Cm
VELOPMENT MANAGEMENT IN UNITED STATES . 34 CHARLES H. GILBERT SCOUTS FOR TUNA

LEASE BID RECEIVED FOR AMERICAN SAMOA BETWEEN HAWAI| AND WEST COAST (CRUISE
RIISH@CANNERYaaerrercicielefaicleinioicistnrcieisieleiercrearten eo: V4)" sis ie rcielssalere aleve cieiele’s Seis es elore soe

HUGE HALIBUT PRESENTED TO PRESIDENT woes 35 HYDROGRAPHIC AND BIOLOGICAL DATA AROUND

MAINE: HAWAI!AN ISLANDS COLLECTED BY HUGH M.
DEAD HERRING OFF COAST scscccececnecvess 30 SMilimHip (CRUISE (218) ieie sens clearence

NEW ENGLAND TUNA EXPLORATIONS: STATES GET OVER $4 MILLION FEDERAL AID
POOR TUNA FISHING REPORTED BY MARJORIE FOR FISH RESTORATION .c.ccoceserereecs 43

PARKER (CRUISE: 2) Sia Unt ine 636

CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 75

October 1953 Washington 25, D.C. Vol. 15, No-10

TUNA FISHING AT TAHITI

By Wilvan G, Van Campen*

In February of this year the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service's vessel John R. Man-
ning, operating from Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations' Honolulu base and fishing
a series of tuna long-lining stations across the equatorial current system on 140° and
150° west longitude, put in at Papeete, Tahiti, for refueling. Some observations of
the Tahitian tuna fishery were made with the primary objective of picking up any infor-
mation on fishing methods which might be applicable elsewhere in the Pacific, particu-
larly in those United States island possessions which need an augmented protein food
supply or which are considered potential locations for tuna-cannery development. In
this latter connection, interest in the Tahitian situation was heightened by the fact that
on another recent POFI cruise some samples of tuna canned in Tahiti were obtained in
the Marquesas, and it was anticipated that Tahiti might prove to be a model of an iso-
lated tropical island with a small population and limited technical resources (i.e. like
America Samoa) which was nevertheless able to keep a tuna cannery in operation (as
Samoa has so notably not been able to do).

It was found, in fact, that the Tahitian tuna fishery is quite primitive in nature, and
that it has not proven capable of supporting even a modest canning industry in normal

FIG. 1 - A TYPICAL TAHITIAN TUNA BOAT IN PAPEETE HARBOR. NOTE THE FISHING POLES ALONG THE SIDES AND
THE BUNDLE OF DRY LEAVES FOR SHADE ON THE COCKPIT CANOPY.

times, although it does supply abundant and fairly cheap fresh fish to the Island's people.
The information obtained in the course of a brief stay at Papeete is necessarily incom-
plete, and is derived more from interviews with local people than from first-hand obser-
vation; however, it may be of some general interest in the absence of any more complete
accounts,

* TRANSLATOR, PACIFIC OCEANIC FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, HONOLULU, T. H.

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No, 10

The tunas commonly taken at Tahiti are the yellowfin (Neothunnus macropterus),
called "thon" in French and "'a'ahi''in Tahitian, and the skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis),
called bonite in French and auhopu in Tahitian. No big-eyed tuna, albacore, or little
tuna were Seen in the market, nor did the persons interviewed appear to recognize
descriptions of these species. Some informants spoke of another kind of tuna called
vato, apparently the dog-toothed tuna, which was said to be abundant around the reefs
and passes of the Tuamotus, though less common around the high islands. The yel-
lowfin and skipjack seen in the market and being unloaded from the fishing boats were
of very mixed sizes, ranging from an estimated 5 pounds to about 50 or 60 pounds each
in the case of yellowfin and to perhaps 40 pounds each for the skipjack. When the ob-
server remarked on the unusually large size (by Hawaiian standards of comparison) of
some of the skipjack, he was told that even larger ones--up to 70 pounds--were some-
times brought in. Although this might be an exaggeration, it is interesting to note that
a news story in the Pacific Fisherman of March 1950 contains a report of three-pole
skipjack tuna (75 pounds) taken by a Hawaii-based vessel which fished in the Tahiti
area,

The Tahitian tuna boats are of uniform design, about 18 to 25 feet in length, and
very much like small sport-fishing cruisers in general appearance, They are powered
with 9 to 18 hp. Diesel engines of French manufacture. They carry no ice, Thecatch
is kept on the floor of the small cockpit. Their only water supply is a bottle filled on
the quay, and the only visible concession to comfort is a heap of dried leaves on the
roof which is supposed to keep the cockpit cool, Each boat carries three fishermen,
and there are said to be about 20 such boats at Tahiti, most of them based at Papeete.
The boats are almost all owned by people ashore, and the proceeds are split 50-50 be-
tween the owner and the fishermen, The operating radius of the fleet is about 30miles
from Tahiti. The normal schedule is to put out to sea at around 8:00 a.m. andreturn
at anywhere from 5:00 p.m. to midnight. The boats fish all around the island of Tahiti,
often cross the 8-mile channel to Moorea, and sometimes go as far as the atoll of
Tetiaroa, 25 miles north of Tahiti, where the fishermen sleep on the beach all night,

The tuna schools are located by sighting the flocks of birds which accompany them,
and the fishing is done with pole and line, using pearl-shell jigs of the traditional Poly-
nesian type. The poles, of which four or five are carried lashed along the gunwales on

FIG. 2 - TAHITI AN TUNA LURES. THE SMALLER HOOK (Ss INCHES LONG ) 1S OF THE TYPE USED FOR SKI PJACK, THE
LARGER (55 |NCHES LONG) |S FOR LARGE YELLOWFIN. THE BODY OF THE LURE |S MADE FROM THE THICKEST PART
OF A PEARL OYSTER SHELL, THE HOOK |S OF BEATEN COPPER, AND THE TUFT OF PIG BRISTLES AT EACH SIDE OF
THE AFTER END 1S SUPPOSED TO KEEP THE JIG IN THE PROPER POSITION AS IT 1S TRAILED ON THE SURFACE.

each side of the boat, are about 12 to 16 feet long, of a light, thin-walled local bamboo.
They are perfectly plain, with no serving or wrapping on the grip. The line is slightly
shorter than the pole. While fishing, the boat is kept under way and moving with the
school at all times, and the pearl-shell jig is slapped and played on the surface in such
a way as to attract the tuna. Live bait is never used, nor is there any spray or splash-
ing of water over the lure. As in all islands where the Polynesian method of tuna fish-
ing is used, it is believed that fine nuances of color in different shell hooks in relation
to light conditions and to the color of the natural feed which the tuna are taking have an
important effect on the success of the fishing. While ona school, the fishermenchange
lures frequently in order to find the one which will be most attractive to the fish. Dif-
ferences in color and sheen imperceptible to the unpracticed eye may give one hook a
very high value while another apparently identical one will be considered almost worth-
less, Pearl shells from certain islands, or from certain spots on the reefs of certain
islands, are reputed to make especially effective hooks,

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

In addition to the jigging of fish from surface schools, large tuna and marlin are
sometimes hand-lined from canoes at well-known ''tuna holes" ('apo'o a'ahi), some of
whichare quite closeto the reef. Trolling appears to be completely unknown as a com-
mercial fishing method, but occasionally when a boatis fishing a schooland large yellow-
fintuna show up mixed with the smaller fishthey are taken onhand lines with cut bait.

The seasons for tuna fishing at Tahiti are said to be January-March and July-Au-
gust, but some fish are taken throughout the year. It was reported that the same sizes
of fish are present in Tahitian waters at all times of the year, Unfortunately, the sea-
sons of abundance of the tunas coincide with the peak seasons for the atule (big-eyed
scad, Selar crumenophthalmus), which is generally preferred by the Tahitians. Thus,
when big catches of atule and tuna come into the market at the same time, the tuna may
be sold at give-away prices, or they may even have to be thrown away. No use ismade
of refrigeration, nor'of salting or sun-drying, to preserve fish. The market closes
at 7:00 p.m. and fish brought there after that hour are simply left to hang in very warm
air temperature until the next morning. Fortunately there are remarkably few flies in
Tahiti, but nevertheless much of the fish consumed around the island looks far from
fresh, It may be because of this general staleness of the raw material that the Tahi-
tians prepare most of their tuna or atule by marinating it in lime juice and salt andthen
serving it in coconut cream, This is the staple fish dish, but large tuna are sometimes
baked in the imu or earth oven,

A good day's catch for a Tahitian tuna boat is said to be 20 to 30 40-pound fish,
but from the writer's observations a proportionately larger number of 10- to 20-pound
fish would be more usual, The fish are tied by the tails with leaves into bunches of 2

FIG. 3 - TAHITIAN FISHERMEN UNLOADING SMALL YELLOWFIN FROM THEIR BOAT AND HANGING THEM ON A SHOULDER=
POLE FOR TRANSPORTATION TO THE MARKET.

to 8 or 10, depending on the size, hung on a carrying pole, and shoulder-carried about
3 blocks from the quay to the market, At the public market (a concrete-floored, open-
sided structure extending clear across one city block) the fish are hung up on iron rails
and sold by the fishermen or their womenfolk, No scales are used to weigh the fish,
They are sold individually for the most part. Smaller ones are sold by the bunch and
the larger tuna are halved or quartered, Prices are arrived at by haggling at eachsale,
and may vary considerably between the opening and closing of the market. A fair aver-

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

age was quoted as 40 to 60 francs (65¢ to $1.00) for al0-pound tuna. The busiest time
at the market is early Sunday morning, when the people who have come into town for
Saturday nightare purchasing fish and other foodstuffs to take back to the country with
them. Atsuch times the market is the scene of extremely spirited activity, and the
guards are sometimes hard put to it to maintain order in the surging mob of compet-
ing shoppers. Aside from such traffic-directing duties, the chief concern of the mar-
ket attendants seem to be to see that all fish are hung off the floor on the iron rails
provided for that purpose.

A small cannery formerly packed tuna at Papeete, and this was the source of the
samples obtained by POFI personnel in the Marquesas. The plant was established in
1939 in connection with a scheme for a pineapple industry, and when this fruit proved
to be unsuited to Tahiti's humid climate, the facilities were converted to the proces-
sing of yellowfin and skipjack tuna. The pack was put up in tall salmon cans, and most
of it was canned in coconut oil, although some imported salad oil was used. The oper-
ator uSed as much hand labor as possible, since labor is fairly cheap in Tahiti, and
worked up to a capacity of about 2 tons per day and an output of 2 to 3 thousand cases
per year. The average price paid for the fish ran around $80 a ton. No one connected
with the enterprise seems to have had any experience in fish packing, and the product,
which was not a solid pack, was probably rather crude and variable, but in the years
immediately after World War II, when food of any sort was in short supply in Europe,
the business prospered, Thebulkof the pack was always sent to France. Only asmall
amount of skipjack in coconut oil was sold in French Oceania.

With the return of normal market conditions in France, this unorthdox product be-
came less saleable, and the cannery finally ceased operations in 1947, The machinery
has been dismantled and stored, and has been up for sale for several years, The for-
mer operator ascribes the failure of the enterprise to the irregular and unpredictable
Supply of fish, the reluctance of jobbers to handle such a small number of cases, and
the effects of unsettled world conditions and transportation difficulties on his supply of
imported materials, chiefly tin plate.

The story of tuna canning in Tahiti is in part merely a repetition of the same sad
tale which has been heard from other Pacific islands where the development of a tuna
industry has been tried--''no bait.'' Without the use of live bait, not enough fish could
be taken out of the surface schools to keep the cannery supplied, and the local fisher-
men lacked the knowledge and probably the capital to try long-lining. Vessels from
Hawaii with experienced live-bait fishermen prospected in Tahitian waters, but were
unable to find any adequate source of bait, Whether or not a tuna-canning industry can
be supported by long-line fishing in the central Pacific is a question which must wait
until someone makes the attempt, but the Tahitian experience seems to indicate that
fishing the surface schools by the Polynesian method, without the advantage which live-
bait confers, will not give enough return per unit of effort to produce a surplus of fish
for canning,

On the other hand, the existing tuna fishery at Tahiti is evidence of the fact thatan
adequate supply of fresh tuna for an island population's needs can be obtained in the
ancient Polynesian way even in the absence of a live-bait supply. Islands where the sup-
ply of protein food is inadequate, where there are suitable stocks of tunas in nearby
waters, and where the natives are willing to exert themselves to catch tuna and to eat
them once they are caught, would appear to be promising locales for the introduction
(or reintroduction) of this method of fishing.

October 19535 COMMERCIAL FISHERIGS REVIEW 5

DEEP-WATER TRAWLING SURVEY OFF THE
OREGON AND WASHINGTON COASTS

(AUGUST 25-OCTOBER 3, 1952)

By Dayton L. Alverson*

SUMMARY

A deep-trawling investigation off the Oregon and the Washington coasts was
conducted by the Service's exploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb from August 25
to October 3, 1952. The work was carried on in deep water adjacent to the pres—
ent commercial fishing grounds of the local otter-trawl fleet.

Exploratory fishing was confined between Cape Foulweather and Cape Lookout,
Oregon, and between Cape Elizabeth and Destruction Island, Washington. A total
of 48 otter-trawl drags were made at depths ranging from 100 to 400 fathoms.

The continentel slope off the Oregon coast was found to be rather gentle,
having a number of terreces, ridges, and hills. The bottom in this region is
mostly free of obstructions and suitable for trawl fishing. Off the Washington
coast the continental slope is quite steep, and a number of snags were encountered,

Three commercially-utilized species of fish (Dover sole, sablefish, and
Pacific ocean perch) dominated the catches. Dover sole and Pacific ocean perch
were taken from depths between 100 and 240 fathoms. These two species were mixed
in catches made off Cascade Head, Oregon. Sablefish were taken over the complete
depth range fished; however, those in deep water were small and in poor shape.

Other fish taken included varieties of red rockfish, arrowtoothed flounder,
rex sole, slender sole, hake, and several types of skates. Trash fish such as
hake and skates were taken in most drags, but they represented only a small por-
tion of the total catch.

OBJECTIVES OF EXPLORATION

In a continuation of the program initiated in the summer of 1951, the U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service's exploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb made a six-
week deep-water trawl exploration off the coasts of Oregon and Washington during
late summer and early fall of 1952. The objectives of this investigation were:
(1) to ascertain the availability and the abundance of marine bottom fishes inthe
deep waters adjacent to the present commercial fishing grounds of the localotter-
trawl fleet; (2) to determine the commercial varieties of fishes inhabiting these
deeper waters; (3) to gain information regarding technical problems involved in
handling fishing gear in deep-water trawl work; and (4) to obtain catch informa-
tion which would be of value in analyzing the practicability of commercial ex-
ploitation of these regions.

AREA EXPLORED

Exploratory fishing was conducted off the coast of Oregon between latitudes
4L°2L7' N. and 45921' N. and off the coast of Washington between latitudes 47°22! N.
and 47941' N, These areas roughly correspond to the waters between Cape Foul-
weather and Cape Lookout, Oregon, and between Cape Elizabeth and Destruction

Island, Washington. The vessel left Seattle on August 25, and spent the first

© F|SHERY METHODS AND EQUIPMENT SPECIALIST, EXPLORATORY FISHING AND GEAR DEVELOPMENT SECTION,
BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON.

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Worle Iss Wo, 1)

four weeks working off the Oregon coast. The remainder of the trip was devoted
to investigating waters off the Washington coast. During the cruise a total of
48 otter-trawl drags were made at depths ranging from 100 to 400 fathoms.

124°40' CAPE LOOKOUT

=
°
©
ly
a
°

CASCADE HEAD

\\

45°00"

LEGEND

SILET
TTER TRAWL DRAG F

NAG ENCOUNTERED
\saBLeFISH GROUNDS

PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH AND
DOVER SOLE GROUNDS

124°40 124020 CAPE FOULWEATHER

FIG. 1 - EXPLORATORY DRAGS, AREAS OF SPECIAL FISHING INTEREST, AND BOTTOM CONTOURS --OREGON
COAST.

The geographical areas explored and the general bottom topography are shown
in figures 1 and 2.

124°40

DESTRUCTION I, @

|
|
|

LEGEND
OTTER TRAWL DRAG

SNAG ENCOUNTERED

PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH GROUNDS

CAPE ELIZABETH
124°40

FIG. 2 - EXPLORATORY DRAGS, AREAS OF SPECIAL FISHING INTEREST, AND BOTTOM CONTOURS-=-WASH!NGTON
COAST.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

The area explored off the Oregon coast measured 34 miles north and south and
extended nearly 40 miles offshore. The continental slopel/ in this region is
relatively gentle, having an average gradient of about 2 percent (Shepard 1948).
The width of the slope between the 100- and the 500-fathom contour lines varies
between 20 and 30 miles, and a number of terraces, ridges, and hills exist along
the gentle slope. Bottom samples from this region were predominantly mud; how-
ever, gravel and rock were found in a few localized areas. The bottom dragged
was mostly free of obstructions and suiteble for trawl work.

The area explored off the Washington coast measured 19 miles north and south
and extended 35 miles seaward. The slope characteristic in this region was some=
what steeper, with the average width between the 100- and the 400-fathom contour
lines being only 10 miles. Trawling bottom between 100 and 300 fathoms was poor
and a number of snags were encountered. Below 300 fathoms a small terracedregion
was located which was free of obstructions. Bottom samples showed mud with some
stones or boulders. Several days were spent in an effort to locate favorable
bottom on the offshore seamount discovered by the John N. Cobb in 1950 (Powell,
Alverson, and Livingstone 1952); however, the fathograms showed only abrupt, steep
slopes unsuitable for trawling.

METHODS USED

Commercial fishermen familiar with the trawl-fishing grounds along the Ore-
gon and the Washington coasts assisted in laying out the desirable areas to be
investigated. This procedure minimized the overlapping of areas to be explored
with those already under exploitation by the otter-trawl fleet.

The method of locating suitable trawling bottom was identical to that used
in the John N. Cobb's 1951 trawl exploration (Alverson 1951). Navigation charts
showing soundings were studied to learn the characteristics of the bottom topo-
graphy. Regions which appeared to be satisfactory for dragging operations were
sounded with a constant recording-type echo sounder, and if the resultant fatho-
gram was relatively uniform a drag was made.

Trawling methods used were similar to those commonly employed by the Pacific
Northwest otter-trawl fleet. The net was set from the stern of the vessel and
picked up on the starboard side. Catches were placed into deck bins of known
cubic volume and the total weight of the fish was estimated from the occupied
volume. Various conversion factors (volumes to weight) used for the several dom-
inant species were obtained from data supplied by Seattle fish dealers,

Drags were made for a period of one or two hours, depending on the depth and
type of bottom. Generally the deeper drags were towed for two hours. Positions
were determined from loran readings which were taken after the net had been set
and again at the time hauling of the gear began.

TYPE OF GEAR

All exploratory drags were made with a standard 400-mesh Western traw12/
similar to the commercial trawl nets in use in the Facific Northwest. Ten 8-inch-
diameter spherical aluminum floats were attached to the head rope of the trawl,

3 on each wing of the net, and 4 across the throat of the net. The 4 floats
across the throat of the net were the "plane-type" with a lifting collar around

1 THE SLOPE LEADING FROM THE EDGE OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF (APPROXIMATELY 100 FATHOMS ) TO THE
GREATER DEPTHS OF THE OCEAN.

2/FOR DETAIL SPECIFICATIONS OF NET USED SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, VOL. IS NO. 11 (NOV-
EMBER 1951), PP. 4-5.

I

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

the lower portion of the sphere. Recent tests by British investigators ( Anony-
mous 1952) have shown this type of float to be greatly superior in its lifting
ability as compared to other trawl floats of equal static bouyancy.

RESULTS

Detailed results of all exploratory drags have been tabulated and are pre-

sented in table 1. These drags are diagrammatically illustrated in figures 1 and
j ; ope wnich also include areas of special

fisning interest, snags, and bottom con-
tour lines. The positions given in the
fishing log are the starting point of each
drag, and the courses are the resultant
direction between the starting point and
the end of each drag. For best results
in plotting drags given in the fishing
log, readers are referred to U. S. Coast
and Geodetic Survey Chart No. 6002, Colum-
bia River to Destruction Island, and No.
5902, Yaquina Head to Columbia River.

Mad eae ee Three commercially-—utilized species
- of fish-~Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus),

sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), and Pacific
ocean perch (Sebastodes alutus)--dominated
the catches. Dover sole and Pacific ocean
perch were taken infair quantities between
100 and 225 fathoms, while seblefish were
taken somewhat deeper. The shaded areas
shown on figures 1 and 2 indicate regions
in which catches of the different species
of 500 pounds per hour or greater were
es taken.
FIG. 3 - A CATCH OF BOTTOM FISH ABOUT TO BE DOVER SOLE: This species was taken

RELEASED INTO THE DECK BIN. off the Oregon coast generally mixed with
catches of Pacific ocean perch. The best catches of Dover sole were taken west
of Cascade Head, Oregon, at depths from 200 to 242 fathoms. The bottom in this
area was clear of obstructions and composed of gray mud. Fair catches were also
made west of Siletz Bay, Oregon, in 120 to 122 fathoms. Samples of Dover sole
taken from the area west of Cascade Head averaged 15 inches in length, with the
sex ratio of males to females being approximately equal. For best Dover-sole
catches see drags 13, 16-19, and 21 in the fishing log.

SABLEFISH: These fish were taken in small quantities over the entire depth
range fished; however, sablefish from depths below 250 fathoms were usually small
and had a soft-flesh texture. Drag No. 10 in 300 to 304 fathoms, west of Cascade
Head, Oregon, produced 1,000 pounds of sablefish, but only 65 percent of the fish
were of marketable size. Fish taken from depths between 100 and 200 fathoms
appeared in good shape and averaged from 7 to 9 pounds in weight.

PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH: This species was found to be the most abundant fish
taken during the 1952 deep-water trawl investigation. The best catches of Pacific
ocean perch were made between 120 and 230 fathoms. Below 250 fathoms the fish
was seldom taken. Good catches were made off the Oregon coast from Nestucca Bay

3/DRAG NUMBER 40, MADE ON THE OFFSHORE SEAMOUNT, |S NOT SHOWN ON THE CHARTS.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

south to Cape Foulweather. Drag No. 39 (not shaded on the chart) produced a good
show of Facific ocean perch, but the bag tie-line broke and the catch was lost.

A fair catch of this fish was also made southwest of Destruction Island, Washing-
ton, in 100 fathoms.

W <
FIG. 4 - A DECK BIN FULL OF DOVER SOLE AND FIG. 5 - A "FLOATER (FULL COD END) OF
PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH. PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH BEING BROUGHT ALONG-
SIDE THE VESSEL.

Practically all of the Pacific ocean perch taken off the Oregon and the Wash-
ington coasts were of commercially acceptable size (of several hundred fish exam-
ined, no immature specimen was noted). For best Pacific ocean perch catches see
drags 13, 16-19, 21-23, 30 and 45.

OTHER ROCKFISH: A number of other species of rockfish were found commonly
associated with catches of Pacific ocean perch. These included the black-mouthed
rockfish (Sebastodes crameri), the pop-eyed
7 rockfish (Sebastodes saxicola), the black-
q throated rockfish (Sebastodes introniger),
the rosy rockfish (Sebastodes rosaceus),
the split-nosed rockfish (Sebastodesdiplo-
: 5 pros), and the round-finned rockfish (Se-
ao Fin ; se bastolobus alascanus). Of these species, the
en “ : ee bell 82° ews 4 +4pop-eyed rockfish is the most difficult to
‘ Nag ‘ c } distinguish and separate from the Pacific
ocean perch.

OTHER FISH TAKEN: Rex sole (Glypto-
cephalus zachirus), arrow-toothed flounder
(Atheresthes stomias), slender sole rep
setta exilis), hake (Merluccius productus),
and many species of red rockfish were com-
mon in deep-water ae English sole
(Parophrys vetulus), petrale sole (Eopsetta
jordani ), lingcod (Ophiodon Serena and
the varieties of black rockfish taken by
} “pie sone S! trawlers fishing the continental shelfwere
SS ag almost entirely absent from catches made

OIC OWE CEU ROGKEIGH) TAKEN aIMBDZO below 100 fathoms. Trash fish, such as

FATHOMS OF WATER. hake and several varieties of skates, were
taken in the majority of the drags; however, they generally represented only a
small percentage of the total catch.

Vol. 15, No. 10

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

10

6

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11

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

October 19535

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Vol. 15, No. 10

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

2

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Vol. 15, No. 10

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

14

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October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

LITERATURE CITED

ALVERSON, DAYTON L.
1951. DEEP-WATER TRAWLING SURVEY OFF THE COAST OF WASHINGTON (AUGUST 27-OCTOBER 19,1951).
U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, VOL. 13, NO. 11
(NOVEMBER), WASHINGTON, D. C., PP. 1-16 (ALSO SEPARATE NO. 202).

ANONYMOUS
1952, COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF TRAWL BEHAVIOR BY UNDERWATER OBSERVATION, WORLD FISHING,
JULY, PP. 116-120.

POWELL, DONALD E.; ALVERSON, DAYTON L.; AND LIVINGSTONE, JR., ROBERT
1952. NORTH PACIFIC ALBACORE TUNA EXPLORATION--1950. U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE,
FISHERY LEAFLET 402, APRIL, WASHINGTON, D. C.

SHEPARD, FRANCIS P.
1948. SUBMARINE GEOLOGY. HARPER AND BROTHERS PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK, 348 PP.

CONSUMERS! CANNED FISH PREFERENCES

Canned salmon, for many years the number one choice of consumers of
canned fish inthe United States, still held the lead in consumer Prete sence as
recently as 1951. This was found in a national con-

sumer survey (Fish and Shellfish Preferences of
Household Consumers) conducted during that year by
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Nearly 63 per-
cent of those contacted inthe survey mentioned salm-
on when asked what kind of canned fish they served.
Tuna, nearly as popular, was named by 56 percent.
Sardines (13 percent) and mackerel (2 percent) fell
far behind the two leading varieties.

The regional pattern of preferences for canned
fish was surprisingly varied. The people in areas
with ahigh proportion of rural families hada definite
preference for salmon, whereas areas with higher
urban populations preferredcanned tuna. An exam-
ple of this was found in comparing the survey findings in the South with those
in the Northeast. In the South, which is considered basically rural, salmon
was preferred over tuna by a ratio of 2 to 1 (73 percent used salmon, while
36 percent usedtuna). In the Northeast, an area with alarge urban population,
76 percent of the consumers used tuna, compared to 55 percent who said they
served salmon. Use of sardines appeared to follow somewhat the same area
pattern as salmon, with the largest percentage of sardine users found in the
South, and the smallest percentage found in the Northeast.

Inthe West, which accounts for most of the production of salmon, tuna, and
sardines, it was noted that tuna took first place in consumers' preference by a
wide margin. Almost 70 percent of the consumers inthis area used tuna, but
only 46 percent reported buying salmon. Inthe Midwestarea, the situation was
reversed, since almost 70 percent used salmon but only 50 percent used tuna.

Part I--National Summary (FL-407) and Part II--Regional Summary (FL-
408) of the series Fish and Shellfish Preferences of Household Consumers--
1951 are available free upon request from the Division of Information, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington 25, D. C.

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

AY RESEARCH

y IN SE. RVICE LABORATORIES

Wl 0 vat tesa ~ arin

Prerrese on Proiects, September 1953

REFRIGERATION: Freezing Fish at Sea, Defrosting, Filleting, and Refreezing the
Fillets: VESSEL: Two attempts were made by the research trawler Delaware to carry
out full-scale fishing and freezing fish at sea operations, After about 16,500 pounds of
haddock had been caught and brine-frozen, the first of these test cruises (Cruise No.
22, completed August 24) was interrupted due to difficulties with the ammonia pumps of
the refrigerating equipment. The catch from the 5-day cruise consisted of 14,000 pounds
of scrod haddock and 2,500 pounds of large haddock, These fish were caught and frozen
during about one day of round-the-clock fishing and freezing operations. Two types of
chutes, both still in the experimental stage, for moving the frozen fish from the freezer
tank to the frozen storage holds were tested. Results obtained with the chutes were quite
favorable.

After 44,000 pounds of groundfish had been caught and brine-frozen, the second of
these cruises was terminated September 4 due to the jamming of the elevator chains of
the brine-freezer mechanism. Fishing took place on Western Bank in the area of Sable
Island. The catch on this 9-day cruise consisted of 25,000 pounds of scrod haddock,
14,000 pounds of large haddock, 4,000 pounds of cod, and 1,000 pounds of pollock. The
haddock and scrod haddock were sold over the New England Fish Exchange to fillet proc-
essors, while the cod and pollock were stored in commercial cold storage by the labora-
tory for obtaining data on the cold-storage characteristics of these fish.

During the month the ammonia pumps were repaired and the elevator chains revised
to eliminate the difficulties experienced during full-scale continuous operation, Also,
additional fuel tanks on the vessel were placed in good condition so as to permit longer
test cruises and extended periods of fishing.

(Boston)

OK OK OK

BYPRODUCTS: Vitamin Content and Nutritive Value of Fishery Byproducts: Analyses
were made of 23 samples of menhaden meal for riboflavin content. The results were:

Meal Number of Riboflavin (micrograms per gram, as received)
ES Samples Maximum Minimum Average
Menhaden 23 5.8 765 (0) BIO

One sample of crab meal showed 11.9 micrograms of riboflavin per gram of meal, as
received,

% OK OK OK

NUTRITION: Discoloration in Canned Tuna: The technologist assigned to the project
visited the plant and laboratory in Chicago of the can company sponsoring the project to
obtain basic information on the manufacture of cans and can enamels, and for current data
on the problem of discoloration in canned tuna, A trip was also made on a commercial
tuna fishing vessel operating out of a California port. Samples of albacore tuna were ob-

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Le

tained for the preparation of experimental canned packs. The samples of raw fish will
be handled and treated in various ways in an attempt to determine the conditions that
lead to sulfide discoloration after canning.

(Seattle)

* KOK OK

ANALYSIS AND COMPOSITION: Composition of Fish: The proximate composition
of individual samples of sheepshead (Aplodinotus grunniens) from various areas and of
squawfish (Ptychocheilus grandis) from the Columbia River was determined. A detailed
study is being made of the variation in composition of sheepshead from different areas
and for different seasons of the year. The results are as follows:

omposition and Fillet Yield of Sheepshead Caught in Clearwater Lake,
Minnesota, May 1953

ample ength| Weight Fillet |Proximate Composition of the Edible Portion
Number? Yield [Moisture [Fat [mProteinmy|ieeAsh
Cue iGrams)|Rexcent (aera (Rencent) Pa ae ee
1 Z5)e5 (0) 140 28.9 83.4 0,74 IS 19 0.96
2 24,5 135 296 83.3 0,90 1).< 1,02
3 24,5 145 24,1 82.5 1,20 iy, 8) TG 1b)
4 26.0 145 24,1 83.3 1 Ue BSS) 1.00
65) 25.9 150 30.0 S25 ey dl ISS 164 (08)
6 24.5 145 32.1 83.5 1,47 15.6 1.08
7 26.0 165 39,4 82.4 0. 80 HG, al 1,06
8 28.0] 205 Sl 83,2 0.92 16,4 Le Or
9 28.0] 200 32).0 81.8 1.00 16.4 1, 13
10 UGS) 210 23.8 82.5 1,24 16.7 1.05
ial 26,5 175 40.0 82.5 1.14 16.4 1,03
12 28.5 235 2) 'U 82.4 0.83 16.6 I ale)
13 28.5 215 32.9 82,2 0.72 16,1 1,10
14 29.0 225 29.0 83ne Onnt2 Ae 1,02
Us) 33.0 325 29.0 81.8 Wail eo) 1,05
16 28.95 265 24,5 83.0 0.90 16,1 iG abs)
Composition of Sheepshead (Edible Portion) Caught in Lake Winnebago,

Wisconsin, July 1953,

We U NS nee (BEGCEnt eee eee
23 5S 1,00
Oal 15.6 0.95
le 09) 16.7 1,04
0.89 14.8 10,0
1.20 13638 1,00
2.00 17.1 0,90
Sa 14,9 1,14
1,91 Ib) 0.98
ors Gio 1,03
9.8 ib) 8) 0.91
Dg Bo) Gere 0.94
1,00 17/50) Or
its Pal ISG 1 1.00
0.56 14,5 0.97
1S NG} AL 0.95

0.64 15.6 1.05

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 15, No. 10

omposition of Sheepshead (Edible Portion) Caught in the Mississippi River,

May 1953
Jam ple
ca

Proximate Composition of Edible Portion
Sie

Moisture Ash

1/ANALYSIS NOT YET FINISHED.

Composition of Squawfish (Edible Portion) Caught in the Columbia River,

June 1953
5ize INO. of Fish Proximate Composition of Edible
Class jin Sample LAS nee Penticn
of Fish | Group |Avg.[Min.[Max,| °'8" Moisture| Fat [Protein | Ash _|
sm.]| Cm.] Cm.] Grams|Percent |Percent|] Percent | Percent
Small 16 PETS) || 2A 28 IRS DP aewy 1.76 15.6 1.06
Medium 9 BI}q f) |} Bil 35 353 49.0 3.06 17.3 0.97
Large 8 36.9} 34 40 548 78.8 2.41 18.0 1,07
Mixed 33 29.8] 22 40 319 W583 2.83 Woah 1.13

atef Sng ot

CANNED TUNA GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY

National Tuna Week will be celebrated November 5 to 14, the 50th Anniversary
of the tuna canning industry.

Fifty years ago the tuna industry consisted
of one cannery in San Pedro, California, sup-
plied by a few boats fishing in nearby waters.
Thus originated the industry that has made avail-
able the canned tuna now so abundant in our food
markets.

For versatility, cannedtuna wins the home-
maker's vote every time whether it's a full-
fledged meal for the whole family or a quick snack
for hungry youngsters. Protein-richtuna is the
perfect ingredient for many types of dishes. Nu-
tritious salads andcold-weather casseroles are
easily made andin short order when severalcans
of this fine food are handy on your kitchen shelf.

For a quic
and Wildlife Service suggest a Tuna Waldorf Salad.

TUNA WALDORF SALAD

2 7-OUNCE CANS TUNA 1/2 CUP CHOPPED CELERY
1 CUP DICED APPLES 1/4 CUP CHOPPED NUTS
1/2 CUP MAYONNAISE OR SALAD DRESSING
Draintuna and flake. Combine allingredients, being careful not to break fish into
piecestoosmall; chill. Serve inlettuce cups with abright-colored garnish. Serves6.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

PROGRESS ON FISHERY TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH
PROJECTS, FISCAL YEAR 1953

A discussion of the Fishery Technological Research Program for fiscal year 1952
(July 1, 1951, to June 30, 1952) appeared in the November 1951 Supplement of Commer-
cial Fisheries Review, vol. 13, No. lla, pp.2-7 (also reprinted as Separate 294). Are-
view of the progress made in each project during fiscal year 1952 appeared in the De-
cember 1952 Supplement of Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 14, No. 12a, pp. 1-7
(Separate 327). The program for fiscal year 1952 was continued for fiscal year 1953
(July 1,1952, to June 30, 1953). New projects were added during the year as the old
ones were completed or as the need for specific information arose. Progress on each
project from July 1, 1952, to June 30, 1953, was as follows:

REFRIGERATION

FREEZING FISH AT SEA, DEFROSTING, FILLETING, AND REFREEZING THE
FILLETS: Fishing Operations and Overhaul of the “Delaware:'' Cruises during the sum-
mer and fall of 1952 permitted thorough testing of the freezing and cold-storage facili-
ties on the Delaware. Fish were supplied for pilot-plant, laboratory and storage stud-
ies, and other phases of the project. Round fish brine frozen at sea were landed at the
Boston Fish Pier and sold to producers for commercial processing into fillets.

The Delaware was drydocked and placed in good operating condition. A ventilator
was installed on the main deck aft and forward of the trawl winch to supply fresh air to
the refrigeration machinery room.

Freezing and Storage of Fish Aboard the ''Delaware:'' Results of modifications in
the experimental refrigeration plant and fish-freezing equipment, and expansion of the
cold-storage hold were observed during the seven test cruises conducted from June to
October 1952. Recent alterations to the brine cooler are expected to increase the fish-
freezing capacity from 550 pounds to about 1, 200 pounds an hour,

A new type freezer mechanism is now under construction and has been designed
to (a) permit the loading and unloading of the freezer at deck level, (b) increase freezer
capacity 50 percent, and (c) increase cold-storage capacity in the hold.

Unloading, Storing,and Processing Ashore: Some progress was made in develop-
ing methods for unloading the vessel and handling brine-frozen fish. Procedures nor-
mally employed at Boston for unloading iced fish were modified slightly to provide a
partially satisfactory method for unloading frozen fish. From the dock into the cold-
storage plant the frozen fish were moved in boxes (of a variety of sizes), on four-wheel
hand trucks. Experiments with mechanical conveyors and self-unloading boxes for mak-
ing these operations more expeditious are contemplated.

Large lots (5 to 10 tons) of brine-frozen haddock were held in commercial cold
storage and removed at intervals to determine the effect of such storage on the subse-
quent handling of the fish and the quality of fillets produced therefrom. Improvements
in the preparation or storage procedures, such as glazing or other means of preventing
desiccation, appear to be desirable before storage periods longer than two months can
be recommended for frozen haddock held in the round.

Defrosting methods whereby the fish were held in circulating water at 609 F. or
lower were found to be very satisfactory. Detailed technical information on thawing
methods and equipment were made available to the industry.

Laboratory Tests: The various lots of frozen fillets prepared from round brine-
frozen and iced gutted haddock landed by the Delaware have been evaluated for quality by
taste panel, chemical, and physical testing. Results of tests made on haddock fillets
held for 12 months in frozen storage showed no appreciable differences between the qual-
ity of the fillets prepared from round brine-frozen fish and those from iced gutted fish.
A consumer taste panel composed of about 125 families in the Boston area has been par-

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

ticipating in a number of tests with various lots of fillets from brine-frozen and iced
gutted fish. The fillets, identified only by a code unknown to the panel members, are
cooked and served inthe home by the housewife. Onthe basis of several suchtests, the
results indicate that fillets from round brine-frozen haddock are at least equally asac-
ceptable as those from iced gutted haddock, and in some instances there might be a
slight preference for the fillets from the brine-frozen fish.

Tests of various solutionsfor attaining immersion-freezing temperatures of about
-15°F. showed some promise. The suitability of such solutions islimited (1) by the
necessity of meeting certain acceptability requirements for food and(2) the needfor ob-
taining certain physical properties with existing freezing equipment aboard the vessel.

Comprehensive tests to determine the degree of salt penetration into the meat of
haddock during freezing in brine at various temperatures and brine concentrations are
well under way. Tests are also in progress to determine the effect on weight, salt up-
take, and drip of fillets dipped inbrine solutions of various concentrations. This infor-
mation is particularly desirable in connection with fillets that have beenprepared from
brine-frozen fish and which might contain slightly more salt than those from iced fish.

FREEZING AND STORING ALASKA SHRIMP AND DUNGENESS CRAB MEAT:
Alaska Shrimp: Storage tests of frozen precooked shrimp were completed. The effects
of brine-cooking procedures, packaging methods, and storage temperatures at 0°F. and
10°F. on the keeping quality were determined. Emphasis was given tothose factors re-
sponsible for toughening of the shrimp during the preparation and storage. Significant
conclusions were: (1) the texture of precooked pink shrimp varied widely in any given
lot processed under uniform conditions; (2) use of minimum cooking time and low salt
concentration in the brine precook process resulted in superior texture and minimum
shrinkage of the meats; recommended precook is 1 minutein 5-percent brine by weight;
(3) keeping quality wasimproved markedly by flooding the shrimp withdilute brine (2 per-
cent by weight) or by vacuum packing (18 to 20 inches of vacuum) in hermetically- sealed
containers (storage life under these conditions waslonger than 8 months at 0° F.); (4) use
of 0. 3percent dry monosodium glutamate indry- packed shrimp meat did not improve keep-
ing quality.

Dungeness Crab Meat: Storage tests are in progress on the effect of storage tem-
perature and packaging methods onkeeping quality of the frozen meat. Samples have been
examined at intervals during 6 months of storage. The highest quality packs witha stor-
age life greater than 6 months were: (1) crab meat flooded with dilute brine (2 percent
salt by weight) packedin sealed cans and stored at 0° F.; (2) vacuum- packed (18 to 20 inches
of vacuum) crab meat incans stored at-20° F.; (3) vacuum-packed crab meat incans stored
at0°F. Crab meat packed in cans under atmospheric pressure or in plastic containers
and stored at0°F. was of inferior quality and had a storage life of less than 6 months.

Frozen Shrimp Cocktail: Tests are in progress on the keeping quality of frozen
shrimp cocktail packed in hermetically- sealed cans stored at 0° F.

PREPARATION OF MANUAL ON THE REFRIGERATION OF FISH: The protracted
illness of the original project leader caused considerable delay inthe laying of the ground-
work for the manual. His death necessitated the reassignment of the project. Advantage
was taken, however, of this reassignment to reappraise the scope and coverage of the
manual in the light of the information collected by the original project leader. Subse-
quently an entirely revised and more detailed outline of the subject matter tobe included
was prepared and circulated to a number of industry's fish refrigeration specialistsfor
their comments and suggestions. The many helpful comments received were incorpor-
ated. The preparation of material for the manual onthe refrigeration of fish is going for-
ward along the lines indicatedas most needed and acceptable to the fish-refrigeration
industry.

EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON QUALITY OF FROZEN FISH: No work
was carried out on this project. The project was completed during the last fiscal year
except for the final phase involving commercial-scale tests. This experiment would
require large quantities of fish and it was planned to use any tuna landed by the Service's
exploratory vessel John N. Cobb. Due to poor fishing conditions, sufficient fish were
not landed to carry out the experiments.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

QUALITY STANDARDS FOR HADDOCK FILLETS: This project wasinitiated dur-
ing the latter part of thefiscal year to setup criteriafor comparing the quality of haddock
fillets prepared from fishfrozen at sea with commercially- processed fillets prepared
from fish iced atsea. No work wascarried out during the fiscal year on this project.

STUDY OF CAUSE OF TEXTURE CHANGE OF CANNED SALMON PREPARED
FROM FROZEN FISH: Studies have shown that the physical destruction of the cell walls
of the meat of salmon during freezing and storage is at least partially responsible for
the toughening of the product on subsequent canning. Excessive curd formation on can-
ning does not appear to be caused by the physical changes during freezing, but does ap-
pear to be related to a chemical change in the meat protein which releases the soluble
protein fraction causing the formation of a proteinaceous curd during heat processing.
Studies have been started on this latter problem.

Tests with the pretreatment of the cut sections from thawed salmon have shown
that curd formation during subsequent heat processing may be minimized by dipping the
sections one minute either in saturated NaCl brine or a5-percent solution of tartaric acid.
The acid treatment was more effective in thesetests. Analysis of canned salmontreated
with tartaric acid showed that the product contained 0.03 percent by weight of tartaric acid.

METHODS OF PRESERVING AND FREEZING SHRIMP ASHORE AND AT SEA IN
THE GULF OF MEXICO: Limited tests were conducted at sea and ashore in the Gulf
of Mexico to study methods of handling and freezing shrimp. Whole shrimp and shrimp
tails were frozen at sea in refrigerated brine (5° F, to 10° F,) and placed in cold stor-
age at 0° F, Frozen whole shrimp were thawed ashore, headed, packaged, andrefrozen,.
All frozen packaged shrimp were glazed. Comparisons of brine-frozen, refrozen, and
air-frozen shrimp tails were made during 9 months of storage at 0° F, The results
indicate: (1) brine-frozen shrimp which were later thawed, headed, packaged, and re-
frozen had excellent appearance, flavor, and texture during 9 months of storage;
(2) shrimp (brine- or air-frozen at sea immediately after catching) were free of any
black-spot discoloration; (3) no excessive salt absorption was found in fresh whole shrimp
frozen in brine at 10° F. for periods less than 4 hours; (4) absorption of salt increased
when shrimp were held in refrigerated brine for periods longer than 4 hours; (5) salt
absorption was significantly higher in iced shrimp frozen inbrine as compared to shrimp
frozen in brine immediately after catching; (6) the most important factor causing loss
in quality of frozen packaged shrimp during storage was dehydration of surface shrimp
after the ice glaze evaporated at the corners and edges of the package.

COLD-STORAGE LIFE OF HALIBUT: The cold-storage life of halibut stored as
dressed (heads off) and as steaks is being determined as a guide to possible future modi-
fication of Federal Specifications. After 9 months of storage atO°F., halibut stored as
dressed fish were superior in quality to those stored as steaks. Steaks sliced from
dressed halibut that were stored for 6 months at 0° F. were layer-packed in cartons and then
stored at varioustemperatures for an additional 3 months. The samples stored at 20° F.
were rated unacceptable; the steaks stored at 0°F., -15°F., and -209F. were rated ac-
ceptable, with the steaks stored at -20°F. showing the least change in flavor.

COLD-STORAGE LIFE OF KING AND SILVER SALMON: Studies in connection
with Federal Specification requirements showed that dressed chinook and silver salmon
which were frozen, ice-glazed, stored at 0° F., and reglazed at 3-month intervals were
still of good quality after six months of storage. Steaks cut from similar fish immedi-
ately after freezing when ice-glazed and stored in institutional size wax paper-lined car-
tons, passed out of the top quality range at the end of 6 months.

FREEZING, GLAZING, AND THAWING SALMON TO BE CANNED: Studies were
made on the feasibility of glazing brine-frozen salmon and on the effect of different thaw-
ing technics on the quality of the pack of canned salmon resulting therefrom.

The salt absorbed by brine-frozen fish interferes with successful ice glazing at the
storage temperatures commonly used commercially (0° F. to 10° F.). The glaze taken
by brine-frozen Alaska red salmon at 0° F. was not considered satisfactory; however,
the glaze taken at -20° F. was good. Since glazing of the brine-frozen salmon doesnot
appear feasible at the storage temperatures now used by the freezerships (about 5° F.),
these fish will be more susceptible to dehydration and oxidative deterioration upon pro-

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

longed storage. Therefore, it is highly important to process these fish as soon after
freezing as possible in order to have a good quality canned product.

In order to compensate for the salt absorbed during brine freezing it was neces-
sary to reduce the amount of salt added to each can up to as much as 50 percent of the
amount normally added to cans packed from fresh salmon, Different thawing methods--
in running water, in still water, or in air--did not affect the quality of the canned fish.

NUTRITION

INVESTIGATION OF THE TOUGHENING OF FROZEN BLUE CRAB MEAT: Prac-
tically no work was done on the problem of identifying the enzymes which may be in-
volved in the change of texture of frozen crab meat because a research fellowship stu-
dent could not be obtained.

being extracted commercially from Irish moss, and derivatives of these are being used
in foods and pharmaceutical preparations, Rats and mice have been allotted to 5 com-
parable groups and are fed a balanced ration to which has been added 0, 1, 5, 15, and
25 percent gum, The animals have now been on experiment for about two years, It

is expected that the experiment will be concluded during the summer or early fall of
the coming year, The data to date indicate that the product is wholesome,

FEEDING STUDIES WITH GUMS EXTRACTED FROM IRISH MOSS: Gums are

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FISH AND SHELLFISH: PROTEINS:
A fundamental study of the water retentivity of the meat of fish, with particular refer-
ence to the mechanism of drip formation in frozen fish, is being continued. It was
found that the concentration of nitrogen in the drip from rockfish stored at 0° F, varied
inversely with storage time. The drip produced by gravity was a more Sensitive meas-
ure of the changes occurring in the fish during frozen storage than was the fluid pro-
duced by centrifugation. The studies indicate that ground fish can be used in place of
whole fish pieces in drip studies, with a gain not only in the homogeniety of the material
but also in the sensitivity of the measurements. Considerable information was obtained
on the characteristics of drip formation under various temperature and physical condi-
tions,

THIAMINASE CONTENT OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF FISH USED IN FEEDING
FUR ANIMALS: Samples of fillet waste from cod, sole, and rockfish, and cannery
waste from the various salmon were found to contain negligible amounts of the enzyme
thiaminase, The project was terminated during the early part of the fiscal year,

A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE COMPARATIVE HEMOPOIETIC VALUE OF FISH:
An 8-week metabolism study was conducted during the fall in cooperation with the Col-
lege of Home Economics of the University of Maryland. A group of 10 girls consumed
a basal diet low in protein and adequate in vitamins, minerals, and calories, Five girls
received a daily allowance of animal protein in the form of haddock fillets and the other
five received theirs in the form of sirloin of beef, Blood samples were taken every 2
weeks, During the year, analyses of protein, fat, ash, and iron have been conducted
on the samples of foods, urine, and feces collected in this metabolism trial or the one
that was conducted year before last. Two master-of-science-degree theses on this work
were published during the year. The work will continue during the coming year.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIALTY FOOD PRODUCTS FROM ALASKA FISH AND
EDIBLE PORTIONS OF FISH WASTE: Development work has been concluded on the pre-
paration of a pasteurized smoked salmon egg spread; canned, smoked, and pickled her-
ring specialty products; canned smoked butter clams, and canned smoked shrimp, Stor-
age tests of inoculated packs of salmon egg spread are in progress at the National Can-
ners Association Laboratory, Berkeley, California, in order to determine whether the
product may be stored safely at room temperature. Preliminary tests were made on
the utilization of Alaska whitefish. Studies are in progress on the preparation of acan-
ned smoked spread from frozen chum salmon and pink salmon trimmings (edible por-
tions from salmon cannery waste).

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

ANALYSIS AND COMPOSITION

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FISH: (1) Menhaden: No work was carried out on
this project during the fiscal year.

FISH MEAL: Some preliminary work has indicated that the rapid acid hydrolysis--
Mojonnier tube method--which works well for the meat of fish may (by suitable modifi-
cation in the hydrolysis procedure) be adaptable to fish meal, Previous tests had in-
dicated that only a part of the oil could be recovered from fish meal by this method.
Work is continuing on the modification of the hydrolysis step to see whether this simple
procedure can be applied to fish meal,

COMPOSITION AND COLD-STORAGE LIFE OF FRESH-WATER FISH: Proximate
chemical composition of the edible portion and waste have been determined for blue
pike, yellow pike, yellow perch, whitefish, and sheepshead from Lake Erie; chub and
smelt from Lake Michigan; lake trout from Lake Superior; carp, buffalofish, and
sheepshead from the Mississippi River; and carp and bullhead from a small lake.

Samples of the frozen fresh-water fish were placed in cold storage to determine
their keeping qualities at 0° F, Blue pike, yellow pike, yellow perch, whitefish, and
sheepshead showed some deterioration in quality by the end of the 12-months' storage
period; however, all species were judged edible. Lake Michigan smelt and Columbia
River smelt had cold-storage life of 6 to 7 months and 3 to 6 months, respectively;
both developed off-flavors in the belly flaps after 3 months of storage. The keeping
quality of lake trout fillets varied considerably; one fillet was inedible after 3-months!
storage whereas other fillets were still acceptable after 8-months' storage.

BYPRODUCTS

VITAMIN CONTENT AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FISHERY BYPRODUCTS: Ex-
periments on the Unidentified Growth Factor(s) in Fish: Laboratory procedures have
been established for the preparation of fish-liver concentrates containing the growth
factor. A microbiological assay hasbeen developed which permits rapid measurement
of this growth factor, Studies now under way are directed at correlating the growth
response as measured microbiologically with that measured by rat assay. Experiments
also are being carried out with the object of obtaining the growth factor in pure crystal-
line form,

Vitamin Analyses: Twenty-three samples (600 bags each) of pilchard meal were
analyzed. Ona moisture-free and oil-free basis the average for niacin was 84 micro-
grams per gram and for vitamin B19, 0.27. Twenty-one samples of individual bags of
tuna meal averaged 0.33 micrograms of vitamin Bj9 per gram of meal, These tuna
meal samples are being analyzed for their riboflavin and niacin content. Meals prepared
from menhaden, anchovy, whale loins, mackerel, mackerel offal, herring, and crab
were also assayed,

Biological Assays and Evaluation: a, During the previous year a number of assays
with chicks were conducted to determine the vitamin B12 content of fish meals and fish
solubles. The Seattle laboratory completed the microbiological assay on the same sam-
ples during this year, A limited number of reassays will be conducted during the com-
ing year to determine causes of differences noted, Some bioassays of the dried solubles
products are contemplated during the coming year.

b. Due to the relatively large amounts of fish oils available and the comparatively
low market value, feeding tests were conducted with broilers to determine the feasibil-
ity of adding these oils to commercial poultry and swine feeds. The first series of ex-
periments indicated that menhaden oil could be fed at levels of 2 to 8 percent without ad-
versely affecting the health, feathering, or color of skin and shanks of the birds. Even
the lowest level fed, however, gave a fishy flavor to the meat so it could not be recom-
mended, A second series of experiments is now under way feeding oil from 0 to 2 per-
cent by $ percent increments, The results should indicate conservative levels which
may be fed without affecting the flavor of the meat.

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

c. A limited number of meals and condensed fish solubles were fed late last year
to chicks to determine the nutritive value of the protein. Variable results were obtained
which could not be correlated with known differences in raw materials or the process-
ing methods used. More extensive tests are expected to be carried out on this project
during the coming year,

UTILIZATION OF VISCERA FROM ROUND (WHOLE) FISH FROZEN AT SEA:
No work was done on this product due to the shortage of laboratory personnel,

STUDY OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS FROM
SALMON EGGS: Amino Acid Content of Salmon Egg Protein; The ''essential'’ amino
acid content of roe at different stages of maturity fromthe five species of Pacific salmon
has been determined by microbiological-assay methods, The distribution of amino
acids in the roe was generally uniform, being significantly altered only by maturity.
Most of the amino acids were present in increasing quantities with increasing maturity.
The average amino-acid content of mature roe from the five species of salmon in per-
centage of protein was: arginine 7.1; histidine 2.8; isoleucine 7.3; leucine 10.0; lysine
8.8; methionine 2.9; phenylalanine 4,9; threonine 5.9;tryptophane 1.0; and valine 7.3.
A preliminary report has been submitted for publication.

The Fatty Acids of Salmon-Egg Oils: The long chain of unsaturated fatty acids
present in salmon-egg oil have considerable promise for specialized applications, but
basic information is lacking on the fatty acid fractions. A study of salmon-egg oil has
been initiated with particular emphasis on the unsaturated fraction.

DEVELOPMENT OF A DRIED PRODUCT FROM CONDENSED MENHADEN SOL-
UBLES OR STICKWATER: This project has three interlocking phases: (a) sample col-
lection, (b) analysis of solubles, and (c) preparation and a chemical-physical study of
dry "solubles."' The field work, determined by the seasonal nature of the fishery, was
made as extensive as possible because of the wide variability in the solubles produced
from different plants, by different equipment, and in different areas, Eventually, sam-
ples were obtained from all but two of the 20 plants which produced solubles duringthe
1952 season.

The analytical work on the solubles supplied background information (completely
lacking in the literature) on the physical and chemical properties of the product, This
information was essential to the evaluation of the third phase--the preparation of a
satisfactory dry product from solubles.

A pilot-plant-size drum dryer, with 6 x 6 inch drum, was ordered in July 1952,
but delivery was not made until January 1953. Thus less than six weeks were available
for the actual study of the drying operation. In this time, 24 dry samples have been
prepared. These include a straight run of almost all of the soluble samples on hand.
These dry samples are now being studied as to composition, and especially their hygro-
scopic properties. It is expected that differences in both the behavior in the drying op-
eration and in water absorption can be related to other properties of the solubles, and
that some correlations may be found which will aid in the ultimate object of explaining
and controlling the principal difficulty in producing a satisfactory product, namely, ex-
cessive hygroscopicity of the dry material.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

PROGRAM FOR FISHERY TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH,
FISCAL YEAR 1954

The program for fishery technological research for Fiscal Year 1954 (July 1,
1953, to June 30, 1954) was developed on the basis of recommendations from members
of the fishing industry, When the amount of funds allotted to the Section was known,
the assignment of projects was made after taking into consideration the location, fa-
cilities, and personnel at each of the four technological laboratories. For ready ref-
erence all projects assigned for Fiscal Year 1954 are listed by general field of study.

NUTRITION

1, Investigation of the Toughening of Frozen Blue-Crab Meat (cooperative project
sponsored by the Refrigeration Research Foundation)--continued project: Practically
no work was done last year on the problem of identifying the enzymes which may be in-
volved in the change of texture of frozen crab meat becauSe a research fellowship stu-
dent could not be obtained. The project will be activated as soon as a fellow is avail-
able. A technologist will supervise a graduate student on this project. (College Park)

2. Chemical and Physical Properties of Fish and Shellfish Proteins (continued
project): This study is directed toward providing basic information on the toughening
of fish and shellfish in cold storage, the nature and control of drip in frozen fish, and
the nature of the chemical and physical changes which occur in dried or dehydrated fish
and in fish meal, This information might lead to methods of control of undesirable
changes and eventually to the improvement in the quality of fishery food products. The
phase of the project to be considered during this year will be the mechanism of drip for-
mation in fish and shellfish. A study of the drip formed on cooking will also be included,
The work will be carried out on a part-time basis by one technologist. (Seattle)

3, Determination of Chemical Changes in Fish Protein during Freezing and Stor-
age (new project): When fish are frozen certain changes take place that may not be at-
tributable entirely to physical reactions, The study will attempt to reveal any chemical
change that takes place in the fish protein and to apply the results toward methods of
improving the quality of frozen fishery products. The study will require the full time
of one technologist. (Ketchikan)

4, Comparison of Nutritive Value of Fish and Meat (continued project): The Uni-
versity of Maryland, College of Home Economics, in a cooperative project, compared
haddock fillets with sirloin of beef as the animal protein in test diets consumed by two
groups of girls, This study is expected to be continued with some additional stress on
the calorific values as measured by an improved laboratory procedure, One technolog-
ist supervises a graduate fellowship student conducting these studies. (College Park)

5. Discoloration in Canned Tuna (cooperative project sponsored by the Continental
Can Company)--new project: Cans used for packing tuna require a special enameling
process to prevent inner-surface can discoloration. A study will be made of the mecha-
nism of this discoloration reaction. Application of the information obtained may result
in less expensive preventive measures. The project will be carried out by one fellowship
student on a part-time basis. (Seattle)

REFRIGERATION

1, Freezing Fish at Sea, Defrosting, Filleting, and Refreezing the Fillets (con-
tinued project): The freezing-fish-at-sea project has as its objectives: (1) raising the
over-all quality level of frozen fillets to meet the competition of other animal protein foods
and of other countries marketing fish in this country; and (2) extending the effective
range of our vessels to more distant but less depleted fishing areas, Activities on the
project have included: (1) The modification of a standard New England trawler for com-
mercial-scale freezing experiments at sea, (2) The development, installation, andtest-
ing of round-fish freezing equipment and techniques adopted to existing vessels andcrews,
(3) The development and testing of acceptable defrosting equipment and procedures,

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

(4) The study of the cold-storage life of round fish frozen at sea prior to filleting, and
of refrozen fillets from these stored round frozen fish. (5) Laboratory and consumer
acceptance tests of fillets from fish frozen at sea compared to those from iced fish.

Haddock was the principal species used in this development work. In this fiscal
year the economic aspects of freezing fish at sea will be evaluated as compared to the
current New England iced-vessel type of operation, again using haddock, Thereafter
similar tests are contemplated using the same or suitably modified techniques to obtain
information on other important New England species, such as cod, flounder, and ocean
perch. Personnel assigned to this project include the fishing vessel complement, one
full-time technologist, and the part-time services of two technologists, one chemist,
and one refrigeration engineer. (Boston)

2. Quality Standards for Haddock Fillets (continued project): The quality stand-
ards for haddock fillets in use in the industry were developed largely for fillets from
fish preserved at sea inice. Early in the study of fillets from round haddock frozen at
sea, variances not found in fillets from iced fish were observed. On this project infor-
mation will be obtained essential to the preparation of quality standards for haddock
fillets prepared from iced fish (sold either as fresh or frozen fillets) and from frozen
round fish (sold as frozen fillets). The availability of fish of known history for this
work from the Delaware makes this a logical study to supplement the freezing-fish-at
sea project. One technologist will work part time on this project. (Boston)

advisory group of fishery technologists interested especially iniced and frozen fishery
products cooperated in the preparation of a subject outline for the refrigeration manual.
The object is to compile into one reference the current acceptable methods and equip-
ment for preparation, transport, storage, and distribution of refrigerated fishery prod-
ucts. Much of the source material was collected late last year. During this year the
writing and editing of the manual is expected to be completed. One technologist will be
working part-time on the project. (Washington)

4. Cold-Storage Life of Fish (continued project): Studies have been completed or
are in progress on the storage life of rockfishes, salmon, halibut, and various species
of fresh-water fish under simulated commercial packaging and storage conditions. The
work will be expanded to include other species of marine and fresh-water fish. Those
fish showing limited cold- storage keeping quality willbe further tested by improved han-
dling and packing methods. This information on the cold- storage life of various fish
provides a guide for packers and distributors in the handling and marketing of their fish-
ery products. It serves, also,asa basisfor the requirements in the Federal Specifica-
tions which insures government procurement of good quality fishery products. Much of
the study will be concentrated on fresh-water species of fish. Because of the location of
the Service's technological laboratories along the seaboard, work onthe fresh-water fish
has been neglected. However, 150,000,000 pounds of such fresh-water fish taken com-
mercially each year make up a Significant portion of the fisheries production. An under-
standing of the cold-storage characteristics of these and of the marine fish, and applica-
tion of the findings, would undoubtedly tend toimprove market quality and permit wider
distribution. The study willbe carried out ona part-time basis by one technologist. (Seattle)

5. Study of Cause of Texture Change of Canned Salmon Prepared from Frozen
Fish (continued project): Freezing and storing salmon prior to canning causes undesir-
able quality changes in the final product. Among these changes are the toughening of the
meat and the development of curd. Previous studies have shown: (1) that the physical
alteration of the cell walls of the meat of the salmonduring freezing and storage is atleast
partially responsible for the toughening; and (2) that the curd formation is probably related
to chemical changes in the protein. The current phase of the project will be devoted to
a study of the mechanism of the effect of brine on the meat of the fish in reducing the re-
lease of soluble protein to form the curd. The information will contribute materially to
a fuller understanding of the proper use of brine dips for the reduction of drip in frozen
fish. The work will be carried out by one technologist working full time. (Ketchikan)

PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION

mings (continued project): In Alaska the more important fisheries are of a seasonal na-

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

ture. This situation poses serious economic problems for the local residents during
the balance of the year. One possible way to augment earnings and extend the period of
employment will be the establishment of industries more fully utilizing fishery resources
during the ''off-season."' Studies will be continued to develop specialty food products
from fish and from edible parts of the fish trimmings. The work will be carried out
part-time by one technologist. (Ketchikan)

ANALYSIS AND COMPOSITION

1. Composition of Fish (continued project): There has been a growing demand by
physicians, dietitians, nutritionists, and others for information on the composition of
foods, including fishery products. Information is also needed by the fishery industry
regarding the chemical composition of various organs and tissues of fish with a viewto
the preparation of new products. Much of the work on proximate composition for this
year will be concentrated on the fresh-water fish for which there is little available in-
formation, and on the underutilized species of fish to promote their greater acceptance.
The work will be carried out as a part-time project by one technologist. (Seattle)

Official Agricultural Chemists)--continued project: The present official method for
the determination of oil in fish meal is quite tedious and time consuming, A rapid but
accurate method is needed to provide the efficiency needed in transactions involving
the marketing of fish meals. Current studies involve adaptation of the Mojonnier-type
extraction tube using various chemicals to hydrolyze the meal, The work is being
carried out on a part-time basis by one technologist, (Seattle)

BYPRODUCTS

1, Vitamin Content and Nutritive Value of Fishery Byproducts (continued project):
a. BIOLOGICAL STUDIES: Chick assays for vitamin B19 content of fish meals andfish
solubles were conducted in 1953. Tests on the feasibility of adding fish oils to commer-
cial poultry feeds, also begun last year, will be continued to determine conservative
levels which may be fed without affecting the flavor of the meat or eggs. Studies begun
late last year to determine the nutritive value of fish meal and fish solubles gave widely
variable results not correlated with known differences in raw materials of processing
methods used. More extensive feeding tests will be carried out this year on these fish-
ery products in an effort to account for the wide differences in nutritive values observed.
One technologist works part-time on this project. (College Park)

b, CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES: Lack of information on the
nutrient content of fishery byproducts is a serious handicap to the fishery byproducts
and feed industries in the marketing and utilizations of these products. Analysis of
meals and scrap for the various B vitamins will continue and the study will be broadened
to include additional samples from the East Coast, such as solubles and crab meal.
Further work on the isolation and identification of unknown growth factors will also be
pursued. Two technologists will be assigned to work full time on these studies, (Seattle)

2. Utilization of Viscera from Round (Whole) Fish (new project): The freezing of
round fish at sea will make available larger amounts of viscera at shore processing
plants. ‘Studies are planned to determine the uses for which the various components are
suited, both to increase the revenue from fisheries activities and to utilize more effec-
tively the viscera now discarded at sea, One chemist will work full time on the project
as soon as a qualified man can be employed. (Boston)

3. Study of Pharmaceutical and Other Industrial Products from Salmon Eggs (con-
tinued project): Millions of pounds of salmon eggs are discarded every year at salmon
canneries in Alaska for want of a suitable and profitable outlet. On the basis of pre-
liminary work, salmon eggs may be a good potential source of pharmaceutical and other
industrial products, During the current year the oil fraction of the eggs will be consid-
ered since it is a source for the long chain fatty acids that may be modified for special-
ized industrial applications. The study requires the full time of one technologist.
(Ketchikan)

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

Stickwater (continued project): Stickwater samples, collected from practically all the
plants in production, were dried, chemical analyses completed, and hygroscopicity
studies begun on the dried product during the past year. This year studies will be made
to determine(1) what constituent or factor inthe raw material causes the undesirable
hygroscopicity; (2) what changes in methods of manufacture, as the use of additives, can
be devised to yield a less hygroscopic dry product; (3) what packaging materials are
most satisfactory for the dry product. One technologist is working full time on this project.
(College Park)

The current domestic surplus of fats and oils makes imperative the need for the devel-
opment of new uses for fish oils to broaden the market and increase their value. The
initial phase of the project will involve a study of the chemical composition of fish oil,
particularly menhaden. This basic information will be used to determine current and
new uses for which the various components are best suited. The work will be carried
out by one technologist. (Seattle)

REPORTS PUBLISHED DURING FISCAL YEAR 1953 ON SPECIFIC
PHASES OF FISHERY TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The following technological articles appeared in Commercial Fisheries Review
and were also issued as separates. The issue in which each article appeared and the
number of the separate which was issued after the article was published in the Review
are given.

Equipment and Procedure for Thawing Fish Frozen at Sea, Tech-
nical Note No. 21, by H. W. Magnusson, vol. 14, no. 7, July
1952, pp. 18-19 (Sep. 317).

Fish Frozen in Brine at Sea: Preliminary Laboratory and Taste-
Panel Tests, Technical Note No. 22, by S. R. Pottinger, John
Holston, and Grace McCormack, vol, 14, no. 7, July 1952,
pp. 20-23 (Sep. 318).

Preliminary Investigation of the Southeastern Alaska Abalone
(Haliotis kamtschatkana), Part Il - Technological Studies on
Handling Aboard Ship and Preparation Ashore, and Acceptabil-
ity of the Cooked Products, by C. J. Carlson and J. A. Dassow,
vol, 14, no. 9, September 1952, pp. 16-18 (Sep. 322).

Freezing Fish at Sea, Defrosting, Filleting, and Refreezing the
Fillets - Project Review for Period December 1950-September
1952, by Boston Laboratory Staff, vol. 14, no, 10, October
1952, pp. 28-39 (Sep. 324).

Freezing Fish at Sea - New England, Part 5 - Freezing and
Thawing Studies and Suggestions for Commercial Equipment,
by H. W. Magnusson and J. C, Hartshorne, vol, 14, no, 12a,
December 1952 Supplement, pp. 8-23 (Sep. 328).

Freezing and Cold Storage of Pacific Northwest Fish and Shell-
fish: Part 1 - Storage Life of Various Rockfish Fillets, by
D. T. Miyauchi and M, E. Stansby, vol. 14, no. 12a, December
1952 Supplement, pp. 24-28 (Sep. 329).

Freezing and Cold Storage of Pacific Northwest Fish and Shell-
fish: Part Il - King Crab, by Martin Heerdt, Jr. and John A,
Dagsow, vol, 14, no. 12a, December 1952 Supplement, pp. 29-
35 (Sep. 330).

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

A New Liquid Medium for Freezing Round Fish, Technical Note
No. 22, by John A. Holston, vol. 14, no. 12a, December 1952
Supplement, pp. 36-40 (Sep. 331).

Feeding Fish Meals and Solubles to Chickens Does Not Affect
Flavor of Meat, Technical Note No. 23, by Hugo W. Nilson,
vol. 14, no. 12a, December 1952 Supplement, pp. 41-42.

A Portable Immersion Freezer, Technical Note No. 24, by
C. G. P. Oldershaw, John A. Holston, and S. R. Pottinger,
vol. 15, no. 2, February 1953, pp. 32-34 (Sep. 342).

Freezing Fish at Sea - New England. Part 6 - Changes and
Additions to the Experimental Trawler Delaware, by C. G.P.
Oldershaw, vol. 15, no. 3, March 1953, pp. 25-28(Sep. 345).

Amino Acid Content of Salmon Roe, Technical Note No. 25, by
Harry L. Seagran, vol. 15, no. 3, March 1953, pp. 31-34
(Sep. 346).

Alaska Seafood Recipes, edited and revised by Charlotte D.
Speegle and Marjorie Bassett, Fishery Products Laboratory,
Ketchikan, booklet, 80 pages, 1951. Published jointly by the
Alaska Fisheries Experimental Commission, and the Alaska De-
velopment Bd. and Agricultural Extension Service,June 1952.

Additional Studies of the Seasonal Variations in Toxicity of Butter
Clams from Selected Alaska Beaches, by J. S. Chambers, H. J.
Craven, and Donna M. Galerman, Technical Report No. 3, Fish-
eries Experimental Commission of Alaska, Fishery Products
Laboratory, Ketchikan, Alaska, August 1952.

Biennial Report, Fisheries Experimental Commission of Alaska,
Fishery Products Laboratory, Ketchikan, Alaska, 8 pages,
January 1953,

REPORTS IN TRADE OR SCIENTIFIC PERIODICALS
The Amazing Fish Meal Industry, by F. B. Sanford, Feedstuffs,
vol, 23, no. 23, June 9, 1952, pp. 18-24.

Experiments in Feeding Menhaden Oil to Broilers, by H. W.
Nilson. Presented at the Byproducts Meeting of the National
Fisheries Institute, Washington, D. C., April 14, 1953.

Riboflavin, Niacin, and Vitamin B12 Content of Some Fishery
Byproducts, by Neva Karrick, Presented at the Byproducts
Meeting of the National Fisheries Institute, Washington, D. C.,
April 14, 1953,

Technological Developments in the Alaska Salmon Industry, by
John A, Dassow. Presented at the Third Alaskan Science Con-
ference, Mt. McKinley National Park, Alaska, September 1952,

Recent Progress in Fishery Byproducts Research of Interest to
the Animal Feed Industry, by F. Bruce Sanford, 1953 National
Fisheries Institute Yearbook, Washington, D. C., p. 99.

Alaska Salmon Waste Potential, by Howard J, Craven, °1953 Nae
tional Fisheries Institute Yearbook, Washington, D. C., p. 107.

Report on Fat in Fish Meal, by M. E. Stansby. Journal of the As-
sociation of Official Agricultural Chemists, vol. 36, no. 2, May

1953, pp. 202-208.

29

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

SS

=! RENE DS= —

AND

Additions to the U. S. Fleet of Fishing Vessels

A total of 107 vessels of 5 net tons and over were issued first documents as fish-
ing craft during June 1953--8 more than in June 1952. Washington led with 36 vessels,
followed by Alaska with 18 vessels and Florida west coast with 9 vessels, the Bureau
of Customs of the Treasury Department announced.

Vessels Obtaining Their First Documents as Fishing Craft, June and July 1953

Six months end Seven months

ing with June July ending with July | Total

June

1953 | 1952 sl

hors pare an ss

NOTE: VESSELS HAVE BEEN ASSIGNED TO THE VARIOUS SECT!ONS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR HOME PORT.

In July 1953, 72 vessels of 5 net tons and over received their first documents as
fishing craft--17 more than in July 1952. Florida led with 18 vessels, followed by
Washington with 12, and Texas and California with 9 vessels each.

Cans--Shipments for riches Products, January-July 1953

Total shipments of metal cans for fish and sea food during January-
July 1953 amounted to 61, 818 short tons of steel (based on the amount
of steel consumed in the manufacture of cans). Comparative data for
1952 is not available, but it is believed that this year's shipments are
larger principally because of the larger tuna pack reported by West
Coast fish canneries.

NOTE: STATISTICS COVER ALL COMMERCIAL AND CAPTIVE PLANTS KNOWN TO BE PRODUCING METAL CANS. REPORTED
|N BASE BOXES OF STEEL CONSUMED |N THE MANUFACTURE OF CANS, THE DATA FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS ARE CON-
VERTED TO TONS OF STEEL BY USING THE FACTOR: 23.0 BASE BOXES OF STEEL EQUAL ONE SHORT TON OF STEEL.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

California

NO SARDINES OFF COAST: The California Fish and Game Commission has offi-
cially acknowledged that there are virtually no sardines (pilchards) off California's
coast, reports a September 2 release from the California Department of Fish and
Game. The acknowledgement came at the Commission's August 28 meeting. The
Commission at this meeting refused to renew any sardine reduction permits. This
was merely acceptance of the fact that California's sardine catch, which once reached
over a half-million tons a year, has dwindled to practically nothing.

The Commission has regulatory power over the reduction plants only; it has had
no control over the canneries, which take by far the greatest number of the once plen-
tiful California sardines.

The sardine catch for the 1950/51 season, the last good year, was 355,000 tons,
of which only 36,000 tons were used for reduction. In 1951/52 the catch fell to 136, 000
tons, and only 1, 000 tons of this was taken for reduction. Inthe 1952/53 season, amere
3,600tons were taken--hardly a single night's haul in the days when California sardines
were plentiful, it was pointed out. Only 11 tons of these were used by the reduction
plants,

Kk OK Kk

OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA AS RELATED TO PACIFIC SARDINE COLLECTED BY

"YELLOWFIN" (Cruise 53-Y-6): Data for determining the oceanographic factors respon-
sible for the behavior, spawning success, and survival of Pacific sardine (pilchard)
were collected by the California Department of Fish and Game's research vessel Yel-
lowfin on an 11-day cruise completed at Los Angeles on June 14. This was a routine
hydrographic cruise of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations to
the coastal and offshore area from San Diego to Pt. Conception and around the Channel
Islands, reports a July 13 release from the Department.

The following data were collected on the cruise: 35 hydrographic stations com-
pleted; 3 between-station plankton tows taken; hourly BT's (bathythermographs) lowered
between offshore stations and half-hourly on the inshore stations; continuous subsurface
and surface ocean temperatures recorded; 79 ''jog-log'' observations (GEK or Geomag-
netic Electro Kinetograph) made; fish sampled on one night station; and fish, mammal,
and bird observations logged.

No fish schools were seen except sauries. Weather conditions were not severe
enough to hamper oceanographical work, but did limit fish sampling to the first night
station.

KOK OK OK OK

vessel M/V Virginia R. on a 53-day cruise off the west coast of Baja California, com-
pleted at San Diego on July 31. The vessel was chartered by the State of California De-
partment of Fish and Game to continue the experimental tagging of yellowfin and skip-
jack tuna with tag types ''F'' and ''G,"' reports an August 28 release from that agency.

Almost all of the schools encountered on the cruise consisted of skipjack tuna, with
a few small one-pole yellowfin mixed in. In all there were $81 skipjack and 218 yellow-
fin tagged. Fishing was generally slow, but the vessel was able to maintain a good
average from day to day. The tagged fish were taken from about 80 different schools
of yellowfin and skipjack.

During the first three days of the trip the fish for tagging were caught and passed
by a crew member of the vessel fishing in the corner rack on the port side. This proved
to be inadquate since by the time the skipjack were picked up from the deck and placed in

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

the tagging cradle most of them had vibrated themselves into such a frenzy that it was
practically impossible to tag the fish and release them in good condition. It was de-
cided to catch the fish on the starboard side. This proved to work reasonably well.
The fish could be dropped in or near the cradle as they were brought aboard. Gener-
ally, even the skipjack had a brief period of quiescence and if the tag was inserted
within 15 to 20 seconds, the fish could be released in good shape. There were some
that vibrated immediately and could not be tagged. Practically all of the fish released
after the first 3 days of tagging were in excellent condition.

By the end of August, 6 tagged skipjack and 1 tagged yellowfin were recovered; all
from local fishing grounds.

OK OK OK OK

TUNA TAGGED BY M/V "DEFIANCE" (Cruise C-3-53): A total of 998 tuna (934
yellowfin and 64 skipjack) were tagged by the commercial fishing vessel Defiance ona
63-day cruise completed at San Pedro on Au-
Sy gust 8. The vessel was chartered by the Cali-
fornia Department of Fish and Game to continue
experimental tuna tagging off the west coast of
Baja California, Roca Partida, and Clarian
Island, an August 28 release from that Agency
states. The cruise was also for the purpose of
gaining experience in commercial fishing meth-~-
ods and making incidental collections of post-
larval fish with a night light.

Three different eae of tags were used:
type "E"' (198 tags), "F"' (412 tags), and "G"
(388 tags). Eight Ange light stations were
occupied, but the material is yet to be identi-
fied.

Two tags had been recovered by the end of
August:

One type "G'' on a yellowfin tuna caught by
a purse seiner on the same day and in the same
area as it was released. The other type ''E"'
on yellowfin tuna also caught by a purse seiner
after being at liberty for 44 days in which time
it grew 19 mm. (inch). This fish was tagged
and released off the east end of Clarion Island
and recaptured 38 miles SE.of Cape Tosco,
Baja California, a general movement to the N.
x NE. of 375 miles.

OK OK OK

FISH AND GAME COMMISSION ACTIONS:
The California Fish and Game Commission at
its August 28 meeting took the following actions,
M/V DEFIANCE TUNA TAGGING CRUISE C-3-53, reports a September 2 release from the Divi-

JUNE 6-AUGUST 8, 1953. sion of Fish and Game:

(1) Granted permits to three oil companies for continuing seismic exploration off
the coast of Santa Barbara. The Commission followed the lead of the State Lands Com-
mission, which previously conducted a detailed hearing on the controversial operations
and also issued permits for the explorations.

(2) It simplified rules for importation of spiny lobsters during the California closed
season,

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

(3) Closed the Salton Sea to the taking of shellfish to permit establishment of a
sports fishery there.

(4) Fifty-four shrimp fishermen were granted an extension of their permits to
allow them to continue fishing through September 30 (the end of the regular season) on
the shrimp and prawn beds recently discovered by Department of Fish and Game re-
search teams. This action takes care of a technicality in the law.

(5) Refused to renew any sardine reduction permits.

Sow

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products
FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS PURCHASED BY DEPARTMENT OF

THE ARMY, JULY 1953: The Army Quartermaster Corps in July 1953 purchased

2, 465,620 pounds (valued at $838, 801) of fresh and frozen fishery products for the mil-
itary feeding of the U. S. Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force (see table). This
was a decrease of 47.0 percent in quantity and 50.6 percent in value as compared with

June purchases, but 8.1 percent greater in quantity and 23.6 percent less in value than
a year ago.

Army Quartermaster Corps purchases of fresh and frozen fish during the first
seven months in 1953 totaled 16, 065, 538 pounds (valued at $6, 844, 252), less by 15.2
percent in quantity and 20.1 percent in value as compared with the similar period a
year earlier.

Purchases of Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products by Department of the Army
(July and the First Seven Months of 1953 and 1952)
QUANTITY VALUE

January-July January-July
1953 1952 1953 1952 1953 1952 1953 1952

Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. $ $ $ $
2, 465, 620|2, 279, 901/16, 065, 53818, 504, 481/838, 801]1, 097, 6196, 844, 252

The over-all average price paid for fresh and frozen fishery products by the De-
partment of the Army continued to be much lower than last year. In July the average
price was 34.0 cents per pound, compared with 36.5 cents in June and 48.1 cents in
July 1952.

In addition to the purchases of fresh and frozen fishery products indicated above,
the Arined Forces generally make some local purchases which are not included in the
above figures. Therefore, actual purchases are somewhat higher than indicated, but
it is not possible to obtain data on the local purchases made by military installations

throughout the country.
Sime

Florida

ANOTHER "RED TIDE:" Another "'red tide," beginning off St. Petersburg, Florida,
on September 3, killed a large quantity of fish in an area 5 to 20 miles from shore ex-
tending in patches along 60 miles of the coast from Clearwater to Venice, reports the
Service's Branch of Fishery Biology. On September 15 dead fish had washed ashore at
several points and local citizens were engaged in removing them from the beaches. Fish
were dying over a wide area and no indications of a change of conditions to stop the ''red
tide'' were evident.

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

A tremendous bloom of the micro-organism Gymnodinium brevis causes red
tides." Metabolism products of this organism are apparent y toxic to fish and other
marine organisms. When the G. brevis concentration reaches a certain point, fish
and other marine organisms die. This results in considerable fish loss and contami-
nation if they are washed ashore.

Cultures of the organism are being observed alive at the Service's Galveston,
Texas, laboratory. The Service has been conducting research on “red tide'' causes
since the large bloom and resultant fish kill of 1947. Water samples from the area
most recently infected contained as high as 2,000 organisms per milliliter of water.
It is believed heavy river run-off combined with quiet wind conditions produces en-
riched water and conditions conducive to rapid growth of the organism. A theory has
been developed for possible control measures by detecting and poisoning small patches
of the organism.

While processing data collected during the November 1952 outbreak of "red tide"
off the coast of Florida, the Service's Gulf Fishery Investigations found good evidence
that effluents of the Caloosahatchee River are important agents in such blooms. Ithas
been noted that activity of this type is probably due to organic content as well as to
physical attributes. Experimental work in tanks has indicated that high light intensity,
vitamin B12, and sulfides are some of the requirements for mass growth of dinofla-
gellates as well as other organisms.

Chemical analyses that have been made by the Geochemistry and Petrology Branch,
U.S. Geological Survey, show that significant quantities of titanium and zirconium were
present in the ''red tide" bloom water--and not in other waters such as Lake Okeecho-
bee, the surface of Sigsbee Deep, and the tidal lagoon at Galveston.

i,

Day

Indonesians to Study Modern Fishery
Development Management in United States

Five fishery technicians have arrived in the United States from Djakarta, Indonesia,
on Foreign Operations Administration grants for a year's in-service training and ad-
vanced instruction under guidance of the Fish and Wildlife Service, Secretary of the In-
terior Douglas McKay announced September 1.

They are the first of a group of 11 Indonesians who will be trained in the United
States in various aspects of modern fishery development during 1953/54.

Three of the trainees will receive instructions in Diesel engineering and refriger-
ation at the San Diego Vocational School. The other two will take in-service training
in fishery statistics in Washington, D. C., and Gloucester, Mass., and will study sta-
tistical theory and practice at the University of North Carolina's agricultural school,
for the purpose of improving Indonesia's methods of compiling fishery statistics.

Lease Bid Received for American Samoa Fish Cannery

The one lease bid submitted for the fish cannery in American Samoa was opened on
September 14 by the Pacific Division of the Office of Territories, U. S. Department of
the Interior. The Government of Samoa had requested offers for lease of the fully e-
quipped cannery on that Island.

As required by the invitation, the bid was for an initial five-year lease. The sole
bidder offered to lease the cannery for $5,000 each year, or $2.50 per short ton offish
processed, frozen, canned, or stored for eventual shipment, whichever is greater.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

The bidder stated his intention, in accordance with the draft contract, to train
Samoans in fishing skills and to make available to the Samoans all the employment in
the cannery to the extent they can be taught the necessary skills.

The bidder was a California fish cannery. If the bid is accepted, it will go into
Geet on January 1, 1954. The Department reserved the right to reject any and all
bids.

NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JUNE 1953, PP. 30-31.

_. wy
Huge Halibut Presented to President

One of the largest halibut ever caught off the coast of the
State of Washington was presented to the nation's First Family
on October 1 by the nation's
fishing industry. President
Eisenhower accepted the huge
200-pound fish from Repre-
sentative Thor C. Tollefson,
chairman of the Fisheries
Subcommittee of the House
Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries Committee and Robert
M. Meehan who represented
the National Fisheries Insti-
tute. Tollefson is a Repub-
lican Representative from
Washington, where fishing
is the second largest indus-
ION o

The donors brought the
seven-foot halibut to the
White Houseinatruck. Strung
up on a block-and-tackle,
the fish was in full view for
President Eisenhower's in-
spection.

The halibut was caught
by commercial fishermen.
As soon as they saw the size
of their catch, they said:
Whats fon lke uw) aiher fish
was turned over to a Seattle
dealer who froze and shipped
the halibut to Washington,
IDG (G5

A recipe for broiling hal-
WITH PRESIDENT EISENHOWER (ON THE RIGHT) ARE ibut steaks--a special one

L. TO R. REP. THOR C. TOLLEFSON, CHAIRMAN OF THE prepared by the National
FISHERIES SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE MERCHANT MA- - A «

RINE AND FISHERIES COMMITTEE, AND ROBERT M. Fisheries Institute ies
MEEHAN WHO REPRESENTED THE NATIONAL FISHERIES gaavelny thie sbhareisadiemit lay 1 @lo

INTITUTE. lefson.

che

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

Maine

DEAD HERRING OFF COAST: Millions of dead herring, totaling about 300, 000
pounds, were found in Love's Cove, Maine, on July 18 and 19 and on July 31-August 2,
reports the Service's Branch of Fishery Biology. Whiting, harbor pollock, tomcod,
and small flounders were dead also. At both kills, 20 to 30 seals were on a ledge at
the Cove mouth. Green crabs taken from traps were either dead or lethargic, a con-
dition which indicated oxygen depletion near the bottom.

Disease did not seem to have caused the mortalities. A large school of immature
herring (britts), possibly pursued by whiting, pollock, tomcod, and seals, probably
entered the Cove on July 18 and 19 on an ebbing tide. Because oxygen was depleted at
low tide, most of the fish died. Occurrence of a second kill two weeks later, when the
tidal cycle was the same, substantiates this theory.

New England Tuna Explorations

POOR TUNA FISHING REPORTED BY ''MARJORIE PARKER" (Cruise No. 2):
Only 600 pounds of bluefin tuna were caught in the Gulf of Maine by the Service-chart-
ered exploratory fishing vessel Marjorie Parker on a 25-day cruise. This cruise, the
second of the season, was completed on August 25 at Portland, Maine. Adverse weath-
er was encountered on part of the trip.

During the first stages of the trip the vessel operated in the northeastern sector
of the Gulf of Maine, working 15 long-line stations at distances from 50 to 150 miles
offshore, covering Cashes Ledge, Fippennies Ledge, and the northern edge of Georges
Bank. From August 18 to August 25 explorations were carried on in the South Channel,
Southwest Georges Bank, and Pollock Rip Lightship areas at distances of 120 to 180
miles from Portland, Maine.

Floating long lines, surface troll lines, and drift trammel nets were fished, but
long lines were principally used. Fishing results were poor. Blue sharks were abun-
dant, fouling long lines and impeding fishing operations. A total of 210 sharks was
captured on the long-line gear.

Surface troll lines caught four tuna with an average weight of 45 pounds. Only one
school of tuna was observed during the trip and a set of 20 baskets (460 hooks) made
near the school was unsuccessful. Trammel net fishing at night also failed to produce
tuna. A total of 250 baskets (5,000 hooks) was fished, with an average rate of 20 bas-
kets (400 hooks) per station.

The Marjorie Parker was scheduled to depart Portland, Maine, August 28 on
Cruise No. 3, and return on or about September 10. Using long lines, surface troll
lines, and drift trammel nets, the vessel was to fish in the offshore waters, southeast
of Georges Bank in the area between 65°40'-66°20! W. longitude and 40°50'-43°00! N.
latitude.

New York

HUDSON RIVER SHAD CATCH DECLINED IN 1953: The 1953 Hudson River shad
catch in New York waters amounted to 456, 858 pounds, 17.5 percent less than the
553, 262 pounds caught in 1952, according to preliminary figures supplied by the Serv-
ice's Fishery Marketing Specialist in that area. Fishing was conducted under special
shad gill-net permits issued by the State of New York.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

The breakdown of the 1953 catch is as follows:

Stake nets (90 licenses): roe shad 91, 318
pounds (22,629 fish); buck shad 50,284 pounds
(17,929 fish). Total value to the fishermen:
approximately $26, 000.

Drift gill nets (109 licenses): roe shad
171,636 pounds (42, 019 fish); buck shad 143,620
pounds (59,540 fish). Total value to the fish-
ermen; approximately $35,000. ies

The appearance of a large quantity of menhaden in the Raritan Bay area was be-
lieved responsible for the poor catch of shad in that area. The 1953 catch in the Rari-
tan Bay area was considerably under that of a year ago.

gi

North Atlantic Fishery Investigations

EFFECT OF COD-END COVER UPON HADDOCK ESCAPEMENT TESTED BY

"ALBATROSS IL"’ (Cruise No. 52): The effect of the trawl cod-end cover upon the
% escapment of haddock was tested

by the Albatross III, the Serv-
ice's research vessel operating
in the Northwest Atlantic, on
Cruise No. 52. The vessel,
which sailed from Woods Hole,
Mass., on July 20 and returned
on July 29, fished on the south-
west and southeast parts of
Georges Bank.

- \\ Fishing was conducted only
yen during daylight hours. An ideal
concentration of fish was found
after some searching. Of a to-
tal of 28 completed tows, 11 good pairs were obtained for studying the effect of the cod-
end covers. Cod ends of 64-inch mesh (knot centers) constructed of 45-yard, 4-thread
manila twine were used.

The appropriate sizes of haddock were taken in sufficient abundance to provide very
good results.

physical data of the habitat in which they are found, the Service's research vessel Alba-
tross III left Woods Hole, Mass., on August 10 and returned to port August 21, 1953.
The vessel operated in the Gulf of Maine and the southern edge of Georges Bank and
Nantucket shoals.

A total of 34 trawl tows was made and about 1,500 ocean perch were sexed and
measured; also, 29 BT drops were made, and 4 hydrographic stations were occupied.
Approximately 120 bottom photographs were taken, accompanied by bottom scoop sam-

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

ples in each area photographed. The pictures obtained were clear and sharp with many
bottom organisms visible. A line trawl was set 5 times and the one-meter plankton
net was towed once.

Ocean perch were collected in depths
ranging from 35 to approximately 240
fathoms. The smallest ocean perch (30
mm.) yet taken was fished from shoal
water. Some previous unfished stocks of

>» ocean perch were sampled in deep water;
specimens up to 47 cm. in length were
caught.

(ATLANTIC) OCEAN PERCH

Numerous notes were made of the
(SEBASTES MARINUS )

WY stomach contents of cod, haddock, whit-
ing, white hake, and ocean perch. An experimental vertical line trawl was fished sev-
eral times at night--whiting and hake were caught, but no ocean perch.

Efforts to tag ocean perch proved fruitless. Even the ocean perch brought to the
surface from shallow depths of 35-40 fathoms were badly blown and unable to return ta
the bottom.

KOK OK OK Ok

ZERO-AGE HADDOCK DISTRIBUTION STUDIED BY "ALBATROSS ID" (Cruise
No. 54): A 13-day cruise to collect data to determine the distribution and numbers of
zero-age haddock in connection with early life history and year-class strength studies
was completed by the Service's research vessel Albatross II] at Woods Hole, Mass.,
on September 14. The area covered was Georges Bank and the Gulf of Maine.

Zero-age haddock were found in a very limited area (South Channel and the Gulf of
Maine) while yearling fish of other species were more widely dispersed. No young
haddock were found off the bottom.

Sixty-seven 20-minute tows with a No. 36 trawl were made throughout the area.
One-hundred bathythermograph lowerings were made. In addition, at selected stations
horizontal tows with a l-meter ring net attached to the towing warp were made.

Further analysis of the distribution of zero-age haddock will have to await the com-
pletion ofa similar sampling of the Southern New England Banks.

North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program

SALMON RESOURCES ADJACENT TO ALEUTIAN ISLANDS INVESTIGATED BY
"JOHN N. COBB" (Cruise No. 16): An investigation of the salmon resources in the off-
shore waters adjacent to the 1e Aleutian Islands, Alaska, was conducted by the John N.
Cobb on an extended cruise which was completed on August 8. The vessel, one of the
Service's exploratory fishing vessels, sailed from Seattle on May 18.

The investigation was part. of the preliminary salmon research by the Service in
connection with the International Convention for the High Seas Fisheries of the North
Pacific Ocean, Objectives were to gain as much knowledge as possible concerning salm-
on in offshore waters, and to test and evaluate the effectiveness of various types of fish-
ing gear for catching salmon on the high seas. Since it was necessary to obtain samples
of salmon from as large an area as possible, the John N. Cobb changed fishing locations
frequently.

Gill nets, trolling gear, floating long lines, and a trap were fished, but only the gill
nets proved successful as a means of catching salmon. The gill nets used were 100

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

fathoms to a shackle, 75 meshes deep, and made of 54-inch (stretched mesh) linennet-
ting. Asa rule, either 5 or 10 shackles were fastened together and set as a string.

Fishing operations commenced on June 9 and ended on July 28. From June 9 to
July 17 the vessel operated in the Pacific Ocean from Unalaska Island to near Agattu
Island at distances from 15 to 60 miles offshore. From July 17 to July 28 operations
were carried on in the Bering Sea from Umnak Island to Kiska Island at distances from
5 to 45 «niles offshore. During the trip approximately 1,200 salmon were taken and
frozen for additional study in the Service's Seattle laboratory.

Catches of salmon varied considerably in individual gill-net sets, ranging from 0
to 18 per 100-fathom shackle in Pacific Ocean sets, and from 1 to 28 in Bering Sea
sets. Salmon catches consisted of 32 percent red, 3 percent silver, 26 percent pink,
and 39 percent chum salmon in the Pacific Ocean fishing; and 2 percent red, 1 percent
silver, 3 percent pink, and 94 percent chum in the Bering Sea fishing.

Weights, measurements, and other information concerning the salmon caught will
be determined from the samples brought to Seattle.

This exploration was carried out as a joint operation by the Service's Branch of
Commercial Fisheries and the Branch of Fishery Biology. A biologist from the Fish-
eries Research Institute at the University of Washington also accompanied the vessel.

Ohio's Lake Erie Commercial Fisheries Production, 1952

The total catch of fresh-water fish by Ohio's commercial fisheries of Lake Erie
amounted to 21, 246,640 pounds in 1952, a 14 percent increase over the 18, 700,118
pounds landed in 1951, reports a recent bulletin from the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources (see table). This increase was due mainly to the large rise in blue pike
landings and lesser increases in landings of carp and catfish.

Ohio's Lake Erie Commercial Fisheries Eeoducton: 1952 and 1951

Species 1952 TOS | PnSpecicce mam 1952 1951

) Sturgeon
58,280 Suckers
229, 749 White bass

2,108, 3595 Whitefish
1, 492,209 Yellow perch
20,641 Yellow pickerel ...
100, 306 Buffalofish
14, 352 Miscellaneous ....
203, 208
3,513, 125 | 3,502,914 21,246, 640/18, 700, 118

In 1952 blue pike was the leading species landed by Ohio's Lake Erie commercial
fisheries and comprised 26 percent of the total; followed by yellow pickerel, 22 percent;
sheepshead, 17 percent; carp, 10 percent; yellow perch, 7 percent; and catfish, 7 per-
cent. The leading item in 1951 was yellow pickerel, 29 percent; followed by sheepshead,
19 percent; and yellow perch, 13 percent.

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations

UNEXPLOITED TUNA RESOURCE CLOSE TO HAWAII FOUND BY "JOHN R.
MANNING” (Cruise No. 16): Evidence of an unexploited and potentially valuable com-
mercial tuna resource close to the Hawaiian Islands was gathered by the research ves-
sel John R. Manning on a 6-week cruise completed at Kauai on August 31. The vessel,
operated by the Service's Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations (POFI), caught over
200 yellowfin tuna (about 10,000 pounds) by a small amount of experimental long-line
fishing gear in only 5 days of fishing. The vessel operated along the 155th and 160th
meridians in the equatorial region south of Hawaii. Remarkably good fishing for yel-
lowfin tuna was found between 2 and 4 degrees north of the equator on 155° W. longi-
tude, and in the vicinity of Christmas Island. A number of albacore were also taken
and this species would undoubtedly be a profitable secondary product of a yellowfinfish-
ery in those waters.

Several promising innovations in tuna long-line gear were tested during the cruise
with the object of developing a type of line more efficient than that now used by Hawaiian
and Japanese fishermen. These experiments included the substitution of hemp for the
usual more expensive cotton line, variations in the spacing of the hooks along the main
line, and a new method of attaching the branch lines to the main line designed to reduce
tangling. It was found that tangling, ordinarily a time-consuming and troublesome
feature of long-line fishing, can be virtually eliminated, and it is thought that the new
method will enable fishermen to operate more gear and catch more tuna. The results
of the hook-spacing experiments indicate that the most efficient arrangement is approx-
imately 10 hooks to each 1,000 feet of main line.

Twelve stations were fished on 155° between 10° N. and 4° S. latitude. In addi-
tion, 3 stations were fished between 155° and the vicinity of Christmas Island. Ateach
of these stations 50 to 60 baskets of long-line gear were fished, of which 30 had 6 hooks
per basket of gear; and varying numbers (usually 20 and 10) of the baskets had 11 and
21 hooks, respectively. The best fishing occurred between 2° and 4° N. latitude inthe
oceanic areas, and in the vicinity of Christmas Island. The 5 consecutive stations
within these limits yielded the following catches of yellowfin: six-hook baskets 11 per
hundred hooks, 0.6 fish per basket; 11-hook gear, 9 per hundred hooks, 0.7 per bas-
ket; 21-hook baskets, 9 per hundred hooks, 1.8 per basket. The catches of the 21-hook
gear are, however, not comparable to the catches on the other gear as the experiment-
al design of this preliminary trial does not permit direct comparison. These catches
indicate a very marked concentration of yellowfin tuna, a concentration that should
support a United States fishery.

Fishing was not spectacular along 160° between 3° S. and 9° N. latitude. As on
1550, the best fishing occurred in the south equatorial current north of the Equator.

The catches of the 3 types of gear mentioned indicate that the 11-hook baskets are
more efficient than the 6-hook baskets. Because of the increased hauling time of the
21-hook gear, this type does not appear suitable for commercial use. A swiveling ar-
rangement that virtually eliminates time and energy-consuming tangles was givena
thorough test on this cruise. Its eminent success indicates an improvement that should
permit a crew to fish more gear per day, improving the prospects for United States ex-
ploitation of the resource. ;

Three baskets of gear made of factory-tarred Italian hemp line were fished each
day. Towards the end of the cruise this gear became too slick to be pulled with the
Japanese line hauler, indicating it is not a suitable material for this type of line fishing.

Scientific findings of the expedition included the capture of a variety of mackerel
shark hitherto known only from the Atlantic, and the discovery of evidence that yellowfin
tuna were actively spawning in the area where the best fishing was found. The scien-
tists collected samples of scales and vertebrae from over 400 tuna, and will attempt to
read the annual rings in these specimens in order to gain information on the age and
growth rate of the fish.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

Several days were spent at Christmas Island exploring possible sites for the in-
stallation of devices to automatically record seasonal changes in the temperature of
the ocean around the island, which lies in the heart of the rich equatorial fishing
grounds. The results of this reconnaissance will be used in planning the possible fu-
ture establishment of a small field station on Christmas Island.

The seven tons of yellowfin and albacore landed by the John R. nning were de-
livered to a Kauai cannery for processing. POFI scientists will on a constant check
on these fish as they pass through the cannery in order to evaluate their quality in
comparison with tuna from Hawaii and West Coast fishing grounds.

KOK KOK

"CHARLES H. GILBERT" SCOUTS FOR TUNA IN HAWAIIAN WATERS (Cruise
11); Quantitative scouting for surface schools of skipjack and other tuna in Hawaiian
waters was carried out by the Charles H. Gilbert, a research vessel of the Service's
Pacifie Oceanic Fishery Investigations (POFI) on a 34-day cruise completed at Hono-
lulu on April 30. The vessel also executed weekly hydrographic sections on a line run-
ning north and south between Oahu and Molokai.

A systematic scouting for surface schools of skipjack and other tunas was carried
out in Area I north of Oahu and in Area II south of Oahu. A total of 47 bird flocks were
sighted in Area I, a scouting distance of 360 miles, whileinArea II 58 flocks were seen
in 720 miles of scouting. Several of the schools attended by bird flocks were investi-
gated by means of actual live-bait fishing and surface trolling in order to determine the
kind of fish schools, the sizes of fish in the schools, and the approximate size of the
schools. A few good traces of fish schools were obtained on a depth recorder.

OK OK OK

SKIP JACK TUNA CONCENTRATIONS DISCOVERED OFF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS BY
"CHARLES H. GILBERT" (Cruise 13): Many large schools of skipjack or striped tuna
(aku) were observed concentrated in areas both to the north and south of the Hawaiian
Islands by the Charles H. Gilbert on a 38-day cruise completed at Honolulu July 12.
Following a regular search pattern
designed to furnish data for estimat-
ing the quantities of tuna present in
the vicinity of the islands, the ves-
sel encountered more skipjack
schools per unit of area north of the
Islands than immediately to the south -
of them, with an especially heavy
concentration of fish extending east
and west of a point some 50 miles ‘ Gs
northeast of Oahu. Farther to the \ SKIPJACK TUNA
south, however, two other widely
separated areas of tuna abundance were found at 100 and 200 miles south of Honolulu.
All of these concentrations were outside the area regularly fished by the local sampan
fleet.

Se

In contrast, very little activity was noticed in inshore areas to the south of the is-
lands, with a notable scarcity of fish schools south of Molokai and Lanai. Generally,
the greater numbers of schools were sighted on the scouting runs made in thé east to
west direction, with lesser numbers on the west to east runs, the latter being caused
by less favorable scouting conditions when running upwind or possibly because ‘of the
easterly movement of the tuna schools. The north-south runs showed no significant
differences in the number of sightings with the direction of the vessel.

A part of this cruise was devoted to the testing of chemical and visual attractants
at sea, using various combinations of tuna extract and artificial bait on skipjack schools.
The tuna extract alone failed to obtain any noticeable response from the skipjack, which
appeared to be neither attracted nor repelled by it. Artificial bait of various kinds such

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

as cellophane strips, tin-foil squares, aluminum-foil strips, and tin strips were tried
as possible visual attractants of skipjack. These materials were chummed alone or
together with extract. Shiny materials, such as tin-foil squares and tin strips attract-
ed the fish momentarily, in some cases even getting the fish away from feeding on the
remaining live bait (chumming with live bait was stopped just before chumming with
artificial bait). The momentary response was probably caused by the resemblance of
the glittering material to live bait, but the fish were seen to turn away from the mate-
rial after approaching it once. Stomachs were examined of the fish which were caught
from the school on which tin strips were tested, and in 2 out of 17 stomachs, 1 strip
apiece was found.

Chumming of dead bait (nehu) from the forward well deck occasionally brought re-
sponse from the fish, which followed the bait as it sank. The skipjack soon returned
to the surface when live-bait was chummed.

No noticeable response was obtained with calcium carbide pellets, which effer-
vesced as they slowly sank. In all cases the fish soon departed from the vessel andhad
to be rechummed with live bait before further tests could be carried out on them.

Three weekly hydrographic sections were executed in Kaiwi Channel as a continua-
tion of the survey started during Cruise 11 of the Charles H. Gilbert and carried through
during Cruise 12.

Completion of this cruise marks the end of the third month of weekly scouting trips
in a research program planned by the Service's Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations
and the Territory Division of Fish and Game to supply information for the ultimate ex-
pansion of the local tuna fishery. The program will be continued by the Hugh M. Smith.
The cruises of the Charles H. Gilbert have involved, in addition to fish scouting, week-
ly investigations of the physical and chemical changes in the sea water which might be
related to tuna abundance.

KOK kok ok

"CHARLES H. GILBERT" SCOUTS FOR TUNA BETWEEN HAWAII AND WEST
COAST (Cruise 14): In conjunction with returning the Charles H. Gilbertto the main-
land for alterations, observations were made of surface fish schools between Hawaiiand
the West Coast. Trolling gear was used daily and water temperature data were collected
with a bathythermograph and continuous recording thermometer. The vessel departed
from Honolulu on July 16, and arrived at San Francisco on July 26.

Very few scattered birds were seen in the offshore area (50 miles from land) be-
tween Honolulu and San Francisco. These were mainly black-footed albatrosses, noted
followers of ships. During the five hours of daylight after leaving Honolulu, only three
bird flocks (all with tuna schools) were observed.

No tuna were caught during the ten days of trolling. Three mahimahi (C. hippurus)
were caught, the last at 32° N. latitude on 135° W. longitude. The small catch may be
partially attributed to the speed of the vessel (average for trip 9 knots) which was con-
siderably above the optimum trolling speed of 6 to 63 knots.

The continuous recording thermograph indicated the passing of about 4to6 "fronts."
Two, and possibly three, were located in the area between 25°30! N. to 26°30! N. lati-
tude on 147° W. to 145° W. longitude.

Generally the cruise was handicapped by moderately rough seas and complete over-
cast on 7 of the 93 days, limiting the range of visibility.
The Charles H. Gilbert will be at a California shipyard for the balance of 1953.
OK OK OK Ok
HYDROGRAPHIC AND BIOLOGICAL DATA AROUND HAWATIAN ISLANDS COL-

LECTED BY "HUGH M. SMITH" (Cruise 21): A 2,500-mile, 69-station hydrographic
cruise, part of the Service's Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations' program to study

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

conditions governing the Hawaiian skipjack tuna fishery, was completed on August 26
by the Service's research vessel Hugh M. Smith. Oceanographic and biological in-
vestigations were carried on in an area of 86,000 square miles surrounding the Ha-
waiian Islands; data were collected which will help to determine seasonal changes in
local waters and aid in explaining fluctuations in the local skipjack catch.

Surface trolling and the direct observation of fish schools were also carried out,
and ina further effort to aid the skipjack (aku) fishing fleet, reports of fish sightings
were broadcast twice daily by short-wave radio.

The goal of this POFI program is to obtain sufficient understanding of the habits
of the skipjack tuna and the oceanographic conditions influencing their distribution to
permit expansion of the present localized and highly seasonal fishery.

States Get Over $4 Million Federal Aid for Fish Restoration

An upsurge in the purchase of sport fishing equipment during fiscal year 1953
(ending June 30), attributed in part to the growing popularity of spinning tackle, has
made the sum of $4, 299,916 in Federal Aid funds available for apportionment to the 48
states for sport fishery restoration projects during fiscal year 1954, the Secretary of
the Interior announced recently. This is an increase of $1,791, 389 over last year's
apportionment of $2,508, 527.

These Federal funds become available to the states under the terms of the Federal
Aid in Fish Restoration Act of August 9, 1950, better known as the ''Dingell-Johnson
Act."' This program, now in its third year of operation, is enabling the states tocreate
new public fishing lakes, restore many unproductive waters, and put research findings
to better use.

The revenue for the program comes from the 10 percent excise tax on fishing rods,
creels, reels, and artificial lures, baits, and flies, paid by the manufacturers of those
products. Collections from this source during the year ended June 30, 1953, totaled
$4,556,615. From this total is taken the annual apportionments of $75, 000 to Alaska,
$25, 000 to Hawaii, and $10,000 each to the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, and the cost
of administering the act by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

To provide a fair distribution of Federal funds, each state's share is based on the
relation of the number of its fishing license holders to the total in all States, and the
ratio of each state's area (including coastal and Great Lakes waters) to the area of the
entire country. The Act also states ''that no State can receive less than one percent nor
more than five percent of the total apportioned to all States.'' This provision allows the
small States enough working capital to finance comparatively big projects, while the
large States will be able to receive only the maximum amount. On this basis California,
Michigan, and Minnesota are given the maximum apportionment of $214, 996 each, while
Connecticut, Delaware, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, Rhode Island, and Vermont will receive the minimum of $42, 999.

To obtain the benefits of the Federal grants, the states submit project proposals to
the Fish and Wildlife Service. Acting for the Secretary of the Interior, the Service re-
views these proposals to learn whether they are substantial in character and design,
within the meaning of the Act. When a project is approved, the State game and fish de-
partments proceed to carry out the plans, spending their own funds. The states then
submit reimbursement claims for 75 percent of the costs of the project, either period-
ically or at the completion of the work. The remaining 25 percent of project expendi-
tures is financed out of regular state funds. All equipment, lands, and structures be-
come the property of the states. All project workers are hired by the states and are
state employees.

Apportionments to the 48 states for fiscal year 1954 are as follows:

44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

Alabama......... $52,945|Maine .......... CMM) ADL || (ONO) 6o0caccn0ce $153, 588
INTANVAOMN Go500q0000 68,625 |Maryland........ 42,999} Oklahoma ...... 99, 180
INPBIACNS Sot o5a0c 78,425 | Massachusetts ... 42,999|Oregon......... 92, 832
@ailifonnilameraci-ricr 214,996 |Michigan........ 214,996|Pennsylvania.... 122,569
Colorado ........ 103,031 |}Minnesota....... 214, 996 | Rhode Island.... 42,999
Connecticut ...... 42,999] Mississippi...... 48,193] South Carolina .. 598, 375
Delaware j....4:. 42,999|Missouri........ 132,636 | South Dakota ... 57, 938
NOCH, “Soocoaocs 74,495 |Montana......... 103,129|Tennessee ..... 129, 713
Geornolar cnr 82,803 | Nebraska........ 68,502|Texas ......... 191, 741
IGN) 5occé0o0G06 74,353 |Nevada ......... 60,690] Utah .......... 58, 996
Mhbhvene Soo aooeood 141,430 |New Hampshire .. 42,999|Vermont ....... 42,999
IbaVobEWIEY Goo bogoDoS 100,096 |New Jersey ..... 42,999) Virginia ....... 67, 052
TOWae scree aie ieee 86,684 |New Mexico ..... 75,550} Washington ..... 101, 620
Kansas ante crarcin 80,949 |New York ....... 146, 347| West Virginia... 44, 865
Keemtucikayaemenenelensa 79,195 | North Carolina... 76,016|Wisconsin...... 192, 819

Louisiana........ 42,999 |North Dakota .... 45,125|Wyoming....... 72,007

U. S.-Japanese Fishing Operations

The U. S. Customs laws regarding landings of fishery products from joint U. S. -
Japanese fishing operations were outlined by the Bureau of Customs in a recent letter
to the State Department. The letter comments as follows:

"Reference is made to your memorandum... You ask for the comments of this
Bureau with respect to certain of the questions raised. ..the Bureau's comments thereon
are as follows:

"1, Under what conditions can processed fishery products, such as canned
crab meat, be landed at an American port if this product has been caught and
processed by a United States-Japanese joint fishing company incorporated in
accordance with United States laws and regulations? Catcher boats (Japanese)
and the mothership (American) would be under United States registry if per-
mitted by United States regulations.

"Section 251, title 46, United States Code, restricts the American fisheries to ves-
sels of the United States properly documented to engage in that trade. A vessel which
is engaged in the catching of fish is engaged in the fisheries. Such a vessel also is en-
gaged in the fisheries when it transports its catch to shore. In addition, where one ves-
sel is used to catch the fish and another is used to transport the catch to shore, both
vessels are engaged in the fisheries so long as both are under the same ownership or
under the same complete control and management.

"The Bureau assumes, and will so treat the subject, that (1) it is intended that the
operations of catching, processing, and transportation to port of fish products thereof
are to be conducted by means of vessels which, if not under the same ownership, areto
be under the same complete control and management, i.e., the said United States-Jap-
anese joint fishing company, and (2) the mothership is to be so documented under the
laws of the United States as to entitle it to engage in fishing. The latter would require
the further assumption that the company is a citizen of the United States as defined in
the documentation laws.

"Catcher boats of foreign build or ownership are not entitled to be documented for
the American fisheries nor may any undocumented vessel engage in the American fish-
ery except one of less than 5 net tons which is owned in the United States, or as here-
after stated in this paragraph. The catch of vessels of foreign build, flag, or ownership,
except as hereafter stated in this paragraph, will not be regarded as products of an
American fishery entitled to free entry under paragraph 1730 (a), Tariff Act of 1930, as
amended. The employment by an American fishery of citizens of a foreign country who
use their own foreign undocumented catcher vessels does not preclude free entry of their
catches under paragraph 1730 (a), supra.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

"If catcher boats built in the United States and owned by a citizen of the United
States, as defined in section 802, title 46, United States Code, which may include a
corporation organized and existing under the laws of the United States or of a State
thereof, the president and managing directors of which are citizens and of which at
least a controlling interest is vested in American citizens free fromtrust or fiduciary
obligation in favor of alien interests, are documented under the United States flag, they
will be entitled as vessels of the United States to engage in fishing and to land their
catches or products thereof at a United States port as products of an American fishery
entitled to free entry under the provisions of paragraph 1730 (a), Tariff Act of 1930,
as amended. Further, the United States-flag mothership will be entitled to transship
from the high seas such catches or the products processed therefrom at sea to a port
of the United States as products of an American fishery likewise entitled to free entry.

"2. Is the entry of products caught and processed at sea by such enter-
prise subject to prohibition, restrictions, or import duties at the United
States port? These products would be transported from the fishing ground
to a United States port by the United States registered carrier.

"The tariff status of fish not entitled to free entry as products of an American fish-
ery may be dutiable or entitled to free entry depending upon the type of fish and the pro-
cessing to which it has been subjected. For instance, tuna fish, fresh or frozen, is en-
titled to free entry under the provisions of paragraph 1756, Tariff Act of 1930, while
tuna, packed in air-tight containers (canned, not in oil), and tuna packed in aiill (canned),
are dutiable under paragraphs 718 (b) and 718 (a), respectively. Crab meat, including
crab paste and crab sauce, packed in air- tight containers, is dutiable at the rate of
223 per centum ad valorem under the provisions of paragraph 721 (a), Tariff Act of
1930.

"No quota is in effect at this time on crabs or tuna fish or canned products thereof.
Groundfish, namely, cod, haddock, hake, pollock, cusk, and rosefish, excepting such
as are entitled to free entry as products of an American fishery, are subject upon en-
try to tariff rate quotas."'

Wholesale Prices, August 1953

WHOLESALE PRICES, AUGUST 1953: Continued light production of edible fishery
products caused wholesale prices to again rise from July to August. The over-all edi-
ble fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned) wholesale index for August was 107.8
percent of the 1947-49 average (see table)--5.1 percent higher than in July and 8.0 per-
cent above August 1952, the Bureau of Labor Statis- =—_
tics of the Department ‘of Labor reports. FRESH FISH an SHELLFISH es

August prices for all varieties in the drawn,
dressed, or whole finfish subgroup were higher than
a month earlier, except western halibut and yellow
pike at New York City which were lower. The larg-
est increase (64.9 percent) was for large drawn off-
shore haddock at Boston where continued light land-
ings caused ex-vessel prices to rise. The largest
price drop (8.3 percent) was for western halibut at
New York City because the supply was liberal. Com-
pared with August 1952, all items under this sub-
group were priced higher this August except western
halibut at New York and lake trout at Chicago which
were quoted lower. The drawn, dressed, or whole finfish index for August was 19.9
percent higher than the previous month and 19 percent higher than in August 1952.

Prices in August for fresh processed fish and shellfish were down 2.1 percent prin-
cipally due to a 12. 7-percent drop in shrimp prices at New York City because shrimp

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

supplies had improved considerably. Offsetting the drop in shrimp prices, smallhad-
dock fillet prices at Boston were up 25.4 percent over a month earlier and 32.7 per-

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Revised Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish,
August 1953 and Comparisons
Group, Subgroup, Point of al al/ ]
and Item Specification Pricing |Unit

FISH AND SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen
Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products:
Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish: °
Haddock, large, offshore, drawn, fresh seocccce
Halibut, Western, 20/80 lbs., dressed,
fresh or fTOZEN coc-ccoccccccccccrcceccecccce
Salmon, king, lge. & med., dressed, fresh or
FLOZON coccccccccsccccccccccocccccccccorcccce
Whitefish, mostly Lake Superior, drawn
(dressed); fresh) <ciiccicicls cloiscisiciciciciecelsicleiccleiele
Whitefish, mostly Lake Erie pound or gill net,
Tound, frESh seocccocescccvcccreccccscessvccs
Lake trout, domestic, mostly No. 1, drawn
(@ressed))} fresh cieicleicicie/</elcieicieicolsicieisislelsislsieia|aie
Yellow pike, mostly Michigan (Lakes Michigan
& Huron), round, fresh cccceccccccceccsccccce
Processed, Fresh (Fish and Shellfish): ...sccc. 5 1135.5 | 115.9 [ 111.9 [ 103.0 |
Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-lb. tins g 91.9 BB.
Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), headless, fresh
OF fTOZED ccocccedccccccerercrerccccecccccccces

Oysters, shucked, standards .ccccceccccccccccce

Processed, Frozen (Fish and Shellfish): .....e.
Fillets: Flounder (yellowtail), skinless,
TO=Eb epee sec ecisemaaecceeen occas
Haddock, sml., skins on, 10-lb.
Cello-—pack cecccccccccccccccccccsecs
Ocean perch, skins on, 10-1b. cello-
PACK: ccicle ce ciccis siciciccieicie vlviclelcicicelccis cic
Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), 5-1b. pkg. ..
Canned Fishery ProductB: ccccocseccrcccccveccecce
Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 cans
PCF CASE ccccerccccrsccccccccccccccccccscccccce | COattle jcase|18.95 |18.95
Tuna, light meat, solid pack, No. % tuna
(7 0z.), 48 cams per Case cccccccecccccsccccce
Sardines (pilchards), Calif., tomato pack,
No. 1 oval (15 oz.), 48 cans per Case seccccoe
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, No. } drawn
% oz.) , 100 cans per CAaS© s-cecaccccccccccce
1/REPRESENT AVERAGE PRICES FOR ONE DAY (MONDAY OR TUESDAY) DURING THE WEEK IN WHICH THE 15TH OF THE MONTH OCCURS.

cent above a year ago. The fresh processed fish index this August was still 10.2 per-
cent higher than for the same month in 1952.

The over-all frozen processed fish and shellfish index for August was 10.2 percent
under July and 1.4 percent below a year ago. Shrimp prices tumbled (20.2 percent)
again from the previous month due to increased production. Ocean perch fillet prices
were also down (5.9 percent), while haddock fillets increased (7.9 percent) due tolight-
er landings at Boston. Frozen flounder fillets sold the same as in July. Compared with
August 1952, prices of haddock fillets and shrimp were up while those for flounder fil-
lets and ocean perch fillets were down.

Maine sardines, the only canned fishery product item to show a price change from
July to August, went up 7.4 percent; all others remained the same. Compared with
August 1952, pink salmon prices were lower, and tuna and Maine sardine quotations
were higher. ,

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

International

UNITED NATIONS KOREAN RECONSTRUCTION AGENCY (UNKRA)

FISHING VESSELS SOUGHT: A total of 29 fishing vessels for the Republic of Korea
were sought by UNKRA late this summer from shipbuilders and vessel owners in mem-
ber countries, according to the Director of that Agency. The closing date for the bids
was September 30, 1953,

The vessels sought were to be either new or used and of the following types:
Fourteen 75-ton wooden trawlers
Ten 30-ton purse seiners

Five 50-ton fish carriers

Bids were received from several of the United Nations countries which indicated
wide variations in price and delivery. UNKRA later requested quotations from ship-
building industries of interested countries, together with definite plans and specifica-
tions of their standard construction vessels to confirm in general with the size and type
of boat indicated in the original specifications,

The general requirements for the wooden trawlers were: within 80 to 100 gross
tons, powered with slow-turning four-cycle Diesel engines.

OK KK OK

ADVISORY COMMITTEE APPROVES KOREAN REHABILITATION PROGRAM: The
five-nation Advisory Committee to the United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency
(UNKRA) on August 26 approved the Agency's $130,000, 000 program of long-range re-
habilitation of Korea for the year ending June 30, 1954, The Committee is composed of
Canada, India, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Uruguay. The '54 program,
which is essentially an extension of the $70, 000, 000 program undertaken by UNKRA last
fiscal year, will emphasize capital investment projects designed to provide the bone and
Sinew of a viable Korean economy.

In the reconstruction and rehabilitation categories the major expenditures include
$18, 000, 000 for agriculture, forestry, and fisheries,

In the fields of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, substantial sums will be spent
to rehabilitate the fishing industry, and on irrigation, land reclamation, and river con-
trol,

The Advisory Committee, as in the past, plans to keep the program under review
in order to insure flexibility and to enable it to consider modifications that may from
time to time be found desirable, after consultations with the Government of the Republic
of Korea and the United Nations Command, either to improve its effectiveness or tomeet
changing conditions in Korea,

INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL TUNA COMMISSION

SAN DIEGO MEETING: A meeting of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
held in San Diego, California, on August 14, was attended by commissioners from the

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

United States and Costa Rica--the two member nations--and by a representative of the
Republic of Panama, which plans to join soon.

John L. Farley,. new head of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, attended as an
observer. Richard S. Croker was present as observer for the California Department
of Fish and Game, which is cooperating in the Commission's tropical Pacific tuna re-
search program,

U. S. Commissioners were Lee F. Payne of Los Angeles, Eugene Bennett of San
Francisco, and Gordon Sloan of Astoria, Oregon. Costa Rican commissioners were
Jose L. Cardona-Cooper and Virgilio Aquiluz. Consul General Dias represented
Panama.

Payne, member of the California Fish and Game Commission from Los Angeles,
was elected president of the Commission.

WHALING

ANTARCTIC 1953/54 CATCH QUOTA REDUCED: The annual catch limitation for
baleen whales during the 1953/54 Antarctic pelagic season will be reduced from 16,000
to 15,500 blue-whale units, subject to final approval by member nations of the Interna-
tional Whaling Commission, according to information published in the August 17 Foreign
Crops and Markets of the Department of Agriculture. This action was taken during the
fifth Annual Meeting of the Commission held at London, England, June 22-26, 1953, and
was regarded as necessary to protect world whale stocks.

Other amendments to the Schedule annexed to the 1946 International Conventionfor
the Regulation of Whaling, and approved by the Commission, inciuded: (1) prohibiting
the taking of blue whales in the Antarctic before January 16, 1954, and (2) permitting
the taking of humpback whales in the Antarctic on February 1, 2, 3, 4. The opening
date of the 1953/54 pelagic whaling season is January 2, 1954.

The Commission decided to convene its sixth meeting at Tokyo, Japan, on July 19,
1954,

Canada

BRITISH COLUMBIA PATROL VESSELS SCOUT FOR TUNA: British Columbia
fishermen get quick word on the arrival of tuna in northern Pacific waters from the
Government senior fisheries protection cruisers operating in the North Pacific area,
reports the July 1953 Trade News, a Canadian Government publication. The patrolves-
sels--Laurier, Howay, and Kitimat--carry trolling gear to use for tuna if certain water
conditions occur on their regular offshore patrols. This is one of the summer routines
which Canadian Fisheries Department vessels undertake to make sure that British Co-
lumbia fishermen are quickly notified when tuna arrive in commercial quantities in
northern Pacific waters.

When these vessels arrive at offshore coastal waters, the fishing fleet is advised
and hundreds of radio-telephone receivers are tuned in each day to hear broadcasts
from the fisheries patrol boats. Daily broadcasts on whether or not tuna have been
found are given on the fishermen's wave band. Should there be a ''strike, '' fishermen
will be the first to know.

Only one or two boats have ever been built and equipped expressly for tuna fishing
in British Columbia, but the halibut fleet (now for the most part idle) and the larger
salmon trollers are ready at all times to put to sea in a hurry.

So far as the British Columbia fishing industry is concerned, albacore tuna are un-
predictable. In the early history of the Province they were unknown to the fisheries.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

This may have been due to the fact that in those early daysthe fishing vessels were not
large and sturdy enough to venture far enough out into the Pacific waters where tuna schools
occur. Inthe present century, designand construction of fishing vessels has steadily im-
proved and fishermen have pushed farther and farther westward intheir search for fish.
In 1939 the first landings of tuna (284,000 pounds) went almost unheralded, but fisher-
men began to look for this good-selling variety from then on. Subsequent landings
fluctuated and dwindled. The first big year came in 1945, when 1,428,000 pounds were
caught off the B. C. coast and landed in B. C. ports. The catch exceeded the 2,000, 000
pound mark in 1948 for the first time. The following year a record 2, 230,000 pounds
were landed. The tuna taken in 1948 and 1949 conbined put a total of nearly a million
dollars into the pockets of British Columbia fishermen, and the fishery was hailed as
of ranking importance in the over-all value of the Province's fisheries.

But in the next and succeeding years the tuna fishery fell off abruptly. Since 1949
landings of tuna from catches made off the British Columbia coast have dropped to a
trickle. Some of this variety is brought in by B. C. fishermen who have fished off the
coasts of Washington, Oregon, and even California, and there have been considerable
imports of Japanese-caught tuna for processing in B. C. canneries, but quantities
caught directly offshore from the B. C. coast during the past three years have been
almost negligible.

The albacore tuna is a ''schooling"' fish. Offthe coast of British Columbia they have
been taken relatively close to land and as far out as 100 miles. Apparently they are
the offshoots of the big tuna runs which appear more or less steadily off California.
Only when water temperatures and feed conditions are favorable do they seek the more
northerly latitudes. The Department of Fisheries has never lost sight of the fact that
in any year these conditions might recur.

Since the first landings of tuna in British Columbia, scientists of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada have added the variety to the list of fishes which receive
careful and continuing biological study. At the Pacific Biological Station at Nanaimo,

a useful store of knowledge has already accumulated; to this has been added knowledge
of a practical kind resulting from actual fishing experiences contributed by the admin-
istrative branch of the fisheries in the Pacific area. It is now known that the albacore
feeds on pelagic fishes and other small marine life, such surface food being present
only in waters of certain fairly high temperatures. Masters of fishery protection cruis-
ers have noted that sweeps of clear blue water and the presence of certain so-called
"tuna birds'' are an indication that ''tuna conditions'' may be favorable.

3K 3 OK OK OK

FISHERMEN'S INDEMNITY FUND GOES INTO EFFECT: The Fishermen's Indem-
nity Fund,set up by the Canadian Government to enable fishermen to obtain protection
against loss or serious damage to their vessels for a yearly premium of one percent,
went into effect on July 6 in the Maritime Provinces and on July 13 in British Columbia,
Quebec, and Newfoundland.

Fishermen are urged to take advantage of this plan, reports the June 1953 Trade
News, a Canadian Government publication. It represents a long-term solution to the
problem of compensation when losses occur and it permits a fisherman to retain his
independence when misfortune strikes. A specially-trained group of Department of
Fisheries officers will carry out necessary appraisals of vessels and assume other
duties associated with the plan.

The Fishermen's Indemnity Fund provides protection for fishing vessels ranging
in value from C$250 to C$7,500 for a premium of only one percent of the value of the
vessel. It gives an indemnity of 60 percent of the appraised value in the case of total
loss. In case of serious damage--over 30 percent of the appraised value--there willbe
an indemnity of 85 percent of the amount by which the repair bills are in excess of the
30 percent minimum.

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

A companion plan, covering lobster traps, will become effective in the Maritime
Provinces at the opening of the fall lobster fishing season in Northumberland Strait.

NOTE: SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JULY 1953, P. 46.

OK Ok OK

FISHING INDUSTRY LACKS SUFFICIENT COLD-STORAGE FACILITIES: Lackof
cold-storage facilities is one of the greatest difficulties facing the Canadian fishing in-
dustry, the Fisheries Minister of New Brunswick told a group of southern New Bruns-
wick fishermen at St. John on June 17.

Public cold-storage plants were being built through funds supplied by the National
Harbours Board and Industrial Bank loans supplemented by Canadian Government sub-
sidies, he said. In some cases, "outright gifts'' of C$10, 000 were extended to fisher-
men's cooperatives which made the freezing facilities available to the public, reports
the August 1953 Ice and Refrigeration.

OOK OK OK OK

SASKATCHEWAN STUDIES GREATER FISHERY UTILIZATION OF ITS LAKES:
The Saskatchewan Fisheries Branch is undertaking a detailed biological study of lakes
in the Buffalo region of northwestern Saskatchewan, which will make possible higher
utilization of these waters, the Saskatchewan Fisheries Director said recently.

A start on the study (expected to be completed in 1956) was made in the summer of
1952. Lakes under investigation are Peter Pond, Churchill, Frobisher, and Lac Ile-
a-la-Crosse, reports the August 4 Saskatchewan News, a Saskatchewan Government
publication.

The study will determine the safe annual limit of fish which may be harvested from
the lakes, and particularly the maximum production figure for rough fish like tullibee.

Information gained from the study is needed for implementation of a management
program ''serving the best interests of both commercial fishermen and mink ranchers,"
states the Director. Because mink ranching is becoming an important industry in the
area, he said, it is essential that production of species like tullibee, used as mink food,
be increased.

Chile

TAX EXEMPTIONS AND OTHER BENEFITS GRANTED TO FISHERIES: In order
to stimulate the Chilean fishing industry, various tax exemptions and other Government
aids were granted the Chilean fisheries in Decree No. 208 of July 21, 1953, anAugust 6
U. S. Embassy dispatch from Santiago states.

In the first place, the Decree exempts the fishing industry for a period of ten years
from the following taxes: a portion of the income tax; the excess-profits tax; certain
taxes on vessels and equipment; the production tax on marine-oil manufacturers; and
import duties on equipment and materials employed by the fishing industry. The Decree
also establishes under the Ministry of Agriculture a Consultative Council for Fish and
Game.

The most noteworthy of the privileges accorded under the Decree, from the United
States point of view, is the exemption of fishing concerns from foreign exchange regula-
tions on their exports. Thus, exporters of fish may hereafter convert foreign exchange
into Chilean pesos at rates up to and including the free market curb rate. This will

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

amount in effect to a subsidy to the fishing industry, and should lead to greater exports
of fish (particularly tuna) to the United States and other destinations.

| :

A CHILEAN TRAWLER

Other provisions of the Decree include Government aid in establishment of schools
and housing for fishermen, measures to prevent pollution of waters, and more liberal
regulations on the exploitation of shellfish beds.

Colombia

NEW FISH CANNERY RE-
CEIVES FIRST FISHING VESSEL
FROM SWEDEN: Colombia's
first fish cannery, not yet com-
pleted, recently received the
first fishing vessel from Sweden,
reports the August 8 Foreign
Trade, a Canadian Government
publication. The vessel was con-
structed in Sweden according to
the specifications of the Colom-
bian firm. The Swedish crew

bia for some years under contract
to the firm, and will train Colom-

TYPE OF TUNA VESSEL BUILT BY SWEDISH SHIPYARD FOR coLomsian Dian personnel to operate this ves-
FISH CANNERY. sel and others to follow.

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

Colombia's first fish cannery, situated in the Pacific port of Buenaventura, is ex-
pected to be completed by the end of 1953 at a cost of 5 million pesos (US$2 million).
The cannery is operated with all-Colombian capital. It is expected that several types
of fish found in the Pacific coastal waters will be canned on a commercial basis once
the plant begins to operate.

Denmark

U. S. GOOD MARKET FOR DANISH FISHERY PRODUCTS: The situation with re-
gard to Danish exports of fishery products to the United States was reviewed recently
by the Danish fishery attache stationed in New York, according to a report in Dansk
Fiskeritidende (July 24, 1953), a Danish trade paper. The attache stated that the lé large
increase in exports of Danish fillets had been dealt a hard blow by the drastic drop in
cod fillet prices inthe U. S., but that the situation had corrected itself insofar as cod
was concerned and it was believed that a price increase would occur. He stressed the
need for laying great weight on quality because the importers were very particular and
competition was keen.

He also mentioned that Danish exporters must consider other packing methods
more suited to U. S. tastes. The export of preserved fish, especially brisling, was
thought to have possibilities. There was great interest in Danish fish meal. All fish
meal offered had been sold.

The merchandising of Danish brook trout also had been satisfactory. In 1951 Den-
mark exported brook trout to the U. S. valued at Kr. 3, 300,000 (US$477, 000). In 1952
the exports increased to a value of Kr. 5,500,000 (US$795,000). Restaurants were the
most important users of Danish brook trout, but there appeared to be a definite possi-
bility to increase sales of brook trout by packing them in cartons.

a

Ecuador

NEW TUNA FIRM FORMED BY U. S. CITIZEN: A new company that will handle
frozen tuna has been formed in Ecuador under the managership of a United States citi-
zen, states an August 11 U. S. Embassy dispatch from Quito. The company has an
authorized capital of 100,000 sucres (US$6, 600). It is now operating with a provisional
permit to purchase fish only, but hopes to work out a contract with the government which
will permit it to operate its own boats. The new company now has a freezer boat in

Manta harbor which will be used in transporting the fish to Seattle, Washington.

The firm is now purchasing tuna at the port of Manta. Catches are rather small
because the Manta fishermen are experiencing poor fishing conditions for this time of
the year, reportedly due to the fish staying farther offshore than usual and beyond the
range at which the inshore boats normally operate.

OK OK K

FISHING FOR GOATFISH BY FOREIGN MESS LS BANNED OFF GALAPAGOS IS-
LANDS: Fishing for goatfish (cabrilla or bacalaol!/) by foreign-flag boats is henceforth
prohibited in Ecuadoran territorial waters around the Galapagos Islands by virtue of
Decree No. 950-d published in Official Register No. 283 of August 6, 1953. Reasons
for this measure as given in the Decree are that fishing for goatfish in those waters has
been too intensive; that the goatfish reserves are menaced with depletion; and that this
important food item of the low-income diet might thus become insufficient for domestic
consumption. The Decree also refers to the need for guaranteeing continuing employ-

ment to Ecuadoran fishermen engaged in fishing for goatfish.
1/THE TERM “BACALAO” GENERALLY REFERS TO SALTED COD, BUT 1S COMMONLY USED FOR ALL TYPES OF FISH THAT ARE
SALTED.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

In addition to prohibiting fishing for goatfish by foreign-flag vessels, the Decree
provides that goatfish may not be exported from Ecuador unless the Minister of Economy
grants a special license for such exportation after having determined that goatfish re-
serves are sufficient to satisfy domestic consumption needs, an August 21 U. S. Em-

bassy dispatch from Quito states.,

German Federal Republic

EAST GERMANY PLACES LARGE FISH ORDERS: The Food Section of the East
German Government's Office of Import and Export has concluded an agreement with
representatives of the fishing industry at Hamburg, Bremerhaven, Cuxhaven, and Kiel
in West Germany, whereby fish valued at DM11, 000, 000 (US$2, 616, 000) will be deliv-
ered from those ports to the Soviet Zone. Of this sum, Hamburg and Bremerhaven re-
ceived orders totaling DM3, 500, 000 (US$832, 000) each; while the orders for fish from
Cuxhaven and Kiel totaled DM3, 000, 000 (US$713, 000) and DM1, 000, 000 (US$238, 000),
respectively. German officials feel that the amount ordered from Hamburg will be
raised to DM7, 000, 000 (US$1, 664, 000), and possibly may reach ashighasDM15,000,000
(US$3,567, 000), a July 31 U. S. consular dispatch from Hamburg states.

An official of the Fish Section of the German Federal Food Office emphasized that
fish shipments from these ports to the East are necessary, since the division of Ger-
many has adversely affected the West German fishing industry. Before World War II,
40 percent of the fish caught at these ports was consumed in the Soviet Zone; whereas,
in 1952 only 9,000 metric tons (1 percent of the total catch) were delivered to that zone.

To minimize the propaganda value of this trade and to insure that only reliable firms
obtain export licenses, the West German Federal Government has established sales or-
ganizations which will control the export of fish to the Soviet Zone.

=

7:

Greece

IMPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1952: Total imports of fishery products into
Greece in 1952 amounted to 23,151 metric tons, reports Aleia, a Greek trade magazine.
Cod (probably salted) was the leading item imported with a total of 12, 462 tons; followed
by herring (probably cured) 7, 214 tons; and fresh fish 700 tons. Miscellaneous fishery
products--salted, canned, fish roes, etc.--comprised the remaining 2,775 tons.

OK OK OK

SCOTTISH TRAWLER PURCHASED: The Scottish trawler Goodmar, one of the
largest in the Aberdeen fishing fleet, has been purchased by a Greek firm, according to
the July 18 issue of The Fishing News, a British trade magazine. The vessel sailed
from Aberdeen on July 12 with an Aberdeen crew, who are under a six-months' contract,
which might be renewed.

The vessel (renamed Jason by its Greek owner) has been purchased as an experi-
ment. The captain and his crew are to teach the Greeks the Scottish method of trawling.

At Piraeus, Greece, the vessel will be overhauled and fitted with the latest type of
refrigeration plant. This and other machinery was taken on board the vessel at Aber-
deen along with modern trawling gear. Thereafter, the trawler will proceed to the west
coast of Africa, where a type of bream is caught. After gutting and cleaning the fish,
they will be quick-frozen and stored until a full catch has been obtained.

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

Iceland

tives of the U.S.S.R. Ministry of Trade. The agreement is effective for one year be-
ginning July 1, 1953, reports an August 4 U. S. Consular dispatch from Reykjavik.

The agreement provides for the exchange of the following commodities:

(1) 21,000 metric tons (about 46, 300,000 pounds) of frozen Icelandic cod and
ocean perch (presumably fillets) for 200,000 tons of Russian POL products, including
90,000 tons of gas oil, 80,000 tons of fuel oil, and 30,000 tons of motor gas. Thisis
a straight barter.

(2) 75,000 bbls. of salted Faxa Bay herring (about 7,500 tons) with an optional
25,000 bbls. additional.

(3) 50,000 bbls. of salted North Coast herring (about 5, 000 tons) with an optional
30,000 bbls. additional.

(4) 2,600 metric tons of frozen Faxa Bay herring, with an optional 3,000 tons
additional, on a barter basis for rye meal, rice, potato starch, reinforcing bars,
galvanized and black pipe, and cement.

The above-listed Icelandic imports represent the country's annual requirements
in most cases. The total value of trade is estimated at aboutI.Kr. 180 million (US$11
million).

HOH Ok Ok

LOANS FROM INTERNATIONAL BANK TO DEVELOP AGRICULTURE AND LES-
SEN DEPENDENCE ON FISHERIES: The International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development on September 4 made two loans for Iceland in European currencies, ac-
cording to a September 4 release from that organization. One (in various currencies
equivalent to US$1, 350, 000) will assist in carrying forward a program of agricultural
development. The other of E90, 000 (US$252, 000) is to finance the construction of a
building to house radio transmitter equipment serving North Atlantic air traffic.

The agricultural loan, like the one made in 1951, is to further a program begun
in 1951 to increase Iceland's agricultural production. The purpose of the program is
to restore agriculture to its former place of importance and lessen Iceland's depend-
ence on the fishing industry. The program aims to increase agricultural production
50 percent by 1965, and should improve Iceland's foreign exchange position consider-
ably through import savings and export earnings.

ae
India

FISHERIES DEVELOPMENTS: Experiments in deep-sea fishing carried out by
the Government of India off the West Coast, and by the West Bengal Government in
the Bay of Bengal, indicate that this type of fishing on a commercial basis is econom-
ically feasible, and can contribute substantially to the country's food resources. A
250-ton Japanese trawler brought in by the Government for exploratory work in the
Arabian Sea made a record catch this season and completed operations with a net prof-
it. Now that the financial soundness of the venture has been demonstrated, the Gov-
ernment hopes that Indian private enterprise will be encouraged to enter the field on
its own or in collaboration with Japanese fishing interests, reports the August 22 For-
eign Trade, a Canadian Government publication.

October 1953 -COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

The Deep-Sea Fishing Station at Bombay is employing two 100-ton trawlers to
drag the ocean bed and two smaller "'reckie" boats for surface and mid-water fishing.
These vessels will gather information on fishing conditions off the West Coast--such
as the types and numbers of fish available at different seasons, the depths at which
they are found, and the kind of equipment required to catch them--and will train fish-
ermen in the proper techniques. On the average, 75 percent of the catch made by the
trawlers, operating mainly within the 40-fathom limit, consisted of fish of high food
value, including dara, ghol, mullets, pomfret, and eels. The results of the surface
and mid-water fishing have been less successful, largely because of inexperience,
and the Government has arranged to bring a master fisherman from the United King-
dom to supervise operations during the coming season.

The catches made in the Bay of Bengal by two trawlers purchased from Denmark
by the West Bengal Government were also encouraging. The trawlers were manned
by Danish crews who will eventually be replaced by Indians. The three Japanese bull-
trawlers which the West Bengal and Indian Government will soon acquire in partner-
ship will materially expand exploration in the waters off the East Coast.

Two new cold-storage plants, similar to the large Central Government facilities
already in operation in Bombay, are being built by the Madras Government at the
West Coast ports of Mangalore and Calicut. Work is also progressing on ten small
ice factories and cold-storage plants which are being built with foreign assistance in
the states of Saurashtra, Bombay, Cochin, Madras, and Orissa.

NOTE: SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, APRIL 1953, P. 45.

is

Japan

CANNED TUNA EXPORT PRICES: Increased prices of Japanese canned tuna
(white meat, albacore) for export were recently announced by the Tokyo Canned Tuna
Sales Company, the main outlet for exporters selling principally to the United States
market. No changes were announced for light-meat tuna (skipjack and yellowfin), an
August 12 U. S. Embassy dispatch from Tokyo reports.

The new prices as compared with the old prices are listed below:

hite-meat tuna (albacore) solid 48 :°33-oz. cans

Do. 48 7-oz. cans
Do. 24 13-o0z. cans
Do. 6 4.4-lb. cans
Do. flakes 48 63-0z. cans

1/F.0.B. JAPAN, INCLUDING 2-PERCENT COMMISSION FOR BROKERS.

HOOK KK

TUNA EXPORT LEGISLATION MAKES NO PROGRESS: The proposed bills which
would favor the export of canned over frozen tuna did not make any headway in the
session of the Diet which adjourned August 10. Consideration of legislation to encour-
age the exportation of marine products (including tuna) may be discussed at the next
ordinary session of the Diet scheduled to begin in December, reports an August 12
U. S. Embassy dispatch from Tokyo.

OOK Ke Ok Xe

from the tuna mothership fleet operating off Solomon Islands in the Pacific indicates
good catches, comparing favorably with those of last year, an August 12 U. S. Embassy

56 = COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW - Vol. 15, No. 10

dispatch from Tokyo states. The catch for the first month of operation ending July
10 amounted to over 4.6 million pounds or 37 percent of the catch target of 1.2 bil-

Catch (to July 10) of Japanese 1953 Tuna
Mothership Expedition Operating off
Solomon Islands

r Number

mara ae atgs 34,658 |2,541, 371
Swordfish ...5+...-.
Shale eg veneer cca wea

Yellowfin tuna, round
Yellowfin tuna, fillets
Other tuna, fillets...
Swordfish, fillets
Shark, fillets .......
LOOKING AFT TOWARDS THE WORKING AREA ABOARD Other fish, round

A TUNA MOTHERSHIP. PANS IN THE FOREGROUND seats es EG)
Nie (Foy MOMOING TuleeySig 0 a 0) 5) Pe) ei blo .o on 00 5 3, 661, 294

lion pounds by mid-September (see table). The position of the mothership in mid-July
was approximately 7°31' S. latitude and 160°03' E. longitude. The fleet is operating
with 1 carrier (11,224 gross tons), 30 catcher boats (average 130 gross tons each),
and 2 small carriers (average 1,000 gross tons each).

OK KK

Japanese crab expedition to the Bering Sea completed its fishing in Bristol Bay on Au-
gust 16, ending a successful season, according to a recent U. S. Embassy dispatch
from Tokyo. Preliminary data indicate a total production of 58,240 cases (48 cans of
63 ounces each), consisting of 47, 858 cases of first-grade and 10, 382 of third-grade
crab meat. The target catch was originally set by the Japanese Government (April
1953) at 50,000 cases, but because of good fishing was raisedto 57, 000cases on July 8.
The excess of 1, 240 cases is reported to represent the catch of the gear inthe water at the
time the canning operation aboard the mothership reached the limit of 57, 000 cases.

Most of the canned crab meat is expected to be exported to the United States. To-
tal Japanese exports of this product in 1952 amounted to 111,492 cases, consisting of
85, 236 cases of king crab and 26, 256 cases of other crab. Of this total, 95,961 cases
(84 percent) was shipped to the United States.

Ok KKK

NORTH PACIFIC SALMON EXPEDITION CATCH EXCEEDS TARGET: The Japa-
nese salmon expedition (consisting of three fleets) to the North Pacific resulted in a
catch of approximately 7, 700,573 salmon

Japanese North Pacific Salmon Expedition] (see table), 38 percent above the target set
Catch by Species, 1953 by the Japanese Government, reports a re-
Pio en i on ea cent U. S. Embassy dispatch from Tokyo.
Humbe moinish The expedition left the grounds August 10-
1,580, 107 12
2, 707, 363 ;
3, 064, 439 Salmon was canned on the fishing grounds
340,611 by one of the three fleets aboard the Meisei
8, 053 Maru, the only mothership equipped for this
operation. Against a target of 40,000 cases,

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57

preliminary data indicate a pack of 37, 427 cases (48 cans of 7 ounces each), con-
sisting of 21, 450 cases of red and 16,977 cases of pink salmon. Canning of some of
the catch of the other two fleets will be done at shore facilities in Japan--about

40, 000 cases (10, 000 cases of red and 30,000 cases of pink) may be packed.

Much of the salmon catch is expected to be consumed in the Japanese domestic
market as frozen, salted, and canned. Exporters are showing interest in increasing
exports of canned salmon despite high prices being quoted in the Japanese domestic
market. With the recent relaxation of restrictions on imports from Japan by Aus-
tralia, expectations are for expanded exports of canned salmon to that country. Tokyo
firms have reportedly concluded a contract to ship 20, 000 cases (96 cans of 33 ounces
each) to Australia in 1953 at US$29 per case for red and US$23 for pink salmon, f.o.b.
Japan. Total Japanese exports of canned salmon to all countries in 1952 totaled
38,210 cases (48 cans of 7 ounces each), mostly to Ireland and the Netherlands; Aus-
tralia received 2,072 cases. Shipments to United States and territories were to
Guam only (1, 090 cases).

Liberia

FAO EXPERTS AID FISHERIES: Expansion of the Liberian fisheries on the At-
lantic Coast might now be possible through technical assistance provided.by Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) experts, reports an August bulletin from thatagency.
FAO has one expert on fishing craft and gear, and another working on fish process-
ing. The Liberian assistants assigned to the FAO project were given instruction at
a practical fisheries course started by FAO experts. They studied navigation, use
and repair of oil engines, fish processing, wire trap making, and net making and
repair.

With the Liberian assistants they have trained, and using their motorized canoe,
the FAO motorboat, and nets and other gear manufactured in their school, the FAO
men have proved that they can trawl as far as ten miles out and bring in large catches
of a wide variety of fish and shellfish. They have sold most of this at low prices--15
cents a pound--to consumers in Monrovia who could not previously afford to eat fish.

They have also demonstrated that it is feasible to process good quality smoked
fish which stays in good condition long enough for transport and marketing in the in-
terior.

Norway
FROZEN FILLETS STORED AT TRONDHEIM FOR EXPORT TO UNITED STATES:

firm and the large Norwegian fish producing corporation in north Norway, whereby
large quantities of frozen fish fillets from north Norway will be shipped to Trondheim
and await shipment to the United States. In order to meet the stepped-up require-
ments, the Trondheim company is building new facilities that will double its cold-
storage capacity, according to an August 13 release from the Norwegian Information
Service.

This new era in exporting fillets was initiated on July 14 when a 12,000-ton U. S.
vessel (Mormacmail) sailed with a cargo of 130 metric tons of frozen fish fillets and
400 tons of herring meal and canned fish for the United States market. Late in July,
another vessel (Lyngenfjord) sailed with a large consignment of frozen fish fillets; and
ea 13 a third vessel (Thalatta) was due to sail to the United States with frozen
illets.

2K OK Ok Ok

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

BARENTS SEA COD INVESTIGATIONS: An investigation of the food conditions of
cod in the Barents Sea in the Arctic Ocean northeast of Norway is being made by the
Norwegian fisheries research vessel G. O. Sars, reports the Norwegian Information
Service in a September 3 release. The vessel left the port of Tromso recently. The
expedition is headed by a consultant of the Norwegian Fisheries Directorate and two
other scientists.

Interviewed by the newspaper Tromso, the consultant observed that a good deal
was known about the mature Arctic-Norwegian cod. It has been established that when
the cod are 8 to 10 years old they leave the Barents Sea to spawn on the banks off
North Norway, thus providing the basis for the important Lofoten cod fisheries. What
the present expedition will look into are the conditions of the cod before they start
spawning. As the Lofoten cod shoals fluctuate in size from year to year, Norwegian
scientists are inclined to believe that these variations are related to conditions pre-
vailing in the Barents Sea.

In an effort to throw light on this moot subject, the researchers aboardG. O. Sars
plan to study the food supplies available to the Arctic-Norwegian cod, as well as other
factors that could influence the annual fish migrations to the Lofoten banks. They al-
so hope to determine how far north the cod go in the Barents Sea. To do so, they will
measure the temperature and the salt content of the ocean water all the way to Franz
Josef Land. It has previously been observed that cod are found only in water witha
temperature of over 35° F.

OK Ok OK Ok
BRISLING SARDINE PACK UP: Norwegian canneries this season as of July 25
had packed 439, 450 cases of brisling sardines, an increase of 45 percent when com-

pared with the 302, 390 cases packed by the same date in 1952, an August 20 release
from the Norwegian Information Service reports.

OK OK OK OK

TUNA CATCH POOR: Only about 600 metric tons of tuna had been landed in Norway
toward the end of July, or about one-tenth as muchas at the same time in 1952, according
toa report in Fiskaren (July 29), a Norwegiantrade paper. The quality of the fish landed
was good and sales contracts were being sought in the United States and in Italy.

Panama

FISHING REGULATIONS AMENDED: The Panamanian Minister of Agriculture on
August 5 issued Decree 172 effective immediately, which: (1) prohibits commercial
fishing ''within waters of the continental shelf of the Republic" except by persons pos-
sessing a second-class commercial license; (2) "until the Executive Organ dictates an
organic law on this subject, commercial fishing will be permitted only by'’ Panaman-
ian-built vessels, but the vessels already imported for this purpose are excepted from
this provision. The preamble states that the purpose of the Decree is to protect na-
tional marine life against exploitation and to develop local shipbuilding. Bait fishing
by ocean-going vessels is not affected by the Decree and will be governed by special
provisions, anAugust6 U. S. Embassy dispatch from Panama City states.

Significantly, the Decree implements the Panamanian claim to the continental shelf.
Also, for the first time a specified commercial license is required (costing US$10
yearly) which can be bought only by Panamanian and American citizens.

OOK OK OK Ok
COMMERCIAL FISHING ESTABLISHES RECORD YEAR: During 1952 a total of
4,527,060 pounds of fish and shellfish, with a value of $1, 051,999, was taken from the
Gulf of Panama (Pacific side) as revealed by official data supplied by the Panamanian

Office of Statistics. During 1951, a total of 1,892,075 pounds was caught, valued at
$373,100, reports a recent U. S. Embassy dispatch from Panama.

Sj

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

Peru

waters signed in the First Conference on Exploitation and Conservation of the Mari-
time Resources of the South Pacific, held at Santiago, Chile, in August 1952, was
given in a Supreme Resolution dated April 11, 1953, and first published in the offi-
cial gazette, El Peruano, on May 15, 1953.

By the act signed at the Conference, the governments of Chile, Ecuador, and
Peru proclaim exclusive sovereignty and jurisdiction over the adjacent seas extend-
ing to a minimum distance of 200 marine miles from their respective coasts, as well
as over the land and subsoil corresponding to this zone. The Governments also a-
greed to subscribe to agreements for the regulation and protection of the natural re-
sources in these waters, a June 16 American Embassy dispatch from Lima points out.
NOTE: SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, MARCH 1953, P. 42.

(a2

Spain

SHRIMP SHIPPED TO U. S.: For the first time there has been a shipment of
frozen shrimp from Spain to the United States, reports the U. S. Consulate at Seville.
Late in June a firm in Huelva shipped five tons of frozen shrimp to a Puerto Rico firm
for reshipment to the continental United States. It is predicted that the shipment of
frozen shrimp from Spain to the United States will become an important item in future
trade. Negotiations are now under way to supply large quantities of shrimp from the
new freezing plant in Cadiz which is due to open soon.

Thailand

TILAPIA CULTURE: Tilapia fingerlings (500, 000 fish) are being distributed
every month to Thai Government fisheries stations, state-owned waters, and to the
ponds and irrigated rice fields of small farmers in Thailand. This is the result of a
joint effort of the Thai Government and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO), both of whom are concerned to give the people of Thailand a
health-building diet, an August bulletin from FAO reports.

FAO EXPERT ASSISTED BY THAI TECHNICIANS PACKING
FISH FINGERLINGS IN SPECIALLY CONSTRUCTED OxyY-
GEN FISH SUPPLY CONTAINERS FOR LONG DISTANCE
THAI] INLAND FISHERMEN HAULING IN A SEINE NET. TRANSPORT, THUS REDUCING MORTALITY.

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

The people of Thailand have not been undernourished; but they have been mal-
nourished, because their basic diet was not filled out with enough proteins. Tilapia,
introduced into Thailand by the FAO, and multiplying at a phenomenal rate, is rapid-
ly becoming the standard protein supplement to the standard carbohydrate diet of the
ordinary people of Thailand.

The farmers of Thailand call the Tilapia ''The mad fish of the Orient. The fish
that eats like mad, grows like mad, and reproduces like mad." Tilapia are mouth
breeders. They protect their eggs during the incubation period and their young in
moments of danger by guarding them in their mouths.
a W/
= Ds
|

Union of South Africa

CANNED FISH EXPORTS TO U. S. INCREASED: Approximately 300,000 cases
(48 1-pound cans) of canned pilchard and jack mackerel (maasbankers) have been sold
for delivery to the United States, reports an August 11 U. S. consular dispatch from
Cape Town. This represents about 35 percent of the 1952 production of canned pil-
chards and maasbankers.

Because of the disappearance of the California sardine, these purchases of can-
ned fish are to be used primarily by United States firms to maintain their positions
in various world markets. In fact, it is believed that most of the 300,000 cases were
purchased by a representative of one of the largest of the California fish canning com-
panies.

South African fish canners are also taking an interest in the Philippine market
where the absence of California sardines has created a strong demand for the South
African product.

3 OR OK Ok

FISHERMEN'S TRAINING SCHOOL: Beginning in 1954, young men wishing to be-
come fishermen will receive a special training course at the South African Naval
Gymnasium at Saldanha Bay. This course will be open to medically fit Europeans be-
tween the ages of 16 and 22 possessing a Standard VII certificate. Training will take
a year and 30 trainees will be admitted in 1954, reports the July 1953 South African

Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review.

This vocational training scheme represents the culmination of more than 20 years
of effort by Dr. Cecil von Bonde and other leaders in the fishing industry to develop
schools for fishermen.

The practical or vocational school would provide competent and well-trained fish-
ermen for the vessels. The trainees would receive instruction in navigation, seaman-
ship, engine maintenance, signalling, tending nets, and in several other aspects of
fishing.

In a longer and more detailed schooling, young men could be trained for work a-
shore. The latter would take a comprehensive course which would include such sub-
jects as fisheries science, plant operation, accounting, fisheries economics, etc. This
fisheries school or university course would correspond to the instruction provided in
the various agricultural colleges.

The detailed course is still to come, but beginning in 1955 the South African fish-
ing industry can count on a trained nucleus of young fishermen. Not only will they have
been well-grounded in fishing practice, but they should also show the benefits of a full
year under naval discipline; for the 30 trainees are to be accepted as full-time cadets
for one year in the South African Navy.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

This will provide the Navy with a valuable reservoir of trained men for use in
an emergency. The 30 fishing trainees are to receive free board and lodging at the
Gymnasium, they will get free medical treatment, free uniforms, and, instead of
having to pay for their training, they will receive Navy rates of pay for full-time
service. In addition, the fishing course exempts the recruit from normal part-time
military training.

United Kingdom

WHITE FISH AUTHORITY TOSURVEY OPERATING COSTS OF DISTANT -WATER
TRAWLERS: At the suggestion of trawler owners in Hull, Grimsby, and Fleetwood,
the "profit and loss'' accounts of nearly 300 distant-water trawlers are to be exam-
ined as part of a nationwide survey by the White Fish Authority (WF A) into the oper-
ating costs of Britain's fish industry, states the August 15 Fish Trades Gazette, a
British trade magazine. The trawler check will cover the two years ending Septem-
ber 30 this year, and when completed will give the WFA a complete picture of the
trading operations of an important section of the fish-catching industry--a section
that catches half the white fish landed in the United Kingdom.

The three-page questionnaire to be sent to trawler owners represents the first
attempt by the WFA at tabulating the accounts of the distant-water section of the in-
dustry, for the trawlers concerned do not come within the Authority's subsidy scheme.

Owners will be asked for each trawler to give the value of landings during the
last two years, the number of voyages made, and the number of days spent at sea.
Questions on expenses will include the cost of fuel, provisions, repairs and gear,
marine insurance, and the wages of officers and men.

% OK OK OK

PREFABRICATED REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES: A London firm is soon to
market a prefabricated refrigerated warehouse, reports the July 25 issue of The
Fishing News, a British trade magazine. It is claimed that this type warehouse will
cut the capital cost in half as compared with the conventional cold-storage buildings,
and also greatly re-
duce labor costs. A
scale model of this
warehouse was ex-
hibited in London re- al
cently and attracted Ke
much attention from \i Mle xa - > u
refrigeration experts, aN SS 2 —— Tlie LET
representatives of the “NANG ol sa eae Si)
fish industry, and oth- aoe a
ers interested incold a ne 2 :

SCALE MODEL OF PREFABRICATED
COLD-STORAGE WAREHOUSE.

Wi

storage.

The construction
of the warehouse is
simplified by covering
the roof with continuous aluminum sheeting, secured by clip-on rolls. It is claimed
that this method eliminated horizontal joins and consequent leakage.

It was also claimed that the high cost of manual labor in loading and unloading--
(a serious economic problem to all large-scale cold-storage operators)-- was greatly
reduced in the new prefabricated design by its clear, pillarless working space, some
18 ft. high, in which it is possible to operate an electric pallet-stacking truck handling
large quantities of goods with only one operator. At the same time, the high volume-

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

to-area of insulation ratio reduced capital cost and the power consumption of the re-
frigeration plant; while because of the design of the warehouse the refrigeration plant
itself necessitated less cost.

The storage plant costs £30,000 (US$84, 000) without the refrigeration plant, and
is to be supplied--with its own engineroom and reception bay--in standard parts,
ready for quick and simple erection. The inside dimensions of the smallest unit are
65 x 62 x 18 feet, providing 73,000 cubic feet of storage space. Larger units with a
clear span of up to 200 feet, by any length, will be supplied. The engineroom section
can be made larger to hold other processing equipment.

Another model was shown also. This is a pipe-frame cold-storage warehouse
and smaller than the other type described above. In this unit no structural steel is
used, the building frame being made from standard refrigeration pipes. This design
is not yet commercially available, but it is proposed to make it available in the form
of standard truss sections (20, 30, or 40 feet wide) to be assembled in units to form
plants of varying widths and lengths. Insulation will be provided by standardized in-
sulation blocks to form an envelope over the building. Besides saving labor, this
warehouse is estimated to save 60 percent in capital cost.

Also on show was an insulated transit container, described as the cheapest and
lightest made, and suitable for shipping frozen fish. The medium size (13 cubic feet)
weighs only 32 pounds. The container is very durable, and its cost ranges from
£5 10s.(US$15. 40) for the 1-cubic foot size to L9 10s. (US$26.60) for the 24-cubic
foot size.

% OK OK OF OK

UNDERWATER TELEVISION CAMERA VIEWS SEA BOTTOM: Trials with under-
water television have provided new information about the sea floor, says the British
Institute of Oceanography, giving details on equipment developed by the Admiralty on
the Royal Research ship DiscoveryIl. The trials show that the technique could develop
into a valuable oceanographical instrument, especially if used in conjunction with other

gear, reports the July 25 issue of the Fishing News, a British trade magazine.

The camera was first installed on the Discovery Il last summer. A modified TV
receiver was used as the main monitor, and pictures displayed on the camera control-
unit monitor were photographed when required by a camera attached to the unit. The
unit in its present form is cumbersome, however, and its scope is limited by its
weight, making it unsafe to use except in calm water, and difficult to lower to any
great depth. But these objections are likely to be overcome.

So far the television has been most successful in views of the sea bottom, andthe
Institute regards the pictures taken as of permanent value. Shoals of fish have been
seen on several occasions; also plankton organism--these mostly as spots of light,
though occasionally the type of organism could be identified.

Observations on the sea bottom were made in about 33 fathoms off Falmouth, in
60 fathoms near the mouth of the English Channel, and in about 80 fathoms near the
edge of the continental slope; also off Portugal on the Gettysburg Bank, and on the
rocky sea bottom around the Azores.

% OOK OK OK Ok

RUSSIA ORDERS TRAWLERS: Orders for the building of fishing trawlers for Rus-
sia have been received by two British firms--one in Aberdeen and the other in Lowes-
toft, reports the August 29 issue of The Fishing News, a British trade magazine. The
proposed orders are under consideration by the Board of Trade, said an official of the
Board "because it is always a feasible argument that fishing trawlers could be con-
verted to minesweepers."

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63

This statement followed questions sent to the President of the Board of Trade by
a member of Parliament who said he was told by the Aberdeen Trades and Labour
Council that the Russian Government had made approaches ''to a number of British
shipbuilding firms with a view to placing large orders for building trawlers and fish
factoryships.'' He asked whether it was true that difficulties had been placed in the
way of acceptance. He urged the Minister to take steps to remove such difficulties
"in the interests of international trade and employment in British shipbuilding yards."

Later information indicates that 40 trawlers and fish factoryships worth about
E8, 000, 000 (US$22, 400,000) are involved. Russia needs these vessels to develop its
fishing industry. A British Admiralty committee is considering whether the vessels
could be converted into minesweepers; the availability of steel; and effect of the or-
ders on other vital shipbuilding.

KOK KK OK

SCOTTISH PORT TO TRAIN FISH WORKERS: The Aberdeen and North-East Re-
gional Advisory Council for Technical Education and Aberdeen's fishing industry have
completed plans for training young men and women in the fishery products distribu-
tion field. The courses will start in September with a class of 20, functioning under
the local authority, reports the July 25 issue of The Fishing News, a British trade
magazine.

Employers will release the students from their work on two afternoons each week.
One of the afternoons will be given over to theoretical work, and the other to practi-
cal. The curriculum will include such subjects as hygiene, background knowledge of
the industry, fresh fish preparation and packing for distribution by rail and road,
curing and other processing methods, and work of the Torry Research Station on the

preservation of fish.

SS

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe Illustrator--Gustaf T. Sundstrom

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Betty Coakley, Alma Greene, & Kathlyn Brophy
OK OK OK OK OK

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photo-
grapher for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were ob-
tained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

Cover, pp. 8 & 9--Staff of the Exploratory Fishing and Gear Develop-
ment Section at Seattle, Wash.; pp. 51 & 59--Food and Agriculture
Organization, Rome, Italy.

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 10

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

HEARING ON PACIFIC OYSTER STANDARDS: A hearing to amend definitions and
standards of identity for raw Pacific oysters was held on October 21, 1953, in Washing-
ton, D. C., and was announced in the September 18 Federal Register. The hearing was
called by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and held for the purpose of
receiving evidence on proposals of the Pacific Coast Oyster Growers Association to a-
mend the standards of identity for Pacific oysters. Evidence was restricted to testi-
mony and exhibits relevant and material to the proposals.

The proposals would amend Sections 36.17 to 36.20, inclusive, of the regulations,
which fixed and established definitions and standards of identity for raw Pacific oysters.
As amended the section would provide that:

1. Large Pacific oysters, large raw Pacific oysters, large shucked
Pacific oysters, are of the species Ostrea gigas and conform to the defini-
tions and standards of identity prescribed for oysters by Sections36. 10 and
are of such size that 1 gallon contains not more than 64 oysters, and the
largest oyster in the container is not more than twice the weight of the small-
est oyster therein.

2. Medium Pacific oysters... and are of such size that 1 gallon con-
tains more than 64 oysters and not more than 96 oysters, and the largest oys-
ter in the container is not more than twice the weight of the smallest oyster
therein.

3. Small Pacific oysters... and are of such size that 1 gallon con-
tains more than 96 oysters and not more than 144 oysters, and the largest
oyster in the container is not more than twice the weight of the smallest
oyster therein.

4. Extra small Pacific oysters... and are of such size that 1 gallon
contains more than 144 oysters, and the largest oyster in the container is
not more than twice the weight of the smallest oyster therein.

The proposed amendments for consideration at the hearing are subject to adoption,
rejection, or modification by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, in whole
or in part, as the evidence adduced at the hearing may require.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65

FISHERY
_INDICATORS

- FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds

CHART

=—

MASSACHUSETTS

CUMULATIVE DATA

- 323.
SEL!
= 504.

JAN FEB MAR _APR_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FLORIDA
CUMULATIVE

S. 1953 -
i 1952

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT

NEW JERSEY

CUMULATIVE

NOV_DEC O' TaN FES MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOW DEC
OREGON
14

CUMULATIVE DATA

ee
MAR APR MAY

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
2/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDES PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES ANO MARKET FISH

= ata fi th
JAN FEB JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

66

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 15, No. 10

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

HADDOCK

(Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE

8 MAS. 1953 -

In Millions of Pounds

8, 1952 -
12 1952 -

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP

Guif States!/including Figrida West Coast

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MgS. 1953 - 103.9

1952 - 94.1
1952 - 155.1

0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV_DEC
T/LA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT

In Thousands of Tons

COMPLETE.

MENHADEN
(East and Gulf Coasts)

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MQS. 1953 - 541.8

240f g "1952 - 457.6
12 1952 - 643.8

PILCHARD
(California)
14

—

Legend
ee 95 2/193)

__ OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE
=) 953) =
1952 -
1952 -

WHITING
laine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE

8 gS. 1953 -
8, 1952 -

12 1952 -

PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(California)

DATA

MAR _APR_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH
(Cali fornia)

CUMULATIVE

B MS. 1953 -
8 , 1952 -
12 1952 -

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

U. S. & ALASKA HOLDINGS

U. S. & ALASKA FREEZINGS

8 Mgs. 1953
1952
1952

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
U/MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE |SLAND, AND CONNECTICUT.

MIDDLE WEST HOLDINGSS/

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
S/OH10, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN.,

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1OWA, MO., N. DAK., NEBR., & KANS. S/ALA., MISS., LA., TEX., ARK., KY., & TENN.

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS
20

\8
16
14
le
10
8
O "TAN FES MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Vy

0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

*Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.
[a

68

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET

(FRESH AND FROZEN)
CUMULATIVE DATA T T

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEATTLE

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (FRESH & FROZEN)
CUMULATIVE DATA
e MQs. 1953 - 56.1

1952 - 64.4
1952 - 97.5

Wot

g MOS. 1953 - 129.8 CITY
ha Tee = Soe
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/\NCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS
AT NEW YORK CITY.
RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(FRESH AND FROZEN) CHICAGO

Vol. 15, No. 10

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pound

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS2/

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

—

EF

0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

BOSTON
COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FISH MEAL
(In Thousands of Tons
CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MQs. 1953 - b
8 , 1952 - 136.
12 1952 - 194.

JAN FEB MAR _APR_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FISH OIL
(In Millions of Gallons)

WA

WAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

UAN FEB

October 1953

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

1400,
1200

8 MQS . 1953 - 6,115.6
8 | 1952 - 5,188.8
12 1952 - 8,057.9

1000)
800

600

400

200

JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

. 1953 - 1,205.5

1952 -
1952 -

230.8
867.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SARDINES (ESTIMATED) - MAINE
CUMULATIVE DATA. | - T

7 MQS. 1 988.8
Teh al 1,870.7

12 1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA
TOTAL 195 SEASON - 70.6

AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

CHART 6-CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

Legend:
1953/54
BP /O8)

MACKEREL!/— CALIFORNIA

1953
1952

] aS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
I/INCLUDES PACIFIC MACKEREL AND JACK MACKEREL.

SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA

TOTAL 1953 SEASON -
2400] tora 1952 SEASON -

882.
530

2 1
3,530.5

O JAN FEB MAR_APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

STANDARD CASES

Variety No.Cans

Can Designation
| 4 drawn

No. 3

No.

|-pound tal]
5 |b.

tuna

| oval

SHRIMP - GULF STATES

CUMULATIVE DATA

1953/54 SEASON,
AUG. -SEPT.
1952/53 SEASON,
AUG. -SEPT.

- 244.0

- 207.9

v AUG SEPT OCT _NOV_DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

69

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

GROUNDFISH (INCLUDING OCEAN PERCH) FILLETS,
FRESH & FROZEN

(CUMULATIVE DATA

24 Qmgs. 1953 - 66.8

9 , 1952 - 79.4
12 1952 - 107.8

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV>DEC

SHRIMP, FRESH & FROZEN, FROM MEXICO

CUMULATIVE DATA

5 UGE SUD

1952 - 19.9
1952 - 33.8

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

TUNA, FRESH & FROZEN

Ute au

CUMULATIVE DATA]

7 MQS. 1953
v i 1952 -

12." 1952 - 69.0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH,
FRESH & FROZEN

Vol. 15, No. 10

JAN FEB MAR _APR_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

LOBSTER & SPINY LOBSTER, FRESH & FROZEN

CUMULATIVE DATA

- 1953 - 28.7

1952 - 25.9
1952 - 39.0

SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS

CUMULATIVE DATA

~ 1953 - 9.3
1952 - 14.3
1952 - 30.3

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CANNED SARDINES
(IN OLL_AND_NOT_IN OIL

CUMULATIVE DATA

21.4

MQs. 195: let
4

195;

gio
2

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW fiat

ie $e “Fa

HERY PUBLICATIONS

by tps

ORS FAS gg TE a ge pt ee a A I ee ee a BETA Lea

Recent publications of interest to the commercial fishing industryare listed
below.

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE
DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASH=
INGTON 25, D. Ce TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES
AND ALASKA.

FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS.
SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
REVIEW.
Number Title Number Title

CFS-918 - New Jersey Landings, July 1953, 2 De
CFS-919 - Maine Landings, July 1953, 4 pe

CFS-909 - Fish Meal and Oil, July 1953, 2 pe
CFS-910 - Florida Landings, June 1953, 6 pe
CFS-911 - Texas Landings, July 1953, 3 pe FL -405 - Salmon Cannery Waste For Mink Feed, 31 pe
CFS-913 - Gulf Fisheries, 1951 Annual Summary, 9 pe FL -412 - Menhaden Industry—Past and Present,
CFS-914 - South Atlantic Fisheries, 1951 Annual U7 ps

Summary, 8 pe Sep. No. 357 - North Pacific Albacore Tuna Explora-
CFS-916 - Mississippi Landings, July 1953, 2 pe tion, 1952.

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE AVAIL-

"Changes in the Cammercial Fishery on the Alabama
Fortion of the Tennessee River," by Paul Bryan
and Lawrence F. Miller, article, pp. 75-77.
(From The Progressive Fish Culturist, vol. 15,
no. 2, April 1953, processed, annual subscrip—
tion $1.25 domestic, US$1.65 foreign.) Describes

toration became a reality with the passage by Con—
gress and approval by the President of the Federal
Aid in Fish Restoration Act, August 9, 1950 (64
Stat. 430). The achievement of this goal was the
result of many years of effort and planning on the
part of conservationists who envisioned a program

the commercial fishery of the Alabama portion
of the Tennessee River; early post—impoundment
fishing, 1936-45; later post-impoundment fish-
ing, 1945-52; rebirth of the mussel industry;
and discusses the present trends in relationto
the sport fishery. Statistical data show the

commercial fish catch for Guntersville, Wheeler,

Wilson, and Pickwick Reservoirs from 1943 to
1952. Also includes statistical data on the
annual harvest of mussel shells in north Ala-—
bama Tennessee Valley reservoirs for the years
1945 to 1951.

Dingel]l-—Johnson Quarterly (For the Period July 1,
1951, to June 30, 1952), vol..1, July 1953, 79
Pe, processed. This is the first of a series

designed to benefit sport fishing in the same way
that the Pittman-Robertson program has benefited
wildlife restoration. In substance, the above Act
makes the 10—percent Federal excise tax collected
on sport-fishing equipment available for apportion—
ment to the states and territories annually under
the general administration of the U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. The states are responsible for
the selection, design, and execution of projects,
and expend their own funds for project operation.
Upon presenting evidence of satisfactory progress
or campletion, the state is reimbursed to a maxi-
mum of 75 percent of costs incurred. Federal Aid
in Fish Restoration is designed to supplement rath—
er than supplant the usual state sport-fisheries

program.

of publications reporting on the Federal Aid in
Fish Restoration program which is designed to
help the states solve their sport-fishery prob-
lems. Achievements of general interest are pre-—
sented for the first year of the program from
investigations, development, and land and water
acquisition projects. Federal Aid in Fish Res-

Fishery Statistics of the United States 1950, by A.W.
Anderson and C. E, Peterson, Statistical Digest
27, 492 pe, illus., printed, $2.00, 1953. Fish
and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department of the In—
terior, Washington, D.C. (For sale by the Su-
perintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. Ce)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE AVAIL=
ABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Presents the results of the first complete sta—
tistical survey made of the United States and
Alaska fishery industry since 1931. Previous
complete surveys of the U. S. fisheries were
made only in 1908 and 1931. In recent years
canvasses of the fisheries of most sections of
the country were made annually. However, no
data on the fisheries of the Mississippi River
area were assembled since 1931, and since 1940
‘only partial surveys were made of the fisheries
of the Great Lakes, South Atlantic, and Gulf
States. This sourcebook is the latest in a se-
ries of annual statistical reports which contain
data on the catch of fishery products and its
value, employment in the fisheries, quantity of
gear operated, and the number of fishing craft
employed in the capture of fishery products.
Information on the quantity and value of the pro—
duction of manufactured fishery products and by-
products is also shown. For the first time since
1945, data on the catch and operating units by
counties are shown for the entire Atlantic and
Gulf coastal areas, except Maryland. Where a-—
vailable, summary information from 1880--when
the first comprehensive statistical survey of
the fisheries and fishery industries of the Unit—
ed States was made—to date is included. Out—
standing developments during 1950 were the re-
cord landings of tuna and tuna-like fishes; the
continued high production of menhaden; and the
expansion of the shrimp fishery in the Gulf area.
A total of 161,463 fishermen, 11,496 vessels of
5 net tons capacity or greater, and 80,814 boats
were employed in the commercial fisheries of the
United States and Alaska in 1950. During this
year the catch of fishery products in all sec—
tions of the United States and Alaska totaled
4,,884,909,000 pounds, valued at $343,876,000 to
the fishermen. This was an increase of 2 per—
cent in quantity and 1 percent in value compared
with the partially estimated production of 1949.
The average price of all fish to the fishermen
decreased slightly from 1949 to 1950, although
the values were generally variable and the prices
of some species increased. San Pedro, Calif.,
continued to be the Nation's leading fishing
port, both in quantity and value with landings
of approximately 940 million pounds, valued at
$43.5 million to the fishermen. Gloucester,
Mass., was in secom place, with approximately
196 million pounds, followed by San Diego, Calif.,
with approximately 190 million pounds. The per-
capita consumption of fishery products in the

U. S. in 1950 totaled 11.5 pounds, edible weight.
During the previous year the per-capita consump—
tion was 11.4 pounds. This was considerably
above the wartime level of approximately 9 pounds
when a large portion of the canned pack was al-
located to the Armed Forces and to lend-lease
distribution. The 1935-39 average was 11.1
pounds. Fishery statistics of the U. S. and

Alaska are compiled and published annually to
make available information on both the economic
and biological aspects of the domestic commer—
cial fisheries.

Phosphorus Exchange in Marine Phytoplankton, by

Theodore R. Rice, Fishery Bulletin 80 (Fram
Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Serv
ice, Volume 54), 16 p., illus., printed, 15
cents, 1953. Phosphorus exchange in Nitzschia
closterium, isolated and grown in pure culture,
was demonstrated by using radioactive phosphorus
and was shown to vary with changes in the phos—
phorus concentration of the medium and with the
physiological conditions of the cells.

"A Report on the Fisheries of East Bengal, Pakistan,"

by A. R. K. Zobairi, article, pp. 116-20. (Fran
The Progressive Fish Culturist, vol. 15, no. 3,
July 1953, processed, annual subscription $1.25
domestic, US$1.65 foreign). Describes the fish—
ery resources of the Province of East Bengal, the
inland and marine fisheries, and how the Govern—
ment aids the fishing industry.

Spawning of Yellowfin Tuma in Hawaiian Waters, by

Fred C. June, Fishery Bulletin 77 (From Fishery
Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, Vol-
ume 54), 21 p., illus., printed, 15 cents, 1953.
This paper deals with the spawning of the yellow-
fin tuna (Neothumnus macropterus) in Hawaiian wa—
ters, with particular reference to the reproduc=
tive process. Frequency distributions of the di-
ameters of ova from 112 yellowfin tuna, captured
by long-line gear in Hawaiian waters during 1950,
demonstrate that several developmental groups of
ova are’ present in the ovaries of this species
during the breeding season. Based on the position
of the mode of the most mature group of ova pres—
ent in the ovaries, 11 arbitrary stages of matu-
rity are defined which trace the development of
the ova from the immature or resting stage through
the spawning stage. A simple ovary-weight to
fish-weight relation is given whereby spawning
and nonspawning fish may be distinguished without
laborious ova—diameter measurements. Over the
size range of fish examined, 36.3 to 94.3 kilo—
grams (80 to 208 pounds), the ovary-—weight to
fish-weight relation was found to be linear for
ovaries in the immature, or resting, stage and

in one of the maturing stages. However, the
slopes and levels of the two regressions were
significantly different. The calculated number
of ova produced at a single spawning by individ—
ual yellowfin tuna, over the size range 47.2 to
88 kilograms (104 to 194 pounds), increased with
fish size and ranged fram 2,370,000 to 8,590,000.
Spawning of the yellowfin tuna in Hawaiian waters
during 1950 took place between mid-May and the
end of October, and coincided with the period of
best long-line catches of the species.

Vol. 15, No. 10

October 1953

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS

THEM.

ON PRICES,

The Gonservation Yearbook 1953, 322 p., illus.,

printed, $5.50. The Conservation Yearbook, 1740
K Street NWe, Washington 6, D. C., 1953. This
book is designed as an annual directory and guide
to agencies, commissions, boards, associations,
foundations, societies, and other organizations
concerned with the conservation of renewable nat-
ural resources, to the men and women who plan
and direct the conservation program, and as an
authoritative source of information on the prog-
ress of this program. Contains up-to-the-minute
facts and figures in all fields—soil and water,
forests and.forest products, wildlife and fish-
eries, the rangelands, parks and the wilderness,
ete.; a directory of more than 500 conservation
organizations; and more than 5,000 names of key
policy makers, legislators, planners, executives,
managers, technicians, editors and writers, etc.
The sections on fisheries include data on appor—
tionment of funds to the states and territories
for use in fish restoration and management pro—
jects for fiscal year 1952; list of the fish—
culture stations maintained by the Fish and Wild-
life Service; fishing licenses issued, 1933-1951;
fishing license sales by states, July 1, 1950,
to June 30, 1951; and a list of state game and
fish departments and commissions.

(FQA) Monthly Report of the Foreign

Operations Ad-
ministration to the Public Advisory Board (Data
ag of May 31, 1953), 79 p., illus. processed.
Division of Statistics and Reports, Foreign Op-
erations Administration, Washington 25, D.C.
This issue, which contains data through May 31,
1953, summarizes the activities of ths Mutual
Security Agency. Charts and appendix tables on
the European Program cover MSA/ECA operations
beginning with April 3, 1948. Charts and appen-
dix tables on the Far East Program cover MSA/ECA
operations under the China Area Aid Act of 1950.
A section of the report deals with rice in Asia.

"The Future of Echo Detection," by R. E. Craig,

article, World Fishing, August 1953, vol. 2, no.
8, ppe 303-7, illus., printed, single copies 2s.
éd. (35 U. S. cents), John Trundell (Publish—
ers) Ltd., London, E. C. 4, England. Some of
the possibilities in the development of echo—
sounding apparatus are surveyed in this article.
The effectiveness of frequencies rather higher
than those used in the British commercial fish-
eries, means of increasing the signal to noise
ratio, method of presentation of paper recording,
and methods of mounting oscillators horizontally
for fish finding are discussed.

The Gulf of Mexico Sponge Investigation, by Charles

E. Dawson, Jr., and F. G, Walton Smith, Techni-
cal Series No. 1, 28 p., illus., printed. Marine
Laboratory, University of Miami, Coral Gables 34,
Florida, 1953. Report on a survey of the Florida
cammercial sponge beds from Dry Tortugas to Pana-
ma City during 1947 and°-1948. Studies were made
of the oceanographic conditions and fauna at 38
stations. No commercial sponges were found in

CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE
ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE AGENCIES OR PUBLISHERS MENTIONED.
IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN,

DATA

depths over 10 fathoms. Commercial sponges were
found at 12 stations in depths between 3 and 10
fathoms. Abnormal biological conditions were ob-
served at only one station. Although evidences

of recent damage to individual commercial sponges
were noted at several locations, no recurrence of
the 1939 sponge disease was indicated. Oceanogra—
phic conditions were generally within the range
common to inshore Gulf of Mexico waters, and at no
station did they deviate sufficiently to be con-
sidered detrimental to the bottam-living organisms.
Few sponges of commercial size were found at any
locality, and the scarcity of small cammercial
sponges precludes the early recovery of the Flor—
ida sponze industry. The authors point out that
since 1948 the mmber of diving boats working the
Florida sponge beds has steadily declined. A re-
cent inquiry at Tarpon Springs showed that there
are now fewer than 20 diving boats operating full
time in the Florida sponge fishery. This situa—
tion will prove beneficial and hasten the recovery
of the beds, state the authors, The reduction in
fishing intensity will permit the remaining sponges
to reach maximum size. In conjunction with this
effect, a widespread seeding of the depleted grounds
with small sponges is to be expected. Assuming
that there is no further mass mortality, this new
growth of sponge should be available for commercial
exploitation in fram 7 to 8 years. The authors re—
commend that the State of Florida enact legisla—
tion and establish sour procedures for the strict
enforcement of the five-inch minimum size limit.

‘Missouri Shell Game," by Jim Keefe, article, Missouri

mA

Conservationist, August 1953, vol. 14, no. 8, pp.
4-5, 12, illus., printed. Missouri Conservation
Cammission, Jefferson City, Missouri. Describes
briefly the life history of the mussel found inthe
waters of the Mississippi Valley and the mssel

button and novelty industry.

Population Study of the Tasmanian 'Camercial' Scal-
lop, Notovola meridionalis (Tate) (Lamellibranchiata,

May 1953, vol. 4, no. 1, ppe 14,0, illus., printed,
7s. 6d. per issue (US$1.05). Commonwealth Scien-
tific and Industrial Research Organization, 314
Albert Street, East Melbourne, C. 2, Victoria, Aus—
tralia, Describes a population study of the "com-
mercial" scallop, Notovola meridionalis, which sup—
ports a dredge fishery in the D'Entrecasteaux Chan—
nel, Tasmania. Includes discussions on environment,
the fishery and methods of capture, the history of
the fishery, populations of the commercial scallop,
age determination and growth of the cammercial scal-
lop, and the age and size composition of the com—
mercial scallop stocks.

"Predatory Seals and the Commercial Fishing Industry,"

by Eric Hardy, article, World Fishing, August 1953,
vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 310-13, illus., printed, single
copies 2s. 6d. (35 Us S. cents). John Trundell

(Publishers) Ltd., London, F. C. 4, England. Much
controversy exists as to the influence of predatory

74

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Woks La, WO, Ake)

WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENCIES

LSSUING THEM.

habits of seals on comercial fisheries. Onthe
Skeena River, British Columbia, Canada, it has
been estimated that a seal population of 450 de-
troyed approximately 10 pounds of fish each daily—-
a serious threat to the salmon fishery there—
while salmon fishermen at Whitby, England, have
been given permission to destroy seals which,

it is claimed, are wreaking havoc with their
livelihood. This article deals with the rela-
tion between seals and the commercial fisheries
in various parts of the world, and describes the
four British seals.

Refrigeration in America by Oscar Edward Anderson,
Jre, 355 pe, printed, illus., $6.00. Princeton
University Press, Princeton, N. J., for Univer—
sity of Cincinnati, 1953. The subtitle "A His—
tory of a New Technology and Its Impact" is an
accurate summary of the book, There is compiled
an exhaustively detailed and referenced account
of refrigeration both from ice and mechanical
equipment. Beginning with the harvest and use
of natural ice, the author traces its applica—
tion to food preservation in the United States.
Mechanical refrigeration is likewise followed
through the early developmental period and into
the subsequent applications. Some of the other
fields covered in the book include the ice in-
dustry and domestic refrigeration, refrigerated
transport, the cold-storage plant's struggle to
attain recognition, impact of refrigeration on
food supplies and habits, hame and locker-plant
applications, and miscellaneous other industrial
applications. The bibliographical note is an
excellent resume of recommended sources for in-
formation on the many fielids of research and
development that have contributed to the advence
of refrigeration to its present importance in
the United States. The extensive footnotes are
very worthwhile to further highlight the points
made in the text.

—Charles Bulter

"Status of the Fishery for Sea Mullet (Mugil cepha-
lus Linnaeus) in Eastern Australia," by J. M.
Thomson, article, Australian Journal of Marine
and Freshwater Research, May 1953, vol. 4, no.
1, pp. 41-81, illus., printed, 7s. 6d. per issue
(US$1.05). Commonwealth Scientific and Indus—
trial Research Organization, 314 Albert Street,
East Melbourne, C. 2, Victoria, Australia. Var-—
ious shortcomings of the statistical systems in
vogue in the fisheries of the eastern States of
Australia are discussed from the viewpoint of a
biologist. It is impossible to campute an esti-
mate of the catch per-unit-of-effort involving
a time factor. The annual mullet catch for the
whole eastern seaboard has remained substantial—
ly about 14,000,000 pounds for the past lO years,
but the total caught in any subdivision of the
area has fluctuated widely. The Clarence River,
Fort Macquarie, Maryborough, and Wallis Lake

areas are the most important producers. There
is ahigh degree ofcorrelation between the fluc-
tuations in the mullet cetch and those in the
total catch of estuarine fish. Thesize and age
composition of the mlletcatch have shown only
slight variation over the last 10 years, and
there is no significant variation in this re-
spect from the composition in 1903. The fluc-
tuations in catch and catch per man are not incon—
sistent with theories of overfishing nor with those
of natural populetion cycles; but the only theory
which receives confirmation independently of the
curves of catch and of catch per man is an econom—
ic one. Competition from both the trawling indus—
try and the import industry has been responsible
for the characteristics of the estuarine catch
curves. It is estimated that the weight of meat
to be gained from recent changes in the management
of the fishery could at best be considerabley less
than the amount of anmal variation in the catch.

(United Kingdom) Herring Industry Board, Eighteenth

Anmal Report for the Year Ended 3lst December
1952, Cmd. 8840, 41 p., printed, ls. 6d. net (21
U.S. cents). Her Majesty's Stationery Office,
London, England, 1952. A report of the British
herring fPsheries, with data on marketing, re-
search and development, and the herring fleet. A
discussion of the commercial and statutory arrange—
ments between or concerning the Herring Industry
Board, the catchers, and the shore-based sections
of the industry is presented, The statistical
tables in this report cover total catch, utiliza—
tion, exports, and prices of herring. The market-—
ing problem and the program for constructing re—
duction factories are also discussed.

"Use of Chilled Sea Water in Place of Ice in Trans—

porting Fish," by A. W. Lantz, article, Progress
July 1953, pp» 39-44, illus., processed. Fisheries
Research board of Canada, Pacific Fisheries Exper—
imental Station, Vancouver 2, B. C. Describes a
study which involves the mechanical chilling of
sea water in a fish storage tank and maintaining
the. water at 29°F.to 30°F. for transporting fish
aboard a fishing vessel. An illustration shows
one proposed application of this system for the
hold of a troller vessel, using eutectic plates
spaced to provide chilled sea water in each of six
compartments. These compartments or sections re—
place the fish pens in conventional fish-hold con—
struction. An outstanding feature of the system
is that it can be installed in wooden fishing craft
without insulating the hull. It also eliminates
the carrying and handling of ice, thus reducing
operating and labor costs, Another illustration
shows a further modification of this system in
which the supporting walls or lateral bulkheads
replace the eutectic plates; a bank of refrigerat—
ing coils is placed at one end and circulation of
the sea water is obtained by a pumping system. The
equipment can be adapted to any type of boat.

October 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES 75

CONTENTS, CONTINUED

PAGE PAGE
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (CONTD.): FOREIGN poeta
U. S. CUSTOMS LAWS REGARDING LANDINGS OF JAPAN (CONTD.):
FISH FROM JOINT U. S.-JAPANESE FISHING NORTH PACIFIC SALMON EXPEDITION CATCH
OFRERATIONS: adoccscccono0nuo0cdcoDDUOD OO. 24 EXCEHOS TANGET: sobocccgvexocouodooDDGD. SS
WHOLESALE PRICES, AUGUST 1953 ..sseeores 45 LIBERIA:
FO RENIGNEMitelejeleislelolelototelelelelnalelslsielelelel elelelellsieiel sie) 4-1/, BAOREXPERTS WAN DE FISHERIES eteleis/eleielelele:clere OI,

INTERNATIONAL: NORWAY:

UNITED NATIONS KOREAN RECONSTRUCTION FROZEN FILLETS STORED AT TRONDHEIM FOR
AGENCY (UNKRA): EXPORT iON UNITED IP SiPAMES ie; clolaleleleie) elelelereie sk O17:
FISHING VESSELS SOUGHT .wcccocecevcccces 4/7 BARENTS SEA COD INVESTIGATIONS cecvceee 58
ADVISORY COMMITTEE APPROVES KOREAN BRIUSIEINGRSARDINNES PAGKMUPI\rcleereeercloiaecin |) DS

REHABILITATION PROGRAM seccccccceccee 47 UNAM CAT CHBIROORM cleteleiotelerolatalcieiereisicieleia(erersten OO

INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL TUNA COMMISS1 ON: PANAMA:

SAN DIEGO MEETING .ccccccscccccccesees 4/7 FISHING REGULATIONS AMENDED .ccccercees 58

WHALING: COMMERCIAL FISHING ESTABLISHES RECORD
ANTARCTIC .1953/54 CATCH QUOTA REDUCED 48 WEAR: chaanbsooudooUKdUDOGCOooODDOGGoOOG. ws

CANADA: PERU:

BRITISH COLUMBIA PATROL VESSELS SCOUT SOUTH PACIFIC TERRITORIAL WATERS
FOR TUNA: coboodcooouDKdGoD GD DODD GOUKdO “HS DEGEARATHONWAP PROVED Usletsrecleisiele ciclersicieiere 209

FISHERMEN'S |NDEMNITY FUND GOES |NTO SPAIN:

ERFECY cocdasnoounu0coodID0UnOUUDaDOOUG 9) SHRIMPASHINPPED Mm O) Ul uGielwerelelejeteieverercisielsieei D9

FISHING |NDUSTRY LACKS SUFFICIENT COLD- THAI LAND:

STORAGE FACIIEN TMES! leteleicis eejeicieicis |e ccleleiee D0 TILAPIA CULTURE socoboodobododdooRonooD tes)

SASKATCHEWAN STUDIES GREATER FISHERY UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA:

UTE ZATLONMO Gaal Sm LAKES tt eteteleisisieielelsisielet iO CANNED FISH EXPORTS TO U, S. INCREASED 60
CHILE: FISHERMEN'S TRAINING SCHOOL wceseeccese 60

TAX EXEMPTIONS AND OTHER BENEFITS UNITED KINGDOM:

GRANTED SE OmFallSHERINES ie clelevelelcioleletareieveleister OO WHITE FISH AUTHORITY TO SURVEY OPER-
COLOMBIA: ATING COSTS OF DISTANT-WATER TRAWLERS 61

NEW FISH CANNERY RECEIVES FIRST FISHING PREFABRICATED REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES ., 61

VESSEIESGROM=ESWEDENssretslevelelsteielefeleleleieieicleiciin Dil UNDERWATER TELEVISION CAMERA VIEWS SEA
DENMARK: ~ BOTOMMsifetelsieleleleleiete(eleteleteleicrersicieleieistereieicisio), OZ

U. S. GOOD MARKET FOR DANISH FISHERY RUSSIASORDERS) TRAWLERS ¢ecececcccceucce 62
BRODUGTHSiierctetefetotetetelvelateleleietelaistslelerietetesevelenam OS SCOTTISH PORT TO TRAIN FISH WORKERS ... 63

ECUADOR: FED ERAISACTINONS Sis clelcleleleleroiel eleiviesieietciecisicieienre | O2:

NEW TUNA FIRM FORMED BY U. S. CITIZEN. 52 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND
FISHING FOR GOATFISH BY FOREIGN VESSELS WELFARE:

BANNED OFF GALAPAGOS ISLANDS .ececoeses 52 FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION:
GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC: HEARING ON PACIFIC OYSTER STANDARDS .. 64

EAST GERMANY PLACES LARGE FISH ORDERS . S3]FISHERY INDICATORS: ...ccoceccesccereccese 65

GREECE: CHART 1 - FISHERY LANDINGS FOR SELECTED

IMPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1952 ..... 53 SIFATESIMstololelelalslolelolafoiele\evol eleVeraredetercietevetersr heron OD

SCOTTISH TRAWLER PURCHASED ..escovessees 53 CHART 2 - LANDINGS FOR SELECTED FISHER-

| CELAND: WESiiejenclaleks{eleleisie/eisivleverejelelstetsvelsrcleieielereierereisie: LOO

TRADE AGREEMENT WITH RUSSIA INVOLVES CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS AND
LARGE QUANTITIES OF FISHERY PRODUCTS . 54 FREEZINGS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS .eceecose O67
LOANS FROM INTERNATIONAL BANK TO DE-= CHART 4 - RECEIPTS AND COLD-STORAGE
VELOP AGRICULTURE AND LESSEN DEPEND- HOLDINGS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AT PRIN-=
ENCERONMEISHERIIES Er oletelevelerelatetcneleicieteie ctererel D4: CIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS weccccccsecece 68

‘INDIA: CHART S - FISH MEAL AND OIL PRODUCTION,

RISHERTESSDEVEMOPMENTS, ‘lecieleciecie sles elcrele D4: UNITEDESTATES VANDNALASKIAY cretsletslciciele nicresie: EOS

JAPAN: CHART 6 - CANNED PACKS OF SELECTED

CANNED TUNA EXPORT PRICES .ececcceceses 5D BUSHER YG SPRODU CiiSieteterelefetelsYeteleietclercioreveretereien OO

TUNA EXPORT LEGISLATION MAKES NO CHART 7 - U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS 70
PROGRESS scsccceacsecseserecssevcseses SS|RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: sfereleleieteleisiarersver is til

TUNA MOTHERSHIP EXPEDITION REPORTS GOOD FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS , 71

CAMICH ES creleleleverelelsloseislelele/sleieievsiereleieversicteisien DS MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS
BERING SEA CRAB EXPEDITION COMPLETES

SUCCESS RULE SEASON! si: ciclsicjsiels sicicic ec cieieicis DO

ecccesccesece 12

INT.-DUP. SEC., WASH., D.C.59562

wg

3 9088 01018 1576

CANNED FISH AND BYPRODUCTS, 1952

Canned Fish & Byproducts, 1952, Annual Summary, C. F. S. No. 882, was
recently issued by the Service's Branch of Commercial Fisheries. This 20-page
publication presents data onthe
U. S., Alaska, and Hawaii 1952
pack of canned fish and shellfish
by commodities and by states.
The number of plants canning or
producing products and byprod-
ucts is also given by area and
by state, and historical statis-
tics are includedfor certain
major packs by species.

The pack of canned fishery
|products in the United States,
Alaska, and Hawaii in 1952 a-
mounted to 815, 212,863 pounds,
valued at $305,829, 198 to the
packers--an increase of 2 per-
cent in quantity and value as
compared with 1951. These in-
creases resulted principally
from larger packs of tuna and
Maine sardines. Canned fish-
ery products were packedin 445
plants in 25 states and Alaska
and Hawaii during 1952.

SSS
B

California and Hawaiiledinthe production of canned fishery products witha pack
of 319, 350, 425 pounds, valued at $124, 582,452. Alaska was second with 172, 409, 845
pounds, valued at $77, 586, 903. ‘

The 1952 production of fishery byproducts in the United States and Alaska was
valuedat $67,991, 631--2 percent lessthan inthe previous year. The principal by-
products were marine-animal oils, 16,094, 409 gallons (valued at $9, 391, 368); ma-
rine-animal scrap and meal, 221, 403 tons (valued at $27, 161,654); marine pearl-
shell, oyster shell, and fresh-water shell products valued at $14, 702,673; and fish
solubles and homogenized condensed fish valued at $5,979,865. Byproducts were
produced in 255 plants in 25 states and Alaska during 1952.

Copies of thig bulletin, C. F. S. No. 882, are availablefree uponrequest from
the Division of Information, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington 25, D. C.

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